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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

GRAY HERBARIUM

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2014

https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalho34roya

Po teaN AL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ESTABLISHED
A.D. 1804

ROYAL CHARTERS
A.D. 1809, 1860, 1899

EDITED BY

F. J. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S.

MO. XK TV:

1908—9Q

The whole of the Contents of this Volume are Copyright. For
permission to reproduce any of the Articles application should be made
to the Council of the Society, in whom the Copyright vests.

LONDON
Printed for the Royal Morticultural Society

BY

SPOTTISWOODE & CO. LTD., NEW-STRHET SQUARE, E.C.

Part 1. published September, 1908.
Part II. published December, 1908.
Part III, published March, 1909.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV.

ee
PAGE
Buusous Pants In New Zeatanp. By Edwin White, F.R.H.S. ........ eee cee eees uf
BEavtTiruL FLowEeRinc TREES AND SHRUBS. By George Gordon, V.M.H. ............ +
THe History oF THE CaBBacE Tripe. By Rey. Professor G. Henslow, M.A., .
a ecole esate ates Soin Shadi nus kn arenssMavses pensar ecnnasetvvaeccecadedse des 15
Harpy Cacti AND OTHER SuccuLENTs. By E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.S. ...........0... 24
Tue Proresston or LANpscAPE GARDENING. By Edward White, F.R.H.S. ......... 32
PHOTOGRAPHY IN NaturaL Contours. Abstract of Lecture by T. E. Waltham,
a ete ee Ea wins “mam civa Wane nea enn vied ce sinecvadawewbiendesselsnaescaetis 40
THe GERMINATION OF GNETUM GNEMON. By T. G. Hill, A.R.C.S., F.L.S. ............ 41
Brassica Crosses. Abstract of Lecture by A. W. Sutton, V.M.H., F.LS. ......... 43
CoNTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WIsLEY LABoRATORY:
Set eeerA Gata sy PJ. Chittenden, F.L.G. ... icc ciccecsccics cscs cn ccsnanesdece 45
IY., Y. INocunation or Lecuminous Crops. By F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S. 231, 491
GARDENING IN THE WESTERN HicHuanps. By Osgood Mackenzie, F.R.H.S.......... 47
ACANTHACEAE; AN ANNOTATED List or SpEciES IN CuLtivatTion. By Col. R. H.
ae a acide unencne ce ShwakyeGuebidcaacsu'ecbertuenrvesocds 54
RSC Te Se Oo cs vale nap shnes Checcldasenacsjccstssueceeans 97, 500
Ea Se oc we cue vesteie cS cdesvesaccccceusecees’ 101, 255, 505
EES NE SE So Se ee ee 116, 262, 564
EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE :
Poise PAGES EXAMINATION, © -......-..:..0+.:..-2008 Be Foc ete Ot a eye MOR PRIS PA Ea SEI 140
GENERAL EXAMINATION ..... MMU Nia Seat rede'd vais aie.) sible 48 bites dum niencs «te bea ele wee 145
aun NEN ER es GERIATR 0 Gee oc 2. sacveseccis-cssevecesdesceusheovecdnassecwases 149
aa PRUNE MEE MAPEMCINES Soc 02S ecco see aca cac ened ccdesccuveresspeueses cach sevesecacnascat 152
EG UES ele TO cS ee 158
YELLOow-SrrirE iN Darropiis. By H. R. Darlington, F.R.HLS. ...... eee ee eee es 161
ABSORPTION OF Rain AND Drew BY THE GREEN Parts oF Puants. By Rev.
Sorcerers EtOTIClO we Wt Ago 1.11.5., VoME. 22. .0ictececscasccscccsccccctccccovcser sss 167
cemmemrnnemenrattyn ley Ao Wanlcings, BREA... 2.00... .00c-0cccaecerstecee snes ccuascececsoess 179
Dreseer Curnnimes IN Pors. By J. Hudson, V.M.H. ....2.........csescececeseesecseeees 189
THe Fourure or Cacao Puantine. By H. Hamel Smith ..................ceseeeeee iad BS
MusHrooms PropacateD By Spores. By Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., V.M.H. ......... 219
Parasitic Rosz Cancer. By H. T. Giissow, F.R.M.S...........ccccsescsseseeesecen senses 222
eee emeIM eee raat UN tema? DOUG. 22, sa siyp cas -cacedeccocesvivdeacevecaccssscccssccsensedacs 288
See WAMLEAS Ar Wiatv, 1908. ..5.5:5..:scsccesdeacecccesocccediscstecececses vavateuas 291
REPORT ON CANNAS OUTDOORS AT WISLEY, 1908.........00cccseeeeeees Uae titans tatne seuoes 299
SPER OHOOL GF TMORTICULTUBE 2; ..:,.:..0csceecveseccccenaacovececsedacennncecensees eee 303
CONFERENCE ON Sprayine or Fruir TREEs: .
SPRAYING FoR Funeus Pests. By G. Massee, V.M.H. ........ cccccseesecerscees 305
SPRAYING as AN InsuRance. By H. F. Getting, F.R.H.S. ........c.... ce seeeeeees 313
WASHES USED As INSECTICIDES AND AcaricipES. By F. V. Theobald, M.A.... 326
SPRAYING. AND Sprayinc Macuinery. By G. Hammond, F.R.H.S. ............ 334
aN RRR SM reese Tce ciao d..ae Sis stn Fee vue atc ye atascais eens sncescy esas 316, 344
PRiIncrPAL INSECTICIDES AND AcaricipES. By F. V. Theobald, M.A............. 349
Prinerpan Funeicipes. By I’. J. Chittenden, F.L.S. ..........ccscesscseeceseceves 357

GaRpDEN Drsign—Comparative, Historican, AND Eruican—I. By Thos. H.
a RE Me EREIGE 0 000 Cv conga aceia'snitacs tele vevees svn ddevaseuviweunvereusceennedene 361

iv CONTENTS
PAGE
GarpeN Desicn—Comparative, Histortcan, anp Eruican Il. By Thos. H.
Mawson; Hon: A BRL Bs: iis. d.cccecynedanapemsageapnivehieee:- sme oer ee: 373
THe PracricE or GARDEN SES, By Thos. H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.1.B.A. ...... 384

Tre INFLUENCE oF GroLoGy oN HorticciturE. By C. H. Hooper, M.R.A.C. ... 394

MopiricaTion or LEAVES AND STIPULES FOR SpEcIAL Purposes. By Rev. Professor
G. ‘Henzlow, MA... VME xe iirc cot Muptign anata. <s ee rE Te oe

British Wiip FLowers IN THE GARDEN. By J. W. Odell, F.R.HLS. ............... 418

THe CuutrvatTion or Cirrus Fruirs 1x THE West INnpres. By A. es Brooks,
NE i knbey nu an wta aouana tansy eons ana Sindee t- aghehna’ «200s dna hap ade snk aucns een

THE OLD GarpEns or ITALY. By k 3 Cheal, ERHS.. romaine stse'ba'\ aes bapves oie ean
Tau Canyvsanrnemom. By D. B. Crane, &.R.GLS. etiscns<: dusswaspassesew erway snp ce-seeee enn
Hien NirriricaTion oF Sewace Errivuents. By W. D. Scott-Moncrieff, F R.H.S. 462
GoosEBERRY MILDEW AND GoosEBERRY CuLTivaTion. By Professor Jakob Eriksson. 469
THE Pousiic GARDEN IN Funcaant, Maperra. By Alaricus Delmard, F.R.H.S. ... 473

‘Essays on Evonvurion,’” A Criticism. By Rey. Professor G. Henslow, M.A.,
Wi Mbeehethancst aresccte risevae Seah tae PP ree een es Oe mia weseeee 480

Hysrips or NertneE Fuexvosa. By i W arsley ,..3 i 52.2 gues eeneupatalignccs en sere ee

Report oF Consuutinc CHemist. By Dr. A. Voelcker, M.A..............+0s. Fass westane ene
Povatos AY Wronzy, 1908)... ..cccicss sauce secarn taeeomaeeeeaes Sovareb epee eete Reals Re 4?
PoTaTOS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES ...... t dataeee aviv Seances ane t betacesemenee anne oka pea.
Beets at WisxLeEy, 1908........:...... oc cece nasiece cece ns salem ie eee iSenyis ab. se gelcle aceeeneennEnnrnn
MISCELLANEOUS VEGETABLES AT WISLEY, 1908 .............cccccceccccecsees See tae ..- 545
MIscELLANEOUS FLOWERING Puants at WISLEY, 1908 .......... own mis ake We 5 Raabaae. 6 Sica eee

MANURES AND APPLIANCES TRIED AT WISLEY, 2908 | ..j.cosecces ssccnuccaneacpubedccustuap Um
Books ADDED To Liprary, 1908 ...... wns caxteecahegt wspak.c Sone eas tamil ipceiielci en Saas
Donors oF Booxs, PLants, &c., TO LABORATORY AND GARDEN, 1908.......... eae .. 558
ExTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY:

GENERAL MEETINGS .......00<c0svccccdesddnecsvananeuseuhendducy unica soupecuects yp piiealennnnn

REPORT OF COUNCIL AND BALANCE SHEET .......ccccccsecensssees odors oun reniany one
CotontaL Fruit Snow .......... juglenacomaee Tia adv ax yciian tele ieeiek wet xiv, xcix, eevii
DEPUTATION TO TRURO ......... See SaSiseeL cate Eee Stuy: nope b= -jn9's draenei
TempLte SHOW ..........- one cus 5 v Coen ee cup Benen eneea rasa sé< elias Lan eieenaeene
Visit TO WINDSOR AND FROGMORE .......... i awae-an hv ducellie copes ies abs ale Retna an
DEPUTATION TO YORK.......... Ete Horo awemase Aes ee ee ee wore et c
DEPUTATION TO NEWCASTLE .. .cccccsecceesss ngeeene 28 eae oe wcpreory S bia Gh 'eten ios i Rpueie’ es cil
HotnanD House SHoW....<:2..3:...0 cee oneen ey vet Dah ccvehictaesp et ORE
British Fruir SHow...... ind eee wept ee Te eee Re ee gti bwine) OEE
Home Botriep Fruir SHow ............4- ouing Riles ane 5 ena ee Ter ee
Sorentivic COMMITTEE _.....0caucssbtatanvbe ub pncnsiany steenen paceman nninanen eexvi
FLORAL COMMITTEE ............005 Sine eee OTT Me
Fruit CoMMITTEE ......... ee a inbiagish BA teoen 5 os eee . xlviii, exlvi, cexlvii
OncHrp COMMITTEE «...00ds.zpcnsdpaiest = cauléseartp geen A ci Ju si <oumebaliy OL, OOLY
NaRciIssus AND TULIP omaerrie TT re ee a
NOTICES TO FELLOWS ..cccceesssees epee
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS........ saponin» ciate ocaccaecodiévenn' ss ihethveas aGMen aeinae tales OnanOnEE
SPAN, SMDIE 5050... asciconksseans silos.o.s.- See pasa i'ne duakales ane ives bik aaa pa eapiccaes SOCOM

DIRECTIONS TO BINDER.

Vol. XXXIV. has been issued in three numbers, each containing the “ Journal”
proper, paged with Arabic figures, and “ Extracts from the Proceedings,” paged with
Roman figures. This title and contents sheet should be placed first, and be followed
by pages 1 to 160, then by pages 161 to 304, and then by pages 305 to 600.
After that should come the “ Extracts from the Proceedings,” pages i to xceii, xciii
to elxxxviii, and elxxxix to cexcii, concluding with the two Indexes.

SEPTEMBER 1908.

- JOURNAL

OF THE |

fan Hovticuttural Social

EDITED BY

F, J. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S. |

y The whole of the contents of this volume are copyright. For permission to
= reproduce any of the articles application should be made to the Council.

CONTEN TS.
; bulbous Plants in New Zealand. By Edwin White, F. ith sb: Pasig ae = |
ss Beautiful Flowering Trces and Shrubs. By George Gordon, V.M.H.... 4
2 The ‘History of the Cabbage Tribe. By the Rev. Professor Geo.
Sue mamennier MA. VAM. oo ee a ee
| Hardy Cacti and other Succulents. By E. A. Bowles, M.A. F.L.S. ... 24 |

hotography in Natural Colours: Abstract of Lecture by T. E.
¢ Waltham, F.R.H.S... $4 . i. vat ae a = a PO
Germination of Gaatuin Gnemon. By 15G. Hill, A-R.C.S.,-F B.S. 2 al
_ Brassica Crosses: Abstract of Lecture by A. W. Sutton, V.M.H.,F.L.S. 43
:S Contributions from the Wisley Laboratory. Ill. Azalea Gall. By
_._ F, J. Chittenden, F.L.S. sce te Se ody: ee
ardening in the Western Highlands. By Osgood Mackenzie, F.R:H.S. 47
/ Acanthaceae: An Annotated List of Species in Cultivation. By Col.
ee on FAG. os eo ih ae SS
as sommonplace Ry fe a ep foe ae aa Bassett:
INI St eo ee Co
Mama Apsivacte:., «>... SS re 3
xaminations in Horticulture =. ra .. 140
% Meetings :—General, p. i; Séientific Sam mhitisc, p. xxii; ‘Floral Com-
3 Be mittee, p. xxxvi; Fruit and Vegetable Committee, p. xIviii; Orchid
: SS Committee, p. li; Narcissus and Tulip. Committee, p. Ixviii.
Notices to Fellows... Riis sega Sass st Riess oom se ... Uxxiii

C |
he Profession of Landscape Gardening. By Edward White, F.R.H.S. 32

.
: ; ‘Advertisements. Index to Advertisements, Advt. pages, 34 and 36. |

— RE. Ss. Office for Advertisements and all Communications, |
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at Stationers” Hall. = 5. LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM
ee) HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

We shall be pleased to send Descriptive Bulb Catalogue on receipt —
of a post card—ready on Ist September.

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City Branch:—53a QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. XXXIV. 1908.

Part I.

BULBOUS PLANTS IN NEW ZEALAND.
By Epwin Waits, F.R.H.S., of Kingsland, N.Z.

{Lecture read March 3, 1908.]}

By way of preface to my remarks on the bulbous flowers of this beautiful
island I would like it to be understood first, that I do not use the
term bulbous in its strict botanical sense but include allied rhizo-
matous plants, and, secondly, that this paper only deals with those
parts of the island comprised in the Auckland district and the district
known as the “ Waikato,’ about a hundred miles south. The latter
district, though only about a quarter of a degree different in latitude,
is considerably colder than Auckland, which is known as “ the Corinth of
the South,” and during the winter months severe frosts occur, preventing
the successful growth of many of the more tender varieties of plants.
The soil of the “ Waikato’ is very variable. Ona farm of one hundred
acres on which I lived for a number of years almost every kind of soil
could be obtained, from pure peat to heavy clay, and I look upon this
district as an ideal one for the successful cultivation of almost all kinds
of Liliums. These are very extensively cultivated, and may be seen
growing in profusion without any care being taken of them ; all the
forms of Liliwm speciosum and the various forms of L. auratuwm and
of L. elegans may be seen in quantities in the various gardens dotted
about the district. One family who came to New Zealand about twenty
years since brought some J. awratwm, and they have increased each year
and bloom splendidly. The Gladiolus thrives admirably in this district,
and I recollect seeing a large plantation of these charming flowers in a
farm-house garden about thirty years ago which would delight the eyes of
many modern gardeners and enthusiasts ; but these flowers have gone out
of favour of late years, and, except where grown by some ardent admirer,
are not seen in such profusion as formerly. This is probably due to
some extent to the difficulty that is experienced in perpetuating the better
VOL. XXXIV. B

2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties ; they do not appear to revert to the old type, but the finest of
them fail to produce offsets, while some of the poorer ones multiply so
rapidly that they gain full possession of the ground.

The most popular bulbous flowers of the day are undoubtedly the
Narcissi ; and they may be grown successfully almost anywhere. Soon
after coming to New Zealand I was walking along the sea-shore a few
miles from Auckland, and saw some of the finest double Narcissi I have
ever seen growing in a grass meadow where had formerly been a mission
station ; they grew there for a number of years, but have long since
disappeared. Great changes have taken place in horticultural matters
since that time, and now growers of these flowers may be counted by the
hundred.

Auckland and its environs may truly be said to be a horticulturist’s
paradise, but the conditions here are also greatly varied, more perhaps in
respect to the soil than temperature. We find two distinct classes of soil,
one of which is heavy clay and forms the true soil of the district ; the other
is volcanic and overlies the heavy soil in those localities where volcanic
action took place. The burnt lava, or scoria, as it is called, overspreads
large portions of country, and in process of time has become decomposed,
and forms a soil.of variable texture, sometimes a light puffy material,
which is liable to be blown away by the slightest breeze and sometimes
a soil of a more adhesive character, while there are soils of all intermediate
grades between the two. One peculiar feature of the soil is that, excepting
in the volcanic districts, it is free from stone, which makes it much easier to
work. Volcanic soil is peculiarly suitable for the growth of the various
Narcissi, being warmer than the clay, and on this account most of the
successful exhibitors at our spring show grow their flowers on this soil.
But though the earliest they are not always the finest, as the flowers
grown on the heavier land are, as a rule, when properly cultivated, of
much greater substance, and more durable when cut.

A Daffodil conference has recently been held in Auckland, where the
varied experiences of different growers were exchanged. Among other
matters allusion was made to the length of time which was covered by the
different varieties, and it was remarked by some who had seen a schedule
of a Daffodil show in England that nearly all the varieties, both early and
late, were exhibited at the one show, while here there is a difference of 7
or 8 weeks in the blooming of the early and late varieties.

Lilies are coming rapidly into favour with the Auckland flower lovers.
They seem, however, rather peculiar in their requirements, and many
will not thrive in the volcanic soil, as it is neither of the nature of peat
nor of the firmer texture liked by the various members of this large
family. I have been getting together a fair col'ection, and have now over
fifty varieties, and have gone to some trouble to try to make them a
success in my fairly heavy soil. I have made excavations and filled
in the bottom with small pieces of pumice; then, for those which require
it, | have mixed a fair quantity of peat with the soil, and planted in
this. Most of the bulbs which I have imported, if sound on arrival,
have done well with me, while a friend who successfully cultivated many
varieties while living two hundred miles north of Auckland now fails
altogether with them on yolcanic soil about two miles away.

BULBOUS PLANTS IN NEW ZEALAND. 3

Lilium auratum platyphyllum, L. Henrys, L. Kramer, L. phillipense,
L. leucanthum, and several of the elegans section have done remarkably
well with ordinary soil and cultivation. I had hoped to have been able
to report the result of this year’s growth, but, as this paper must be sent
away in a few days, I cannot wait for the development of some of those
which are somewhat idle. This is January, and most of the elegans have
already bloomed well; I have now in flower L. auratum rubro-vittatum,
L. concolor,and L. Coridion. L. platyphyllum, L. Witter, L. magnificum,
and L. leuwcanthwm are doing well, and will make a great show in a few
days. |

Besides those already referred to mention must be made of the various
species of Iris, all of which succeed well except Iris Xiphioides, which
seems to die off after the first year’s planting : J. Xiphiwm and many other

bulbous Irises make a great showand succeed well, while the rhizomatous

I. germanica and I. Kaempferi give a magnificent display of flowers with
scarcely any attention. The Japanese Ivis is especially satisfactory, and,
although usually said to require a moist or marshy situation, it seems to
thrive as well with us when grown on very dry soil.

The different species of Richardia are extensively grown, and succeed
remarkably well, #. Elliotiana especially. I saw a bed of this species,
numbering about 200, during the blooming season. It was a truly mag-
nificent sight. The roots are lifted early in the autumn and planted in
early spring. This is not actually necessary except in heavy clay land, but
growers on the lighter volcanic soils prefer to be on the safe side. I have
grown the pink R. Rehmannii several seasons: it is rather dwarf in
growth, but the true species is very pretty ; it does not seem as hardy as
some others, and must be lifted in autumn or it decays with the winter
moisture.

Besides those already mentioned Ixias, Montbretias, Tulips, Hyacinths,
Amaryllis, and Sparaxis are grown in great profusion out of doors, and
another plant which is comparatively uncommon, Hlisena longipetala,
makes a great show with its curiously formed flowers; it does well
outside and increases rapidly.

It will be noticed that allusion has been made only to exotic bulbs.
I would have liked to have been able to deal with native plants which are
less known to English horticulturists, but there but few bulbous plants
of interest indigenous to this country, the native flora being of a very
different character. Ours is, as one of our poets has sung, “ the land of
the Kauri and the Fern,’ and I have carefully searched the district for
indigenous bulbous plants, but with little success. One, however, which
is allied to the iris is particularly worth notice. It is Libertia Ixioides,
a rhizomatous plant which has a very pretty flower and succeeds well
under ordinary cultivation.

t JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS.
By GEorGE Gorpon, V.M.H.
(Lecture delivered March 17, 1908.)

Untin within recent years one of the weak points in the formation and
management of gardens has been the failure to appreciate the importance
of the more beautiful forms of arborescent vegetation in the creation and
improvement of garden scenery. As a result large numbers of gardens
lack much of the beauty and interest they might possess. In a consider-
able number we find only trees that are plentiful in the hedgerows and
woodlands, instead of trees of more moderate stature, remarkable for the
beauty of their flowers or foliage, or distinguished by the elegance of their
growth.

Not until a comparatively short time ago did owners of gardens begin
to fully appreciate trees; therefore they did not study them, or collect
them, or take any notice of them beyond that which all men take, because
of their general beauty and welcome shade. With this general indifference
it is not surprising that the more beautiful, rare, and expensive kinds were
not planted except in comparatively small numbers.

In the park, and in the pleasure grounds, with so large an area as to
afford abundant space for their development, elms and oaks and beeches
are so grand, so overpoweringly beautiful, so deeply suggestive of the
abounding wealth of Nature, that, though we see naught else, the mind is
sure to be filled with worthy thoughts and graceful images.

But in gardens of a moderate size there is not room for forest trees ;
there is not space to allow of their full development without imposing a.
severe limitation on other plants, and thereby greatly reducing the diversity
of form and colouring which constitute so great a charm in a well-planned
and judiciously planted garden. Variety in habit, in leafage, and in flower
is essential to the full enjoyment of a garden; and therefore trees and
shrubs of moderate height and spread of branches, remarkable for the
beauty of their flowers or foliage, or for some other attribute, are especially
desirable.

It is now many years since I began to devote special attention to such
trees and shrubs as are distinguished by the wealth and beauty of their
blossom, and commenced to impress their claims upon planters: I was
greatly perplexed to find that, although in botanic gardens and in nurseries
largely devoted to trees and shrubs the finest kinds were plentiful enough,
there was but little demand for them, and comparatively few were planted.
I could not help feeling that these beautiful plants could not be well known
to the owners of gardens generally, and some ten years ago I made such
arrangements as would enable me to bring them prominently before the
flower-loving community; and the results haye more than justified my
endeavour, for they have now attained to a high degree of popularity,
and thousands are now grown where at one time a few dozens were

PE TIS be

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS. 5

sufficient to meet the demand. We have some evidence of the change
that has taken place, in the magnificent collections in pots that are
annually shown at the spring exhibitions of the Royal Horticultural
Society.

It might be said that in mild seasons trees and shrubs bearing
attractive flowers may be had in bloom the winter through; and
certainly some of those blooming during the winter are of much interest
and considerable beauty. It would be interesting to refer to them, but
to do this would occupy more time than is at my disposal. Moreover
my object is not to show how an arboretum should be planted to ensure
an adequate representation of kinds bearing attractive flowers, or to
advise on the furnishing of gardens in which both climatic and soil
conditions are especially favourable. What I am anxious to do is to

_ direct attention to the more beautiful kinds that can be successfully

cultivated under ordinary conditions and that produce their wealth of
bloom at a time when the garden can be fully enjoyed even by those
whose constitution is not of the strongest.

It will be convenient to commence by directing attention to the
common almond (Amygdalus communis), one of the most beautiful of
the spring-flowering trees, blooming at the end of March or early in
April, according to the season and locality. There are several varieties,
but the most desirable are the form with double pink flowers, and
macrocarpa, which has large single light-pink flowers. The varieties of
the sweet almond (Amygdalus dulcis) have much to recommend them,
particularly purpurea and pendula, the former having deep rose-pink
flowers and the latter being remarkable for its graceful habit of growth.
Their near relatives, the double-flowered peaches, are not quite so
vigorous as the almonds, but this is no disadvantage, and they can be
planted in prominent positions in small shrubberies or in beds on the
lawn, without any apprehension as to their size quickly becoming too great
for their allotted space. The crimson, rose, and white are the best forms
for general planting.

The almonds and peaches are followed very closely by the magnolias,
and these are so beautiful, and so admirably adapted for gardens of all
sizes, that I could wish to be able to say, in the words of Wordsworth,
of all gardens—

The magnolia spread
High as a cloud, high overhead.

The magnolias are of such exceptional beauty in the garden that
they should be planted by the dozen instead of in twos and threes.
There are hundreds of gardens of considerable size in which they are
wholly unrepresented, and very few appear to have been planted until
comparatively late in the last century, for it is quite exceptional to meet
with large specimens. The first to bloom is Magnolia stellata, an
extremely beautiful species introduced from Japan about thirty years
ago, and forming a neat bush ranging from three to five feet high. The
flowers are starlike, with strap-shaped petals, pure white, and produced
in great abundance during April. There is a variety (M. stellata
rosea) with rose-pink flowers, and both this and the type should be

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planted in all gardens. The Yulan (M. conspicua) is of pyramidal
growth and forms a handsome tree, ranging from twenty to thirty
feet high, and the flowers are large, pure white, waxy in texture, and
produced in great profusion. M. Soulangeana, which originated from a
cross effected between the Yulan and M. obovata, is about equal in
stature to the Yulan, but has a rounder head. The flowers are equal in
sizé and similar in form to those of M. conspicua, but they are richly
suffused with rose-purple and produced even more freely. It would be
impossible to exaggerate the surpassing beauty of these two trees when
in full bloom. M. conspicua is the first to bloom, and is followed two
or three weeks later by M. Soulangeana. Owing to the liability of the
flowers to damage from frost it is an advantage to plant them where
they will be sheltered on the east. There are several good varieties, and
those which can be specially recommended to the notice of planters are
M. Soulangeana nigra, which has deep-purple flowers, and M. con-
spicua Alexandrina, which blooms two or three weeks later than the
type, and is less likely to have its flowers damaged by frosts. There is
yet another deserving a place in every garden, and this is the extremely
beautiful M. Lennei (fig. 1), which originated in France from a cross
between M. conspicua and M. obovata discolor. The flowers are bright
rose-purple, and much larger than those of either of the foregoing, and
they are also considerably later in attaining their full development, and
are practically immune from unfavourable climatic influences. There
are several other deciduous species which should be planted where the
pleasure grounds are spacious, and the handsome evergreen species
M. grandiflora, which is usually grown against a wall, but in kind
climates forms a handsome specimen for the lawn.

Of much value also on account of the early season at which they bloom
are the Ornamental Currants and the Forsythias. Of the former, Ribes
sanguimeum and its numerous varieties are the most valuable for general
planting, being profuse in blooming and effective in colour. There are
three Forsythias that have claims upon the planter, and these are Forsythia
intermedia, I’. suspensa and F. viridissima. The first, which originated as
a hybrid between the other two, is the best, and next in merit ranks
I’, suspensa. All have flowers of varying shades of yellow. A few weeks
later the most useful of the numerous Barberries commence to yield
their wealth of blossom: Berberis Darwinii, which bears a profusion of
orange-coloured flowers, is very effective, and should be generally planted ;
but the most beautiful of all the Barberries is B. stenophylla. This
is a hybrid between the foregoing species and B. empetrifolia, and is of
elegant habit and very free in blooming, the rich orange-coloured flowers
being borne throughout the whole length of the slender shoots. ,

The plums, which also bloom quite early in the spring, include a few
trees and shrubs possessing considerable attractions. The double-
flowered sloe (Prunus spinosa fl. pl.) is an extremely elegant tree, and is
very beautiful when in bloom; but it is a tree for spacious pleasure
grounds rather than for the small garden. The most beautiful of all
the plums is P. triloba, which has rather large semi-double rose-pink
flowers and blooms during April. It is admirably adapted for clothing
sunny walls and for forming small groups on the lawn. The flowers are

r
A
<4

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS. 7

produced on the growth of the previous season, and to keep the trees
well furnished with young wood, and prevent their becoming “leggy,” the
flowering shoots should be cut back to the first or second bud from
the base immediately the beauty of their flowers is past. The resulting
shoots should be allowed to grow naturally during the summer and

[Photo: George Gordon

Fic. 1.—A Youna Specimen or MaagnoutaA LENNEI.

to remain until after they have flowered. P. sinensis fi. pl. and
P. sinensis fl. pl. alba are small shrubs bearing double flowers, which are
pink and white respectively. The ‘Snowy Mespilus’ (Amelanchier
canadensis) is a small-growing and extremely elegant tree, producing
during the spring months a profusion of small flowers, but these,

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

unfortunately, do not long retain their beauty if the weather is wet or
windy.

The crabs and cherries form two groups of outstanding importance,
and it would be difficult to place too high an estimate upon their value
in the creation of garden scenery. Chief among the apples are the varieties
of Pyrus floribunda, for they possess an elegant habit and are remarkable
for the freedom with which they bloom. The type has flowers that are
bright crimson in the bud state and pale pink when fully expanded.
The finest of the varieties are atrosanguinea, Halleana, and Schei-
deckeri, the last being especially meritorious. P. spectabilis has a more
erect habit and forms a tree of considerable size. The flowers are large
and of a rich pink hue. The Siberian Crab (P. baccata) is a handsome
tree with rcundish head and produces a profusion of pure white flowers.
The White Beam tree (P. Aria) is pyramidal in growth and has greyish
leaves, white on the under side, and produces clusters of white flowers
that are followed by brilliant scarlet fruits.

Not less beautiful in their way are the double-flowered cherries. The
single-flowered forms present a charming appearance when enwreathed
in their snowy blossom, but the flowers soon shed their petals. There
are two cherries of exceptional merit : one is Cerasus Avium fl. pl. (fig. 2),
which has pure white double flowers of large size and is most profuse
in flowering ; the other is C. pseudo-cerasus ‘J. H. Veitch,’ a form
bearing large double flowers of a pale lilac-rose, and so handsome when
in bloom that it would be difficult to overestimate its merits for garden
planting. C. pseudo-cerasus is less elegant in growth than the Bird
Cherries and others of similar habit, but the wide-spreading branches give
it a distinct character and the attractive flowers render it of considerable
value. OC, pseudo-cerasus Watereri is a handsome form, but not quite so
effective in colour as ‘J. H. Veitch’; but as Watereri blooms a fortnight
or so earlier there is no occasion to institute comparisons between them.
Planters will do well to take advantage of both. Another cherry that
can be recommended for a suitable position in pleasure-grounds is C.
Mahaleb pendula, which is,.perhaps, of greater value for its elegant
habit than for its flowers.

The brooms and other trees and shrubs belonging to the same natural
order form a valuable group, because of the distinct shade of colour
they afford. One of the first to bloom is the free-flowering Cytisus
praecox, With sulphur-white flowers, and this in due course is followed by
C. scoparius Andreanus, one of the most attractively coloured of the
brooms, and C. albus, a white-flowered species of -elegant growth. Of
special value for spreading over banks and bold rockwork is C. kewensis,
a hybrid obtained by crossing C. albus and C. Ardoinit, bearing large soft-
yellow flowers. Genista hispanica fl. pl. is a dense-growing shrub useful
on bold rockeries and in the margin of shrubbery borders, bearing a pro-
fusion of rich yellow flowers, where also G. cinerea may be used with
advantage. The Spanish broom (Spartiwm juncewm) is of bold growth,

“has bright-yellow flowers, is highly effective when in bloom, and of value
for the long period over which its flower-production extends. Seedlings
of the Laburnum should not be planted in the garden until they have
flowered and have been found of high quality. The best course is to plant

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS, 9

a fine variety of the Common Laburnum, such as Alschingeri, and one of
the Scotch Laburnum, as Parksvi (fig. 3), because of the larger develop-
ment of their racemes. Both the Common and Scotch forms should
be represented, because of the difference in the period of flowering.

[Pholo: George Gordon.

Fic. 2.—Crrasus AVIUM FL. PL.

The thorns form suitable companions to the laburnums and other
subjects flowering at the same time, and of the varieties of Crataegus
Oxyacantha, the double pink, double white, and Paul’s double crimson can
be strongly recommended, as well as the single-flowered white weeping
form. The tansy-leaved thorn (C. tanacetifolia) has pure white flowers,
is very free in blooming,tand valuable because of its season of flowering

10 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being two or three weeks later than that of the varieties of C. Oxyacantha.
There are several other good thorns which should have attention when
those mentioned have become established, provided there is room for a,
wider selection. 7

The value of the lilacs has been considerably enhanced by the
additions that have been made to them during the past twenty or thirty
years. The best of the older forms have not, however, been surpassed,

and alba grandiflora, chinensis, ‘ Rubra de Marly’ (fig, 4), Lowvainensis,
‘Charles X.,’ and ‘ Dr. Lindley’ should be included in all selections of
single varieties. ‘To these may be added with advantage coerulea superba,
‘Louis van Houtte,’ ‘Prince Notgen,’ and ‘Souvenir de Léon Spithe.’
Of the double varieties ‘Alphonse Lavallée,’: ‘La Tour d’ Auvergne,’
‘Madame Abel Chitenay,’ ‘Madame Lemoine,’ ‘ Président Carnot,’
‘Président Gréyy,’ and ‘ Virginité’ may be mentioned as possessing
much merit, The most important points in the cultivation of lilacs is

[Photo: George Gordon.

Fie. 3.—Scotcnh Lasurnum (LABURNUM ALPINUM PaRKsIt).

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS. 11

to avoid overcrowding and vigorously repress the suckers, the latter
being particularly necessary in the case of the newer forms, which are
grafted on the common lilac.

Spiraeas of shrubby habit that are sufficiently meritorious to
justify their being extensively planted include S. arguta, S. Bumalda

[ Photo: George Gordon.

Fic, 4.— A wELL-GRown Linac, ‘ Rupra: DE MARLy.’

‘Anthony Waterer,’ S. bracteata, S. pinnatifolia fi. pl., S. Van Houttei,
S. ariaefolia, and S. Lindleyana. Of quite exceptional value are
Viburnum Opulus sterile and V. tomentosum plicatum (fig. 5); they are
both admirably adapted for planting singly and for grouping in the
shrubbery, provided they are not overcrowded, and for lawn groups. Of

12 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the two the latter is preferable, but there are few gardens so small that
both should not be included in them.

The species of Philadelphus, or mock orange, are all more or less
beautiful, and they are especially useful since they flower at Midsummer.
Some of the best of the strong-growing forms are P. coronatus, P. Gordon-

:
5

wanus (fig. 6), and P. grandiflorus floribundus; and of the smaller-
growing hybrids P. Lemoinei, P. ‘Boule d’Argent,’ and P. ‘Gerbe de
Neige’ should first have attention. Subjects of a more miscellaneous
character that should be included are Exochorda grandiflora, Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora, and H. vestita, the latter a species but little
known and very valuable for the wild garden; Rubus deliciosus, Halesia

[Photo: George Gordon.

Fic. 5.—VisuRNUM TOMENTOSUM PLICATUM.

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS, 13

tetraptera, Styrax japonica, Carpenteria californica, Choisya ternata,
Fremontia californica, Catalpa bignonioides, one of the most beautiful
of hardy trees flowering late in the summer, and the scarlet chestnut
(Aesculus rubicunda), the best of the chestnuts for planting in the garden.

George Gordon.

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Fia. 6.—PHILADELPHUS GORDONIANUS.

Pe ee ake s 7 a es

Azaleas and rhcdodendrons form such important groups that they
should be well represented in both large and small gardens. It is not
possible to refer to them otherwise than in the briefest possible manner.
In the selection of rhododendrons the planter should- not only select
varieties bearing finely developed and effectively coloured flower trusses,
but he should be careful that those selected have a neat habit and
an abundance of leaves. With regard to the azaleas I have only time

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to say that both the mollis varieties and the single and double Ghent
varieties should be-planted with some degree of liberality. With these
the most delightful colour effects can be produced with but little trouble
and at a comparatively small cost (fig. 7).

There are other classes of peat-loving plants that should be associated
with the azaleas and rhododendrons, such as the Andromedas or Zenobias,

the Kalmias, and the Heaths, where the available Space is sufficient to
admit of this being done. With the hardy heaths alone a most delightful
feature may be formed, and it is a matter of some interest that these
shrubs should ‘have become popular; and that their systematic culture

has made considerable advances withiii’ recent years.

[Photo: George Gordon.

Fic. 7.—An ErrecrivE Grovuprne or Harpy AZALEAS.

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE. | - 15

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE.
By the Rey. Professor G. Henstow, M.A., F.L:S., V.M.H.
[Lecture delivered March 31, 1908. ]

Brassica * oleracea, Li. (Cruciferae), is a native of the coasts of England
and Wales, the Channel Islands, and W. and 8. Europe. It has no
wild varieties, but innumerable sorts have arisen under cultivation. It
supplies a nutritious diet from the roots, stems, and branches, as well as
from the leaf-buds, leaves, and unexpanded inflorescences.

The origin of the name “cabbage” is as follows: In the sixteenth
century the French name of the plant was choulz, ‘‘as if we wished to
speak of the stems, Latin, caules, by which also Brassica is called by
Cato, since scarcely any herb grows larger in the stem. The ‘choulz
cabuz’ are the most delicate for eating.’ + This appears to have been
the popular French name for the Crambe capitata or “ Cabbage cole’’ of
Gerard. In modern French the first word is retained, so that chow alone
signifies the cabbage; while in English this is dropped, and we have
turned the second into cabbage (formerly spelt ‘“cabbidge”’). Cabuz
is derived from capus, which meant in French “ round-headed,” being
itself derived from the Italian capuccio, a “little head,’ a diminutive
of capo, Latin caput.

Root.—The only instance of the roots being cultivated was a variety
called Napo-brassica, first mentioned by C. Bauhin (“ Pinaz,” 1671), and
described as being like a carrot or turnip and cultivated in the colder
parts of Bavaria, and especially on the mountains near Bohemia. It was’
called ‘‘ Dorsen”’ or “ Dorschen.’’

Tournefort described this, but only in the words of Bauhin, and makes
no mention of its being grown in his day (1730).

Stem.—-There are two forms of the stem in use; the most important
is the Kohl-rabi (var. Cawlorapa), remarkable for its globular form. It
is not clear whether it was known to the ancients, but Pliny’s description
of the “ Corinthian ’’ turnip seems to agree with it. He says: “The root
is all but out of the ground ; indeed, this is the only kind that in growing
shoots upwards, and not, as all the others do, downwards into the
ground.”

It appears to have been introduced into Germany from Italy about
1558, and into Tripoli about 1574. Dodoens, who figures five kinds
of Brassica, omits it (1559); so also does Lobel (1576); but Dodoens, in
his “History of Plants’”’ (second edition, date ?), says of No. 4: “It

* With regard to the derivation of the word Brassica, Hermann Boerhaave (1727)
says it is from amd rod Bpdtew, Lat. vorare [“ to devour’’), quia haec plania locum tenet
inter herbas edules, i.e., ‘‘ because it holds a place among edible plants.” But there
is no such Greek verb. There is Bpdaoew, or Bpacew, “to boil,’ and BiBpdoney, * to
eat,’ as well as the word avaBpdéere, from an obsolete verb, avaBpdxw, * to swallow”’
or ‘ gulp down.”

t De Re Hortensi Libellus, by Carolus Stephanus, 1545.

16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beareth a great round knop like a Turnep, the which groweth right under
the leaves, even hard upon the ground, and is white within, like a Turnep,
and is even so drest and prepared to be eaten.’’ This, presumably, was
in Holland, about 1570. f

Matthiolus, in his ‘‘ Commentary on Dioscorides”’ (1574), has a good
figure of Kohl-rabi under the name Brassica gongylodes. He says it is
cultivated in the gardens of Italy, and observes that the stem becomes
tuberous, like that of the rape (“ cujus caulis rapt in morem extuberat’’).

A very poor specimen is figured in the “ Historia Plantarum,”’ generally
attributed to Dalechamp, printed at Lyon (Lugdunum). If anything can
be inferred from it, it would seem not to have been much cultivated in
France in 1586, for other and later figures are improvements.

Gerard separates this kind from the Colewoortes or Cabbage tribe as
‘“‘Rape Cole,” Caulorapum rotundum, and reproduces Matthiolus’ figure,
adding a second, in which a few leafy shoots proceed from the axils of the
leaf-scars on the tuberous stem. This being oblong instead of globular,
he calls it C. longum, or Long Rape Cole.

He gives as the countries of cultivation Italy, Spain, and some places
in Germany, omitting France. ‘They are accounted for daintie meate.”’

There is another kind of cabbage with a peculiarly formed swollen
stem, being tapered at both ends, and called Chou Moellier blanc, or
the “ white Marrow Cabbage.”’ *

“The Chou Moellier,” Mr. Sutton tells me, “is used in France for
cattle food, and both leaves and stems are employed for this purpose, the
latter being chopped up. This is a favourite crop with some French
farmers.”

The stem swells to about four times the diameter at the base, then
tapers again at the summit. The foliage is that of the wild plant.
Pliny’s description of the Pompeian cabbage seems to tally with this
as to the stem.

The fact that the cabbage plant has a conspicuous and thick stem is
the reason why caulis (Latin for a “stem”) supplied the later name.
Thus Turner observes (1547) that the English name was Cole or Keele,
the Dutch Kol, the French Chaules, and that the apothecaries of his day
actually called the plant Cawlis.

In a glossary of the fourteenth century called “ Sinonoma Bartho-
lomei’’ it is said that Brassica was the name before transplanting ; after-
wards, as a garden vegetable, it was called Cauwlis. This was the official
name, corrupted into the English forms cole, coule, rede-coule, coole, and
reed-worte, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

The Foliage.—The most important writer on the Cabbage among the
ancients is Pliny. He commences his chapter on the varieties as follows :—
‘Cabbage and Coleworts, which at the present day are the most highly
esteemed of all the garden vegetables, were held in little repute among
the Greeks.”’ But Cato, on the other hand, sings the wondrous praises
of the cabbage. He distinguishes three varieties: the first, a plant with
leaves wide open and a large stalk [the early Savoy Cabbage ?] ; a second,
with crisped leaves, to which he gives the name of apiaca [curled cole-
wort ?) ; and a third, with a thin stalk and a smooth, tender leaf, which ~

* Illustrations are given in present-day French catalogues.

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 17

_ with him ranks the lowest of all [not identifiable; probably near to the
wild form].

“The best time for sowing them is at the autumnal equinox, and they
are usually transplanted as soon as five leaves are visible. In the ensuing
spring, after the first cutting, the plant yields sprouts, known as cymae.
These sprouts, in fact, are small shoots thrown out from the main stem,
of a more delicate and tender quality than the cabbage itself. After the
cymae have made their appearance the cabbage throws out its summer
and autumn shoots, and then its winter ones, after which a new crop of
cymae is produced.” -

It has been suggested that cymae (or cymata, as Columella writes it)
were vegetative buds developed as leafy shoots. If so, this would be just
like the form now cultivated as the “ thousand-headed kale,” adaptable
for sheep.

The various kinds named and described by Pliny are as follows:
“(1) Tritiana ; (2) Cumanian, with leaves close to the ground and a wide
open head ; (3) Aricznian, of no greater height, but with more numerous
leaves and thinner (this last is looked upon as the most useful of them
all, for beneath nearly all of the leaves there are small shoots thrown
out, peculiar to the variety); (4) the cabbage of Pompew is considerably
taller, the stalk, which is thin at the root, increasing in ‘thickness as it
rises among the leaves, which are fewer in number and narrower (the
great merit of this cabbage is its remarkable tenderness, although it is
not able to stand the cold*); (5) the Bruttwm thrives all the better for
the cold, its leaves are remarkably large, the stalk thin, and the flavour
pungent; (6) the Sabie has leaves crisped to such a degree as to excite
our surprise, and their thickness is such as to quite exhaust [conceal ?|
the stem ;tT in sweetness, however, it is said to surpass all the others ;
(7) Lacuturris (i.e, “lake-tower”’). They are grown in the valley of
Aricia, where formerly there was a lake anda tower. The head of this
cabbage is very large; there is no cabbage that runs to a larger head
than this, with the sole exception of the T'ritiana, which has a head
sometimes as much as a foot in thickness, and throws out its cymae
the latest of all.” This is the most complete list we possess of the
varieties in the first century of our era. We have to come to the
sixteenth century for any new descriptions; and although some writers
of that century, as Dodoens, still recognise the forms of his day as being
comparable with Pliny’s, the difficulty now of doing so is greatly increased
though we find varieties of similar types. It would be rash to call them
lineal descendants, as the same forms will arise afresh under similar
conditions, as has occurred more than once when wild seed has been
grown for experimental purposes in gardens.

The earliest attempt at an illustration of Brassica oleracea, L., that
I know of is one in an edition of the “ De Herbarum viribus’”’ (1506), by
Macer Floridus. He wrote his poem in 1140, and the first printed edition
was issued in 1487 at Naples. The figure is suggestive of the wild plant

* The above description of No. 4 agrees remarkably with the Chow moellier blanc,
described above.

7 Bohn’s translation has “exhaust.’”’ Not having access to the original Latin
I do not feel sure as to the meaning, and suggest ‘‘ conceal,” as the stem is no
longer visible, as in Sutton’s “ Al Kale.”

VOL, XXXIV. Cc

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or a kale, but certainly not of a cabbage. It is named Cawlis, and the —
hexameter line referring to it rans—
Caulis romana, graecorum, Brassica lingua.

Dodoens gives illustrations of five sorts of Brassica (1559), but
the seed of the last was sold for that of rape, as he describes it as
supplying oil for lamps, &c. He describes five sorts of ‘“ white” and
five “black,” including the rape, and identifies them as follows with
Pliny’s names:

No. 1. Brassica sessilis et capitata, corresponds with Pliny’s (1)
Tritvana. :

No. 2. Allobrogica or Sabaudica, ‘Choux de Savoy,’ with a smaller
and longer head, sweeter than the first, and impatient of cold. It is
Pliny’s (7) Lacuturris.

No. 8. Cauliflores, unknown to the ancients unless it be (4) Pompeiana
or Cypria.* :

No. 4. Rapecaulis, the kohl-rabi; perhaps Pliny’s “‘ turnip,” as stated.

No. 5. Patula, “ with crisp and rugose foliage; as it is much darker
in colour, and approaches the B. nigrae, it is called Negrecaulis by the
Ttalians.”’

Of the Brassicae nigrae, “commonly called rubra caulis,” Dodoens
describes—

No. 1. Patula, “ with very large leaves lying on the ground, on a short
stem. This was Cato’s leia, and agrees with Pliny’s (2) Cumanian.”’

No, 2. “Another capitate form, but much smaller than Pliny’s
Tritiana. Perhaps it is his Lacutwrris.”

No. 3. “ Foliage variously and doubly incised, like parsley. It is the
Selinoeides of Cato.”

No. 4. “ Excessively crisped foliage, usually called B. crispa; it is
Pliny’s Sabellica.” t :

In Gerard’s “ Herbal’’ (1597) there are fifteen figures of ‘ Coleworts’
or forms of Brassica oleracea, L. They are interesting in showing
something like the probable origins of the existing chief modern types in
cultivation, from the slight modifications which arose in the wild form.
This Gerard calls B. marina anglica or “English sea colewort.”
The sources of the cultivated forms can be detected in the original wild
plant. Thus Hooker describes the stem as “ very stout’’; and, unlike the
turnip, carrot, and radish, it does not produce a rosette of leaves on the
ground, but at an elevation. Hence this caulis or stem.at once distinguished
it in the eyes of the early cultivators. As the lower leaves fall off the
upper, with very short internodes, form a dense cluster at the top. In
this we see the origin of the “ head” of the cabbage. When the stem
elongates, and the leaves are more scattered, it produces the kales.
Below the lowest leaves Gerard figures a few globular buds. In his
‘Perseley Coolewoort,’ a kale with finely dissected leaves, the buds are
represented as much more numerous. In them we may see the origin of
our Brussels sprouts.

* There is nothing in Pliny’s description to suggest this. As stated, it agrees
better with the Chou moellier.

rine ‘Oeerecaad (Rembertus) De Stirpiwm Historia Commentariorum Images
59).

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 19

In his ninth figure of ‘Cole Florie,’ changed to-day into ‘ Cauliflower,’
there is a very small group of little clusters of flower buds embedded
in a large mass of foliage; in fact it occupies less than the twentieth
part of it. If this represents the earliest form of the large cauliflowers
we have now it is not surprising that Pliny knew nothing about it.

Great changes have taken place in the shape of the leaves. In the
wild form Hooker describes the leaf of the wild plant as “ obovate, lobed,
and sinuate.’”’ There is a terminal, the largest, lobe, and from one to four
pairs of much smaller ones below. ‘To the enormous expansion of the
uppermost lobe cabbages are due. ‘“ Sinuate”’ means having a “ wavy ”’
margin; in this one sees the origin of all the “crisped’’ forms, due to
an immense increase, by hypertrophy, of the minute interspaces between
the tips of the veins.

Hooker classes the cultivated forms under the following heads:
Acephala, i.e., headless, the Scotch kale, cow cabbage, and borecole ;
Bullata and Gemmifera, Savoys and Brussels sprouts; Capitata, the
red and white cabbages; Cawlorapa, the kohl-rabi; Botrytis, the
cauliflower and broccoli.

Returning to Gerard’s figures and comparing No. 1 with the wild
plant, No. 15, the only difference we can see is that the lower part of
the stem has retained its leaves, instead of becoming bare. This is the
first result of cultivation and the beginning of some of the kales. The
best modern form of this is seen in Sutton’s magnificent ‘A1’ kale;
there is the crown of leaves at the summit, but the whole stem below
is densely covered with leaves, the entire foliage being thoroughly
crisped. The description is that of ‘‘curled sprouts.’”” Though many of
the leaves of the stem are retained the great mass of the foliage below
the terminal branch is due to the development of the axillary buds,
the leaves of which are sessile and much curled and crisped; not
growing out into shoots, as in the “ 1,000-headed kale.”

Gerard gives two other figures of kales in which leaves are retained
almost to the root; and in these the stems have grown upwards so as to
lengthen the internodes and prevent the rosette or head forming. The
leaves in both are finely divided, so he calls them Brassica selinisia,
the parsley colewoort, and B. selinoides, fine-cut colewoort. He says it
was not much known, and he is the first to describe it. A form some-
what resembling these still appears as a “ sport,’ but I am not aware
of its being cultivated. However Gerard was wrong in saying that he was
the first to describe the laciniate types; for two, called Brassica crispa
Tragi and B. tenwifolia racimata, are figured in “ Historia Plantarum,”
1586.

Fig. 2, which Gerard calls B. sativa crispa, or ‘Curled garden
cole,’ only differs from No. 1 in having a naked stem below and the
leaves rather more cut and very slightly curled at the edges; the most
primitive condition of the “crisped’’ forms of to-day.

Fig. 10 is another form of the last, having the whole margin strongly
revolute. Gerard describes it as B. tophosa (apparently from a rough
resemblance to pumice-stone) ; “ the swolen Colewoorte of al other is the
strangest ; it came from Fraunce.”’ One or two modern kinds certainly
approximate to it. Thus Mr. Sutton writes me as follows: “I am

c2

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

struck with the close resemblance of the plant [B. tophosa of Gerard]
to two types of kale which are well known in the trade to-day. One is
the Chou palmier of France, or palm-tree kale of England. [A
bullated form, but not with the margins so much ‘ revoluted’ as in
tophosa.| The other is the Welsh tree kale, growing from four to five feet
high, and producing an abundance of similar leaves up the stem with
a pyramidal habit. The leaves of the Welsh kale much more resemble
those of Gerard’s picture, being very much curved back.”’

The Borecole, so called from the Dutch boerenkool, meaning
“ peasant’s cabbage,” is a hardy form of kale, with the leaves loose and
much curled. It is apparently almost a crisped form of the wild cabbage ;
the foliage may be green or purple, or sometimes variegated with red
and yellow colours, and then often used as a decorative plant. Varieties
are known under the names of German greens, Buda kale, Scotch kale or
curlies.

With regard to size, some have very tall stems, others stems of medium
length, and others dwarf. Differences are noticed by later writers. Thus
C. Bauhin,* describing one form of kale, says that it has been seen “ as
high as trees’ at Florence. Tournefort describes a red colewort as being
“taller than the other species; for it grows up with a high stock, two,
three, or four foot, or even cubits, high, which is thick and of a dark
purple colour, rugged on the lower part, sometimes single, and at other
times branched out into arms .. . if well looked after it arrives to the
height and firmness of a tree.’’ t

We seem to see here something resembling our Jersey kales, of the
stems of which walking-sticks are made. Gerard’s figures thus illustrate
a certain progression from the wild plant. The leaves become more
wavy, then more dissected till the parsley-form is reached.

Crispness is next adopted in various degrees, among which the curious
“ tophosa”’ type occurred. It is this group wherein so great an
advance in form and variety occurs at the present day. Those with
leaves of slight departure from the wild plant, as Carter’s Phenix kale,
might be mentioned, with erect foliage and broad terminal lobes. Then
his Chou de Russie is a first step towards the more dissected parsley-type.
The thousand-headed kale+ has also a primitive type of leaf, but the
stem buds are fully developed into shoots.

We now come to the true cabbage, with the leaves closing over one
another, making the compact head; but before arriving at this stage we
have to pass from the kales with spreading foliage. The first step is a
great increase in the dimension of the terminal lobe till it becomes nearly
circular. Even in the wild state it is often very large. In a leaf froma
wild plant from the chalk cliffs at Walmer the terminal lobe is 9} inches
long by 7 inches in breadth. It has only one deep indentation, reaching
within one inch of the midrib.

Gerard’s third figure, of the Red Colewoort (B. rubra), has broader
leaves, which form a denser cluster, but still spreading. This may
have been the origin of our pickling cabbage. The next figure, No. 4,

* Pinaa, p. 111 (1671).
+ The Compleat Herbal, vol. i. p. 429.
t A better name, perhaps, would be ‘ Thousand-shooting’ kale.

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 21

B. capitata alba, the White Cabbage Cole, is the first he recognises as
a true cabbage, but the leaves are more erect and still loose. He says
of these two, No. 3. “The red kind of Colewoort is likewise a Colewoort
of the garden, and differeth from the common in the colour of his leaves,
which tende vnto rednesse, otherwise very like No. 4. There is also
founde a certaine kinde heereof with the leaues wrapped togither into a
rounde head or globe, whose head is white of colour, especially toward
winter, when it is ripe.”’

Fig. 5 is called B. patula, or Open Cabbage Cole. The leaves are
represented as quite circular; but, as Gerard says, “when it cometh to
the shutting up or closing togither, it rather dilateth it selfe abroade
than closeth al together.”” As the object of the cultivator is to make
his cabbages form a “ heart ’’ this form has probabiy disappeared.

The genuine hearting cabbage is represented by Gerard’s fig. 5. It
is “lesser than the white cabbage, and the colour of the leaves is of a
lighter red than those of the former”’ (No. 4). Gerard gives two figures
of the Savoy Cabbage, now known botanically as B. oleracea bullata ;
but this character of bulging between the meshes of the ribs and rims
is neither figured nor alluded to, so that it is probably a later pro-
duction. He figures them as having round leaves, but very ‘“‘open,”’
thus describing them:

Fig. 11, B. sabauda, “Sauoie Cole. The leaues are greet and large,
verie like to those of the great Cabbage, which turne themselues
vpwardes as though they woulde embrace one another to make a loued
Cabbage; but when they come to the shutting vp they stande at a staie,
and rather shewe themselues wider open than shut any neerer togither ;
in other respects it is like vnto a Cabbage.’’ In this respect, therefore,
it resembles an intermediate stage between kales and the hearting or
headed cabbages of to-day.

Messrs. Sutton have developed a bullated form of Kale, called the
“ Palm-leaved Kale,” which might represent the preliminary stage
towards the Savoy Cabbage, the leaves spreading, like those of a palm
tree, and not incurved. .

Fig. 12 is B. s. crispa, “Curled Sauoie Cole,” which only differs in
haying a slightly curled margin.

The present-day description of the Savoy as given in the “ Treasury
of Botany” is that it is “chiefly distinguished by its leaves being
wrinkled in such a manner as to have a netted appearance. When
fully headed it forms an excellent hardy winter vegetable.’ Hence the
Savoy differs now from Gerard’s in having a central heart, a “bullated ”’
surface, and often a crisped margin.

The varieties of true “hearting ’’ cabbages are now innumerable, and
it would be useless to enumerate them. Some are suitable for cattle
and more for domestic purposes. Messrs. Carter alone have nearly forty
varieties of red, white, and Savoy cabbages.

When globular buds are produced they can be borne on the stem in
the axils of the leaves or leaf-scars, and only a rosette of leaves on the
top, giving us the ordinary Brussels sprouts. The top may be replaced
by many buds, as occurred in 1787, or both may be combined, a true
cabbage being borne with sprouts below. This is Messrs. Carter’s new

22 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cabbage-sprout, the result of a hybrid between Winningstadt Cabbage
and Cambridge Champion Brussels Sprout.*

The curious proliferous form mentioned above was described in
1787. It is called B. capitata polycephalos. In size it resembled
ordinary cabbages, but differed in bearing several heads (sometimes fifty,
the size of eggs, according to Tournefort), some larger, some smaller.
It was thought to have resulted from extra nourishment. It is said to
be an unaccustomed and rare form. ‘There is no evidence of its having
had any descendants, and Mr. A. Sutton writes that at the present day
“there is no variety or strain of cabbage which produces an abundance of
small cabbage heads; but we have often seen plants somewhat like your
description [of the polycephalos], where the first head of the plant in a
young stage has been injured, either by the hoe or by insects.”’

Brussels sprouts are so called from the fact that they originated in
Belgium and have been long cultivated there. They were brought to
England about the middle of the last century, and are characterised by
the production of numerous buds in the form of miniature cabbages
in the axils of the leaves all along the stem, instead of making a single
large head at the summit. In six of Gerard’s figures he shows a few
buds occurring on the otherwise bare stem. Such foreshadow the possi-
bility of their development into the modern form. |

In ordinary Brussels sprouts the globular buds are produced without
the leaves on the stems; but Mr. James Carter developed a form in which
the leaves were retained, covering the stem in an erect manner. It was
called ‘Chou de Burghley,’ but “it was not constant, and sometimes ran
into all sorts of other types.”

Gerard figures also “8B. prolifera, Double Colewoort, No. 7, and
B. p. crispa, the Double Crispe Colewoort.’”’ His description of the
former is: ‘The Double Colewoort hath many large and great leaues,
wherupon do grow heere and there other small iagged leaues, as it were
made of ragged shreds and iagges set vpon the smooth leafe, which giueth
shewe of a plume or fanne of feathers.’’ The other variety only differs
in having “ intricately curled leaues, and so thick set ouer with other small
cut leaues, that it is hard to see any part of the leafe it selfe, except
yee take and put aside some of those iagges and ragged leaues with
your hande.”’

He does not say whether these proliferous sorts were cultivated, but
such outgrowths from the ribs on the under side of the leaves are
not at all uncommon. They sometimes take the form of funnels on
long stalks.

Messrs. Carter inform me that “there is a kind of borecole cabbage
grown for the Paris markets at the end of winter called Bricoli Cabbage ;
we fancy we have noticed the crested growth you mention coming from
the back of the ribs of this variety.”’

Inflorescence.—The broccoli and cauliflower supply globular masses
of hypertrophied inflorescences, the flowers being in bud, the name
implying “ flowers of the stem”’ (cawlis). Itis known as “ chou-fleur ”’ in
French, broccoli being the Italian name, from brocco, a “shoot”; for the

* Catalogue, 1907, p. 21 (figure and description).
+ Historia generalis plantarum, p. 521. Attributed to Dalechamps.

THE HISTORY OF THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 23

primitive type was probably not a compact mass but a bundle of shoots,
as occurs in the Maltese broccoli to-day. Gerard’s figure, described
above, is a very primitive form of the modern massive head.

“The sprouting or asparagus broccoli represents the first form
exhibited by the new vegetable when it ceased to be the earliest cabbage,
and was grown with an especial view to its [flowering] shoots. After
this, by continued selection and successive improvements, varieties were
obtained which produced: a compact white head, and some of these
varieties were still further improved into kinds which are sufficiently
early to commence and complete their rustic growth in the course of the
same year. These last-named kinds are now known by the name of
cauliflower.” * :

With regard to the two principal modern forms of sprouting broccoli,
Mr. Sutton writes: ‘“ ‘The White Sprouting Broccoli’ has been known
as such for at least fifty years, and is carefully selected year by year to
the best type. Purple sprouting broccoli, on the other hand, may or may
not have been developed from the old ‘Purple Cape’ broccoli; but in
habit of growth it more resembles a closer, more compact form of the
thousand-headed kale, the edges of the leaves being serrated, and the
plant much branched, the small purple heads eventually developing into
flower buds.”

The “ heads,”’ as sold in Malta, appear to be more like a degenerate
form of English broccoli, as they are not round and compact, but loose
and in spikes, without bearing leaves, whereas our sprouting broccolis are
derived from the lateral leafy shoots of the stem (as in thousand-headed
kale), but terminate in an inflorescence. The earliest notice of this
variety appears to be in Miller’s “ Dictionary,’’ 1724, where it is called
the ‘Sprout Colliflower.’ It seems to have originated in Italy. Being
sown in September there, as in Malta, it is cut in April or May.

The Cauliflower was earlier known, being mentioned by Dodonaeus
—1553 or 1559—and figured by Gerard, 1597, though it was rare in
Parkinson’s time, 1629.

As illustrating the origin of the many varieties of Brassica oleracea
by cultivation, Professor Buckman raised varieties from the seed of wild
plants collected from Llandudno, “some having short petioles and the
close-hearting condition of cabbages, both green and red, the tendency
[to vary] being much increased by repeated transplanting. Others, with
longer petioles and lyrate leaves, seem to take on the looser method of
growth of kales, &c.’’ With reference to persistency of form, Professor
Buckman adds: “It may be remarked, as throwing some light on the
nature of the changes by which the cultivated varieties of this genus have
been attained, that experiments with seeds of plants showing any
particular tendency, and especially if repeatedly grown in the same soil,
will ever result in an increase of the same peculiarity.” +

* The Vegetable Garden, 1885, p. 95.
+ Treasury of Botany, s.v. Brassica.

24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HARDY CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS.
By E. A. Bowtss, M.A., F.L.58., F.E.S.
(Lecture delivered April 14, 1908.]

WHEN I undertook to lecture upon the Cacti and other succulent plants
that had proved hardy here in Middlesex on a specially constructed bank
of my rock-garden, I thought the size of my collection and the healthiness
of the plants warranted my so doing.

Then came one of the most destructive winters I have ever experienced
in the garden. Bitter winds with sharp frosts—as much as 26 degrees one
night—and a cold spring, after the sunless cool summer of 1907, have
between them decimated the ranks of my Cacti. The ground was cold and
damp so early in the autumn that I believe the roots of many rotted
away instead of drying up when I put on the overhead lights in
November.

I have in consequence a long list of the slain to read to you, and this
afternoon’s meeting partakes so much of the nature of a memorial service
that I feel somewhat chary of giving any advice as to the cultivation of
these plants for fear you will class me with the good lady who, resenting
a kindly hint from a district visitor upon the management of her babe,
answered, ‘‘Me not know how to bring up children indeed! Haven't
I buried twelve of ’em ?”

Two wheelbarrows full of rotten pieces of Cacti are, then, my qualifi-
cations for addressing you.

There are, of course, many succulent plants, such as the Sedums and
Sempervivums of northern latitudes, that are absolutely hardy in Britain ;
but I wish to speak of kinds that are generally considered tender and
more fitting for greenhouse cultivation than for the open air.

It is, I think, twelve years since I began growing a few Opuntias on
a raised bank of the rock-garden. They flourished so well that I extended
the bank, building it up with special drainage to suit xerophytic plants.

It lies facing due south, and is backed by a hedge of evergreens, and
I placed a layer of brick rubble and coarse gravel of about the depth of
18 inches under the soil throughout, constructing gullies to carry off the
rainfall, and placing drain pipes, leading into these gullies, in some parts.

The soil is chiefly turfy loam mixed liberally with old mortar rubbish,
silver sand, sandy peat, and some well-weathered cinders from the
furnaces.

I consider that, provided the plants are well watered in very hot
weather, and fed with a little guano during their early growing period,
the general soil cannot be too light or too poor for these Cacti.

I keep some glazed lights, from an old vinery, on purpose for covering
this Cactus bank in winter. They are placed overhead from November to
April, resting on posts driven into the ground, but having the sides open
to the air. In ordinary seasons the early part of November is sunny

HARDY CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS. 25

enough to allow this bank to become quite dry, and the plants shrivel
a little, and thus are ready to withstand the cold of our ordinary winters.
Many of the Cacti are so beset with barbed spines that they are terrible
to handle. Gloves are worse than useless, for the spines penetrate them
and enter the flesh of one’s hands ; and in removing the gloves the greater

J. James.

[ Photo:

Fia. 8.—OPpunTIA CAMANCHICA VARS.

oe
Oo
é
jue
Fz
°
°o
=
°
—_

portion of a spine is broken off, leaving the barbed end buried, very hard
to see, and often exceedingly painful.

IT arm myself, for attending to these spitefully ungrateful plants, by
donning a pair of wicker cuffs, and I find a couple of long-bandled steel
forks, known as “ Cook’s forks,” one in each hand, very useful for extract-
ing weeds or rotten pieces of Cactus. In planting’a large specimen I use

26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a small pair of tongs, such as one puts on coal with, to hold the plant
and place it in position. Even with these careful preparations I seldom
escape without a few spines in my hands.

Considering the trouble, are they worth growing? I think so, for
I greatly admire their strange beauty of form, the symmetry and beautiful
arrangement of their protective spines. I know many people think them
only bizarre, or even positively ugly. But if only they could carefully
examine a few, and note how we have, by gradual transitions, every stage
of development, from the leafy Pereskias, with slender cylindrical stems
bearing a few spines, through the almost leafless and spiny Opuntias, to
the melon-shaped and ridged Kchinocactus and Cereus forms, their dislike
would turn to admiration.

The flowers are often of the most brilliant colours, and in the genus
Opuntia the anthers are sensitive, and close when touched in a somewhat
spiral manner, reminding one of a sea-anemone seizing food, and many
kinds freely produce handsome red fruits that remain for two years on the
plant. So that I find them attractive and interesting at all seasons.

The following list of varieties I have tried, under the condition
described above, may be helpful to any wishing to grow similar plants.

In many cases where the plants have not flowered I have had no
opportunity of verifying the names; soI give those under which I received
the plants. Those marked * have flowered.

Opuntias in good health now.
Year when planted.

Opuntia arborescens ; : . 1897
arenaria* , : - 1900
var. from Claleeada oo
barbata . , : ; ; .,. 190I
Beckervana ; ; . 19038
bacolor* . . ; ; « 1904
brachyarthra . : ; . 1900
cantabrigiensis . Ass gi . 1902
camanchica* (fig..8) . é : ee bef
var. major * ; . 1900
minor . ; : ; : oo
albispina* . . 1897
lutea carmineo- sthainan ne itr . 1902
longispina * . : : oo
orbicularis * ; oe
pallida* .. : .
rubra . : . 90
rosea . ; : E =
salmonea : | ; _ —
fragilis * . , d é . » 1900
var. caespitosa . . 1902
tuberiformis _
horizontalis , i } ; : . 1903
humilis : ; : . 1899

hystricina . : : ‘ : ; - 1903.

HARDY CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS. 27

Year when planted.

Opuntia pachyarthra flava* . ; ; : . 1908 ©
Bee © rosea *, ; —
phaeacantha major * . : é . 1900
polyacantha : : : ._
var. erythrostema ; . 1902
salmonea ~ . . : : oo
trichophora . : : . .— 1901
Rafinesquu* . . ; ; ASOT
var. arkansana . : ; : . 1900
cymochila* . . ; oo
Greenn* . ; é oS
macrorhiza * : : _
nana . ; ; : > 1901
rhodantha . : : : 1900
var. brevispina . ; . 1908
flavispina . : _
pisciformis . es
Schumanniana . _
spirocentra* ; . 1904
viridijlora * (? var. of aiioas 15) <2 . 1900
vulgaris* . : ? sr - bBOe
E xanthostema* . 5 E9OL
é var. elegans ; . 1902
fulgens * —
orbicularis . ; ; oo
rosea . 2 : : E _ o—

Opuntias that lived for some years, now killed.

Number of years

in open air.
Opuntia aurantiaca* . . ; : ; er
| basilaris v. coerulea . 8
cylindrica 2
eburnea 3
Emoryi 2
extensa 2
Tuna 2

Opuntias that died the first winter.

basilaris. litioralis.
coceinelifera. . microdasys.
clavata. — occidentalis.
Dilleniu. Pes-corvt.
frutescens. Piccolominiana.
Hanburyana. tunicata.
leptocaults var. vaginata. velutina.

leucotricha. | vestita.

28 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cereus, species still healthy.
Planted out.
Cereus flagelliformis ; é ‘ ; : . +2201
paucispinus * : ; , . 1900
var. fulvispinus* t (fig. 9) . . 1899
flavispinus . : . 1900
Nigrispmnus . . 1902
phoenweus . ; . 1902
viridiflorus * . ; : . 1900

+ Flowered first in 1903, and each season since. Figured in “ The Garden,”
August 31, 1907, p. 415.

*

Se 7 : RSD - oe ? m p , oes Sy ‘er
7h ie “Fs ee eels : WS Oa ar" ane
&» : . rf “ a . i - .- : “ Ss" es 2
: ~ cri - “a5 Phew >, a A nk Pe LoncowEronDe

(Photo: J. James.

Fic, 9.—CEREUS PAUCISPINUS, VAR. FULVISPINUS.

> elegy

HARDY CACTI AND OTHER SUCCULENTS.

Cereus, species killed.

Cereus Berlandieri.
Emory.
Engelmannii.
Fendleri.
mojavensis.
peruvianus.

var. hexagonus.

procumbens.
triangularis.

Fic. 10.—EcCHINOPSIS MULTIPLEX. [Photo: J. James.

Cereus (Echinopsis section), species alive.

Planted.
Cereus Miillera : . : : : . 1905
multiplex* (fig. 10) : _
oxygonus . : ‘ ; : oo
Pentlandu var. Maximiliann* . oo
Fiohlandu var. speciosus : : . 1905
Schikendentzu . eck . 1904
triumphans . ; : : : . 1905
Zuccarini * ; ; ; ; . 1905

and six unnamed vars.

30

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cereus (Echinopsis), species which lived for some years.

Cereus Duvallia

Eyresu* .

var. Toseus .

fuligerus* .

Lagermannu
nigerrimus
Pentlandw var. carmineus
tubiflorus *
turbinatus :
Zuccarint var. nigrispinus

Planted.
1905-8

1906-8
1903-8
1905-8
1904-8
1901-8
1905-8
1905-8

Kchinocactus, species which lived some years.

Echinocactus Emoryt .
lancifer .
Simpsonir
var. minor :
‘Perpetual Snow’ .
Whipplei var. spinosior .
Wizlezenu

Mammillaria, species still healthy.
Mammillaria missouriensis * .
vivipara * .

1902-4
1902-7
1900-5

1901-4
1902-8

1900

a

Mamunillaria, species which lived two or more years.

Mammillaria bicclor.
Nuttallis.
gracilis.
pusilla and vars.

Mammnillaria, species killed first winter.

Mammullaria castaneordes. “

decipiens.

elongata.

Grahamu.

longimamma.

montana.

semperviva.

Succulents other than Cacti alive.

Agave applanata var. Parryi .
utahensis
Cotyledon farinosa .
Purpusu *
Sedum dendroidewm 2
Mesembryanthemum uncinatum *
Umbilicus chrysanthus * .
Spinosus .

‘Rk Pex ‘
tS Senin
ert a,
oy “4 \
ae py 4
4s v ™ ‘
a rs ’
Hee 3 1 mo .
ara 65 8356a ; -
Paes Do} ADD DAAS
Pia sf aty rn ed Sek ee
4th si cel
tha ° . . . . .

Lae
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“—
*
——
NTS.
Mes
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¢
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Baty
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ee ’ 8 tal . . . . . . :
y Pim fed, E se ;
OE dae |
Pe; 4, a } s.
Ds =a ae = . . . - . _ :
. A ae f r a) . .
fy = oo» 8 ; 2 :

we a
Ri:
oryllum —
tum .
taefolic

te
glaucop
—— serratifol
achys pitcat
rarylora* .
Na

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= 4 rs

arn
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ca
‘

32 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
By Mr. Epwarp WHITE.
{Lecture delivered April 28, 1908.]

I wit not take advantage of the wide scope for observation which the
title of my paper seems to offer, but propose simply to consider in a few
aspects the profession of landscape gardening as a vocation.

I believe there is enough interest in the calling, and sufficient mystery
as to the means by which essential knowledge of it can be acquired, to
justify a few reflections.

To Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society an attempt to define the
mission of the landscape gardener would appear an impertinence. No
Fellow is so ingenuous as the lady who thought the term an euphemism
for persons who tidied up gardens. The designation, however, is
inadequate, and it is a pity that one cannot find a short and compre-
hensive substitute.

In spirit, at all events, we are all landscape gardeners, and much too
zealous to allow our conceptions to be confined by garden and park
enclosures. We are stimulated by our appreciation of landscape scenery,
and anxious to bestow its beauties upon districts where they are non-
existent, and, in short, if I may parody a well-worn phrase, “to break
down the fence and make all Nature a garden.’’ Closely associated with
the desire is the idea cleverly crystallised in the expression ‘‘ Garden®
Cities.” ;

A town or city should no longer signify the compression of the largest
number of dwellings into the smallest possible space. Neither is what it
should be without the adornment of tree-planted streets and parades, in
addition to parks, recreation, hospital, and other grounds. In fact we
expect that practically every corner of public land, if not already
picturesque, shall be subjected to ornamental treatment. The proportion
of town areas committed to the care of gardeners is, therefore, happily
becoming very considerable, and it is of extreme importance that the
whole matter should be under professional direction.

But while the assistance of Nature is being successfully enlisted to
relieve the oppressiveness of bricks and mortar in towns, the builder is
taking full revenge by his invasion of rural retreats.

Life in the country has become fashionable largely at the expense of
much of our best landscape scenery, especially as it is coupled with
a desire for the pure air of the more elevated places, which are naturally
the most conspicuous points of interest and beauty. The most beautiful
districts available for occupation suffer most, and the attractions which
tempted the first-comers to many of them are rapidly fading—indeed, the
word ‘Ichabod’ might well be added to advertisement boards standing on
many a once sylvan site.

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 303

Love of the beauties of Nature is an admirable thing, but it is fatal
to the object of admiration when too many suitors press their attentions.

The rate at which virgin country is disappearing is so prodigious that
it would be most interesting to know the exact acreage which is annually
withdrawn from a free state of Nature. A moment’s thought will help us
to appreciate the extent of the erosion, and to realise how much land is
being cut up for new roads, and either lost to view behind garden fences,
or, as may be sometimes worse, defiled and exposed in ugly disorder.

However regrettable may be the transformation of so much beautiful
country, any protest would be puerile in view of the social development of
which it is a symptom. We can only temper our regret with some satis-
faction by insisting that where Nature is dispossessed it shall be succeeded
by art worthy of the traditions of the site. Herein lies a legitimate
opportunity for the landscape gardener.

_ Sufficient proof can be furnished that the material advantages which
result from expert artistic treatment justify it as a practical con-
sideration.

For the landscape gardener there are problems of great interest
involved in the preservation and use of features beautiful and natural,
and their combination with technical details essential to the development
of building property.

Every road may become a vista of ential beauty, which may be
accentuated and not prejudiced by the buildings for the service of which
it is created.

The solution of the problems which will give such a result should be
greatly aided by the conditions of spaciousness which appear to be
necessities of the future.

This is forecasted particularly by the proposals contained in the Town
Planning Bill now before Parliament, which meets with sufficient approval
to justify an expectation that in some form it will become law. It offers
certain local bodies authoritative powers, hitherto unheard of in this
country, over areas in their charge. It confers upon them the power to lay
down the lines of new roads, irrespective of mixed ownership of the land,
and to enforce the execution of their own model-plans of development,
which will provide for such open spaces as are deemed necessary. One
may be quite sure that lively controversies will result from the exercise of
these powers, and may entertain the hope that xsthetic considerations
will provide their share of debatable points, which can only receive due
justice if they are represented by technical advisers who have devoted
special study to the subject.

There is some excuse for anxiety on this point when one remembers
how often gentlemen, whose official engagements depend on their ability
as civil engineers, are saddled with such extraneous responsibilities as the
designing of parks and public gardens.

It seems only reasonable that municipalities desiring the luxury of
artistic amenities—paid for compulsorily by ratepayers—should obtain
designs from, and entrust the supervision of the work to, men technically
educated to deal with such matters.

It is no disparagement of some able men who hold municipal gardening
appointments to say that the custom does not generally prevail. There

VOL. XXXIV. D

34 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are a few notable exceptions which greatly strengthen the case for a wide
extension of the principle advocated.

In this direction there may be a considerable opening for the landscape
gardener—but, before it can be confidently demanded on his behalf, the
public must be satisfied as to the existence of men fully qualified for the
work. It is only if this condition can be secured that the object may be
attained.

The increased dignity and prestige which have attended the develop- |
ment of scientific and artistic gardening must facilitate the attainment
of such an end. Gardening ranks no longer as a mere hobby. It has
developed into a great social factor—an issue into which I need not now
enter. It is a nursery of art and the school for the love of Nature.

As a nation we proverbially prefer open-air amusement to artistic
indoor pursuits. Gardening as an out-door occupation therefore exhausts
a large share of our esthetic impulses—a share, indeed, so large that it is
practically the national art.

Both the art and our country might be equally advantaged by more
intimate associations with each other. Art can scarcely desire a better
medium of expression than those living forms of vegetation, which supply
so many arts with their best material for inspiration.

Although it is suggested that the garden is the school for the love of
Nature, it is no paradox to say that the characteristic genius of English
gardening receives an impulse from the recognition of the natural beauties
of our country. |

An English landscape gardener, whose work is to appeal truly to the
mass of his fellow-countrymen, in addition to his other qualifications,
must have served a long apprenticeship in the school of Nature.

The British Isles, thanks to their geological inconsistency, and to
other advantageous peculiarities, offer for study, within the smallest
radius, a wonderful variety of types of landscape beauty.

The generosity of Nature in this country is emulated by many owners
of beautiful gardens. ‘Their gardens are freely opened to the student,
and by this means gratuitous lessons in horticulture and artistic effect are
received, advantages resulting from, and only made possible by, great
expenditure of time and money. Such liberality is the greater because all
that is best is immediately seized for imitation, and, if possible, improved
upon.

It would not be inappropriate to allude to the educational facilities
afforded by visits to the many splendid nurseries throughout the country,
and to the courtesy and goodwill of their owners.

The opportunities for self-education offered to men who wish to follow
the profession of landscape gardening are therefore numerous and varied,
and at first sight it may appear that they are sufficient.

Whether this be so or not depends entirely upon the ambition of the
student, and the scope of action which contents him or her. If he desires
to be self-reliant and does, not wish, for instance to be continually refer-
ring to the architect, civil engineer, or surveyor, for technical assistance,
he must be versed in such details of these sciences as are essential to his
operations. It is exceedingly difficult, however, for a student to
discriminate in the acquisition of knowledge of these details, and avoid

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 35

wasting much time upon unnecessary matter. To a person whose tempta-
tion to embark on the career is solely the love of gardening, the idea of
mastering two or three other pursuits seems appalling and unnecessary—
unnecessary it certainly would be for him. The chances are that he will
"refuse to enter upon such subjects, and that if he does not decide to
abandon his aspirations he will devote himself to a system of gardening
which affects to despise the so-called extravagances of constructional
effort, and confine himself to a sphere of activity which is strictly
limited. .
: It really seems unnecessary to emphasise such a point as the value to
_ any young man of having his business education mapped out, and directed
_ by proper advisers, especially when he is preparing for a profession which
numbers among its supporters such a large number of highly skilled
amateurs.
_ - Foreign critics of our educational methods might possibly recognise
landscape gardening as our national art from the fact that it is practically
untaught in this country.

There are a few centres of enlightenment devoted to horticulture in
which the subject is treated, I believe, as an important branch of
gardening, but I have been unable to discover any educational
institution which adequately recognises it as affording professional
possibilities, distinct from horticulture. It is certain that many earnest
_ young men who desire to adopt the career are at a complete loss as to the
_ best means of doing so. Some of them have been blindly through a long
- course of horticultural study, and at the end have found themselves
_ lacking in many essential qualifications.

There are, of course, considerable difficulties in the way of providing
education on an adequate scale, but if the gardening-world were unanimous
in demanding it, an important step would have been taken towards their
removal.
7 It is an obvious criticism that with so much difference of opinion
_ among garden designers, as to what constitutes beauty in a garden, it
might be difficult to hit on a form of teaching which would meet with
- enough general approval to warrant the experiment. After a century or
so of controversy, however, the matter seems to be simmering down
sufficiently to render practicable a sort of “ Cowper Temple ”’ settlement.
A good deal of hard language has been uttered against both formal
_ and informal gardens by men whose prejudices incline them towards
_ one or the other, but each form of art seems to have thriven upon abuse,
and become unshakeably established. Whatever his personal preferences
_ ~may be, however, a landscape gardener’ with a catholic practice must be
_ competent to deal with all sides of the question, and the education of a
, student must accordingly be shaped on the basis that landscape gardening
is, in its essence, an eclectic art.
Thinking it would be interesting to know something of what was
being done in other countries in the matter of education, I have sought
for information from some eminent gentlemen, who have given it to me
with the utmost kindness and readiness.
In Germany the subject of landscape gardening is not included in the

curriculum of any University. Instruction in the art is given, however,
. D2

36 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in all public and private horticultural schools. The chief school (formerly
at Potsdam) is now at Dahlem, near Berlin, where great attention is
given to the question. At Laubegast, near Dresden, a great speciality is
made of it in the Gartenbauschule. There are also important schools at
Weihenstephan in Bavaria, at Reutlingen in Wiurttemberg, and a private
school in the principality of Reuss.

There are now two national societies of landscape gardeners in.

Germany, and it is interesting to know that there is some difference of
opinion as to whether garden construction is a perquisite of the architect,
or should be the privilege of the landscape gardener. We seem to have
heard the echo of such a doubt over here.

One hears incidentally that the designing of race-courses occupies
a considerable share of the time of some of the best landscape gardeners
in Germany, but it can scarcely be suggested that this diversion offers an
extended field for practice in England.

In France, landscape gardening is taught in no University or public
school, although it is exhaustively treated at the Ecole Nationale
d’ Horticulture in Versailles, which is considered the University of Horti-
culture. It is also made a special subject for study at the Ecole d’Horti-
culture de la Ville de Paris. There is no society of landscape gardeners
in France, beyond that formed by a special section of the National
Horticultural Society.

Landscape gardening is taught in Austria in all Horticultural Training
Schools, particularly in the Agricultural School at Kisgrub (near Sinden-
burg), Lower Austria, but there is no society or special department
for landscape gardening in Austria.

It is in the United States, however, that one finds a model precedent
which may be of great assistance, and it will surprise many to find how
seriously the question of education in the art of landscape saebaii
is considered in that go-ahead country.

It is, in many respects, an ideal land for the development of gardening
of all kinds, owing to the individual wealth and public spirit of the
inhabitants, to competition in luxury, to the sylvan resources of the
country, and to the new and vast spaces available for treatment.

The capacity of Americans to concentrate and specialise makes them
rivals always to be respected, and there is little fear that impracticable
schemes of education will be found at their best Universities.

Americans use the phrase “‘ Landscape Architect ’’ in place of our term
‘Landscape Gardener,” but in the references which follow the English
expression is substituted.

Definite instruction in landscape gardening is given at Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York; at the University of Illinois, Urbana; at
Columbia University, New York City; at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Boston, and at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Some tuition in landscape gardening is offered by many of the
horticultural and agricultural schools and colleges, but I do not know
what weight is to be attached to it. A typical example of this group is to
be found in the Massachusetts State Agricultural College at Amherst.

The course offered at the famous University of Harvard is decidedly
the most complete and important obtainable in America.

— Ue Te le

eS a es

= ST,

4

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING 37

The official register of the University deals with, and illustrates, the
importance attached to the question so fully that I shall venture to quote
verbatim, and piece together a good many points of information and
advice contained in it.

A pamphlet issued in 1907 states that “the object of the courses
of education outlined is to provide instruction in the elements of technical
knowledge, and training in the application of principles of design, which
together form the proper basis for the professional practice of landscape
gardening.”’

A student may obtain professional training in landscape gardening in
Harvard University, including both elementary and advanced work,
or having had the necessary preparation in another college or scientific
school, may proceed at once to the graduate courses.

By registering in Harvard College a student may elect courses which
will be counted for the A.B. or §.B. degree and prepare him for the con-
centrated professional study in the Graduate School of Applied Science.

The professional course in this school is open to graduates of any
college or scientific school of good standing as candidates for the degree
of “ Master in Landscape Architecture.”

The object of this course, to quote the Official Register, is to give the
students a broad knowledge of many types of landscape and garden forms,
of the elements which make up the quality of each, of the motives which
underlie them when of artificial creation, of their limitations, and of the
constant adaptation of means to ends in all good work. The instruction
is in the form of lectures, supplemented by collateral reading, by informal
conferences, and by frequent exercises in writing or drawing. The types
of landscape and garden design are severally taken up in the historical
order of their highest development, but in addition to the critical
description of historical examples with the aid of plans, drawings, and
photographs, reference is made whenever possible to actual examples,
illustrative of the same principles, to be found in the vicinity of Boston,
which students may readily visit.

During the year each student is required to make a study of one
example of formal and one of informal landscape work, one special type of
landscape design, and one example of natural landscape, and to submit
a report in each case.

The length of the period of study necessary will depend upon the
candidate’s previous preparation. Two years will ordinarily be required
by a capable student properly prepared. Any deficiencies in preparation
can be made good after entering the school.

Opportunities for advanced special study are open to students not
candidates for a degree.

With the best technical training, the professional success of a land-
Scape gardener must depend largely upon his ability to understand the
wide range of purposes and ideals which he is sure to find among his
clients, and in no way can this ability be fostered more effectively than by
the broadening influence of a college education. :

The courses in Harvard College which are particularly advised are the
following :—

Principles of Landscape Gardening.

38 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Elementary Botany.

Experimental Physics.

Physiography.

Elementary Geology.

Principles of Design in Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting.

Ancient and Renaissance Architecture, and the Theory of Design.

In addition to the studies, which form reasonable parts of a general
college education, the undergraduate who looks forward to becoming a —
landscape gardener is advised to take the summer course in topographical
and railroad surveying at the Harvard camp, or its equivalent, and should
become well acquainted with the common trees and shrubs. If he has
had the opportunity of getting first-hand acquaintance with the soil and
plants through the common work of practical farming, or some kindred
occupation, he will find it, in the long run, helpful to a remarkable
degree.

Any intelligent student will appreciate that he must have a good
command of English, since an essential part of a landscape gardener’s
duties must be to explain clearly and convincingly to others the reasons
for his advice to them. In addition, it is very desirable that the student
should be able to use French and German books with tolerable facility.

What is not so generally realised by students beforehand is the vital
importance to the landscape gardener of facility in graphic expression.
He must be able to draw readily a simple, straightforward, and accurate
representation of the forms which he sees or wishes to describe, whether
by sketches, plan, or section, and the alphabet of this graphic language,
which he must use all his life, ought to be learned early and practised
constantly.

On the basis of such preparation a student can obtain a good pro-
fessional equipment by three or even two years devoted solidly to
technical work. No definite programme is here laid down for such
a post-graduate course, because it can best be fitted to the needs of the
individual ; but it would always include two years of practice in general
landscape design and details of construction, continued study of plants
and planting design, and, so far as not already studied, elementary
architectural design, water supply and sanitary engineering, masonry
and foundations, contracts and specifications, and such additional work
in engineering, horticulture, and general landscape design as time and
capacity permit.

It should further be said that while the training above discussed
should make a student a useful assistant to a landscape gardener, it is not
expected to turn him out competent to practise, and it should be followed
by at least two or three years of practical experience in the employ of an
established landscape gardener, and, if possible, by travel for the study of
professional subjects in this country and in Europe.

These quotations testify to the importance attached to the question
of education in landscape gardening in America, and the hope of the
establishment of adequate recognition in this country is therefore absolved
from the charge of being visionary.

It may be recalled that a scheme of instruction was started at the
Crystal Palace as long ago as 1881 under seemingly encouraging auspices. —

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 39

I have in my possession a book full of press eulogies and predictions
published at its initiation which make interesting and instructive reading.
The scheme failed eventually, but, since the conditions attending the rise
and fall are not likely to recur, it is unnecessary to consider it as an
unfortunate precedent. It would be scarcely correct at this moment to
call by name upon any educational body to take the matter into considera-
tion. A necessary preliminary would be an expression of opinion fayvour-
able to the idea from the most influential forces of the gardening world.
If this were forthcoming one might hope to find in the City of London
an institution with sufficient prestige, enlightenment and resources to
contemplate a serious handling of the question.

An influence of great weight with the managers, governors or senate
—whatever they might be—of such an institution would be the knowledge
that any action taken by them in this direction would receive the cordial
support of the Royal Horticultural Society.

40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PHOTOGRAPHY IN NATURAL COLOURS.

[Abstract of Lecture delivered by T. Ernest Waltham, F.R.H.S., January 28, 1908.]

Tue lecturer exhibited by means of the lantern a splendid series of slides
illustrating the high standard to which photography of flowers in natural
colours had aitained. Mr. Waltham did not claim to have invented an
entirely new process, but by the use of a combination of two and
sometimes three existing processes, together with a method of his own
devising, he was able, under favourable circumstances, to be sure of
getting results true to Nature: how true the slides exhibited abundantly
testified. He stated that he had also been able to perfect a method of
getting the prints on to paper when only a few were required. The series
of slides included portraits of dahlias, orchids and ferns, which were
followed by views of Holland House and the Japanese Garden there,
pictures of a few scenes in the Wisley Garden, including a grand
specimen of Spiraea Aruncus, a gigantic Gunnera, and groups of Iris
Kaempferi and water-lilies; a border of Michaelmas daisies and a rose
garden from other localities, and a beautiful slide showing primroses in a
wood at Horsham.

In order to show the character of the winter through which alpine
plants pass in Switzerland, slides showing snow- and ice-clad rocks,
glaciers, snow-laden conifers, and so on, at different places in the Alps
were exhibited, while slides made of the alpine flora in summer showed
single plants and groups of such well-known things as Hpilobiwm
rosmarimfolium growing at an altitude of about 5,300 feet among loose
stones, Lychnis flos-Jovis, with the yellow foxglove, and the blue and the
yellow aconite, the yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), and Veratrum album,
Dryas octopetala, various ferns, Gentiana bavarica growing in long grass
with Ranunculus aconitifolius close by, the deep-coloured flowers of Rosa
alpina, and the alpine violets, Viola calcarata and V. biflora. All these
were shown as photographed in their natural colours, and growing in
their native home.

' _ THE GERMINATION OF GNETUM GNEMON. 41

THE GERMINATION OF GNETUM GNEMON, L.
By T. G. Hinz, A.R.C.8., F.LS.

Tue seeds from which the seedlings forming the subject of the present
communication were grown were received by the writer from Dr. Treub,

TEAM def adrial

Fig. 11.—Gerrmination or Gnetum Gnemon. (Natural size.)

the Director of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java, and were germin-
ated by Mr. Hales, the Curator of the Old Physic Garden, Chelsea.

42 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hales exhibited the seedlings at the meeting of the Scientific
Committee on April 28, 1908, and I have been asked to contribute a short
note on the exhibit.

The subject being one which is better treated by means of illus-
trations than by descriptions, the accompanying figures, all of which
are natural size, have been prepared and render a long account
unnecessary.

Fig. 11,1 represents an early stage in germination. The seed coat has
broken, and the primary root has developed to a slight extent; the tip of
the hypocotyl, with the two minute cotyledons, is still contained within
the prothallus. This condition does not last for long, the hypocotyledonary
axis is soon removed from the seed and grows upright (fig. 11, 2).
Attention may be drawn to the fact that the seed-leaves are still quite
small, and do not function as organs of absorption, this rvéle being per-
formed by a highly specialised organ, the foot or sucker, which is buried
in the tissue of the seed which contains the reserve food-materials
igs 11, 2).

The third illustration represents an older seedling having the cotyledons
more developed. Before drawing this specimen the seed itself was
entirely removed in order to show the rod-like character of the foot. It
will be observed that the radicle is still very small, although lateral roots
have made their appearance, a character which recalls the features obtain-
ing in the seedlings of a large number of Monocotyledons. The primary
root of Gnetum, however, does not remain stunted for long; it elongates
and forms a prominent root of the same nature as that found in the
majority of Gymnosperms (fig. 11, 4). As development proceeds the
cotyledons increase considerably in size, and perform an assimilatory
function (fig. 11, 5). It will be observed that the seed-leaves of the
plant represented in the fifth illustration are unequal in size; this is
a feature which is not at all uncommon in the seedlings of Gnetum
Gnemon.

Fig. 11, 6, represents the upper part of an older seedling, and shows the -
first pair of foliage leaves which are arranged on the axis at right angles
to the plane of insertion of the cotyledons. Further, it will be noticed
that the seed-leaves, partly indicated at the base of this drawing, have
grown considerably (cf. fig. 11, 5).

Summarising the chief features of interest- -

1. The foot is a prominent structure containing vascular tissue and
developed to a greater extent in Gnetwm than in either Welwitschia or
Ephedra.

2. The primary root is at first very slow in its development, being
nothing more than a peg-like structure. Later, it grows rapidly and forms
a well-marked tap root.

8. The cotyledons at first are very small indeed; after some time they
expand considerably and resemble the foliage leaves. They are often
unequal in size.

Much information concerning the structure of the seedlings of Gnetwm
may be found in a paper by Professor F. O. Bower, entitled ‘ The
Germination and Embryogeny of Gnetwm Gnemon,” in the “ Quarterly
Journal of Microscopical Science,” vol. xxii. 1882.

BRASSICA CROSSES. 43

BRASSICA CROSSES.

[Abstract of Paper read before the Scientific Committee, March 3, 1908.]

Mr. A. W. Sutton, F.L.8., V.M.H., gave an account of his experiments
in crossing species and varieties of the genus Brassica, illustrating his
remarks by means of lantern slides. The experiments were started in
1900 with the primary object of ascertaining which forms commonly
cultivated could be intercrossed. At first several varieties of Brassica
oleracea were planted close together in order that intercrossing might
take place freely, and as a result of sowing seed a very heterogeneous lot
of nondescript forms, few of which were true to the parental type, were
obtained. A repetition of the experiment on slightly different lines gave
similar results, but in this second set of experiments varieties of turnip,
swede, and oil-yielding rape were included. None of the forms derived
from seed of any of the varieties of B. oleracea showed any influence of
rape, swede, or turnip, and vice versd, but the varieties of B. oleracea were
found to cross freely between themselves as before, and the same was
true of many varieties of turnips, swede, andrape. Later the experiments
were still further extended, so that it was definitely known what pollen
was used in producing the seed of the various varieties tried. Among the
results yielded were the following :—

(a) No seed was produced when cabbage, kohlrabi, and thousand-
headed kale were crossed with swede, turnip, colza rape, asparagus kale,
or ragged Jack kale.

(b) Swede ¢ x turnip ¢ yielded plump seed of a black colour and
excellent germinative capacity, but the reciprocal cross yielded pale
shrivelled seed which germinated with diticulty and produced weakly
plants, which, however, under careful treatment developed as strongly as
the others and showed similar characters. The flowers proved sterile,
and the plants were in the main intermediate between their parents—facts
which Mr. Sutton thought pointed to the specific distinctness of the
swede and the turnip.. The plants were so different in character from the
so-called “ hybrid ”’ yellow-fleshed turnip that it would appear very unlikely
that the latter has originated by the crossing of the swede and the turnip.
Hybrids which proved sterile or were not hardy were also reciprocally
raised between rape and swede, rape and turnip, asparagus kale and
yellow tankard swede, ragged Jack kale and yellow swede, asparagus kale
and white turnip.

(c) Other crosses gave abundant and fertile seeds, the plants from
which produced seed in the second generation, when in every case
segregation occurred. This was the case when ragged Jack kale was
reciprocally crossed with white swede, kohlrabi with thousand-headed
kale, kohlrabi with drumhead cabbage, thousand-headed kale ¢ with
drumhead cabbage @ and swede ¢ with asparagus kale 9 (there were no
reciprocal crosses in the last two cases). In many cases the segregation

44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

occurred in the proportions expected according to Mendel’s laws, but in ~
others this was not so clearly shown. The Mendelian proportions were
perhaps best seen in the segregation of the character of fleshiness or
“bulbing ” in the lower part of the stem shown in the second generation,
but were not visible only here, as in several instances the character of
the foliage also showed the same kind of phenomena.

It is noticeable that the hispid green-leaved turnip crossed with the
hispid glaucous-leaved swede proved sterile, and that ragged Jack kale
and asparagus kale, which like the swede have hispid glaucous foliage
when young, cross readily with the swede.

A few unaccountable and interesting phenomena were met with, such
as a form of leaf in the second generation totally unlike that exhibited
by either of the parents, and, in the case where the drumhead cabbage
was one of the parents, in the appearance in the second generation of a
purple coloration in the foliage.

ae

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 45

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY.

III. AzauEa Gauu (Hzobasidium Japomicum Suxrrat).
By Frep. J. CaittenpDsn, F.L.S.
In the year 1896 M. Shirai* described a gall upon the Indian Azalea

(Rhododendron indicum, usually known in gardens as Azalea indica), and
stated that it was very common upon that plant in Tokyo in May.

Fic. 12.—Funeus-GaLL on RHoDODENDRON INDIcUM. (Natural size.)

The gall was found to be due to the attack of a fungus, up to that
time undescribed, which Shirai described and named Hzxobasidium
japonicum.

* «Descriptions of some new Japanese Species of Exobasidium,” in Bot. Mag.
Tokyo, 1896, p. 52.

46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Recently specimens of galls upon this plant, agreeing exactly with
those described by Shirai, have reached us from two different places, one
on the Continent and the other a garden in Cornwall. From this it
would appear that the disease has obtained a footing in Europe, though it
has probably not yet spread far enough to prove troublesome to many
growers. The object of this note is to draw the attention of the
numerous cultivators of these Azaleas to the disease, so that steps may be
taken immediately upon its appearance to check its spread.

China and Japan are the countries from which at one time con-
siderable numbers of these plants were introduced to this country, and at
present plants ready for flowering are imported in large numbers from the
Continent, so that there is great probability of plants already infected
entering the country.

The galls are of large size, measuring up to 2°5 cm. to 3 cm. in
diameter (7.e., up to over 1 inch), and in all the specimens I have so far
seen the whole of the terminal bud of a shoot has been involved in the
swelling. Shirai, however, states that the fungus sometimes causes the
malformation of a single leaf only, or even of only a portion of a leaf,
in which case the gall appears as a globular swelling upon the under
side of the leaf. The size and form of the gall in the Cornish specimen
are Shown in the illustration (fig. 12). The gall is at first greenish, or
yellowish green, and glossy, sometimes where exposed to bright light
becoming pink, but later, as the fungus develops, it becomes covered with
a delicate whitish bloom, owing to the breaking through the epidermis
of the fruiting threads of the fungus. The spores are produced in
large numbers and are borne on small outgrowths from the tips of the
basidia, as the spore-bearing cells are called; each basidium bears four
or five spores, usually four. The increase in the size of the affected leaves
is no doubt dus to the irritation set up by the presence of the fungus, and
not only is the shoot which is affected prevented from flowering or
elongating, but a considerable amount of the material which should have
been devoted to the development of other parts of the plant is withdrawn
for the use of the fungus and for the growth of the gall. When the gall
is removed from the plant it shrivels very considerably.

The galls produced are very similar in appearance and character to
those common upon Lihododendron ferrugineum and FR. hirsutum in the
Alps and in this country, the main differences lying in the difference of
host and the different size of the spores produced by the fungus, which in
this case measure about 14°5 » in length by 4» in breadth.

The best method of controlling the pest is to remove the galled leaves
or shoots upon their first appearance and destroy them by fire. If this be
done sufficiently early before the spores are produced, there will be little
danger of the disease spreading.

Similar gall-like growths are produced upon other species of Rhodo-
dendron through the attacks of species of Hxobasidium, e.g., H. Azaleae.
on Ehododendron nudiflorum, E. discoidewm on R. viscosum, E. hemi-
sphaericum on fk. Mettermchii ; species of Andromeda, Lebetanthus,
Cassandra, Cassiope, Giseckia, Ledum, Vaccinium, Symplocos, Guy-
lussacia, Saxifraga, etc., are also attacked.

GARDENING IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS. 47

GARDENING IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS.
By Osaoop Mackenziz, F.R.H.S.

(Lecture read May 12, 1908.]

In the year 1862 my mother bought for me the two adjoining estates
of Inverewe and Kernsary, on the west coast of Ross-shire.

Kernsary lay inland, but Inverewe had a good many miles of coast-line,
and, after taking about two years to settle as to where we should make
our home, we finally pitched upon the neck of a barren peninsula as the

site of the house. The peninsula was a high rocky bluff, jutting out

into the sea, and the rest of what are in Scotland usually called “ the
policies ’’ (z.e., the enclosed grounds round about the mansion) consisted
mostly of steep braes facing south and west, with the exception of a
narrow strip of land down by the shore—the only bit where the coast-
line was not rocky—and this strip, which was an old sea-beach, was
turned into the garden. JI may say the peninsula, whose Gaelic name,
Am Ploe ard (the High Lump), so aptly describes it, consisted of a mass
of Torridon red sandstone (which is, I think, a pre-Cambrian formation,
and lies on the top of the Lewisian gneiss). This promontory, where
the rock was not actually a bare slab, was mostly covered with short
heather and still shorter crowberry, and positively the only soil on it
was some black peat, varying from an inch to two or three feet in depth.
There had been more peat originally in some of the hollows, but it had
been dug out for fuel by the crofters who had occupied the place
forty years before my time. There was nothing approaching good soil
on any part of the peninsula, hardly even any gravel or sand; but in a
few places the rotten rock and the peat had somehow got jumbled up
together, and when we came across some of this we thought it grand stuff
in comparison with the rest. There was just perhaps one redeeming
point about what was otherwise so hopeless a subject for planting,
viz., that the rock was not altogether solid.

We had to excavate a great deal of the rock behind the site of the
house before we could begin to build, and we noticed that the deeper we
blasted into it the softer it became, and that there were even running
through it veins of a pink kind of clay; but, on the other hand, the
exposure of the Ploc ard was awful, catching, as it did, nearly every gale
that blew, and, with the exception of the thin low line of the north end
of the Lewis, right away on the horizon, forty miles off, there was nothing
between its top and Newfoundland; and it was continually being soused
with salt spray. |

The braes above the site of the house were somewhat better, but even
they were swept by the south-westerly gales, which are so constant, and
SO severe, in these parts.

Now, before proceeding with my story, I think I ought to explain
that, with the exception of two tiny bushes of dwarf willow about

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

three feet high, there was nothing in the shape of a tree or shrub
anywhere within sight; one of these little willow bushes I have carefully
preserved as a curiosity, and on the site where the other was I lately
planted an azalea, which will, I think, soon look down on its neighbour,
the poor little aboriginal willow.

I started work in the early spring of 1864 by running a fence across
the neck of the peninsula from sea to sea, to keep out the sheep. I was
very young then (not being of age when the place was bought), and
perfectly ignorant of everything connected with forestry and gardening,
having never had any permanent home, and having been brought up
a great deal on the Continent, but I had all my life longed to begin
gardening and planting, and had, I fully believe, inherited a love for
trees and flowers from my father and grandfather.

My mother undertook the whole trouble of house-building, and I set
myself to the rest of the work with a determination to succeed if possible.
Oh that I had only known then what I know now, and could have
started with my present experience of over forty years! For example,
I had never heard of the dwarf Pinus montana; had I known its merits
then, as I know them now, I would have begun by planting a thick
belting of if among the rocks right round my peninsula, just above
high-water mark, to break the violent squalls carrying the salt spindrift
which is so inimical to all vegetation. I did not know that there was
little use in planting Pinus austriaca, mountain ash, service, or even
birches in the middle of a wood, as, though they look nice for some
years, they eventually get smothered by the faster-growing trees, and
one has the trouble of cutting most of them out. If I were beginning
again I would commence, as I have already said, with a row of the
Tyrolese Pinus motana above high-water mark, then put Pinus austriaca
behind it, and for the third row I would plant that admirable tree
Pinus Laricio; this triple row would form my fortification against the
ocean blast, and, thus protected, behind these I would start putting
in my ordinary forest trees, Scotch pines, silver firs, sycamores, oaks,
beeches, &c.

If I were asked what tree I have the highest opinion of for hardiness
and rapidity of growth on bad soil and on exposed sites, I would certainly
award the first prize to the Corsican pine. I have seen them in their
own island on mountains 9,000 feet above sea level, with nothing between
them and Spain or Algeria, growing to an enormous size—some of those
I measured there being twenty feet in circumference—and here, at the
same age, they make nearly double the amount of timber compared with
Scotch fir, and are proof against cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits, which
no other tree is, that I know of. They told me in the ship-building
yards at Savona that old Laricio timber was as good as the best Baltic
redwood.

I am ashamed to confess, but it can no longer be hidden, that, among
trees, many of the foreigners are far and away hardier and better doers
than our natives. ‘The Scotch fir (as bred nowadays) is often a dreadfully
delicate tree when exposed to Atlantic gales. It was not so in the good
old times, as one finds the enormous remains of Pinws sylvestris forests
right out on the tops of the most exposed headlands of our west coast.

GARDENING IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS. 49

My brother, the late Sir Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch, gave me
100 plants of the right breed from his old native fir wood: of Glasleitir,
on the shores of Loch Maree, which, like the rest of that good old stock
at Coulan, in Glen Torridon, or in those grand glens of Locheil, are as
different in growth and constitution from what are, alas! too often sold
nowadays as Scotch firs as Scotch kale is from cauliflower. I have seen

- the seedlings side by side in the seed-beds in my brother’s Gairloch
nursery, and in the months of March and April the seedlings from the
bought seed were of a rusty red, as if scorched by fire, whereas the
home-bred ones were of a glossy dark green.

For four or five years my poor peninsula looked miserable, and all
who had prophesied evil of it (and they were many) said, “I told you
so.” But at last from the drawing-room windows we could see some
bright green specks appearing above the heather. These were the
Austrians and the few home-bred Scotch firs which had been dotted
about in the places of honour near the house; and about the fifth or
sixth year everything began to shoot ahead; even the little hardwood
trees, which up till then had grown, or rather died, downwards, started
upwards, many of them fresh from the root. Now came the real pleasure
of watching the fruit of all our labour and anxiety.

The young trees had fewer enemies then than they would have
nowadays. Grouse strutted about among them, wondering what their
moor was coming to, but did no harm. Black-game highly approved
of the improvements, and by carefully picking all the leading buds out
of the little Scotch firs did their level best to make them like the
bushy Pinus montana. Brown hares and blue hares cut over a few of
the fat young shoots of the Austrian pines and oaks; but, on the
whole, my young trees fared well in comparison with the way young
plantations here would fare now from the rabbit plague, and the roe
and the red deer !

I planted very few of the rarer trees to begin with. Wellingtonias
were then the rage, and I felt bound to invest in four of them, and
planted them in the best sites I could find near the house. I tried to
miake pits for them; I took out the little peat there was, but how well I
remember the clicks the spades gave when we came to the bed rock; and
next morning (the night having been wet) all we had produced were
four small ponds, and I had to get an old man to bring me on his back
ereels of rather better soil for them from a distance. I have just
measured my Wellingtonias, and in the forty-three years they have been
planted they have made some sixty-six feet of growth, and are about
eight feet in circumference six feet from the ground, and their strong
leaders show they are still going ahead. So much for the old man and
his creels of soil ! :

Silver firs in the hollows have done well, and some of thom are
sixty to seventy feet high also. One thing has surprised me very
much—viz., that oaks, of which I planted but few (thinking it was the
very last place where oaks would do), are very nearly level with the firs,
larches, and beeches.

It was only after the plantation on the peninsula had been growing
fifteen or twenty years, and was making good shelter, that I began

| VOL. XXXIV. E
os
, 4

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cutting out some of the commoner stuff, especially my enemies the ©
“shop” Scotch firs, as I call them, which continued more or less to get —
blasted by the gales of the ocean, and then it was I began planting all
sorts of things in the cleared spaces—Douglas firs, Abies Albertu,
copper beeches, sweet and horse chestnuts, Picea nobilis, P. Pinsapo,
P. lasiocarpa, and P. Nordmanniana, Cupressus macrocarpa and C. Law-
soniana, Thuja gigantea, bird-cherries, scarlet oaks, &c.—and now these
trees appear almost as if they had formed part of the original plantation.
I am still going on a little in this style, and have dotted about a lot
of Eucalypti, tree Rhododendrons, Arbutus, Griselinias, Cordylines, and
clumps of bamboos and Phormiums, which are giving a charming finish
to the outskirts of my plantation.

Even the Eucalypti I find much hardier than that bad breed of —
Scotch fir; no wind, snow, or frost seems to hurt them here; and in
case it may interest my hearers I will name those I find thoroughly —
hardy: Hucalyptus coccifera, Gunnu, Whittinghamu, cordata, coriacea,
urnigera, and one or. two others; but I warn all against trying
Eucalyptus globulus—and yet that is the very species that most people
persist in planting.

I ought perhaps to mention what does not do with me, viz., the
common Norway spruce. They will grow in low-lying hollows at the
rate of nearly three feet a year, but as soon as they get to about thirty
feet in height they look (as my forester very aptly describes them) like
red-brick chimneys among the other trees, and even if not directly
exposed to the ocean gales they get red and blasted. I tried also a few
Pinus Strobus in the peninsula, but they quite failed. I much regret not
having experimented on either Pinus Cembra or Pinus insignis. I know —
the first-named would succeed, and, as the Monterey cypress (Cupressus
macrocarpa) does so very well, I should have the best of hopes of the

Monterey pine also, as they both come, I am told, from the same locality _

in California. .

My latest craze is cutting out spaces, enclosing them with six-foo
fences (deer, roe, and rabbit proof), and planting them with nearly every
rare exotic tree and shrub which I hear succeeds in Devon, Cornwall, and
the west of Ireland; and I think I may venture to say that I have been
fairly successful, and nothing would give me greater pleasure than if
I could look forward to a visit of inspection from some of the members
of the R.H.S. I fear I must confess to feelings of exultation when
I visit that charming collection in the temperate house at Kew, and
assure myself that I can grow a great many of its contents better in
the open air up here in the far north than they can be grown at Kew
under glass.

What a proud and happy day it was for me, about two years ago,
when Mr. Bean of Kew honoured me with a visit, and I had the pleasure
of showing him my Tricuspidarias, Embotheriums, and Eucryphias, my
small trees of Abutilon vitifoliwm, my palms, Loquats, Drimys, Sikkim
Rhododendrons, my giant Olearias, Senecios, Veronicas, Leptospermums,
my Metrosideros and Mitrarias, &c. I have, too, some of the less
common things. One of them is a nice specimen of the Podocarpus
totara. from which the Maoris used to make their war canoes holding

“Tay

GARDENING IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS. 51

100 men, and I have a Dicksonia antarctica, raised from spores ripened
in Arran, and my Cordyline australis are all from seed ripened at Scourie,
in the north of Sutherland. The Billardiera longifolia, from Tasmania,
with its wonderful blue berries, is a most striking climber. Acacia
dealbata, the Antarctic beech, Betula Maximowiczu from Japan (with
leaves as big as those of the lime), the New Zealand Rata, and
Buddleia Colvillet from the Himalaya, are all flourishing, thanks to
the Gulf Stream and lots of peat and shelter. There are (as I
suppose must be the case everywhere) a very few things which are not
happy here, and they are plants which I dare say most people would
have thought would have revelled in this soil and climate, viz., the
Wistarias, Camellias, Kalmias, Hwonymus, Tamarix, and Cyclamens, but
I hope to master even these in course of time. One thing I wonder at
is, how so many of my exotics seed themselves far more freely than
any natives, except perhaps birch, and gorse, and broom, though I
ought perhaps to mention that neither of the two latter is indigenous
to this particular district. The strangers which seed so freely are
Rhododendrons, Cotoneaster Simonsti, Berberis Darwinti, Veronica
salicifolia, Olearia macrodonta, Diplopappus chrysophylla, and Leyces-
teria formosa.

And now I will venture to say something about the garden (the
kitchen garden, as my English friends always take care to call it).

As is often the case with us poor Highlanders, I only possess the
one garden for fruit, flowers, and vegetables, and, as I have already
stated, it was mostly made out of an old sea beach, which most people
would say does not sound hopeful. Even now, in spite of a wall anda
good sea bank, the Atlantic threatens occasionally to walk in at its lower
doors, and the great northern divers, who float about lazily just outside,
appear quite fascinated by the brilliant colours inside when the lower
doors are left open for their benefit.

The soil of this old sea beach was a four-foot mixture of about three
parts pebbles and one part of rather nice blackish earth, and the
millions of pebbles had to be got rid of. So in deep trenching it
digging forks were mostly used, every workman having a girl or boy
opposite him, and the process of hand-picking much resembled the gather-
ing of a very heavy crop of potatos in a field. The cost of the work
was great, as thousands upon thousands of barrow loads of small stones
had to be wheeled into the sea, and the place of the pebbles made up
with endless cartloads of peaty stuff from old turf dykes, red soil carted
from long distances, and a kind of blue clay marl from below the sea,
full of decayed oyster-shells and crabs and other good things, and hauled up
at very low tides! There is also a terrace formed the whole length of
the garden, cut out of the face of a steep brae, which was just above the
old beach, and it had to be carved out of the solid gravel, and soil
brought from afar put on it. The cutting at the top was fully 12 feet
deep, and against it a retaining wall was built, which I covered with fan-
and cordon-trained fruit trees.

When the cutting was first made we found a number of large holes
or burrows, going deep into the hillside. These, we were convinced (by
the various signs we found), must have been inhabited in prehistoric

E 2

52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

times by a colony of badgers, and no sooner was the light let into these
galleries than up came a thick crop of raspberry seedlings, as far in as
the light could penetrate. It appeared evident that the badgers (like
bears) had been keen on fruit, and had made their dessert off wild rasp-
berries, and that the eating and digestion of the fruit had not prevented
the seeds from germinating (as is the case nowadays with the seeds of
Berberis Darwinti, which the birds swallow, and then distribute all over
the place). There were no signs of any wild raspberries about here at
that time, but the sight of them encouraged me greatly, and I thought
it a good omen, and that where wild rasps (as we call them) once grew
tame rasps could be made to grow, and my expectations in this respect |
have been fully justified. I think I may venture to say that my garden,
which took me three or four years to make, has most thoroughly rewarded
me for all the trouble and expense incurred.

In good years (as many of my friends can testify) I grow Bon
_ Chrétien pears on standards as good as could be bought in Covent
Garden Market, and, curiously, they were always better off the standards
than off the walls; but, alas! last year (which was the very worst year
I had experienced since my garden was made) they were (as my gardener
expressed it) not equal to a good Swede turnip. I have had excellent
Doyenné du Comice pears and Cox’s orange pippin apples on my walls,
and masses of plums of all sorts both on the walls and on standards,
and there is one thing I may mention, which I hardly suppose even my
friends in the south can boast of—viz., that I have never yet, in over |
forty years, failed to have a full crop of apples, and, I might almost add,
pears and plums as well, though the quality varies a good deal; but
really our difficulty here is that we have not force sufficient to get them
thinned, so thickly do they set ; and all this must, I suppose, be credited
to our good Gulf Stream.

And now I will turn to the flowers, and I think almost anything
that will grow in Britain will grow with me. I was once in a garden
in about the warmest corner of the Isle of Wight, in June, and walking
round with my hostess, we came upon the gardener carrying big plants of
Agapanthus in tubs from under glass to be placed out of doors. His
remark as we passed him was, “I think, my lady, we may venture them
out now”; and I could not refrain from answering the old man back,
“Tf so, then I do not think much of your climate, for in the far North
of Scotland we never house them, nor even protect them in winter.” I
have had great clumps of Agapanthus in the open for thirty years and
more, and the white, as well as the blue, flowers magnificently every year.

Ixias are as hardy a perennial here as daffodils ; Crocosmia imperialis
rans about my shrubbery borders and comes up with its glorious orange
blooms in October in all kinds of unexpected places, just like twitch
grass ; Alstroemeria psittacina, Sparawxis pulcherrima, Scilla peruviana,
Crinum capense, the Antholizas, and several Watsonias (including even
the lovely white Watsonia Ardernei) are quite hardy, and Habranthus
pratensis also blooms every year; and as to lilies, I have had Liliwm
giganteum 10 feet high and with nineteen blooms on it.

We never lift our scarlet lobelias, nor our blue Salvia patens (except
when shifting them), and the dahlias are often quite happy left out all

GARDENING IN THE WESTEKN HIGHLANDS. 53

winter, and I have never happened to come across Schizostylis coccinea
anywhere else equal to what I grow here in November and up to the
beginning of December; one can see its masses of dazzling scarlet on
my terrace from a boat sailing about in the bay.

Tigridias live out all the year, and some seasons they even seed
themselyes profusely, and I have seen the seedlings coming up thick
in the gravel walks. In a good July I have seen the tea-roses on my
lower terrace wall almost as good as on the Riviera, but the hybrid
perpetuals do decidedly less well here, I think, than they do, for instance,
in Hertfordshire, and florists’ anemones and ranunculuses and also the
Moutan Paeony have so far nearly defied me. On some of my lower walls
I grow the Correas, and C. alba blooms the whole winter through, and
is most charming. Callistemons (the scarlet bottle-brush) flower, and
Cassia corymbosa, Habrothamnus elegans, and Romneya seem quite
happy; Abelia quinata, Lapagerias, and Mandevilla suaveolens are
growing, but have not yet bloomed with me.

Just one more remark, and that is about our rainfall. This is
supposed to be a very wet part of the country, but according to my
gardener, who keeps his rain-gauge very carefully, we had under
55 inches in 1907, whereas there are places in Britain where the fall is
- 130 and even 140 inches.

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ACANTHACEAE.

Witu ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN
IN CULTIVATION.*

By Colonel R. H. Beppomg, F.L.S.

Tuts order is almost entirely tropical; it consists of herbs and shrubs,
no trees; our stoves are indebted to it for many beautiful plants ; it is a
great favourite with all botanists, as it is full of interesting genera and
species; the flowers are generally showy; horticulturists pay much.
attention to many of the genera, especially Aphelandra, Daedalacanthus,
Eranthemum, Jacobinia, Crossandra, and Thunbergia. For the amateur
it is one of the three best orders (Rubiaceae and Gesneraceae being the
other two). The chief reason for this is that every plant of this order
grows most readily and quickly from cuttings; any plant therefore of
the order, having been acquired, should never be lost or require repurchase ;
cuttings of almost every species should be inserted in the propagating
frame between January and May, they root in a few days, and being
well pinched in when in a young state, there are always nice young
sturdy plants coming on to replace the old ones, many of which in
a year or so become leggy and unsightly, only fit to be thrown away.

I have paid much attention to the order in the tropical field for many
years, and have been cultivating the genera and species, as far as I have
been able to procure them, since 1882, so I trust.my notes may be of
some service to horticulturists.

Acanthopsis

carduifolia, Clarke, “Fl. Capensis,” vol. v. part i. p. 833.—Cape of
Good Hope. Villous. Leaves 8 inches by +4 inch, pinnatifid,
doubly spinous-toothed ; spike 2-8 inches by 4 inch; _bract
+ inch long, obovate, truncate, crowned by 5 narrow lanceolate
spines ; bracteoles } inch long, linear; calyx hairy ; corolla # inch
long. Syn. Blepharis carduifolius, Acanthus carduifolius.

Acanthus.—Best known as almost the only genus in the order yielding
hardy plants; it however contains a good many tropical species
(e.g., wlictfolius and volubilis, plants not worth introducing, found
in most tropical backwaters near the sea). I have not grown this
genus (beyond mollis) or given much study to it. A list of the
species introduced is, however, given.

candelabrum.—Garden form of mollis.

Caroli-Alexandri. “Gartenflora,’ 1886, p. 626 (fig. 78-75).—
Greece. Leaves few, radical, in a lax rosette, lanceolate-pinnatifid,
spine-toothed, 16 inches long, 8-4 inches broad; flowers white,
often diffused with rose, in a dense spike. Quite hardy.

* The reference enclosed in brackets is to the best figure of the species.

ACANTHACEAE, 55

hirsutus, Bois, “ Diag.” ser. 1, iv. 86.—Lydia Mountains. Leaves
up to 15 inches long by 2 inches broad, lobed or pinnatifid ; spike
terminal, compact, ovate or oblong, about 6 inches long by 2 inches
broad ; bracts foliaceous, large, ovate, cucullate, toothed; corolla
unilabiate, hirsute, pale yellow. Quite hardy.
hispanicus=mollis var. niger.
longifolius, Poir., ‘Enc. Supp.” i. 88; (fig. Reich. “Ic. Pl. Ger.”
1814).—Dalmatia. Radical leaves, 2-3 feet long; flowers purple
in the axils of the bracts; bracts oval, acuminate, spiny, red;
spike 1 foot long. Quite hardy.
lusitanicus = mollis var. latifolius.
mollis, Linn., “Sp. Pl.’ 639; (fig. Reich. “Fl. Ger.” t. 1811).—
Italy. Height 3-4 feet; leaves sinuate, unarmed, heart-shaped,
2 feet long by 1 foot broad ; spikes 14 foot long; flowers white or
rose, sessile in the axils of the deeply toothed bracts.
var. latifolius.—Only a variety, but larger and more robust.
This is the form generally grown, and is much in evidence in many
gardens, being valued for subtropical effects. It is the plant which
suggested the decoration of the Corinthian columns.
yar. niger, Mill., ‘“ Gard. Dic.” ed. viii. 2.—Portugal. Leaves
sinuate unarmed, glabrous, shining green ; flowers purplish-white.
montanus, Anders., “ Jour. Linn. Soe.’’ vii. (1864), 87; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.” t. 5516).—Tropical Africa. About 3 feet high, glabrous
or hairy; leaves spinous, up +o 12 inches by 6 inches, pinnatifid
half-way down, or lobate with spinous margins; spikes 3-1,
terminal up to 10 inches long by 2 inches broad; calyx 1 inck
long ; corolla 13 inch, purple. Requires greenhouse culture.
Perringi, Siehe, “Gard. Chron.” xxxvii. (1905), p. 2.—Asia Minor ;
5,000 feet elevation. Leaves grey-green, sessile, 6 inches long,
lanceolate, deeply toothed and notched, spinous; spike terminal ;
flowers handsome, rosy-red ; bracts large, ovate, pointed, spinous ;
bracteoles narrow-lanceolate. A hardy species.
rigidus, Hort.—Garden form of spinosus.
Schottii, Hort.—A form of mollis.
spinosus, L., “Sp. Pl.’ 639.—South Europe. Height 3-4 feet.
Leaves deeply and irregularly cut, each division terminating in
a short spine ; flowers purplish, spicate; sepals spiny. Hardy.
var. Spinosissimus.—South Europe. Leaves laciniate-pinna-
tifid, blistered, spiny ; flowers rose, sessile, on a spike with acute
recurved bracts.
var. rigidus.—Garden form.
Adhatoda :
cydoniaefolia, Nees in “Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 148; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.” t. 4962).—Brazil. A well-known, pretty, stove, scandent
plant with showy, white flowers, striped with purple. Very easily
grown and flowered without any special treatment; not much
subject to attacks of insects.
Vasica, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.”’ iii. 108; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.’’
t. 861).—India, where it is largely cultivated, particularly about
temples. Shrub; leaves elliptic, shortly petioled; spikes axillary,

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about length of leaves; flowers rather large, 1} inch; tube short,
limb white, pink transverse reticulations on lower lip; calyx
4 inch, 5-lobed. =

Aechmanthera.—A Himalayan genus of only one iste Clarke’s’

leiosperma being, I believe, a synonym.

tomentosa, Nees in “Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’ iii. 87.—Himalayas,
8,000-5,000 feet elevation. Syn. Rwellia tomentosa. A_ softly-
woolly or villous undershrub. Leaves elliptic, hairy ; panicles up to
1 foot long; flowers 3-8, clustered ; bracts 4 inch, linear, as long
as calyx; calyx 5-lobed, segments linear, subequal; corolla 1 inch,
tubular, ventricose, nearly straight, widened suddenly near the
middle; segments 5, subequal, violet-purple.

Ancylogyne longiflora, see Sanchezia longiflora.
Anisacanthus

virgularis, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. 445; (fig. “Rev. Hort.”’ 1872,
50). Sometimes grown under the name of Justicia quadrifida.—
Mexico. Leaves lanceolate, narrow ; flowers axillary, solitary,
long-tubed, nearly 2 inches, red. A yery pretty plant for the
intermediate house.

Wrightii, A. Gray, “Fl. N. Amer.’ ii. 828.—Texas and Oaxaca,
Mexico; 500-8,000 feet elevation. Leaves oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 1-2 inches long; spikes loosely panicled; calyx
5-cleft ; corolla purplish-red, 15 inch long, the lobes shorter than
the tube; very shy to flower.

Anisotes

diversifolius, Balf. f., “Proc. R. Soc. Edin.’’ xii. (1883-88) ; (fig.
Balfour, “ Bot. of Socotra,’ t. xxiv.).—Socotra. Leaves rotund or
obovate, short-petioled ; cymes short (about 1 inch), axillary, few-
flowered; calyx } inch; corolla reddish, 14 inch long; tube
narrow, cylindric, bilabiate about half-way up from the base,
slightly hairy; lobes reflexed, upper one entire, lower slightly
trifid.

A curious little plant with honeysuckle-like flowers. Intro-
duced lately by Mr. Lynch of the Cambridge Botanical Garden.
Anthacanthus.—This genus differs from Hranthemuwm chiefly in the
much shorter tube to the corolla and in being furnished with
spines.

jamaicensis, Gris, “Fl. West Ind.’’ 457.—West Indies. A
small, rather wiry, small-leaved plant, resembling a dwarf Box,
with axillary, setaceous spines; flowers pedicelled, axillary, small,
white, tube recurved, limb bilabiate, of 5 segments, the upper
two rather smaller than the others. This was sent out by
Mr. Bull under the name of Hranthemum Hookeri (an unpub-
lished name, I believe), and it has been grown as such in various
gardens. Rather a pretty little stove pot plant, somewhat in the
way of Hranthemum tuberculatum, but very inferior to that plant.

Aphelandra.—aA beautiful genus of showy stove plants. The species
most commonly met with are aurantiaca, Blanchetiana,
Chamissoniana, Fascinator, squarrosa, nitens, and tetra-
gona. They require considerable heat to grow well, but flower

ACANTHACEAE. 57

freely without any special treatment as to rest, &c. Their
flowering time depends very much upon the time the cuttings
are taken and the amount of heat given, &c.

acanthifolia, Hook. (fig. “Ic. Pl.’ t. 113).—Peru, Chacapoyas dis-
trict. Pubescent; leaves up to 10 inches long by 34 inches broad,
grossly serrate, petioles spinescent at the base; spikes terminal,
ageregate, many-flowered, the ovate bracts and lanceolate calyx-
segments spinous at apex ; corolla 25 inches long, tubular, sericeous.

acutifolia, DC., “Prod.” xi. 299 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5789).—Peru,
Colombia, Mexico. Leaves broad, oblong-ovate, 6-8 inches long,
acuminate; spike terminal, sessile, erect, 6 inches long; bracts
imbricate, 2-14 inch long, ovate-oblong, sharply serrate ; flowers
13 inch long, deep vermilion, the corolla lobes spreading, the lower
one yery broad. In the way of aurantiaca; a very handsome
species.

amoena, Bull, “ Cat. New Plants,’’ 1885, p. 7=Blanchetiana.

atrovirens, N. E. Brown in “Ill. Hort.” (fig. “ Ill. Hort.” xxxi.
(1884), p. 107, t. 527).—Brazil. Leaves elliptic, blackish-green to
violet-purple, often white-mottled on midrib and veins, purple
underneath ; spikes cone-like, small, terminal, sessile, subcylindric ;
flowers very small, yellow; bracts decussate, adpressed, green,
6 lines long, elliptic, acute, and serrate towards the apex; calyx
small ; corolla about # inch long, tube erect. Handsome foliage,
but a of much alive, as to flowers.

aurantiaca, Lindl., “ Bot. Reg.” 31, t. 12; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t
4224); “Floral Mag.’’ 517.—Mexico. Leaves rather large, dark
green, ovate, wavy at margins; spikes terminal, 6 inches long ;
flowers large, dazzling orange-scarlet, produced from the ovate-
acuminate, serrate, imbricated bracts; tube of the corolla almost
entirely hidden in the bracts; upper lip erect, concave, 2-fid, lower
one spreading, 3-lobed. Often represented in our hothouses.

var. Roezlii (fig. “‘Gartenfi.” t. 608); “Flore des Serres,” t.
1741-2.— Leaves dark green, shaded with white between the main
veins, curiously twisted. Scarcely differing from the type.

Blanchetiana, Hook. f. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 7179).—Brazil. The
largest species, erect, tall, very woody in age. Leaves 6-8 inches
long, 2-2} inches broad, narrowed below into a winged petiole,
silvery grey on each side of the midrib and main veins; spikes
terminal, sessile, broad-oblong, about 8 inches long ; bracts linear-
oblong, 14 inch long, erect, patent, mucronate, slightly serrated
near the apex or entire, red ; flowers yellow, tube about length of
bracts, slightly inflated just below the limb. Syn. A. amoena.
Bull, “Cat.” 1888, p. 7; Stirobilorhachis Blanchetiana. Common
in cultivation.

Pualiata, H. Wendl. in “Hamb. Gartens,” xix. 1863, 30.—Central
America. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire, of thick
texture, bullate, main veins whitish, purple beneath; spike
terminal, sessile, simple, tetragonous ; bracts ovate-oblong, serrate,
puberulous ; corolla scarlet, puberulous.

carduifolia, Hook.=formosa, Nees.

58

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chamissoniana, Nees, “ Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 90; (fig. ‘“ Bot. Mag.”
t. 6627).—Brazil. Erect herb. Leaves elliptic, 3—4 inches long, with
a broad white band along the midrib and sometimes partly along
the main veins, but breaking up into numerous white dots towards
the margin; spike terminal, sessile, broad; bracts yellow, green-
tipped, 14 inch long, rather loose, recurved, very acuminate,
margins spinous-toothed in their whole length; corolla yellow,
tube 13 inch long. Syn. A. punctata, under which name it is
generally found in our hothouses. A very beautiful plant.

chrysops, Bull, “ Cat.” 1887, 7, 9=squarrosa.

ertstata, Lindl., “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1477=tetragona.

dubia.— Garden hybrid (fig. “ Il. Hort.” xli. ser. 6,1. t. 15). Hybrid
between Aphelandra nitens var. Sinitzim and Stenandriwm Lin-
deni. Inflorescence as in nitens, foliage of Stenandriwm Lindenit.
In the way of A. awrantiaca.

Fascinator, Lind. (fig. “Ill. Hort.” xxi. 1874, p. 42, t. 164).—
Colombia. One of the most beautiful of the genus, but not always
a good doer. Branches terete; leaves ovate to elliptic, beautifully
streaked with silvery white along the midrib and main veins,
purplish underneath; spikes terminal, simple, 4-sided; bracts
erect, ovate, 2-seriate, acuminate, ciliate, small, not serrate ; calyx
small ; corolla large, very showy, brilliant scarlet, tube exceeding
the bracts, cylindric, erect, lobes spreading, large, the lower one ~
very broad.

formosa, Nees, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 801; (fig. Hooker, “Ie. Pl.” t. 718,
as cardutfolia)—Andes of Quito. Branches spinous. Leaves
alternate, narrow oblong-lanceolate, acute, very short-petioled,
grossly spinoso-serrate ; flowers solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves, which are gradually reduced in size; calyx bibracteolate ;
bracts spinous-pointed and spine-toothed on the margin; sepals
like the bracts, but a little smaller; corolla tube trumpet-shaped,
curved, 1} inch long, upper lip bifid, lower 3-lobed. A beautiful
spinous species; the alternate leaves are unusual.

fulgens, Decne., “ Rev. Hort.’’ ser. iii. 1 (1847) (fig. p. 21).—Mexico.
Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, attenuated into the petiole,
acuminate at apex, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; spikes
4-sided, bracts oval, acuminate, toothed, pubescent; calyx deeply
cleft, the segments unequal; corolla scarlet, upper lip 2-lobed,
erect, long, lower lobes reflexed.

glabrata, DC., “ Prod.” xi. 296=Hydromestus.

grandis, Hort. “ Kew List.” See tetragona.

Heydeana, J. D. Smith (fig. “ Bot. Gaz.’’ xviii. (1898), p. 210, t. 28).
—Brazil, Chupadero Dept., Santa Rosa; 5,000 feet elevation.
Leaves nearly smooth except margins, ovate to elliptic, up to
8 inches by 8 inches, acuminate, contracted and prolonged at
base ; spike solitary, terminal, 14 inch long ; bracts concave, nearly
scarious, pubescent, obovate-oblong, with a recurved point at the
apex, and 1-2 spine-like teeth on the margin’; sepals elongate-
lanceolate, nearly equalling the bracts; corolla glandular-pubes-
cent, crimson, 25 inches long, posterior lobe quite entire, anterior

ACANTHACEAE. 59

lobe as long, broadly obovate-oblong, with 2 small lobes at
base. A very distinct species ; the lower third of the- leaf resembles
a long, winged petiole.

Hydromestus, DC., “ Prod.” xi. 291; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4556, as
maculatus).—Mexico. Branches purplish; leaves glossy, elliptic
oblong, 9-12 inches by 2-8 inches; spike terminal and axillary,
4 inches long, narrow; bracts 1 inch long, carinate, broad-
ovate to obovate, sharply pointed, slightly serrate towards the apex,
subcoriaceous, closely imbricate like the scales of a cone, in
4 series; flowers large, yellow, 14 inch, the curved tube well
exserted beyond the bracts, funnel-shaped upwards; lobes large,
spreading. Syn. A. maculatus, A. glabrata, Strobilorhachis pris-
maticus, Lagochilium Hydromestus—see Hemsley, “ Biol. Cent.
Amer. Bot.”’ 2. 512.

Leopoldu=squarrosa var. Leopoldii.

Liboniana, Lindley (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5463).—Tropical America.
Leaves white-banded, about 9 inches long, suddenly acuminate,
entire, petioles 2-3 inches long; spike terminal, about 6 inches
long, narrow; bracts imbricate in 4 rows, bright orange, about
1} inch long, broad, ovate, the base concave; flowers small,
yellow, red at the apex, nearly hidden in the bracts. Much in the
way of variegata.

macedoiana, Lind. & Rod. (fig. “Ill. Hort.’ xxxiii. (1885), t. 583).
—Brazil. Leaves elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 44 by 2} inches, dark
green above, the midrib and veins margined with pale whitish-
green, beneath purple ; flowers not seen.

Macleayi, sp. n.—Glabrous. Leaves decussately opposite, green
on both sides, 1-2 inches, lower ones up to 38 inches, long,
ovate-elliptic, gradually acute at apex, margins entire, attenuated
at the base into a short petiole, veins obscure above, an irregular
zigzag white band down the midrib, under surface paler, veins
prominent; spike terminal, strobiliform, cone-like, short, oval, .
somewhat 4-sided, 15-2 inches long; bracts rather closely
packed, 4 inch long, green below, brown upwards, serrated towards
the apex and then running into a long apiculus; calyx small,
segments linear-filiform, whitish; corolla orange-scarlet, nearly
2 inches long, the lower cylindric portion of the tube # inch,
then curved and gradually expanding upwards, 2-lipped, upper
lip shortly bifid and arched over the stamens, lower lip deeply
3-cleft, spreading and recurved.

A pretty, free-flowering species. I received this years ago from
Sir George Macleay as A. punctata (there is a dried specimen
unnamed from his garden in the Kew Herbarium). I have also
met with it in stoves under the name of squarrosa. It, however,
has nothing to do with either of these species (which both have
yellow flowers), and as it appears to be undescribed, I have given
a Latin description.* Its small leaves readily distinguish it from
any other species.

* A. Macleayi, sp. n. Herba glabra; caule terete; foliis decussatis oppositis,

petiolatis, oblongo-acutis, basi in petiolum angustatis, integerrimis, secus costam

7

60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

maculata=Hydromestus.

Margaritae, E. Morr. (fig. “ Belg. Hort.” xxxiii. (1883), 315, t. 19);
“Gard. Chron.” ii. (1887), p. 585.—Brazil. Softly pubescent.
Leaves 5-6 inches long, 2 inches broad, elliptic, olive-green above,
the main veins prominently white-banded, underneath purplish or
red; spike terminal, short, bracts pectinate; flowers orange or
yellow, well exserted. A very beautiful species.

mediaurata, Cogn. & March. (fig. “ Pl. Ornem.”’ (1873), t. 30).—
Colombia. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sinuate, bright green with
yellowish central band ; flowers not seen.

nitens, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 5741).—Guayaquil, Colombia.
Leaves ovate, subacute, leathery, glossy-bronze above, purple
beneath, 5-6 inches long, petiole 15 inch; spikes terminal,
6 inches long, narrower than in awrantiaca, tetragonous, with
many imbricate, adpressed, subulate, slightly serrated, 1-inch long
bracts ; flowers large, scarlet. See also “Fl. des Serres,” 981,
and “Fl. Mag.” 365. A very handsome species in the way of

_ aurantiaca, but with most striking bronze-like foliage.
var. Sinitzini (fig. “Il. Hort.” xxiii. t. 231) only differs from
the type in the main veins being white-banded.

ornata, Anders., “Journ. Bot.” ii. (1864), 289; (fig. “ Belg. Hort.”
1865, t. 33) ; “ Gard. Chron.” ii. (1887), 585.—Brazil, prov. Bahia.
Leaves elliptic, 8-10 inches long, with a large, broad, pale band
down the centre; petioles and flower-stalks reddish; spike ter-
minal, 6 inches long ; bracts large, ovate, acuminate, hairy, tinged
purplish ; flowers large, yellow, tube long, well produced beyond
the bracts. Nearly allied to Hydromestus.

pectinata, DC., “ Prod.’ xi. 297.—South America, Mexico, St.
Vincent. Leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong, acute, attenuated into
the petiole, pubescent beneath; spikes terminal; bracts ovate,
cuspidate, pubescent, serrated towards the apex; corolla 2 inches
long, pubescent, 2-lipped, the upper one bidentate, bi-appendiculate
near the base, the lower acuminate, revolute.

Porteana, Morel (fig. “ Fl. des Serres,”’ ser. i. x. (1854-5), 41, t. 984).
—Brazil. Leaves large, lanceolate-oblong, cuspidate, decurrent
into the petiole, white-banded along the midrib; flowers in a
broad, terminal head ; bracts orange, broadly obovate, subacute at
the apex; corolla yellow, half of the curved tube hidden in the
bracts.

var. Clava, Morel (fig. “Wawra Reise Max.” t. 614).—Spike
terminal, short, oval, 8 inches long by 14 inch in diameter ;
bracts large, spathulate, spinous-acute, red; corolla yellow,
2 inches long, tube hidden in the bracts.
prismatica=Hydromestus.

albidis, 1-2 poll. longis, infer. interdum usque ad 3 poll.; nervis subtus crassis, supra
subobsoletis; spica terminali, sessili, tetragona, 13-2 poll. longa; bracteis imbricatis,
ovali-oblongis, longissime acuminatis, 3-poll. longis, infra viridibus, supra fuscis,
apice versus serratis; flores rubri fere 2-poll. longi, corolla glabra, tubus incurvus
infra cylindricus supra gradatim ampliatus, limbus 2-labiatus, labio postico breviter
2 lobo, arcuato, labio antico 3-lobo, reflexo-patente.

“bee

ACANTHACRHAR. 61

pumila, Bull, “ List of New Plants,” No. 143, 1878, p. 4 ; (fig. ‘* Bot.
Mag.”’ t. 6467).—Brazil. A low-growing species. Leaves large,
cordate, ovate-oblong, acute; spike 8 inches long; bracts large,
closely adpressed, dull purple ; corolla 1} inch long, orange-scarlet,
much exceeding the bracts, tube slender, slightly curved, arched
at top.
var. splendens (fig. “ Gartenfl.”” 1104).—Bracts acute, green.
punctata, “ Gartenfl.’’ (1882), 184—=Chamissoniana.
Roezli=aurantiaca var. Roezlii.
Simtzini=nitens var. Sinitzini.
squarrosa, Nees, “Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 89.—Brazil. Leaves
crowded, elliptic, acuminate, about 10 inches long, often white-
banded ; spikes terminal, solitary, or ternate; flowers yellow or
orange, 1} inch long; bracts 1 to 14 inch long, yellow or orange,
densely imbricate.
var. citrina (fig. “Fl. des Serres,” 809).—Bracts of a beautiful
citron colour.
var. Leopoldii. (fig. ‘‘ Fl. des Serres,” 889).—Midrib and main
veins pure white, underneath pale green; flowers yellow, nearly
hidden in the bracts; bracts red, broad-obovate, obtuse, crenate
or serrate chiefly towards the apex, or entire. Syn. A. chrysops.
var. Louisae. “ Kew List.’—Leaves narrow elliptic, midrib
and main veins beautifully white-banded.
This species and its varieties are rare and beautiful stove plants.
sulphurea, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5951).—Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Leaves 6-9 inches long, elliptic to ovate, abruptly acuminate ;
petioles } inch, stout; spike 5-8 inches long, terminal, erect ;
flowers yellow, bracts 1 inch long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly
toothed towards the apex, imbricate; corolla tube curved, half
hidden in the bracts, lobes spreading, 1} inch across, upper lip
erect, narrow, convolute, lower of 3 lobes, the middle one broad
with a red spur at base. In the way of awrantiaca, but flowers
yellow. Introduced by Messrs. Veitch.
tetragona, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. p. 295; “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1477;
(fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 1578).—West Indies. A rather straggling,
tall-growing species. Leaves large, broadly ovate, tapering to a
point ; spikes terminal and axillary, often densely aggregated,
tetragonous, 4—6 inches long ; bracts small, ovate; sepals a little
longer than the bracts; flowers bright scarlet, 2-3 inches long,
tube arcuate. Syn. A. cristata. Very common in cultivation.
var. imperialis (fig. “‘ Gartenfl.”” 1354).—Spikes terminal ;
flowers scarlet, four times as long as the brownish bracts.
var. grandis.—Venezuela. Leaves nearly 1 foot long, 4 inches
broad, with a long tail-like point ; spikes crowded, terminal ;
rachis woolly.
variegata, Morel, “Fl. des Serres,” ser. i. x. (1854-5), 33, t. 981;
(fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4899).—Brazil. Leaves very short-petioled,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark green with white veins; spikes
8 inches long, terminal, narrow; flowers small, yellow; bracts
carinate, oblong, entire, blunt, orange; corolla tube nearly hidden

62

Asystasia

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the bracts ; calyx 5-parted, lobes nearly equal. Nearly allied
to Liboniana.

A. formosa, DC. (carduifolia, Hook. “Ic. Pl.” t. 718), is
now lost to cultivation, lyrata, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 802, Colombia,
and runcinata, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 302, Colombia, all belonging
to the spinous-leaved section, would be welcome introductions to
our hothouses.

bella, Hook., “Gen.’’ ii. 1095 ; (fig. “‘ Bot. Mag.” t. 5797).—South
Africa. A well-known beautiful shrubby plant for intermediate —
house or conservatory. Lovely lilac flowers delicately reticulated
with purple lines, in many-flowered racemes. When planted out in
a house, well cut back after flowering, rested for a time in the early
autumn and then well fed, it flowers profusely in May and June. It
can also be grown in pots, treated as above, but it does not then
flower quite so well as when planted out. Syn. Mackaya bella,
under which name it is generally met with.

chelonoides, Nees, DC. ‘‘Prod.” xi. 164—India and Ceylon.
Straggling habit; leaves elliptic, entire, sub-glabrous, up to
4 inches long by 1? inch broad; racemes compound, many-
flowered, the lower pedicels longer than the calyx; corolla # inch,
purple. Closely allied to coromandeliana.

coromandeliana, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 89.—India. —
A straggling herbaceous plant. Racemes about 5 inches long; —
flowers 1} inch long; the upper inflated portion of the tube much
longer than its cylindric base, white to pinkish. Rather a weedy —
subject; answers well round a hanging-basket, admirable for
covering a wall over which peat has been wired in, as it flowers all
the summer.

macrocarpa, Nees, DC. “ Prod.’’ xii—Himalayas up to 4,000 feet
elevation. A rambling plant; leaves oblong or elliptic, up to
nearly 5 inches long by 13 inch broad ; racemes usually condensed,
1-sided, sometimes lax, erect, 3-4 inches long; flowers dull pink,
corolla-tube 1} inch long, ventricose upward from a very short
cylindric base.

scandens, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4449).—Sierra Leone. Scan-
dent or straggling shrub. Racemes terminal, with many large
cream-coloured flowers; calyx of 5 small, linear, ciliate, equal
sepals ; corolla slightly hairy, tube curved, the narrow cylindric
portion as long as calyx, then enlarging and spreading into 5
large lobes. A very fine stove species.

violacea, Dalz. in “Fl. Brit. Ind.” vol. iv. 494 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 4248 as coromandeliana).—India, Western Ghats up to 6,000 feet -
elevation. Leaves sub-ovate, sub-glabrous, up to about 7 inches
long by 8 inches broad; racemes compound, many-flowered, the
lower pedicels shorter than the calyx ; flowers large, violet-blue,
1} inch long.

“= hh

: ACANTHACEAE. 63

- Barleria.—A neglected genus rarely met with in our houses; there

. are, however, some very beautiful species.

cristata, L., “Sp. Pl.’ 636; (fig. “Bot. Mag.’’ 1615).—India.
Leaves lanceolate, entire; flowers axillary ; calyx of 4 sepals, the
two outer ovate, acuminate, pectinate, the two inner awl-shaped ;
corolla funnel-shaped, tube long, straight; flowers violet with

_ paler spots.

flava, Jacq., “ Ecl.’”’ 67, t. 46; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 4113).—Arabia.
Spikes terminal, ovate, with numerous bracteated yellow flowers ;
calyx of 4 sepals, the two larger ovate, acute, nerved, serrate,
ciliate ; corolla infundibuliform, the tube rather short, but longer
than the calyx. See also “ Bot. Reg.” 3, t. 191. Common in
cultivation.

Gibsoni, Dalz., “Kew Jour. Bot.” 2, 339 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5628).—
India, Western Ghats. Leaves lanceolate, 2-4 inches long ; flowers
in short spikes, terminal or from the upper axils; calyx 15 inch
long, outer sepals narrow-subulate, not half the length of the
inner, which are oblong, obtuse, convex, and nerved ; corolla large,
21 inches long, pale bluish-purple, tube as long as calyx, funnel-

‘shaped; seeds glabrous. A very fine species formerly in cultiva-
tion at Kew.

involucrata, Nees, “‘ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” ui. 92; (fig. Wight, “Ill.”
t. 164).—India, Western Ghats. Leaves elliptic, long-petioled ;
racemes axillary, few-flowered; calyx, 2 outer sepals 1 inch
long, narrow-lanceolate, very acuminate, strongly nerved, inner
ones linear, small; corolla tube 2 inches long, blue. A species
with large handsome flowers.

Lichtensteiniana, DC. “Prod.” xi. 235; (fig. “Gard. Chron.”
1873, p. 73).—S. Africa. Shrub; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate,
entire, mucronate, 2 inches long; spikes axillary, 3 inches long,
ovoid; bracts closely packed, ovate, mucronate, spine-toothed,
15 inch long; corolla brownish, tube dilated at base, contracted
just below the apex, lobes 5, short, erect, ovate.

longifolia, L., “ Suppl.’’ 200 = Hygrophila spinosa.

lupulina, Lindl. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 1483).—Mauritius; cultivated
and run wild in India. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, spinous in the
axils; spikes terminal, short, oval (like those of the hop); flowers
yellow, 1 inch long, tube straight; bracts ovate, concave, im-
bricate.

Mackenii, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 5866).—Natal. Flowers few,
solitary in the upper axils, purple; calyx, outer sepals 1 inch long
and about as broad, broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse; corolla tube

-§ funnel-shaped, shorter than the outer sepals, limb 2 inches across,
Be flat. A very fine species.

: Prionitis, DC., “ Prod.” xi. 237; (fig. Wight, “Icones,”’ t. 452).—
bh S. India. A small shrub, very prickly ; leaves elliptic, acuminate
Sy at both ends, spine-tipped, sub-glabrous; flowers axillary, 1-3,
4 upper ones spiked; bracts large, elliptic, spine-tipped, bracteoles

very small; corolla yellow, 1% inch long. Of botanical interest
only.

64 JOURNAL OF THE. ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

repens, Nees, DC. “ Prod.’’ xi. 280; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 6954).—
Tropical East Africa. A prostrate plant. Leaves elliptic to
obovate, up to 23 inches long; flowers pink, axillary, solitary ;
sepals 4, the two outer ? inch long, ovate, ciliate, entire,
reticulated, two inner small, subulate; corolla 2 inches long, tube
funnel-shaped.

strigosa, Willd., “Sp. Pl.” iii. 879.—India, and much cultivated
there. Leaves ovate, decurrent on the petioles; spikes very dense,
many-flowered, 1-83 inches long, always secund ; outer sepals 1 inch
long, nerved, ovate, ciliate, strigose ; flowers 2 inches long, blue.

tomentosa, Roth., ‘Nov. Sp. Pl.’’ 314.—South India. Leaves
elliptic ; racemes 1-3-flowered ; calyx, outer sepals 15 inch long,
oblong, acute, entire, scarious, purple-veined, two inner half as
long; flowers rose-coloured, tube 2 inches long, funnel-shaped
upwards.

Barleria montana, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’ iii. 92 (fig.
Bedd. “Ic. Pl. Ind. Or.” t. 257), and B. grandiflora, Dalz. ex
Hook. “ Kew Jour.” ii. (1850), 839—both from the Western Ghats
in India—are well worth introducing into our conservatories on
account of their very fine flowers; the latter has flowers 44 inches
long. B. noctiflora, L. “Supp.” 290, from the dry plains
about Coimbatore (not Nilgiris, as stated in “Flora Indica”’),
and B. longiflora, L. “ Supp.’ 239, with very long-tubed flowers,
from the plains of Tinnevelly, are very interesting and attractive
species that might well grace our conservatories. There could
not be much difficulty in procuring the seed of these four
species.

o>) « . £6 Set Oe “ao 8 we Oey

Barleriola | |

solanifolia, DC., “Prod.” xi. 242.San Domingo. Leaves oval-
oblong, angularly dentate, entire, glabrous ; flowers axillary, sessile,
ternate; bracteoles lanceolate, subulate, subspinescent; flowers
pale rose, corolla tube narrow-filiform, 4 inch long, lobes obovate,
cuneate, subequal.

Beloperone

angustiflora, Stapf in “Kew Bull.” 1908, i. p. 20.—Tropical
America. Small herb. Leaves opposite, decussate, linear to
lanceolate, midrib above strigose with close-pressed hairs; spikes
terminal, nearly 1 inch long} strobiliform; bracts ciliate with
long hairs, the outer ones broad-obovate, inner narrow-linear ;
flowers violet-pink, about 1 inch long, tube curved, linear,
widening just below the apex, limb bilabiate, the upper lobe
emarginate, lower 8-parted, a white pinnatifid mark down the
centre of the middle lobe. Scarcely of more than botanical
interest, but several plants in a small pot make rather a pretty
show. It comes up self-sown all over one of my stoves.

atropurpurea, Nees in “Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 185.—Brazil.
Leaves oval, 6-7 inches long, 8 inches broad, subsessile; flowers
in a terminal, elongated thyrse, purple-coloured.

ACANTHACEAE. 65

oblongata, Lindl. (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1657).—Brazil. Spikes
axillary, short-peduncled, 2-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
calyx 5-parted; sepals equal; corolla 1; inch long, rose-coloured,
tube erect, limb 2-lobed. A pretty pot plant with showy flowers.

plumbaginifolia, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iu. 102.—Brazil.
Leaves ovate-oblong, long-petioled; spikes 1 inch long, terminal
trifid, bracts linear ; flowers 4 inch long, purple.

violacea, Planch. & Linden, “ Hort. Lind.” i. 5, t. 3; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.” t. 5244).—Colombia. A pretty stove plant. Leaves short-
petioled, ovate; flowers in a terminal, capitate spike; calyx 5-fid,
segments equal; corolla twice as long as calyx, purple, ringent,
bilabiate, upper lip arched over the stamens, very slightly bifid,
lower lip of 3 large spreading lobes, the lowest white-reticulated ;
bracts oblong.

Blepharis.—Plants of this genus are of botanical interest only.

boerhaviaefolia, Pers., “Syn.” ii. 180; (fig. Wight, “Icones,”’
t. 458).—S. India. Prostrate herb. Leaves usually 4 in a whorl,
elliptic, repand-toothed, nearly glabrous; spikes axillary, few-
flowered ; bracts 4 inch, ovate, bristle-ciliate ; bracteoles 4 inch,
spathulate, bristle-ciliate, sub-glabrous, green-nerved; corolla
2 inch, pink or whitish.

capensis, Pers., “Syn.” ii. 180.—South Africa. A small harsh
shrub, nearly glabrous; stem-leaves generally approximated in
fours, the lower pair of which is reduced to pinnately toothed
spines, the upper pair 14 inch long, oblong-elliptic, spine-
toothed ; spikes near the end of the branches, loose, 4—9-flowered ;
bracts 1 inch long, elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, white-nerved ;
corolla # inch long, white.

furcata, Pers., “Syn.” ii. 180.—South Africa. Very spinous.
Leaves 14 inch long, lanceolate or linear, with spinous teeth ;
spikes axillary, 1 inch long, ovoid, few-flowered ; bracts 2 inch
long, nearly glabrous, terminating in a rigid, pinnate spine;
corolla # inch long, bluish.

glomerata=procumbens.

procumbens, Pers., “Syn.” ii. 180.—South Africa. Leaves
generally approximated in fours, sub-similar, about 1 inch long,
linear to linear-oblong, deeply toothed, spinous ; spikes axillary,
ovoid, 1} inch long, few-flowered; bracts 1 inch long, ovate,

acute, with recurved points, hairy-spinous on the margins ; corolla
about 1 inch long, blue.

Brillantaisia
Lamium, DC., “Prod.” xi. 97.—Tropical Africa. A rather weedy
herb. Stems. soft, 4-sided; leaves broadly ovate, entire ; panicles
terminal, trichotomous; calyx 5-parted, sepals narrow, equal ;
corolla dark purple, rather large, deeply 2-lobed, upper lip bifid,
arching over the stamens, with a membranous hinge at the base,
lower lip deflexed, 2-lpped. If well pinched in when young to
prevent its lanky growth, it is rather a pretty pot plant for the
stove, as the flowers are showy and curious with the remarkable

VOL. XXXIV. EF

66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hinge. Introduced accidentally into my stove-houses with other
seed or plants, it now sows itself considerably.

leonensis, Burkett (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 4717, owariensis, except
the dissections).—Tropical Africa. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate,
shortly acuminate, regularly serrate, softly hairy, petiole winged
above; panicle terminal, rather close, glandular-pubescent; calyx
segments linear, glandular-pubescent, the posterior one longer than
the others and a little broadened at the apex; flowers violet-
blue ; corolla tube short, the lobes 10 lines long, the upper one
hairy on the outside. Differs from Lamiwm in its markedly
serrated leaves and in its calyx segments.

Chaetothylax

eustachiana, Vahl, “Symb. Bot.” ii. 15, as Justicia; “ Bot. Reg.”

t. 809; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 2076).—West Indies. Leaves ovate,

acuminate, crenate; spikes axillary and terminal, short, subverti-—

cellate ; bracts linear-lanceolate ; flowers orange ; corolla bilabiate,

cut halfway down, upper lip 8-cleft, lower very shortly bifid; tube —

funnel-shaped, slightly curved, contracted only at the very base.
Syn. Justicia eustachiana.
Chamaeranthemum.—A genus grown chiefly for its foliage. Very
like Hranthemum, only it has four stamens.
Beyrichii, Nees in “Lindl. Nat. Syst.’ ed. ii. 445 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 5557).—South Brazil. A slender herb. Leaves ovate-oblong,
variegated with white; panicles erect, many-flowered; corolla
white, 14 inch in diameter; tube slender, slightly curved. See
also “ Gartenfl.’’ 1867, 535.

Gaudichaudii, Nees in “ Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 155; (fig. “Fl. des —
Serres,” 1767).—Leaves ovate, subcordate, dark green, all the centre —

part clouded with silvery grey ; spikes terminal, solitary or ternate ;
flowers small, inconspicuous. A pretty foliage plant.

igneum, Regel. (fig. “Gartenfl.”’ 1868, 598).—Peru. Very dark —

green leaves with golden veins and midrib; spikes small; flowers

inconspicuous, yellow, funnel-shaped. Grown only for its very 4

beautiful foliage. See also “FI. des Serres,” 1722. Syn.
Stenandrium igneum, “ Ill. Hort.” 1877, 266.

pictum, Masters, “Gard. Chron.’’ 1878, i. 527.—Brazil. Leaves
sessile, obovate, shortly acuminate, covered with orange-coloured

hairs when young, at length glabrous, green with orange edges ~

and a central irregular silvery blotch, up to 9 inches long by
4 inches broad ; flowers not seen. A pretty foliage plant.
Crossandra

flava, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 4710).—Tropical West Africa.
Leaves about 9 inches long, lanceolate, undulate, upper ones sessile,
lower petioled ; spike terminal, short, erect, strobiliform; bracts
round, large, submembranous, yellow-green, very hairy, acutely
keeled, the margins spinulose; calyx concealed in the bracts ; corolla

bright yellow, glabrous, tube much exserted, geniculate about the ©

middle, limb of 5 flat lobes.
guineensis, DC., “Prod.” xi. 281; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 6846).—

Tropical West Africa. Leaves ovate, glabrescent, obtuse, margin —

:

ACANTHACEAE. 67

undulate, base narrowed, reticulated with pink ; petiole } inch ; spike
solitary, sessile, 4 inches long, many-flowered ; bracts 4 inch long,
imbricate, lanceolate, green, hard and coriaceous, pungent pointed ;
flowers pale lilac ; corolla tube slender, incuryed, $ inch long, lobes
2 inch, obovate. A yery beautiful pot plant, the leaves beautifully
reticulated with pink lines like a Fittonia.

mucronata, Lindau (fig. “ Bot. Jahrb.” xx, (1894), 35, t. 85).—-'Tro-
pical West Africa. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; inflorescence densely
spicate, long-peduncled; bracts 2 inch long, obovate, narrow at
the base, mucronate at the rounded apex, 5-nerved, lower segment
of calyx bifid. Scarcely of more than botanical interest.

undulaefolia, Salisb., “Par. Lond.” t. 12; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 2186).—South India, where it is much cultivated, particularly
about temples. Spikes linear, axillary, about 4 inches long, densely
bracteated; bracts about 4 inch long, elliptic, acute; flowers
large, sessile, showy, orange-coloured, tube about 1 inch long,
linear-incurved, limb all on one side, 5-lobed. In Ceylon there
is a yellow-flowering variety which I have not seen in cultivation.
A most useful and showy pot plant for tbe stove, flowering most
freely; it should be propagated annually from cuttings after
flowering, the old plants being thrown away; if pieces of the
stem are inserted in the propagating frame they send off side
shoots which will root readily and form nice plants.

Cystacanthus

turgidus, Nichols., “ Dict. Gard.” i. 428 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 6043).
Cochin China. Syn. Meninia turgida. Leaves opposite, elliptic,
4-7 inches long, glabrous; flowers panicled, showy, white,
reticulated with pink lines, throat yellow. A pretty pot plant.

-Daedalacanthus

macrophyllus, Wall., “Cat.’’ 7179; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.’ t. 6686).—
Burma. Spikes long, linear, erect, subinterrupted ; bracts elliptic,
imbricated ; corolla 1} inch long, very pale blue; limb ? inch in
diameter. Common in many stoves ; very inferior to nervosus.

nervosus, Vahl, “En.” i. 164; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 1358).—India.
Spikes short, 1-3 inches long, subinterrupted, often ternate in
terminal panicles ; bracts 4 inch, elliptic, concaye, margins entire,
not ciliate, not much acuminate, imbricated; calyx } inch,
whitish ; corolla 1} inch, dark blue. A very useful winter-
flowering stove plant, very much grown.

roseus, Vahl, “Hn.” i. 165, as Justicia; (fig. “TL Hort.’’ xxii.
235).—South India mountains. Spikes linear, lax, 5-6 inches long
subinterrupted ; bracts obovate with a short recuryed mucro,
glandular-pubescent, strongly nerved ; flowers 1-1} inches long,
rose-coloured. A very pretty species, rare in cultivation.

strictus, Roxb., “Fl. Ind.” i. 114; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” +. 3068) ;
“ Bot. Reg.’ t. 867.—North India. Spikes linear, interrupted,
forming a large, terminal panicle; bracts narrow, elliptic, obtuse ;
corolla about 2 inches long, blue.

Wattii, Bedd. in “Gard. Chron.” (1901), 644.—North India,

Often met with under the name.of parvus, a later name given by
F 2

68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mr. Clarke (in ignorance that it had already been named). Allied
to nervosus, but a much smaller species, flowering in the summer
and early autumn. Flowers a rich deep purple. It should be
grown every spring from cuttings, as these flower much better
than the old plants, which also soon get unsightly. It has a
habit of sometimes producing very small abortive flowers, a trick
common also with Hranthemum cinnabarinum. High cultivation
and feeding is the only cure for this.
Dianthera

americana, Linn., “Sp. Pl.” 27; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 2367).—North
America. Syn. Justicia pedunculosa. Leaves linear-lanceolate ;
spikes on very long peduncles, axillary, few-flowered ; flowers
small. Of botanical interest only.

bullata, N. E. Brown (fig. “Ill. Hort.’ xxxiii. (1886), 589).—
Borneo. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, elliptic, bullate between
the veins, purple beneath; racemes terminal ; flowers small, fascicled
in the axils of the bracts ; calyx 1 line long, 5-lobed ; corolla 2 lines
long, tube cylindric, limb bilabiate, upper lip oblong, concave, entire
or slightly bidentate, lower trifid. Of botanical interest only.

ciliata, DC., “ Prod.” xi. 331 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5888).—Panama,
Chili, and Venezuela. Leaves lanceolate; flowers axillary and
terminal, sessile in shortly peduneled fascicles; bracts subulate,
ciliate, exceeding calyx; calyx 5-parted, segments subulate,
ciliate, half as long as corolla; corolla violet with white palate,
tube 3 inch long, cylindric, upper lip small, recurved, bifid, lower
lip deeply 3-lobed, 14 inch in diameter, flat. See Masters, “ Gard.
Chron.’ 1870, p. 1567. <A pretty winter-flowering stove plant.

nodosa, Benth. & Hook., “Gen. Pl.’ ii. 1113; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 2914, as Justicia nodosa).—Brazil. Stems swollen at the joints ;
leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, very short-petioled; racemes
short, axillary, 2-3-flowered; bracts several at the base of each
flower, linear-filiform ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla large, handsome, pale
crimson, tube very long, thickened upwards and then bilabiate,
lobes long, upper one erect, linear, emarginate, lower deflexed, :
3-lobed. A pretty pot plant, now fairly common in our stoves.

pectoralis, Gmel., ‘“ Syst.’ 836.—West Indies, Mexico, and Brazil.
Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; spikes elongate,
branched; flowers distant, mostly 1-sided, about 4 inch long;
calyx segments 5, small, linear, about one-fifth the length of the
corolla ; corolla 2-lipped, divided about a quarter down, upper lip
ovate, entire.

secunda, Griseb., in “Goet. Abh.”’ vii. (1857), 246; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.”’ t. 2060).—West Indies. Leaves elliptic, attenuate at apex ;
racemes terminal, secund, loose, many-flowered ; bracts setaceous ;
flowers pinkish-red, bilabiate to nearly the base, upper lip very

shortly bifid, lower lip obsoletely 3-toothed. Syn. Justicia ;

geniculata, “ Bot. Mag.” t. 2487; Justicia lucida, “ Bot. Mag.”

t. 1014.
Dicliptera

Tweediana, DC., “Prod.” xi. 482; (fig. “Rev. Hort.” 1874,
t. 171).—Buenos Ayres. Leaves opposite, attenuate at both ends ;

eee PUA 4

ACANTHACEAE. 69

racemes terminal; flowers bright scarlet, numerous, verticelled in
compound heads towards the end of the peduncles ; corolla-tube

14 inch long, slightly enlarging near the apex, where it is 2-lipped ;
upper lip entire, lower slightly 3-fid. A very pretty plant for
greenhouse culture.

Dyschoriste 7

Hildebranatii, Clarke, “Fl. Trop. Africa,” v. 76; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’
7973).—Tropical Africa. A small free-flowering plant with a
peculiar odour; leaves elliptic, 1 inch long, silvery, obscurely
crenate, petioles short; cymes axillary, small, 3~-10-flowered ;
bracteoles linear, small ; calyx glandular-pubescent, 4 inch, divided
two-thirds down ; corolla 2-lipped, 14 inch, pale purple, cylindric
portion of the tube # inch. Syn. Calophanes Hildebrandtu,
S. Moore. An interesting pot plant for stove.

oblongifolia (fig. G. Don in “ Sweet Flow. Gard.” t. 181).—
North America. Stems 4-angled; leaves oblong to obovate or
spathulate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers axillary, solitary, short-
peduncled, azure-blue, the lower lobe with purple spots; calyx of
5, subulate, short segments; corolla longer than calyx, funnel-
shaped, ventricose, and subcampanulate, lobes rounded, nearly
equal. Syn. Calophanes oblongifolia. This dwarf perennial is
hardy ; it is a pretty border plant.

Ebermaiera é

nitida, Reich., ‘Gard. Chron.’? 1879, i. 812.—Brazil. Stemless ;
leaves glossy, nearly glabrous, convex, elliptic, cordate at base;
spikes elongate; flowers small, alternate; corolla-tube slightly
curved, limb sub-bilabiate, lower lobe 2-lobed. Syn. Chamae-
ranthemum nitidum, under which name it was sent out by
Mr. Bull. Only of botanical interest.

Ecbolium

Linneanum, Bois., “ Fl. Orient.” iv. 526 ; (fig. ‘ Bot. Mag.” t. 1847).
—South India and Ceylon. Leaves petioled, ovate, entire; spikes
terminal, dense, 25 inches long; bracts large, imbricate, ovate,
obtuse; corolla greenish-blue, tube 1 inch long, subfiliform, limb
2-lipped, upper lip narrow, slightly bifid, lower 3-lobed. A
curious and interesting plant, sometimes met with im our stoves.
Scarcely of more than botanical interest.

Eranthemum.—aA genus yielding many stove plants beautiful both in
their flowers and foliage. They all, of course, grow most readily
from cuttings. Scale seems to be fonder of this genus than of any
other, and plants must be almost daily looked over to keep them
free from it. If there are ants in a house they are always busy
on the plants, carrying the scale about.

acuminatissimum, Miq,, “FI. Ind. Bat.” ii. 885 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 5771, as H. Andersont).—Malay Peninsula. Leaves large, lanceo-
late, attenuated, and acuminate; spike terminal, long, linear; the
flower clusters whorled, below many-flowered, above few-flowered ;
corolla white, pubescent, the tube about 1 inch long, linear-
cylindric, lobes 5, the lower one dotted with crimson. Syn.
Hi. Andersoni, Masters in ‘Gard. Chron.” 1869; H. elegans,
Masters, l.c. 1868, p. 1234.

70 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A very fine species, long grown under the name of Andersoni,

but lately identified as Miquel’s acwminatissimum.

albiflorum, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4225).—Solomon islands.
Leaves oval to oblong, sessile, glabrous, entire; flowers pure
white, in terminal spikes. A very pretty free-flowéring stove plant,
common in cultivation.

aspersum, Hook. (fig. ‘‘ Bot. Mag.” t. 5711, and t. 1423 as bicolor).—
Solomon Islands. Leaves small, ovate; cymes axillary, shorter
than the leaves, few-flowered; flowers white, all 5 lobes pink,
dotted with a bright carmine patch on the lower lobe; tube
very slender, cylindric, five times as long as the calyx. A very
pretty stove plant, common in cultivation and very free-flowering ;
cuttings should be rooted every spring and well pinched in
several times, otherwise the plants grow leggy and unsightly.

atropurpureum, Bull, “ Gard. Chron.”’ ser. 2, vol. ii. (1875), 619 ;
(fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 7839).—Pacific Islas. Leaves blackish
purple, 4-6 inches long, ovate or oblong; racemes terminal,
8 inches long, erect, spike-like, branches short, many-flowered ;
corolla-tube 1 inch long, straight, slender; lobes linear-oblong,
obtuse, white, rose-spotted at the base; 2 upper erect, 3 lower
deflexed. Syn. H. nigrescens, Bull; E. nigrum, Lind., “ Il. Hort.”
t. 404. Sent out by Mr. Bull in 1875.

I have occasionally seen this in flower. Its long handsome panicle
of flowers is very showy, but the plant is generally very leggy ; to
get it to flower it must be grown on rapidly in great heat and well
fed. It is more useful as a small foliage plant for the sake of its
almost black leaves. Tops and side shoots should be constantly
taken off and rooted. It never flowers under these conditions. In
time it becomes leggy and unsightly, the top is then taken off and
the old stem will send off fresh shoots, which also make good
cuttings,

Beyrichiti = Chamaeranthemum Beyrichii.

borneense, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 6701).—Borneo. Leaves
4-6 inches, short-petioled, ovate, oblong, acuminate, glabrous ;
spike 4-6 inches long, stout, erect; flowers crowded round the
rachis, white, the lower lobe yellowish, tube 1 inch long cylindric ;
limb about 1} inch in diameter.

cinnabarinum, Wall., “Pl. As. Rar.’’ p. 20, t. 21 ; (fig. “ Gartenfl.”’
916).—Burma. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; panicles ter-
minal, large, loose ; flowers numerous, crimson or pinkish; corolla
tube 14 inch long, narrow-cylindric, limb 2-lipped, the three lobes
of the lower lip wider than the upper lobes.

Very free in flowering, and lasting long in flower. Very
beautiful when in full flower and well grown; it is of straggling
growth, very difficult to get well-shaped plants, even with much
pinching in; it is much in cultivation.

var. ocellatum (fig. ‘“ Bot. Mag.” t. 5921) is a white-eyed
variety.

var. succisifolium.—A plant with white flowers that I have
not seen in cultivation.

ACANTHACEAE. 71

coccineum, “ Fl. des Serres ’’ = Thyrsacanthus strictus.

Cooperi, Hook. = Eranthemum sinuatum.

crenulatum, Lindley (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” ii. t. 879).—Khasia, up to
2,000 feet elevation. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; racemes slender,
in a terminal panicle with curved, drooping branches; corolla
pale purple, tube slender, narrowly funnel-shaped upwards. Only
of botanical interest.

Dutremblayanum. ‘Jour. Soc. Nation. d’Hort. de France,”
1906, 553.—A garden hybrid between verbenacewm and longi-
folium. See “ Kew List of New Garden Plants of 1907.’ I have
not seen this.

eboracense, Bull= Eranthemum tuberculatum.

eldorado=Eranthemum reticulatum.

elegans, Masters=Eranthemum acuminatissimum.

_ flavum=Barleria flava.

foecundum, Lindley (fig. ‘‘ Bot. Reg.’ 18, t. 1494).—Lilac flowers
on a terminal simple spike. Of botanical interest only.

graciliflorum, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 107.—Penang.
Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, punctate (under the lens), decussately
arranged in pairs, short-petioled ; spikes terminal, about 4 inches
long; flowers decussate; bracts and calyx very small; corolla
layender-coloured with a paler blotch on lower lip, under the lens
with numerous punctiform red dots; tube very narrow, 14 inch
long, cylindric in its entire length. Syn. H. punctatum, DC.
“Prod.” xi. 455; E. malaccense, Clarke, ‘Fl. Brit. Ind.” iv.
p- 498. A very free-flowering species with very pretty flowers ;
it is inclined to straggling growth, which can be counteracted
by well pinching in the rooted cuttings. Old plants should
be thrown away after flowering.

hypocrateriforme, R. Br., Roem. & Sch. “Sys.” ser. 1, 175 ; (fig.
“Bot. Mag.” t. 6181).—Tropical Africa, West Coast. Shrubby,
straggling. Spikes solitary at the end of the branches or crowded
on short terminal branches, about 3 inches long, forming a large
terminal head ; flowers crimson, bracts very small; calyx 6 lines
long ; corolla tube 14 inch long, very slender, cylindric, curved, lobes
1 inch in diameter, crimson on face, straw-coloured on back. A
very fine species ; in cultivation at Kew and in a few other stoves.
lt grows to a considerable size.

indicum, Clarke, “Fl. Brit. Ind.” iv. 497; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t.
5062).—Himalayas, 1,000-5,000 feet elevation. Leaves lanceolate,
elliptic, short-petioled; racemes up to 5 inches long, dense;
flowers white, purple-veined, tube ventricose, curved, 1} inch
long. Syn. Thyrsacanthus indicus, Nees. As pointed out by
Mr. Clarke, the ventricose corolla tube is more that of Thyrsa-
canthus than of this genus, but the former is an American genus.

igneum, “Fl, des Serres” =Chamaeranthemum igneum.

laxiflorum, A. Gray, “Proc. Amer. Acad.” vy. 5 (1862), 349;
(fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 6336).—Fiji. Cymes few-flowered, axillary ;
corolla purplish, hypocrateriform, tube cylindric, about 1 inch
long. Not a desirable plant, as I find it difficult to flower well ;

72

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it is of straggling growth, and with ordinary cultivation it only
gives two or three flowers occasionally. If it could be got to
behave like the plate in the “ Bot. Mag.”’ it would be well worth
erowing.

leuconeuron, Regel. (fig. “ Gartenfl.”’ t. 174).—Brazil. Leaves
clouded with white markings; spikes axillary or terminal ; flowers
small, white. A rather pretty little foliage plant.

longifolium (fig. ‘ Gartenfl.’”’ t. 586).—Leaves lanceolate, ending
in a long, gradual acumination, rounded at the base, about
6 inches long by nearly 2 inches broad, blotched with white and
darker shades of green ; spikes terminal, generally twin, 6-8 inches
long ; flowers small. Pretty foliage, but a plant of hardly more
than botanical interest.

maculatum, Hort., “Kew List of Tender Dicotyledons.’’—I have
not been able to trace this species; it is not now in cultivation at
Kew. The name is unpublished. It is probably one of the foliage
species described here.

magneanum. “Jour. Soc. Nat. d’Hort. de France,’ 1906, 553.—
A garden hybrid between verbenacewm and longifolium. See
“Kew List of New Garden Plants of the Year 1907,” p. 87.
I have not seen this.

marmoratum, Regel. (fig. “Gartenfl.” t. 536, fig. 2).—New
Hebrides. Leaves white-mottled ; spikes terminal; flowers very
small. Only of botanical interest. See also “ Gard. Chron.’’ 1875,
vol. 111. 619. It was sent out by Mr. Bull in 1874.

Moorei, Bull, “ Gard. Chron.”’ ser. 2, vol. iii. (1875), 619.—Polynesia.
Leaves with mottled-green centre and a broad yellowish margin.
Sent out by Mr. Bull in 1875. I know nothing of this plant, and
it does not appear to be now in cultivation. It is mentioned
in Nicholson’s Dictionary as very curious and distinct. It may
be a form of atropurpurewm. I find these foliage Eranthemums
and Graptophyllums vary very considerably in the colouring of
their foliage according to the amount of heat and nature of the
soil in which they are grown.

nigrescens, “ Nicholson’s Dict.” =atropurpureum.

nigrum, “Ill. Hort.” new ser. t. 404=atropurpureum.

Parishii, Anders., “Jour. Linn. Soc.” ix. 526, as Asystasia ; (fig.
“Bot. Mag.” t. 5440).—Tenasserim. Leaves elliptic, glabrous ;
spikes terminal, subpanicled; flowers often fascicled; corolla
purplish, tube 14 inch long, slender but funnel-shaped upwards,
limb # inch in diameter. Syn. H. crenulatum var. grandiflorum,
Hooker.

reticulatum, Bull, “ Gard. Chron.” ser. 2, vol. iii. (1875), p. 619 ;
(fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 7480); “Ill. Hort.’ new ser. xxvi. (1879),
349.—New Hebrides. Leaves beautifully reticulated, green and
yellow ; panicles in upper axils and terminal ; corolla salver-shaped,
white, speckled red in the centre, tube twice length of calyx. Syn.
aureo-reticulatum, Hort., HZ. Schomburgkii, Hort. Much grown
for its beautiful foliage. It does not flower often.

roseum, Lindau (fig. “Ill. Hort.’ 1876, t. 285).—Amazon Valleys.
Leaves ovate, cordate, acute, purplish underneath ; spike terminal,

an’

ACANTHACEAE. 73

slender; flowers in opposite pairs; bracts and calyx small;
corolla rose-coloured, tube incurved, about 1 inch long, slightly
enlarging upwards.

sanguinolentum, Hort. ex Veitch, ‘Fl. des Serres,” ser. 2, v. 1865,
t. 1583=Hypoestes sanguinolenta.

seticalyx, Clarke, “Fl. Trop. Africa,’ v.—Tropical Africa. Leaves
3-4 inches by 2 inches; panicles 2-8 inches long; corolla tube
1 inch long, pubescent, orange-yellow. A very pretty pot plant of
late introduction ; it flowers freely in a quite young state.

sinuatum, R. Br., Roem. & Sch. i. 175; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t.
5467) ; “Fl. des Serres,” t. 2472.—Tanna Island, New Caledonia,
and Solomon Islands. Leaves linear, margins scalloped, pinkish-
purple underneath; flowers large, showy, white, purple-spotted.
Syn. H. Cooperi, Hook., EH. longifoliwm, Seem. “FI. Vit.” 185.
A most charming stove species, generally grown under the name
of H. Cooperi. Very small rooted cuttings begin to flower almost
immediately. Cuttings should be constantly put in, as old
plants soon get shabby and unsightly, whereas the cuttings, with
a very little pinching in, make pretty compact plants.

tricolor, Nichols., “ Dict.” vol. i. p. 518.—Polynesia. Leaves green,
blotched irregularly with purple and pink. Sent out by Mr. Bull
in 1876. Grown constantly from cuttings, it is a very effective
stove foliage plant for small pots; it soon becomes lanky and
unsightly if grown on for long. I have never seen it in flower.

tuberculatum, Hook. f., Seem. “Fl. Vit.” 185; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’
t. 5405) ; “ Floral Mag.” iii. 182.—Isle of Pines. A well-branched,
compact little plant. Stems tuberculate ; flowers numerous, pure
white, about 15 inch across. Syn. LH. eboracense, Bull, “ Cat.”’
(1881), p. 18; “Gard. Chron.” 1890, vol. vii. 480. A most
charming free-flowering species, which should be grown in every
stove. Little cuttings make nice plants in about a month. Sent ~
out by Mr. W. Bull in 1881. Scale insects attack it most
voraciously, and are often overlooked by the gardener, as they are
hardly distinguishable from the little warts which cover the stems.

variabile, R. Br., “ Prod.” 477; (fig. Paxt. “ Mag. Bot.” xiii. 75).—
Australia. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, veins
white-banded ; panicles terminal, loose, peduncles few-flowered ;
calyx lobes small, subulate; corolla light purple with crimson
markings in the threat. A pretty, rather dwarf species.

variegatum, Hort.—Hab. not known. Stems terete or subterete ;
leaves broad elliptic, or ovate-oblong, entire, the margins undulate
and more or less irregularly scalloped, quite glabrous on both sides ;
texture thick, decurrent into a short petiole, about 6 inches long
by 24 broad (exceptionally up to 8 inches by 5), more or less
irregularly marbled with white or different shades of green ; spikes
terminal, racemose, about 6 inches long, the lower branches cyme-
like, 3-5-flowered, upwards spiciform, pedicels as long as or longer
than the calyx; the lowest pair of bracts foliaceous, lanceolate,
curved, 4 inch long, upper ones subulate, finely ciliate ; flowers
short-tubed, white, carmine spotted in the centre, about 1 inch
long by 2 inch in diameter; calyx-segments subulate, slightly

74

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

unequal, ciliate ; corolla-tube about 4 inch long, slightly enlarging
towards the apex, lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, finely ciliate, the two
lobes of the upper lip smaller than the others, the middle one of
the lower lip much the largest; anthers exserted; stigma incon-
spicuously 2-lobed. .

This is variegatum, Hort. of the Kew List of 1899, p. 271. It
is also to be met with in gardens under this name. I cannot,
however, find any authority for the name, and the plant appears to
be undescribed. In the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum
there is a specimen of Hranthemum Carruthersu, Seem. ‘ Fl. Vit.”
(a Fiji plant), which may perhaps be the same as this species, as it
agrees in the inflorescence and short corolla-tube; but the specimen
is not sufficient for identification, being very poor as to leaves ;
the ciliation also of the calyx, bracts, and corolla-lobes is absent.
Seeman’s description is very short and insufficient.

Generally grown from cuttings as a small pot plant for its
pretty foliage, being topped and grown on again when it gets leggy ;
it never flowers under these conditions. A plant has lately flowered
at Kew, so I have been able to give a full description.

velutinum, Bull, “Cat. New Plants,’ 1887-8, p. 32.—Brazil.
Leaves showy, dark olive-green; spikes 8 inches long, terminal ;
flowers rosy-pink, small, numerous; corolla tube curved,
slender, 1 inch long. Sent out by Mr. W. Bull in 1886.
Hardly more than of botanical interest. It is not H. velutinwm
of Engler’s “ Bot. Jahrb.,’’ which is from New Guinea; so one
of these names must be changed.

verbenaceum, Mart. in “Noy. Act. Not. Cur.” xi. 1 (1828),
65.—Brazil. Leaves oblong, attenuated at base, glabrous,
silvery lined on both sides; spike terminal, simple or trifid ;
flowers white; corolla twice as long as calyx.

versicolor, Bull ex “Gard. Chron.” (1875), i. p. 619.—Hab ?
Leaves long-stalked, ovate, narrowed at the base, sinuate, ground
colour dark green splashed over with greyish-green and yellowish-
green in broad patches. Sent out by Mr. Bull in 1875. I do not
know this plant.

Whartonianum, Hemsley, in “ Kew Bull.,’”’ 1894, p. 214.—Solomon
Islands. Leaves thin, almost membranaceous, ovate, oblong, or the
upper ones narrow-lanceolate, up to 5 inches long, very minutely
strigose above, puberulous on the veins beneath; petiole slender,
» inch; flowers white, 1} inch long, on terminal, racemose spikes,
the lower branches of which are cymose and several-flowered ;
calyx-segments subulate, short; corolla-tube straight, slightly
ventricose, lobes ovate-oblong, slightly unequal.

Eranthemum pulcherrimum, Anderson, from Oaxaca, Mexico,
a very fine species, with very long tubular flower, and E. Bourgoei,
Hemsley, Mexico, near Guadalaxara, with very large, much swollen
flowers like those of /agraea, would well repay introduction to our
houses.

» the co eer abate \

ape

ACANTHACEAE, 75

— Fittonia.—Lovely stove foliage plants for small pots in shady places,
or to plant under stages. ‘They are also very attractive on walls
covered with peat and wired over, in association with other small
foliage plants, Achimenes, &c.
argyroneura, EK. Coem (fig. “Fl. des Serres,’ t. 1664).—Peru.
Leaves a bright green, beautifully reticulated with white.
gigantea, Linden in “ Rev. Hort.” 1869, p. 186; (fig. “‘ Gartenfl.”
t. 629).—Peru. Leaves green, with pale red veins.
Verschaffeltii, E. Coem (fig. “Fl. des Serres,” t. 1581).—Peru.
Leaves dark green, reticulated rich dark crimson.
The flowers of these Fittonias are inconspicuous, so the flower-
spikes should be cut off as they appear.
Geissomeria
aurantiaca, Hort. This is a name given in the “ Kew List of Tender
Dicotyledons”’ (1899). I cannot trace the name anywhere, and the
plant is not now in cultivation at Kew.
coccinea, Griseb., “Fl. Brit. West Indies,” 454; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 4158).—West Indies. Glabrous. Leaves oblong, bluntish, tapering
into a short petiole; spikes when axillary solitary, when terminal
ternate, about as lone as the leaves; flowers tubular, opposite,
distant, diverging, rich crimson, whitish in the mouth; calyx
5-fid, one-sixth as long as the corolla; corolla-tube 14 inch long,
slightly widening upwards, the lobes small, rounded, equal.
longiflora, Lindley (fig. “Bot. Reg.” t. 1045).—Brazil. Leaves
opposite, ovate-lanceolate, wavy, sessile, tapering at the base,
glabrous above; spikes terminal and axillary, leafy at the base,
closely imbricated ; bracts 3, ovate, outer one twice as long as the
two lateral; corolla dull scarlet, velvety, tube slightly enlarging
upwards, lobes 4, erect, small, the upper rounded emarginate, the
lateral smaller than the lower, which is bearded. A very pretty
plant. |
nitida, Nees, “ Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 80.—Brazil. Shrubby, glabrous.
Leaves oblong, acute, shining ; spikes terminal, simple or racemose
at the base; bracts triangular, entire, half length of calyx; corolla
glabrous, sub-bilabiate, 14, inch, incurved, purplish-red.
Graptophyllum.—Picture-leaved plants, grown for their foliage.
caudifolium, C. B. Clarke, MS. in Kew Herb.—Polynesia and
New Guinea. Glabrous. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, up to 8 inches
long by 2 inches broad, quite glabrous on both sides, margin
entire or very obscurely crenated, decurrent into a short petiole,
apex running into a very long gradual acumination, often all green
with only a white band round the margin, sometimes variously
blotched over with pink or darker green or white markings ;
terminal or side-shoots occasionally (but rarely) have leaves
without the long acumination at the apex; flowers like those of
G. horiense, but petals very narrow and reflexed. The only flowers
I have seen were solitary in the axils of the leaves, but in
Mr. Clarke’s specimens, which I believe to be the same species,
there are short racemes of flowers.
This is generally grown on constantly from cuttings as a small

i.e

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pot foliage plant, in which state it is very pretty, but it never
flowers treated like this. In time it gets leggy and unsightly.
It has been grown at Kew as Hranthemum sp. ?, and I believe
it is the Hranthemum albo-marginatum of Nicholson’s “ Dict. of
Gardening.”

Earlii, Mueller, “Frag. Phyt. Aust.’ iii. 160 and vi. 87.—Queens-
land. Shrubby, glabrous. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
attenuated into a short petiole, acute or obtuse, entire or incon-
spicucusly toothed ; flowers red, axillary, solitary or few-clustered; _
corolla tube about 1 inch long, curved, 2-lipped, upper lip shortly _
bifid, lower 3-lobed; lobes lanceolate. A small-leaved species,
the leaves being only about 1 inch long. :

hortense, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 102; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”’
t. 1870); “ Bot. Reg.”’ t. 1227.—Uncertain where wild; cultivated
throughout India. Leaves elliptic, curiously marbled with white,
often representing faces, hence called the “caricature plant”’ ;
racemes axillary or terminal; flowers inflated in the throat,
crimson.

var. lurido-sanguineum (fig. “ Bot. Mag.’”’ t. 1780).—Leaves
of a lurid-reddish colour.

var. igneum,.—Leaves splashed with red markings.

var. Nortonii.—Of Continental origin. Leaves dark green.
The caricature markings lurid-red or pink, or partly yellow.

Gymnostachyum.—A genus of scarcely more than botanical interest.
ceylanicum, DC., “Prod.” xi. 98; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 4706) ;

Bedd. “Ic. Pl. Ind. Or.” t. 265.—Ceylon, in the plains. A low-
erowing herb. Leaves oval to obovate, obscurely serrate, tapering
into a long petiole, midrib and main veins white-banded ; racemes
terminal, scapiform, up to 1 foot long; flowers fascicled on very
short, glandular-pubescent pedicels; the 5 calyx-segments red;
corolla white, tipped with green and yellow, tube elongate, } inch,
glandular-pubescent, nearly cylindric, but suddenly below the middle
dilated upwards ; limb unequally 2-lipped, lower lip much the larger,
3-lobed.

decurrens, Stapf, “Kew Bull.” (1894), 357.—Pahang, Malay
Peninsula. Leaves ovate, obscurely crenate, abruptly contracted
into the petiole, often with a whitish band along the purplish
midrib, up to 4 inches long by 2 inches broad; panicles terminal,
composed of slender many-flowered spikes; corolla glandular-
pilose, white, violet-lined; tube # inch, twice as long as calyx,
expanding slightly upwards ; upper lip emarginate, lower 3-lobed.

venustum, DC., “Prod.” xi. 94; (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1880),—Khasia
hills, up to 4,000 feet elevation. Leaves ovate, acuminate, crenaie,
decurrent into a winged petiole, the radical ones about 6 inches
by 4 inches; panicles pubescent, ample, much spreading, up to
8 inches long by 12 inches broad, or sometimes reduced to a
single spike, pubescent; calyx glandular-pilose, 5-fid; corolla-
tube about 1 inch long, dilated towards the apex ; limb bilabiate,
deep purple, upper lip 2-fid, lower 8-fid. Syn. Justicia venusta ;
Cryptophragmium venustum.

ah eee

ACANTHACEAE, 77

Hemigraphis.—The plants of this genus are only of botanical interest—
repanda and stenophylla are sometimes grown as hanging basket
plants.

angustifolia, Hallier, f. (fig. “ Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.” Ixx. 2083, t.-x.
fig. 2).—Malaya, Amboyna, &c. Herb, erect; leaves 5 inches long
by 1 inch broad, lanceolate, irregularly and deeply serrated or
shortly pinnatifid, attenuate at base; apex acuminate; spikes ter-
minal ; heads strobiliform; bracts imbricate, ovate, obtuse, entire.

colorata, Nees, DC. “ Prod.’ xi. 145; (fig. Hallier, f., “ Nov. Act.
Nat. Cur.” Ixx., t. ix. fig. 1)—Java. A small spreading plant.
Leaves cordate-ovate, bullate, crenate, silvery-grey above, purple
underneath ; spikes terminal; flowers small, white, 4 inch long.
The flowers are insignificant, but the species is sometimes grown
for its pretty foliage.

latebrosa, Nees, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 723 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 8389, as
Ruellia elegans).—India. A diffuse hairy plant. Leaves ovate,
crenate; flowers bright blue; corolla-tube narrow, funnel-shaped,
3 inch long. An annual, sometimes grown for its blue flowers,
but mainly of botanical interest.

repanda, L., “Sp.’’ ed. 2 (1762), p. 886.—Prostrate herb. Leaves
decussate, long-petioled, narrow-linear, lobate, crenate; spikes
solitary or ternate, axillary or terminal ; heads of flowers strobili-
form; bracts subspathulate-linear, subentire; corolla narrow-
infundibuliform, hairy within the lips.

stenophylla, Hallier, f. (fig. “Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.” Ixx. 203, t. x.
fig. 3).—Celebes, &c. Leaves linear, 8-10 inches long, $ inch broad,
repand, scalloped ; spikes elongate; bracts loose; corolla narrow-
infundibuliform.

Hygrophila

spinosa, Anders., “ Jour. Linn. Soc.” vii. 22; (fig. Wight ‘“ Icones,”’
t. 449).—India. A stout, erect, hispid, spinescent herb; leaves
lanceolate, up to 7 inches long, furnished with long white hairs ;
flowers in axillary, spinous whorls, spines about 6, straight and
stout ; bracts up to 1 inch long, lanceolate; bracteoles $ inch
long, narrow; calyx 4-parted ; corolla 1 inch long, blue-purple,
nearly glabrous, tube ventricose at the apex, limb deeply 2-lipped,
oblong, straight. Syn. Barberia longifolia Linn. A very common
ditch plant in India. Scarcely of more than botanical interest.

Hypoestes

aristata, R. Br., “ Prod.” 474; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 6234).—South
Africa. Herb, erect; stem obtusely quadrangular ; leaves petioled,
ovate, acute, entire, 3 inches long; flowers in axillary clusters
forming stout, terminal spikes, enclosed 1-3 in an involucre of
two Janceolate, concave, long-awned bracts; corolla 1 inch long,
rose-purple, tube slender, pubescent, expanding into a sub-cam-
panulate throat, the lobes shorter than the tube, upper one elliptic,
cleft to the middle into 3 acute lobes, the lateral ones striped, the
middle one spotted with purple, lower lobe much smaller, linear-
lanceolate, erect, revolute, striped with white. A very pretty green-
house plant.

78 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purpurea, Wall, “Pl. As. Rar,” iii, 114.—-Malay Archipelago.
Much cultivated in India, Leaves oval, acuminate at both ends,
entire, pubescent beneath ; thyrse axillary and terminal, spiciform,
narrow ; the floral leaves ovate, petioled, mucronate, } inch long ;
corolla purple } inch long, narrow, pubescent, upper lip oblong,
emarginate, lower lip 8-parted, lobes linear. Syn. Justicia
purpurea. Of botanical interest only,

involucrata=LPeristrophe speciosa.

sanguinolenta, Hooker (fig. “ Bot. Mag.’ t. 5511).—Madagascar.
Leaves dark green with fiery-red veins ; flowers small, pink, insig-
nificant. A lovely stove foliage plant for small pots. It should
not be allowed to flower, and should be constantly propagated from
cuttings which root most readily. Scale insects are particularly
fond of it; to keep it clear it must be constantly looked over.
Syn. Hranthemum sangwinolentwm, Herb. ex Veitch, “Fl. des
Serres,’’ ii, v. (1865), t. 1583,

Jacobinia

aurea, Hooker (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 4444).—Honduras. Leaves
cordate, acuminate, decurrent into a longish petiole; thyrse large,
terminal, compact ; bracts longer than the calyx, and with the sepals
linear; corolla yellow, tubular, cut down half-way into two gaping
lips, upper one erect, entire, lower reflexed, 3-lobed at the apex.
Syn. Cyrtanthera catalpaefolia.

chrysostephana, Benth. & Hook., ‘ Gen. Pl.” p. 1115; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag,” t. 5887).—Mexico. Leaves ovate, acuminate, not decur-
rent on the petiole; midrib and veins below red; flowers yellow,
in a terminal corymb; corolla 2-lipped; calyx 4 inch; bracts —
shorter than the calyx. Syn. Cyrtanthera chrysostephana,

A most useful and beautiful winter flowering stove plant. Ii
flowers freely without any special treatment. The flower-heads
are smaller than in awrea.

coccinea, Hiern. in “Kjosb. Vid. Mid.”’ (1877), 84; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.” t, 482),—Brazil. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate; spikes ter-
minal; flowers scarlet, crowded; helmet lanceolate, reflexed at
the end, °

A very beautiful winter-flowering species; flowering freely
without any special treatment. It must not be kept too hot
after it has made good growth, and should have plenty of air,
otherwise it is inclined to grow lanky and too tall. This and
J. chrysostephana succeed best from cuttings put in during the
spring, the old plants being thrown away.

Ghiesbreghtiana, Benth. & Hook., “Gen. Pl.” ii, p. 1115; (fig.
“Gartenfl.” t. 976); Paxton, “Mag.” xv. 176; “Fl, des Serres,”’
t, 889.—Leayes glabrous, oyate-lanceolate, entire; panicles ter-
minal ; flowers scarlet.

A fine winter-flowering stove plant, requiring a good rest in
August or September and open-air treatment, otherwise it flowers
very indifferently. .

Lindenii, Nichols,, “Dict, Gard.” ii. 206; (fig. “ Rey. Hort.’’ (1870),
p. 250 as Justicia).—Mexico. Leaves oval, acuminate, glabrous ;

cea fi. 7" ae

ACANTHACEAE. 79

flowers orange-yellow in showy terminal heads. Very similar to
chrysostephana.
magnifica, Lindau in “Kng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan.” iv. 3b (1895),
351. Rio Janeiro. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, ovate, attenuate
at base; spikes terminal, imbricated, many-flowered; bracts,
outer ovate-lanceolate, inner small, linear; corolla-tube long,
2-lipped, upper lip erect, entire, lower revolute, 8-lobed, red or
rose-coloured. See “Garden and Forest’ (1892), 817.
+ var. carnea (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 3883) ; “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1897.—
Leaves nearly glabrous, purple underneath ; flowers rose-coloured.
3” Syn. var. nana, var. minor, Cyrtanthera magnifica.
var. Pohliana.—Leaves ovate, acuminate, almost cordate at
the base, glabrous; flowers bright crimson. Only differs from
carnea in the colour of the flowers. Velwtina, the downy-leaved
variety, is often grown under this name.
var. velutina.—Leaves and bracts softly villous; flowers pink.
Mohintlii, Hemsl., “Biol. Cent. Amer. Bot.” ii. 521.— Mexico.
Leaves opposite, elongate-ovate, entire or obscurely crenulate,
soft and slightly puberulous; racemes axillary, shorter than the
leaves, few flowered; flowers bright orange, narrow, tubular,
1} inch ; tube swollen just at the base, then cylindric-ventricose
upwards and bilabiate ; upper lip arched, entire, lower one deflexed,
spirally curved, with a 38-toothed apex. Syn. Sericographis
Mohintlii, Nees; S. Drejera, Nees.
A very pretty winter or early spring flowering plant. It requires
the same treatment as Giiesbreghtiana, otherwise its flowering is
a failure.
paucifilora, Benth. & Hook., “Gen. Pl.” ii. 1115; (fig. “ Bel. Hort.”
1863, p. 2).—Brazil. Leaves elliptic-oblong ; flowers numerous,
drooping, tubular, scarlet, yellow-tipped; tube funnel-shaped ;
limb erect, bilabiate. Syn. Libonia floribunda, under which
name it is generally grown.
A showy plant when well flowered, requiring similar treatment
to Ghiesbreghtiana ; not easy to flower well.
penrhosiensis. Hybrid between pauciflora and Ghiesbreghtiana ;
(fig. “Rev. Hort.” (1876), 50).—Flowers of a brighter crimson
than pauciflora ; leaves more acute.
A fine winter-flowering plant.
sericea, Ruiz. et Pay. (fig. “Fl. Peru,” t.9, fig. b).—Peru. Whitish-
silky; leaves costate, oblong-acuminate, floral ones ovate; spikes
terminal; flowers red ; corolla 2 inches long, pubescent.
suberecta, André (fig. “Rev. Hort.’’ (1900), 210).—Uruguay.
Leaves opposite, subsessile, very velvety, downy; calyx woolly,
sepals oval; corolla tubular, about 1 inch long; tube narrow,
2-lobed, just at apex.
A low-growing, much spreading species. A good basket plant,
but not very ready to flower.
Justicia.—The species of this genus are of botanical rather than
of horticultural interest.
calycotricha, Link.=Schaueria calycotricha.

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Campylostemon, Anders., “ Journ. Linn. Soe.’’ vii. (1864) 44.—
Natal. Leaves ovate, acuminate, nearly glabrous; peduncles
axillary, shorter than the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers small,
white, the lower lip purple-spotted. Only of botanical interest.

furcata, Jacq. (fig. “Sch.” i. 2, t. 3).—Mexico. Leaves villous,
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers axillary, solitary, 1 inch long, violet,
-ringent; upper lobe arched, slightly bifid at apex; lower lip
ample, 3-lobed, the centre lobe reticulated with white. This is
occasionally met with in stoves, but it is hardly worth growing.
J. perweiana, “ Bot. Mag.”’ t. 480, is very similar, but with the
flowers clustered in the axils; it is, perhaps, only a form of
this species.

Gendarussa, L., “Suppl.” 35; (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” t. 635).—India
and Burma, and much cultivated there. Shrubby, leaves lanceolate,
glabrous ; spikes up to 5 inches, terminal, often paniculate, the
lower clusters of flowers distant; bracts linear, small; flowers
4 inch, nearly glabrous, white with purple spots.

geniculata = Dianthera secunda.

marmorata, Nichols. “ Dict.” = Eranthemum marmoratum.

pedunculosa = Dianthera americana.

peruviana, “Cav. Ic.” p. 17, t. 28; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 480).—
Peru. Stems pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, hairy
above ; flowers violet, the lower lip reticulated with white veins,
clustered in the axils.

quadrifaria, Nees, “Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’ iii. 105.—Assam.
Leaves elliptic; flowers in dense, axillary clusters ; bracts 4 inch,
spathulate, rusty ; corolla hairy, + inch, white, rose-spotted.

ventricosa, Wall., “ Pl. As. Rar.’ i. 80, t. 93; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 2766).—Burma. Leaves elliptic, glabrous; spikes terminal,
38 inches long; bracts green, orbicular,. about 4 inch long,
imbricate, usually 3-flowered ; flowers 3 inch, white, rose-spotted.

Lankesteria.—Tall plants allied to Daedalacanthus, with dense terminal
spikes of red or yellow flowers.

Barteri, Hooker (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5533).—West Africa. Leaves
ovate-oblong, acuminate, narrowed at base, up to 8 inches long ;
spikes terminal; bracts imbricate, ovate, acuminate, nervose,
puberulous and ciliate; calyx segments 4—} inch, linear, long-
ciliate, half the length of corolla tube ; corolla tube hairy.

elegans, DC., “Prod.” xi. 447 as Hranthemuwm.—Tropical West
Africa. Leaves elliptic, acuminate at both ends; short-petioled,
up to 9 inches by 2}; spikes terminal, strobiliform, about 6 inches
long by 1 inch broad; bracts laxly overlapping, 1 inch long by
} inch broad, acute, shining, glabrous ; sepals } inch, softly hairy ;

corolla orange-yellow, tube 14 inch; lobes 34 inch, obovate.
Common in cultivation.

parviflora, Lindley (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1846 as Hranthemum).—
Sierra Leone. Leaves obovate to lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, 45 by 14 inches ; petioles very short ; spikes axillary ; flower-
heads short, ovoid, imbricate, 1 inch in diameter; bracts 3 inch :
sepals 1 inch, ciliate; corolla yellow; tube slender, 1} inch

— ee ee ee a

at apne 4) eee A. 4 F<

ah

=
Ry

ACANTHACEAE. 81

long ; lobes obovate, 3 inch, bent all to one side. Syn. L. longi-
flora, L. hispida.

Dida cathis. —A genus of botanical interest only.
cristata, Willd., “Sp. Pl.” iii. 400—India. A small procumbent

plant. Leaves linear or oblong, sessile, 1 inch by } inch; inflor-
escence subradical, globose ; bracts elliptic or obovate, spinulose ;
corolla small, 4 inch, white with purple spots on the palate. Only
of botanical interest.

Pobeguinii, Bull, “Mus. d’Hist. Naturelle Paris,’ 1895, 64.—

Upper Guinea. A curious plant, with Lycopodium-like stems
8 inches high, growing in tufts; flowers dark purple, at the
base of the stems. A botanical curiosity.

Libonia floribunda=Jacobinia paucifiora..
Otacanthus.—A genus very closely allied to Ruellia.
coeruleus (fig. “ Fl. des Serres,” t. 1526)—Brazil. Leaves elliptic,

serrate, 3-4 inches long by about 2 inches broad ; flowers solitary
from the upper axils; calyx 5-sepalled, 4 setaceous, the dorsal
one foliaceous; corolla hypocrateriform, tube elongate, cylindric,
arcuate, limb flat, bilabiate, the lobes rotundate, subequal, large,
spreading.

Paulowilhelmia
togoensis, Lindau, “ Eng. Jahrb.” xvii. 105; (fig. “ Gard. Chron.”

1889, vi. p. 749, fig. 106)—Abyssinia. Stems viscid upwards;
leaves truncate and subcordate at the base; panicles terminal,
cymose ; the cymes lax, 2 inches long; calyx nearly 1 inch long;
corolla deep bright blue, tube up to 3 inches long, linear, inflated
upwards, lobes 5. Syn. P. speciosa, N. E. Brown, “ Gard. Chron.”
1889, vi. p. 740, fig. 105, not Hochst.

A rare and interesting plant, prized for its beautiful blue
flowers.

Peristrophe
lanceolaria, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 114; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”

t. 5566).—-India and Burma at no elevation. Leaves lanceolate,
nearly glabrous ; panicles with erect branches, glandular pubescent ;
bracts = inch, linear; corolla 12 inch, purple, tube long, slender.
Syn. Justicia lanceolaria.

salicifolia, Hassk., “Cat. Hort. Bog.” Alt. 152.—Java. Leaves

narrow, elliptic, obscurely crenated, glabrous, streaked with yellow
along midrib and veins; peduncles axillary, short cymose, few-
flowered, with linear bracteoles much longer than the calyx;
flowers small pink.

A tropical weed, sometimes grown for its prettily coloured leaves.
The latter, however, often revert to their original green colour, and
then it is not worth growing.

speciosa, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 113; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”

t. 2722).— Himalayas, up to 5,000 feet elevation. Leaves elliptic,
acute, nearly glabrous, oblong, obtuse, floral leaves large, 1-2 inches,
so that the flower clusters often appear terminal or axillary,
subcapitate rather than panicled; bracts linear-oblong, 2 inch;

VOL. XXXIV. G

82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

corolla 13 inch, purplish-pink, tube slender, limb deeply 2-lipped.
Syn. Justicia speciosa.

A much-grown winter-flowering stove plant. To flower well
it should be rested at the end of the summer and be placed in the
open air for three weeks or so.

Petalidium
barlerioides, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 82 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 4053).—India, up to 8,000 feet elevation. Undershrub ; leaves
ovate, crenate, hoary or dusky, puberulous; peduncles axillary,
solitary ; bracteoles ? inch, reticulated, becoming scarious ; corolla
campanulate, pale blue or white, tube ventricose from nearly the
base, 1 inch long.
Phaylopsis : ,
parviflora (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 24388). A plant of botanical interest
only.
Phlogacanthus.— Handsome shrubs.
asperulus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 99; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 2845 as Justicia quadrangularis).—Assam. Shrubby, erect.
Leaves elliptic, glabrous, serrate upwards; panicles linear, sub-
thyrsoid, terminal, 4 inches long, somewhat pubescent; bracts and
calyx very small; flowers purple, yellow-marked ; corolla 3 inch,
funnel-shaped, the tube being suddenly curved and inflated at the
summit. Syn. Justicia asperula, Lodd. “ Bot. Cab.” t. 1681. See
also “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1840.
curvifiorus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.”’ iii. 99 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 8783).—Khasia and Burma up to 4,000 feet elevation. Shrub.
Leaves elliptic, nearly glabrous; thyrse villous, 8 inches long,
short-peduncled ; flowers villous, nearly 2 inches long, red, tube
curved, scarcely widened upwards. Much cultivated in Indian
gardens and about temples. |
guttatus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 99; (fig. “ Bot. Reg.”
t. 1334).—Khasia, up to 4,000 feet elevation. Leaves elliptic,
glabrous ; panicles 6 inches long, terminal, solitary or 2-3 together,
slightly pubescent; flowers pubescent; corolla # inch, 2-lipped ;
upper lip suberect, shortly 2-lobed, yellow; lower 3-lobed, green,
purple-spotted.
Porphyrocoma
lanceolata, Scheidw. in “Journ. Hort. Prat.” iii. p. 72; (fig. “ Bot.
Mag.” t. 4176).—Brazil. Erect herb. Leaves sessile, elliptic ;
spikes cone-like, terminal ; flowers purple, with large red imbricated
bracts. Syn. Dianthera Pohliana.

A showy plant, rather common in cultivation.

Rhinacanthus.—A genus only of botanical interest.
communis, DC., “ Prod.’’ xi. 442 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 8325).—India.
Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, up to 4 inches long by 1} inch
broad; panicle terminal or axillary, large, spreading, ‘dusky-
pubescent, 3-cleft ; flowers often clustered; bracts and bracteoles
very small; calyx pubescent; corolla-tube 1 inch long, narrow,
the three lower lobes of the limb each twice as broad as the

ACANTHACEAE. 83

shortly bifid upper. Syn. Justicia nasuta. Very much cultivated
in India as a medicinal plant.

Ruellia. A large genus with many interesting stove species. Some make
very handsome pot plants, such as formosa, Herbstw, macrantha, -
macrophylla, which are often seen in our stoves; others are well
worth growing in large establishments, whilst several are of not
much more than botanical interest. Two species, ciliosa and
strepens, are hardy, or nearly so—a very rare character in this
order.

acutangula, Nees, in “Mart. Fl.” xxi. (1838), 11; Deibl..61 ;
(fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 6382).—Rio, in shady forests. A large herb.
Leaves 6-8 inches, elliptic, acuminate; flowers sessile, large,
2 inches long, scarlet, on a dichotomously branched peduncle with
a flower in the fork; calyx cylindric, } inch long; corolla-tube
1-1} inch long, slightly curved, 2 inches in diameter, sometimes
yellow in the throat; lobes oblong. Common in cultivation.

var. hirsuta. Stems densely hirsute.

affinis = speciosa.

amoena, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. 203.—South America. Leaves
broadly elliptic, entire or very obscurely scalloped, glabrous on
both sides, lower ones up to 7 inches by 3 inches; petioles
1 inch; peduncles axillary, 4 inches long and then bracteated
and eymose ; calyx 4 inch, segments 5, filiform, one longer than
the others; corolla tubular, crimson, yellow-streaked inside,
13 inch long, curved, the lower cylindric portion very short
(; inch), then suddenly ventricose and sack-like, but laterally
compressed, limb of 5 very short erect lobes. Rather common
in cultivation, flowers all the year round, and sows itself.

Baikiei, Woodr., “ Gard. India,” ed. v. 417 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5111).
—WNiger, West Africa. Herbaceous, 2-3 feet. Leaves large, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; panicles terminal, much-branched, forming
a large head with copious bracts and bracteoles; flowers crimson ;
calyx small, segments 5, linear; corolla about 2 inches long;
tube curved, trumpet-like, ventricose from above the middle.

Blumei, Steud., “Nom.” ed. ii. p. 480.—Java. Leaves about
4 inches long, narrow-oblong, rounded at the apex, gradually
attenuated at base, very scabrous, margins crenulate; spikes
axillary, a little shorter than the leaves, few-flowered; flowers
small, whitish, the lobes pink-tipped ; corolla 2 inch long, lower
half of tube narrow, cylindric, then very suddenly funnel-shaped.

A rather pretty pot plant when well in flower, but scarcely of
more than botanical interest. Introduced to our stoves from the
Jardin des Plantes, Paris. It sows itself very readily.

ciliatiflora, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 8718).—Buenos Ayres.
Stem herbaceous, scabrous; leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, hairy ;
panicles terminal, leafless, few-flowered ; flowers lavender ; calyx
segments long, subulate, one much longer than the others ; corolla-
tube 1 inch, curved, enlarging upwards, lobes 1 inch across.
A very fine species. .
Ga 2

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ciliosa, Pursh., “ Fl. Amer. Sep.” ii. 420.—North America. Hardy
plant. Leaves oblong or oval, almost sessile; flowers blue,
2 inches long; corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx. Syn.
Dipteracanthus ciliosus.

Devosiana, Hort. Makoy ex Morr (fig. “Belg. Rev. Hort.”
(1877), 19).—Brazil. Leaves narrow lanceolate, toothed, purple
underneath, main veins and midrib above white-banded ; flowers
axillary, white, rose-tinted ; corolla-tube at first narrow cylindric,
then suddenly ventricose and bent at middle.

A pretty foliage plant.

Dipteracanthus, Hemsl., “Biol. Cent. Amer. Bot.’ ii. 584.—Vera
Cruz, 2,000 feet elevation. Low-spreading herb. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, running into a long petiole at the base, hirsute ;
flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile; bracteoles linear, obtuse;
calyx segments linear, attenuated ; corolla 15 inch long, purple;
tube curved, the lower 1 inch narrow cylindric, then expanding
upwards ; lobes large, 1} inch across. .

This species has fine showy flowers if well fed when coming
into bud. It is very effective when several plants are grown in a
pan together.

elegans = Hemigraphis latebrosa.

formosa, Andr., “ Bot. Rep.” t. 610; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 1400).—
Brazil. Leaves petioled, ovate, acute, shortly hairy ; peduncles
axillary, three times length of leaves, somewhat branched at the
apex, 2-8-flowered ; flowers showy, scarlet; bracts linear-lanceo-
late ; corolla-tube 14 inch long.

A very useful stove plant; flowers freely; sows itself in the
stove. .

fulgida, And., “Bot. Rep.” t. 527.—Colombia.. Leaves petioled,
ovate, acute, pilose, crenate; peduncles axillary and terminal with
heads of small red flowers which are narrow trumpet-shaped ;
calyx of five linear segments ; corolla-tube 3 inch, limb of five
unequal lobes.

Not a showy species.

Herbstii, Hiern., “ Kjoeb Vid. Med.” 1877, 75; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 5156).—Brazil. An erect plant. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
sinuate, serrated, purplish beneath ; flowers three to five together
in axillary, sessile fascicles, 3} inches long, pale rose; calyx
reddish, { inch long; corolla-tube in the lower 2 inches narrow
cylindric, then abruptly bent and enlarging upwards; limb of
5 short equal lobes. Syn. Dipteracanthus Herbstit.

A pretty stove species, the flowers with their very long tubes
are striking ; very easily grown and flowers well.

latebrosa = Hemigraphis latebrosa.

lilacina = Ruellia Schaueriana.

longifolia, Rich. in “Act. Soc. Hist. Nat.” Part 1 (1792), 110.—
Brazil.—Glabrous. Leaves oblong: lanceolate or oblong, attenuated
at both ends, repand or denticulate; peduncles axillary, shorter
than the leaves, bifid, many-flowered ; flowers vermilion ; lobes
retuse,

ACANTHACEAE. 85

This I have not seen. It is probably not now in cultivation,
See Nicholson’s “ Dict.,” vol. ili. p. 338.

Lorentziana, Gris. in “ Goet. Abh.’’ xxiv. (1879), 259; (fig. “ Rev.
Hort.”” 1902, 136).—Uruguay. rect. Stem 4-sided; leaves
entire, opposite, decussate, oval, subcordate or attenuate at base,
acuminate at apex, 3-4 inches long, somewhat scabrous beneath ;
panicle terminal, loose, about 6 inches long; heads 3-flowered ;
flowers violet blue; calyx segments narrow, glandular; corolla
infundibuliform, tube bent a little above the base and then ex-
panding, lobes five, large, 15 inch across.

A very pretty species in cultivation at Kew, &c., nearly allied to
R. ciliatiflora, but the leaves are not serrated.

macrantha, Nees, “ Mart. Fl. Bras.’’ ix. 87; (“ Rey. Hort.” 1881,
t. 410), “Bot. Mag.” t. 7892.—Brazil. Leaves long lanceolate ;
flowers axillary, very large, about 34 inches long, by 2} inches
across the lobes, rose-coloured with veined throat, tube narrow at
the base, gradually expanding upwards.

The finest of all the species. There is a very good figure of it in
the “ Garden”’ yol. xxxi. (1887), p. 604, which shows what a
beautiful species it is. This was drawn in my garden by Miss
Lowe, the daughter of the celebrated gardener Dr. Lowe. Cut-
tings taken between April and July flower better the next winter
and early spring than the old plants (which may be thrown away).
To flower these well, they require a rest in the late summer and
a short period in the open air to ripen the wood. Without this
treatment the flowering is often very unsatisfactory, whereas the
other species flower without any special attention in this way.

macrophylla, Vahl, “ Symb. Bot.” ii. 72, t. 89; (fig. ‘“ Bot. Mag.”
t. 4448) ; “Bot. Reg.” 32, t. 7.—Santa Marta, Colombia, Leaves
opposite, petioled, ovate, acuminate, sinuate, or slightly toothed ;
panicles axillary, spreading, subsecund; corolla bright scarlet,
tube about 3 inches long, curved, broader upwards, laterally com-
pressed, limb large, lobes reflexed. Syn. Stemonacanthus macro-
phyllus.

A very fine species exceedingly like A. amoena in habit and in
its laterally compressed flowers, but the corolla tube is very long,
whilst in amoena it is short. This species is rare in cultivation
(amoena very common); it flowers profusely without any special
attention ; it seeds well. (Attention might be given to hybridising
some of these Ruellias.) Cuttings should constantly be put in, as
old plants soon get unsightly.

Makoyana, Hort. Makoy ex Closon (fig. “Rev. Hort.’ (1815),
109).—Brazil. Leaves olive-green, shaded with violet above,
purple beneath; flowers solitary, axillary and terminal, rosy-
carmine, tube long, ventricose upwards from a contracted base.

A low-spreading very pretty species, best grown in a pas; foliage
very attractive.

paniculata, L. “ Sp. Pl.” 635 ; (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” t. 585).—Jamaica.
Leaves chides: oval, pubescent; peduncles axillary, dichotomous ;
flowers bluish-purple; calyx segments 5, linear; corolla funnel-

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

shaped, + inch long, tube curved and suddenly bent at the
middle. Called ‘Christmas Pride’ in Jamaica, as it flowers at
that season. .

Pearcei, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 5648).—Bolivia. Erect, glabrous
under shrub. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, crenate,
purple underneath; peduncles axillary, spreading, few-flowered ;
bracts linear; calyx } inch; segments 5, linear; flowers scarlet,
24 inches long, erect, tube slender, slightly curved, very gradually
dilated upwards, lobes rather small, recurved.

persicifolia (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” ii. t. 955) = Strobilanthes aniso-
phyllus.

Portellae, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 6498).—Brazil. A small
low-spreading plant. Leaves petioled, small, elliptic-ovate, purple
beneath ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, rose-coloured, 14 inch
long; tube slender, dilated above the middle; limb flat, 1 inch
in diameter ; sepals } inch long.

Common in cultivation. It is best grown in a pan.

pulchella = pubicaulis.

Purdieana, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4298).—Jamaica. Leaves
petioled, ovate, acuminate; flowers large, crimson, terminal in
pairs, each with a very large pair of bracteoles ; corolla-tube much
elongated, limb of 5 waved lobes. See also Paxton’s “ Mag. of Bot.”
xvi. p. 129. |

rosea, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 220, as Ophthalmacanthus roseus, Hemsl.
* Biol. Cent. Amer. Bot.” ii. 607.—South Mexico, 5,000 feet eleva-
tion. A very hirsute plant with angled stems; leaves ovate, obtuse,
about 1 inch long, on a short petiole; peduncle 2-leaved towards
the apex, 1-flowered ; flower sessile; calyx 5-parted, glandular-
tomentose; corolla 2 inches long, rose-coloured. ,

rubicaulis, Cay. ‘“ Ic.’’ vy. 417.—Mexico. This is mentioned in the
Kew Hand List for 1899, p. 601. I have never seen it in cultiva-
tion. It is only of botanical interest. The plant now growing
under this name at Kew is Ruellia acutangula, var. hirsuta.

Sabiniana, “ Bot. Reg.” xv. t. 1238 = Strobilanthes Sabinianus.

Schaueriana, DC., “Prod.” xi. 119; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4147, as
Ruellia lilacina).—Brazil. Leaves opposite, ovate, shining; flowers
axillary, sessile, lilac-coloured and veined; bracts two, large, leaf-
like, on very short petioles, 1 inch long, # inch broad ; corolla-tube
very long, funnel-shaped, curved, bent below the middle; limb of
five rounded lobes. See also “ Bot. Reg.’ xxxii. 45. Common in
cultivation.

solitaria, Vell., “Fl. Flum.” 266, vi. t. 95; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 5106, as Dipteracanthus calvescens); “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4866, as
Strobilanthes lactatus.—Brazil. Leaves opposite, about 2 inches
long, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, sometimes blotched
with white down the middle ; flowers solitary or twin, nearly sessile ;
bracts smaller and narrower than in R. Schaweriana; corolla
lavender-blue, tube long, funnel-shaped, the lower half white ;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, larger than the calyx ; calyx 5-parted,
subulate.

ACANTHACEAE, 87

speciosa, Nees, in “ Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 80; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t.
5414, as R. affinis).—Brazil. Leaves oval, petioled ; flowers axillary,
solitary, very large, scarlet, infundibuliform ; corolla-tube funnel-
shaped, 84 inches. In the way of macrantha. Syn. Dipteracanthus
affinis. A very fine species.

spectabilis, Nichols., “Dict. Gard.’’ iii. 834; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 4494).—Peru. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate, acuminate, attenuate
at the base, ciliate at margin and slightly hairy above; flowers
very large, purplish-blue, marked with dark veins, twin in the
axils; calyx deeply divided; corolla-tube funnel-shaped, curved,
834 inches long, lobes 5, large, rounded. Syn. Dipterocarpus
spectabilis. A very fine, large-flowering species.

strepens, L., “Sp. Pl.” 634.—North America. Leaves ovate to
obovate-oblong, subrepand, decurrent on to the petiole; peduncles
axillary, 1-8 or more flowered, bracteoles oval, oblong, equalling
the calyx ; calyx segments lanceolate-linear, acute, ciliate ; corolla
large, tube elongate, infundibuliform, a little longer than the calyx,
limb purplish.

Well suited for a basket or large pan ; a very pretty object when
well pinned down, flowering as it does from every axil.

tuberosa, L., “Sp. Pl.” 615.—Central America and West Indies.
A tomentose herb. Root consisting of several fleshy tubers;
flowers large, 1-2 on axillary or terminal, long peduncles;
calyx segments long, filiform, as long as the lower cylindric
portion of the corolla-tube; corolla nearly 2 inches long, tube
cylindric below, funnel-shaped upwards. |

The two following species might well be introduced :—
angustior, Nees.—Brazil. A very fine species with a terminal head
of large crimson flowers.
subringens, Nees.—Rio. Very fine large crimson flowers, cultivated
in the Grenada Botanical Garden.
Ruellia superba, Hort., of the Kew List of Tender Dicotyledons
(1899) is not, as far as I have been able to find out, a published
name. The plant is not now known at Kew.
Rungia
eriostachya, Bull, “Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris’ (1905), 62.—
Upper Guinea. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3 inches
long; spikes crowded; bracts and calyces with long white hairs ;
flowers white and yellow.
Like other plants of this genus only of botanical interest.
Ruttya
ovata, DC., “Prod.” xi. 809; (fig. “ Thes. Cap.” vol. ii. p, 144).—
South Africa, Leaves ovate, acuminate, tapering into the very
short-winged petiole, up to 5 inches by 2 inches; spikes terminal,
strobiliform, ovate-oblong, densely many-flowered, bracteolate ;
bracts subulate; calyx segments subulate, very long; corolla
bright red, bilabiate, the upper lip erect, flat, slightly bifid, lower
deflexed, 3-lobed. A pretty shrub.

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sanchezia

longiflora, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 5588); “Fl. des Serres,”
t. 2460.—Guayaquil. Leaves ample, oblong to lanceolate;
panicles branched, elongate, drooping, purple-coloured ; flowers
2 inches long, tubular, and with the calyx and pedicels of a rich
purple colour. Syn. Ancylogyne longiflora.

nobilis, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 5594); “Flor. des Serres,” t.
2437.—Ecuador. Shrub. Leaves up to 9 inches long, oblong
to lanceolate ; flowers in an erect, terminal, dense panicle with
purple branches ; bracts red, 14 inch long, each pair enclosing
about 10 flowers ; corolla yellow, 2 inches long, cylindric, curved.

var. glaucophylla.—Leaves glaucous-green, striped with
yellow. This variety is very much grown, more for its beautifully
coloured foliage than for its flowers.

parvibracteata, Sprague & Hutch. in “Kew Bull.” for 1908.—
Allied to S. nobilis, but petioles not winged, bracts smaller,
flowers fewer, staminodes larger. Received at Kew from the
Perideniya Gardens in Ceylon.

Schaueria

calycotricha, Nees, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 316 ; (fig. Hook. “ Exotic Fl.”
t. 212).—Brazil. Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous, scarcely acumi-
nate, long-petioled; thyrse terminal, subspicate; flowers yellow,
about as long as the calyx segments; calyx and bracts yellowish-
green, puberulous ; corolla tube slender, 14 inch long, pubescent,
upper lip entire. Syn. Justicia calycotricha.

flavicoma, Lindley, “ Bot. Reg.” t. 1027; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 2816,
as calycotricha) ; Lcdd. “ Bot. Cab.” t. 1921.— Leaves lanceolate,
very acuminate, short-petioled, minutely downy, the midrib and
main veins very pale-coloured or whitish; panicles terminal
furnished with numerous, peculiar, hair-like processes; bracts
and calyx shorter than corolla; calyx white with gland-tipped
hairs ; corolla smooth, 2-lipped, upper lip emarginate.

These two species have been very much confused. They are
perhaps only varieties of one.

Stenandrium

igneum = Chamaeranthemum igneum.,

Lindenii, N. E. Brown (fig. “ Ill. Hort.” (1891), t. 186).—Brazil and
Peru. A dwarf foliage plant. Leaves opposite, elliptic-obovate,
obtuse, dark green, shaded lighter towards the centre, the main
veins yellow ; spikes cylindric, erect ; flowers yellow.

S. Beeckmannianum, “Ill. Hort.’ (1892), t. 166, and
Goosensianum, “Ill. Hort.’’ (1893), t.-168, are garden hybrids.
The latter has leaves variegated with green and yellow and
margined with brown.

Strobilanthes, Blume.—The name given in allusion to the inflores-
cence, which often resembles a strobile or fir-cone. A very large
genus of nearly 200 species, most abundant in the damper and
denser mountain forests of India, Burma, and Ceylon, from the
plains up to high elevations. They are often gregarious, and one
can walk through acres and acres of the same species forming

,

ACANTHACEAE. 89

the entire undergrowth below large forest trees. There are about
sixty species in Southern India and Ceylon alone; all or nearly all
of these have been figured in Wight’s “Icones”’ or in my “Icones.”’
They are mostly rather large shrubs, many have very beautiful
flowers, others very curious ones, all are interesting, and I think
I may say it is the most exciting genus in the order to the
botanist in India. Most of these forest species do not flower
till they reach maturity, at seven or eight years of age; they
then die down and leave acres of bare dead stems; the next
rainy season they come up again thickly from seed. Dying
immediately after flowering, and probably not seeding in this
country, they would never become popular plants here, but it
would be a most interesting genus for botanical gardens to take
up and experiment on. They all grow most readily from cuttings,
which would travel well in damp moss (now the communication
with India is so rapid) ; they also grow readily from seed. Some
few of the forest species flower annually and do not die after
flowering. The species found on the open grasslands at the
higher elevations also flower more or less every year and are
perennial.

S. amabilis, Clarke, “Fl. Brit. India,” vol. iv. p. 476; figured
in Wight’s “ Icones,”’ t. 1507, as Leptacanthus Walkeri—a species
found about Sispara on the Nilgiri Mountains—flowers annually
and does not die down after flowering; it is, I think, the most
beautiful species in the order, being perfectly gorgeous when in
flower. It has never been introduced into this country, and efforts
should be made to procure it; it would cause quite a sensation at
a flower show. §. puleherrimus (Anderson, “Fl. Brit. Ind.”
iy. p. 475), a closely allied plant found at the higher elevations in
Ceylon, also flowers, I believe, annually, and is only second in
beauty to amabilis, and might also be introduced. §S. rubi-
cundus, described in the same place (fig. Bedd. “Ic. Pl. Ind. Or.”
t. 199), found in Wynad and Coorg at 2,000-8,000 feet elevation,
also flowers annually. It, also, would well repay introduction as a
very beautiful plant. All three of these belong to the paniculate
section in the genus, and are quite smothered with flower when in
bloom.

Dyerianus, isophyllus, coloratus, and flaccidifolius are
the species most often met with in our stoves. The two former
should be grown in all hothouses; the other species given below
are fairly common. I have seen them all in cultivation, and have
grown most of them.

alatus, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. 194; (fig. “ Gartenfl.” t. 1243, as
S. attenuatus).—Himalayas, Kashmir, &c., 6,000—10,000 feet eleva-
tion. Leaves petioled, ovate, acute; spikes in terminal panicles;
bracts caducous, narrow-oblong; flowers all distant, 14 inch long,
purple, tube ventricose from a short constricted base. Syn.
Strobilanthes attenuatus, “ Gartenfl.” t. 1248; S. reflexus, Nees.
anisophyllus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iti. 88 ; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”’
t. 3404).—Khasia Hills, 1,000-4,000 feet elevation. Leaves very

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

unequal, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, otherwise as in isophyllus.
Syn. Ruellia persicifolia, “ Bot. Reg.’ xii. t. 955.

auriculatus, Nees in “ Wall.-Pl. As. Rar.’’ iii. 69; (fig. Bedd. “Te.
Pl. Ind. Or.” t. 210).—Central India, in the lasan Leaves sessile,
auriculate ; spikes strobiliform, linear, oblong, velvety, 3-4 inchel
long ; bracts obovate, obtuse; flowers 1 inch, pale purple, tube
curved.

callosus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 85; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 7538).—Central India. Leaves elliptic, acuminate; spikes
strobiliform, more or less cymose, up to 4 inches long; bracts
nearly 1 inch long, orbicular or elliptic ; corolla 15 inch long, blue,
tube ventricose upwards.

coloratus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’ iii. 89; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 6922).—Sikkim, 2,000—4,000 feet elevation. , Leaves elliptic,
caudate at apex, serrate, glabrous, purplish beneath; panicles
spreading, loose, capillary, very compound, leafless and bractless ;
bracts elliptic, early caducous ; corolla 15 inch, delicate pale blue,
tube ventricose.

consanguineus, Nees, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 104; (fig. Bedd. “Ice. Pl. Ind.
Or.” t. 216).—South Indian mountains, up to 5,000 feet elevation.
Leaves ovate, acute, long-petioled, entire or crenate; spikes
3-4 inches, filiform, simple or branched, glabrous or hirsute;
flowers white or pale blue, 3 inch long; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous or hirsute; corolla ventricose from a contracted base ;
stamens 2 only. Mr. Clarke makes two varieties, but to me
(I have gathered quantities in various localities) it is all one
slightly variable species.

cuspidatus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.”’ iii. 99 ; (fig. Bedd. “Ic. Pl.
Ind. Or.’’ t. 221).—S. India, mountains 4,000 to 7,000 feet eleva-
tion. Leaves ovate, long-petioled, white, silky underneath ; spikes
linear-oblong, 3 inches long ; bracts elliptic, 2 inch ; corolla 1 inch,
blue-purple, nearly glabrous; stamens 2 only.

Dalhousianus, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. 174; (fig. Wight, “Ic.”
t. 1509).— Himalayas, 6,000—-8,000 feet elevation. Leaves elliptic ;
flowers in capitate heads; bracts small, caducous; corolla 2 inches
long, glabrous, purple. I have had this in cultivation for many
years, raised from Indian seed; it flowers well every summer.
See Collett, “Fl. Siml.” p. 373.

Dyerianus, Mast., “Gard. Chron.” 1893, i. 442; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 7574).—Penang. Leaves ovate, acuminate, richly coloured with
bright rosy-purple all over the centre of the leaf; spikes axillary,
small; flowers pale blue, 14 inch long, funnel-shaped. Generally
grown for its very lovely coloured leaves. Young rooted cuttings
in small pots are most effective. It is a weedy-looking plant
when it grows large and flowers, as it then loses the colour in
its leaves. Young plants should be constantly reared in the propa-
gating frame, the old plants being thrown away. It is scarcely
worth growing for its flowers; it flowers annually. See also
“Jour. of Hort,’ xxvi. p. 859, t. 66,

ACANTHACEAE. 91

flaccidifolius, Nees in DC. “Prod.” xi. 194; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 6947).—Assam, Burma, 1,000 to 4,000 feet elevation. Glabrous.
Leaves elliptic; spikes forming rather dense panicles; flowers
many, remote, 2 inches long, purple; tube curved; bracts
petioled, ovate, deciduous.

glomeratus, Nees, DC. “ Prod.” xi. 173; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 3881,
as Goldfussia glomerata)—Khasia Hills and Burma, 1,000 to
3,500 feet elevation. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, hairy; flowers
capitate, the heads 14 inch lohg; bracts persistent, 1 inch, her-
baceous, softly hairy; corolla about 2 inches, purple, ventricose
upwards from a cylindric base.

var. speciosus, “ Bot. Mag.” +t. 4767.

gossypinus, Anders., “Jour. Linn. Soc.” ix. 466; (fig. Bedd. “Ic.
Pl. Ind. Or.” t. 198).—Sispara, on the Nilgiris, 5,000 feet elevation.
Stems, under surface of leaves, and inflorescence densely covered
with creamy-white cottony down ; spikes axillary, simple or ternate ;
bracts lanceolate,-obtuse ; corolla 1} inch, ventricose above from
a short-curved cylindric base ; stamens only 2. See “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 7790.

I had this in cultivation for some years, raised from seed
brought from India; it was also in cultivation at Kew. Small
rooted cuttings were very effective in small pots only for the foliage.
The leaves are densely silky above when young, though nearly
glabrous in age. The densely woolly stems and under surface of the
leaves make it very attractive. When after eight or ten years my
old plants flowered, they died without seeding, and all the cuttings
behaved in the same way. It is also, I believe, lost at Kew,
probably in the same manner.

isophyllus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’’ iii. 88; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 43868). Syn. Goldfussia isophylla.—Khasia Hills, and much
cultivated in India. Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous ; flower-
heads terminal, numerous, small-cymed, 4 inch in diameter,
1—4-flowered ; bracts elliptic, obtuse, caducous; corolla 1 inch,
pale blue, tube curved, cylindric, base much shorter than the
ventricose portion, lobes short, round. Very common in our
conseryatories. It should be raised every spring from cuttings,
as these grow away rapidly and flower better than the old plants ;
it flowers more freely if rested about August or September and
placed in the open air for three weeks.

Kunthianus, Nees in “Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 83; (fig. Wight,
“Jc.” t. 448).—Nilgiris, 5,000—-7,500 feet elevation. Leaves
elliptic, serrate, rigid, strongly nerved beneath; spikes 3 inches
long, hairy; bracts 4 inch, ovate; flowers 1 inch, bluish, tube
ventricose from near the base; stamens 2 only.

Micholitzii, “Gard. Chron.” (1907), xli. p. 246.—Sumatra. A
half shrubby plant, 4 feet. Stem 4-angled; leaves lanceolate,
6 by 2 inches, one much larger than the other ; petiole
1 inch; racemes axillary, numerous, cone-like, about # inch;
bracts rounded, white, green-tipped; flowers white, shortly
exserted from the cone. Lately introduced by F. Sander.

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Sabinianus, Nees in “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.’ iii. 86; (fig. “‘ Bot. Reg.”
t. 1238). Syn. Ruellia Sabiniana.—Khasia Hills, 1,000-4,000 feet
elevation. Leaves petioled, broadly elliptic, serrate, upper ones
often sessile, cordate ; spikes strobiliform, linear, pubescent, 4 inches
long, mostly solitary; bracts obovate, obtuse, } inch; corolla
1} inch, nearly glabrous, lavender, tube curved, ventricose -
upwards from a very short curved cylindric base. See also
“ Bot. Mag.” t. 8517. Not uncommon in cultivation. :

scaber, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” ii. 84; (fig. “ Bot. Reg.” xxvii.
t. 832).—North India and Burma, in the plains. Leaves elliptic, acu- :
minate, scabrous; spikes dense, often clustered, 2 inches long,
hairy ; bracts lanceolate, 1 inch long, hairy ; corolla 1 inch, yellow, :
hairy inside, ventricose from a cylindric base; lobes rounded. .

sessilis, ‘Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 85; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 8902);
Wight, “Ic.” t. 1511.—Nilgiris, higher ranges. Leaves sessile, —
ovate, acute, hairy ; spikes cylindric, strobiliform, 1—2 inches, short-
peduncled, axillary and terminal ; bracts large, ovate, 2 inch ; corolla
1} inch, purple, nearly straight, ventricose from a cylindric base ; :
flowers annually. S. sessiloides, Wight, “Ic.” t. 1512, is the same —
plant or a slight variety.

Thomsonit = Wallichii.

Wallichii, Nees, “ Wall. Pl. As. Rar.” iii. 87; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 5119).— Himalayas, 7,000-11,000 feet. Leaves petioled, elliptic,
acuminate, nearly glabrous, upper ones sessile, cordate; spikes lax,
1-sided, 6 inches long, often flexuose; flowers solitary or paired,
lower bracts often large leaf-like; corolla 1} inch, blue, nearly
straight, ventricose upwards from .acylindric base. Syn. Goldfussia
Thomsonu.

The four following species were raised from Indian seed by
Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea, and sent out by him in 1868. They may be
still in cultivation, but I have not seen any of them except in the
herbarium.

divaricatus, DC., “Prod.” xi. 176.—Himalayas, 3,000-9,000 feet
elevation. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, glabrous, serrulate ; spikes —
axillary and terminal, very lax, divaricate ; flowers distant; bracts
small, caducous ; corolla 14 inch, purple, tube curved, ventricose.

inflatus, Anders., “ Jour. Linn. Soe.” ix. 476.—Sikkim, 5,000-8,000
feet elevation. Villous. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, serrate, hairy
on both sides ; spikes 1-8 inches, villous, flexuose or twisted and
1-sided ; lower bracts leaf-like, upper spathulate ; flowers 1} inch,
funnel-shaped, much curved, pubescent outside.

pectinatus, Wall., “Cat.’’ No. 2856; Anders. “ Jour. Linn. Soc.”
ix. 474.—Himalayas, 4,000—-7,500 feet elevation. Leaves elliptic,
acuminate, serrate, rather hairy, villous beneath; spikes capitate,
short-peduncled, ellipsoid, heads 1 inch, hairy; bracts 1 inch,
ovate, truncate, or pectinate; corolla about 2 inches, pale purple,
wide funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous.

secundus, Anders., “ Jour. Linn. Soc.” ix. 480.—Assam. Leaves
elliptic, nearly glabrous ; spikes 1 foot long, lax, whip-like, sparingly
branched ; flowers distant in opposite pairs ; bracts petioled, ovate,

© ay lt,” Cy oe

ACANTHACEAE. 93

deciduous; corolla 14 inch, pubescent, yellow, with a brownish
tube, tube curved upwards, base cylindric.
Strobilorhachis prismaticus = Aphelandra Hydromestus.
Thunbergia, L.—This is about the only genus in the order with
climbing species ; other genera yield scandent or straggling plants
(such as Asystasia scandens and Adhatoda cydoniaefolia), but not
true climbers. All the species have beautiful flowers and are great
favourites in our conservatories and stoves.
affinis, S. Moore, “Jour. Bot.” xviii. (1888) 5; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 6975).—Tropical Africa. Stem quadrangular, rambling ; leaves
elliptic, entire, short-petioled ; flowers subsolitary, corolla violet,
tube yellow, curved above the base. The figure in “ Bot. Mag.” is
the variety pulvinata. Closely allied to erecta.
alata, Hook., “Ex. Fl.” t. 177; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 2191 and t.
3512).—Tropical Africa; cultivated and run wild in India. Softly
villous. Leaves ovate, cordate, petioles winged; calyx 12-cleft;
corolla 14 inch, the tube curved, limb campanulate. There are
several varieties only differing in the colour of the flowers: yellow,
yellow with black eye, orange or dark yellow, the same with black
eye, pure white. This is a very showy greenhouse climber, and
should be grown by everyone possessing a conservatory ; it answers
well in very small pots. It is annual, and should be sown early
in the spring ; it makes a show all the summer. See also “ Flor.
des Serres,”’ fig. 415.
angulata, Hilsenb. & Boj. ex Hook. “Exot. Fl.” iii. t. 166.—
Madagascar. A graceful climber. Leaves broad, angularly cor-
date, on very long petioles ; flowers axillary, solitary, opposite, on
long peduncles ; bracts 2, large, ovate, 1-nerved, ciliate ; calyx cup-
shaped, multifid; corolla 1 inch long, tubular, swollen upwards,
pinkish-blue.
atriplicifolia, E. Mey. in “Dreg. Zwei Pfl. Docum.” 226.—South
Africa. Stems hirsute; leaves sessile, lower ones ovate, obtuse,
with mucro, upper oblong, acute; corolla yellow, infundibuli-
form, tube narrow, limb spreading. Allied to capensis.
Lately introduced. Not a good grower. I have not succeeded
in flowering it, though I have had it for two years.
capensis, Retz in “ Phys. Sell. Handb.” i. 1776, 163; (fig. Lodd.
“ Bot. Cab.” t. 1529).—Cape of Good Hope. Leaves nearly round,
toothed, obtuse ; petioles very short, hairy; flowers yellow; calyx
tubular-campanulate.
chrysops, Hook, (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4119).—Sierra Leone. Leaves
cordate, angular; calyx truncate; corolla campanulate, infundibuli-
form, the tube yellow, much contracted at base, limb purple;
peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
: See also “ Fl. des Serres,” 1-5; Paxton, ‘“ Bot. Mag.” t. 221.
| coccinea, Wall., “Tent. Fl. Nep.”’ 49, t. 37; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.’’
| t. 5124)—-India and Burma. Leaves elliptic, toothed ; racemes
| lax, pendent, elongate, up to 18 inches; bracts 1 inch; calyx a
rim only; flower red, tube 1 inch long. Frequently grown in
our stoves. .

94

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dregeana, Presl., “ Bot. Bemerk.” 94 ; (fig. Woods, “ Natal Plants,”
t. 280).—South Africa. Leaves cordate-ovate or hastate, toothed or
angular ; petioles up te 15 inch, not winged; bracteoles ? inch,
elliptic ; corolla yellow, tube ? inch, limb 1} inch in diameter,

erecta, Anders., “ Jour. Linn. Soc.”’ vii. (1864) 18 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 5013).—Tropical Africa. An erect stove shrub. Leaves opposite,
ovate or oblong; flowers axillary, solitary; corolla dark blue,
orange throat, yellow tube. Syn. Meyenia erecta. Constantly
met with in our stoves ; if well pruned in after flowering and given
a rest, in the autumn it flowers again freely.

var. alba.—F lowers white. ‘

fragrans, Roxb., “ Fl. Ind.’ iii. 33; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 1881).—
India, up to 7,000 feet elevation. Leaves cordate or hastate at the
base, toothed; flowers axillary, pure white, 1} inch long, on
1-3-inch pedicels ; bracteoles 3 inch, broadly falcate, oblong. A
very pretty, small, greenhouse climber. It is perennial, and
cuttings should be put in every spring to replace the old plants. :

grandiflora, Roxb., “Fl. Ind.” iii. 34 ; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 2866).—
North India. A very large climber. Leaves ovate or lanceolate,
angled and lobed; racemes densely flowered; flowers 3 inches
broad and long, blue.

var. alba.—F lowers white.

A magnificent creeper for very large houses. Unless constantly
attended to, it soon becomes a depot for mealy bug, and finishes by
being cut down and thrown away.

Hawtayneana, Wall. “ Pl. As. Rar.” ii. 52, t. 164 ; (fig. Paxt. “ Bot.

. Mag.”’ vi. t. 147).—South India hills. A nearly glabrous rambling
shrub. Leaves cordate to ovate, entire ; pedicels short, axillary,
solitary ; calyx an entire ring; bracteoles 1 inch, ovate, nerved ;
corolla 14 inch, violet-purple, tube yellowish. See also Wight,
“Tcones,”’ t. 1487. <A very beautiful plant when in flower.

Harrisi=laurifolia.

Hookeriana, Lindau, “ Engl. Jahrb.” xvii.; “ Deibl.’”’ 41, 38 ; (fig.
“Bot. Mag.” t. 6677).—East Tropical Africa. Leaves lanceolate,
entire or lobed, up to 3 inches long, short-petioled ; cymes short,
2-flowered ; corolla 14 inch long, the lobes broadly obovate, blue.
Syn. 7. Kirku,

laurifolia, Lindl., ‘‘ Gard. Chron.” (1856), 260; (fig. “ Bot. Mag.”
t. 4985 and 4998),—Malay Peninsula. Quite agreeing with
grandiflora except that the leaves are smaller, elliptic, or oblong,
and scarcely angled or lobed. See also “Fl. des Serres,’’ t.
1275; “Ill. Hort.’ (1857), t. 151; “ Gartenflora,”’ ix. 281 and
xiv. 475.

mysorensis, Wight, “Icones,” t. 871, as Hexacentris mysorensis ;
(fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4786).—Nilgiri Hills, South India. Leaves
elliptic, cuneate or rounded at base, toothed; racemes elongate,
pendent, lax; bracts inconspicuous; bracteoles 1 inch, elliptic, —
purplish-green ; corolla 14, inch, mouth 2 inches in diameter, tube —
purplish, limb yellow. A very beautiful climber, very rare in
cultivation.

ACANTHACEAE. 95

natalensis, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 5082).—South Africa. Leaves
sessile, ovate, sinuate, serrate, glabrous above; peduncles axillary,
solitary, erect, 1-flowered ; flowers handsome, blue, tube yellow,
2 inches long, curved upwards. A very fine species, common in
cultivation. Nearly hardy.

primulina, Hook. (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 7969).—Uganda, 8,000 feet
elevation. Perennial, silky-hairy. Leaves short-petioled, rhomboid,
ovate with a small lobe on each side; flowers axillary, solitary,
primrose-yellow, an orange-coloured rim round mouth of tube,
14 inch across; peduncles 4 inch; bracts ovate, oblong, nearly as
long as corolla tube; calyx very short, glandular, multifid;
corolla tube nearly cylindric, slightly curved.

Vogeliana, Benth. in Hook. “ Niger. Fl.” 476; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 53889).—Tropical Africa, Fernando Po. Leaves large, ovate or
oblong; flowers violet with yellow throat. A fine erect shrubby
species, much like erecta.

T. Wightiana, Anderson (Schmidia bicolor, Wight, “ Icones,”’
t. 1848)—a very beautiful climber found about Sispara on the
Nilgiri _Hills—has never, I believe, been introduced; it is a
beautiful species.

Thyrsacanthus
barlerioides, Nees in “ Mart. Fl. Bras.” ix. 98; (fig. “Fl. des Serres,”’

t. 986).—Minas Geraes. Stem erect, succulent. Leaves up to
9 inches by 3, sessile; thyrse terminal, subsessile, whorls about
6 inches long, many-flowered ; corolla red, 15 inch, glabrous; tube
narrow-cylindric, slightly curved, lobes ovate, obtuse; bracts 4 inch
long, subulate.

bracteolatus, Nees in DC. “Prod.” xi. 325; (fig. “Bot. Mag.”
t. 4441).—Colombia. Shrubby. Leaves 6 inches by 2, oblong-
lanceolate, long, acuminate, glabrous; thyrse short, terminal,
obtuse, pubescent ; bracts lanceolate-subulate ; corolla red, 15 inch
long, much curved, viscid-pubescent, upper lip bifid, lower 3-parted,
spreading, tube suddenly bent at an angle from about the middle,
and above this funnel-shaped.

callistachyus, Nees in DC. “Prod.” xi. 326; (fig. “Gartenfl.”
t. 1054).—Mexico. Leaves oblong, acute, wrinkled, petioled ;
spike straight, naked; sepals pubescent, acuminate; corolla red,
glabrous, glandular within, upper lip bilobed, lower one deflexed.
See also Paxton, “Fl. Garden,” ii. 53.

Lemairianus = strictus.

lilacinus = eallistachyus.

nitidus, Nees in DC. “ Prod.” xi. 327.—West Indies. Shrubby.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; racemes compressed at the base ; flowers
red, ¥ inch long, bilabiate, lobes drooping, subequal, oblong, as long
as the tube.

rutilans, Planchon (fig. “Fl. des Serres,” t. 7382); “Rev. Hort.”
1852, ser. 4, i. p. 161; “ Belg. Hort.” 1865, p. 97, f. 7,8; Paxton,

96

Warpuria |
clandestina, Stapf, “ Kew Bull.” 1908, pt. vi. p. 261—Madagascar.

Whitfieldia
lateritia, Hook. (fig. “ Bot. Mag.” t. 4155).—Sierra Leone. Stove —

Schomburgkianus, Hook., “Jour. of Bot.” iy. (1845), 636 (not

strictus, Nees, DC. “Prod.” xi. 824; (fig. “Bot. Mag.” t. 4378).—

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“Fl. Gard.” iii. 78, f. 266.—Colombia. Leaves sessile, oblong- |
lanceolate, with a long acumination at the apex, entire or
obscurely dentate ; racemes axillary and terminal, 1 foot or rather
more long, pendent; flowers crimson, solitary in the axils of the
bracts, the lower ones often twin or ternate; corolla tubular,
ventricose except quite at the base, slightly contracted at the apex, ~
lobes very small, equal, erect ; stamens included in the tube.

This species is the one most grown, and is in evidence often at
flower shows. It is a charming winter-flowering stove plant. The
easiest treatment is to put in cuttings every spring after the
plants have finished flowering ; these, if grown on in good heat
and well pinched in, flower well the next winter without any
special treatment as to rest, &c. If large plants are required the ~
old ones must be potted on into larger pots and well fed, but
without much care and attention the result is leggy and
unsightly specimens. These larger specimens are very grand
when well done.

figured).—British Guiana. This has not, I believe, been intro-
duced ; it is very closely allied to rutilans, but the corolla lobes
are larger and rather unequal, and the stamens are well exserted
beyond the corolla tube ; the leaves also are broader. There are
specimens in the Herbarium at Kew. It has been confounded
with rutilans in Nicholson’s “ Dict.”’

Honduras. Leaves oblong, acuminate, thyrse terminal, elongate,
simple, narrow, 1 foot long; bracts subulate; flowers fascicled,
red; corolla 1 inch long, lobes oblong acute. Syn. Hranthemum
coccineum, “Fl. des Serres,” t. 240; Justicia longiracemosa.

A small low herb. Leaves lanceolate, slightly scalloped, strigose
on the midrib above and margins (under the lens), veins hairy
on lower surface, of a peculiarly beautiful crystalline pale
green above, with a broad zigzag intensely black band down
each side of the midrib; inflorescence a small globular head of
very minute flowers, mixed with strigose bracts on a longish,
axillary, strigose peduncle. \

This interesting foliage plant has been recently described as &
new genus by Dr. Stapf. The leaves are exceedingly beautiful, and
in its way it is quite a gem; the flowers, which are most
insignificant, should be cut off as they appear.

shrub. Leaves opposite, ovate, subcoriaceous ; racemes terminal ;
flowers brick-red, solitary in the axils of the bracts, subcampanulate ; —
calyx brick-red, ample, half length of corolla. See also “Fl. des
Serres,’ 32. A very handsome stove shrub.

COMMONPLACE NOTES,

COMMONPLACE NOTES.

By THE SECRETARY, SUPERINTENDENT, AND EDriTor.

97

Sratistics oF IntEREST To British HortTicuLTurIsts.

Tue following statistics upon Imports of Fruits and Vegetables will be of
interest to British Horticulturists, and are a continuation of those to be
found on page 700 of volume xxix. part iv. of the Journan R.H.S.
The figures are compiled from the Board of Trade returns for 1907 :

TABLE I.—SHOWING THE IMPORTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

DURING 1905-7.

| Quantities Values
os | 1905 1906 1907 1905 | 1906 1907
FRUIT: | £ £ | £
Apples, raw . . .(ewts.) | 3,494,660 | 2,808,732 | 3,526,213 | 2,065,193 | 1,753,577 2,231,327
Apricots and Peaches, raw _,, 23,321 7,646 38,814 51,962 | 17,967 | 78,583
Bananas, raw (bunches) 5,737,914 | 6,425,704 | 6,232,188 | 1,770,256 | 1,903,639 | 1,771,095
Cherries, raw . (ewts.) 186,682 191,106 165,412 | 253,042 | 245,906 | 199,489
Currants, raw er 82,286 | 106,718 | 109,130} 94,408 | 139,773 | 142,245
Gooseberries, raw re 17,159 59,374 45,603 11,941 22,921 | 25,994
Grapes, raw 4 a 700,050 690,371 798,377 761,632 | 667,969 ; 769,301
Lemons : f: 837,028 | 849,935 | 882,233 419,049 | 440,406 | 421,599
Nuts: Almonds. ° yeas | 159,258 126,296 161,918 | 543,679 | 529,164 660,604
= other nuts, used as fruit ,, 803,697 727,260 702,598 735,691 | 683,418 749,538
Oranges oats 5,068,526 | 5,230,911 | 6,120,185 1,949,496 | 2,183,411 | 2,454,569
Pears, raw . a 417,919 | 576,573 | 500,142 407,817 | 572,274 | 478611
Plums, raw . is 480,211 | 891,113 | 325,761 | 524,673 | 758,720 | 345,720
Strawberries, raw a 29,399 52,164 44,178 | 40,120 64,777 54,186
Unenumerated, raw . = 502,097 504,345 538,465 354,143 | 388,598 | 339,462
FRUIT, DRIED:
Currants 3 — — — | 924,802 | 1,648,410 | 1,375,160
Raisins é o == = | 973,836 | 1,106,889 1,208,402
VEGETABLES, RAW : | |
Onions . ; (bushels) | 7,587,025 | 8,310,534 | 8,645,048 | 1,094,802 | 953,615 | 1,036,231
From Germany .(cwts.) 25,686 137,396 785,647 | 4,988 23,508 | 145,796
{ » France » | 1,937,262 | 1,659,868 | 2,997,389 | 621,949 | 536,449 | 853,075
Potatos/ » aed . 9 | 1,122,950 | 1,170,372 | 1,947,510 | 563,121 | 501,695 | 742,604
Other |
| ” eect | 278,892 | 852,151 | 2,518,917| 214,549) 270,876 | 680,062
Total . . : - r | 3,664,290 | 3,819,787 | 8,249,463 | 1,404,607 | 1,332,027 | 2,371,617
—_ eee oe gE
Tomatos - (ewts.) | 1,137,193 | 1,124,700 | 1,135,594 | 970,579 | 953,475 | 1,020,795
Unenumerated A 3 4 = — _- | 419,752 404,928 365,230
value £ | — | — — 202,217 233,884 233,641

FLOWERS, FRESH

Table No. 2 gives comparisons of the Imports for 1907, with the
averages of those for the six years 1902 to 1907.
VOL, XXXIV.

H

98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

TABLE I1—SHOWING THE AVERAGE OF THE LAST SIX YEARS’
IMPORTS COMPARED WITH 1907.

/
Quantities

) Values
Six years’ ix years’ eS
a sie 4 oy 1907 pest 1907
FRUIT: : Thousands ‘Thousands | in £1,000 | in £1,000
Apples, raw. ; ; ’ . (ewts.) 3,503 3,526 2,146 2,231
Apricots and Peache : : SN 18 39 39 79
Bananas, raw . : : . (bunches) 4,700 6,232 1,514 1,771
Cherries, raw . ; . . (ewts.) 180.|>: 165: as 199
Currants, raw . ‘ - : Sobas 94.) >> 009.3] = 238 142
Gooseberries, raw. ; sf a ar ap 4 46 21 26
Grapes, raw . : ; ; eee | S786 798 736 769
Lemons . : : ; : Tag? 923 -| - 882 -|- ae 422
Almonds . : ? ; : Sn | 51 162 | 558 661
Other nuts, used as fruit . ; sont 752 703 678 750
Oranges . : : - : joie = 5,828 6,120 2,235 2,455
Pears, raw : ; ; ; cae 467 500 456 479
Plums, raw. 4 ; ‘ Lone 554 326 550 346
Strawberries, raw . ; . axe 39 | 44 53 54
Unenumerated, raw. ; : oe ae | 565 | 538 | 368 339
Fruit, Drip: | | |
Currants . ; ; ‘ ye —— — | 1,158 1,375
Raisins . : : ; ; nig Sia — | 1,108 1,208
VEGETABLES, Raw: | |
Onions . : : . (bushels) 8,177 8,645 | 1,027 1,036
Potatos . : ; : ; . (ewts.) | 6,764 8,249 | 1,957 2,372
Tomatos . : : : ‘ i _ 1,065 1,136 934 1,021
Unenumerated : A ‘ ; : —_ —_ | 418 365
FLowERs : |
Brash “Hs oo St Fee eee ee = | 238 234

OncocycLus IRIsEs.

W. R. Dykes, Esq., M.A., F.R.H.S., of Charterhouse, Godalming, sends
us the following account of an interesting and suggestive experiment
in the cultivation of these beautiful but difficult plants. The treatment
is, of course, only in the experimental stage, but the success that has
attended it warrants perseverance :—

“Everyone who has grown these wonderful Irises, at least in Great
Britain, knows that perhaps the chief difficulty in their cultivation arises
from the fact that, whether the roots are in the ground or out of it, they
begin to sprout in the autumn, and these tender shoots often fail to resist
the alternate periods of frost and of warm and muggy weather that
usually make up our winter. In their homes in Asia they must be
frozen hard all through the winter months and unable to grow until the
snow melts in spring. In order to reproduce these conditions as nearly
as possible I packed up a few rhizomes in August 1907 in dry moss in
a wooden box, and sent it to the Imperial Cold Stores Co. at South
Tottenham. There the box remained in a temperature of 28° to 30° F.
until the first week in March. On opening the box I found the rhizomes
in precisely the same condition as when they were packed up. They were
planted on March 9, and soon made healthy, if somewhat slender, growth
in warm sandy soil, with a good layer of old cow manure a foot beneath

COMMONPLACE NOTES. 99

‘the surface. The first to flower was a variety of I. /uwpina, which bloomed
on May 81, followed a few days later by one or two other species.

“ At present (July 14) the plants are growing vigorously and do not yet
show any signs of going to rest. As soon as I see any signs of this I
shall cover the plants with a light for a few weeks, and then, I think, store
the same roots again, planting them, however, about a fortnight earlier than
I did last season. The flowers were undoubtedly small, but the growth
has been so far successful that there is at least some hope that this may
be a method of acclimatising newly imported rhizomes ; for hitherto it has
probably been common experience that the first winter is the most critical
period, and that plants which survive that ordeal have subsequently pees
easier to cultivate.”’

BARREN STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

Every year we have complaints about the non-fruiting of strawberry
plants, but this year the complaints are more numerous than usual. We
think there are two principal causes—(1) propagating from barren plants
and (2) a want of fresh stock. It is well known that barren plants
produce the earliest and strongest runners, and the man sent to layer or
take runners usually selects the strongest and best he can get, irrespective
of whether the parent plant was fruitful or not. These are planted in beds
or rows, and a greater number of plants are unfruitful than usual.
Runners are again taken, the best being selected, until the majority of
the plants in the beds bear no fruit. Some years ago we carefully
chose runners from barren plants, giving them special attention, but not
one runner developed into a fruitful plant. We again took runners
for two years following, but in every case the result was the same.

We all know how essential it is to change our seed of corn, potatos,
and other crops, and unless we can give. a change of soil it is equally
necessary to occasionally introduce fresh stocks of strawberries, if we
desire to maintain vigour and fertility. Some varieties, like Royal
Sovereign, will go on bearing very satisfactory crops for much longer
periods than others, but we think, the quality suffers. Another cause of
failure, or partial failure, is the planting of Strawberries where Strawberries
were grown before. No good gardener permits this to happen, but we
find it occurring sometimes, and if the result is disappointing the blame
is entirely the planter’s. By a little management even in a small garden
a fresh place can be given for the new Strawberry bed, instead of replant-
ing upon the site of the old.

SPARTIUM JUNCEUM.

Shrubs that flower freely in July and August are none too plentiful,
and yet how seldom do we see this beautiful old plant? In many gardens
even of considerable extent not one is to be found, and yet what a
splendid effect it makes, either as a single bush or in masses! This is the
true Spanish Broom, though sometimes the early yellow Broom is called
the Spanish, but this is far better both in size and brilliancy of flower.
Again, the flowering season of Spartiwm juncewm is much later, coming
when few shrubs are in blossom. To see the plant at its best it should

be planted on a bank or mound in full sun; there it grows rapidly, and
H 2

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

is one mass of drooping bright buttercup-coloured blossoms. It is not at

all fastidious about soil, growing equally well in poor or rich ground, and
is easily raised from seeds or cuttings.

Two Goop CAMPANULAS FOR GROWING IN GRASS.

Both Campanula latifolia and C. lactiflora are admirably adapted for
growing in the wild garden, and for filling neglected or unsightly corners.
The former grows quite 6 feet high at Wisley in the grass, and the latter
about 4 or 5 feet high ; and both are always objects of admiration in
July. Both species vary in colour from pale blue to pure white, the pale
blue of C. lactzflora being the most admired of all. Plants are easily
raised from seed, and they should be grown until they are a year old
before planting them out; if put out small they are unable to hold their
own against grass, but if of good size, and strong when planted, they
grow admirably and quickly make bold masses. In windy places they
should be staked before they bloom, as the spikes-or panicles are so large
that the plants are blown over and spoiled. No special soil preparation
is needed for these plants, as they will grow either in sand or clay.

ANTS AND APHIDES.

There can be no question as to the abounding interest that may be
aroused by watching the ways of ants in the garden, though the relations
that subsist between the ants and scale insects and ‘‘ant’s cows”’ or
green-fly, as well as some other points in their economy, make them
objects of dislike to the garden lover. The following letter from the
Rey. H. E. Bishop, M.A., of Middleton Vicarage, King’s Lynn, recounts
one of the most remarkable instances of the intelligence of ants that we
have met with lately :

“Some gooseberry bushes are trained on a north wall. During the
wet weather I noticed that many shoots were encrusted with sand and
lime (somewhat like the case of a caddis worm) and on breaking this
away we were surprised to find the shoot covered with aphis and the ants
busy among them. I examined the cases carefully with Dr. Plowright, of
Lynn, and we came to the conclusion that the ants had constructed them
to prevent the aphides from being washed away by the rain. The piece
broken away was repaired the next day. The upper leaves served as a
roof and the sand built round left a clear passage way for the aphides
and ants. Since the fine weather began the aphides and the ants are still
there, but they have completely cleared away all the casings.”

We once saw a quite similar thing among Cinerarias in a greenhouse,

Cw Olypian ental Mie aPamatinge

BOOK REVIEWS. 101

BOOK REVIEWS.

* Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.” By 8S. Brown.
Illustrated with Water-colour Drawings and Photographs by Mrs. C.
Schiffer. S8vo., 353 pp. (Putnam, New York and London, 1907.)
12s. 6d. net.

The orders are arranged in the reverse order to that customary here.
The book begins with higher cryptogams and gymnosperms, then follow
monocotyledons. Of the Jncompletae only Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Santa-
laceae,and Polygonaceae are represented. Polypetalae follow, concluding
with Gamopetalae, the last order being Carduaceae (Compositae). The
description of each species is clear and concise. The book ought to be
useful to all who visit the Rocky Mountains and can study the living
plants on the spot.

“ List of British Plants.” ByG.C.Druce. 8vo.,104 pp. (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

This is a comprehensive catalogue of more than British plants, for the
author has included a very large number which should have no place in
a British flora, being chiefly ballast plants. There are 1,100 of these
“aliens,’’ such as E'schscholtzia, Bikukulla (Dicentra), Leycesteria, and
Diervilla ; such seem to us an unnecessary burden. The author says:
“The oldest generic and specific name is chosen where possible, the
starting-point being 1753”’; but is it wise to do this so rigidly as to put
Fadicula for Nasturtium? The latter is a far older name, N. aquaticum
being the watercress in the fourteenth century. And why should Com-
positae, now universally adopted, be replaced by Asteraceae (Lindley) ?
Could not there be some compromise between modern usages and
antiquity ?

We note there are many “ Jordanese’’ species under Viola: has every
one of these been actually found in Great Britain ?—as localities are not
given. On the other hand Viscwm has several varieties (perhaps not
named), but no mention is made of such. We are under the impression
that Paeonia was exterminated on Steep Holmes, by Government fortifi-
cations, but it is recorded in this catalogue.

The author has enumerated a good many supposed hybrids, as in
Epilobvum and Salix. These ought to be useful to students. The
author has also made a useful attempt at an ecological distribution.
This is a valuable suggestion to workers, who too often merely collect
plants, caring nothing for the physiological aspect of distribution.
Altogether, students will find the catalogue of great use.

“British Flowering Plants.” By W. F. Kirby. Obl. 8vo., 215 pp.
(Appleton, London, 1906.) 5s. net.

This is a little book (7 inches by 5 inches) with 120 plates, each
containing two species, with details of the flowers, &c., and coloured.

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They are very clear and accurate, and will assist beginners who wish
to know the names and structure of the flowers. The letterpress consists
of easy descriptions ; so that, with the plant itself before the student, the
text and figures, he ought to know all about the morphology. Hcology is
entirely excluded. The book is solely confined to morphology. We think
it a pity that so many foreign plants are illustrated (about twenty), such
as the alpine Rhamnus, Trapa natans, Cerinthe major, Hemerocallis,
&e., as their presence will certainly mislead beginners, the title of the
book being “British Flowering Plants.” Crocus vernus should be
purple, not yellow.

“ Gardens Old and New.” Vol. II. Folio. 284 pp. (George Newnes, Litd.,
London, 1908.) £2 2s.

In our short notice of Vol. I. of “ Gardens Old and New”’ we said:
“A truly sumptuous volume.’’ And the same remark applies to Vol. II.
quite as fully as to its predecessor. Another seventy of the most beautiful
country houses with their grand old gardens are most gloriously illus-
trated, nearly half the illustrations (of which there are nearly five hundred)
being magnificent full-page folio ones. It is a book indeed to be
proud of.

“Colour in the Flower Garden.” By Miss Gertrude Jekyll. 8vo.,
141 pp. (“Country Life,” London, 1908.) 12s. 6d. net.

Another welcome addition to the books already written by this
popular authoress, well sustaining the high standard she has set herself
in her previous works. The great value of the book lies in the fact
that it is full of the authoress’s own experience in forming a garden,

furnishing it, the making of woodland walks and glades, and the best

means of providing colour-effects practically all the year round. The
plans of the herbaceous borders are excellent, and so plain that a
novice can understand how to plant them. In our opinion nothing is
more difficult than the proper arrangement of herbaceous borders,
because when a clump of plants has flowered especially early in the
season, there is usually a bare or unsightly patch, more or less spoiling
the border; but in the plans so carefully thought out in this book such
unsightly patches are reduced to a minimum. It will take people a long
time to get over the idea that nothing will grow under trees, but we can
endorse fully all that the authoress has’ written on flowers in woods
or coppices of deciduous trees. There is quite a little host of plants
that rejoice in such conditions, and there are innumerable woods and
plantations adjoining pleasure grounds that might be made into most
charming additions to the grounds at comparatively little cost. The
book is admirably printed and profusely illustrated, showing effects pro-
duced by the authoress.

“Gardening in Town and Suburbs.” By Harry H. Thomas. 8vo.
176 pp. (Longmans, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

A useful book for town gardening, containing much information on
the best plants to grow in or near towns. Only those who have
experience can realise the enormous difficulties attending gardening in

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BOOK REVIEWS. 103

smoky fog-laden districts. Altogether there are twenty chapters dealing
with the following subjects :—“ Limitations and Possibilities,” “ Laying-
out the Garden,” “ Preparing the Borders,” “The Mixed Flower Border,”
“ Roses,’’ “ Carnations and Pinks,” “ Lilies,” “ Bulbous Plants,” “ Annual
Flowers,’ “Climbing Plants,’ ‘“ Shrubs,” “Plants in Tubs,’ “ Fruit
Trees,” “Plants in Rooms and Bulbs in Fibre,” “ Roof Gardening,”’
“The Warm Greenhouse,’ “The Cool Greenhouse,’ “The Cold Green-
house and Frame,” “ Window Gardening,”’ “ Pages from a Gardener’s
Note-book,’’ and these are followed by a good index. Weare pleased to
see the author gives each kind of plant its popular name, as many
town gardeners are more familiar with ‘Sweet William’ than with its
botanical name of Dianthus barbatus, and so on with other plants; the
simplicity of its plant names and its concise, clear, practical advice
enhance the value of the book very much for the class of readers for
whom it is specially written. The chapter on Annuals is a most useful
one. The seed is sown in early spring, and the plants grow and flower
gorgeously at a period when fogs are absent or nearly so, and we are sure
annuals are not so much employed for the decoration of the town garden
as they should be. In the chapter on Shrubs we should like to have
seen more space devoted to the planting of evergreen trees and shrubs
for screens, as deciduous trees leave a garden very bare and exposed in
winter. The author mentions Cupressus Lawsoniana Allum, but we
have seen this and many other conifers absolutely refuse to live in a
very smoky, foggy suburb, while evergreen oaks, Ceanothus, and Azara
microphylla were healthy, vigorous, and perfectly satisfactory all the
year round. Again we should not plant many Huonymus, as it is
no uncommon thing to find the bushes swarming with caterpillars.
The chapter on Roses is excellent, and we commend the system of
pruning to all who may be in doubt on this vexed question. The advice
given in other chapters is equally reliable.

“Plant Anatomy.” By Wm. Chase Stevens. 8vo., 349 pp. (J. & A.
Churchill, London, 1908.) 10s. 6d. net.

The great value of a knowledge of vegetable physiology to the farmer
and gardener and the greater interest such a knowledge adds to the.
study of other branches of botany, prompted by intellectual curiosity, as
well as the newer standpoint of studying living things known as ecology,
have combined to lead to the production of a considerable number of
books relating to this subject. Some have taken physiology as their
central theme and have borrowed illustrations from morphology and
anatomy to make more clear the bearing of plant function in relation to
form and structure, while others have studied form and structure in
relation to function. The present book belongs to the latter class, and
its aim is to direct the student to so study plant anatomy that the
process of cell-differentiation and the steps by which mature tissues are
made fit for their functions are revealed and “the high biological
significance’’ of such differentiation is impressed. The author says:
“Tt is not Nature’s way to evoke cells and tissues at random, with no

problems to be solved by their evolution. The tissues are not an aimless

=
>:
:

xXpression of the power of variability. Rather they represent the means

104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the triumph of the living organisms over the conditions and forces
which make up their environment.”

In the first 217 pages the author gives an exceedingly interesting
account of the anatomy of plants, first studying that exceeding complex
thing, the simple plant-cell, and then proceeding to a discussion of the
structure, origin, and function of the different plant-tissues. Hach
chapter has instructions for practical work to illustrate, by well-chosen
examples, the matters enlarged upon in the text. The latter part of the
book is occupied by instructions for carrying out practical work with the
microscope and a long list of reagents and their uses, and a chapter on
the micro-chemistry of plant products. Such a course as that contained
in this book is admirably suited for more advanced students.

“A Text-book of Botany.’’ By Dr. E. Strasburger, Dr. H. Schenck,
Dr. F. Noll, and Dr. G. Karsten. Third English edition revised with the
eighth German edition by W. H. Lang, M.B., D.Se., with 779 illustrations,
in part coloured. 8vo., 746 pp. (Macmillan, London, 1908.) 18s. net.

This well-known and excellent text-book has been brought thoroughly
up to date; a great deal has been rewritten. Perhaps the relative
proportions—dealing with Morphology (external, 51 pages, internal,
131 pages) and Physiology (181 pages), while Classification has 425
pages—are somewhat unequal, and we should have liked to see the
principles of ecology introduced; but there appears to be little or no
reference to this most important aspect of botany. Though the mono-
cotyledons are placed as preceding dicotyledons, it is suggested (p. 522)
that the former may have descended from the polycarpic dicotyledons ;
but no reference is made to the innumerable points of coincidence
between the structure (both external and internal) of monocotyledons
with aquatic dicotyledons, e.g., the rhizome of Nymphaea being altogether
similar to that of a monocotyledon.

“Elementary Botany, Theoretical and Practical.’’ By H. Edmonds.
New edition, thoroughly revised, by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S.
8vo., 282 pp. (Longmans, London, 1907.) 2s. 6d.

This now well-known little book, having the advantage of Professor
Farmer’s revision, may safely be regarded as admirably adapted for its
purpose, viz., “to completely cover the syllabus of the Oxford and
Cambridge Local Examinations.”’

The ground covered takes us from the seed and its germination to
the study of roots, stems, buds, leaves, inflorescence, fruits, and seeds. .
Physiology is dealt with in terse paragraphs. But something more is
wanted. Having learnt all about the plant in the laboratory, the meaning
of structures, their origins and adaptations to the plant’s own life in
nature should be pursued, for this should be the end and aim of all
plant-study.

“A School Flora.’”” By W. M. Watts, D.Sc. 8vo., 199 pp. (Long-
mans, London, 1906.) 3s. 6d.

The first edition of this little work was published twenty years ago,

and nearly a generation of young botanists have to thank it for the
assistance it has given them in “running down” the plants they

:

BOOK REVIEWS. 105

have met with in their rambles. The book is arranged on the plan
of a dichotomous key and renders it very easy, as a rule, to ascertain
the name of a plant found, by discovering from the plant in hand the
answers to the alternatives suggested by the key. A glossary is given
at the end of the book, and this is of great assistance to the beginner
unfamiliar with the terms used in descriptive botany, and the main
difficulty in using the key arises from some uncertainty as to the meanings
of such words as “much” and “very.’’ Another difficulty arises from
the fact that the flora is not complete, but still the majority of plants
occurring wild in this country are included.

The value of the book has been greatly increased by the addition of
illustrations, showing by means of clear line drawings details of plant-
structure. Short descriptions of the plants, with indications of their
comparative rarity, complete a very useful little book.

“The Insect Book.”’ By W.P. Westell, F.L.S. 8vo., 120 pp. (John
Lane, London, 1908.) 3s. net.

A book written for those who have no knowledge of insects, and
dealing with the commoner insects of the garden, the waterside, the
woodland, the meadows, the house, and so on. It is written in a popular
vein, and will no doubt prove welcome to many whose interest in the
common things around them is beginning to awaken and lead them to
ask for more. The illustrations from photographs of insects are very well
done indeed. —

“A Plant Book for Schools: being an Easy Introduction to the
Study of Plant-life.’ By O. V. Darbishire, B.A., Ph.D. 8vo., 168 pp.
(Black, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d.

In the preface we read: “This little book has been planned for
young children [aged ten, p. 57} who are being taught at school or
at home. . . . It is really intended as much, if not more, for the
teachers of children.”’

If children have got a teacher, then no books are required at all, as
the lesson resolves itself into practical examinations of the living plants

‘with a recording of everything they see, while little drawings should be

encouraged, and this appears to be what the writer insists upon.

But there is the almost invariable omission of all reference to
ecology. The only allusion we can find resides in the words: “I
hope that some of the photographs at least will stimulate the readers
of the plant-book to go out into the country to see the plants in their
native homes.’’ Here is a good opportunity lost! eg., pl. 1 (b) the
oak, showing undergrowth. A comparison should be made between
a beech [pl. 10 (5) ?] and fir-wood, where there is little or none, and the
reasons given. Plate 4 (b) and pl. 9 (c) of the ivy would well illustrate
competition for light and the struggle for existence. Pl. 4 (a) illustrates
ivy-stems and roots, but something might have been said as to why the
roots of the “host”’ plant itself are all exposed, viz., by its own upheaval
and exposure by rain, &c.

Pl. 12 (c), Sandhills, would afford another lesson on maritime ecology.
With regard to the water-crowfoot the author makes a rather common

106 JOURNAL. OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mistake: “The plant exposes as much surface as possible by having very
finely divided submerged leaves ’’ (p. 93). But if you take any complete
leaf and cut out all the portions between the ribs and veins, you reduce,
not increase, the amount of surface. ‘Fhe fact really is (as Mr. MacCallum
has proved), the protoplasm is weakened by supersaturation, and cannot
make full-sized leaves under water; but when the water is made denser
_ artificially by the addition of nutritive salts, the leaves then are com-
pletely formed though submerged.

We repeat, the value of the book would have bean greatly enhanced
if the author had introduced simple details of ecology.

“Laboratory and Field Manual of Botany.” By J. Y. Bergen and
B. M. Davis. 8yo., 257 pp. (Ginn, London, 1907.) 4s. 6d.

This little book consists of three parts and a list of experiments. In
the preface the authors wisely insist that “the student is not to consider
himself as merely the corroborator of facts already ascertained ; he is to
interrogate the plant itself.’ In other words he is warned against
cramming.

‘Part I. consists mainly of studies on the Gross Anatomy and
Histology, &e.

“Part II. consists of Type Studies outlining Evolution and Classifi-
cation. .

“Part ILI. is concerned with Laboratory and Field Studies, &e.”’

By “field studies’’ the authors mean “ ecology,’ which is the
application of all botanical study to the plant itself. This should be -
the final goal of the student. The authors give instruction in the
field study of parasites, of carnivorous plants, of plant-protections, of
pollination, of vegetative propagation, of competition and invasion, and
of plant-successions. This is followed by “ecological classes,” or the
study of hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes, &c.

It would be a wise thing for our English writers of text and other
elementary books of botany to follow suit, for we need bardly say this
book is of American origin, the botanists of the United States being a
long way ahead of British teachers in the matter of ecology. It is an
excellent work.

“Types of Floral Mechanism: a Selection of Diagrams and
Descriptions of Common Flowers arranged as an introduction to the
systematic study of Angiosperms.” By A. H. Church, M.A., D.Se.
Part I.: Types i—xii. (January to April). 4to., 211 pp. (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1908.) 21s. net.

This large book (13 inches by 10 inches) contains an enlarged coloured
drawing of a section of each flower, as well as numerous pen-and-
ink drawings of details. Hach type is treated elaborately, carefully,
and accurately under the headings Distribution, History, Description,
Variation, Floral Diagram, Pollination, Monstrosities, &e. In fact
nothing seems to be omitted that the observer must look for. The only
danger might be that with such an exhaustive treatment before him
the student may be tempted to forego his own necessary examination
of living plants. Indeed the author says: ‘“ Although the text is based

BOOK REVIEWS. 107

on the assumption that actual specimens are available to the reader,
the completeness of the scheme of illustration, and more especially the
abundance of large coloured figures, will enable the student to follow
each type very thoroughly from the working drawings alone.” But he
also says: “A close acquaintance with the methods here employed for
the discussion of a single type will be found to afford the best preparation
in the case of candidates for examinations requiring an elementary
knowledge of floral organisation.’”” ‘This we take to be the real value of
the work, 7.e.,as a model for students to follow with plants not mentioned
in the work. With regard to the author’s method of dealing with
phyllotaxis we do not see either the advantage or the correctness of his
plan of using two numbers (as’8 + 13). With regard to the hellebore,
and wherever an axis has indefinite parts, as fir-cones, all the lower
“fractions”’ are present below the one representing the generative spiral,
i.e., the most nearly vertical. The only variable element is the latter.
Thus, in Abies excelsa ;3; is very obviously the most vertical; but in
Pinus Laricio, &c., it is quite as obviously ,°;. So that we are at a loss
to see why Dr. Church selects (8 + 5) or (8 +18) to represent the
phyllotaxis of any organs when the most nearly vertical now stands
for 4,, 13, &c. Thus, in fig. 6, the most nearly vertical row of stamens
(i.e., radial in the figure) are 1, 35; 2, 36; 3, 37, &. So that the
phyllotaxis is at once recognised as }3. It is the same in fig. 7, so that
no lower fractions can possibly describe it. (13 + 21), wé suppose, ought
to be Dr. Church’s method of indicating it.

“Familiar Swiss Flowers.” By F. Edward Hulme, F.L.S., F.S.A.
8vo., 224 pp. (Cassell, London.) 7s. 6d.

Books on gardening subjects, and especially on hardy plants, are so
numerous that one would imagine little or nothing more could be
written on the subject. Yet we find in the above work much new matter
illustrated by 100 coloured plates from original drawings by the author.
These drawings are mostly well done and true to nature, and add
materially to the value of the book. We see many an old friend
pictured, with particulars of where it is thriving best in its native habitat,
and many valuable wrinkles may be learned by studying these points.
We should much like to see the authorities in this country adopting the
Swiss plan of protecting the native flora; the damage done is often
serious, and the rooting up and taking away of pretty plants is not only
selfish, but detracts very much from the enjoyment of those who love
rambles in the country.

The author ‘informs us where we can most easily find particular
plants and the best time of the year to go and see them, viz., not in
the late summer, but before mowing has commenced and before the cows
are turned out to pasture.

“The Enemies of the Rose.” By George Massee, V.M.H., F.L.5.,
and Fred. V. Theobald, M.A., illustrated by Miss C. M. Beard. 16mo.
84 pp. (National Rose Society, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

We cannot speak too highly of this excellent little book, as it is full
of information on the pests attacking roses, and should be read by all

108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

who grow the Queen of flowers. The illustrations are admirably drawn ~

and faithfully coloured, so that anyone not familiar with the pests can
easily identify them: their life-history, habits, and the best means of
destroying them are clearly defined. The only exception is that of
“ rose-tree canker.’’ Mr. Massee says about this disease: ‘‘ Unfortunately
no cure is known—which is what might be expected, since the cause is
unknown.’’ Fortunately this is not a common disease, and our experience
is that only delicate varieties, such as Maréchal Niel, are very subject to it.
On page 10 there is a paragraph that deserves printing in capital letters:
“ There are two golden rules which should be kept in mind when waging
war against insect and fungoid pests. The first is to look out for them
early, and on their first appearance to at once take the necessary means
for their destruction. The second is to persevere with the remedy
adopted until a cure has been effected.”’

“Dahlias and their Cultivation.” By J. B. Wroe. 8vo., 90 pp.
(Collingridge, London, 1908.) 1s.

This is a nicely printed little book, dealing with propagation, culture,
exhibiting, the best types for garden decoration, storing, injurious
and friendly insects, selections of the best varieties, &c. The matter is
well up to date, and the selection of varieties is excellent.

“The Book.of the Chrysanthemum.” By Percy 8. Follwell. 8vo.,
98 pp. (John Lane, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d.

A well-got-up little book, dealing with the history, culture, hybridising,
judging, arrangement, the best varieties to grow for exhibition, home use
and market, insect pests and diseases, &c. Although we do not find
anything new in the book the matter is thoroughly practical and reliable,
and the lists of varieties to grow are well up to date. It is astonishing
how varieties that were popular for exhibition purposes a few years ago
have practically disappeared, to be replaced by others of larger size; and
we agree with the author that single varieties will become more in favour
in the near future than the great unwieldy blooms of the present day.
It is only amongst the rarely grown reflexed varieties that we find old
familiar names of thirty or more years ago still to the fore, and when
the reaction against big blooms sets in—as it is almost sure to do—we
hope the beautiful reflexed varieties will not be forgotten. There is a
very good index.

“Greenhouse and Conservatory Construction and Heating.” By
Paul N. Hasluck. 8vo., 160 pp. (Cassell, London.) 2s.

This book will be very useful for the amateur who desires to erect
his own greenhouse, frames, &c., as very complete directions are given
on the best wood to get, how to prepare and fix it, and the average cost
of material, &c. Again boilers suitable for both small and large structures
are dealt with exhaustively, and most of them are illustrated—in fact they
are so numerous as to be almost confusing to the novice. If smoke from
the stoke chimney proves a nuisance, the author shows how this may be
got over, and there is a vast quantity of other valuable information for
anyone contemplating the erection of glass structures.

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BOOK REVIEWS. 109

«Tes Plantes Tropicales de Grande Culture,’ TomelI. By M. E. de
Wildeman. 8vo. 398 pp. (Castaigne, Brussels, 1908.) 10 fr.

So rapid has been the progress in recent years in the investigation of
tropical diseases, and so tangible already are the results of that in-
defatigable research, that it is safe to predict the early dawning of an era
when the European may betake himself to the tropics unburdened by
that consciousness of danger to life, or, at best, enfeeblement of con-
stitution, which has hitherto, and with good reason, been the weightiest
of restricting influences upon the white man’s enterprise within the
tropics.

This restriction removed, widely extended attention will surely be
directed towards the profitable exploitation of those vast areas, now virgin,
which lie within the tropics, and literature dealing practically and scienti-
fically with tropical agronomy is, therefore, literature in season.

- But the pleasure and profit to be derived from books like the one now
under review must by no means be limited to the benefit and enjoyment
of a coming generation of tropical colonists; on the contrary there
actually exists a very present and pressing need of that ‘“ more light,”
both academic and economic, on the subject of tropical vegetation and its
cultivation which is afforded by the original research and carefully
collected information contained in M. de Wildeman’s latest work.

The object of the book is “to provide colonial administrators, and
particularly agriculturists, with a rapid survey of the history of certain
tropical products, and to make known the plants producing them,” and
the book is written primarily for the benefit of the author’s countrymen
and in relation to the Congo.

With clearness of exposition and without prolixity the writer’s object
is achieved, and although this first volume deals only with five plant
subjects—Coffee, Cocoa, Cola, Vanilla, and Banana—the historical survey
is but a rapid one, and what is written of these plants is all very necessary
for the planter and the student of tropical botany alike to know.

Rather than with an exposition of the most profitable methods of
cultivation we are furnished with the botanical history and status of
the plants, which the author holds rightly to be of prime importance ;
with instructive descriptions of the preparation for market of the com-
mercial products which render the plants valuable; with the history,
mingled with legends, of the introduction- and extension of their use in
countries unsuited to produce them, as well as many useful statistics
upon the quantity and quality of these products in relation to the various
countries of their origin and as to the capacity to absorb them of the
markets to which they are sent; and with some account of pests and
diseases to which . unfortunately, these, like the economic plants of
temperate regions, are too generally subject, a knowledge whereof is
an essential item in the equipment of the cultivator expecting to succeed.

Invaluable though a fuller treatment of the subject from a purely
cultural standpoint must have been, it could hardly be expected in
addition to the number and careful handling of the phases actually dealt
with in the work.

In his “ Introduction’? M. de Wildeman strikes some notes which

_ with happy effect may sound in the ears and echo in the memories not

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

only of Belgian colonists of the Congo, but of actual and possible planters
throughout the tropics, irrespective of nationality.

Ignorance of the nature and habit of the plant from the cultivation
of which profit is anticipated—ignorance, indeed, of the science of cultiva-
tion in any of its branches—is general enough with those who emigrate
with the intention of farming the soil in any regions, but this ignorance
seems to be especially remarkable in those who essay tropical planting.
Knowledge preliminarily gained in the botany and culture of the plants
with which the cultivator will be called upon to deal is sound insurance
against failure, and a comprehension of the scientific and economic issues
in tropical agronomics to be gleaned from works like M. de Wildeman’s
must prove of great practical value, inducing a more intelligent attitude
towards an undertaking, and making for progress and enhanced efficiency
in the management thereof.

If any portion of the labour expended upon this work can be charac-
terised as more praiseworthy and effective than the remainder, that
devoted to pure botany must be so deemed. The botanical characteristics
of the plants are so fully and clearly treated that the work constitutes
a valuable addition to the literature of botany.

The author has been at pains to collect information from the best
sources, and adds to his own, with due acknowledgment, the well-sifted
research of others. A list of botanists and explorers who have con-
tributed information on the flora of the Congo, with brief descriptive
notes on their achievements, is furnished, and forms very interesting
reading.

The “coup d’cil’’ on the vegetation of Central Tropical Africa,
to which the first forty pages are devoted, gives an instructive picture
of actualities in that region, and conjures up a stimulating glimpse of
its possibilities, the author then proceeding to treat of coffee. The
desirability for a more scientific comprehension and treatment of the
coffee is strongly dwelt upon, and the necessity of special attention to
and experiment with “varieties’’ is emphasized. In this connection
a warning reference is made to Coffea stenophylla (Highland coffee),
the planting of which was recommended by Scott-Elliott in 1892, experi-
ments in Java proving it inferior to other varieties, notably Coffea
robusta.

For shading purposes the use, whenever practicable, of plants of
economic value is urged, whereby a maximum of returns may be extracted
from the planted area ; and an exhaustive list (after Cook) is furnished
of plants which are suitable as shade-plants in the coffee plantation.

An account, with statistics, of the coffee industry in the several
countries in which it is engaged in is succinctly given. M. de Wildeman
also devotes some attention to the numerous pests and diseases to which
coffee is liable, and sees in thorough and scientific methods of culture
supplemented by the judicious use of spraying compounds—formule for
some of which are given——the only means of avoiding heavy losses.

The treatise on coffee terminates with a very lengthy enumeration
of the known species and varieties of the genus Coffea; but the author
considers that “ the systematizing of this genus is far from being complete,
and may be said to be hardly more than outlined.” .

BOOK REVIEWS. 111

In like manner, and with the same evidence of conscientious research
exhibited in the treatment of coffee, the author handles all the other
subjects embraced in this volume. Particularly interesting is the descrip-
tion of the cola industry, and it seems that there is a temptation to enter-
prise in the evident scope which exists for the extended production of the
cola nut.

The manner of this work is worthy of the matter; the language is
simple and devoid of unnecessary technicalities ; and the letterpress is
fortified with good illustrations and useful plates. An amplified index,
however, would enhance the value of the book for purposes of reference.

“The Vegetable Grower’s Guide.” By John Wright, V.M.H., and
Horace J. Wright, F.R.H.S. Vol. L 4to., 352 pp. (Virtue, London,
1908.) 21s. |

This may be described as a companion work to the “ Fruit Grower’s
Guide ’’ and the “ Flower Grower’s Guide,’’ by the same talented authors,
illustrated and printed in the same beautiful manner, and written in the
same practical and interesting style. The volume before us contains
articles upon soil management, manuring, rotational cropping, the
destruction of insect and fungoid enemies, the making of kitchen gardens
of yarious sizes and forms, and the construction of glass houses,
frames, &c., for forcing vegetables and salads. We recommend this book
to all young gardeners, as there is no doubt that a vast number of young
men have an ambition to work under glass, and look upon all outdoor
work with a certain amount of disdain, forgetting that no head gardener
can keep his situation if he fails to prcduce a certain and continuous
supply of vegetables and salads; not only so, but each must be well
grown, otherwise there will sooner or later be trouble in store for him.
Vegetable culture should be the strongest point instead of the weakest in
his knowledge and duty. First-class information is given to the market
grower, which will be serviceable to the beginner, and may be read by old
growers with advantage, as many valuable hints are given on the most
profitable things to grow and the most advanced system of cultivation.
We often hear questions as to the cost of growing a particular crop.. Not
only is this gone into carefully, but, so far as we can ascertain, there is
all through a tendency to under-estimate the profits, which is as it should
be. We venture to predict that this will be a standard work on the
subject, for although there are numerous books on vegetable culture none
that we have seen are on the same lines as the present. No doubt the
index will be in the second volume, but we think each volume would be
‘more serviceable with its own index.

“ Soils: their Nature and Treatment.” By Primrose McConnell, B.Sc.
~8yo., 104 pp. (Cassell, London, 1908.) Paper, 1s. net; cloth, 1s. 6d.

net. :

This excellent little book deals with the general nature of soils, their
physics, improvement, and tillage. It is written in a non-technical
“manner, and should be intelligible to the average farmer and gardener.
: The author is both a scientific man and a practical farmer, and these two

a are happily wedded in this little treatise. The section on natural

”"

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetation, in which an attempt is made to indicate how the nature of
a particular soil may be determined by an examination of its herbage, is
certain to attract special attention. We do not agree in every instance
with the author as to the indications which some of the selected plants
give, but the information generally is so accurate that we wonder who
else could have done the work so well. We most heartily recommend
this book to every farmer and gardener.

“Manures for Fruit and other Trees.” By A. B. Griffiths, Ph.D.
Svo., 264 pp. (R. Sutton, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d. net.

The present book might have been written as an advertisement for
sulphate of iron. There is no doubt whatever that some soils are
deficient in iron, and that the lack of colour in fruits, such as apples,
is occasionally, if not frequently, due to this deficiency; but that lack
of iron is so invariable we cannot admit as proved beyond reasonable
doubt. It is, however, a subject well worthy of determination by
experiment, and such work would be of incomparably greater value
than continually repeated tests with the same manurial substances, a
practice so extremely common. If research work should show that
Dr. Griffiths is correct, then he will have deserved the greatest thanks
for his persistence; but we cannot think that extended investigation
will fully endorse his views. There are a few other items upon which
the author differs from other investigators materially, and although he
may be complimented upon having the courage to assert his convictions
we hesitate to recommend this book to the general reader without com-
menting upon this point.

There are some valuable analyses, presumably original, and these
will almost certainly be frequently used even by those who may not
agree with the opinions of the author. The general tenor inclines
us to the opinion that the author clings to the exploded theories on the
composition of plant-ash instead of using such knowledge as merely
suggestive and endeavouring by actual experiment to determine the
requirements of the plant. The advice upon thorough cultivation is
excellent, and there are many other very good features. It is a book
full of suggestions for the experimenter and advanced worker who wishes
to investigate.

“Stephen’s Book of the Farm.” Div. I. By J. Macdonald. 8vo.
260 pp. (Blackwood, 1908.) 10s. 6d.

We remember what a high opinion we had in our student days of —
an early edition of this work, but now that we examine the revised
edition in the light of some years of practical experience we notice the —
absence of reference to many special points which personal observation —
and investigation have shown to be essential in many districts. However,
although we feel that the various branches of farming are now best dealt
with by specialists, yet we admire this work as containing a vast amount
of information on practically every branch of farming. %

The present volume contains nearly three hundred extremely useful —
figures, many excellent plates of animals, and plans of houses and
buildings. The section on hedges, fences, and gates will probably prove

BOOK REVIEWS. 113

of great value to gardeners. The account of draining land is fuller than
usual, and includes particulars of materials used and tools required, together
with the cost of the various methods.

If our readers at any time require information upon any branch of
farming it will be well to look into this work, for although much detail
is, perhaps necessarily, omitted, yet almost certainly the reader will
acquire some useful knowledge respecting his subject.

“ Heredity.” By Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A. 8vo., 605 pp.
(John Murray, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

The problems of heredity closely concern all intelligent human beings,
whether from the point of view of the breeders of plants or animals, or
from that of the future of the human race. Heredity is “ the organic
or genetic relation between successive generations,’ and starting with
this definition, Professor Thomson has succeeded in producing in this,
the latest volume of the Progressive Science Series, a very readable and
altogether excellent review of the subject. The author is an ardent
disciple of Weismann, and does not attempt to hide his adherence to
Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, a theory which, to most botanists, does
not seem a necessary one; but, although this is the case, he gives a fair
and clear exposition of the other well-known theories which have been
propounded to account for the remarkable facts a comparative study
of the characters of parents and offspring has made known. Further-
more, he examines the results obtained by cytological investigation, by
the biometricians, the Mendelians, and other investigators, in a strictly
impartial manner. Some of the most interesting chapters to the general
reader are those upon “ Reversion and Allied Phenomena,” “ Telegony,”’
and “ Heredity and Disease.’’ But probably the most important general
question discussed in the volume is that concerning the transmission of
acquired characters from the parent to its offspring. The question is
one of the most far-reaching importance, and although some hold that
this transmission is the essential fact in evolution, while others deny
that such transmission is possible at all, yet an impartial summing up
of the facts which are known, putting aside hypotheses, leads cne only
to that very useful and very unsatisfactory verdict, that the transmission
of acquired characters is “not proven.’’ The question is one which closely
touches upon our everyday life, though the external heritage, which is
man’s, renders his case a very peculiar one, and probably one in which
the result of inquiries into the question upon the extent to which such
transmission occurs would be obscured by factors difficult to gauge.
Indeed the whole question is beset with difficulties, but until it is solved
we shall necessarily be working in the dark, and handicapped accordingly,

Important as an accurate understanding of such points as these is
from a sociological standpoint, they are perhaps more readily applied
in dealing with cultivated plants and domesticated animals; and there
is abundant need here for their settlement, and this can Ee be reached
after-very careful experiment.

A very useful bibliography concludes the volume, which is prov ‘ded
with a good index.

VOL. XXXIV. I

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“ Cassell’s A BC of Gardening.” By W. P. Wright. 8vo., 341 pp.
(Cassell, London, 1908.) 3s. 6d.

This will rank as one of the not least useful of the many small books
on gardening written for amateurs, who, in addition to an outdoor garden,
possess glass houses. The author has included an enormous number of —
genera in his alphabetical list, many of which are not likely to be met
with in ordinary gardens, as well as the more common plants, and about
each he has pithily told something of its requirements. ‘The illustrations,
which, though crude and diagrammatic, are helpful to an understanding
of the text, are a feature of this book.

“Handbook of Flower Pollination.” By Dr. Paul Knuth. Trans.
by J. R. A. Davis. Vol. IL. (IJ. Band, I. Teil of German edition.)
Observations on Flower Pollination made in Europe and the Arctic
Regions on Species belonging to the Natural Orders Ranunculaceae
to Stylidiaceae. With 210 figures in the text and a portrait of
Hermann Miller. 8yo., 703 pp. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1908.)
Cloth, 31s. 6d. net.

All readers of Dr. Knuth’s fascinating “ Handbook of Flower
Pollination” (vol. i. of which, translated by Mr. Ainsworth Davis,
was reviewed in this JourNnAL, Vol. XXXI., December 1906, p. 270)
must welcome the appearance of vol. ii., done into English by the same
capable hand. Vol. i. described the marvellous devices and adaptations
by which Nature effects the pollination of flowering plants, arranging
them into three groups—Hydrophilae, Anemophilae, and Zoidiophilae—
according as they are water-, wind-, or animal-pollinated. Colours, per-
fumes, and specific structure were considered in relation to environment
and to the anatomical characters and visits of insects in particular, along
with the general relations subsisting between groups of flowers and
pollinating agents, which react on the structure of guest as well as host.

Vol. ii. contains the classified observations hitherto made on flower
pollination in Europe and the Arctic regions, The natural orders (from
Ranunculaceae to Stylidiaceae) are dealt with in sequence, with a general
description of the floral structure and arrangements characteristic of each,
and detailed particulars for the several genera and sub-species. This is
followed for each plant by as complete an account as possible of its
insect visitors and pollinators in different localities, based on the
classical work of Hermann Miller and the notes of subsequent observers.
Competent zoologists (Alfkin, Costa, Dahn, and others) have revised these
observations on the morphology and habits of pollinating insects, and
the modifications they undergo in adapting themselves to the flowers
they frequent. The illustrations are admirable, and the geographical
distribution of plants and insects is indicated by charts. The abbrevia-
tions employed in the bibliographies are in line, as far as possible, with
those used in the “ International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.”

“A Practical Guide to School, Cottage and Allotment Gardening.”
By J. Weathers. 8vo., 248 pp. (Longmans, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

Gardening as a subject of instruction in elementary schools is steadily
spreading, and its spread has called forth several new books. The present

BOOK REVIEWS. 115

little work deals not at all with pedagogics, but with the practical side of
gardening in those directions indicated by the title. The author appears
to look upon the school garden, not from the point of view of the school-
master who sees in it an instrument of immense educational value in the
hands of an efficient teacher, but as a training-ground for the future
allotment holder and cultivator of the cottage or suburban garden, and he
endeavours to give plain and straightforward directions for the carrying
out of all those cultural operations which are necessary in such gardens.
In this endeavour he has succeeded, and a reliable and thoroughly practical
guide he has produced. The culture of all kinds of plants suitable for
such gardens, both from an ornamental and an economic point of view, is
well and fully dealt with, and the very plain and useful diagrams with
which the book is illustrated materially assist the written instructions.
As a book upon the culture of the more commonly grown plants in small
gardens we are sure many will welcome it, both among amateur gardeners
and teachers in elementary schools, but the latter must not expect to find
in it hints upon methods of teaching.

=: tglalins

NOTES ON RECENT RESEARCH |

AND

SHORT ABSTRACTS FROM CURRENT PERIODICAL
LITERATURE, BRITISH AND FOREIGN,

AFFECTING

HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE.

JUDGING by the number of appreciative letters received, the endeavour
commenced in volume xxvi. to enlarge the usefulness of the Society’s
Journal, by giving an abstract of current Horticultural periodical
literature, has met with success. It has certainly entailed vastly more
labour than was anticipated, and should therefore make the Fellows’
thanks to those who have helped in the work all the more hearty.

There are still, we feel, some departments of Horticulture and
Horticultural Science very imperfectly represented in these abstracts,
and the Iiditor would be grateful if any who have time at command, and
who are willing to help in any special direction in this work, would
communicate with him. He desires to express his most grateful thanks
to all who co-operate in the work, and he ventures to express the hope
that they will all strictly adhere to the general order and scheme of
working, as the observance of an identical order can alone enable the
Kditor to continue to cope with the work. The order agreed on is as
follows :—

i Ra i place first the name of the plant, disease, pest, &c., being
noticed ; and in this, the prominent governing or index word should always
have precedenea.

2. To place next the name, when given, of the author of the original
ae

. Then, the abbreviated form of the name of the journal, &c., in which
the poet article appears, taking care to use the abbreviation which wiil
be found on pp. 118, 119.

4. After this, a reference to the number, date, and page of the journal
in question.

5. If an illustration be given, to note the fact next, as “ fig.,”’ “ tab.,”
or “ plate.”

—_— = —-.

i i a Oi li ic i a ee

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. ELT

6. After these preliminary necessities for making reference to the
original possible for the reader, the abstract or digest should follow,
ending up with the initials of the contributor affixed at the close of each
Abstract or Note.

NAMES OF THOSE WHO HAVE KINDLY CONSENTED TO HELP
IN THIS WORK.

Baker, F. J., A.R.C.S., F.R.H.S.

Boulger, Professor G. S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Bowles, EH. A., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Chapman, H., F.R.H.S.

Chittenden, F. J., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Cook, K. T., F.R.H.S.

Cooke, M. C., M.A., LL.D., A.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Cotton, A. D., F.L.S.

Cox, H. G., F.R.H.S.

Druery, C. T., V.M.H., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.

Dykes, W. R., M.A., F.R.H.S.

Farmer, Professor J. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.H.S.
Goldring, W., F.R.H.S.

Groom, Professor Percy, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.
Hartog, Professor Marcus, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Hawes, HE. F., F.R.H.S.

Henslow, Rev. Professor Geo., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Hodgson, M. L., F.R.H.S.

Hooper, Cecil H., M.R.A.C., F.R.HLS.

Houston, D., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Kent, A. H., A.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Long, C. H., F.R.H.S.

Massee, Geo., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.

Mawley, Ed., F.M.S., F.R.H.S.

Moulder, Victor J., F.R.H.S.

Newstead, R., A.L.8., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

Rendle, A. B., M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Reuthe, G., F.R.H.S. :

Saunders, Geo. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Scott-Elliot, G. F., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.8., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.
Shinn, C. H., F.R.H.S.

Smith, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.H.S.

Veitch, Harry J., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S.

Webster, A. D., F.R.H.S. .

Welby, F. A., F.R.H.LS.

118

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS

from which Abstracts are made, with the abbreviations used

for their titles.

Journals, &e.

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales

Agricult. Journal, Cape of Good Hope

Annales Agronomiques .

Annales dela Soc. d’Hort. et d’ Hist. Naturelle de? Hérault
Annales de la Soc. Nantaise des Amis de l’Hort.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles

Annales du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg

Annals of Botany

Boletim da Real Sociedade Nacional de Horticultura
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana ; :
Botanical Gazette . : :

Botanical Magazine :

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France

Bulletin de la Soc. Hort. de Loiret .

Bulletin de la Soc. Mycologique de France

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Brisbane

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Melbourne .

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica

Bulletin of Bot. Dep. Trinidad °
Bulletino della R. Societa Toscana d’ Orticultura :
Canadian Reports, Guelph and Ontario Stations
Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie .

Chronique Orchidéenne .

Comptes Rendus ,

Department of Agriculture, Victoria :
Department of Agriculture Reports, New Zealand P
Dictionnaire Iconographique des Orchidées

Die Gartenwelt . ;

Engler’s Botanische J ahrbiicher

Gardeners’ Chronicle

Gardeners’ Magazine

Gartenflora

Journal de la Société Nationale d’ Horticulture de France
Journal Dep. Agricult. Victoria ,
Journal Imperial Department Agriculture, West Indies .
Journal of Botany . ; : 3 ; A
Journal of Horticulture .

Journal of the Board of Agriculture

Journal of the Linnean Society : .
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society 4 .
Journal §.E. Agricultural College, Wye . :
Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamte . : .

Le Jardin

Lebensgeschichte der Blutenpflanzen Mitteleuropas
Naturwiss. Zeitschrift Land und Forst : :
Notizblatt des Konig]. Bot. Gart. und Museums zu Berlin.
Orchid Review :
Proceedings of the American Pomological Society .
Queensland Agricultural Journal

Reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Revue de 1’Horticulture Belge

Revue générale de ee ,

Revue Horticole »

Abbreviated title.

Agr. Gaz. N.S.W.

Agr. Jour. Cape G.H.

Ann. Ag.

Ann. Soc. Hé.

Ann. Soc. Nant. des Amis
Hort,

Ann. Se. Nat.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.

Ann. Bot.

Bol. R. Soc. Nae. Hort.

Bol. Soc. Brot.

Bot. Gaz.

Bot. Mag.

Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr.

Bull. Soc. Hort. Loiret.

Bull. Soc. Myce. Fr.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Bris.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Melb.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.

Bull. R. Soc. Tose. Ort.

Can. Rep. G. & O. Stat.

Cent. f. Bact.

Chron. Orch.

Comp. Rend.

Dep. Agr. Vict.

Dep. Agr. N.Z.

Dict. Icon. Orch.

Die Gart.

Eng. Bot. Jah.

Gard. Chron.

Gard. Mag.

Gartenflora.

Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.

Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict.

Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I.

Jour. Bot.

Jour. Hort.

Jour. Bd. Agr.

Jour. Linn. Soe.

Jour. R.A.S.

Jour. 8.E. Agr. Coll.

Kais. Ges.

Le Jard.

Lebens. d. Blutenpfl.

Nat. Zeit. Land-Forst.

Not. Konig. Bot. Berlin.

Orch. Rev.

Am. Pom. Soc.

Qu. Agr. Journ.

Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard.

Rey. Hort. Belge.

Rev. gén. Bot.

Rey. Hort.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS. 119

Journals, &c. Abbreviated title.
The Garden . : : . Garden.
Transactions Bot. Soc. Edinburgh . : ‘ - . Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.
Transactions of the British Mycological Soc.. : . Trans. Brit. Myc. Soe.
Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Soc. : . Trans. Mass. Hort. Soe.

U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Bulletins . g . U.S.A. Dep. Agr.*
U.S.A. Experimental Station Reports. : : . U.S.A. Exp. Stn.t

U.S.A. Horticultural Societies’ publications . . U.S.A. Hort. Soc.t
U.S.A. State Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture . U.S.A. St. Bd.+
Woburn Experiment Farm Report. . . ; - Woburn.

* The divisions in which the U.S.A. Government publish Bulletins will be added when necessary,
+ The name of the Station or State will in each case be added in full or in its abbreviated form.

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS.

Acacias (Mimosas) Mediterranean. By A. Pottier, fils (Le Jard.
No. 505, p. 72; March 5, 1908; 1 plate and 7 figs.)—A comprehensive
description of the many different ornamental. Acacias and their propagation
and culture.—l’. A. W.

Acridocarpus. By T. A. Sprague (Jowr. Bot. 522, pp. 192-207;

6/1906).—A revision of this genus of mainly tropical African Mal- ©

. pighiaceae. Twenty-seven species are recognised, of which three, A.
congolensis, A. ugandensis, and A. hemicyclopterus, from the Gambia, are
new and are described.—G. S. B.

Agricultural Education in the West Indies (Journ. Imp. Dep.
Agri. W.I. No. 3, 1907).—Papers read on this subject at the Agricultural
Conference, 1907, including observations on general science in elemen-
tary schools and scientific teaching.—M. C. C.

Allium. By A. B. Rendle (Jour. Bot. 518, pp. 41-45; Pl. 476;
2 /1906).—-Descriptions of six new species, A. (Rhiziridium) tibeticum,
A. (Rhiziridium) phariense, and A. (Rhiziridium) fasciculatum, from
Tibet, and A. (Rhiziridiwm) Hugonianum, A. (Rhiziridium) plurifoliatum,
and A. (Molium) tubiflorum, from North Central China. The three last-
named are figured.—G. S. B.

Avios tuberosa. By R. Melchior (Die Gart. No. 87, p. 485 ; June 18,
1908).—A well-known tuberous-rooted, deciduous, rapid climbing plant,
with clusters of purple flowers. An exceptionally useful plant for
screening and covering fences and hedges. It is perfectly hardy and of
most easy culture.—G. R.

Aster alpinus var. longipedunculatus. By H. Rehnelt (Die
Gartenw. No. 81, p. 862; May 2, 1908).—Described as a very fine
form allied to A. diplostephioides. The flowers are large, lilac with
yellow centre. The time of flowering is June.—G. JL.

Balearic and Spanish Plants. By C. Bucknall {Jowr. Bot. 580,
pp. 58-59 ; 2/1907).—A localised list of flowering plants collected by the
author and J. W. White in four short tours in Minorca and Majorca and
on the mainland.—G. S. B.

Berberis acuminata. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8185).—Nat.
ord. Berberidaceae. China. Shrub, evergreen, 3-6 feet high ; leaves
lanceolate, spinous-serrate ; flowers in fascicles, brownish-yellow.—G. H.

Berberis Hybrid. By E. §. Marshall (Jowr. Bot. 589, pp. 893-394 ;
11/1907).—A description of a quasi-wild hybrid of B. aquifolium x
vulgaris in Somerset, resembling the latter in habit armature, and foliage,

inate dite Te ee

ree

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 14

the former in fruit. The seeds are apparently perfect. Focke’s remarks
on the “ mixed species ”’ (“ Mischart ’’) resulting from the manifold crossing
of several closely related species of the Mahonia section, and on the
garden hybrid B. Newbertw are quoted.—G. S. B.

Bio-histological Notes on some New Rhodesian Species of
Fuirena, Hesperantha, and Justicia. By L.§S. Gibbs (Ann. Bot.
vol. xxii. April 1908, pp. 187-205; 2 plates).—An interesting contribution
to our knowledge of the biology of these South African plants. The
remarkable adaptations to physiological conditions exhibited are dealt
with from a biological and histological standpoint.

In the case of Fuirena Oedipus (Cyperaceae), a bog plant growing
within the spray area of the Victoria Falls, the basal internode is
curiously modified into a pseudobulb. The tissue involved is that of
the cortex, and it is found to be packed with starch. Organogenic modi-
fication for storage of reserve food material is rare in the Cyperaceae,
and hitherto only known in the rhizome. The tuberous swellings in
the basal internodes of certain grasses serve as water reservoirs and
not as food storehouses. Other species of the same genus are contrasted
with F’. Oedipus.

In species of Hesperantha (Iridaceae) the main interest lies in the
tunics of the corms. AH. matopensis, n. sp., is specially discussed. The
persistent tunics, which are partly liquefied, are very numerous compared
with the size of the corm, and they are of value in preserving moisture
round the shcots. Other types of corm-tunics in Ividaceae and allied
natural orders are referred to.

The last plant dealt with is one of the Acanthaceae, a highly specialised
Justicia, J. elegantula. This plant possesses subterranean winter buds
with colourless radical leaves ; the flowers are borne on very short stems,
which also bear linear cauline leaves. The shoots finally assume a
dorsiventral habit, auxiliary flowering shoots arising from the nodes.
The resting buds are also produced from these shoots. It is pointed out
that in Fuirena and Justicia, two plants of widely differing organization
and systematic position, exposed to the same physiological but rather
different edaphic conditions, the direct response is on the same lines
in both cases, and in the same direction, viz., to the general or physio-
logical stimulus rather than to individual requirements.—A. D. C.

Bulbophyllum Binnendijkii. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab.
8187).—Nat. ord. Orchidaceae, tribe Epidendreae. Java. Epiphyte;
pseudo-bulbs, 55 inches long; leaves 1 foot long; flowers umbellate,
Seven to ten, very large, light green, with dark brown spots; sepals
elongated, spirally twisted at apex, 24-8} inches long ; petals 14-2 inches
long, spirally twisted at apex ; lip crimson at end.—G. H.

Bunt, or Stinking Smut. By F. D. Heald (U.S.A. Exp. Stn.
Nebraska, Buil. No. 28; 3 figs.; 1908).—After describing the pest, and
its life history, this communication recommends the formalin treatment,
as follows :—Place the seed on a clean floor; prepare the solution by
adding one pint of commercial formalin to thirty gallons of water, for

122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL TIORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wheat; sprinkle the solution over the seed and shovel it over until the
surface of each grain is moistened. Shovel the grain in a heap, and
cover with canvas or wet sacks. At the end of two hours uncover and
spread the grain to dry. The floor and sacks should be sterilised with
formalin solution before beginning operations.—M. C. C.

Cabbage Maggot. By F. L. Washburn (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Minnesota,
Ann. Rep. 1907; 22 figs.).—This pest (Phorbia brassicae) does con-
siderable damage to cabbages, turnips, radishes, and other Cruciferae,
particularly on light land, by the larvae making their way into the stalk
and feeding upwards in the interior. Exposed fields cleanly cultivated
suffered less than those sheltered, and where cabbage stalks, &c., were
allowed to remain unburied. A large number of natural enemies are
described and a mite (Trombidiwm scabrum) is said to be particularly
useful in destroying the eggs which the fly lays at the base of the cabbage
stalk. The method of placing a paper collar round the base of the stem-
to prevent the laying of eggs has been abandoned at this station and
experiments with other methods of prevention are in progress. Good
- results were, it is stated, obtained by immersing the roots at the time of
setting in hellebore and water, and also by the use of bran and glue and
sawdust and glue placed on the earth round the base of the young plant.
Carbolic emulsion made by dissolving 1 lb. hard soap in 1 gal. of boiling
water to which is added 1 pint of crude carbolic acid, the whole being
churned with a syringe until thoroughly emulsified, was used on infected
plants with very variable results. For use the emulsion was diluted to
from 15 to 35 times its bulk with water. Maggots lived from 140 min.
to 220 min. immersed in the solution (1 part to 30 of water) and eggs
hatched after 30 seconds’ immersion.—F’. J. C.

Calcium Cyanamide, The Manurial Value of. By Dr. R. Otto
(Gartenflora, January 1908).—An account of experiments carried out with
lettuce and kohlrabi to investigate the respective manurial values of
calcium cyanamide and nitrate of soda. The cyanamide, which is not so
readily washed out of the soil as the nitrate of soda, gave in both cases
more satisfactory results. The lettuces, manured with nitrate, formed
loose hearts, while in the case of the kohlrabi the leaf-growth was
abundant at the expense of the roots.— W. R. D.

Campanula mirabilis, ete. By B. Othmer (Die Gartenw. No. 38,
p. 444; June 20, 1908).—C. mirabilis is a low-growing bushy biennial,
with ovate, rosette-forming leaves and a much-branched short stem with
large lilac or pale blue flowers. A fine plant for the rockery or pot
culture. It is a native of Abchasia, and was discovered in 1895. C. Wald-
steiniana, a rare but old plant, is only a few inches in height, with
close-growing, wiry stems, small glaucous leaves, and pale blue flowers
in July and August. C. barbata and C. barbata alba are biennials
with green hairy leaves, large bell-shaped blue or white hairy flowers
in June and July.—G. RP.

Canker Worm, The Spring. By A. L. Quaintance (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr. Bur. of Entom., Bull. 68, Pt. IL. ; July 1907 ; 2 plates).—This insect

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 123

(Paleacrita vernata Peck) does much harm to apple, elm, cherry, and
some other trees. The females are wingless and it is thought that the
chief means of distribution is by the eggs on nursery stock. In the
majority of cases the canker worms are limited to orchards which are
neglected as to spraying and cultivation. The life-history is as follows.
The larvae feed on the leaves in spring and then enter the soil to a depth
of 2 to 5 inches, pupating in an earthen cell. The imagos appear in
spring or during mild spells in winter, the female climbing up the tree to
deposit her eggs in irregular masses under loose bark scales, in cracks in
the bark or other such places. It is recommended that the trees should
be sprayed with an arsenical spray (1 lb. for each 100 gallons to which
milk of lime made by slaking 4 to 5 lb. of stone lime should be added),
or arsenate of lime may be used at the rate of 6 to 10 lb. to 100 gallons
of water or Bordeaux mixture. ‘Two applications should be made, the
first when the fruit buds are exposed, the second after the blossoms have
fallen. This will serve to lessen both the canker worm and codling
moth. The orchard should be ploughed and cultivated. To catch the
females grease bands should be applied in the spring, made from printer’s
ink, tar, bird-lime, &c., spread on strips of paper 5 or 6 inches wide and
long enough to go around the tree-trunk. The same methods are, of
course, applicable in control of our winter moths.—F’. J. C.

Canna flaccida. By B. Othmer (Die Gart. No. 22, p. 254;
February 29, 1908).—A native of Florida and South Carolina. A water-
side or bog plant, recommended for its handsome foliage, for warm
positions out of doors, or for decorative purposes indoors.—G. R.

Cape Ivy (Senecio scandens, DC.). By Ad. van der Heede (Le
Jard. vol. xxii. No. 501, p. 8; January 5, 1908; 1 plate).—Senecio
scandens, formerly known as Delairea scandens or D. odorata, is an
attractive climbing plant with yellow flowers, which, unlike many Com-
positae, have an agreeable scent. Its succulent green leaves resemble
ivy. Jt grows freely in a cool house or winter garden, but must be kept
dry and in the full light in winter. S. scandens is a native of the Cape;
S. macroglossus, with much larger flowers, of Port Natal. There is also
a variegated variety.—F’. A. W.

. Capraria frutescens. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 587, pp. 314-815 ;
9/1907).—This is the correct name of the plant collected at Vera Cruz
by Houstoun, called Hrinus frutescens in Miller’s “ Dictionary ” (1768),
C. cuneata in “ Hortus Kewensis,” ed. 2, C. saxifragaefolia in “ Bot. Biol.
Centr.Amer.,” and Pogostoma saxifragaefolia in the “Prodromus.”” Erinus
tomentosus of Miller, Stemodia lanata of the “ Prodromus,’’ from the same
place, is S. tomentosa by the new rules.—G. S. B.

Carbolineum as a Remedy for Woolly Aphis, Canker, and
Rust (Neweste Versuche und Erfahrungen mit dem Karbolineum).
Von R. Betten (Herausgeber des Erfurter Fiihrers in Obst- und Gartenbau
m Erfurt. 85 Pfg.).—An article in the second January number of
“ Gartenflora ”’ calls attention to this pamphlet on the value of Carbolineum
as an insecticide and fungicide.—W, R. D.

124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Carnations. By Le Texnier (Le Jard. vol. xxii. No. 502; January 20,

1908, p. 21).—Continuation of previous articles (Journ. R.H.S. vol. xxxiii.
p. 590).—F’. A. W.

Carnations, Bud Rot of. By F. D. Heald (U.S.A. Hap. Sin.
Nebraska, Bull. 103; 1908; with five plates)—After enumerating ten
fungus diseases attacking carnations this report describes the “ bud rot,”’
which is attributed to Sporotrichum anthophilum (Peck), in which two
kinds of spores are produced, microconidia, nearly globose, and simple,
and macroconidia, which are elongated and generally uniseptate. This
mould is parasitic on the filaments and petals of carnations, discolouring
them and spoiling the flowers. It is recommended to pick off all
affected buds, and burn them, practise clean culture, and keep the moisture .
down to the minimum. A mite is constantly associated with the fungus
in affected buds (also described with two plates)—WM. C. C.

Cassava Starch, Industrial Prospects in Jamaica. By the
Hon. H. H. Cousins, M.A., F.LC., F.C.8. (Journ. Imp. Dep. Agri. W.I.
No. 8, 1907).—This paper states the yield of tubers, their maturation and
varieties ; cost of production, manufacture, commercial value of cassava
starch, and concludes that the intrinsic qualities of cassava starches
- producible in Jamaica are of a high order, and a well-made article can
command a high price. It would appear that this industry offers a field
for investment and development whereby large areas of land at present
of small productive power could be made to yield a handsome profit.

M. C. C.

Celtis ugandensis. By A. B. Rendle (Jowr. Bot. 526, pp. 341-2 ;
10/1906).— A description of a new species, with narrow entire leaves,

known by the native name ‘ mbaliwali,’ from Entebbe, Victoria Nyanza.
G. S38

Ceratostigma. By D. Prain (Jowr. Bot. 517, pp. 4-8; 1/1906).—
A monograph of the genus founded by Bunge on the Chinese species
known in gardens as Plumbago Larpentae. Seven species are described,
of which four are new.—G. S, B.

Chinese Plants, New. By 8S. T. Dunn (Jour. Bot. 540, pp.
402-406; 11/1907).—Descriptions of two new species of Prunus, an
Elaeagnus, &c., from Kwantung and Hongkong, Korea, &c., from the
Hongkong Herbarium.—G. S. B.

Chrysanthemums: Fall of Flower Buds. By A. Morel (Le Jard.
vol. xxii. No. 501, p. 13; January 5, 1908).—In Show Chrysanthemums,
e.g. ‘Duchesse d’Orléans,’ ‘Tokio,’ and ‘Mlle. Debonno,’ the fall of
flower buds (indicated by the appearance of a horizontal slit above the
bud, which then drops off before it opens) may be averted by making two
or three vertical cuts, of 1-2 cm., immediately below the bud. ‘The sap
then runs out, and the fall is prevented. Another interesting obser-
vation is that of M. Poiret, who produced more vigorous plants and larger
flowers, which also develop earlier, by making an annular incision in the
stem, fifteen to twenty days after disbudding, 5-10 cm. from the ground.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 125

If made nearer the root the size of the flowers is increased. A swelling
forms from which new roots are thrown out, tending to greater vigour.
The stéms should, however, be supported after the operation, as it makes
them more fragile—F’. A. W.

Chrysanthemum, Prevention of broken buds. (fev. Hort.
Jan. 16, 1908, p. 27).—The fracture of the stem just below opening buds,
to which some varieties are liable, can be prevented by making four or
five longitudinal incisions in the flower stem some time prior to the
opening period.—C. 7. D.

Chrysanthemum Seed, How to obtain. By J. Chifflot (Rev.
Hort. Jan. 16, 1908, pp. 89-41; 2 figs.).—A description of the method of
obtaining seed from choice varieties, first by normal cultivation, 7.e.,
without disbudding, so as to reduce abnormal development of barren
florets, cross-fertilisation then being effected on selective and protective —
lines through the ligulate florets and into the central tubular ones which
should be excised.—C. T. D.

Clematis, Winter-flowering. By R. Rambault (Le Jard.
vol. xxii. No. 502, p. 29; January 20, 1908 ; 1 fig.).—A plea for the winter-
flowering species of Clematis, C. cirrhosa and C. calycina Ait. (C. balearica
Rick.), which are too seldom seen, though both are perfectly hardy in France
and the south of England. They are ornamental creepers, with shiny
evergreen leaves and pendent bell-shaped flowers, creamy-white, and.
flowering from November to January in the case of C. crrhosa; yellowish-
white, with red spots inside, and flowering from January in that of
C. calycina. It is well to give them the protection of a west wall,
since frost is apt to cut the flowers if they expand before the rime has
melted. Light soil suits them best. They flower on new wood, and
should therefore be pruned in April or May as soon as they have done
blooming. They may be propagated by cuttings.— I’. A. W.

Clerodendron oreadum. By S. Moore (Jowr. Bot. 531, pp. 98-94 ;
8/1907).—Description of a new species, collected by Dr. Bagshawe in the
forest near Mpanga, Toro, with notes on allied species.—G. S. B.

Codonopsis convolvulacea. By D. Prain (Bot. Mag. tab. 8178).—
Nat. ord. Campanulaceae, tribe Campanuleae. Eastern Asia. Perennial

twining shrub; leaves #~2 inches long; corolla campanulate, 2 inches
diameter, blue.—G. H.

Coffea eugenioides. By S. le M. Moore (Jour. Bot. 580, p. 43;
2/1907).—Description of a new species, near to C. brachyphylla, from
forest near Mpanga, Toro, collected by Dr. A. G. Bagshawe.—G. S. B.

Coleus. By 8S. Moore (Jour. Bot. 531, pp. 95-97; 3/1907).—
Descriptions of three new species of the Solenostemonoides section,
C. toroensis, collected by Dr. Bagshawe in the forest near Durro River,
Toro, with yellow flowers, and allied to C. decurrens; C. polyanthus,

126 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with violet flowers, allied to C. nyikensis; and C. matopensis, also with
violet flowers, allied to C. acondteflorus, but with smaller flowers, the
two last-named being collected by Mr. F. Eyles in the Matopo Hills.

G. S. B.

Coniferae and Gnetaceae of Central Europe, The. Edited by
O. Kirchner, E. Loew, and C. Schroter ; Stuttgart, E. Ulmer (Lebens. d.
Bliitenpjl.)—This work has been appearing in parts since 1906, and is
intended to include all groups of flowering plants; the parts are about
fifty pages each. Vol.i., here dealt with, extends to about 350 pages,
and is amply illustrated. The editors, assisted by a staff of specialists,
aim at summarising all that is known about prominent European plants,
and the thoroughness with which this is done makes the work indis-
pensable for reference, although as yet comparatively few British
botanists know of it. The main feature is the ecological nature of the
information, vegetative organs receiving more attention than floristic
characters ; but the latter aspect is by no means neglected.

The introductory section consists of a series of condensed tabulated
summaries—what may be called a bird’s-eye view of the ecological features
of plants. The first is an attempt to group adaptation-forms under
various categories. ‘The second is a grouping of plants according to their
mode of nutrition, substratum, duration of life, phenology, and other
features. Another section on special ecological features deals with
seedlings and germination, juvenile forms, and the many adaptation-
forms of adult plants. In short, one has presented in a condensed form
all the recent developments of the ecological side of botany. The number
of new terms is almost bewildering; but it must be admitted that for
many no previous equivalent existed, and i ance with them is
facilitated by an explanatory glossary.

The descriptive part of the work extends to about 300 pages well
illustrated. The following are the plants dealt with: Taxus baccata,
Abies alba, Picea excelsa, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, P. montana,
P. austriaca, P. Pinaster, P. Cembra, P. Strobus, Cupressus sempervirens,
Juniperus communis, J. Oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, J. Sabina, Ephedra
distachya, E. major. The method of this part of the work will probably
be best grasped if we select one species as an example of all the others:
e.g., Scots pine (P. sylvestris). The first part deals with general and local
distribution, and the climate and soil requirements; here there is much
of interest from the economic and geographical points of view. The plant
association is next considered, and there is given a list of plants typical
of the undergrowth of pine forests. The seed, its commercial germinative
power, and the course of germination next come under consideration ;
likewise the requirements of the tree as regards light. Growth-forms are
discussed, and the information on needle arrangement will be found most
valuable, since it touches on a subject of much difficulty even to the:
expert. The forester will find a useful summary on the timber, its rate
of growth and variation in different districts. The flower follows and leads
on to the seed. Hach species is dealt with in the same thorough manner,
and the literature on the subject is extensively cited. The whole treat-
ment is unique and much in advance of anything yet published.— W. G. S,

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 127

Coniferous Seedlings, Damping off. By Perley Spaulding (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr., Circ. 4; April, 1908).—Relates the experience derived from
experiments on the treatment of damping off in coniferous seedlings. The
powders used were sulphur, dry Bordeaux mixture, and copper sulphate
and lime. The solutions were potassium sulphide, potassium _per-
manganate, formalin, and sulphuric acid. The results hitherto obtained
are not regarded as conclusive, but it is hoped that the present season’s
work will develop results from which definite conclusions may be
drawn.—WV. C. C.

Crataegus in North America. By C. 8S. Sargent (Jour. Bot.
586, pp. 289-292 ; 8/1907).—Five hundred species have been described
in the last eight years, which fall into twenty natural groups; but the
species, if species they are, are fertile, and do not vary or hybridise. Some
of the groups are confined to distinct geographical areas. Herbarium
specimens are unsatisfactory, as flower and fruit should be got from the
same tree, with notes on the colour of the anthers.—G. S. B.

Crinum Vassei. By D. Bois (Rev. Hort. March 16, 1908, pp. 132-8 ;
1 plate, coloured).—Native of Portuguese West Africa, at 750 metres
altitude. The plate illustrates a very handsome plant bearing fine white
flowers, with long slender petals, striped centrally with bright red. The
flowers are about 8 inches long and the inflorescence about 18 inches
across.—C. T’. D.

Croton. By S.- Moore (Jour. Bot. 540, p. 406; 11/1907).—
C. sparsiflorus, a native of South America, which has turned up at
Calcutta, is the original redescribed as C. nivifer and as C. rwinoides.

G. S. B.

Crown Gall, Cross Inoculation. By Geo. G. Hedgcock (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr., Bull. 181, part 3; March 1908).—The results of five years’
experiments show that the soft galls from almond, apricot, blackberry,
cherry, peach, plum, prune, and raspberry have been transferred easily
to seedlings of almond, apricot, peach, and raspberry ; less readily to
blackberry, cherry, plum, and pear, and with difficulty to apple, chestnut,
walnut, and rose.

The soft galls of apple, chestnut, walnut, rose, and pear have not been
transferred readily to any of the plants mentioned. Evidence has been
obtained of a wide range of susceptibility in different varieties of the same
plant.

The results of these experiments show that the opportunity presented
for breeding and selecting races of plants resistant to this common and
destructive disease is excellent.—W. C. C.

Cypripedium debile. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8183),—
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae, tribe Cypripedieae. China and Japan. Herb
4-6 inches high ; leaves broadly ovate; scapes 3-1? inches long; flowers
small, pale green ; sepals and petals with dark purple blotches at base;
lip $ inch long, white.-—G. H..

128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cyprus, Flora of. By H. 8. Thompson (Jour. Bot. 524, pp. 270-
278; 525, pp. 804-309; 526, pp. 832-341; 8-10/1906).—A list of
species in the Kew herbarium, or previously recorded, with an account
of the topography, climate, physical features, and botanical history of
the island.—G. S. B.

Dioscorea Batatas (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr. 4th series, vol. ix. ;
December 1907, p. 728).—The description of a new variety of the Chinese
yam (Dioscorea Batatas), which, while preserving all the good qualities of
the type and weighing quite as much, is only half its length.— M. L. H.

Donax and Schumannianthus. By R. A. Rolfe (Jowr. Bot.
534, pp. 242-244; 6/1907).—A revision of the synonymy of these
Marantaceous genera.—G. S. B.

Elaeagnus Futcheri. By 8S. T. Dunn (Jour. Bot. 540, p. 404;
11/1907).—Description of a new species from Cape D’Aguillar, Hong
Kong, collected by W. J. Futcher.—G. S. B.

Etherisation : Its Use in Forcing. By H. Weidlich (Gartenjiora,
No. 5; March 1908).—Herr Weidlich gives the results of his three years’
experience of the value of etherisation to the forcer of early flowering
shrubs, and of the methods which he has employed with success.

| W. B.D.

Feldspathiec Rocks as Fertilisers, The Use of. By A. 5S.
Cushman (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 104; May 1907).—
Finely ground feldspathic rocks may under certain circumstances
provide a source from which plants may obtain potash. Although
ground feldspar is not an efficient substitute, under all circumstances, for
potash salts, yet with certain crops it is thought that it may-prove useful
if ground sufficiently fine. The whole question is, as yet, however,
unsettled, and this bulletin merely gives a summary of the evidence for
and against its use as a fertiliser, and emphasizes the fact that it would
be extremely unwise for anyone to attempt to use ground rock except on
an experimental scale that would not entail great financial loss.—F’. J. C.

Forcing by Direct Heat. By Dr. Mehner (Le Jard. vol. xxii.
No. 501, p. 12; January 5, 1908).—The author proposes to replace the
cumbrous frames and greenhouses, now used in forcing early flowers
and vegetables, by a system of pipes to heat the soil directly. Heat
without light would be ineffectual. He therefore waits till March,
when the soil temperature is usually 1°-5° C., or 6° C. at a depth of
50 cm. Superheated steam is then driven through earthen pipes,
between each of which there is space enough to let hot air and steam
escape into the soil, until the temperature is raised to that of June
(15°-19° C.). Asparagus is usually cut in May at a subsoil temperature
of 11°C. By heating the soil as described from 1°-11° C. in March, it
becomes possible to obtain an early crop, the value of which far exceeds
the cost of fuel and installation.—f. A. W.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 129

Fritillaria flavida. By A. B. Rendle (Jowr. Bot. 518, p. 45;
2/1906).—Description of a new species from Tibet, near to the Himalayan
F. Stracheyi, from which it differs in its yellow flowers with rather
narrower petals.—G. S. B.

Fruit Diseases, Investigations. on. By H. J. Eustace (U.S.A.
Exp. Stn. Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 297, Feb. 1908; 7 plates).—Apples
artificially inoculated with decay-producing fungi were placed in
commercial cold storage, temperature 32° F., and held there for two
months or more. Of the several species used Peniciliiwm glaucum (blue
mould) was the only one that developed and caused decay. Upon
removal to a warmer temperature all the species of fungi developed and
caused decay.

Decay was not entirely prevented in inoculated apples held at a
temperature of 35°—56°, and developed vigorously at a temperature of
48°-69°.

Peaches inoculated with Sclerotuua fructigena (brown rot), the most
common and destructive decay of peaches, developed a small amount of
decay in two weeks at a temperature of 30° F.

: Spores of Penicilliwm glauwcum (blue mould) can be destroyed by
fumigation with sulphur, but when these fumes come in contact with ripe
apples the commercial value of the fruit is lessened.

Spraying iinmature apples with Bordeaux mixture did not check the
development of spots of Ventwria inaequalis (scab) that had started
previous to the application of the Bordeaux mixture.—W. C. C.

Fungicide, Self-boiled Lime-sulphur Mixture asa. By W.M.
Scott (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Circ. 1; April 1908; 2 figs.).—The toxic
action of Bordeaux mixture on peach foliage, rendering it practically
useless for the control of peach diseases in the growing season, led the
writer to investigate other possible fungicides that might prove less
caustic.

During 1907 self-boiled lime-sulphur mixtures in various proportions
and strengths were tested on both the apple and the peach.

The mixture which gave the most promising results was composed
of ten pounds of sulphur (flowers or flour) and fifteen pounds of fresh
stone lime to fifty gallons of water, and may be prepared as follows:

Place the lime in a fifty-gallon barrel and pour two or three gallons
of boiling water over it. Immediately add the sulphur and another three
gallons of hot water. The heat from the slaking lime will boil the mixture
violently for several minutes. Some stirring is necessary, to prevent burn-
ing, and more water should be added if the mass gets too thick to stir, but
the ccoking is more effectual when the minimum quantity of water is used,
usually from six to eight gallons being required. A piece of old carpet or
gunny sack thrown over the top of the barrel helps to keep in the heat.
The boiling will continue from twenty to thirty minutes, depending upon
the quality of the lime. When the boiling ceases dilute with cold water
to make fifty gallons, stir thoroughly, and strain through a sieve of about
twenty meshes to the inch, in order to take out coarse particles of lime,
but all the sulphur should be carefully worked through.

VOL. XXXIV. K

130 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It seems likely that a lime-sulphur mixture, either self-boiled or
unboiled, will prove to be a safe and valuable fungicide for use on —
fruit trees and other plants during the growing season.—-M. C. C.

Gardenia. By S. Moore (Jour. Bot. 585, pp. 264-265 ; 7/1907).—
Descriptions of two new species, G. lanciloba, from Toro, Semliki —
Forest, near Baranga, collected by Dr. Bagshawe, with primrose-coloured —
flowers; and G. pomodora, collected by the same collector in Kibale
Forest, Toro, at 4,500 feet, and by E. Brown at Entebbe. The latter
has fleshy flowers, with the odour of over-ripe apples, faint yellow
with red streaks, or purple spotted with yellow, and is allied to
G. zanguebarica.— G. S. B.

Germination of Poplars. By F. H. Woolward (Jowr. Bot. 540,
pp. 417-419, tab. 487; 12/1907).—A brief comparative account of the
germination of P. canescens, P. canadensis, P. nigra, and P. marilandica,

Geis

Germination, Rapid. By J. Paquet (Le Jard. No. 508 ; February 5,
1908).—Seeds of radishes and other Cruciferae can be made to ger- —
minate in less than eight minutes by plunging them into hot water and then
laying them between rags soaked in boiling water in a small flower-pot
nearly filled with moist earth. Cover with an inverted flower-pot, a little
smaller, and set the two ona warm stove, but not too near the fire. noe |
the rags moist by adding a little water.

To this “ Hortulus ”’ adds a note on chemical methods of secolontitng |
germination, by merely treating the seed with some chemical such as
weak chlorine water (two drops to 60 cc. of water). The seeds if placed
in the sun will germinate completely in six hours. It is, however,
necessary to watch the process, and to remove the seeds from the chlorine
water and wash them, directly the radicle appears. This acceleration is
simply due to the action of nascent oxygen liberated on the decom-
position of the water by the chlorine in the presence of light. Hard
seeds would need to be soaked in water for some hours before steeping ©
them in the chlorine solution. Alkaline substances, ¢.g., ammonia,
potash, soda, in highly dilute solution, also aid the process of germination. |
Another curious method, proposed by M. Ragoneau in 1885, consists in
watering the seeds with a .,),, solution of formic acid at a temperature
of 25°-80° C. This dissolves the integuments, and seeds which normally
require eight or ten days will germinate in as many hours. ‘This has been
utilised by the fakirs in India. ‘They select a young and tender bean
and place it in very moist earth from an ant-heap. With the aid of heat
the bean sprouts in a “ miraculous ’’ manner.—F’, A. W.

Ginger, Cultivation and Preparation of Jamaica. By H. J.
Miller (Jowrn. Imp. Dep. Agri. W.I. No. 8, 1907),—A brief. account of
the history of ginger cultivation in Jamaica and the preparation of ginger
for the market.—M, C. C.

_ Gooseberry Mildew. By J. Barsacq (Le Jard. No. 506, p. 87;-
March 20, 1908; 2 figs.).—M. Barsaeq gives an historical sketch of, the —

Wait

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, rok

disease, with figures of the American mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-wvae)
and the European mildew (Microsphaera Grossulariae), the former being
infinitely more deadly. There seems a danger of its spreading to currants
also. Of the various remedies proposed liver of sulphur appears to be
the most efficacious. The plants should be frequently sprayed with
a weak solution as a preventive. Where the fungus is already esta-
blished it is advisable to employ naphthol-. It is necessary to add soap
to dissolve this chemicalin water. It can be mixed in a bucket and after-
wards diluted for use in the proportions of 1 kilo. (2 lb.) to 250-300 litres
(50-60 gallons) of water.—F’. A. W.

Gordonia anomala. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 587, p. 318;
9/1907).—This is the correct name of Camellia axillaris of Bot. Reg.
349, and Bot. Mag. 2047.—G. S. B.

Grafting : Influence of Stock on Scion. By M. P. Passy (Jour.
Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr. 4th series, vol. ix.; February 1908, p. 106).—The
author claims to have proved by experiment that the stock has no
influence whatever on the character of the fruit borne by the scion, even
in the case of double grafting —M. L. H.

Grapes, Bag Method of Protecting. By G. Riviére and G. Bail-
hache (Jowr. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fir. 4th series, vol. ix.; February 1908,
p. 132).—Analyses showing the sugar content of grapes taken from
bunches grown under the protection of paper bags, and from some not so
covered, showing the great advantage of the first of these methods.

Ma eT

Gypsophila graeca. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 526, p. 345;
10/1906).—A reclamation of this name for G. /ursuta, according to
the Vienna rules.—G. S. B.

Herbertia amatorum. By T. F. Chip (Bot. Mag. tab. 8175).—
Nat. ord. [vidaceae, tribe Moraeae. South America. Leaves 7-8 inches
long ; perianth 2 inches diameter, outer segments obcuneate, dark violet ;

_¢law with white obcordate spot._—_G. H.

Hybrids among British Phanerogams. By E. F. Linton
(Jour. Bot. 535, pp. 268-276, and 536, pp. 296-304; 7 and 8/1907).—
A catalogue raisonné of all recorded cases.—G. S. B.

Hybrids, Pollen of. By E. 8. Gregory (Jowr. Bot. 538, pp. 877-
878 ; 10/1907).—In violets hybrids often produce normal sound pollen.
Gis.

Ipomopsis elegans. By E. Laumonnier (fev. Hort. March 1,
1908, p. 109; 1 plate, coloured).—A North American biennial. Spikes
of brilliant scarlet flowers. Cultural directions. Requires stopping to
produce laterals. Recommended for cut flowers.—C. T. D.

Kaempferia Kirkii, var. elatior. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab.
8188).—Nat. ord. Zingiberaceae, tribe Hedychieae. Rhodesia. Perennial
herb, 12-18 inches high; leaves acuminate, 12 inches by 2-3 inches ;

K 2

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL IIORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

staminodes and labellum bright rose colour, latter 1} inches long and
3 inches broad, with a yellow blotch.—G. H.

Larix Griffithii. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8181).—Nat. ord,
Coniferae, tribe Abietineaec. Sikkim and Bhutan. Tree 20-65 feet
high ; leaves fascicled, 30-50; cone cylindric, 3 inches long, purplish-
brown ; scales truncate, 5 inch long and broad.—G. H.

Limonium, Notes on. ByC. E. Salmon (Jour. Bot. 529, pp. 24-25 ;
1/1907; and 540, pp. 428-482; 12/1907).—Continued from Jowr. Bot.
505, p. 5; 1/1905; and dealing with ZL. binervoswm and its vars,
procerum and humile, and with L. bellidifolium.—G. S. B.

Magnolias, Deciduous. By E. Raignault (Le Jard. No. 54, p. 58;
February 20; 5 figs.).—A description of the various species and varieties
of deciduous Magnolias, with their several characteristics, the Asiatic
species dealt with being MW. conspicua, obovata or purpurea, stellata, Wat-
sonui, and Campbellii; the American M. macrophylla, Umbrella, acuminata,
cordata, glauca, and Frasert. There is a further note by P. Hariot on
M. hypoleuca from China and Japan.—F’. A. W.

Nitrogenous Manure, The Application of. By Dr. R. Otto
(Gartenflora, No. 5; 1908).—Lettuces and kohlrabi were grown on four
plots: (1) without nitrogenous manure ; (2) with a dressing of sulphate
of ammonia (containing 20 per cent. of nitrogen) at the rate of 14 oz. per
square yard ;-(3) with a dressing of twice this amount of sulphate of
ammonia ; (4) with a dressing of sulphate of ammonia at the rate of
35 0z. per square yard and copious moisture.

In the case of the lettuces the best results were obtained from (8), the
other plots being placed in the order (2), (4), (1), with but slight difference
between the produce of plots (4) and (1).

The kohlrabi roots did best in (2), the order of the other plots being
(1), (8), (4), while as regards leaf growth the order was (2), (4), (1), (8).

In both cases the most notable result is the fact that the presence of
copious moisture in conjunction with heavy dressings of nitrogenous

manure has no beneficial effect on these vegetables, but rather the reverse.
W. B&R. D.

Olearia ciliata. By W. Watson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8191).—Nat. ord.
Compositae, tribe Asteroideae. Australia and Tasmania. Sirub 1-2 feet
high; leaves crowded, recurved, 4-1 inch long, about ,!, inch broad;
heads 1 inch diameter, lilac.—G. H.

Olive Tubercle: Recent Studies. By Erwin F. Smith (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr., Bull. 181; May 1908).—In recent years the olive orchards
of California have suffered from swellings on the branches, known as
olive tubercle, and attributable to bacteria. This memoir gives its
history and records previous researches, with the results of more recent —
studies, and at length, after investigating previous nomenclature, deter-
manes Bactervum Savastanoi to be the future designation of the organism
of the olive tubercle.—WM. C. C.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 133

Onosma tenuiflorum. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 526, p. 346;
10/1906).—A reclamation of this name, dating from 1797, for O. rupestre
of 1808.—G. S. B.

Ophrys muscifera var. virescens. By R. A. Rolfe (Jour. Bot.
535, p. 282; 7/1907).—A note on an exceedingly rare variety of the
Fly Orchis from Wye, Kent.—G. S. B.

Oranges: Decay whilst in Transit from California. By
G. Harold Powell and others (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 123; March
1908 ; 9 plates).—This bulletin gives the result of inquiry into the decay
of oranges during transit from California to the Hast, the loss being
estimated at from 500,000 dollars to 1,500,000 dollars annually, the
output latterly being from 25,000 to 82,000 cartloads, 7.e., from 6,000,000
to 11,000,000 boxes, having a gross value of from 25 to 32 million
dollars annually. The common blue mould, Penicillawm glaucum, was
always found to be associated with decaying oranges. ‘This fungus has
always been considered as saprophytic, but the inoculation of sound
oranges with the spores of this species has, without exception, resulted
in the characteristic decay. Investigation has shown that the decay
has followed through mechanical abrasions of the skin. Most of these
injuries are invisible to the inexperienced eye. The most common forms
of injury were caused by the clippers in cutting the fruit from the tree.
If the fruit is packed promptly after picking, and is shipped at once
in a cool temperature, the decay may not develop in transit. The tempera-
ture changes slowly in transit. In a car in which the fruit is cooled to
40° I’. or lower before shipment the temperature remains nearly constant,
if the car is re-iced regularly in transit.—W. C. C.

/

Oxalis, Yellow-flowered Species Common to Europe and
America. By B.L. Robinson (Jowr. Bot. 527, pp. 886-891 ; 11/1906).—
A critical comparison of three species: 1. O. corniculata, the commonest
species of Continental Europe, the British Isles, and the eastern United
States, the O. stricta of most English and Continental writers, known
as a weed and of doubtful origin; 2. O. stricta, indigenous in North
America, but apparently introduced in Devonshire, Jersey, and France,
the O.- corniculata of most English writers, and O. Navieri of France;
and 8. O. repens, tropical and sub-tropical in a wild state, and as a weed
in greenhouses, the O. corniculata of the Continent.—G. S. B.

Paeonia Mlokosewitschii. By W. Watson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8173).—
Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae, tribe Paconieae. Caucasus. Leaves biternate,
3-4 inches long; flowers 4-5 inches diameter ; petals eight, roundish,
sulphur-yellow.—G. H.

Paracaryum racemosum. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 526, p. 848;
10/1906).—A reclamation of this name, according to the Vienna rules,
for Cynoglossum angustifolium.—G. S. B.

Peach, A new, ‘Jessie Kerr.’ By Charles Baltet (Rev. Hort.
March 1, 1908, p. 101).—This American peach is highly recommended

184. jovkNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ds a vigorous and productive one, the fruits being larger than ‘ Amsden,’
of fine colour, and somewhat earlier. Stone entirely free. Has done well
in the open in France.—C. 7’. D.

Petunias, Double-fringed,‘ Perfection Rose.’ By M. Houssy
(Le Jard. vol. xxii. No. 501, p. 12; January 5, 1908).—New variety with
clear carmine flowers, sometimes edged with white. Highly recommended
for border masses and pot culture.——F’. A. W.

Phaseolus. By J. Britten (Jour. Bot. 526, pp. 843-4; 10/1906).—
A reclamation of the name P. trilobatus for the species known as Dolichos
trilobatus or Phaseolus trilobus.—G. S. B.

Philodendron Corsinianum. By W. Watson (Bot. Mag. tab.
8172).—Nat. ord. Araceae, tribe Philodendreae. Garden hybrid raised
by Messrs. Makoy, of Liége. Climbing plant; leaf-blade, 11-2} feet
long, 11-18 inches broad, cordate ovate, deep green above, dull purple
below; spathe 8 inches long, purple-crimson, with spots of crimson-
brown and white dots ; spadix 6-6} inches long, creamy-white.—G. H.

Phosphates, Action of Water and Aqueous Solutions upon.
By F. K. Cameron and J. M. Bell (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. of Soils, Bull.
41; June 1907; 5 figs.).—An exhaustive account of some of the changes
taking place in the phosphates in the soil. The conclusions arrived at are
that soil phosphates are decomposed or hydrolysed by water with the
formation of other phosphates containing relatively more of the base.
Neutral salts in solution usually increase the amount of phosphoric acid
and of lime going into solution from a lime phosphate. Lime salts and
alkaline solutions decrease the amount of both in solution, and acid
solutions increase it. Neutral salts have little action on phosphates of
iron and alumina, while salts which hydrolyse with the formation of acid
or alkaline solutions increase the amount of phosphoric acid yielded to the
solution by the phosphates of iron and alumina. Since all soils contain
far more basic matter than is sufficient to combine with the phosphoric
acid, the least soluble phosphates are the ones which will be formed and
will control the concentration of the soil moisture. The concentration of
the phosphorie acid in the soil moisture will not be materially affected by
the addition of phosphatic fertilizers to the soil, and will vary but little
for different soils and with the total amount of phosphoric acid in soils.
The changes in both solution and solid which take place during the
progress of leaching superphosphates are also described.—F’. J. C.

Polygonum Aubertii. By J. Baum (Die Gart. No. 24, p-. 281;
March 14, 1908).—A new species from Tibet; resembles Polygonum

Baldschuanicum, but is even more rapid-growing, and has darker green
folinge and pure white flowers.—Q@. R.

Polystichum Braunii in England. (Jour. Bot. 540, p. 451;
12/1907).—This fern, collected by the Rev. W. H. Painter in Leigh
Woods, Bristol, as Aspidiwm angulare, has been identified by Dr.
Kiimmerle, of Budapest. An English description is here given.—G. S. B.

>

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 135

Porquerolles, Flora of. By H. 8S. Thompson (Jour. Bot. 528,
pp. 407-410; 12/1906).—A description of the interesting florula of a
small island off Hyéres.—G. S. B.

Potentilla concolor. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab, 8180),—Nat.
ord. Rosaceae, tribe Potentilleae. China. Perennial herb, over 1 foot
high; upper leaves trifoliate; flowers 14 inches diameter; petals deep
yellow.—G. H.

Prunus Fordiana and P. marginata. By S, T. Dunn (Jour.
Bot. 540, pp. 402-403; 11/1907).—Deseriptions of two allied species
from Kwantung, near to P. punctata.—G. S. B.

Pseudolarix Fortunei. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8176).—
Nat. ord. Coniferae, tribe Abietineae. China. Tree resembling larch,
120-130 feet high; leaves deciduous; female catkins globose; cone
ovoid-oblong, 13-2 inches long.—G. H.

Pyrus Aria, var. majestica. By W.4J. Bean (Bot. Mag. tab. 8184),
—Nat. ord. Rosaceae, tribe Pomeae. Garden origin? ‘Tree 40 feet
high ; leaves 3-7 inches long; flowers in corymbs, 8-4 inches across ;
petals dull creamy-white. Fruit in loose corymbs, globose, 4 inch diameter,
bright red.—G. H.

Pyrus Tschonoskii. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8179).—Nat. ord.
Fiosaceae, tribe Pomeae. Japan. Tree 30-40 feet high; trunk 1 foot

diameter ; racemes umbellate ; flowers upwards of 1 inch diameter, white,
Ca.

Raspberry Pest (Agrilus chrysoderes. var. rubicola Ab.). By
J. Vercier (Le Jard. vol. xxii. No. 502, p. 28; January 20, 1908;
1 fig.).—The raspberry crop in America has long been devastated by
Agrilus ruficollis Fab., and A. chrysoderes has now made its appearance
as a pest of the crop in Céte d’Or, whence come the best raspberries of
France. It is a minute bronze beetle found on the leaves during the
summer which deposits its ova on the twigs in July. The larvae burrow
under the bark, making spiral galleries which intercept the flow of the
sap, and the shoot withers from desiccation, or snaps when pruned or
exposed to gusts of wind. The larvae remain in the bark throughout the
autumn and winter, penetrating farther in May, and emerging in June as
a beetle. The pests are subject to the attacks of Hymenopterous parasites.
The best cure for the Agrilus scourge is to burn all doubtful or infected
wood after the autumn pruning and again early in May, before the insects.
come out.—f’. A. W.

Rehmannia angulata. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8177).
—Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae, tribe Digitalieae. China. Bienmal or
perennial ; stems 4—6 feet long; leaves ovate-oblong ; corolla 3-4 inches
long, pink with a yellow throat.—G. H.

Rheum inopinatum. By D. Prain (Bot. Mag. t. 8190).—Nat. ord.
Polygonaceae, tribe Rumiceae. Tibet. Perennial herb; leaves sub-

136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bullate, 3-6 inches long, 2-5 inches wide; inflorescence paniculate,
nutlets orbicular, bright red, } inch across.—G. H.

Ribes, Robsonia Section. By D. Bois (Rev. Hort. Jan. 16, 1908,
pp. 29-82; 9 figs.).—A very interesting article on these flowering shrubs,
embracing a review of monograph, Monographie des Enseilliers, by
Ed. de Lanezewski, Geneva.—C. 7’. D.

Rosa Willmottiae. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8186).—
Nat. ord. Rosaceae, tribe Roseae. China. Shrub densely branched,
5-10 feet high, prickles in pairs; flowers rose-purple, 1-1} inches
diameter.—G. H.

Rusts, Heteroecious, of Connecticut, having a Peridermium
for their Aecidial Stage. By G. P. Clinton, S¢e.D. (U.S.A. Agr.
Exp. Stn. Connecticut, Report, 1907; 5 plates.)—After a description
of the general character of heteroecious rusts, this report proceeds
to the discussion of Connecticut species, of which thirteen are dealt
with, in addition to eight not yet known in the State—WM. C. C,

Sarracenia, Observations on. By J. M. Macfarlane (Jowr. Bot.
529, pp. 1-7; 1/1907).—A history of the generic name, dedicated to
Dr. D. Sarrasin, of Quebec, and of S. Catesbaei, S. Drummondu, and
S. minor; but it appears (Jowr. Bot. 531, pp. 117-118) that Sarrasin’s
name was Michel,—G. S. B.

Saxifraga Brunoniana. By W. Watson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8189).—
Nat. ord. Sazxifragaceae, tribe Saaxifrageae. India. Perennial herb;
stems with runners, slender, red ; flowers golden-yellow.—G. H.

Saxifraga Grisebachii. By B. Othmer (Die Gart. No. 40,
p. 469; July 4, 1908).—Discovered in 1902. A native of Albania and
Macedonia at about 1,500 to 2,000 metres alt. The leaves form a
perfectly symmetrical rosette, but the greater attraction lies in the bright
purple bracts of the inflorescence.—G. R.

Sieve-Tubes of Angiosperms, The History of the. By A. W.
Hill (Ann. Bot. vol. xxii. April 1908, pp. 245-285; 2 plates)—The
latest communication by the author on the histology of the sieve-tube
deals with Vitis vinifera, Wistaria chinensis, Cucurbita Pepo, Tilia
vulgaris, Viscum album, Phaseolus vulgaris, and P. multiflorus.

In Wistaria chinensis and Cucurbita Pepo the pit-closing membranes
are crossed by small groups of fine protoplasmic threads, whilst in
Vitis vinifera there is apparently only one. Each pit is ultimately
occupied by a single slime string which has arisen by ferment action
from the original thread or threads. For details the original must be
consulted.

The following explanation is given of the remarkable changes that
take place in the phloem elements. In the sieve-tubes there is the need
of the formation of definite holes for the translocation of material, and
the connecting threads serve as useful paths along which to work in

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. tye

order to produce tubes of sufficient diameter to enable an actual flow
of slime to take place. Then since the large holes produced are likely
to be asource of danger to the plant when translocation diminishes, the
callus is utilised to regulate the bore of the tubes, and finally appears
to put a stop to the translocatory processes altogether. With regard to
the physiological function of the threads, it appears that they serve
primarily for the transmission of stimuli, but that, owing to subsequent
modifications in the special cases of the sieve-tubes, they become
enlarged, and are able to serve secondarily for purposes of translocation.
Andy,

Silene bella. By J. Britten (Jour. Bot. 524, pp. 268-9 ; 8/1906).—
A reclamation of E. D. Clarke’s name for this species discovered by him
in the Crimea and described in 1810.—G. S. B.

Silene elongata. By R. Paulson (Jowr. Bot. 540, pp. 445-446 ;
12/1907).—A reprint of Bellardi’s description of this species from the
Alps and Dauphiné, which has been sunk in S. acaulis, but is considered
by the author to be very distinct. S. exscapa and S. bryoides are closely
allied.—G. S. B.

Sinningia Regina. By T. A. Sprague (Bot, Mag. tab. 8182).—
Nat. ord. Gesneriaceae, tribe Gesnerieae. Brazil. Stem 6 inches long ;
leaves 4—8 inches long, 24-6 inches broad ; flowers pendulous ; corolla pale
violet with yellow band.—G. H.

Smut, Prevention of Sorghum and Kafir-Corn. By H. F.
Roberts and G. F. Freeman (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Kansas, Bull. 149 ;
7/07).—The authors tested a number of different strengths of formalin
as a means of checking the attacks of the smut fungus. The seed was
steeped in the solutions for two hours and then thoroughly dried before
planting. The solution containing ‘5 per cent. of formalin was found to
reduce the smut practically to zero.—F’. J. C.

Sophora Japonica in the Royal Garden, Nassau. By R. Zeissig
(Die Gart. No. 17, p. 200; January 25, 1908).—Attention is called
to the many rare trees found in this somewhat neglected garden, over-
grown by Robinia Pseudacacia. The collection was formed early
in the last century by Baron von Stein, and many of the trees were
introduced or raised from seeds by Alexander von Humboldt. Some
of them, especially the beautiful late-flowering Sophora japonica, are
30 metres in height.—G. Lf.

Sorghum, The Smuts of. By Ed. M. Freeman and H. J. C.
Umberger (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Circ. 8; May 1908).—Two kinds of
Sorghum smits are enumerated, grain smut (Sphacelotheca Sorghi) and
head smut (S. Reiliana), The recommendations are: To obtain seed free
from smut. Keep farm free from smut by using own seed and machinery.
Treat the seed with either formalin or hot water. Maintain a quarantine
against any locality or farm where smut is known to exist. Maintain a
quarantine against any handlers of machinery who allow their machinery
to become contaminated with smut spores.—WM. C. C,

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Stock on Graft, Influence of (Rev. Hort. March 16, p. 123).—
Pinus excelsa grafted on P. Cembra and also on P. Strobus in both cases
assumed the exact habit of growth of the stocks used.—C. 7’. D.

Stocks. By M. Alin (Le Jard. No. 507, p. 104; April 5, 1908;
1 plate).—The different varieties of stock in cultivation are enumerated,
with practical directions for their treatment.—F’. A. W.

Sugar Beet, Curly Top, a Disease of. By C. O. Townsend
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 122; April 1908; 11 plates).—Curly top is not
identical with any disease of the beet previously known, and has not been
reported from any country other than the United States. It does not
appear to be produced by any one abnormal condition of soil or climate,
It does not seem to be due to any parasite or any condition of the seed ;
it also attacks stock and garden beets, but does not seem to be com-
municated directly from beet to beet. It has not appeared to any serious
extent two years in succession in the same locality. Growers need not
hesitate to plant beets in a field, although the entire crop was destroyed
in that field in the previous year.—W. C. C.

Tacsonia. By J. Britten (Jowr. Bot. 587, p. 316; 9/1907).—
T. micradena and T. Purupuruw of Candolle are both identical with
T. pinnatistipula of Jussieu. T. pennipes of M. J. Roemer is a variety
of this species.—G. S. B.

Tea in Jamaica. By the Hon. H. E. Cox (Journ. Imp. Dep. Agri.
W.I. No. 8, 1907).—A history of tea culture in Jamaica; conditions
under which culture has taken place; summary of rainfall and average
temperature, the mode of culture, and the preparation of the leaf.

M. C. C.

Telephium. By F. N. Williams (Jowr. Bot. 525, pp. 289-304;
9/1906).—A learned discussion of the history of this genus, of which
six species are recognised, from Dioscorides and Pliny downwards. The
Telephiwm of Dioscorides, however, is Cerinthe major.—G. S. B.

Timbers of Jamaica (Journ. Imp. Dep. Agri. W.I. No. 8, 1907).—
This is a list of the timbers of Jamaica, with their local and botanical
names, about 250 species, arranged under the following groups.

Timbers suitable for (1) cabinet work ; (2) carriage and cart work ;
(3) coopering work ; (4) fuel; (5) general inside work; (6) outside work ;
(7) house work and furniture; (8) mill work; (9) piles; (10) posts ;
(11) railway sleepers; (12) shingles; (18) turnery.—WM. C. C.

Tobacco Root Rot, Field Treatment of. By Lyman J. Briggs
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Circ. 7; May 1908).—The tobacco root rot is re-
cognised as due to the action of a soil fungus (Thielavia basicola). It
attacks the tobacco roots most severely when the soil has become alkaline.
It is recommended that no lime be used on diseased fields, but that
sulphate of potash or double manure salts be applied, and phosphoric
acid in the form of acid phosphate, or dissolved bone, to correct the
alkalinity of the soil, Diseased fields should be used for some other

hile

NOTES AND ABSTRAOTS. 139

. trop for a year or more. No lime or alkaline form of fertiliser should

be used until the roots of the tobacco are free from the disease.—M. C. C.

Variation and Mutilation. By M.L. Blaringhem (Jour. Soc. Nat.
Hort. Fr, 4th series, vol. ix.; November 1907, p. 640).—M. Blaringhem
claims to have produced variations as the result of partial mutilations of
leaves and stems—the maize being the plant more particularly experi-
mented on—and asserts that the structural changes produced are
considerable, and may be transmitted to the progeny.—M. L. H.

Variation of Oenothera. By G. A. Boulenger (Jowr. Bot: 588,
pp. 853-363 ; 10/1907).—A description of a series of observations and
measurements of the flowers of Oe. biennis from several localities, from
which it is concluded that De Vries’s Oc. Lamarckiana is merely the
result of crossing various forms of the polymorphic Oe. biennis and affords

no evidence of mutation.— G. S. B.

Viburnum utile. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8174).—Nat.
ord. Caprifoliaceae, tribe Sambuceac. China. Shrub 4-5 feet high ;
leaves glabrous above, tomentose below; corolla white.-—G. H.

Wallflowers, Mauve. By M. Houssy (Le Jard. vol. xxii. No. 501,
p- 12; January 5, 1908).—Mm. Rivoire have produced a new variety of
their celebrated Nice wallflower. The colour is described as “ violet clair.”
This colour-designation is adopted by “ Le Jardin”’ to keep the nomen-
clature in line with the list of colours published by the Chrysanthemum
Society of France, which is there regarded as the official guide to
horticultural colours. It would be a boon if some such system could be
adopted in English horticulture.—/’. A. W.

White Grubs (Lachnosterna), Life History, Habits, and
Economic Relations of. By 8S. A. Forbes (U.S.A. Exp. Stn,
Illinois, Bull. 116 ; 8/07).—This pamphlet gives a very complete account
of the history, so far as it has been made out, of the grubs of several
species of Lachnosterna known in Illinois. The British representatives
of this group are well known as “ Chafers,” and the habits of our species,
though differing in small details, are in the main quite similar to those
reported here. In one experiment detailed, pigs were found to be a very
efficient means of ridding a field of these pests. Unfortunately one of
the intestinal parasites of pigs (Hchinorhynchus gigas) passes one stage of
its life in the chafer grubs, so that where either pigs or grubs are known
to be infested the former cannot be used as a means of extirpating the
latter.—F’. J. C.

Widdringtonia in South Tropical Africa. By A. B. Rendle
(Jour. Bot. 522, pp. 190-191, pl. 479 B; 6/1906).—A discussion of fresh
material from Umtali, Rhodesia, where the trees are known as “ cedars.”
Both the Retinospora and the Cupressus type of foliage occur, and the
author figures leaf-sections, and concludes that W. Mahoni of Dr. Masters
is specifically identical with W. Whyter.—G. S. B.

140 JOUKNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE,

1.—EXAMINATION OF EMPLOYES IN PUBLIC PARKS,
JANUARY 13, 1908.

Tue Third Annual Examination by the Royal Horticultural Society of
the employésin Public Parks and Gardens was held on January 138, 1908.

As previously, the examination was partly written and partly
vivd voce, occupying three hours and twenty minutes. It was held at
the Society’s Hall in Vincent Square, Westminster.

One hundred and thirteen candidates entered their names.

The results of the 1908 examination are highly gratifying to the
examiners, and will be equally so to the Council of the Society, and to
the London County Council, at whose suggestion this annual test for
Public Parks Employés was started three years ago to stimulate
intelligent observation and interest in public garden work. While it is
to be expected that each year’s results will show an improvement on the
year preceding, the pronounced and rapid progress shown in the present
examination was beyond our anticipation, and therefore the more
encouraging to the examiners and the examined alike. Firstly, the viud-
voce questions were, by most candidates, excellently answered, and high
marks all round secured. This prepared the examiners for a similar excel-
lence in the written section, but though this ideal was not quite realised,
nevertheless the worked papers were decidedly in advance of former
years. Still we are confident that an even higher standard of excellence
should be attained ; and, that future candidates may have some guidance
in preparation, and may know how their predecessors have failed; the
following criticisms are offered on this year’s papers, which, with the
remarks made by the examiners in 1906 and 1907, and issued with
the report for those years, should prove helpful.

The examination exposed the difficulty surrounding the use of
botanical names and terms, and these are necessary because the English
names differ so essentially in one part of the country from those in
common use in another, that, unless the botanical name is also given, we
can neyer be sure what we are really talking about, or that we mean the
selfsame plant. If candidates would every day look up, say, two or three
names of plants with which they come in contact, and commit them to
memory, it is astonishing how large an acquaintance may be made with
botanical names in a short time, and how easy the acquirement of them
soon becomes.

Again, candidates should take care to keep up their elementary school
education. This most fail to do, as proved by the answers to questions
12, 13, and 14, which only inyolyed some very simple arithmetic. The
majority dared not attempt the questions, though they were very easy,
and, of those who did, many failed in accurate working, and in question
14 omitted to divide an otherwise correctly figured answer by 34, con-

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE 14]

’

fusing the term “square yards”’ with “ yards square,’
a numerical result far in excess of the correct one.

Again, marks were largely lost by the want of accurate comprehension
of the questions. For instance, in question 11, the term “deciduous”
was frequently ignored, and, instead of a list of only “ deciduous” trees
being given, evergreens were freely included. Perhaps this was still
more marked in question 15, which asked, “ What effect has frequent
surface hoeing on trees and shrubs growing on the land?” ... In
answering this, much information was given as to the influence of
surface hoeing on the soil, but the point of the question—the effect on
the trees, &c.—was quite overlooked. It is so necessary in all examina-
tions that the questions be closely scrutinised, and in reading a question
the candidate should give sufficient time to really grasp its meaning, and
to understand just what the examiners want to know.

Handwriting and accurate methods of expression still need attention ;
both mean practice, and, as regards the latter, one of the best preparations
for an examination is to answer at home, in writing and without reference
to books, questions set at previous or similar examinations, afterwards
correcting them from books and looking up the points unknown.

By the replies to Question 9, we find that the majority of the
employés are conversant with the names of trees and shrubs (both
common and botanical) growing in the parks in which they are
employed, but these very clearly indicate how restricted are the kinds
of trees and shrubs at present grown in our public parks—every
answer being practically a duplicate of the others. This seems to
suggest a very desirable issue—viz., that more breadth of treatment
should be introduced to our public gardens by increasing as far as
possible the number of species and varieties of hardy, deciduous flowering
trees and shrubs, of which we have at the present day so large a number
to select from.

The examiners again desire to impress on the candidates the
absolute necessity of observation as they pursue their daily work, and
the application of thought as to the why and the wherefore of what
they do and what they notice. A man can never be really fit for a high
place in any calling in life unless he both thinks and observes. Rules
are good, but only so long as they lead to the inquiry as to why in
each case they should be followed, and what effect they are intended
to produce. Seventeen candidates failed to obtain the requisite number
of marks required for a “Pass.’’ These unsuccessful candidates should
not be disheartened by failure, but set themselves carefully to observe the
things about them, and to think out for themselves the reasons of their
different operations. Twelve months of this, coupled with inquiry from
their superiors on points which seem difficult to fathom, will probably
result in their success at the next or at some subsequent examination.

and so obtaining

C, R. FIELDER,
GEO. NICHOLSON,
JoHn W. ODELL,
OweEN THOMAS,
Epwarp WHITE,
W. WInzKS,

Hxaminers.

142

PSP Ee

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DIVISION A.

Class I.

Willard, Ernest James, 21 Forest Road, Leytonstone.
Poftley, A. T., 84 Gretton Houses, Bethnal Green.
Gorham, Henry, 44 Downhills Park Road, Tottenham.
Hentsch, Frederick, Rosary Lodge, Battersea Park.
Giles, Richard John, White Lodge, Victoria Park, 8. Hackney.
Groom, C. G., 164 Denmark Hill, Ruskin Park, Camberwell.
(Smith, John G., 56 Paulet Road, Camberwell.
(Parrott, C., Springhill Cottage, Upper Clapton.
Philp, F. J., Swain’s Lane Lodge, Waterlow Park.
Hudson, James Henry, Surrey Mount, Westwood Park, Forest Hill.

Class II.

Hodge, William Albert, 18a Childeric Road, New Cross.
Western, Joseph, Island Gardens, Poplar.

Marshall, James, 24 Cook’s Road, Kennington.

Miflin, Thomas, Prospect House, Peckham Rye Park.
Pogmore, C., 188 Crownfield Road, Leytonstone.
Harrowing, George, 1 Elfort Road, Highbury.

Marshall, Charles, West Lodge, Eltham.

Class ITI.

Gray, W. J., 24 New Church Road, Camberwell.

Serase, Edward, 28 Wingfield Road, Stratford.
{MacConachie, Jos. Stainton, 24 Scawen Road, Deptford.
(Parish, Henry G., 89 Canterbury Grove, West Norwood.

Scheel, Bernard, Park Cottage, Myatt’s Fields, Camberwell.

Hurley, James, 141 Trundley’s Road, Deptford.

Collop, Thomas, 28 Villa Street, Walworth.

DIVISION B.
Class I.

Blackburn, Arthur, 8308 Kew Road, Kew.

Butcher, Perey George, 2 Luxford Street, Rotherhithe.
Troke, Andrew J., 7 Crewys Road, Child’s Hill.

Hotten, Harry Walter, 22 Christie Road, South Hackney.
Cockram, Vincent, 14 Petworth Street, Battersea.
Williams, F., 27 Ruislip Street, Tooting.

Tribe, H., 6 Hedgley Street, Lee.

Porter, William Arthur, 85 Claude Road, Peckham.
Johns, William Henry, 5 Mortlake Terrace, Kew.
Palmer, William Stevens, 25 Mount Pleasant Road, Finsbury Park.
Black, R., 31 Bowerdean Street, Fulham.

Gallivan, John, 7 Novar Road, New Eltham.

Strong, Joseph, 11% Peabody’s Buildings, Herne Hill.

14.

16.

og

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE.

Little, William B., 21 Haverfield Gardens, Kew.
Godfrey, William Henry, 29 Southfields Road, Wandsworth.
Mack, Frederick Cecil, 1 Brailsford Road, Brixton.

Class II.

Saunders, 8. J., 28 Latchmere Road, Battersea.
Schulze, Frederick W. O., 47 Romola Road, Herne Hill.

ie oiner, George Thomas, 65 St. John’s Road, South Tottenham.

Poate, Harry J., 22 Terront Road, Tottenham.
Dixon, Frederick Charles, The Limes, New Eltham.

148

Sheppard, Alfred Charles, 18 Glenwood Road, South Tottenham.
Richards, William J. J., 125 Rotherhithe New Road, Rotherhithe.

_ (Foote, W. J., 25 Crebor Street, Kast Dulwich.

(Savage, William,.75 Kingswood Road, Brixton Hill.
White, Reginald A., 251 Sandycombe Road, Richmond.
Napier, William, 3 Cox’s Cottages, Willing. :
Richardson, John, 21 Alexandra Road, Richmond.
Savage, Bertie Arthur, 2 Bengworth Road, Camberwell.
Parkin, William, 30 Claybrook Road, Hammersmith.
Musk, William, 130 Nevill Road, Stoke Newington.
Kitterley, W. H., 21 Alexandra Road, Richmond.
Topper, J., 70 EKtherley Road, West Green.

(Waldon, Walter, 172 Belgrave Road, Walthamstow.

(Butler, H., 6 Brettenham Road, Walthamstow.

(Barrance, Francis, 3 Glen Cottages, Black Fen, Eltham.

(Mitchell, Charles, 1 Diana Road, Walthamstow.

(Doctor, Jamshed M., 1 Place de l’Opéra, Paris.

(Joyce, Robert J., 35 Gloucester Road, Kew.

(Kett, Robert, 87 Ashleigh Road, Mortlake.

(Mayhew, Charles Watts, 308 Kew Road, Kew.

Locke, Frederick William, 8 Burrows Road, Kensal Rise.
Perrin, William, 25 Crebor Street, Kast Dulwich.
Lambert, Thomas, 4 Christie Road, South Hackney.
Firth, Thomas, 47 Rodwen Road, East Dulwich.
Edwards, J. H., 18 Heather Road, Lee.

Chipperfield, Alfred, 7 Culling Road, Rotherhithe.
Close, Albert William, 35 Gloucester Road, Kew.

PWission. Robert James, 13 Gibbon Road, Nunhead.

Class ITI.

(Duncan, George, 81 Rowland Grove, Upper Sydenham.
(Barrett, F. W., 10 Oaksford Avenue, Sydenham.
Bennett, Frank, 58 Avondale Road, West Green.

Sirett, Frederick W. G., 8 West Bolton Gardens, Kensington.
ee Thomas James, 51 Clement’s Road, Bermondsey.

Featherstone, Ernest, 85 Antill Road, Bow.
Eeles, Frank, 18 Regent Street, Greenwich.
Coffey, Daniel James, 6 Halons Road, Eltham.

144 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clacy, Charles S., 42 Townshend Terrace, Richmond.
9, + Gill, Robert, 804 Kew Road, Kew.
ly yse, John William, 2 Coombe Road, Upper Sydenham.
( Ringe, James, 54 Winders Road, Battersea.
12. + Philpott, Ernest V., 594 Emu Road, Battersea.
White, James S., 7 Bredon Road, Loughboro’ Junction.
(Argent, Stephen, 3 Calvert Buildings, Wapping.
(Hurrell, Jim, 16 Jubilee Cottages, Eltham.
17. Duley, Edmund Arnold, 3 Bushwood Road, Kew.
18. Money, Edward George, 6 Oxford Road, Upper Norwood.
(Smartt, Arthur E., 264 Sandycombe Road, Kew.
(Thompson, A. W., Golder’s Hill Gardens, Hampstead.
21. Power, W., 210 Devonshire Street, Mile End.

22. Syms, Henry William, Copper Mill Gate House, Walthamstow.

23. Butler, Edwin Arthur, 169 Sydenham Road N., Croydon.

a

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 145

Il.—GENERAL EXAMINATION,
ApriL 8, 1908.

Tue Annual Examination in the Principles and Practice of Horticulture
was held on April 8, 1908, when 151 candidates entered.

Twenty-seven candidates, or upwards of 18 per cent. of the whole
number, were placed in the First Class.

Sixty-eight, or nearly 46 per cent., were placed in the Second Class.

Fifty-two, or upwards of 34 per cent., were placed in the Third Class.

The corresponding percentages in 1907 were: First Class 14; Second
Class 40; and Third Class 46.

Of the questions on the Principles, by far the majority almost confined
themselves to the first three questions on physiology. In the majority
of cases these were answered very well. Other questions attempted were
generally rather imperfectly treated.

Although none of the candidates obtained the highest number of
marks obtainable in the Operations and Practice division, the answers
were, generally speaking, better than in any previous year. The question
referring to the uses of garden tools, &c., was most frequently and well
answered ; so also was that referring to the laying out of a new garden,
and the preliminary work pertaining thereto.

Several candidates failed to obtain the number of marks commensurate
with their abilities, owing to (a) their not timing their work, and by answer-
ing three questions only, instead of four; (b) one candidate answered six
questions, another seven, and yet another eight, in one division, notwith-
standing that it is clearly stated “ Hight questions only may be answered,
four from Division A, and four from Division B.’ Candidates should
also be a8 concise as possible; the one that fills the greatest number of
pages may be very far from gaining the highest number of marks, although
it is only fair to say that nearly all the candidates have kept better to the
details of the questions than in previous years.

GrorGE HENSLow.
JAs. Doua Las.

CLASS LIST.
Furst Class.

1. Fyfe, A. B., Studley Horticultural College, Warwickshire.
Laurence, F. A. §., University College, Reading.
2.3 Perry, B. P. aia Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Wisley, Surrey.
Skelton, A., ae ersity College, Reading.

5. Turner, a Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Christian, W. H., Byrkley Gardens, Burton-on-Trent.
Coventry, R., Wellesley Gardens, E. Wemyss, Fife.
Crisp, W., Upper Vobster, Coleford, near Bath.

") Green, H., 5 Mortlake Terrace, Kew Gardens, W.
[Laneley, W., 1 Queen’s Row, Walworth, S.E.
Read, A. G., 144 Charlton Lane, Old Charlton, S.E.

VOL, XXXIV. L

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.

Buckton, H., University College, Reading.
[Legge C. D., School House, Great Tew, Enstone, Oxon.
12.4 Ridley, J., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
[ Seaton, H. E., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
Turnbull, J. H., University College, Reading.
Black, G. $., University College, Reading.
17 (Chatfield L. M., Studley College, Warwickshire.
fin Pass, N. R., Studley College, Warwickshire.
Snell, A. J., School House, Hamble, Southampton.
Bonyonni, D. E., Treewn, Letterston, 5. Wales.
Craze, S. J., Downton Castle Gardens, Ludlow.
Gardner, R., Bromham, near Bedford.
21.4 Grimwood, J. C., Alresford, Colchester.
King, EK. W., Studley College, Warwickshire.
McKay, D. R., Slain’s Castle Gardens, Port Erroll, N.B.
Zabielska, R., Studley College, Warwickshire.

Second Class.

Currall, A. H., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Gibbs, G. M., 21 High Bank Road, Winshill, Burton-on-Trent.
Jourdain, P. F. C., University College, Reading.

Larking, A., Baldersby Park Gardens, Thirsk.

McCarrell, W., Deanston House Gardens, Perthshire.

Riley, A. D., Studley College, Warwickshire.

Wooderson, W., Lower Bourne, Farnham, Surrey.

Yeoman, G. $., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
Cannon, R. B., University College, Reading.

Galloway, W. M., School of Gardening, Bredons Norton, Tewkesbury.
Malden, A. eles Green, Haslemere, Surrey.

Mathias, B. A. A., Studley College, Warwickshire.

Mathias, L. M., Studley College, Warwickshire.

Townshend, C., University College, Reading.

Wheeler, F., 74 Craven Avenue, Plymouth.

Willard, E. J., 21 Forest Road, Leytonstone.

‘Besant, E. §., 44 Darenth Road, Stamford Hill, N.

Boothroyd, M., School of Gardening, Letheringsett, Norfolk.
Hardy, B. G., School of Gardening, Bredons Norton, Tewkesbury.
Haynes, B. M., University College, Reading.

. Meyer, 5. B. , University College, Reading.

‘Phillips, N. < R.H.$. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
Ee K., U jnivarsity College, Reading.

| Athey, A. R., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.

— Fo
————_—_——__

Turner, ti C., School House, Bainbnish: Thetford.

Yandell, W., Longford Castle Gardens, Salisbury.

Lawson, R., Woodside Cottage, Davidson’s Mains, Midlothian.
Murray, G., Kirkmichael Gardens, Maybole, Ayrshire.

Philips, D. R., Ross Priory Lodge, Balloch, N.B.
| Wood, W. P., Oaklands Court Gardens, St. Peter’s, Kent.

27.-

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 147

Atkins, H. W., Cross Lane Nursery, Gravesend.
[Branson H. W., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
31.4 Doran, T. H., Wraysbury Council School, Bucks.
| Peale, J.J., Maison Dieu, Richmond, Yorks.
Shepherd, F., Rose Cottage, Bramley, near Guildford.
Blakey, J. W., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
Duck, F., 188 Camellia Cottages, Lower Road, Abbey Wood.
Eddie, H. M., Glenapp Castle Gardens, Ballantrae; N.B.
Handa, T., Studley College, Warwickshire.
Harris, J., Inverleith Public Park, Edinburgh.
ek Inkson, W. F., 50 Lyndhurst Road, Chichester.
Watson, W. E., University College, Reading.
Wells, S. P., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Wheeler, F. G., 12 Kemble Road, Forest Hill, S.E.
White, A., Oak Villa, Brough, Kast Yorks.
‘Cox, W. W., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
de Neergaard, I., Arlesey House, Arlesey, near Hitchin.
a6." Luxmoore, Miss, Ladies’ A. and N. Club, Burlington Gardens, W.
(McFarlane, J., 804 Kew Road, Kew.
Brickenden, A. V., Schoolof Gardening, Bredons Norton, Tewkesbury.
Brown, J. R., Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Burnicle, J. W., 8 The Knoll, Sunderland.
50. Eales, D.F., 8 Queen’s Court, Hagley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Edwards, 8. 8., The Cottage, Llanwern, Newport, Mon.
Holah, D. O., University College, Reading.
Morris, G. H., 30 Oxford Grove, near Whitworth Park, Manchester.
57 (Cook, J., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
(Hope, Wm., 182 Lewes Road, Brighton, Sussex.
Mayes, E. J., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Monk, L. J., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
59.4 Parsons, K. E. T., Horticultural College, Swanley.
Peston H., Pinkney Park, Malmesbury, Wilts.
Rope, P. M., Horticultural College, Swanley.
Blundell, R., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Cracknell, C., Horticultural College, Swanley.
Hague, O., Birtles, Chelford, Crewe, Cheshire.
Oddy, E., 8 Oak Street, Crossflats, Bingley.
Saunders, R., Horticultural College, Swanley.

64.
Third Class.

Clarke, C. W., St. John’s School, Caterham Valley, Surrey.

Emmett, G. H., Mentmore Gardens, Leighton Buzzard.

Jameson, EH. A., Horticultural College, Swanley.

Little, W. B., 21 Haverfield Gardens, Kew, W.

Murray, J. M., Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
White, E. G., Bengurrah, Cahir, co. Tipperary.

[cri ¢. G. P., School of Gardening, Letheringsett, Holt, Norfolk.

i.

148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Barnes, A. G., 9 Mount Adon Park, E. Dulwich, S.E.
,, | Bell, C. M., Horticultural College, Swanley.
| Palmer, G., Horticultural College, Swanley.
Etta B., 28 Surrey Street, Norwich,
Darrington, G. M., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford,
Fa ishwick, V. C., Watergate Farm, Hockliffe, R.S.0., Beds.
12.- Jones, D. R., Horticultural College, Swanley.

Manly, A. P., 79 Harborne Road, Edgbaston.

Parkinson, G. H., National Schools, Broughton-in-Furness.
Gould, A. R., Welbeck Abbey Gardens, Worksop.

eee tinipa: M. A., Horticultural College, Swanley.

17.- Ledger, D., Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.
Stuart, G. M., Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

‘Weber, C., School of Gardening, Corstorphine, Edinburgh,
Ferard, B., Horticultural College, Swanley,

22,- Hollway, J. C., Horticultural College, Swanley.
(Lambourne, J., Chesterford Park Gardens, Saffron Walden.
Bigge, F. W., Kesohiee Road, Tyburn, near Birmingham.

{nada 5 Ba Hall Gardens, Durham.

25./ Hodgson, W., Burn Hall Gardens, Durham.

Hutchins, F. T., Dover Place, Croesyceiliog, near Newport, Mon.

Poole, W. C., 16 Slatey Road, Claughton, Birkenhead.

Feltham, E., 91 Sandycombe Road, Richmond, Surrey.

| Jchneon, J., Shipley Hall Gardens, Derby.

80.- McPherson, N. G., Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
[ateidier W. J., School House, North Wold, Norfolk.
‘Woolgar, G., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
fee A. E,, 18 Sebright Avenue, London Road, Worcester.

Cardell, C. P., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.

Bo. hale FE. W., “The Gardens, Scarthwaite, Caton, Lancaster.
Weiss, G., White Oak School, Swanley, Kent.
Bartlett, W., 5 Westgrove Terrace, Milverton, Leamington Spa.

39. Sheldon, H., School of Gardening, Bredons Norton, Tewkesbury.
| Wood, B,, Essex County Laboratories, Chelmsford.

4g, | Hawkins, T. E., 123 Avenue Road, Gosport, Hants.

\Stares, G., 71 Villeed Road, Alverstoke, Hants.
44, Coleman, I. C., Anglesey Lodge, Alverstoke, Hants,
45. { Hill, W., St. Bardiacdas Upper Caterham, Surrey.
‘(Smith, W. 'T., The Avenue, Wivenhoe.
(Dalton, E., Sbhoal of Gardening, Elmwood, Cosham, Hants,
'(Steeds, J. A., National School, Cranleigh, Surrey.
(Image, J. d’E., Horticultural College, Swanley.
| Murgatroyd, T., School House, Eldwick, Bingley, Yorks.
(Kent, A., 8 ae Terrace, Stoke Road, Gosport.
I. Russell, s. G., 115 South Street, Gosport, Hants.

wt

49.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE, 149

Ili.—_JUNIORS’ EXAMINATION,
SPECIALLY INTENDED FoR Laps AND Youne MEN,

WEDNESDAY, Marcu 25, 1908.

THe first Annual Examination for lads and young men was held on
March 25, 1908, and conducted on similar lines to the General Kxam-
ination.

Ninety-five candidates were entered for the examination, of whom four
lave been placed in the first class, twenty-two in the second class, and
forty-seven in the third. Twenty-two failed to obtain sufficient marks to
satisfy the examiners.

Speaking generally, we regret to say that the standard reached by
the candidates was on the whole a very low one. Quite elementary
questions are set at this examination, but it should be clearly under-
stood by the candidates that a thorough knowledge of elementary facts is
expected. In many cases it was only too evident that the candidates were
insufficiently prepared for the examination, both in the way of having
minds too little stored with the necessary elementary knowledge, and
also in the power of expressing what they knew upon paper. In other
cases an attempt at preparation had been made, by learning by rote
an account of certain processes, with the object of reproducing the
account verbatim. The usual result followed this course, for where it
had been adopted a great lack of intelligence was evident in the answers
given, and since the question set was not exactly like the question to
which the account, perhaps somewhat imperfectly committed to memory,
applied, the answer often failed really to fit the question at all. Attempts
at memorising answers in this way only lead to the stifling of all intelli-
gent interest in the operations the candidate is called upon to perform in
_ the garden, and to the perpetuation of those rule-of-thumb methods
which block all progress and, in altered circumstances, too often lead to
disaster.

Another fault which calls for special mention is the failure on the part
of many of the candidates to grasp the actual meaning of the question they
were answering. Not one single question escaped this misunderstanding,
although great care had been taken to make them very plain. Candidates
should always very carefully read the question before attempting to
answer it, so as to realise exactly what is asked.

Again, attention to every little detail is imperatively called for in the
cultivation of every plant if success is to be deserved, and success cannot
be attained in any branch of gardening without this attention, yet in
almost every paper the evidence of lack of attention to detail was very
plainly to be seen.

Few candidates appeared to thoroughly appreciate the benefits of
hoeing, and fewer still were aware of the action of lime on a heavy clay
soil. The word “ flower ’’ was often, of course incorrectly, taken to mean

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“plant,’’ and the question “ to dig” or “ not to dig’’ in connection with
raspberries proved a pitfall to many. Considerable attention appears to
have been paid to plant pests, but the word “blight” is still used to
cover a multitude of things, where terms of more definite meaning might
be better applied.

Candidates who have attained a low place in the examination or who
have failed to pass should not be discouraged, but should endeavour to
pay attention to, and observe, every little detail in the cultivation of the
plants which are commonly grown in gardens, to the form which the
plants assume, and to the way in which they respond to the care that is
bestowed upon them. Only one candidate who attempted the question
realised the difference between the tuber of the potato and the tuberous
root of the dahlia; and yet, if only from a cultural point of view,
knowledge such as this is of the utmost importance to any one who
aspires to become a gardener.

fee a oe

‘ | Neville, Guy, 52 Maitland Street, Cardiff.

FrRepD. J. CHITTENDEN, Director.
W. Wiuxs, Secretary.

First Class.
(Broadley, Perey, Castle Howard Farm School, Welburn.

Bennett, W., 8 Kimberley Terrace, Cardiff.
Weiss, Gustavus, White Oak School, Swanley.

Second Class.

Rogers, Thomas, Desford Industrial School, Leicester.
Buckley, T., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
achisoed, Theo., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
Smidmore, W. J., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
Roiall, John, Castle Howard Farm School, Welburn.

(a7 8Y Lazarus, Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
Francis, C., Desford Industrial School, Leicester.

Ramm, V. C., Buxton (Norwich) Industrial School.

Gibbs, V. P. F., Kingswood Reformatory School, Bristol.
Carr, Joseph, Castle Howard Farm School, Welburn.
Zachnovitch, J., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
Hurst, Etherington, Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
(Barnes, A. W., Buxton (Norwich) Industrial School.

’ (Laversohn, M., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, $8.0.

Saunders, A. W., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
Freeman, R. J., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
; Collins, R. H., Kingswood Reformatory School, Bristol.

’ | Davies, Frank, Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
19.
20.

Lapatoff, H., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
Abel, Abraham, Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, $8.0.
(Greenwood, G. R., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.

' (Gray, Robt., KReformatory School, Stranraer.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. P51

Third Class.

Thomas, C., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
Se ocaal R., Desford Industrial School, Leicester,
Brewer, D., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
ce aaa G. K., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
Barter, Wm., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
6. canes J. W., White Oak School, Swanley.

Ward, Geo., Shadwell Industrial School, Moortown, Leeds.
Sherr, M., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, S.O.
Nierop, E. van, Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, S.O.
Southgate, Fredk., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
‘Nii C., White Oak School, Swanley.

Sd

11. + Nicholls, A., White Oak School, Swanley.

Green, James, Reformatory School, Stranraer.

1 (Parsons, A. H., Castle Howard Farm School, Welburn.

- (Broughton, A. O., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
16. Campbell, W., Reformatory School, Stranraer.

1 (Cox, F. J., Desford Industrial School, Leicester.

; | Hunt, Geo., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
‘ales, H., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.

qe

-~]

19. ; Walters, Wm., White Oak School, Swanley.
MeCormick, J., Mossbank Industrial School, Millerston.

(Longstaff, J. W., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.

ih (Davis, Samuel, Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
OA (Giles, Alfred, Shadwell Industrial School, Moortown, Leeds.
’ (Smith, J. W., Buxton (Norwich) Industrial School.
Greetham, P., Shadwell Industrial School, Moortown, Leeds.
26. “Fea Lewis, Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
Skillings, W. F., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
99 (Robinson, R., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgroye.
: (Collins, W. G., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
( Cordon, R. a Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
bl. ost oall J., Essex Industrial School, Chelmsford.
Grahame, V. H., White Oak School, Swanley.

34. Wilson, T. D., Pheaiimoll Industrial School, Moortown, Leeds.
Warriner, ied Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
Schweitzer, A., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, S.O.
Ert, Jack, Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
Krammer, M., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
39. Varley, Thos., Shadwell Industrial School, Moortown, Leeds.
40. eee G., Desford Industrial School, Leicester.

_ (Beckerwich, M., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, $8.0.
42. Bailey, Arthur, Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
43. Phillips, A , Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
Aa. f Chapin, D., Hayes Industrial School, Hayes End, 8.0.
’ (Schwalm, O., White Oak School, Swanley.
46. Hardwick, J., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.
47. Hypson, J., Stoke Farm Reformatory, Bromsgrove.

35.

Or

=

He

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IV.—EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL TEACHERS IN COTTAGE
AND ALLOTMENT GARDENING,

Aprit 29, 1908.

1. PracticAL HORTICULTURE.

GENERALLY the questions relating to deep-soil working and leguminous
plants were very fairly understood, some candidates giving really
admirable replies. Onion cultivation on the whole was well described,
though many were not familiar with all the methods of raising plants in
order to secure large bulbs. Some candidates stumbled greatly over
Raspberry cultivation, referring to seeds and cuttings rather than to the
recognised method of propagation. Not all understood the proper charac-
teristics of the winter moth, or the methods adopted as preventives of
its attacks. Many candidates in relation to Plum-tree cultivation well
understood the practices of root-pruning, and of feeding the tree and
thinning the fruit when heavily cropped, but not the important point of
making the most of the crop. The treatment of an old pasture for
allotments found several candidates who were conversant with the
subject, but the replies respecting the drainage were not on the whole
so good. The propagation of Roses produced but few good replies, many
being quite wide of the mark. The questions relating to Tender Annuals
and to Hardy Flowers grown for sale yielded several very weak replies.
On the whole those of the former were better than the latter. Not many
attempted the last question relating to flowers for exhibition, nor were
the methods of staging at allewell described. |

Taken as a whole the Examiners consider that there is a marked
improvement in the general knowledge of the candidates, and in their
fitness for teaching the elementary principles of cottage and allotment
gardening. This knowledge when imparted to the scholars in the schools
and to those who have either gardens or allotments under their care must
be productive of good results in the near future. It will be well for
future candidates to rely more upon their own close observation in relation
to cultivation rather than to knowledge obtained only from books.

JAMES Hupson, V.M.H.
ALEXANDER DraAn, V.M.H.

2. ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.

Optional questions of an elementary character on certain scientific
points were set at this examination [such questions will be compulsory
in future examinations), and the majority of the candidates attempted
answers to one or more of them. The answers to the question concern-
ing respiration in plants show that this important process is very little
understood by the majority of the candidates. Accounts were usually

given of transpiration and assimilation (photosynthesis), respiration

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 158

vw

being either ignored or passed by as of quite secondary consideration.
It may be well to emphasize the facts that respiration is a process having
precisely the same meaning and importance in plants as in animals, and
that it takes place in all living parts of plants during the whole period of
their activity, whether they are exposed to light or not. The methods
suggested to demonstrate respiration usually demonstrated something
entirely different, and often, from the mode of arrangement of the appa-
ratus, would have failed to demonstrate anything in connection with the
plant at all. In describing the course of the water from the soil through
the plant many old and long-abandoned ideas, such as the presence of
* filters ’’ on the roots and the course of the water along the “ cambium
layer,” were revived ; while “ capillarity ’’ was made to bear the brunt of
the work in moving water from place to place in the plant. Simple
experiments and observations such as should be within the reach of all
of the candidates in this examination would conclusively prove the
inaccuracy or insufficiency of such statements as these. The question
dealing with the source of nitrogen for plant use was well answered by
the majority, as was the one concerning the cabbage-white butterfly,
although in both many candidates were content with incomplete answers
lacking in essential details. The place of pupation of the cabbage-white
butterfly was inaccurately stated by many.

F. J, CHItTENDEN, F.L.S,

CLASS LIST.

First Class.

1. Jones, T. O., Arvon House, Elmswell, Bury St. Edmunds.
2. Brown, J. W. H., Harman’s Farm, Marston, Oxford.
(Ashley, E. W., Ivy House, Quainton, Aylesbury.
’ (Heald, J., Longton C.E. School, near Preston, Lancs.
5. { Ashton, E., Yorktown Council School, Camberley.
il trimble. S. W., 23 Caernarvon Road, Norwich.
Burton, W., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
2 Eayrs, E. M., School House, Girton, Cambridge.
Wheeler, F. G., 12 Kemble Road, Forest Hill, S.E.
10. Pilgrim, M., Seven Hills School, Nacton, near Ipswich.
11. Ainsworth, J., Whixall Council School, Whitchurch, Salop.
Parker, T. J., Strand, Quainton, Aylesbury.
eas A. T., 18 Faulkland Road, Durley Park, Bath.
14. Hooper, H. B., Nacton School, Ipswich.
15. Davies, E. P., Crudgington Schools, Wellington, Salop.
16 (Sowerbutts, R., 160 Keighley Road, Colne, Lancs.
| Wilford; W.C., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Hlgngon, H. J., School House, Frimley.

‘

18.

Edgington, W., Town Street School, Brandon, Suffolk.
Lock, W., School House, Eardisley, Hereford.
21. Barradell, H., Brome School House, Eye, Suffolk.
Ball, C., School House, Merstham, Redhill.
eis G. M., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.

154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9, (Francis, F. W., Wormbridge School, near Hereford.
adi Morgan, P., School House, Almeley, Hereford.
26. Clarke, C. W., St. John’s School, Caterham Valley.
(Paine, E., The Schools, St. Paul’s Cray, near St. Mary Cray.
‘(| Swire, W., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
(Blyth, J. C:, 59 Connaught Road, Norwich.
‘\Irlam, W. E., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Hope, T. B., Post Office, Oulton Broad, Lowestoft.
6. betemedt, G. H., Griffin Street, Broughton-in-Furness.
7 ae H. J., Bouse Way, Haygrove, Bridgwater.
| Turner, J. C., School House, Barnham, Thetford.
35 (Ensor, E. H., County Technical School, Stafford.
aie Myles, T. H., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
37. Lonsdale, G. W. T., School House, Tilford, Farnham.
[Bees R. H., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
38.4 Kidd, A. J., King Edward School, Chatteris, Cambs.
| Wyatt, S. J., County Technical School, Stafford.
Roberts, G. W., Great Glemham School, Saxmundham.
41.- Searle, J. C., 8 Woodsome Road, Highgate Road, N.W.
{SPinger, J., North Road Farm, Carnforth.

or

C

Second Class.

1. Chatterley, W. M., School House, Harvington, Evesham.
(seus J. V., Wellington School, Hereford.

2.) Francis, W. Rushmere, St. Andrew’s School, Ipswich.

(Mileham, J. W., School House, Long Ditton, Surrey.
‘Burgess, W. H., County Technical School, Stafford.
Cole, H. E., Melrose, The Grange, Beccles, Suffolk.
Collier, W. G., Friern Lane, Whetstone, N.

Dewey, G. W., Boys’ School, Campden, Glos. _

5. Palmer, J. W., School House, Wigmore, Herefordshire.
‘Pumfrey, W. H., Pulham St. Mary Magdalen, Harleston.
Quadling, B. J., ‘Banden House, Carlton Colville, Lowestoft.
Quinn, J. H., Redeott, Lewes Road, Sutton, Surrey.

Robertson, H. J., Crook’s Place School, Norwich.
Barton, J. E., School House, Charlbury, Oxon.
14,- Bramley, J. A., The Schools, West Walton, Wisbech.
| Wilkins, A., Stourpaine, Blandford, Dorset.
Bradley, G., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
17.4 Rogers, A. J. R., Pretoria House, Frimley Road, Camberley.
(Wrlam, J., School House, Howtel, Mindrum, Northumberland.
Petits. W. H., The School House, Bathford, Bath.
20./ Jago, E., Beehive School, Ilford.

Pye, H. W., Mona Cottage, Aylsham Road, Old Catton, Norwich.

Booen, G. R., Raydon School, Hadleigh, Ipswich.

Evans, J., 10 Cross Street, Tamworth.

Redfern, J., School House, Titley, Herefordshire.

Slack, H. E., 55 Cecil Avenue, Enfield.

{ Crook, A. L., School House, Hildenborough, Kent.
‘| Parsons, H., Bailey's Lane School, Stamford Hill, N.

23.

27

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 155

(Jones, W. J., 18 High Street, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.
29.4 Porter, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
(Webb, K., High Street, Burwell, Cambridge.
Adams, H., 12 Buckhurst Road, Frimley Green.
Barnell, H. J., Ashleigh, Cromwell Road, Luton, Beds.
Chasmar, A. H., Grosmont Road, Plumstead Common, S.E.
Dennison, J. E., Elmside, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos.
Sharman, 8., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
Simmonds, W. J., Mulbarton School, Norwich.
(Hobson, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.

32.

88. ; Holden, E., School House, Great Hampton, Evesham.

bere hisa. J., Prion School, Denbigh.

Campbell, A., Yarkhill School, near Hereford.

1. un, J. F., Highfield, Gloucester Road, Kingston-on-Thames,

Tombs, J. D., School House, Chedworth, $.0., Glas.

(Castle, J. C., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
(Coombes, A. J., Pencoyd School, Ross, Herefordshire.
Bird, L. H., 50 Graham Road, Wimbledon.
Goodyear, C. A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Howe, J. W., County Technical School, Stafford.
Hoyle, G,, Prospect House, Darfield, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
Shambrook, J. C., Sunnyside, Gorsley, Glos.
Smart, T. M., Llwyn Celyn, Dinorwic Street, Carnarvon.
(Arnott, J. W., Belleau School, Aby, Alford.
(Wigg, F, S., School House, Mileham, Swaffham.
| Bagnall, H., Knighton School, Market Drayton,
54 'Parfect, 8. W., 87 West Road, Sawbridgeworth,
easy M. W. R., School House, Alfold, Billingshurst.
Ward, J., School House, Thorpe Morieux, Bury St. Edmunds.
58. Roe, E., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
59. Holden, R. A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
ieee A., Portland House, Cotmanhay Road, Ikestor.
60. Hardman, A. J., County Technical School, Stafford.
lege T. F., Kidmore End School, Reading.

Hoyle, J. W. J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston,
Clarke, H., School House, Walton, Aylesbury.
Gowers, E. A., Gardenside, Sudbury, Suffolk.
Jefford, T. R., Woodville, Gillingham, Dorset.
Knappett, A. A., Melton School, Woodbridge.
Maggs, A. J., County Technical School, Stafford,
Smith, H., English Bicknor School, Coleford, Gios,

He A., Granby School, Ilkeston.

46,

52,

Harrison, W., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
Holley, H. A., Melrose, The Grange, Beccles.

Morrison, E. A., Claydon, near Ipswich.

Simkin, W. J., County Technical School, Stafford.

Chadwick, A. C., Laurel Cottage, Perrycrofts, Tamworth.
Haworth, D. O., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Nichols, J. W., School House, Bleasdale, Garstang, R.5.O.
Norton, A. E., 20 St. Philip’s Road, Norwich.

64.
70.

75.-

156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL ‘SOCIETY,

Grosvenor, I’. E., County Technical School, Stafford.
79.- Smith, M. B., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
(Worthy, E. H., School House, Turnditch, Derby.
(Flamank, W. J., County Technical School, Stafford.
‘ (Salter, H. B., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
Bates, A. W., Burghill, near Hereford.
84.; Beard, F. W., County Technical School, Stafford.
Binion, W. H., The School, Dunkirk, Faversham.

Third Class.

Crowther, P.S., Ryeworth, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham.
Elford, J. 8., Byton, Presteigne, Radnorshire.

/ Gregson, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
* [ier O., County Technical School, Stafford.

Horton, J. W., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Wilson, I’. O., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
(Hall, J. W., 53 School Street, Darfield, near Barnsley.
(Lewis, E. W., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
[ Kilby, L. T., Council School, Southstoke, Reading.
g.| Lamb, G., Peny Park School, Clifford, Hereford.
_ |Rowntree, H. C., Church Street Council School, Woking.
12. Rumbol, G. R. J., Wildmore Council School, Lincoln.
13. Greenwood, E., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
14. Penn, W. J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
Barker, H., County Technical School, Stafford.
5 | Clegg, EK. A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
fester J. A., Harkstead School, near Ipswich.
Wright, G. F., Council School, Betchworth, Surrey.
Greenwood, H., Humber School, Leominster.
19.- Lawton, H., Claremont Road, Marlow, Bucks.
(Thornton, A., School House, Kingswood, Wotton-under-Edge.
99. | Allen, J., 82 Portland Road, Rushden Road, Northants.
| Handel, I’. G., 31 Portman Street, Taunton.
24. Nicholls, HK. G., Lancashire School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Marshall, Kk. C., Glenthorne, Carysfort Road, Crouch End, N.
On. Martin, T. .., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
| Wrigglesworth, I’., Rockshaw Cottage, Merstham, Redhill.
\ Yates, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
09. (Hoy, A. K., Industrial School, Fyfield, Ongar.
(Reading, C. I'., Vale, Guernsey, Channel Isles.
31. Appleford, I’. W., Claremont, Manor Road, Guildford.
32. Wilson, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
33. | Smith, W. R., School House, Hatfield, Leominster.
(Taylor, G., Acton, Sudbury, Suffolk.
Brooks, J., Chedzoy, Bridgwater.
gn Dent, I’. M., County Technical School, Stafford.
'| Hinks, A. E., 58 Elmore Green Road, Bloxwick, Walsall.
\ Stanley, W. k., The Orphanage, Spring Bank, Hull.

7.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 157

39.; Bonney, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
Leyland, J. H., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
: Bishop, E., East Peckham, Kent.

‘Bom H. P., North Petherton Council School, Bridgwater.
9

42.4 Jackson, J. 8. R., County Technical School, Stafford.
May, A., School House, Longtown, Abergavenny.
45. Rushton, A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
46. Hale, F. W., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing.
ances, W., Lower Street, Quainton.
47.! Pearce, J., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
| Tench, R. J., The School, Dilhorne, Stoke-on-Trent.
50. Bryan, T. G., County Technical School, Stafford.
[ae H. T. G., Gislingham, Eye, Suffolk.
(Rhodes, W. P., School House, Knypersley, Congleton.
ath T, W., The Cottage, West Down 8.0., Devon.
‘ (Johnson, G. H., Eversley House, Brooke, Norwich.
55. MacAuley, J. H., Middlesex County School of Gardening, Ealing,
Driver, J. B., North Nibley School, Dursley, Glos.
a | Harry, W., Kenwyn House, Marazion, Cornwall.
| Jones, T., County Technical School, Stafford.
59. Miles, A., County Technical School, Stafford.
Sha J. D., Royal Institution for the Deaf, Margate, Kent.
(O’Connor, G., Garland’s Cottage, Ewhurst.
Bentham, A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Ormskirk.
Colver, W., aieatcail Grove, Carlton, Nottingham.
Coughlan, J. V., 64 Stoke Road, Guildford.
Hull, W., Samenahive County School of Gardening, Preston.
‘\Lanham, A., Lancashire County School of Gardening, Preston.
Moseley, E., School House, Walterstone, Abergavenny.
| Pentney, T., 29 High Street, Camberley.
Witcombe, H. C., Playing Close, Charlbury, Oxon,

<< ae

158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

R.H.S. EXAMINATIONS IN 1909.

1.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

Candidates must be eighteen years of age or over eighteen.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, sympathising with the efforts of
various County Councils, Technical Institutes, Schools, Gardeners’ Mutual Improve-
ment Societies, and other bodies to promote instruction in Practical Horticulture by
means of Lectures, Demonstrations, &c., and in the hope of rendering such teaching
more definite and effective, have consented to hold an Examination in Horticulture
on Wednesday, April 21, 1909.

A Scholarship of £25 a year for two years is offered by the Royal Horticultural
Society, to be awarded after the General Examination, to be held on April 21, 1909,
to the Student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to accept the conditions attach-
ing thereto. The main outline of these conditions is that the holder must be of the
male sex, and between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years, and that he should
study gardening for one year at least at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, conforming
to the general rules laid down there for Students.

2.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.
For Juniors under eighteen years of age.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

An Examination will also be held on Wednesday, April 21, 1909, for candidates
under the age of eighteen years. Candidates will be expected to possess a knowledge of
certain of the more elementary portions of the Syllabus of the General Examination.

3.—SCHOOL TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN COTTAGE AND
ALLOTMENT GARDENING. .

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28, 1909.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society will hold an Examination in

Cottage and Allotment Gardening on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This Examination -

is intended for, and will be confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers.
It has been undertaken in view of the increasing demand, especially in country
districts, that the School Teachers shall be competent to teach the elements of
Cottage and Allotment Gardening, and of the absence of any test whatever of such
capacity.

4.—PUBLIC PARKS EXAMINATION.
MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 1909.

Intendei only for men employed in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County
Councils, City Corporations, and similar bodies, and not for general Gardeners.

The Couneil of the Royal Horticultural Society has consented to hold a Special
Iixamination for Gardeners employed in the London and other City and Public

Parks and Gardens on Monday, January 11, 1909, at their Hall in Vincent Square,
Westminster.

Copies of the 1909 Syllabus, covering the Examinations mentioned above, may be
obtained from the Society’s Offices, Vincent Square, London, 8.W. <A stamped
addressed envelope should be enclosed.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. 15)

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR STUDY.

Candidates may with advantage consult some of the following
works. [The figures in front of each work indicate the Examination for
which they are considered to be most applicable. |
1,3. Agricultural Botany, by John Percival, F.L.S. (Duckworth, 3 Henrietta
Street, W.C.), 7s. 6d.
©. 3s Sn ey Botany, by J. W. Oliver (Blackie & Son, 50 Old Bailey
K.C.), ,
1,3. Primer of Botany, by Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I. (Macmillan & Co.,
St. Martin’s Street, W.C.), 1s
1, 3. Structural Botany (Flowering Plants), by Dr. D. H. Scott (A. & C.
Black, Soho Square, W.C.), 3s. 6d.
4. The Chemistry of the Garden, by H. H. Cousins (Macmillan & Co.), 1s
, 2. The Forcing Book, by Prof. L. H. Bailey (Macmillan & Co.), 4s
3. Profitable Fruit Growing, by J. Wright, V.M.H. (‘City Press”
Office, Aldersgate, E.C.), 1s. 3d.
1, 2,3. The oa of Fruit Growing, by Prof. L. H. Bailey (Macmillan
& Co.), 5
1, 2,3, 4. Thompson’s Gardeners’ Assistant, New Edition by W. Watson,
6 vols. (Gresham Publishing Co., 34 Southampton St., Strand), £2 8s.
1, 2, 3, 4. Garden Flowers and Plants, by J. Wright, V.M.H. (Macmillan & Co.), 1s
1, 2,3, 4. Paxton’s Calendar of Garden Operations (‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle ”’
Office, 41 Wellington Street, W.C.), 73d.
4. Pictorial Flower Gardening ;
2,4. Pictorial Greenhouse Management ) PY Walter P. Wright
2,3. Pictorial Vegetable Growing ieee Lee be a
, 2,3. Pictorial Fruit Growing sas yen bs
2,3
2

_ ; ls. each.
. Pictorial Practical Gardening
. The Alphabet of Gardening, by T. W. Sanders (Collingridge,
148 Aldersgate Street, E.C.), 1s. 6d.
2,3. Primer of Horticulture, by J. Wright, V.M.H. (Macmillan & Co.), 1s
1, 2,4. The Horticultural Note Book, by J. C. Newsham, Ed. 2 (Lockwood,
7 Stationers’ Hall Court, Ludgate Hill), 4s. 6d.
1, 2,3. Farm and Garden Insects, by W. Somerville, D.Sc. (Macmillan & Co.),

Is,
1, 3. Natural History of Plants, 2 vols., by Kerner & Oliver (Blackie &
Son), 30s.

8. Nature Teaching, by Francis Watts, B.Sc., and W. G. Freeman, B.Sc.
(John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, London, W.), 3s. 6d.
1,3. Plant Breeding, by Prof. L. H. Bailey (Macmillan & Co.), 4s.
3, 4. The Pruning Book, by Prof. L. H. Bailey (Macmillan & Co.), 5s
, 8,4. The Soil, by A. D. Hall, M.A. (John Murray), 3s. 6d.
3,4. The Spraying of Plants, by E. G. Lodeman (Macmillan & Co.), 4s
2,3. Vegetable Culture, by A. Dean (Macmillan & Co.), 1s
3. The Principles of Vegetable Gardening, by Prof. L. H. Bailey
(Macmillan & Co.), 4s.
2,3. Lessons in Cottage Gardening, by A. A. Kerridge (Paternoster
Publishing Society, 77 Fleet Street, E.C.). Bound in cloth, 2s. 6d.; in
paper cover, Ls.

The Questions set at all the Society’s Examinations—from 1893 to
1907—are now published in book form, and will prove very useful to
intending candidates. To be obtained from the Society’s Offices,
Vincent Square, Westminster. Price 2s. Anyone purchasing these
1893-1907 Questions can obtain a free copy of the Questions set at the
1908 Examinations. Applicants should state which Examination Paper
they require.

160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Examinations (except the ‘ Public Parks Examination ’) will be
held simultaneously in as many different centres in Great Britain and
Ireland as circumstances may demand.

The Society is willing to hold an Examination wherever a magistrate,
clergyman, schoolmaster, or other responsible person accustomed to
Examinations will consent to supervise one on the Society’s behalf, and
in accordance with the rules laid down for its conduct. But for obvious
reasons no School Teacher should act as supervisor at the School —
Teachers’ Examination

If any Candidate desires to sit in London for examination he must
say so on his entry form, and the Society will then make arrangements
for him to attend at their Hall in Vincent Square, Westminster, 8. W.

A capitation fee of 5s. will be charged for every Candidate (except
for the Junior General Examination, for which the fee will be 2s. 6d.),
in order to partially defray the expenses of the Examination. No entry
fees can be returned.

Intending Candidates must, as far as possible, give all the informa-
tion asked for on the entry form, which may be obtained at the R.H.S.
Office, Vincent Square, London, S.W., and which should be filled in and
returned at least three weeks before the date of the Examination to
which it applies.

When this form, duly filled up, has been returned, the Society
assumes that the Candidate has already made all necessary arrangements
with his Supervisor as to the place where the Examination will be held,
&c. ; therefore no further notice will be sent to him, except a postcard to
acknowledge receipt of entry form and capitation fee. The questions will
be sent direct to the Supervisor, whose name and address must be
correctly written on the lines provided on the entry form.

Every Paper of Questions sent by the Society to the Supervisor will
be numbered separately, and Candidates must write that number distinctly
on the top of every sheet of paper he hands to the Supervisor. He must
also send his name and address privately to the Society in an envelope
which will be sent for the purpose with each Paper of Questions.

The Royal Horticultural Society will award a Medal to the Candidate
gaining the highest number of marks in each of the Examinations, and
will also, as soon as possible, send a report of the Examination to each
Candidate and Supervisor, and Certificates to the successful Candidates.

A Selection of Choice May Flowering and Darwin Tulips

OFFERED BY

JAMES MURRAY & SONS,
457 NEW CROSS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

CROWN ON THEIR OWN FARMS AT AKERSLOOT, HOLLAND.

May Flowering and Species. eset Fee
ACUMINATA (Corunta). The

Horned Chinese Tulip, Red and
Yellow...

BLIHOF. White and Rose, with
Yellow Tinge... :

_ BUENAVENTURA.
Gold Flaked
CALEDONIA. Deep iaaee Scar-
let, Black and Yellow Centre ..
COLUMBUS (Gala Beauty or

French Crown). Rich ven
Crimson, Gold Striped .. :
DAME’ ELEGANTE. Beautiful

Egg shaped bloom, Cream
Crimson Striped eS
ELEGANS ALBA. Large White
Reflexed Petals, Carmine Edge
ELEGANS LUTEA PALLIDA (Leg-
horn Bonnet). Light Yellow...
ELEGANS LUTEA MAXIMA.
Beautiful Yellow, Large
FLAIMED CROWN. Bright = ie
Red, Striped Yellow...

FULGENS. Bright Scarlet, with
Yellow Eye, Reflexed Petals ...

Saariet ie

GESNERIANA' ROSEA. Deep
Rose Carmine, Blue Eye ie
GESNERIANA SPATHULATA

MAJOR. Bright Scarlet, Blue
4

GOLDEN GOBLET. Deep Yellow,
beautiful shape .. eS

GOLD FLAKE. Bright Orange
Scariet, Flaked Gold

JAUNE D’OEUF. Outside San
inside Yellow, dark base

LA CANDEUR. iabieg changing
to Rose

LORD BYRON. sanse. Be cote Red

ROSE MIGNON. ey ees
Flaked Rose __...

VITELLINA.
Yellow, Late

YELLOW ee
Yellow... :
Special Mixture of “ee Flowering

_ Large, Sulphur

Dark Golden

Grassland, etc.

ALL CARRIAGE PAID.

17
12

12

16

21

16

21

18

20

fii

8/6

Tulips for
large borders, or to naturalize in Wild Gardens,

Per 100, 4/6. Per 1,000, 40/-.

Darwins.

BARONNE DE LA _ TONNAYE.
Cherry Rose and Blush .

CALLIOPE. Seles mie aa
Flower

CLARA BUTT. One of the most
delicate shades of Salmon Pink

CUPIDO. Rosy pelens: pares
shade :

DONDERS. Very dark Maroon,
Large Flower

ELECTRA. Soft Lilac, Beautiful

FAUST. Purple Black, hi bates
Flower

GLOW (Claud Gillot). Glowing
Vermilion, Centre Blue
HAROLD. Clear Violet ...
Dark

JOHANNA MATTHILDA.
Maroon, Large ... fy

LA TULIPA gents The Black
Tulip

LINA SCHNEIDER (Phyllis).
Heliotrope, Shaded White i
MARGARET Shiga ta
Pink Sa

Mr. FARNCOMBE SAUNDERS.
Fiery Scarlet :

NORA WARE.
Shaded White

PAINTED LADY. White, with a
slight shade of Blue ...

—

Silvery Lilac,

PRIDE OF HAARLEM. Deep
Salmon Rose, Large
QUEEN OF THE Bhar: Rene

Shaded Blush

SALMON KING.
White Centre

SAES. Light ooo Splendid
Shade...

VON JEHRING. Velvety Black..

WHISTLER. Eey Scarlet, very
distinct ...

ZULU. Rich Paipic Black

Rich Salmon,

Height Per
inches. 100
24 7/6
25 7/6
18 25/-
21 7/6
21 7,6
18 25/-
20. 15/-
22 7/6
20 5/-
24 7/6
each
20 i/-
Per 100

17 7
21 8/-
25 = 20/-
22 8/6
23 s15)-
26 «10/6
23 =: 10/-
19 10/-
20 6/6
22 7/-
22 25/-
26 40/-

Extra fine Mixed Darwin Tulips for large bor-
ders or for parelining in Wild Gardens, Grass-

Per 100, 4/6.
ALL CARRIAGE PAID.

land, ete.

Per 1,000, 40/-

JAMES MURRAY & SONS,
457 NEW CROSS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

|

H. LANE & SON, |

The Nurseries,

~ BERKHAMSTED.

ROSES, including all the Latest Varieties.
FRUIT TREES, over 20 Acres.

AZALEAS & HEATHS.

ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS

Including GOLDEN YEWS, CONIFERS, &c.
FLOWERING TREES and SHRUBS.

as

Acres of Forest Trees of all Sizes and Varieties,

CLIMBING PLANTS in Variety.
GRAPE VINES Our Speciality.
FIGS and STRAWBERRIES.
INSPECTION INVITED.

GARDENS LAID OUT and PLANTED by Skilled Men.

Catalogue on application. New Catalogue ready Sept. 1, 1908.

Telephone: Berkhamsted 18. Telegrams: “ Lane, Berkhamsted,”

CLAY’S
FERTILIZER

lg DOES THE WORK.

ITS USE ENSURES
The Most Successful Cultivation

AND THE PRODUCTION OF ALL

FLOWERS, FOLIAGE, FRUITS,
AND VEGETABLES

in Profusion and in the Highest Perfection.

CLAY’S FERTILIZER is sold everywhere in

ghAYS Tins, 6d. and 1/-; Sealed Bags: 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 Ibs., 4/6;
a se 28 lbs., 7/6; 56 lbs., 12/6; 112 lbs., 20/-
oe Or direct from the Works carriage paid in the United
Pr, Lv Kingdom for Cash with Order

"3 d. tins).
EE giao (except 6d. tins)

(GF Every TIN, BAG, and SEAL bears the TRADE MARK.

The only Guarantee of Genuineness.
el Tene

CLAY & SON, “Bone crosirssc™
STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
1 a

Daffodils and Narcissi.

The finest Collection in IRELAND of
Rare and Standard Varieties is grown by

Miss F. W. CURREY,

at the WARREN GARDENS DAFFODIL
AND NARCISSUS NURSERIES.

LISMORE, IRELAND.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, LONDON, SILVER-GILT
MEDALS, 1902, 1903,1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, DUBLIN, GOLD MEDALS,
1901, 1902, 1908, 1904, 1905, 1906.

, CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

IN ALL

PROIT TREE lf
CORDONS, BUSHES,

PYRAMIDS, and 250,000 Trees
TRAINED TREES on . to select
nay sabes from.

rruiting Stocks,

Carriage is paid to ava

“ay

station of destination
in United Kingdom on
all orders of over £2
at Catalogue prices.

Custsmers ordering
through the post may

ae
“A

Illustrated Catalogue rely on receiving as

and Cultural Instrue-
tions sent free on
application.

W. SEABROOK & SONS, sR

good trees as those
personally chosen.

R.H. s. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER,?S.W.
2

SPECIAL NOTICE

IF YOU WANT

REALLY GOOD BULBS AND SEEDS

AT MODERATE PRICES,
send to

ROBERT SYDENHAM, LIMITED,

TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM.

No one will serve you better.

THEIR UNIQUE LISTS

sent post free on application,

Are acknowledged by all to be the Best, Cheapest, and most Reliable ever
published. They contain only the Best

VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, AND BULBS
WORTH GROWING.

Being the Selections of the Largest Seed Growers, Market Gardeners, and the
most celebrated Professional Gardeners and Amateurs in the Kingdom. They
also contain very useful cultural instructions.

SWEET PEAS A SPECIALITY.

No flowers give so much cut bloom at so little cost and trouble if treated as
instructions sent with each Collection.

12 good varieties, 50 seeds of each in separate packets,
is. 6d.; 12 better varieties, 50 seeds of each, 1s. 9d.; or the
Two Collections for 2s. 6d.; a Third Collection of the 12 best
varieties, 50 seeds of each, 2s.; or the Three Collections,
4s. post free, and a Packet of the four best striped and four
other varieties free of charge; the best and cheapest
Collection ever Offered, at about One Penny a Packet.

BULB LIST FOR 1908,

WITH ILLUSTRATED ARTICLE UPON
GROWING BULBS IN MOSS FIBRE,
IN CHINA VASES WITHOUT DRAINAGE.

THE MOST CHARMING WAY OF GROWING BULBS FOR HOUSE AND
TABLE BEPOBATION. READY eae IN AUGUST.

MR. SYDENHAM’S REVISED PAMPHLET

“HOW I CAME TO GROW BULBS,”

A RELIABLE GUIDE TO THE BEST VARIETIES AND HOW TO GROW THEM.
ALSO A FULL DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE BEST

DAFFODILS AND NARCISSI

REVISED TO 1908.
MAY BE HAD POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

a

bo

1

> HYBRID ORCHIDS —

CLEAN, HEALTHY and WELL GROWN.

Upwards of 100,000 to select from in
various stages up to flowering size.

Our Nursery is entirely devoted to the

RAISING and GROWING of HYBRID ORCHIDS,

—— INSPECTION INVITED. —

ARMSTRONG & BROWN,
Orchidhurst, Sandhurst Park,
TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT.

JOHN UNITE [TD 291 & 293 Edgware Road,
3 af LONDON, W.

By Appointment to h.2. the Ring, and H.R... the Prince of Wales,

S
AQre
a ae nA KS ia
Ak: - a NG
LEX ES PWN
qs) a bP GW
a AWS Bi: / ‘ Y
« \ < ~ i, yy = .
= Sik n ory Tee < ' \ \; ‘i \ if \ ay ,
NSN ree OO
a, On ’ = 2. aa aos SSS o
<> Horse Clothing and
/7) everything for
Ball Furnishing. Ripe the Stable. Ri i jaoae
my SP 3, ic oths,
McIntosh Coats, Ce <> Blinds,
Capes, & Aprons. p Ss Cordage.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls, Weddings,
Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fétes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LTD., 291 & 293 Edgware Road, LONDON.

Telegrams—“* UNITENT, LONDON.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
{

PB, AR NS BEAUTIFUL HARDY
GoLtp MEDAL DAFFODILS
THE MOST LOVELY OF ALL SPRING FLOWERS _

Awarded TWENTY-FOUR GOLD MEDALS
‘and a TEN GUINEA CHALLENGE CUP,
including Five Gold Medals, Spring, 1908.

Barr’s Special Daffodil Catalogue, fully describing all the best sorts in cultiv: ution, including
; New Seeding varieties for 1908, with many valuable hints on culture, &c.
Sent free on application.

‘BARR’S 42s. COLLECTION OF DAFFODILS

For Pot Culture, Greenhouse, and Sitting
Room Decoration.

Contains 6 strong Bulbs, each of 30 fine suitable varieties, all beautiful.
Half the above Collection for 2ls.

BARR'S 21s. COLLECTION OF DAFFODILS

For Flower Borders, &c.
Contains 6 strong Bulbs, each of 26 fine distinct varieties, all beautiful.
Half the above Collection for 10s. 6d.

BARR’S 21s. COLLECTION OF DAFFODILS

For Naturalising in Woodlands, Shrubberies,
Grass, &c.

Contains 500 strong Bulbs, in 20 fine showy Sorts, all suitable for
Naturalising.

BARR’S SPLENDID MIXED DAFFODILS, in many sorts for naturalisa-
tion, including Trumpet, Chalice-cup, and Dolly-cup, or Poet’s Narcissa, a special mixture
of Daffodils, of all kinds, suitable for large plantings in Grass, Woodlands, &c.

per 1,000, 25s.; per 100, 2s. 9d.

For other Mixtures and Collections of Daffodils see Barr’s Daffodil Catalogue, sent on application.

BARR’S AUTUMN BULB CATALOGUES

(Sent Post free on application)
9 . m
Contain a descriptive List of the best Spring and Summer-flowering Bulbs and Tubers,
including the finest varieties of
Dafiodils, Hyacinths, Tulips, Irises, Lilies, &c.,
for Fercing and for Bedding, and many beautiful varieties in Cape and Californian Bulbs.
They are illustrated from original photographs taken at our Surbiton Nurseries, and are full of

practical information as to whe mn, how, and where to plant Bulbs, for Forcing, Flower Beds, or
Borders, Naturalising i in Woodlands, Meadows, W ild Gardens, &c.

: BARR & SONS,
77, 12, & 13 King Street, Covent Garden, LONDON.

NURSERIES hades SURBITON, SURREY.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :— VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

5

By Special

Appointment,

HUGH LOW & C2

Orchids.

Carnations.

Rew Roses.

A most extensive collection of
Species, Albino Types; Rare Varie-
ties and Hybrids.

A visit alone can convey any idea of
the comprehensive extent of the |
collection,

Specialists in everything that con-—
cerns the MALMAISON section
or that most popular of all plants

THE PERPETUAL WINTER FLOWERING VARIETY
of which we were the pioneers.
SEND FOR SPECIAL LIST.

A grand collection of such sterling
novelties as

LYON ROSE, MADAME SEGOND WEBER, BABY
DOROTHY, LADY FAIRE, DOROTHY PAGE

ROBERTS, LADY HELEN VINCENT, RICHMOND,
Etc. etc. | :: SEND FOR SPECIAL LIST

¥f ruit Crees. For the Garden.—Walls, Arches, or

borders; or for the Farm in Standard,
Half Standard or Bush form.

Grounds of over 100 acres in extent, where special attention has always been
paid to the most profitable varieties, produced of unexcelled quality.

Catalogues or special quotations on receipt of enquiries

DICKSONS & CO.

igmillar.

Part of a field of Hardy Scotch-grown Roses in the Royal Nurseries, Cra

ROSE GROWERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING

1 WATERLOO PLACE, EDINBURGH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
7

OHLENDORFF'S

PERUVIAN GUANO
“FERTILIT" LITY”

THE BEST HORTICULTURAL MANURE.
TT EE—— ee

SPECIAL CHRYSANTHEMUM MANURE,
LAWN ,
POTATO .
TOMATO ;
VInE :
BONE MEAL, CRUSHED BONES,
AND ALL OTHER FERTILISERS,

SA. = ES
ge” THE ANGLO CONTINENTAL GutexboRrr's)
GUANO WORKS, 15, LEADENHALL ST, LONDON.

Horticultural Requisites.
“GISHURST COMPOUND”

For preventing and destroying Red Spider, Green Fly, &. Harmless in use.
Its soluble sulphur, &c., has for 40 years cured blights and fungus on plants.
It is also useful for w ashing unhealthy dogs.

“GISHURSTINE”

For ps protection of Boots and Shoes from damp, ensuring comfort and
healt ) the wearers. Boots treated with Gishurstine take polish. It is also
good - rr use on harness.

SOFT SOAP

Specially prepared as an insecticide, including

“SOFT SOAP and Quassia.” “SOFT SOAP and Paraffin.”

To be obtained from all dealers in Horticultural Requisites, or Wholesale
from—

PRICE’S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY LIMITED,

London, Liverpool and Manchester.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W:

Q

TRANSFORMED into a perfect sward of beautiful rich
coloured grass by a dressing of “CLIMAX” LAWN
SAND, which, if sprinkled over the grass, possesses the
remarkable property of destroying Moss, Daisies, Plantains and
other weeds on Lawns, Tennis Courts, Bowling and Golf Greens,
at same time promoting the growth of the finer grasses to such an
extent that the spaces previously occupied by the disfiguring weeds
are quickly covered by a perfect sward of fine, close-growing grass,
of good colour, which will retain its freshness under adverse
conditions of continuous use and drought.

WHEN TO “CLIMAX” Lawn Sanp may be applied at almost
APPLY any season of the year, selecting a dry morning with

a prospect of 24 to 48 hours of settied weather.
Should the weather be very hot and dry, copious waterings should
be given at the expiration of 48 hours.

THE Of an application is apparent within a few hours, the weeds blacken and die,
EFFECT but the grass quickly recovers its colour and young growths appear on the bare
spots previously o:cupied by the weeds.

QUANTITY 28 lbs. will dress 100 square yards (i.e., 10 yards by 10 yards) where weeds are
REQUIRED plentiful: but where there are only few weeds. the above quantity will dress
150 square yards.

PRICES. Packages free; sample tin 1/-; 7lbs. 2/-; 141bs. 3/6: 281bs. 6/=;
CARRIAGE PAID. 56 lbs. N1/-; 1 cwt. 20/-; 5 cwt. 90/-; 10 cwt. 170/-; 20 cwt. £16-10-0. oP

ON CARRIAGE DRIVES, PATHS, ROADS, &c., by a mY
Application of CLIMAX WEED KILLER.

BY ITS USE hoeing and weeding are dispensed with, and the surface
remains in a firm and bright-condition. Although poisonous. there is
no danger attending its use when used according to the directions
printed on each package. It does not burn, stain. nor smell offensively.
It has been used extensively during the past fifteen years by su rveyors,
Local Government Boards, estate agents, gardeners, and others, in
every county in the United Kingdom.

LIQUID One gall. makes 51 galls., sufficient for 160 to 200 square yards.
WEED PRICEs (carriage paid): 3-gall., 2/3 (tin free); 1 gall., 3/6 (drum
KILLER 9d.); 2 galls., 7/- (drum '1/6); 3 galls., 10/- (drum 2/-); 4 galls.,
126 (drum 26); 5 galls., 15/- (drum 2/6); 10 galls., 27/6 (drum5/-):
20 galls., 55/- (cask 5/-); 40 galls., 100/- (cask 5/-). Cost of drums will
be refunded when returned, carriage paid, in good order and condition.

POWDER Packed in air-tight tins. Mixes readily in cold water without heat or fumes.

WEED Equal in effectiveness to the liquid. Convenient to store and handle, it will

KILLER keep for an indefinite period. Measure to make small quantity enclosed with
each order.

PRICES No. 1 Tin makes 25 galls. to dress 80 to 100 yards, 2/3; 2 tins, 3/9; 12 tins,
(Carriage paid) 21/-. No. 2 Tin makes 100 galls. to dress 320 to 400 sq. yards, 7/-; 2 tins,
Tins free. 14/-; 5 tins 32/6; 10 tins, 62/6; 20 tins, 120/-.

3 . AND THE GROWTH OF ALL PLANTS GREATLY IMPROVED BY

ONE OR TWO DRESSINGS OF

é 4 39 A valuable manure, which, in addition to
AL CH 0 L promoting the growth of all plants, will also
destroy every variety of insect in the soil.
It is a dry non-poisonous powder which may be used with safety at any
season. It should be freely used during autumn, winter and spring
digging to destroy wireworm and the larve of other insects in the soil.
FOR SLUGS, ANTS, AND WOODLICE, a light sprinkling on the
surface is quite sufficient, but for wireworm, eelworm, millepedes and
other pests of‘a similar nature, it should be dug inte the soil. W hen
making up heaps of potting soil, manure or leaf mould, an occasional
sprinkling as the work proceeds will destroy worms and other insects,
and also increase its manurial value. By a free use of ‘ ALPHOL,
ground which previously teemed with insect life will grow splendid
crops.

QUANTITY REQUIRED :—On medium and heavy land 28lbs. will dress 250 square yards,
or 5 cwt. will dress an acre; on light sandy land, 25 % more will be required, for compost and
manure heaps 7 to 14 Ibs. to each ton.

PRICES _ 7\bs., 2/-; 14 Ibs., 3/-; 28 lbs., 5/-; 56 lbs., 8/6; 1 cwt., 15/-;
(Carriage paid) 5 cwt., 75/-; 10 cwt., £7; 20 cwt., £13. 10s. (Sample Tin, 1/-,
postage 4d.).

Any Enquiry welcomed by the Manufacturers,

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., Ltd., CRANMER ST., LIVERPOOL.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.

9

Journal

OF THE

Royal Horticultural
Society,

VOL. XXIV. (348 pages), 1900,

CONTAINS A FULL REPORT

OF THE

First
International
Conterence

ON

GENETICS:

HYBRIDISATION

(THE CROSS-BREEDING OF
GENERA OR SPECIES),

THE CROSS-BREEDING OF
VARIETIES,

AND
GENERAL PLANT-BREEDING,

Held in the Society’s Gardens at Chiswick,
near meek, on July Il and 12, 1899,

The Second International Conference on
Plant Breeding and Hybridisation was held
under the auspices of the Horticultural
Society of New York, U.S.A., on Sept. 30
and October | and 2, 1902, and the

Third Conference on this subject was held
on July 30 to August 3, 1906, under the
auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society,
the Report of which, containing 480 pages,
together with that of the First Conference,
can be obtained at the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY’S OFFICES,
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

Price FIVE SHILLINGS

——— -—————»

each.

(For co of the Second Conference Report. apply to
he BARRON. 136 Liberty Street, New York, U.S.A.).

The Ideal
Fruit Package

Alike for Grower, Salesman, Shop-
keeper, and Public is undoubtedly

THE BRITISH

Above block shows our Basket fitted with new

Patent Wood Cover, which is a great protection |

to the fruit and commands a lower failway rate
than paper or cardboard covers.

BRITISH QUALITY.
Wemade PERS T.
BEST.

Eee

We Make
the

We will
‘always

Stores at WISBECH, EVESHAM,
WORTHING, SWANWICK, GUERNSEY
and JERSEY, where large _ stocks
suitable for the district are held.

Ask the opinion of those who have used
our Chip. We never lose a customer.

We have reduced the price but improved
the quality. Our value is beiter than ever.
Our new Catalogue will interest you.

Special attention to export orders.

If you have not seen our Chip send us
three stamps for postage and we will gladly
send you a sample.

We were the first to manufacture a Chip
Basket in Great Britain, and are, to-day,
first in quality, experience, equipment,
and price.

THE BRITISH BASKET GO., iro,

CROWNPOINT WORKS, GLASGOW.

Telegrams:

Telephones :
* Punnet Glasgow.”’

Post Oifice, Y 44; Nat., 2823.

Stocked in London by OSMAN & CO., 132

Commercial Street, E., and W. B. FORDHAM

& SON, Ltd., 36 York Road, King’s Cross, N.
All communications direct to Glasgow.

R.H.S Advertisement Office :

LO

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

CUTHBERTS’ wmenar
Azaleas and Forcing Plants
A SPECIALITY.

AWARDED THE

Royal Horticultural Society’s Gold Medal at Westminster, Feb. 28, 1905,

Three Gold Medals, Roya! Botanic Society, Regent's Park.

Four Silver Cups, Royal Horticultural Socicty’s Temple Shows.

Silver Gilt Medal, Royal Caledonia Horticultural Society, Edinburgh.

Forty-two Silver Gilt, Silver and other Medals, Royal Horticuitural Society's
Shows, London.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Azaleas.

In beautiful shades of colour. I"or Beds, Borders, and Early Forcing.

Azalea mollis, choice mixed. Azalea mollis hybrids, choice
“ mollis, choice named. named.
3 mollis x sinensis, choice re rustica, fl. pl., choice named.
mixed, a Ghent, double flowered, choice
= mollis x sinensis, choice named,
named. 4; Ghent, choice named.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Forcing Plants.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION,

Almonds, double white and pink. Philadelphus coronarius. °
Cerasus flore pleno. Prunus, of sorts.

Deutzias, various. Robinias, of sorts.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. Spirzeas, of sorts.

Kalmias, in variety. Staphylea colchica.

Laburnums. Thorns, double white, pink, and scarlet.
Lilacs, in twenty varieties, to name. Viburnum Opulus (Guelder Rose).
Magnolias, in variety. Wistaria sinensis, well set with buds.

SPECIALLY GROWN FOR EARLY FORCING AND WELL SET WITH BUDS.
(In Standards and Dwarfs.)

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION,

R. & G. CUTHBERT, The Nurseries,
ESTABLISHED 1797. SOUthgate, MIDDLESEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
11

Carnations, 4 IS
Picotees, White counas.
Pinks and Auriculas.

J. DOUGLAS,

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM,
7
Will send a choice Specimen Dozen CARNATIONS or PICOTEES for 7/6,
One Dozen PINKS for 6/*. One Dozen choice SHOW AURICULAS, 21/-,
One Dozen ALPINE AURICULAS, 10/*. His own selection. Packing free.

The GOLD MEDAL of Royal Horticultural Society has been awarded to -
J. DOUGLAS in 1906 and aiso in 1907.

THE CELEBRATED GARNATION SEED

ALL saved at Great Bookham, is now famous all over Great Britain and the
Colonies. It is from the Best Named Varieties.

SELF and FANCY CARNATION SEED. PICOTEE SEED.
FLAKE and BIZARRE CARNATION SEED. GARDEN PINK SEED.

All the above 1/6 and 2/6 per packet.

SHOW AURICULA SEED, 2/6, and ALPINE AURICULA SEED,
1/6 per packet.

GIANT POLYANTHUS and PRIMROSE SEED, 1/= per packet.

NEW CARNATIONS are a Speciality.

See Catalogue for the New Certificated Varieties, now being put in commerce.

NEW TYPE OF MALMAISONS, 10/= per doz. Distinct Varieties. :
TREE CARNATIONS, English and American,
10/= to 21/= per doz.
FINEST BORDER CARNATIONS,
7 6 to 12/-= per doz.

JAMES DOUGLAS has obtainad 158 First Class Certificates and Awards of Merit
from 1894 to 1908.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue, with Cultural Directions, and Descriptive List of New and_
Old Carnations in all Classes.

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM, SURREY.

a + H. S. Advertisement Office: —VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

12

By. Special Appointment
-Makers to

His Majesty
King Edward VII,

prover GR E EN ee ead
fawn Rowers § Rollers

FOR HAND, PONY, AND HORSE POWER.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS SOLD.

FIRST PRIZE FIRST PRIZE
Royal > Royal
Botanic Horticultural
Society’s Show, Society’s Show,
‘London, London,

July, 1905.

June, 1906.

SPECIAL & HICHEST AWARD, SILVER} CUP, R.H.S.2Summer Show, 1908.
Every Highest Prize in all cases of Competition.

Patent Motor Lawn Mowers

FIRST PRIZE FIRST PRIZE
Royal Royal
- Horticultural Lancashire
Society’s Agricultural
Show, Show,
- London, Manchester,
1903.

1907.

Made in Sizes, 24-in., 30-in., 36-in. and 42-in.

Height of Efficiency. Save Time and Money.

THOMAS GREEN & SON, Lid.,

(The Pioneers of all that is best in Lawn Mowers)

New Surrey Works, Southwark Street, LONDON, S.E.
And SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS.
Please write for Illustrated Price List, R.H.S., 8.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
13

~

GUERNSEY CROWN BULBS.

On account of the mildness of our climate and the almost complete absence of frost,
bulbs grown in Guernsey mature to perfection and produce the best possible results.

We make a Speciality of

ANEMONES, FREESIAS, GLADIOLI, IRIS,
IXIAS, NARCISSUS, TULIPS, &c., &c.

CATALOGUES FREE.

W. MAUGER & SONS, Guernsey.

G. REUTHE, rF.r.n.s.

(For nearly 25 years with WARES as Manager, Plant Collector, &c.)

The Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nursery, KESTON, KENT.

Dew and Rare bardy Plants,

As well as a Selection of all the Best

ALPINES and other PERENNIALS, NYMPHAEAS, ~ LILIES, HIMALAYAN
RHODODENDRONS, RARE SHRUBS, NARCISSUS and other BULBS. FORMATION
of ROCKWORKS, &c.

Supplied strong, healthy, and true to name, Catalogue free on application.

A TRUE PLANT FOOD. 2%
nace S

THE ONLY FORM OF Sy

NITROGEN THAT

FEEDS THE PLANT Ped

IMMEDIATELY FLOWERS, FRUIT,
and VEGETABLES.

iT IS Cane bought of al tain

APPLIED.

Sample 4 1b. Tins, for experiment, price
1/-, with full directions, are obtainable
from all Seedsmen, Florists, &c.

THE PERMANENT
NITRATE COMMITTEE,

FRIAR’S HOUSE, 39/41 NEW BROAD STREET,
LONDON, E.C.
Will supply Pamphlets, gratis, upon application.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE,,: WESTMINSTER, S.W.
14

FOSTER & PEARSON

LIMITED.

Established 1841,

Estimates on application
for

RANGES, VINERIES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

IMPROVED FRAMES
&C.,
IN TEAK OR DEAL.

ECONOMY IN FUEL.

The “ROBIN HOOD” Boiler is most
economical in fuel.

No Brickwork Setting required.
Any section can be quickly replaced.

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
15

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :

FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION. —
Our Stand is Number 17, in Building 4, near Uxbridge Road Exhibition Station,

FRUIT & VEGETABLE
BOTTLING APPLIANCES.

These Appliances ensure a full store of Delicious Fresh Fruits for

Dessert and Cooking, and for Commercial purposes the secret

of a profitable trade is obtained.

FOWLER’S Complete Fruit and
Vegetable Bottling Outfits, con-
sisting of Patent Apparatus, Book
of Directions, Bottles, &c., &c.,

50/-, 35/- and 20/- each.

BOTTLED FRUITS, from 7/6 pex
dozen; 3 dozen, 21/-.

HE Post Free, 1 bottle of Fruit, 1/6;
3 bottles, 3/-.

a b Mit -: =
E > 2 st *. i)
= =. iin :
\j!
at il) j
h.4 / a
\ Hai!
J a Mitt =
- oat mii = h
+ 2 a =~ we 2a
. ==.) US
’» \ Pw
= = aa = is
= =
: Is _— :
¢ 7 TY «
y = {
| |
:
;
i

THISIS A | ii
SEQ FRUIT BOTTLING OUTFIT Py

Royal Agricultural Society of England, Maidstene, 1899.
JUDGE’S REPORT.—Sce B.A.S. of E. ‘‘ Journal,’’ 1899, page 558
‘‘] have personally tested this Apparatus since

the Show, and find it most satisfactory in every way.
It is particularly simple and easy to manipulate.’’
AWARDED 24 GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS.
And at the R.H.S. FRUIT SHOWS, LONDON, 1902, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 1907,

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS AND OTHER PRIZES WERE AWARDED
To Exhibits of Fruits and Vegetables bottled with our Copyright System and Appliances,

Thos. Oliver, Esq., Tanbridge, Horsham, Sussex, writes :— December, 1904.
3 b Your Fruit is excellent, and I wish you to send me three dozen more
ottles.’’
Oswald H. Latter, Esq., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming, Surrey, writes :-—
_ February 24th, 1906.
Your process of Bottling Fruits, &c., is absolutely sound on scientific principles.
[ have been advocating some such method for years. You have effected
it in a delightfully simple manner.”

The Housekeeper to Sir Thomas Neave, Bart., Dagnam Park, Romford, Essex,
writes : November 28th, 1907.

‘My Fruits and Peas, bottled with your Appliances, are a great
success, and I am proud to show my store-room.’?

GEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., L1D.,
_ (Late of MAIDSTONE.) READING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
16

Ss

roy ff f
FART) ts | hi th Hii 1h i HUT Whi /
i Nea,
Vf

A “WATER CARRIER,”
A “LIFT AND FORCE PUMP, ” and

_— 66 :

& A ~ SPRAYER,”
COMBINED.

= W/ILLCOX IMPROVED

GARDEN ENGINES

WITH
EXTENDED

SUCTIONS

Whereby by a simple arrangement the Willcox

= Semi Rotary Pump will first of all fill the tank from

= a pond or stream or other supply, and then will

deliver with a good force over trees, plants, &c.,

as required. A lady can work these engines, they

can be easily wheeled about, and having swing
bodies the water does not spill.

THERE [S NO COMPARISON

BETWEEN OUR

= SEMI ROTARY PUMP

and the old style ‘‘ up and down” Plunger Pump. The Semi Rotary
is less laborious, delivers double the quantity, and forces farther, but

IT MUST BE A

“ WILLCOX ”

advise on
all pump
requirements

ue JONES WiLLCOX PATENT WIRE BOUND HOSE outlasts
Several Rubber Hoses. It is very strong and durable and flexible.

W. H. WILLCOX & Co.., Lt.

hg 23, 32, 34, & 36 a Ss
i ii) Southwark Street, ad int ili Mt | lh co”
LONDON. i

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, aN S.W.
a tiv b

HIGHEST AWARD, “SILVER CUP,” FOR —

BEGONIAS, ©

TEMPLE SHOW, 1908.

“LADY IRENE, BURGESS.”

BLACKMORE & LANGDON'S

BEGONTAS

Of the very highest type of perfection in plants of upright habit (attained after many years
of cross-fertilization and selection with this special object in view) with flowers of the most
perfect form and glorious colouring.
Awarded 16 GOLD MEDALS and 6 SILVER CUPS.
For List and Prices of named Varieties, see Catalogue Post Free.

Seed in Sealed Packets. Double, 2/6 and &/-; Single, 1/-, 2/6 and &/-; Single in separate
colours, 1/-, 2/6 and 5/-; also crested Single and Frilled Single (very beautiful), at same prices.

American Winter-flowering, and Border Carnations. A grand Collection of all
the very best Varieties.

Twerton Hill Nursery, BATH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
188

é
:

FRUIT TREES,

J. CHEAL & SONS’

NURSERIES—l1l0 ACRES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES,

Shrubs and Roses, Rhododendrons,
Climbing Plants, Forest Trees.

An Immense Stock.
True to Name. Healthy and Hardy.

SEED DEPARTMENT:

Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds,
Bulbs and Sundries.

eras A SPECIALITY.

Hardy, Herbaceous, Alpine, and Rock Plants.

CATALOGUES POST FREE.

eee PE GARDENING:

Gardens, Lawns, Parks, and all Ornamental
Grounds designed and laid out.

—s

Illustrated Booklet on ‘‘GARDEN MAKING,’ post free on application.

London Office for this Department,

53 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
Telephone No. 2178 Victoria (&2 38 Crawley.

J. CHEAL & SONS,

LOWFIELD NURSERIES,
CRAWLEY. SUSSEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S. .W.
19

The Stafford Road Market Nursery Co.,

——— CRAVENHURST, SEAFORD. ——— RIp..

Specialities.—ORCHIDS, TREE CARNATIONS, ROSES, SWEET PEAS, a and
all kinds of Alpine plants.
W. PINGO HORTON, Managing Director.

The Sunnyrise Market Nursery Co., Ltd.

Specialities.—_CUCUMBERS, TOMATOES, PEACHES and CRAPES, —
LILIUMS, SWEET CERANIUMS, and all kinds of Ferns and Vegetables.

W. PINGO HORTON, Managing Director, Cravenhurst, Seaford, SUSSEX.

LILIES, CALOCHORTI, IRIS.

DARWIN AND COTTAGE TULIPS. RARE BULBOUS PLANTS. NEW HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
LILY CULTURE OUR GREAT SPECIALITY.

CATALOGUE, WITH CULTURAL DIRECTIONS, FREE.

Awarded GOLD MEDALS by the Royal Horticultural Society at their LILY SHOW and
CONFERENCE, Chiswick, 1901, and Temple Show, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1907.
GOLD MEDALS for LILIES, Manchester, Shrewsbury, Leicester, Wolverhampton, York,
and Edinburgh (International).

And numerous Awards from all parts of the Kingdom for our displays of
rare and interesting HARDY PLANTS.

R. WALLACE & CO., Kilnfield Gardens, COLCHESTER.
ABOL, wuite’s surerior

THE EXER POPULAR, ROHS
INSECTICIDE o AGE.

CHEAP, -SAFE
& EFFECTIVE.

EXCELLENT
REMEDY for
MIL DEW.

Kills all kinds of
TRADE MARK REC® aa Tie APHIS. ——.

TRY IT and BE CONVINCED.
3 pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; 4 gal., 4/-; gal., 7/6.
Save Money by using the most economical Sprayer.

JOURNAL

OF THE

Roval horticultural Society.
Vol. Xi. <Parih

Contains a full Report ofthe National Rose
Conference held in 1889, at which
many valuable Papers were read;
among them being :—

Decorative Roses. By Mr. T. W. GIRDLESTONE.

The Botany of Roses. By Mr. J. G. BAKER,
ELR.S

Rose Construction. By Dr. M. T. MAsters,
F.R.S.

Rosa Polyantha as a Stock. By M. Vivianp-
MOREL

‘ THE
Roses since eee By Mr. Gro. PAUL. 5 R
A New Classification of Roses. By Prof. F. ‘“ABOL’ SYRINGE EST
CREP SPRAYER
Stocks for Roses. By Mr. E. MAWLEY. Does more and better work than other j
Pruning Roses. By Rey. A. Foster-Mrniiar, | 5Yringes double the size. TRY IT, and 4
M.A you will agree. \

Prices—SYRINGES, 8/6 to 14/6.
Postage, 4d. Brnps, 1/6 extra.
THE “ABOL’ SYRINGE.

Grouping of Gardening Varieties. By Mr. W.
PAUL, F.L.S

Modern Roses end Hybridisation. By the Right
Hon. Li PENZANCE.

Australian Bintos By Baron Sir F. von MUELLER.

New Indian Roses. By Dr. Grorcr Kina.

A few copies of this valuable number can
still be obtained at

R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, London, $.W.
Price to Fellows, 1s. 6d. ; Non- Fellows, 3s.

OF ALL SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS, AND IRONMONGERS,
or by post on receipt of remittance from the

Sole Manufacturers—E. A. WHITE, LTD.,
Hop and Fruit Growers, PADDOCK Woop, KENT.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
20

BOULTON & PAU ag

Horticultural Buildings of every
description, designs submitted.

WICH.

\ qpen aaen:
" jen |

Ss) Raa

D -?
a baw be sunt 190.
se ae

CONSERVATORIES, VINERIES, PLANT, ORCHID, TOMATO, &c., HOUSES.
SPECIAL DESIGNS PREPARED AND ESTIMATES SUBMITTED.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN WAITED UPON BY APPOINTMENT.

. = # hit {i \7"
| ‘ Mi s *.
jae

: Ss
cs

Le «4

design made to any size,

- Conservatories Designed to suit ai Special Situations, and to meet all Requirements.
Write for Catalogues of all our Manufactures, POST FREE.

'RHS. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

21

GSA: CLARK,

LIMITED,
The Old Established Nurseries,

* * DOVER. %

Established 1838.

CULTIVATORS OF

HIGH-CLASS NURSERY STOCK

AT MODERATE PRICES.

Bulb, Seed, & Horticultural Sundries
Merchants.

LANDSCAPE GARDENERS.

Designs and Estimates for Laying out and Furnishing
New or “Renowating Old Gardens, Orchards, i
Rockeries, Conservatories, Vineries; Tennis,
Croguet, and Cricket Lawns, @@Q0c.

HARDY PERENNIALS

A SPECIALITY,

Special Low Quotations for B Four Descriptive Catalogues
Large Quantities. . annually,
70 Acres Nursery Ground. 651,000 s2per.-feet Glass Structure.

Also at FOLKESTONE, The Horticultural Establishment, Cheriton Gardens ;
And WALMER, The Nursery, Dover Road, Lower Walmer, near Deal.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

99
as

| Important to Gardeners and Fruit Sowers.
ae NIQUAS” (Registered).

The Most Successful NON-POISONOUS INSECTICIDE of the day.

ITS ADVANTAGES ‘ARE—

Certain Death to all Insect Pests.

No possible injury to the most delicate Plant, Flower, or Foliage.

It is by far the cheapest Insecticide known. One pint makes ten to twelve gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, &c., whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy. Bug, and Scale can be
thoroughly eradicated by using ‘‘ NIQUAS ’’**double or three times the strength required for
Fl

y- \

PRICES.—Pint, 1/-; Quart, 1/9: Half-Gallon, 3/—; Gallon, 5/-. Kegs, each, five
gallons, 22/6; ten gallons, 42/6.

\ Ask for Testimonials, of which some Hundreds have been received,

-LETHORION

IMPROVED METAL

Vapour Cone Fumigator,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES,

% Registered Ii a Mark, 02, 957, eee ee

This well-known invention for the entire eradication of all pests infesting vegetation
ander glass is now manufactured in a more simple and reliable form. The small candle
(which will be found packed with each Cone) has only to be lighted, and placed on the ground
in the centre of the Cone Frame, to produce immediate results. Nothing in the market can
equal it for efficiency and cheapness.

Cone No. 4, for 5,000 to 6,000 cubic feet. Price 2/— each.
Cone No. 3, for a well-secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price 4/— each.
Cone No. 2, for a well-secured house of 1,000 to 1,200 cubic feet. Price 8d. each.
Cone No. 1, for frames 100 cubic feet. Price 6d. each.

Full Directions accompany each Cone.

ASK FOR A LIST OF TESTIMONIALS, OF WHICH SOME HUNDREDS IHiAVE BEEN RECEIVED FROM
THE LEADING GARDENERS IN THE KINGDOM.
Also Makers of the following Preparations :—

Tobacco Powder, Duty Free. Tobacco Juice, Duty Free. Nicotine Soap.
Tobacco Slug Powder, Duty Free. “ Surpazoll” Fumigating Liquid.
Ewing’s Mildew. Fowlers’ Mealy Bug Eradicator.

Corry’s Liquid Extract of Quassia. Fowlers’ lasecticide.

Scott’s Wasp Destroyer. Standen’s Manure. Fowlers’ Lawn Sand.
Zinc Labels. Zinc Ink. Verbena Pins. Layer Pegs.

Flower Cement. Summer Cloud Shading. Nicotina Fruit Wash, &c.
All Horticultural Sundries supplied. Best Terms to the Trade. To be had from all Seedsmen & Florists.

Manufactured by

CORRY & CO., Limited,

AT THEIR

BONDED CHEMICAL WORKS, SHAD THAMES, S.E.
Offices and Show Rooms: 13 & 15 FINSBURY STREET, LONDON, EB. C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S. W.
23

od

HARTLEY & SUCDEN,

HALIFAX.

Makers of all Patterns of Heating Apparatus Boilers for

HORTICULTURAL HEATING.

MAGAZINE
FEED

Sectional Boiler.

Will burn 12 to 18 hours and fully
MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE.

ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY
GUARANTEED.
——PROMPT DELIVERY.—

For Prices
Catalogue
apply to your
post free Heating Engineer
wes or
Horticultural
application. Builder. |

WROUGHT WELDED “STANLEY” BOILER.
- R.HLS. Advertisement Office: VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
294

LAXTON’S .
NURSERIES ‘Over 70 Acres.

Noted for Carefully-crown

FRUIT TREES,
ROSES,

STRAWBERRIES,
sp BUSH FRUITS.

S LERREAARRAREAA RAAT PERETE:

BUSHES, 2/6 to 3/6 ,,
PYRAMIDS, 3/6 to 5/- ,,
ESPALIERS, 3/6 to 5/- ,,
CORDONS, 2/6 ea., 24/= doz,
WALL TREES, 3/6 to 7/6 ea.
POT FRUIT TREES, 5/- to
;
APPLES. APRICOTS.
See | eee CHERRIES.
Saunt SH AE (Ss
Occ rues % Cans FICS. | NECTARINES.
las iS } PEACHES.
: PEARS. PLUMS.
VINES, &c.

| LUELLA AALALLEL EEL ELE
CATALOGUES FOR ALL DEPARTMENTS GRATIS.

|LAXTON BROTHERS |

BEDFORD.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

HERBACEOUS & ALPINE PLANTS.
Gold Medal awarded by the R.H.S.
Immense collection, embracing all the most-recent novelties and”
introductions of approved merit.
Choice Hardy Water Lilies, Bog Plants, Bamboos, Eremurus, &c.

BEGONIAS. DAHLIAS.

49 Gold Medals & Silver Cups awarded. 4 Gold Medals gained during 1907.
Roses, Clematis, and other climbers. Carnations, winter
flowering and border varieties.

CATALOGUES FREE BY POST. CALL OR WRITE.

THOS. S. WARE (O02) Ltd.

Nurseries, Seed and Bulb Establishment,

FELTHAM, Middlesex.

London Depot: 25 YORK ROAD, WATERLOO STATION APPROACH, S.E.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses, Vines, Figs,

Oranges, and Orchard-House
Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,
POST FREE, 3d.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

SAW BRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.
STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

&

THE

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

OFFER A LARGE STOCK OF WELL-GROWN

FRUIT TREE
ROSES

Shrubs and Hardy Perennials.

Descriptive Catalogues free.

Landscape Gardening and Planting of every description undertaken in
any part of the kingdom.

Our soil is an ideal one for the production of hardy, robust, and fruitful
trees, and the command of considerable areas of virgin soil enables us to
maintain our stock absolutely free from disease and insect pests.

Planters requiring reliable trees at reasonable prices cannot do better

than send for our list.
ee

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

BARNHAM
SUSSEX. |

CF

Preiss 3: arg
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
27

ORCHIDS. ORCHIDS.

Ghe MOST UP-TO-DATE and
COMPLETE COLLECTION
in the Trade.

HYBRIDS A GREAT SPECIALITY.

Botanical Curiosities, Albinos, Species.
The Finest Stock in Europe.

NO OTHER CLASS OF PLANT GROWN.

Particulars on application. Catalogues post free.

CHARLESWORTH ® CO.,

Heaton, Bradford.
And at HAYWARD’S HEATH, SUSSEX, and BRUSSELS.

Royal Horticultural Society’s
ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF
BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT

WILL BE HE

October 15 and 16, 1908, ———_
SOCIETY’S HALL, VINCENT. “SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

For Schedule of Prizes apply to the Secretary, R.H.S., Vincent Square, S.W.

wi LABELS

Samples and Price Lists free.
1905 these Labels were Re. da

.EUONYMUS | Rereeee
E U RO PE U S SILVER dle (MEDAL, R.H.8. Show,

BRONZE ‘MEDAL, Bationes Rose bare, Show
mple Garden

Of all Nurgerymen and shear or direct
from the Manufacturer,

JOHN PINCHES,
3 Crown Buildings, Crown Street
CAMBERWELL, S.E.

R.H.S. Advertisement. Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
25

Rare Orchids. Specimen Orchids. Cheap Orchids.

Stove & Greenhouse Plants,
. FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING. %

e
& : :
s Prices on Application. %

%
5

« JAMES CYPHER& SONS, *
Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.
WEEDS! WEEDS!! WEEDS!!!

One application of Harrison’s “ Reliable” WEED KILLER will keep your
Garden Paths, Carriage Drives, &c., free from Weeds for at least 12 months.
The best Killer for Daisy, Plantain, and Dandelion in Lawns.
Brightens the Gravel. Immense saving in Labour.

1 Gallon, 2/8, drum, 9d., carriage, 9d.; 2 Gallons, 5/4, drum, 1/3, carriage, 1)-;
RELIABLE 5 Gallons, 12/-, drum, 3/-, carriage paid; 10 Gallons, 21/6, drum, 5/-, carriage

paid; 40 Gallons, 75/-, cask, 5/-, carriage paid.
WEED Trish Orders are not subject to these carriage terme, but are paid to any
@ LLER: English port. Full price allowed. for all drums and casks, if returned in good
condition, carriage paid, within two months.
N.B.—In the prices of the above please note that this Weed Killer mixes 1 to 50
of water, being dowb/e the ordinary strength. One gallon mixed with 50 gallons of water will cover
an area of from 150 to 200 square yards effectively. There is no smell to this “ Weed Killer.”

GEO. W. HARRISON, Horticultural Chemist, 45 arcta 2ePartments we.

TESTIMONIALS ON APPLICATION.

ESTABLISHED 53 YEARS.
Lovers of Rare and Choice Alpines and Herbaceous
Perennials should make a point of seeing :

THOMPSON & MORGAN’S
——— SEED CATALOGUE =—

Which describes the largest Colfection of
Flower Seeds offered in England, also their

CATALOGUE OF HARDY PLANTS.

T. & M. possess a very large collection of this increasingly popular class of plants, which
they will be pleased to show visitors by appoiftment. ————————————
BOTH LISTS POST FREE ON APPLICATION,

5 CARR ST., and HASLEMERE NURSERIES. IPSWICH.

KEYNES ROSES,
KEYNES’ DAHLIAS,
KEYNES’ VINES

are unsurpassed. Send for Catalogues.

KEYNES, WILLIAMS & CO,,

The Nurseries, SALISBURY.

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
29

THE ‘‘ALEXANDRA” (Type A).

CASTLES

(Admiralty Shipbreakers),
BALTIC WHARF, MILLBANK, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL AND ROYAL BOTANICAL SOCIETIES’ MEDALS.

If you are thinking of planting RHODODENDRONS,
our specially-prepared booklet, containing cultural
notes, prices, and full descriptions, will interest you.
A feature is the classification of varieties according

to colour. Prices remarkably moderate. Post free
from— :
W. H. ROGERS & SON, LTD.,
RED LODGE NURSERY,
SOUTHAMPTON.

WORTH BHBRNOWING.

DAVID STALKER & SON,

Wursery and Seed Establishment, |
Nurseries: LODGEHILL, INVERNESS ROAD, NAIRN, N.B.

Under the patronage of Her late Majesty’s Commissioners of Woods and Forests, Windsor, supplying
for fifteen years in succession, Which is a clear and tangible proof the trees sent have been highly

appreciated, haying sent considerably over 2,200,000 of Forest Trees during that time. The nursery
stock grown by D. Stalker & Son consists of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, Evergreen
and Flowering Shrubs, Conifers and Ornamental Trees ; also Tree Seeds, native highland of pure quality,

Fruit Trees.

A great variety of Dwarf, Standard, and Trained Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Peaches, &c,
Standard and Dwarf Roses.
Bedding Plants, Florists’ Flowers and Greenhouse Plants, also Bulbs. Agricultural, Vegetable,
and Choice Flower Seeds. INSPECTION INVITED.
Residence: Balmoral! House. Telegraphic Address: “ Stalker, Nairn.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
30

ee ee ee ee Pere

BATH’S

| Select Bulbs & Plants

CANNOT BE SURPASSED!
BATH’S HOME GROWN BULBS. As supplied to

the Royal Parks and Gardens. The largest bulb growers
in the United Kingdom, 85 acres under bulb cultivation.

BATH’S ROSES.

100,000 good plants in the best varieties.

BATHS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES,

RASPBERRY CANES, &e.

In all the best varieties for garden culture.

BATH’S CARNATIONS. 400 best new and standard

varieties. 120,000 Plants for present delivery.

BATH’S GORGEOUS PEONIES.

The fashionable flower; all the best sorts.

BATH’S CLEMATIS.

The most popular climbers, in the most brilliant kinds.

BATHS PLANTS FOR ALL GARDENS.

All the favourite sorts, with the newest additions.

BATH’S SELECT VEGETABLE and FLOWER
SEEDS.

From the finest stocks that are grown.

Complete IMlustrated Catalogues, with copious Cultural
directions, post free on Pa oa pa abe

ALL GOODS ARE SENT SECURELY PACKED AND CARRIAGE PAID
THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN.

R. H. BATH, Ltd.,
THE FLORAL FARMS, WISBECH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
31

LS a a a Se
FB. ATIVE F UJ ANG Best and Cheapest Manure for all
Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers.

PRICE—£3 10s. per ton in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. at Works, or 5s. per cwt.
carriage paid to any Station in England.
EXTRACTS FROM THIRTIETH ANNUAL COLLECTION OF REPORTS—
NATIVE GUANO FOR POTATOES, YEGETABLES, &c.

H. Storr, Itchen: *‘ Vegetables gave entire satisfaction. Economical and Effective. Good preventative
of fly, slug, &c.” J.J. Forsrer, Baddily: “‘ Potatoes, splendid; cauliflowers, peas and cabbages,
best Lever had. Highly pleased.”’

NATIVE GUANO FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOES, &c.

J. SWAN, Weybridge: ‘‘ Vines, peaches, melons, tomatoes and cucumbers, excellent; lawns, beautiful
and green all the season. A. W. MyNnE rr, Lewisham : ‘Tomatoes, raspberries, vegetables and
flowers, uniformly good. Perfectly satisfied. Very effective, good and cheap.”’

Orders to the NATIVE GUANO CO., Limited,

29 New Bridge Street, London, E.C.
Where Pamphlets of Testimonials, &e., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED.

Chrysanthemums

NORMAN DAVIS, Sp ecialist,

NEARLY 40 YEARS’ 7) tee

CHRYSANTHEMUMSS of all descriptions, and for all Purposes

| My Exhibits at the R.H.S. Meetings have always secured for
me the leading award of all similar trade Exhibits, and my
collection is the most complete in existence.

CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.

™e xghsens"'™ FRAMFIELD, SUSSEX.

R. H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
32

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTE

c

ar
an)

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS

IN THE PRESENT ISSUE.
Vou. XXXIV. . Parr i.

The figures refer to the pages, which are numbered at the bottom.

Alpines—G. REUTHE, 14; STAFFORD Flowering Trees and Shrubs—R. & G. _

ROAD MARKET NURSERY CO., 20;
T- S. WARE, LTD., 26.

Anemones—VW. MAUGER & SONS, 14.

Aquatic and Bog Plants — AMOS
PERRY, 36.

Artificial Manures—-See Fertilizers.
Auriculas—J. DOUGLAS, 12.

Azaleas and Forcing Plants—R. & G.
CUTHBERT, 11.

Baskets—BRITISH BASKET CoO., 10.

Begonias—BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 18;
T. S. WARE, LTD., 26.

Boilers—See Heating Engineers.
Books—R.H.S., 10, 20.

Bulbs—BARR & SONS, 5; R. H. BATH,
LTD., 31; J. CARTER & CO. (2nd
Cover); Miss F. W. CURREY, 2;
HoGG & ROBERTSON, 37; W.
MAUGER & SONS, 14; J. MURRAY &
SONS (Green Inset facing page 160);
ANT. ROOZEN & SONS, 39; R.
SMITH & CO., 38; SUTTON & SONS
(Outside Cover) ; R. SYDENHAM, 38.

Carnations—R. H. BATH, LTD., 31;
BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 18; J.
DOUGLAS, 12; KING’S ACRE
NURSERIES, LTD., 40; H. Low &
Co., 6; STAFFORD ROAD MARKET
NURSERY CO., 20; T. S. WARE,
LTD., 25.

Chrysanthemums—NORMAN DAVIS, 32.

Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c.—SUNNYRISE
MARKET NURSERY CO., 20.

Dahlias—J. CHEAL & SONS, 19; KEYNES,
WILLIAMS & Co., 29; T. S. WARE,
LTD., 26.

Examinations in Horticulture, 1909—
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
47.

Fertilizers — ANGLO-CONTINENTAL
GUANO WORKS, 8: CLAY & SON,
1; NATIVE GUANO Co., 32: PER-
MANENT NITRATE COMMITTEE, 14.

CUTHBERT, 11.

Fruit Bottling Appliances—G. Fow-
~ LER, LEE & Co., 16.

Fruit Trees — BARNHAM NURSERIES,
LTD., 27; G. BUNYARD & Co. (8rd
Cover); J. CHEAL & SON, 19;
KING’S ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 40;
H. LANE & SON (Green Inset facing
Extracts from Proceedings); LAXTON
BROS., 25; H. LOW & Co.,6; J. R.
PEARSON & SONS, 32; T, RIVERS
& SON, 26; W. SEABROOK & SONS,
2; D. STALKER & SON, 30.

Garden Engines—W. H. WILLCOX &
Co.; ATs

Garden Furniture—CASsTLES, 30.

Garden Hose, Pumps, &c.—W. H.
WILLCOX & CoO., 17.

Grape Vines—KEYNES, WILLIAMS &
Co., 29; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings); LAXTON BROS., 25; T.
RIVERS & SON, 26.

Greenhouse Plants—J. CYPHER & SONS,
29.

Greenhouse Shadings—J.T. ANDERSON
& SONS, 38.

Greenhouses—BOULTON & PAUL, LTD.,
21; J. CRISPIN & SONS, 44; FOSTER
& PEARSON, 15; MACKENZIE &
MONCUR, 46; MESSENGER & CO.,
36; W. RICHARDSON & CO., 41.

Hardy Herbaceous Plants—G. BuN-

YARD & Co. (8rd Cover); KING’S -

ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 40;- AMOS
PERRY, 36; ANT. ROOZEN & SONS,
39; R. WALLACE & CO., 20.

Hardy Perennials — BARNHAM NUR-
SERIES, LTD., 27; G, & A. CLARK,
22; KELWAY & SON, 48; G.
REUTHE, 14; I. S. WARE, LTD.,
26.

, Heating Engineers—BovULTON & PAUL,
LTD., 21; J. CRISPIN & SON, 44; -
FOSTER & PEARSON, 15; HARTLEY -

& SUGDEN, 24; MACKENZIE &
MONCUR, 46; MESSENGER & CO.,
36; W. RICHARDSON & CoO., 41.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

a

|
:

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS

(Continued).

Hoes and Tree Pruners—STANDARD
MANUFACTURING CoO., 43.

Horticultural Requisites—J.T. ANDER-

SON & SONS, 38; PRICE’S PATENT
CANDLE COMPANY., LTD., 8.

Insecticides—Exors. R. CAMPBELL, 42;
CORRY & CO., 23; EH. A. WHITE,
LTD., 20.

Knapsack Sprayer (The * National ’’)—
DE LUZY FRERES, 45.

Labels (Acme)—JOHN PINCHES, 28.

Boeeneere Gardeners—BARNHAM NUR-
SERIES, LTD., 27; J. CHEAL &
SONS, 19; G. & A. CLARK, LTD.,
22; KING’S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., 40; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings).

Lawn Mowers and Rollers—T. GREEN
& SON, LTD., 13:

Lilies and Calochorti — R. WALLACE
& Co., 20.

Manures, Artificial—See Fertilizers.

Nitrate of Soda—PERMANENT NITRATE
COMMITTEE, 14.

Orchids—ARMSTRONG & BROWN, 4;
CHARLESWORTH & CoO., 28; J.
CYPHER & SONS, 29; H. Low &
Co., 6; STAFFORD ROAD MARKET
NURSERY Co., 20.

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs—J.
CHEAL & SONS, 19; KING’S ACRE
NURSERIES, LTD., 40; H. LANE
& SON (Green Inset facing Extracts
from Proceedings) ; D. STALKER &
SON, 30.

Pzonies—R. H. RATH, LTD., 31.

Peruvian Guano (Fertility) — ANGLO-
CONTINENTAL GUANO WORKS, 8.

Pinks and Picotees—J. DOUGLAS, 12.

Rhododendrons—G. BUNYARD & CO.
(3rd Cover) ; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings) ; G. REUTHE, 14; W. H.
~ ROGERS & SON, 30.

Roses—BARNHAM NURSERIES, LTD., 27 .
kh; H, BATH, LTD., 31: G. BUN-
YARD & CO. (3rd Cover) ; DICKSONS
& CoO., 7; KEYNES, WILLIAMS &
Co., 29; KING’S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., 40; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings) ; LAXTON BROS.,25; H.
Low & Co.,6; T. RIVERS & Son,
26; STAFFORD ROAD MARKET
NURSERY Co., 20; D. STALKER &
SON, 30; T.S. WARE, LTD., 26.

Russian Mats and Raffia—J.T. ANDER-
SON & SONS, 338.

Séeeds—R.H. BATH, LTD., 31; J. CHEAL

& SONS, 19; KING’S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, LTD., 40; ANT. ROOZEN
& SONS, 39; R. SYDENHAM, 3;

THCMPSON & MORGAN, 29.

Show of British-Grown Fruits—RoyYAL
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 28.

Sprayers—DE LUZY FRERES, 45.

Sulphur Vaporiser—Exors. R. CAMP-

BELL, 42.

_ Summer Houses (Rustic) — G. W.

RILEY, 39.

Sundials—FRANCIS BARKER & SON, 33.

Sweet Peas—STAFFORD ROAD MARKET
NURSERY CO., 20; R. SYDEN-
HAM, 3.

Syringe (Abol)—E. A. WHITE, LTD., 20.
Tents—JOHN UNITE, LTD., 4.

Trees — See Ornamental Trees and
Shrubs

Tulips (May-Flowering and Darwin)—
J. MURRAY & SONS (Green Inset
facing page 160).

Vapour Cone Fumigator (Lethorion)—
CORRY & CO., 2

Water Lilies — A. PERRY, 36; G.
REUTHE, 14; T. S. WARE, LTD.,
26.

Weed Killer— BOUNDARY CHEMICALCO.,
LTD., 9; G. W. HARRISON, 29

a ne ee

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : —VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

2

C4

4. GOLD MEDALS, 1907. 6 GOLD MEDALS, 1908,
FOR WATER GARDENS.

DAILY MAIL.—Holland House Show, 8th July, 1908.—‘‘The supreme
exhibit of the show is beyond all question Perry’s water garden. Nothing
like it has been seen before, &c., &c.’’ Hundreds of other press notices.

x

PERRY'S Great ‘Specialities

ARE

HARDY PLANTS. New Water

Bamboos, Lilies,
Eremurus, Aquatic and
Lilies, &c. Bog Plants.

Catalogues free.

ae a
i are mara: a re

Catalogues free. /'S Aas igNFIELD. Mo

Unique Collection, more than 2,000 VARIETIES, Perennial,
Hardy, and adapted for Outdoor Cultivation in this Country.

PERRY’S HARDY PLANT FARM,
ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX. TELEPHONE :

ENFIELD 207.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, Lid.,

Horticultural Builders & Heating Engineers.

}
|
|
|

CONSERVATORY ERECTED AT STAMFORD PARK, STALYBRIDGE.

Plans and Estimates Free for WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, and every kind of Plain or Ornamental

GLASS HOUSE. Also HEATING to Residences, Public Buildings, Churches,
Schools, &

LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. tm vicronut¢u. "westminster, saw.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE. WESTMINSTER, S.W.
36

Custom and tradition alike suggest your buying
Bulbs grown in Holland. Why continue to do so?
“Holiand in Ireland’ has amply proved the supe-
riority of Irish grown bulbs.

Tulips, Narcissi, Iris, Anemones, etc., from the

Bulb Farms of Messrs. Hogg & Robertson equal,

and even surpass, the Dutch Bulbs in their
exquisite form and beauty of colouring.

The Booklet ‘Holland in Ireland” fully illustrates and describes
them ; 1t 1s free on request.

HOGG & ROBERTSON, Ltd.,
(Bulb Growers and Seedsmen to H.M. the King),
DEPARTMENT C, DUBLIN.

LL LLG LEE ELLIE A ET TEE YS LG LLL TE EE IE NEN

———

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
37

JAMES T. ANDERSON & SONS, Lo.,

135, 137, & 155 COMMERCIAL STREET, LONDON, E.

Importers of

RUSSIAN MATS AND RAFFIA.

Manufacturers of
GREEN-HOUSE SHADINGS, RICK CLOTHS,
TARPAULINS, HORSE CLOTHS,
ROPES, LINES, TWINES.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING.

HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.

Iilustrated Catalogue post free on application.

BULBS

OF SUPERIOR QUALITY.

For FORCING.

For POT CULTURE.

For WINDOW BOXES.
For BEDS and BORDERS.
For NATURALISATION.
For BOWLS.

(In Special Compost.)

Moderate Prices. Carriage Paid, 10s. value and upwards.
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue free on application.

RICHARD SMITH ®& CO,, Ltd.

Nurserymen & Seed Merchants, WORCESTER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
38

PREMIER HONOURS, LAST GREAT SHOW, HAARLEM.
ESTABLISHED 1832.
Successors to the late BARON VAN PALLANDT.

ANT.ROOZEN &SON’S

SPLENDID

DUTCH, CAPE, AND EXOTIC

BULBS,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND SEEDS.

FAMED FOR STERLING WORTH.

Our Descriptive CATALOGUES of the above, containing full cultural
directions, are published in JANUARY and JUNE, and will be sent, FREE,
on application to our Offices at OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND, or

to our General Agents,

MERTENS & CO., 3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-ai-Hill, LONDON, E.C.

N.B.—NOQ CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM OF A SIMILAR NAME.

G. W. RILEY, rus.

Over 50 Medals awarded.
Four Gold Medals, Royal Botanic Society, London, 1904, 5, 6 and 7.
Ten Silver Medals, R.H.S., London.

Manufacturer of Artistic. . .
ROSARIES, PERGOLAS, &c.

SUMMER HOUSES, SEATS,
VASES, CONSERVATORIES,
BRIDGES, VINERIES,
HEATING APPARATUS, &c. ;

Estimates Free. Full List, Post Free upon application,

G. W. RILEY, Herne Hill, LONDON,

7Phone, 546 Brixton.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
39

KING’S ACRE
Plants of Royal al Worth.

FRUIT TREES.

Every variety in all forms of training, fibrously
rooted and prolific bearers.

ROSES.

Standards, Dwarfs and Climbers of all leading
varieties, from open ground and in pots.

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

Strong, clean-grown, regularly transplanted,
and well-rooted.

Landscape Gardening.

Expert advice, plans and estimates, free of
charge.

Herbaceous Plants.

Including all the best and newest varieties.

Border Carnations

of all choicest varieties.

SEEDS, BULBS, and HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.
INSPECTION INVITED.

General and descriptive ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
(112 pages) free on application,

KING’S ACRE

NURSERIES, Limited,
—— HEREFORD.——

Estd.
td. 1785, Late “ CRANSTON’S.”

R.E.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

40

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16

R.H.S. EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE,

i909.
1—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

Candidates must be eighteen years of age or over eighteen.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, sympathising with the efforts of
various County Councils, Technical Institutes, Schools, Gardeners’ Mutual Improve-
ment Societies, and other bodies to promote instruction in Practical Horticulture by
means of Lectures, Demonstrations, &c., and in the hope of rendering such teaching
more definite and effective, have consented to hold an Examination in Horticulture
on Wednesday, April 21, 1909.

A Scholarship of £25 a year for two years is offered by the Royal Horticultural
Society, to be awarded after the General Examination, to be held on April 21, 1909,
to the Student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to accept the conditions attach-
ing thereto. The main outline of these conditions is that the™holder must be of the
male sex, and between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years, and that he should
study gardening for one year at least at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, conforming
to the general rules laid down there for Students.

2.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

For Juniors under eighteen years of age.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

Candidates will be expected to possess a general elementary knowledge of the
following subjects :—

. Surveying and Landscape Gardening : Elements of.

. Choice of Site for Garden.

. Description and use of Implements under each head.

. Operations connected with the Cultivation of the Land, with explanations and illustrations of
good and bad methods; Digging and Trenching; Draining; Hoeing, Stirring the Soil, and
Weeding; Watering: Preparation of Seed Beds; Roiling and Raking, Sowing, Transplanting
and Thinning; Potting, Planting; Aspects, Positions and Shelter; Staking; Harthing and
Blanching, «ec.

5. Propagation, Elementary Principles; Cuttings, Buddings and Grafting, Stocks used, Layering,

Division, Branch Pruning, Root Pruning; Old and Young Trees and Bushes. Training.

6. Fruit Culture: Open Air and under Glass; Small Fruits; Apples and Pears; Stone Fruits;
Gathering and Storing; Packing and Marketing. General Knowledge of Fruits, and Selection
of Varieties.

7. Vegetable Culture: Tubers and Roots; Green Vegetables; Fruits and Seeds; Rotation of Crops,
and Selection of Varieties.

8. Flower Culture, Outside and Under Glass.

9. Manures and their Application.

10. Improvement of Plants by Cros3-breeding, Hybridisation and Selection.

11, Arboriculture: Trees and Shrubs and their Culture.

12. Insect and Fungus Pests: Prevention and Treatment.

3.—SCHOOL TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN COTTAGE AND
ALLOTMENT GARDENING.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28, 1909.

The Royal Horticultural Society will hold an Examination in Cottage and Allot-
ment Gardening on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This Examination is intended for,
and will be confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It has been
undertaken in view of the increasing demand, especially in country districts, that the
School Teachers shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage and Allotment
Gardening, and of the absence of any test whatever of such capacity.

_4,—PUBLIC PARKS EXAMINATION.
MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 1909.

Intended only for men employed in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County
Councils, City Corporations, and similar bodies, and not for general Gardeners.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society has consented to hold a Special
Examination for Gardeners employed in the London and other City and Public
Parks and Gardens on Monday, January 11, 1909, at their Hall in Vincent Square,
Westminster.

Copies of the 1909 Syllabus, covering the Examinations mentioned above, muy be
obtained from the Society’s Offices, Vincent Square, London, S.W.

GO bo

————— SS
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
47

2) OR
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onwards wil! be one of wondrous beauty if it is
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your enquiry ‘promptly and without cost. ie (y

O ‘cz
sy 6) * KELWAY & SON, Royal Horticulturists Ch
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LANGPORT, SOMERSET. ORD

R. H. S, Advertisoment. Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
48

Tell your requirements and we will answer ee

Kent, the Garden of England

NCAR?

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LIMITED,

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Frequent Trains from London by the Chatham and Dover Railway (book to Barming for
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TIMB TABLES ON APPLICATION.
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FULL CATALOGUES FOR ALL DEPARTMENTS.
ESTABLISHED 1796.

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BEAUTIFUL
FLOWERS

FOR

WINTER
DECORATION

BEFORE ORDERING
BULBS FOR THE COMING
SEASON EVERYONE
SHOULD WRITE FOR
A COPY OF

BULB @
CATALOGUE

For 1908,

CONTAINING FULL DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE BEST AND MOST
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PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH
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SUTTON & SONS,
reese: READING.

R.H.S., Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

EDITED BY

LB. a. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S.

] ce fray of ‘the articles application should be made to the. Council.

“«
Fg ae

es CONTENTS

Stripe | in. Daffodils. By H. R: Darlington, F.R.H.S.

) es of Rain and Dew by the Green Parts of Plants. By Rev.
Fes G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., V.M.H. ae

Filo . By A. Watkins, F.R.H.S. re eee ake

rae in Pots. By J. Hudson, V.M.H.

uture of Cacao Planting. By H. Hamel Smith -

oe Propagated by A Shes By Dr. M. C. setae M. ae

sitio. ‘Rose Sankar: By H. T. ‘Glsaaw. F. R. M. Ss. aes ;
tributions from the Wisley Laboratory. IV. The ikoouletion of
Leguminous Crops. By F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S.

_eneteen we SS ee mate t a aes ae isa chs

a at Wisley, ide toe GF

M tings General, p. xciii ; Scientific Semitnistck p. cx; Floral
Committee, p. exx; Fruit and Vegetable Committee, p. cxlvi;
ues Orchid Committee, p. cl

ea ~~ VINCENT SQUARE, S.W.

% ey. Wee fav (Re (Rana Rartteuttiura? Bactefs —
. 12¢ a.

‘s Bs oa HARVARD UNIVERSITY ts reserved.

THE GIFT OF
x Pee ie aera be lon | “eek ai

| a | u tural scl

: RMS Si Office for Advertisements and all Communications,

of ae ‘contents. of is polio are copyright. For- permission. to

PAGE ~

161

clxv

We shall be pleased to send Descriptive Bulb Catalogue on. receipt
of a post card—ready on Ist September.

S & gs ?
+ ae
ce <,
cies
< ,

ounith

CARTER’S HYACINTHS GROWING IN HYDE PARK, LONDON.

"ROYAL PARKS” HYACINTHS

%

Seedsmen by Special Appointment
to this Majesty the ing.

Head Office :—

237-8 £97 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

City Branch:—53a QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.

|

\© ®MEGCISTERED TRADE MARK

;
-.
x
,
5

eS eS ee ee ee eS BS

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vor, S&XITV.. 1908.

Part II.

YELLOW-STRIPE IN DAFFODILS.
By H. BR. Daruineton, F.R.H.S.

[Lecture delivered June 9, 1908.]

DarFopiL growers have long boasted of the immunity their favourites
enjoy from the attacks both of disease and insect enemies. The late
Mr. Burbidge wrote: “Fortunately the Narcissus is in most cases
sufficiently vigorous in constitution to ward off those agents of decay
which are common to plants of a more delicate character, and it is
probable that their poisonous qualities protect them from the ravages of
many insects, just as they escape being eaten by cattle from the same
cause. Even mice, which are so fond of the Crocus, never attack Narcissus
bulbs.” Mr. Kirby, in his book on daffodils, heads. a chapter, “The One
Insect and the One Disease,” referring to the daffodil fly and basal rot.

It almost seems that the modern daffodil is losing this immunity.
I have myself recently called attention to the destruction wrought in
daffodil beds by a caterpillar, afterwards identified as that of the common
Swift Moth, from which I have, to my regret, again suffered this year ;
while the occurrence of yellow-stripe in certain varieties of daffodil is now
becoming sufficiently common to render it desirable to make such inquiry
into its cause as may be practicable, and, if it be possible, to find a
remedy.

“ Yellow-stripe ’’ shows itself in a mild case as a scarcely perceptible
discoloration or yellowing of the veins of the leaves, and may then have
little noticeable effect on the flowering or health of the plant. In a more
serious case distinct bands of yellow are seen running Jengthways up the
leaves; the flowering becomes weaker, the petals deficient in substance
and colour, and both leaves and flowers fade prematurely. In a very bad
case, no flowers at all will be produced, and the leaves are heavily streaked
with yellow and wither and fade before they fully develop.

The yellow stripe may run the whole length of the leaf, but does not
generally do so, except in a bad case, when the leaf is often curved or

VOL. XXXIV. M

162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

misshapen. Often one stripe will run some distance up the leaf and
others parallel to it fora much shorter distance. One side of the leaf is
more often affected than both sides. Two stripes on one side are more
common than one on each side of the middle of the leaf. If both sides of
the leaf are striped the attack is generally a severe one. When the leaf
is held to the light the yellow stripes are more translucent than the rest
of the leaf, and sometimes the appearance presented is not unlike that
caused by the celery fly when a whitish grub burrows through the leaf of
the celery ; but no grub is to be found in the daffodil leaf.

Yellow-stripe is generally most noticeable in the part about half way
up the leaf, and it will often be found that both base and tip of the leaf

are free from stripe though the central part is affected. Yellow-stripe is.

quite distinct in appearance from the fading or the yellowing of the leaf
which takes place every summer. This begins with the upper end of the
leaf and gradually proceeds downwards. It is also distinct from the
yellowing of the tips of the leaves caused by basal rot.

Yellow-stripe appears to be common only in certain garden varieties of
daffodils. Among the trumpets I have noticed it in ‘ Princeps,’ ‘ Hume’s
Giant,’ ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ and ‘Matson Vincent’; in the Incomparabilis
section in ‘C. J. Backhouse,’ ‘Sir Watkin,’ ‘Queen Catherine,’ ‘ Flora
Wilson,’ ‘ Flambeau,’ ‘ Beatrice,’ ‘ Mrs. C. Bowley,’ and a few others ; in
the Poeticus section, if I except a doubtful case of ‘Cassandra,’ I have
only noticed it in ‘ Almira.’

Whether yellow-stripe be itself a specific disease or merely a symptom
that something is wrong with the plant, or a sort of daffodil anzeemia—that
is to say, an indication of inherent debility in the varieties affected by it—
is the subject of the present inquiry. Whatever its nature, a bad case is
always accompanied by other signs of weakness.

If it be a specific disease we might fear it likely to prove infectious to
other bulbs, and the method of treatment would be either to destroy all
affected bulbs or to seek for some specific treatment to combat the malady.
If it arise from unsuitable environment of the plant, each case would
require to be studied and an appropriate remedy applied. If it is an
inherent debility in the variety, sec the sooner we ceased to grow
that variety the better.

Yellow-stripe seems to have attracted notice only recently; at all
events, it is not mentioned by the older writers on daffodils. Messrs.
Burbidge and Baker (“The Narcissus, its History and Culture,”
2nd edition, 1875) and ‘Mr. Bourne (“The Book of the Daffodil,’ 1908),
both treat of the diseases of the daffodil, but neither of them refer to
“ vellow-stripe.”’

Attention was called to yellow-stripe in the ‘‘ Commonplace Notes ”
contained in vol. xxviii. of the Journat R.H.S., published 1904. The
“multitude of divergent opinions’’ as to the origin of the trouble is
referred to, and the absence of any fungus disease in the plants affected
noted. It is also stated that certain varieties —e.g. ‘ Princeps,’ ‘ C. J. Back-
house,’ and ‘ Sir Watkin ’-—are very liable to the disease, and ‘ Horsfieldi ’
slightly so. I think all growers will agree with this. In my own
experience ‘M. J. Berkeley’ is one of the most prone to attack.

In the spring of 1906, which was in my garden the worst year for the

YELLOW-STRIPE IN DAFFODILS. 163

disease I have experienced, several articles on the subject appeared in
“ The Garden,’’ and Mr. Goodwin noted the occurrence of the disease in
a bulb of ‘ Blackwell,’ and said he had attributed it to want of change in
the soil, whilst a botanist friend had reported that it was believed to be
caused by Bacteriwm hyacinth, a disease of hyacinths which is well known
in Holland and attacks the bulbs in a resting condition. (“The Garden,”
April 1906, p. 198). |

Later in the same publication (p. 229) Miss Currey suggested that the
cause was to be sought in over-division of the bulbs, a suggestion which
is supported by Mr. Watts (p. 271). But on the same page, Mr. Jacob
says he has found ‘ Sir Watkin,’ ‘ Princess Ida,’ and ‘ Grand Duchess’ among
the worst offenders, and he arrives at the conclusion that if it be a disease
it is not an infectious one. He does not think it is caused by the division of
the bulbs, and suggests cold as a possible cause. Mr. Peter Barr (p. 303)
notices yellow-stripe as a characteristic of ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ and puts
it down to some inherent weakness, but considers the bulbs, though
affected, do better in thegrass. In 1907 (p. 75), “K.,” from North Devon,
mentions an outbreak in a row of ‘Sir Watkin’ which he can attribute
neither to cold, nor to over-dividing, nor to infected soil, ‘ but if to anything
besides constitutional liability, then to heat.’’ He thinks the disease may
arise from growing large quantities of bulbs with no other vegetation
distributed among them, and advocates planting alternate rows of other
plants among the daffodils. On the other hand, Mr. Rollo Meyer,
of Ampthill (p. 234), has daffodils planted in rows, in the grass, and in
clumps between perennials, and finds instances of yellow-stripe among
the plants in all three positions. On p. 402 reference is made to an
opinion expressed at a meeting of the Scientific Committee of the R.H.S.
that the disease came from over-manuring, and a statement by Mr.
Bennett-Poé and Mr. Douglas that if plants affected were cultivated in
unmanured soil they would recover. Mr. Leonard Buckland (Australia),
p. 414, regards “continual change of soil, maiden loam if possible,” as a
remedy for the disease.

Mr. A. M. Kirby (“ Daffodils,” 1907, p. 22), writing of America, seems,
like the R.H.S. Committee, to attribute yellow-stripe to the presence of
manure. He says: “‘ Year after year, until-I learned to be more strict, I
used to see here and there a sickly yellowish-leaved stunted daffodil plant.
An examination of the soil almost invariably disclosed a lump of manure
either in contact with the bulb or where its roots should have been—
probably had been, but were destroyed by contact with raw manure” ;
and I gather (p. 85) that he found the spring of 1906 specially bad for
yellow-stripe, but is inclined to put down the trouble to a covering of
manure he had used.

With reference to the suggestion that manure, or at least rank
manure, may be the cause of the trouble, it is, I think, desirable to dis-
tinguish the true yellow-stripe from an injury undoubtedly caused by
manure in which the whole leaf of the daffodil is turned yellow by a
transverse band often sharply defined, and mot running longitudinally
down the leaf. This transverse band may be noticed where the beds
have been given a heavy top-dressing of manure, and cold weather has

arrived and checked the growth after the leaves have begun to push their
mu 2

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

way through the soil. In such cases the leaf below the yellow band may
be found green and healthy ; probably only a leaf or two here and there
will be affected, and the flowering capacity of the plant does not seem to
be impaired. Injury of this character always affects the outside of the
leaf. True yellow-stripe, on the other hand, seems in a mild case to
affect the interior of the leaf, and, at least so far as my observations go,
is never sharply defined transversely. I have for years grown several of
the stronger varieties of daffodil, including ‘ Sir Watkin,’ among roses, in
beds that have received annually a heavy dressing of manure in the
autumn, and though I have occasionally seen this local yellowing of the
foliage I have never noticed a trace of true “ yellow-stripe’”’ in these
plants.

My own experience does not accord with the manuring theory. I
first noticed yellow-stripe in my garden in the spring of 1905, but the
attack was not serious. In 1906 I experienced the worst attack I have
had, ‘M. J. Berkeley’ and ‘C. J. Backhouse’ being the most affected and
‘Sir Watkin ’ suffering considerably. My worst case was a group of ‘M. J.
Berkeley’ on a rather dry shelf in the rock garden; every plant in the
group was affected, and they produced not a single flower. Not a particle
of manure had been near the site for years, but it was a position I consider
too dry for daffodils as a rule. So bad was the attack that I had intended
to dig up and throw away the bulbs, but to do this I should have risked
disturbing other plants which I valued more. I therefore gave the bed
two rather heavy dressings of Tonk’s manure, and several waterings in
the course of 1906; and in the following spring I also treated the
other bulbs affected with yellow-stripe with dressings of Tonk’s manure,
but not such heavy ones. The result, somewhat to my surprise, was
entirely successful. All the bulbs bloomed well in 1907, and I did not
notice a trace of yellow-stripe anywhere in my garden. The flowers of
this particular group of ‘M. J. Berkeley ’ were specially good and lasted
well. Iam not certain, however, that the result is to be attributed to the
treatment the bulbs received.

The spring of 1906 was one in which the leaf growth was particularly
early and hard weather was experienced after the leaves had shot through
the ground. 1907, on the other hand, was with me a particularly late
season ; I find, in fact, that many varieties were a fortnight behind their
time of flowering in the previous year (1906). The year 1908 has proved
an even later year than 1907, a comparison of the daffodil flowers open
on similar dates in the two years showing that in most cases the flowers
have opened about a week later in 1908 than in 1907. This, though
unfortunate from the point of view of the exhibitors, does not seem to be
altogether so for the plants, for I have seen only a few cases of yellow-
stripe in my garden in 1908, and in those the plants are not badly
affected. ‘There is this year more yellow-stripe in my garden than in
1907, but the cases are of a mild type.

Now it seems worth notice, inthe first place, that the varieties most
prone to be affected with yellow-stripe are nearly all early varieties. Sir
Watkin ’ and‘ ©. J. Backhouse’ are usually among the first of the Incom-
parabilis section to flower, and ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ though actually flowering
after some of the early trumpets are in bloom, is one of the first of them

YELLOW-STRIPE IN DAFFODILS. 165

to push its leaves through the soil in early spring, and is consequently
one of those most likely to suffer injury from frost and easterly winds.
‘Mrs. C. Bowley,’ and some others in which I have noticed yellow-stripe
are, it is true, later, but I have not seen a bad attack except in the early
varieties.

After some hesitation I have come to the conclusion that Mr. Jacob’s
theory of cold being the cause of yellow-stripe may be a probable explana-
tion of its occurrence in the particular cases | have mentioned. I was
at first of opinion, as my treatment indicated, that poverty of soil and
drought might be the cause of the attack. It was a possible explanation in
the case of the group of ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ one group of ‘ C. J. Backhouse,’
and two rather large groups of ‘Sir Watkin,’ but on further investigation
I found a bed of ‘ Sir Watkin’ badly attacked in 1906, growing in a soil
particularly rich and deep, and a small group of ‘C. J. Backhouse’ in
almost pure peat, where drought was very unlikely to have occurred, also
suffering in that year. It is quite clear that in varieties not particularly
prone to the disease poverty and drought will not cause it. I have been
observing with considerable interest a bed of ‘Stella’ planted under a
cedar tree. The plants have been gradually starving for years. They have
long since ceased to flower and the leaf growth is getting more and more
restricted each year, but I have never detected in any of them the least
trace of yellow-stripe.

But to come back to the group of ‘M. J. Berkeley’ [ referred to as
having, in 1906, the worst attack I have seen. I have already mentioned
that manure is not in this case a possible explanation of the attack. It
is equally impossible that it can have arisen from over-division of the
bulbs, for at the time they suffered from it they had not been lifted for
over three years, and had twice (in 1903 and 1904) flowered fairly satis-
factorily since their planting. Moreover, their complete and unexpected
recovery in 1907, without being moved, shows that, other conditions being
satisfactory, change of soil and “maiden loam” are not necessarily
essential to apparently complete recovery.

Again, the occurrence of yellow-stripe may nearly always be observed
in the neighbourhood of bulbs that have been attacked by the caterpillar
of the Swift Moth. Now the method of attack of the caterpillar is this.
The eggs of the moth are laid either in a colony on one bulb or on several
bulbs close together. The caterpillars hatch in late summer or autumn
and commence to feed on the fleshy roots emitted by the bulb, and when
they have eaten all the roots off the bulb, and perhaps bored into the bulb
itself (but not usually very far in), they find their way through the soil
and attack the roots of other bulbs growing near. The bulbs are thus
destroyed in a patch, but those on the outside of the patch will have their
roots only partially destroyed, and among these yellow-siripe will almost
always be found.

In these circumstances I have found yellow-stripe in the leaves of
‘Mrs. Langtry,’ a variety not as a rule subject to it. When bulbs attacked
in this way develop yellow-stripe, it seems reasonable to attribute the
disease to the physical injury caused by the caterpillars.

If the caterpillar has eaten all the roots it may sometimes attack the
shoots as well, but it seems to care less for the shoots than the roots.

166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If the leaves come up when all the roots have been eaten, then the leaves
will turn brown at the tips and make very little growth. They then look
much like the leaves of a bulb attacked by basal rot. The cases where
the leaves show yellow-stripe on the margin of the area of destruction
seem to be those where parts only of the roots have been eaten by the
caterpillars.

I think, therefore, that the various methods of accounting for the
yellow-stripe suggested by the writers I have cited, excepting that of cold,
are not applicable to the cases I have mentioned in my own garden, but
I by no means wish to suggest that they may not be perfectly accurate in
the particular instances which were in the minds of the writers.

The observations of the writers I have cited and my own may be
satisfactorily reconciled if we admit that yellow-stripe is a symptom, and
not a specific disease, and that it may occur as a consequence of unsuit-
able condition of the soil, or inclement weather at a critical stage in the
growth of the plant, or sometimes of physical injury to the bulb or its
roots. Subject to additional and more accurate observation, I think it
impossible to go further at present.

The conclusion is unsatisfactory in one sense—namely, that it does not
enable one, on seeing the occurrence of an outbreak, at once to apply a
remedy. We must go further and inquire what is the unsuitable con-
dition to which the plant has been subjected. But if correct, the conclu-
sion has also a satisfactory side, for we need not at once dig up and
discard the affected plants (as is desirable, for instance, in the case -of
basal rot), but we may hope by altering the conditions of growth, or (if
the weather be at fault), in a more favourable season, to find the bulbs
recover and again become satisfactory plants. .

I venture to sum up my observations of the occurrence of yellow-stripe
as follows :

1. It is a phenomenon comparatively recently noticed.

2. It is confined to a few garden varieties of Narcissus.

3. It seems connected with debility in the plant, the leaves are less
robust than usual and decay earlier than those of healthy plants. In a
bad case the bulbs refuse to flower at all.

4. The origin of the phenomenon has been assigned by growers of
experience to a great variety of causes.

5. It is more prevalent in some years than in others, and plants badly
affected one year may show complete recovery the next year.

6. It is not accompanied by discoloration of the bulb or any apparent
fungoid growth.

7. It does not appear to be infectious.

8. In particular cases both cold and partial destruction of the roots
seem probable explanations of the phenomenon.

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS, 167

ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY THE
GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS.

By the Rev. Prof. GEorcrE Henstow, M.A., F.L.S., V.M.H.

Lecture delivered June 23, 1908.

1. INTRODUCTION.

THE subject of this paper was a matter of controversy for 150 years ; but
it is hoped that at last the question whether moisture of any kind is
absorbed or not by the aerial parts of plants will be set at rest for ever,
and answered in the affirmative.

The many and varied experiments I have made, extending over some
years, have convinced me that such is the case; and they corroborate
entirely the conclusions of M. Boussingault and other physiologists.
M. Boussingault’s researches proceeded simultaneously with my own, but
were quite unknown to me until they appeared in the “‘ Annales de Chimie
et de Physique”’ (March 1878) ; and, while our conclusions were identical,
our respective experiments really supplemented each other.

Hales, in 1731, and Bonnet, in 1753, alike imferred, but did not
actually prove, that plants absorbed rain and dew.

In 1849 Garreau proved that the cuticle, instead of entirely resisting
penetration by water, allowed it to pass inwards.

De Candolle, Meyen, Treviranus and others, however, objected to
‘Bonnet’s conclusions, asserting positively, but apparently without ex-
perimental evidence in support, that the leaves which he laid on the
surface of water kept fresh for lengthened periods solely because tran-
spiration was assumed to be arrested. Had they fixed watch-glasses on
the surfaces of the leaves, as I did, transpiration would have been easily
detected.

Notwithstanding these objectors, a general belief in the power of
absorption seems to have been held until 1857, when M. Ducharire
performed his experiments ; and although he had himself been previously
of the opinion that if plants could not absorb vapour (which Boussingault
has proved to be the case) they could at least imbibe dew and rain, yet he
was led to abandon this view ; and he is responsible for the opposite one
having being generally held by vegetable physiologists. It should be
observed that practical horticulturists never abandoned the idea that
plants can and do absorb water by their leaves.

As this change of view was somewhat of an obstruction to the
progress of vegetable physiology, and, as far as I am aware, no serious
attempt was made to refute Duchartre’s: conclusions, [ propose showing
how experiments proved them to be erroneous.

He commenced * his paper by objecting strongly to experimenters

* «Recherches sur les rapports des plantes avec la rosée,” Bull. de la Soc. Bot.

de France, t. iv. p. 940; “Recherches expérimentales sur les rapports des plantes
avec la rosée et les brouillards,’’ Ann. des Sc. Nat. 4"° sér. xv. p. 109.

168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

using cut leaves or shoots instead of growing plants in their entirety ;
but he gave no grounds for raising this objection. On the other hand, it
is easy to prove that all the functions of a leaf are carried on when
detached as when growing: transpiration can be readily detected; and
M. Garreau found in his experiments on respiration that “ detached leaves
gave the same results as those which remained attached to the plant; ” *
and if a green shoot be plunged into water the evolution of oxygen can
readily be seen. Moreover, M. Duchartre compared a shoot to a detached
limb of an animal, to which it is obviously not comparable ; for there is
no such mutual dependence between a shoot or a leaf and the main stem
as in the case of an animal’s limb. The one can be detached and made
to strike root and grow into an independent plant; not so the other.

All that can be called injurious to a shoot, when detached for ex-
perimental purposes lasting for a short time only, is that the supply of
water is cut off. And I maintain, making due allowance for that fact,
whatever results a cut shoot or detached leaf gives in the matter of
absorption and transpiration are legitimately applicable to a growing
plant. Those who assert it to be otherwise must bear the burden of the
proof.

M. Duchartre’s experiments were made with plants growing in pots,
the latter being carefully protected from imbibing any moisture by a
mechanical contrivance. The plants thus prepared were weighed at 6 or
6.30 p.m., then exposed all night to dew. They were again weighed at
6 or 6.80 a.m. on the following morning, with the dew still upon them.
The leaves were then carefully wiped one by one till the whole plant was
dry. It was then again weighed; and the result was that the weight was
almost exactly the same or more generally a little less than it was the
evening before. Duchartre consequently came to the conclusion that in
our climate dew is not absorbed directly by plants, but that it contributes
to their nutrition indirectly only, (1) by reducing the nocturnal transpira-
tion to nothing, and (2) by the intervention of the soil, which absorbs the
dew.

The fundamental objection that I raise against his conclusion is that
he has uot considered the difference that exists between the statical or
nearly statical conditions of the internal flow of water in a plant at night,
with the dynamical or active flow ever taking place as soon as transpira-
tion and evaporation are perfectly resumed in sunlight and heat.

He has shown it to be true, though not so absolutely as has been
often asserted, that transpiration is greatly checked when the surfaces of
the transpiring organs are thoroughly wetted, or when in darkness.
Darkness and superficial moisture combined, as on a dewy night, must
therefore reduce this vital act toa minimum. ‘The internal flow upwards
from the root, however, is not at the same time equally checked ; for the
rer of the soil is not lowered to the same extent as that of
the air,

Hence everything tends to bring the cells to as high a point of
turgidity at night as possible. Under these conditions one would hardly
expect dew to be imbibed in any appreciable quantity, wnless the leaves

>

“ De la respiration chez les plantes,’’ Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3™° sér. xv. p. 12 (1851).

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 169

- and herbaceous stems were exceptionally flaccid at the beginning of the

period of darkness. ,

Now Duchartre always weighed his plants early in the morning after
this statical condition was fully attained; so that it is not at all
surprising to find that he could not detect any increase of weight; hence
his experiments seem to prove conclusively that at might dew is not
usually absorbed in any appreciable degree.

Dew, however, does not disappear suddenly from leaves at sunrise ;
and it is only after sunlight and heat begin again to affect leaves that
dew is actually absorbed. Herein, however, is involved a practical
difficulty, for the balance will no longer help us. But I believe that as
soon as transpiration recommences, then any part that may be the first
to become dry will begin to transpire, and so cause an indraught of dew
in any neighbouring spot where it may have been retained; so that there
will be an influx and efflux accompanied by the usual root-supply, which
probably furnishes the main source of water for transpiration. Hence it
will be seen that it is generally impossible to detect the absorption of dew
or rain by leaves with mathematical accuracy or to prove it to demonstra-
tion. On the other hand, the “prcof”’ that such is the case may be
arrived at indirectly by accumulating probabilities based upon observed
facts. Such is the methcd I have attempted by aid of the following
experiments.

The conclusion I have arrived at is that, while there is no objection
that I know of which cannot be met, there are ample reasons for believing
that dew and rain are, when absorption has been deficient, absorbed and
utilised to supplement the ncrmal root-supply.

2. EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE POWER CF ABSORPTION OF
WATER BY THE EPIDERMIS OF HERBACEOUS INTERNODES.

A shoct of first year’s growth of elm had three internodes wrapped
up in saturated blotting-paper on June 12. By the 15th the leaves were
flaccid and nearly faded ; but the terminal bud and a leaf adjacent to it
remained quite fresh. By the 20th all four leaves were almost dead, with
the exception of -the bases of the blades. The terminal bud remained
perfectly fresh until the 29th, when the whole was dead. Duration, seven-
teen days. A similar specimen not moistened totally perished in two days.

When herbaceous plants, especially those with tolerably large leaves,
as Borago officinalis, Rumex crispus, Sisymbrium Alliaria, Lychnis
dioica, &c., have only their internodes wrapped up in saturated blotting-
paper, the leaves generally soon wither and perish, but the internodes
remain green and fresh for long periods.

A branch of borage, having two internodes, was wrapped up on June 8.
On the next day the leaves were much faded, but the stem was quite
firm. On the 10th the upper part of the leaves was brown, brittle, and
dead, but no change had taken place in the stem. By the 12th the leaves
were entirely withered, excepting a small portion at their bases. On the
13th the leaves were quite dead. The internodes remained firm, green,
and fresh. They thus continued until July 10. They then decayed
slowly. Duration, five weeks and three days.

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A similar specimen not wrapped up was perfectly dead in two days, ©
the previously juicy stem being now dry and collapsed.

The long time during which the leaves remained green, of the first
described of these specimens of borage, clearly proves that the supply of
water must have been obtained through the epidermis of the internodes to
balance the transpiration.

Symphoricarpus, or Snowberry.—A shoot had one internode wrapped
up, with four leaves beyond it exposed. After three days the lower pair
of leaves were dying, but the upper pair were fresh. After eight days all
the leaves were dead; but the internode remained fresh several days
longer.

A second and similar specimen had also four leaves exposed ; but they
were below the internode which was wrapped up. The order of decay was
in this case reversed ; the two lowermost or furthest from the wet inter-
node died first, those nearest to it last.

The above are selected from a large number of experiments to
illustrate the fact that herbaceous internodes readily absorb moisture in
the endeavour to supply the leaves with water for transpiration, but that
the demand is usually much greater than one or a few internodes can
furnish: hence the leaves soon begin to die back from their apices to
their bases. In addition to such supply as they can for a time give to the
leaves, the experiments prove that moisture applied to internodes arrests
death and decay in the stems and axillary buds for variously prolonged
periods ; for efforts to develop axillary buds were frequently made, as Well
as adventitious roots, these being apparently special instruments for
absorbing superficial moisture.

3. ON THE ABSORPTION BY LEAVES ATTACHED TO BRANCHES, AND
THEIR PowER OF NOURISHING THE REST oF THE LEAVES ON
THE SHOOT.

On July 23 a shoot of hazel, with a sub-herbaceous stem, had three
leaves lying with their lower surfaces only on water. The shoot bore two
large and two small leaves sustained in the air. The whole shoot was
perfectly fresh and vigorous at the end of a week. On August 3 the
larger leaves began to die back from their apices, while the terminal
small ones were dead. Hence it was far from entirely perishing after
ten days.

A similar specimen had two large leaves with their wpper surfaces
only lying on. water, the remaining leaves as before in air. Like the
preceding, the whole kept perfectly fresh for the same time. The apical
leaves began to die about August 3, or after ten days.

A similar specimen to these two, without water, was dead in two days,
the leaves being brown and brittle.

Shoots of lime, elm, &c., treated as above gave similar results,
showing that the presence or absence of stomata is immaterial, the upper
surfaces of the above having none at all.

These experiments entirely corroborate the results of Hales, Bonnet,
Baillon, Duchartre, Boussingault, &c., the general conclusion being that
the duration of life in the specimen thus treated depends upon the supply

te eae a

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 171

being equal to the demand. The absorbing-power is incontrovertible ;
but the amount of foliage exposed varies the demand upon the power of
imbibition.

To prove that the absorption and evaporation is not merely mechanical
like a sponge, the following experiment will suffice. On June 10 a cut
specimen of Nepeta Glechoma had two leaves wrapped up in saturated
blotting-paper. One internode was exposed, bearing two other leayes

_ also exposed to the air. By the 16th the latter were much discoloured.

On the 22nd they were nearly dead ; but the buds in their axils had been
developing, as well as smaller ones in the axils of the absorbing leaves.
By the 27th both buds had borne four leaves each. One absorbing leaf
was now dead. On July 10 the other absorbing leaf perished; conse-
quently the buds immediately died. Duration, four weeks and three days.

4, EXPERIMENTS TO SHOW THE POWER OF ABSORPTION BY LEAVES AND
INTERNODES TO Nourish LoweER LEAVES ON THE SAME SHOOT.

The possibility of an internode when wrapped up in saturated blotting-
paper nourishing leaves below it has been shown in the case of Symphori-
carpus. The following are instances in which the leaves alone or with
the internodes did the same.

A frond of Nephrodiwm Filixz-Mas had the terminal portion wrapped
up on July 3. No sign of shrivelling occurred through an intensely hot
month until August 22, when a few pinnules began to turn brown.
Duration of observation, seven weeks.

The terminal leaflet of Berberis Aquifoliwm, as those of Dahlia,
Polemonium, Wistaria, &c., all nourished the basal leaflets well for
various lengths of time.

Veronica Chamaedrys, Vinca major, &c., all illustrated the same fact—
that upper leaves can act as absorbents to supply lower ones on the same
shoot, the lowermost leaves, z.e. those furthest from the absorbing ones,
always dying first. Vinca major developed very vigorous axillary shoots
from the axils of its absorbing leaves, similarly to the Nepeta Glechoma
described above, the whole lasting six weeks.

5. On tHE NouRISHMENT OF ONE Part OF A LEAF B\ THE
ABSORPTION OF WATER IN ANOTHER Part.

The objection having been made by Duchartre that, when leaves are
laid upon water so that the edges are not touching it, the absorption is
merely local, and that water is not transmitted to the border, which
consequently dries up, I have tried a large series of experiments, placing
(1) the apex only, (2) the basal part, but not the cut end of the petiole,
(3) the middle of the blade beneath the water. oth surfaces were
immersed in every case. Again, I have taken the same parts, but placed
(1) the upperside only, (2) the lower side only on water. The results
gave every degree imaginable in the power of absorption. In some cases,

g. Ipomoea purpurea, with the lower surface of the apical portion in
water, the part in air rapidly perished, as this leaf is particularly thin.

172 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the majority of instances, however, it was at least two days, generally
many more, before the edges were dead ; and in many cases they remained
fresh for prolonged periods, even for weeks.

Nor is the result constant with the same kind of leaf. Some old
lilac leaves had but feeble power to nourish the parts in air when the
apical parts only were laid on water ; whereas leaves taken off the same
shoot with the apical part completely immersed, or else with the middle
part only in water, supplied the remaining parts sufficiently.

As a contrast to the leaf of the Ipomoea mentioned above, another
leaf, placed with the upper surface of the apical half in water, nourished
perfectly the basal part in air, as well as a long stalk.

Two leaves of borage were laid, one with the under surface, the other
- with the upper surface of the apical parts in water, but they could only
nourish the mid-rib of the part in air; the sides dried up as far as the rib.

Both the upper and under surfaces of Digitalis purpurea nourished
the parts in air perfectly.

In this and other corrugated leaves the water runs into all the minute

channels over the ribs and veins by capillary attraction, and thus

irrigates the entire surface. Garreau has noticed how these channels, as
well as the one very commonly occurring down the petiole, are particularly
advantageous for absorbing water.

The conclusion I have arrived at is that the objection raised is really
of no consequence. In the majority of instances it is some days before
the margins dry up where the central part only is wet. Moreover, similar
leaves not kept wet always perish far sooner altogether. This shows that

even the leaves least capable of transmitting water laterally can do it to

some extent ; if the leaves be thick it is easily effected ; and with corru-
gated surfaces the transmission is not only within, but without as well,
so that the whole leaf becomes bathed with water, though the apex alone
may be actually in it.

Now, when it is remembered that dew forms all over and on both
sides of leaves, they are never in this artificial condition of being wetted
only in part, at least at first; but as the dew dries up in one part of a leaf
and transpiration has recommenced in sunlight, the above experiments
thoroughly establish the right to believe that an influx will be set up to
balance the renewed efflux caused by transpiration.

6. ON THE PowER OF ABSORPTION BY DETACHED LEAVES LAID ON
HE SURFACE OF WATER.

Of the preceding experiments, the results were solely judged of by the
general appearance as presented to the eye. Such, however, clearly
proved that leaves can readily act as absorbing organs in the absence of
roots, not only so as to nourish themselves, but other leaves and buds on
the same shoot, especially if the stem be herbaceous.

In the following experiments the leaves were left as stated below from
July 30 to August 8. They were all carefully weighed to the 5,000th
part of a gramme on the former date, then again at the latter. The

losses are reduced to percentages of the original weight of the era
respectively.

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 173

Proportional rae
Plant Naser urfaceon | Loss Apparent
Stomata Water | per Cent. Condition
Berberis Aquifoliwm . 0 Upper 26°31 Fresh
= R? ; 50 / Lower 13°38 Fresh
* 3 2 In air | oo 49-10 Withered
Ficus Carica . : 0 Upper 152 Fresh
. - é 2 100 Lower 5°23 Fresh
a3 1 ; : In air o— 73°95 Dry and brittle
Ligustrum vulgare . 0 Upper 7°93 Fresh
- a : 25 | Lower LT Fresh
Goes : imag y | — 53°33 Flaccid
Prunus Laurocerasus 0 | Upper 13°72 Fresh
Ms 4 ‘ 20 | Lower 4°51 Fresh
a = , In air — 21°39 Fresh
Aucuba japonica ‘ 0 | Upper 597 Fresh
% Pa : 50 Lower 9°82 Fresh
8 ay ‘ In air _ | = 27°84 Slightly puckered
Hedera Helix . . 0 Upper | 10°82 Fresh
‘a sR aha : 45 Lower 16-64 (gain)| Fresh
“4 er : In air | — 10°26 Fresh

These specimens illustrate the fact that, unless the difference be very
pronounced, the eye cannot judge the amount of water a coriaceous, and
even not always a herbaceous, leaf may have lost; secondly, that the loss
is not entirely dependent upon, or proportional to, the relative number of
stomata on the surface. In some cases, certainly the more often, there is
less loss when the lower side is on the water ; but even then this may not
be referable to the stomata more than to a less cuticularised condition of
the surface.

In the next series, in each case one specimen was partly plunged in
water, the cut end (as in every experiment), as well as some leaves, were
elevated in the air. They remained thus from July 30 to August 38.
They were all weighed before and after the experiment, as before, in
grammes to three places of decimals.

ean Loss | Apparent

fan . per Cent. | Condition
Cedrus Deodara . Partly in water | ‘09 | Fresh

Ces i } . | In air | “57 Dry and deciduous
Hedera Helix E . 2 leaves in water,4in air 10-28 Fresh
2 Af : oP naire | 10°26 Fresh
Syringa vulgaris . . 4 leaves in water, 6 in air | S11 Fresh
PS o E i Im air | 67°20 Dead and erisp

Thuja, sp. . ; . | Partly in water | 6°19 Fresh
54 , : | In air | a ake Oe Fresh
Taxus baccata . | Partly in water | 452 Fresh
es ae : : | In air | 23:92 Fresh
Ilex aquifolia i . | Partly in water 1°84 Fresh

rel ”

. | In air | 41338 Fresh
| |

These examples, and many others, show clearly that the leaves in air
on the branches which have other leaves in water are easily and well
nourished by the latter. In the case of ivy but little difference is seen
between the two percentages. This is due to the fact that, the transpiring
surface of four leaves being greater than that of the absorbing, the supply
was not equal to the demand.

174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following specimens, weighed when gathered, were left without
water fora day. They were then weighed again, their losses per cent.
being given below. They were then partly immersed as before. They
were once more weighed on the following day, after having been carefully
dried.

Corylus Avellana, first loss per cent. 49°60, subsequent gain per cent. 57°20

Berberis Aquifolium _,, a 37°64 4 ze 13°42
Syringa vulgaris a be 35°70 es be ~ 18°80

In these three the foliage had faded to a considerable extent; conse-
quently the gain per cent. is very large.
Hedera Helix, first loss per cent. 10°76, subsequent loss per cent. 7:30
Tlex aquifolia r “4 13°93 + = 9°04

In these two the transpiration exceeded the absorption’; but the
smaller loss after immersion, as compared with that before it, indicates
that these coriaceous leaves had freely imbibed water.

Buxus sempervirens, first loss per cent. 23°95, gain per cent. 6°10

Aucuba japonica - a 17°28 a a 4:58
Prunus Laurocerasus ,, - 22°35 ee i 12°12
Prunus lusitanica < o 18°49 : ra 36
Thuja, sp. 3 * 14:93 a R 6°84
Cedrus Deodara ¥ a 26°85 +; a 45°57
Taxus baccata s. J 20°92 os . 25°46
Viburnum Tinus * Ma 38°15 ¥ e 44°21

In these specimens the gain varies according to the amount of foliage —
exposed to the air, and the consequent loss by transpiration, all tending
to establish the general conclusion that the retention of freshness visible
to the eye, or the variable amount of loss or gain as proved by the
balance, depends solely upon the respective conditions of “ supply and
demand.,”’

7. ON THE ABSORPTION OF DEw.

In the following experiments the leaves were gathered between 4 and
5 o'clock in the afternoon of September 10. They were then exposed at
an open window to the full light of the sun until it set. After two and
a half hours the herbaceous leaves showed obvious signs of loss of water,
having become more or less flaccid. The loss was not visible in the case
of the coriaceous leaves. They were all weighed at 7 p.m. A bright
moonlight night followed, and an exceedingly heavy dew began to form
at 7 pM. The specimens were all spread out upon a grass-plot. At
7 A.M. on the 11th, before the sun was visible, in consequence of a very
heavy mist, the specimens were carefully dried with a soft cloth so as to
remove all trace of dew with which they had been entirely covered. They
were then weighed. In every case there was an actual gain, as seen in
the following table. But, besides the proof afforded by the balance, the
stems and leaves had perfectly recovered the freshness and rigidity which
they had lost on the previous evening. It was quite impossible for the
dew to have been absorbed by the cut ends of the stems.

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 175

Gain Gain

per Cent. per Cent.

Tilia ; UL ct : . 16°40 | Viburnum > i , . 6°84
Quercus . ; j : . 6°40 | Bryonia (old leat) . ; . 16°49
Sambucus (old leaf) . : . 15°58 - (young leaf) . . 10°31
Ps (young leaf). . 3856 | Rubus ; ; : . 14-28
Geranium. ‘ : ‘ . 11:32 | Carduus . ; a Vf 8
Urinca lt ‘ ’ : . 2731 | Nepeta . : on SSe
Mercurialis. 3 ; . 1450 Malva : : ; , . 9°09
Tussilago . : . ; » 81:56 | Ligustruwm ; Mi) OG
Grass ; . : ; . 85°00 | Pulmonaria . i . 842
Hyacinthus : , . 2:56 | Trifolium . : , ; , 316
See. 1666) | Syringa.s; se 10°80
Eee O44) Tamus aa
Fagus - ‘ ; . 24:05 | Berberis . . 5 5 a Oe
Philadelphus . : ‘ . 833 Aucuba (young shoot) . . 220

8. On THE ABsoRPTION OF “ImMITATION-DEw.”’

Finding that I could imitate dew very exactly by means of the
“spray, I adopted this plan, so as to apply what I call “imitation-dew ”
to one, the upper or the under, surface of a leaf alone as required, or else
to both surfaces at once, as it is in Nature.

A large series of very various and freshly gathered leaves was
experimented upon, the general result entirely corroborating previous
conclusions. The loss per cent. was almost invariably Jess when the
lower side only was covered with dew, which shows that absorption of
dew by that surface is more readily effected than by the upper. Such,
too, was the case, it will be remembered, with water.

The certain inference that we may draw is that dew (in Nature) is
absorbed from below to supply the transpiration from above, if the leaves
are at all flaccid.

Another series of some forty specimens consisted of leaves which
were left three hours to become flaccid. They were then weighed ; the
loss per cent. from the original weight when freshly gathered was
calculated. They were then treated with imitation-dew, there being three
examples of each species ; one had dew on the upper surface, another on
the lower, the third on both sides. In more than half of them they
gained weight after having been left to dry: the remainder had lost a
very small fraction per cent. This was due to the fact that they had
become quite dry some time before being reweighed; hence they had
again begun to lose weight once more by transpiration.

Hence this experiment entirely corroborated the one mentioned above
of the absorption of actual dew by slightly wilted leaves.

9. On THE NovuRISHMENT OF PLANTS ROOTED IN Pots BY AID
OF THEIR LEAVES AND GREEN INTERNODES ALONE.

A small healthy plant of Mimulus moschatus bearing three shoots
was growing ina pot. I ceased to water it on June 4. By the 8th the
shoots showed signs of wilting ; so I now placed the apices of two shoots
only in water. On the 11th the leaves on the third and exposed shoot
had all withered ; but the small buds in the axils of the lowest pair of

176 ~ JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leaves but one remained vigorous, being about half an inch long. The
smaller buds, a quarter of an inch long, were in the axils of the next pair
of leaves. Lastly, the terminal bud and pair of leaves were quite fresh
and green.

On the two stems which had their apices in water, the lowest leaves
(in air) were more or less withered by July 2. The apex of the shoot in
air and all its buds were now beginning to grow vigorously. Three
blossoms were borne and expanded on these shoots with their apices only
in water.

By July 7 a great quantity of adventitious roots had made their
appearance from the nodes in water.

This musk-plant thus grew slowly, but well for more than a month;
and on removing it from the perfectly dry soil several subterranean buds
were pushing vigcrously.

One learns also from this experiment, as from previous ones, that
it is immaterial to a plant which way the water may flow; for it was
downwards in the shoots with their apices in water, but of course
upwards in the shoot in air.

A similar plant left without water on the same day (June 4) became
flaccid in two days, and perished utterly in two or three more.

Other plants, such as Lysimachia Nummularia, &., gave . similar
results.

\

10. ON THE ADVANTAGES OF SYRINGING PLANTS IN A GREENHOUSE.

This is, of course, a universal practice; but if the roots were the
solely possible absorbing organs, as has been supposed, why do not
gardeners confine the water to the roots? According to M. Duchartre,
one would infer that Nature only rains upon plants and deposits dew
upon herbs solely because it cannot be helped, but with no direct benefit
to vegetation. But it would seem that, by syringing, practical experience
has forestalled the scientific rationale. Gardeners have all along believed
in its efficacy, though they may not have “proved” the actual
leaf-absorption. The physiological experiments of Hales, Bonnet, and
others, down to those of Boussingault and myself, have now, it is hoped,
given a complete proof of this fact; and we may thus sum up the
advantages of syringing :—It keeps the leaves clean from dust, and helps
to wash off insects. It moistens the cuticle, and so perhaps renders it
more pervious to carbon dioxide (Barthélemy). It also renders it more
capable of absorbing water (Garreauw). It checks the loss by transpira-
tion (Duchartre), and so enables the terminal shoots and young leaves
of a plant to be well supplied with sap by drawing upon the reserve fluid
in the stem. It keeps the air cool by evaporation ; and, lastly, it may be
actually imbibed by the leaves and green parts of plants, and so help to
compensate for any loss from within the plant, and thus supplement
root-absorption.

What is true for syringing is, of course, equally true for rain.

ABSORPTION OF RAIN AND DEW BY GREEN PARTS OF PLAN'S. 177

11. ON THE PRESERVATION OF Cut FLOWERS.

Sachs, in his “ Text-book of Botany,” quotes the results obtained by
Dr. Hugo de Vries on the withering of plants as follows :—*

“Tf rapidly growing shoots of large-leaved plants are cut off at their lower part
which has become completely lignified, and are placed with the cut surface in water,
they remain for some time perfectly fresh. But if they are cut through at the
younger parts of the stem and are then placed in water, they soon begin to wither,
and the more rapidly and completely, the younger and less lignified the part where
the section is made. This withering can be easily prevented by making the section
under water, and taking care that the cut surface does not come into contact with the
air, the conduction of the water through the stem then suffering no interruption.
If care is taken that while the section is being made in the air [especially with a wet
knife], the leaves and upper parts of the stem lose only a very small quantity of water
by evaporation, withering does not begin till later, and increases only slowly after the
cut surface is placed in water, and the leaves again transpire.”

The cause of withering, Sachs then observes, is the interruption in
the conduction of water from below. ‘This agrees with Prillieux’s
observations,? that as soon as transpiration was checked in a faded shoot
by placing it in a humid atmosphere, the water held in reserve in the
stalk was drawn upon, and the shoot recovered. Similarly, Duchartre
shows that withering results from one of two causes—either that the. soil
may not contain sufficient moisture to balance the loss by transpiration ;
or else the latter may proceed more rapidly than the water can be passed
up the stem to keep pace with it, and so fail to retain the tissues in their
normal state of turgescence.

Sachs and other observers, however, all allude to the cut end as alone
being the place by which water is absorbed ; and, as its conductivity is
rapidly impaired by exposure to air, it is recommended that a sufficiently
long piece of the stem should be removed by a new cut above the first,
but this time beneath the surface of the water. For a shoot about
8 inches long, 2 or 25 inches should be cut off.

Now Bonnet’s experiments and my own clearly show that absorption
can take place through the surface of herbaceous stems and by leaves as
well as the cut ends. This fact led me to presume that it would be
judicious to retain one or more leaves upon a flower-stalk, as well as to
allow the stalk itself to be of considerable length, if the inflorescence was
to be retained without withering as long as pcssible.

It was found, however, that if the flowers are well nigh at maturity,
the additional impetus given to them by the extra absorbing surface
hastened them too much, so that the petals would fall early ; but, on the
other hand, when the stem was ligneous, as of lilac, or the inflorescence
chiefly in buds, as of Tradescantia and Compositae, then the advantage
was apparent; so that, instead of the buds perishing, they continued to
expand successively.

A certain amount of judgment would, therefore, seem to be necessary
in forming a bouquet as to the desirability of retaining some leaves or
not; but if the principle be understood that it is a question of “ supply

* P. 606, Eng. ed.

+ ‘“‘Expériences sur la fanaison des Plantes,” Comptes Rendus, t. Ixxi. p. 80, 1870.

VOL, XXXIV. N

178 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

and demand,” it will not be found difficult to discover to what extent it
may be desirable to increase the absorbing surface in each case.

It is hardly needful to remark that the leaf must be in full vigour,
and, if it show any signs of decay, must be instantly removed. Moreover,
the leaves are apt, apparently through endosmotic action, to be after a
time often coated with a kind of mucus, so that the water must be
changed more often than when stalks only are inserted.

M. G. Weidenberg * believes that the reason of the frequent fading of
cuttings before they have struck root is to be accounted for by the fact
that, as a rule, the transpiration from the exposed leaves is greater than
the amount of water which the cut end can supply. He recommends,
therefore, that the cuttings should be longer than usual, and that some
of the leaves should be buried as well, so that about one-third of them
may remain above ground. ‘Those leaves in the soil will thus undertake
the function of absorbing water. The ground (he adds) should be porous,
to allow of free access of air, so that the roots may be formed rapidly
before the leaves have time to decay. In this way roses, pinks, and
other cuttings, usually hard to strike, will make very good roots.

* St. Petersburger Zeitung (Beiblatt), February 20, 1879.

ANNUAL FLOWERS. 179

ANNUAL FLOWERS.
By AuFreD Warsrns, F.R.H.S.

[Lecture delivered July 21, 1908.]

No doubt, among the readers of my paper will be many experts and a
few amateurs, of whom some are probably more or less experts in various
departments of floriculture.

It is not so much these, who probably know the annual flowers almost
as well as the Roses, Orchids, and florists’ flowers, as it is the small

Fic. 26.— TAGETES SIGNATA PUMILA ON LEFT; VAR. ‘GOLDENGEM’ ON RIGHT.

amateur gardener who keeps only one gardener or who cultivates his
garden himself, whom I wish to impress with the great beauty and capa-
bilities of many of our present-day annuals when properly grown.

I will divide my paper into three parts. I shall give, first, my idea of
the proper cultural treatment of annuals generally ; secondly, a few facts
regarding the enormous increase in the number of kinds, and especially
in the variety of colours and improvements in habit of the different
plants available now as compared with years ago ; and, thirdly, a short
‘sketch of how by careful and constant selection these results have been
brought about.

Annuals are really quite as useful in large gardens as in small ones,

for a long succession of bloom can be obtained from many of them.
N 2

180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY.

Some are more suitable for large beds and borders, others for small beds ;
some for carpet bedding, others for cut bloom ; some bloom in spring, some
in summer, and some in autumn; many are more fit for greenhouses
and growing in pots; some grow 8 feet to 10 feet in height, some only
6 inches or less; some are hardy, some are not.

Annuals, however, are, I fear, despised by many people, partly because
they are not properly known, and more often because they are most
improperly and negligently grown. The ordinary amateur is generally,
or at any rate often, a relentless murderer of annuals. He buys a few or
many packets of seed as the case may be, sows them very thickly in little
clumps, puts a cleft stick in the centre of each clump with a little paper
flag in the cleft bearing the name, and thinks that is all that is necessary,
or that Nature or chance will do the rest. A packet of seed, whether it
contains many or few, must be all crammed into this one little clump or
patch instead of making two or three or more. Consequently the
plants struggle for a time for bare existence in tightly packed masses of
fifty or a hundred, where there should have been but two, three, or four
plants at most. Poor wretched annuals! Disease and death come
prematurely to nearly all, probably all, though perhaps a few continue
to struggle on and eventually bloom. But what a bloom! What a
plant ! bearing scarcely any resemblance to its real natural beauty—sans
form, sans habit, sans size, sans everything that would have made it
beautiful and attractive.

If, however, they had been sown by anyone with experience or even
common sense, in a spare part of the garden thinly, so that the seedlings
when just above ground had been $ inch or 2 inches apart, according to
kind, of course, and then, as they grew on, if at all crowded, thinned out,
and when large enough to handle, transplanted to where they are to
remain and flower, they would have grown into good plants and developed
in all their beauty of habit, form, and size. I can. think of no annual
that requires less than 6 inches to 8 inches of space to grow and develop
in, except perhaps the little Virginian Stock or Nemophila, which might
put up with, say, 4 inches, but, of course, large-growing plants, such as
Sunflowers, Antirrhinums, and tall Larkspurs, should be much further
apart even than 6 to 8 inches. These require from 1 foot to 2 or even
3 feet. Some few annuals do not like transplanting, and should be sown
where they are required to bloom, of course thinly ; when up they should
be thinned out early, not waiting till they begin to suffer acutely from
overcrowding. Such are Poppies of all sorts, Eschscholtzias, and all those
with long tap-roots.

I have spoken so far respecting annuals which are better sown out in
the open, but many, a great many, are better sown in pots or flat boxes
under cold frames, and some’ under frames in a little heat in January
or February, thinly, always thinly ; then, when large enough to handle,
pricked off into other flat boxes, 2 to 4 inches apart, and grown on in
these in cold frames until April or May, or in some cases June, then
planted out of doors into their flowering quarters. Among plants best

treated in this way are Asters, Stocks, Antirrhinums, Ageratums,

Verbenas, Balsams, Marguerite Carnation—that is, the annual one—
Heliotrope, Marigolds, Dahlias, &e. |

ANNUAL FLOWERS. 181

When annuals are grown under really proper and sensible or suitable
conditions, a garden may be made very gay in spring, summer, and autumn
with them; but annuals have not generally been overburdened with care
and attention—so many people simply sow them and then neglect them

Fic. 27.—Pansy—oLD AND NEW FORMS

entirely and think they will grow anywhere and anyhow. lf they were
only planted out, or given as much room as are Lobelias, Geraniums,
Begonias, Cannas, Dahlias, and other plants for which high prices are
paid the annuals which cost so little would do as well.

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Then annuals have to be known and understood just as other plants,
and grown in proper and suitable places to give proper effect. It would
be unwise to grow the tall Larkspurs or the tall Antirrhinums or the tall
Clarkia elegans in small beds, and useless to grow the dwarf Virginian
Stock or the dwarf Tagetes signata pumila for tall effects at the back of
long borders. I would suggest that varieties that are not known by the
gardener sufficiently as to their habit and usefulness, should be grown
in the vegetable garden or some more or less out-of-the-way place the
first year—not under trees, of course —where one can study them and their
habits in order to know better another year how properly to utilize them.
Plants so grown need not be wasted, for they will provide cut flowers for
the house.

I will now explain what I understand an “ annual ”’ to be.

The best definition, I think, is a plant which, if the seed be sown in
spring, will bloom the same summer and will ripen its seeds in autumn.
These may be called true annuals.

There are many plants which are really perennials, but which may
be used as annuals, even in this country with our short summer. Such
are Pansies, Violas, Pentstemons, Verbenas, Antirrhinums, Dahlias, &c.
These when sown in a little heat in early spring will bloom in summer
and autumn, and are very suitable and useful for keeping up the summer
and autumn display.

Annual flowers have been enormously improved and increased in
number of varieties and in variety of colours, and in many kinds the
habit has been vastly improved, during the last thirty to fifty years, and
more particularly during the last ten to twenty years. I certainly think
they have been improved as much as Roses, Dahlias, and florists’ flowers
generally. In the year 1851, a wholesale seed catalogue, which I have
been kindly allowed to see, and which I should say was at that time the
leading one, contained 760 varieties of flower seeds. To-day my firm’s
wholesale catalogue contains 2,920 varieties. Of that popular annual,
the Sweet Pea, thirty years ago there were but five varieties listed, not
one of which was of a blue shade; now there are probably over 200
varieties. ‘There was then but one class as regards habit; now there are
the very dwarf or Cupid, the semi-tall or bush, the ordinary tall, and the
early flowering, sometimes called Christmas-flowering or Telemny.

So it has been with most of our other annuals—improvement and
selection have been going on apace.

I, and many more, have been doing our best, according to our lights,
as far as Nature would allow us, to continually improve by selection the
inany varieties, not only, of course, of annuals, but of perennials. The

tev. W. Wilks, the competent and energetic secretary of this Society,
obtained from the common Field Poppy one of the most charming and
popular additions to our seed lists, the Shirley Poppies. ‘They are varia-
tions from the Field Poppy, with white base to the flower and yellow
stamens, and they have varied into many shades of pink, apricot, orange,
scarlet, and almost crimson, either self colours, or white edged with one
of those colours, or one of those colours edged with white. All plants
blooming with a black base and stamens (these show the tendency to
revert to the wild state) should be rigorously ‘pulled up, for 5 per cent. of

pyar a

ANNUAL FLOWERS. 183

these rogues left in this year for seeding would represent 15 to 20 per
cent. in the progeny next year.

When growing a large bed of anything one sees a slight variation, or
sometimes a great variation, for the better, as one thinks, in one plant.
It is marked in some way, generally by placing a stick against it, and the
seed of this selected plant is saved separately, and grown on the following
year. Possibly one finds the plants from this selection come 50 per cent.
true, possibly 20 per cent., possibly 10 per cent.; not infrequently one
finds not even one plant like the plant the seed was saved from. If one
finds 50 or 20 per cent. true to the original, it means pulling up and
throwing away all that are not true, and continuing this performance for
three or four and often five or six following seasons before one attains
one’s object in getting a fixity of type; and perhaps during those three,

Fic. 28.— CANDYTUFT—OLD FORM ON LEFT; ‘ HYACINTH-FLOWERED’ ON RIGHT.

four, or six years of selecting and fixing, one season is a very bad one, as
we not infrequently get in this country, and you get no seed at all from
your labours—these are some of the disappointments one has to face. I
once, some years ago, selected one plant, a very much improved culinary
pea, a very fine podded Telegraph Pea, out of a great number of Tele-
graph Pea plants ; in five years after the first year—i.e. six years in all—
I had succeeded in having grown from this, 100 bushels of seed. These
had been threshed, cleaned, and put into sacks in the grower’s barn. That
very night there was a fire, which burnt down the barn and all my 100
bushels of peas. So it often is with selections: there are many dis-
appointments in addition to the care and trouble required in selecting
and increasing these new and improved varieties of flowers and vegetables,
and it is therefore very costly work, much more costly than is often
thought.

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No plant comes absolutely true from seed, everything varies some-
what. You go into a field of cabbages or into a field of poppies. At
first sight or at a casual glance they do look to be the same, but after
careful examination you will find no two plants really alcke.

I have noticed in some plants of annual or other flowers when select-
ing for compactness of habit, which, I must own, has often been one of
my aims, another unlooked-for good quality developing in my selections
namely, intensity of colour. Some years ago I started selecting the
Hschscholtzias. The old varieties are very rambling in their habit,
take up a lot of room and are not very free-flowering. I began to
look out for those showing more compactness and erectness of habit,
and after selecting this way for some years, and improving the habit
each year, I succeeded in fixing what I named the ‘ Krecta Compacta’
class. I selected this ‘Krecta Compacta’ habit both out of the old
‘Mandarin’ and the old ‘Carminea rosea,’ and in the course of doing
so, I found as I selected the more erect and compact plants each year, I
also got much greater depth of colour in the flowers, and to-day the
Eschscholtzia ‘Mandarin Erecta Compacta’ which I introduced is far —
deeper and richer in colour than the old ‘ Mandarin,’ as well as being of
far better habit for a garden, more erect, more compact, far more free-
flowering, and my ‘Intus roseus compacta’ or Carter’s ‘Carmine King,’
produced in the same way, is not only more erect, compact, and free-
blooming, but much more intense in colour than the old ‘ Carminea rosea,’ ;
it is a rich carmine rose, but has the same colour inside the flower as
outside. In the old ‘Carminea rosea’ the pale rose colour was and is only
on the outside of the petals—inside, the petals are creamy white, so that
the flower looks a rose colour only on a dull day or in the evening when
it is closed; on a sunny day it looks white, because one sees only the
inside of the flower. To have the flower the same rich deep colour bota
inside and out is a great advantage, and this we have in ‘Intus roseus.’
Strange to say, in 1904 I had fixed this and it was introduced to
commerce in the spring of 1905; the following year the same thing
was brought out by Mr. Burbank in America, under the name of
‘Burbank’s Crimson Eschscholtzia,wand by Messrs. Carter as ‘ Carmine
King,’ so no doubt we had all three been working on the same lines, only
I was one year in front of the others. It had taken me about seven years
to select and fix it. Then, again, out of this we have selected a very
different and distinct colour with the same habit. One we introduced
last season, called ‘ Krecta Compacta Dainty Queen,’ has pretty shell-pink
flowers.

In Godetias the same thing has happened with me. The old varieties
of Godetia of years ago were all tall, straggling plants, and undecided in
colour, like the old ‘ Rubicunda splendens.’ To-day we have the dwarf,
compact, massive ‘blooming, and intensely rich-coloured ‘Sunset’ and
‘Crimson Glow,’ but many years of patient selecting have been required.

‘Sunset’ [ introduced four years ago; ‘Crimson Glow,’ a deeper colour,
last year,

| have found it advantageous in my selecting, generally speaking, and
more particularly with these Eschscholtzias, Godetias, &c., to pick out the
one best plant amongst the many growing, and to save seed from that to

ANNUAL FLOWERS. 185

go on with the next year instead of picking out several: one may see
many nearly as good, or perhaps quite, in a batch of seedlings, but I
found that when I kept to one only, I started then at any rate with less
mixture of blood. It takes, however, a longer time to secure a large stock
of a strain by this selection of one, but it entails less labour in selection
for the next three or four years, and the final result is more satisfactory
and lasting ; the improvements or novelties which I have introduced from
time to time have been, I flatter myself, far more fixed in character in
consequence, than the generality of new selections. _

There are many more kinds of annuals which have been improved
either in habit or colour or both, or in which new colours have appeared,
or sometimes a variegation of leaf has shown itself, as in the Nasturtiums.

PER ras ye ye ae ere
heen DENSE EES

Fria. 29.—NEMESIA STRUMOSA SUTTONI AND VAR. COMPACTA.

Some few years ago I introduced the Nasturtium ‘Queen of the Tom
Thumbs,’ a variety with very variegated white and green leaves. This
took me six years to fix in character, starting with one plant only, which
appeared in some thousands of plants of ‘ Lilliput,’ and at the end of that
time I had only four pounds of seed to put into commerce; it is a very
shy seeder. The first year half the plants came green leaved, half varie-
gated; the next year about 80 per cent. were green leaved, the next
year about 20 per cent., the next about 10 per cent. only. To-day it
keeps true to the variegated type, with the exception of perhaps 5 per
cent. green. It had dark maroon-crimson fiowers, and was a most
striking variation in the Nasturtium; no variegated-leaved form had
before been seen. Now to-day we are getting many more colours of the
same variegated-leaved or ‘Queen of Tom Thumb ’ Nasturtium, and also

186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a tall or climbing section with similar variegation, called ‘ Queen of the
Talls.’

I may say that I have done but little in artificial hybridizing. I have
always preferred looking out for natural breaks or variations and spotting
those I considered improvements or likely by careful selection to lead to
such: 1 have generally considered them more easy to fix in character
than those produced by artificial hybridization. Every plant from seed
varies in some degree from the parent form; some going, as one may say
backward, some forward, but all varying somewhat; and it is from these
variations that I have generally attempted to select. Cross-pollination
is doubtless very frequently effected by insects; while sometimes, no
doubt, the variations are caused by the surroundings and soil and Nature’s
desire to go forward and improve itself; but man is seldom so wise in
his selection of parents as Nature. |

Some classes of plants vary in variation, if 1 may say so, more than
others, and some crosses or hybrids differ very considerably in their
variability from others, even in the same family. The Sweet Pea, for
instance, had not been known to sport much before the ‘ Countess Spencer ’
variety was born. Mr. Eckford’s new varieties always were introduced
to the world true and fixed, but when this variety, ‘Countess Spencer,’ first
came out it sported into anything and everything; and this was perhaps
a good thing, as we have, or expect to have some day, a grand lot of new
colours fixed from it; but now all, or nearly all, are as bad as their
parent, the ‘ Countess.’ Growers select these new colours of ‘ Countess’
type and try to fix them and think they have succeeded, but so far, even if
selected perfectly true the first year, one finds them gone all to pieces the
next, with only a moderate percentage of the true type and colour in them,
often hardly any. How is it? What law governs it? Ido not know
the law, but I know the fact. But quite different is it with the ‘ Gladys
Unwin’ type, which is a very similar cross, almost identical in colour, size,
and appearance, but so different in its variability, for it keeps perfectly true,
and I am proud that my firm introduced it. Then all its progeny—‘ Nora
Unwin’ (the white), ‘E. I. Castle’ (the carmine, shaded orange), ‘ Mrs.

Alfred Watkins’ (the pale pink), all keep true. There may be a very '

small percentage of stray ones, but these are hardly worth mentioning,
and there is no difficulty at all in keeping them quite true.

As the ‘ Countess’ has now, after five years’ constant and ruthless selec-
tion and care, been at last really fixed, Iam hoping that with the same
constant care and ruthless selection its progeny may also before long be
fixed in character.

| have come to the conclusion that when once any cross or hybrid
behaves like the ‘ Countess’ Sweet Pea, it proves it has come upon a period
of great variability in the history of the race, and this power to vary
remains active for several generations. I have noticed white-seeded
runner beans sown and produce a percentage of scarlet runners, and
these produce and ripen dark seeds. I have sown dark-seeded scarlet
runners and seen a percentage of white-blooming ones grow from them,
producing white seed. So with the ‘ White Spencer’ Sweet Peas, introduced
from America last year. We sowed them (every seed was white), but they
have shown 5 to 8 per cent. of plants with flowers not white, but

ANNUAL FLOWERS. 187

coloured, and of various colours, and I am quite sure the seeds of these
plants will be dark, not white, as the seed was from which they grew.*
The same thing occurred with the ‘ Primrose Spencer,’ introduced also
from America, and both had 40 to 50 per cent. of hooded flowers in
addition. This shows that the Spencer type so far is sporting quite as
much in America as in England. It is curious, not to say mysterious,

x Stef fs Sea. Te Ae, 2 z eas Ts a hype ba 1 ara rr, lr t iva li hr RS wg

Fic. 30.—AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS—OLD AND SELECTED FORMS.

and so far I do not understand it; one cannot discover the colour nor the
germ of colour in the white seed, nor the whiteness in the coloured seed,
nor, I am sorry to say, the cause of it, otherwise it could be prevented and
guarded against.

* Since this was written the opportunity for examining the seeds of these plants

with coloured flowers has occurred, and all are found to have produced coloured or
dark seeds.

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There are many perennials and biennials that are now throwing or
sporting into annuals—that is, occasionally producing plants that have an
annual existence and bloom the first year from seed, instead of the second ;
these are being noticed and selected out for fixing, such as the annual
Sweet William, no doubt a cross between an annual Dianthus and some
late blooms of the old perennial Sweet William. These have a habit
similar to the annual Dianthus, but the flowers and leaf of the old Sweet
William. There is also an annual Hollyhock, one that, if sswn in heat
in February and grown on well, will bloom the same summer, whereas
the ordinary Hollyhock, if sown however early in 1908, will not bloom
until June or July 1909 ; and the annual Wallflowers, which bloom from
June to the frost, if sown in February in slight heat and grown on.
I introduced the annwal blood-red Wallflower about ten years ago, and
to-day there are four other colours—five in all—all of which I have intro-
duced very recently. With these annual varieties and the old biennial
ones, Wallflowers may be had in bloom in the garden nearly all the year
round,

ae
Sao howe
‘, Pol
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? 4

d

DESSERT CHERRIES IN POTS. 189

DESSERT CHERRIES IN POTS.
By James Hupson, V.M.H.

(Lecture delivered August 18, 1908.)

Ir cannot be said that the cultivation of cherries upon walls in the open
air is in the majority of gardens a great success. With the exception of
apricots probably more cherry trees are failures than is the case with any
other fruit. True, the soil is not always what it should be in order to
obtain the best results; but, on the other hand, the mode of treatment
is frequently not upon quite such rational lines as it should be. Let
the stock upon which the dessert cherry is worked be what it may, it
has a tendency to foster luxurious growth if not carefully attended to.
This difficulty in cherry cultivation in the same way handicaps the grower
when the trees are grown under glass if the borders be not thoroughly
well prepared at the onset.

Whether the borders are outside or inside, the contingency to be
guarded against is a too luxurious growth, which, if checked by the
use of the knife, results in cankered branches. Luxuriousness of growth
is often the result of planting in too rich a soil, such, for instance, as one
in which farmyard or stable manure has been freely used. It is better in
almost every kind of soil to depend upon good loam with lime or mortar
rubble, or upon an artificial compound in which both phosphates and
potash play an important part. In the open upon walls the horizontal
rather than the fan system of training is the best. I have followed this
system myself and proved its great value, for I find it easier to control
the growth than when dealing with the fan-trained tree ; consequently
there has been less use of the knife and more use made of finger and
thumb pinching. But it is not always easy to obtain suitable trees from
the nurseryman.

On account of these difficulties and failures this paper advocating the
cultivation of cherries in pots has been written.

This system of pot culture was adopted by the Messrs. Rivers of
Sawbridgeworth many years ago, and to them more than to any other
growers belongs the credit of its striking success. They have clearly
demonstrated by their repeated exhibits and by the wide and successful
use of the method in their own nurseries what can in a fairly easy manner
be achieved. Failures may occur, as they do, but one should never think
that he can grow fruit trees in pots under the shade of other trees. This
is beyond all reasonable expectation.

It is not necessary to have recourse to glass for the cultivation of
cherries in pots, but I most strongly recommend it. If not under glass,
then most certainly the trees should be fenced in, to guard against the
depredations of birds. Cherries in pots when .grown in the open should
be plunged to the rim, with two or three bricks under the pots, to keep
the drainage clear.

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

It may be urged that the labour of watering would be a serious item ;
not so much, may I say, as one would surmise. It would be an excellent
practice for our young gardeners to have a little careful training in
watering. There is far too much of what might be termed slopping
in its place at present, and water is given either in excess or at the

other extreme. To be trained to exercise caution in respect of this’

important operation would be productive of good. When grown under
glass it is not advisable to plunge the pots at all, but rather to depend
upon sounding the pots as to the requirements of the plants. With a
little practice and observation it will be found a comparatively easy
matter to manage the watering.

When the fruit is seen to be freely swelling it is well to apply a —

stimulating manure; in fact, a mixture of chemical manure, such as
has been already alluded to, may be safely applied as soon as the fruit
is set; but it must be in very small quantity indeed, a mere dusting of
the soil. This may be repeated three or four times during the swelling
of the fruit. At intervals a weak solution from the farmyard manure may
be applied. This will foster leaf development for another season. As soon
as it is seen—by the amount of water that the trees require—that some
top-dressing would be beneficial, it is a good plan to make up a mixture
of good turfy loam, a little lime rubble, and either hop manure or some
stable manure that is well spent. This should be applied as a top-
dressing around the sides of the pots, and may be raised to a height
of two inches above the pots, being pressed down firmly. Into this the
roots will soon find their way and add to the vigour of the tree and
the size of the fruits. When the fruit is all picked in every instance
give one or two applications of the chemical manure mixture, so that
its constituents may be assimilated by the tree for the ensuing season,
In dealing with artificially compounded stimulants that are of a genuine
character it is most essential to guard against any excessive use.
Many err in this and defeat their own good attentions by too frequent
applications or by using too much at a time.

Potting should be done during the late autumn—say, by the end
of October, or even later if the foliage is not well ripened. I have
frequently been asked if we repot our trees every year. My reply is,
‘Yes, we do, unless it be in the case of a tree that has not borne any
fruit.” Such a tree does not usually require to be potted, but may
stand over for one season. We use a claw-scratcher with which to
reduce the balls sufficiently to allow the trees to be replaced in the
same pots, unless it be in the case of a tree which is particularly

vigorous, when a size larger of pot is used. We guard against employing -

pots of large size. I think we have no pots in use measuring more than
14 inches in diameter. If I were growing in pots cherries that are not
forced I might use larger pots—say, up to 18 inches—but nothing larger
than that. In potting the soil is rammed firmly and well; it is work
that cannot be rushed through in a hurry. Should the ball of any tree
be found to be dry it is well soaked prior to potting. After potting one
or two good waterings are given and occasional syringings when the
weather is fine and dry. The wood must be kept from any indication
of shrivelling, and the last of the leaves ought to be preserved for a
‘ittle time, if possible. The soil itself should be mixed a few weeks in

wl ws
i abel

DESSERT CHERRIES IN POTS. 191

advance of the potting, being stored in a dry place, away from the influence
of autumnal rains. This is all-important; otherwise it does not handle
so well in the potting, being made pasty in the process of ramming.
It is almost superfluous to say that the pots should be clean and well-
seasoned. ‘The drainage should be of a like description too.

The soil best suited for the cultivation of cherries in pots is a strong
loam ; the top spit of an old pasture of a fibrous character will suit well.
A calcareous loam is much to be preferred to a sandy loam. A good
example of what I mean is the loam obtained in the neighbourhood of
Kettering ; this we use with another loam from Surrey that is rather
lighter and rather more fibrous; the two combined make a good mixture.
To this we add a sufficient quantity of old mortar rubble for its presence
to be noticed in the soil. A small amount of well-decayed manure,
worked through a sieve, is used to foster root action. Failing old mortar
rubble I would use well-pulverized oyster shells. After potting, as our
trees are all intended for forcing, we store them close together im a
cold house. If not forced it is not really essential to do this, but in that
case the pots should be plunged in ashes to guard against frost. The
attacks of birds have also to be considered and guarded against when the
trees are out of doors.

The most troublesome pest that I have had to deal with is the black
aphis; this, if not taken in time, will soon disfigure the foliage and
deposit filth upon the fruit. A small caterpillar is, under glass, rather
troublesome if not taken in time. It knits the leaves together and
also injures the fruit. Red spider has to be guarded against also,
but it is not so generally to be feared. A winter dressing of alkali
wash serves a good purpose during the dormant stage. Before growth
has commenced a fumigation should be given, and again before the
flowers expand. The syringe will keep down the red spider, but it
may be necessary to repeat the fumigation if there be any signs of the
caterpillar.

Under pot treatment pruning is very limited. Generally speaking
more can be accomplished by pinching the shoots during the earlier
stages of growth than by later pruning. What has to be aimed at is
the development of the fruit-bearing spurs and the basal flower-buds of
the longer shoots. Extension in the case of a vigorous tree should also
be allowed, but in a uniform manner, so as to balance the growth.
Canker very rarely occurs; one is not absolutely free from it, but it cannot
be said to cause much anxiety.

More than thirty years ago I used often to admire the handsome
fruits of black Tartarian that used to be shown, during May generally,
by the late Mr. Geo. Miles, of Wycombe Abbey Gardens. These, I
think, were from a trained tree. It is, however, much better to adopt the
pot system for early forcing and to depend upon planted-out trees for the
second early crops. Our trees are all in pots and, with an average
season, the first fruits are ripe by the first week in May. A fortnight
may be gained, but the gain in time is not commensurate with the
attendant risk. Early spring fogs and dull, sunless weather have to be
considered and guarded against, whilst the cherry is also most impatient
of fire heat. Our practice is to commence syringing the trees by the
middle of January, closing for a time afterwards, but always allowing air

192 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to be on all night. We never close absolutely unless it be excessively
cold. With a slight warmth in the pipes and a little top air ] am
satisfied if the thermometer does not fall below 85° by morning. When
in flower the same precautions must be exercised ; for it is fatal to the
setting of the fruit if a high temperature be maintained. Even as high
as that for peaches and nectarines is too high for cherries. For the
purpose of securing a good set of fruit I now always employ a hive of
bees; by this means a failure very rarely occurs. In fact, we have, in
nearly every case, to thin the fruit with a pair of grape scissors as
soon as we can detect the best and strongest. Thinning later on
is attended to, so that no tree is overtaxed. As soon as the earliest
variety, ‘Guigne d’Annonay,’ is showing colour, we place a few trees
in a peach and nectarine house to hasten them on, and thus secure a
gain in ripening by nearly a week. Our crop of cherries in pots usually
lasts from the first week in May until the first fruits on the open wall
are ripe—say, for six weeks. With the exception of grapes there is not,
I think, any kind of fruit that will last fresh and fit for the table for
so long a period as the cherry—.e. upon the tree itself. When all of the
fruits are picked the trees are stood outside, being plunged over the rims
in a partially shaded spot and a slight sprinkling of artificial manure
given. Due attention is paid to watering during the summer, and by
the autumn quite a mass of roots have taken hold of the top-dressing
and the surrounding soil, as may be noticed when the trees are lifted for
potting.

From close observation, extending over some years now, I have come
to the conclusion that the following eight varieties are best suited for
forcing purposes.

Guigne d’Annonay (black).—This is earlier than ‘ Early. Rivers’ by
ten days. The fruit is small, but very sweet when black, being also a
good cropper. It is fit to use when dark red in colour.

Karly Rivers (black).—-This is the finest cherry in cultivation for
general forcing purposes ; it is of large size, very prolific, and of good
constitution. It is a most handsome fruit, too, when placed upon a dish,
and of fine flavour.

Bigarreau de Schreken (black)—A fine cherry, firmer than the
preceding, a good bearer, very large indeed, a noble fruit, firm in texture,
and of excellent flavour.

Governor Wood (white)—An American cherry, very prolific and
handsome, also of first-rate flavour. It is what may be termed a white
cherry, having a rosy tint on the sunny side. The skin is thin, hence it
does not travel so well.

Frogmore Early Bigarreaw (white).—This is the finest white cherry
for all purposes, in my opinion, being firm of texture, large in size, a good
bearer, and of extra good flavour.

Liton (vred),—A well-known old cherry; one that crops well, is very
sweet, and of good constitution.

licine Hortense (red).—A cherry of large size, very rich in flavour,
and fleshy ; it also crops well.

May Duke (vred)—This is grown mainly because it forms so much
pollen, whilst its fruits are ever welcome for fruit compotes.

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 193

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING.
By Mr. H. Hamen Smita, Editor of “ Tropical Life.”’

[Lecture delivered June 11, 1908.

I THINK it will be agreed that, until quite recently, those interested in
the production and shipment of cacao paid absolutely no heed to the
improvement of the quality and quantity of the output. Looming
out like a prominent shade tree down the valley of time is the well-
known name of Strickland, whose method of fermenting cacao has
grown to be admired as the classical one. Whether Strickland’s method
is perfection I am not going to discuss, but there is no doubt that, with
very few exceptions, the cacao planters, ever since they first cultivated
Linneus’s “ Food of the Gods,’’ put in the bean, grew the tree, picked
the pods, and sweated and dried the beans exactly as their fathers and
grandfathers did before them, and their neighbours are doing to this day.

The light of new ideas broke like the sun across the mist from the
East. Although Ceylon’s planters, so far as I can gather, are staunch
Conservatives in politics, they are unmitigated Radicals—nay, positive
anarchists—in agricultural matters. Like Why-Why, Andrew Lang’s
first Radical, they let nothing pass them unquestioned, and no matter
how high the authority the idea may come from, they go straight to the
root of everything, and with chemicals, knife, and microscope examine
and analyse the minutest atom of the most sacred theory, until they
have proved its truth or falsity to their entire satisfaction, and if true,
whether it can be put to practical advantage.

I am glad to say that this system of indefatigable research has spread
to the West Indies. Thanks to the work done by the owners of those
well-known names, Morris, Harrison, Fawcett, Watts, Hart, Hudson,
Cradwick, and many other cacao-planting experts, planters in Central
America and the West Indies have of late become more alive to the
importance of looking into the why and the wherefore of their methods.
Circumstances point to the general run of planters in the near future
paying much more attention to the following matters than they have
hitherto been doing. |

1. Feeding and sustaining the strength of their trees by judicious
manuring, so as to replace those constituents that have been removed by
the crops.

2. The grafting of cacao, whereby a strong and free-yielding variety
will have for scion a more delicate variety with an improved output.

3. Giving their immediate attention to, and finally exterminating
insects and other pests as soon as they are observed.

4. The adoption of vacuum-dryers on those estates large enough to
use them with economy, or the erection of them as an independent
central drying factory, run perhaps on co-operative lines among the
smaller planters.

VOL. XXXIV. 0

194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. The possible reduction of shade trees in certain centres, on account
of their tendency to encourage pests and disease, and to retard the growth
and output of the estate.

6. The increase of the area of mixed plantations—mixed, not inter-
mixed—the hardier trees, such as rubber and others, to be planted as
belts around or through the main crop. This will not only remove the
risk of relying entirely on one crop, but restrict the area of pests and
disease, and, when such appear, enable the planter to treat them at once
before the mischief spreads further.

Other improvements no doubt will come in the train of these,
especially as regards the sweating of cacao, of which we still have but an
indifferent knowledge. Whilst on this point I should like to call attention
to “ Bulletin’? No. 10 of the Surinam Agricultural Department, wherein
Dr. Sack, as a result of his investigations into the causes and effects of
sweating cacao, makes the following assertion: ‘‘The sweating of cacao is
primarily a biological and not a chemical process.’’ This was proved by
the fact that samples treated, one with formaldehyde and the other with
chloroform preparations, both destructive to life, but not influencing
chemical activities, did not ferment, while the temperature remained
at 28° C. The temperature of the other samples not so treated, but
fermented in the usual way, rose from 28° C. (82° F.) to 40° C. (104° F.),
but when treated with chloroform fermentation ceased. Another experi-
ment showed that sugar in the pulp is essential to fermentation and
the incident rise of temperature. This was proved by the fact that
beans washed before being put to sweat did not ferment until syrup was
added. The vitality of the seed is destroyed during fermentation. The
seeds die at 44° C. (111° F.), whilst in sweating in the ordinary way the
heat will go up to 112° or 113° F. It is also claimed that the
change of colour is due to an enzyme. If steeped in boiling water
no change takes place until unsteeped kernels are added. This, of
course, is nothing new; Dr. Axel Preyer, in 1901, wrote on the matter in
“ Tropenpflanzer,’’ and showed that the fermentation of cacao was brought
about by living organisms just as is the fermentation of tobacco, &c.
Preyer succeeded in breeding pure cultures of these organisms.

As regards manuring, this matter and the extermination of pests can
be said to go hand in hand, for the cacao tree is such a faithful servant
that it will wear itself out in fulfilling its duty, and it is not its fault if,
as it gets weaker and worn out, it cannot throw off the enemies that
attack it. It is for its owner to see that it receives its proper nourish-
ment, and is not left to starve while he spends the money on himself
that the trees so willingly bring to him. As we now stand we have in
many of the older centres to cure the diseases, but to cure is by no
means sufficient, the planter must take precautions that the disease does
not return. This can only be avoided by building up the strength of
the tree as you would that of a human being, and so help it to withstand
the return of the old complaint. Recent experiments in the West Indies
and elsewhere have proved the great benefits to be derived from mulching.
Even when this treatment consisted only in burying leaves and green
matter, the trees paid well for the labour involved. Moreover, the results
have proved phenomenal when the material collected for the purpose of

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 195

mulching has been composted by adding lime or basic slag, which helped
-to liberate large quantities of plant-food which might otherwise have
remained unavailable. The addition of basic slag or similar fertilizing
matter has, further, the advantage that it makes good the deficiency
of the compost in phosphoric acid, and thus assures that the other
fertilizing ingredients in the compost are well balanced.

According to Bert de Lamarre (Trinidad), pen manure for cacao trees
is exceedingly good, although it does not contain enough phosphate of
lime to form the skeleton of the tree and not enough potash. It is
principally due to the absence of or want of sufficient phosphoric acid,
lime and potash, that so many young flowers and pods drop at a time,
not having the necessary strength to resist the wind and weather. The
condition of the tree in these circumstances is an abnormal one, having
flowers in quantity, but wanting the necessary elementary material in
circulation to produce what such trees are capable of, if well and normally
fed. The presence of fungoid pests on cacao trees is partly due to the
want of strength of the trees to resist the diseases caused by living
parasites, animal and vegetable, and potash in good quantity should be
supplied.

When land is not pen-manured or requires to be pen-manured again
the best and cheapest plan is to plant strips of sweet potatos, in cane-
fields when the canes are planted, and in cacao-fields at any time, and to
let them grow until immediaiely before throwing out tubercles, when
they should be buried, root and stem, in the soil.

I mention sweet potatos as they are well known here, but perhaps
some people may not know the woolly pyrol, which is grown in Barbados
and has the advantage of not being edible, as is the case with ordinary
sweet potatos, which sometimes, when the growth is quick, cannot be
buried before the product is exposed to the usual pilfering.

Green manure, or green dressing by sweet potatos, woolly pyrol, or
American peas is one of the best available sources of nitrogen that can
be offered to plants, and it is advisable to employ green dressing and
to manure in this way wherever possible.

One of the most important fertilizing ingredients for the cacao tree,
but at the same time the most costly, is nitrogen. Fortunately, how-
ever, we have the leguminous plants which absorb the atmospheric
nitrogen, and which, used as green manuring, could easily supply the
cacao tree with its nitrogenous requirements. Would it not pay to
cultivate ground nuts (Arachis hypogaea) or some other leguminous
crop that would grow under shade in order to have material rich in
nitrogen at hand for mulching between the trees? Would it be possible
to grow it sufficiently well under the cacao to produce the nodules
underground? If cultivated as a crop for the oil the cake is still of
great value, as it contains 74 per cent. of nitrogen, whilst the leaves
have 1 per cent.

“Farmers’ Bulletin’? 815 (January, 1908) of the United States
Department of Agriculture, commenting on the inoculation of soils or
seeds with pure bacteria cultures, states that, in some cases where there
has been apparent failure to improve the legume crop, further examina-
tion may show a decided gain from inoculation. Hven where the lack

02

196 | JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of nodule formation does not seem to hinder a healthy development of
the plants, careful comparisons from analyses have shown the greater
protein contents of those well supplied with nodules. The amount of
nitrogen contained in a soy bean crop* was found in one case to be
118°55 lb. to the acre for the inoculated plants, and 75°98 lb. to the
acre of those not inoculated, yet the appearance in the fields was the
same. With cow-peas, inoculated and uninoculated, the nitrogen was
found to be 139°21 lb. to the acre for the former and 118°45 lb. for the
latter. In each case, therefore, the inoculated crop, although apparently
not improved, was in reality more valuable for feeding or for green
manure than the uninoculated crop.

In addition, it should be noted that with the inoculated plants the
gain of nitrogen came largely from the air, while the plants lacking
nodules drew upon the combined nitrogen of the soil. When the gain
in nitrogen from inoculation is accompanied by largely increased plant
growth, the beneficial effect of nodule formation is, of course, most
pronounced. Some chemical analyses ¢ of Canadian field peas, inoculated
and uninoculated, serve to show, in a striking manner, the comparatively
rich growth df the inoculated peas. The plants bearing nodules had a
nitrogen content of 2°29 grammes per cent. of dry substance; the plants
without nodules grown in the same soil had 1°60 grammes per cent. of
dry substance. The average dry weight of inoculated and uninoculated
plants was 11°2 and 2°3 grammes respectively. It is evident, therefore,
that the inoculated plants supplied more than seven times the amount
of nitrogen furnished by those not inoculated, viz. 0°255 gramme to the
plant, as compared with 0:035 gramme to the plant respectively.

Generally speaking, the experience of scientific farmers and the tests
of agricultural experiment stations agree in ascribing an unusual benefit
to succeeding crops from green manuring with leguminous crops; and
this is clearly due, in a considerable degree, to the nitrogen fixed by the
root nodules, and not to the length of the root system or other
peculiarities of leguminous plants. Unfortunately, investigators have
not given sufficient attention to the relative abundance or scarcity of
nodules when experimenting with different leguminous crops for green
manures.

Many planters in the West Indies will tell you that the ideal manure
for cacao is sheep manure, but unfortunately the supply is limited and
costly; also leading authorities maintain that the manurial value is
uncertain. Bird manure, guano, or poultry droppings are best, as a
rule, for sustaining and building up the strength of the trees; but
unfortunately these manures are still more scarce than the sheep
manure. In nearly every plantation the quantities of home-made
manures are insufficient to give the whole plantation an adequate
manuring; hence the necessity of using artificials, which, judiciously
applied, not only increase the bearing capacity of the cacao tree but
also strengthen the vitality and vigour of growth, so that they can

* Grown at Agricultural College, Mich. For description, see Bulletin 224 of the
Michigan Station.

+t Analyses made by the Bureau of Chemistry, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 197

withstand better, and recover more rapidly from, pest attacks, and are
less injured by drought. Of course it is necessary to see that an adequate
supply of lime and potash is there—that goes without saying—but for
permanent nourishment a complete natural organic manure must also
be used. One that is capable of supplying nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash to the soil is required. The guano obtained from the rainless
regions of South America seems’ able to supply such a manure, and if
purchased from reliable firms gives most satisfactory results. Un-
fortunately, as a rule, planters will not spend the money necessary to
nourish properly their trees.

If the necessary nitrogen cannot be provided by home-made manure,
or green manuring, then 1 to 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, or 1} to
24 cwt. of nitrate of soda, to the acre may be applied, according to the
condition of the soil. Some planters object to digging the ground
between the trees, as they urge that in doing so you are apt to damage
‘the roots. Others, including the Grenada planters, do not agree with this.
On the contrary, I understand they consider it does good, as it allows air
to reach the roots.

Of not less importance than nitrogen are the mineral fertilizing
ingredients, phosphoric acid and potash. Whereas nitrogen acts to a
certain extent as a stimulant, promoting the leaf and wood growth,
the phosphoric acid conduces- to the fruitfulness of the tree and to the
formation of blossom and fruit; while potash promotes strong growth
as well as heavy yielding properties. Phosphoric acid is supplied to
planters in various manures. The two best known are basic slag and
superphosphate. The former is particularly adapted to strong soils, to
soils deficient in lime, and to soils rich in organic matter. Six to
eight cwt. basic slag, or 1} to 24 cwt. concentrated superphosphate,
to the acre may be an adequate dressing. The potash may be applied
either by means of muriate of potash or sulphate of potash. On the
lightest soils 14 cwt. is to be recommended, whereas on soils of loamy
or clayey character 1 cwt. to the acre will be sufficient. Besides the
manures mentioned above, there are many other artificial ones suitable
for the manuring of the cacao tree. As the manuring of these trees, like
that of all other plants, depends upon the nature and condition of the
soil, I ask you not to consider the quantities. mentioned above as a recipe,
but as a summary of practical experience or as suggestions or hints
deserving consideration.

Iam most anxious to hear what the up-to-date cacao planter has to
say on the question of grafting cacao; whether, on the whole, it is
agreed that the advantages claimed for it are correct, and whether the
principle will advance beyond the experimental stage. The idea has
always appealed to me. It was always a subject of much interest to
Mr. James Epps, the son of the founder of the firm, who died some
three years ago in Jamaica, with whom I have had many discussions on
the possibilities of the idea.

This idea is no new one. Mr. Hart, of Trinidad, in his book on
cacao, states that in 1899 he discovered that cacao can easily be grafted
by approach, and therefore a planter can secure a crop of one particular
variety should he so wish. Mr. Hart returned to the subject again the

198 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other day, and I was fortunate enough to secure his remarks on the
matter for publication in the issue of “Tropical Life’’ for May last.
Mr. Hart, I think it was, in the Annual Report for 1902 stated that
the experiments made by the in-arching process, when the plants were
in the seedling stage, appeared to be satisfactory. The larger experiments
in this direction successfully carried out at Dominica are deserving of
attention.

In Jamaica, I hear, budding has met with considerable success, both
as regards evenness of sample and increase of yield. Mr. T. J. Harris
published some interesting information on the results of his budding
experiments in 1902 and 1903. |

Granted, for the sake of argument, that it is as wise and even as
necessary to graft cacao as to bud or graft rose or orange trees, let us
consider which varieties should be used as the stock and as the scion.
In his last ‘‘ Bulletin,” that for April, Mr. Hart gives statistics of
twelve trees that gave an average yield of 253 pods each within
twelve months, whilst the average of the six best trees was as high
as 824 pods, the best giving 867 pods and the second best 355. Such
trees, he thinks, should undoubtedly be chosen for seed to raise the
parent stock from for grafting purposes. Being in Trinidad, these will,
of course, be orastero trees. As a rule, Mr. Hart seems to favour the
Calabacillo variety for the stock. Mr. Evans, the acting Director of
Agriculture at the Gold Coast, also a believer in grafting, I believe,
favours the Forastero as the stock. ‘For the scion there seem several
competitors. No doubt different centres will find different scions, if not
different stocks, to suit them best. Mr. Evans writes that he does
not favour the Pentagona, recommended by some, as he finds on the
West Coast of Africa that it is a poor yielder. The true Criollo of
Venezuela, on the other hand, the Ocuwmare, he found to grow as well
as the Horastero, and if it bears as well on the West Coast, as it does in
Venezuela it will probably be very useful to African planters as a scion.
With all these lighter varieties, lighter both as regards colour and weight,
it must be borne in mind that, for the more delicate scions to leave any
mark on the produce, it must tend to reduce both the actual number
and also the weight of the beans. This is one of the drawbacks in
cultivating pure Criollo: you may score in the actual price, but certainly
as long as cacao powder is so much in vogue the net proceeds, area for
area, Will continue to be on the side of the hardy, weighty, and more
freely yielding Forastero and Calabacillo. One day I hope that the
cacao and chocolate consuming public will realize the advantages of
properly preparing their beverage by boiling, and then fine flavoured
beans will be worth producing, for their more delicate flavour will be
brought out and appreciated in the preparation. Until that happy day
there is no doubt that, with the exception of a limited demand for fancy
confectionery, it will pay the planter best to turn out cacao in bulk,
produced from the most abundant yielding tree, taking care only that
he and his neighbours send to market as even a bulk sample as it is
possible for a producing centre to turn out. It is worth trying, by
grafting or budding, to equalize the trees on an estate in order to obtain
this evenness.

<i

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 199

Mr. Hart recommends the Nicaraguan kind (pentagona or largarto—

after all only Theobroma Cacao), as the scion, grafted on to the Calaba-

cillo. The Nicaraguan cacao, very large and light both in weight and
colour, sold at 110s. to 120s. when Trinidad Forastero was worth only
about 55s. to 60s. Last autumn, when the common cacaos were fetching
110s. to 120s., the difference between the two was not so marked. I have
always had a hankering after 7. bicolor, which also is found in the
Cauca Valley, as the stock. Being short, it would reduce the height of
the tree, it is very hardy, it will improve with cultivation, and with its
cousin (according to Bernoulli) 7. ovatifoliwm—a cacao much thought
of in Soconusco—or 7. angustifolium, T. bicolor in some districts might
be found to do good work, especially if strength and vigour were the main
objects to be sought for in the stock.

A word on pruning en passant. Although some districts have not
paid proper attention to this important item, I think that we shall all
agree it is a process the value of which cannot be denied if you want
to obtain the best results from your estate. First, I should like to
know what is considered to be the ideal pruning set? Is my namesake,
Mr. Malins Smith, of Diamond Estate, Grenada, right when he urges:

A large pruning saw, a recognised tool in the saw-making world, but
shall it have two edges with different-sized teeth ?

A smaller saw, perhaps a bow saw for preference.

A pair of spring pruning scissors.

A hand pruner of the coffee pruner type, with a wide, heavy blade and
a nice parrot-beak tip. A great deal depends on that beak—it licks round
and snips off the little branches so easily.

The knife or the scissors ought to be far the most in use. On a
properly managed estate, except for a diseased or broken branch, the saw
should hardly ever be needed, a half-inch branch being about as thick
as anything that should require cutting. The instrument that wants
to be very carefully handled when pruning is the cutlass, for there is
no doubt that, even with the sharpest cutlass, there is a decided tendency
to injure the trees and cause the sap to flow unnecessarily. This is a
source of danger, for the sap either spreads disease or gathers it from
the spores from affected parts.

From pruning we soon come to reaping, and here again the matter
of bruising the trees or the stalks unnecessarily comes in. There is
no doubt that for speed the goulet or pruner, either of the Trinidad or
Guayaquil shape, is the quickest, but surely a tree pruner, worked with
a wire or string, can, with practice, be used almost if not quite as quickly.
At the same time it will do much less damage to the trees. I am glad
to say there is a tendency for this sort of pruning to come much more
into use. The other day I was asked whether I knew of a picker or pruner
that automatically painted the trees with an antiseptic after cutting off
the branch or pod. I had to own that I did not, though I had read
of one in print; perhaps someone present may know of one and be
good enough to tell us about it.

Coming to shading, I believe that the old implicit belief in it has had
a rude shock of late. In the hot dry districts shading to a considerable
degree is certainly an advantage, if not an absolute necessity, but in

200 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

—

damp districts it may even be inj urious. Grenada is against the use of
shade trees, and so is, I believe, Dr. Nicholls, of Dominica. Van Hall,
in Surinam, does not seem to favour it except in dry centres. Everybody
outside Trinidad, and many inside the island, agree that the estates there
are, on the whole, over-shaded. There is no doubt that over-shading
encourages Nectria. Malins Smith, in the notes that he was kind enough
to send to “ Tropical Life,” stated that: “It is a fact that cacao planted
with other trees lives longer, and does not exhaust itself so early as cacao
grown alone. This is the best proof that shading is not to the interest
of the planter, as it reduces the yield by saving the strain on the
trees.”’

In the “ Proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad” (March
1908) the question of shade or no shade for cacao has been discussed
at various times during the last fourteen years by the members of the
Society, but there does not appear to be any record of a serious or
systematic attempt to obtain practical proof of the advantage one way
or the other. Looking at the very superior yield in Grenada, where
shade is not applied, it would seem worth while to experiment on a few
acres in Trinidad, as recommended by Mr. Barrett, under such con-
ditions and with such cultivation as are found favourable without shade
elsewhere, and decide once for all a matter of such paramount importance
to the island. The cost of the experiment would be trifling when com-
pared with its importance. In a letter recently received from Grenada,
the writer says: “I spent a few days last week at Diamond Estate, of
which Mr. Malins Smith is the manager. Some fields have already
given to date (January 19) six and seven bags of 182 lb. to the acre.
The crop year ends on June 30 next, and it is estimated to obtain from
160 acres 1000 bags, equal to between six and seven bags to the acre.
The next-door neighbour has already got in 240 bags from a small
property of 45 acres, and another, a larger proprietor, 1600 bags from
350 acres. What estate in Trinidad planted with shade trees can equal
the above ?”’

If over-shading diminishes the crop, it is becoming recognized that
wind-belts tend to increase it. I do not believe, and never have believed,
in inter-planting rubber and cacao. Rubber, the stronger-growing tree
of the two, is bound to kill out the cacao in the end. I am, however,
a strong advocate for planting mixed crops, both to distribute the risk
and minimize the effects of adverse markets, as well as to serve as
wind-belts and restrict the area affected by pests. I am entirely in
favour of mixed plantations—i.e. growing cacao, rubber, coco-nuts,
cotton, &c.—on the same estate, but in belts, and not intermixed.
The great object in planting more than one product at a time is to
neutralize as far as possible the bad effects of a “slump’’ in the market.
The other day when rubber was down at 2s. 9d. for fine, hard Para,
cacaO was up to 120s.; now cacao has come down to the seventies,
rubber is going up again. Sea Island cotton is lower, and coco-nut
products are not so high as last year; so any estate solely given up
to one crop must feel the slump of low years much more keenly than it
can appreciate high prices in a year of famine, even if it be one of the
fortunate ones and have a good crop. Then again, mixed crops planted

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 201

in belts minimize the risks of disease by helping to confine an outbreak
within a limited area.

Unfortunately, whilst modern science has taught planters how to
establish large areas under one particular product, science has also
brought in its train the very serious drawback of the ravages committed by
insects and fungoid pests over extensive plantations of the same tree.
What I have always urged planters to do is to plant more than one
crop, arranging the trent plants in belts throughout the estate. In
laying out an estate of cacao and rubber, I would suggest that the rubber
be planted all round the estate and through the cacao at right angles,
the belts of rubber themselves being broken up by coco-nuts (Cocos
nucifera), coffee, &c., where the lines cross, so as to restrict the area of
disease in the rbot belt, should the trees become attacked. In
manurial or other experiments these comparatively small areas would
prove very useful. In the plan (fig. 31), coeo-nuts are suggested as a break,
but possibly coffee might be utilized-for local consumption, or another

R as R
ACA ACA
RCCCRRER RRRRCCCR
ACAAAAA AAAAACA
ek All cacao, say Re
rs 20 x 120 trees zi
SA er Ga
RA ~ 14,400 trees AR

to the piece.

— <
RA AR
RA AR
RA AR
RA AR

ACA ACA
RCCCRERERR RRRRCCCR
ACA Ey ae
R * R

Fic. 31.— Puan For PLANTING.

A=Cacao; R= Hevea or Castilloa rubber ; C = Coco-nuts or other trees.
Each row A = twelve rows of cacao; each row R=six rows of rubber.

kind of rubber, if found to be exempt from the diseases that Castilloa or
Hevea, of which the main belts are composed, are heir to. Fruit trees
would do admirably if their crop could be sold at a profit.

The idea of planting rubber between the cacao was for shade. Even
if shade is necessary (and many centres claim that it is not, while experts
urge that over-shading has aggravated the spread of canker in Trinidad),
it is not right to mix rubber and cacao, for, if done, both crops suffer. In
the end you are forced to cut out the cacao and leave the rubber, like a
young cuckoo, to monopolize the nest, and before that the maturing and full
crop-yielding stages of both products are retarded, and the yield reduced.

The plan, drawn up for friends in Colombia, shows the corners
and junctions on a large estate: 14,400 cacao trees go to a piece planted
300 to the acre, whilst the rubber is planted only 200 to the acre.
Should the quantity of rubber trees, in proportion to those of cacao,
be considered too small, the latter could be dissected at right angles
at the points indicated by arrows, or if that would give more rubber

202 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than the owner cared to have, he need only cut through the cacao
piece one way. Planted on the lines of the plan, with 14,400 cacao
trees to a piece, at 300 trees to the acre, each block under cacao would
be equal to 48 acres. To plant a quarter million cacao trees, therefore,
would take seventeen or eighteen blocks, equal in all to about 835 acres,
the area under rubber and other crops to be regulated according to the
wishes of the owner.

I do not mind how profitable a crop may be at the time of planting, and
what prospects there are of its continuing to be so in the future: it is always
best for the planter to distribute his risks and not give himself up entirely
to one crop. As regards the restriction of diseased areas, some such plan
as I have suggested would have been invaluable in centres like Trinidad
or Surinam. In Trinidad you often cannot tell, when walking through
the estate, whether you are on that of your host or on that of his neigh-
bour. With such methods of planting it is impossible to successfully fight
any epidemic.

I cannot help feeling that the growers in Trinidad, after calling in
Mr. Barrett as doctor, and satisfying themselves that the health of their
trees is on the whole in a very bad way, tend to fall back again into the
old lethargic way and let matters take their own course. I say this, for
after having received many enquiries, often three or four in a mail,
as to which spraying fluid or machine I can recommend, the matter
seems to have stopped as soon as the enquirer sent a letter of thanks for
the information. So far as I can judge, no orders have been sent. When
I suggested to the makers of spraying machines that they should advertise
in my Journal, and so do their own recommendation, they all replied that
there was no demand for sprayers from that centre. I have had one
exception, however, in my friend Mr. H. T. Moors, of Samoa, who writes
that he has provided himself with three gallons of fluid and means to
give the matter of spraying an exhaustive trial. That, however, is Samoa,
not the West Indies. Whilst on this question I should like to add that
many people, or at least many labourers on an estate, seem to think that
when spraying the one object to aim at is to empty the receptacle as
speedily as possible ; I would particularly caution planters against such
waste, if the work is to be done thoroughly and economically. If the
Knglish producing centres are to enjoy their share of the world’s cacao
trade they must pay every attention to this most serious matter of pests.
Old-established centres, like Trinidad, must eradicate them, and the
newer ones, as the Gold Coast, must take care that they are not overrun
with them. If they do appear they must receive immediate and drastic
treatment. The loss from pests to Trinidad is enormous. Some time
ago I pointed out in the “ West Indian Committee Circular ’’ that, whilst
San Thomé had increased her output eleven times since 1888, the West
India Islands, in spite of a large increase in the area under cultivation,
barely keeps up to its average. I see that in his report Mr. Barrett calls
attention to the same thing, and also calculates that this means a
probable loss of a round million sterling a year to the island. It is
only prosperous, happy-go-lucky Trinidad that could stand such a loss.
It certainly does stand it and stand it very well: all the same it is a pity,
for it causes the money to go into the pocket of another nation at the

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING, 2.03

expense of our own. In a word, I consider it is quite unpatriotic of
Trinidad not to cause this amount to fall into its own pocket; the trade
and prosperity of the Empire demand that it should do so, because then
the inhabitants could order more goods from us, and send us more
produce to sell.

Why do planters never put the trees in triangles instead of in squares
when planting? Triangular planting enables you to get more trees into
the acre, covers the ground more evenly with less crowding to the tree-
tops, and has, so far as I have heard, nothing against it except—no one
seems to plant that way.

It seems to me that the system of vacuum-drying will be adopted in
the end on all large estates where the crop is sufficient to keep several
chambers always busy. The cost is no heavier than that of the best
known air-dryer, even when one chamber only is used, and when several
chambers are used with only one pump and set of apparatus—for one
pump can easily work several chambers—then the cost is comparatively
low. There is less liability to scorch, and the very action of the vacuum
that dries the bean by drawing out the moisture helps to plump them up
and make them less shrivelled than when the moisture is expelled by
other means.

In referring to the use of vacuum-drying installations for cacao, it
would be interesting to consider the advantages that the makers of this
apparatus claim for it. One can but admit that these claims have been
entirely borne out in regard to most materials, such as fruit, rubber,
chemicals, food-stuffs, &c. The experience of its use for cacao is how-
ever as yet so limited that it must be left to the common-sense of the
individual to decide whether it is applicable in a like degree. The main
advantage of vacuum-drying is that, by removing the pressure of the
atmosphere, the boiling point of water is reduced to about half, or under
half, the normal temperature. As the drying of cacao is a removal of the
water contained, it follows that the work can be accomplished at an
extremely rapid rate, and yet at a lower temperature than is often
employed in the atmospheric or air-drying stove. The process is, of
course, very economical, because the whole of the steam put into the
apparatus is utilized, whereas with the air-dryer a very large proportion of
heat is wasted in the excess of air which passes out of the stove still warm.

A further advantage lies in the fact that the conditions are always
normal in a vacuum stove. The operator of the vacuum stove is, as it
were, part of the machine, which creates its own “ atmosphere,” which
is always the same. I refer to this as an atmosphere, whereas as a
matter of fact there is no atmosphere, but I do this because it is the
variable nature of the atmosphere that one encounters on the plantation
which causes most of the trouble. I consequently find it a convenient
expression in making comparison.

Being without air the vacuum stove is consequently without the im-
purities of the atmosphere. It is free from variable humidity. The
disadvantage of the vacuum stove at present is its comparatively unknown
action in regard to cacao. I can say, however, that one or more machines
in use in the German Cameroons seem to have given every satisfaction ;
at any rate repeat orders have been received by the makers.

204 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It may be interesting in this respect to know that these dryers have
been supplied to a number of cacao factories for dealing with the manu-
factured articles in this country, and have, so far, proved conspicuously
successful.

It has been urged against the vacuum stove that it requires a mechanic
in attendance. This, however, the makers claim to have obviated by
means of a vacuum pump of high-class construction but of simple design.
Such a pump is said to be practically fool-proof, and capable of being
understood and operated by a native labourer of the lowest degree of
intelligence ; it is claimed that these machines run for several years with-
out any expert repairs. The pump is, of course, the only moving part
of the installation, and is, therefore, the only part which need in any way
be feared.

The vacuum-drying installation consists of a series of steam-heated
shelves, a condenser, a water receiver, and a vacuum pump. ‘The beans
are placed on nets or trays, which are put on the steam-heated shelves.
The drawer is run into its place, made fast, the vacuum pump started
and the steam admitted to the shelves. It is claimed that, if necessary,
within an hour the pump can be stopped, the air admitted to the stove,
which is then opened and the tray removed. The beans will then be
found to be sufficiently dry. As a rule, however, a slower process is to be
recommended. If 80 per cent. of the moisture to be expelled is drawn out
by the chamber and the balance taken out by the sun, I believe that the
result will be found to be both economical and perfectly satisfactory, both
as regards cost and flavour.

For smaller estates and for very small plantations, I need hardly say
that, in my opinion, there is no dryer to compare, both as regards cost
and simplicity of construction, with the well-known Hamel Smith Dryer,
a full description of which is given in “ Tropical Life’’ for December
1907. |

DISCUSSION.

The Chairman (Hon. Wm. Fawcert, late Director of Public Gardens »
and Plantations, Jamaica), in rising to invite discussion, said: With
reference to the question of budding and grafting cacao, I may say that
while I had charge of the Botanic Gardens in Jamaica I paid special
attention to this operation. When Mr. T. J. Harris, under my direction
and guidance, worked out a method for budding the mango, we found
that the same method was applicable to cacao, and I came to the
conclusion that budding was in every way more suitable and effective
than in-arching or grafting by approach. However careful a planter may
be in selecting seed for propagating purposes, the usual result is that the
plants raised from the seed are of many different varieties—some trees
having pods of very inferior quality and few beans; other trees, almost
barren, producing only a few pods; others, again, with a large yield of
pods, giving numerous beans of good quality. As soon as the trees have
fruited and declared their quality, the planter may bud all the inferior
kinds from good trees, and in this way get a plantation of trees with good
yield of cacao, of uniform good quality. An established plantation may
also be improved and made uniform by budding on old stocks. As

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING, 205

regards shade, I consider that it is not required in Jamaica for mature
trees, and probably not anywhere, so long as the ground is shaded. But
shelter belts are always necessary, and these should be planted at right
angles to the direction of the prevailing winds at regular intervals.

At the Agricultural Conference held in Trinidad in January 1905,
I ventured to call the attention of cacao planters there to the importance
of trying experiments in starting estates with only the shade of the
banana, as in Jamaica, and ascertaining whether, as I believed, cacao
trees would not bear heavier crops, and be less liable to disease, if
they were grown without permanent shade. Planting in quincunx
fashion is not feasible if bananas are planted for shade during the first
four or five years, nor later, if the cultivator is used.

Mr. W. Crapwick (Agricultural Instructor, Jamaica), in the course of
his remarks, stated: There are so many points raised in Mr. Hamel
Smith’s lecture that it is impossible in a discussion like this to touch on
more than one or two. An afternoon might easily be spent in discussing
manures, budding and grafting, the correlation of colour and weight, the
question of the yield of the various varieties, the effect of fermentation on
the different varieties, as well as the question of the net cash results of
growing the different varieties, and the different methods of fermentation,
drying, &c., pruning, shading, tools, distances of planting, plans of
planting, inter-planting, the treatment of “ diseases.’”’ The question
of budding and grafting is a very fascinating one, the possible ideal
of a plantation of strong-growing Porastero or Calabacillo, bearing the
finest Criollo beans, uniform in colour, size, and weight, must be to every
thinking man something worth struggling for. The method of obtaining
this ideal will probably vary under different circumstances ; but, except
when no other method is possible, the slow and clumsy one of in-arching
will surely be discarded, if only on account of expense. Given good
strong seedling stocks, of whatever variety has proved to be the most
tobust for the land which it is proposed to plant, good buds from pure
Criollo stocks, the question of budding even large areas should not be
a difficult one. I have given demonstrations in budding cacao among the
small settlers in Jamaica, and I do not think I have ever had a bud fail,
except from accidents ; and where my small settler friends have taken it
up they, too, although in many cases previously totally ignorant of the
art of budding, have been uniformly successful.’

The question of transforming old plantations of mixed varieties into
a uniform variety is a good deal more difficult; the trees, if very old
when cut down, often start to grow vigorously for a time, but the check
occasioned by cutting down large trees seems to be in many cases too
severe for them, and the glorious promise held out by the vigorous start
is often not maintained. In cases, however, where the old trees have
made gormandizers which have been budded, and the buds allowed to
grow to a considerable size before the removal of the old tree, greater
success has been obtained.

Jamaica would probably have a chance for the establishing of fields
of budded cacao over any of the West Indian Islands. I take it for
granted that we have all the varieties included in the collective name of
Forastero, a8 well as what are laid down by Mr. Hart and other authorities

j oo
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as Amelonado and Calabacillo; from these we can select stocks to suit
any practical cacao soil and situation. We have a large area, bigger than
that of some of the smaller cacao-growing islands, where anything but a
pure Criollo tree can hardly be found. From these we can take seeds,
raise seedlings, and provide buds in large quantities. Nowhere in the
world can cacao be planted and brought into bearing so cheaply as in
Jamaica: does not the banana far more than pay all expenses, and settle
at the same time what appears to be a vexed question in other islands, of
the proper kind of shade plant to use for the young cacao? It struck me
as very odd when a paper on the future of cacao planting could be written
and read without mentioning the banana. It did seem to me to illustrate
how much more difficult and expensive it must be to establish a cacao
plantation outside of Jamaica.

With regard to the question of manures, I must confess that, with the
exception of the use of natural manures and perhaps lime and basic slag,
we have not done very much in Jamaica, and what has been done has not
proved encouraging. This probably has given rise to the impression that
the planters in Jamaica are not progressive, but I am quite sure that if
any maker of fertilizers can prove to the Jamaica cacao planter that by
spending 10s. he can make 15s. or even 12s. 6d., he will find a liberal and
staunch patron in him.

Judging from the lantern slides exhibited, the cultivation of the land
in Jamaica is very different from that in Trinidad, or wherever the pictures
were taken.

Forking and draining in Jamaica are, on all the good plantations,
carried on continuously, except in a very few where drainage is unnecessary.
In the paper we have just listened to, no mention is made of drainage.
Many of the best Jamaica estates would be absolutely useless without their
highly efficient schemes of drainage, which are by no means confined to
level or low-lying lands, it having been found by actual experience that
the contour of the land makes little difference so long as there is a clay
subsoil.

The question of shading always appears to me to be one which can
only be deeided on the spot under consideration. I have never been able
to understand how people in Grenada object to shade, while Trinidadians
pin their entire faith on it. Of course, I am speaking from hearsay, as I
know neither of the places mentioned.

That the question of permanent shading is a difficult one everybody
should be prepared to admit. As I before intimated, the question of
shading for the young plants has been settled for us in Jamaica by the
banana, and this, too, has proved to be quite sufficient shade for old trees
which are not exposed to hot, dry winds, and it, moreover, has the great
advantage of being able to pay for the cultivation of the land on which
grow both itself and the cacao. On good lands, fairly well sheltered even
without the banana, the question of shade is an easy one, but where the
land is not all it should be, where the trees will have to be exposed to
hot, dry winds, then shading becomes a problem, though not perhaps in
the first few years, when almost any tree which has been selected for shade
proves fairly satisfactory. At this time the cacao trees are young, the soil
good, and the demands made on it by the shade tree not heavy, the shade

206 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 207

itself is moderate and things go on right merrily; but after a time the
crop commences to diminish, then it is usually the shade tree which is
blamed, and the owner often begins to contemplate the removal of that
shade tree entirely, and looks around for something else as a substitute,
unmindful of the fact that all trees have old age as well as youth. The
merits of various trees as fertilizing agents as well as shade trees have
been discussed too well for me to attempt to add anything to it, but too
much attention cannot be paid to the prevention of overcrowding by shade
trees, as this is, in my opinion, a frequent cause of fungoid pests on both
pods and branches, while the exclusion of light has a tendency to cause the
trees to very largely diminish their output of flowers, and also encourage
the growth of lichens, moss, &¢., on the stems. ‘Too much attention
cannot be paid to wind-breaks, although the necessity for these will have
been largely avoided if care and forethought have been used in selecting
the proper aspect for the cacao plantation. Among the hills in Jamaica
cacao planted on the western slopes luxuriates and bears splendid crops,
while on the eastern slopes, often only a few yards away, it is next to
impossible to get a tree to grow at all.

With regard to the question asked by the lecturer on pruning, I always
divide this into two headings. First, the pruning of young trees or trees
which have been properly pruned from the time of planting; and trees
which have been neglected for several years and allowed to get into a mess,
of which, unfortunately, in Jamaica we have too many. There is no
question but that properly pruned trees are far more profitable than those
which are allowed to grow wild, for while it is quite true that wild or
unpruned trees may be found bearing enormous crops, it is also quite true
that, taking the average bearing of a large number of properly cared-for
trees, they will be found to give far better returns than can be obtsized
from unpruned trees.

The question of tools for the properly pruned trees is easily solved, as
an efficient pruner would know at a glance what branches to remove
before they are much bigger than an ordinary wheat straw. All such
could, of course, be removed with an ordinary sharp pocket knife, no anti-
septics, tar, grease, or paint being required. When it comes to disciplining
the old unpruned trees, then the sharpest of saws, shears, and knives should
be employed and I am also a strong advocate for a really good sharp
cutlass, especially when this is in the hand of a black man, whose efficiency
with this implement has to be seen to be understood. In many cases he
can do very much better work with this than can be done with the best of
saws, which latter, unless they are kept well sharpened and well greased,
do much more harm in shaking the tree than is done by the sharp cutlass.
When removing old branches the greatest care should be taken to pare the
edge of the cut, the bark, and cambium perfectly smooth, all cuts, of course,
being made in a slanting direction.

Mr. Gro. S. Hupson, of Errard Estate, St. Lucia, in commenting
on leguminous catch crops amongst cacao, said that in practical West
Indian cacao-planting circles the pigeon-pea (Cayanus indicus) has hitherto
proved the only successful leguminous plant, and that too only on the
lighter soils and in the second, third, and fourth years of the cacao p!ant
life. On heavy clay this plant develops few bacterial nodules, and on all

208 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sides constant care is required to prevent the pigeon-pea branches over-
crowding the young cacao, and “ whipping ”’ its delicate branch tips in gusts
of wind. Cow-peas, of all varieties, velvet beans, woolly pyrol, and ground-
nuts have all been unsuccessfully experimented with during the past few
years. Hither these crops require careful. replanting every four months
(the expense and labour involved being prohibitive), or their growth is so
vigorous (as in the case of velvet and Bengal beans) that they are likely
to do more harm than good to young cacao plants. Mr. Hamel Smith
suggests the planting of ground-nuts in. adjacent ground with a view to
transporting the vines to beneath the cacao tree and burying them there.
This system could only be economically defensible where the cultivation of
ground nuts showed a clear net profit, and this would only be found on
light sandy soils; the cost of harvesting the crop on a soil at all clayey
more than eats up all the profits, in fact in the United States it is con-
sidered that to turn a drove of pigs into the ground-nut field is the cheapest
way to harvest the crop.

Some three years ago, in his “ Annual Report on Agriculture in
Dominica,’ Dr. Watts published an analysis on the manurial value of
weeds found growing amongst cacao and lime plantations. Speaking from
memory an acre of these was found to contain manurial value equivalent to

1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia ‘ ‘ : value £0 16 0O
2 ,, basic slag : : é ; ; Os: 0: Seu
5 ,, sulphate potash 5 : : : ar 0. 8520

beh Ble: ©)

The system followed by all up-to-date planters now is to endeavour to
bury these weeds green at least three times a year, and I think you will
agree with me that in conjunction with applications of other manures
this system is an excellent one, and of course the more bush grass, vines,
or dead leaves that can be brought in from adjacent lands and buried, the
better the results.

As the result of watching some ten or twenty manurial experimental
plots for the last seven years, I think that the following facts have been
brought out. The best estate results are obtained from heavy applications
of pen manure, combined with basic slag, annual forking and burying of
weeds, with careful pruning and cultivation. Not one planter in a thousand
however, can apply pen manure to all his cacao, therefore I regard basic
slag combined with annual forking, burying of weeds, careful pruning and
cultivation, as the stand-by of the cacao planter, and the results which
have been published by the Imperial Department of Agriculture, and the
experience of private planters in Grenada and St. Lucia, fully bear out this
statement. ‘Those who have these matters at their finger-ends may object
that the best results have been obtained from mulching in Dominica, and
correctly so, but the cognate point is—can the average private planter
obtain a sufficient quantity of lawn mowings and Saman leaves to duplicate
the conditions existent at the Botanic Station, Dominica? I think not,
nevertheless the experiment has proved that mulching is a valuable adjunct
to pen and imported manures. Our experiments have gone to prove that
nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, although useful to growing trees,
do not materially increase crops ; that potash is not an appreciable factor

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 209

in applied manures, and that phosphoric acid and lime in the form of
either basic slag or bone, but mot in the form of superphosphate, gives
good results on all soils, and good results have also been obtained from
the use of air-slaked lime alone.

I can fully confirm the remarks of our lecturer to-day on the subject of
the indifference of planters to improved methods of cultivation, manuring,
and curing. As agricultural instructor, under Sir Daniel Morris, for seven
years, I found that disease was our best friend in shaking this indifference.
A planter seldom woke up to high cultivation until he was thoroughly
frightened by loss of income from diseased trees. As a consequence, even
the severest disease attacks on cacao in St. Lucia have all proved a blessing
in disguise, and the diseased estates either are, or will be soon, much more
productive than they otherwise would have been. Therefore I am not
at all anxious at the present reports of disease from Trinidad; it is, as
Mr. Barrett graphically puts it, “up to you gentlemen”’ to let the trees
die or restore them to health and larger crops, and the greater the scare
the more beneficial the results.

IT am glad to see the question of grafted cacao has been brought under
discussion by our lecturer to-day. It is a matter which interests me
specially. It lies for the practical planter in a nutshell, the kernel of
which is: I can plant a selected seedling, six months old, from a bamboo
pot at a cost of about 1d.; on the other hand, it will cost me anything
from 1s. to 2s. per plant grafted. In one case the cost of plants for an
acre of cacao at 16 feet apart is 20s., and, on the other hand, the cost of
grafted plants per acre may run from £10 to £20. Now, the reason why
there is not such a thing as an acre of grafted cacao in the West Indies,
or perhaps in the world, is that the practical planter has hitherto been
unable to lay his hands on any variety of cacao that is so pre-eminently
lucrative over other varieties as to make it worth his while to say, “ I
cannot afford to grow any other variety than this particular one,” as
a market gardener might say of pears or apples, or a sugar planter of
seedling canes. We were always able to find a superior bean with
inferior vigour in Criollo or Pentagona, and we were always able to find
an inferior bean with superior vigour in Amelonado, and we could find
these two qualities meeting at a point of mediocrity in certain sub-
varieties of Forastero, but from the £ s. d. point of view there was not
much in these differences of quality and quantity, and 95 per cent. of
West Indian planters said, “I prefer a vigorous and productive tree with
a low quality bean,’’ and I think they were right.

Some ten years ago I perceived that the production of a single cacao
tree combining high quality, high yield, and high vigour would revolu-
tionize cacao planting throughout the world, and I set myself to produce
that tree, not. by high manuring, or methods inapplicable to ordinary
estates, but by approved principles of cross-fertilization. My experiments
so far have succeeded in the production of twenty-five cacao trees, now
bearing their first pods at three years old. These are unique in vigour
and quality, and promise to increase the average yield of cacao from 50 per
cent. to 100 per cent., and consequently the profits of the cacao planter
by that much; the average net return of dried cacao from each pod is
double that of ordinary varieties of cacao, being 2) oz. per pod. The

VOL. XXXIV. P

210 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

self-fertilized beans are equivalent to Criollo in quality, and the pod
capacity of the trees is equivalent to that of the most productive varieties.
These twenty-five trees are situated in St. Lucia, and, exposed as they are
to the influence of cross-fertilization from inferior varieties, seedlings from
them would soon degenerate to a Horastero type; they can, therefore, only
be safely propagated by grafting, which work I hope to start on my return
to St. Lucia in the autumn.

Another point about grafting I should like to call your attention to is
the difference in early bearing of grafted trees as compared with seedlings.
At the Botanic Station, Dominica, there is now a specimen of a grafted
cacao tree, eighteen months old, bearing sixty large pods. This trait of
early bearing in grafts is in itself calculated to revolutionize cacao planting
in favour of grafting.

Mr. J. Peters, in speaking on the manuring of the cacao, said: In his
interesting lecture Mr. Hamel Smith referred to manuring as one of the
most important means of making the cultivation of cacao pay better,
a view which all experts will endorse without hesitation. Soils in which
the fertilizing ingredients in an available form are present in such pro-
portions as to suffice for any length of time for the normal development
of the cacao tree are, indeed, very rare, and the majority of cacao estates
are badly in need of manuring. It must always be borne in mind that,
however fertile the soil may be originally, continuous eropping is bound
to exhaust it, unless measures are taken to restore the fertility.

The methods of supplying the cacao tree with the necessary plant-
food vary considerably. On many estates the leaves, which are shed from
the cacao trees, together with those from the shade and wind-belt trees,
form the only manure for the cacao tree, and many planters imagine that
by forking in these leaves they are fully satisfying their debt of obligation
to the soil for the substance which the soil has yielded up to the crops
grown thereon, whereas a simple calculation would show them that this
method of manuring does not restore those quantities of plant-food which
are removed from the soil by the cacao. Other planters maintain that
the growth of leguminous crops adds fertility to the soil. While this is
true with respect to nitrogen, the leguminous plants add nothing to the
soil’s supply of phosphoric acid and potash. The planter should also
recognize that as farmyard manure, compost, and other kinds of home-
made manure, which form an excellent basis of manuring for the cacao
tree, are only at the disposal of the planter in limited quantities, recourse
must be had to artificial fertilizers, if the fertility of the soil is to be
maintained, and the sooner the planter becomes cognisant of this fact the
less trouble will he have in restoring a run-out soil.

Artificial manures, unless specially compounded, are not complete
manures, but contain only one or two fertilizing ingredients. Thus, by
the rational use of same, the planter has the advantage of supplying just
those fertilizing ingredients that are wanting, and which cannot be
applied by natural manures in the right proportions. On the other hand,
artificial manures, unlike natural manures, do not enrich the soil in
humus, which is so often deficient in cacao soils. This seems to indicate
that the combined use of natural and artificial manures would be the
most advisable method of supplying the cacao tree with the necessary

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. S11

plant-food, and of improving the mechanical condition of the soil; but
when this is not possible, owing to the limited supply of natural manures,
the planter should not refrain from manuring with artificial manures, as
these are able to replace the natural manures as far as plant-food is
concerned.

In selecting suitable artificial manures the planter has to bear in mind
that the cacao tree produces leaves, flowers, and fruit throughout every
month of the year, and that it therefore requires a supply of fertilizing
ingredients which will not be absorbed within a few weeks of application,
but which will form a lasting source of plant-food during the whole year.
It is therefore advisable not to use highly soluble manures at all, or to
use them only in smaller quantities at certain intervals. If, for instance,
the whole amount of fertilizing ingredients is supplied by means of
highly soluble manures in one application, there is, besides a loss of plant-
food by drainage and possible conversion of the same into unavailable
forms, a certain danger that the cacao tree will absorb the fertilizing
ingredients too freely, and become thereby overfed and weakened. As,
however, most cacao planters do not resort to divided applications, the
following suggestions for manuring advise as, far as possible, only such
artificial manures as may be applied in one application without fear that
loss of plant-food will occur, or that abnormal absorption of plant-food
will take place.

On estates which regularly apply farmyard manure or compost to the
plantations it will probably only be necessary to supplement the annual
dressing by one or two hundredweight of basic slag to the acre, in order to
make good the deficiency of phosphoric acid in the natural manures. If,
however, farmyard manure or compost cannot be given annually, then
a complete manuring consisting of about 4 cwt. basic slag, 1 cwt. sulphate
of potash, and 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, may be used in the intervening
years; but if it is possible to procure the amount of nitrogen supplied by
the 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia by means of green manuring instead, this
source is preferable. Planters who do not use farmyard manure or
compost, but who annually fork in the leaves shed by the cacao, shade,
and wind-belt trees, will likewise be well advised to apply a complete
manuring consisting of about 5 to 6 cwt. basic slag, 1 to 15 cwt. sulphate
of potash, and 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia to the acre per annum. If,
however, the additional trees belong to the leguminous family, the amount
of nitrogen recommended may be reduced to § cwt. sulphate of ammonia,
whereas the quantities of basic slag and sulphate of potash may be
increased by half the amount suggested, in order to stimulate the legu-
minous trees to absorb the atmospheric nitrogen more freely.

The above quantities of manures would be suitable for about six-year-
old plantations, but they should be decreased for younger plantations and
increased for older plantations.

As regards time of application, the farmyard manure, basic slag and
potash should be applied before the heavy rains set in, and forked into
the ground without delay; the sulphate of ammonia is best applied at
the end of the rainy season. If, however, the sulphate of ammonia is
applied at the same time as the basic slag, it must be borne in mind that

these two manures should not be mixed together before application, as
P2

212 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the lime in the slag liberates the ammonia in the sulphate of ammonia;
but if the basic slag is applied first, and the sulphate of ammonia shortly
afterwards, no loss of nitrogen need be feared.

Judging from the results obtained in the various cacao-growing
districts, there can be no doubt that by judicious manuring not only are
the yields of the cacao tree profitably increased, but a quick and strong
development of the cacao tree is ensured, in consequence of which the
trees give a fair crop at an earlier age, are better able to overcome injurious
influences, and maintain their bearing capacity for a longer period than
when not properly manured, thus greatly diminishing the risks which are
said to be attached to the cultivation of cacao.

Mr. B. Bernarp ACHAM, Saint Isidore Estate, Trinidad, in commenting
on the paper, said: I am in accord with the lecturer on the question of
manuring, and I have little doubt that Trinidad could considerably
increase her cacao yield if our planters would only adopt an effective
system of manuring and thin out the excessive shade on their estates.
I may mention that I intend visiting Grenada to study her system of
shade and manuring, and it is possible that I may go to Dominica as well.
There is no denying the fact that Grenada beats us in yield on a soil
which, generally speaking, is not equal to ours in fertility, but in discussing
the extent of her yield one must not forget that more trees are planted to
the acre than in Trinidad.

As regards the question of grafting, it is not at all easy to say that it
can be profitably adopted and practised on an estate which is not con-
ducted for experimental purposes only. I fear that for some time the
grafting of cacao will remain at the experimental stage. In any case,
so long as we plant the Forastero in Trinidad the question of grafting
will never present itself as an insistent need with us. I ama good deal
interested in the idea of vacuum-drying for cacao. Generally speaking,
I do not know that artificial drying will be much practised in Trinidad ;
there is a prejudice against it, and the tendency of our rainfall to decrease
also tends to lessen the necessity of resorting to artificial means for
drying.

Concerning the vexed question of cacao shade, as I have stated else-
where, I do not know that Mr. Barrett is not right if the matter is
considered in the light of principle. I think Mr. Barrett is correct when
he asserts that the cacao tree per se does not require shade. Unless
botanical learning is a snare and a delusion, a green-leayed plant, generally
speaking, needs sunshine to do its work of growth and fruitage; and so
long as the cacao tree decides to remain a green-leayed tree, sunshine it
must have. It is true that no estate in Trinidad has ever been planted
without shade; and the shade-zealots, confounding Trinidad with the
rest of the world, are apt to cry out that a cacao tree cannot grow
without shade. But there is Grenada, where cacao is grown without
shade. I know the stock reply that Trinidad is not Grenada; and,
whilst I believe, as everyone must believe, in the fact and potency
of environment, I refuse to see any abnormal or specific difference
between the conditions of Trinidad and the conditions of Grenada in
relation to cacao culture. In listening to the people who raise the cry
of distinguo, one sometimes fancies that Grenada must be somewhere in

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 213

the temperate zone, leaving Trinidad down there in the fire of the heat-
belt. No one who is not eccentric in his ideas of physical geography can
deny that the conditions obtaining in Grenada and those in Trinidad are,
for practical purposes, alike in so far as is concerned the cultivation of
cacao ; and, therefore, if cacao can be grown without shade in Grenada,
it can be similarly grown in Trinidad, provided the Grenada style of
cultivation is followed. Does this argument carry with it the apparent
corollary that we, in Trinidad, must chop down our immortelles? For
a variety of solid and substantial reasons I advocate no such vandalism.
To quote the words of Mr. Barrett :

“What then? Cut all the immorielles ... at once? Decidedly not.
Cut out dying ones and thin out gradually where your judgment tells
you the cacao is not getting enough light to make a healthy growth.
But until you have effective wind-belts around and through your cacao,
and until you have the cover crop—the live muleh—matter well under
control, do not make a bad matter worse by exposing the tender young
cacao branches to the whipping and drying action of the winds, nor let
their roots be broken and baked by the cracking and drying of the soil
during the dry season.”’

There, in this passage, is stated the essential object of cacao-shade ;
to conserve soil-moisture and to act as a wind-protector. It will be seen
that if this theory of shade is correct it will revolutionize our present
system of cacao cultivation. Jam beginning to suspect that our present
system of shading is responsible for the excessive shedding of cacao
leaves: we shade far too much, with the result that our cacao trees
acquire a sort of weather-sensitiveness which perhaps would not afflict
them if exposed to more sunlight.

I am glad that the lecturer, whilst in favour of mixed plantations,
has drawn a distinction between mixed and intermixed plantations of
cacao and rubber. I suggest that this point is of vital importance.
Undoubtedly there is a considerable body of responsible opinion in favour
of intermixing cacao and rubber ; but, with much deference, I venture to
doubt that this is quite a wise system. We must remember that a plant
is a living organism, and as such is a creature of its environment. Now,
a cacao tree is a more delicate tree than a rubber tree; so that when you
plant these two trees together, the resulting contest between them must,
other things being equal, be in favour of the rubber. I believe in so
planting your cacao and rubber that the struggle for lite between them
shall be freed as much as possible from conditions of severe stress. I
regret that exigencies of time forbid me from saying much more on
this important subject.

Mr. Roaeuio CHacon, Consul for Costa Rica at Liverpool, said: I
notice that Mr. Smith does not believe in interplanting rubber and cacao,
but is an advocate for planting more than one crop at a time in order to
distribute the risks and minimize the effects of adverse markets. Pre-
ference should be given to any tree or crop that contributes nitrogen to
the soil. Some of our banana planters in Costa Rica are beginning to
plant cacao with their bananas, as it is felt that (the latter being so
exhaustive to the soil and unable to be continuously planted on the same
spot) it is advisable to have the cacao to follow on. Up to now, unfor-

214 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tunately, no use haying been discovered for the banana stem, the fibre
even not being worth extracting owing to the cost of transport and the
high price of labour in Costa Rica, it is a vexed question what to do with
the banana stems on a cacao estate. Will it be advisable to leave them
rotting on the ground? Would that not be inclined to spread disease
and pests ?

Under such circumstances I should like the lecturer to answer the
following queries :

1. Do you recommend the interplanting of cacao and bananas ?

2. If so, at what distance apart should they be planted to avoid over-
crowding and over-exhaustion to the soil ?

3. Up to what age can the bananas be left with the cacao without
exhausting it too much ?

4, Up to what age can the bananas be relied upon to effectually shade
the cacao ?

5. Can the bananas be relied upon to act as a wind-break ?

6. Do they supply any nitrogenous food to the soil ?

7. As a wind-break, in case of hurricanes with a chance of damage to
the bananas, would not leaving a space of, say, 18 feet prevent any serious
damage to the cacao trees ?

Mr. A. N. Drxon (Jamaica) stated that he intends to keep to Forastero
cacao, and so did not feel able to give any practical suggestions on
grafting or budding. With regard to shade trees, he found from ex-
perience that, on certain ridges, failure attended every effort to establish
the young cacao trees until after the “Guango”’ (Saman tree)* had
grown up and shaded the ground.

Mr. A. E. Evans, of the Agricultural Department, Aburi, Gold Coast,
said: I am strongly in favour of belts of various economic trees to
divide up estates, especially where there are large areas of only one
product under cultivation. In the first place, belts greatly tend to
minimize the spread of fungus and insect pests, and secondly, they act as
wind-belts (a very necessary item in cacao cultivation). At the same
time, the trees for forming these belts should be selected with care ; those
which can be planted close together should have the preference. The
belts should be at least 100 feet wide, and for the Gold Coast I have
always advised planting the native rubber tree (Funtwmia elastica) as it
is practically free from disease, and can be planted very close together.
lt gives a good revenue within seven years from the time of planting.

I do not agree with the lecturer in the matter of interplanting cacao
and rubber, and I always advise the planting of these two products
together. Cacao considerably helps to decrease the expenditure of the
upkeep of a rubber estate, and the two crops can easily be grown together
for at least twelve years. You would thus get seven years’ revenue out

_ ™ The Saman tree (Pithecolobium Saman), known in Jamaica as the “ Guango,”
is also recommended by Hart as a shade tree on estates. O. F. Cook, in his Shade
on Coffee Culture (Bulletin No. 25, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1901), devotes
over & page, w much larger space than he gives to any of the three hundred and more
hade trees mentioned by him, in commenting on pros and cons of the Saman as
a shade tree. Planters in Jamaica, however, were much surprised and disappointed
ut the easy manner in which the Saman tree broke down during the hurricane of

1903 ; the Erythrina withstood the wind much better.

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 215

of the cacao even if you had to cut it out after the twelfth year. This is
well worthy of consideration, as the cost of planting and upkeep thus
becomes very trifling.

Turning to shade, I think that a little light shade is beneficial to the
cacao plants in dry and exposed situations, but it should never be allowed
to become so thick as to exclude sunlight. It is a very simple matter,
when pruning the cacao trees, to thin out some of the branches of the
shade trees, and if this is done I think that you would find that the yield
of cacao would considerably increase. Take the yield of cacao at the
experimental station, Aburi, for example. The last returns gave 4} lb.
per tree. These trees are about fifteen years old, and are growing on
a hill-top 1500 feet above sea level, in exceedingly poor, gravelly soil,
with a rainfall of 47 inches per annum. These trees are lightly shaded
with the Saman, or rain tree (Pithecolobiwm Saman), planted 50 feet
apart, and the branches of which are annually thinned out. |

During the rainy season the land between the rows of cacao trees is
lightly forked and cow-peas (Vigna) planted. These, together with the
cuttings from the shade trees, and the leaves which fall from the cacao,
serve as a mulch during the Harmattan or dry season. I might mention
in passing that these trees look very healthy, whilst trees in the near
vicinity which received no cultivation are miserable, weedy specimens,
and I doubt if they yield 1 lb. of cacao per tree, showing the advantage
of mulching, judicious shading, and a little cultivation. I would certainly
not advise cultivating ground-nuts as a leguminous crop under cacao,
unless the soil happens to be of a light, sandy nature. Pigeon-peas
(Cajanus mdicus) or American cow-peas will be found far more valuable
from a manurial point of view.

In summing up, I consider that the quantity of shade entirely depends
upon the situation. In the moist districts shade is unnecessary and
tends to increase fungus and insect pests, but in exposed, dry situations
a light shade is beneficial. Unless the trees are in a healthy state, they
cannot expect to survive the attacks of fungi and insect pests, and they
can only be kept in a healthy state by good drainage and cultivation.
Although the output of cacao from the Gold Coast has made such rapid
strides during the last ten years, it will come as a surprise to you to
know that probably not more than 25 per cent. of the plants grown
on the Gold Coast reach maturity; this is due to raising plants from
immature and diseased beans, faulty drainage, and lack of cultivation.
The few native estates that are properly cultivated give excellent returns
and well repay the owners for the extra care and money spent on their
cultivation. I might mention that all trees on the Gold Coast are planted
triangularly. Were the whole of the area under cacao on the Gold Coast
tended on these lines, our output would have been nearly 80,000,000 1b.
instead of only 20,000,000 lb. last year.

The pruning set adopted by Mr. Malins Smith is very good, and
should be on every estate. Itis a great pity that the manufacturers of
pruning implements and spraying machines do not advertise more in the
tropical papers. If they did they would not only increase their output
but would help the planters to get the right implements. The cutlasses
as used on the Gold Coast are most unsatisfactory implements for

916 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

pruning and trimming—planters should use a better-class article alto-
gether. I feel certain that there are thousands of native planters on the
Gold Coast who would purchase better-class cutlasses and pruning
implements if they only knew where to obtain those of a reliable make.

Too much attention cannot be paid to the matter of diseases and
insect pests, as when once they become established it is a very expensive
item to exterminate them. The planter should always be on the alert,
and at the first sign of an outbreak all hands should be put on to prevent
its spread, and when that has been done the cause should be enquired
into and means taken to remedy it so as to safeguard the trees from
further outbreaks. The knife should be freely used, and, in the case of
canker or fungi, the cuttings immediately burned, and the wounds tarred
over. A good many more pods would remain sound if they were
occasionally sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or other fluid whilst in the
young state, but unless the planter takes care to see that his trees are
properly nourished and looked after he cannot expect to keep them free
from disease. A cacao estate should be treated as the entries in a ledger
account: the more you wish to draw out the larger the amount you must
pay in, otherwise you will soon come to grief.

Mr. Sarru, in reply, said: I was very glad to hear Mr. Cradwick say
that in Jamaica, at least, planters are willing to manure once they see
that it is to their advantage to do so. This is what I call a fair challenge,
and I have no doubt that the fertilizer manufacturers will take the matter
up. Here at any rate is a much-needed chance for them to show the
cacao-producing world generally that it pays, and pays well, to manure.*

The remarks made on the use of cutlasses bear out what I have
already heard—that if planters would only use a decent implement the
prejudice against them would be much less pronounced. In speaking
favourably of their use Mr. Cradwick of course refers to a very different
thing from the inferior article that Mr. Evans condemns, and which we all
know so well by reputation. Manufacturers should pay more attention to
these markets, and with regard to the West Coast they must not be
discouraged because the natives have not yet learnt to appreciate a decent
cutlass.r These can now be obtained at so low a prime cost in com-
parison with the inferior brands, whilst freight and charges cost the same
on both qualities, that some improvement in the demand for the better
quality cannot long be deferred. I shall call manufacturers’ attention to
Mr. Evans’ remarks as to the difficulty of finding out the reliable firms
from whom to buy pruning and spraying implements.

In disagreeing with my objection to mixing or interplanting cacao

and rubber, Mr. Evans’ remarks prove the reasons of my objection to this.

method to be correct. Why does he favour the idea of interplanting ?
Simply to reduce the cost of laying out a rubber estate during the first

twelve years, after which if you find that the one crop causes the other to ;

suffer, you could cut out the cacao trees, and so leave yourself with a
rubber estate. If you wish for a rubber estate this is, I am sure, excellent

* Since the meeting, one of the Jamaica planters present at the lecture has sent
out 10 tons of basic slag and some special cacao fertilizer to experiment with.

} One of the leading cutlass makers has now sent out a special set of samples to
the West Coast, to enable the planters there to test the advantage of the better class

blades,

THE FUTURE OF CACAO PLANTING. 217

advice, but to-day 1 am only discussing the establishment of a cacao
estate, not for twelve years, but as a permanency, and so I am right in
saying that to interplant the two crops means the sacrifice of the cacao
in the end. Meanwhile both suffer, otherwise you would not need to
destroy one of them.

In answer to Mr. Chacon, I am certainly in favour of planting
bananas between the cacao in those centres where a ready market can be
found for the fruit. In Jamaica, and in Costa Rica as well, I feel certain
from what Mr. Cradwick has told me from time to time that a careful
planter can practically lay down his cacao at little or no call on his
capital, owing to the profits accruing from the bananas. Of course, where
there is only a local market for bananas, the case may be different, as
nearly everyone grows bananas for his own use, but once you have a
regular trade, as is the case with Jamaica and Costa Rica, the cacao
planter should make as much of the banana, both as a_ subsidiary
crop as wellas shade, as possible. (Mr. Cradwick.—Hear, hear.) In such
a case the cacao should be planted at least 12 feet apart, and better still
12 feet by 15 feet, and the row of bananas down the centre quincuncially.
The bananas, or their offsets, could then remain as crop-givers for about
five years, and occasionally, if the bananas grow tall and the cacao
is kept low, even for six years, but no more. The actual time that they
should be kept depends a good deal on local circumstances, and the planter
must decide for himself as to whether the time has arrived to cut out
the bananas. All this time the bananas should prove sufficient shade ;
in places the big leaves may even tend to over-shade the cacao, in which
case some of the foliage would have to be removed. In saying this I take
it, of course, that the bananas are planted and allowed a start before the
cacao is put in. In Trinidad, even when bananas have been used as
shade, I have known planters to place also three manioc sticks (Manihot
utilissima), just the sticks themselves, in a sloping position towards the
centre over the spot where the seeds have been buried. By the time the
cotyledons appear these manioc twigs have been able to take root and
throw out one or two leaves, which help to increase the shade immediately
over the delicate plants. As a wind-break I cannot recommend the banana,
as in anything of a gale it is the first thing to fall. At times when
you wish to protect cacao from the coolness or coldness of the wind,
rather than from its strength (and in Trinidad the wind at times certainly
dces seem to catch and nip up the trees), then, of course, bananas
might be used ; but if found liable to fall about and damage the cacao,
they should either be planted at a distance (in which case their use as
a wind-break would cease) or be cut out altogether.* I cannot imagine
that the banana can give any nitrogen worth speaking of to the soil;
perhaps Mr. Cradwick can answer that question better.

Mr. Crapwick: The banana certainly gives no nitrogen to the soil,
yet if properly utilized for conserving the soil moisture it is much more
beneficial than plants which add a little nitrogen but do not protect the
young plants from the effects of droughts. I would add as regarding
the use of manihot for shading, that calabash (Crescentia cujute) sticks

* Since writing the above I hear that some 300,000 bananas have been thrown
down in Costa Rica during a wind-storm.

218 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HOR’ aN >

ni Ps ee

Mal 2% \
might be used instead, and are, in fact, large Seals
sufficient shade without bananas. I agree ‘thot
as a wind-break, although the damage that we are to
by falling on the trees I think at times is over-est
thing to protect cacao from is the dryness, or rather :
of the wind, and to this end nothing better than banan
planted. edad

MUSHROOMS PROPAGATED FROM SPORES. 219

MUSHROOMS PROPAGATED FROM SPORES.
By Dr. M. C. Cooks, M.A., V.M.H.

Ir was in the year 1865 that the late Rev. M. J. Berkeley °
received specimens of a new species of edible mushroom from
Bodelwyddan, on the banks of the river Eilwy in Wales, which was duly
described in the “Annals of Natural History’ (under No. 1009) as
Agaricus (Psalliota) elvensis, B. and Br. It was not recorded again, and
nothing more was heard of it for sixteen years. About the year 1881
my late friend H. T. Wharton invited me to accompany him to the

Fic. 32.—AGARICUS ELVENSIS.

neighbourhood of Neasden reservoir, to examine some strange Agarics
which he had seen growing in the drip of some oak trees. We made the
excursion and found the fungi, which proved to be Agaricus elvensis, and
each of us carried home an ample supply to experiment upon its esculent
qualities, which were found to be excellent. It was a custom at that
time, with both of us, to throw all maggoty fungi and all similar debris
into our garden, in the hope that, at some time or other, some of them
might vegetate. The same locality was visited several times afterwards,
with the same results.

A year or two afterwards I was surprised to find some fine Agarics
making their appearance under the drip of a pear tree, in my garden at
Upper Holloway, which proved to be the identical Agaricus elvensis ;

22.0 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and they continued to appear periodically on the same spot until I
vacated the premises in 1898, during which time we were sufficiently
supplied with mushrooms of a fine quality, grown on the premises.

Subsequently I heard it reported that the same species had been
found somewhere in’ France, and also a statement that it had occurred
near Maldon in Yorkshire. These are the only instances of its appearance
I have heard of.

About the year 1886 coloured figures of this species were published in
“Tllustrations of British Fungi’’ (plate 522) from specimens collected at
Neasden in September 1881, and these are the only coloured figures
which I have seen, and they had been submitted to and approved by the
Rey. M. J. Berkeley himself.

After a long interval, Mr. Wharton, the son of my late friend, called on
me early in September 1908, bringing with him a box containing about
a dozen young specimens of Agaricus elvensis. When I expressed my
surprise and inquired where he found them, he smiled and said: “ Of
course in our garden at Kilburn. We have always thrown all fragments
of Agarics into our garden, and these have flourished for years under the
drip of a pear tree.”’

This then is the important cultural fact which I wish to accentuate,
that, in spite of innumerable failures to cultivate mushrooms from spores,
this species has in two well-authenticated instances been propagated from
fragments thrown away upon the naked soil, and has continued to
flourish for many years. It may well be suggested that this large and
finely flavoured species, in the hands of an enterprising cultivator (could
the stock be obtained), would make a grand new diversion in the culture
of mushrooms.

The original description of this species was thus stated :

‘‘ Caespitose, pileus from subglobose to hemispherical, fibrillose, broken
up into large persistent brown scales, areolate in the centre, margin
thick, covered with pyramidal warts; stem fibrillose below, ring very
large, areolato-verrucose beneath ; gills free, brownish flesh colour.”

It is usually gregarious, growing from eight to ten in a dense clump.
When mature the pileus is from four to six inches in diameter, and fully
an inch thick in the flesh in the centre of the pileus. The younger
specimens at the circumference mature gradually as the central speci-
mens are removed, and thus a cluster may continue to furnish fully
developed specimens for a week or ten days. The cap differs from that
of the common mushroom in being darker in colour, almost purplish
brown, with the surface broken up, except just in the centre of the disk,
into large conical brown scales, which give to the cap a remarkable
appearance, so that it is easily recognised. The stem is thick, exceeding
an inch, attenuated downwards, often six or more inches in length, and
furnished with a large dependent ring, which is warted on the under side
and is thicker than usual in the common mushroom, as is also the
separable cuticle of the pileus. When cut through the pileus and stem,
(the latter is solid), the flesh is firm, and at first of dirty white, not
changing colour, or but slightly, on exposure to the air. It has a slight
‘“mushroomy”’ odour, and the flavour when cooked has been strongly
commended by all who have tasted it, some having declared it superior

MUSHROOMS PROPAGATED FROM SPORES. 221

to the finest mushroom ever eaten. We have always found it maturing
during the last week in August, or the first week in September.

Our experience, and all that we have been able to ascertain regarding
it, was published in 1891 in a little volume entitled “ British Edible
Fungi,”’* but we would fain believe that there might be a future in store
for such a splendid candidate.

* Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.

999 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PARASITIC ROSE CANKER.
A New DISEASE IN RossEs. ‘

By H. T. Gissow, F.R.M.S8., F.R.H.S.

Specimens of rose twigs showing signs of an obscure injury, said to be
spreading, were recently received from Larne, Co. Antrim. The twigs
were of various ages. The sender stated that the disease appeared in his
Hybrid Tea Roses about two years ago, and is now spreading to the
Wichuraianas. As the first specimens were rather dry and therefore
unsuitable for the further study of the injury, new ones were requested
and a well-chosen series of diseased twigs was obtained, together with
some additional notes on the behaviour of the disease. These notes,
which are very instructive, are given below :—

“The disease starts first on the one-year-old wood. Leaves are not
affected, some specimens bearing leaves this season.”

“The plants are about four years old. A specimen Robert Craig has
been affected for about two years. The varieties most affected are Ards
Rover, Crimson Rambler, Robert Craig, and almost all the Wichuraianas.
The disease is more noticeable in wet weather, and spreads to neighbour-
ing plants, especially Wichuraianas.”

Unfortunately this disease, like many others, is not readily noticed
until far advanced, but it is to be hoped that this report will enable the
observant rose-grower to recognize it in its beginning and thus be able
to effect a cure.

The accompanying photograph (fig. 83) shows the appearance of the
shoots when the disease has reached an advanced stage. These show
deep fissures covered with an abnormal growth, which have the
appearance of “ canker’ spots. The bark has burst and for some reason
or other the wound has not healed normally, but the callus has continued
to grow until badly “ cankered ’’ spots result. The single first specimen
received agreed exactly in appearance with some illustrations in a paper
by Professor Sorauer on Rose Canker (Zeitschrift f. Pflanzenkrank-
heiten, XVII. pp. 22-82 Plate II. 1907). This author, in dealing with
a “Rose Canker,” attributes the canker spots to frost injury. He de-
scribes the injury exceedingly well, but he owns that he failed to produce
the characteristic ‘‘ development of outgrowing cells” (luxuriierende
Uberwallungen, p. 27) by exposure of rose trees to artificial frost. He
seeks to explain this failure by stating that he “ probably had not chosen
the right time for his experiments.” I will return to this statement of
Sorauer’s later on, but will first deal with the development of the disease
from the evidence of the specimens sent me. '

The older twigs were all more or less badly cankered. Those that
showed less marked signs of injury, in the form of only a small outgrowth
of cells protruding from underneath the split bark, at the same time
showed that the cracks were surrounded by plainly diseased tissues of a

PARASITIC ROSE CANKER. 223

dark reddish colour. All showed this with the exception of the worst
cankered specimen, where no discolouration of the neighbouring tissue
was distinguishable.

Small portions of this reddish tissue were examined under the
microscope and were found to be covered with very minute fissures and

Fic. 33.— Parasitic Rose CANKER.

globular or oval elevations—the latter still covered by the bark. Higher
magnification revealed, in the small fissures of the bark, round black
bodies, breaking through the bark with a round opening at the apex.
The examination of sections through this part of the bark proved that
the round black bodies belonged to a fungus and that the slight elevations
were due to bodies of the same nature which had not yet broken through

224 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the epidermis. Mycelium was plainly visible in the surrounding cells
and in connection with the black bodies. The cells permeated by the
mycelium were dead, and of a reddish colour, this portion being externally
visible by the reddish spots on the bark. Having obtained this clue a
became necessary to look for the first appearance of the fungus.

As my correspondent correctly stated, the disease starts first on the
one-year-old wood. He undoubtedly had in his mind the canker spot
stage which he describes as the disease. But the pathologist has to go
farther and must ascertain the beginning of the injury. Abundant
evidence was found of the fungus on the rose twigs, where no fissures or
splits of the bark were recognizable and indeed where none existed. In
the young green wood more or less confluent red-brown to purplish spots
were present on the bark. These spots were found in any position on the
bark, and were in no way connected with branches, thorns, or buds; this
point is of importance in realizing the nature of the parasite.

A series of twigs showing the beginning and the progress of the
disease was selected and has been drawn from nature in the accompanying
illustration.

Fig. 34 shows at A a young twig of double natural size. On this twig
four of the spots, in the natural specimen reddish brown to purplish,
are to be seen. At B the upper portion to the cross line of A is
enlarged four times and shows the uppermost spot and part of the one
below to be covered with minute cracks. At c a few of these fissures are
shown enlarged twenty times, when one can readily see their nature. To
the left are three cracks through which the round black fungus bodies
show pushing through the bark, with an apical opening. More to the
right is one of the minute elevations still covered with the intact bark,
while to the extreme right a body is just breaking it. This figure
represents the appearance of one of the reddish spots in A or B when
looked at from above. Ifa portion of the bark is cut into thin sections
lengthways, and one is examined under the microscope, it appears as in
figure D. There are eight fungus bodies present, two growing singly and
three in each of two groups; the latter have burst the epidermis, while
the former are still covered by it. At a separated body of the fungus
is figured and F represents the same sliced open. In both of these figures,
the fine mycelium and the netlike meshes composing the fungus body
can be seen. The fungus body contains a large number of exceedingly
small spores, and these spores when ripe ooze out of the round opening at
the apex of the black conceptacle. At Ga small portion of a conceptacle
is still more enlarged, and attached to it are a number of fine filaments
magnified at H, where the position and the shape of the spores can be plainly
seen. Ati these spores are highly magnified ; they are oval, transparent
bodies, which are figured at different stages of germination at J.

The fungus belongs to the genus Coniothyriwm. Although the
species of Coniothyriwm are generally of saprophytic habit, z.e. living on
dead and dying tissues, some are known to “in many cases inhabit
living tissues” (Sorauer, Handb. d. Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2nd ed. II.
p. 385). Thus for instance Coniothyrium concentricum (Desm.) Sace.
is the fungus causing the well-known brown spots on leaves of Agave
and allied plants. Laubert (cf. Zeitschrift f. Pflanzenkrankhetten,

f

PS |

POR

Fic. 34.—Conrotuyrium Fuckeutit on Rose Stems.

A, Shoot of rose showing a number of spots caused by the rose canker fungus, x 2;

B, upper part of a showing minute fissures in bark, x 4; c, portion of B showing
fissures and fungus bodies, x 20; p, section through bark with eight fungus bodies,
x 20; 5, a single fungus body, x 50; Fr, same as © with a portion cut away, x 50;
G, portion of fungus body showing spore bearers and spores, x 200; H, basidia and
spores, x 500; I, ripe spores, x 750; 3, germinating spores, x 1,000; k, rose twig
showing result of fungus attack, long splits in the bark, x 1; tu, a fissure in the
bark, x 2; m, cross-section through same, x 2; N, portion of a shoot showing
parenchym growth from the edges of the crack, x 2; 0, cross-section through
same, x 2; p, badly cankered shoot, x 4; Q, cross-section through the same, x 4;
R, part of the cellus containing five fungus bodies, x 15.

VOL. XXXIV. Q

226 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XVII. p. 252) has observed a fungus causing the same reddish-brown
spots on twigs of roses and has also recorded similar cracks and
canker spots previous to 1905. He regarded the fungus he found on
these spots as a new species of the genus Coniothyrium, giving to it the
name Wernsdorffiae. In 1905 G. Kock (Sond. Zettschr. d. landw.
Versuchswesen in Oesterreich) dealt with the same disease as “a rose
parasite new to Austria.” He alluded to Laubert’s description and name,
and there can be no doubt that the malady observed by him is the same
as described by Laubert and in the present paper. Kock thinks Laubert’s
new name unnecessary, as the simple difference in the size of the spores
of this form and another of the same genus is not sufficient justifica-
tion for establishing a new species. He refers the fungus to Conothyrium
Fuckelii Sacc. I quite agree with this view, and think that this latter
name is correct, as my own measurements of the spores in the Irish
specimens practically agreed with the size of the spores of Saccardo’s
fungus. This fungus is rather common on twigs of various shrubs
and trees throughout Europe (Lindau, in Engler and Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. I.** p. 364). It has been found, too, that it is only a
form of Leptosphaeria Coniwthyriwm Sacec., an ascomycetous fungus.
The latter form is frequent on dead twigs of Rubus. It is interesting
to note that Leptosphaeria thus inhabits a member of the rosaceous
group, and although I have no evidence, it is not at all unlikely that it
occurs on dead rose twigs too.

A good original illustration of a cankered rose twig is found in
Kriiger and Rorig, Krankh. d. Nutz und Zterpflanzen, p. 157, Stuttg.
1908, which proves the presence of the disease in Germany. Professors
Kriiger and Rérig adopt Laubert’s name, but as the disease is new to this
country I have thought it necessary to go into its nomenclature at some
length and consider that the fungus cansing the parasitic Rose Canker
should be known by its first name Coniothyriuum Fuckelw Sace.

From the mode of life of the genus to which this fungus belongs,
there can be little doubt that its entrance into the tissues of the rose must
be through some more or less minute wound in the bark. A growing
rose tree supplies a perfect example of a shrub inflicting injuries to its
own growing parts as well as to neighbouring plants. For when moved by
the wind the prickly branches frequently puncture or tear the epidermis
of the leaves and shoots. The small splits and punctures made in this
way can always be found on any growing rose tree. In the normal course
these very slight injuries will heal immediately, and will appear only as
more or less raised spots, but the unhealed w.unds are readily taken posses-
sion of by certain fungi.

Now taking for granted that from this cause or any other (insects,
birds, &c.) small wounds result, the spores of the Conothyrium readily
take possession of them and germinate, sending out small mycelial tubes
which push their way beneath the bark, where the mycelium ramifies and
quickly permeates the tissues around the place of entrance, absorbing
the fo.d necessary for its growth from the cell contents of the host.
The cells attacked die and the outward sign of the dead cells is seen in the
discoluration of the epidermal tissues, giving rise to the reddish-brown
spots on the bark of the affected shoot. In the course of its growth the

PARASITIC ROSE CANKER. 227

fungus produces its fructification, in this case the black round conceptacles
mentioned before. These conceptacles are formed from the interlacing
mycelium and when ripe become hardened and push their heads through
the epidermis for the purpose of shedding their spores.

We may now proceed to consider the development of the cankerous
spots. What follows now is practically natural devel.pment. A normal
and healthy branch when growing expands all round in a uniform
manner, the bark giving way by means of its elasticity increased by its
more or less pr: nounced perforation by lenticels. But when portions of
the bark are killed, as in the case under observation, the natural result
will he that where growth is hindered by dead tissues, cracks arise. In
this manner the longitudinal cracks in the sho ts which are shown in
fig. 84, K, result. At L we have one of the more open cracks enlarged ;
with a cross section through the injured p rtion at m. Here only the
split and gaping bark at the upper portion is to be seen. To understand
the further development as shown at N, itis well to call to mind the
pricess which takes place in a plant endeavouring to heal a wound as in
cases where branches are cut away from a tree. In a short time from
underneath the old bark, a new gr wth of cells, or callus, arises all round
the wound, which in due course and under normal conditions is finally
quite covered by the meeting of the over-growing callus in the centre.
Practically the same thing occurs before a cutting produces roots. The
growth seen to rise from the sound edges of the wound figured at n is
really of the same nature as this well-known callus. Ato a section
through the diseised part of Nn is shown illustrating the manner in which
the callus protrudes from underneath the bark. If the callus would grow
completely over the wound and unite in the centre the wound would be
healed, but this the fungus preveuts. The purasite finds in the callus no
resisting epidermis and needs no wound to enadle it to effect an entrance
into the soft tissue. It makes short work of these cells and the host tries
to repair the damage wrought by the fungus by continuing the formation
of healing cells. The strugyle between the fungus, which kills the tissues,
and the host, which by making new callus endeavours to heal the wound,
goes on and on, and at last ends in the producti.n of badly cankered spots
as shown at Pp. A section through stem and growth is shown ing. The
woody part is still intact, and remnants of the bark are adhering to the
right and a small portion of the old bark covering the stem is balanced on
the growth towards the extreme left. All along the edge the black fungus
bodies surrounded by darker tissues which are filled by mycelium are to
be seen. At Ra portion of the callus growth is magnified showing five
fruiting conceptacles and the uniform cell chains composing the growth.
The absence of any protective covering is also to be noticed, although to
the left a small fragment of the old bark still adheres.

Thus far the life of the hust is not much impaired, the portions above
the place of injury still deriving sufficient nourishment through the
sap-conducting vessels of the uninjured portion. Death will only result
if a cankerous growth extends all round the stem and thus separates
the upper part from communication with the root. How this end is
reached is easily explained. We have seen that the callus cells are
unprotected and possess thin walls; so that in the case of even a very

Q2

228 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

slight frost, these tender cells are seriously injured, and the result of a
severe frost may be easily imagined. In a canker spot on wood which *
has passed through some winters, ¢.g. on three-years-old wood, most of

the parenchyma cells are killed, few points of new growth are visible,
and the fungus has entirely disappeared, nor are the reddish-brown spots
surrounding the cankerous growth present. This is the result of frost,
which gives the final blow to the plants. We may here recall Sorauer’s

PARASITIC ROSE CANKER. 229

investigation of the rose canker “ due to frost ’’ and note that he figures
old cankered wood. It would appear that the kind of canker investigated
by Sorauer, Laubert, and Kock, and described here are identically the
same, only that it depends entirely on the stage of the disease investigated,
whether the fungus which is the primary cause, is found or not. Sorauer,
himself, failed in the experimental production of the “luxuriierende
Uberwallungen”’ noted in his own specimen. The fungus attack, how-
ever, accounts undoubtedly for all the irritations and complications, which
later on are certainly increased by the action of frost.

The observation of my correspondent that the injury is more notice-
able during wet weather might be explained by the spongy nature of the
parenchyma cells, which readily absorb moisture and thus the growth
becomes more pronounced. Another point made by my correspondent—
the infective nature of the disease—tends to disprove any such theory as
frost injury.

It remains now to say something concerning the treatment of the
injury. A careful watch must be kept on roses for the first signs of the
primary spots. Probably one cannot do better than carefully paint these
spots and a little of the surroundings as soon as observed with a coat
of creosoted wood tar. This would kill the spores and prevent the spread
of the disease, and at the same time act as a cover to the wound tissues,
should the bark split at any time. If, however, the disease is so far
advanced that canker spots are present, I would suggest that they be
cut clean out with a sharp knife and then a coating of wood tar or even
grafting wax applied. Badly cankered twigs and shoots should be cut
away altogether and burnt.

A disease of the Blackberry has been inyestigated which proved to
be closely related to the canker of roses. The illustration (fig. 35) shows
three large excrescences consisting of parenchymatous cells, and from the
investigation of this injury and its history it was evident that the disease

Fic. 36.—CoNnIoTHYRIUM TUMAEFACIENS GUss.

A, perithecia ; B, spores.

on the blackberry and the disease on the rose were identical. The fungus,
however, was quite distinct, and it has been found necessary to coln a new
specific name for it. The fungus belongs to the same genus as that on
the rose, and I propose to name it Coniothyriwm twmaejaciens Nov. Spec.
The other illustration (fig. 36) shows the fruiting bodies of this fungus
with some spores, which are magnified to the same degree as those of the
rose fungus. The spores are much larger.

230 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following technical description of the fungus is given as it has
not been befcre described.

Coniothyrium twmaefaciens Gussow, sp.n. Pyenidia scattered, free,
conical or globular, with round apical opening, blackish brown, from 300,
to 845u in diameter; conidi phores long, septate, unbranched, or slightly
branched at top, 29-38, long; conidia unicellular, pale dirty green, short
or long ovoid, 5-7 x 8-4. .

Causing large warty excrescences from the size of a pea to that of
a walnut on shoots of blackberry. Kent, England.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 231

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY.

IV.—TuHeE INocuLATION oF LEGuMINous Crops.
By F. J. Cairtenpen, F.L.S.

For several years past the question whether the inoculation of the soil
with the bacteria which are the cause of the formation of the nodules
upon the roots of leguminous plants would lead to increased crops, or to
crops of greater value, has offered a fascinating field for experiment, and
many forms of inoculating material have been placed upon the market
and used with variable results, sometimes successfully, often the reverse.
The latest material designed for this purpose in this country has been
called ‘“‘ Nitro-Bacterine.” It has been widely advertised and boomed in
the popular Press, surprising results having, in some places, followed its
use. It was, therefore, thought well that it should be tried in the Wisley
Garden. A brief summary of the scientific investigations which have led
up to the expectation that inoculation of the soil would yield increased
crops is first given, and then an account of the trial in the Garden of
this particular inoculating material.

HistoricaAL Notsr.*

It was noticed by many ancient writers that a leguminous crop acted
in a beneficial manner upon the s»il, so that the crop succeeding it was
much better than where no leguminous crop had been grown. Pliny, for
instance, says, “ The bean ranks first among the legumes. It fertilizes
the ground in which it has been sown as well as any manure’; and
Varro t writes, ‘‘ Legumes should be sown in light soils: indeed, they
are planted not so much for their own crop as for the following crop,
since when they are cut and kept upon the ground they make the soil
better. Thus the lupine is wont to serve as a manure where the sil is
rather thin and poor.’’ The principle here stated has been rec gnized in
all the most general crop rotations followed by farmers, and many
different explanations of this beneficial effect have been given. Among
them suggestions were not wanting, although they were not backed up by
experimental proof, that the leguminous crop improved the soil by taking
nutriment from the air and depositing it in the svil through the roots and
stubble.t It was later found that the soil was not only richer in humus
after a leguminous crop had been grown upon it, but that it actually
contained more nitrogen than was present when the crop was sown. In
1854, however, Boussingault $ demonstrated the fact that the only source

* A much longer summary is given in the Bulletin of U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Bureau
of Plant Industry, 71, 1905, and in drawing up the brief account here given [ have
made free use of the material collected there. Those interested should procure this
paper.

+t De Re Rustica, i. 23.

t Thaer, Rationelle Landwirthsch. I. Aufl., Bd. 1, 1809.

§ Mém. de Chim. Agric. et de Physiol., Paris.

932, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of nitrogen for plants was the fixed nitrogen supplied through the roots
from the soil. Plants were shown to be incapable of utilizing any of the
enormous supplies with which they were surrounded in the atmosphere.
This conclusion was confirmed by the researches of Lawes, Gilbert, and
Pugh * at Rothamsted, and for the vast majority of plants it is held to be
true to-day. It was utterly at variance, however, with what was known
concerning the behaviour of legumes in the field, and it was sought to
reconcile the facts by the suggestion that there was some peculiarity
inherent in the legumes themselves. It was not until long after, in
1886, that Hellriegel f announced that these plants unquestionably
obtained their nitrogen from the atmosphere, and in 1888 he and
Wilfarth t showed that leguminous plants were capable of reaching
their full development when they were grown in a soil free from nitrogen,
but only when they possessed nodules upon their roots. In sterilized soils
nodules were not formed and the plants died of nitrogen starvation.
Thus the presence of nodules was shown to be coincident with the fixation
of nitrogen from the air.

The nodules had been noted long before. Malpighi$ is the first,
apparently, to mention them, and he looked upon them as root galls.
Others who described them considered them normal structures, while yet
others regarded them as a diseased condition of the root. Woronin ||
first described their structure in detail, and stated that he had found them
to contain small organized bodies, probably bacteria, an announcement
that was contradicted by other observers, who looked upon the bacteria-
like structures as proteid bodies, but confirmed by Eriksson and others
very soon after.

Legumes are seldom without the nodules on their roots either in this
country or abroad ; indeed, the only leguminous plant on which nodules
have never been found is Gleditschia triacanthos. Frank showed that the
formation of nodules could be prevented by sterilizing the soil in which
the plants were grown, thus proving that the nodules owe their origin to
microbes living in the soil. This investigator adopted other views later, but
Marshall Ward € inferred that the nodules “so common on the roots of
the bean are due to the action of the fungus the very minute germs of
which are all but universally present in the soil,” basing his inference
partly on the facts that the ‘ tubercles are all but invariably developed
within a month when the beans are germinated in sand or soil not
previously heated ’’; (2) they are not developed in media sterilized by
heat ; (8) the roots may be infected by means of pieces of the old nodules
placed among the root hairs; and (4) the infecting hypha may frequently
be discovered entering the cortex by means of the root hairs. This view
of the origin of the nodules is now generally held.

As we have stated Hellriegel and Wilfarth showed that plants in
sterilized soil, lacking nodules, died of nitrogen starvation, but when the

* A very complete and interesting account of these researches is contained in The
Book of the Rothamsted Experiments, by A. D. Hall, M.A., 1906.
t Lagebl. 59. Versamml. Deut. Naturf. u. Aerzte, Berlin, vii. p. 290.
| Zeitschr. Ver. Deut. Rubenz. Indust., Nov. 1888.
$ Opera Omnia, Anatom. Plantarum, 1687, vol. ii. p. 126.
Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersb. vii. ser. 10 (1886), No. 6.
* Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 178 (1887), p. 556.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 238

soil was treated with some fresh soil infusion the formation of nodules
took place, and the plants grew normally. Many workers confirmed the
views put forward by Hellriegel, among them Lawes and Gilbert and
Ward, and left no doubt that all legumes are “ beneficial to the soil,
because the presence of peculiar swellings upon their roots enables them
in some way to acquire nitrogen from the air.”

In 1888 Beijerinck isolated a bacterium from the nodules, which he
called Bacillus radicicola,* and subsequently a large number of other
investigators cultivated the organism upon nutrient media, and by these
and other researches it became evident that the beneficial effect of
leguminous vegetation upon the soil arose from its ability to utilize
atmospheric nitrogen for its growth, and that this ability was imparted to
it by the bacteria living in symbiosis with it.

Value of the Nodules.—We have already seen that, by reason of the
bacteria living in the nodules upon their roots, leguminous plants are
able to obtain supplies of nitrogen from the atmosphere, a source which
cannot be tapped by other green plants, and that they are, therefore,
capable of development in soils devoid of nitrogen in a combined form.
The amount of nitrogen taken from the atmosphere and fixed by legu-
minous crops every year is enormous. In a series of experiments begun
at Rothamsted in 1878, and continued for twenty years, it was found
that, in the first 27 inches of soil on the plots which had continuously
carried leguminous crops, the weight of nitrogen averaged 6,604 lb.
to the acre, while in the same quantity of soil from the plots which
had carried wheat continuously there was on the average only 5,847 lb.,
showing a gain of 757 lb. of nitrogen to the acre under the influence of
leguminous crops. Furthermore, in addition to this increased nitrogen
content in the soil, the crop had annually removed an amount of nitrogen
in most cases twice as great as that removed by other crops. For
instance, an acre of wheat yielded only 12 lb. of nitrogen annually, while
an acre of white clover annually yielded 24 lb.

The work, therefore, done by this partnership between leguminous
plants and Pseudomonas radicicola, as the nodule-producing bacillus is
now called, is of the utmost importance, and must annually add to the
wealth of the world many hundreds of thousands of pounds sterling, for
not only is the crop itself able to grow without nitrogenous manures, but
it actually enriches the soil in that manurial substance which costs the
most to purchase, and causes the succeeding crop to be greatly increased.

Many different views have been promulgated as to where and how
the nitrogen is fixed, and the question is by no means definitely settled
yet. It is, indeed, only recently that the bacteria have been induced to
fix nitrogen when cultivated outside the nodule, and then only under
very special conditions. It seems probable, however, that the bacteria
themselves fix the nitrogen in the nodules and that the nitrogen fixation
does not occur in other parts of the plant. Even if this be admitted
there is still very much to be found out concerning the organisms them-
selves and the manner of their work, and especially, perhaps, concerning
the influence of varying conditions on their work and the manner of it.

* Bot. Zeitung, xlvi. (1888), pp. 725, 741, 757, 781, 797.

234 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It was at one time thought that the bacteria invaded the whole plant,
but, as Zinsser * has shown, no nodule bacteria are present either in
any parts of the root besides the nodule or in the stem or the leaves,
and if the bacteria are inoculated into these parts they do not increase
in numbers and die after a time; hence the roots of seedlings and cuttings
form nodules only when infected from the soil and not after infection
through any other part of the plant.

Conditions under which Nodules are Formed.—The conditions under
which nodules are formed on the roots appear to be: (a) the roots must
be in contact with infected soil, since only the parts of the root in such
contact become infected; (b) nitrates must not be present in any great
quantity, for Nobbe and Hiltner t showed that saltpetre prevented the
formation of nodules to a greater or less extent; (c) the presence of lime,
phosphates, and potash in sufficient quantity; and (d) the presence of
a gocd supply of air in the soil. In this connection it is noticeable that
the nodules are very rarely produced upon roots of plants in water cultures,
and leguminous plants are very seldum found in wet soils.

Is the same Bacterium capable of forming Nodules on all Species
of Leguminous Plants ?—This question is of practical importance, since
if all legumes can be infected by one and the same organism it is evident
that one inoculation of the soil would be sufficient for any and all
leguminous plants. Much study has been given to this point, but it
cannot be said to be settled yet. MHellriegel found that he obtained
an increased yield of peas, clover, vetches, and beans when he watered
them with washings from the soil in which peas and clover had grown,
but not when he used washings from soil in which seradella (Ornithopus
sativus) and lupines had grown; and he therefore concluded that there
were essential differences between the bacteria from these different
legumes. Nobbe, Hiltner, and others came to a similar conclusion, but
they did not consider that the differences warranted the view that different
species of bacteria were concerned. They practically held the same view
as has been expressed by Moore, that the organisms of the different
leguminous plants were all forms of the same species, Psewdomonas
radicicola, but that by long-continued growth upon one plant they had
become so adapted to that particular partner that they form nodules
upon others only with difficulty at the outset, but that after continued
multiplication upon a neutral medium they are capable of infecting any
leguminous plant. Moore states that, after growing the bacteria obtained
from pea nodules for two weeks upon a medium free from nitrogen, he
was able t> infect various clovers (Trifolium pratense, T. incarnatum,
T. repens, T. alecandrinum, and T. hybridum), melilot (Melilotus alba),
cowpea (Vigna catjang), lucerne (Medicago sativa), broad bean (Vicia
faba), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-
graecum), and vetches (Vicia lutea, V. villosa, and V. fulgens). Only
lupines proved refractory. Mazé § considered that there were two groups
of nodule-forming organisms—those adapted to live in an acid soil and

Jahr. wiss. Bot., 1897, Bd. xxx. p. 423.

Versuchsst., 1893, Bd. xlii. p. 477, and Hiltner, 1896, Bd. xlvi. p. 161.
U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 71, pp. 25, 26.

Ann, de Il’ Inst. Pasteur, xi. 1897, pp. 145-155.

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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 235

form nodules on broom, furze, lupine, &c., and a second group adapted to
live in an alkaline soil, originating the nodules on most of the commonly
cultivated leguminous plants—but this division does not appear to be
always strictly in accordance with the facts in practical experience.*

Are Nodules always Beneficial 2—It would seem that if the amount
of nitrogen cbtained by the leguminous plant depends upon the amount
fixed by the nodule-forming bacteria, then the greater the development
of the bacteria within the nodules the better would it be for the plant.
Such a statement appears quite logical at first, but it completely ignores
one fact in regard to bacteria, viz. that they are liable under certain
conditions to lose a power which, under other conditions, they possessed,
although they still retain the power of multiplying at their usual rapid
rate. It has been found that the “virulence” of the nodule-forming
bacteria varies under different conditions of growth, the “ virulence” in
this case being measured by their power of fixing nitrogen. Suchting
-found that the power of nitrogen-fixation by the plants was greatly
influenced by the source from which the infecting bacteria were derived,
whether they came from the soil, or from crushed nodules, or from pure
cultures grown on suitable media.t He found that the virulence of the
last was in excess of the other two, while that of the bacteria in the
soil-washings was least, but if the bacteria were grown upon unsuitable »
media their virulence was greatly reduced without diminishing their
powers of multiplication. Thus it will be seen that it is possible that
at times the number of nodules present upon the rcots is anything but
a measure of the efficiency of the contained bacteria to fix nitrogen; this
essential property depends as well upon the virulence of the bacteria.
It is, indeed, possible that the bacteria may be a source of actual loss
to the plant in which they are living, and may actually act as parasites
instead of partners of the leguminous plant. For if the race of bacteria
which has produced the nodules, through cultivation on unsuitable media
or from some other cause, has lost its virulence, 7.e. its power of fixing
nitrogen, the bacteria will be deriving all their nourishment from the
plant in which they are living and will return nothing. Furthermore
it is conceivable that though the soil be well furnished with nodule-
forming bacteria, yet, if it be inoculated with another race showing a
greater virulence than that possessed by the normal inhabitants, an
increased fixation of nitrogen might result; and conversely, if the race
used for inoculating the soil possessed less virulence than the normal
inhabitants, the amount of nitrogen fixed might be reduced. | It is
probable, then, that the source from which the inoculating material is
obtained, and the manner in which it is increased for use, are matters of
the gravest importance.

Soil Inoculation.—The facts that were brought to light in the late
eighties soon led to artificial inoculation of the soil. The first experi-

* It is interesting to note that if there be this distinction in the two forms: they
must be existing side by side in the Wisley soil, for in the Pinetum leguminous
plants well provided with nodules on their roots abound, and include furze, broom,
and Ornithopus, the roots of which are inhabited by bacteria adapted to live in an
acid soil, and a variety of clovers and vetches which are harbouring bacteria adapted
to live in an alkaline soil, growing in close proximity to them.

+ Centralbl. Bakt. 2. Abt., 11 (1904), p. 417.

236 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

menters used soil from fields which had already grown legumes with
which to inoculate newly reclaimed lands or lands upon which legumes
had not previously been grown. Salfeld as early as 1887 obtained good
results by this method on the Moor Culture Experiment Station, |
Bremen, but it was only upon such lands that the inoculation produced
increased yields. On ordinary lands where rational methods of culture
had obtained the results were negative. This method of inoculation
is practised in America now when new lands are brought under the
culture of soy beans and of lucerne. But this method inyolves at
least two disadvantages, the great expense of transporting large quantities
of soil for a considerable distance and the imminent danger of dis-
tributing noxious pests and troublesome weeds at the same time.

The first pure culture material used was “ Nitragin,’’ put upon the
market by the German firm of Hochst, but after extensive trials it was
abandoned as not giving the results expected of it. Its originators, Nobbe
and Hiltner, afterwards improved it, and it has since given good results
in several Continental experiments, even on land which had previously
grown leguminous crops. In this case the bacteria were grown and
distributed upon a solid gelatin nutrient medium.

In 1904 Moore, of the American Department of Agriculture, developed
a method of growing the bacteria in liquid culture media poor in
nitrogen. Absorbent cotton wool was soaked in the culture thus
obtained, and dried at a low temperature. The bacteria adhered to the wool
and in this dried state they were distributed to farmers and gardeners for
use. He found that they would remain alive after drying in this manner
for a considerable time. Many satisfactory reports were received, but a
great number of failures were reported later from other sources, and in
this country the material rarely gave increased crops. Some of these
failures were attributed to the drying which the bacteria had to undergo.
The United States Department has now abandoned sending the cultures
out in this form and is distributing them in liquid devoid of nitrogen in
hermetically sealed bottles.

In England Professor Bottomley, of King’s College, London, has
prepared material very similar to that of Moore in America,* and with his
material, which he has called “ Nitro-Bacterine,” the following experi-
ment was carried out.

THe EXPERIMENT.

Plan of the Hxperiment.—The experiment was planned so as to
ascertain whether any benefit was to be derived from the inoculation of
leguminous crops under any conditions in such a naturally poor soil as
that of the Wisley Garden. One half of the ground set apart for the
experiment had for the past four years received ordinary garden cultiva-
tion, the crop in 1907 haying been celery ; this part was divided from the

* Professor Bottomley, in Seed and Soil Inoculation for Legumes, writes (p. 8):
“When it was decided to send out inoculating material ... it was necessary, in
view of the New York experiments, to find some other medium than cotton wool for
distribution of the pure cultures. After a number of experiments it was found
possible to obtain a powder preparation of the bacteria.’? The culture material is
sent out in «a sealed packet containing cotton wool quite similar to the earlier

American method, but m addition a number of dry earth-like particles.

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Fig. 37.—Pian or tur Exprriment oN THE InocuLArrion or Lmcuminous Prants.

The treatment received by soil and seed is to be read straight across the central path. Thus in Plot I. and Plot XIII. the soil was inoculated and
the seed was not, and so on. ‘The plots bracketed jogether are to be compared with one another. They differ only in one receiving inoculated
seed, the other uninoculated. The dotted lines show the rows of peas. Hach plot measured 36 feet by 15 feet.

(To face page 237.)

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 237

other half, which had carried no crop during the preceding year, by a
broad path. The fallowed land had been kept constantly free of weeds
by continual stirring of the surface soil, and had in 1906 carried a crop of
kale.

Each half was divided into twelve equal plots, each measuring 36 feet
by 15 feet and having an area of 2 square rods. The plots were
separated from one another by paths 1 foot in width. The plots opposite
one another on each side of the central walk received similar treatment
(see plan, fig. 37). On Plots I, IL, XIII., XIV. the soil was inoculated
with bacteria in the manner recommended (see below). Plots IIL.,
IV., XV., XVI. were not treated in any way. Plots V., VI, XVIL,
XVIII. received a light dressing of dung at the rate of 10 tons to the
acre, in order to test the question whether a slightly increased supply
of organic nitrogen would affect the work of the bacteria. Plots VIL.,
VIII., XIX., XX. received a dressing of fresh slaked lime at the rate of
half a bushel to the square rod, in order that it might be ascertained
whether, if the inoculation on the untreated plots failed to produce any
effect, the failure was due to lack of sufficient lime, as it was known that
lime is present in very small quantity in the soil. In order to test the
question whether potash and phosphates were deficient, Plots IX., X.,
XXL. and XXII. received a dressing of superphosphate at the rate of
2 ewts. to the acre, kainit at the rate of 2 cwts. to the acre, and lime as
on the plots last mentioned. Plots XI., XII., XXIII., and XXIV. received
a dressing of calcium cyanamide (which contains lime in a caustic form
combined with nitrogen, and so supplies both lime and nitrogen) at the
rate of 2 cwts. to the acre, the amount being about equal so far as the
nitrogen is concerned to the addition of sulphate of ammonia at the
same rate.

Culinary peas were chosen for the experiment, since they probably
form the most important leguminous crop in kitchen and market gardens,
and the produee is capable of being measured with considerable accuracy ;
it can be weighed, and one need not therefore depend upon personal
estimates of differences in the crop of the different plots, a method of
estimation which is always unsatisfactory.

Four rows of peas were sown on each plot, the rows running north
and south. Each row measured 15 feet, and there was therefore on each
plot 60 feet of peas. Half the peas were inoculated with the bacterial
culture (see below) before they were sown and half were not inoculated,
the inoculated seed being sown on one plot and the uninoculated seed
on the adjoining plot that received similar treatment. There was
hus in the aggregate 360 feet of inoculated peas and 360 feet of
uninoculated on the well-cultivated ground, and the same amount on that
which had been fallowed, the total lengths of the rows of peas in the trial
being over a quarter of a mile.

The Soil of the Experimental Plot.—The soil of the Wisley Garden
is well described by the Vegetable Committee of the Society, in terms
which will be appreciated by all who cultivate garden soil. The soil is
a “naturally poor, hungry soil, and requires constant manuring.”” It
overlies the Bagshot sand and is of a very sandy nature, poor in organic
matter and containing a very small amount of lime. Indeed, a garden

238 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soil more suitable for the experiment, so far as its natural poverty goes,
would have been difficult to find.

The site selected was as nearly level as could be obtained, but had
a slight slope from south to north. The depth of soil in the two halves
naturally differed considerably. The soil on the part that had received
ordinary garden cultivation (the eastern half) had been deeply trenched
for celery in 1907, and was therefore much deeper and much better worked

than the fallowed ground, which had been hoed only through 1907. Both,
of course, were dug alike before the sowing of the seed in the spring.
One point was particularly noticeable on the fallowed ground: the soil
there was appreciably deeper at the northern end, the bottom of the slope,
than at the southern end, owing to the washing down of the finer particles
of soil during the heavy autumn and winter rains of 1907-8, and this had
a marked effect upon the yield in the fallowed land. The diagram (fig. 88)
will show graphically what this effect was

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 239

This difference in the depth of the soil was not to be found on the
cultivated land, for there the crops the land carried had effectually
prevented the washing.

As has been repeatedly pointed out in the literature of the subject, the
amount of available nitrogen (i.e. nitrogen combined in the form of
nitrates and salts of ammonia) has a marked influence upon the extent to
which leguminous plants avail themselves, so to speak, of the work of the
nodule-forming bacteria. When asoil is rich in nitrates, as Nobbe showed,
the nodule production is markedly lessened, but becomes greater as the
quantity of nitrate is less. In a soil such as that of the Wisley Garden,
nitrates are never present in great quantity, for it is so unretentive that
water passes through very freely, and carries with it the soluble nitrates.

The quantity of organic matter present in the soil will give some
indication of its nature, especially as the organic matter is the source of
most of the nitrogen which, after it has been acted upon by bacteria, other
_ plants are able to make use of.

The “ cultivated ’’ soil gave the following results:

Air-dry soil. : , 3 + 100
Loss on ignition* . ‘ : > 3°61
Loss on drying at 100° (= water) . 1:00

2°61 per cent.*
and the fallowed soil :

Air-dry soil. : : ; - 100
Loss on ignition * ; : ; 2°65
Loss on drying at 100° (= water) . 1:32

1:33 per cent.*

* These figures represent organic matter, water of combination, salts of ammonia,
&c., and it will be seen from them that the amount of organic matter in the cultivated
land as well as in the fallowed land is very small indeed.

Professor Bottomley states in his pamphlet (/.c. p. 10) : “ Inoculation
is useless when the legumes usually grown are producing high yields and
the roots show nodules in abundance.’”’ It is worthy of note, therefure,
that in the Wisley Garden peas and beans have not as a rule produced
high yields, so that in this direction also the garden offered a well-suited
place for the experiment. Further, no leguminous crop has been grown
on the site on which the experiment was conducted since the garden came
into the p ssession of the Society, and probably not for some years before
that. Nor have leguminous weeds been allowed to grow, since the land is
continually hoed, and no weeds succeed in maintaining their existence for
any length of time.

On the other hand, however, many leguminous plants occur spon-
taneously in remarkable numbers in the uncultivated parts of the garden ;
in one part, for instance, both the furze (Ulex ewropaeus) and the brvom
(Cytisus scoparius) grow well, and, in addition, the ground in some parts
is carpeted with the bird’s-foot (Ornithopus perpusillus), the bird’s-f ot
trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), vetches of various kinds (Vicia sepiwm,
V. angustifolia, V. sativa, V. hirsuta, and V. tetrasperma), clovers
(Trifolium repens, T. hybridwm, T. pratense, T. procumbens, and T.

240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

minus), black medick (Medicago lwpulina), and others, while in the
garden proper lupines of various kinds, species of Lathyrus and. Vicia,
and other ornamental leguminous plants grow well, some so well that
they are apt to become a nuisance unless they are constantly kept within
bounds. And these, growing on so poor a soil, are abundantly provided
with nodules.

The question as to whether the bacteria which are capable of pro-
ducing nodules upon one species of leguminous plant are also capable of
producing them upon others has been alluded to above, but it is interesting
to note that in every case where soil: from different parts of the garden
was placed in carefully cleaned pots, which had never been used for
growing leguminous plants, and pea or broad bean seeds sown in it,
nodules were produced upon the roots of the seedlings, showing that the
nodule-bacteria were universally present throughout the soil of the garden,
even in that which, so far as all knowledge and inductive reasoning would
lead us to conclude, had not been disturbed for a very long period,

Seed Used.—As past experience showed that certain types of peas did
not grow as well as others on the Wisley soil, for this experiment four
varieties were selected, representing four different types of peas. They
were ‘Ne Plus Ultra,’ ‘ Duke of Albany,’ ‘ Telegraph,’ and ‘ Maincrop.’

‘he seed used was kindly presented to the Society for the purpose by
Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H.; and all, with the exception of ‘ Maincrop,’
which showed a germination capacity of 88 per cent., gave the excellent
germination capacity of from 96 per cent. to 98 per cent.

The same weight of peas (60 grammes) was sown in each row of
15 feet. The number of seeds that made up the lots of 60 grammes of the
same variety varied within rather narrow limits, and of course the number
of seeds required to weigh 60 grammes in the different varieties varied
very considerably, but it was thought better to take a definite weight of
seed rather than a definite nwmber, for it has been shown repeatedly that
a heavier seed produces a larger and better developed plant than a smaller
seed of the same variety.

It may be noted that it was found later that, for one cause or another,
only about one-third of the seeds had produced plants that reached a full
development, and that in certain plots the number of plants fell far below
that of the others of the same variety. Attention is drawn to this in
considering the results obtained.

Tnoculation.—T wo methods of inoculation were tried, alone and in
combination. In Plots I., [1., XIII., and XIV. the soil was inoculated,
but in the other plots it was not inoculated, while the seed sown on Plots
II., IIL., VI., VII., X., XI., XLV., XV., XVIIL, XTX,, XAT ene
had been first inoculated, and that sown on the other plots was used
just as it was received from Messrs. Sutton.

The inoculation material was kindly presented by Professor Bottomley,
and was received directly from him on March 2, the broth being made on
the same day. ‘The instructions for making the broth were as follows :—

“Take a bucket or tub, clean and seald it out thoroughly, place in
it one gallon of good pure water (preferably rain water which has
been well boiled and allowed to cool), add the contents of package
No, 1, and stir until the salts are dissolved. Then carefully open

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY, 241

package No. 2, and drop the enclosed wool and powder into the
solution, giving another stir. Cover the tub with a clean moist
cloth, to protect the solution from dust, and keep in a warm place
(e.g. by the side of the fire), but temperature must nol exceed 76° to
80° Kahr.

“ After twenty-four hours add the contents of package No, 8, again
stirring, and allow the mixture to stand until it turns cloudy. This
will take place in from twenty-four to thirty-six hours if the tem-
perature is suitable. If the solution has been kept cold further time
should be given (not exceeding one or two days) for sufficient growth
of the bacteria to produce the cloudiness, as it is useless for inocu-
lating purposes until it turns cloudy,”

These directions were rigidly adhered to.

The contents of packet No. 1 (which contained small quantities of
cane sugar, potassium phosphate, and magnesium sulphate) were added
to one gallon of recently boiled distilled water, contained in a glazed
earthenware vessel, which was scalded out just previous to being used.
When this was quite dissolved the contents of packet No. 2 (the cotton
wool and earth-like particles containing the germs) were added, and well
stirred with a glass rod; the whole was then covered with a clean towel,
to exclude all dust and light, and stood in a propagating pit, where the
temperature was maintained at 70° ahr. Twenty-four hours afterwards
the contents of the third packet (ammonium phosphate) were added, and
stirred until the whole was dissolved, the cloth was replaced, and the
vessel left under the same conditions as before. The broth was not very
cloudy at the end of forty-eight hours from the time of starting, but by
the end of sixty-four hours (on March 5) it had become quite cloudy,
owing to the development of prodigious numbers of bacteria, and it was
then used.

Inoculation of the Soil.—Some soil which had been previously dried
somewhat in the air was taken and well moistened with some of the
el udy culture, diluted with its own bulk of water. This was mixed
thoroughly with a further bulk of soil, so that the whole formed a mass
that could be easily spread with a spade over the four plots which were to
be inoculated (and which had already been dug). This inoculated goil
after spreading was well raked in.

Inoculation of the Sced.—The seed had been previously weighed out
into lots of 60 grammes’ weight, and forty-eight lots were now inoculated
(March 5). Hach lot was placed separately in a small sieve and dipped
into the cloudy broth, so that the coat of every seed was thoroughly
wetted. The process took but # very short time in each case. When the
superfluous moisture had been drained away the seeds were spread out in
separate lots in the laboratory to dry, the blinds of the room being drawn
during the drying process, as light has been found to be injurious to the
bacteria.

The weather was not suitable for the sowing of the seed for a few days
after the inoculation, and the seeds were stored meanwhile in opaque
paper bags, numbered to correspond with the rows in the experimental
plots.

VOL, XXXIV. K

949, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

—

When the very similar American cultures were tried in this country,
and met with repeated failures, the serious objection was raised that the
cultures were dead before they were received. This was probably true in ~
some cases, but not in all. In one extensive series of trials that came
under my notice they were certainly capable of producing nodules. In
order to be perfectiy certain that the organisms supplied were in good
condition, and capable, under proper conditions, of producing nodules,
peas were sown both with and without inoculation in soil which had
been pasteurized by heating for one hour at 90° Cent., a temperature
sufficiently high to kill all the nodule-producing bacteria. Nodules were
plentifully produced in the pots in which the inoculated peas were sown,
but this was not the case in the pots where the uninoculated seed was
sown. In other pots the soil was inoculated after pasteurization, by .
watering with the diluted inoculating broth, and here again nodules were
freely produced on plants raised from uninoculated seed. There is thus
no question as to the viability of the culture used.

The seeds used in these pot cultures were inoculated at the same time
and in the same way as the seed sown in the garden trial.

Sowing the Seed and the Growth of the Plants.—All the seed was sown
on the afternoon of March 10, ir drills of equal depth throughout. The
first sign of the seedlings appearing above the ground was noticed on
April 6, and all the plots had the plants up within a day or two. There
was no advantage or disadvantage in the inoculated over the uninoculated
plots. The weather was, on the whole, favourable to the growth of the
plants, and they grew on without check. Following a very hot spell at
the beginning of May there was an attack of Pea Weevil (Sitones lineatus),
bnt the plants were by that time too well grown to suffer much and all
suffered alike. All the rows came very well with the exception of
‘Maincrop,’ which was rather patchy. Examination showed that a con-
siderable number of the seeds of this variety had rotted in the soil and
had not attempted germination. By the middle of May all the rows had
wire stretched along them to support the plants, and by June 4 some of
the plants of ‘ Telegraph ’ and ‘ Duke of Albany’ were in flower.

The trial was seen by many persons during its progress, and none
were able to observe at any time any marked difference between an
inoculated plot and the adjoining uninoculated plot, which had otherwise
received similar treatment.

Method of Estimating the Result.—In order to get an accurate estimate
of the crop on the several plots the produce of each of the ninety-six plots
was picked separately when it had attained a marketable size. Each row
was picked over, as a rule, four times, the last time so as to strip off every
pod. ach picking of one variety on one half of the trial ground was
completed within one day. The pods from each row were counted and
weighed as soon as gathered, then shelled, the shelled peas being also
weighed. By this method, which involved the shelling of about 74 cwt.
of peas and weighing them in quite sma!l quantities, we were not only
able to ascertain the total crop from each row, but also to find out
whether any showed earlier maturity than others, and whether, on the
whole, the pods were better filled in one plot than in another.

.

,-—=——". =

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 243

THE RESULT.

Cultivated Grownd.—As already pointed out, the experiment was
carried wut in two sections, which differed considerably from one another,
and it will be best to consider them separately, taking the series on the
cultivated ground first. It may be noted at the outset that the roots of
the plants on all the plots were found to be well supplied with nodules.

TABLE A.

* PropucE From Prots I. anp II. Seep INocuLarep, pur Not MANURED.

Plot I. - Plot II. Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated ~ | Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety . SEY Dey eee pee ST 6
No.of Wt.of Wit.of No.of | Wt. of Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods pods peas pods pods peas pods pods peas
|.» BTS. ers. ers. ers. | my a

We Plos Ulira .{| 615) 5,003 2,421 | 611 | 4,793 |2,258 | -1 —5 —7
Duke of Albany. 496 | 5,363 1,734! 489 | 5,135 | 1,740 —2 —5 0
Telegraph . -| 6038 | 6,044 2,212 | 623 | 6,035 |2,240; +3) -—1 |] 41
Maincrop . ./| 561 4,242 2,116 504 | 4,144 1,967} —11| —3 | -8
Totals. . | 2,275 | 20,652 8,483 | 2,227 -| 20,107 |8,205.| —3} —3 | —4

;

* All weights are given in grammes, except in Table P.

Here the inoculation of the seed yielded no increase of crop when the
soil had been inoculated previously, but instead there was a slight decrease,
amounting in the produce as it comes to the market from the whole plot
to about 4 per cent. This decrease was seen in all the varieties with the
exception of ‘ Telegraph,’ where the difference was very slight.

TABLE B.

Propuce From Puiots III. ann IV. Som NEITHER INOCULATED NOR MANURED.

Plot |Y. Plot III. ; Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease

Variety etal : 2 Se eee ee
No. of | Wt. of Wt. of | No.of | Wt. of | Wt.of | No.of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods | pods | peas pods pods peas pods pods | peas
=e Sa ak I oe Sy ae =i Aes

| ers. ers. ers. | ers.
Ne Plus Ultra .{| 692) 5,602! 2,691 583 | 4,542 | 2,141 | —15 —19 | —20
Duke of Albany | 605 6,767 2,308 558) 6,150 2,044, —8 -Il11) -13
Telegraph? : 805 | 7,722 2,883 | 596}; 5,630 2,120, —26 —28 | —26
Maincrop. .| 623) 4,958! 2,421 | A74. | 3:185.|.15874:) — 94: | See aae
Totals. ::| 2,725 | 25,549 | 10,303 | 2,211 | 19,507 | 8,179 | —19 | —99}- 299

In this case the decrease from the inoculated seed was much more
marked, being over 20 per cent., and further the decrease occurred in
every variety, varying from 11 per cent. in ‘Duke of Albany’ to 85 per
cent. in ‘ Maincrop.’

A comparison of the produce from these four plots, which are strictly

comparable with one another, is very interesting. The total yield from
R2

24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the plot which received no treatment at all beyond what it would receive
in ordinary garden cultivation, neither the soil nor the seed being
inoculated, was 2,752 pods, weighing 25,049 grammes and containing
10,303 grammes of peas. When the soil alone was inoculated the yield
was 2,275 pods (a decrease of 17 per cent.), weighing 20,652 grammes
(a decrease of 18 per cent.), containing 8,483 grammes (a decrease of
18 per cent.). When the seed alone was inoculated the yield was 2,211
pods (a further decrease of 2 per cent.) weighing 19,507 grammes (a
further decrease of 5 per cent.), containing 8,179 grammes of peas (a
further decrease of 8 per cent.). When both soil and seed were inoculated
the yield was about the same as in the last case, viz. 2,227 pods
(a decrease of 19 per cent. compared with the untreated plot), weighing
20,107 grammes (a decrease of 20 per cent.), containing peas weighing
8,205 grammes (a decrease of 21 per cent.).

Does this mean that in this poor garden soil inoculation of the seed
or soil may actually lead to a decreased yield when this particular
inoculating material is used? The only alternative is to suppose that
the inoculation had no influence at all, but that different plots as nearly
similar as it is possible to get may give crops varying as much as
23 per cent., while the variation in the different rows of the same
variety may be as much as 85 per cent. in one case and 28 per cent. in
another.

Turning now to the two plots which received a very light dressing of
dung we have yields as follows :—

TABLE C.

Propucr From Puors VY. anp VI. Sor not INocuLATED, BUT MANURED wiTtH DuNG
AT THE Rate oF Tren Tons To THE ACRE.

Plot V. Plot VI. . Percentage increase

Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety . =

No. of | Wt. of | Wt.of | No.of | Wtvof | Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods pods peas pods | pods peas pods pods | peas

ers. | ers, | ers. ers. )
Ne Plus Ultra . 703 | 5,903 | 2,833 712 | 5,723 | 2,595 +1 —4); -9
Duke of Albany | 485 | 5,633 |1,926| 666 | 7,348 | 2,480 | +36 | +30] +28
Telegraph. |.) 756 | 7,283 |2,750] 789 | 7,711 | 2,946] +4] 45| +7
Maincrop. .| 612) 4,855 |2,144! 565 | 4,399 | 2159 | —8 1) —103)0 90
Totals . . | 2,556 | 23,674 | 9,653 | 2,732 25,181 |10,180°| ° +7 | +69) 386

There is thus a difference in favour of the inoculated seed of
6 per cent. in the weight of the pods (7 per cent. in the number of the
pods and 5 per cent. in the weight of the peas), but this, we have seen, is
well within the margin of difference which might have been expected.
I'urthermore, it would be quite contrary to previous experience to find
that the addition of farmyard manure helped the work of the bacteria,
although, probably for another reason altogether, it is a usual experience
to find that the addition of farmyard manure leads to an increase in the
yield of peas.

OS — a a re

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY,

245

The next two plots were for the purpose of ascertaining whether or
not the presence of a greater amount of lime than is normal in our soil
would allow the inoculation to show to advantage here.

The yields are

shown in Table D.
TABLE D.

Propuce From Puiorts VII. anp VIII. Som nor Inocunarep, pur Dressed with
LIME aT THE Rate oF Forry BusHELS TO THE ACRE.

Plot VIII. Plot VII.

Seed not inoculated

Seed inoculated

Percentage increase
or decrease

Variety Pee: he see. = ., y |
No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No. of | Wt.of | Wt. of
pods. pods peas pods | pods peas pods pods peas

grs. | ers. ‘| grs. ers. iA?

Ne Plus Ultra. 638 5,006 2,297 786 6,217 3,004 +23 +25 +30

Duke of Albany 592 6,799 | 2,281 531 | 5,884 1,923 —-11 —-14 —16

Telegraph. 760 | 7,118 | 2,980 | 795 | 7,863 | 2,918 +4/)°4+10' +12

Maincrop . 696 | 5,636 | 2,523 616) 4,702 2,235 —-12 |) -17 —13
THEE a. Be’ = — = es

2,686 24,559 | 9,681 2,728 24,666 10,080 +1 0 +4

Totals

It would seem that there is already a sufficient quantity of lime in the
soil for the work of the bacteria there, for although there was an increase
in two cases there was a decrease also in two cases, and the total yields
scarcely differ from one another, the balance in favour of inoculation
being less than 1 per cent. Here again the inoculation was of no value.

The next two plets will show whether the reason of failure hitherto
has been due to lack of potash and phosphoric acid in the soil.

TABLE E.

Propuce or Priors IX. anp X. Sor nor InocuLatep, But DresseD wirH LIME,
KAINIT, AND SUPERPHOSPHATE.

Plot LX. Plot X. Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Warrehyes | fo 3 =
| No. of | Wt.of | Wt.of No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods pods peas pods pods peas pods pods peas
gers. ers. grs. grs. '

Ne Plus Ultra . 784 | 6,405 3,010 744 | 6,026 | 2,755 —6 —-3 —9
Duke of Albany 592 | 6,857 | 2,308 547 | 6,133 | 2,144 ah Loe 14 —8
Telegraph. 890 | 8,072 | 2,887 784 | 7,375 2,505|—-5| —9) -8
Maincrop . 662. 175,683 ) 2,638 476 | 3,711 |1,663 | —30 | —38)) —37
Totals . . / 2,858 | 27,017 | 10,788 | 2,551. | 23,245. |9,067 | -—12 | — 14 —16

Here we find a reduction in the crop from the inoculated seed in every
variety, and quite a marked one. From this it is evident that the failure

of the inoculation to produce beneficial results in other cases was not due

to lack of sufficient potash and phosphoric acid in the soil.

On the last two plots calcium cyanamide was put, increasing the
quantity both of lime and nitrogen in the soil. Table F shows the yield
from these two plots.

246 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TABLE F.

Propuce rrom Prors XI. anp XII. Som nor InocuLarep, sut DRESSED wiTH
CaLtciumM CYANAMIDE.

:
Plot XII. Plot XI. Percentage increase

Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety : = ee a) eee "
No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of Wt.of No.of _Wt.of Wt. of
pods pods peas pod- / pods peas pods pods peas
+ s. grs. nia | PTs 24) Spray
Ne Plus Ultra . 773 | 6,924 | 3,122 826 6,986 3,251 +64) <=8 +4
Duke of Albany 610 6,846 2,108 550 | 6,072 | 2,041; —10 | —12 | =@
Telegraph. —°. 802, 7,892 2,709 808 7,550, 2.720 0:| -S tea
Maincrop . : 529 , 4,030 1,757 558 | 4,809 | 2,008 +5 +19 te 14
pate 2 oh eS
Totals. . 9,714 | 25,692 9,696 | 2,742 |25,417/10.020| +1) -2) 48

Here again the result is practically the same in the two plots.

If we now take the totals of the six plots on which the seed was
inoculated, and compare with the totals of those where the seed was not
inoculated, we have :—

TABLE G.

CoMPARISON OF THE PRODUCE FROM THE UNINOCULATED PLOTS WITH THAT FROM
THE INOCULATED PuorTs.

. “ age i
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated Percentage increase

or decrease
Variety ) - -—
No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt.of
pods pods | peas | pods | pods peas | pods pods peas
ers. gre)! <] 1. Pgs, grs. | |
Ne Plus |
Ultra. 4,205 | 34,843 16,374 | 4,262 | 34,287 16,004 +1 —2 —2
Duke of | |
Albany 3,380 | 38,265 12,665 | 3,341 | 36,722 12,372 —2 —-4| -—8
Telegraph | 4,546 | 44,131 15.971 | 4,395 | 42,164 15,449 | -—4' -5]|] -4

Maincrop. 3,683 | 29,404 13,594 3,193 | 24,950 11,906 | —13 -—15) —13

Totals . 15,814 | 146,643 58,604 | 15,191 | 138,123 (55,731 | -—4 —-€ -5

In the case of every variety, as well as in the aggregate, the weight of
the produce from the inoculated seed was less than that from the
untreated, though in one case there was a slight increase in the number
of pods. This consistent though slight decrease is possibly without
significance, but the fact is very clearly demonstrated that inoculation is
likely to result in no benefit whatever in a thoroughly well cultivated
garden soil, even when the soil is as poor as that of Wisley.

In the last table (Table G) the totals given included those from the
soil that had been inoculated (see Table A), and if we leave these out the
result tells precisely the same tale, the totals being, from the inoculated
seed, 18,539 pods, weighing 125,991 grammes, and containing 50,121
grammes of peas, and, from the inoculated seeds 12,964 pods, weighing
118,046 grammes, containing 47,526 grammes of peas. Thus there was
a decrease from the inoculated seed of 5 per cent. in the number of pods,

:
:

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 247

7 per cent. in their weight, and 6 per cent. in the weight of the peas they
contained, and the decrease was shown consistently by every variety.

By dividing the number of pods into the total weight of the pods the
average weight of a pod may be obtained. It will be seen that it scarcely
varies in the two cases, though that from the inoculated is slightly the
less, while the average weight of the peas contained in the pods is also
slightly less than that from the uninoculated.

Fallowed Grownd.—Turning now to the fallowed ground, where
a similar series of plots was arranged, we find the result complicated by
the gradual fall off in the depth of the soil towards the top of the series of
plots (fig. 38). This factor must be borne in mind in considering the
tables which follow. Another point of importance, interfering with the
result of this part of the trial, was the very unequal number of plants, in
the rows of ‘ Maincrop’ particularly. In order to show where the latter
point interfered with the result in a marked manner, where the difference
in the number of plants was great, the number is given as a footnote to

the table.
TABLE H.

Propuce or Puots XIII. anp XIV. Sor InocunatED, But Nor MANURED.

| Plot XIIT. | Plot XIV. Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety RRR ae we ie ae ths 14
No. of | Wt.of | Wt. of No. of | Wt.of | Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods | pods peas | pods se peas pods pods peas
a ares A fh teagn Rie Pree ae
| ers. ers. ers.
Ne Plus Ultra 643°| 5,222 | 2,543 604 | 4.952 2,585 - 7 —6/ +1
Duke of Alvany . 388 | 4,261 11,860 463 |) 5,045 |1,630 ; +19 | +18 | +19
Telegraph . : | 520) .4.898: | 1,710 | 578° |-5,753- 12,045 | “+9 | +07) +19
Maincrop . .| 487 | 3,428 | 1,562 527 | 3,875 | 1,928 +§: |.4-13"°) ae
ae = == - a = eS =e | eee
Totals . . | 2,047 | 17,804 | 7,175 | 2,172 | 19,625 | 8,188 | +6 +10} +14

In this case there is, in the aggregate, a gain of 10 per cent. in the
inoculated plot, while, with the exception of ‘Ne Plus Ultra,’ all the
weizhings show an increased yield from the inoculated seed.

TABLE I.

Propucr oF Prots XV. anp XVI. Sor nerrHer InocunATED NoR MANURED.

Plot XVI. Plot XY. Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety sy av . 2 5s
No. of | Wt. of | Wt.of | No.of Wt.of | Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods puds peas | pods pods | peas pods pods peas
ers. grs. | Wet agro =P grs. | "

Ne Plus Ultra ~. 646 | 5,260 | 2,531 | 628 5,029 2445; -3 —5 —4
Duke of Albany . 332 | 3,671 | 1,062 | 363 4 O71 | 1,290 +9 > +10 +21
Telegraph . | 580 |. 5,972 | 2,074 | 631 | 6,378 | 2,225 +8 +6 +7
Maincrop* . : 325 | 2,418 [1,115 | 519. | 4,126 2,000 | +59 | +70 +78

Totals. . 1,888 |17,321 | 6,782 2,141 |19,604 7,963 | +13 +13 +17

. eee of plants from non-inoculated seed,
seed, 46.

35; number from inoculated

248 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Here again there is a gain from the inoculated over the uninoculated
seed amounting in the aggregate to 13 per cent., but a considerable part of
this gain is more apparent than real, on account of the variation in the
number of plants of ‘ Maincrop.’ If this variety be ignored the gain is in
the aggregate only 3 per cent. .

These four plots may be compared as in the series on the cultivated
land, and we find that the smallest yield was on the untreated plot.
When the soil alone was inoculated there was a gain of 8 per cent. in the
number of pods, 2 per cent. in their weight, and 5 per cent. in the
weight of the peas they contained. When the seed alone was inoculated
there was a gain of 13 per cent. in the number and weight of the pods,
and 17 per cent. in the weight of the peas. When both seed and soil
were inoculated the gain over the untreated plot was 15 per cent. in the
number of pods, 13 per cent. in their weight, and 20 per cent. in the
weight of peas they contained.

The small number of plants of ‘ Maincrop’ on the untreated plot
interferes with the comparison, and if we leave this variety out entirely we
find the results are much more even (Table J).

TABLE J.

Toran AND CoMPARATIVE WEIGHTS oF PrRopUCE oF THREE VARIETIES ON
Prots XTHI., XIV., XV.,; XVI.

| Percentage difference
_ from untreated plot

i No. of Wt.of | Wt.of |_ =
sr Ah peas | No.of Wt. of | Wt. of
_ pods pods | peas
ers | ers
Plot XIII. : / )
Soil only inoculated é é 1,560 14.3767" 1, 6,613: 7: 0 —1 -1
|
Plot XIV. |
Soil and seed inoculated. . 1,645 | 15,750 | 6260 +5 +5 +10
Plot XV. |
Seed only inoculated . . 1,622 15,478 | 5,963 +41 23975
Plot XVI. | . .
Untreated ; ; ; : 1,558 14,903 | 5,667 | — ek =

Taking these three varieties alone then, we find that when the soil
alone was inoculated there was a slightly diminished crop, while when
the seed alone or both the soil and seed were inoculated the return was
only slightly increased.

Taking these facts into consideration, and bearing in mind the fall off
in the soil towards the upper end of the series, we cannot but conclude
that here again there was no advantage derived from inoculation.

-

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 249

TABLE K:

PropucEe From Puors XVII. anp XVIII. Som nor INocunatrep, pur Manvurep
witH Dune aT THE Rate or TEN Tons To THE ACRE.

Plot XVII. Plot XVIII. Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety Dee eK. ao ‘ A

No.of | Wt. of-| Wt.of | No.of | Wt.of | Wt. of | No.of | Wt.of Wt. of

pods pods peas pods pods peas pods pods peas

ers. grs. ers. ers,

Ne Plus Ultra . 630 5,244 | 2,494 628 5,125 2,481 —1 —3 —l
Duke of Albany . ea0. |. 4,423. | 1,309 | ..323 | 3.616 | 1,202 | —17 | —19 —9
Telegraph . ‘ 599 5,998 2,098 912: | 6,249 11,785 | —14 }.—B 1 15
Maincrop* . ‘ 506 3,880 1,785 304 | 2,314 |1,045 | —40 | -—41 |; —42
Totals . . 2,125 19,545 7,686 1,767 16,304 6,513, —17 -17 —16

* Number of plants from non-inoculated seed, 54; number from inoculated
seed, 35.

Here the difference in the number of plants in the rows of ‘ Maincrop’
interferes with the exact comparison between the two plots, and the total
decrease in the crop shown by the table is too great. Every variety,
however, showed a diminished yield from the inoculated plot, and
evidently here inoculation was rather detrimental than the reverse.

TABLE L.

Propucre rrom Prots XIX. anp XX. Som not INOCULATED, BUT DRESSED WITH
Lime AT THE Rate or 40 BUSHELS TO THE ACRE.

Plot XX. Plot XIX. | Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety te Ss E -
No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of | No.of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No.of | Wt.of Wt.of
pods | pods peas pods pods peas | pods pods peas
; ag Z 05, X ers. ers. ers.
Ne Plus Ultra : 346 2,665 1,200 | 475 | 3,901 |1,831 | +37 | +46 | +52
Duke of Albany .| 149 {1,529 | 472 | 299 2,923 919 |+100,) +91] +94
Telegraph . .| 534 |4,580 |1,498 | 467 4,938 |1,639 | —13) +7) +10
Maincrop. . -| 130} 959 | 454] -96 679 | 313 | —27| —30]| —88
Totals . . | 1,159 | 9,738 | 3,624 |1,337 | 12,441 |4,702 | +15| +27! +29

Extraordinary variations are apparent in the results from these plots,
due in the main at least to variations in the numbers of plants in the
rows. We have not the figures for the varieties ‘ Duke of Albany’ and
‘Telegraph,’ owing to an accident, but the number of plants of ‘ Ne Plas
Ultra’ in the non-inoculated row was 24 ; in the inoculated, 38 ; of ‘ Main-
crop’ in the non-inoculated row, 33 ; in the inoculated row, 24.

As figures stand it would appear that if lime were added to the soil
then the inoculation would have been very beneficial (but there are con-
tradictory figures as well). If this be true then we should find that
inoculation was beneficial also in the next pair of plots, where also lime

was added.

250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TABLE M.

Propuce rrom Purots XXI. anp XXII. Som nor INocuLaTED, BUT DRESSED WITH
Lime, PorasH, AND SUPERPHOSPHATE.

i en — — - =

Plot XXI. | Pot XXII. ) Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease
Variety ai s | | ently Bi
No. of | Wt.of | Wt.of | No.of | Wt. of Wt. of | No. of | Wt. of | Wt. of
pods | puds | peas | pods | pcds ! peas pods pods peas
) —he=
eM eresaed ers: ; | ers. | grs. |
Ne Plus Ultra .| 526 4,027 |1,931 | 402 : 2,916 |1,392 | —29 | —28 | —28
Duke of Albany .| 206 | 1,969 | 635) 157 1,460 | 480 | —24) —26 | —25
Telegraph . 521 | 5.146 1,727 512 , 5,092 | 1,677 —2 —% —3

Maincrop*. i:
; - |

ies 2,107 | 928] 98 674 | 293 | —65 | —69 | —69

L527 | 13,249 5,216 (1,169 10,142 |3,e42 | —24 | —24] —97

Totals

* Number of plants in non-inoculated row, 52; number of plants in inoculated
row, 15.

Here again the decrease is probably much greater than it ought to be
owing to variation in the number of plants in a row, especially in ‘ Main-
crop,’ but every variety shows a decrease, and it is evident that the
difference shown in Plots XIX. and XX. is a purely fictitious one so far
as in culation is concerned. It is obvious that the addition of lime does
n t yield better results with the inoculating material in our soil, nor is the
soil so deficient in potash and phosphates as to be incapable of maintaining
the nodule bacteria.

TABLE N.

PropucEe rrom Prots XXIII. anv XXIV. Som not INocuLATED, BUT DRESSED
WITH CaLcIuM CYANAMIDE.

Plot XXIV. Plot XXIII. | Percentage increase
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated or decrease

Variety CUA ass? eee f Asc tee 2 :
No.of Wt.of Wt.of | No.of | Wt.of Wt.of No.of | Wt. of | Wt. of

pods pods | peas pods pods | peas | pods pods peas

) ers. grs. ers. ers.

Ne Plus U'tra ./| 301 2,082 | 951| 231 /1,602| 677 | —24| —98| —a9
Duke of Albany 66 475 | 163} 104/| 738) 243 | +57 | +55 | +49
Telegraph . .| 467 4,440 1,468 | 489 | 5,265 | 1,665 ees 4°! 3 te eee
Maincrop* . 24. U80:.7,998 575 187-| O23 411 | —-24. —29 | —29
Totals . . {1,014 8,290 | 3,157 | 961 8,526 2,996] -6 +2] -6

* Number of plants in non-inoculated row, 38; number of plants in inoculated
row, 35.

Here the variations in the total yield are slight, although in the
separate varieties they are great.

If we now take the totals of the six plots on which the seed was
inoculated, and compare with the totals of those where the seed was not
inoculated, we have—

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 251

TABLE O.

CoMPARISON OF THE PRODUCE FROM THE UNINOCULATED PLors witH THAT FROM
THE INOCULATED Puorts.

| Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated dp ees
Variety ree ay oars i RR Ge RTS Sp) —
| No. of | Wt of Wt. of | No.of | Wt. of Wt. of | No.of | Wt. of | Wt. of
| pods Rie peas pods pods peas pods pods | peas
ers. grs. | gers. ers. mae ol!
Ne Plus Ultra. | 3,092 24, 500 | 11,650 | 2,968 | 23,525 11,414, —-—5 —4 ~3
Dukeof Albany 1,531 | 16,328 5,001 | 1,709 |17.853 5,764 +11 +9 | +15
Telegraph . | 3,230 | 31,029 10,575 3,189 32675 11,036 —2 +5 | +4
Maincrop . | 1,902 : 14,085 6,414 | 1,681 |12,589 5,990! -12 -11 -—7
Totals. . | 9,755 | 85,942 33,640, 9, 547 86,642 34,204 —3 0; +1

’

In the aggregate there is scarcely any difference in the produce from
the two sets of plots, while, considering the varieties separately, two gave
a greater yield in weight of produce and two a less. On the whole, there-
fore, it cannot be said that, even on this land which had not received
even such good attention as an ordinary garden soil, inoculation with
“‘ Nitro-Bacterine ”’ is likely to prove of any benefit.

If we leave out of the calculation the produce of the two plots on
which the soil itself was inoculated (Plots XIII. and XIV.) we find that
the plants from the inoculated seed bore 7,875 pods, weighing 67,017
grammes, containing 26,016 grammes of peas, while those from the
uninoculated seed bore 7,708 pods, weighing 68,138 grammes, containing
26,465 grammes of peas. In other words, the inoculated seed gave
5 per cent. less in number of pods and 2 per cent. less in weight of pods
and seed than the uninoculated.

The average weight of the pods from the uninoculated plots was
8°8 grammes, and of the peas they contained 3:4 grammes. The average
weight of the pods from the inoculated plots was 9 grammes, and of the
peas they contained 3°5 grammes.

Effect of Inoculation on Time of Maturity of the Crop.—In certain of
the reports quoted in “‘ Seed and Soil Inoculation for Leguminous Crops,”’
by Professor Bottomley, it is stated that incculuted plants matured earlier
than non-inoculated. Thus one says that inoculation of peas “ rendered a
fortnight earlier marketing possible” (p. 16). ‘The sweet peas started
to blossom earlier than the non-inoculated”’ (p. 18). ‘‘ The row treated
(peas) . . . certainly earlier’ (p. 18). “The peas .. . inoculated were
ready quite two weeks before the others’ (p. 24).

It would be tedious to give the mass of figures from which the relative
earliness of the peas in the Wisley trial is to be arrived at, and it will
suffice to say, since this result is typical of the whole, that while five
plots in which inoculated seeds of ‘Telegraph’ were sown yielded
36,129 grammes, the first two pickings from these plots weighed 20,464
grammes, or 56 per cent. of the whole; the produce of the correspond-
ing uninoculated plots was 38,087 grammes, of which 20,502 grammes,
or nearly 54 per cent., was included in the first two pickings, made on the
same days as those from the inoculated plots. In this trial, therefore,
inoculation had no influence whatever upon the earliness of the crop.

252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Effect of thorough Cultivation on the Crop.—Many interesting points
are raised by a consideration of the results of this experiment, some of
which may be touched upon in the future, but one is exceedingly striking
and so important that attention is drawn to it now. It is with regard to
the total crops obtained on the two halves of the experimental plot
respectively. The weights of the pods are shown in lb. avoirdupois in

the following Table :—

TABLE P.
Variety Cultivated land. Fallowed land.
Wt. of pods in 1b. Wt. of pods in lb.

Ne Plus Ultra. : ; . 1523 106
Duke of Albany . ‘ . 1653 755
Telegraph . : 4 . . 1903 128
Maincrop. : : : . 120 59

6282 3682

As has been before pointed out, the main difference in the two halves
of the ground is that on one the land had been deeply worked, on the
other it had been dug but one spit deep. The difference in yield in
Favour of deep digging for peas is 70 per cent., and the benefit derived is
very marked in the case of every variety.

Probable Cause of the Failure of Inoculation to Increase the Yield.—
With the “ Nitro-Bacterine ’’ culture material Professor Bottomley sent out
the following note :—

“The Inoculating material is beneficial only for leguminous (pod-
bearing) plants. Each culture is adapted for the particular legume
named on package No. 2. The culture solution, when properly pre-
pared and applied, causes the formation of nodules on the roots of
the particular legume, and renders available to these plants the free
nitrogen of the air.

“Tnoculation will prove beneficial—

“(a) On poor soil, z.e. soil low in organic matter.

‘““(b) On soil which has not grown legumes for some time.

‘““(c) When the legume to be sown belongs to a species not closely
related to the one previously grown.

‘““(d) When the legumes usually grown are deficient in root nodules.

“Tnoculation is useless—

(a) When the leguminous crop usually grown is producing up to
the average, and the plants show plenty of root nodules.

“(b) When the soil is already rich in nitrogenous material.
Heavily manured soil rich in nitrates appears to prevent the forma-
tion of root nodules.

‘“(c) When the soil is acid and needs lime, or when phosphates are
deficient.

“(d) Inoculation will not overcome results due to bad seed, im-
proper cultivation of ground, or adverse weather conditions.”

All the points touched upon in this note have been already discussed
with regard to the experiment, and it has been shown that the amount of
organic matter in the soil is very low; that for many years no legumes

—s CUCU

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 253

have been grown upon the site of the experiment, and that probably peas
have never before been grown there; and that leguminous crops have
not as arule produced an average crop; all of which might lead to an
expectation of a favourable result following the inoculation. That such
a result did not follow is probably due to the fact that the soil is already well
inoculated with the nodule-producing germs, and that the germs normally
present are at least as “virulent” as those in the “ Nitro-Bacterine,”’
and in view of the fact that out of the 48 rows in which inoculated
seeds were sown 31 gave a crop smaller than was produced by the
corresponding uninoculated rows it would seem highly probable that the
normally nodule-forming bacteria of the soil possessed a higher virulence
than those in the “ Nitro-Bacterine.”’

Conclusion.—lit is not claimed for this experiment that it shows what
is to be expected under all conditions, or that under no conditions is
inoculation of leguminous plants likely to be followed by increased yield,
but the result obtained at Wisley leads to the conclusion that inoculation
with “ Nitro-Bacterine’”’ of leguminous plants grown in garden soil, even
when the garden soil is as poor as that of Wisley, is very unlikely to be
followed by an increase in the crop.

Several Fellows of the Society who have tried the effect of inoculation
with “ Nitro-Bacterine”’ in their own gardens have kindly sent me their
results, and all point to this conclusion.

I take the opportunity of cordially acknowledging the intelligent
and painstaking assistance rendered by Mr. Wm. Brown and Mr. H. L.
Robson, two of the senior students in the Garden, in carrying out this
experiment, and the help of Mr. A. C. Smith, the Assistant-Superintendent
of the Garden, in supervising the cultural operations connected with it.

SUMMARY.

1. A trial of the effect of inoculation of peas with ‘‘ Nitro-Bacterine’”’
was conducted at Wisley in 1908.

2. The soil of the Wisley Garden is one more likely to respond to such
inoculation than the majority of garden soils.

8. The experimental area was divided into twenty-four equal plots,
twelve being on well-worked soil, twelve on soil that had been fallowed in
1907.

4, Each pair of plots on the cultivated ground received different soil
treatment, and the corresponding pairs on the fallowed land received the
same treatment.

5. One of each pair of plots had seed which had been inoculated
sown upon it, the other seed which had not been inoculated. One row
of each of four varieties was sown upon each plot, the same varieties
being used throughout.

6. It is shown that the Wisley soil is lacking in none of the chemical
elements necessary for the successful growth and development of the
nodule-forming bacteria.

7. Seven out of the twelve plots on which inoculated seed was sown
gave smaller crops than the corresponding uninoculated plots, and one
gave an equal crop.

254 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

8. There was under no soil treatment a consistent increase in the crop
due to inoculation.

9. The total weight of the crop from the whole of the plots receiving
inoculated seed was 450 lb., while the total from the plots in which
uninoculated seed was sown was 515 lb. ‘Che uninoculated seed there-
fore gave a crop 14 per cent. heavier than the inoculated in the ageregate.

10. ‘The crop from the inoculated seed was not better in any way than
that from the uninoculated, nor did it reach maturity earlier.

11. There was a remarkable difference in the yield from the well-
cultivated land and the fallowed land, greatly in favour cf the former.

12. It is concluded that the inoculation of leguminous crops with
“ Nitro-Bacterine”’ in ordinary garden sou is not likely to prove beneficial.

SEs ee ee eS ee ee ee!

BOOK REVIEWS. 255

BOOK REVIEWS.

“ Wild Bees, Wasps, and Ants, and other Stinging Insects.” By
E. Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. 8vo., 144 pp.; 4 plates. (Routledge,
London, no date.) 3s. 6d.

Most persons are familiar with the common hive-bee, humble-bees,
wasps, and the ubiquitous garden ant, but few are aware of the number
of interesting insects which are nearly related to these well-known ones,
and which are equally common. Hitherto there has not been any work
in which a non-scientific reader could find any general information
about these insects; but the book under review, which is written by one
of our best authorities on this group, gives a popular and very interesting
account of these wild bees, wasps, ants, &c. The author in his preface
says: “These pages are written only for the non-scientific, as the
scientific entomologist will be already familiar with the elementary facts
recorded.” ‘The interest and pleasures of a garden are much enhanced if
one has some little knowledge of its insect occupants. The butterflies
and moths with their caterpillars have for years proved of more or less
interest to nearly everyone, and tney have a large literature of their
own. Next to these, the various bees and their allies are the most
prominent insects in our gardens, and the literature about them is very
scanty and by no means popular. The author purposely makes only a
passing allusion to the hive-bees, as so much has already been written
abcut them, and many of their habits and ways are now matters of
common knowledge. The book is well illustrated by four very good
coloured plates, containing thirty-one figures and twenty-eight figures in
the text. Of course in a book of this size and character it is impossible
to give descriptions and figures of all the various species, some 375
in number. The book is divided into twenty-nine subjects, which
really form chapters, but they are not alluded to as such nor are they
numbered. On p. 2% attention is called to the very loose way in which
many persons talk of insects stinging or biting, as if they were practically
the same action and performed by the same part of the insect; the
difference between the two processes is, however, very clearly pointed out.
On p. 23 the great similarity between certain two-winged flies and some
of the bees and wasps is commented on. The resemblance between the
common drone-fly and the ordinary hive-bee has been already mentioned
(on p. 8). There is an interesting chapter on bees’ wings, followed by
one on breeding these insects, in which much useful information is given
which should prove of great assistance to anyone who wishes to breed
them. The reason given on p. 122 for the coloured bands which
ornament the bodies of so many species is not very convincing, for if
the reason given be the true one, why are not all the aculeate hymenoptera
banded? The last chapter but one is on the development of insects, and

-it should prove a very instructive one to those who wish to learn some-
thing about this very interesting subject. It tells how insects may be

ey. WNT if
+
i ‘

256 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

known from other nearly related creatures, and how their transformations
differ in various orders. The last chapter is more technical, and in it is
described, with the aid of a very good figure, the external anatomy of a
hymenopterous insect, the parts of the head, thorax, abdomen, and legs,
the nervures of the wings, &c., all of which is most important informa-
tion to those who wish to study the subject more closely. We can
cordially recommend this little book to the notice of all who are
interested in natural history, and who wish to increase their knowledge of
the insects of which it treats, as they will find in it a fund of information
which cannot but interest and instruct them.

“The Story of Insect Life.’ By W. R. Westell. 8vo., 339 pp.,
coloured plates, and 334 plain figs. (R. Culey, London, 1907.) 5s. net.

The author has succeeded in writing a very interesting book on
insects in a quite popular manner, which should be useful in teaching
the rudiments of entomology to those into whose hands it may fall, for
it is surprising how little is known, even among well-educated persons,
about the commonest insects which they meet with almost daily. How
few persons, comparatively, have any idea that caterpillars and grubs are
only imperfect states of some very different looking insects, and know
that they do not perpetuate their species by laying eggs? Most persons
are very incredulous when they are told that insects in their perfect
condition never grow, and that small flies and beetles do not grow into
large ones. This book is very well printed and is profusely illustrated ;
most of the figures are very good, but some are practically useless. The
coloured plates, of which there are eight, are not numbered consecutively
with the uncoloured ones; the latter are treated as if they were pages, and
the figures on them as if they were in the letterpress, so that when the
reader is referred to, say, plate 6, it is difficult to find, for the figures on
the coloured plates are numbered differently from those on the others,
and the only clue to the plate is to refer to the list of illustrations, when
you learn that it faces chapter so and so; then on turning to the table
of contents you find the page on which the chapter begins. It is to be
hoped that this will be altered in the next edition. The figure of the
wasp’s nest on plate 5 is very misleading—it shows the cells as if they
were formed horizontally, like those of the honey-bee ; but the cells in
& wasp’s nest are vertical, with the opening downwards. The relative
size of the figures to the insects which they represent is not given, except
in a very few instances, which is a great omission, particularly in a
book of this description. Some of the figures taken from microscopic
slides which are semi-transparent are very unsatisfactory, as they do not
give a good idea of the real aspect of the object—figs. 31, 38, 39, for
instance.

On p. 89, in alluding to the provisions of Nature to prevent injury

to living creatures when they fall, the author says: “The most common
provision to aveid injury is that the falling body forms itself into a
circle, or part of a circle, so that it does not fall plump on the centre of
gravity.” This sentence is very ambiguous, and one fails to understand
its meaning. In mentioning the dor-beetle (p. 115), it is stated that it
deposits its eggs in dung-heaps; it may do so at times, but it more

BOOK REVIEWS. 257

usually makes a hole, some nine or ten inches in depth, under some
fresh dung, into which it thrusts a pellet of dung on which it lays an
ego; when the egg hatches, the young grub finds itself surrounded with
fcod. On p. 169 it is said that the perfect mayfly changes its skin soon
after it has reached maturity. This is not really the case, as the mayfly
does not appear as a perfect insect until it has cast the skin with
which it is covered when it emerges from the pupal covering. There is
evidently a misprint on p. 181, where a sentence reads: “ the larve or
grubs of saw-flies are sometimes called false caterpillars, because a true
larva possesses not more than sixteen legs.’’ We presume that the author
intended to say “because a true caterpillar possesses not more than
sixteen legs.’ In the account given of gall-flies no allusion is made to
the very interesting fact that most of the gall-flies of the oak have to
pass through two generations before the life-cycle of the insect is
complete ; that is, a gall-fly lays an egg in the bud of an oak, a grub is
produced, which forms a gall quite unlike that from which its mother
emerged, and this grub, when it eventually becomes a gall-fly, is quite
different from its mother in form, exactly resembling its grandmother in
appearance, while the grub hatched from its egg forms a gall of the
same nature as that of the last generation but one. For instance, the
gall-fly that is produced from the ‘‘common oak spangle-galls,” in
the spring lays her eggs in the male blossoms of the oak, and the
galls which result are very unlike the spangle-galls, and are known as
currant-galls on account of their resemblance to a small bunch of
currants; the flies from these galls lay their eggs on the undersides of
the leaves and spangle-galls are formed.

On p. 188 it is mentioned that it must not be supposed that all gali-
flies produce galls, as some of the smaller ones do not, but are parasitic.
This requires some explanation, as none of the gall-flies are parasitic in
the way of living on some other insect; but they lay their eggs in the
galls already formed by some other gall-fly; this, however, does not
interfere with the maker of the gall.

Worker-bees are said on p. 211 to “ have a brief but busy existence ;
so hard do they work, these rightly named worker-bees, that they often
die of sheer exhaustion.’ That they have a brief existence is true;
most insects in their perfect state have a very short life—some species,
indeed, only live a few hours—but that they often die from sheer
exhaustion is very doubtful ; some probably perish when at work if they
are caught in a violent shower, as they would not be able to fly through
it, but would get thoroughly wet and be much knocked about, and very
likely would be unable to reach their hive. Bees are said to collect
propolis from flowers; this is a mistake. Propolis is a resinous substance
which the insects collect from various trees. A mite which is parasitic
on some beetles is spoken of and figured as the beetle-mite; this is mis-
leading, as the true beetle-mites are not parasitic, and have received
the name ‘of beetle-mites on account of the hardness of their skins.
Attention has been called to various inaccuracies which have been noticed
in looking through this work, but they do not really detract from its
value, for it is well calculated to serve the purpose for which it was
written.

VOL. XXXIV. 5

258 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

~

“The Butterflies of the British Isles.”’ By R. South, F.E.S. Sm.
8vo., 204 pp. “The Moths of the British Isles.” Series 1. By R.
South, F.E.S. Sm. 8vo., 348 pp. (Warne, London, 1906 and 1907.)
6s. and 7s. 6d. net respectively.

Though many works have been published on our butterflies and
moths, hitherto those most useful to the ordinary collector (being
illustrated) have been too expensive for his purse. The present series by
Mr. R. South, the well-known lepidopterist, supplies a long-felt want.
The volumes he has written are of very handy size and can easily be
carried in the pocket ; they are well printed and profusely illustrated, most
of the figures being exceedingly well coloured, and the price is most
moderate; in fact it is difficult to understand how they can be sold at
their price. Only two volumes are at present published; one on the
butterflies and the other on the moths, beginning with the Sphingidae
and ending with the Noctuidae. Other volumes are to follow. The
classification of the moths is somewhat different from what entomologists
have hitherto been accustomed to. Recent investigations have caused
a considerable alteration in the position of certain moths. Our old
friend the goat-moth is now placed near the Tortricidae instead of
following close after the clear-winged moths, and is no longer known as
Cossus ligniperda, but is called Trypanus cossus; the clear wings are
now placed near the Tineidae ; various other changes have also been
made.

The volume on butterflies opens, after the preface and introduction,
with Part 1, which gives the life-cycle of a butterfly, describing the egg,
caterpillar, chrysalis, and perfect insect or butterfly, their external
anatomy, &c. ; then follow several pages on collecting which contain much
useful information on nets, the various methods of setting, boxes,
cabinets, &c. Part 2 contains the description of the various kinds of
butterflies, their caterpillars with their food plants, and the chrysalides.
The plainest and tersest language is used ; there are no poetical quotations
or other padding, which are quite out of place in a book of this description,
but which authors, to show off their erudition, are too fond of indulging
in. ‘The plates are most excellent and in most cases give more than one
figure of each species. The English name of the insect is always given
before the scientific one in the heading of the description of .the insect,
which is a pity, as popular names should not be encouraged, though
perhaps necessary evils. One great disadvantage of them is that they
do not show the affinity of one species to another in any way; for
instance, ‘the small square spot,” “the six-striped rustic,’ and “ the
cousin-german’’ are described in the sequence here given; but the
Knglish names do not show that they have any relationship to one
another, whereas the scientific names Noctua rubi, N. wmbrosa, and
N. sobrina at once denote their relationship and that they belong to the
same genus. ‘The “hedge rustic,’’ which one might imagine was some
connection of the other rustic, belongs to quite a different genus (Tholera).
In the introduction to the volume on moths the peculiarities of their
structure as differing from that of butterflies is pointed out, a figure is
given showing various types of antenne, and there is also a figure show-
ing the veins and giving the names of various markings on the wings.

BOOK REVIEWS. 259

Under the heading of “field work” some useful information is given as
to when and where to look for moths. Then follow the descriptions of
the various families, genera, and species. The usefulness of the volume
would have been much enhanced if a classified list of the moths had been
given of a similar nature to that of the butterflies. We can most con-
fidently recommend these two volumes to those who are studying or
intending to study our British Lepidoptera.

“Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs.” By A. D.
Webster. Kd. III., 8vo., 283 pp. (Messrs. Smith, Elder, London, 1908.)
3s. 6d.

In this the third edition the author has added several very useful
chapters regarding recent introductions in trees and shrubs, on pruning,
planting, and grouping, on ornamental foliaged trees for various soils
and situations, and the family to which each belongs. We cordially
agree with the author that the monotonous repetition in at least nine-
tenths of our parks and gardens of such trees as the elm, the lime, the
oak, and such shrubs as the cherry laurel and the privet, is neither
necessary nor desirable. Amongst oaks we may make one or two
exceptions and include such as Quercus coccinea ‘ Waterer’s variety,’ a
truly magnificent variety for autumn effect, and a rapid grower; and in
cherries we should include that most beautiful of all weeping trees,
Cerasus sinensis pendula rosea, an ornament to any lawn and beautiful
by a lake side. Why planters will persist in putting in such masses of
poor trees and shrubs we cannot.imagine when there is such a wealth of
truly beautiful and perfectly hardy things to choose from, and, when
judiciously selected, admirably suited to all soils and situations. Of
course it would cnly be a waste of time, money, and labour to plant
anything belonging to the order Hvicaceae where there is lime or chalk,
but excluding this order there are great numbers of trees and shrubs
available. We should add one shrub to those named by the author for
growing in the shade, viz. Rubus odoratus, and Rosa rugosa succeeds
fairly well under deciduous trees. The lists of climbing shrubs, autumn-
tinted foliage trees and shrubs, thcse that produce berries, and suitable
ones for town planting are excellent.

“The Summer Garden of Pleasure.’ By Mrs. Stephen Batson, with
86 illustrations in colour by Osmund Pittman. 8vo., 231 pp. (Methuen,
London, 1908.) 15s.

A beautifully written and well-printed book with excellent illustra-
tions, but a little too expensive for the pocket of the ordinary garden
lover who is usually anxious to spend his or her spare cash on things for
the garden. There are eleven chapters dealing with the wild garden, early
and late summer flowering plants, lilies, and the scarcity of flowers in
August, &c., all full of information of a most useful character. We
think the authoress’s remarks on the wild garden are much needed at the
present time, as so many are making wild gardens under the impression
that it is the simplest and easiest, as well as one of the most delightful
phases of gardening. No style of gardening is more difficult or requires

more care, and the problem for the experienced man or woman is how
»

5S 4

260 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

much to do, and how much not to do, as it is equally as easy to do too
much as it is to do too little, and thus spoil the whole effect. Again,
many have an idea that anywhere will do for a wild garden, but to have
a really good one means a favourable soil and position, with the best
possible judgment on what to plant, where and how. When it can be
made a part of the garden scheme, coming quite naturally as a part of
the garden, then by all means have it, but it means work and not
indolence, as many seem to imagine, and so we welcome the authoress’s
timely advice.

“Pansies and Violets.”’ By D. B. Crane, F.R.H.S. 8vo., 128 pp.
(Collingridge, London, 1908.) 1s.

Mr. Crane is a well-known grower and exhibitor of these plants, and
his little book is very welcome, as there are few books on these plants.
The information is very practical and clearly given, dealing with all
phases of culture, with botanical and historical notes. We can confi-
dently commend this book to all who possess a garden.

‘““My Garden.’”’ By Mary Pendered. (Sisleys Ltd., London.) 1s.

This is really a notebook of handy size, with one side showing the work
of the week, and the other making notes, such as recording work done,
and as such useful for the gardener or amateur.

“Ta Mosaiculture pratique.’ By Albert Maumené. Seventh edition,
with 254 illustrations, including 4 coloured plates. 8vo. 448 pp. (Paris,
Librairie et Imprimerie horticoles, 1908.) Paper cover, 3 f. 50.

A handbook of formal bedding admirable in its simplicity and breadth
of treatment. Its excellence as a manual and the popularity of the subject
in France are shown by the rapid exhaustion of the preceding six editions
and the issue of the present much enlarged and largely rewritten seventh.
In England carpet bedding, ribbon borders, and formal gardening generally
have been for many years regarded with but little favour, partly, no doubt,
owing to the remarkable influx of new hardy exotics, but also owing to our
almost national preference for greater freedom in the treatment of plants,
a preference voiced by Bacon when of the coloured sands and formal beds
of his day he said, ‘“‘ You may see as good sights many times in tarts,” and
admitted when those beds laid out in the simplest and least ambitious
style became known as “ parterres 4 l’anglaise.’’ But in association with
architecture and in frequented walks in our parks and large gardens
formal bedding has its rightful place and its inimitable effects, and
recent years have seen a noticeable improvement in the taste evidenced in
its designs and the judgment applied to its use. The present manual,
after a brief historical summary of the development of modern styles and
a criticism of their scope and limitations, proceeds to their adoption
in 'the formation of beds of permanent or seasonal interest. Colour
harmonies and contrasts are discussed, and every step in the making ofa
garden, from the preparation of the washes employed in colouring the
pencil design to the pinching and watering necessary after actual planting,
is fully and simply explained. Extensive lists are given of plants for
special purposes, so that the plants suitable for spring, summer, autumn,

, |
»

or winter bedding, plants of a particular height or colour or foliage value,
are easily discovered. Methods of propagation are detailed, and the last
chapter, of seventy pages, is devoted to a series of practical examples of
geometric beds, with their appropriate plants. England ‘receives but
scanty notice both with regard to the history of the subject and to
the many fine examples now found in our public parks, and it is with
surprise that we read that blue is the predominant colour in our bedding
schemes; but as a practical French manual to the subject, from the
simplicity of explanation and fulness of illustration, the book is an
invaluable one.

BOOK REVIEWS, 261

NOTES ON RECENT RESEARCH

AND

SHORT ABSTRACTS FROM CURRENT PERIODICAL
LITERATURE, BRITISH AND FOREIGN,

AFFECTING

HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE.

JupGING by the number of appreciative letters received, the endeavour
commenced in volume xxvi. to enlarge the usefulness of the Society’s
Journal, by giving an abstract of current Horticultural periodical
literature, has met with success. It has certainly entailed vastly more
labour than was anticipated, and should therefore make the Fellows’
thanks to those who have helped in the work all the more hearty.

There are still, we feel, some departments of Horticulture and
Horticultural Science very imperfectly represented in these abstracts,
and the Editor would be grateful if any who have time at command, and
who are willing to help in any special direction in this work, would
communicate with him. He desires to express his most grateful thanks
to all who co-operate in the work, and he ventures to express the hope
that they will all strictly adhere to the general order and scheme of
working, as the observance of an identical order can alone enable the
Editor to continue to cope with the work. The order agreed on is as
follows :—

1. To place first the name of the plant, disease, pest, &c., being
noticed ; and in this, the prominent governing or index word should always
have precedence.

2. ‘To place next the name, when given, of the author of the original
article.

8. Then, the abbreviated form of the name of the journal, &c., in which
the original article appears, taking care to use the abbreviation which will
be found on pp. 264, 265.
nes After this, a reference to the number, date, and page of the journal
in question.

5. If an illustration be given, to note the fact next, as “ fig.,’’ “ tab.,”’
or “ plate.”

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 263

6. After these preliminary necessities for making reference to the

original possible for the reader, the abstract or digest shouJd follow,
ending up with the initials of the contributor affixed at the close of each
Abstract or Note.

NAMES OF THOSE WHO HAVE KINDLY CONSENTED TO HELP
IN THIS WoRK.

Baker, F. J., A.R.C.S., F.R.H.S.

Boulger, Professor G. S., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.

Bowles, EK. A., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Chapman, H., F.R.H.S.

Chittenden, F. J., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Cook, E. T., F.R.H.S.

Cooke, M. C., M.A., LL.D., A.L.8., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Cotton, A. D., F.L.S.

Cox, 1. G., F:R.H.8.

Druery, C. T., V.M.H., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.

Dykes, W. R., M.A., F.R.HLS.

Farmer, Professor J. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.H.S.
Goldring, W., F.R.H.S.

Groom, Professor Percy, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Hartog, Professor Marcus, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.
Hawes, E. F., F.R.H.S.

Henslow, Rev. Professor Geo., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Hodgson, M. L., F.R.H.S.

Hooper, Cecil H., M.R.A.C., F.R.H.S.

Houston, D., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Kent, A. H., A.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Long, C. H., F.R.H.S.

Massee, Geo., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.

‘Mawley, Ed., F.M.S., F.R.H.S.

Moulder, Victor J., F.R.H.S.

Newstead, R., A.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

Rendle, A. B., M.A., D.Sce., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Reuthe, G., F.R.H.S.

Saunders, Geo. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Scott-Elliot, G. F., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.
Shinn, C. H., F.R.H.S.

Smith, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.H.S.

Veitch, Harry J., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.HLS.

Webster, A. D., F.R.H.S.

Welby, F. A., F.R.H.S.

Wilson, Gurney, F.R.H.S.

264 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS

from which Abstracts are made, with the abbreviations used

for their titles.

Journals, &e.

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
Agricult. Journal, Cape of Good Hope
Annales Agronomiques .

Annales dela Soc. d’ Hort. et d’ Hist. Naturelle del? Héesult

Annales de la Soc. Nantaise des Amis de |’Hort.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles

Annales du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg

Annals of Botany

Boletim da Real Sociedade Nacional de Horticultura
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana ; :
Botanical Gazette

Botanical Magazine

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
Bulletin de la Soc. Hort. de Loiret .

Bulletin de la Soc. Mycologique de France

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Brisbane

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Melbourne .
Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica
Bulletin of Bot. Dep. Trinidad ;
Bulletino della R. Societé Toscana d’ Orticultura ;
Canadian Reports, Guelph and Ontario Stations
Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie .

Chronique Orchidéenne .

Comptes Rendus

Department of Agriculture, Victoria :
Department of Agriculture Reports, New Zealand :
Dictionnaire Iconographique des Orchidées

Die Gartenwelt :

Engler’s Botanische Jahrbiicher

Gardeners’ Chronicle

Gardeners’ Magazine

Gartenflora

Journal de la Société Nationale a’ Figeisoars de Pranes

Journal Dep. Agricult. Victoria

Journal Imperial Department Agriculture, West Indies .

Journal of Botany . ;

Journal of Horticulture .

Journal of the Board of Agriculture
Journal of the Linnean Society

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society
Journal §8.E. Agricultural College, we ;
Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamte . ;
Le Jardin : :

Lebensgeschichte der Blute mpfli unzen n Mitteleuropas
Naturwiss. Zeitschrift Land und Forst

Notizblatt des Konig]. Bot. Gart. und Museums zu Berlin.

Orchid Review

Orchis

Proceedings of the American Pomological Society .
Queensland Agricultural Journal

Reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Revue de |’Horticulture Belge

Revue générale de Botanique .

Abbreviated title.

Agr. Gaz. N.S.W.

Agr. Jour. Cape G.H.

Ann. Ag.

Ann. Soc. Hé.

Ann. Soc. Nant. des Amis
Hort.

Ann. Se. Nat.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.

Ann. Bot.

Bol. R. Soc. Nac. Hort.

Bol. Soe. Brot.

Bot. Gaz.

Bot. Mag.

Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr.

Bull. Soe. Hort. Loiret.

Bull. Soc. Mye. Fr.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Bris.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Melb.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.

Bull. R. Soe. Tose. Ort.

Can. Rep. G. & O. Stat.

Cent. f. Bact.

Chron. Orch.

Comp. Rend.

Dep. Agr. Vict.

Dep. Agr. N.Z.

Dict. Icon. Orch.

Die Gart.

Eng. Bot. Jah.

Gard. Chron.

Gard. Mag.

Gartenflora.

Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.

Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict.

Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.1I.

Jour. Bot.

Jour. Hort.

Jour. Bd. Agr.

Jour. Linn. Soe.

Jour. R.A.S.

Jour. S.E. Agr. Coll.

Kais. Ges.

Le Jard.

Lebens. d. Blutenpfl.

Nat. Zeit. Land-Forst.

Not. Konig. Bot. Berlin.

Orch. Rev.

Orchis.

Am. Pom. Soe.

Qu. Agr. Journ.

Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard,

Rev. Hort. Belge.

Rev. gén. Bot.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS. 265

Journals, &e. Abbreviated title.
Revue Horticole . : : ; ; : : . Rev. Hort.
The Garden . : f : . Garden.
Transactions Bot. Soc. Edinburgh . : . Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.
Transactions of the British Mycological Soc. . F . Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc.
Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Soc. ; . Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc.
U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Bulletins . ? kU; 5A; Dep. Age-*
U.S.A. Experimental Station Reports . : : . U.S.A. Exp. Stn.t
U.S.A. Horticultural Societies’ publications . . U.S.A. Hort. Soc.t
U.S.A. State Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture . U.S.A. St. Bd.t
Woburn Experiment Farm Report . : . Woburn.

* The divisions in which the U.S.A. Government publish Bulletins will be added when necessary.
+ The name of the Station or State will in each case be added in full or in its abbreviated form.

266 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS.

Abies nobilis, Gall-formation on. By E. Molz (Nat. Zeit.
Land-Forst. vol. vi. pp. 151-154; 4 figs.; February 1908).—The author
has traced the formation of twig and branch galls to Chermes piceae var.
Bouvieri, and has cleared up some of the difficulties existing concerning
the life-history of this insect. It passes some time in bud-galls, then
takes up its position at the base of a needle, where it can be seen covered
by a waxy covering. Beneath the insect a bark-gall about the size of
a pea is formed, and where several of these fuse together the twig is
swollen and malformed. The needles and upper part of the twig suffer
for want of nutrition and die off, so that ultimately the whole tree is
dwarfed. W. G. S.

Aconitum volubile latisectum (Rev. Hort. April 16, 1908,
p. 169).—A new species introduced from China by Vilmorin Andrieux
and described as a beautiful and curious climber with dark green elegant
foliage and large deep blue flowers, blooming in succession in the
autumn until the frost. Very ornamental for trellis-work.—C. T. D.

Almonds, Parasites of (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 509, p. 131,
May 5, 1908).—M. de Loverdo has been experimenting on the action of
cold upon the two parasites of almonds which have recently been so
destructive in France: Paralipsa gularis, a native of N. India, but now
unfortunately acclimatized in Provence; Piodia interpunctella, which is
indigenous. The larve hatched from eggs deposited by these pests give
a nauseous flavour to dishes compounded with the affected almonds.
The best remedy is to store the fruit in a cold chamber, which completely
arrests the development of the pest, and the almonds can then be taken
out and utilized as required, care being taken not to give the parasites
time to revive in a warmer atmosphere.—F’. A. W.

Alpines, Rare and Beautiful. By B. Othmer (Die Gartenw. 42,
p. 498, July 18, 1908).—Androsace helvetica resembles in habit a fine
short moss, with small silky leaves on tiny stems, and delicate pink
flowers, which closs during rainy or foggy weather and open during
sunny days. The flowers always turn to the sun. Senecio incanus
resembles somewhat the maritime Cineraria maritima, but is very much
smaller in foliage. It is, nevertheless, a high alpine, growing at 2000
to 8900 metres altitude of the Alps.

Helianthemum pilosum is one of the prettiest of rock roses. The
rather large showy flowers are rose-coloured, and the leaves ovate-
lanceolate, small and hairy.—G. R.

Apple Leaf-spot caused by Sphaeropsis malorum. By W. M.
Scott (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 121; pp. 47--54 ; 2 plates,

a

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 267

April 1908).—A summary of investigations into the cause of a leaf-spot
very generally prevalent in apple orchards east of the Rocky Mts. is
given. The disease is shown to be due to the fungus Sphaeropsis
malorum Pk., which produces circular (or irregular) reddish-brown spots,
an eighth of an inch or more in diameter, on the leaves. Other fungi
occur quite commonly on the leaves, but do not appear to be parasitic.
This fungus in very prevalent on dead twigs or apples, &c., and on canker
spots on the branches, &c. The spot is very similar to that described in
R.H.S. Journ. xxxiii. p. 500, but the spots are usually smaller than
those caused by Cladosporium.

The trouble has yielded well to spraying with Bordeaux mixture
twice, the first time just after the petals have fallen, the second about
four weeks later. A third may be necessary in very wet districts.

Fd.

Apples, Respiration of. By F. W. Morse (U.S.A. Hap. Stn.
New Hampshire, Bull. 185, February 1908 ; figs.).—Respiration occurs
in apples during storage. The experiments detailed showed that at
32° F. 1 kilogramme of apples exhaled, on an average, in one hour,
5°2 milligrammes of carbonic acid gas; at 50° F., 132 mg.; and at
68° F., 21°83 mg. This CO, is produced at the expense of the substance
of the apple itself; and the experiment emphasizes the need of cooling

the apples to a low temperature as soon after picking them as possible.
Bod, 0:

Arsenical Salts as Insecticides. By H. Grosjean (Le Jardin,
vol. xxii. No. 510, p. 158, May 20, 1908).—Another valuable report on
the use of arsenic as an insecticide. M. Grosjean considers that there is
no danger in its use, because it is applied in the very early stages of
plant growth. It is, however, prudent for the operator to wash himself
carefully and brush his clothes after handling it, and it should be kept
away from children. If applied to pastures or orchards no cattle should
be allowed to feed there for some time, nor should fruit trees be treated
in the vicinity of vegetables.—F’. A. W.

Arsenical Treatment of Plants. By J. Vercier (Le Jardin,
vol. xxii. No. 509, p. 142, May 5, 1908).—This article gives an interesting
account of arboricultural experiments with preparations of arsenic during
the last thirty years. By a curious anomaly the sale of these prepara-
tions as insecticides by French firms is not permitted in France, for fear
of a deleterious action on the fruits or vegetables treated with them, but
American firms are allowed to sell the same preparations in the country,
avowedly for the same purpose! Lead arsenate seems to be the most
efficacious, but. is also the most dangerous. Schweinfurt’s green is
therefore recommended, in the proportion of 300 grammes to 300 of
carbonate of soda and 100 litres of water.—f’. A. W.

Asparagus, Tube Culture of. By J. M. Buisson (Rev. Hort.
April 1, 1908, pp. 158-9; 3 illustrations).—Deep planting and banking up
of asparagus is deprecated as injurious to vitality and contributing to
delay in growth. The production of an earlier crop is obtained by means of

268 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

earthenware tubes about two to three inches in diameter and eight inches
long, which are placed over the shoots on their emergence from the soil
and filled with soil. The shoots being ready for cutting, having reached
the top of the tube, the tube is lifted off, the soil falls out, and (judging by
the illustration) the shoot is pulled away by hand. By this means about
a month is gained, as the shoots grow more rapidly.—C. 7’. D.

Azolla filiculoides (syn. A. magellanica) (Die Gartenw. 41,
p. 4838, July 11, 1908).—Introduced from California. The piants
resemble miniature Selaginellas, but are aquatic. A. filiculoides is
often mistaken for the more common A. caroliniana, but it has larger
leaves, and though almost tropical, it survives the most severe continental
winters. On the Dutch lakes, ponds, and ditches the plants form a
thick covering—at first green, later reddish in colour—to the detriment
of other weaker water-weeds. In October or November they decay,
leaving the sporangia, which sink, to rise to the surface again in May
the following year, and, however few may survive the winter, by July
their numbers have increased by millions. They will not grow every-
where; the water must have a muddy bottom with a certain amount of
humus and not too much lime. A. carolimana, an older plant in
Europe, increases much slower, and often disappears from places where
it may have been at times plentiful.—G. Rf.

Bacteriology, Review of Investigations in Soil. By E. B.
Voorhees and J. G. Lipman (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Off. of Hap. Sin., Bull.
194; October 1907)..The matter in this review is itself too condensed to
admit of further condensation. It gives an excellent review of the work
that has been accomplished during the past few years in the investigation
of the part played by bacteria ia rendering a soil fertile. The state of
our knowledge concerning the action of bacteria in relation to nitrogen
and nitrogen compounds is very exhaustively dealt with.—F’. J. C.

Begonia cathayana. By W.B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8202).—
Nat. ord. Begoniaceae. China. Herb 2-3 feet high; leaves fleshy with
soft scurfy crimson hairs; flowers 13 inch across; male perianth of
4 petaloid leaves ; female perianth equally 5-leaved.—G. H.

Berlin Botanical Garden. By J. G. W. (Gard. Chron. No. 1117,
p. 825, figs. 145 and 146; May 28, 1908; No. 1118, p. 341; and
No. 1119, p. 861).—An account is given in this series of articles of the
botanic Garden now being formed at Dahlem, near Berlin. The acreage
is said to be only about half that at Kew, and “to be planned on more
scientific lines than those which have determined the character of the
English establishment.’ “Something like a quarter of a million pounds
(3nglish) have been spent on its construction, and probably at least as
much more will be required to complete it. The principal consideration
has been the provision of a teaching garden.’’ The departments consist
of an arboretum, which is the largest and most important, covering
about fifty acres; herbaceous and alpine plants; geographical grouping
of plants; medicinal or economic plants; morphological or biological

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 269

collections ; and the decorative department. The great feature at Dahlem
is the Alpinum, a series of rockeries intended to represent the great
mountain ranges of the world: their lower slopes are clothed with grass,
trees, and shrubs as in nature, while higher up the vegetation becomes
gradually dwarfed. The glass houses are numerous, and are divided
into nursery and show departments; into the former the public are not
allowed to enter without a special pass; all the houses are connected
by an underground tunnel for the use of the employés. In addition
to the garden there is also a large building containing the herbarium,
library, and museum specimens.—G. S. S.

Black Currant Pest. By J. Vercier (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 511,
p. 170, June 5, 1908).—The attack of the currant clearwing moth, Sesia
tupuliformis, a deadly and increasing pest, may be recognised by the
withering of the leaves and fruit on a branch in May and August. This
is caused by caterpillars hatched under the bark, which tunnel their way
through the heart of the wood. M. Vercier urges the burning of these
diseased branches as soon as they wither; otherwise, if merely cut off
and heaped together, the grubs have time to develop into moths, and the
second generation will be worse than the first.—F’. A. W.

Black Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia). By Gifford Pinchot (U.S.A.
Dept. Agr. Forest Service, Cire. 64; Sept. 1907).—The Locust
Tree or False Acacia is well known in this country as a valuable
timber producer, though it is rarely cultivated for purely economic pur-
poses. The timber produced in this country is of excellent quality, and
the lasting properties when brought in contact with the ground have
often been the subject of comment. The range of the Locust is from
Pennsylvania to Georgia, and in certain portions of Hastern Indian
Territory and Arkansas. The methods of propagation, planting, in-
jurious insects, and economic uses of the wood are treated of.—A. D. W.

Bulbophyllum fascinator. By R.A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8199).—
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae, tribe Epidendreae. Annam. LEpiphyte; leaves
elliptic, oblong, 2 inches long, 1 inch broad; flowers large, with long
sepaline appendages; green with purple or crimson markings; lower
sepals coherent.—G. H.

Cactus Dahlias. By S. T. Grignan (Rev. Hort. June 1, 1908,
pp. 252-8; coloured plate).—A description of several varieties raised by
MM. Cayeux and Le Clerc, the one depicted “ Conservateur Lefebvre ”
representing a very fine type with brilliant orange and scarlet petals, with
a tinge of heliotrope.—C. 7. D.

Canker Worm, The Spring. By H. A. Gossard and J. S. Houser
(U.S.A. Hap. Stn., Ohio; Circ. 65; March 1907; fies.).—A life history
of this insect (Paleacrita vernata) is given, and preventive measures
suggested, see p. 122. Nothing new is added, but the authors consider
that the method of grease banding is more sure than spraying with
arsenical compounds in dealing with the pest.—J’. J. C.

Baie te

270 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cassava: its Content of Hydrocyanic Acid &c. By Charles C.
M ore (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 106).—Cassava is knuwn as *‘ sweet ”’ and
‘bitter’ ace rding to the percentage «f hydrocyanic acid present.

It is chiefly used in the form of meal for producing a low grade of
starch for gums, pastes, and sizes. It is also used in the manufacture of

industrial aleohol.—C. H. L.

Chirita barbata. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8200).—Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae, tribe Cyrtandreae. India. Perennial herb 2 feet high,
leaves pubescent, 8-6 inches long;: corolla funnel-shaped, bluish-lilae,
1 inch long ; lobes slightly spreading.—G. H.

Chrysanthemums in Japan. By L. K. (Gard. Chron. No. 1099,
p. 42; January 18, 1903).—In this paper it is said that “to see chrys-
anthemums cultivated to the highest point of perfection it is necessary
to visit the grounds of the Imperial Palace at Tokyo; there the cultivation
of this plant has been carried on for many hundred years, and after
passing through these chrysantbemum grounds one has seen the most
noteworthy specimens in the land of the Rising Sun. November is par
excellence the month in wnich to make this visit, for then the flowers
have attained their highest point of development. It appears that smaller
flowers are more in fashion than they are here, and that a leading feature
of their cultivation is to graft several varieties on one plant. As many
as forty-five varieties have been grown on one stock, the result being that
the plant looks like an enormous bouquet. The plants are trained upon
bamboo frames and vary in diameter from 9 to 11 feet, and carry from
4,000 to 7,000 blossoms.’’—G. S. S-

Codling moth. By J. T. Nicholson (U.S.A. Erp. Stn., Oklahoma,
Bull. 76; 1908).—A life history of the moth is given with some statistical
data concerning the position in which the eggs are laid, the greatest
number being deposited on the leaf. Trap lanterns were used for catching
codling moths between the nights of September 3 and Oct ber 15, and
out of 2,577 insects of different kinds caught, 1,292 were beneficial insects,
whilst a large number of others were not harmful enough to be economi-
cally considered.—C. H. H.

Coelogyne perakensis. By R.A.Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8203).—Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae, tribe Epidendreae. Perak. Epiphyte 1-1} foot high;
leaves 5-7 inches long; sepals light buff; petals linear, revolute, light
green, lip 8-lobed, light yellow with a deep yellow blotch at the base.

Go

Cold Storage of Small Fruits. By S. H. Fulton (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bull. 108 ; illustrated).—Cold storage has been tried in the States
with a view to prolonging the season of small fruits, but has not been
found entirely satisfactory for this purpose, being apt to cause loss of
flavour and moulding. It is, however, very valuable in enabling straw-
berries, raspberries, and blackberries to be kept over for a few days in case
of need. For this purpose a temperature of 36° to 40° Fahr. is best, but
the fruit, once removed from cold storage, should be used as soon as

be
aa ‘
~~
,
=

possible. Small fruits can be, and are, kept in a frozen condition for
weeks, and even months, for use by bakers and confectioners.—C. H. L.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 271

Cranberry Spanworm, The. By F. H. Chittenden (U.S.A. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Entom., Bull. 66, pt. ii.; 1 fig.).\—This insect belongs to the
Geometridae. ‘The moth is about 1 inch to 1} inch across the wings,
pale leaden grey with black and brown dots and irregular lines on the
wings. The larva is about 1} inch long, reddish brown, mottled, streaked
and lined with lighter yellowish red and black. Like many of the
geometers it has the habit of attaching itself to the food plant, and
extending the fore part of its body quite rigidly so that it is scarcely to be
distinguished from a twig. It is widely distributed in the States, and feeds
upon asparagus, strawberry, blackberry, geranium, apple, pear, orange,
willow, hickory, cranberry, honey locust, cotton, clover and guava. Spraying
with arsenate of lead, 1 lb. to 25 to 50 gallons of water, or Paris green
1 1b. to 100 to 150 gallons of water, is recommended. ‘The scientific

. name of the insect is Cleora pampinaria (=Boarmia collecta, W1k.).
A bibliography is given.—F’. J. C.

Coloration in Plants. Anon. (Gard. Chron. No. 1121, p. 402;
June 20, 1908).—The writer of this article says: ‘‘ Few phenomena of
nature are more striking than the brilliant and varied colours of the
flowers and the splendour of the tints in an autumnal woodland. But
although the matter has formed the subject of innumerable researches
much still remains to be done before we shall be in a position to give
anything like a complete explanation of the coloration in plants.”
There are very many classes of colours, but for the sake of convenience
it is easy to group them into two classes. In one the pigment is
dissolved in the cell-sap, whilst in the other class the colour is
associated with small solid structures embedded in the cell. The
chlorophyll corpuscles which give the green colour to leaves belong to
the second class.—G. S. S.

Conifers. By E. Goeze (Garten-Zeitung, June and July 1908).—
A list of conifers arranged according to their place of origin and the
date of their original description. The names of their discoverers are
also given.— W. fi. D.

Conifers, Dwarf. By J. Clark (Gard. Chron. No. 1108, p. 179;
March 21, 1908).—A considerable number of dwarf conifers are shown
in this paper to be suitable for planting on rockeries or in beds. Nearly
two dozen species and varieties are enumerated and described ; many of
these would probably prove too large for most rockeries, but much depends
on the size of the rocks and their surroundings.—G. S. S.

Conifers, New, from Formosa. By. B. Hayata (Gard. Chron.

No. 1109, p. 194; March 28, 1908).—The author, after a short explana-

tion of his position as regards the Formosan conifers, says: “ The fullow-

ing are new species, which are very near the Japanese species.”’ He then

. describes seven species, and adds as a note after each its full description
es. in Latin.—G. S. S.

272 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Conifers of China. By M. T. Masters (Jowr. Linn. Soc. vol. xxxviii.
p. 410).—The author writes: “In the present communication I have
endeavoured to do for China what I have previously attempted in the
case of Japan.’’ Since a list compiled by Dr. Masters and published
in 1902 was published “ Dr. Henry and Mr. EK. H. Wilson have enriched
our collections with numerous examples.”” Mr. Wilson made two journeys
in Central and Western China, and the present list enumerates the species
he met with, and in it are given descriptions of those which have hitherto
been undescribed. The Catalogue is now as complete as circumstances
permit. “Some of the trees are closely allied to or identical with
Eastern Himalayan forms, while others present similar relationships to
Japanese species.” The list of the genera and species is then given.

GS. Be

Conifers: their Distribution in the Several Districts of
China. By M. T. Masters (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. vol. xxxviii. No. 265,
p. 198).—The recent researches in China by various travellers “ provide
matter for the consideration of the botanical geographer, and with a view
of facilitating his task I now venture to lay before the Society some
details relating to the distribution of the Coniferae and Taxaceae of the
various provinces of China and in neighbouring countries.’’ Two tables
are given: Table I. shows the distribution of the genera of conifers in
China and Japan; Table II. contains a list of all the species of conifers
known to be natives of China, and shows their distribution in the various
districts of the empire as well as in neighbouring countries. Remarks
are made on all the different genera.—G. S. S.

Datura (Brugmansia) chlorantha. By R. Farry-Desloges
(Rev. Hort. July 1, 1908, pp. 802-8 ; coloured plate)—A very beautiful

single form of the long known double variety of this species. Large’

trumpet-shaped flowers of a bright yellow tint, with long pointed pro-
jections from the lips.—-C. JT. D.

Didymocarpus cyanea. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8204).—
Nat. ord. Gesneraceae, tribe Cyrtandreae. Malay Peninsula. Herb
stemless ; leaves 8-6 inches long; corolla deep blue, 14 inch long.—G. H.

‘Die Back” of Peach Shoots. By G. Massee (Kew Bull. 7, 1908,
p. 269-271 ; 1 plate)—A disease of peach shoots called “ die back,’’ due
to the attack of the fungus Naemospora crocea Sacc, is described. The
leaf buds of the affected shoots expand normally, but when the blossom is
fully open the young leaves wilt, turn brown and die within a few days,
the petals change to a rusty brown colour, and the flowers droop, but like
the leaves remain attached to the shoot for some time. In May and
June of the following year the fungus fruits are produced and the shoots
are seen to be thickly studded with the minute, tendril-like, dull orange
coloured masses of spores. The tendrils are rigid and horny in dry
weather, soft and mucilaginous in wet, and it is thought that birds are
the most frequent agents in distributing the spores. The spores do not
retain their power of germination above three months.—F’, J. C.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 273

Easter Lily Bulbs, Production of, in U.S.A. Ly Geo. W. Oliver
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 120; illustrated).—The bulbs for flowering at
Easter have hitherto been largely imported from Bermuda and Japan, but
are not satisfactory from these sources owing to the limited area of arable
land, and consequent absence of crop rotation, which causes weakness and
deterioration in the bulbs, resulting in almost certain fungoid disease,
which is perpetuated in reproduction by the usual vegetative methods.

It has been found that seedlings, especially the second generation, are
practically free from disease, and produce flowers even quicker than by the
old method.

The pamphlet shows that bulbs can be readily and profitably raised
for commercial cultivation in the States, and that disease-resisting strains
can be easily maintained.—C. H. L.

Edueation, Horticultural. By C.’ P. Close (U.S.A., Peninsula
Hort. Soc. Trans., 1908, p. 94).—A lecture dealing with the means of
diffusing horticultural information in Maryland, U.S.A., under the
headings: Industrial and Agricultural High Schools, Farmers’ Institutes,
Movable Railroad-Coach Schools, Movable School of Horticulture, Fruit-
growers’ Organisations, Parlour Lectures to Fashionable Audiences,
Country Club Horticultural Education, Popular Lectures.—f’. J. C.

Electricity, Influence of, on Vegetation (fev. Hort. June 1,
1908, pp. 248-9).—An interesting report of a lecture given by M.!
Magnenne to the Société Nationale d’Agriculture, supplemented by data
given by M. Gaston Bonnier.—C. T. D.

Erythroniums. By W. I. (Gard. Chron. No. 1110, p. 212, figs. 94
to 96; April 4, 1908).—* Dog’s-tooth violets are easily cultivated and are
quite hardy in this country when given the requisite conditions.” Then
follow some remarks as to what the conditions are, and descriptions are

given of the six best species for garden cultivation, Three species are
figured.—G. S. S.

Eucalypts. By Gifford Perichot (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Forest Service,
Cire. 59, October 1907).—Deals with the gum trees, particularly
Eucalyptus globulus, and contains much useful information about its
range, habit and growth, planting and the economic uses of the timber as
produced in California. In America, however, the blue gum tree must be
regarded as only suited for the valleys and caiions, as it cannot withstand
cold cutting winds or exposed situations. The chapter on cost of
planting and returns is highly interesting.—A. D. W.

Forcing Flowering-Shrubs, A Method of. By Professor Molisch
(Garten- Zeitung, May 1908).—This article points out that flowering-shrubs
which have been immersed in warm water for periods of from ten to
sixteen hours can then by ordinary methods be brought into flower a week
or ten days earlier than plants which have not been treated in this manner.
The effect of the immersion is purely local, so that if half a plant only
be immersed that’ half will be in flower when the buds on the remainder
are still dormant.

VOL. XXXIV. T

274 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Details are given as to temperature and the length of the period of
immersion, for these vary with the different species of plants.—W. B.D.

Forest Planting in Vermont. By L. R. Jones and C. R. Pethis
(U.S.A. Exp. St., Vermont, Bull. 182).—This concise and carefully com-
piled pamphlet deals in a masterly way with the best kinds of trees to
plant, starting trees from seed, and laws and regulations of interest to
tree planters. The illustrations showing the making and sowing of seed
beds are interesting, and the work as carried out would appear to be
more detailed and expensive than is usually the case in this country.
The instructions, however, as to the treatment of the seedlings are
excellent, while the notes under laws and regulations of interest to tree
planters are to the British forester of peculiar interest.—A. D. W.

Forestry in Connecticut (U.S.A. Exp. St., Connecticut, Report
1907, pt. iv.).—This is interesting reading, and clearly shows what
care the planting, tending, and reporting on young plantations receives
at the hands of the American nation generally. The experiments at
Windsor, and the notes on planting on watersheds are useful. The
illustrations of young plantations, but particularly of our native Scots
pine, leave nothing to be desired in the matter of completeness. Scots
pines planted four years have attained a height of 6 feet, and are thought
highly of as a timber tree in that part of the world.

The notes on the tulip tree, the catalpa, maple, and Norway spruce
come kindly to planters of the same species in this country.—A. D. W.

Fungicides, Insecticides, and Spraying Directions. By
G. E. Stone and H. T. Fernald (U.S.A. Hap. Stn., Massachusetts,
Bull. 123, April 1908).—This bulletin gives formulas for the preparation
of fungicides and insecticides for outdoor fruits, vegetables, maize, trees,
and greenhouse plants, with directions for preventing and controlling
fungous diseases and insects. The care of shade trees is also dealt with.
Lime and sulphur wash sprayed warm in winter is strongly recom-
mended as a fungicide on apple for scab and canker, and for shot-hole
fungus and brown rot in plums, applied in spring. For surface cater-
pillars, to clear ground for cauliflower and cabbage, cut some clover,
sprinkle it with Paris-green spray, and scatter the clover over the ground
for the caterpillars to feed upon. If they appear after the cabbages are
set, make a mash of 60 lb. of bran or middlings, 1 lb. of Paris-green,
water to make a dough and molasses enough to sweeten. Place a little
of this at the base of each plant, and keep fowls away. The caterpillars
will eat the sweet poisoned mash in preference to the plants. For scab
in potatos either corrosive sublimate or formalin is recommended.

0; Hd

Geneva, Botanical Institutions of. By H. 8S. Thompson (Gard.
Chron. No. 1116, p. 309, figs. 188 and 189; May 16, 1908).—It is not
generally known that in no other place in the world are there so many
botanical institutions with fine herbaria and libraries as at Geneva, and
that at the Conservatoire Botanique there are now collections of dried
Kuropean plants which compare favourably with those at Paris, Berlin,

Vienna, or London. “The famous De Candolle Herbarium and Library
are preserved by the present owner in a house in the city purchased by
his great-grandfather, Auguste de Candolle, in 1785.’”’ The Candollean
Library ranks with that at Kew in being one of the best and largest
botanical libraries in existence. It contains more works on general
botany than are found at Kew, but it is not so rich in works on pure
systematic botany as either Kew or the British Museum. L’Herbier
Bossier is also described. It is kept in a house at Chambesy, two miles
out of Geneva. The Conservatoire Botanique and the new Botanical
Gardens are also just outside the city. The Conservatoire contains the
“ oreat Delessert Herbarium and Mons. Burnat’s magnificent European
herbarium.” —G. S. S.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 275

Genista glabrescens. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8201).—
Nat. ord. Leguminosae, tribe Genistae. Central Europe. Shrub 3 feet
high ; leaves trifoliate ; leaflets } inch long ; flowers yellow.—G. H.

Germination, Action of Sea-water upon. By S. Berger (Le
Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 509, p. 188, May 5, 1908).—In view of the
dispersion of plants by sea-currents, M. Berger has experimented with
salt water upon twenty-seven species of Scandinavian plants, making
simultaneous control experiments with fresh water and with moist filter-
paper. The effect appears to vary a good deal, since the vitality of the
seeds was in some cases destroyed by the sea water; in others the
percentage of seedlings was higher even than with moist filter-paper.

ERA,

Germination of Seed: Boiling Water as an Aid (Rev. Hort.
June 16, 1908, p. 267).—Hard-shelled seeds of normally slow germination
immersed in boiling water for ten or fifteen seconds have germinated in
a week or two, and in a test case quoted here seeds of Acacia podalyriae-
folia so treated germinated in twelve days, while five untreated had not
done so in three months; but when lifted and treated in the same way
germinated in twelve days like the others. Such treatment is highly
recommended for many tough-coated seeds.—C. T. D. |

Germination, Selective Action of Ether upon (Le Jardin,
vol. xxii. No. 509, p. 189, May 5, 1908).—M. Vigier states that if seeds
are placed in a vessel hermetically sealed, with a superposed flask contain-
ing ether enough to saturate the cavity and left for a fortnight, the effect
(after airing them for three or four days before sowing, to get rid of the
ether) will be to diminish germination; but, on the other hand, the
surviving seeds will be markedly vigorous, as if there had been a survival
of the fittest— I’. A. W.

Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in New Hampshire. By E. D.
Sanderson (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., New Hampshire, Bull. 136, February
1908; 84 figs.).—These two pests, which have been the subject of much
| legislation in the United States, and have been referred to at length
several times in these abstracts (JourN. R.H.S. xxxi. p. 321; xxxiii.

pp. 145-600), are dealt with at length, the life-histories and appearance

72

—

poate
ays ~. ¥

276 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the insects in all stages being adequately described. The larve of
both the insects cause considerable damage to a variety of trees, often
completely defoliating them, while the latter is troublesome on account
of the irritation to human beings caused by the hairs from the cater-
pillars. Both are introductions from Europe. The text of the Act for
their suppression is given; and it is stated that the best method of
control of the gipsy-moth is to soak the eggs with creosote in autumn,
winter, and spring; and of the brown-tail moth, to cut off and burn the
webs made by the caterpillars in winter.—Jf’. J. C.

Hippeastrums. By J. Douglas (Gard. Chron. No. 1106, p. 145;
March 7, 1908).—This paper gives an interesting account of the history,
cultivation, &c. of this genus, which was known for so many years as
Amaryllis, a much more euphonious and pleasing name.—G. S. S.

Japanese Chestnut, the Immunity of, to the Bark Disease.
By Haven Metcalf (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. 121,
part iv. 1908).—The contents of this pamphlet are of considerable interest,
dealing as they do not only with this fast-spreading fungoid disease
(Diaporthe parasitica), but with a Japanese form of the chestnut which,
so far, has been found to be immune from the disease. Castanea crenata
does not produce fruit of equal value to the commonly cultivated species,
yet it is particularly valuable in being able to ward off the fell disease
which has killed out such large numbers of the original tree in the
Atlantic States.

The newly introduced tree is said to attain to a height of 50 or 60 feet
in Japan.—A. D. W.

Julianiaceae. By W. Botting Hemsley (Gard. Chron. No. 1108,
p. 98, fig. 42; February 15, 1908).—This proposed new family is very
fully described and illustrated in a recent number of the “ Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.” ‘“ As far as is known at present the
genus Juliana consists of four species, all Mexican: they are tortuously
branched, dioecious, resinous shrubs or small trees, having alternate
unequally pinnate leaves of three to eleven leaflets, and very similar to
those of certain species of Rhus.” Then follows a detailed description
of the genus.—G.S.S.

Liparis tabularis. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8195).—Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae, tribe Epidendreae. Penang. Pseudo-bulbs conical,
5-5 inches long; leaves 8-53 inches long, nearly 2 inches broad; flowers
large reddish purple, lip orbicular denticulate, # inch broad.—G. H.

Malvastrum hypomadarum. By T. A. Sprague (Gard. Chron.
No. 1121, p. 894, fig. 176; June 20, 1908).—This plant, though it has
been cultivated in Britain for the last fifty years, has not previously been
described. It is a free-flowering shrub, two or three feet high, with long
slender branches which are densely pubescent; the leaves are usually
3-lobed, but show considerable variation in size, shape, and cutting. The
‘lowers are white, with a rose-purple blotch at the base of each petal.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 277

The peduncles bear one to three blossoms. A technical description in
Latin is given of the plant, and the genus generally is reviewed.
Gis Bs

Manuring in Spring. Anon. (Gard. Chron. No. 1113, p. 264 ;
April 25, 1908).—“‘ Now that the use of artificial manures has become
so common, and their action both on the plant and on the soil so well
known, there is no longer any necessity for the gardener to hesitate in
employing them.’”’ Their advantages are then set forth. ‘“ Of the five
substances which act as manures—nitrogen compounds, phosphates,
potash compounds, lime, and organic compounds—the first three benefit
the plant alone, the other two also improve the texture of the soil.”
The action of each of these manures is then detailed, and directions
for their use are given. In conclusion the writer says: “ But without
doubt the great advantage of artificial manures is that the gardener who
has made himself acquainted with their effects can use the particular

manure, or manures, necessary to obtain just those results he wants.”
G: SZS8:

Mint-growing for the Essential Oil. By G. H. Grellier, P.A.S.I.
(Jour. Bd. Agr. xv. p. 848; August 1908).—The “ black’’ mint is more
generally grown than the “ white,’’ as it yields double the quantity of oil.
It grows best on a deep rich loam on gravel, but will also succeed on a
chalk subsoil, liking a moist spring and a dry summer. Directions are
given for making the plantation, which will last only four or five years,
and an account of the process of distillation. The cost of growing mint
is considerable.—F’. J. C.

Mistletoe. ‘The attention of readers is drawn to a number of papers
on the biology of this plant which have appeared in the Natwrwiss.
Zeitschrift f. Land- u. Forstwirthschaft, vols. v. and vi. The series
give a very complete account of the genera and species included under
the term ‘ Mistletoe,’ and bring. out that the common Viscwm album is
really an aggregate name for several distinct varieties limited to definite
host-plants. Experiments on feeding birds with the berries have also

thrown considerable light on the process of distribution and germination.
W.Gos.

Moles. By G. Liebach (Die Gartenw. 41, p. 485, July 11, 1908).—
To prevent moles from doing damage to plants in frames, beds, «c.,
the writer recommends pushing pieces of glass, thorns, &e. into their
runs, and considers this better than exterminating by trapping or
poisoning.—G. R.

Mountain Laurel: A Poisonous Plant. By A. C. Crawford
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 121, pt. ii.; plates).—An account
of investigations into the poisonous properties of the so-called American
mountain laurels, Kalmia latifolia and K. angustifolia. These plants
are said to be nearly always fatal to stock, though being hard and
unpalatable they are avoided by animals unless other green food is
scarce. The poison also acts upon man, in whom eyen honey made

278 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from the flowers of the Kalmia is said to produce typical symptoms.
The poisonous constituent is said to be identical with one discovered
in the related plant Pieris japonica, which Plugge named ‘andromedo-
toxin.’ A list is given of other plants in which this poison is present.
MDa aie

Nitrogenous Manures, The Supply of. By E. Heine (Gartenjflora,
April 15, 1908).—The writer points out that even the complete exhaustion
of the fast-disappearing beds of nitrate in Chili will not lead to a nitrogen
famine; for at least three materials, which can be produced in unlimited
quantities, have already appeared in commerce.

In the first place, a method has been perfected by which the 2 per cent.
or 8 per cent. of nitrogen contained in peat is obtained as a by-product,
in the form of ammonia, in the process of extracting from the peat a
gas, which can readily be utilised as a source of power for industrial
purposes. The practically inexhaustible supplies of peat in various
regions of the world may therefore be made to produce vast quantities
of nitrogenous manure in the form of sulphate of ammonia.

Another source of nitrogen for horticultural purposes is calcium
cyanamide. This substance readily parts with its nitrogen under the
influence of the bacteria in the soil, and is produced by heating calcium
carbide in the air. The nitrogen is thus obtained direct from the
atmosphere, where the supply is inexhaustible. The necessary carbide
can be produced economically wherever electric power is cheap, for it is
obtained by fusing calcium and carbon in the electric furnace.

Lastly, Norway has taken: the lead in obtaining nitrogen from the
atmosphere by employing a very powerful electric arc to combine the
elements of the atmosphere into an oxide of nitrogen. From this nitric
acid is obtained, and the substance eventually put on the market is
calcium nitrate. For this is claimed the advantage over Chili saltpetre,
that, whereas the sodium of the latter is useless in the soil, the lime of
the calcium nitrate is usually a very valuable addition.—W. &. D.

Oil of Tar as an Insecticide. By KH. Wallis (Jowr. Dep. Agr.
Vict., February 1908, p. 100).—The following is the formula used
successfully in spraying for pumpkin-beetle: Crude oil of tar, 4 pint;
soft soap, 4 lb.; caustic soda, 1 oz.; water, 5 gallons. Boil one pint
water and in it dissolve soap and soda; add oil of tar, and agitate well.
Then add the mixture to remainder of water (hot), agitate, and use.
Confine attention chiefly to leaves on which beetles have swarmed and
use a good garden syringe to spray mixture on plant.

The wholesale price of crude oil of tar is about 5s. per gallon. The
pumpkin-beetle also attacks cherry trees; the habits of the beetle make
it easy to destroy by contact, as they congregate in large numbers on a
single leaf, whilst the other leaves of the plant may remain untouched,
and only a few of the beetles attempt to take flight when the plant is
sprayed. Crude oil of tar was found more effective in destroying this
insect than either Paris green, arsenate of lead, or “ Carbysol.”—C. H. H.

Olearia ramulosa var. communis. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.
tab. 8205).—Nat. ord. Compositae, tribe Asteroideae Australia. Shrub

cls te ee a et i Me i eal

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 279

3-6 feet high; leaves linear-lanceolate, } inch long; flower-heads 4 inch

diameter ;

Orchid Parasite.
p. 318; fig. 142).—

By F. Denis (Gard.
A short description with figure of the insect Tenthecoris

ray florets white, disk yellow.—G. H.

Chron., May 16, 1908,

bicolor, which causes the leaves of orchids to be covered with small white

spots, as illustrated.—G. W.

Orchid Portraits. — The sie orchids have been figured

recently :

Aerides vandarum .
Angraecum hyaloides
Bulbophyllum fascinator
B. mirum

B. morphologorum
B. orthoglossum

Cattleya Lueddemanniana alba
C. Mendelii, Holford’s var.

C. Mendelii, var. His ear the
King

C. x Princesse Piaaiseenc

C. Schréderae, var. The Baron

C. x Whitei magnifica .

Coelogyne perakensis

Cynorchis compacta

Cypripedium bellatulum, Fxhin’s S
var.

C. gigas, Paredes, Hall War...

C. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum .

C. ventricosum yar. alba

Dendrobium acuminatum

D. aureum

D. nobile

DD. Phalaenopsis

D. thyrsiflorum

D. x Venus Eeeritorun

EKpidendrum saccharatum

Laelio-Cattleya Cappel,
worth’s var. ;

L.-C. ‘Docteur Delac ’

L.-C. ‘Elva,’ Westonbirt var.

Charles-

Leiochilus Spegazzinianus
Liparis tabularis
Masdeyallia tovariensis .
Miltonia Roezli

Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 465.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 137, fig. 20.
Bot. Mag. t. 8199.

Gard. Chron. 1908, .i. p. 348,
fig. 156.

Orchis, 1908, p. 90.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 406,

fie. 182.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 201, fig. 26.
Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 278,
fio. 122.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 476.

Rev. Hort. Belge, 1908, p. 165.
Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 443.
Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 75.
Bot. Mag. t. 8203.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 572.

Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 419.

Orchas, ii. t. 17.

Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 559.

Gard. Chron. 1908, 1. p. 414,
fig. 1838.

Orchis, 1908, t. 16.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 3.

Journ. Hort. 1908, 1. p. 511.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 146, fig, 21.

Garden, 1908, i. p. 287.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 459.

Orchis, 1908, p. 114.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 51.

Rev. Hort. 1908, p. 228.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 349,
fig. 157

Orchis, 1908, p. 113.

Bot. Mag. t. 8196.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 99.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 249, fig. 33.

280

M. vexillaria . é

M. vexillaria var. virginale

M. vexillaria var. Westonbirt .
Odontioda x Charlesworthii .

O. x ‘St. Fuscien’

O. x Thwaitesae

Odontoglossum
lerianum

O. x ardentissimum var. Mncent
Vuylsteke

x amabile Fow-

O. x Crawshayanum
O. crispum var. Leonard Perfect

O. crispum var. Queen of the
Earth
O. x egregium var. Maasine: oe

Hye de Crom .

O. Halli var. nigrum :

O. x illustre var. King of cone
land

O. x Lairessei

O. x maculatissimum

O. x percultum var. J. R. Roberts .
O. x Phoebe.

Alexandra var. Oraw-

shayanum

QO. x Queen

O. x Wiganianum superbum
O. x Wilckeanum imperiale .

QO. x Wileckeanum Schréderianum .
Odontonia Lairesseae

Onecidium Gardneri

Orchis hircina :
Polystachya Lawrenceana
Restrepia Cogniauxiana .

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 420.

Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 351, fig. 159.

Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 352, fig. 160.

Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 353, fig. 161 ;
Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 588;
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 489.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 353,
fig. 162.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 147.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 4, fig. 4.

Gard. Chron.
fig. 166.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 177, fig. 24.

Gard. Chron. -1908, 1. p. S21;
fig. 144; Garden, 1908, 1. p. 288 ;
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 891; Orch.
Rev. 1908, p. 172, fig. 23.

1908, i. p. 363,

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 282, figs. 28, 29.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 862,
fig. 165 ; Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 209,
fig. 27.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 177, fig. 25.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 542.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 828;
fig. 147.
Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 862,

fio. 164 ; Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 169,

fig. 22.

Gard. Chron. 1908, 1. p. 395,
fie. LTT.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 421,

fig. 188.

Gard. Chron. 1908, il. p. 42, fig. 15 ;
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 476.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 651.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i.
fig. 129.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 27.

Gard. Chron. 1908, i. p. 829,
fig. 148.

Journ. Hort. 1908, i. p. 489.

Country Life, 1908, ii. p. 191.

Bot. Mag. t. 8211.

Orchis, 1908, p. 127.

p. 287,

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 981

Sophronites grandiflora . ; . Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 284, fig. 124.
Sophro - Cattleya = warnhamensis
var. J. M. Black . : Di douen.* Hort: V908;) ii. Tye STE
Garden, 1908, ii. p. 423.
Spathoglottis aurea . Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 241, fig. 31.
S. x aureo-Vieillardii . : . Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 241, fig. 80.
S. x Colmanii . ; . Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 241, fig. 82.
Stanhopea eburnea . Orchis, 1908, pp. 111, 124.
S.insignis . . - Orelas, 1908, p. 111:
S. Rodigasiana ; . Orchis, 1908, p. 126.
S.saccata . : . Orchis, 1908, p. 124.
S. Wardii eve Ores LOB TTT:
Stanhopeastrum ecornutum . . Orchis, 1908, p. 124.
Trichopilia Hennisiana . Pr Orehis, u. p. 12.4, ¢, 18; er.
Vanda pumila . Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 48, fig. 16.
V. Sanderiana . dourn. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 149.
- Zygopetalum (Promenaea) xan-
thinum : . Journ. Hort. 1908, 1. p. 195.
G. W.

Orchids: Their Structure, Development, and Fertilisation.
By R. A. Rolfe (Orch. Rev. Mch., April, May, July 1908).—A lecture
given at a meeting of the Kew Gardeners’ Mutual Improvement Society,
held on February 17, 1908, containing many items of importance to the
advanced orchidist, and full of particulars for those interested in the
wonderful and beautiful contrivances provided for the furtherance of
fertilization by insects.—G. W.

Orchis hireina (Country Life, August 8, 1908, p. 191).—A good
photograph of this extremely rare British orchid known as ‘the Lizard.’
A spike preserved in formalin was shown by Miss Clark at the Holland
House show 1908, and attracted considerable attention. It was found
near Dover, June 1908. Other records of its flowering are Canterbury,
June 1860, and Wye Downs, Kent, May 1899.—G. W.

Orchis mascula. By J. J. Ward (Strand Mag., August 1908,
p. 215; figs. 1-7).—An interesting illustrated article on this British
orchid. The author believes that the well-known spots on the leaves are
an instance of protective mimicry, resembling so much the spots on a
viper that cattle grazing naturally avoid eating them, and thus the species
is preserved.—G. W.

Palms, Popular Species of. By W. (Gard. Chron. No. 1112,
p. 241; April 18, 1898).—In this paper is given a short account of the
palms which at the present time are most in favour, and some useful
hints as to their cultivation.—G. S. S.

Pandanus Houlletii. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8197).—Nat. ord.
Pandanaceae. Singapore. Stem 7-8 feet high, 4 inches diameter ; leaves
linear, 8 feet long, 4 inches broad; male panicle 2 or more feet long ;
female spike solitary, cylindric in form, 1 foot long, orange, ileshy.—G. H.

i is
‘ - eal

Pelargonium, New Zonal, ‘Yvan d’Angeniecq’ (Rev. Hort.
April 16, 1908, p. 170).—New variety raised by M. Bruant, Poictiers,
distinguished by its richness and variety of colour, viz., an intense violet.
Robust and free flowering from spring to autumn.—C. 7. D.

282 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Persimmons, Japanese. By F. H. Burnette (U.S.A. Hap. Stn,
Louisiana, Bull. 99, December 1907; illustrated).—The native fruit
having been grown for many years in Louisiana has prevented much
interest being taken in the Japanese variety, which, however, can be grown
productively in the Southern States. |

In Japan Diospyros kaki takes the place of the apple, and is of great
economic importance. Its astringent qualities when unripe are corrected
by some native method, at present not fully understood in America, but ~
when this is remedied the fruit is sure to increase in favour, being prolific,
easily grown, transported, and marketed.

It requires little pruning, as its tendency with years is to overbear.
It has few diseases and enemies, and is ornamental as a tree.

The persimmon has a high percentage of sugar, and an alcoholic
beverage is made from the fruit in Japan.—C. H. L.

Philadelphus purpureo-maculatus x. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot.
Mag. tab. 8193).—Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae, tribe Hydrangeae. Garden
origin. Shrub 38-6 feet high; very free flowering; flowers solitary ;
petals 4 inch long, white with purple-red base.—-G. H.

Poppies, Hybrid Oriental. By E. Bonvallet (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 509, p. 186, May 5, 1908; coloured plate).—Desecribes the historical
development of these beautiful hybrids in England and other countries,
with the names of the principal varieties hitherto produced in France.

Fr. A. W.

Poppies, Tournefort. By H. Correvon (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 509, p. 187, May 5, 1908).-Another account of these hybrid poppies
and their varieties, with a note that they are especially fine in the
Floraire Gardens at Geneva in May or June.—I’. A. W.

Potato Tuber, Dry Rot of the. By Dr. G. H. Petliybridge and
K. H. Bowers (Hcon. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. i., pt. xiv., pp. 547-558 ;
August 1908; 1 plate)—The authors have reinvestigated this disease,
and have come to the conclusion that it is due to Fusariwm Solani alone,
acting independently of any other organism, and that the fungus is a true
parasite. Many of the tubers attacked fail to produce plants when used
as sets, and others while in store become shrivelled to a dry hard mass.
During the shrivelling the /usariwm pustules appear upon the attacked
potato. An interesting account of numerous experimental cultures is
given. It is recommended that (1) suspicious-looking tubers observed
during lifting should be rejected and not stored (primary infection is
usually from the soil); (2) a careful look-out should be kept for the
appearance of the disease, and affected tubers should be removed from
the store; (8) care should be taken to prevent wounding during the
lifting and handling of the crop (infection takes place easily through

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 283

wounds) ; (4) wounded tubers should not be stored; (5) the storehouse
should be disinfected.—F’. J. C.

Preserving Fruit, A New Method of. (Gartenfloru, April 15,
1908.)—Mr. Elwood Cooper, a Californian Horticultural Commissioner,
is reported to have discovered a method of preserving fruit in nitrogen.
The fruit is first packed in papier-maché cases rendered impervious to air,
but provided with a small opening. These cases are then placed in an
iron receptacle from which the air is exhausted. The iron vessel is
then filled with nitrogen and the openings in the cases closed by some
mechanical means.

It is claimed that cases of fruit treated in this way remained perfectly
sound and fresh for several months.---W. R. D.

Primulas, New. By S. Mottet, with a Note by “Hort” (Le Jardin
vol. xxii. No. 512, p. 182, June 20, 1908; with 5 figs.)—A useful
~ summary of the newer varieties of Primula, mostly taken from notices in
the Gardeners’ Chronicle. They are, however, figured all together.
i ay eld 8

Prunus tomentosa. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8196).—Nat. ord.
Rosaceae, tribe Pruneae. China. Shrub 4-5 feet high; bark deep
chestnut brown; flowers white, 3 inch diameter; fruit bairy, scarlet.—G. H.

Puya violacea. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8194).—Nat.
ord. Bromeliaceae. Chili. Shrub flowering more than once; including
inflorescence about 3 feet high ; leaves linear, with small marginal prickles ;
inflorescence 20 inches high; sepals green; petals deep violet, 2} inches
long.—G. H.

Rhododendron Mariesii. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8206).—
Nat. ord. Hricaceae, tribe Rhodoreae. Central China. Shrub 3-6 feet
high ; leaves 23 inches long, 3-13 inch broad; flowers pale pink with
purple spots on the upper segments, 15 inch across; anthers purple.—G. H.

Rhododendron micranthum. By T. F. Chipp (Bot. Mag. tab.
8198).—Nat. ord. Hricaceae, tribe Rhodorae. N. China and Manchuria.
Shrub small, leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long; racemes many-flowered ;
corolla rotate-campanulate, } inch diameter, milky white—G. H.

Rhodesia, Southern, A Contribution to the Botany of. By
Miss L. 8. Gibbs (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. vol. xxxviii. p. 425 ; pls. 17-20).—
After some remarks on the climate the author gives a general sketch of
the vegetation of the country and then proceeds to particularize. She
describes twenty-three new species. The paper is illustrated with eight

photographs showing the vegetation in various parts of the district.
G. S. S.

Rhus typhina var. filicina (Die Gartenw. 45, p. 534, August 8,
1908).—Resembles R. typhina var. laciniata, but differs in the more
compact growth, and in the leaves, which reach 70 centimetres in length,
and are glaucous green, with beautiful yellow and scarlet autumn
tints.—G. Ff.

284 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ribes Viburnifolium. By P. Hariott (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 509, p. 141, May 5, 1908).—A Californian Ribes, with Viburnum-like
leaves, which are evergreen. The plant otherwise resembles the Ribesia
section.—/’. A. W.

Roselle: its Culture and Uses. By P. J. Webster (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bull. 307 ; illustrated).—Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), otherwise
known as Jamaica sorrel, is an annual from the tropics of the Old World

and produces the roselle fibre of commerce. The most important relative —

is cotton, and among vegetables okra. is related to it. The calyx is the
part of the plant used as food, and makes a jelly resembling that of
cranberries in colour and flavour. In India it is chiefly grown for fibre,
but in Australia (Queensland) two large factories ship large quantities of
roselle jam to Europe. The name “ roselle’’ is probably a corruption of
the French word oseille, sorrel.—C. H. L.

Spartina Towndsendii. By Otto Stapf (Gard. Chron. No. 1099,
p. 33, figs. 17-20; January 1908).—This plant is an introduction from
the Argentine, and is now spreading very rapidly over mud banks on the
Hampshire coast. The author says: “I was invited to investigate the
matter from a scientific point of view. Having during the last few
months paid a number of visits to various points on the Hampshire coast
and the Isle of Wight to study the question in the field, I propose to give
here a preliminary sketch of the history of this grass and the present exten-
sion of its area, adding at the same time a short technical paragraph for
those who wish to make themselves familiar with the grass and the allied
species which occur along with it.’ The author then proceeds to give
a summary of his work. The paper is illustrated by two maps, one of
the coast line which he visited, and the other showing the distribution of
the genus Spartina in Western Europe and North Africa.—G. S. S.

Spraying of Orchards. By Morris and Nicholson (U.S.A. Exp.
Stn. Oklahoma, Bull. 76, 1908).—The barrel-pump may be used for
orchards up to 500 trees; for more than this, power sprayers are
recommended. Hand-pumps give a pressure of 380 lb. to 40 lb.; with a
gasoline-engine power-pump a pressure of 125 lb. was maintained. The
Vermont type of nozzle, for general purposes, is preferred to that
throwing a fan-shaped spray. Bordeaux formula used, 4:4 copper sulphate
to 50 gallons; and for peaches and plums, copper sulphate 2 lb., fresh
lime 2 lb., Paris green } lb., water 50 gallons. Arsenate of lead is
largely used, though it costs more than Paris green. A long paddle, made
of a piece of board, is found to do the work better than agitators
attached to the pumps. The result of several years’ work indicates that
seven sprayings will more often be found desirable than five, and it will
not be safe to depend upon protecting the fruit with less than six. The
cost of spraying varies from 1}d. to 10d. per tree ; the amount of material
required to spray a bearing apple tree varies from one to five gallons ;
three or four gallons of spraying mixture will cover a well-formed tree
that has a spread of top of fifteen feet. The spraying mixture of

Bordeaux and Paris green, or arsenate of lead, costs 4d. to 14d. per
gallon.—C. H. H.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 285

Strawberry Culture and Pine Needles. By G. A. (Le Jardin,
vol. xxii. No. 510, p. 157, May 20, 1908).—An effective protection against
slugs consists in covering between the rows of strawberry plants with pine
needles. These stick to the slugs and destroy them.—F’. A. W.

Striped Garden Caterpillar (Mamestra legitima Grote). By F. H.
Chittenden (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bull. 66, part ii. p. 28;
1 fig.).—This insect is a general feeder on kitchen garden plants. The
caterpillar is about 2 inches long and marked with reguiar longitudinal
stripes, and is mature about the middle or end of November. It
hibernates as a black pupa, and the imago emerges about August. Paris
green. at the rate of 1 lb. to 100 to 150 gallons of water, or lead arsenate
at the rate of 1 lb. to 15 to 25 gallons of water, are recommended as
spraying compounds. The worst attack of the pest appears to have been
in Columbia.—F’. J. C.

Sweet Potatos. By W. R. Beattie (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farmers’
Bull. 324; plates).—A complete account of the best method of cultivating,
harvesting, and storing the sweet potato; with a map of the United States
showing the zones in which this vegetable may be successfully cultivated
(a) for market and (b) for home consumption.—M, L. H.

Tillandsia Blokii. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8192).—
Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae. South America. Shrub, flowering once; leaves
2131 feet long, 6 inches across ; inflorescence crimson, 5 feet long ; floral
bracts crimson; flowers 4 inches long; sepals crimson, 2 inches long ;
petals yellow, 4 inches long, linear.—G. H.

Timber, Prolonging the Life of Mine. By John M. Nelson, jr.
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 111, October 1907).—A highly
instructive paper on the preservation of mine timber. First we have
the factors which are destructive to mine timber, then a full account
of experiments in peeling, creosoting by open tank and cylinder treat-
ment, with comparisons of results. There are eight well-executed
illustrations, which go far in elucidating the text. The results all go to
show that it will pay well to peel, season, and treat it with a good wood
preservative such as creosote.—A. D. W.

Tobacco in Hawaii, Cultivation of. By J. Smith and C. R.
Blacow (Hawaii Agr. Exp. Stn., Bull. 15; plates).—A full account of
the culture and curing of tobacco in Hawaii, giving diagrams to show
the best method of constructing the barns, drying-sheds, &c., necessary
in the preparation of the leaf for export.—. 15S

Tomatos, Cultivation of. By C. Potrat (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 511, p. 168, June 5, 1908; with coloured plate).—A valuable article
on the cultivation of tomatos in the open air, with a list of the best
varieties. -—F’. A. W.

Tree-insects, A Trap for. By Baron Henry d’Anchald (Kev. Hort.
May 1, 1908, p. 214; 2 illustrations).—A band of corrugated paper about
ten inches wide, protected by an outer band of waterproof paper, is tied

286 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tightly round the trunk in May. Insects find congenial harbourage in
the corrugations, and can be destroyed early in the winter by removing the
band and burning it.—C. T. D.

Varieties, Production and Fixing of, among Cultivated
Plants. By M. Viviand-Morel (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr, 4th Series,
vol. iy., April 1908; p. 225).—An interesting article on hybridization
and variation by a fellow-worker of the late M. Jordan, whose theories
it attempts to elucidate.

M. Viviand-Morel points out that certain wild plants tend naturally
to vary when reproduced from seed, the differences appearing (1) between
the descendants of different plants of the same species and (2) between
individuals descended from a common parent. »

On the other hand variations may be the result of change of soil,
climate, and cultural conditions: some are produced by hybridization
(and here he draws a distinction between hybridization or crossing
individuals of two species and what he calls métissage—that is, crossing
two races of the same species), some are spontaneous varieties without
apparent cause, some follow after mutilation or injury by insects, and
some are obtained by grafting.

He discusses each of these causes and argues that any rational
system of hybridization should take into account these differences in the
origin of existing subjects, and that in any study of hybrids it would be
well to distinguish between—

1. Hybrids produced by the crossing of two fixed species.

2. Hybrids produced by crossing one fixed and one variable species.

8. Hybrids produced by crossing two variable species—M. L. H.

Vegetable Seeds, Germination of. By Edgar Brown (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 181, pt. 1.).—Results of tests demonstrating
the poor quality of the seeds supped in decorated packets by local stores
in America.—M. L. H.

Viburnum Carlesii. Anon. (Gard. Chron. No. 1118, p. 3846,
fig. 155; May 80, 1908).—This is a Chinese species, and though in
cultivation in a few gardens is still uncommon. The flowers when
open are of the purest white. In addition to their beauty the flowers
are fragrant. As “a plant for embellishing a wall this species should be
specially useful.”’—G. S. S.

Vitis gongylodes. By I. Gerome (Rev. Hort. May 1, 1908, pp. 202-8 ;
1 illustration).—This species is peculiarly interesting in bearing, as shown
by the illustration, not merely bunches of berries normally, but also —
large tuberous bodies associated with the bunches, somewhat resembling
poppy-heads in shape, with slight winged projections. These are some-
times absolutely spherical and as large as a tennis ball (balle de jew).
Unfortunately the nature of these growths, whether reproductive or
otherwise, is not stated.—C. 7. D.

Wall Gardening. By 8. Arnott (Gard. Chron. No, 1104, p. 118;
February 22, 1908).—In this paper the subjeot of wall gardening is fully

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS 287

gone into, and much useful advice and information are given. The writer
lays stress—-and very properly—on the point that no wall garden should
be formed in a position where the wall itself has not a distinct raison
d’étre, and the same rule should always be carried out in regard to pergolas
and other structures. Directions are given for the best ways to build
walls according to their position, whether as a support to banks or as
screens or boundaries. Advice is also given as to the best plants to use.
G.S.S.

Weather, the Relation of, to the Setting of Fruit. By U. P.
Hedrick (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. New York, Bull. 299, 1908).—Observations
of the dates of blossoming have been made over six years, and the
‘diffezent varieties of each fruit are divided into early and late bloomers.
The average duration of flowering from first blossoms to petals having
dropped is, in the case of apples, nine days; pears, seven days; peaches,
eight days; plums, seven days; cherries, seven days; grapes, ten days.
- It will be noticed that this time is only half to two-thirds as long as in
England. The effects of temperature, frost, wind, rain, &c., are dealt with
in reference to the setting of fruit. Temperatures are given at which
the setting of the fruit is injured, whether in bud, in blossom, or in setting
fruit. Cross-fertilization is dealt with, and varieties flowering at the
same time recommended to be planted in proximity to one another to
favour fertilization —C. H. H.

Wood, Mechanical Principles in the Formation of. By K.
Metzger (Nat. Zeit. Land-Fforst. vol. vi. pp. 249-278, May 1908).—The
mechanical principles involved in the building of timber-trees are here
examined in detail. Special attention is given to the causes of excentric
growth, a subject which has been much discussed. The paper is well
illustrated, and is an important contribution.— W. G. S.

288 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TRIAL OF GARDEN PEAS AT WISLEY.

Forty-stx stocks of Peas were received for trial in 1908. The seeds
were sown on the following dates: Early varieties, March 10; Second
early, March 17; Midseason or late; on March 24. It is essential that
peas should be sown fairly early at Wisley, otherwise, when dry or hot
weather sets in, the crops would be a failure on the dry sandy soil there.
The land had been well prepared by trenching and moderately heavy ~
manuring, and all the stocks made excellent growth, were clean, and
bore good crops. The hot, dry weather caused the first and second
early varieties to come in nearly together, with only a few days between
them. When ready the collection was examined by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee.

F.C.C. = First-class Certificate.
A.M. = Award of Merit.

First Earty VARIETIES.

*1, Advancement (Carter).—Height 15 inches ; haulm strong and very
dark green; pods usually in pairs, 3} inches long, averaging five to
seven large sweet peas ina pod. Heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled. Raised
from ‘ American Wonder’ x ‘ Daisy.’

2. Daffodil, A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter).—-Height 2 feet; haulm
sturdy and moderately dark in colour; pods usually in pairs, 34 inches
long, averaging six or seven peas of excellent flavour in a pod. Heavy
crop. Seeds wrinkled. ;

3. Dawn, A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter).—Height 5 feet; haulm and
pods dark green; pods in pairs, 83 inches long, averaging eight very
large delicious peas in a pod. Very heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled. Raised
from ‘ Lightning’ x ‘ Duke of York.’

BA. Daisy, F.C.C. July 11, 1902 (Carter)—For description, see
vol. xxvi. p. 227.

4. Karly Morn (Carter).—Height 34 feet; haulm strong, pale in
colour; pods in pairs, 4 inches long, averaging eight very sweet peas in
a pod. Good crop. Seeds wrinkled.

5. Kelipse (Carter).—Height 4 feet; haulm rather thin and pale ;
pods single, 2} inches long, well filled, and averaging seven peas in a
pod. Good crop. Seeds round.

6. Keclipse x ‘Karly Morn’ (Carter).Height 5 feet; haulm and
foliage strong, pale green; pods usually in pairs, 4 inches long,
averaging eight to nine peas ina pod. Good crop. Seeds round.

* All trials in the Wisley Garden are carried out under numbers only until judging

is completed. The number prefixed to the name of the variety in the Report
corresponds with that under which the variety was grown. Fellows visiting the
Garden and noticing any plant under a number can. easily ascertain its name by

reference to the Report in the JouRNAL.

‘TRIAL OF GARDEN PEAS AT WISLEY. 289

7. Evergreen Delicatesse, A.M. June 20, 1908 (Carter).—Height
34 feet; haulm strong, dark green; pods in pairs, curved, averaging
nine large very sweet peas in a pod, fine dark green colour. Very heavy
crop. Seeds wrinkled.

8. Giant Blue Express (Carter).—Height 4 feet; haulm strong and
pale green; pods single, 4 inches long, well filled, averaging seven large
fair-flavoured peas in a pod. Good crop. Seeds round.

9. Giant. Lightning (Carter).—Height 4 feet; haulm pale green,
strong ; pods in pairs, 35 inches long, averaging eight large peas in a
pod. Heavy crop. Seeds round.

10. Harvestman, A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter).—Height 5} feet;
haulm strong and very dark green; pods usually in pairs, 5 inches long,
averaging eight large delicious peas in a pod, and commencing to crop
close to the ground. Very heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled. Raised from
‘Eclipse’ x ‘ Duke of Albany.’

11. International, A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter)—Height 5} feet;

-haulm and pods dark green; pods in pairs, averaging nine large

sweet peas in a pod; pods 54 inches long. Very heavy crop. Seeds
wrinkled.

12. Lightning (Carter)—Height 4 feet; haulm light and thin;
pods usually single, 35 inches long, averaging six medium-sized peas in
a pod. Moderate crop. Seeds round.

13. Mayflower (Carter).—Height 18 inches ; haulm pale and irregular
in growth; pods in pairs, 34 inches long, averaging eight large peas in
a pod. Good crop. Seeds wrinkled.

14. Pilot, A.M. July 3, 1903 (Sydenham).—Height 4 feet; haulm
rather pale; pods in pairs, 4 inches long, averaging seven large excellent
peas ina pod. Heavy crop. Seeds, some round, some wrinkled.

15. Pilot reselected (Carter).—Same as No. 14.

16, 17, 18. Seedlings 206, 209 (Carter).—These were unnamed, and
received no recognition from the Committee.

19. The Clipper (Sydenham).—Height 5 feet ; haulm pale green; pods
4 inches long, in pairs, averaging 9 large peasinapod. Faircrop. Seeds
wrinkled.

20. William Hurst (Carter).—Height 1 foot ; haulm dark. and very
sturdy; pods single, 25 inches long, averaging six sweet peas in a pod.
Good crop. Seeds wrinkled.

MiIpDSEASON VARIETIES.

21. Boston Unrivalled, A.M. July 14,1896 (Bunyard).—Height, 5} feet ;
haulm strong, palish green ; pods usually in pairs, 5 inches long, averaging
eight peas in a pod. Heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled.

22. Buttercup (Carter).—Height 3 feet; growth irregular, and crop
poor.

23. Commonwealth (Carter).—Height 3 feet; haulm and pods dark
green ; pods usually in pairs, 4 inches long, averaging nine large, excel-
lent peas in a pod. Moderate crop. Seeds wrinkled.

24. Commonwealth reselected (Carter)—A more vigorous form of
No. 23.

VOL. XXXIV. U

290 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

25. Danby Stratagem, A.M. July 5, 1901 (Carter).—Height 4 feet ;
haulm and pods dark green ; pods 45 inches long, usually in pairs, hand-
some, averaging eight peas ina pod. Great crop. Seeds wrinkled.

26. Danby Stratagem reselected (Carter). Same as No. 25.

27. Dreadnought (Carter).—Height 4 feet ; haulm and pods very dark
green ; pods 5 inches long, handsome, in pairs, averaging seven peas in
a pod. Very heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled. The Committee considered
this a very promising variety.

28. Duke of Albany reselected (Carter).—A very good stock of this
favourite variety, which received A.M. July 5,1901. See vol. xxix. p. 681.

29. Exhibition (Carter).—Height 6 feet ; haulm very strong and dark ;
pods 5 inches long, single, averaging nine large, very sweet peas in a pod.
Heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled.

30. J.C. Macqueen (Yule).—Height 53 feet ; haulm strong, pale green ;
pods 4 inches long, in pairs, averaging seven large peas in a pod. Good
crop. Seeds wrinkled. A rather late midseason variety.

31. Little Wonder (Carter).—Height 3 feet; haulm strong and dark ;
pods 84 inches long, in pairs, averaging eight peas in a pod. Heavy crop.
Seeds wrinkled.

32. Model Telephone (Carter).—A very good stock of ‘ Telephone,’
which received a F.C.C’ June 27, 1878. For description see vol. xxix.
p. 686.

33. Quite Content, F.C.C. August 14, 1906 (Carter).—Height 6 feet ;
haulm and pods deep green; pods 7 inches long, handsome, in pairs,
averaging ten peas ina pod. Very heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled.

34. Reliable (Harrison).—Height 4 feet; haulm and pods dark green ;
very strong; pods 5 inches long, in pairs, averaging nine large delicious
peas ina pod. Heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled.

35. Richards’ Conquest (Richards)—Height 63 feet; haulm pale
green; pods 43 inches long, single, averaging six peas ina pod. Light
crop. Seeds wrinkled. Requires further selection.

36. Richards’ Reward (Richards).—Very similar to No. 35.

387. Snowdrop, A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter)—Height 5 feet; very
strong dark haulm; pods 4 inches long, single, averaging seven large
delicious peas in a pod. Very heavy crop. Seeds wrinkled.

38. Seedling 242 (Carter).—No award made.

39, 40. Stratagem, and Stratagem reselected (Carter).—Same as
No. 25.

Late VARIETIES.

41. Essex Wonder, A.M. July 4, 1905 (Hobday).—Height 6 feet;
haulm pale green; pods 4 inches long, single, averaging nine peas in
a pod. Good crop. Seeds wrinkled.

42, 48, 44, 45. Seedlings 223, 225, 231, and 241 (Carter)—No award

made,

DAHLIAS AT WISLEY, 1908. 291

DAHLIAS AT WISLEY, 1908.

Amone the first of the floral trials instituted at Wisley was that of
Cactus Dahlias for garden decoration. In these trials a floriferous
character and showy habit have been regarded as of first importance,
and while the form and quality of the flowers have not been lost sight of,
these, desirable as they are in themselves, have not been allowed to carry
great weight when combined with a poor habit and shy flowering.
It has been specially desired to secure varieties holding their flowers
well above the foliage instead of buried in it, as with so many of the
exhibition varieties, and on strong long stalks bearing the flowers erect,
instead of on short stalks with pendent flowers, as in the more showy of
the older varieties. (Figs. 39, 40.)

A considerable stock of plants was transferred from Chiswick in 1904,
and new varieties have been added each year, so that altogether 330 distinct
varieties have been under the observation of the Committee.

The following are lists of the varieties that have been selected each
‘year as the best in their respective colours. In 1907 and 1908 the
Floral Committee acted in conjunction with a committee of the National
Dahlia Society, and the selection of varieties has been more severe :

1905.
Amos Perry. J. H. Jackson. Mrs. McKergow.
Arab. King of Siam. Orion.
Aunt Chloé. Mary Service. Peace.
D. A. Dunbar. | Mavis. Reliable.
Dainty. Mrs. John Barker. Spotless Queen.
F. A. Wellesley. Mrs. John Goddard. Standard Bearer.
Floradora. Mrs. J. 8. Brunton. Waterloo.

1906.
A. D. Stoop. Pink Pearl. Reggie.
Crépuscule. Prince of Yellows. West Hall Scarlet.
Mont Blanc.

1907.
Beacon. Lustre. Molly.
Kelair. Meteor. Primrose.

1908.’
Avoca. Flash. Miss Willmott.
Brightness. May Carpenter. Stalwart.

These may be roughly grouped under the following colours :—

White.—Mont Blanc, Peace, Spotless Queen.
Brunton, Molly, Primrose,

Yellow.—Miss Willmott, Mrs. J. 5.

Prince of Yellows.

v2

292 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Buff and salmon.—Crépuscule, Mavis, Mrs. John Barker, Mrs.
McKergow, Reliable.

Pink.—Dainty, Mary Service, May Carpenter, Pink Pearl.

Scarlet—Amos Perry, D. A. Dunbar, Eclair, F. A. Wellesley, Flash,
Meteor, Standard Bearer, West Hall Scarlet.

Red.—Avoca, Brightness, Lustre, Mrs. John Goddard, Stalwart,
Waterloo. .

OCrimson.—A. D. Stoop, Floradora, Reggie.

Dark crimson.—Arab, Aunt Chloé, Gites is J. H. Jackson.

Mauve.—Orion.

Purple.—King of Siam.

In 1908 ninety-one fresh stocks were received for trial, of which
forty-seven were new varieties. Planted on June 2, they made favourable
growth during the summer, although their advance was checked by the
dry spells at the end of June and July. Considerable damage was done
by the gales of August 31 and September 8-9. The first touch of frost
was experienced on September 138, and the season’s growth was finally
cut down on October 22, when a minimum temperature of 26°9° F. was
registered.

A.M. = Award of Merit.
XXX = Highly Commended for Garden Decoration.

DECORATIVE VARIETY.

Emily Habgood (Brousson), XXX 1908.—White, yellowish centre ;
free-flowering, the stout erect stalks displaying the flowers well. 44 feet.

Cactus VARIETIES.

1.* A. D. Stoop (Baxter), XXX 1906.—Light crimson ; free-flowering,
the rigid stalks holding the flowers well above the foliage. 443 feet.

2. Adonis (Mortimer).—Crimson-scarlet, with narrow quill-petals a
little twisted ; very free-flowering and showy, but stalks weak and flowers.
pendent ; habit branching and spreading. 34 feet.

8. Alexander (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1904.—Crimson, flowers
large, of good form, with straight quills ; stalks stout but not well above
foliage. 4 feet.

4. Alfred Kent (Kent).—Magenta-crimson, flowers large, rather rough,
broad petaled. 44 feet.

5. Alight (Dobbie), A.M. September 26, 1905.—Salmon-scarlet,
flowers large, of good form, with thin, slightly twisted quills; habit
open and spreading ; showy and free-flowering, but the thin purple stalks
fail to hold the flowers erect. 4 feet,

6. Antelope (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1898.—Pale fawn, buff-
yellow centre; flowers too much buried. 44 feet.

7. Arcadia (Cheal).—Lemon yellow, paler at the floret-tips ; flowers
small, neat, pretty, with straight quills; stalks short and weak. 4% feet.

8. Avoca (Cheal), XXX 1908.—Carmine-red, flowers large with twisted
quills, held boldly above the scanty foliage, on stout dark purple stalks ;
very showy. 5 feet. (Fig. 39.)

* See footnote, p. 288.

DAHLIAS AT WISLEY, 1908. 293

9. Brightness (Carpenter), XXX 1908.—Carmine-red, flowers small,
quills straight, stalks not long; habit bushy, very free-flowering. 3 feet.

10. Bute (Dobbie).—Salmon-orange ; flowers drooping on weak stalks,
not showy. 3 feet. -

11. Caradoc (Dobbie).—Lemon-yellow, flowers rather broad-petaled
and not of much substance, but held boldly erect on stout stalks.
5 feet.

12. Cockatoo (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1904.—Lemon-yellow
centre, the florets white-tipped ; outer florets white, or white shaded with
buff-pink and white-tipped ; variable ; not free-flowering, stalks short and
weak. 35 feet.

Fic. 39.— Dania ‘ Avoca.’

13. Crépuscule (Dobbie), XXX 1906.—Pale salmon-buff, yellowish at
the centre; flowers large, pendent from short stalks. 4} feet.

14. Cynthia (Ware), A.M. September 17, 1907.—Salmon-buff, yellow
centre ; form.poor; habit bushy, free-flowering. 34 feet.

15. Daisy Staples (Dobbie), A.M. September 25, 1906.—Mauve-rose ;
flowers’ flat with narrow, almost straight, quill petals; habit erect, but
flowers buried in foliage. 45 feet. .

16. Diavolo (Baxter).—Ground colour cream shaded with pink,
yellowish at the centre, the whole heavily striped and dotted with crimson ;
flowers above foliage but not free. 4 feet.

294 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

17. Dreadnought (Dobbie).—-Crimson ; flowers immense, with broad
straight quills ; stalks stout ; habit very bushy, and flowers not displayed
well. 43 feet.

18. Ella Kraemar (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1904. Pale mauve-
pink ; flowers flat, mostly semi-double, buried in foliage. 4% feet.

19. Elsie Turner (Mortimer), A.M. September 29, 1908.—Pale salmon-
buff; habit bushy; flowers few, not displayed well. 3% feet.

20. Emmie Beyfus (Cheal).—Reddish- to salmon-orange ; form poor,
flowers weak-centred, held above the foliage on weak stalks. 44 feet.

21. Encore (Ware).—Yellow, a little edged and shaded with buff;
flowers large, pendent, quills broad ; foliage and stalks dark. 4 feet.

22. Faunus (Dobbie), A.M. September 26, 1905.—Pale salmon, yellow
at the centre; flowers very large, but not well disposed apa the foliage.
4}, feet.

23. Flag of Truce (Dobbie).—Fine white, of good form, with the
outer quills a little twisted; habit erect, bushy, not free flowering, and
flowers buried. 4 feet.

24. Flash (West), XXX 1908.—Bright scarlet; flowers rather thin,
with twisted quills, held boldly above the foliage ; showy: 5 feet.

25. Florence M. Stredwick (Dobbie), A.M. September 15, 1903.—
White, cream centred; quills broad, straight; habit erect, eh with
flowers well above the foliage, 4 feet.

26. Frank Kent (Kent).—Scarlet, semi-double, of bad form; habit
erect, stalks stiff and flowers held well. 44 feet.

27. Gazelle (Dobbie), A.M. September 11, 1906:—-Bright mauve-rose,
cream centred; quills incurved, twisted ; not free flowering, and flowers
buried in foliage. 4 feet.

28. Golden Dawn (Mortimer).—Lemon-yellow ; flowers with broad,
straight quills, almost buried in vigorous foliage. 4 feet.

29. Golden Gem (Cheal).—Yellow, shaded a little towards the
margin with buff; quills narrow; stalks dark; habit open, but not
showy. 4 feet.

30. Good Hope (Dobbie).—Crimson, tipped variably with white;
habit bushy, flowers buried. 4 feet.

31. Grenadier (Mortimer).—Scarlet shaded with carmine; stalks
long but not very stout; habit stiffly erect. 5 feet.

32. Hamlet (Dobbie), A.M. September 11, 1906.—Dark scarlet; habit
bushy, flowers buried in foliage. 4 feet.

33. Harbour Light (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1904.—Scarlet-
orange, variable ; flowers very large, rough, and much buried in foliage. —
43; feet.

34, Héléne (Cheal).—Mauve, cream centred; flowers large, flat,
Straight-quilled; stalks stout, dark; habit bushy, very broad-topped ;
showy. 34 feet.

35. Hilda Shoebridge (Cheal).— Salmon-scarlet ; broad straight
quills ; stalks dark; foliage very scanty, well overtopped by the pendent
flowers; free and showy. 4 feet.

36. H. Shoesmith (Dobbie), A.M. September 12, 1905.—Glowing

crimson-scarlet, with very thin twisted quills; habit bushy and flowers
hidden. 4 feet.

:
.

DAHLIAS AT WISLEY, 1908. 295

37. Hyacinth (Dobbie), A.M. September 25, 1906.—Galmon-pink,
yellowish towards the centre; of exhibition form, but buried in foliage.
5% feet.

38. Iris (Dobbie).—-Mauve, cream centred ; flowers of good form, but
pendent on weak stalks, held just above the foliage; habit spreading.
35 feet.

39. Ivanhoe (Dobbie), A.M. September 26, 1905.— Salmon-buff,
yellow centred; flowers large, quills straight, drooping from short
stalks; showy. 4 feet.

40. Ivy Shoebridge (Cheal).—Centre yellow, outer petals shaded
mauve but tipped with yellow; quills straight, broad ; weak, dark stalks
and pendent flowers. 5 feet.

41. J. B. Riding (Dobbie), A.M. September 6, 1904.—Salmon-buff
with clear yellow centre; quills broad and straight; habit erect; not
free flowering. 5 feet.

42. J. C. Newbury (Seale).—Rich crimson; flowers very large, with
broad quills, held well above the foliage on dark, stout stalks ; showy.
34 feet.

45. J. H. Jackson (Baxter), XXX 1905.—Deep crimson with broad
straight quills; flowers large, well displayed. 4 feet.

44, Kiku San (Cheal).—Light crimson, shading at the narrow
quill-tips to purple; free-flowering, but the flowers buried in foliage.
45 feet.

45. Lady Fair (Dobbie).—Pale lemon-yellow, the outer rays suffused
with pale pink; flowers very large but pendent and buried; the florets
are much doubled, and their lacerate tips give an endive-like appearance
to the flower. 34 feet.

46. Lord of the Manor (Dobbie), A.M. September 20, 1904.-—Glowing
orange-scarlet with yellow spot at the floret-bases; flowers not very full,
pendent on thin stalks ; 4 feet.

47. Lusitania (Dobbie).—Light scarlet with almost straight quills ;
flowers with not much substance, and pendent on weak stalks, but
showily displayed well above the scanty foliage. 44 feet.

48. Lustre (Baxter), XXX 1907.—Light crimson; flowers large,
finely disposed on dark stout stalks. 4 feet. 3

49. Mauve Queen (Cheal), A.M. September 3, 1907.—Soft mauve ;
flowers weak centred and pendent, but habit free-flowering, showy, and
open, with the flowers held loosely, well above the foliage. 5 feet.

50. May Carpenter (Carpenter), XXX 1908.—Bright mauve pink ;
quills broad, and flowers with not much substance, but habit bushy-erect,
the stalks very rigid, holding the flowers above the foliage; showy.
4 feet. (Fig. 40.)

51. Meteor.(Dobbie), A.M. September 25, 1906.—Destroyed by gale.

_ 52. Miss D. Oliver (Dobbie).—Cream-white with pale lemon centre ;
quills straight, broad; flowers rather small, freely and lightly disposed
well above the scanty foliage. 5 feet.

53. Miss Willmott (Baker), XXX 1908.—Yellow, shading to salmon-
buff; quills straight, broad ; flowers of poor form and pendent, but habit
free-flowering with the flowers held well above the foliage. 55 feet.

296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

54. Mrs. C. D. Radd (Cheal).—Yellow, lightly shaded salmon ; quills
broad, straight ; flowers buried in foliage. 4 feet.

55. Mrs. Chas. Scott (Seale).—Rich yellow, lightly shaded salmon ;
flowers thin, but foliage very scanty, and the flowers well displayed above
it on dark stalks. 44 feet.

56. Mrs. F. Grinsted (Dobbie).—Carmine-crimson, magenta at the
floret tips; flowers large, on long stout stalks, but pendent, and not
free-flowering. 4 feet.

57. Mrs. F. G. Treseder (Treseder).—Salmon-rose; flowers large,
thin, with slightly twisted quills, pendent on long stalks; habit thin,
not free-flowering. 4 feet.

Fie. 40.—Danura ‘ May Carpenter.’

58. Mrs. F. H. Cook (Cheal), A.M. September 12, 1905.—Salmon-
orange with broad open quills; habit bushy-erect, dark stemmed, not
free-flowering. 4 feet.

59. Mrs. Geo. Stevenson (Dobbie), A.M. September 26, 1905.—
Clear yellow, with broad quills; stalks stout, erect; habit strict erect.
54 feet.

60. Mrs. L, Twentyman (Baker).—Salmon-buff ; very dark stems and
flower stalks ; not very free. 54 feet.

61. Mrs. Macmillan (Dobbie), A.M. September 12, 1905.—Pinkish-
mauve with cream-white centre; quills broad, a little twisted; not free-
flowering. 4 feet.

DAHLIAS AT WISLEY, 1908. 297

62. Mrs. T. G. Baker (Baker).—Orange-scarlet; flowers not well
displayed. 4 feet.

63. Mrs. W. Treseder (Treseder), A.M. September 10, 1902.—Reddish-
violet flowers pendent on weak stalks. 44 feet.

64. Molly (Baxter), XXX 1907.—Yellow, a little buff on the outer
petals; quills broad, straight, flat; habit bushy and free-flowering.
4 feet.

65. Mont Blane (Dobbie), XXX 1906.—White, quills twisted ; flowers
mostly semi-double. 44 feet.

66. Mozart (Seale).—Crimson, quills straight, cleft at the tip; habit
bushy; flowers well displayed above the foliage on stout stalks.
4 feet. |

67. Nelson (Dobbie), A.M. August 29, 1905.—Bright crimson, florets
tipped with carmine-purple; flowers large, of good form, with twisted,
incurving quills, but poorly displayed on weak stalks. 5 feet.

68. Peter Treseder (Treseder).—Maroon ; quills broad and straight ;
flowers pendent, ill-displayed. 4 feet.

69. Pink Perfection (Dobbie), A.M. August 29, 1905.—Mauve-pink,
flowers mostly semi-double, good stems; showy. 3 feet.

70. Primrose (Dobbie), A.M. September 12, 1905; XXX 1907,—Pale
primrose-yellow, paler towards the quill-tips; stalks stout. 45 feet.

71. Red Cap (Mortimer).—Orange-scarlet with twisted, incurved
quills, but of bad form, with open centre; stalks weak. 4 feet.

72. Rey. A. Hall (Dobbie), A.M. September 11, 1906,—Carmine-
crimson, with twisted quills, but weak-centred ; flowers buried in foliage.
5 feet.

73. Rob Roy (Cheal).—Bright crimson-scarlet, with nearly straight
quills ; stalks strong and wiry, but not carrying the flowers well above
the foliage. 4 feet.

74. Ruby Grinsted (Dobbie), A.M. September 25, 1906.—Pale salmon-
pink, central florets lemon-yellow ; quills thin, twisted; flowers buried.
4} feet.

75. St. Margaret (Cheal).-—Light crimson ; flowers of little substance
buried in the foliage. 44 feet.

76. Scotia (Dobbie).—Mauve-pink with cream centre and floret-tips ;
stalks stout, but flowers pendent. 44 feet.

77. 8. G. Baker (Baxter).—Lemon yellow; flowers very large, with
broad incurving quills, held on stout stalks. 4 feet.

78. Signal (Ware).—Dark scarlet; flowers of great substance, with
broad incurving quills, but weak centred; habit excellent, the flowers held
erect on long stout stalks well above the foliage. 25-3 feet.

79. Stalwart (Mortimer), XXX 1908.—Dark scarlet, with broad,
slightly twisted quills; free-flowering and showy. 4 feet.

80. Star (Dobbie).—Salmon-buff, yellow at the centre and floret-tips ;
stalks stout. 44 feet.

81. Sunshine (Dobbie), A.M. September 25, 1906.—Bright mauye,
paler at the quill tips; flowers not held well above foliage. 4} feet.

82. T. A. Havemeyer (Dobbie), A.M. August 15, 1905.— Bronze-salmon,
yellow at the centre; habit erect, but not free-flowering, and flowers not
well held. 4 feet.

298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

83. The Bride (Cheal), A.M. September 8, 1907.—White; flowers
small, with broad, straight quills, held above the foliage on short weak
stalks; free flowering. 4 feet.

84. The Pilot (Dobbie), A.M. September 12, 1905.—Salmon-buff ;
flowers buried. 4 feet.

85. T. Parkin (Dobbie).—Light orange ; destroyed by gale.

86. Vera (Baxter).—Light carmine-crimson, magenta tipped ; quills
twisted, cleft at the tips; flowers not well disposed. 44 feet.

87. Victorian (Dobbie), A.M. September 26, 1905.—Creamy-pink,
spotted and streaked with crimson; destroyed by gale.

88. West Hall Scarlet (Baxter), XXX 1906.—Scarlet, quills straight ;
flowers well held, on stout stalks, above the foliage. 3 feet.

89. W. E. Dickson (Dobbie).—Light crimson ; habit erect, but flowers
buried. 54 feet. |

90. W. Hopkins (Dobbie), A.M. September 6, 1904.—Magenta-crimson,
straight-quilled ; flowers pendent, buried in foliage. 4 feet.

91. W. Marshall (Cheal, Dobbie), A.M. August 15, 1905.—Yellow,
lightly shaded with buff; flowers large, of good form, with nearly straight
quills on long stalks ; but neither free-flowering nor showy. 6 feet

CANNAS OUT OF DOORS AT WISLEY, 1908. 299

CANNAS OUT OF DOORS AT WISLEY, 1908.

THE collection of Cannas grown under glass in 1906 and 1907, com-
prising over 200 varieties, was in 1908 planted out of doors to test the
value of the different varieties as bedding-out subjects. The plants
were started in gentle heat in March and planted in the open during
the first week of June. The soil at Wisley, a light sandy loam, is one
admirably suited to the Canna, provided that ample supplies of water
and manure can be furnished to enable the plants to reach their full
development. The situation chosen should be a fairly sheltered one in
order to prevent damage to flower and foliage by high winds, but nothing
is to be feared from heat or sunshine if the supply of water is sufficient.
The frequent use of the hoe or a good mulch of well-rotted manure will
be well repaid.

The plants continue to throw up flower-spikes until cut by frost, and
if, before the first severe frost is experienced, they be lifted with a
medium-sized ball of earth and placed under glass, either in a pot, on a
bench, or in a bed, they will continue to furnish flowers until, or even
later than, Christmas.

The trial-ground was inspected by a Sub-Committee of the Floral
Committee in August, when the following varieties were highly com-
mended for the freedom with which they were flowering outdoors :-—

Dark FOLIAGE.

Dr. Marcus.—Orange red.
Wim. Saunders.—Deep red.

Licgut FobiAGeE.

Elizabeth Hoss.-—Yellow, richly spotted with red.
First Wied.—Fiery red.

L. E. Bally.—Pale yellow, spotted with dull red.
Météore.—Rich orange.

These varieties all belong to the Gladiolus-flowered section, charac-
terized by their compact growth, large trusses of flower, and smooth-
ness and substance of petal. With the exception of Dr. Marcus
and Météore they had already received Awards of Merit for the beauty
of their flowers. For richness of colour and character of foliage,
however, this section is surpassed by the newer orchid-flowered Cannas ;
and as in this section out of doors the flowers are of only secondary
value, there is little to choose between the merits of the different
varieties.

800 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The trial ground was at its brightest in October, and to the varieties
already mentioned the following may be added for their vigour and the
freedom with which they were then flowering. All have already received
Awards of Merit or have been highly commended as grown under
glass :—

Dark FOLIAGE.

Grossherzog Ernst Ludwig.—Orange red.
Mrs. G. A. Strohlein.—Carmine crimson.
Stadtrath Heidenreich.—Orange scarlet.

Licut FouiaGe.

Edouard Meig.—Orange scarlet.

Frau Philipp Siesmayer.—Salmon-rose.

Isabella Breitschwerdt.—Salmon-rose.

Jean Tissot.—Orange scarlet.

Karl Kirsten.—Orange scarlet.

Reichskanzler Furst Hohenlohe.—Yellow, spotted with red.
R. Wallace.-—Pale yellow, faintly spotted with rose.

A detailed description of the varieties is furnished in THE JOURNAL,
vol. xxxiii. (1908) pp. 212 et seg. A rough classification is appended :—

GLADIOLUS-FLOWERED.—Compact habit; truss large, close-
flowered; petals smooth, firm in texture, colours generally
brilliant.

FOLIAGE DARK (2.¢. green, variably veined and suffused with bronze
and crimson).

Flowers salmon, pink, rose.

Kastern Beauty. Juanita.

Evolution. Kronprinzessin Cicilie.
Floreal. Melrose, A.M. 1907.
Frau Grifin Ernestine von Shenandoah.

Thun. William Watson.
Hiawatha.

Flowers orange, orange-red.

Arthur William Paul.

Chappaqua.

Dr. Marcus, XXX 1908.

Duke Ernst.

Grossherzog
A.M. 1901.

Max Kolb.

Ernst Ludwig,

flowers orange-scarlet, scarle!.

Brandywine.
Conseilleur Heidenreich.
Deutscher Kronprinz.
Hans Werdmuller.

Leo Vaughan.

Oscar Dannecker, A.M. 1901.
Président Carnot.

Président de Péronne.
Semaphore.

S. T. Wright, A.M. 1907.
Wilhelm Tell.

Wyoming, XXX 1907.

President Meyer.

Schwabenland.

Stadtrath Heidenreich,
1897.

A.M

CANNAS OUT OF DOORS AT WISLEY, 1908. 301

Flowers carmine-red, red, deep-red.

Egandale.

Hofgarten-Director Walter.

Mrs. G. A. Strohlein, A.M.
1901.

FOLIAGE GREEN.
Flowers white.
Blanche Wintzer, A.M. 1907.

Flowers salmon-pink, rose.
Ami Jules Chrétien, A.M.
1896. |

Annie Laurie.

Camille Bernardin.

Chas. Molin.

Duke of York, A.M. 1907.

Else.

Franz Buchner.

Frau Philipp Siesmayer, XXX
1907.

_H. Guichard.

Flowers scarlet, orange-scarlet.

Alphonse Bouvier, A.M. 1892.
Edouard Meig, A.M. 1897.
EKmma Bedau.

Fraulein Anna Benary.

First Bismarck.

Golath.

J. D. Hisele.

Jean Tissot, A.M, 1901.

Mt. Etna.

Paul Lorenz.

Professor Fr. Rober.

William Saunders, A.M. 1907.

Mont Blane.

Isabella
1907.

Breitschwerdt, A.M.

~ Louise.

Luray.

Mlle. Berat.

Maiden’s Blush.

Ottawa.

Rosemawr.

Secrétaire Chabanne, A.M. 1900.
Semeur A. Sannier.

Venus, A.M. 1907.

Karl Kirsten, XXX 1907.

M. Florent Penwels.

Papa.

Philadelphia Improved.

Pillar of Fire.

Professor G. Baker.

Roi des Rouges, A.M. 1896.
Wilhelm Bofinger, A.M. 1907.

Flowers red, orange-red, carmine-red.

Auguste Chantin.
Cyclope.

Dr. Dock.

Furst Wied, A.M. 1907.
Minerva.

Flowers dark red.
Black Prince.
Black Warrior.
Cherokee.

Flowers orange.
California.
Francis Wood.
Hesperide, A.M. 1907.

Flowers yellow.
Aurea.

Paul Bruant.
Prince Hohenlohe.
Robert Christie.
Triumph. |
William Bull.

Duke of Marlborough.
George Washington Improved

Klondyke.
Météore, XXX 1908.
Orange Queen.

Buttercup.

30

2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Flowers yellow, faintly spotted, or a little marked with red.
Alsace. Mme. Chabanne.
Dr. Nansen. R. Wallace, A.M. 1907:
John Tulett. Sophie Buchner, A.M. 1893.
Flowers yellow, much spotted or marked with red.
Antoine Barton, XXX 1894. J. B. van der Schoot, A.M. 1907.
Betsy Ross. Konsul W. Vellnagel.
Chameleon. _L. E. Bally, A.M. 1894.
Comte de Bouchard, A.M. 1897. Mme. Legris.
Duchess of York, A.M. 1898. Miss B. Brunner.
Elizabeth Hoss, A.M. 1901. Reichskanzler Fiirst Hohenlohe,
Florence Vaughan. A.M. 1901.
Gladiator, A.M. 1907. Striped Beauty.
Flowers scarlet, edged with yellow.
Admiral Schley. Mme. Crozy, A.M. 1890.
Allianee. Martha Washington.
Conqueror. Paul Sigrist.
General Merkel. Queen Charlotte, A.M. 1893.
Gloriosa. Souvenir d’ Antoine Crozy.
K6énigin Charlotte, A.M. 1893. Souvenir de Mme. Crozy.

ORCHID-FLOWERED.—Taller growing ; truss small ; flowers very
large, petals soft, crumpled ; colours not brilliant.

FOLIAGE DARK.

Flowers orange-red.

Africa. Pandora.
America, A.M. 1897. Pluto, A.M. 1907.
Edouard André. Professor Treub.
Emilia. Rhea.

La France, XXX 1898. S. Milland.

FOLIAGE GREEN.
Flowers yellow, marked with red.

Australia. Hellas.

Austria, A.M. 1896. Italia, A.M. 1896.
Burbank, A.M. 1907. Kronos.
Campania. Perseus.
Champion. Suevia.

Flowers red, edged with yellow.

Alemannia, A.M. 1897. Hofgarten-Director Wendland,
Aphrodite. XXX 1898.
sritannia. Oceanus. _
Heinrich Seidel. Wilhelm Beck.
Llowers red-orange.
Mrs. Kate Gray, A.M. 1901. Uncle Sam, A.M. 1907.

Partenope, A.M. 1898,

ee SS

WISLEY SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE. 303

WISLEY SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE.

THE following is a copy of the Report of H.M. Inspector on the Wisley
School of Horticulture for the year 1907-8 :-—

Board of Education, Whitehall, London, S.W. :
September 10, 1908.

Wisley School of Horticulture.

Rey. Sir,—I am directed to transmit the following Report of H.M.
Inspector for the year 1907-8 on the above-named school :—

“Provision is made for the training annually at this school of about
thirty young men as scientific gardeners, and a diploma of the Royal
Horticultural Society is awarded to the successful students at the end of
the period oi training.

“ The course of instruction is designed to cover two years, but as yet
only the first year course is in full operation. The course is extremely
well planned and is carried out by an efficient staff of instructors.

“The Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society are extensive and
contain a very large variety of plants, both in the open and under
glass. There is also a very well fitted laboratory, with good equipment
for instruction in the sciences bearing on practical horticulture. The
laboratory is under the charge of a well qualified and skilled instructor
and the students receive a very thorough training in the scientific side of
their craft. This instruction has, at present, to be made very fundamental
and in some respects very elementary, as few of those admitted to the course
of instruction have received a satisfactory training previously in the
rudiments of science. When the second year course is in full operation
it will be possible to do some fairly advanced work.

“ Originality and thought on the part of the students is encouraged by
weekly discussions in the evening, when selected students read papers,
which are criticized by the other students, and additional experience is
gained by the students in acting on small committees in connection
with the arrangements for the Society’s shows in London.

“ On the practical side students appear to have an unique opportunity
of acquiring a knowledge of the cultivation of all the plants that they are
likely to meet with in the course of their employment, and those who
qualify for the diploma should have no difficulty in securing remunerative
posts.

“The Royal Horticultural Society is to be congratulated on the step it
has taken to encourage the educational side of the craft.”

I am, Rev. Sir,
Your obedient servant,
I’. G@. OGILVIE.
Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.

S04 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Diploma of the Society, mentioned in the foregoing report, is
awarded to those students who

1. Have completed the two years’ course of training in the Gardens
and have fulfilled the conditions set out in the Prospectus of the
School.

. Pass written and practical examinations in the Principles and
Operations of Horticulture se the syllabus laid down for
study.

8. Present an essay upon some approved Horticultural or Scientific.

subject.

4. Submit a collection of at least 200 properly dried, named, and
localized plant specimens collected owtszde the Wisley Gardens.
Submit a collection of insects either injurious or helpful in

Horticulture.

bo

or

Seven students having completed their two years’ course, the exami-
nations mentioned under (2) above were held on Wednesday, July 30,
1908, J. Fraser, Esq., F.L.S., acting as external co-examiner. Six of the

candidates passed this examination and fulfilled the other conditions, and
were placed in the following order :—

1. Mr. Hugh E. Santo
2. Mr. Bertram Perry.
3. Mr. G. 8. Damsell.
4. Mr. G. Yeoman.

5. Mr. William Brown.
6. Mr. W. Cox.

The Council have appointed Mr. H. E. Seaton to be Assistant-
Demonstrator at an honorarium of 40J. for the year ending September
1909, and have awarded prizes of the value of 1/. to Mr. B. Perry, and of
10s. to Mr. G. 8. Damsell, and another of 10s. to My. W. Brown, whose
garden plot was considered to show the greatest skill and diligence.

Diplomas have been awarded to the six successful students.

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BARR’S 42s. COLLECTION OF DAFFODILS. Specially Selected
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For other Mixtures and Collections of Daffodils see Barr’s Daffodil Catalogue, sent on application.

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LOM S742
DAFFODIL * HOMESPUN.’

A large, finely proportioned, deep yellow Incomparabilis of unusual beauty, unanimously

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A list on application, comprising, amongst many others, the senna lovely varieties,
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also complete Stocks of many New and un-named Seedlings.
An Exhibit is staged at the end of March and early April meetings of the R.H.S. at
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Awarded the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S GOLD MEDAL for New
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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
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“What a lovely Tomato your
‘Moneymaker’ is! We have a
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The new season’s price is 1/6 per pkt.

our “Hercules” Pea.

4 ‘‘10 weeks of dry weather, drying
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@ of your ‘ Hercules’ Pea.”’

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strong grower and perpetual bloomer. 2/6 each, 27/- per doz.

OLDER VARIETIES.
Collection 4. 100 fine H.P. Roses grown on ideal soil, for 40/-. Half
quantity 25/-.
Collection 2. 100 Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses, best sorts, for 75/-.
Half quantity 40/-.

3

7 rll Trees for Field, Farm, or
Orchard House.

A Specially fine stock of Standard and Dwarf Fan-trained

PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS; APPLES,
PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, trained horizontally and fan.

At Bush Hill Park acres of Cordon Trees, Pyramids and
Standards, are well worth a visit. Here also can be seen prettily
trained Fan and Cordon CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES.
VINES and FIGS are thoroughly well ripened for fruiting next

season,

Full Price List on application.

HUGH LOW & Co.,

Royal Nurseries, BUSH HILL PARK, Middlesex.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
10

UBS FOR SHRUBS

Palms, Plants, Ac., for
DRAWING ROOMS, LIBRARIES, HALLS, CONSERVATORIES,
VERANDAHS, TERRACE GARDENS, &c.

Se > CHARMING AND
SiR. , | __ UNIQUE
| ORNAMENTS

| WORTHY OF ANY POSITION.
ALSO

| LOGS,
_ BRIQUETTES,
PEAT, &c.

The Tubs are perfect speci-
mens of the cooper’s craft,

made entirely by hand from

specially seasoned wood,

We. : patie — - highly finished, and of

PIpALM STAND. Gyo N fe 2 Artistic Design.
With Four*Legs, 30 in. high, 12 in. diameter, price 52/6.
With Three Legs, 30 in. high, 10 in. diameter, price 42/-

DAINTY AND DECORATIVE.

Withstanding contraction from heat and resisting expansion from moisture. When
used asa *“* Fireplace Summer Decoration ”’ it surpasses anything yet adopted;
whilst as a ** Fireside Log Tub in Winter” it proves itself mcst handy,

Quotations given for special sizes and designs.

ALEX. HAMILTON,
“TUBE og» 11 CONDUIT STREET, W. Tet. no. 3449 Maytair
Awarded

THE GRAND PRIX
(Highest Possible Atward)
at the

FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION, 1908,

for Tubs of every description.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
bY

rere

Wis III

|

|

| ,

: GAL LLL Zz
— PA

APE bb fll d
Z erin SS ee Ee
ED eee ee, .

R. HALLIDAY & CO.

HOT-HOUSE BUILDERS, and

HOT-WATER ENGINEERS, &c.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Ne ee ae

Designs and Estimates sent free for Conservatories, Vineries, Greenhouses, Orchid Houses,
Peach Houses, &c., of the best possible construction and quality. —

SURVEYS MADE AND CUSTOMERS WAITED UPON IN ANY PART OF THE KINGDOM.

Hot Water Heating Apparatus of the most perfect Description, with really
reliable Boilers, erected and guaranteed.

BEST MATERIALS, BEST WORKMANSHIP, and MODERATE
CHARGES can be relied on.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES, No.1. PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES, No. 3.

These Frames are made of the best materials These Frames are made of the best materials

and can be put together and taken apart in a | and can be put together and taken apart in a
few minutes by anyone. few minutes by anyone.
SIZES AND PRICES SIZES AND PRICES
(Glazed and Painted). (Glazed and Painted).

£ 3. a. £ 8. a.
i light 4 ft. by 6 ft. Cash if 0 0 6 ft. long by 3 ft. wide Cash ;2 0 0
2, 8 ft. ,, 6 ft 3.0.0] 6fi,, -Atbes, is ee
B12. 5 6 Te, PMC |aog Gl aoe en
m 16 Tt 5°68 £6 ee Se \5 5 O OT. ag: “Bike Hy Carriane 215 0
5 », 20 ft. ,, 6 ft.| 8 6.7 6) 12f ,, df ,, ABC 1415 0
pees. 7: ape ft. Paid. 7 10°O Tae os. Ole Paid. ‘512 6

R. H. S. Advertisement Office: —VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
12

SUNDIALS

MAKE YOUR GARDENS INTERESTING AND ATTRACTIVE

AND ARE USEFUL FOR REGULATING THE CLOCKS
OF THE. HOUSE, BY,

Book oF Sunoiats,

BY H. K. EDEN & E. LLOYD.
OVER 500 PAGES AND
1,600 MOTTOES.

POST FREE, 31/6.

Descriptive Bookter,

WITH INTERESTING READING
AND MOTTOES, WITH OTHER
DESIGNS. POST FREE

UPON APPLICATION.

THE ABOVE BOOK IS
CATALOGUED AND CAN BE
SEEN IN THE LIBRARY OF
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

DRAWINGS AND
SOCIETY.

ADVICE SUPPLIED
FOR SETTING-OUT
FLORAL SUNDIALS.

ot

12’ COPPER ARMILLARY SPHERE SUNDIAL AND PORTLAND STONE
PEDESTAL, 3'-6"' HIGH. PRICE £10 - 10 - 9.

_ FOR SAME, WITH SPHERE ENGLISH GILT, £12 - 12 - 0.

FRANCIS BARKER & SON,

Sundial & Scientific Instrument Makers,
12 CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

PLEASE MENTION THIS BOOK WHEN WRITING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
13

CUTHBERTS’ mena

Azaleas and Forcing Plant

A SPECIALITY.

AWARDED THE
Royal Horticultural Society’s Gold Medal at Westminster, Feb. 28, 1905,
Three Gold Medals, Royal Botanic Society, Regent’s Park.
Four Silver Cups, Royal Horticultural Society’s Temple Shows.
Silver Gilt Medal, Royal Caledonia Horticultural Society, Edinburgh.
Forty-two Silver Gilt, Silver and other Medals, Royal Horticuitural Society's
Shows, London.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Azaleas.

In beautiful shades of colour. For Beds, Borders, and Early Forcing.

Azalea mollis, choice mixed. Azalea mollis hybrids, choice

r mollis, choice named. named.
= mollis x sinensis, choice ” rustica, fl. pl., choice named.
mixed. os Ghent, double flowered, choice
! mollis x sinensis, choice named.
named. 3 Ghent, choice named.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Forcing Plants.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.

Almonds, double white and pink. Philadelphus coronarius.

Cerasus flore pleno. Prunus, of sorts.

Deutzias, various. Robinias, of sorts.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. Spirzas, of sorts.

Kalmias, in variety. Staphylea colchica.

Laburnums. Thorns, double white, pink, and scarlet.
Lilacs, in twenty varieties, to name. Viburnum Opulus (Guelder Rose).
Magnolias, in variety. Wistaria sinensis, well set with buds.

SPECIALLY GROWN FOR EARLY FORCING AND WELL SET WITH BUDS.
(In Standards and Dwarfs.)

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION,

R. & G. CUTHBERT, The Nurseries,
EstaBuisHeD 1797. 9OUthgate, MIDDLESEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
14

HIGHEST AWARD, “SILVER CUP,” FOR

BEGONIAS,

TEMPLE SHOW, 1908.

“LADY IRENE BURGESS.”

BLACKMORE & LANCDON'S

BEGONTAS

Of the very highest type of perfection in plants of upright habit (attained after many years
of cross-fertilization and selection with this special object in view) with flowers of the most
perfect form and glorious colouring.

Awarded 16 GOLD MEDALS and 6 SILVER CUPS.

For List and Prices of named Varieties, see Catalogue Post Free.

Seed in Sealed Packets. Double, 2/6 and 5/-; Single, 1/-, 2/6 and 5/-; Single in separate
colours, 1/-, 2/6 and 5/=; also crested Single and Frilled Single (very beautiful), at same prices.

American Winter-flowering, and Border Carnations. A grand Collection of all
the very best Varieties.

Twerton Hill Nursery, BATH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
15

KING'S ACRE
Plants of Royal al Worth.

FRUIT TREES.

Every variety in all forms of training, fibrously
rooted and prolific bearers.

ROSES.

Standards, Dwarfs and Climbers of all leading
varieties, from open ground and in pots.

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

Strong, clean-grown, regularly transplanted,
and well-rooted.

Landscape Gardening.

Expert advice, plans and estimates, free of
charge,

Herbaceous Plants.

Including all the best and newest varieties.
Border Carnations

of all choicest varieties.

SEEDS, BULBS, and HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.
INSPECTION INVITED.

General and descriptive ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

(112 pages) free on application.

<OiG= 5
de

KING’S ACRE

NURSERIES, Limited,
—— HEREFORD.——

Estd. 1785.

Late “ CRANSTON’S.”

Lie ZEN

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
16

FOSTER & PEARSON

LIMITED.

.

Established 1841,

Estimates on application
for ;
RANCES, VINERIES, :
ORCHID HOUSES,

IMPROVED FRAMES
&C.,
IN TEAK OR DEAL,

ECONOMY IN FUEL.

The “ROBIN HOOD” Boiler is most
economical in fuel.

‘No Brickwork Setting required.
Any section can be quickly replaced.

_BEESTON, NOTTS.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office -—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
17 b

ONCE USED, ALWAYS USED.

THE “PATTISSON” HORSE BOOTS

(PATENT),
SIMPLEST! STRONGEST! MOST ECONOMICAL!

Used in the ere Gardens at Buckingham Palace; Balmoral Castle; Claremont
Palace; Osborne; Kew, &c.; the Gardens
of the Royal Botanic Societies, London
a) and Edinburgh; the London County ® N
@i)} Council’s Parks; the Principal Private

Gardens, and by County Councils, Cor-
ee poratians, and the leading Cricket and fai:
Fie. 1. Golf Clubs. Fic. 2.

Soles of Best Waterproofed English Sole Leather and Motor Tyre Rubber, or SOLID RUBBER.
RUBBER SOLES strongly recommended.

In the Fig. 1 pattern the boot is fastened to the animal’s shoe by two or three turns of the

screw, and there is not the slightest pressure on the hoof. This pattern can be Refitted

repeatedly, equal to New Bocts.
SILVER MEDAL, Royal Horticultural Society. All Orders Carriage Paid.

HUNDREDS OF UNSOLICITED TESTIMONIALS.
“THE FIELD” says: ‘‘As good as anything that could be devised.”
Dr. W. G. GRACE writes: “ y are the bes Boots 1 have ever seen.”
Mr. TROUP (Head Gardener to His Majesty the King, Balmoral Castle) writes: “The Boots I
had from you two years aco are as good as ever.”
Mr. JAMES HUDSON, M.V.H. (Gunnersbury House) writes: “Excellent in every respect.”
Mr. McPHERSON (Falkland Place, Fife) writes: “There is nothing on the market to touch

ofl
A. WILSON (Eridge Castle Gardens) writes: “They have answered splendidly.”
Me ALEX. WRIGHT (North Berwick Golf C Club) writes: “The Pattisson Boots have lasted
about as long as three sets of the ordinary kind.”

PRICE LIST, with Testimonials, from the Makers,

H. PATTISSON & CO., 4 Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM, S.W.

Pel FE XZ
SW Ee Ee. TF PEAS.
New Illustrated Catalogue of all the newest and choicest varieties in

cultivation post free. |
Awarded 40 Gold Medals, Cups, &c.

ROBERT BOLTON,

The Sweet Pea Specialist, Warton, Carnforth.

1834 JUBILEE CATALOGUE 1909.

containing a Rich Assortment of

SELECTED FIRST-CLASS FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

Specialities :— Asters, Stocks, Carnations, Pansies, Petunias, Wallflowers,
Mignonette, Verbenas, Begonia Bulbs, Canna and Dahlia Roots, Carnation Plants,
also the best and proved kinds of Cabbages, Lettuces, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Melons,
Peas and Beans, &c.
will be sent on application, free of charge, from middle of December.

CHR. LORENZ, F.R.H.S., Seed Grower and Merchant,

PAS ERFUORT (Germany).

R. " S. Aavertic ement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
18

« UOPBUlUVg ‘uOSspueyory cs
>: SSeuppy d1ydeusajo]

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SUAANIONA ONILVAH STV ‘SONIGTING TVHNLINOILYOH

4O SGNIM T1TV HO SYHYNLIVANNVIN

*

—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office

19

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

OFFER A LARGE STOCK OF WELL-GROWN

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

Shrubs and Hardy Perennials.

Descriptive Catalogues free.

Landscape Gardening and Planting of every description undertaken in
any part of the kingdom.

Our soil is an ideal one for the production of hardy, robust, and fruitful
trees, and the command of considerable areas of virgin soil enables us to
maintain our stock absolutely free from disease and insect pests.

Planters requiring reliable trees at reasonable prices cannot do better

than send for our list.
eaNERe oS

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

BARNHAM
SUSSEX. |

- ‘ — ' aL
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
20

Colour Chart

ww ww

Hardly a gardener or
florist exists who has not
at times longed for a
Colour Chart—that is to
say, for a standard of
reference whereby he
could himself name, or
recognise, or convey to a
friend at a distance, the
exact shade of colour of a
flower he desired to pro-
cure, or had seen adver-
tised, or wished to com-
mend to a friend. The
Royal Horticultural

DICKSONS *%

ROYAL IRISH ROSES”

WIGHOUG DOUBG ROSES ARE GRE
GARDEN FLOWER PAR EXCELLENCE
AND WE AS RAISERS AND GROWERS:
CAN SUPPLY WELL GROWN SGRONG |
PIANGS FOR ALL PURPOSES AND AG
EXCEPGIONAL PRICES.

loa ROSES rorBEDS | ROSES ror MASSING
Society is now able to ROSES ror ARCHES |ROSESronSHRUBBERY: |
offer to its Fellows an ex- ROSES ror PERGOLAS | ROSES ronWILD GARDEN

ROSES ror WALLS | ROSES ror WEEPING
ROSES ror CREEPING
AND
ROSES ror SHOWING.

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPGIVE CAGALOGUE
GRADIS ON APPLICAGION GO

HUGH DICKSON.

ROYAL MNORSERIES

BELFASG.

cellent Chart containing
every possible shade of
colour between black and
white. This can be ob-
tained from the Society’s
offices, Vincent Square,
London, S.W., price 15/=
post free.

WZ)

|

Hardy Yorkshire Grown.

Hybrid Perpetuals, Teas, Hybrid
Teas, Climbing, Pillar,
Moss and Penzance

Tneluding all
Sweet Briars: —

leading kinds. Also recent
‘cree Seedlings
Novelties and Pedigree Seedlings,

z.: Ex. strong, &/-
- 60/- per 100.
- Ex. strong, 12/™

Moss Roses, 8/= per doz. Penzance Sweet Briars, 9/- doz.
a CARRIAGE PAID AND PACKING FREE. CASH WITH ORDER.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE. Mention this Journal.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
21

GILBERT’S ANEMONES

Have been Awarded over 30 Gold and Silver Medals.

HEADQUARTERS FOR

ANEMONES.

We have the Finest Collection
of Anemones in the World.

GILBERT & SON, Anemone Nurseries,

DYKE, BOURNE, LINCOLNSHIRE.
———— ESTABLISHED 1860. —————

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:

PREMIER HONOURS, LAST GREAT SHOW, HAARLEM.
ESTABLISHED 1832.
Successors to the late BARON VAN PALLANDT,

ANT.ROOZEN &SON’S

SPLENDID

DUTCH, CAPE, AND EXOTIC

BULBS,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND SEEDS.

FAMED FOR STERLING WORTH.

Our Descriptive CATALOGUES of the above, containing full cultural
directions, are published in JANUARY and JUNH, and will be sent, FREE,
on application to our Offices at OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND, or
to our General Agents,

MERTENS & CO., 3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hiil, LONDON, £.C.

N.B.—NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM OF A SIMILAR NAME.

ane a

POT-GROWN CLIMBING WICHURIANA ROSES.
5-8 feet: 1/6 each; 15/- per dozen. ata BE

Hiawatha, Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay,
Sweetheart, Evergreen Gem, The Farquhar,
Waltham Bride, Debutante, Réné André.

Rose List Free.

W. H. ROGERS & SON, Ltd.,
RED LODGE NURSERY, BASSETT, SOUTHAMPTON.

H. J. JONES’ NURSERIES, LIMITED,

FOR BEST

ASTERS (PERENNIAL) AND OTHER HARDY PLANTS,
BEGONIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS & ZONALS.

Reliable Seeds and Bulbs at Moderate Prices.
CATALOGUES FREE.

RYECROET, LEWISHAM, S.E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

)

a)

Nov. and Dec. is the BEST

BEGONIAS
EXPORT \¢g TUBERS are sent : Py

THE GREATEST CARE GIVEN TO ALL ORDERS.

“MARCELLA.”

1908 CATALOGUE ready in JANUARY.
TUBERS sent POST FREE or CARRIAGE PAID to the end of April.

B. R. DAVIS @ SONS,

Begonia Specialists, YEOVIL, SOMERSET.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
24

Custom and tradition alike suggest your buying
Bulbs grown in Holland. Why continue to do so?
“Holland in Ireland ’’ has amply proved the supe-
riority of Irish grown bulbs.

Tulips, Narcissi, Iris, Anemones, etc., from the

Bulb Farms of Messrs. Hogg & Robertson equal,

and even surpass, the Dutch Bulbs in their
exquisite form and beauty of colouring.

The Booklet “‘Holland in Ireland” fully illustrates and describes
them ; 1t 1s free on request.

HOGG & ROBERTSON, Ltd.,
(Bulb Growers and Seedsmen to H.M. the King),
DEPARTMENT C, DUBLIN.

———$—_$ SS ————$_—_—————— —

- R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

25

Carnations,
PICOTEES, Write crounas.
Pinks and Auriculas.

J. DOUGLAS,

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM,

Will send a choice Specimen Dozen CARNATIONS or PICOTEES for 7/6.
One Dozen PINKS for 6/=. One Dozen choice SHOW AURICULAS, 21/=.
One Dozen ALPINE AURICULAS, 16/*. His own selection. Packing free.

The GOLD MEDAL of Royal Horticultural Society has been awarded to
J. DOUGLAS in 1906 and also in 1907.

THE CELEBRATED CARNATION SEED

ALL saved at Great Bookham, is now famous over Great Britain and the
Colonies. It is from the Best Named Varieties,
SELF and FANCY CARNATION SEED. PICOTEE SEED.
FLAKE and BIZARRE CARNATION SEED. GARDEN PINK SEED.

All the above 1/6 and 2/6 per packet.

SHOW AURICULA SEED, 2/6, and ALPINE AURICULA SEED,
1/6 per packet.

GIANT POLYANTHUS and PRIMROSE SEED, 1/= per packet.

NEW CARNATIONS are a Speciality.

See Catalogue for the New Certificated Varieties, now being put in commerce,

NEW TYPE GF MALMAISONS, 10/= per doz. Distinct Varieties.
TREE CARNATIONS, English and American,
10/= to 21/= per doz.

FINEST BORDER CARNATIONS,

7/6 to 12/* per doz.

JAMES DOUGLAS has obtained 158 First Class Certificatcs and Awards of Merit
from 1894 to 1908.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue, with Cultural Directions, and Descriptive List of New and
Old Carnations in all Classes.

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM, SURREY.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W-
26

GEO. JACKMAN & SON,

Woking Nurseries, Surrey,

AND

Oswaldestre House, 34 Norfolk St., Strand, W.C.,

invite inspection of their large and varied stock of

FRUIT TREES, ROSES,
ORNAMENTAL TREES & SHRUBS,
FOREST TREES, CLIMBERS

(including their celebrated Clematis),

HERBACEOUS & ALPINE PLANTS.

200 ACRES OF STOCKH TO SELECT FROM.

Catalogues free on application.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING A LEADING FEATURE.

Bentley's Concentrated Alkali

A most valuable Winter Wash, extensively used in the largest orchards
throughout the country upon Fruit Trees and Bush Fruits, also upon
Forest Trees, with most satisfactory results,

Destroys MOSSES, LICHENS, FUNGI, and their Spores.

Causes all loose, rough, or decayed bark to fall off,
thereby exposing the favourite quarters of the insects
upon which it has a deadly effect whether in the
active or dorman: condition.

For Apple, Pear, and Plum
Trees, Bush Fruits, and
Forest Trees.

1 Tin dissolved in 11 gallons of water.

Improves the HEALTH, GROWTH.
and APPEARANCE of the Trees

For Apricot, Peach, Necta- by destroying the Insect Pests.

rine, and Cherry Trees.

1 Tin dissolved in 16 gallons of water. > : :
s Is readily prepared and being highly concentrated is

most economical.

Bentley’s Alkali may be used any time during the dormant season, but the best
time to apply is February, as some insects are then more likely to be affected than
earlier in the winter, and it is not too late to harm any developing buds.

I to 5 tins, 1/33; 8 tins, 1/2; 12 tins, 1/1; 20 tins, Ild.; 40 tins, 10d. each.
Carriage paid on 7/6 orders and upwards.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd., Chemical Works, Barrow-on-Humber, Hull.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
27

4 GOLD MEDALS, 1907; 6 GOLD MEDALS, 1908;
FOR WATER GARDENS.

DAILY MATL.—Holland House Show, 8th July, 1908.—‘‘ The supreme exhibit of the
show is beyond all question Perry’s Water Garden. Nothing like it has been seen before,
&c., &c.’? Hundreds of other press notices.

PERRY'S GREAT SPECIALITIES

New Water

HARDY PLANTS.

Bamboos, Lilies,
Eremurus, Aquatic and
Lilies, &c. i) | Re ee || // Bog Plants.
a” . Tica Wrong NOW aul f yy
NY 4. Bene ATaLaGUEN LESE YA Dh ti We A ae
Catalogues free, | ¢/ Oye aes [\ (es Catalogues free.

& Wy PZ

2 =—
val > ;

Unique Collection, more than 2,000 VARIETIES, Perennial, Hardy, and
adapted for Outdoor Cultivation in this Country.

New Section now added. Hardy Ferns, 20,000 in stock.

PERRY’S HARDY PLANT FARM
ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX. Telephone : Enfield 207.

FENLON’S 22: HEATERS.

Guaranteed to work effectually and never fail. Great Heat!
No fume can possibly enter the house. Soa sold.

. =a

\\ \\
XS

——
cS SSS

= arent

er) Se

Write for free Catalans ““D,” containing particulars of every description of Heating
Apparatus for Gas and Oil, Bath Geysers, Gas Baths, Self-contained Radiators,
Gas-fire Burners, &c.

FENLON & SON (incorporating G. Shrewsbury & Co.)
TUDOR STREET, LONDON, E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office: VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
98

ie bet tis

(Wm, DUNCAN TUCKER)
“= & SONS, Lid.

TOTTENHAM.

mt

| — BUILDINGS.
oe ARTISTIC
“| CONSERVATORIES
4 AND
| WINTER GARDENS.
ue Orchid-Houses,
Halle Vineries,
- Peach-Houses,
Ranges,
J ORS aieaeaa 3 ye Tomato-Houses,
tes a | Ferneries, Pits,
CONSERVATORY ERECTED AT CHALFONT ST. Sree: &e., &e.
WRITE FOR NEW CATALOGUE. .

Fefeatatte aly Tai

Uy
Gp A Fes

B /. : , = wy ae al
4 ZA oss" mrad)
ME SE “ seen | eB OBF)
hare a ZZ Ss » inal | bean
. Sa ming! crane
Dap i ped Bey
/ a oe : Fig to a

eR SR i ai) Libs all
RANGE OF GLASSHOUSES.

MELON & CUCUMBER FRAMES.
Frontage. Deep. Price.
One Light 4 ft. x 5 ft.
ae a Aft: x< 6 ft. 114

oO
Twa: +5; S ft. x-6-ft. 214 0
Three ,, moec:. X 6 Ek. 314 OQ
Four ,, 16.ft. .< 6 fb. 414 0
Five ,, 90 Th. * 6 ft. 514 0
Orders of 40/- in value delivered carriage paid.
Large variety of Frames
in stock.

Kindly mention this Journal.

sre'Smecs: 27 CANNON ST., E.C. |

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
29

MELON FRAME NO. 38.

“EUREKA”

WEED KILLER HORTICULTURAL
Does not simply burn the PREPARATIONS.

weeds—it effectually clears

them from all Gravel Paths, “EUREKATINE,” the most

Carriage Drives, &c. 50 gallons successful tobacco fumigant,
destroys all Insect Pests,

of mixed solution will dress mache nee My : a ean
200 square yards of paths, &c. L 2 7 ee a" spa 2 pi a to flowers,
POWDER. 1/- for 2,000 ft. space.
7/- tin for 12 gallons solution. Ae 2 SEO a
oD Rec ae " = Sy Ble 5 10,000 gree gs

ING: =; 20,000.48 (oe

LIQ UID (ito 50).
4 gallon 2- drum free. “RUREKA” INSECTICIDE.

; “s ie ’ ag z LAWN SAND.
5... ways 216 é HELLEBORE POWDER.

10 4 256 cask 5/-

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

A) She SOR an ct ee S/- id
40 90/- , &- HAYWARD’S SUMMER SHADE,

Full List, also booklet ‘‘ Chemistry in Garden and Greenhouse,’’
supplied gratis by agents, or post free from makers :—

TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN.

ESTABLISHED 1834.

PROTHEROE & MORRIS,
AUCTIONEERS, ESTATE AGENTS, & VALUERS,

CENTRAL AUCTION ROOMS,
67 & 68S CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.C.

Telephone : Bank 857 (2 lines). Telegrams: “‘ Promptuary, London.”

DUTCH BULBS. Great unreserved Sales every day (except Saturday) from the middle of
August until the middle of December.

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ROSES, LILIES, FRUIT TREES, &c. Sales every
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, from the middle of November until March.

LILIES. ‘Trade Sales alternate Wednesdays during Season.

ORCHIDS, ESTABLISHED AND IMPORTED. Sales every Friday throughout
the Year

AUCTION SALES OF NURSERY STOCK, GREENHOUSE PLANTS, AND
OTHER EFFECTS are continually taking place in their respective seasons in

various parts of the Country.

Messrs. P. & M.’s SALE ANNOUNCEMENTS for the ensuing week appear in
the “' Gardeners’ Chronicle,’’ the ‘‘ Standard,’’ and ‘‘ Daily Telegraph,’’ every
Saturday ; the ‘‘ Times’’ and ‘‘ Morning Post ’’ every | Monday.

The Old Established honinter of Nursery and Florists’ Businesses for Sale will
be forwarded on application.

Valuations and other Business appertaining to the Profession conducted upon
the usual terms.

Catalogues forwarded on application by Messrs. PRoTHEROE & Morris, The Central Auction Rooms

and Esti ite Offices, 67 and 68 Cheapside, MONA, K.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
30

CRISPIN'S, BRISTOL.

Se oe

|

FOR PRACTICAL AND EFFICIENT ERECTION OF

Horticultural Buildings

Heating Apparatus

ABP EY cTO

JAMES CRISPIN, F.R.H.S., & SONS,
Nelson Street, BRISTOL.

Awarded Two Banksian Medals of the Royal Horticultural Society, &c., &C,

CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
TELEGRAMS— CRISPINS, BRISTOL.”’ TELEPHONE—NO. 453.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
31

MONOGRAPH ON

FUNGOID PESTS

ORS

CULTIVATED PLANTS

M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL:D., V.M.H., A.L.S.

Syo. 278 pp., 24 Coloured Plates (Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster), Half-calf, 6s. net.

Under the above title the Royal Horticultural Society has just published
an invaluable volume, the primary object of which is “ to interest and instruct
the cultivator in the szmplest and most practical manner . . . by grouping the
pests together according to the nature of their hosts, rather than by following
any purely scientific and systematic classification, which would assume con-
siderable previous knowledge, and would be better left in charge of an expert.”

As implied by the title, the pests of cultivated plants alone are dwelt with,
under the following headings:—“ Pests of the Flower Garden,” “Pests of
Garden Vegetables,” “Pests of the Orchard and Fruit Garden,” “ Pests of the
Vinery and Stove,” “ Pests of the Ornamental Shrubbery,” “Pests of Forest
Trees,” “Pests of Field Crops.’ Then follows a chapter on “ Fungicides,”
which explains very clearly how to make the different washes and sprays, and
also gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should be used.

Special attention is directed to the Coloured Plates, which illustrate no
fewer than 357 different fungoid diseases to which cultivated plants are liable ;
and there are also 23 other Illustrations in Black and White in the text.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are not ?

should be w....vut this book; for not only can they by its use indentify the
disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it and overcome it.”

Mr, G. Masser, F.L.8., V.M.H., the distinguished mycologist at Kew, in

reviewing this work, speaks thus of it: “The book is printed on good paper,
and is in every sense a credit to its author and to the Royal Horticultural
Society under whose auspices it has appeared.”

The Volume, as published, is half-bound in ealf, as it was considered
probable that it would form the text-book on the subject for very many years
to come; and it thus makes an admirable school prize or gift to a gardener or
student of nature.

TO BE HAD OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.
Price 6s. post free.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :-VINCENT SQUARE. WESTMINSTER, S.W
32

* ——

va ¥

ABBREVIATED LIST OF :: ::

BCKFORD’S
Giant Sweet Peas

SPECIAL POINTS :—
SWEET PEAS ARE OUR GREAT SPECIALITY:

We are the largest retail growers and largest retailers
of Sweet Peas in the World.

‘WE CREATED THE SWEET PEA INDUSTRY

and grow annually over sixty acres for Seed.

BECAUSE WE CREATED THE ENTERPRISE

and because we are the actual growers and right in
the business we want your order for

THE BEST SEED GROWN,
it will give you brighter colour, larger flowers, and longer
stems. te
WE SELECT TO THIS END AND NOTHING LESS ¢
THAN THE BEST CAN BE GOOD ENOUGH FOR
YOUR GARDEN, ana the Price is right.

That Eckford’s Seeds are the best has been conclusively
proved by Independent Trials from all sources. We send
you a Booklet Free with every order telling you how to
Crow and Show Sweet Peas.
THEY ARE ONLY CENUINE DIRECT FROM WEM.
WE DO NOT SUPPLY THE TRADE.

MAY WE SEND YOU FREE a full descriptive priced catalogue with
Coloured illustrations.—Write for one to-day.

J <..

ADDRESS :—

HENRY ECKFORD, Frkeus.,

Headquarters for Sweet Peas,

WEM, Shropshire.

ECKFORD’S CULINARY PEAS ALSO LEAD.
All Seeds for the Garden at Lowest Prioes.

pee

LIST OF ECKFORD’S GIANT SWEET
PEAS FOR 1909.

Only genuine direct from Wem, Shropshire.

Seeds Price Seeds Price Seeds Price

Agnes. Eckford): Pink 2000) us-- 4-55 degences tees 12°. 30.
Agnes Johnston, Blush... .¢i..0..icaten- eee 50 3d.
tA. J. Cook, Waved Lavender ............... 10 3d.
Asherica, Stipe i. ..5 texas. un csp sees Sp geen cee 5O.- 30,
+Apple Blossom, Waved; Apple Blossom

Colour os deceit andes tp ade aeneans enaentes 20. «6d.
tAnnie B. Gilroy, Deep Cerise ............... 7 6d.
Aorora, Striped 32 i072. edees oe eee eee 50 «3d.
Black Knight, Maroon: . .i:33.N. 2. ees do
Black Michael, GO >: wxcipbecute eee teede ees do
Bolton's Piok, Pink... 06.3. posse eee Eh tes
Brilliant Blue, Blue......ct<<sii24- ee Ale ia; 640.
Captain of the Blues, Blue .35.,-~iscasss arse 50 63d.
Coccinea, Rediil it oh srs a cat ok aha eae do
+Constance Oliver, Creamy Pink ............ 7 he.
Countess Cadogan, Bling. co) 20) 4 .usenmn cseneer 50 3d.
Countess of Latham: Pimnik:....)-5. 4sbeens aeons do
Countess of Radnor, Lavender ............... do
+Countess Spencer (True), Pink............... 15 6d
Dainty, Picotes Based: 2 0... tessusinseneveseee 50 63d.
David R.. Williamson, Judivo... 2.22250 do
tDodwell F. Browne, Crimson Waved ...... 10. 6d.
Dora Breadmore, Creamy Ground Tinted 50 3d.
DorothyEckford, White: .2.2.5:.44.. 8 06<- do
Duchess of Sutherland, Blush.................. do
Duchess of Westminster, Pink.................. do
Duke of Westminster, Claret .................. do
Earl Cromer; Crimson .scetkdicn.st fee 12 3d.
Earliest of all, Pink and White.........5........ 50 3d.
TE: J. Castle, HOses, 5 05\tik.scaseoeees cote eee ns at Be
Bomily Eckford, Blame ..52505:-sshes0steseoene tenes 50 3d.
tEnchantress (Syn Paradise), Pink............ IZ, 4a.
Evelyn Byatt, Orange 203 tc... eee 25. 3G.
tEvelyn Hemus, Waved; Creamy Terra

COUR, 6.25 osidds Sesh ova ahiverenenpenhdaaaee bias needa
[Frank Dolby, Laventder ...05;jo-¢- ssn scxens 10 3d
‘Gladys Unwin,. Pink=..)..,) 23 -sehsah eee 50 3d.
Hannah Dale, Maroon \. 3... <csseees aoe 20. 1/-
fHelen Lewis, Orange. «........ ashartesursnte 2. 9d.
Belen Pierce, Striped. «.....7.ss.. ssseeneemeee ee 25 ~ 4G;
Henry Eckiord, Orange........0.icdavuk Boaceteas do
fH. j.-Rithigves, Maroon...) sia 20. 1/-
rion. Fy Bouverte,. Pinks .. 51. 5: :casevsesnessave 3o -4d.
Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon, Pale Yellow............ do

Horace Wright, Dark Blue ..................... I

25
100. 66d.
26 6d)
too 6d.
40 1/-
15 1/-
100. 6d.
do
do
50 6d.
25 6d.
100. 66d.
do
15 1/-
100. 6d.
do
do
go t/-
100 6d.
do
20. 1/-
100. 6d.
do
do
do
do
25 6d.
100. 6d.
20 €d
100. 6d.
25 6d.
50 6d
20 1/-
20. 6d.
100. 6d.
25 6d.
50 6d.
do
100. 66d.
do

50 1/-
200 ‘1/-
40 1/-
200 1/-
200 1/-
do
do
100 I/-
50 1/-
z00_ ‘1/-
do
200 1/-
do
do
200 1/-
do
200 ‘1/-
do
do
do
do
50 1/-
200 ‘1/-
40 1/-
200 ‘1/-
50 1/-
100s 1/-
40 1/-
200 1/-
50 1/-
100 ‘I/-
do
200. ‘11/-
do

Seeds Price Seeds Price Seeds Price

James Grieve, Pale Yellow..................... 15 1/-
RIERA MINM yc ny ayn aeedae cas x06 yepnagves sae 50 gd. 100 6d. 200 1/-
Jeanie Gordon, Creamy Ground Tinted ... do do do
Jessie Cuthbertson, Striped..................... do do do
EO GS ee eee ia sa.: 25! 6d. |. 50~'1/-
King Edward VII, Crimson..................06 e...90. 190 6d. 200 ~1/-
Lady Grisel Hamilton, Lavender ............ do do do
Bacay Mary Carrie, Orange .............-..0..0. do do do
Lady Nina Balfour, Lavender.................. do do do
Little Dorritt, Pink and White........... pant do do do
Ee Se et: re do do do
Laine Eekford, Picotee Edged ........... ... do do do
Lottie Hutchings, Creamy Ground Tinted... do do do
200 A ee do do do
Marchioness of Cholmondeley, Creamy

MMR MMMEER Sco Cera clare eatin. edevenenpen ons do do do
+Menie Christie, Waved ; Deep Mauve ...12 6d. 25° 1/-
Mid Blue, (Dobbies) Distinct, almost Self

Bl OR ee ee ro Gd. =. 20 © «1}-
Smad poumston, ROSE <........0..20.0.e00000020. fs
oS re 50° 3d. 100 6d. 200 1/-
REN MIIIOEL, COPANO. o.oo... case esse tec eee ens do do do
OE do do do
Mrs. Charles Masters, Rosy Salmon,

I NNR a aw ote ac acy cis Gens cone mses 768. ., FR. af-
Mrs. Collier, Pale Yellow.. Bacieic wel Se. > 20 6d. 40. 1/-
OS ee 50 3d. 100 6d. 200 1/-
Mrs. G. Higginson, Pavencder-.-:) 2 ih.5:...00 do do do
Maes. Hardcastle Sykes, Pink ..................
tMrs. Henry Bell, Waved; Rich i gieis

and Soft Pink ...... ay: a ape hORY eel 2 BO, f=
Mrs J. Chamberlain, Striped . oats ania aa es sa: -30. ‘200 Gd. 200. 1/-
Mrs. Walter Wright, Mauve .................. do do do
Sy eee ee do do do
remem WIMUMOMRR WU TRIES) oo. 5. nce eds sccaesccvecscee 10 3d. 20. 6d. 40 1/-
PUECN GUYER co oda. «1. 02a vecccs aul snakes sce 50. 3d. 100 6d. 200 1/-
tPhenomenal, Picotee Edged .................. do do do
We pes Lwin, Rose... 0.00... 2... ieee ced scene 25-,3d.. 50-.6d. <100° 1/-
Se): ne 50. 3d.- roo: 6d. 200 1/-
SED a ee do do do
+Primrose Waved, Pale Yellow............... 20 1/-
Prince Edward of Y ork, Scarlet.. i wGe 30. 100 -Gd;,- 260, °¥/-
Prince Olaf, Striped . i iernasanccceaat2Oy, Al
Prince of Wales, Spat alias eaeOue eee £00. Od...’ 200° 2/-
Pees Peeatties. Pink....:......:00 ...-css-0-: do do do
NS a) ee ee 20. I/-
fee emacs, Scarlet. :............-.0...00 Sosa. 5p Od,. 200," 8/-
Se | ee Ra joo vas Go. gO Af
Oneen Victoria; Pale Yellow ........... ...... 50°°4d.. 100° .6d> «200° ~1/-
tQueen Victoria, Waved ; Deep Primrose

27 SS ee 10.6 66d. 20 ‘I/-
Bemelo Piazzani, Blue ...:....5 02050. .0.c0c. cee Eo 30. 100? 16d:= 200° -1/-

OS eee

‘Saint Gearge, Orange so osi52..% ouster eres 15 1/-. 4 6d.
Senator, Striped. «2.256 ..0isi0s > «cans cee see 50 3d. 100 6d.
Sy bil: Eeckford,, ‘Blush 3.5055 20<3.sejecqueeeee aie es 25 3d. 50 6d.
Dovamph, Giramie 5 vase. <5, eed eres 50 4d. . 2600. Gd.
Unique; Striped =; s...<2.i. GAcauneseaoeees 12. 3d. 25 6d.
Venus, Creamy Ground, tinted ............... 50 3d. 100 6d.
{White Waved) White <isk.....cis ashe 20 1/-

+Those marked with a dagger are waved and slightly
Waved Varieties.

ALL ORDERS value 1/- and over, POST
for Cash with Order.

CUSTOMERS MAY SELECT :—

ECKFORD’S

For Bedding are
Superb and as

One Dozen 83d. Packets for. 2s.
One Dozen 6d. Packets for Ds.

One Dozen 1s. Packets for 10s.

Seeds Price Seeds Price Seeds Price

200 1/-
100 1/-
200 1/-

50 1/-
200 1/-

FREE

Post Free for Cash with order.

SINGLE BEGONIAS

CHEAP AS GERANIUMS.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.

THE LAMP PUMP.

BADCOCK’S PATENT.

The Cheapest and most Compact Pumping Plant
in the World.

Price complete, ready for running, S35.

Total aT aR Floor space
net Le occupied
weight, | by this
185 Ibs. installation,
Packed, 2 ft. 6 in. by
270 Ibs. 2 ft. 6 in.
Telephone. ‘= Telegrams:
797 a See. SF 3 veers “ Pumsyndi,
Westminster, j. : cme r & Ue London.”

Will pump 400 gallons per hour at the cost of 1d.
Larger types of the same inexpensive system of working supplied.
NO DANGER, NOISE, or SMELL. NO ENGINE HOUSE
or SKILLED ATTENDANCE REQUIRED.

AWARDS:
The only Silver Medal by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, July 1908.
” =! oe - Tunbridge Wells and South-Eastern Counties

Agricultural Society, July 1908.
ms », Warwickshire Agricultural Seciety, August 1908.

GOLD MEDAL, Franco-British Exhibition, Qctober 1908.

Apply for Descriptive Catalogue to

THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, Ld.,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,
12 Carey Street, Westminster, Londén, S.W.

(Two minutes’ walk from the Royal Horticultural Hall, where the Pumps can be seen at work.)

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
33 c

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS |

(This and following page and page 75).

IN: THE. PRESSED.
Vou. XXXIV.

ISSUE.
Part I.

The figures refer to the pages, which are numbered at the bottom.

Alkali (Bentley's Concentrated)—
JOSEPH BENTLEY, LTD., 27.
Alpine and Rock Plants— CARTER
PAGE & CO., 42; J. CHEAL& SONS,
50: G. JACKMAN & SON, 27;
M. PRICHARD, 59 ; G. REUTHE, 73 ;
STAFFORD ROAD MARKET
NURSERY CO., 68; THOMPSON &
MORGAN, 61; T.S. WARE, LTD., 64.

Anemones—GILBERT & SON, 22; HOGG
& ROBERTSON, 25; W. MAUGER
& SONS, 73.

Anthracite Coal and Cobbles—T. T.
PASCOE, 2.

Aquatic and Bog Plants—A. PERRY, 28 ;
M. PRICHARD, 59; T. S. WARE,
LTD., 64.

Artificial Manures—See Fertilizers.
Auctioneers and Estate Agents.—
PROTHEROE & MORRIS, 30.

Auriculas—J. DOUGLAS, 25.

Azaleas—R. & G. CUTHBERT, 14.

Bamboo Broom—The “ Apsley.” G.B.
KENT. & SONS, LTD., 65.

Baskets—THE BRITISH BASKET CoO., 75

Begonias—BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 15;
B. R., DAVIS & SONS, 24; A. LL.
GWILLIM, 72; H. J. JONES, LTD.,
23; T: S. WARE, LTD., 64.

Boilers—See Heating Engineers.

Books—F. BARKER & SON, 13; J. F.
BARTER, LTD., 72; CASSELL & CO.,
65; GRESHAM PUBLISHING CO.,

1; H. B. MAY & SONS, 64; ROYAL
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 32, 54,

95, 58, 65, 68.
Bottled Fruits—FOWLER, LEE & Co.,

; 36.

Bulbs—BARR & SONS, 5; R. H. BATH,
LTD., 38; J. CARTER & CO., (2nd
Cover); CARTER PAGE & CO., 42;
J. W. CROSS, 54; C. DAWSON, 8;
HOGG & ROBERTSON, 25; W. MAU-

GER & SONS, 73; J. MURRAY &,

SONS (Green Inset facing page 306) ;
PROTHEROE & MORRIS, 30; A.
ROBINSON, 70; ANT. ROOZEN &
SONS, 23; R. SYDENHAM, 3: D. W.
THOMSON, 43; R. VEITCH & SON,
55; R. WALLACE & Co., 55.
Carnations — R. H. BATH, LTD., 33:
BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 15; J.
DOUGLAS, 26; KING’S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, 16; CHR. LORENZ, 18; J.
ROBSON, 72; T. S. WARE, LTD., 64.
Choice Plants—R. VEITCH & SON, 55
Chrysanthemums—NoORMAN DAVIS, 63;
H. J. JONES, pot, 23.
Coal—T. T. PASCOR,

Colour Chart—ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 21.

Cucumbers and Tomatos—SUNNYRISE
MARKET NURSERY CO., 68.

Cyclamen—SUTTON & SONS (Outside
Cover).

Daffodils and Narcissi—BARR & SONS,
5; J. W. CROSS, 54; CHAS. DAWSON,
8; A. ROBINSON, 70.

CARTER PAGE & CO., 42; J.
CHEAL & SON, 50; KEYNES, WIL-
LIAMS & CO., 61; CHR. LORENZ,
18; J. ROBSON, 72; T. S. WARE, 64.

Delphiniums—KELWAY & SON, 80.

Examinations in Horticulture
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
60.

Exhibition Fitter—E. PULLING, 56.

Fencing (Peignon)—ECONOMIC FENCING
COL. iT D5 04.

Ferns—H. B. MAy & SONS, 64; A.
PERRY, 28.

Fertilizers — ANGLO-CONTINENTAL
GUANO WORKS, 66; R. J. BARNES
& SON, 46; BRITISH FERTILIZER
Co., 44; BOUNDARY CHEMICAL
Co., 74; CLAY & SON, 1; W. HER-
BERT & CO., 54; NATIVE GUANO
Co., 68; H. RICHARDSON & CO.,
59; WELLSON & Co., 48.

Fig Trees—LAXTON BROS., 6; H. LOW
& CO., 10; T. RIVERS & SON, 59.

Flowering Trees and Shrubs—R. & G.
CUTHBERT, 14; PENNELL & SONS,
39; PENNICKS, 63; D. W. THOM-
SON, 48; H. LANE & SON (Inset
facing Extracts from Proceedings).

Forcing Plants—R. & G. CUTHBERT, 14;
D. W. THOMSON, 43.

Fruit and Vegetable Bottling Outfits—
FOWLER, LEE & Co., 36 and 37.

Fruit Picker (The ‘Ideal ”)—STAN-
DARD MANUFACTURING CO., 77.

Fruit Trees — BARNHAM NURSERIES,
LTD., 20; BR. H. BATH, ED as
G. BUNYARD & Co. (8rd Cover) ;
CARTER PAGE & OCO., 42; J.
CHEAL & SONS, 50; G. JACKMAN &
SON, 27; J. JEFFERIES & SON,
71; KING’S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTpD., 16; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Proceed-
ings); LAXTON BROS., 6; H. Low
& CO., 10; PENNELL & SONS, 39;
PENNICKS, 63; T, RIVERS & SON,
59; W. SEABROOK & SONS, 4; D.
W. THOMSON, 43; J. VEITCH &
SONS, 79.

piss “Arches—HILL & SMITH, 4;

. W, RILEY, 53.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : :— VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS

(Continued here and on page 75).

Garden Furniture—CASTLES, 58; ALEX.
HAMILTON, 11; G. W. RILEY, 53.

Garden Hose, Pumps, &c.—C. TOOPE &
SON, 45; W. H. WILLCOX & CoO.,
57.

Garden Netting—HILu & SMITH, 4.

Garden Requisites—G. & A. CLARK, 49;
W. HERBERT & CoO., 54; HUNTER
& Gow, 45; D. W. THOMSON, 43 ;
C. TOOPE & SON, 45.

Gloxinias and Cinerarias—A. LL,
GWILLIM, 72.

Grape Vines—KEYNES, WILLIAMS &
Co., 61; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings); LAXTON BROS., 6; H.
Low & Co., 10; T. RIVERS & SON,
59.

Heating Engineers—BOULTON & PAUL,
20> J... GRISPIN .& SONS, 31:
FENLON & SON, 28; FOSTER &
PEARSON, 17; R. HALLIDAY & CoO.,
12; HARTLEY. & SUGDEN, 67;
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, 78; MES-
SENGER & CO., 56; W. RICHARDSON
eerie: GG. We RILEY, 53:5 C,
TOOPE & SON, 45; W. DUNCAN
TUCKER & SONS, 29.

Herbaceous and Perennial Plants—
BARNHAM NURSERIES, LTD., 20;
he BATH, LTpD.; 88; G. BuN-
YARD & Co., LTD. (83rd Cover); G.
one Oman, 17D. 49: -G. JACK-
MAN & SON, 27; H. J. JONES, LTD.,
23; KELWAY & SON, 80; KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 16; PEN-
Micke (oa; A. PERRY, 28; M.
PRICeARD, 6&9: G.: REUTHE, 73;
J. ROBSON, 72; ANT. ROOZEN &
SON, 23; D. W. THOMSON, 43;
THOMPSON & MORGAN, 61; R. WAL-
LACE & CoO.,55; T.S. WARE, LTD.,
64.

Hoes and Pruning Knives—STANDARD
MANUFACTURING CO., 77.

Hollies—FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, LTD.,
55.

Horse Boots (The “ Pattisson”’)—H.
PATTISSON & CO., 18.

Horticultural Builders— BOULTON &
PAUL, 40; J. CRISPIN & SONS, 31;
FOSTER & PEARSON, 17; R. HAL-
LIDAY & CO., 12; MACKENZIE &
MONCUR, 78; MESSENGER & CO.,
56; W. RICHARDSON & CoO., 19;
GW. RmeEY, 53; W: DUNCAN
TUCKER & SONS, 29.

Hyacinths—BaARR & SONS, 5; J. CARTER
& CO. (2nd Cover); A. ROBINSON, 70.

Insecticides—J. BENTLEY, LTD., 27;
R. CAMPBELL, 62; CORRY & CoO.,
69; HUNTER & GOW, 45; MORRIS,
LITTLE & SON, 76; TOMLINSON &
HAYWARD, 30.

Iron Fencing—HILt & SMITH, 4.

Knapsack Sprayer—C. CLARK & CoO., 44;
DE LUZY FRERES, 51.

Labels (Acme)—JOHN PINCHES, 64.

Lamp Pump (Badcock’s Patent)—
LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, LTD., 33.

Landscape Gardeners—BARNHAM NUR-
SERIES, LTD., 20; J. CHEAL &
SONS, 50; G. & A. CLARK, 49;
G. JACKMAN & SON, 27; KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 16; H.
LANE & SON (Green Inset facing
Extracts from Proceedings); PEN-
NICKS, 63.

Lawn Broom—G. B. KENT & SONS, LTD.,
65.

Lawn Manure—ANGLO-CONTINENTAL
GUANO WORKS, 66; #£=BRITISH
FERTILIZER CoO., 44.

Lilies and Calochorti — R. WALLACE
& CO. 55:

Manures, Artificial—Scee Fertilizers.

Mushroom Spawn—JOHN F. BARTER,
Lire. 72:

Nitrate of Soda—THE PERMANENT
NITRATE COMMITTEE, 73.

Nitric Diet—R. J. BARNES & SON, 46.

Orchids—CHARLESWORTH & CO., 70;
J.CYPHER & SONS, 61; T. PAUWELS,
59. "JON ROBSON, (22> BH. Ae
TRAGY. 72.

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs—G.
BUNYARD & CO., LTD., (8rd Cover) ;
CARTER PAGE & CO., 42; J. CHEAL
& SONS, 50; R. & G. CUTHBERT, 14;
FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, LTD., 55;
GG. JACKMAN- & - SON, -27;. J.
JEFFERIES & SON, 71; KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 16; H.
LANE & SON (Green Inset facing
Extracts from Proceedings) ; PEN-
NELL & SONS, 39; PENNICKS, 63;
D. W. THOMSON; 43; R. VEITCH
& SON, 55.

Pzonies—R. H. BATH, LTD., 38; KEL-
WAY & SON, 80.

Peas—DICKSON & ROBINSON, 9; HENRY
ECKFORD (Inset between Advt. pages
32 & 33); CHR. LORENZ, 18.

Pesticide—MoRRIS, LITTLE & SON, 76.

Pinks and Picotees—J. DOUGLAS, 26.

Plant Food—R. J. BARNES & SON, 46;
THE PERMANENT NITRATE COM-
MITTEE, 73; WELLSON & CO., 48.

Potato (“The Colleen”) — J. F.
WILLIAMSON, 53.

Powder Bellows (The “ Ideal’’)—DE
LUZY FRERES, 51.

Pumping Plant (Badcock’s Patent)—
THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE,
LTD., 33.

emer ee LL

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : -VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
2

C4

FRUIT & VEGETABLE
BOTTLING OUTFITS. —

20/- 35/- and 50/- each.

These Appliances ensure a full store of Delicious Fresh Fruits for

Dessert and Cooking, and for Commercial purposes the secret

of a profitable trade is obtained.

FOWLER’S Complete Fruit and
Vegetable Bottling Outfits, con-
sisting of Patent Apparatus, Book
of Directions, Bottles, &e., &c.,
50/— 35/- and 20/- each.

COMMERCIAL APPARATUS, to
hold 40 Bottles, 95/-.

BOTTLED FRUITS, 7/6 per

dozen ; 3 dozen, 21/-.

Royal Agricultural Society of England, Maidstone, 1899.
JUDGE’S REPORT.—See B.A.S. of E, ‘‘Journal,’’ 1899, page 558.

“I have personally tested this Apparatus since
the Show, and find it most satisfactory in every way.
It is particularly simple and easy to manipulate.’’

25 GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS

have been Awarded to Exhibits of Fruits and Vegetables bottled with Fowler’s
Copyright System and Appliances.

The Viscount Malden, The Grange, Mursley, Winslow, Bucks, writes :—
11th October, 1908.
‘“ Lord Malden is very pleased with your ‘ Fowler’s Patent Fruit Bottling Apparatus.’
He finds it most effective, and extremely simple to manage. ’’

Oswald H. Latter, Esq., M.A., Senior Science Master at Charterhouse School,
Godalming, Surrey, writes :—

24th February, 1906.
‘“ Your process of Bottling Fruits, &c., is absolutely sound on scientific principles. 1
have been advocating some such method for years. You have effected itina
delightfully simpte manner.”

CEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., LTD.,

(Late of MAIDSTONE.) READING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
36

FRUIT and VEGETABLE BOTTLING OUTFITS,

20/- 35/- and 50/- each.

—

ry ra —— %
: VOR eee),
¥.

Ee nyhy aap Se ———- UL
ee arom

Sed ET ot Ceres wD a ee
Le ae ae oe a Oe ben Oe mS OD OE OD
ne “ ee ~

The above illustration shows the Fowler’s Patent No. 1 Oval Apparatus
in use Bottling Fruits.
It will hold 18 Bottles, and may be purchased separately (without ss
Bottles) complete with Centre Shelf, Copyright Book of Directions,
and Thermometer. P rice 29/ =

ith either the 35/- or SO/- Fruit Bottling Outfit,

Dy =
- Steg>
satay >
papeneet \) | /
4

instead of the No. 1 Round Apparatus.

AGN

s=aseec=
~=Seeaas

< os)
Sa — ewe:

f Ze
ite

= —
Ss eS ses a ee sa eS

Bink Y
Sail sh} K N \\' H]y
=t Sere Ute ——SS———— \ \ 4
=—— = NN sS5:
EECMLNE === N
> : ee:
a

=ae = >
ara =aneees

2° ae 2 oe ees __s

- extra Fowler’s Patent No. 1 Oval Apparatus is supplied w

.
cele s s
aaa

For 4/

Fowiler’s Patent No.1 Oval Apparatus, as above, is a

scientific Cooker and Sterilizer. It should be in use in every home

for Sterilizing Milk, Bottling Fruits, Game, &e., and Cooking p e 25/-

Puddings, Fish, and Poultry by steam. It may be used on a rice =
Kitchener, Gas Burner, or on Oil Stoves.

"__ Kitchener, Gas Burner, or on Oil Stoves,
GEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., Ltd.,

(Late of Maidstone), READING.

I
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
37

BATES
Select Bulbs & Plants

CANNOT 58! BE SURPASSED!
BATH’S ROSES.

100,000 good plants in the best varieties.
BATH’S FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES,
RASPBERRY CANES, &ce.

in all the best varieties for garden culture.

BATH’S HOME GROWN BULBS. As supplied to

the Royal Parks and Gardens. The largest bulb growers
in the United Kingdom, 85 acres under bulb cultivation.

BATH’S CARNATIONS. 400 best new and standard

varieties, 120,000 Plants for present delivery.

BATH’S GORGEOUS PEONIES.

The fashionable flower; all the best sorts.

BATH’S CLEMATIS.

The most popular climbers, in the most brilliant kinds

BATH’S PLANTS FOR ALL GARDENS

All the favourite sorts, with the newest additions.

BATH’S SELECT VEGETABLE and FLOWER
SEEDS.

From the finest stocks that are grown.

Complete Iiustrated Catalogues, with Copious Cultural
Directions, post free on application.

ALL GOODS ARE SENT SECURELY PACKED AND CARRIAGE PAID
THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN.

R. H. BATH, Ltd.,
THE FLORAL FARMS, WISBECH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
38

Flowering Shrubs, Ornamental Trees of
all kinds, Forest Trees, Fruit Trees,
== Roses and Climbing Plants ——

If you are interested in any of these send for our unique Catalogue, which is so illustrated
from natural specimens as to form the best guide yet published. All our trees receive
extra attention in transplanting, and we believe for our acreage we employ more labour
than any other nursery.

Our nurseries of over 100 acres are situated in one of the bleakest and coldest situations
in the country, so trees leaving us are sure to succeed in avy other part.

PENNELL & SONS, LINCOLN.

Established in 1780.
Branch establishments at Grimsby and Doncaster.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
39

BOULTON & PAUL,”

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH.

Se >. =
= ~ ———==— = tas =

vy pepper eS
4 in hat

oy

j ; ‘ jal) 1
i et A fi!

} / ont ie er ae eh , | fins
we en A al 3 =a ore) Pru) A og BY / yay ig fai
Kiama itl “4 STS = , re * ae) Wes vy. veg

CONSERVATORIES, VINERIES, PLANT, ORCHID, TOMATO, &c., HOUSES.
SPECIAL DESIGNS PREPARED AND ESTIMATES SUBMITTED.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN WAITED UPON BY APPOINTMENT.

>s

| i H A; 2
L | >)
— 5

deslgn made to any size,

‘
L
DU

Re da) . '
Fr

Horticultural Buildings of every
description, designs submitted.

Porches and Verandahs of Artistic

: Y EFHaNt |I!,, A. “a !
| SDULTON_# PAUL“ Li NOV.I9OI << ; mite | , 2 Df, (oo NTA: Ti 4
ERECTED AT CHORLEY WOOD AND MANY OTHER PLACES,
GLASS CLOCHES IN ALL SIZES.
Conservatories Designed to suit ai: Special Situations, and to meet all Requirements.
Write for Catalogues of all our Manufactures, POST FREE.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
40

AGRICULTURE AND

Gardener, Stockbreeder,

valuable work NOW

Lord Carrington,President, Board of Agriculture.

The Agent-General for Natal.

The Khedivial Agricultural Society.

Sir H. T. De Trafford, Bart.

Sir James Drummond.

Col. W. G. Lowther.

The Hon. Ailwyn E. Fellowes, P.C,, J.P.

The Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland.

Prof. Robt. S. Seton, B.Sc.

Prof. John Percival, M.A.,fF.L.S.

University College of Wales.

Austin Smyth, Esq., Librarian to House of
Commons.

Live Stock, Dairying, Forestry,

logy and Zoology,

Game, Sport, and Miscellaneous.
five thousand.

From a Student.
Billericay, Essex,

3lst August, 1908.
Dear Sirs,—I have looked carefully through
Vol. I. of the “ Cyclopedia of Agriculture,’ and
it seems to me most comprehensive, and I think
your system of cross references a good and
helpful feature of the work. I have pleasure in
enclosing P.O. for 8s., please forward receipt.
You will please forward the other 11 volumes as

they are issued.—Yours truly,

(Signed) ROBERT AMENT

From a Gentleman Farmer.
Stanton Court,
Pensford, Bristol,
2nd September, 1908.
Dear Sirs,—I have perused the first volume
of “The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agri-
culture,’ and I think it a highly interesting

compilation, which ought to form a valuable
addition to everyone’s library.

Yours faithfully,
(Signed) J. EATON COATES, J.P.

quarterly intervals.

THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN

By 200 Distinguished Authorities under the Editorship of

iPROF. R. PATRICK WRIGHT, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E.

There can be no doubt that this work has filled a long-felt want, and, from the List we are able
to give below of some of our more prominent subscribers, it will be seen that pe Farmer,
Veterinary Surgeon, Estate Agent, Student, Factor,
whose business is connected in any way with Agriculture should fail to subscribe for this remarkably

: SOME PROMINENT SUBSCRIBERS.

The work deals in dictionary form with every farming
Market Gardening, Horticulture, Agricultural Implements and
Machines, Poultry and Bee Keeping, Veterinary Science, Agricultural Geology, Soil Physics, Entomo-
Botany and Bacteriology, Agricultural Chemistry, Manures, Feeding Stuffs,
Agricultural Laws, Economics and Rook-veeping, Foreign and Colonial Agriculture, Biography, Dogs,
The total number of articles in the twelve volumes will be some

FOUR TYPICAL LETTERS

EACH OF THE FIRST SUBSCRIBERS WILL BE ENTITLED TO ASK THE |
ADVICE OF PROF. WRIGHT UPON ACRICULTURAL QUESTIONS.

Such an invaluable, authentic, and instructive work as this, combining the accumulated knowledge
of so many distinguished scientists and agriculturists, would necessarily if
bought complete involve a not inconsiderable outlay.

-Publishers have decided to allow the agricultural public to subscribe for the
work while it is publishing, delivering each volume as it comes from the press at

The first volume is now ready,

paid to anyone on receipt of order for the work, is complete in 12 volumes, and

P.O. for 8s. to cover cost of first volume.

as delivered. Send NOW before our impression of first volume is exhausted.

Our 20-page IIlustrated Agriculture Booklet Free.

| THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPAN

RURAL ECONOMY,

Market
indeed, anyone

G. A. Needham, Esq., Estate Office, Ripley.

we Duthie, Esq., Shorthorn Cattle Breeder.
Chisholm, Esq., Forester.

iE 15 Is Kennedy, Esa., Milk Contractor.

G. W. Hempsall, Esq., Manufacturer.

G. B. Wallace, Esq., Agricultural Engineer.

W. T. Christie, V.R.C. af .S., Portobello.

A. D. McDonald, Esq., Factor.

H. Weston, Esaq., Cider Manufacturer.

Pas: Folwell, Esa., Land Steward.

G. S. Solley, Farmer and Experimenter.

G. Argo, Esq., Farmer.

E. G. H. Drinkwater, Esq., Farmer.

C. Darlington, Esq., Farmer.

problem: Tillage and Farming in General,

From a Stock-breeder.
Lower Court Farm,
Long Ashton,
4th July, 1908,

Dear Sirs,—I have received the first volume
of “The Standard Cyclopedia” and am very
pleased with it. Ithink it a most invaluable
and interesting book for Agriculturists.

Yours faithfully,

(Signed) W. R. WITHERS.

From an Estate Agent.
Ashton Court Estate Office,
Long Ashton, Bristol.
Dear Sirs,—In reply to yours of 2Ist inst. I
have only had time to glance at the first volume
of “i he Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agricul-
ture.’’ The portions I have read appear to me
exceedingly well written and if the remaining
volumes attain to the same standard, the book
must prove very useful for Agriculturists.
Yours faithfully,
(Signed) H. B. NAPIER

For this reason the

and will be sent carriage

The remaining volumes are paid for

, “creat stant, LONDON, W.G,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ROCKWORK

FOR

FERNERIES, CAVES, AND GROTTOES,

Lakes. Alpines, and Dripping Wells, .

&C.

CATALOGUES POST FREE.

T. B. HARPHAM & SON,

141 WEST AVENUE,
PORTMAN MARKET,
TELEPHONE: ‘2186 MAYFAIR.” LONDON, N.W.

Carter Page © Co,

Awarded in 1906 and 1908 the ONLY R.H.S. COLD MEDALS for

D AHLI A CACTUS, PEONY, DOUBLE,
é SINGLE, and POMPON.
SEEDS, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE.
PLANTS, HARDY AND GREENHOUSE.
BULBS, FOR POT OR GARDEN CULTURE.
TREES, FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL.

ROSES, STANDARD, DWARF, AND CLIMBING.

ROCK PLANTS, Fine Selections of Flowering
and Foliage Varieties, 3/6 dozen, 25/= per 100.

592&53 London Wall, London, E.€.

(ONLY CITY ADDRESs.) Established over 50 years. Catalogues Free.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
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§

,

AVID W.THOMSON

At the International Show, September 1905, R.H.S.
GOLD MEDAL for Sup of Retarded Flowering
ants.

R.C.H.S. GOLD MEDAL for Topiary Work.

R.C.H.S. SILVER GILT MEDAL for
Group of Plants.

S.H.A. MEDAL, November 1905, for
Group of Choice Shrubs.

R.C.H.S. SILVER GILT MEDAL,
May 1906, so Group of Forced
ants.

FOREST TREES.

ORNAMENTAL
TREES AND
SHRUBS.

RHODODENDRONS AND
FLOWERING SHRUBS.

FRUIT TREES.

ROSES AND CLIMBERS.

HERBACEOUS AND ALPINE
PLANTS.

S.H.A. GOLD MEDAL,
November 1906, for Col-
lection of Apples.

S.H.A. SILVER GILT

MEDAL for Group

Choice Berried

Shrubs, November
1907.

All in best condition and recently
transplanted.

GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS.

BULBS and FORCING PLANTS,
RETARDED BULBS AND PLANTS, etc., etc.

ie"

GARDEN REQUISITES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

Catalogues on Application.

EDINBURGH.

Telegraphic Address; “ LARCH, EDINBURGH.’ Telephone No. 2034.

" /® S/o 3"

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
43

YOU MUST HAVE A SPRAYER

If you wish to be successful in your Garden. Order one ait once, while you think of it,

Vermorels Knapsack Sprayer
“¢ ECLAIR,”’’
FOR FLOWERS, FRUIT TREES AND VEGETABLES.

HAS WON OVER 500 FIRST PRIZES AND MEDALS.
Price £1 15s. 6d. Cash with order.

Sole Agents—

CHARLES CLARK & CO., 16a Bevis Marks, London, E.C.

TURE LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam.

UNEQUALLED for NURSERY WORK. SPECIALLY SUITABLE for VINE BORDERS.
CONTAINS BOTH IRON AND POTASH,
Supplied to many Leading Nurserymen and Head Gardeners.

76 Per Yard. Sample Bag, 2-.

A, B. JOHNSTON, New Park, Cranleigh, Guildford,

Telegrams: “ New Park, Cranleigh.”

Poor Weedy GARNER’S The
Lawns ) Special Lawn Manure. (| Remedy

ANOTHER APPRECIATION,

fully justifies our claim that this, one of Garner’s many specialities,
has no equal for keeping down Worm-casts and Weeds, and pro-
moting the growth of the finer Lawn grasses.

Dr, A. B. Griffiths, Ph.D., Member of the Chemical Societies of Paris, Berlin, and Milan, Principal of
the Brixton School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Analytical Chemist, Assayer, and Chemical
Engineer, also Author of A Manual of Bacteriology, A Treatise on Manures, the Diseases of
Crops, Manures and their Uses, writes :—

“Having rigorously tested Garner’s Special Lawn Manure for clients in these laboratories, you will

no doubt be pleased to know that the data obtained was of a most satisfactory character, and indicating
it to be a judicious and skilful preparation, that is well suited for the purpose for which it is designed.
This Manure is par excellence for Lawns, asit prevents the growth of weeds, and promotes the
growth of the finer grasses, and renders them healthy and vigorous. I strongly recommend Garner's
‘Special Lawn Manure’ to all who take an interest in their Lawns; it is invaluable for Tennis Lawns,
Bowling Greens, Cricket Pitches, &c. (Signed) A.B. GRIFFITHS, Ph.D.”

We guarantee that Garner’s Special Lawn Manure is always
of uniform quality. Prices, carriage paid, 14 Ibs., 3/6; 28 Ibs., 5/6;
56 ibs., 86; 1 cwt, 15/-; 5 cwt. 72/6. Special quotation for ton

lots. 14 Ibs. will dress 100 square yards.
Sole Manufacturers—

THE BRITISH FERTILIZER C0,, Fertilizer and Chemical Manufacturers,

BIRKENHEAD.
AGENTS WANTED _ Full List of Garner's Specialities, Fertilizers, Weed
Killers, and Chemicals, Free on demand. AGENTS WANTED.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

44

“ NICOTICIDE” Fumigant.

Kills ali Insects with one ApPlication.

Half-gallon iy, containing sufficient for 160,000 c. ft. oe 9 st ... 60/-
No.1 size Tin—1 pint . a 40,0000" asf is ae .» 15/-
No. 2 size Tin—4 pint = wi e “2Z0,060";: a3 ie te

No.3 size Bottle—s oz. ,, z pacheee! (10,0 0% oe.

WPAN
1 a0
>———
Carr. paid.

No. 4 size Bottle-4oz. ,, a ss sou COE ss
No.!43 size Bottle—2 oz. * E! 4,000 ,, Se ~ Foe i ae
No.5 size Bottle—1 oz. Gampley * ts gust OO ae Su, z. és .. 10d.

FUMIGATORS.

1/- each for 5,000 cubic feet. Carriage Paid.

NICOTICIDE PLANT SPRAY.
% pint, 1/2; pint, 2/-; Quart, 3/6 ; 4 Gallon, 5/-; Gallon, 10/«.
Use 1 part to 40 parts of water for green fly, etc.
Carriage Paid.
GOW’S SLUG and WIRE WORM DESTROYER, being
a Combined Fertiliser, LAWN SAND, DAISY ERADI-
CATOR, TOBACCO POWDER, QUASSIA EXTRACT, and
all other Manures.
Sold in 6d., 1/-, also 2/6 Decorated Tins, and larger sizes.
Carriage Paid.
Ask your seedsman for our brands.

GOW’S LIQUID WEED same
1 gallon to make 50 in solution A: wd _ 4/-
5 35 so7 WOU ae .. 16/6
Drums free. Carria:; ge Paid.
GOW’S POWDER WEED KILLER.
No. 1 tin 2/-, to make 25 gallons.
— No. 2, 9 66 3 100 ”
Raffia, Wood Labels, Flower Sticks, Canes, Dahlia Stakes, Stub Wires, all Chemical Manures, Liquid Sheep Dip and Tobacco
Dips, Nicotine, Tobacco Juice, and all Horticultural Sundries.

GOW’S WINTER ALKALI TREE WASH.

For destroying Woolly Aphis, Scales, Lichen Moss and Apple Suckers, ete. 4 Gallon, 2/6;
Gallon, 5/-, Carriage Paid. One gallon will make 20 gallons solution.

HUNTER & GOW, 46 Thomas St., LIVERPOOL.

CHAS. TOOPE, r.r.us. & SON,

HEATING ENGINEERS & EXPERTS,

Stepney Square, High Si., Stepney, E.

Telegrams: “ TOOPES, LONDON.” Telephone : 3497 E,
HEAT YOUR GREENHOUSE AND SAVE YOUR PLANTS.

SEND FOR OUR
NEW BOOKLET on
Hints how to Heat
a Greenhouse

Manufacturers and
Patentees of

Heating Apparatus |
for Greenhouses, x

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Kennels & Poultry EXTANT. ppoupetior peers
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Garden Frame
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LET US KNOW YOUR WANTS.
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Plant Fumigators,
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OIL, GAS, or COKE. Hose, &c.
These are the HEATERS you hear so much about. Only one class made—the BEST.

We challenge comparison. Inspection invited before writing elsewhere. Senda post card
to us now, for our Catalogue free, if you want a thoroughly efficient and economical Heater
for your Greenhouse, no obligation.

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
45

PRINCE'S

CHAMPION

TEA ROSES

PRINCE, OXFORD.

O.
SWEET PEAS ticiconen’

30 Acres growing for Seed, including many Novelties
not yet in commerce: inspection invited in July.

—_—

E.W. KING & CO., crowens,

COGGESHALL, ESSEX.

THE PROGRESSIVE FIRM.

Wwe RECOMMEND

NITRIC DIET

The Modern Soil Science Manure
as being superior to other complete manures and giving better results.

NITRIC DIET is a safe and lasting Manure of UNPRECEDENTED VALUE for Vines,
Peaches, Carnations, Chrysanthemums, etc., and must net be confused with other
productions bearing the title “ Nitro” or “ Nitrate.”

Sold by Seedsmen in Tins at 6d. and 1/-. In Zags, 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 lbs., 4/6; 28 lbs.,7/6;
56 lbs, 12/6; 1 ewt., 20/—: or of the Sole Manufacturers—

R. J. BARNES & SON, Malvern,

Who will be glad to send descriptive Booklet. also current prices of Bones and other Fertilizers.
All goods carriage paid. Uniform and prompt deliveries.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
46

} ‘SHO[4HO MAN O} SUOF}EOUNTIUIOD [je SSatppe eI q

SSRMEEE “M'S‘137H1S VINOLOIA 21

‘MATIOd AVTINANL LHDIdNn
« XATIdNG ,, }497¥d ,SHIIAM

"SO08l 4paA ay}
Ul PpaYSi/qn}sz

‘ssepnoysed aye} pue estape 0} juUaS S2AT} LJUISIIdayy
"SHSNOH GIHOYO

PuUe SASNOH NOILVNYVO 3 = voHONsUOD yePDads ‘sn Ag a3Xxtd
7 "SOD JO 224 Mxaidad,,
pardad ‘Sq LvwuvddV DNILVWAH ‘SASNOHNASYD aa1NVUVhD
‘SAONVHY ‘SSINOLVAYASNOO °F S2ewnisy pur suey SuVak NAL

"SUSSANIONS ONILVSH sl "SONITTING TWHUNLNDILYOH

4O SGNIM TIV JO SYBFaANLOVANNVIA

«UOpuoy ‘snuR[nyoy ,, t suresdayay ’

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

47

‘Wellson’s Plant t Foo d

CLEAN, SAFE. pee! DURABLE.
Is used by the leading Horticulturists for
CARNATIONS, BEGONIAS, GLOXINIAS.
SWEET PEAS. PALMS, ROSES, CHRYSAN. |
THEMUMS. DAHLIAS, and FRUITS OF ALL
; VARIETIES. |

De OE eee
———_—_——
°
.

Price and particulars from

WELLSON @ CO.,

| Aire Place Works, LEEDS.

S ——— Ee
————— Se

Tr de onl ae in Se VERY COMPLETE WHOLESALE
is ae S Mi CATALOGUE FORWARDED ON

SEEDS OF UNDOUBTED PURITY. APPLICATION.

Vegetable Seeds =

Flower Seeds» =~ =
Agricultural Seeds ~

PROMPT EXECUTION OF ORIERS.

For the Most Reliable Varieties and Best Growths of these send your Orders to

WATKINS & SIMPSON, Wholesale Seed Merchants,

12 TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN,

Telegraphic Address: —‘* WATKINS SIMPSON, LONDON.” LONDON.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
48

G. & A. CLARK,

LIMITED,
The Old Established Nurseries,

~ w* DOVER. ™ %

Established 1838.

CULTIVATORS OF

HIGH-CLASS NURSERY STOCK

AT MODERATE PRICES.

Bulb, Seed, & Horticultural Sundries
Merchants.

LANDSCAPE CARDENERS.

Designs and Estimates for Laying out and Furnishing
New or Renovating Old Gardens, Orchards,
Rockeries, Conservatories, WVinertes ; Tennis,
Croguet, and Cricket Lawns, (&c.

HARDY PERENNIALS

A SPECIALITY,

Special Low Quotations for BR Four Descriptive Catalogues
Large Quantities. annually.

70 Acres Nursery Ground. 41,000 siper.-feet Glass Structure.

Aiso at FOLKESTONE, The Horticultural Establishment, Cheriton Gardens :
And WALMER, The Nursery, Dover Road, Lower Walmer, near Deal.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
49 d

J. CHEAL & SONS’

NURSERIES—l10 ACRES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES,

Shrubs and Roses, Rhododendrons,
Climbing Plants, Forest Trees.

FRUIT. TREES,

An Immense Stock.
True to Name. Healthy and Hardy.

SEED DEPARTMENT:

Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds,
Bulbs and Sundries.

DAHLIAS .A SPECTATIIY:

Hardy, Herbaceous, Alpine, and Rock Plants.

CATALOGUES POST FREE.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING:

Gardens, Lawns, Parks, and all Ornamental
Grounds designed and laid out.

re

Illustrated Booklet on ‘‘GARDEN MAKING,’ post free on application.

London Office for this Department, |
53 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telephone No. 2178 Victoria (& 38 Crawley.

J. CHEAL& SONS,

LOWFIELD NURSERIES,
CRAWLEY, SUSSEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
50

*““NATIONAL ”’
Knapsack

WORKING PARTS ALL AWAY FROM LIQUIDS,

IMPROVED MODEL.
ALL PARTS INTERCHANGEABLE.

Awarded FIRST PRIZES and numerous Medals at
competitive Exhibitions throughout Europe.

TWO SILVER MEDALS by ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY IN ONE YEAR and JULY, 1908.

REGULAR PRESSURE,
SIMPLEST, STRONGEST, and
| MOST PRACTICAL.

MADE OF COPPER AND BRASS.

Price Complete 36/-.

Packed and Carriage Paid (United
Kingdom). Cash with Order.

See Report in Journal, Vol. 33, Part 1, on Appliances, &e.,
tested at the R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley.

* IDEAL” Fy ne iteriows

Is highly recommended for distri-
ene Tobacco, Sulphur, and all
UP thier Powders. By a soft or
aa hard pressure the Powder can be
—EeEEE————— == = sprayed over and under the leaves
ve Sa of Plants, Vines, &c., to any
desired degree. It is the most

Prices, No. 1, 6/6. No. 2 (holds about 1 Ib. of Powder), 3/3. perfect of Fiand Bellows, simple

in construction, durable, and
Packed and Carriage Paid. Cash with Order. Soe ble,
most economical.

DUBAN’S FRUIT GATHERER. !/6, packed and carriage paid.
“MIDGET” POWDER BELLOWS.
The best for Rose Growers, not a toy, but a useful bellows for use with any powder.
Price 9d., post free on receipt of stamps. Large size, without spreader, 2/-.

“EXCELSIOR” HAND SPRAYER

For Insecticides, strongly made in brass, and not liable to derangement. Worked by one hand,
and delivers a most powerful mist-like spray just right for Insecticides, also very useful for Cut
Flowers, Palms, Orchids and Seedlings. Used also by the Medical Profession for Antiseptics.
Price 10/6. Packed and Carriage Paid. Cash with Order.
“EXCELSIOR” BOTTLE SPRAYER. Very fine, mist-like spray, useful for

small work and Amateurs. Price, complete with Flint Glass Bottle, 3/3 post free.

Illustrated Fuists free on application.
~ Hortl. Dept., 4 KNATCHBULL RD.
de LUZY FrereS, ‘camserwe.t, Lonpon, s.E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, the

51 a sz

JOHN UNITE [TD 291 & 293 Edgware Road,
5 af LONDON, W.

$By Appointment to b.a. the Ring, and b.1R.b. the Prince of Wales.

everything for

Ball Furnishing. the Stable.

Rick Cloths,
Blinds,
Cordage.

McIntosh Coats,
Capes, & Aprons.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls, Weddings,
Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fétes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LTD., 291 & 293 Edgware Road, LONDON.

Telegrams—“ UNITENT, LONDON.”
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

52

Irish-grown Seed Potatoes Beat Scotch.

™ <Jo
a “The Colleen.”
Second-Early re }
Potato. (Williamson’s.)
— of

AWARD OF MERIT (UNANIMOUS VOTE),
ROVAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1907.

FIRST IN NATIONAL POTATO SOCIETY’S
aon eel. OF NOVELTIES, ‘1906.

Magnificent Exhibition variety. Crop Enormous. Quality Superb.
2s. 6d. per stone; 15s. per cwt. :: 3: Illustrated Pamphlets free.

J. F. WILLIAMSON, F.R.HLS.,

Seed Potato Specialist, MALLOW, IRELAND.

G. W. RILEY, F.R.H.S.

Over 50 Medals awarded, including Four Gold Medals, Royal Botanic
Society, London, 1904, 5,6, and 7; Ten Silver Medals, R.H.S., London.

DEPT. 1. DEPT. 2.
Rustic Summer ; Conservatories,
__ Houses, F Vineries, Peach Houses,
Billiard Rooms, tn EES Forcing Houses and
Pavilions, Ban Yj Basses crsca rem svia! Pits, Frames, and
Seats, Pergolas, Ys? every Description of
Bridges, Glass Houses.
Arches, Barrows, Ladders,
Arbours, = Kennels, Tool
Revolving = = and Potting
Houses, and x. Sheds, Heating
every descrip- ~~ Apparatus,
tion of &c., &c

Rustic Work.

A COMPETENT SURVEYOR WILL WAIT UPON
INTENDING PURCHASERS IN LONDON OR COUNTRY.

ESTIMATES FREE. :: : FULL LIST POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

G. W. RILEY, Herne Hill, LONDON, S.E.

Telephone—s46 BRIXTON.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
53

W. HERBERT & CO.’S GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

Selected Fibrous Orchid Peat, 9s. per sack; Brown Fibrous Peat, 5s., five for 22s. 6@; Black, 4s. 6d.
per sack, five for 2ls.; Yellow Fibrous Loam Pure Leafmould, Best Coarse Silver Sand and Peatmould,
each 3s. per sack; Sphagnum Moss, 2s. 6d. per bushel, 6s. 6d. per sack; Jadoo Fibre, 8s.; Best Cocoa
Nut Fibre, 2s. 6d. per sack ; price quoted for 100 sacks and upwards on rail. Bulb Fibre, 2s. per bushel ;
Genuine Veruvian Guano, 18s.; Nitrate of Soda, 18s.; Sulphate Ammonia, 19s.; Dissolved Bone, 11s. ;
Bone Meal, 10s. 6d.; Half Inch Bones, 10s.; Kainit, or Basic Slag, 6s. per cwt.; Hoofs and Horns,jl15s.
per ewt.; Thomson's Ichthemic, Canary Guano, each, per cwt., 19s.; and all other Manures; Specialité
Tobacco Paper and Cloth, 6d. lb., 28 lbs., 12s.; Raffia, 9d. lb.; Best New Archangel Mats, 18s. per doz. ;
Heavy Petersburg, 12s. ; Light, 10s.; Virgin Cork, 13s. 6d. per cwt.; Bamboo Canes, Sticks, ard Labels,
Flower-Pots, &c. Poultry Specialities: Biscuit Meal, Calcined Oyster Shells, Prepared Flint Grit,
Granulated Moss Peat Litter for Poultry Houses. Goods subject to fluctuation offered at Market
Prices; Special Quotation for large or small quantities by Road, Boat, or Rail. Certificate Awarded
International Horticultural Exhibition, Earl’s Court, 1892; Silver Medal Awarded by R.H.S., Holland
House, 1903, 4, and 6, and at Chelsea, 1905; also Botanical Gardens, London, for quality in Soils and
Manures.

PRICE LIST POST FREE. ESTABLISHED 1876.

W. HERBERT & CO., 2 Hop Exchange Warehouses, LONDON, S.E.

RULES FOR JUDGING

SCHEDULE-MAKERS, JUDGES, & EXHIBITORS.

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Code of Rules has been drawn up by a Committee of Experts, and should
prove to be of great value to all Secretaries and Committees of Horticultural Societies.

MAY BE OBTAINED FROM

THE R.H.S. OFFICE, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.
PRICE 1s. Gd. POST FREE.

J. W. CROSS’S scust crown BULBS

60 ACRES UNDER CULTIVATION.

NARCIS.—aiory of Leiden, Madame Plemp, Madame de Graaff, Emperor, Horsfieldii,
Grandis, Henry Irving, Golden Spur, Princeps, Rugilobus, Sir Watkin, Empress,
Golden, Sulphur, and Orange Phoenix, Minnie Hume, Obvallaris, Victoria, P. R. Barr,
3arri Conspicuus, Stella, Mrs. Langtry, Stella Superba, Ornatus, Pheasant Eyes,
Poetarum, Double White Narcis, Double Van Zion, &c., &e.

TULIPS.—1. Reine, Duchesse de Parma, Gesneriana Major, Cottage Maid, Chrysolora,
Yellow Prince, Keizerkroon, Retroflexa, Golden Crown, White Swan, Picotee, La
Candeur, Bouton d’Or, Prince de Ligny, Prince of Austria, Couleur Cardinal, Thomas
Moore, Canary Bird, Pottebakker (White and Scarlet), and many other choice varieties,
including choice May flowering. DARWINS—In 200 named varieties. ANEMONES—
Fulgens and St. Brigid a specialty. LILIUMS—Candidums, Colchicums, Crown
Imperials, &c., &c. SCILLA SIBERICA, large stock, CHIONODOXA in variety.
GRAPE HYACINTHS, DUTCH AND ROMAN HYACINTHS, home grown,! in
choice and named varieties; SPANISH IRIS, grand stock to name; CROCUS, named
and separate colours; SNOWDROPS, double. and single; ENGLISH LENT LILIES;
GLADIOLUS—The Bride, Brenchleyensis, Lemoinci, &c. ; MONTBRETIAS, separate
colours; IXIAS; JAPAN, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH IRIS, to name and mixed ;
SPIREAS, fine clumps for forcing; PAYONIES—Officinalis and Sinensis, choice
varieties; IRIS RETICUTALA ; FRITILLARIA; WHITE AND BLUE BELLS;
HELLEBORUS NIGER; POLYANTHUS NARCIS; PYRETHRUMS, double and
single, in colours,

WRITE TOR LISTS;

PLEASE iboress- ¥» W. CROSS, Old Grammar School, WISBECH.

TELEGRAMS—J. CROSS, WISBECH. TELEPHONE—35 and 35a,

——

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

54

Hollies of Our Own Introduction

WILSONII (F.C.C., R.H.S.) berry-bearing

MUNDYII do. Every lover
MARNOCKII do. of Hollies should
HANDSWORTH NEW SILVER do. plant
SHEPHERDII male variety these varieties.
HANDSWORTHENSIS do.

FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, Ltd.,
Royal Nurseries, Handsworth, Yorks.

IRIS.

DARWIN AND COTTAGE TULIPS. RARE BULBOUS PLANTS. NEW HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
LILY CULTURE OUR GREAT SPECIALITY.

CATALOGUE WITH CULTURAL DIRECTIONS FREE.
Awarded GOLD MEDALS by the Royal Horticulturai Society at their LILY SHOW and
CONFERENCE, Chiswick, 190i, Temple Show, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1907, and at
Holland Park Show, 1907 and 1908.
GOLD MEDALS for LILIES, Manchester, Shrewsbury, Leicester,
York, and Edinburgh (international).
And numerous. Awards from all parts of the Kingdom for our displays of

rare and interesting HARDY PLANTS.

R. WALLACE & CO., Kilnfield Gardens. COLCHESTER.
JOURNAL Choice Plants

LILIES, CALOCHORTI,

Wolverhampton,

oF = we HIMALAYAN RHODODENDRONS.
A grand lot grown out of doors.
Ropal Horticultural Socie D. Tricuspidaria dependens,
Vol. XI. Part Il. white flowered, 5/+, 7/6, 10/6

Contains a full Report ofthe National Rose
Conference held in 1889, at which
many valuable Papers were read:
among them being :—

Decorative Roses. By Mr. T. W. GIRDLESTONE.

The Botany of Roses. By Mr. J. G. BAKER,
F.R.S.

Rose He te oct By Dr. M. T. MaAstTERs,
ewe

Rosa Polyantha as a Stock. By M. ViviAnpD-
MOREL.

Roses since 1860. By Mr. Geo. PAvt.

A New Classification of Roses. By Prof. F.
CREPIN.

Stocks for Roses.

Pruning Roses.
M.A.

By Mr. E. MAWLEY.

By Rev. A. FostTER-MELLIAR,

clea ong of ee Varieties. By Mr. W.
AU

Modern + Dee Sid Hybridisation. By the Right
Hon. Lord PENZANCE.

Australian Roses. By Baron Sir F. von MUELLER.
New Indian Roses. By Dr. GEorGE KING.

A few copies of this valuable number can
still be obtained at
R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, London, S.W.

Price to Fellows, 1s. 6d. ; Non-Fellows, 3s.

Tricuspidaria lanceolata,
red flowered, 3/6, 7/6, 21/=
Mutisia decurrens tat ree
ps clematis... Oe 3/6, 93/
Erica Veitchii (tree Heath)
white flowered, 2/6, 3/6
Veronica Cookiana,
large flowered white, 2/6
Romneya Coulterii SWG6s 2/6; Sf=
Ribes speciosa, drooping red flowers, 2/6
Magnolia grandiflora,
(Exmouth variety) 3/6, 7/6, 10/6

Rehmannia Pink Perfection,
new seed, per packet, I/=, 2/6
Calceolaria, Veitch’s Hardy Hybrid,
(Golden Glory) per packet 2/6
plants in SF 3,6

Catalogue of choice Shrubs and

ROBERT VEITCH & SON,
THE ROYAL NURSERIES, EXETER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

59

E. PULLING,

PRACTICAL a

EXHIBITION FITTER.

Permanent and Portable Stands a Speciality.
Stands, Reception ‘Rooms, and Offices erected

and fitted with all accessories.

FELLOWS of the Royal Horticultural Society and others who engage the
Society’s Hall in Vincent Square for Exhibitions, Bazaars, &c,, and require
portable stands erected and fitted up artistically, cannot do better than send to
Mr, E, Pulling, who has erected stands in this Hall for the Medical, Chemists’,
Tobacco, Model Engineer, Empire, and the Cookery Exhibitions, &c., &c.

FIRST CLASS WORK, CHARGES REASONABLE,
PROVINCIAL WORK UNDERTAKEN,

Address—

30 ACHILLES ROAD, WEST HAMPSTEAD, LONDON, N.W.

(And at ISLINGTON.) Telephone: 1468 P.O. HAMPSTEAD. -

MESSENGER & COMPANY, Ltd.

Horticultural cau side: ~ Heating Enginces™:

A =

CONSERVATORY ERECTED AT ALEXANDRA PARK, OLDHAM,

Plans and Estimates Free for WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, and every kind of Plain or Ornamental

GLASS HOUSE. Also HEATING to Residences, Public Buildings, Churches,
Schools, &c.

LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. i victor’ $n 'westhixster, s.w.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ne
vO

i aI Mp,

A “WATER CARRIER,”
A “LIFT AND FORCE PUMP,” and

A “ SPRAYER,”

COMBINED.
WILLCOX IMPROVED

GARDEN ENGINES

WITH
EXTENDED

SUCTIONS

Whereby by a simple arrangement the Willcox
Semi Rotary Pump will first of all fill the tank from
= a pond or stream or other supply, and then will

= deliver with a good force over trees, plants. &c.,
== as required. A lady can work these engines, they
== can be easily wheeled about, and having swing

HUN

“Nit

Liat

=——s
——_™

bodies the water does not spill.

'= THERE IS NO COMPARISON

BETWEEN OUR

= SEMI ROTARY PUMP
= and the old style ‘‘ up and down” Plunger Pump. The Semi Rotary
a= is less laborious, delivers double the quantity, and forces farther, but

IT MUST BE A

* WILLCOX ”

This border represents our Jones-Willcox Patent Wire-bound Hose.

advise on
all pump
requirements

———

Gee JONES WILLCOX PATENT WIRE BOUND HOSE outlasts
Several Rubber Hoses. It is very strong and durable and flexible.

W. H. WILLCOX i CO., e

23, 32, 34, & 36

Qe hl soutnwark siroct; aaah
AT LONDON. ;

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VJNCENT cuae WESTMINSTER, S.W.

57

FAME

CASTLES’ “MAN-O’- WAR” TEAK-BUILT

GARDEN FURNITURE.

THE ‘‘ALEXANDRA” (Type A).

(Admiralty Shipbreakers),
BALTIC WHARF, MILLBANK, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL AND ROYAL BOTANICAL SOCIETIES’ MEDALS.

ORCHIDS. ORCHIDS.

IMPORTED. ESTABLISHED. RARE AND CHOICE VARIETIES,

ORCHID SEEDLINGS a Great Speciality.

FOR PRICES AND PARTICULARS APPLY TO

THEODORE PAUWELS, Orchid Specialist,

MEIRELBEKE STATION, near Ghent (BELGIUM).

BULBOUS IRISES.

By Prof. M. FOSTER, Secretary of the Royal Society.

PROFUSELY ICLUSTRALEEe,

An exhaustive treatise on these beautiful plants. Almost every species is
fully described and illustrated, and particulars as to distinguishing character-
istics, growth, time of flowering, native country, &c., are given.

May be obtained from
THE R.H.S. OFFICE, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, sS.W.
Price is. 6d. Post Free.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S,W.

b8

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.

Special Fertilisers
for LAWNS, TENNIS COURTS, GOLF GREENS, CRICKET PITCHES,

&c. For encouraging the finer grasses and checking daisies and other weeds. It has
no offensive smell ;

for GENERAL GARDEN USE, VEGETABLES, &c.;
for VINES AND FRUIT TREES. Soluble in character.

Also Bones and Bone Meals, Superphosphates, Basic Slag, Potash Salts .—Muriate, Sulphate
and Nitrate, also Kainit; Rape Dust and Meal, Peruvian and Damaraland Guanos, Fish
Meal, Nitrate of Soda, Nitrate of Lime, Sulphate of Ammonia, &c.

Horticultural Price List on application.

HY. RICHARDSON G COMPY.., Skeldergate Bridge, YORK.

MAURICE PRICHARD,

Hardy Plant Nurseries, Christchurch, Hants.
A LARGE STOCK OF HARDY ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

HARDY AQUATIC, BOG AND MARSH PLANTS.
DESCRIPTIVE . LIST © FREE.

SPECIAL TERMS FOR QUANTITIES OF HARDY PLANTS FOR NATURALIZING.
ADVICE GIVEN FOR THE FORMATION OF .ROCK GARDENS IN NATURAL STYLE.

Samples of Flowers can be sent by Post, named for selecting, during the Season.

RIVERS’

Fruit Trees, Roses, Vines, Figs,
Oranges, and Orchard-House
Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,
POST FREE, 34d.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

SAW BPRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.
Station: HARLOW, G.E.R.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

59

RLS. EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE,

1—GENERAL EXAMINATION.
Candidates must be eighteen years of age or over eighteen.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

(Entrance fee, 5s.)

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, sympathising with the efforts of
various County Councils, Technical Institutes, Schools, Gardeners’ Mutual Improve-
ment Societies, and other bodies to promote instruction in Practical Horticulture by
means of Lectures, Demonstrations, &c., and in the hope of rendering such teaching
more definite and effective, have consented to hold an Examination in Horticulture
on Wednesday, April 21, 1909.

The Society is prepared to extend this Examination to residents in the Colonies;
and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces of India, arrangements
have been made to hold this Examination in 1909—altered and adapted to the
special requirements of India—at Saharanpur.

A Scholarship of £25 a year for two years is offered by the Royal Horticultural
Society, to be awarded after the General Examination, to be held on April 21, 1909,
to the Student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to accept the conditions attach-
ing thereto. The main outline of these conditions is that the holder must be of the
male sex, and between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years, and that he should
study gardening for one year at least at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, conforming
to the general rules laid down there for Students.

2.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

For Juniors under eighteen years of age.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

(Entrance fee, 2s. 6d.)
Candidates will be expected to possess a general elementary knowledge of the
following subjects :—

1. Surveying and Landscape Gardening : Elements of.

2. Choice of Site for Garden.

3. Description and use of Imrlements under each head.

4, Operations connected with the Cultivation of the Land, with explanations and illustrations of
good and bad methods; Digging and Trenching: Draining; Hoeing, Stirring the Soil, and
Weeding; Watering: Preparation of Seed Beds; Rolling and Raking, Sowing, Transplanting
and Thinning; Potting, Planting; Aspects, Positions and Shelter; Staking; Earthing and
Blanching, &c.

5. Propagation, Elementary Principles; Cuttings. Buddings and Grafting, Stocks used, Layering,
Division, Branch Pruning, Root Pruning; Old and Young Trees and Bushes. Training.

6. Fruit Culture: Open Air and under Glass; Small Fruits; Apples and Pears; Stone Fruits;
Gathering and Storing; Packing and Marketing. General Knowledge of Fruits, and Selection
of Varieties.

. Vegetable Culture: Tubers and Roots; Green Vegetables; Fruits and Seeds; Rotation of Crops
and Selection of Varieties.

8. Flower Culture, Outside and Under Glass.

9. Manures and their Application.

10. Improvement of Plants by Cros3-breeding, Hybridisation and Selection.

11. Arboriculture: Trees and Shrubs and their Culture.

12. Insect and Fungus Pests: Prevention and Treatment.

3.—SCHOOL TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN COTTAGE AND
ALLOTMENT GARDENING.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28, 1909.
(Entrance fee, 5s.)

The Royal Horticultural Society will hold an Examination in Cottage and Allot-
ment Gardening on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This Examination is intended for,
and will be confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It has been
undertaken in view of the increasing demand, especially in country districts, that the
School Teachers shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage and Allotment
Gardening, and of the absence of any test whatever of such capacity.

4.—PUBLIC PARKS EXAMINATION.
MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 1909.
(Entrance fee, 5s.)
Intended only for men employed in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County
Councils, City Corporations, and similar bodies, and not for general Gardeners.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society has consented to hold a Special
Examination for Gardeners employed in the London and other City and Public
Parks and Gardens on Monday, January 11, 1909, at their Hall in Vincent Square,
Westminster.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published-in connection with

these examinations, and the Syllabus may be obtained on application to the
Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, London, S8.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
60 ;

Rare Orchids. Specimen Orchids. Cheap Orchids.

Stove & Greenhouse Plants,

wv FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING. 4
a Q

s Prices on Application. %
o SA EP ON ae ON oS,

%,
%

<¢ JAMES CYPHER& SONS, ~%
Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.
WEEDS! WEEDS!! WEEDS!!!

One application of Harrison’s “ Reliable” WEED KILLER will keep your
Garden Paths, Carriage Drives, &c., free from Weeds for at least 12 months.
The best Killer for Daisy, Plantain, and Dandelion in Lawns.
Brightens the Gravel. Immense saving in Labour.

1 Gallon, 2/8, drum, 9d., carriage, 9d.; 2 Gallons, 5/4, drum, 1/3, carriage, 1)-;
RELIABLE 5 Gallons, 12/-, drum, 3/-, carriage paid; 10 Gallons, 21/6, drum, 5/-, carriage

paid; 40 Gallons, 75/-, cask, 5/-, carriage paid.
WEED Trish Orders are not subject to these carriage terms, but are paid to any
K ILLER: English port. Full price allowed for all drums and casks, if returned in good
condition, carriage paid, within two months.
N.B.—In the prices of the above please note that this Weed Killer mixes 1 to 50
of water, being double the ordinary strength. One gallon mixed with 50 gallons of water will cover
an area of from 150 to 200 square yards effectively. There is no smell to this “‘ Weed Killer.”

GEO. W. HARRISON, Horticultural Chemist, 449 prota DoPantment,

Broa
TESTIMONIALS ON Meerreione oad Street, READING.

ESTABLISHED 53 YEARS.

Lovers of Rare and Choice Alpines and Herbaceous
Perennials should make a point of seeing :

THOMPSON & MORGAN’S
—— SEED CATALOGUE =—

Waich describes the largest Collection _of
Flower Seeds offered in England, also their

CATALOGUE OF HARDY PLANTS.

T. & M. possess a very large collection of this increasingly popular class of plants, which
———————__——_—— they will be pleased to show visitors by appointment, ————————____—_
BOTH LISTS POST FREE ON APPLICATION,

5 CARR ST., and HASLEMERE NURSERIES, IPSWICH.

KEYNES’ ROSES,
KEYNES’ DAHLIAS,
KEYNES’ VINES

are unsurpassed. Send for Catalogues.

KEYNES, WILLIAMS & CO.,

The Nurseries, SALISBURY.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
61

CAMPBELL’S PATENT

SULPHUR VAPORISER.

ee ABSOLUTELY
BEST REMEDY

FOR

Mildew and all

Diseases of .
Plants and E
Fruit Trees .

IN GREENHOUSES.

a
Campbell’s CAUSTIC ALKALI WASH, for the
winter washing of dormant fruit trees, kills all lurking Insects and Eggs,
and leaves tree in a healthier and cleaner condition amply repaying cost
and labour.

Campbell’s NICO SOAP, a mixture of Nicotine and
Soft Soap, destroys Aphis and Thrip infesting Plants, Fruit Trees, Hops, &c.,
far more effectual and cheaper than Quassia, Petroleum and other old-
fashioned mixtures.

Campbell’s BORDEAUX MIXTURE, instantiy

soluble in water, free from grit, and altogether both better and cheaper than
the home-made article.

Write for Price List and Particulars to

Fxors. ROBERT CAMPBELL,

Manufacturers of Nicotine, Weedkillers, Fumigators, Insecticides
and Fungicides, Manures, and all Chemicals for use in
Horticulture and Agriculture. .

Water Street, MANCHESTER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
62

|
~ VISIT IRELAND
“AN IDEAL SPOT.”

—Prof. Burbidge.

‘THE GARDEN of IRELAND.”

Most Picturesquely
located Hardy Plant
Nursery in Britain.

Rare Rhododendrons.
Novel Flowering Shrubs.
CONIFER.
Prolific Fruit Trees.

Vigorous Forest Trees.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

PENNICKS

DELGANY,

Co. WICKLOW.

Dublin, 17 miles.

“Methought ... the separate
Edens of this earth
To centre in this place.”’

500 feet Elevation

NATIVE F UANO Best and Cheapest Manure for all
Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers.

PRICE—£3 10s. per ton in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. at Works, or 5s. per cwt.
carriage paid to any Station in England.
EXTRACTS FROM THIRTIETH ANNUAL COLLECTION OF REPORTS—
NATIVE GUANO FOR POTATOES, YEGETABLES, &c.
H. Storr, Itchen: “‘ Vegetables gave entire satisfaction. Economical and Effective. Good preventative

of fly, slug, &c.”’ J. J. FORSTER, Baddily: “ Potatoes, splendid; cauliflowers, peas and cakbages,
best ITever had. Highly pleased.’’

NATIVE GUANO FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOES, &c.
J. SWAN, Weybridge: “‘ Vines, peaches, melons, tomatoes and cucumbers, excellent; lawns, beautiful
and green all the season.’ A.W. MyYnert, Lewisham: “ Tomatoes, raspberries, vegetables and
flowers, uniformly good. Perfectly satisfied. Very effective, good and cheap.”’

Orders to the NATIVE GUANO CO., Limited,

29 New Bridge Street, London, E.C.
Where Pamphlets of Testimonials. &c.. may be obtained. AGENTS WANTECL.

Chrysanthemums
NORMAN DAVIS, Specialist,

: NEARLY 40 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS ofall descriptions, and for all Purposes

My Exhibits at the R.H.S. Meetings have always secured for
me the leading award of all similar trade Exhibits, and my
collection is the most complete in existence.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.

__Nonsenies "_FRAMFIELD, SUSSEX,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S,W.
63

Photo. of ENTRANCE TO NURSERY.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

HERBACEOUS & ALPINE PLANTS.

Gold Medal awarded by the R.H.S.
Immense collection, embracing all the most recent novelties and
introductions of approved merit.
Choice Hardy Water Lilies, Bog Plants, Bamboos, Eremurus, &c.

BEGONIAS. DAHLIAS.

45 Gold Medals & Silver Cups awarded. 4 Gold Medals gained during 1908.

Roses, Clematis, and other climbers. Carnations, winter
flowering and border varieties.

CATALOGUES FREE BY POST. CALL OR WRITE.

THOS. S. WARE (O02) Ltd.

Nurseries, Seed and Bulb Establishment,

FELTHAM, Middlesex.

London Depot: 25 YORK ROAD, WATERLOO STATION APPROACH, S.E.

H. B. MAY & SON’S

AMATEUR’S GUIDE

AND
lilustrated Catalogue of
Ferns and Selaginellas,

enumerating upwards of 2,000 species and varieties, and
containing 160 fine illustrations, which give an admirable
idea of the habit and appearance of the various species and
varieties represented. It also gives many synonyms of the
Ferns, the countries of which they are natives, the average
height to which they grow, and descriptions, together with
a large amount of interesting matter of various kinds,
constituting it a highly valuable book for every fern lover,

Price 2s. Post Free.

DYSON'S LANE NURSERIES,
Upper Edmonton.

AGME LABELS

Samples and Price Lists free.

In 1905 these Labels were awarded a
SILVER BANKSIAN MEDAL, R.H.8. Show,

EUONYMUS | Chelsea
EUROPEUS | ihe heme

And in 1903 a
BRONZE MEDAL, National Rose Society Show
at Temple Gardens.

Of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen, or direct
from the Manufacturer,

JOHN PINCHES,

3 Crown Buildings, Crown Street
CAMBERWELL, S.E,

R.H.S. Advertisement. Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
64

12s. Volume I Now Ready. Ds.
Net. . Handsomely bound in Cloth gilt, gilt edges. Net.

The Nature Book

A Book for those who would know the Joys of the Open Air

With an Introduction on ‘‘ The Love of Nature,’””» by WALTER CRANE,
Profusely Illustrated throughout by photographs taken direct from Nature by
famous Naturalists.

“Reaches a high standard of'excellence. The letterpress is interesting and accurate, while the
illustrations are abundant and excellent. The popes fh ie secure a wide popularity, and.

prove of real service to teachers of Nature-study.” NATURE.

The Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew

Historical and Descriptive.

By W. J. BEAN, Assistant Curator.

Cloth, gilt back, 20s. net. Large Paper Edition, limited to 100 copies,
£3 3s. net. With an Introduction by SIR WILLIAM THISELTON-
DYER, late director of the Gardens. Illustrated with 20 Reproductions in
Colour from Paintings by H. A. OLIVIER, and 40 Reproductions of Photographs
by E. J. WALLIS.
“We are grateful for Mr. Bean’s pleasantly written history and present description, which
make holy ground of many ascertainable spots that we had thought of as mere areas of turf or

water. . . It will prove a rich inspiration to the leaders of enthusiastic parties that grcw more
numerous year by year.” DAILY NEWS.

CASSELL & CO... Ltd., La Belle Sauwadge, LONDON,

helt f G4 A | 55
AANA
Nie)

|
/ \\

AI iq) iy 5; i \

al WA Ill /, ANN WINVALILH

a q Bamboo Broom. iii
| | f

= ——

= =
SS

——

—S—S—_ .
————_ _~<-
——=—S——

—=

SS

a SSS

=

—=

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| fh
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if Patent No. 16692.

/
Uy /

dh

—

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<———

=

——

SS

———

| a FOR LAWNS, GOLF COURSES,
WAL,

AND GENERAL GARDEN USE.
A very great improvement on
the old Birch Broom or Besom.

Effects considerable saving of
time. Out-wears many Birch
rooms.

Does not strew its twigs on the green,

Price 1/9 each.

|
| REDUCTION ON TAKING A QUANTITY.
f

Length of Handle 4 feet.

OBTAINABLE OF ALL NURSERYMEN,
IRONMONGERS, AND STORES.

ee
Wholesale only of the Sole Manufacturers &

Proprietors,

MADE IN FLAT
TWO “ad G. B. KENT & SONS, Ltd.,
SHAPES. ROUND. 75 Farringdon Road, E.C.

R.H.S Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
65 €

OHLENDORFF'S .

‘PERUVIAN GU GUANO.
“FERTILITY ”

THE BEST HORTICULTURAL MANURE.
drat eh ei ikea abt

——————— =

SPECIAL CHRYSANTHEMUM MANURE,

LAWN ,

POTATO ’

TOMATO

VINE :

BONE MEAL, CRUSHED BONES,

AND ALL OTHER FERTILISERS,
OF 1) ar .

LAT

40d.
eo DTHE ANGLO CONTINENTAL (OuteNDORFF's)
GUANO WORKS, 15, LEADENHALL ST, LONDON.

ESTABLISHED CaP Riped INCORPORATED
A.D. 1804 “* ec . A.D 1809.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
TWO PRIZE ESSAYS

on the Commercial Aspects of

HARDY FRUIT GROWING

By L. R. CASTLE and S. T. WRIGHT

Report of the Second Annual Exhibition of, and

Conference on, British-grown Fruit

Held at the CRYSTAL PALACE under the auspices of the R,H.S., on
September 26, 27, and 28, 1895.

An Analysis of the Fruit exhibited on this occasion (for which we are indebted to the
kindness of the Editor of the “ Gardeners’ Magazine ’’) is included in this publication,
also Papers on the following g subjects :—

6
New Fruits of Recent Introduction,”
By G. BUNYARD, F.R.H.S., V.M

ae
Pruning Fruit Trees, af
By A. H. PEARSON, F.R.H.S.
Every Fruit Grower should send for a copy of this useful book, containing 107 pages of
letterpress.
Price Is. 6d. post free from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Vincent Square, London, S.W.

o————_—

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S,W,
66

HARTLEY « SUGDEN,

HALIFAX.

Makers of all Patterns of Heating Apparatus Boilers for

HORTICULTURAL HEATING.

LE “ia, Magazine
Feed

Sectional Boiler.

Will burn 12 to 18 hours and fully

; MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE.
CRT.
Poryck

PATERY 73758

ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY
GUARANTEED.

PROMPT DELIVERY.

Be iene For Prices
apply to your
post free Heating Engineer
a or
Horticultural
application. Builder.

WROUGHT WELDED ‘“SAVILE” BOILER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
67

»»)

a)

The Stafford Road Market Nursery Co.,

f

___. CRAVENHURST, SEAFORD. — LTD. |
Specialities. ORCHIDS, TREE CARNATIONS, ROSES, SWEET PEAS, and —

all kinds of Alpine Plants.
W. PINGO HORTON, Managing Director.

The Sunnyrise Market Nursery Co., Ltd.

Specialities. CUCUMBERS, TOMATOES, PEACHES and CRAPES,
LILIUMS, FORCED FRENCH BEANS, WINTER FLOWERING PLANTS of every kind.
W. PINGO HORTON, Managing Director,Cravenhurst, Seaford, SUSSEX.

MONOGRAPH ON

Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants.

The attention of Fellows is directed to'a handsome volume recently published by the Society
on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by Dr. M.C. Cooke, V.M.H. It consists of 280 pages
of letterpress, and is illustrated with 24 coloured plates, containing figures of 360 different
fungoid attacks, and 23 woodcuts. Each pest is described separately, and means for its
prevention or eradication are given, and the whole work is written so as to interest and instruct
the cultivator ia the simplest and most practical manner. The volume, as published, is half-
bound in calf, as it was considered probable that it would form the text-book on the subject
for very many years to come; and it thus makes an admirable school prize or gift to a
eardener or student of nature. ,

Price 6s. post free from the

ROYAL HORTICULTOGRAL SOCIETY;
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

ESTABLISHED ONS INCORPORATED
A.D. 1804 ‘* GS) YD A.D. 1809.

Atk

CLASSIFIED LIST OF DAFFODIL NAMES,

(Issued by Order of the Council, July 1908, for Use at the Society’s Shows.)

At the request of the Daffodil Committee the Council recently appointed
a Committee to consider the best way of avoiding the confusion, and consequent
disputes, likely to arise from the recent multitudinous crossing, recrossing, and
intercrossing of the old Divisions of Magni- Medio- and Parvi-coronati. The
Committee have delivered their Report instituting an entirely new system of
classification, which the Council have (with slight modifications) adopted and
confirmed, and ordered to be used at all the Society’s Shows. The Report con-
tains a list of every Daffodil known to the Committee, together with the name
of the raiser as far as it could be discovered, each flower known being allotted
to its appropriate class. The Report has been printed in handy book form, and

can be obtained é
Price Is. post free from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Vincent Square, London, S.W.

—_ —— CF -—C—CC—C— LE
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE) WESTMINSTER, S.W.
68

BY PERMISSION
OF H.M.’s TREASURY,

CORRY’S concentrated WINTER DRESSING
for FRUIT and other TREES.

For the destruction of all Insect Germ and Pests that shelter in the Bark during the
Winter Months.

This preparation has been most successfuly tested under special supervision by practical
Growers and is highly recommended by all Fruit Growers.

PRICES.— Pint, 1/—; Quart, 2/-; Half-Gallon, 3/6; 1 Gallon, 6/—; 3 Gallons, 17/-;
5 Gallons, 27,6; 10 Gallons, 54/-.

Important _to Gardeners and Fruit Growers.

66 NIQU AS he Lee

The Most Successful NON-POISONOUS INSECTICIDE of the day.

ITS ADVANTAGES 'ARE—

Certain Death to all Insect Pests.

No possible injury to the most delicate Plant, Flower, or Foliage.

It is by far the cheapest Insecticide known. One pint makes ten to twelve gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, &c., whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy Bug, and Scale can be
thoroughly eradicated by using ‘* NIQUAS”’ double or three times the strength required for
Fly.

PRICES.—Pint, 1/-; Quart, 1/9: Half-Gallon, 3/—; Gallon, 5/-. Kegs, each, five
gallons, 22,6; ten gallons, 42/6.

Ask for Testimonials, of which some Hundreds have been received.

LETHORION

IMPROVED METAL

Vapour Cone Fumigator,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

1866.

Registered oes Mark, 62, 957, PEED CED Io

_This well-known invention for the entire eradication of all pests infesting vegetation
under glass is now manufactured in a more simple and reliable form. The small candle
(which will be found packed with each Cone) has only to be lighted, and placed on the ground
in the centre of the Cone Frame, to produce immediate results. Nothing in the market car
equal it for efficiency and cheapness.

Cone No. 4, for 5,000 to 6,000 cubic feet. Price 2/— each.
Cone No. 3, for a well-secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price 1/-— each.
Cone No. 2, for a well-secured house of 1,000 to 1,200 cubic feet. Price 8d. each.
Cone No. 1, for frames 100 cubic feet. Price 6d. each.

Full Directions accompany each Cone.

ALL HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES SUPPLIED. BEST TERMS TO THE TRADE. TO BE HAD
FROM ALL SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS.

Manufactured by CORRY & CO., Limited, = « their
BONDED CHEMICAL WORKS, SHAD THAMES, S.E.

Offices and Showrooms: 713 & 15 Finsbury Street, LONDON, E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
69

Orchids - Orchids

Ghe MOST UP-TO-DATE and
COMPLETE COLLECTION
in the World.

HYBRIDS A GREAT SPECIALITY.

Botanical Curiosities, Albinos, Species.
The Finest Stock in Europe.

NO OTHER CLASS OF PLANT GROWN.

Particulars on application. Catalogues post free.
INSP&GCTION INVITED.

CHARLESWORTH @& CoO.,
Hayward’s Heath, SUSSEX.

ROBINSON'S SPECIALITIES.
RELIABLE SEEDS.

Every care is taken to send out the most SELECT STRAINS.

Sweet Peas a great speciality.

SUPERLATIVE BULBS.

Matchless samples of DAFFODILS, HYACINTHS for Pots and Bedding,
NARCISSI, TULIPS, MATCHLESS GLADIOLI, &c., &c.

The Finest Bulbs that can be procured are Imported from the most Reliable
Growers, and orders sent to Arthur Robinson will ensure the Sender every
satisfaction. Noted for Superlative Lawn Grass.

Catalogues on application.

ARTHUR ROBINSON, F.R.H.S,,

The old-established City Seedsman,
35 CAMOMILE STREET, CITY, E.C.

OTE NEW ADDRESS)

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
70

ESTABLISHED 1795.
WELL GROWN

ROSES, FRUIT, EVERGREEN,
and DECIDUOUS TREES.

Awarded Silver Flora Medal for Group of
Conifers, by the R.H.S., Oct. 13th, 1908.

CATALOGUES FREE.

JOHN JEFFERIES & SON, Ltd.,

Royal Nurseries, Cl RENC ESTE R,

ESTABLISHED sige

y
Wa INCORPORATED
A.D, 1804, to.

A:D. 1809.

AL SOCIETY. | 3
poval BORTICULTUR BILLITER HOUSE,BILLITER S* LONDON

THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION | [Bl ¢¢ PEIGNON”’

7 PATENT

1 CHESTNUT PALE |
FE NG.

Ci
CHEAPEST FENCING IN THE WORLD

4) CATTLE, SHEEP, HORSES. PIGS, DOGS ere,
WRITE FOR We BEWARE oF IMITATIONS.

“NODA ‘ sis
My (CN Mela Sal

lini a aN
nga ' : i r d dal Ut

.

OF

British Grown Fruit
will be held in ae

= SOCIETY'S HALL, WESTMINSTER ::

ON

THURSDAY AND FRIDAY
October 14 and 15, 1909.

© 4 MS A =>
cn ==

© Fa eeiendl

—
Ss

4
é

iiitye

HALL _

c—~<

For Schedule of Prizes, apply on or after
March 31, 1909, to the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Vincent Square, London, S.W.

i EnTe ATs

if

ey TSS ip Sate Ae ae ate lle SE ane ee ee
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
vial

The Bowdon Nurseries, ALTRINCHAM.
In addition to a general Nursery Stock a speciality is made of Orchids
in great variety, Roses in pots, including all the new varieties, Mal-

maison and Winter-flowering Carnations, Herbaceous Plants, Dahlias,
Xg Ng Palms, Cut Flowers, and Floral Decorations. 4 Xg

Catalogue Free.

BEGONIAS.

lilustrated List of my Gold Medal Begonias, for
bedding and pot culture, sent post free. Also
Gloxinias, Cinerarias, &c.

A. Lu. GWILLIM,

Cambria Nursery, New Eltham,
KENT.

MUSHROOM SPAWN

BARTER’ S PROLIFIC.

8,509 lbs. of Mushrooms gathered in 4 weeks from test beds of
this year’s make. To learn how to do it send for

“MUSHROOMS AND HOW TO GROW THEM,”

By JOHN F. BARTER. Post Free, 1/2. And use

BARTER’ S SPAWN.
JOHN F. BARTER, Ltd... WEMBLEY, R.S.O.
SPECIALITY.

ODONTOGLOSSUM GRISPUM

The True Pacho Type.
CONSIGNMENTS NOW ARRIVING.
Prices on A pplication.

H. A. TRACY, Orchid Nursery,

TWICKENHAM.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office: _VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

(2

GUERNSEY GROWN BULBS.

On account of the mildness of our climate and the almost complete absence of frost,
bulbs grown in Guernsey mature to perfection and produce the best possible results.

We make a Speciality of

ANEMONES, FREESIAS, GLADIOLI, IRIS,
IXIAS, NARCISSUS, TULIPS, &c., &c.

CATALOGUES FREE.

W. MAUGER & SONS, Guernsey.

G. REUTHE, rF.r.u.s.

(For nearly 25 years with WARES as Manager, Plant Collector, &c.)

The Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nursery, KESTON, KENT.

Dew and Rare bardy Plants,

As well as a Selection of all the Best

. ALPINES and other PERENNIALS, NYMPHAEAS, LILIES, HIMALAYAN
RHODODENDRONS, RARE SHRUBS, NARCISSUS and other BULBS. FORMATION
of ROCKWORKS, &c.

Supplied strong, healthy, and true toname. Catalogue free on application.
A TRUE PLANT FOOD. Ay,
THE ONLY FORM OF oS f
NITROGEN THAT |
FEEDS THE PLANT See ae
IMMEDIATELY

IT IS
APPLIED.

4

for

FLOWERS, FRUIT, |
and VEGETABLES.

Can be bought of all Leading
Dealers. in Manures.

Sample 41b. Tins, for experiment, price
1/-, with full directions, are obtainable
from all Seedsmen, Florists, &c.

THE PERMANENT

f NITRATE COMMITTEE, |

FRIAR’S HOUSE, 39/41 NEW BROAD STREET,
LONDON, E.C.
Will supply Pamphlets, gratis, upon application.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, ,WESTMINSTER, S.W.
73

TRANSFORMED into a perfect sward of beautiful rich
coloured grass by a dressing of ‘‘CLIMAX” LAWN
SAND, which, if sprinkled over the grass, possesses the
remarkable property of destroying Moss, Daisies, Plantains and
other weeds on Lawns, Tennis Courts, Bowling and Golf Greens,
at same time promoting the growth of the finer grasses to such an
extent that the spaces previously occupied by the disfiguring weeds
are quickly covered by a perfect sward of fine, close-growing grass,
of good colour, which will retain its freshness under adverse
conditions of continuous use and drought.

WHEN TO “CLIMAX” LAwn SAND may be applied at almost
APPLY any season of the year, selecting a dry morning with

a prospect of 24 to48 hours of settled weather.
Should the weather be very hot and dry, copious waterings should
be given at the expiration of 48 hours.

nek GREENS,
wh ETC. br)

QoS

THE Of an application is apparent within a few hours, the weeds blacken and die,
EFFECT but the grass ouickly recovers its colour and young growths appear on the bare
spots previously ozcupied by the weeds.
QUANTITY 28 lbs. will dress 100 square yards (i.e., 10 yards by 10 yards) where weeds are
REQUIRED plentiful: but where there are only few weeds, the above quantity will dress
150 square yards.
PRICES. Packages free; sample tin 1/-; 7lbs. 2/-; 141bs. 3/6; 281bs. 6/s;
CARRIAGE PAID. 56lbs. 1/-; 1 cwt. 20/-; 5 cwt. 90/-; 10 cwt. 170/-; 20 cwt. £16-10-0. <p

ON CARRIAGE DRIVES, PATHS, ROADS, &c., by a Single
Application of CLIMAX WEED KILLER.

BY ITS USE hoeing and weeding are dispensed with, and the surface
remains ina firm and bright condition. Although poisonous, there is
no danger attending its use when used according to the directions
printed on each package. It does not burn, stain, nor smell offensively.
It has been used extensively during the past fifteen years by surveyors,
Local Government Boards, estate agents, gardeners, and others, in
every county in the United Kingdom.

LIQUID One gall. makes 51 galls., sufficient for 160 to 200 square yards.
WEED PRrIcEs (carriage paid): 3-gall., 2/3 (tin free); 1 gall... 3'6 (drum
KILLER 9d.): 2 galls., 7/= (drum !1/6); 3 galls., 10/- (drum 2/-); 4 galls.,
126 (drum 2/6): 5 galls., 15/- (drum 2/6); 10 galls., 27/6 (drum 5/-);
20 galls., 55/= (cask 5/-); 40 galls., 100/- (cask 5/-). Cost of drums will
be refunded when returned, carriage paid, in good order and condition.

POWDER Packed in air-tight tins. Mixes readily in cold water without heat or fumes.

WEED Equal! in effectiveness to the liquid. Convenient to store and handle, it will

KILLER keep for an indefinite period. Measure to make small quantity enclosed with
each order.

PRICES No. 1 Tin makes 25 galls. to dress 80 to 100 yards, 2/3; 2 tins, 3/9; 12 tins,

(Carriage paid) 21/-. No. 2 Tin makes 100 galls. to dress 320 to 400 sd. yards, Tl; 2 tins,

Tins free. 14/-; 5 tins 326; 10 tins, 62/6; 20 tins, 120/-. ep

AND THE GROWTH OF ALL PLANTS GREATLY IMPROVED BY
ONE OR TWO DRESSINGS OF

66 §9§ A valuable manure, which, in addition to
A Re promoting the growth of all plants, will also

destroy every variety of insect in the soil.

It is a dry non-poisonous powder which may be used with safety at any
season. It should be freely used during autumn, winter and spring
digging to destroy wireworm and the larve of other insects in the soil.
FOR SLUGS, ANTS, AND WOODLICE, a light sprinkling on the
surface is quite sufficient, but for wireworm, eelworm, millepedes and
other pests of'a similar nature, it should be dug into the soil. When
inaking up heaps of potting soil, manure or leaf mould, an occasional
sprinkling as the work ‘proceeds will destroy worms and other insects,
and also increase its manurial value. By a free use of * ALPHOL,”’
ground which previously teemed with insect life will grow splendid
crops.

QUANTITY REQUIRED :—On medium and heavy land 28lbs. will dress 250 square yards,

or 5 ewt. will dress an acre; on light sandy land, 25 % more will be required, for compost and
manure heaps 7 to 14 Ibs. to each ton.

PRICES 7 1bs., 2/-; 14 Ibs., 3/-: 28 1bs., 5/=; 561bs., 8/6; 1 ewt., 15/-;
(Carriage paid) 5 cwt., 75/-; 10 ewt., £7; 20 cwt., £13. 10s. (Sample Tin, 1/-,
postage 4d.).

Any Enquiry welcomed by the Manufacturers,

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., Ltci., CRANMER ST., LIVERPOOL.

-R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

74

Continued from page 35.
Rhododendrons (Himalayan) — G-
REUTHE, 73; R. VEITCH, 55.
Rockwork—T. B. HARPHAM & SON, 42.
Roses—BARNHAM NURSERIES, LTD., 20;
R. BH. BATH, LTD., 38; G. BUN-
YARD & CO. (3rd Cover); CARTER
PAGE & CO., 42; DICKSON & CO.,
7: HUGH DICKSON, 21; G. JACK-
MAN & SON, 27; J. JEFFERIES &
SON, 71; KEYNES, WILLIAMS &CO.,
61; KING’S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., 16; H. LANE & SON (Green
Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings); LAXTON BrRoOs., 6; H.
Low & Co.,10; PENNELL & SONS,
39: G. PRINCE, 46; T. RIVERS &
Son, 59: J. ROBSON, 72; W. H.
‘ROGERS & SON, 23; J. SLATER, 21;

D. W. THOMSON, 43; WARE, 64.

Seeds—R. H. BATH, LTD.,38; J. CARTER
& CO. (2nd Cover); CARTER PAGE
& Co., 42; G. & A. CLARK, 49;
stele & ROBINSON, 9; H.
ECKFORD (Inset between Advt. pages
32 & 33); H. J. JONES, LTD., 23;
EK. W. KING & CoO., 46; KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD., 16; CHR.
LORENZ, 18; J. MURRAY & SONS
(Green Inset Facing page 306); A.
ROBINSON, 70; ANT. ROOZEN: &
SONS, 23; SUTTON & SONS (Out-
side Cover) : R. SYDENHAM, 3; D.
W. THOMSON, 43; THOMPSON &
MORGAN, 61; T.S. WARE, LTD., 64;
es Sarena = Laveen 48.

Sprayers
LUZY FRERES, 51.

Sulphur Vaporiser—CAMPBELL, 62.

Summer Houses—G. W. RILEY, 53.

Sweet Peas—R. BOLTON, 18; HENRY
ECKFORD (Inset between Advt. pages
32 & 33); E. W. KING & Co., 46;
STAFFORD ROAD NURSERY CO., 63;
R. SYDENHAM, 3.

Sundials—F. BARKER & SON, LTD., 13.

Tents and Tarpaulins—JOHN UNITE,
en: , 52.

Tomato (Moneymaker) — Dickson &
ROBINSON, 9.

Tree Pruners—STANDARD MIANUFAC-
TURING CoO., 77

Trees — See Ornamental Trees, and
Flowering Trees and Shrubs.

Tubs for Shrubs— ALEX. HAMILTON, 11.

Turf Loam (Fibrous Yellow)—A. B.
JOHNSTON, 44.

Vapour Cone Fumigator (Lethorion)—
CORRY & GO., 69.

Weed Killer—BoUNDARY CHEMICAL, 74;
BRITISH FERTILIZER CO., 44; G. W.
HARRISON, 61; HUNTER & GOW,
45; TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, 30.

Winter Dressing for Fruit Trees—
CORRY & CO., 69; MORRIS, LITTLE
& SON, 76.

, 44; DE

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R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

75

IMPORTANT—NOW IS _THE_TIME

to Dress your Fruit Trees with

LITTLE’S * +4
ae ae PESTICIDE :

to ensure a Good Crop next Season.

From Sir Nicholas Gosselin, Aughnamullen, Ballybay,
Co. Monaghan, October 16th, 1908.

R
“T gave the Pesticide which I got from you
avery good trial, especially on Apple trees badly
infested with ‘Spot,’ and on both Pear and
Apple Trees that were suffering from moss,
Slime, &c., the effects of damp and bad manage-
ment. I left some trees untouched and the
difference was most remarkable. A Blenheim
Orange that I was going to root out has a crop
of lovely apples absolutely free from the disease.
‘The application has a good deal to do with
the success of the Wash. It must be thoroughly
applied and several times in bad cases. The
bark of the trees I used it on are so smooth
and glossy, you would imagine they were washed
and polished.”

Write for Pamphlet, with full particulars and reports.

MORRIS, LITTLE & SON, LTD.,
DONCASTER. ,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
16

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77

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ec , F
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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

We are always pleased to consult with Gentlemen or their Gardeners about proposed Garden Work, or with Architects or others as to Heat ing, Ventilation, &c.
We place our experience entirely at the service of our clients, and guarantee our workmanship to give entire satisfaction,
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Telephone: Central 2674, 2675 & 4665.

FRUIT TREES

| which have gained the
Highest Awards of the Royal Horticultural Society.

GOLD MEDAL For a Superb Collection of Fruit Trees in pots

Aug. 6th, 1907. and a Magnificent Collection of Gooseberries.

GOLD MEDAL

For a Superb Collection of Apples and Pears.
Dec, 31st, 1907,

Grown at me
LANGLEY
near FELTHAM
SLOUGH
STATION MIDDLESEX
G.W.R. L.S.W.R.

Please Visit the Nurseries and inspect the trees, also write for
Catalogues to

JAMES VEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,
CHELSEA,
os an VA LONDON.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :--VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,

79

No true Amateur of the
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unique place occupied by
KELWAY’S as the sole —
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PYRETHRUM and other
Hardy Perennials for the
HERBACEOUS BORDER
so characteristic of the best
school of English gardening.

GC, Kelway’s Manual of Horticulture, price
ls. 6d., will be sent post free on request.
The price will be refunded to customers.

KELWAY & SON

THE ROYAL. HORTICULTU Riss.

LANGPORT, SOMERSET

Awarded the GOLD MEDAL of the
FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION, 1908

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
80

Kent, the Garden Of england

GEORGE BUNVARD a CO

LIMITED.

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Planting October to April.

Frequent Trains from London by the Chatham and Dover Railway (book to Barming for
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iv FI fh
Rae)

=

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~ i Ay “
is

WINTER
DECORATION.

SUTTON’S —
CYCLAMEN

SEED SHOULD BE SOWN IN
OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER,

SUTTON’S GIANT WHITE.

One of the largest Cyclamen ... ee ... per packet, 2S. 6d.

SUTTON’S GIANT SALMON PINK.

A beautiful shade. Flowers much larger than our Salmon Queen

per packet, 2S, 6d.
SUTTON’S GIANT CRIMSON,

A charming contrast with Giant White ... per packet, 2S. 6d.
SUTTON’S GIANT, mixed.
Includes all the finest colours + ... per packet, 2S. 6d.

SUTTON’S SUPERB FRINGED.

Singularly beautiful fringed flowers ...

SUTTON & SONS, Sccosmex. READING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

e ‘to ‘Non-Fellows) 1s. 6d. a

_~—

Vol. XXXIV. Part Ill.

JOURNAL

SEF OF THE

Royal Houta Soci

- EDITED BY

PFS J. CHITTENDEN, ‘FL.

*

The whole. of the contents of this volume are copyright. For permission to
Soe: eeprcetice any of, the articles application should be made to the Council.

\ Pe Ss | CONTE NTS. PAGE

Conference on Spraying of Fruit Trees fg es oy ca .. 805
- Garden Design.—Comparative, Historical, and Ethical, |. By T. H.
-._ Mawson, Hon. A.R.1.B.A. : >a) SOE
/ Garden Design.—Comparative, Historical, and Ethical, are By T. H.
==- Mawson, Hon. A.R.1.B.A. 373

~The Practice of Garden Design. By Se H. ‘Mawson, ‘Hon. ARALB.A. 384
| ~The Influence of Geology on Horticulture. By C. H. Hooper, M. R.A.C. 394

Modifications of Leaves and Stipules. By Rev. Professor G. ee

“=- WGA; F-LSS., V.M.H. ig EL
~ British ‘Wild Flowers in the Garden. By J. W. Odell, F_R.H.S. | 419
~The Cultivation of Citrus Fruits in the West Indies. By A. J. Brooks,

F.R.H.S.. we 430
~The Old Gardens of italy. “By J. Cheal, F. R.H.S. ... ie = =. 446 -|
The Chrysanthemum. By D. B. Crane, F.R.H.S._ ... 452 |
=e aEN, Nitrification of Sewage Effluents. By W. D. Scott- Moncrieff,

F.R-H.S... ee 462,
~ Gooseberry ‘Mildew and Gooseberry Cultivation. By. Profesor ‘Jakob

= * Eriksson —... 2 zs FS oF ..- - £69
The Public Garden in Funchal, “Madeira. " By ‘Alaricus Delmard,

{> +6. R.H.S. és ae: oes ae ins see ai. Te
ae Essays on Evolution.” A Criticism by Rev. Professor G. Henslow,

M.A., V.M.H. = ak nA 3 Be wa = 280
Hybrids ‘of Nerine flexuosa. By A. Worsley... a. hs ae .. 488
Contributions from the Wisley Laboratory. ‘"V.. The Inoculation of

53 Leguminous Crops. By F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S. .. 491
Report of se gba Chemist. as Dr. A. Secleneh: M. A., F.1.C. ... 498
‘Commonplace Notes. : 2 SS. ODE
“Book Reviews ... ve eae sa — aa a 2. 2 OOD

~ Report on Potatos at Wisley = ie Si a as 53. 3. BOAO

~ Report on Potatos from different Localities van ec ee ies .. 938
Report on Beets at Wisley... fe =< me «. ~ 539
‘Report on Miscellaneous Vegetables at. Wisley ee <a a ws, 045
Report on Miscellaneous Flowering Plants at Wisley ... = ax es

- Report on Manures, Appliances, &c., 1908... <a a Ww io SBSE
_ Additions to Library, 1908.. ae . 2 2 DOS
Books, Plants, &c., presented to. Laboratory and ‘Garden ats a. 558
- Abstracts ei .. 964
Meetings: :—General, p. “CIXxxix ; Scientific Committee, p. ‘eexvi; Floral

- Committee, p. ccxxviii ; Fruit and Vegetable Committee, p. oex|vii;

Orchid Committee, p. ‘eclv:

Notices to Fellows .. CCIXXv
. ecexciii

_» Indexes to Vol. xxxiv
= Advertisements. Waelex. to Raverimonteais: Adut. ndgek 34 ane 36.

= .

: 43 RAL S. Office for Advertisements and all Communications,

VINCENT SQUARE, S.W.
fhrinfed for Be (Ropaf Horticutfuraf Soctety

Ory
LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM

2 ‘ R a HARVARD UNIVERSITY

hts reserved.

. ae 2 THE GIFT OF

| | “ “CARTERS

: ; re SSESTED

JAMES CARTERECa : pie ere
SEED GROWERS ul ATED LIST POST FREE xe sigh FESTED

2378. HIGH HOLBORN. LO

At the White City last summer we made our first demonstration before the public of one of the systems
of hw CARTERS TESTED SEEDS are tested.

All our Seeds are tested before being distributed. Again, they are grown at one of our Trial Grounds,
at the same time as our Customers grow them, to full maturity, so that we may assure ourselves of the
quality and trueness of each variety. By examining our trials from time to time we know exactly how the
produce of our Seeds should appear in the gardens of our Customers all over the World, making allowances
for the various climates, and by the aid of our comparative tests (we try all British and Continental Seeds of
repute) we can assure ourselves that our Customers are growing “the best and only the best.”’

In our Miniature Trial Ground at the Franco-British Exhibition we were showing one of our three
methods, and visitors had'the unique opportunity of examining over 200 varieties of Annual Flowers,
120 varieties of Sweet Peas, and over 100 different varieties of Grasses and Clovers as used for Lawns,
Putting Greens, and Agricultural purposes.

Apart from the AW ARDS gained in International Competition, the produce of CARTERS
TESTED SEEDS during Seasons 1907-8 have won 7,418 PRIZES.

Carters QUITE CONTENT Tall Maincrop Marrowfat Pea.

The Largest, Sweetest, and most Prolific Marrowfat Pea for Exhibition or the Table.
Pods 74 inches long. 1st Class Certificate’ R.H.S. 1906.
Price 3/6 per pint, 2/- per 4 pint, A/- per packet. Post free.

Carters SCARLET EMPEROR RUNNER BEAN.

The Longest Smooth Exhibition Scarlet Runner, with pods 1543 inches long, hanging in clusters.
It is very prolific, and of a most refined flavour.
Price &/G per quart, 2/G per pint, 1/+ per packet. Post free.

Carters LARCE FLOWERED SWEET PEAS.

All the finest and up-to-date varieties, separate or mixed. Price Sale, Gdle, and I/- per packet.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE:

Seedsmen by Appointment to His Majesty the King,

BY aa 238, and 97 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON,

ak abet I Holborn. ENGLAND.
Only CITY Branch:

53a QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C.

(Opposite Mansion House Station.) Telephone—941 Bank.

Fine & > aa ws

ME GOP NEN PE eee HT,”

JOURNAL

OF THE

RovaL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. XXXIV. 1908.

Part III.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES.

FRIDAY, OcTOBER 16, 1908.
PROGRAMME.

MorRNING SESSION—11 a.m. to 1 P.M.
Chairman.—Colonel Warde, M.P.

Papers.

“ Spraying for Fungus Pests.’’ Mr. Geo. Massee, V.M.H., F.L.S.
“ Spraying as an Insurance.” Mr. H, F. Getting, F.R.M.S.

AFTERNOON SESSION—2.30 p.m. to 4.80 P.M.
Chairman.—Colonel Long, M.P.

Papers.

“Washes used as Insecticides and Acaricides.”” Mr. F. V.
Theobald, M.A.
“ Spraying and Spraying Machinery.’’ Mr. Geo. Hammond, F.R.H.S.

Morning Session, CouongEL Warps, M.P., in the Chair.

THe CHarrman: Ladies and gentlemen, I am very much obliged indeed
to the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society for giving me an
opportunity or being here to-day, and I need hardly say how glad I am to
be able to accept its invitation to take the Chair on an occasion like this,
an occasion interesting to all of us, but perhaps especially to those who
come from the part of the country from which I come, namely, Kent,
because in Kent nearly all the land that is not under cultivation of hops
VOL. XXXIV. x

306 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is under fruit cultivation ; and that being the case the subject of fruit-
spraying must interest the county of Kent as much as or more than
any other county. But although it has been the practice in Kent for
so long to deal with hop-washing and fruit-spraying, from all I can
gather I fear the subject is still in its infancy, and one concerning
which we have a great deal to learn, and therefore everyone here must
be looking forward with great interest to the papers we have been
promised.
I will therefore at once call upon Mr. Massee to read his paper.

“ SPRAYING FOR Funaus PgEsts.”’

Mr. GrorcEe Massze: In the first place I should like to emphasize
one point, which is that my remarks apply entirely to spraying for fungi

1 2

Fic. 63.—SHOWING AMOUNT OF SURFACE COVERED BY SPRAYING WITH
(1) A COARSE SPRAY, (2) A FINER SPRAY.

and not for insects. From what can be gathered it appears there is a far
greater amount of success attending spraying for insects than spraying
for fungi. Possibly most people expect too much from spraying. There
is, for instance, an idea that when a plant is sprayed it is perfectly covered
all over, that is, if it is well done. This is a serious mistake. The
illustrations from photographs of sprayed leaves (fig. 63) show tbat only a.
portion of the surface of the leaf is covered. This in the case of many
insect pests is*practically immaterial. The caterpillar moves along and
brings itself into contact with something that causes death; but if the
particular part of the leaf on which.the fungus is growing is not covered,

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 307

of course it goes on developing as before. Again, many people, I believe,
have an idea that so long as the spraying mixture, whatever it may be,
is evident on the leaf, that leaf is perfectly safe from infection. That
also is a very misleading conception on the part of those who entertain
it in connection with spraying. I have repeatedly, after the end of a
month, when the leaf has been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, known a
fungus to grow perfectly freely on the surface of the Bordeaux mixture.
That is a common experience, and not my own only; it can be found
in almost every pamphlet dealing with the subject. Again Bordeaux
mixture will not prevent the development of a fungus that was present
previous to the spraying. Its development goes on much as usual.
Numerous instances are on record of that. The common scab fungus
causes defoliation all through the season. If you absolutely cover that
carefully—I mean, as you can do in the laboratory—with Bordeaux
mixture, giving it a far better covering than you get when spraying over

a ten-acre field, it goes on just as usual. Many others are the same; it is
go with the pea scab and the scab of the broad bean and the scarlet
runner. The fungus may be painted over with Bordeaux mixture, but it
grows on and comes through, and will propagate as usual in spite of the
Bordeaux mixture. That is a point of importance, and it shows the
fallacy of holding that so long as the spray is obviously on the leaf your
tree is safe. Quite recently an American has been devoting consider-
able attention to this matter in connection with apple scab; and pro-
bably apple scab is the one thing pre-eminent, the thing we are most
desirous of preventing, and the thing we are least successful in
preventing. He found that by taking apples where the scab was
present and covering them over carefully, so that every particle was
covered with Bordeaux mixture, from actual measurements the spots
under the Bordeaux mixture extended at exactly the same rate as at other
places that were not covered at all. This shows that there is perhaps
not as much good to be derived from fruit-spraying as we have been led
to believe. We expect too much from spraying. In the ordinary
course of things when spraying is done some result is expected. The
only benefit that can possibly be gained is to prevent to a certain degree
the extension of the disease, nothing more.

We imagine when a leaf is sprayed that any spores falling on that
leaf will be destroyed. This is generally true so long as the Bordeaux
mixture, or whatever other medium is used, remains effective ; but no one
quite knows how long it remains effective. That depends on many con-
ditions. The most important point is the climate. The spray may be
washed off, or it may be induced to undergo such chemical changes that
it entirely disappears at a very early stage. On the other hand, I dare
say there are plenty here who have done practical work, and can say with
perfect truth that they have succeeded, by means of spraying, in preventing
an epidemic. Undoubtedly spraying has its benefits, but the benefits,
I am afraid, are very much lower than we are generally led to expect.

I am sorry to say at the present day we have reached the point where
spraying has become a commercial business altogether. When a man
made his own spray solution, whatever it might be, it was most effective,
but now we are able to get ready-made stuff. I have not experimented:

x 2

808 | JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

so I will not condemn any, except in general terms, and say that the
ready-made stuff that you buy is not as good as the mixture you make
yourself at the moment—that is, if you make it properly.

Many of the arguments often brought forward in favour of spraying
will scarcely bear examination. Some one will write to the paper and
say: “I spray my orchard and have not a trace of disease.’ Perfectly
true; there might not have been any if it had not been sprayed. But
evidence of that kind is absolutely of no value whatever unless you have
some of the orchard left for comparison. Spray half your orchard and
compare notes, then you can say whether your spraying has been effectual,
and to what extent it has been effectual. You can even go to percentages.
Ido not think very much of figures; they are not always convincing ;
still if you have a control, you may take it for granted that other things
being equal the sprayed portion of the orchard would have been as badly
diseased as the unsprayed if it had not been sprayed, so that if there
is any beneficial result it is clearly indicated ; but when all the orchard
is sprayed, there is no check whatever. It must be admitted, I think, that
there are orchards that go through the season without any serious disease.
We have not reached that pitch where every orchard is badly infected,
by any means.

Another argument urged in favour of spraying is that, apart from
the fungicidal properties of the spray, the plant itself is benefited—
in what way has not been quite explained. Many people say: “My
crop was so much the better for spraying, apart from its fungicidal
action; the plants had no disease.” ‘This is, of course, generally brought
forward, more especially in connection with potatos. Some people
spray, and probably it pays them to spray; they say that the foliage
lasts longer, and consequently does more work and gives a better crop,
other things being equal, when the crop is sprayed twice during the
season. ‘That may be perfectly true. I have no evidence either for or
against it. Iaccept it as a statement; but certainly, so far as spraying
potatos is concerned, | am very doubtful whether any benefit can be
derived. The disease comes and appears on one portion of the foliage
in a particular part of the field. The spray is of value in preventing
the spread of that disease, so it is of value to the extent of check-
ing what would naturally and undoubtedly have taken place if no
spraying had occurred ; but at the same time we find, | am firmly con-
vinced, that there is not a tuber in Great Britain that is free from the
ordinary potato disease. A celebrated German scientist has gone to the
extent of saying there is not a tuber in Europe free from it. I am not
inclined to argue even on that point. There is one qualification to be
made, however; of course with a plant that is derived from seed (into
which the mycelium has not been known to pass) the tubers will be free
from disease; but a tuber which has been in the ground for more than
two seasons in all probability has become diseased, that is, it has mycelium
within it. We may have many seasons without any potato disease,
practically speaking, but that does not prove that the disease, or con-
ditions favourable for producing disease, is not in the potato. It only
means that external conditions favour the potato and check the growth of
thefungus. Every practical man knows that it only requires three muggy

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 309

or damp days to bring about potato disease simultaneously all over the
place. The disease appears, not in one plant in one corner to be
carried by wind, or rabbits, or game of any kind from one plant to
another, but simultaneously all over the field; and that simultaneous
appearance, of course, is against the theory of infection of any kind what-
ever. This case affords an illustration of a fact that applies in the case
of many fruit trees.

Most of you who have done any spraying will admit that Bordeaux
mixture is not the perfect success it might be. It is least successful
during a wet season, when the epidemic, as a rule, is most evident. It is
undoubtedly true that in a damp or wet season you have the greatest
amount of disease, and the spray is least efficient for several reasons,
for the physical reason that you cannot get it on the foliage to begin
with, and if you manage to get it on, the foliage is scorched and falls ;
- so, generally speaking, I should say that, although there is a certain
amount of good to be derived from summer spraying on foliage, it is
reduced to a minimum, and I should strongly advocate winter spraying
instead of summer spraying. Winter spraying is far more important.
You may apply far more drastic methods, since there is no fear of killing
any part of the plant during winter, than you can in summer, when it
is practically certain that the foliage will be scorched if anything in the
way of drastic measures be applied.

I may take the peach as the standard of plant or tree that will bear
the least strong sprays, or, in other words, that will scorch most readily.
On the other hand, I should point out the gooseberry leaves as fairly hard.
Much, of course, depends upon the season and upon the degree of hard-
ness. If spraying begins in early spring, or if a plant sprayed is growing
in a shady place where the foliage is soft, then scorching is likely to occur
and the spray is blamed. If the plant has been exposed to the sun no
burning or scorching follows. All these factors have to be taken into
consideration. The man who grows his plants in shady places proclaims
his failure. The man who has plants growing in the open says the
Spraying is quite a success. Of course, I believe, no amount of spraying
will atone for unclean cultivation. Some people nowadays think,
“Well, spraying has been advanced; I will spray them,’ and put all
their energies into spraying and nothing else. The result is invariable
failure. I do not want you to take one week, or one year, or one orchard,
but take the average together. Have we less disease at the present day
than we had before spraying was invented? In America, for instance, if
you read the spraying side you think, “Can there be anything left to
spray ? Absolutely impossible !’’ But in the Bureau of Statistics Record in
all probability the disease is found to be greater and greater every year ; but
I do not know whether it is greater in proportion to the area cultivated.
Of course the area cultivated becomes more and more extended every
year, so that if the disease only remained the same, we should get a
greater amount. But still diseases do exist, and we have as much disease
in Great Britain at the present day as we had before spraying was
discovered—that is, in proportion to the greater area. One reason for
this is the neglect of certain primary points that were carried out by
our forefathers, They seem to have had very much more time than

310 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we have; they got a lot more in; they did a lot more. Probably
they neglected some things. They must have done, otherwise . they
could not have had their conditions as good as ours, and that is
expressed by this idea: A man taking a farm to-day says, “I wonder
how long it will be before I can retire, having made a fortune out of the
thing, and leave it,’ as you know he would. With the man fifty years
ago when he took a farm his consideration was, ‘‘ Can I live and bring up
my family respectably on this farm?’’ That makes all the difference.
The man who wanted to live and continue on his farm put in a lot more
work of the proper kind than the man who takes it just as a means to.an
end, and that end to leave it as soon as possible ; and I am afraid that is

Fic. 64.—Prar ScaAB: THE FUNGUS ON LEAF AND FRUIT.

so with many of us in the present day. The primary object, though not,
of course, with all, is to accumulate money.

If you go round the orchards generally in the country you will
find a neglect of pruning. A branch here and another there are lopped
off and some are thinned out. Now for a while consider the case of
apple and pear scab. When the scab appears on the fruit (fig. 64) it
begins to appeal to the pocket. The grower never noticed it before,
although every penny pamphlet and every newspaper has told him
hundreds of times over that it generally begins on dead shoots; on
those dead tips that may be seen bristling out on every side of the tree
—that is where it begins—then it passes on to the foliage; then the
fruit appears, and it passes on to the fruit; so practically if there had
been no spores to infect the leaves there would be none to infect the

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES, 311

fruit. Such shoots should be removed of. course. No amount of
spraying of a dead branch will kill the winter form, especially if it is
in the form of living mycelium, which has to make its way out at the
proper time. Spraying is absolutely waste of time, waste of money,
and waste of energy from every standpoint. If those tips had been
removed, and if cleanliness were attended to, an epidemic would become
an impossibility ; fungus would be there, but not in sufficient quantity
to cause an epidemic—it has a perfect right to be there, as much as
the tree. You know we take a very one-sided view. We object to the
presence of fungus because it goes against our interest. Cleanliness
is the thing in almost every case; you will find that in most fungi there
is some arrangement for retiring for the winter somewhere, and the
thing is to apply as drastically as you can during the winter the various
methods that you can apply practically without any fear of doing harm,
and then you have less work to do in the summer. You may depend
upon it, if you leave the spray, or the preventive method, until the tree
is in bloom, nine times out of ten it will be a perfect failure. Of course
if you are going to do it in an experimental ground you will probably
spray five or six times during the season, and just when you want it,
and be perfectly certain. Those are’ the arguments usually brought
forward: somebody has a bad orchard and devotes time to it from
their certain standpoint, and they can very truly say, “ Look at the
perfect success.” But what you want to presume is what the every-day
grower can apply without any scientific arrangement of any kind whatever.
You want it to be to you as simple as sowing seed, or planting a tree, or
anything else you are familiar with. Unless the thing can be clearly
practicable, so that any ordinary workman can do it, it will, I think, be
called a complete failure.

Those are the main points. Iam afraid what I have to say will not
convince you; but I am perfectly convinced that winter work tells, and if
the two could be kept apart—summer work alone, and winter work alone—
I believe that winter work would be found more effective than summer
work, depending on the particular kind of disease of course. In the case
of scab to which I was referring, in every tree which has had scab for
several years you will find numerous dead shoots. Those dead shoots in
all probability harbour the disease, and the disease very often starts
from those points, and follows on to the foliage when the foliage is young.
It is only young leaves that can be infected. It is only young growing
parts that can be infected. When the part has become rigid, and
what is technically called hard, if you are dealing with foliage, then
it becomes no longer possible, or, if it is possible, the fungus produces
only insignificant blotches which do not interfere with the general
work of the foliage in a given tree. The spray that has perhaps proved
as effective as any for winter use in connection with apple and pear
scab is sulphate of copper—one pound of sulpbate of copper in twenty-
five gallons of water. You want to spray everything—not only the tree,
but the surrounding ground and everything near. Spores may reach
anywhere. It may be a mycological myth to say they do so, but I think
you will all admit one thing: if you had not spores floating about you
would not have the disease. I do not suppose anyone argues that the

812 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

disease is one of those visitations that come about in some indefinable
way without a definite reason for its appearance.

Trees that have been sprayed in Mortlake Orchard, carefully pruned—
I know you would say this is a laboratory experiment—all dead parts cut
away, twice sprayed during the winter, along with the surrounding
ground, with this sulphate of copper solution, pure and simple, have been
more free from scab than surrounding trees that have been sprayed
in the orthodox manner, beginning with soft foliage when you cannot
use Bordeaux mixture except in its diluted condition. If you begin
on young foliage you are reduced to two things: either use Bordeaux
mixture in such a diluted condition that you know in your own heart
it does no good, or use it stronger, and you are equally convinced it
will generally burn the foliage.

Finally, in connection with sprays. We speak of “sprays,” and
unfortunately that up to the present is far from the ideal. The ideal is
water vapour, the kind of thing that comes from the spout of a kettle of
boiling water. If we could have that it would settle down all over the
upper side and under side, and remain, if you stop spraying at the right
moment; but all our spraying machines, even the very best of them, send
out the water in obvious drops to begin with. These drops unfortunately
have a tendency, as you know in the case of rain on a window, to run
together and form larger drops; that is why you do not get your leaf
equally sprayed all over.. The longer you spray the worse it becomes.
That is, the drops are larger, and a less surface of the leaf is covered ;
and it is important to remember that the water does nothing; it is the
stuff in solution with the water. Unless the spraying material remains
on the tree, and the water evaporates, leaving whatever it may have
held, the spraying is a failure; and it is very important to know
when to cease spraying. The longer you spray the less material you
get on the leaves; and then if you conscientiously, and without any bias,
examine any tree that has been carefully sprayed you will see that in
90 per cent. the upper surface of the leaf has ten times more stuff on
it than the underside. There are all sorts of reasons for that. One
important reason is, as a rule, although the upper surface of the leaf
may be almost as smooth as glass, as in the case of ivy, the under
surface is not. It may look smooth, but if you magnify it you will find
it is covered with a more or less dense mass of hair, or very fine silk, and
the spray never touches it. It is rather important that the under surface
of the leaf should be sprayed—in fact it is very important—rather than
the upper surface of the leaf. That is the difficulty we are in. Of course
that is a point for some manufacturer to solve, to get a finer spray. If
we could get a spray similar to London fog there would be some hope

that it would settle down equally over both the upper and lower surfaces
of the foliage.

THe CuHaAtrMAN: I now propose to ask Mr. Wilks to read
Mr. Getting’s paper, and at its conclusion I will call on anyone who
wishes to discuss the matter.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 313

“SPRAYING AS AN INSURANCE.”’

Mr. H. F. Gertine: I could not refuse the honour of an invitation
from the Royal Horticultural Society to read a paper on the subject of
spraying fruit trees. But after seeing the names of the able scientific
men as speakers I feel somewhat diffident in speaking at all, and have
devoted a portion of my paper to suggestions and queries, with the object
of promoting discussion, which I consider of the greatest importance,
especially at a meeting like the present one.

Hach year, as my experience increases, I feel more strongly the.
necessity of spraying regularly, not waiting until a severe fungus or insect
attack is apparent, but, with very few exceptions, in anticipation—in fact,
just in the same way as we insure ourselves or our property against various
risks—for it is impossible on a fruit plantation of any size sufficiently care-
fully to examine the fruit trees or bushes to see if an attack is present in
the early stages. I say this as a general rule, to which there are possibly
exceptions. We may, of course, be guided to some extent during pruning
by the number of Psylla, or winter moth eggs, or signs of the winter
form of scab on the young growths; but, as a rule, when the attack of an
insect or fungus is discovered on the trees by the ordinary fruit grower
it is in an advanced stage, which renders it far more difficult, if not
impossible, to deal with. For instance, spraying to destroy aphides is
generally commenced far too late.

The plum aphis should be sprayed at least once (better twice) when
the bloom buds are swelling, so as to destroy as many of the mother
aphides as possible. Hach surviving mother aphis may mean many
thousands of progeny during the year. A great scientist calculated that
the progeny of a single female might in one season amount to close
on one million. The apple aphis also should be sprayed before the
blossom buds burst. It is money wasted to spray when the leaves are
curled, and it is extraordinary how quickly a few aphides cause a leaf
to curl.

Then, again, with apple scab; unless the trees are sprayed before
coming into blossom the chances are very much against effectually
checking an attack.

Apple sucker, or Psylla mali, is a pest that is becoming more
troublesome from year to year. I have not been able to find a wash that
is really effective against this pest. A fairly strong paraffin and soft-soap
emulsion, nicotine wash, and some other washes all kill some, but they
leave far too large a proportion alive. One of the principal difficulties
with this pest is that in an ordinary season the hatching period is
prolonged over several weeks, and I have not yet come across a wash that
kills the eggs.

The question then arises, Is it worth the annual expense of spraying ?
My opinion is, under certain conditions, decidedly “ Yes.’’ The principal
conditions are :—

1. That the spray fluid must be capable of destroying a large proportion
of the insects, or keeping in check the fungus against which it is used.
I honestly say I have wasted thousands of gallons of wash on account of
its ineffectiveness. |

814 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2. That the spraying machines and those who use them are capable
of rapidly and efficiently doing their work.

As regards the first point, fruit growers are labouring under immense
disadvantages compared with growers in most other civilized countries,
more particularly compared with the United States of America and
Canada, where really practical and scientific advice and ocular demon-
strations can be had for the mere asking. If it were not for one public-
spirited nobleman, the Duke of Bedford, and a few men of science
actuated by a like spirit, we should have to learn what we could from
abroad or by our own individual experiments. Until there is a properly
constituted sub-committee of the Board of Agriculture to deal with
all matters of interest to fruit growers, and one or more Government
Experimental Fruit Stations, managed by practical men, assisted by the
best scientific advice, it will continue to be a very uphill fight for fruit
growers. Itis not a party question; it is one that affects fruit growers
and fruit consumers of every shade of political opinion, that a sufficient
supply of really fine fruit should be produced in their own country.

When I look at the minutes of evidence taken by a Government
Departmental Committee in the year 1904, evidence given by the leading
fruit growers and experts in the United Kingdom, and filling over 500
closely printed pages, and remember that the recommendations of this
Committee have been utterly ignored, I cannot but think that such
procedure on the part of those responsible is, to speak mildly, not
business-like.

I may be excused for straying from my subject, but this appears to me
a matter of such importance that fruit growers should not allow it to drop.

To come back to the point that the spray fluid should be capable of
destroying a large proportion of the insects against which it is directed.
We must not for a moment expect that any wash will destroy more than
a large proportion and keep the pest in check. I wish that some of the
fairy tales which are sometimes advertised were facts, as I heard it very
pertinently remarked of a certain wash which, it was stated, would
destroy nearly all harmful insects and their eggs. Only one thing is
omitted from the advertisement, and that is the promise that the wash
would not destroy beneficial insects. Such advertisements as this defeat
the ends of the advertisers and do an immense amount of harm.

Washes require very thorough testing for a prolonged period, under
varying conditions, before it can be fairly stated that they are effective.

The next point is the efficiency of spraying machines and nozzles.
Many of the spraying machines have insufficient capacity and pressure.
The same nozzles do not appear suitable for damping all parts of a tree,
owing to their being so fixed to the spray arm that they can spray only
the top or lower portion of the tree thoroughly. A nozzle is required to
spray in a direct line of the spray arm for the tops of trees, and at right
angles to the spray arm for lower branches. Nozzles might be made to
effect this double purpose, or perhaps there is one already on the market.

In connection with this point, viz. spraying trees thoroughly, more
knowledge is needed as to the quantity of wash required thoroughly to
spray a tree of a given size. ‘To say, stop spraying when the fluid
commences to drip from the leaves, may be very misleading. A part of

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 315

the tree, especially the lower branches or the portion nearest the operator,
may be drenched, and the remainder left practically untouched. This no
doubt largely depends on the operators ; but unless there is an expert to
point out the mistake, spraying is liable to be condemned, simply because
the trees have only been half sprayed.

Now as regards a few spray-fluids in use.

Bordeaux Mixture.—I take this first because it appears to be generally
acknowledged as the mixture above all others to be used against certain
very destructive fungi, notably apple and pear scab and brown rot, which
are doing an untold amount of damage in this country and rapidly
increasing. I have tried this wash many times and know that it is
beneficial. At times I have secured first-rate results, but at other times
the results have been lamentable—badly scorched foliage and sickly trees
for a long period afterwards. Why, I cannot tell you. The strength
used is what is commonly called “the normal,’’ and also a slightly weaker
strength. The sulphate of copper and lime have been carefully weighed
and mixed and the wash kept agitated, and yet great damage has been
done. Sometimes this damage does not show for days after. Is it the
fault of the lime, the copper, or the operator? There is no expert to
inspect and say where the fault: lies.

Liver of sulphur is generally looked upon as a fungicide only, but I
have found it in one instance to be an excellent insecticide, viz. against
the mealy aphis on plum trees. A solution of soft soap and 12 ounces
of liver of sulphur to the 100 gallons will effectually destroy this trouble-
some pest.

Nicotine and Tobacco Washes.—I am inclined to think that these
may prove of great service if the cost can be considerably reduced.
Nicotine of about 98 per cent. purity is admitted free of duty; but
it is expensive, costing about 10s. per lb. Denatured tobacco is also
admitted duty free; but there is, I understand, a good deal of foreign
matter in it, and the strength of the tobacco may vary immensely. The
importation of tobacco juice is prohibited, though if it were practicable
to denature it and admit strong tobacco juice, not containing less than
a fixed percentage of nicotine, I think it might be very useful to fruit
growers.

Paraffin and caustic soda are sometimes recommended to be used very
strong. J would caution users to try on a small scale first and carefully
watch results, bearing in mind that damage done by paraffin does not
always show quickly.

Penetration of Washes.—I have observed this year in spraying for
Psylla that one wash (McDougall’s) appeared to penetrate more than
others—z.e. the fluid seemed to have the power of running between the
flower buds, whilst other washes.remained more on the upper surface or
tops of buds. I regard this as worthy of attention.

Adhesweness of Washes.—It is desirable with certain washes
(Bordeaux mixture and others) that they should remain on the trees as
long as possible. If some improvement could be made in this direction
it would be a gain.

Cost of Washes.—It is important to growers that the cost should be
kept as low as possible; hence the necessity of ascertaining the lowest

316 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

effective strength of washes. As some washes are difficult for growers to
make, might I suggest to vendors of washes that they should be sold in
as concentrated a form as possible, obviating the necessity of paying
unnecessary rail carriage ?

With regard to chemicals purchased for mixing one’s own washes,
a guaranteed strength should be stated on invoices and insisted on by
purchasers, or trouble is likely to occur through variation of strength.

Spraying Installations.—It would be interesting to know what is the
best system for a fair-sized plantation. At Glewstone Fruit Plantation,
owned by Mr. J. Martin Newton and myself, for an area of about 25 acres
our system is as follows: We have a small house near a stream with a
1} h.p. Crossley oil engine and a 600-gallon tank sunk below the level
of the stream which can be thus rapidly filled. There is an iron under-
ground main pipe from this tank along the principal headland with taps
at intervals. To these taps we connect at right angles 15 feet lengths of
iron piping on the surface of the ground along a row of trees; to this
iron pipe are fitted four 60 feet lengths of indiarubber hose, with spraying
arms and nozzles. This enables us to spray twelve rows of trees (say 500
trees) without shifting the iron pipes, so that we can easily spray 2,000 to
2,500 trees a day. The disadvantages are :—

1. Amount of wash held in pipes.

2. Wear on indiarubber hose through dragging on ground.

8, Settlement of insoluble material in pipes.

Can anyone suggest an improvement on this system ?

I sincerely hope that our splendid Society—the Royal Horticultural
Society—will make experiments in fruit tree spraying, and will also have
at one of their shows a*representative exhibition from all parts of spray-
ing machines and nozzles.

Another suggestion I would make is that a representative body of
fruit growers should visit the United States and Canada, and study the
question of fruit tree spraying and kindred subjects, and give the British
fruit growers the benefit of their observations.

My one hope and desire is that some practical results may spring from
this meeting.

In conclusion I would say, “If you spray, spray regularly, spray
thoroughly, spray systematically, or don’t spray at all!”

DISCUSSION.

THE CHAtrMAN: I have no doubt, after listening to the very interest-
ing papers which it has been our advantage to hear to-day, that it must
have given rise to a great deal of thought in the minds of all of us, and
perhaps to doubts in the minds of some. I confess that as far as my
layman’s mind goes one doubt has been raised by a remark which
Mr. Massee interjected more than once in the course of his paper. I
have always been given to understand that if we did not preserve
foxes there would be no fox-hunting, and that if we did not preserve
pheasants, there would be no pheasant-shooting. Mr. Massee seems to
have a sneaking affection in his heart for fungus ; for I noticed in the
course of his remarks that he pleaded for fungus—to give ita chance. It

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 317

occurs to my mind that Mr. Massee looks upon fighting fungus as sport ;
otherwise I imagine that if we do away with fungus there will be no
disease. The meeting is now open for the discussion of the papers
brought before it.

Dr. GATHERGOOD (Wisbech) : I think we have to thank Mr. Massee
and Mr. Getting for the papers we have heard to-day. I have come
about 140 or 150 miles this morning, and I must say that I feel
a little despondent—not as regards the papers we have heard read, but
as regards the information we are seeking. During the last ten years I
have spent, I think, hundreds of pounds, perhaps thousands of pounds, on
‘spraying. Hitherto the result has been but little; but I think that if
we could get some consensus of opinion amongst the growers themselves,
giving us the results of any benefits they may have received from in-
dividual appliances or dressings, it would be a great help to the fruit
industry. First, as regards the fungi, we all know the damage we suffer
_ from them, and the damage is very serious, and, as Mr. Massee has already

said, it is increasing very rapidly. And Iam sure that his reeommenda-
tions for winter work ought to be fully carried out—I mean as regards the
pruning out of dead branches. But the far greater damage that we are
suffering from to-day in the Wisbech district is from insects, especially
from the aphides, the apple sucker, the caterpillar, and the apple blossom
weevil. The last has worked very great havoc with us in the Wisbech
district. I will now give you the result which I have had from spray-
ing; and I do not think you will have much trouble from the apple sucker
if you adopt the method which I have found very successful. I have
cleared nearly 100 acres of orchard from apple sucker during the last
year ; previously to that it had been very badly infected for years; and
the method I adopted was to use the winter spray of ordinary caustic
wash with a considerable proportion of petroleum and soft soap. With
the first dressing I cleared perhaps 50 to 70 per cent. of the apple
sucker in the first year. Last year I finished the apple sucker off; and I
cannot find a trace of it to-day in my orchards. I take it that if any
grower could give us any experience similar to that it would be a great
benefit to us as a body of fruit growers. It seems to me very evident
that if we cannot stop the ravages of these insects we must stop all our
orchards and give over fruit growing. Still I hope remedies may be
found which will prevent that calamity.

Question: May I ask the Doctor what percentage of caustic soda
was used ?

Dr. GATHERGOOD: I used 3 lb. of caustic soda, 3 lb. of caustic potash,
and about a gallon of petroleum to 30 gallons of water.

Question: But what grade of caustic soda ?

Dr. GATHERGOOD : 98 per cent.

Question : Do you think that using caustic soda and potash without
petroleum makes any difference—I mean, would you have any results with
only caustic soda and potash ?

Dr. GATHERGOOD: No, I think not.

Mr. Satmon (Wye): Various points have cropped up on which I
should like to offer a few remarks. Mr. Massee showed us photographs of
a badly sprayed leaf and a well-sprayed.leaf. I think that much of the

318 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

result of spraying depends on the form in which we put the spray on
the leaf. I am now confining myself, as Mr. Massee did, to spraying
for fungus diseases; and I should say that the photograph which is
shown of a well-sprayed leaf is not what we should aim at. We can
get nozzles now which throw a spray so fine that if you photograph the
leaf there is practically nothing of the mixture to photograph, because it
is sprayed over so finely that it is left in the form of an almost impalpable
dust. The Bordeaux mixture put on with a proper nozzle is as evenly
distributed over the leaf as dust is by the roadside. I think this is a very
important point indeed, and I want to impress upon growers the fact
that when they are spraying they must aim at that appearance of the
Bordeaux mixture on the leaf—no large spots, but a kind of powder.
The spraying machinery and the nozzles are as important as the spray
itself. ft
Mr. Massee mentioned that he had noticed the spores of fungus
germinating on spots of Bordeaux mixture. Of course there is no reason
why the spores should not germinate on any surface. But the whole
point is, whether the germ tubes of those spores would be able to penetrate
into the leaf on the spots of Bordeaux mixture, or whether they would
not be able to do so. The mere fact that spores are able to germinate
on Bordeaux mixture must not be used as an argument against the
value of Bordeaux mixture. Then also the fact that a scab of apple
covered over with Bordeaux mixture will go on extending, must not be
used as an argument against the efficacy of Bordeaux mixture, because,
as Mr. Massee himself said later on, Bordeaux mixture must be looked on
as a preventive. It should be on the parts before the fungus is about. I
think it is very important not to allow any arguments to be put forward
against Bordeaux mixture without examining them closely; for we must
remember that Bordeaux mixture, after all, is the best fungicide yet
invented; it has its faults and it is not perfect, as we know. You get
forms of injury such as scorching or the shot-hole appearance of the
leaves and a yellowing of the leaves, You get all these things, but still
we have in the Bordeaux mixture the nearest approach to the perfect
fungicide. Notes are sometimes given as to the ill effects of Bordeaux
mixture by growers, but it is very necessary indeed to look into them
carefully before we accept the injury as due to the Bordeaux mixture.
I will mention one such case which came under my notice. It is con-
stantly said that when leaves of Cox’s orange pippin are sprayed with
Bordeaux mixture they fall off. In many cases, but not in all, there
were no control plants of Cox’s orange pippin standing by which had not
been sprayed ; and in many of those cases I feel sure that if there had
been some controls it would have been seen that the leaves had also
fallen from the control trees. I have repeatedly found in the plantation
at Wye College that the foliage was so tender that fungus got on
to it and the tree became defoliated, whether the leaves were sprayed
or not. Iam very glad indeed that Mr. Massee emphasizes the importance
of the grower making his own fungicide, especially Bordeaux mixture.
We can only hope to get good results from Bordeaux mixture by the
grower making it himself. There is not time now to go into the details
of why this is so; but I want to express my entire agreement with

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 319

Mr. Massee when he says that one of the essential conditions of getting
the full good results from Bordeaux mixture is to make it at home.

Personally, and as the result of experiments during the last two years
especially, I have found spraying potatos with Bordeaux mixture gives
unmistakably the most valuable results—in this year especially: One
could have seen that the sprayed potatos at Wye College in the beginning
of September were going on growing vigorous and green, and the crop
increasing ; while the unsprayed foliage was flat on the ground. I rather
thought that the good effects of spraying with Bordeaux mixture had long
passed the experimental stage; thatit was long adopted in England and
in foreign countries as an undoubted normal part of the cultivation of
potatos. |

Mr. Massee mentioned, as regards peaches, that it is very difficult to
get anything to spray them. Of course that is so with the old fungicides.
Bordeaux mixture on peach leaves is almost impossible to use, however
diluted you have it. I should like to call the attention of those who are
interested in growing peaches to a new fungicide, the self-boiled lime-
sulphur mixture which has been discovered in the United States. The
Department of Agriculture recently issued a Bulletin upon it. It is
perfectly safe to use on peach foliage; and they put forward its claims,
not only as a fungicide, but also as an insecticide. |

I find myself in disagreement with Mr. Massee on the subject of when
you should spray against fungus diseases. I am absolutely certain that
no commercial grower of apples can ever hope to combat apple scab with-
out spraying in summer. ‘Theoretically, if you could in the winter stage
cut off all the young twigs, then you could deal with the disease; but
going round an apple orchard and cutting off the diseased young wood is
not practicable. Spraying is. We heard Mr. Massee himself say that
spraying in winter against apple scab is of no use. The only alternative
would be pruning off the diseased shoots in winter, and that I am
sure would never keep down apple scab. I think the very existence of
commercial fruit growing in England depends upon the methods of
spraying that we are going to adopt. J am more and more convinced,
as I see more fruit growing, that apples will never be grown in this
country permanently clean—at least many varieties of them—with-
out continual spraying. We shall soon reach I believe a time when this
can be done quite economically. When hop washing first came in it was
said that it would be impossible to wash hops by the acre. We have not
got machinery for washing fruit to sucha perfect pitch as that for washing
hops, but I am sure that it will arrive. At present there are English
makers sending out excellent English machines; and growers can also
obtain imported machines from the United States—which are the very
latest things for spraying—and there is no reason why we should. not go
ahead in the washing of fruit economically and scientifically.

The only other point I wish to mention is to endorse what Mr. Getting
said in his excellent paper, and that is, that the great need at the present
time is a Sub-Department of the Board of Agriculture to look after these
most important questions for the commercial growers. As an alternative,
Mr. Getting suggested that a body of fruit growers should go over to the
United States and learn for themselves. Perhaps if a body of English

320 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruit growers came forward and said, “ We must go over to the States and
find out what they are doing there in order to grow clean fruit,’”’ that
would shame our Government into doing something for us here. It
might have that effect in connection with pressing forward for this
reform.

Mr. BAkER (Meopham): There is just one point I want to mention,
and that is the question of home-made mixtures—I will confine myself
more especially to the Bordeaux mixture, to have one point settled at
once if possible. There is no doubt whatever that the home mixing of
Bordeaux is the best thing. When one has access to a laboratory and
if one is a chemist it is undoubtedly the best thing. Thirteen or fourteen
years ago I made the most careful experiments, and the results were
excellent. Since then I have become a practical grower, and I find that
home mixing is not nearly such a success—indeed often a failure—
whereas when I could do the thing scientifically it was undoubtedly
best to make one’s own. Then comes the question, Whyis this? It is
quite easy now, but it was not fifteen years ago, to get pure copper
sulphate, which is easily soluble, but it is exceedingly difficult to get the
right lime. Lime is of course burnt chalk or limestone, and should be
obtained directly from the kiln. In contact with air it very quickly goes
back chemically to its original form, and is then a very different substance
from quicklime. The difficulty of getting pure lime seems to be almost
- insurmountable. In making Bordeaux mixture it is most essential that

the copper sulphate should be dissolved separately from the lime. When
the hydrate of lime is cool, and then only, must the two be mixed. If
the mixing be done before the lime has quite cooled a very different
chemical compound will be formed. If I make this for my own ex-
periments I take the utmost care that the lime has cooled; but the
labourer does not always do exactly as he is told, especially when his
master is not present. Hven if you have got pure lime it is exceedingly
difficult to get the mixture quite right. You tell your employé to hydrate
the lime to-night, and to be sure that he does it to-night in order that it
may be ready for the morning; he sometimes forgets—he does not realize
the importance of allowing the lime to cool—at any rate many of them do
not allow the cooling, and in the morning when the two are mixed bad
results follow. That is the chief cause of the failure of the Bordeaux
mixture, Bordeaux mixture properly made of the right material, and
properly put on with the best machinery, is undoubtedly the best fungicide
we have. But unfortunately the practical grower has to contend with
the antagonism or laxity of the labourer. In order to get over this
difficulty, for some years I have endeavoured to devise something else.
It has been suggested to use sodium carbonate, because, as everybody
knows, washing soda, which is a form of carbonate of soda, is easily
obtained. To a very large extent, ordinary washing soda in sufficient
quantity will take the place of lime—in other words, we may use washing
soda as a substitute for lime. There is not the heat developed. If
1 had not somebody in whom I placed absolute confidence I think I
should be inclined to use washing soda: it does not cost very much—
you buy for a shilling or very little more what will answer for making
a, mixture of 100 gallons for an acre of potatos. But washing soda

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES, 321

or sodium carbonate has the disadvantage of giving sodium sulphate
as a by-product, and sodium sulphate is admittedly highly injurious
to vegetation. In order to get over that—as an experiment—during
the last year or two I have used with very great advantage potassium
carbonate, which is, of course, dearer; but the resulting product
is sulphate of potash, which is a valuable substance for potatos. The
potatos I have had raised in the last few weeks have been greatly
benefited, whereas the ordinary crop would be avery poor one. I have
poor cultivated land, which is assessed at 5s. an acre, and I have had
this season 14 tons 13 cwt. to the acre. That is on land said to be
some of the poorest in the kingdom, and the result was obtained by the
aid, to some extent, of modified Bordeaux mixture made with potassium
carbonate instead of sodium carbonate or quicklime, and there was almost
no disease.

While dealing with the spraying substance Mr. Massee and, to some
extent, Mr. Salmon have referred to the importance of completely cover-
ing the leaf. Now is it not a fact that if small quantities of Bordeaux
mixture are thrown on the leaf in what we may term a weak form of
spray that substance remains on the leaf in a difficultly soluble form—
it is for the most part insoluble—but the conditions which enable the
Spore to germinate take effect when the weather is damp. Surely the
conditions which are essential for the germination of the spore are the
very conditions which are also essential for the bringing into solution of
a very minute quantity of the basic sulphate of copper, which is really the
result of the application of the Bordeaux mixture, so that I maintain it
is not necessary to clothe the leaf, as it were, with a mackintosh and to
thereby almost prevent assimilation. But the small amount of material
put on with the best apparatus, even if it does not completely cover the
leaf, will yet act as an effective preventive against the various fungus
pests. I might also say that in the last few years, inasmuch as nearly all
our fungicides, especially Bordeaux mixture, are so insoluble, in order to
make it more penetrating I have with very considerable success added
ammonia. The result of adding ammonia will be to dissolve the copper
compounds ; and there is no doubt whatever that it is far more penetrat-
ing and far more effective in reaching the under surface of the leaf, which,
as Mr. Massee told us, is somewhat difficult to do.

Mr. Percy Bunyarp: In regard to petroleum and paraffin, so far as
my experience goes, they are absolutely out-of-date, and I will tell you
why. The very fact of their being of an oily nature is conclusive that
they are not sufficiently penetrative. I was very glad indeed to hear
Mr. Getting mention nicotine. Nicotine is a most penetrating insecticide.
Nicotine from its very nature, being a vegetable alkaloid, will get
into those parts which oil and paraffin emulsions cannot possibly
penetrate. I. should like to hear Mr. Massee’s opinion in regard to
nicotine, and I should very much like to know if he has ever experimented
with it. |

With regard to spraying machines and nozzles I must agree with the
remarks of our lecturers, that at present we have nothing which makes
quite such a fine spray as London fog, and I doubt very much, if anything
did make such a fine spray whether it would reach the underside of the

VOL. XXXIV. ¥

322 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leaf. In fact, I think if you will examine a fruit tree in London after a
London fog you will not find nearly as much deposit on the under side
of a leaf as you will on the top side.

Mr. Neame: Asthere has been some little doubt about the efficacy of
spraying with Bordeaux mixture for scab, I should just like to make a
few remarks about my own experience. I first used it five or six years ago
on a few trees. While hitherto for two consecutive years I had picked
hardly any sound fruit, the first year I made the acquaintance of
Bordeaux mixture I tackled it by spraying the trees in the winter, once
before blossom and twice afterwards. That year I had a fairly sound crop.
For the last three years I have had a good sound crop of fruit with hardly
any scab on them. The spraying, as far as my experience goes, is
certainly better done in the summer. If I had a very bad attack I should
be inclined to try it in the winter too; but the first spraying should be
done just before blooming and the next one as soon as the blossom has
fallen. Those two sprayings should be sufficient, unless in an old and
badly attacked orchard. I have had further experience this year; I
wished to put off my spraying till the last moment, so as to make it last
longer into the summer ; and I did not put on the Bordeaux mixture until
I saw a few signs of scab on the leaves, and, of course, then it was
undoubtedly too late. Instead of getting a good crop of sound apples I
only got a small crop of very scabby ones. It appears to me that the
second spraying with Bordeaux mixture should be as soon as ever the
blossom is falling. The Bordeaux mixture I always prepare myself.
The lime is mixed up with a bucketful of water, and the mixture is poured
into a big tank where the copper sulphate has already been dissolved,
and that seems to give very good results. In most apples I do not get
any scorching, and I get fairly good results with regard to the curing of
the scab. To produce thoroughly good apples I should undoubtedly say
that Bordeaux mixture must be used; and in regard to pears that good
pears can hardly be grown without the use of it. There are certain
apples, of course, to which this remark does not apply, which do not
appear to be attacked by scab; those, of course, growers are probably
acquainted with.

Rey. GEoRGE ENGLEHEART: As time is short I should like to bring
a small concrete instance before the meeting, because what I think we
want is absolutely concrete instances, and we want advice; we want
either help or discouragement according as it can be given. I had a very
great deal of satisfaction in listening to Mr. Massee’s able but eminently
discouraging address, because it coincided so entirely with my experience
in the way of discouragement. My case is one of Cox’s orange and the
leaf-spot. I live a few miles west of Salisbury; and in the whole of that
district we are suffering the very greatest damage, a progressive and
increasing damage, every year from the apple-leaf spot—that spot which
was so excellently described by Mr. Chittenden in the last issue but one
of the Society’s Journan. I have had a great deal of illuminating
correspondence with Mr. Chittenden, who has been very kind indeed to
me in the way of writing. His paper was such an excellent paper as
regards the diagnosis of the disease that in itself I think it quite justifies
the existence of the Wisley Laboratory. My experience in the matter is

————

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 323

this : seven years ago I planted (apart from some old orchards which I had)
on new ground something over an acre of young apples, mostly Cox’s;
they were just where the greensand joins the gault. We have an
intermediate loam, beautiful land, with a slight tilt to the south; and for
the first few years I do not think there were better trees to be seen in the
whole of the county, and everybody who came there agreed. When they
first came into bearing I brought up two dishes to the Royal Horticultural
Show and I got first prize with my first dish, and I could very easily, I
think, have got first prize with my second dish. About four. years ago the
leaf-spot began to appear in our neighbourhood. I think mine is a very
good illustration of a case of trying to grapple with the disease, because
the trees are cultivated in a large open field where my bulbs are growing,
and I think I may say that no piece of ground could be kept more
scrupulously clean or be treated better in every way with regard to the
first planting of the trees and the subsequent management. I very much
want to get hold of some practical help with regard to this leaf-spot.
We have tried winter spraying, we have tried summer spraying, and I
think I have tried every recipe. I know very well what the symptoms of
the disease are, but up to the present time I have not been able to get any
remedy at all. We have sprayed very carefully and well in the winter;
we have sprayed in the summer with Bordeaux mixture, with sulphur,
liver of sulphur, and with one or two other things, including a very much
advertised summer wash. We made our own Bordeaux mixture, and I
do not think, pace Mr. Chittenden, that we made it too strong. I think
that if we made it much weaker we should not get a chance of killing the
fungus, which is very virulent indeed. I found that we either covered
the top surface of the leaf entirely or we did not cover it; but whenever
it was fairly well covered I found on examination that the spores, as
Mr. Massee has said, germinated very freely on the surface. I wrote to
Mr. Chittenden, and he told me that the under-surface of the leaf should
be sprayed. I do not quite know how that is to be done, but if it is done
I am very strongly of opinion that what Mr. Massee says would come to
pass, that the leaf would be practically choked. It would be in the
position of those unfortunate children who were once sized and burnished
for a religious procession, which was very effective; they shone and they
looked very natural as cherubs—but they unfortunately died. Well, I
very much want someone to tell us something of his practical experience
of Cox’s orange and this leaf-spot. I am in the position of having done
everything I think that could be done for it—taken all kinds of advice and
used such common sense as I may or may not haye—and we can do
nothing at all with it. Iam very anxious to hear whether anybody has
any practical experience in the matter of combating this very injurious
leaf-spot on our most valuable dessert apple, the Cox’s orange.

Mr. Coxnzuince: I have just a few remarks to make, and that is in
connection with the much-discussed question of Bordeaux mixture. I
have been having a series of experiments lately on different Bordeaux
mixtures, upwards of twenty, that have been obtained from makers in
different parts of Europe, and I have submitted them to two chemists,
and they agree with me that, so far as representing them to the fruit

grower as substances which can be used with any efficacy, they are
x2

824 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

practically useless. Now I agree with all that has been said as to
Bordeaux mixture. I am not pretending that Bordeaux mixture is
useless, and I think as the outcome of this meeting we could form a
small committee that would go into this—all those interested in the fungi
and those who are chemists—and they could recommend to the fruit
growers something very much better than is used at present. Those who.
haye read Mr. Spencer Pickering’s able paper on Bordeaux mixture must
see there is something radically wrong with the Bordeaux mixtures on
the market and the way they are made. I think the failure of the
Bordeaux mixtures is due entirely to the way they are made and the
copper that is sold. There is one point which Mr. Massee mentioned—
what I call the wetability of fluid on the leaves. I agree with Mr.
Salmon that the two leaves thrown on the screens were not well sprayed.
I think the lumps should be much finer and more equally distributed
over the leaf. I should suggest to those interested to try experiments
with different gums. I have sprayed little plates of mica and also
celluloid discs and examined those microscopically, and we have got the
greatest wetability with certain solution of gums. We have not exhausted
them. We shall go on trying various gums, and I have no doubt a
gum of some kind will give the greatest wetability that is possible to be
obtained. J should like to thank Mr. Massee for his paper, and say that
I support very many of the points he has made, though there are some
from which I strongly dissent.

Mr. Croox: I am very much interested in this question of spraying.
It gave me much pleasure to hear the able papers read this morning, and,
like Mr. Getting, I believe the success of fruit-growing depends on using
the applications earlier. In point of fact, 1 have used a well-known wash
for over ten years, and I have always found that in using that wash, if I
used it somewhat weakly before any trace of the insect appeared, it was
easy to keep the plant clean by one or two applications during the year ;
but, unfortunately, the majority of people allow a crop of insects to
congregate, or wait till they can see them, especially aphides of all kinds,
and then they begin to apply any kind of wash they like ; they apply it
very strongly. Like most of these things, as with a doctor’s physic, it
depends how much you have and how strong it is, whether it will kill
you or not; so with these washes ; it depends upon how strong you use
them, and when you use them, whether they kill the insect, or leaf, or
both. I am quite convinced from close observation that if any of these
washes are used early on soft vegetation before a crop of insects comes,
and used about twice, you will keep the plants clean through the
season, whereas if you once allow the crop to present itself you meet
with a series of difficulties the whole of the year. Iam also prepared
to say that as regards amateurs and small growers, of whom there
are now many—and this Society has to study the amateur side of the
question—the sooner we can teach people who have not much
knowledge of horticulture the benefits of using these insecticides, or
home-made washes, whatever you like, weakly in the early stages the
better. If the insecticide be applied before the insect is seen, and a
couple of times, you ward off the attack naturally before it has become
severe.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 325

Tue Secretary: It is now just upon one o’clock, and before Colonel
Warde bids you good-bye I have to say this: Colonel Warde has been
very kind to come here and take the Chair. We all thank him heartily.

Colonel WarpE: I am very much obliged to you indeed that you
think it worth while to say anything to me in the way of gratitude for
taking the Chair, but I am sure, after the most interesting and able
papers given us this morning by Mr. Massee and by Mr. Getting, we shall
all, at any rate a great many of us, go away wiser than we came. For
myself, as a layman, I listened with the greatest interest to what has been
said, and I hope that I may have received a few wrinkles that may be
very useful to me in the future; but, as Mr. Wilks has reminded you, I
am obliged to put a time limit, at least as far as I am concerned, because
I have to go to the House of Commons. (Applause.)

THE SECRETARY: There were one or two questions asked of Mr.
Massee which he would like to reply to without raising any discussion
afterwards, or else we shall not get any luncheon. I think you would
like to listen to Mr. Massee’s reply to those questions.

Mr. G. MassrEe: There was one that was raised by Mr. Bunyard in
connection with nicotine. Nicotine has no bearing on fungi, so that
I cannot criticize it. I have never used nicotine; I do not know what
its efficacy or otherwise is in connection with fungi. Of course with
insects undoubtedly it is very different, but I can offer no opinion what-
ever on that. Another point perhaps I am taking out of Mr. Salmon’s
hands; but he mentioned the American wash. I happened to put the
pamphlet in my pocket, and I have used the wash simply out of curiosity
to find whether it would or would not scorch peach foliage. The
compound is this: 10 lb. flowers of sulphur and 15 lb. of stone lime
dissolved in 50 gallons of water; 9 or 10 gallons of water, more or
less, are added to the lime and sulphur to dissolve it and to bring it
up to the boiling point. Then dilute it to 50 gallons. The heat of
the slaking is sufficient to bring about combination with the sulphur.
If you actually boil it, or even have hot water instead of cold, the damage
may be rather serious. I simply sprayed to try its effect on the leaves,
not its action on fungus—that I took for granted. I used the most
delicate leaves I could suggest, that is, peach, and I found there was no
damage done whatever—not the slightest. I thoroughly coated the leaves
over, of course intentionally, with a thick washing, and repeated it several
times.

QuzEstion: Where can we get that pamphlet without picking your
pocket ?

Mr. G. Massre: The American Department of Agriculture, Bureau
of Plant Industry, Circular No. 1.

The only other point is in connection with winter work. Admittedly,
if you had no fungus spores you could have no disease. I suppose we
are all agreed on that. The disease does originate from spores. Mr.
Salmon said it was not quite practicable to prune away the dead branches.
I have said that if you pruned away practically all the dead branches
then there could be no beginning. The fungus would be there in a
certain proper proportion, to keep up the balance of nature perhaps, but
not sufficient to form an epidemic ; we do not want an epidemic, that is

326 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all. In an orchard at Mortlake this year, carrying out that particular
point, we had trees pruned and every dead branch cut out. That was the
order. I did not see that every one was, but practically every one. We
found a man could do twenty trees a day. You would pay that man
about 5s. a day; we will accept 5s.; 5s. divided by 20 brings it to
how much a tree ?—38d. Does it pay or does it not? I leave you to
settle in your own minds: is it worth while spending 3d. on a tree when it
would keep down an epidemic? Is it worth 3d. or not?

Mr. Power: Might I ask a question? During the winter months is
there any chance of getting at the spore—the scab spore I mean? If we
spray in the winter is the spore in existence, and can it be attacked by
Bordeaux mixture or anything else ?

Mr. Massreg: No; I believe spores are not in existence, or at least
they are at a discount altogether. What you have is the fungus present
in the branch as it were—the roots of the fungus present in the dead
shoots. The fungus produces fruit just about the time when the young
shoots are developing, so that the only hope is in cutting off all diseased
portions.

Afternoon Session, CoLoNEL Lona, M.P., in the Chair.
THE CHAIRMAN called upon Mr. Theobald to read his paper on

‘‘ WASHES USED AS INSECTICIDES AND ACARICIDES.”’

Mr. F. V. THeopatp: I am afraid I am undertaking rather a
difficult matter in opening the discussion on the spraying of fruit trees in
connection with insect pests, for two reasons. The first, because J know
little of the chemistry of the subject. The second, because I am not a wild
enthusiast about the spraying of fruit trees. As you all know, there are
a very great number of washes used for the purpose of destroying insects.
Some of these washes act directly, some act indirectly, and from what I
have seen a very large number of them do not act at all, so that we have
to discriminate if we are going to wash our fruit trees as to what we shall
use. As a matter of fact, we know very little about the spraying of trees.
We have got to learn definite facts from growers as to what happens with
the different washes, and it is only by summarizing the facts that we shall
be able to get something really definite. Laboratory results are useful,
but it is not until they have been checked by growers in many different
parts, under varied circumstances, that their full value is attained.

The subject of the washing of fruit trees seems to me in its founda-
tion to be very largely a chemical one, entailing entomological and
mycological supervision. For that reason I do not feel I am at all
competent to speak, and I must deal with the subject mainly from the
point of view of the insects which the washes destroy. As an instance of
the changes we may have to make the following is interesting. We have
all been brought up to understand that there are two classes of washes,
those for destroying biting insects and those that kill such sucking insects
as the aphis and the Psylla by contact. We have been told that one can
only be used for one particular purpose, the other for the other. Mr.
Pickering tells us now, and I may say I partly agree with him, that it is

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 327

not necessary to use arsenical sprays; that we can use emulsions, such
as we use for the destruction of aphis and Psylla, for killing caterpillars.
Whether the results that have been obtained in killing certain cater-
pillars will apply to all caterpillars we do, not know at present. This is
for experimenters to find out; but if they do, what then? It means that
we could use one wash which would destroy caterpillars and aphis at one
time, so I think we must acknowledge we have as yet only touched the
fringe of this subject; therefore I would like to impress upon you very
strongly that those who go in for the spraying of fruit trees should do so
with a large amount of caution. They must not believe, because they
see it in a particular advertisement, that a particular wash is going to
destroy this, that, and the other insect. Try for yourselves and see what
a particular wash will do, and if it will not do what is claimed, try some-
thing else, but do not throw huge sums of money away, as I am sure
growers do, before they know what the wash which they are using is worth.

We see that emulsions may destroy some caterpillars, so that further
experiment may show that we need to use only.one wash. But we have
got to consider from all points whether it is worth while to use the one
wash to destroy the aphis and the caterpillar, saving of course time and
money. Iam sure that any form of mineral oil will do a certain amount
of damage to trees. Now, in the case of certain arsenical washes little or
no damage is done, so that one advantage must be weighed against
another to see which of the washes it is best to use.

One thing I might suggest to growers is this: not to be led away
by glowing accounts of certain preparations. I am not going to say that
there are not patent washes which are good, but that there are others
which claim to do impossible things. As Mr. Spencer Pickering has
said, the more you see washes boomed, the less you find of value in them.

Still, one other point before I refer to certain of these washes. I may
be wrong ; if so, you must contradict me. But I cannot help thinking
that growers are spending too much in washing or spraying, for two
reasons. First, they do not know quite what the washes are going to do;
secondly, because I have frequently seen in different parts of England
people spending sums of money in washing their trees when there is
absolutely nothing the matter with them. Surely, if a person is quite
well he does not want to go to the doctor ; it is waste of money. Go to
the doctor if you are ill, but not if you are perfectly well. Spraying
is a costly process, and it should be cut down as low as possible, and
the trees treated with sprays only when there is something definitely the
matter with them. People say you do it for prevention. I venture to
challenge that; there is no wash which we have at the present time which
is a preventive. As far as insects are concerned, washes are remedial.
You can destroy the insects, or you may be able to destroy the insects, but
as a preventive with two possible exceptions we have no substance which
will keep insects off. There is a possibility that quassia, for one, will
ward off the attack of aphis pro tem. It is also possible that nicotine
will ward off the advent of aphis and certain winged insects; but beyond
that there is nothing we can do to prevent the insect from taking up its
abode and starting an attack on the trees, and neither of these two
vegetable washes has any lasting effect.

328 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Roughly speaking, we can divide the spraying for insects into two
groups, winter and spring spraying. I should like very much if I could
make growers think that there is a third, that is, spraying the trees, if
necessary, in the autumn.

Why do we spray in the winter? It appears from what I can gather
that the winter spraying is done for two purposes: the first is to cleanse
the trees, and the second to destroy the eggs of insects; that is of course
prevention. As to cleansing the trees, that is a very desirable object.
Any dirty object wants cleansing to be brought into a more healthy
condition, and winter washing for. the cleansing of fruit trees is certainly
an advisable, indeed a necessary, thing to do; but what is the good of
winter washing to cleanse trees, as I too frequently see done, that are
normally clean? It is a waste of money. You say it is done to destroy
the eggs of insects. A gentleman this morning said that he sprayed his
trees with Woburn wash, that is paraffin, caustic soda, and soft soap, and
the Psylla eggs were destroyed. The eggs of the apple Psylla, I am sorry
to say, so far as we can see generally, are not touched by the Woburn wash.
There is no winter wash which will burn through and corrode the eggs of
insects generally, such as, for instance, the winter moth or the lackey
moth. I have known people to say, “ We can destroy these eggs with a
particular winter wash.’’ Growers, I am sorry to say, gave up grease
banding ; they used winter washes, and the result has been that during
the past summer we have seen their trees devoid of leaves. We must
give up hope of destroying eggs of Psylla and most other insects until
someone comes along who will produce something so caustic that it will
burn through the shell of an egg (and I assure you it will have to be
very caustic) without harming the tree. If you take the egg of an
ordinary insect you have. to soak it in caustic soda before the shell is
destroyed ; that is a process you will have to adopt with your trees before
you corrode the eggs of the majority of insects. Possibly some other
means of killing eggs will be found, but none is known at present.

The winter washes are therefore those you can use with a certain
amount of benefit if used properly where they are wanted for cleansing
the trees, and in so doing destroying the hibernating places of many
insects, and so in that way doing a certain amount of good.

There are some, whose opinion we must certainly take account of, who
say that certain washes with paraffin in them will destroy a certain pro-
portion of insect eggs. Let us take a few examples. We will take, for
instance, the eggs of the apple aphis—the little black eggs you get on the
year’s growth of wood. If you spray a tree with any winter wash con-
taining paraffin or carbolic you will find, if you look at the eggs, that a
very large number of them are shrunken up and destroyed. Then go to
a tree that is not sprayed and you will find exactly the same thing. They
are merely infertile eggs. And where people state that the eggs of insects
are destroyed by winter washes, I am quite certain that the destruction
which they think has taken place is merely the question of the infertility
of the eggs ; and if you examine the ova, no matter if of a hawk-moth or
any of the smaller insects, you frequently find as much as 50 per cent. of
them infertile ; and I believe where the mistake is made in winter washes
which are claimed to destroy a certain proportion of eggs is through not

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 329

taking into account the fact that a certain number of the eggs are
normally infertile.

With regard generally to spraying for insects, if we are going to do any
good, the point we have to aim at is the destruction of the young insects
before they do damage. Many do not see the young winter-moth cater-
pillars. Why not? They are quite easily seen. If you, knowing the
time the creatures appear, see them here and there or find there are
great numbers, then set to work and spray with some fluid that will
destroy them ; but do not go and spray a plantation because the caterpillars
may come. They do not come; they are there or not there; and the
spraying must be done to kill the creatures, not to try to prevent their
coming. The spraying of fruit trees for these and other insects at the
best can only do some good ; you will in any case do a great deal more good
by trapping many insects and preventing them from laying their eggs.

Some of the chief washes I shall refer to very briefly. With the
exception of tobacco and quassia, all the chemical washes that are used
(whether purchased ready-mixed or made at home) do a certain amount of
damage to trees. You may kill the creature doing the harm, but in doing
so you will do a certain amount of harm to the trees, and if you go on
year after year with these washes you give the tree a hard set-back that
it will take many years to recover from. You want to cut the washing
down as low as you possibly can on account of the damage which it does,
on account of the cost, in many cases on account of the uncertainty of
the action; and lastly, I am quite sure, there is an amount of damage
done by the process of washing, for the mere taking of the machines
through the plantation does an enormous amount of harm, unless it is
done very carefully ; so that altogether there are many disadvantages in
spraying. Yet we must acknowledge that unless it is done judiciously fruit-
growing will not properly flourish.

The winter washes, then, are primarily for one purpose, namely,
cleansing trees. If you have a clean plantation it is advisable to keep it
clean. If the trees become covered with green alge, spray them with a
winter wash. For cleansing trees I do not think it matters which one you
use ; one is just as good as another. Assuming we have very old trees,
such as are found in some of the cider orchards in the West of England,
it will not do to spray the trees every now and again. You will have to
winter wash perhaps for five, six, or seven years before you can remove all
the foreign growth accumulated on the trees, and then, having cleansed
them, you can fall back and treat them once every two or three years.
But if you treat fruit trees with the strong caustic washes year after year
I believe you do the trees as much harm as the foreign growths. Paraffin
in particular, if used continuously, will produce very distinct appearances
on the bark of the tree, and will do a great deal of harm. If you want
merely to cleanse the trees use any of the washes that are advertised, or
make one yourself, which is usually cheaper ; but if you see the trees are
covered with mussel scale, or infested, we will say, with the apple sucker,
or if the pear trees are damaged year by year with the pear-leaf blister
mite, which attacks the fruit as well, then you must modify the form of
winter wash you are going to use according to the pest you want to
destroy. For instance, if you have the mussel scale I would suggest for

330 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

use either the caustic alkali wash, or a distinct improvement on the old
caustic alkali wash, Mr. Pickering’s Woburn wash, which is caustic soda
combined with paraffin and soft soap.

The only difference between the old caustic soda wash and the Woburn
wash is that the addition of the paraffin in the latter makes it work very
much quicker, and is thus slightly better probably than the old caustic
wash, working underneath the covering that protects the eggs of the
mussel scale and rapidly destroying them. If you use the Woburn wash,
or caustic wash, for the destruction of the eggs, we will say of the apple
sucker, it will have no effect. Neither has it any effect even when used
at double the usual strength. It is not because you do not hit
all parts of the trees. It is because we have not anything sufficiently
powerful at present to burn through the shell and reach the embryo
inside. What I would suggest in the case of apple sucker is to leave the
winter spraying as late as you possibly can, and not aim at destroying the
egg, but aim at preventing the little apple sucker from making its exit
from the egg-shell. This I have seen done in several cases with such
good results that 1 am quite convinced that it is the best treatment.
It is merely spraying the trees with lime and salt. You should get the
lime on as thick as you can—whether salt is necessary or not is still
in dispute. I think it is necessary. By spraying the trees with this
lime and salt you form a covering over the egg-shell. The eggs of.
the little apple sucker are laid mostly in two places just where the
lime and salt collect, and if you watch them you will find that the eggs
hatch, but a very small per cent. of the young crawl away. You will
never stamp out these creatures, but a very large proportion of them are
unable to make their way through the particles of lime alive. They die
long before they get into the apple buds and do the damage, so that
if you have a bad attack of apple sucker you should winter-spray, not
with paraffin, Woburn wash, or caustic wash, but with the lime-salt wash.
The eggs are not killed; the insects are merely checked from escaping
whilst in their delicate condition from out of the egg-shell, and so from
getting into the buds. If you want to wash your pear trees that are
attacked with the disease that has been spreading rapidly during last
year, the pear-leaf blister mite, you should use winter wash again. The
trees should be washed with the lime, sulphur, salt, and caustic soda
wash, the so-called self-boiling wash (see p. 851). This wash has been
found in America to destroy the young mite that produces this disease,
and I have tried it myself on several trees with complete success.
You will not only have cleansed your trees of this mite, but I believe
I am right in saying that this wash has also a certain amount of
fungicidal action, and in it you have a remedy against a pest which
Woburn wash or lime and salt would have little effect upon. In winter
washing fruit trees, therefore, you may have to decide what you want to
destroy beyond the mere fact of keeping the tree in a clean and healthy
condition, which is absolutely necessary.

I will now briefly refer to the arsenical washes. It may be that we
shall be able to discard arsenical washes, but until we know more, and
have found by experiments and have the opinion of a very much larger
number of growers that the ordinary emulsion will destroy caterpillars,

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. Bis we

we had better rely on the wash we know willdo good. For the destruction
of caterpillars of all kinds there are used what are called arsenical washes.
The first used was Paris green, which often burnt up the foliage, and
always did more or less damage. London purple was also used, but is not
of very much account. Then came into use what is known as arsenate
of lead: ‘There are growers who have used arsenate of lead prepared on
an old formula, which scientifically we are told is absolutely wrong, who
found that their trees were damaged. Unless you get the formula right,
the arsenate of lead may do a certain amount of damage (I have never
known it, but I know one or two growers who state so). There are two
forms in which arsenate of soda can be obtained, and in mixing the wash
one has to find out exactly what form of arsenate of soda one is using.
If we know that, well and good; mix one’s own wash by all means; but
when we can get this wash guaranteed made up ready for use it is as well
to buy it. The wash is made by mixing arsenate of soda and acetate of
lead and water ; if we have the arsenate of soda in what is known as
pure crystalline form, then we use 34 oz., and acetate of lead 7 oz. to
every 10 gallons of water. If we have the arsenate of soda in what is
known as the “dry’’ form, and used 33 oz., we should produce a wash that
would cause a certain amount of scorching of leaves, so we have to
reduce it to 2 0z. Arsenate of lead is fatal to all caterpillars. It has the
advantage over Paris green that it is of a very strong adhesive nature,
and at the same time it has greater killing power than Paris green or
London purple; this is so well known now that it is scarcely necessary
for me to refer to it. When should we use this arsenical wash? I believe
in a large number of plantations it is necessary now and again. If we
grease-band our fruit trees, which, we know, is a certain way of preventing
the winter moth, which is far worse than any other caterpillar, we have
only to spray with the arsenical washes when we get any particular pest
present, that is, a pest not affected by grease banding such as the Tortrix
moth and lackey moth. If we see these in the early stages, then we
should spray; but do not go through all the plantations just because
arsenical wash will kill caterpillars. Do not spray the plantations whether
the caterpillars are there or not, because by so doing you are undoubtedly
giving a set-back to the tree, because no tree will stand constant spraying,
and you are doing no good if the caterpillars are not there. But if you
have an attack of winter moth where you cannot grease-band, then spray
the trees at the beginning of the attack when the little caterpillars are
seen first of all in the early spring, before they are shut up in the leaves
and the blossom trusses where you cannot get at them ; then one spraying,
if done thoroughly, should be quite sufficient. If you have in your
plantation the codlin moth, which is not so destructive as formerly, trap
the maggots by tying old manure sacking around the trees for the larve
to spin up under, and you will get rid of a large number. Then if you
have the creature still persisting, a second application of this arsenical
wash may be necessary soon after the blossom has fallen. But do not
spray just because the creature may come, or I am afraid you will find
a large proportion of the profits you hope to make will be gone in a
chemical bill.

Another subject I wish to call your attention to is ni connection with

882 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the emulsions. Emulsions, you know, are used for the destruction of
aphis, Psylla, and scale-insects. There are some hundreds of different
formule which have been used. There are the paraffin emulsions in
which paraffin oil has been mixed with soap—what are called soap
emulsions. We use these very casually. We just spray the tree with
paraffin emulsion to kill the aphis that is coming or is there; we do
not think what paraffin we are using; there are any number of paraffins,
some more fatal to the tree than others, some scorch up the trees and do
infinitely more harm than insects can do; but there are paraffins you can
use which do only a little damage. So, first of all, if we are going to
use paraffin emulsion, which I should certainly advise no grower to use
in the summer, because paraffin always damages the leaf to a certain
extent—but if we have to use it, for instance, if we have a very bad
combined attack of apple scale and apple sucker, where we have to do
something drastic, then use only the best oils. Without discriminating
particularly there are two very excellent oils. One is the Solar Distillate
Oil, which has an advantage over others for several reasons ; one is that
it is carried by the railways without bother because of its very low flash
point; another is that it contains something that is very fatal to the
sucking-mouthed insects, and from what has been seen it has less effect
on the foliage of the trees than other good oils. Another kind of oil
which does comparatively little harm is known as White Rose Oil. I
need not now give you the formule. Probably you have all got your
own. You will always find that if soap emulsion is left a little while a
certain amount of the paraffin separates from the soft soap. I do not
think you can get anything like perfect emulsion with soap and paraffin.
The metal emulsion that Mr. Pickering has discovered is very important
and you will find it works excellently. De-emulsification does not take
place with basic sulphates, as it does with soft soap, and the metal
emulsions can be permanently emulsified, and have just as strong killing
power on many aphides as where soft soap is used. There, again, we
have an old idea upset. I have not the slightest doubt that soft soap
alone is fatal to aphides, and yet you use one of these metal emulsions
without soft soap, and get exactly the same results. If you use an
emulsion with the soap you are liable to de-emulsification ; the paraffin
may come off too strong and do harm; the soft soap may come out as
usual, and we know in the destruction of aphis it does a very large amount
of good. If we have certain fungi, for instance the scab, we can make
the metal emulsion with copper sulphate instead of with iron sulphate,
which one would use if dealing only with insects. We can thus combine
a fungicide, for instance for scab, and an insecticide, the copper sulphate
acting as a fungicide and emulsifier of the paraffin at the same time.
That I call a distinct advance, and from what has been claimed for it,
and what I have seen on a small scale, this emulsion will destroy certain
young caterpillars. Some time ago Mr. Bear, of Hailsham, found he
could kill sawfly on the gooseberry with ordinary paraffin emulsion.
Thus we may be able to simplify washing fruit trees to a very consider-
able extent, but I would emphasize the fact that this is only at present in
an experimental stage. We have not had sufficient experiments to know
whether caterpillars are destroyed wholesale, or to know whether it is only

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES, 333

in certain conditions of their life that emulsions affect them. Therefore
let us still rely on arsenate of lead.

Lastly, I want to refer to the vegetable washes. All those washes
which I have referred to containing metals and oils are injurious; no
matter how well they are mixed or put on, they always do a certain
amount of harm to the trees. We get just the reverse if we use a
vegetable wash. If you use tobacco, or if you use quassia, you find
no damage done to the trees. If you use quassia and soft soap for the
destruction of the apple sucker, we will say in the trusses of blossom,
you find it penetrates very much deeper into the trusses than where you
use paraffin emulsion. If you use tobacco wash you will find it penetrates
with even greater power than quassia, and at the same time you will
find that the tobacco does no harm to the apple blossom, and, moreover,
above this penetrating power it has, the same as quassia, a certain
deterrent effect. It may not last for long, but even if you keep winged
aphis off for a very little while it is doing some good. So that in tobacco
we have an insecticide which does no harm, and is much more penetrating
than emulsions, and a wash which may possibly do good in another way
by keeping insects off the plant. There is a great drawback, the expense,
which unfortunately has got to be considered ; but I very much doubt if
itis not better, where we have a bad attack of aphis year after year, to give
it one good spray with tobacco wash than several with emulsions which may
be cheap, because of the penetrative power of the tobacco. If you spray
after rain, or a small amount of rain comes after spraying, you will find
a wash like tobacco wash is enhanced. The wash is taken by the rain or
moisture deep into the trusses where the suckers live, and there they are
readily destroyed, not only by the contact of a small amount of soft soap,
which I think you should always use with tobacco, but by the nicotine
poison itself, which is just as fatal to insect life, as far as we know, as to
animals higher in the scale of life.

Such are some of the insecticides and acaricides in use or being
experimented with. It will be said they are very numerous, but one
must not expect that the few scientists who have worked at this subject
could do more for fruit growers in less than a quarter of a century than
medicine has done for man in many hundreds of years.

Cleanliness of the trees must be aimed at, and any one of those winter
washes referred to will cleanse them ; but when we come to check any
specific parasitic disease we must use what remedy is fitted for that
purpose and not expect that any one will cure the lot. Moreover we
must remember it is very easy to physic a man who is not ill, but it is
waste of money, and the same may be said of our fruit trees. Too
frequently one sees washing going on where there is nothing to destroy.
Spraying can only do a certain amount of good, and the more cautiously
growers go to work with this necessary adjunct of fruit growing, the more
money they will keep in their pockets.

For even when spraying is necessary and does good we must still bear
in mind that in destroying the disease the remedies too often weaken the
plant. Keep up the health of the trees by cultivation and general
attention. Destroy all old and dead wood, and the various diseases which
necessitate our spraying will be lessened.

334 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. -

The Chairman then called upon Mr. Hammond for his paper.

‘“ SPRAYING AND SPRAYING MACHINERY.”’

Mr. G. Hammonp: The first remark I want to make is that the
paper I am about to read has been prepared by my son. He knew that
I was very busily engaged in public work; and on his own account he
prepared this paper, as he had the details of all the experiments we had
carried out. He had the advantage for a year or two of making him-
self familiar with mechanical engineering and he got a smattering of
chemistry into the bargain. Therefore I am going to read a paper which
I personally have not prepared, but which embodies the result of a large
number of experiments extending over a considerable number of years.

The subject of spraying is so very many-sided and so complex, and at
the same time so specialized, and furthermore there are so many persous
more capable than I of speaking to you on their special phases of the
subject, that I make no further apology to you for treating spraying this
afternoon in a general way, and offering you a few remarks from a fruit
grower’s point of view.

In the first place, as a fruit grower I view the practice of spraying
as a regrettable necessity—a necessity inasmuch as without it we have at
present no remedy against many of our foes—and regrettable, as it is at
once both costly and difficult to accomplish successfully on a large scale.

Fruit growers do not, as one of our friends well said at a meeting here,
regard themselves as sent by Providence to be users of spray fluids for
the makers’ benefit and the support of the chemical industry; and the
less they can use and yet keep their trees healthy, vigorous, and fruitful
the better pleased they are.

If we could always keep our trees in thoroughly good growing
condition, in good suitable soil and with proper relationship of branch
and root, or briefly, in the condition which a fruit grower describes as
being “in good heart,’ we should have little, if any, need of spraying.

Everyone knows that if only one can keep one’s physical health up to
the mark the system will throw off all germs of disease, which find an
easy entrance into the system of one who is run down or below par.

It is the same with our fruit trees. It is a well-known fact to all who
have dealings with fruit trees, that it is the sickly and overcropped trees
that are the worst affected with aphides; the strong and vigorous seem to
be able to keep free of the pest. It passed almost into a proverb with the
old-fashioned fruit hands, “No apples, no maggot,’ as they used to call
the winter moth caterpillar. It should therefore be our first aim to keep
our trees in good growing condition by proper manuring, cultivation and
pruning, so as to give them the best chance possible of resisting disease.

Yet though we may do all in our power for our fruit trees, and we
may have very good soil and situation for them, yet the factor in the
business which is beyond our control, viz. the climate, will often thwart
our efforts and bring our trees under the influence of pests for which we
must needs spray, or lose our crop, and perhaps nearly all our trees.

The enemies against which the fruit grower has to fight by spraying,
or any other method available, may be divided into two classes: vegetable

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 339

and animal. In the first are included all the various fungi, from the
strawberry mildew to the American gooseberry mildew, and from scab
in apples and pears to black stripe in tomatos; in the second all our
animal enemies, from the huge stem-borer, the larva of the leopard moth,
to the microscopic bud gall-mite of the black currant. I certainly think
the former are harder to attack, as, being so closely allied to their hosts,
many of the remedies one tries to apply, while being eminently successful
in the killing of the parasite, kill the host too, which fruit growers do
not exactly welcome.

Among the agents for destroying the various fungi, sulphur and its
numerous chemical compounds take a high place.

Strawberry growers have long been familiar with the use of flowers of
sulphur for mildew on their plants until now it has become a part of the
routine of many farms to dust-spray all the strawberries once or twice,
whether the mildew has made its appearance or not. Particularly is
this the case where ‘Sir Joseph Paxton’ is much grown, this variety
being specially subject to its attacks.

Within the last year or so we have had also brought to our notice
another form of sulphur, or rather a chemical compound of sulphur,
which is a most useful fungicide, viz. potassium sulphide, or liver of
sulphur, which the Board of Agriculture recommend for gooseberry
mildew, and which, if it will not kill the mildew, will certainly act as
a preventive of infection, so long as it can be induced to remain on the
bush and is not washed off; but being somewhat of a greasy nature it
is very difficult to make it adhere to the twigs of gooseberry bushes.
We use half an ounce to a gallon of water.

Our old friend sulphur turns up again as a constituent of another
well-known fungicide as valuable as, if not more so than, the last, viz.
copper sulphate—the active principle in that universal spray fluid,
“ Bordeaux mixture,’ whose uses extend from the potato to the vine
and to all fruit trees. 7

It has undoubtedly worked wonders in combating the once dreaded
potato disease, and in passing may I say that for the past two years we
have used it as a dust spray with very good results, a great economy of
labour and a total absence of damage to the haulms (which occurs when
large breadths of very strong plants have to be sprayed with a machine in
a farm cart). 3 |

We have applied it at the same rate per acre as we should have used in
a liquid state, by means of a Vermorel Torpille machine, shut right in, the
light powder being even then able to work through the grid fast enough.
Bordeaux mixture has also been very successful in the vines in France,
and it is at present, so far as I know, the only remedy for scab in
apples.

My own experiments in this direction at present have not been very
successful, but that either this or some other remedy must be persevered
with is fully apparent to all who see the immense quantity of scabbed
apples that have come on to our markets this year.

_ The drawback to this spray fluid is its somewhat slow action, and also
the fact that you cannot be sure that it will not scorch the foliage and
sometimes cause it to fall. The leaf of some varieties is so much more

336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

tender than others that a strength which one will bear will cause the
leaves of another to fall almost as in winter: To be thoroughly successful
one must apply it in a mist-like spray at least three times during the
period the apples are growing, and also know exactly the strength each
variety will stand. In my own case I only gave one spraying, but quite
50 per cent. of the leaves fell off, and, though much improved, the
apples are not even now entirely free from spot. The drawback also
with this for the commercial fruit grower is that the operation must be
done just when he is busy with his soft fruit, berries, currants, and
strawberries, and when all his skilled hands, to whom he would entrust
the work, are busy with the gangs of women, or packing, or some similar
work.

It has become almost a necessity to train a special gang of men who
can at any time be available for any spraying work that may crop up.

We have used a solution of copper sulphate in winter for Botrytis on
gooseberry bushes, in conjunction with the liver of sulphur in summer ; and
although not able quite to stamp it out, yet we have substantially held it
in check where formerly we had to grub up the bushes.

There are two fungi which sooner or later we shall have to tackle,
perhaps by copper sulphate: one is the fungus causing the dying back of
spurs or shoots on plum trees—the work of Monzlza—and the other is the
apple mildew, which causes the peculiar white shoots and tufts of leaves,
alas! so often seen now, to which we find ‘Bismarck’ most subject. At
present we have kept this in check by cutting back all infected pieces
at the winter pruning, when they are easily seen, and, of course, destroying
them by burning.

The Monzlia is very hard to deal with, as it is only outside the bark,
and so vulnerable, when the plums are in full bloom, the spore entering
the bloom and working thence down the stalk into spur and shoot. At
present it does not seem feasible to spray plums in full bloom with copper
sulphate, deadly as it often is even to the leaf. The only remedy seems
similar to the apple mildew cure just spoken of.

I need say little to you of the American gooseberry mildew, but leave
it to the experts to fight out whether pruning, spraying, or grubbing,
burning, tipping, or any other method, be the correct one for stamping
out the dire disease. But let me say in passing that, whatever is finally
ordered by the Board of Agriculture, I hope it will be something proved
to be successful, so that a grower may not find, when he has loyally
obeyed some Order, that what he has done has proved later to be of little
or no avail.

There is one other class of enemy of fruit trees, belonging to the
vegetable kingdom, which we need to fight, and that is the mosses and
lichens which cover the limbs and branches of old trees, and which afford
such a splendid hiding place for insects for the winter, as well as suitable
positions for them to lay their eggs, and I daresay also fit soil for winter
spores of fungi.

Fruit growers have long realized the advantage of ridding their trees
of some of this encumbering rubbish, and long ago, before winter
spraying was thought of, it had become good practice to scrape down
and lime-wash the trunks and all large boughs of trees which were badly

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. JOT

overgrown with moss and lichens. It seems to me that, for the reason
alone of destroying the harbouring places of insects and so on, winter
spraying will be worth while, even though the effects of the various washes
on the eggs of apple sucker, aphis, and the winter moth and similar pests
may remain extremely problematical.

Last winter we experimented with most of the winter washes which
were then on the market, but failed to find any that corroded any very
large percentage of the eggs of the apple sucker. All of them made very
good work of cleaning the mosses and lichens off the boughs, and to that
extent we were successful. We did not try lime and salt wash, but we
hear favourable accounts from friends who tried it, particularly when
it was applied quite late in the spring.

We used some lime which had become air-slaked, and found that it
stuck on the trees fairly well and cleansed them, and seemed to have
cleared off some apple sucker, as they were cleaner than the next row,
which was not done; it may be noted that this was done quite late in the
winter.

What we consider our most favourable result was achieved by the
use of hot lime-wash,* made by putting lime straight into water and
applying quite hot, and in as thick a condition as possible. It was so
hot as to make the delivery hose uncomfortable to hold, and, of course,
burnt face and hands when one was so unfortunate as to get any on them.

Applied during the first fortnight in April, it stuck on the trees
splendidly, and is not now entirely gone, a lot still adhering to the rough
underside of the branches. As I said before, we considered the result
very satisfactory, hardly any sucker being found on the trees, while a few
which were left, among which some Narcissi are planted, and which, of
course, it was impossible to do, were very badly infected.

The varieties were ‘Mr. Gladstone,’ ‘Kcklinville,’ ‘Cox’s Orange
Pippin,’ and ‘ Lord Derby.’ Although this was so far successful for
apple sucker, it was not wholly so for killing the winter spores of apple
scab, there being some traces of it, though not a bad attack, on the ‘ Cox’s
Orange’ and the ‘ Kcklinville.’ It may be noted in passing that among
all the winter washes we tried none seemed to have much effect on this
scourge.

This hot lime wash was applied early in April, as, of course, there
was no under crop of bush fruit in this particular orchard, otherwise
it would have been impossible, and it seems to me that the tenderness
and the liability to damage of the under fruit at the time when the
eges of all the various insects are most vulnerable makes the task of
successful winter washing in a mixed plantation much harder than in an
orchard where there is no such drawback.

This factor is constantly occurring in our work of spraying; for
instance, when we wish to apply strong poison for the leaf-eating cater-
pillars very often there is a crop of gooseberries underneath, either just
ready to pick or even being gathered, and one must either abandon the
spraying or leave off gathering the berries for a week or two.

* About one and a-half bushel of lime is placed in a forty-gallon cask, filled up
with water, allowed to boil for about ten minutes, then used. The cask is filled with
water again, and by the time the first lot is used the second lot is ready.

VOL. XXXIV. Z

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338 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Almost all the winter washes were successful in killing American
blight, particularly those which had petroleum as one of their ingredients,
providing sufficient force was applied to drive the wash into the crevices
where the pest had made its abode.

The same may be said with regard to the mussel scale. It has been
largely cleared off the trees; and again the petroleum compounds seem to
have been most successful, which will not surprise many fruit growers, as
paraffin has been found long ago to be useful applied with some clay as a
paint for this pest.

Of course, no observation of this, other than microscopic, is of any use
in the spring time, as to the results of spraying for mussel scale, for these
scales are but the shell of the insect protecting the eggs, and it is only
when the eggs hatch out, and new insects grow, that we can tell what
good we have done; and even then we may congratulate ourselves on
something we have never accomplished, since the scale has a parasitic
enemy which devours the eggs sometimes to the extent of half their
number. However, granting all this, looking at sprayed and unsprayed
trees in the summer, we can tell easily that much good has been accom-
plished.

Leaving winter spraying, I think we can divide the insects we have to
spray for in summer roughly into two classes—those we must kill by direct
contact with the spray and those whose food we must poison, and so destroy.
Among the former are included the different aphides, apple sucker, and
red spider, and the latter comprise all the leaf-eating caterpillars and
various beetles. For many years for the former class quassia and soft
soap was universally recommended as the wash, and is even now very
useful indeed ; but it has been gradually superseded by paraffin emulsified
with soft soap.

The need for emulsifying is, of course, abundantly clear to anyone who
thinks of the impossibility of mixing paraffin and water together, and who
also thinks of the damage the unmixed drops of paraffin will do to the
leaves of the trees. The emulsion is made by churning certain quantities
of paraffin and a solution of soft soap by means of a syringe or pump, and
then diluting to the required strength. But even when the emulsion is
ever so carefully made, on diluting it some of the paraffin is sure to
separate.

This year we have used another emulsion, which has been very much
more successful, in which the emulsifying agent has been iron sulphate,
with which we never had the slightest trouble to keep the paraffin mixed
up. For this, as for many other notable investigations, we are indebted to
Mr. Spencer Pickering of Woburn. We found this wash quite successful
in killing aphides where it could be got at them, and also red spider, but
it was not so good at killing apple sucker, either on the wing or in the
bunches of bloom. However, though this is a useful wash it has a draw-
back in that it leaves a rust, like a deposit of iron, on the leaves and fruit
which might damage the fruit for sale unless soon washed off by heavy
rain.

Though this wash was not fatal to apple sucker another of Mr.
Pickering’s remedies was absolutely so; in fact I have no hesitation in
saying that wherever it touched any insect it was fatal to it. This was a

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 339

solution of tobacco made according to Mr. Pickering’s formula ; * and not
only was it successful against apple sucker, but equally so against aphides
and caterpillars wherever it touched them. I have no hesitation in
recommending this wash most strongly to growers for spring use, as I
consider it the best one I have ever found, the only drawback being the
price of tobacco ; and I consider that fruit growers should unite in strongly
urging the Board of Agriculture to bring pressure on Parliament, or else
apply that pressure direct themselves, to enable some scheme to be put
forward to relieve such tobacco from the duty which is the bulk of its
cost. or red spider on gooseberries where they are very tender and it is
not considered advisable to use paraffin, liver of sulphur is a most ex-
cellent remedy; but it must be remembered that for the destruction of
this pest one spraying is not sufficient, for the reason that, if the weather
is not bright, some of the insects may be in the clods and not up in the
trees, and also that the hatching of the eggs extends over a rather long
period, and if one batch is killed there may be in a few days another lot
hatched out ‘

So much for the foes we can kill in open fight. Several, like the
weevils, work largely at night, or, like many of the caterpillars, are
impossible to get at owing to leaf curling; so that we must adopt another
method for them, and that is, to poison their food. For this we require
something which may be spread in a very thin deposit on all the leaves
and which may be sufficiently strong to poison the insect without burning
the leaves themselves. We find such a substance in the compounds of
arsenic which, diluted with water and in this way finely divided, are
some of them also not hurtful to trees.

London purple used to be largely used, but has been given up as
very clumsy and dangerous, and now Paris green f and lead arsenate are
the largely used washes—the former in cases in which it is desired soon to
be washed off, as on trees over bush fruit, and the latter where it
is desired to stick on as long as possible, and there is no danger of
poisoning any under crop. For using both, the fruit grower cannot do
better than obtain them in paste form, as is now possible, in which condition
they may be readily mixed with cold water, reducing all risk of accidental
poisoning of mixers and sprayers, and also ensuring the correct propor-
tions. It has been proved by experiment now, however, that no lime is
needed in using Paris green, and that the risk of burning the foliage is
far greater with than without it.

These sprays, however, in contradistinction to those for aphides,
sucker, and red spider, must not be applied in a powerful stream, but in a
light mist-spray, otherwise much of the liquid runs off, thus defeating the
desired end of a light deposit over all the leaves, and furthermore largely
increasing the risk of burning the leaves. This needs a very good
machine with a powerful pump, a fine dividing jet, and, last but not least,
excellent judgment as to when to leave off spraying on a tree. Spraying
is indeed a fine art, and this is one of its most difficult achievements.

Kither of these two remedies if applied at the right time, and given
favourable weather, will be found fatal to the various winter caterpillars

* 2 lb. tobacco to 10 gallons of water ; impossible for growers to prepare.

+ 1 1b. to 200 or 250 gallons of water.
z2

340 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and other leaf-eating caterpillars, the grub of the codlin moth, and I have
found them successful against the weevil that eats out the buds of the
scions when trees have been grafted, only in this case it needs just
a little growth on the scion for the poison to coat.

I have never sprayed for codling moth grub, but others have found lead
arsenate an excellent remedy providing the right time is chosen, just as
soon as the blossom has fallen, and for a week or two after. We have
never been greatly troubled with insects on the gooseberry bushes, and
have always been able to cope with any attack of caterpillars by the use
of hellebore powder applied by means of a Torpille machine when the
dew is on the trees.

With regard to the black currant mite we have tried the lime and
sulphur remedy and have been to some extent successful, but we have
found it burnt the fruit rather badly sometimes. For nurserymen on
their young stock it is no doubt an excellent remedy, but rather dangerous
for fruit growers. Personally I think the remedy will be found in
spraying a greasy substance all over the trees in the spring, and so
catching the mites.

I think this concludes all I have to say as to the various compositions
to employ; but so far I have said nothing to you as to the time to use
them, and therein lies the crux of the whole question as well as its
difficulty. If when we wanted to spray it would always be calm and
always remain fine half the difficulties of spraying would be removed ; but
when for days during winter spraying the wind blows from the same
quarter with tempestuous fury, making it absolutely impossible to do
more than one side of the tree, one realizes the irony of the writers of
pamphlets of instructions who point out the necessity of wetting the
whole surface of the tree. Frequently last winter we had as much as two
to three acres of top trees sprayed on the east side before the wind
turned sufficiently for the west side to be done.

Particularly is this the case where there are bush trees of any con-
siderable size underneath, it then being next to impossible with the very
strong caustic materials now used to spray up against the wind. Again
think of the annoyance to the fruit grower when, after a long day spent
in throwing pounds’ worth of Paris green on to his trees, at evening
a heavy storm comes on and washes all, or nearly all, of the valuable
results of his labour off the trees.

As I said before, there is also the difficulty that, when it is just the
proper time to spray for something for top fruit, it may be positively
dangerous to some crop beneath, whether bush fruit or other crop. So
what with climatic conditions and other causes, successful spraying is not
by any means the easiest job. If the proprietor or his sons can manage to
personally do the spraying work themselves, part of the battle is over ; but
where ordinary farm hands have to be trained in the use of the machines,
and the various quantities of chemicals to mix, it needs constant
vigilance on somebody’s part to give it any chance of being successful
and not too exorbitantly dear. How annoying to come upon the spraying
gang standing idle watching one of their number pulling the pump to
pieces, perhaps a couple of hours’ job from stop to start again ; or owing

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 341

to wrong mixing to find the trees burnt, or else the mixture used at a
strength insufficient to kill, and so much valuable labour lost.

The pumps used should be as far as possible unlikely to go wrong,
and, should they do so, as simple as possible to dismount and repair. To
this end ball valves ought to be used in preference to clacks or mushroom
valves. It should be possible to get at the mouth of the suction hose to
clean it, and this of course should be covered with close mesh wire gauze.
The pump should have an air chamber for maintaining continuous
pressure, by which it ought to be possible to get from 60 to 100 lb. a
square inch. Whatever form the plunger takes it should, if packed, be
easily renewed as the wearing with lime and caustic washes is considerable,
and sometimes the pump will give out quite suddenly from this cause.
All taps used should be well ground in, and have large passage ways, or
they are liable to choke with heavy washes. As to the form of nozzle it
is impossible to speak with any certainty, as there are so many different
forms, all equally good, some for one job, and some for another. I have
found those the best in which a spiral twist is given to the liquid by some
device or another before it comes to the final opening, which can be large
or small as desired. This spiral twist given to the liquid gives better
results than if it were forced direct through the same aperture.

Whatever form of jet is used, and whatever pump forces the liquid,
’ it must be possible to get a fine mist-spray with a good pressure behind
it. Washing as one understands it from hop washing is of very little, if
any, use in fruit-tree spraying, and a good light spray with power behind
it has a more penetrating effect, and but little of the liquid is lost, com-
pared with the loss when there is a copious flow with little pressure
behind it.

Now as to the form of pump to be used, and the way it is to be
mounted.

It seems to me that except for small places and small trees the
knapsack machine is not big enough, and is next to useless save for a tree
here and there. It does not carry enough, and it is not possible to throw
the liquid far enough when one has to direct the spray and the pump too.
Fancy using a two-gallon knapsack on a tree that requires a 40-stave
ladder to pick it. It is like attempting to put out a big fire with a
lady’s scent-spray. ‘There is not only the drawback of want of power,
but owing to carrying so little they require filling so frequently in long
lands necessitating as many carriers of fluid as pumpers to keep the latter
even moderately busy when the trees are of any size. Personally I think
in large gardens 40 gallons is the lowest capacity that can be used with
profit. In large grass orchards, or those where there is no undercrop,
a holder up to 100 gallons can be used, but particular care must be taken
to keep the liquid in such a large machine well agitated. This is a
most important point in spraying, as without thoroughly effective agita-
tion the spray fluid is likely to be very weak at one time and over-strong
at another as the active component either rises or sinks in the water.

All spray fluids are of course diluted to a safe strength with water,
and all, no matter what kind they be, have a tendency to separate when
in the machine, either like the emulsions to rise and form an oily curd

342 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the surface, or, like Paris green and such compounds, to sink to the
bottom. It is therefore an absolute necessity that whatever spraying
machine is used it shall contain some device or other which shall effec-
tually agitate and mix the liquid whenever pumping is taking place. This
may be accomplished in many ways, the handiest, in the case of a pump
mounted on the top of the container, being a rod with a plunger at the
end going to the bottom at the end of the stroke, and rising of course on
the up-stroke of the pump. It should be accomplished if possible by
utilizing the movement of the stroke of the pumps so as not to complicate
matters too much. There are some American machines made which
include a handle with bevel gears driving a shaft upright in the barrel
having attached to the bottom arms which revolve when the handle is
turned, and so churn up the liquid; but this seems to me to involve either
extra labour or very complicated work on the part of the pumper, and I
think it is not desirable.

I had an idea at one time that the desired end might be accomplished
byturning a sort of pass jet from the main delivery into the bottom of
the tank, but I found that to sufficiently agitate the contents so much
liquid must pass as to run away with the power from the jets. One
would almost think that jolting on an unspringed trolley over the clods
would stir up the mixture, but I am afraid this is not the case; it appears
to have rather the contrary effect with some mineral compounds, causing
them to settle to the bottom. However I will not labour the point further,
but everyone who goes in for spraying must realize that it is only to court
absolute failure to try to work with a machine which makes no provision
for this necessity.

With regard to the delivery pipe, we use, indiarubber hose to within a
very short distance of the nozzle, having very short delivery pipes, finding
the shorter ones much more handy to use than long. I think the best
thing to buy is a medium quality three-ply tubing. Of course the
cheapest is dear at any price, but on the other hand we find the very best
hoses built to stand high pressure are too hard and are liable to crack—
that at least has been our experience—and that a more pliable quality not
quite so strong is more useful in the long run.

We have quite given up the use of wire for hose fastening, using the
very handy brass clips with screws and nuts which are fixed and unfixed
in a few moments and never blow off under the greatest pressure.

It may be asked, how do you reach the tops of the trees with such
short pipes and long length of hose? ‘T'o overcome this we use long
bamboos, such as are used for curtain poles, about 12 feet long, and into
the top we fix one portion of a brass joint for chimney and drain cleaning
rods ; the other portion with about four or five inches of wood affixed is
bound to the delivery pipe close up to the jet. One has then only just to
screw the bamboo with its top into the latter portion and you have a light
twelve-foot delivery pipe nice and comfortable to hold from its large size,
but. which can be attached in a few seconds enabling the hose to be coiled
up and put on the machine when returning for a fresh supply of liquid.

Anyone who has done much spraying work will, I am sure, appreciate
the handiness of this. There is nothing more awkward than 20 feet of
hose with 6 feet of delivery pipe, and perhaps a stick tied to it, all on the

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 343

top of a machine, catching in nearly every tree as it goes up and down
the rows.

Now for the mounting of the machine. Providing you can get a
pump that can be adapted to it, I think there is nothing more handy for
a container than a paraffin barrel. The pump can be mounted either on
the top or on the side as desired. If it is wished to put the tackle in a
cart, mounting on the end is best, involving less labour in fixing in the
cart, all that will be required being a few light stay irons screwed into the
bottom of the cart and bolted to the barrel. For going in amongst bush
fruit mounting on the side is better, involving less risk of overturning at
the ends, and being much easier to work in all ways. For summer work
we mount this on a small long trolley carrying the wheels well in front
and behind the barrel, thus enabling them to be of narrow gauge. The
two front wheels are mounted on a little sweep or lock allowing them to
turn right round underneath the machine; thus the latter can be twisted
round almost anywhere. We have just two eyes or shacks, both front and
back, in which to hook the chain trace used for the pony, and we find by
this rig we can travel up and down most of our berries and red currants,
even in the fruiting season, with very little damage. In winter time it is
best to mount the barrel on a couple of runners like a sleigh, as the small
iron wheels are inclined to cut in deeply in the wet soil, especially if
the machine has to travel two or three times in the same valley.

I fear there has been a lot of personal element in this paper, but one .
can only speak in a case like this from experience of what one has seen
and done oneself. What I have given you is what little we have learned
during the last fifteen years’ experience of spraying, and as such I trust
you will pardon what may seem gross egotism.

I have said little to you of the various quantities for making the spray
fluids for two reasons: first, that there are gentlemen here who are
specialists in that line; and secondly, that we have found it best in the
long run to buy a good many of the complicated washes and emulsions
already mixed, it only being generally necessary to dilute with a certain
quantity of water. We endeavour to deal with firms of chemical manu-
facturers whom we can fully trust, whose machinery as well as their skill
enables them to make up these things far better than we can; and
furthermore makes it more possible to leave a gang of sprayers alone for
five minutes, secure in the knowledge that they have only the child’s work
of putting so many pints of mixture in so many gallons of water when
they require a fresh lot of spray fluid. I have mentioned no name of any
firm in this paper, but all growers should find out for themselves firms in
whom reliance can be placed, and whose word can be believed, that when
they say a certain wash will kill a certain thing the grower may know it
has been proved effectual for it; or that when they say that such and
such a machine will stand reasonable use, it will not break down the first
day and every succeeding one.

I am very glad this Conference has been started, and I only hope that
much good may be accomplished, that we may all spend what money we
spend on spraying to greater profit in the future than we have been able
to do in the past.

344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DISCUSSION.

Tue CHAIRMAN: I am sure the meeting will feel that we have had
most interesting papers read to us; and now comes the time for dis-
cussion. I will ask any gentleman who wishes to give us his experience,
or make any remark, or ask any- question, to come up to this end of the
room.

Mr. Frep Moore (Glasnevin): I should just like to make a
few remarks upon the papers we have heard read this morning
and this afternoon. I think there is one thing that will strike
everyone, and that is, the diametrically opposed nature of the views which
have been put before us. How are we to find our way and hammer out a
reasonable solution from the very different advice given to us? Mr.
Massee has insisted that we do not spray enough; he says that we must
spray more—in winter, spring, and summer. Professor Theobald says
that we are not to spray in winter and decries the winter spraying.
Which of them is right? There is one thing I think which they have
discounted and that is the intelligence of the cultivator. You will find if
you get into contact with the cultivator that he is not the simpleton he
is supposed to be, especially the cultivator who has got to make his
living out of the business. Leave it to him to decide whether spraying
is wanted or not; and if the scientists would set themselves together,
as was suggested most practically by Mr. Collinge this morning, and
devise an efficient and cheap wash to meet the exigencies of the occasion,
I think that would do good on both sides. But I do strongly advise
cultivators not to give up their spraying merely because they are told
to do so, but to satisfy themselves first whether spraying is necessary
or not; and I would strongly urge them not to give up winter spraying,
which is, I believe, an essential thing for the cultivation of fruit trees.
And I would further advise cultivators to consider very carefully
before they accept the statement that constant spraying with the
existing sprays in the winter is deleterious to the health of the trees. IL
would go further than that, and emphatically state from experience
that it is beneficial to the health of the trees. The trees that are
regularly sprayed in winter do not require nearly the amount of ~
spraying they otherwise would do; and also I would say you get a
healthier and better condition of your tree. Professor Theobald has said
that we do not physic ourselves until we are ill. Why not put the
converse and say that all decent people wash themselves and their
surroundings ?

We have got two points which have been leading us all astray. In
getting at our applications we have neglected two things, the climatic and
the physical conditions, where the experiments have been made. You
will find in Cornwall and in Devonshire and other warm counties that
a very different class of conditions prevails from that in the Midland
counties. Many people in London haye been complaining of the heat and
want of rain. Last week we had much rain in Dublin; we had a wet
night on Wednesday and continuous fog; and we have the greatest
fungous growth on grass in the district, greater than I have ever seen
previously to my knowledge. Are those conditions of climate going to

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 345

be treated in the same way as a warm dry climate? If you have a wet
climate and do not spray in winter, take my advice and do not start fruit
growing; you will not succeed. I wish to say that I hope one of the
results of this Conference will be that some attempt may be made at
getting a standardization of these washes. That is what we want. We
do not merely want to knowof such and such a wash, but we want to know
what the ingredients are which should go into the wash—what we should
write to the chemist for. I hold very strongly that we ought to prepare
our own washes and sprays from our own materials whenever we can do
so. I was once sheltering in a public-house during a very heavy snow-
storm in the North of Ireland: it was Fair day, and they were dispensing
drinks freely. The landlord had a very potent brand of whisky and I
said that I would try it; but he said as an aside, “I don’t advise you
to.” I said, “What is it?’ and he replied, “I doubfé if its own
maker knows, I don’t. I only know that it is the cheapest I can get.”
And that is what has been going on with regard to these washes. We
experiment with washes which we do not know anything about the
composition of, and we ought to have a standardization of the materials
in it. Are we going to stand up and say that such and such a wash is
insufficient ; it is of no use, don’t try it? Prepare it yourselves with
standardized materials which you know are right, and then report on
it. Then some faith may be had in the results you have met with.
I think a lot of conflicting views arise from the fact that we do not
know what we are using; we only know its name, but we do not know
the standard of it.

Under the Department of Agriculture for Ireland we have been
making extensive experiments in inducing the small farmer to grow fruit.
Some of them have been at it a little before on some of the farms and
fields where these orchards are which belong to the Department. The
Department has planted an acre, which is under the control of an
inspector, where spraying must be done. I can only assure you that the
farmer has reaped an advantage in many cases. In some cases you can
see the unsprayed tree in his orchard that is older, and the sprayed tree
that is younger; and the difference will leave no doubt in your mind as
to whether spraying is desirable or not—you will never have two opinions
about it. Not only is spraying necessary, but I believe continuity of
Spraying is necessary ; and I think that the immunity from pests of all
sorts, in direct opposition to some views we have heard, in well-worked
orchards, is due to a reasonable continuity of spraying. I do not mean
taking up the line that you should spray your trees often, but spray
them regularly, with a good compound, and you will never regret the
results of it. That is, I believe, the most essential and important point
in fruit growing.

One word more as regards American gooseberry mildew. There was
a laugh when that matter was first mentioned; but it is no laughing
matter; it is the most serious pest that has attacked fruit during the
memory of anyone here; the rapidity with which it will devastate the
country side is beyond belief. There has been a question asked as to
what the remedy for it is. Several suggested that there was a remedy.
There is a remedy so far as we can find out from experiment, and the

346 JOURNAL OF THE'ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

only one—burn the bushes. That is the only remedy there is as far as we
can at!present ascertain.

One point more. Of the specimens that have been sent up to the ©
Department of Agriculture in Ireland this year to be reported on as to
what kind of disease it was which was on the trees, 80 per cent. of them
have been admittedly injured by using bad washes.

Question: I wish to ask one question of Professor Theobald. Is there
any remedy for the apple weevil? This year I have suffered more from
that pest than from any other; it crawls about the trees and lays its eggs -
in the young fruit when the blossom is gone. I want to know if
Professor Theobald thinks there is any use_in leaving grease-bands on the
trees till the blossom is out—say till the middle of May—and whether he
thinks any of the apple weevil will crawl up the trees in the summer.

Mr. THEOBALD :—I do not think grease-bands have the least effect
on the apple weevil. We know that you may possibly catch one or
two on the grease-band by chance; but, being a winged creature, the
grease-band has little or no effect. As to the remedy for it, I am afraid
I cannot say that one seems to be known at present. Mr. Bear noticed
that where emulsion with lime and salt wash was used it certainly checked
it to some extent; but still a lot of weevil was left. However, beyond
this, shaking weevils off on to cloths is the only thing that growers
have found of great benefit or effect at all.

Mr. CoLuince: With regard to what Professor Theobald was saying
about the apple-blossom weevil I have at present a paper in the press
detailing a number of experiments in grease-banding for the apple-
blossom weevil where the grease-band was. entirely ineffective. No
weevils were found on the band. It is commonly said that the female
weevil does not fly ; it certainly does not creep up the stems of the trees.
My advice to fruit growers, so far as the apple-blossom weevil is concerned,
would be to re-echo the words of the gentleman who has just sat down
and say, Keep your orchards clean, and then I don’t think you will see
much of the apple-blossom weevil.

Question: I should like to ask for a substitute for soft soap in
paraffin emulsion ; I did not quite catch it.

Mr. THEosaLp: Hither iron sulphate or copper sulphate. Whether
the copper sulphate is worth using I do not know; but the iron sulphate
in any case is.

Mr. C. O. Watters: I wish to make a remark with regard to caustic
wash. f'rom my experience the foliage does seem to have been very much
better altogether after using it; so I think the caustic washing must be
beneficial ; it destroys all sorts of hiding places for insects ; even if it does
not kill the eggs, it certainly destroys the resting places in great numbers.

A certain firm (I will not mention the name) sent me in the spring
a quart of a specially prepared wash for killing caterpillars. I used some,
as | thought I would experiment with it before I used the whole lot or
ordered any more. I prepared it according to the instructions, and I
found half a dozen caterpillars. I gave them a good strong solution
and put them carefully on the grass. Next morning I examined the
caterpillars and,found them*just as lively as they were the night before ;
it had not the slightest effect on them. Then I used the solution of

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES 347

double strength, according to the directions ; but it had exactly the same
result—it hadn’t killed one of them. So I did not give myself the
trouble to spray with it in order to kill the caterpillars. It was proved
to be quite useless. But I am certainly in favour of the caustic washing.

Mr. Baker: There is one essential fact which this Conference has,
I think, emphasized, and that is that fungicides are on the whole pre-
ventive; whereas insecticides are, on the whole, remedial. Therein lies
the essential difference between Mr. Massee’s recommendations this
morning, in which he says spray and spray frequently, and Professor
Theobald’s recommendations this afternoon, when he says spray only
when the pest is there. Most of us know that a fungicide will go far
to prevent mildew where it is used; but it is of little use trying to
prevent insect attacks by spraying.

The one thing which I would like to emphasize is this, that, as
a result of several years of experiments and close observation, every year
adds to my conviction that what we ought to aim at doing is, not so much
finding a remedy as to get a class of plants which have a good con-
stitution, or, at any rate, to cultivate them in such a way, and to such
extent, that they are resistant to the attacks of pests. I could take you
to a place close to my own home where there are a number of shrubs,
and some of those shrubs have been mildewed badly, others not at all.
I interlaced adjacent branches of different shrubs of the same species,
and some are only slightly diseased. The same thing applies to other
trees. You may go into an orchard and see one tree badly affected,
especially in the case of fungi, while the next is not anything like so
much affected. There must be some reason for this. Is it a con-
stitutional weakness on the part of the one which has so easily fallen a
victim ; and, if it is, does it not behove the cultivator to endeavour to
raise a class of plants which will have constitutional vigour to enable
them to resist the disease? If it is, as I believe it is, a question, to a very
large extent, of deficiency in some ingredients of plant food, or of some-
thing there which is harmful, surely we ought to aim at getting something
which will make the plant as much as possible immune against disease.
I think that what one ought to aim at doing, as far as possible, is to
cultivate plants to make them as far as possible resistant ; and, secondly,
more especially to endeavour to make our plants healthy by means of
culture, right manuring, and so on.

THE SEcRETARY: Before anyone else gives us his views I wish to
say that Colonel Long, who has been so very kind, and to whom we are
deeply grateful, is obliged to go to perform his duties in another place.
Therefore I am sure you will wish to accord him a hearty vote of thanks
for coming here this afternoon and presiding for us. (Applause.)

THE CHAIRMAN : Ladies and Gentlemen—Thank you very much for the
kind and hearty vote. I assure you that it has been a great pleasure to
me to come here; and I must say that both this morning, although I was
late, and this afternoon I have listened with most intense interest to
matters which are very much open to debate, and which most of you have
evidently in your hearts, because it strikes at your pocket.

Mr. Fryer (West Hampstead): Professor Theobald has said that in
usmg soft-soap emulsions the paraffin is liable to separate, and he

348 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

recommends sulphate of iron. That, I believe, is a very good thing ; but
just recently Mr. Pickering, with my assistance, has discovered that there
is an oil from which you can make a spray which does not cause that
separation. Nor do you get separation from the use of caustic soda. He
is calling this soap the Woburn soap for paraffin emulsion; and there is
no doubt that it would be very valuable if used for this purpose; it is
quite a new discovery.

Mr. Percy Bunyarp: I think we are all agreed there is not any
insecticide which is so penetrating as nicotine. It is not only extremely
penetrating, but it is easy to use; there is absolutely no clogging of the
machinery. What we want is to get nicotine down to about half the
price it is at present. The present price of nicotine is about 10s. or 12s.a
pound, and if we could get it down to about half that price I believe that
it would be by far the cheapest insecticide, as well as the most effective.

Mr THEOBALD: There are only two more things to which I should
like to refer, Iam afraid that Mr. Moore took rather a different view
of the paper which I read from the meaning I meant to convey to
the Conference. I am not at all saying that we should not go in for
winter spraying; I say that we should go in for winter spraying. But
what I maintain is, that it is waste of money to spray trees that are
clean. When you see that they are getting dirty you should start winter
spraying; but if you are going on to spray, spray, spray all your trees
every Winter, spring, and summer, I want to know where the fruit grower
is going to get a profit out of his work. By all means do it if you wish
to put money into the hands of the chemical manufacturers instead of
into your own pockets. If you are going to spray six or ten times a year,
where are you going to get a profit ?

Mr. Frep Moore: One winter spraying and nothing else ?

Mr. THEoBALD: Do you destroy the caterpillars and everything else,
and do you maintain that the winter spraying destroys the eggs of the
insects ?

Mr. Frep Moore: No, I do not say that; but I maintain that for
insuring the health of the trees the winter spraying is the only spraying
which should not be neglected.

Mr. THEropaup: For instance, the apple aphis which flies to the
tree ; and the apple-blossom weevil will fly on to the tree. What is the
good of winter washing for these ?

Mr. Frep Moore: I did not claim it as a remedy against insects; I
quite agree that it does not kill insects’ eggs—I have proved that by
experiment—but I do say that it puts a tree into a healthy condition, and
helps to keep it in a healthy condition, so that it is able to resist those
attacks infinitely better than the unsprayed tree can—a point of view
which the reader of the paper after you also emphasized.

Mr. THrosaLp: Certainly spray them to keep them clean, but do
not waste money. I maintain that if a tree is clean it is waste of money
to spray it.

Mr. Frep Moore: I maintain that you cannot keep it healthy without
spraying.

Mr. THEosaLp: The only other point I should like to mention is as
regards the nicotine. I do not know that any experiments were made

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 349

in the destruction of caterpillars. So far I have not found nicotine is
good for caterpillars: it may destroy them, but certainly its killing power
is not very high—it is only suitable for creatures like Psylla.

Mr. Percy Bunyarp: There is no difficulty whatever in killing
caterpillars with nicotine.

Mr. THEOBALD: I’m afraid I have never come across any preparation
that will do so. Probably I shall come across it at some time. The
only other point is in connection with red spider. Is it not true that
the red spider hatches out as early as February ?

Mr. Hammonp: Yes, that is something like it. The red spider is one
of the most erratic of the pests with which we have to deal. After an hour
or two of bright sunshine you find the boughs covered with them; and
after an hour or two of dull weather you cannot findone. Their hatching
extends over a good many weeks.

Question; Will you tell us how you use liver of sulphur for killing
red spider—do you mix it with water ?

Mr. Hammonp: 4 lb. to 100 gallons—it is almost universal knowledge.

THe SecrRETARY : We are very much obliged to both Mr. Theobald
and Mr. Hammond for the very valuable papers they have read; but
I need not propose a vote of thanks, because they have seen our thanks
in the interest we have all taken in them. I only hope that this Con-
ference may be suggestive of some good to fruit growers; and, if we are
to renew it in another year, that you may all come and tell us that we
have no insects and no fungus left.

APPENDIX A.

PRINCIPAL WASHES USED AS SPRAYS AGAINST
INSECTS AND MITES.

By Mr. F. V. THeoxpatp, M.A.

CAUSTIC OR WINTER WASHES.

Or these we have Caustic Alkali Wash, the Woburn Winter Washes, the
Lime and Salt Wash, and the Oregon Wash.

Caustic ALKALI WASH.

Formula :
Caustic soda (98 per cent.) . 2-24 Ib.
Water. ; . 10 gallons.

Uses.—For cleaning old mossy and rough-barked trees in winter
and killing mussel-scale ova. Must be used only on dormant wood.
The best time is February or March. Caustic potash is as good as the
caustic soda, but is dearer, and hence is not nowrecommended. Pickering
has shown that the carbonate of potash is of no value, and thus only
waste of money, yet previous results have shown that it improved the
wash. The addition of paraffin to the caustic wash has been found to

850 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make it much more effectual ; and this wash, known as the Woburn wash,
is made as follows :—

Wosurn WinTER Wash (A) (non-fungicidal).

(1) Formula :

Soft soap ; , oh RAD,
Paraffin . ; : . 5 pints.
Caustic soda . : ge
Water . . 9% gallons.

Preparation.—Dissolve the soap in warm water, churn the paraffin
into it, and then shake in the caustic soda. This soap emulsion does
not seem as good in winter as the metal emulsion, made with iron
sulphate.

(2) Formula :

Tron sulphate . 4 Ib.

Lime ; + Ib.

Caustic soda . ; ; <2 Tht
Paraffin . ; ‘ : . 5 pints.
Water . ; : . . 10 gallons. .

Preparation.—Dissolve the iron sulphate in nine gallons of water ;
slake the lime in a little water and then add more, so as to make it into
milk of lime; then run the milk of lime into the dissolved iron sulphate
through a fine sieve, to strain off all grit ; then churn the paraffin into the
iron sulphate and lime, and finally add the caustic soda.

Uses.—This wash acts as a cleanser of the trees, removing moss,
lichens, algw, &c. It also kills the delicate ova of the mussel scale.
The caustic soda does just the same, but is not so rapid in action on the
delicate ova of the mussel scale. |

Time of Application—Any time between November and February. |
This may be advised as a wash in old orchards, or where mussel scale and
oyster shell bark louse are troublesome.

Wosurn WINTER WasH (B) (fungicidal).

It is doubtful whether winter fungicidal washes pay for the cost of
material, but if considered necessary the following is the best :—

Formula :
Copper sulphate. : : : p ee
Lime—quick . : . 1b.
Paraffin . : : . 6 pints.
Caustic soda . ; ; : BaD
Water . ; ; pei re ; . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Dissolve the copper sulphate in eight or nine gallons of
water, slake the lime in water, and add to the dissolved copper sulphate,
running it in through a fine sieve, to strain off all grit; then add the
paraffin and churn, and then add the caustic soda and water to bring
the whole up to ten gallons.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 351

Uses.—This wash cleanses trees of moss and lichens: it also is
fungicidal, and is of value where apple scab occurs on the wood. The
mussel scale ova are destroyed, as well as oyster-shell bark lice. The
copper sulphate is not necessary except where apple scab occurs on wood,
and thus should have its place taken by the cheaper iron sulphate if the
scab is not present.

Time of Application.—Any time between November and February.

LIME AND SALT WaAsH.

This wash has come into use mainly on account of its tending more
than anything else to prevent the damage done by the apple-sucker.

Formule :

(1) Lime. t : : : . 1-1} ewt.
Salt : ; . 80-40 lb.
Water. ; : . 100 gallons.

(2) Lime _. . . : : . 1-1} ewt.
Salt ; ; . 80-40 lb.
Waterglass : aie
Water. ; 5 : . 100 gallons.

(3) Lime. . 1-15 ewt.
Salt ; ; E -S0-1b;
Washing soda . ; ; ae BD
Water. : P ; : , . 100 gallons.

Preparation.—Get fresh lime of the best possible quality (flare lime
is found to be the best) and let it slake gradually, and then mix it with
the water in which the salt has been dissolved, and strain through a
fine sieve or sacking into another receptacle. Waterglass has been
added to make the wash hold better on the trees, but it is not essential,
and does not always seem to have sufficent effect to make the extra cost
worth while. 7

If it or the soda is added it should be put in the strained wash, having
been previously dissolved in water.

Uses.—For the prevention of hatching of the eggs of apple-sucker,
plum aphis, and mussel scale, and for cleansing the trees of moss,
lichens, &c. .

Time of Application.—The end of February until the beginning of
April. Spraying should cease as soon as the buds open.

LiME-SULPHUR-SODA WAsH, OR OREGON WASH.

Formula :
Lime . ; ; : 2 : : . worl.
Sulphur . ; : ; . es Be
Salt : ‘ 5 ; ; ‘ : vie eed D.
Caustic soda . ; : . ; : = ib
Water . ; E : : fs : . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Mix the soda and lime together, and slake with hot
water in which the sulphur has been incorporated; then stir.and add

852 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the salt, let this boil for some time and then add the full quantity of
water.

Uses.—For destroying the pear leaf blister mite and as a scalecide.

Application.—On dormant wood only. In case of the pear spraying ©
must cease as soon as the bud scales are fully opened. A heavy spraying
is best.

This is better than the Californian wash given below :—

Quicklime . ; ; : ie
Sulphur . : : Ris 3 No
Salt ; ‘ . 8 lb.
Water . } . 10 gallons.

Mix 1, 2, and 3 with enough water to slake the lime. While still hot
add more water and boil for forty-five minutes, then bring up to ten
gallons.

ARSENICAL WASHES FOR MANDIBULATE INSECTS.

ARSENICAL WASHES.

A. Arsenate of Lead.
B. Paris Green.

C. Calcium Arsenate.
D. London Purple.
EK. Arsenite of Soda.

A. ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Fornule :

(1) Arsenate of soda (pure or crystalline) . 84 02.
Acetate of lead . : yt RAR
Water . 10 gallons.

(2) Arsenate of soda (dry) . 2 02.
Acetate of lead . 5p ae
Waiter ; . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Dissolve both together in the water and well stir, and
then add 1 lb. of treacle.

This insecticide may be obtained as a paste called Swift’s Arsenate of
Lead Paste.

Uses.—It destroys all biting insects, such as caterpillars and beetles ;
especially beneficial against winter moth, codling moth, lackey moth,
currant moth, gooseberry and nut sawflies, slugworm, &c.

This wash may be mixed with Bordeaux mixture and also paraffin or
paranaph,

Time of Application.—The first spraying should take place as soon as
the buds shows signs of bursting, and again as soon as the blossom has
fallen. Now and again a third spraying may be necessary, to kill gold-
tail and vapourer moth caterpillars, &c. It should be used as a fine spray,
and the spraying should cease as soon as the leaves are seen to be

dripping.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 3538

B. Paris GREEN.

Formule :
(1) Powder
Paris green powder . : po Or
Water : . 10 gallons.

(2) Blundell’s paste (copper oxide 31 per cent.,
arsenic trioxide 59 per cent., acetic 10 per

cent.)
Blundell’s paste : : : il, Of
Water ; : ; ; . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Mix either powder or paste with the water, and keep in
constant movement, to prevent the Paris green sinking to the bottom of
the water. The writer has always found the addition of lime at the rate
of 4 oz. to the 10 gallons of benefit in stopping scorching, but Strawson
says this is not necessary.

For delicate-leaved trees, such as peach, nectarine, and apricot, # oz. to
10 gallons is sufficient.

Uses.—For destroying all biting insects, such as caterpillars and
beetles.

Time of Application.—The same as for Arsenate of Lead. It is
necessary that this wash should be put on asa very fine spray, owing
to the scorching effect it has on foliage. It must never be used when the
trees are in blossom.

C. CaLcium ARSENATE.

Fornula and Preparation.—Add one part milk of lime to every one
part of crystalline sodium arsenate, dissolved in 400-500 parts of water.
Or:

Arsenate of soda (crystalline) . 8402.
Quickime . ; . 8402.
Water . ; . 10 gallons.

The lime in the form of a milk is added to the dissolved arsenate.
Uses, €c.—The same as the previous arsenical washes.

D. Lonpon PURPLE.

Formula :
London purple : YUE OZ.
Lime. : : sy d07.
Water . , ; . 10 gallons.

Uses, éc.—The same as the previous arsenical washes.

EK. ARSENITE oF SODA.

Formula :
White arsenic. fen: ? ‘ 2 Tb:
Sal. soda ' ; : : . f 2 SLD;
Water . ; . 2 gallons.

Preparation.—Boil until the arsenic is dissolved (about 15 minutes)
and keep up to 2 gallons by adding water. Use 1 pintof this to 40 gallons
of water.

VOL. XXXIV. AA

354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Uses.—Same as above.

Arsenates are preferred to arsenites now.

General Notes on Arsenical Washes.—Of the five mentioned there is
no doubt that Arsenate of Lead is best to use, because it is more easily
mixed and holds in suspension longer than Paris Green, &c., and the
burning of the foliage is almost entirely absent if properly mixed ; it has
also more adhesive properties. The paste form known as Swift’s Paste has
been found satisfactory in many parts of the world, and is best to use,
unless great care is taken in making the home-made wash. Fruit trees
should not be sprayed with the arsenical washes when in flower, as the
bees are so readily poisoned, and they should not be sprayed for at least
four weeks before the fruit is gathered. This is a point to be remembered
when gooseberries and currants are growing beneath apple and plum.

These arsenical washes should be put on in as fine a spray as possible.

Animals may be kept in the grass orchards when the trees are sprayed
as long as they cannot get at the actual wash. All receptacles in which
the spray has been mixed should be cleaned and kept away from stock.

We must remember that these washes, especially when concentrated,
are deadly poisons.

Arsenate of Lead is usually used in conjunction with Bordeaux mixture,
and it also emulsifies paraffin, so that we can combine a fungicide and an
insecticide for mandibulate and haustellate insects in one.

PARAFFIN SOAP EMULSIONS, OR CONTACT WASHES, FOR
HAUSTELLATE INSECTS.

PARAFFIN EMULSIONS.

For winter application these washes may be used very strong, but for
summer use they must be much diluted.

Except in bad attacks of scale insects they cannot be recommended as
summer washes, nor can paraffin in anyform. In spring paraffin emulsion
may be used for red spider on gooseberries in the form given under
Paraffin Jelly, but paraffin is always best applied before the leaves are
showing, as even the finest oils do harm to vegetation.

Through the work of Mr. Spencer Pickering we now know more of
these matters, and growers will do well to use the oil recommended by
him known as Solar Distillate. ;

The usual form of paraffin emulsion is soap emulsion, but Mr. Pickering
has recently shown that metal emulsions are superior as emulsions.
Probably for scale insects the metal emulsions will soon supersede the
soap emulsions, but for aphides they are not likely to do so, as the soap is
the most active killing agent and is alone sufficient to destroy them.

Soap EmumsIoNs.
The emulsions I have used have been the following :—

For Winter Use only.

Formule :
(1) Paraffin (Tea Rose) . . 10 gallons.
Soft soap. : , 1) RBA;

Water. ; : : . 100 gallons.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES, 355

(2) Paraffin (Tea Rose) . : ; . 7 gallons.
Soap : ; é ABMs
Water. , . 100 gallons.

For Summer Use.

(3) Paraffin . , . 8 gallons.
Soft soap : ; Psa iy
Water. . 100 gallons.

Preparation.—The soap is dissolved in boiling water, and when still
very hot, better still just boiling, the paraffin is added, and the whole
churned by means of a force pump into a creamy mass. About ten
gallons of water are sufficient to do this, and then the remaining water
is added gradually.
The Solar Distillate Oil is undoubtedly the best to use, but excellent
results have been obtained with Tea Rose.
| Uses.—F or the destruction of mussel scale eggs in the winter, oyster
shell bark louse, and brown currant scale.

PARAFFIN JELLY.

Formula :
Paraffin . } : : . § gallons.
Soft soap . ee : Pe

Preparation.—Boil the soft soap and the paraffin together, and when
boiling add one pint of cold water and stir well. This becomes a jelly on
cooling ; add 10 lb. of this jelly to every 40 gallons of water.

Uses.—For the destruction of red spider on gooseberry and for killing
brown scale on gooseberry and currant.

Time of Application.—In February if only for scale, in March if for
red spider or for both.

PARAFFIN-METAL EMULSIONS.

For Summer Use.

De-emulsification never takes place with basic sulphates, as it does
with soap.

Formule :

A. Copper sulphate. fi On.
Lime water . ; ; . 8 gallons 3 pints.
Paraffin (Solar distillate) ' ; . 2402.
Water . : . : : : . 10 gallons.

Preparationi—Dissolve the copper sulphate in water and add the
lime water or lime, and then churn in the oil, and bring up to 10 gallons
with water.

or B. Iron sulphate . P ’ . 1002.
Lime (asa milk) . ; , . 5 0%.
Paraffin (Solar Spe ; ; . 16-24 oz.
Water, up to . ; ‘ ; » 10 gallons.

AAQ

356 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is necessary here to precipitate the iron, which can be ascertained
by testing the clear liquid (before the paraffin is added) with potassium
ferrocyanide ; if a Prussian blue coloration is seen more lime is required.

Uses.—The first acts both as a fungicide and insecticide, the second as
an insecticide only. Aphides, leaf-hoppers, and thrips are destroyed by
this wash, and, according to Mr. Spencer Pickering, caterpillars are also
killed by it.

Time of Application.—Just when the buds are bursting, and again
when the blossom has fallen. Arsenate of Lead may be mixed with
either of these washes.

Apply as a fine spray.

QuASSIA AND Soar WaAsH.

Formula :
Quassia chips . ; : , ; . 10 gallons.
Soft soap ; ; . $lb.
Water . ‘ ; : ; . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Boil the quassia chips in water for a couple of hours,
then dissolve the soap in warm water, if possible, and mix the strained off
quassia extract with the soap. Another method of preparation consists
of boiling the quassia with half the soap and half the water ; strain off the
liquid, and boil the residue for one hour with the rest of the soap and
water, and mix the two decoctions and make up to 10 gallons of water.

Uses.—For the destruction of all aphides and Psylla.

Time of Application.—-As soon as the aphides hatch from their eggs
or appear on the plants, if migrants.

Topacco WaAsH.

Formule :
(1) Tobacco powder : pee Bt
Soft soap . . $]b.
Water é : . 10 gallons.
(2) Tobacco leaf. , : ;, : . $b.
Soap. ; ; ; ; - $lb.
Water : : ; : : . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Infuse the tobacco powder or leaf in water for about
six hours, then strain off and press the tobacco and infuse again. Add
the tobacco extract to the dissolved soft soap and water.

Uses.—An excellent insecticide for aphis, Psylla, cuckoo-spit insects,
leaf hoppers, and thrips. It is also to some extent a repellant or
insectifuge, and for this purpose may be sprayed over unopened or
opened blossom, with the hope that it may prevent egg-laying by pear
midge and apple sawfly. No results, however, have yet been con-
clusively obtained in this matter. It may be procured in the form of
a powder-tobacco, which has been denatured in bond, at 20s. per cwt.,
or if the leaf is used any of the coarser tobaccos will do at about
3s. 6d. per lb. If powder is employed a much greater quantity is
necessary than if the leaf, but the former, being so much cheaper, is

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES. 357

recommended. Messrs. Voss & Co. send out a tobacco extract, 1 lb.
of which equals 3 lb. of tobacco, and makes 10 gallons of wash.

Time of Application.—For aphis and apple-sucker in early spring,
best just after the buds have burst. For thrips, &c., in May and June.
It may be used at any time, even on opened blossom.

ACARICIDES ror RED SPIDER.

LiveR oF SuLPHUR (Potassium sulphide).

Formula :
Potassium sulphide . é : . 8-5 02.
Water. ‘ . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Dissolve the substance in water.

Uses.—This is not only a fungicide, but it is also an acaricide, and may
_ be used on gooseberries for red spider. It may be mixed with paraffin.
Its action is somewhat uncertain as an acaricide, however, and its place
is being taken by paraffin jelly.

LIVER OF SULPHUR AND PARAFFIN.

Formula :
Tron sulphate . ; ; ; . 2oz.
Quicklime. ; : : : : 20m
Paraffin . ; ; . 16.02. (liquid.)
Potassium sulphide . . 4-6 02.
Water, upto. ! : ; . 10 gallons.

Preparation.—Dissolve the iron sulphate in 6 to 7 pints of water, and
add to this the quicklime, made into a milk, passing it through a fine
sieve, to strain off any grit, and then emulsify the above with 16 liquid
ounces of paraffin; then dissolve the potassium sulphide in 9 gallons of
water and pour the emulsion into it and well mix.

Uses.—This wash may be used in winter on bushes and trees attacked
by scale, or in late winter on bushes attacked by red spider.

If employed in spring half the quantity of potassium sulphide should
be used.

APPENDIX -"B:

PRINCIPAL SPRAYS FOR USE AGAINST FUNGI.
Compiled by Mr. F. J. Currrenpgn, F.L.S.

A. For Winter UsE on DorRMANT TREES ONLY.

I. Iron Sulphate Solution.
Tron sulphate (green vitriol or copperas) . 2 lb.

Water. ; i . § gallons.
II. Acid Iron Sulphate.

Iron sulphate . : hee -Tie ha

Strong sulphuric acid . . 1 pint.

Water . ; Sethe: ; . 50 gallons.

358 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

III. Copper Sulphate Solution.
Copper sulphate (blue-stone)* . «ek ib.
Water . ; ; : ; 15-25 gallons.

Preparation.—I. Iron sulphate readily dissolves in water.

II. Put the iron sulphate in a wooden (not metal) vessel and pour
upon it the sulphuric acid ; add the water by degrees, commencing as soon
as the acid has been poured on.

III. Copper sulphate is best dissolved by placing in a loosely woven
bag and suspending in water in a wooden vessel.

Uses.—These sprays are for use in winter only, and are to be used on
trees which have been attacked by a fungus in order to destroy resting
spores. The iron sulphate solutions are very disagreeable to use owing to
the readiness with which they burn clothing, &c. The weaker copper
solution should be used in spraying peach trees and others with tender
shoots. The copper sulphate may be used in combination with paraffin
and caustic soda (Woburn Winter Wash (B) see page 350).

B. Copper SPRAYS.

I. Bordeaux Mixture (Normal Solution).

Copper sulphate . ; . Mie iss

Quicklime . ; ; ; ae

Water . ; ; ; . 40 gallons.
II. Bordeaux Mixture (Woburn Recipe).

Copper sulphate . ; . . 10-02,

Limewater . . 83 gallons.

Water to make upto . : 4 ; . 10 gallons.
III. Soda-Bordeaux Mixture.

Copper sulphate . : . Alb.

Caustic soda. . 1b. 4 02.

Water . . 50 gallons.
IV. Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate.

Copper carbonate . : : ; . § 0%.

Strong ammonia (‘880). ; : . 8 pints.

Water . . 465 gallons.

Preparation.—I. Dissolve the copper sulphate in the manner de-
scribed above in about 20 gallons of water in a wooden vessel. Slake
the quicklime in another vessel, adding water gradually at first until the
lime has crumbled to a powder, then in greater quantity, so as to form a
milk. When cold, and not before, strain this through a piece of coarse
cloth, adding it to the copper sulphate solution, constantly stirring mean-
while. The addition of the milk of lime should be stopped when, on adding
a drop or two of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide to a little of the
mixture in a white saucer, no red colour is produced. The mixture is
‘not fit for use until the addition of a few drops of ferrocyanide of potassium
produces no red colour, and it is unwise toadd more lime than is required

* The copper sulphate employed in all these sprays should be of 98 per cent.
purity.

CONFERENCE ON SPRAYING OF FRUIT TREES 359

to act on all the copper. Care should be taken that the copper sulphate
and lime are of the best quality. Many failures are undoubtedly due
to the use of bad, impure materials. The mixture should be of a blue
colour when properly made and it should be made afresh as required.

II. The copper sulphate is dissolved in about half a gallon of water,
8} gallons of clear limewater is run into this solution, and sufficient water
added to make up to 10 gallons. The limewater is made by putting
about 4 lb. of quicklime freshly slaked in the way described above into a
tub with 12 to 15 gallons of water, stirring once or twice and then
allowing to settle. The mixture must be tested as in (I) with potassium
ferrocyanide, and if necessary more limewater added until no red colora-
tion is given by that test.

III. Dissolve the copper sulphate in 10 gallons of water and the caustic
soda in about 15 gallons. Pour the soda solution slowly into the copper
sulphate solution, stir and test the mixture frequently with red litmus.
Cease adding soda solution when the red litmus turns blue. The exact
amount of soda solution required will vary according to the quality of
the caustic soda used.

IV. Make the copper carbonate into a thin paste with water, add the
ammonia, which should produce a clear solution of a deep blue colour.
Dilute with water to 45 gallons.

Uses.—I. Bordeaux mixture is without doubt the best fungicide so far
discovered. It is to be used on foliage with the object of preventing the
hyphe of the fungus gaining an entrance into the tissues of the leaf, and
the aim should be to apply it in such a manner as to cover both surfaces,
and especially the under surface, of the leaf with a thin covering as com-
pletely as possible. It is useful against scab of apples and pears, brown-
rot of plums and other fruits, &c.

The solution of the strength recommended is often unfortunately too
strong, as it is liable to burn young foliage. For spraying young foliage
and for some plants at all times the mixture should be diluted with water
to about half the strength given in the recipe.

II. This, or a similar modification of Bordeaux mixture has been in
use in Italy, where it has given good results, for many years. It is used
for the same purposes as the normal Bordeaux mixture, and the following
advantages are claimed for it :—

“This solution is as efficient as that | Bordeaux mixture] made in the
ordinary way, though the latter contains two-and-a-half times as much

copper sulphate. It... is much finer in texture, and, therefore, less
liable to settle to the bottom of the liquid; it also contains no particles
of solid lime, . . . and, further, it exhibits its fungicidal action at once

after it is applied, instead of necessitating a certain time to elapse before
such action begiris, as in the case of the ordinary mixture.” *

III. This solution has been used in America, but little in Hngland.
It has been spoken highly of in dealing with certain fungoid diseases of
the vine, and has the advantage that caustic soda is often more easily
procured than good quicklime. It is a solution certainly worth experi-
menting with, and may probably be used in the same way as Bordeaux
mixture.

* §. Pickering and F. V. Theobald, Frwit Trees and their Enemies, p. 28.

860 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IV. The fungicidal action of ammoniacal copper carbonate is not so
great as that of Bordeaux mixture, but it has the advantage that it may
be used with impunity upon delicate foliage, such as that of peaches,
which Bordeaux mixture even in the diluted form would burn. It has
proved effective in dealing with the “shot-hole”’ fungus of peaches and
with peach “curl”’ (in the latter case combined with pruning).

C. Porasstum SULPHIDE SOLUTION.

Potassium eh: Spiag of ap i : ; Ae Be
Water . : ‘ . 8 gallons.

Preparation.—The potassium sulphide readily dissolves in water,
but impurities are sometimes present which do not dissolve. Fresh
material should be used as the sulphide alters in contact with the air.

Use.—The solution is useful against many mildews and other fungi,
and should be used as strong as the foliage will bear. The quantities
given above are safe for almost any foliage, but some will bear a stronger
solution. The solution discolours white paint.

D. SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR SPRAY.

Flowers of sulphur. : ‘ . . /10.4b,
Quicklime : : : , : : .. 5 ab.
Water . ; : A . 50 gallons.

Preparation.—The lime is placed in a wooden barrel, and two or three
gallons of boiling water poured over it. The sulphur is immediately
added, together with three gallons of hot water. Cover the vessel with
a cloth, and the mixture will boil by the heat of the slaking lime for
twenty minutes. Stir occasionally to prevent burning. When the
boiling ceases add enough water to make fifty gallons. Strain through
a sieve, with about twenty meshes to the inch, to take out the larger
particles of lime, but work all the sulphur through.

Use.—This ‘solution has recently been used with excellent results in
America as a fungicide, and it is worthy of extended trial. Even peach
foliage is uninjured by it, and it has proved useful in checking various
fungus diseases of apples, including scab and leaf-spot.*

* See U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Circ. 1; April 1908.

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 361

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL,
AND ETHICAL.—I.

By THomas H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A.

(Lecture delivered September 1, 1908.]

Tuts first lecture of the series is to be regarded as a preface to the two
which follow. It takes us back to the beginning of gardening, and
defines certain broad ethical principles to be gathered from great examples
of ancient art, to be accepted or rejected by my readers; using the broad
attested manifestations to illustrate my theory, or, at times, inserting
them as a darker background for the purpose of securing strong contrasts,
and refusing, for the present at any rate, to be drawn into the vortex of
debatable details.

I have, I believe wisely, abandoned my primary intention of laying in
a separate lecture a foundation for my subject by a swift narration of the
history of garden design, and then building upon this basis a second
lecture, entitled “The Ethics of Garden Design.’’ As I gathered my
materials together, the historical proffered, at least in my apprentice
hands, to be a dry compilation of facts, a show of mummies, calculated to
weary the most patient. In dealing with ancient records one is con-
fronted with Voltaire’s apothegm: “I can always write the best history
when I am not hampered with facts.’’ There is often some disagreement
between reliable authorities, and the student has to discriminate between
the actual facts and the imagination of the historian.

It is incompatible with the instincts of everyone who has to tend or
design a garden to be content with mere surface appearances ; he must
get at the roots of things. I have therefore abandoned the former cut-
and-dried method and desire to blend the ethical and the historical, making
the one branch keep pace with the other, giving the ethical the precedence,
and allowing the historical to be illustrative.

It is a principle of mine, in studying anything and everything in the
shape of visual effects, whether of a constructive character or artistic, that
you must, along with your study, take into your reckoning the age, the
racial instincts, the religion, the pervading customs and environment
generally of the designers or producers of the work you are considering,
and the prevalent line of thought, political, social, and religious, that
obtained at the respective periods; because in matters artistic nothing
is absolute, everything is relative. This is an axiom which, although
often before expressed in many different ways, I would at the outset
reiterate and fix upon the minds of every student, but especially those who
pursue Art, because it has its bearing upon everything visual, construc-
tively applied with beauty as the end in view.. For example, most objects
of man’s handiwork are not beautiful, and are not meant to be considered
in the abstract ; they are only so relatively, according to their use and
association ; a bicycle or a motor-car has no beauty, and yet obtains our

362 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

approval and pleases our minds according as it expresses its fitness for —
the purpose of speed or luxurious travelling; in other words, things
commend themselves according as they express their function. In the
same way a statue of Apollo or Athlete wins our admiration by its show
of muscular strength and energy. Let an artist colour a space with bright
yellows, then surround it with dark sombre greys and heavy blues, and it
takes a hue like lambent gold by contrast ; but change the surround from
the dull dark shades to bright reds and warm hues, and then it is the
only one colour in common. So I say that every historic phase of
design, whether of gardens or in other departments of Art, must be
judged in its setting, its date, and environment. It would be unfair
and absurd to divorce them, and this is sufficient reason to warrant
my change of plan.

I am further assured that this method is opportune by the fact that
a change is apparent throughout all former methods of instruction, and
our mode of imparting information alike in all subjects. In the kindred
art of architecture the old antiquary conservator of ancient monuments
who restored on the pedantic rule of his collected and dry compilations
of what is here, and what there, is being replaced by men who not only
tack together the poor decrepit old body, but who can exhibit the living
soul of the old in the new, and can enthuse the new with the poetic life
of the old.

In connection with gardens and gardening, knowledge of trees and
plants, that which formerly was instilled by methods of rote and cram
is now conveyed by the pleasanter method of demonstrating the effects
by visual objects, as traceable from the causes and the laws which have
led up to the ultimate preferment; hence, nature lore and nature study
are prominent, and such sciences as botany, chemistry, classification, and
so forth, which formerly were run at an inordinate pace without any
knowledge in the student of where he was steering, are now disciplined
and made to subserve the object in view.

Garden design is one of those pursuits of studied freedom where
observation counts for more than knowledge, where broad atmospheric
effects count for more than detail, and yet it owes a heavy debt to
the ages and to history. The practitioner is like the man who is a
householder bringing forth out of his treasury things new and old; he
gathers the harvest which other men have sowed in the older work,
and also avails himself of every new purpose which is approved and
workable. On rare occasions his indebtedness to the old takes the shape
of grafting it on to the new, and representing the ideas under a more
attractive guise in accord with his “ previous knowledge,” his particular
coloured spectacles or telescopes, his specialized and awakened faculties,
without which he ought never to travel from home, and without which
the study of history, however specialized, is but a dry rehearsal of facts ;
to some men, who are ever in danger of losing the essential amidst
details, it is even injurious. Our indebtedness mostly arises from
pondering over the way obstacles were overcome and how each respective
traditional phase of design, each with its own set of congregated
features, combined to make the whole at least appropriate if not always
beautiful.

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 368

In order to maintain the broad lines stated above, I am not inclined
to draw any hard and fast line between those gardens of which we have
extant remains, and those of which we only have decipherable records to
guide us, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Grecian gardens.
Breadth does not preclude thoroughness because it does not magnify
details. It is in accord with principles of thoroughness that J have
refrained from taking the different periods of garden history at a rush.

It has been said that the real object of education is nut so much to
give a certain amount of knowledge, as to awaken faculties which slumber
within us, and to open people’s minds to broader uses and their eyes to
more extended vision ; and that one book, learnt by a man who knows
how to assimilate it thoroughly, is worth more than libraries as usually
read. It is not therefore imperative that much should be taught, but that
what is taught should be taught philosophically, profoundly, and lovingly.
Once let a person learn to read a single history thus, and he has the key to
all histories, he is better educated by the comparison than he would be by
all the histories of the world as commonly taught. This is most true in
respect to the study of garden design.

If I wished to read the history, or get at the current of prevailing
thought of any people, a few representative examples of their archi-
tecture and their gardens would be quite sufficient index for me to
secure a fairly accurate survey of their ideals and of their inherited
traditions, and this way has the additional advantage of being an
interesting avenue of approach—a great desideratum with the garden
designer.

Suppose we wish to get an idea of an early Egyptian garden, we are
compelled to avail ourselves of this relative principle in order to judge
of the merits it possesses and its suitability to its environments. We
cannot transport it to another clime and judge it side by side with
other gardens. Mere all gardens must be wholly artificial produc-
tions ; of this our knowledge assures us by one glance at the con-
figuration of that domain of fierce sunlight and no rain, which otherwise
must remain an expanse of sterile sand were it not for the irrigation
devised, and the annual mud deposit of the lordly Nile. As we enter
we are impressed, as well as soothed and charmed, in this inset
enclosure of cool water, foliage, and fruitfulness. I gather that the
Kigyptian gardens were not by any means small, but they must have
appeared so in comparison with the scale of the surround of huge-
ness: for truly, if the ancient Egyptians excelled in anything, it
was in the way they impressed the senses with a feeling of awe at
beholding the appalling vastness displayed in their severely monumental
architecture.

I was once miade conscious, by the sight of a picture with the simple
title “1812,” of this awe-inspiring sense of vastness, wherein the
Egyptian type of civilization revelled, and of its superiority in this
respect over everything modern that aspires to the grand. Napoleon and
his staff, mounted on their chargers, were gazing intently at the mighty
immobile Sphinx amidst the speaking silence of league upon league of
desert sand. Before the Emperor’s eyes was the presentment of a
majestic awe which made all his attempts but a flash in the pan, and his

364 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

splendour only a theatrical display. Judging from the account of the
making of the model for the large statue entitled “ Vital Energy,” which
occupied so many years of the life of the late G. F. Watts, one could
fearlessly defy the combined skill of the modern world to produce, or to
imitate, anything so hugely skilful as the Sphinx with its inscrutable
benignity of countenance. Mr. Watts’ statue is child’s play in com-
parison with the Sphinx, since the former depended upon the pronounced
lines of swinging arms, and the prancing legs of the horse and so forth,
which is as nothing compared with the feat of having to make everything
depend upon the expression of a countenance.

The Egyptian gardens were a worthy adjunct to the accompanying
impressiveness of temples and palaces, with their huge sculptured fronts,
which in their decay and ruin make their beholders look like Liliputians—
not that hugeness is much of a feat in itself, else would the ugly 24-storey
skyscrapers of New York be impressive. The gardens wore more or less
throughout the same air of dignity which was none the less pronounced
on account of their needfully artificial character. Doubtless everything
therein wore an aspect of tranquillity, and they appeared, on account of
their freshness, like welcome oases in the surrounding Sahara. Here at
least was the cool splash of water essential to all the regal freshness of
odour, bloom, and fruitfulness around, benign upon the bosom of Father
Nile in the midst of all the surrounding austerities. Here at least was
one genial product of this martial race of universal exporters of war
machines—the heavy armaments of that day-—-whence King Solomon
sent for his chariots and horses.

From the very nature of their construction those gardens were the
luxury alone of the rich, of kings, and of the powerful. They were not on
this account small, although always formal, judging from the hieroglyphic
plan representations of them, and must throughout have worn an artificial
aspect, as do the Dutch gardens of modern days, where again everything
is imported ; parallels where it would be unjust to quarrel with artificiality,
or the made-to-please aspect of a garden. Not for a moment can it
be conceived that in the Egyptian garden there was anything puerile, of
the baby-house stamp, which we sometimes get in Dutch gardens, or in
the white spar rockeries and so forth of modern gardens; they were a
Titanic race far too serious to descend to that level.

Unquestionably the formal character of a garden interspersed and
flanked with effective masonry is more imposing and spectacular than
the freer landscape aspect of a garden. I do not say it is more beautiful ;
but what I mean to say is that the former ministers to the pride and
ostentation of man, the latter is more on the lines of the acceptance and
arrangement of beautiful things as they come from Nature’s hands.
Herein man accepts his subordinate and primitive place of ‘ dressing it,
pruning it, and keeping it in ofder.” This was not the prime object
with these ancient gardeners, the Egyptians and the Babylonians, who
ruled by the stern imperious might of their own will, the very mention of
whose name is reminiscent of iron bondage. Even if they had dwelt in a
land productive of natural beauty, everything must appear in a halo of
magnificence and ostentation, along with the array of massive temples,
palaces, and towers surrounding.

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 365

The aspect which we consider the primary one in a garden, namely,
the appeal to the senses of rest and delight amidst beauty, they con-
sidered secondary and a means to an end. That end, as I see it, was that
they should gain honour and be extolled behind their gardens and their
intricate designs as well as by their powerful works. Although their
hieroglyphic records would at first sight make it appear, to those unac-
customed to garden plans, that they were very stiff, yet a person initiated
in the various modes of garden design can well see that there was
a singular witchery in these effective contrasts of broad lights and
shadow-play (a lost art to-day is the science of shadows), the combinations
of walls, masonry, massive and columned gateways, interspersed with
the fine perspective effect which canals of water always yield; these
perspectives further enhanced by the bordering avenues of stately date
palms and similar erect growing trees, which, so far as I can gather from
the representations, were of the Cypress family, avenues of which produce
such a sensation of weirdness in the Italian gardens. With the capacious
rest-house as the central object—its heavy overhanging roof, flat of
course—all enclosed, embedded almost, within the precincts and the
privacy of an imposing though not forbidding embattled wall (for walls
are welcome objects of shade in the Kast and not half so forbidding as
with us), and the canals sweeping up to its steps fronting the deep
shadowy recesses behind the flanking columns, the pleasing interchange
of foliage and abundantly productive fruit-trees and water, the fruitful
vines clambering over trellis and pergolas and resting thereon their loads
of luscious fruit, one can imagine these prototypes of the gardens of Italy,
offshoots from the lagoons, alluring us with a dreamy web as of a lotus-
eater’s afternoon, such as is experienced by visitors to the gardens
surrounding the ancient Moorish temples and cathedrals of Spain.
There was a fair variety of plants, nuts and spices, each tree uniting to
produce the desired effect of subduing the mind. With all who are
susceptible to such influences, who possess the power of introspection, of
turning inward with a sense of pleasure, there is an indescribable potent
charm emanating from every plant and flower which finds an answering
note within, and perhaps is more subtly diffused by grateful odours and
the aroma of soft spice-laden breezes than by gorgeous colours and
resplendent forms, The ancient Egyptians knew this and used it in the
aggregate combine of features to enhance their glory. Some trees and
plants even were acclaimed as sacred, and as such were only permitted to
be grown by sanction of the priests.

Now | say, after a careful survey of the Egyptian ideal of civilization
that this air of mysticism and awe within their gardens was intended,
and accords with the peculiar mysticism of their national beliefs as
represented by the oft-recurring Sphinx, the goddess with the body of a
lion and the face of a young woman, generally accepted as the repre-
sentative of a being who sat by the wayside and propounded mysterious
riddles to the passers-by, whom she devoured on the spot if they could
not answer her ; it accords with their ideals as represented by Neitb, the
beauteous heroine of the Egyptians, whose many supposed attributes
cannot be given in any short summarized statement; Thoth, the
recording angel of judgement; Pasht, symbolic of the moon, with the

366 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cat-like head; the Greater Ptah and the ugly yet seriously impressive
beetle-headed monster known as the Lower Ptah, representative of labour,
who is always represented as having had his eyes put out, cunningly
suggestive of the frequently too limited outlook of those absorbed in
manual labour.

Wise-hearted men are not like the blinded devotees of the Lower Ptah,
who cannot see how and where their individual craft (the particular craft
under question at the moment being the delightful one of designing
gardens) fits into the scheme of all things wise and beautiful. I want to
show shortly that the Divine scheme of design in a garden is altogether
different from man’s ideal, and the man who works with the Divine ideal
in view is not likely to be captivated by the Egyptian or the Babylonian
ideal, with all their august reverential awe, their mystic glamour and
witchery.

I do not wish to allure anyone into even a study of these obsolete
deities, but I think I have said enough to prove that the ancient Egyp-
tians had, without the slightest shadow of a doubt, a powerful systematized
and wonderfully impressive potentiality as a race. You cannot sever the
people, their handiworks, and their religion, which is perhaps the deepest
and most serious impulse in man. From a Christian standpoint I quite
agree that we can brush away these old heathen deities with a sweep of
the hand ; yet we must admit their cunningness, their power upon the mind,
and their skill. As Ruskin has pointed out, there are very few draughts-
men that can even render on paper the expression of the Egyptian deities ;
there are many who can draw them with laborious faithfulness, but they
are unable to depict their subtlety of expression. We moderns, in most
things we take up, trend towards superficiality ; we are painfully micro-
scopic, but we often seem to lose the essential amidst the detail, and,
missing that, we miss all.

Now let us for a moment try to transport ourselves to the precincts
of one of these Egyptian gardens in its setting of temples and palaces;
the Nile gliding without, with its flotilla of slave-propelled ships
and boats, occasionally an emblazoned sail peering above the bounding
parapet wall; within the weird perspective of its lagoons or water-aisles
fringed with whispering reeds, flags and lotus, and hemmed in with tall
palms, their clean erect trunks like mighty columns topped with the living
design of waving plumes and fruit; the eerie cypresses relieved by the
richer hnes of fruit and flowers, the vines aforesaid ; the deep shadowy
recesses relieved by the bright sunny lights, all so well planned, now
blended and shimmering in the cool water ; here and there a statue of some
god; throughout the hush of stillness approaching to reverence; not a
trace or reminder of anything sere or approaching decay; all has been
removed by the ever active slaves whose lithe figures glide about in
their spare oriental adornments. Truly this is a place of witchery and
surprise, a place where you are enveloped in glamour; you are spell-
bound, and this is exactly where the ancient Egyptian has triumphed ; for
according as a designer could thus captivate his client, so his skill; for
they had garden designers in those days. Records are extant of one
named Nekbt, who about 1500 B.c., under Thotmes III., is said to have
designed the gardens of the temple of Karnak.

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 367

The Babylonian was another form of impressive gardenage, fitting
companion to the Egyptian, and, broadly speaking, is its successor. Here
we have, ethically speaking, the gardens of display for the sake of that
which ministers to itseli— namely, pride—gardens stupendous, magnificent,
wonderful. The hanging gardens of Babylon and the Egyptian Sphinx
are two of the seven wonders of the world. They may appeal to us by
their unsurpassable greatness, and may perhaps benefit us in making us
feel how small we are; but I should be sorry if my life were to be solely
occupied in pronouncing upon the earth the display of wealth and pomp.
I have to plead guilty to so doing sometimes. ‘The man who pays the piper
must be allowed the choice of his tune. It may not and is not always
my own simple and beloved harmony of “‘ Home, sweet Home,” and I must
help him to leave upon the earth the impress of his regal wealth, since
needs press and “ home’’ must be maintained. The well-known garden
writer, E. V. B., says somewhere, “ For pride or any other reason the
costliest monument is raised, but only love will plant roses to entwine
the home and the tomb.”

To build or rear a garden as an edifice is one thing, and to emblazon it
like the boast of heraldry is a feat, and thus we hear the expression of
pride by the great despot Nebuchadnezzar, in a voice that causes his
subjects to tremble, when gazing upon the mightiness of Babylon with
its hanging gardens towering above all, “Is not this great Babylon which
I have builded?’ For builded indeed it and its celebrated gardens were,
and they must have been a most striking, stupendous, and even refreshing
sight, towering aloft, tier on tier of gardens upon columned arches with
whatever freshness in the shape of fountains, flowers and verdure could be
interspersed, a triumph of the genius of architecture and art, reared on
high above, and in the midst of this Kuphrates-girt stronghold, upon the
otherwise flat plain of Dura. Although doubtless so grand, it must be
classified in the category of ‘‘ building a garden’ rather than in the sim-
plicity of Eden, where, as the Scripture and Lord Bacon have it, Jehovah
“planted a garden.”

The following is the shortest and most reliable account of this world
wonder: “ This garden was 400 feet square, and the ascent up to it was to
the top of a mountain, and it had buildings and apartments out of one into
another, like a theatre. Under the steps to the ascent were built arches
one above another, rising gently by degrees, which supported the whole
plantation. The highest arch on which the platform of the garden was
laid was 50 cubits, or about 90 feet high, and the garden itself was
surmounted with battlements and bulwarks’’ (very imposing but very
stern, as is the following). ‘The walls were made very strong, built at
no small expense and charge, being 22 feet thick. Over the several
storeys of this fabric were laid beams, and summers of large mossy stones,
each 16 feet long and 4 feet broad. The roof over all these was first
covered with reeds daubed with an abundance of brimstone (or bitumen),
and then upon them were laid double tiles, joined with a hard and durable
mortar, and over them all was a covering of sheets of lead, so that the
wet which drained through the earth might not find its way into the
foundation. Upon all these was laid earth, of a convenient depth
sufficient for the growth of the greatest trees of all beauty and of all size,

368 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to delight and impress the spectators. The arches had in them many
stately rooms of all kinds and for all purposes. In one of these rooms
was a hydraulic engine which drew water from the Euphrates by
unseen channels and pipes, and maintained the multitudinous trees
and plants in almost perennial freshness.”’

There are various accounts of the reasons for the formation of this
mountain of gardenage and masonry. Victor Hugo says that they were
made to gratify the request of one of Nebuchadnezzar’s queens who
delighted to receive therein the homage of conquered monarchs; others
say that Seminarius, who designed Babylon, conceived the hanging gardens
as part of the scheme.

Man, when he is intent upon pronouncing himself and showing his
power, takes means other than planting. Anyone, he says, can plant, but
it takes a clever man to bwild tellingly and to purpose. Whereas anyone
who has tried to plant effectively finds how difficult it is, and with this
agrees incisive Lord Bacon. “God Almighty first planted a Garden;
and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest
refreshment to the Spirits of Man, without which Buildings and Palaces
are but gross Handy-works. And a Man shall ever see, that when Ages
grow to Civility and Klegancy, Men come to build stately, sooner than to
garden finely: as if Gardening were the Greater Perfection.”

The hanging gardens of Babylon were the greatest expression of the
pride of man in the domain of gardenage ever known, one of the wonders
of the world truly; the Garden of Eden was the truest expression of pure
beneficence to the world in a material sense. Its Planter had no idea of
making a first or an eighth wonder of the world, or of making anything
classifiable in the category of the pride of pomp and display; but its
wonders and secrets of pleasure, I believe, were, as are all lasting delights,
not seen at once, but revealed after diligent searching, to Love. The
ages at least have grown to “ Civility and Elegancy ”’ in part fulfilment of
Lord Bacon’s prophecy, but the majority are more captivated by the sight
of an Hiffel Tower or an Earl’s Court big wheel, and there are abundant
evidences of lavish display in palaces and gardens—the Babylonian ideal
I call it—but that planted garden of unalloyed pleasure—“the greater
perfection ’’—is almost as remote as ever, and will ever be, it seems to me,
only sought by the few who cherish Eden as their ideal, and are content
to suppress the ever insistent vain-glorious self.

Between the Egyptian and Babylonian is inserted the Judean phase
of civilization. The Jewish nation reached its zenith of splendour under
the rule of Solomon, who was endowed with the genius of a true poet,
and who, as most poets are, was a past master in many arts; for he
combined along with poesy the rare qualifications of architect, botanist
and landscape-gardener, excelling also in natural history. For “he wrote
of trees, from the Cedar which groweth on Lebanon to the hyssop which
springeth out of the wall.’’ His songs or poems, which are a formidable
collection for even a laureate, numbering 1005, included his incomparable
masterpiece, the rapturous canticles, the scenic background being all
located, more or less, in Palestine gardens of dreamlike profusion and
beauty.

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GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 369

yards ; | made me gardens and parks, and I planted trees in them of
every kind of fruit’’; (this is more on Eden’s lines than anything else we
read in history); “I made me ponds of water, to water wherewith the
wood where the trees are reared.’’ Here is a brief account of Solomon’s
garden designing whose name and position, for the time being at least
(however he failed afterwards) expresses the outgoings of man’s heart
and affections to the great God Jehovah.

It is recorded of the late Sir Robert Ball, when he wanted a figure to
attempt to render to the finite grasp of the human mind the vastness of
the heat and radiance of the sun, that he could neither seize upon or
invent a better simile to build the proportions upon than Nebuchadnezzar’s
furnace heated seven times hotter than it was wont to be heated. In
my subject I seek to follow Sir Robert’s precedent, assured that if we
could even get a conception by comparison with Babylon’s famed garden
of what was comprehended, and the order, the beauty and the unity of the
first garden, we would have not only at once a framework and a basis,
but a standard by which to try all ancient and modern attempts at
design within the garden. All that has been pictured and discovered
of ancient or medieval historical gardenage, Babylonian or Egyptian,
Grecian or Roman, the imaginative dressed up in the guise of fable and
song, as set forth in the gardens of the Hesperides, peopled with the
white-robed maidens, which Milton does not hesitate to use in his attempt
to heighten his imaginative picture of Paradise—all would fall short of
that which is comprehended in one paragraph of the Scriptures which
relates to Eden.

“Jehovah Elohim planted a garden in Eden eastward, and there put
man whom he had formed, and out of the ground Jehovah Elohim made
every tree grow that is pleasant to the sight and good for food.” Later
we read that Jehovah Elohim took man and put him into the garden of
Eden ito till it and to guard it.

It is well, when taking a survey of any stream, to get back to the
unsullied source and spring in its purity, and give it due consideration
before accepting notions, sentiment and hearsay. The present is a day
when we can get tons of sentiment, but very very little that a thoughtful
man can store; in fact, the rubbish that is being heaped up round all
professions is interminable, and still it comes. I believe one of the best
attempts to idealize the compositions and delights of the garden of Eden
was from the pen of Milton, and although I do not wish to pose asa
critic of that grand, stupendous work I must confess that his description
of Eden never fired me with enthusiasm. It does fill me with a feeling
of majestic awe and wonder, as did the sight of the great Italian gardens.
I quote a few of the best-known lines :—

* Kden, where delicious Paradise,
Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,
As with a rural mound the champain head
Of a steep wilderness, whose hairie sides
With thicket overgrown, grottesque and wilde,
Access deni’d ; and over head up grew
Insuperable highth of loftiest shade,
Cedar, and Pine, and Firr, and branching Palm
A Silvan Scene, and as the ranks ascend
VOL. XXXIV. BB

ii ES

370 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Shade above shade, a woodie Theatre

Of stateliest view. Yet higher then thir tops

The verdurous wall of Paradise up sprung :
Which to our general Sire gave prospect large
Into his neather Empire neighbouring round.
And higher then that wall a circling row

Of goodliest Trees loaden with fairest Fruit,
Blossoms and Fruits at once of golden hue
Appeerd, with gay enameled colours mixt :

On which the Sun more glad impress’d his beams
Then in fair Evening Cloud, or humid Bow,
When God hath showrd the earth; so lovely seemed
That Lantskip: And of pure now purer aire
Meets his approach, and to the heart inspires
Vernal delight and joy, able to drive

All sadness but despair : now gentle gales
Fanning thir odoriferous wings dispense

Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole
Those balmie spoiles.’

It is all very grand, or, as the poet says, delicious, and I daresay that
terrific Hadrian’s villa-wall if verdurous, would not appear so forbidding
overtopped with the ‘“ circling row of goodliest fruit trees laden with
fairest fruit,” and the at once intermingled “ Blossoms and Fruits of
golden hue’’ with their “ mixt enameled colours,’ viewed in the pure
atmosphere, the purity of which enhanced the native perfumes,—* those
balmie spoiles”’ that the winds stole and dispensed. The first pari,
“the woodie theatres ’’ and “the hairie sides’’ of the steep wilderness at
the top of which is the enclosed green, reads like a condensed description
of those steep but prolific mountain sides of Brazilian hill forests, such as
abcund in that wonderful region of surprises of ruggedness and almost
impenetrable amplitude of vegetation near Rio de Janeiro which I only
know by picture and description. }

There is in this poetic description of Eden a marvellous profundity
which only those who are positively steeped in classic lore can
grasp in its largeness of conception, but to the honour of the poet be it
said that it is only the very exceptional mortals that can compress and
arrange within focus such a wealth of classical, mythological, apo-
cryphal and scriptural imagery, subordinating them all to the glorious
subject before the poet’s mind in ordered poetical design. Such minds
find their counterpart in those great ambitious men who conceived those
magnificent monumental Italian demesnes (we can scarcely call them
gardens), and who made everything, water, foliage, flowers and trees, fall
into their desired order, and made even the lines of the landscape fall into
classical composition, and into their own preconceived heroic inter-
pretation of nature.

Although I am strangely susceptible to such magnificence and pro-
fundity that the Italian gardens weave round spectators, I must confess
that my compass, so to speak, always swings round to the homelier
quarters, beloved by the true Briton, and the quiet beauty which old
England bespeaks.

I am free to admit that it is possible to have the most impressive
spectacle of acres set out in all the wealth that rich flowers can show,

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 371

well-grown trees and shrubs set amidst imposing masonry, and yet not
have as much quiet beauty as a handful of mixed seeds sown indiscrimi-
nately are capable of producing on a piece of waste ground, provided the
seeds are not too much mixed. An artist’s wayward eye desires the
prodigality of the thorn and the thistle, but this is forbidden in Eden,
where order does prevail, which curbs the ground-greedy laurel or privet,
shall we say, and the riot of the perennial sunflower. All wise planters
know that there is a place to plant everything, although they may not be
skilful enough to plant everything in its place. Whois? Noone!

Hasier, far easier, is it to build skilfully than to plant wisely, and
when in any measure it is done, who applauds? ‘The very, very few.
It is a more direct road to gain applause, though not altogether easy, by
perpetuating an atmosphere of weirdness and awe, as did the Egyptians, or
by making a display if the sources at your back are rich and powerful
enough, as did the Babylonians.

In Solomon’s gardening and in Eden there is nothing to excite
wonder. Here are the contrasting principles which I wish to pronounce.
In the Babylonian and the Egyptian there was, and this was their object.
Coleridge said that “in wonder all philosophy began, in wonder it ends,
and man’s admiration fills up the interspace ; but the first wonder is the
offspring of ignorance and the last is the parent of idolatry. There is
indeed great inconsistency in man’s wonder. He will wonder at the
works of man but not at the works of Nature. How often does an arch-
way of more than ordinary span and beauty excite his wonder, while the
arch of the heavens with a span measureless and a beauty divine is looked
upon with a cold indifference.”

A piece of man-made mechanism calls forth his wonder whilst the
marvellous structure of his own body is seldom or never contemplated
with interest. When people are enamoured of the enchantments of
Blackpool it is hopeless to attempt to arouse them to the real wonder
that is pent up in an acorn or a Sequoia cone, telling them that in the
latter case you hold in your hand a pent-up vital force which if brought
into contact with the unseen chemical forces of the common earth in its
own congenial clime and habitat will abstract therefrom and assimilate
the carbon of the common atmosphere (thus making it fit for our breath-
ing by the process) and rear a living edifice of beauty almost half as high
as their ugly Eiffel Tower.

Nor is Horticulture and Garden Design free from extravaganzas,
myself being as great an offender as anyone. Is there not a danger of
being so infected by monstrosities, by the curious, the quaint and the
rare, with hybrids, sports and phantasies that the special, delicate and
personal charm of a plant is lost? I know it is difficult to draw the
line, because in a garden you must have the best (though this does not
imply that all should be monstrous), and I do not wish to decry the beauty
of hybrids and variegations, but I hold for the temperate mean that the
characteristic Kden-like beauty, the natural grace of each respective plant,
or of a tree its true habit of growth, is more than any irregularity or
sport, more to be desired than an inordinate amount of flower even.

I do not suppose there was anything rampant in the united scheme of
design in the Garden of Eden; every tree or plant was no doubt designed
BB2

372 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for the niche it was to fill, and it filled and fitted its place exactly and
appropriately in such a way as nothing else would, and to even see this
trait in nature I submit there must be the opened eye.

Although Eden included within its borders every kind of tree, flower
and fruit good for food and pleasant to the eye, there certainly would
not be any of that straining after variety—that attempt at a little of
everything which is the bane of the so-called landscape garden and so
destructive of its restfulness. I have made a full confession about the
garden of display, and I do not fear being honest about the majority of
the landscape gardens so-called. Ninety-nine out of every hundred I
have seen are unrestful, and many are very tame and timorous attempts,
and the motley mixtures suggest anything but Eden’s quiet breadth
expressed in boldness, in freedom and nobility of design; yet, as always
in Nature, its breadth of handling was outwardly unapparent, the very
reverse of the towering gardens of Babylon. It could only have appeared,
as Milton describes it, to an opened eye. .

In the ideal garden of pleasure, Eden, there was no four-square house
nor one with a skewed plan in the modern fashion to begin with, and no
need to cut off its angularities with appropriate climbers, and none of the
utilitarian devices with which we dissemble and seek to render picturesque,
such as slating and drawing-off rain and smoke by pipes and chimneys,
no roads or walks for wet days to haggle about, whether they ought to be
straight or curved ; in fact, clothes even were not a necessity to hide the
eraceful perfections of the human form.

In order to design gardens with originality combined with that secret
indefinable charm which is their true heritage, we must combine
cunningly the Ethical, the Historical, and the Practical branches of
knowledge with such ease that our garden clients can call upon us to sing
them a song, write a poem or perform any other feat proficiently, I mean
practically, not in words, and we shall joyfully and skilfully respond
without even conveying a suspicion of the old tomes and the smart up-to-
date text-books whence it has all been gleaned.

Speaking practically, a garden in most cases has to adapt itself to the
dwelling it accompanies, and the result is judged acéordingly ; and when
it is remembered that everything there in its disposition is regular, and
that the greater part; of the furniture and adornments fall into some
geometrical outline, it follows that regularity to some extent must follow
without. Again, when we have apportioned off without, several rectangular
spaces, as a terrace for instance, in most cases the only solution is
to dispose the same with regularity as to plan at least. This I do not
wish to pursue further at the moment, for every site must be taken
together with the house already designed and fitted there, and has its own
solution.

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 373

GARDEN DESIGN: COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND
ETHICAL.—-II.

By Tuomas H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A.

{Lecture delivered September 15, 1908. |

Tue delight of searching out and meditating upon my subject has given
me many choice thoughts, and many helpful ones in my practice, because
what may be to most, merely the perusal of accounts of ancient gardens,
is to me and to others “in the way” of designing gardens, a visible
picture—a recreation of the mind—and it makes one long for the power,
not alone to present to my readers word pictures of these vast accumula-
‘tions of ancient thought and skill, but to give coloured representations of
them. Such skill, however, demands the devotion of half a life time, and
even then, as we see in such men as Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, one
man can only do a measure of justice to one phase or era of this vast
subject, as he has done to the ancient Roman phase of architecture and
gardenage. Even then we cannot people them; we cannot convey sight,
and scent, and sound, nor transport our beholders to the atmosphere : in
short, our attempts lack life, and, at best, all art combined, whether
descriptive or pictorial, is not a substitute for irfe.

It is only as we apply ourselves to enter into, and cultivate our own
particular branch of horticulture or of design, that we can succeed in
imparting to others what has stirred us, or that we can hope to be in that
condition to receive. The beholder or listener must, first, in his inner
consciousness, be in possession of life, the greatest gift of all, and that life
must be at least fairly vigorous and growing; otherwise he will only get
his ears tickled by lectures—pictures will only please the lust of his eye:
he will be more amused than edified. If the light within us is life, we
find that we cannot sever the past from the present, any more than we
can sever our language from the past.

Near certain of the mountain farms of Westmoreland there are old pits
where farmers used to burn mountain turf, which yielded a nutritive
manure by a process of smouldering like to modern charcoal burning ; but
this process had to be stopped because, on a mountain where several
farmers shared the right to pasture their sheep, one man consumed the
fine mountain turf at the expense of the others. In our present occupa-
tion, however, we can fearlessly burn and utilize to advantage the ashes
which are made available (although, be it remembered, there is a certain
skill required in rendering them serviceable) to enrich our gardens in the
way of design.

This was my lead in, as pointing to the trend of my present lecture,
but I found later that the deep-thinking Aristotle (in quoting whom I am
calling a witness before I have declared the case) had forestalled me, and
had even distinguished both the elements for enrichment, and also

374 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the enriched growing things themselves, under two heads—namely, the
wild which spring and thrive best from residues, and the tame or
cultivated plants which thrive best from pre-digested or cultivated
nutriment. “Some plants,” he says, “are born and grown by means of
nutriment well digested; and others, on the contrary, spring from
residues and materials quite different; cuitivation causes the nutriment
to digest, and fertilize it; this it is which produces fruits good to eat.
The plants which arise from this tempering are called tame plants,
because the art of cultivation has been profitable to them and has effected
to some extent their education. Those, on the contrary, which art has
not been able to direct, and which are derived from materials of which
the conditions are contrary, remain wild and cannot shoot in cultivated
ground, for nature tames plants in rearing them, but these other plants
can only come of corruption.’ This is rather hard on the wild trees,
which we depend upon as backgrounds to, and even as the furnishers
of,-our gardens, such as the oaks, ash, sycamore, elm, beech, and maples,
and so forth, but it is seeing things through the spectacles of the Greeks,
who delighted in strenuous cultivation, and for the present we will sit
down with it.

Change and decay in the garden is inevitable, and the worthiest are
those who can turn the products of waste and decay to the profit of the
differing living things that remain.

The first question that presents itself is: Is our ideal a worthy one ?
Is it replete and vigorous? ‘The ideal garden, which I rapidly outlined in
my former lecture, is the one that nearest approaches the planted gardens
of Eden and Solomon. The next important question: Is the position and
environment suitable? The bwilt Egyptian and Babylonian gardens,
introduced in my former sketch as a background, had not a suitable
environment, therefore there was every excuse for their artificiality. This
excuse we in Britain cannot generally plead, our environment is suitable,
if not too circumscribed, for the ideal garden of freedom. These essentials
settled, let us cull and glean whatever we can to nourish and strengthen
our ideal. Whatever has grown obsolete, and what in other ages has
decayed, let us put into the crucible, or else dig out from the rubbish
heap, along with the well-decayed leaf mould of former generations, and
apply it wisely for purposes of growth, and for invigorating that which
has present life.

I now purpose to take up accounts of the Greek and ancient Roman
gardens. ‘This perhaps is a summary way of dealing with garden history,
as much might be gleaned no doubt with great labour and much research
from the intervening phases of civilization, but, as I have previously
said, [ want to keep the ethical uppermost and use the historical as
subordinate and illustrative.

Speaking of the ancients as they appeal to me personally, neither the
Egyptians nor the Babylonians figure upon the pages of history as
notable or desirable dynasties, but when we mention ancient Greece there
is a change at once; we pass out from under the ponderous arch of
frowning despotism and breathe a freer atmosphere. We feel that here at
least is a bid for liberty, where we may pleasantly break into the romance
of the ancient world of myth, of noble architecture, and great deeds, and

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 875

where we may unbend from the former autocratic austerities and make a
transfer from despotism to patriotism. The latter is perhaps the more
arduous, yet works from happier motives. In contemplation of the
Greek civilization we may escape from the fearful awe of the Egyptian
and Babylonian idolatries, and may leave our own ordinary menial and
mercenary age, and ponder their pleasing and amusing reveries or legends,
as we see them projected upon the screen of their poetic minds, and pursue
them in their own imaginative Elysian fields and groves of Arcady. The
legends were serious enough to them; they were their sacred writ, and it
must be candidly admitted that some of the myths were shrewd guesses at
truth.

If power and splendour be the objective, I have no doubt that both the
Babylonian and Egyptian are superior to the Grecian and Roman, the
latter being more and more decadent. ‘Thou O King,” was said of
Nebuchadnezzar, “ art that head of gold,” the Medo-Persian dynasty the
breast of baser silver, the Grecian the thighs of bronze or brass, and the
Roman Empire the feet, part of the iron of imperialism and part of the
miry clay of democracy, which will never mix. But we are viewing
history from the gardener’s standpoint, and our keynote in the garden is
rest amidst orderly freedom, and certainly the Grecian type of civilization
appeals to our tastes more than its Egyptian and Babylonian prede-
cessors, and is more inclinable towards our model.

It is instructive from an horticulturist’s standpoint to note how the
blend of the extremely hardy nomad Scythian races and the enduring
Spartans, with the refined cultured Athenian races, combined to make
the Greeks what they are famed for. It is the same principle in which
we set about to improve the species of, say, a blackberry. We take
the largest and most luscious produce of culture, and unite it with the
hardiest Siberian product that has thriven for generations under the most
arduous conditions, and the result is ne plus ultra for its time at least.
The Medo-Persian race were similarly a blend of the hardy hill-dwelling
Persians grafted on the Median stock, “the hardy scion and the baser
stock.’”’ What is true of races is true of individuals, to wit Cyrus
of kingly stock, but peasant-bred, and William the Conqueror, the son of
the tanner’s daughter of Falaise.

When I sat down to make the study of Grecian gardens I propounded
to myself a problem something after the following: Given such a rarely
blended race, nimble and strong in mind and body; seeking and pre-
senting in their unsurpassed sculptures the perfection of the human form ;
dwelling in perhaps the most romantic country in Europe (not the most
productive) ; who could perfect a language replete with the finest of
inflexions ; their architecture of incomparable proportions and fitness ;
the pioneers ‘of modern science, building up all from the barest elements
of logical deduction as we seein the books of Euclid: what, I conjectured,
must their gardens have been? I must confess that either from in-
sufficient data, or from my failure to enter into the spirit of the always
arduous, strenuous Greek view of life, I was disappointed with the answer.
There is little or nothing we can store in the way of the rest to which a
true garden ministers, and which in fact is the very soul of a garden,

being the keynote of the ideal Eden, “that delicious Paradise,’ where

576 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the heart is so inspired “with vernal delight and joy able to drive
all sadness but despair.”’ If ever you suffer from the sadness which
borders on despair, don’t seek sympathy from the Greeks. If you are sound
in heart and limb and with a brain to match, and are almost proof :

)

against exhaustion, then Greek can meet Greek, but they provide no
garden hiding-places for such as poor Yorick. Alas poor Yorick! do you
know him, outmanned in the struggle, bewildered in the turmoil?
They provided few places —

Where good men disappointed in the quest

Of wealth, and power, and honours, long for rest ;
Or having known the splendours of success,

Sigh for the obscurities of happiness.

These enclosures, it seems to me, were all too morbid for those who
spent their time out of doors on the gw vive to. see or hear some new
thing.

I think the majority have an erroneous idea of the country of Greece
and its configuration. The general impression is that it resembles Italy.
The following from the pen of Mr. Ormerod, a recent traveller, will convey
a better idea of the country than a quarter of a volume of ordinary writing :—
“ A journey through Greece shows you at once why the people made for
the sea. Greece never could have supported its population. The moun-
tains come right down to the coast and tumbled the Greeks into the
water. A people cannot hang for ever on those bare hills, and once in
the sea they had either to make themselves boats, and quick too, or sink.
They chose boat-building. And that briefly explains Greek foreign
exploit. For Greece is mere rugged mountain. Here and there where
the mountains miss each other, bits of valleys slip in, and, taking their
chance, elbow themselves out into plains. You will see no oxen knee-
deep in grassy meadow ponds, with an evening sun setting in mild glory
at their feet, nor will you inhale the smell of the rich brown earth after
rain. But yet Greece is very beautiful. The jagged crags strike against
the perfect arc of the heavens and print themselves masterfully along it ;
the great sun pierces irresistibly into every valley, robbing shadows of
their depth and gloom. In the Corinthian Gulf stretches of vivid green
finish off into a straight line, and bands of deep blue suddenly begin. In
little creeks white-crested greenish waves run inland and dissolve in
lagoons of winey red, and the islands gleam on the waters like plates of
burnished gold.” 33

This traveller helped me to solye the problem that I had set myself—
namely, the why and wherefore of the lack of attention to garden design
in ancient Greece, and the scant references to it in their literature, since
he confirmed me in my surmise that only the great and the best were
acclaimed by them, and their national demand was for perpetual youth-
fulness. He says: “Ruins in Greece are not good, except the best, but
they are very good. The Propylea is the grandest portal through which
a triumphal procession ever filed, and the Parthenon the most majestic
of all temples. One gets a strange impression of finality about it all.
‘ These beautiful old buildings,’ I heard an enthusiastic gentleman exclaim.
I cannot tell you how wrong that seemed, for to me the whole appeal

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GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL, 377

was of their imperishable youth. The crumbling touch of age may add
a charm, but is wholly adventitious and not intrinsic.’’ The severe line
of the column and the firm strength of the curves have nothing to do
with the beauty sentiment, they but pronounce the sentiment of unfailing
youthfulness.

This ideal of perpetual youthfulness is not that view of life that the
garden ministers to, although I do not think that the suspicion of it is
altogether absent therefrom; change and decay, rejuvenation through
death is the rule that reigns in Nature, she being most lavish in the
waning autumn of fruitfulness and most resplendent in her decay. Many
of my readers will respond when I say that a garden and the tending of
flowers is equally, or perhaps more, adapted to the aged than to the
restless youth who bounds

From hill to hill in discontent,
Content when most uneasy.

There is no pleasure so adapted to those who cannot enter into the
stress of active life as the tending of flowers, since it supplies that degree
of exercise as necessary for the preservation of health both of mind and
body, as food. The delicacy of the form of flowers and their mute appeal
to gentleness, innocence, and sympathy, along with their frailty, commend
them to the finer fervour of the female mind also, but the ancient Greek
was nothing if he was not of the prominent heroic calibre. War, sport,
physical culture, rearing noble architecture, the merit of which even in its
ruin is its youthfulness, as Mr. Ormerod says, were extolled by them.

I do not deny for a moment that in the philosophy of the garden there
is enshrined such profound truths that the deepest thinking man of
science need not go beyond its confines, but it is not strictly speaking his
province, I think the unguided idiot’s mind that calls forth sympathy is
more welcome here almost than he. Over the portal of my ideal garden—
my refuge from the world’s distracting agitations and ambitions—I would
inscribe: “ Whoso seeks self-glory let him not enter here.’ If you are
determinately set in the way of these ancient Greeks, and for the sake of
one monstrosity will sap the strength of ten, very well then emblazon
your name across the show table, and in the horticultural magazines or
the local newspaper if you like. If the “fatuous letch’’ for rarities is
yours, and you must at all costs lend your name to the already bewildering
labels attached to the .innocent roses, dahlias, rhododendrons, fruits, and
shrubs instead. of assisting us poor selectors by a simple appellation which
will be at least an indication of their differentiation, such as‘ ‘Crimson
Blush,’ ‘Scarlet Tipped,’ or ‘ Purple Blot,’ then I must leave you to go the
way of the decline of this wonder-producing nation ; for perhaps the same
rose that greets you to-day as ‘ Baron Rudigore,’ a little later we meet
re-named as ‘Squire Stopgap.’ However, enough of this; suffice it to
say that the concentration upon the conceit of individual growth does not
tend to the cluster of wholesome relationships each to each of plant and
flower and the cheerful homely fellowship and generosity which goes to
make up the ideal garden.

I quote from Homer to show how true at all costs the Greeks were to
their ideal of perpetual freshness, which we simulate by our forcing houses ;

378 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

they evidently sought it naturally, although I confess I do not see how it
was attained, but here it is: ‘‘And within the courtyard hard by the
door is a great garden, of four ploughgates, and a hedge runs round on
either side. And without the courtyard hard by the door is a great
garden, and there grow tall trees, blossoming pear trees and pomegranates,
and apple trees with bright fruit, and sweet figs, and olives in their bloom.
The fruit of these trees never perisheth, neither faileth winter or summer,
enduring through all the year, Evermore the west wind blowing brings
some fruits to birth and ripens others. Pear upon pear waxes old, and
apple on apple, yea, and cluster ripens upon cluster of the grape, and fig
upon fig. There too hath he a fruitful vineyard planted, whereof the one
part is being dried by the heat, a sunny spot on level ground, while other
grapes men are gathering, and yet others they are treading in the wine
press. In the foremost row are unripe grapes that cast the blossom, and
others there be that are growing black to vintaging. There too, skirting
the furthest line, are all manner of garden beds, planted trimly, that are
perpetually fresh, and therein are two fountains of water. These were
the splendid gifts of the gods in the palace of Alcinois.”

Lord Bacon in his celebrated garden essay makes a poor bid for
perpetual freshness even in “The Royal Ordering of Gardens.” His
directions for outdoor gardening during at least three of the winter
months read all right on paper, but when it comes to actuality, well, the
Riviera or the Canary Isles are found to be preferable to the Ver Perpetwwm
of a prince’s garden of thirty acres. I agree, however, with his lordship in
his ideal: ‘I do hold in the Royal Ordering of Gardens, there ought to
be gardens for all the months in the Year, in which severally, things of
Beauty may be then in season.”” We English make a poor show at
perpetual freshness all round, nevertheless the ideal is right.

I say again what I have previously said in other words, that you must
have within the garden a marked improvement upon the wild fruits and
flowers of the field, for ‘a garden is man’s report of earth at her best,”’
where the free, artistic prodigality and disarray of the wayside is curbed,
but it is not true gardening that concentrates solely upon the monstrous
and the rare. From compulsion we must tie up the giant sunflower and
‘hollyhocks tall’’ in the rear of the border, and everything that would
break and hang untidily, but let us not as the Greek civilization did,
adoring what was consummate, despise the husbandry of shepherd and
gardener ; let us learn to esteem the secondary or the seeming trivialities ;
let there be an air of generous freedom and intricacy even in the masses
which constitute the bulk; clusters of sweet relationships rather than
a forced individualism, and the cheerful fellowship as of a family in that
domain apart.

Where order in variety we see,
Where all things differ, yet they all agree.

The happy interchange of one flower with another, not always pruned,
tied up, and drilled erect like soldiers, but rather the branches of one tree
let to playfully peer into and mingle with the untraceable light and
shadow-play of its neighbours. Agreeing with the extreme selectiveness
and the perfecting of the rare ideal (which I may say is a synonym of

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 379

ancient Greece), all honour to those who spend their lives perfecting our
garden accessories, the various strains of fruit, grains, nuts, or flowers.
So did Phidias and their most celebrated sculptors in their own line.
Their perfected Apollos and Venuses were the proper proportioned
features and limbs of many, and were never portrait models of any one
man or woman. This selective department of the ideal garden—an essen-
tial one—like all scientific impulses is ever fraught with anxiety to be
pursued within its precincts, agreeing not with the restfulness which
should predominate everywhere, as becomes a place apart from the
toiling and struggling world around, with the restful spaces of refreshing
erass interspersed with trees, restful interludes of one family of one kind
of tree, and restful breaks of one kind of flower amidst the kaleidoscopic
gaiety of lavish purple and gold. Decency and order with discriminating
variety is the foe of confusion and riot, which is as much to be deprecated
as stiffness. If we concentrate upon a forced individualism I cannot see
how we can avoid stiffness, which to some extent may be allowable in
archaic or scholastic pursuits, such as architecture, languages, and con-
ventional ornamentation (where everyone admits the Greek types were
stiff), but it is horrid if paramount in a garden, where the order is in
variety and where some measure of intricacy is harmonious.

In a building you can once and for ever fix the lines unalterably and
the height of everything, but ‘‘a garden changes from season to season,
and the growth and decay of its vegetation alike alter its pristine aspect.”
No one must ever expect to count the flowers in a garden and apportion
them off in the ordered rhythm of conventional ornamentation as seen
within or without the building, or in the so-called Greek honeysuckle
ornamentation, which needs to be understood before it is condemned,
being primarily symbolic and executed as their standard test of firmness
of line and steadiness of hand, rather than for its merit as ornament.
The Greeks allowed no dabble and scrabble as we do when we tack
together our fearful and wonderful conventional friezes, which often have
this morally to commend them: that they resemble nothing in the
heavens above, nor on the earth beneath, nor yet in the waters under the
earth, and therefore do not come under the ban of the Mosaic law.

I am aware that, in taking upon myself to say anything is stiff, or
to criticize the Greek presentation of beauty in arts and architecture,
I am doing so with an Englishman’s green spectacles on, the. focus
adjusted to our own picturesque green meadows studded with fat cattle,
flowing rivers and purling streams, neat scattered cottages and their own
company of healthy swains and happy children, the humble antique
church, set with umbrageous churchyard elms, together with all the other
accompanying sights and sounds with which we are so familiar.

In all criticism we must not consider only the unbalanced popular
view which contents itself with the mere observation of these material
objects and their combinations, but must also consider the deeper and
philosophic view which involves the inquiry into the prevalent moral,
spiritual, and general composition of races. To put the matter in a homely
way, consider how incongruous a robed Greek senator would look stalking
about our picturesque lanes such as I have described ; or, for your amuse-
ment, take a reversal, and transport one of our ruddy swains from his

380 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peaceful surroundings to the graceful lines and academic grandeurs of
Mars Hill at Athens.

However, in all matters you have to strike common ground somewhere,
or be content to wander for ever in the wide pathless wilderness. After
weighing up all these balancing philosophic considerations in gardening
matters we have to return to Nature. Her greatest factors, her nobility—
in every land—are trees. A tree is a tree whether it be in Palestine,
Egypt, Babylon, Greece, Rome, or England, and a tree resents stiffness.
Another has said: “The natural architecture of trees never suggests a
plan ; in viewing them the mind regrets the very notion of intentional
symmetry while rejoicing in the effects of some natural completeness of
design, yet every well-grown tree has symmetry of a kind. Another
element in the beauty of great trees is the constant sense of inability to
number or become familiar with the enormous detail of their forms. The
eager brain which would grasp all their beauties, first in impression and
later in detail, so as to carry away the splendid catalogue of their charms,
is baftled and rebuked by the silent complexity of their myriad parts.
They are genii, latent forces dominating their own realm; they owe
nothing to man, not even the sowing of the parent seed, and human pride
asks how came they to be there, and to be what they are, an embodiment
of that idea of magnificence which we, by stiff regal grandeur and tortuous
art, wish to realize, and fail.’’ ‘Trees, which are the garden designer’s
indispensable stock-in-trade, are what the text is or should be to the
preacher ; hereupon hangs both all the law and the prophets ; yet too often,
with both preacher and garden designer, the text—the essential—is only
a peg to hang a few tawdry rags of his own upon, and likewise the garden
designer reverses the order and puts essentials in the second place, with
a view to the pronouncing of himself or his client’s ostentation and wealth.
I hope you will forgive me when I say that this is a sin which I have
many times committed, and if it is a sin that has to be paid for in
Purgatory, it will take a big sum to get me out—that is, if the penalty
is in any way commensurate with the amount of money spent in outlay
here.

The great dividing line of the two styles of garden design is this : we
either accept trees, our greatest factor, as they are and bow submissively,
or else we set about, as did all the five early forms of civilization,
to tease them and make them fit our own heroic devices, as did the
Egyptians, the Babylonians, the Medo-Persians, the Greeks, and their
followers and imitators, the ancient Romans. ‘The echoes of the last
and their traditions may be caught in Italy to-day in the present ruined
and restored medieval gardens of the Pope and cardinals.

I am able to give only one quotation regarding the Medo-Persian view
of gardenage, which is instructive from two points of view. First, in
presenting to us their national ideal; and, secondly, as to the light in
which we see Cyrus the Great, the welder of the two races, which
combined made the Medo-Persian world supremacy. Like many of our
most enterprising business men he was able to find time for everything ;
and in his relaxation measured, set out, and planted the trees in his park
himself. It is the aimless man of unlimited leisure that finds time
for nothing. The quotation is as follows :—‘“ When Lysander brought

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 381

presents to Cyrus from the cities of Greece, that were his confederates, he
received him with the greatest humanity, and amongst other things
showed him his garden, which was called ‘The Paradise of Sardis’ ; which
when Lysander beheld he was struck with admiration of the beauty of the
trees, the regularity of their planting, the evenness of their rows, and
their making regular angles one to another ; or, in a word, the beauty of
the quincunx order in which they were planted, and the delightful odours
which issued from them. Lysander could no longer refrain from extolling
the beauty of their order, but more particularly admired the excellent skill
of the hand that had so curiously disposed them ; which Cyrus perceiving,
answered him: ‘All the trees which you behold here are of my own
appointment; I it was that contrived, measured, laid out the ground for
planting these trees, and I can even show you some of them that I planted
with my own hands.’ ”’

Space forbids my dilating further upon the use and misuse of trees
and how they should dominate. I hope to deal with this in the next
lecture on the practice of garden design, but this quotation is introduced
to prove my contention that Cyrus forced his trees.

I fear I have not left myself much time to devote to the ancient
Roman gardens, regarding which we have much data and information,
so much that to do any measure of justice to them would need a separate
lecture.

It is difficult to define in a few sentences wherein the Romans
differed from the Greeks in their civilization, their arts, their ideals, and
wherein their deterioration can be seen, yet here it is that we ought to
start to get a just estimate of their gardens. It may be disputed by some,
but it must be always borne in mind that the chief factor you have to
deal with in ancient gardenage is the religious element ; and, moreover,
I do not limit or confine the motive for the ancient gardens alone to
religious pervasion, it certainly was a great motive in medieval gardens,
and not alone gardens but domestic architecture also. What a number
—I might almost say the majority of superb survivals of medieval
gardens in this country—have the church or cathedral as neighbour, and
often only the church wall as a dividing line; sometimes the garden
is ‘the cathedral close itself. Added to this evidence, to prove the
preponderating permeation of the religious, we find numbers of old farms
and mansions built in the Gothic style with or without chapels. If
further evidence were needed as to the symbolic meaning conveyed by
garden arrangements and forms, and how these religious sentiments have
become national, I could clinch it by a reference to the Japanese and in
lesser degree to the Chinese.

If I was asked to define briefly wherein the Roman imitation declined
from their Greek ideal, I would say that, instead of maintaining a national
ideal, which they reckoned to have, and which in time of national
catastrophe they were in a measure true to, when we read of them flocking
to their national temples and prostrating themselves and imploring victory,
instead of the national they fell into individualism to their own household
gods and goddesses. This decadence was fostered, no doubt, by the
always divided interests of the patricians or nobles and the plebeians or
common people. Their national system was gradually replaced by a

382 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mongrel one, and their gods and goddesses became legion, and so families
of substance either engaged a priest on tramp or salaried him from one
of the temples, and they multiplied his hero statues and his gods and
goddesses in his garden according to the particular cult of their priest or
their own ideas.

After all, it is not strange that a garden should be held both by
heathen and Christian nations to be in accord with the tenderest instincts
of mankind. “It is the purest of human pleasures.” As one poet
sings ;—

The kiss of the sun for pardon,
The song of the birds for mirth,

We are nearer God’s heart in the garden
Than anywhere else on earth.”

There is here that which fosters those “ thoughts which lie too deep for
tears.’ Purity, wise order, forms too exquisitely fine for the eye to trace,
vistas and avenues, and flowery ways which lead on without harshness
or retaliation but tenderest sympathy to the striving and cruel world
beyond, and yet again allow and foster that which is equally needful—
restful meditation.

“A thing of beauty is a joy for ever,’ says Keats; yet this is the
aspiration which we know that nothing earth-born can attain. Even in
the garden, where we are nearer God’s heart than anywhere else on earth,
it is only by glints and gleams that we see it. What springs of the earth
is earthy and dies with the earth; beauty is not so much in the thing
itself as in the thoughts that spring therefrom, and as our mind is directed
amidst loveliness to a fairer region as to which all that is transient here
is but type and shadow, and where change and decay are not. This is the
problem the Greek and Roman minds struggled to express through the
labyrinths of philosophy and mythology, and their incarnated and deified
representations of thought as seen in their sculptures and gardens, and
their handiwork is the result, or rather all takes colour and shape
therefrom.

I say it without any fear of contradiction that the religious, whether
mistaken or true, is the deepest and most serious impulse in man, even in
a material age like the present; this and beauty are inseparable, and in
order to wisely design a garden these kindred impulses must flow
strong in you. As in many another instance we meet here a paradox,
for it is only as you know the impossibility of your efforts that you can
design effectively. It is said of Turner, the artist, that the more he
wrestled to convey the problems of light through the poor medium of
colour, the more he chuckled each time he was thwarted and defeated.
The uninitiated think we triumph by our successes, but whether artist,
architect, designer, poet, or whoever it is that seeks to simulate beauty,
when he knows himself he triumphs like Jacob of old, not by might of
wrestling, but in weakness crippled and clinging, and we by our defeats.
No glory to ug,!

No presentation or representation of beauty can be complete in iiself.
Nothing material and no amount of what is material, no matter how
finely disposed and well ordered, is a finality; it lacks continuance and
completeness, and therefore it lacks everything. No progression, in fact

2

GARDEN DESIGN—COMPARATIVE, HISTORICAL, AND ETHICAL. 383

nothing, is a finality in itself; I always look askance at the garden where
they proclaim that they grow a little of everything. The garden of Eden
was a finality, with every kind of tree that was good for food and
pleasant to the eye, but has there been one ever since? Far better grow
fewer plants well, such as the soil and the aspect foster. Let us know
our limitations. ‘Though God hath made everything beautiful in His
time, yet He has also set the world in their heart so that no man can find
out from beginning to end, the things which God hath made.”

384 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN.
By Tuomas H. Mawson, Hon, A.R.1.B.A.

(Lecture delivered September 29, 1908.)

In meditating upon the present lecture I fell to wondering what line
| should be expected to strike. ‘I am afraid that some who have to do
with the severely practical side of getting a garden into form will expect
me to deal with all the hundred and one devices that go to the shaping
and fencing of a garden, and will expect me to begin by being submerged
under the removal of tons upon tons of earth, blasting rocks, adding to
this upheaval by carting stones and gravel and ballast, bricks and mortar,
manure, and so forth ad libitwm, truck loads of trees and shrubs, of gate
fencing, iron gates, espaliers, greenhouses in sections, wire netting, casks
of tar, and then, gradually working my way to daylight and order by “ bits
of oily paper which he calls his plans,’’ evolve order out of chaos. I dare
say it would be very easily possible to make an agreeable, entertaining
lecture on these lines.

‘There are many men whom you could embed amid a confusion such
as I have described, and you would be absolutely sure that the result would
be at least creditable, and with certain men, having the engineer’s bent of
mind, the bigger the upheaval the better they like it; but neither of these
two men has exactly the qualifications needed for designing and disposing
aw garden; neither the trustworthy man that can always be relied upon to
do everything creditably, nor the engineer that is never outdone with the
immensity of an undertaking. ‘lhe engineer works entirely on the principle
of calculation, and I would not for a moment put a slight upon his needed
co-partnership, in large works particularly. I desire, whenever possible,
to have my work in capable hands, and to launch it upon a correctly
estimated basis; but unless » man has the faculty of seeing in these
mysterious heaps and accumulations, unsuspected possibilities, as an
artist does in the heavy daubs of thick paint which he throws about
the canvas, I do not think he has the right talent for designing a garden.
[aim not going to enter into the way these ideas are fostered or cultivated ;
if you are educated to design gardens you must have the impulse or spring
of fertile ideas, and know how to clothe them with effective expression.

It may be that you are conscious, after you have struck some particu-
larly happy and original vein and got it nicely carried out, that you feel
the job is only partly your own doing, and that a good deal of it, and
probably the best part, has to come by a process which you cannot explain.
A satirical critic, seizing Upon the remark made by a landscape gardener,
who stated that he was wonderfully helped in the execution of his work by
the accidental developments and the unlooked-for groupings that occurred, —

turned it to his own account by saying that landscape gardening is an art
that relies upon accident for its effect.

Fic. 71.—Paimmorss 1x tun Witv Ganves, Manvaty, Wisovemuenn (Russet. Hea, aq.)

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THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN, 885

I for one am not prepared to quarrel with this critic, and I may add
that Englishmen have no need to quarrel with the accidents of chance
developments. From the days when the storm wrecked the Invincible
Armada to the days of the late Boer war we have come through, or rather
bungled through, often more by fortunate accidents and by the fortunate
tumbling into a set of circumstances—in other words—more by chance
than by deliberation. For my part I rather rejoice in the satire of our
critic, though in the main he is wrong. Hveryone who aspires to lay out
a garden must believe in a proper cohesive plan as a basis of operations,
and it is no discredit to an artist to be able to prepare a well-thought-out
plan, accurately measured, with levels and sections, with every garden
department arranged for handy and convenient control and ease of
working.

A great number of clients that have employed me have started without
this necessary plan thought out in its bearings and levels; for the most
part they have been men of excellent and original ideas, but they found
as they went along in this haphazard fashion, which the architectural
critic makes fun of (and here he is right), that they had to keep altering
and transplanting and re-forming here and there to accommodate each nice
bit that they became possessed of, and in the end they got discouraged.
Whereas, if they had started with a scheme, or at least a policy, which
does not by any means bind them to a hard-and-fast agreement to carry
out all the details or features, almost all their disappointments and much
expense and worry might have been saved. This, then, is my first piece
of advice to all who desire to lay out a garden, large or small: Have
a well-thought-out plan on paper, drawn to a workable scale, and, if the
ground is not perfectly flat (it is rather remarkable sometimes to see the
surprise of uninitiated people when you tell them how much rise and fall
their seemingly level land really has), have a proper section also made to
accord in scale with the plan.

I never knew this method to fail, and I have clients who have been at
work for over twenty years who have garden and estate improvement
plans framed in their business room or estate office, and each season, as
the time comes round, when the garden is about to yield up its glories,
there are some few suggestions that have occurred to them—a new erection
or a border to make, or perhaps a group of Scotch firs interspersed with
silver birch, or a mass of oaks, or some shelter to plant—and so we have
a field day and set them out. If the alterations are likely to interfere
with the general plan, then there has to be a readjustment of the complete
scheme and a careful balancing-up of all the other features. This
principle of having a proper plan to formulate and notify everything upon
is, I would state, and even reiterate, absolutely imperative, and what may
be called the policy of centralization. If you draw from any point, either
within or without acircle to its centre, says Euclid, none of the lines can
possibly clash ; but if you have not a centre to work to, or from, you have
all kinds of tangential intersections and clashings. Do not fear to go to
a little extra trouble in establishing your foundations is the counsel of
every wise builder, and a little wordiness lavished in pleading the need of
this essential is not, I am sure, wasted. You will never regret it—at any
rate I never knew anyone who did. [ have known scores who have

VOL, XXXIY. CC

386 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

regretted starting on the rule-of-thumb ‘principle without a preliminary
plan and survey, or who have discarded it in a large measure, and have
not taken the precaution to note their deviations thereon, to their sorrow.

Someone may say, “ Yes, that is all right in a large garden or an estate ;
but in smaller gardens I do not see the need of a plan.’”’ I was recently
called in to adjudicate upon a number of garden designs for a tradesman’s
plot of some 60 feet by about 200 feet for the garden city of Letchworth,
and I think, my friend, your objection to maintaining a plan policy even
on a small plot would have been silenced had you seen the variety of
ways and the number of workable features and departments which could
be accommodated ; some of them needed to be adjusted to a few inches in
order not to trespass upon the space for tennis lawn or cartway. One or
two of the competitors showed a genius for fine measurements and an
ingenuity in planning such as few architects are called upon to exercise,
even in the arrangement of the rooms of a house.

Artists and people of ideas always bring them to the one who can make
the most of them, and that is the man of system. He can arrange them
in such a way that one person’s output will enhance and increase the
value of the other. The man of system can usually buy up the artistic
man’s ideas at his own, not the artist’s, price, and can sell them for
himself at the artist’s valuation, and accordingly he makes a good profit
out of them. Ido not intend to be hard upon the artist, because usually
if his work is arranged in its proper niche or rightly understood he may
realize for himself something of its true value. In all these matters
there is the systematized part and the artistic, and you cannot afford to
dispense with either. System or order gains the first place.

In one of the affiliated branches of design, the planning of cities, we
are being rather overdone with the systematized propagandists, and there
is need’ to remind people that system will never make a beautiful city.
It will secure, or ought in large measure to secure, a healthy city, which
is a weightier consideration than the artistic; but, as I pointed out to an
American friend, a citizen of Baltimore, you may commendably replace
slums with wide, spacious streets, with long, straight avenues and imposing
buildings, but there is a dreary sense of sameness about them which
after half-a-day palls upon you, as may be experienced in a good many
American and Continental cities and in most of our well-laid-out seaside
resorts. The artistic or the accidental side, which is always on the look-
out for unlooked-for groupings and picturesque combinations, is neglected.
This, I may say, is the making of the interesting part of London and the
most of our old cathedral cities, such as York, Chester, and Durham.
Where would you be able to look in a modern planned city for such a
picturesque combination of lake, foliage, and buildings as the view from
the sheet of water fronting Buckingham Palace looking towards the
Home Office and Government buildings, the lovely groupings of trees
reflected in the water and a background of buildings with falling and
rising roofs and turrets, somewhat softened by the distance, peering above,
broken here and there with the tall forms of the elms in the middle
distance.

In laying special stress on the need for a coherent plan I have no
wish to run the cart on one wheel, but to keep it duly balanced. Only

THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN 387

I give the systematized the preference and- let the picturesque be
secondary.

I was reading an article on estate afforestation and outlying planta-
- tions a short time ago by Mr. Nesbit, and he laid special stress upon the
systematized principle, and advocated that a plantation plan should be
kept on all estates along with a tree-book giving broadly the numbers
and ages of trees in each plantation; or, if a forest or wood, to denote
the broad divisions marked by streams or paths which could be altered
and noted in the office according to successive fellings or ,plantings.
What I say to one I say to all who have to do with estates or anything :
Have a centralized principle or plan; it will spare you many a needless
journey and many a wet jacket. You will be able to set out to adjust in
the comfort of your office what almost always has to be done at an in-
opportune time in the stress of other work.

I take it for granted that we are agreed as to the necessity of a well-
thought-out, coherent plan, and that the artistic aid is imperative; we
have got all in order and we need to put a match to the pile and get it
aflame ; and, although it is a peep behind the scenes, now are needed
qualities which all do not possess. A plan and sketches at the very best
are only indeterminate methods of showing your proposals, and what is
needed now is that the garden designer must be a veritable Joan of Arc
to infect and inspire others with the ideas which he prepossesses himself,
and with the enthusiasm needed to fire them. This may seem a minor
qualification ; yet you must have the absolute conviction of the soundness
of your proposals. Many aman has absolute sincerity in his proposals
and can successfully carry them out, yet is all temerity as to backing
them. You mustalso be able to carry the same conviction to others and get
them to see things from the same point of view and with something of
your own enthusiasm. It is not enough to be able to know how to design
consummately and artistically, to get the right trees into the right places,
or arrange effective groups or beautiful colour schemes of flowers, or
how to secure comfort and brightness, and to understand your soil and
locality ; but you must have a grasp of men and be able to get the right
men into the right places. There are many men who can do a little well,
but cannot grasp the whole ; some who with an eye for detail can plant
our trees and shrubs with splendid results ; when you have set them out
in mass, others follow and can plant flowers tellingly, but you must know
how to fit each specialist into his place.

A head gardener is usually a most observant man, adept at the
handling of men, and often knows as the result of many practical
experiments the most effective groupings of flowers and plants, and
could give most mere book writers a good many points about arrang-
ing colour in borders and so forth, and impart what is often neglected, the
best methods of growing them; he can also give the garden designer
practical information needed for the special locality (if only you can get
him to sell his birthright) ; but notwithstanding this, garden design is not
a matter of horticulture. Nor with our present knowledge can it be left
to the sphere and domain-of the architect. Speaking from a wide
knowledge of the subject I do not know which I should prefer, the
gardener’s superabundance of cultural surprises (for some gardeners can

cc2

3888 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make the unlikeliest plants grow almost anywhere) or the architect’s bald
insipidities.

I once reviewed the gardener’s standpoint and the designer’s as follows,
and I am assured it is about right: the designer’s ideal is the cloistered
garden of meditation and reflection wherein he wishes to be weaned from
all outside ; where in a kind of rapture undisturbed he may rest deep-
hidden among avenues and glades, surrounded with felicitous groupings
of gay flowers and abundant fruitfulness, all shaped and _ beautified
according to his inner consciousness. His line of thought leans more,
perhaps, to the realm of picture and imagination, yet now and again it is
given us to view that ideal combination of forms, features, and images, for
“truth is stranger than fiction.’ As I said in my last lecture the
designer is always being beaten in wrestling to achieye the attainment, —
yet he clingingly cherishes the ideal. This is the objective or the
designer’s side, and I pity the man that has not such a vein in his soul.

In contrast is the subjective or the gardener’s practical side. He
must be ever intent upon improving what is, who finds all the forces with
which he has to contend bristling with life. An overlay or a little
abstraction may cost him dearly. If he is not up and doing betimes when
Nature calls for pruning, thinning, trimming, or his correcting, controlling
hand, there has to be an increased strain or disaster. Even in winter,
the time when the forces which need his energies are in comparative rest,
he has to be like a capable general amassing his stores to cope with the
forthcoming multitudinous outburst of living energy on all hands and
sides. There is no rest or reflection for him. It is “ touch-and-go”’
almost the whole year round ; alert, immediate, and prompt he must be.
If he is not so he wakes up some morning to find all mixed and scattered
and mystified. This is what I may call the subjective or the practical
side of gardenage.

IT am not going to waste much time upon the feud of formal and
informal, or the natural disposal of land. We cannot now make
a garden of Eden, where the clime was so favourable that the ground
upon which there was no rain supplied all that was needed for the
comfort and luxurious ease of our first parents. The weather that we
have been experiencing during the last few weeks would drive even a
camper-out indoors, much more those who would sleep under the dome of
the heavens. We have to begin with the practical problem of a covert
from the elements, in other words a house; moreover, the exigencies of life
in and about that home are such that one cannot always, even in a garden,
afford time to go the furthest way round for the nearest. It is very
entertaining to be sent round by Kew to get to Hampstead, but we have
not always time, even if there is a promise of tea in a neat tea-house on
the way ; and so, in the main, we come to make, almost always, straight
paths for our feet instead of crooked ones. These the man who reckons
to hold a brief for Nature scorns, and thunders down upon us, furious in
his wrath. If, on the other hand, it is pleasingly suggestive to turn a
path round a knoll or to run it effectively between planted banks, or even
a drive at times, so that it adds to the pleasure of the home to see the
nicely equipped horses emerge from a little woodland and spin round
towards the house in a graceful sweep, so much the better ; do so, and if it

THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN. 389

is possible to produce similar sensations likewise in the freer parts of the
ground which are devoted to strolling and meandering, let us by all means
do so with all the skill possible, and without straining the effect. Every-
thing after its kind was a rule in the beginning ; and when from necessity
we must have a house, remembering that the house is, and must be, in
its main lines formal, it is fitting that the house should in the majority
of instances long for companionship after its kind in the garden, and
desire to have some circumscribed area commensurate with its size and
a complement to its plan. This is both. rational and logical; therefore I
make no apology for the terrace and its usual formal arrangement; nor do
T quarrel with, but rather commend, the man who is a strict purist in this
formal domain and keeps his plants subordinate. If the tallness in the
lines of the design of the house seems to demand a herbaceous border to
cut down its seeming tallness, then by all means have one right under
the windows, with hollyhocks and sunflowers and tall shrubs. There is
no danger, only the danger of laying down hard-and-fast lines.

We will suppose now that we have a proper survey and sections giving
the boundaries of the garden or estate before us; the first question is the
amount of money to be devoted to the garden. I need not trouble you
much with this most practical consideration. The question which is
immediately related to it, and which I find is equally important, namely,
the amount to be devoted to the annual upkeep of the garden, will perhaps
be of greater interest to you than the former one, namely, the amount to
be expended upon the lay-out. In many, many new gardens I am met by
my client with woeful tales that the extras on the house have run to such
an inordinate amount, itis imperative that as little as possible be expended
upon the gardens. This is almost always tantamount to saying that he
wishes a good show in the garden for a little money. Well, as most
gardeners know, this is not a difficult achievement provided there is a good
productive soil to start with, which is not always, indeed, not often, the
case. You can buy flowers and shrubs, plant them, and for a few years
they will make a passable show; but if the ground has not been suitably
enriched, and all deeply dug and furnished from the foundations with
a view to continuity, well we know what happens.

The first step before launching upon anything is to honestly tell
a client what the ruinous policy of skimping in the garden formation
means, and to point out clearly from the first what amount in yearly
upkeep a proper garden will need, of such and such dimensions, which
every man who has experience in garden design could sketch out in
a few minutes on a plan with its shrubberies, glasshouses, kitchen garden,
terraces, lawns, and sundry departments. In passing, let me commend
the smaller though self-made garden, amply staffed, in preference to the
more extended garden inefficiently equipped and sparsely formed. Hear
what an American garden authority says about our English gardens: “ It
is characteristic of the Englishman that, enumerating the things which
require consideration when planning the grounds, he names economy first.
This to them is a matter of great importance, and to its just consideration
is due, to a large extent, the number and beauty of the English gardens.
As arule, work is not laid out or undertaken which cannot be easily
executed and maintained without taxing the resources of the owner.

390 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

With them gardening is so old an art that the cost of maintaining can be
as readily estimated beforehand as can the execution. If a man can afford
but three servants his house is arranged on the basis of what three
servants can do thoroughly well, and he will not have a larger house
unless he can afford to have his service adequate. His stable will be
regulated with equal care. He will have only such horses and carriages
as can be kept in first-rate condition. Applying these principles to the
garden, collecting and making use of the cumulative experience of many
generations of gardeners, he lays out his ground with clear foresight as to
its maintenance. Nothing is to be slovenly, nothing neglected. The results
amply justify this course. The thoroughness of the English garden is the
very root of its charm.”

In actual practice I strongly advise that before a single sod is turned
for the house the client, architect, and landscape gardener should visit the
site together. There are so many considerations that have to be taken into
account, which the man who has only the house before his mind’s eye is
not alert to, that it is at the least diplomatic to have all the many-sided
considerations thrashed out. Another point which hinges upon the above
is that there is often a very great waste of good surface soil when the
house excavation is left to the building fraternity.

All this is preparatory to a wisely directed start, and now for a com-
mencement upon the design, we agreeing for our present purpose that
these considerations have been weighed and that time has been taken by
the forelock.

After the architect has produced his plan and design for the house,
the first thing, after providing our coherent garden scheme or policy,
securing directness and comfort with pleasure, is to see to shelter and
balance by forest trees. This, the arboricultural factor, counts greatest
in maintaining within the garden the sense of continuity and harmony
with the broader landscape without. The modern day trend in architecture
is opposed to the older method of balancing the elevations by exact
symmetry, that is, by each feature being exactly reproduced on the other
side of the building ; and so it comes about that balance has to be obtained
mostly by groups of forest trees; shrubs are little or no good here. If
there are unsightly surroundings we need tall trees or evergreen firs to
aid us; and if the ugliness to be blocked out takes the shape of insistent
tall chimneys the height of these plantations has to be increased by raising
mounds of earth to plant them upon. The client who can make up his
mind to do the greater part of the plantations before the other work is
like a wise general who looks after his scouts and outposts. To gain
a year or more in the planting is a wise foresight.

By this time we are fairly launched upon the flowing tide of execution,
earth removal ; the pond or lake is in course of excavation; the terraces
are being built or formed ; all the valuable surface soil has been stored in
a wisely chosen place, where it will not have to be removed until it is
placed topmost again, and here your plan stands you in good stead ; and as
all gradually begins to assume shape your client’s brow unknits and you
note his pleasure in viewing each departmental portion of terraces, lawns,
the drive, walks, lake, kitchen garden, orchard, fruit or reserve garden,
with its usual attendant glasshouses and frames, and wild garden, emerge

THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN. 391

from chaos and assume shape and form. The glasshouses comprise
~ vineries, peach and fruit houses. Propagating houses and conservatory in
a large garden may well be described as a department in itself, but I am
compelled to generalize to a great extent. There is need of close
inspection during the progress of this work to see that the terraces are
properly rammed, that the drives get their specified depth of pitching and
metalling. It is a good plan to keep off the gravel until the very last,
and then in a good job it ought to be delightfully coloured Breedon or
some setting gravel which needs to be rolled in with water ; reject gritty,
teeth-grinding, flinty gravels. The close inspection needs also to be
exercised towards all constructive work to see that it is sound and good, |
that the kitchen garden is deeply trenched, the soil properly enriched with
manure and leaf soil, if procurable, with every bit of its own surface tilth
and that which can be got from elsewhere put on the top. This surface
soil is worth three times its weight in manure. The fruit borders should be
formed with the proper parts of lime and all well drained, and also
the vine and peach borders. Keep a sharp look out on the building,
pointing and coping of the kitchen garden walls, where bad cement and
lime, leaving holes as lodging places for insects’ nests, spell despair
almost to the poor gardener. If our reputation is to be maintained, at this
stage at all costs, all jerry men and skimpers must be despatched
ruthlessly. It is, I say, the height of folly for a client to be stingy in his
garden. Far better, I repeat, do a little well and gradually accomplish the
ultimate, season by season, with thoroughness stamped upon each part.
When all is shaped and formed and the lawns made, comes the question
of adornment, and whatever else can be done from plans with our feet
on the fender, this cannot. Now our place is in the fresh air, as in the
sunlight the garden itself almost speaks, yet how easily stillness and
stolidity begin to make themselves apparent. If you do not tackle
this work in the happy mood, working with straight aim, simplicity, and
precision, the result of that riper judgment of fine and sympathetic
thought, you cannot get that feeling of jaunty ease into the disposal of
your ornamental plantations and borders. The vistas and glades seem to
be stereotyped, the angularities of the house appear harsher even though
climber clad, and the terrace wall more insistent than ever. Anyone,
almost, can tell when the ornamental planting has been done by a novice ;
but there are few, myself included, that can make any appreciable altera-
tions in it when it is clumsily disposed. As to this difficult part of the
work I am often pretty much like the lad who said, “If it hits it hits, but
if it doesn’t, well then we must make the best of it.” If it doesn’t hit I
will make a confession such as I once heard made by a famous orator who
said that if his theme didn’t go off he always had a few reliable stock side-
issues whereby to cover his retreat; and so it is with most of us garden
designers, we always have a few never-failing devices to raise the adorn-
ment of the garden out of mediocrity. Some people prefer the make-
shift, but we bewail that here at least that subtle suggestiveness which
ministers to the reflective garden enjoyer has eluded us, so we pass on to
the next caravan and begin again, adding just this reminder: Your
planting must be made once for all. “Most of the plants in the border
can be divided when they grow too quick and the soil redug and enriched,

392 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but shrubs to thrive must be left alone.” The planting of flowering .
shrubs is a vast subject, and can only be outlined here ; even if a whole
lecture were devoted to it, it would be impossible to do justice to it. I
have no hesitation in saying that, after allowing for various tastes, the
numbers of wooden, cast-ironified attempts that one meets with are
distressing.

The three remaining items are the planting of the borders, the planting
of the kitchen garden, and the finishing touches. I will say little or
nothing about planting the kitchen garden. Not that it is unimportant.
It is an important item to get the right fruits and the right varieties of
fruit on each differing aspect of wall, and along the espaliers; but
as the great bulk of my readers are practical horticulturists I could, I
feel sure, profit more by a conversation with or lecture from you than you
could from me. Before the kitchen garden is planted the head gardener
is on the scene, and as his merits have to be judged in a great measure
according to its produce I usually work hand-in-hand with him.

It matters little how formal the filling of your beds on the terrace
is, being immediately under the windows of the house, or if you are
minded to do a little carpet bedding (let us hope not much on the score
of expense) I will not quarrel with it; I think it is a good deal more
appropriate than straggling and gaudy begonias. Try as you will, every-
thing within the square-walled rooms of the house is formal, and every-
thing in the dress and manner of the occupants is on formal though not
necessarily stiff lines.

As to the borders beyond the terraces, I need not say to practical men
that, viewed both from the artistic as well as the practical standpoint,
the character of the background in each case alters our plans. Whether
the flowers are to be seen against hedges is another consideration that
determines much, as also which of the several differing kinds of hedges are
to be our background, concluding, of course, that their roots are restrained
by some device from sapping the flower’s domain. Time would fail to
enter into the unlimited groupings and the changes that are at
our disposal; in fact, we are always improving and moving in the
borders if alert, and constantly meeting with new yet old surprises.
If a client demands a goodly display from the first—which I do not often
advise—then I have a proper border planting plan prepared with good
clumps of herbaceous stuff, selecting fixed positions for such plants as
Martagon lilies, which resent moving during the triennial lifting, digging,
and enriching. But the method I advise is not to plant too thickly in the
first year; and, as no one can well lay down a rule for a locality, see
what plants thrive best and tend to the happiest local groupings. Any
unoccupied place can easily be filled by annuals and biennials.

The final visit is to give the few happy balancing touches here and
there. It means perhaps, the insertion of a clipped tree or two or three
formally kept hollies on the terrace, a few roses, a touch of statuary,
animated or reposeful (again a most difficult task to hit the right note),
and the right size and proper height of the pedestal, a climber or so, some
architectural feature which is obtrusive and hitherto unnoticed to be
masked, perhaps an archway of yew or of roses on a framework; then
you must leave the work of your hands for others to make or mar.

THE PRACTICE OF GARDEN DESIGN. 393

I know some will be disappointed that I have not gone more fully
into detail and into the names of trees and plants for special uses.
I have purposely avoided this, and I have taken the course I have in these
lectures, first treating of the historical and then the practical side, because
the bent of horticultural men is to make light of the traditions of a place,
and because in all of us in carrying out the work entrusted to us
there exists a tendency to lose the very spirit and character of the work
and get encumbered in details.

394 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE.
By Crem H. Hooper, M.R.A.C., Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.

(Lecture delivered October 13, 1908.]}

In dealing with the relation which exists between geology and horti-
culture, we have to pass by the fascinating story of the earth’s former
inhabitants as told by the fossils in the rocks, as well as the minute
subdivisions of the more important strata, and consider the surface

(From ‘‘ The Soil,” by A. D. Hall, M.A.)

geology, dealing more with the beds which have a wide superficial
area and whieh are of importance to agriculture and horticulture than
with those which are most interesting to the geologist on account of the
large number of fossils contained in them.

The gardener regards the earth’s surface as “‘soil.’’ He classifies soils
according to the substances which predominate in them, such as sand,
clay, lime (derived from limestone or chalk), or vegetable matter.

Professor J. Wrightson suggests dividing soils into—

1. Clays.
2. Clay loams.
3. Loams: easily worked soils, such as friable garden soils.

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 395

4. Sandy loams.

5. Sands.

6. Marly soils.

7. Calcareous soils.
8. Vegetable moulds.

Technically “ soil’’ may be defined as that portion of the earth’s crust
which man breaks up in the cultivation of crops, while subsoil is the
material lying below the soil turned up by the spade or plough, into
which the roots of plants penetrate, and extending down to the solid
rock, whether it be hard as granite or soft as clay (fig. 73). The
character of the soil is largely dependent on the subsoil.

The earthy matter of soils has been produced by the gradual
crumbling down of previously existing rocks, through the action of
water, frost, change of temperature, and vegetation. The decay of
vegetation itself produces acids which decompose rock.

The work of earthworms is also of importance in mixing, grinding
up the soil, and letting air into it.

The influence of geology on plants is modified by altitude, rainfall,
natural drainage, proximity to the sea, &c.; thus we have a special flora
on high mountains, on marshy land, and in proximity to the sea, to a
considerable extent independent of the rock beneath.

TasLe I.—INFLUENCE oF RAINFALL AND ALTITUDE UPON VEGETATION.
A Section from Snowdon to Essex.

By Professor Primrose McConnell, in his ‘“‘ Elements of Agricultural Geology.”

a E } o ra i] § :
P= = 2 2, co <<;
g By 4 3 E A Bagh eee en
A a) So | a o z, & = D | ye
5 A lane © eS & > . = =
a Si er = ee 3
eat i— Die) o
Rainfall: inches per
annum, approxim. . 100 | 95 45 35 30 Ze al 25) 22 20
Height above sea in
feet, average . . 900 | 700 400 300 270 250 230 220 200
Corn acreage per cent. El |, 20°83 22°4 26:2 | 25°7 29°8 42:0 | 42:3 46°3
Grass acreage per cent. 759 | 63°8 582 || 529 | 66:4 -| 52:8 31°4 | 29°7 24°2
Pe oe eee
Geological formation . Primary rocks Secondary rocks Tertiary
rocks
Taste I].—InriuEeNce or UNDERLYING Rock oN SURFACE VEGETATION.*
Prepared by the late Professor James Buckman.
Underlying rock. Apple. Pear. Oak. Ehn. Beech. | Pine.
Old red sandstone . . 15° «| 8 8 10 0 | 1
Lias clay . : , : on 3 5 10 oe 1
P | ‘
New red sandstone marl . ed 0 7 12 0 2
Oxford clay Gra i 0 10 8 0 1
Oolitic limestone 2 0 1 4 10 5
Chalk 2 0 2 4 8 5
Gault clay 4 1 6 6 0 0
Greensand 2 Be weil - 3 z 0 3
Mountain limestone. 1 0 2 2 3 l

* The figures represent the relative frequency of the trees growing upon the different formations.

296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Garden soil is often considerably altered and ameliorated to suit the
plants grown ; so it is more upon the deeper-rooting trees and wild plants
or weeds that the influence of the surface geology is most noticeable, as is
shown in Table II.

Before considering in detail the various strata of rock I propose
mentioning some of the plants characteristic of the commoner kinds
of soil, grouped into the wider classification of plants of sandy soils
clay, lime, and peaty soils, and those which grow close to the seashore.
For this purpose I quote liberally, with Mr. A. D. Hall’s permission,
from his book on “ The Soil.”’

Plants showing preference to certain Soils—Mr. Hall tells us that
the common primrose is undoubtedly a clay lover, yet it will be found
widely distributed over all the English soils; the beech and the yew
are typical trees of the chalk; good oak and hornbeam of the clay;
Spanish chestnut and many conifers, like Scotch fir, are sand lovers;
yet each of these trees will be found commonly enough on other kinds of
soil, though generally thriving best on the soils named.

Most of the leguminous plants: like lime, but there are others
that are intolerant of lime in the soil, such are lupines, seradella, and
gorse; whilst of grasses, the sweet vernal grass is said to be intolerant
of chalk.

Plants of Sandy Soils—Among plants specially suited to sandy soils
may be mentioned potatos, which require liberal manuring, including
potash ; carrots thrive especially well on sandy land with a deep, fine
tilth. In Prussia lupines are used in reclaiming sandy land. The
Spanish chestnut, birch, holly, and many conifers thrive on sandy land.
Pinus Pinaster and Spanish chestnut dislike lime. Heather, rhodo-
dendron, and azalea are intolerant of lime and are associated with
sandy and peaty soils. Gorse, broom, tufted vetch (Vicia Cracca), and
bird’s foot (Ornithopus) are characteristic leguminous plants of sandy
land. Cranberry, bilberry, foxglove, sheep’s sorrel (Rwmex Acetosella),
bracken (Pteris aquilina), wavy hair grass (Aira flexuosa), spurrey
(Spergula arvensis), corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), long
smooth-headed poppy (Papaver dubiwm), and blue cornflower (Centaurea
Cyanus) are characteristic plants of sandy soils.

Plants characteristic of Clay.—On some clays of close texture the
grass is poor and surface rooting. Stoloniferous grasses, like marsh bent
grass (Agrostis stolonifera) prevail; on the poorer pastures the spiny
form of rest-harrow (Ononis arvensis) grows, along with wild teazel
(Dipsacus sylvestris), corn crowfoot (Ranunculus arvensis), dyer’s green-
weed (Genista tinctoria), all characteristic and often troublesome
weeds ; on cultivated land the black-bent or slender foxtail (Alopecurus
agrestis) and corn mint (Mentha arvensis) are difficult to deal with.
Many clays are deficient in phosphoric acid, though containing sufficient
potash, and are benefited by the application of basic slag or si
phosphate.

Plants characteristic of Calcareous Soils.—Caleareous soils are gene-
rally warm and dry, and when deep, extremely fertile. The thinner soils
are rather subject to certain insect pests, like turnip flea. Calcareous soils,
many of them, need vegetable matter and are greatly benefited by farm-

— .

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 397

yard manure, the ploughing in of green crops, and sheep folding.
Superphosphate is a good form of phosphatic manure ; potash is generally
needed. Salt is generally beneficial as an addition to manures on
calcareous rocks, especially for plants of the cabbage tribe. The lighter
calcareous soils are notoriously weedy ; fumitory (fwmaria officinalis),
dove’s foot and crane’s bill are characteristic weeds. Sainfoin and lucerne
flourish and provide abundant and valuable fodder even on the driest
chalk soils.

The natural flora of the calcareous soils includes the beech, yew,
wild cherry, juniper, box, mealy guelder rose (Viburnum Lantana),
beam tree (Pyrus Aria), dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), and traveller’s
joy (Clematis vitalba). It is rich in flowering plants, including the
horse-shoe yvetch (Hippocrepis comosa), bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus), kidney vetch (Anthylus Vulneraria), milkwort (Polygala
sp.), bladder campion (Silene inflata), burnet (Poteriwm Sanguisorba),
wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), sheep’s scabious (Scabiosa Columbaria),
common succory or chicory (Cichorium Intybus), and viper’s bugloss
(Echium vulgare), marjoram (Origanum vulgare), which are
characteristic of the pastures and waste places on chalk and limestone.
Among the grasses, the downy and yellow oat grasses (Avena pubescens
and A. flavescens), upright brome (Bromus erectus), and heath false
brome (Lrachypodiwm pmnatum) are common.

Plants characteristic of Loams.—Of plants indicating a good
fertile soil may be mentioned chickweed (Stellaria media), groundsel
(Senecio vulgaris), fat hen (Chenopodium album), sow thistle (Sonchus
oleraceus), goose grass (Galiwm Aparine), speedwells (Veronica agrestis,
&e.), pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), henbit (Lamiwm amplexicaule),
wild poppy (Papaver Rhoeas), the small spurge (Huphorbia Peplus),
strong-growing stinging nettles, tall thistles, and sturdy hedgerow timber.

Plants of Peaty Soils.—Conifers, heather, Sphagnum, sheep’s sorrel,
louse-wort, sedges, rushes, and sundew are characteristic of peaty soils.
The first steps towards improving these soils are to drain them and then
to apply lime.

Plants tolerant of Salt.—Mangels, asparagus, cabbage, seakale,
common thrift or sea pink, and the sea aster tolerate salt soils, but
thrive well in ordinary soil. The orache, beet, sea lavender, sea heath,
seakale, and samphire are found in salt marshes.

Plants intolerant of Salt, even in small proportions, include the rose,
orchid and heath families, and stinging nettle.

Plants that generally grow on Land that requires Drainage include
coltsfoot, Hquisetwm, cuckoo flower, water mint, sedges and rushes.

The geologist classifies rocks into

I. Igneous—such as granite and trap.
II. Sedimentary or Stratified—such as clay, shale, sandstone, lime-
stone, and chalk, deposited in the sea or in fresh water.
Ill. Terrestrial—due to the growth of vegetation on the land, such as
coal and peat.

The Stratified rocks are divided into three periods, based on the
animals and plants found as fossils in them; thus—TZhe Primary, or

398 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

oldest, containing earth’s first preserved creation, all, with the exception
of Lingula and Nautilus, which persist to the present day, extinct species,
often very unlike those now existing, but, we believe, well adapted to their
environment. The Secondary strata contain no animal remains which
can be identified with existing species; those which are found in them
are nearly all different from those which occur either in the Tertiary
above or the Primary strata below. The Tertiary strata are characterized
by containing, among other fossils, the remains of animals which are
identical with existing species. England has been called “ the Paradise
of the geologist,’ because, coming from the oldest rocks in the West to
the youngest in the Kast, it contains examples of nearly all the beds of
rock which exist in any part of the world.

Stratified rocks consist of repeated alternations of limestone, sand-
stone, and clay, or mixtures of two or more of these earthy substances.
The mixing largely modifies the character and often improves the
fertility ; thus chalk mixed with clay produces a better soil than either
the chalk or the clay unmixed, as the one supplies what the other lacks.
Again, where a sandstone meets a, limestone, the sandy soil is benefited

Fic. 74.—DIAGRAM SHOWING INFLUENCE OF INCLINE ON FERrTILirty.
(From “ Agricultural Geology,” by Primrose McConnell, B.Sc.)

by the addition of lime. The same happens when clay or marl is added
to sandy soil; both the sand and the clay are improved by mixing.
Owing in some places to glaciers and icebergs in bygone ages, rocks,
gravel, sand and clay have been transported from their original home and
carried and deposited elsewhere. Where this drift or transported matter
is deposited, it alters the character of the soil from that in the neighbour-
hood lying over the same strata, as the soil is more dependent on the
character of this transported material on the surface than on that of the
rock below. The height above the sea, the mean temperature, the quantity
of rainfall, whether hilly or flat (fig. 74), and even aspect, all somewhat
modify the soil and its fertility, even when overlying the same rock ;
nevertheless, allowing for the modification, the same rock produces a
similar class of soil all the world over.

Igneous Rocks.—Starting with the igneous or fire-formed rocks, we
will first consider granite, of which the characteristic minerals are quartz
and felspar, with mica in lesser proportion. These, when decomposed,
yield sand, alumina, and potash. The quality of the soil is dependent
largely on position. Where mountainous or forming steep hills, as is
the case in most of the granite districts in Cornwall and Devonshire, it is

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 399

covered with heath, coarse grass, and peat, as on Dartmoor, forming
either a bare sandy soil or a cold, stiff, and wet clay. Where, however,
the elevation is less and the climate drier, as at Moreton Hampstead, on
the eastern side of Dartmoor, the soil improves, forming useful pastures
and arable land from which the potatos sold in Exeter market are
obtained ; on the west of Dartmoor there is also fine pasture letting at
60s. per acre. The soil of the Scilly Isles is good and largely used for
daffodil growing; this soil is derived from a granite which, in addition to
quartz, felspar, and mica, contains hornblende, which, on decomposition,
yields lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron.

Volcanic Rocks include the greenstone, basalt, serpentine and syenite,
and these, when disintegrated, usually form good soils. ‘These rocks occur
as serpentine in the neighbourhood of the Lizard, in Cornwall, where
they give rise to soils of an inferior quality owing to the amount of
magnesia, but hornblende rock in the same district yields an extremely
fertile soil; as greenstone in Charnwood Forest; as syenite at Mount
Sorrel and in the Malvern Hills; as porphyry in the Cheviot Hills,
Cumberland, Anglesea, and Carnarvon.

The lowest of the primary rocks are the Cambrian and Silurian ;
these come to the surface over a large portion of Wales, both in the
north and the centre, and in the Lake District in parts of Cumberland,
Westmoreland, and Lancashire.

The Cambrian Rocks, in the West of Wales and Cumberland, occur
chiefly in mountainous districts. The rock is largely of a slaty descrip-
tion, weathering slowly into poor thin soil or cold clay, covered chiefly by
heath and bog. ‘The soils are very deficient in lime.

The Silurian formation comes to the surface in Denbigh, Montgomery,
and Radnor, and skirts the south and east of Carmarthen, the north of
Hereford, and the south of Shropshire. Much of this formation consists
of deep beds of sandstone and shale, the former covered with heath, the
latter producing cold muddy clays. The Llandeilo Flags, which contain
lime, form a fertile arable soil in the south of Carmarthen, especially on
the banks of the Towy. This is also the case in Herefordshire and
Shropshire, where the Aymestry and Wenlock limestones, mingling with
the rocks below and above, produce fertile soil.

The Old Red Sandstone is ever associated with Hugh Miller, the
Cromarty stonemason, who became one of the greatest of geologists,
notable for careful observation and poetic description. This formation,
though occasionally of vast thickness, estimated at varying between 500
and 10,000 feet thick, does not occupy a very extensive area at the
surface. It consists of red sandstones and marls. ‘These rocks form a
portion of Pembroke and Carmarthen, the greater part of Brecon and
Hereford, and parts of Monmouth and Glamorgan; and the north and
south of Devon and much of Cornwall rests on this formation. The
upper and lower beds often produce hungry, barren, sandy soils, but tne
middle beds in Hereford, South Devon, and parts of Cornwall produce
excellent land, as they contain more clay and lime. ‘Tenbury, in
Worcestershire, noted for its cherries, stands where the Old Red Sand-
stone is mixed with alluvial deposit.

Sir Roderick Murchison wrote of this formation :—‘‘ The most loamy

400 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the red soils of Hereford afford the finest crops of wheat and hops,
and bear the most prolific apple and pear trees, while the whole region
(eminently in the heavier clayey tracts) is renowned for the production of
the sturdiest oaks, which so abound as to be styled ‘the Weeds of
Herefordshire.’’’ Orchards are to be seen on this formation in‘almost all
parts of Herefordshire. A recent estimate gives the value of apples in
Herefordshire as £600,000; this is largely cider fruit, though recently
more dessert and cooking fruit has been planted. The apples of Hereford-
shire are in general well coloured, and when well sorted and properly
packed are valued in the market. Probably in no part of England are
there such large pear and apple trees. Liming is of great benefit to this
soil, especially to the strong clay loam near Hereford. Some of the best
recently planted orchards in Herefordshire may be seen at Ross,
Credenhill, and Withington. Devonshire has a large acreage of cider
apple orchards ; much is old and neglected, though picturesque, but pro-
ducing good fruit where well cared for; nearly every farm has its own
orchard, but this is growing less usual than formerly, and many orchards
are gradually ceasing to exist. The orchards are fairly evenly distributed
throughout the county, but there are none on granite, and comparatively
few on the millstone grit. The apples thrive best on the sandstone.
The Staverton district, near Totnes, is especially noted for its cider.
There is but little small fruit grown except on Lord Mount Edgcumbe’s
estate around Bere Alston and Callingtcn, on the banks of the River
Tamar, one side being Devon, the other Cornwall; early strawberries are
grown on land sloping southwards, and raspberries and bush fruit are
grown by the tenants under a liberal system of compensation. The
famous potato land of Dunbar is over this formation.

The Lower Carboniferous rocks include the slate grits, the carbon-
iferous limestone, and the millstone grits. In North Devon calcareous
sand from the seashore used to be carted on to the sandy soil for several
miles from the shore, as it was found to be so beneficial, the soil being
deficient in lime. The slaty soils of Cornwall, especially in the mining
districts, are mostly poor, and large portions of the county remain
unenclosed, with a scanty covering of heath and poor grass. At Penzance
the land is very fertile, probably due to admixture with basaltic rock, and
lets at as much as £8, £10, and even £12 per acre.

Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, with a thickness varying from
500 to 5,000 feet, extends over the greater part of Derby and Northumber-
land, stretching along the west of Durham and Yorkshire to Preston in
Lancashire, and forms the greater part of the Pennine Hills and of the
Mendip Hills in Somerset; there are also small areas in Gloucestershire
and Wales. It is generally a hard blue limestone, more or less full of
fossils, separated here and there by layers of sandstone, sandy slates, or
bluish-black shales, like those of the coal measures. Owing to slowness
in decomposition and high elevation the soil isin many parts bare rock :
in Northumberland it is still chiefly moorland ; in other parts it produces
naturally a short, sweet herbage. Sheep’s fescue is a prominent grass
in these pastures. At Alnwick (Northumberland) strawberries are suc-
cessfully and extensively grown; there are large numbers of apple trees
in the market gardens.

Quaternary Alluvium
Tertiary

Cre- | Chalk
taceOus | Greensand, Gault, etc

Secondary ‘hen
Jurassic,
lias

Triassic

(Magnesian Limestone
Permian
Marls, Sandstones, etc
Coal Measures
Millstone Grit

Carboniferous Limestone

Prima PY Devonian

Carbon-
iferous

a Dyce £ Don Rs | Upper Silurian
Lower Silurian

Cambrian

Archzar

E of Tay Eruptive Rocks
ee Metamorphic Rocks
@ Firth of Forth

AR. Tweed

= = S° Davids Ht
Cork Harbour S¢ Bride's B. age
~ fe Milford Haven =
Fastness Rk

English Miles. - . AA. lof ight
22100 20 «40 ~© 60 be and dong oe
e

Lands End PN
Scilly I$ ° Lizard H¢ SRANCE

Meridian of O° Greenwich

Stanfora’s Geog: Estab: London.
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BRITISH ISLES.

(To face p. 400.)

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 401

At Hexham (Northumberland), in the valley of the Tyne, the Hessle
pear and the damson thrive over an alluvial, gravelly subsoil some 12 or
14 feet deep over the carboniferous rock.

Millstone Grit has a thickness of some 600 feet. It shows itself
in Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, the
northern half of Devon, and part of Cornwall, and skirts the coalfield
of South Wales; it lies next below the coalfields. The soil resting on
it is characteristically poor, and is in some parts covered with peat moss.

In the North of England the sandstone is fine in texture, the grains
of sand being small, with minute plates of mica; in other parts the stone
is of a coarse texture, consisting of grains of sand of the size of mustard
seed, held so closely together by a clayey cement as to resist the effects
of the atmosphere and to form one of the strongest and most durable
stones for building. The surface of this formation is usually hilly or
mountainous, and a much greater extent is covered by moor and peaty
swamps than is the case with any other formation in England. The soil
improves where it meets other rocks rich in clay and lime. The
Morpeth market-garden district is situated where this formation meets
the mountain limestone or Yoredale rocks on the north and the coal
measures on the south. The ‘Whinham’s Industry’ gooseberry origin-
ated here. The apple thrives here better than in the Tyne Valley.

The Coal Measures, estimated at 300 to 8,000 feet thick, consist of
alternate beds of grey sandstone, dark blue shale or hardened clay, inter-
stratified with beds of coal, usually with an undulating but seldom hilly
surface. The larger coalfields are those of Northumberland, Durham,
York and Derby in the north; of Stafford, Leicester and Warwick in
the centre; of Gloucester, Somerset, and South Wales in the south. The
coal formation generally produces very inferior agricultural land, much
of the soil being a yellowish clay, wet, poor, and cold, producing naturally
very bad herbage, principally composed of heath and ‘carnation grass’ ;
the soil, however, is improved by drainage and liming where this is
practicable. In Somerset and Gloucester the coal measures are covered
with a reddish sandy clay, which produces a good friable soil.

The Permian Rocks include the Magnesian Limestone, which is
a small-grained dolomite 100 to 500 feet in thickness, generally yellow,
sometimes grey, exposed in a strip five to ten miles wide, running from
the coast of Durham to Nottingham. ‘The soil over it is mostly thin and
generally dry, naturally producing a poor, short sheep pasturage, but
upon which furze thrives remarkably ; as an exception, however, from
Staindrop to Darlington, near the River Tees in Durham, is some of the
best and richest grazing land in the North of Kngland, probably due to
transported soil covering it and improving it. Liquorice is cultivated
over this rock at Pontefract in Yorkshire.

Trentham, in Staffordshire, on the Permian red sandstone of this
formation, has some good orchards in the neighbourhood, in spite of its
nearness to the pottery fumes.

The Triassic, or New Red Sandstone, estimated at 500 feet thick,
consists of alternate layers of sand, sandstone, and marl. This formation
extends over a larger superficial area than any other geological formation
of England—from Torbay in South Devon north-eastwards into Somerset,

VOL. XXXIV. DD

402 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from Bristol on both sides of the Severn into the Vale of Gloucester, along
the base of the Malvern Hills, north of Worcester, expanding into a gently
undulating plain nearly eighty miles broad, including Warwick, Stafford,
and most of Leicester, and then branching westwards over Cheshire to
West Flint and South-west Lancashire, appearing again in Cumberland in
the Vale of the Eden around Carlisle, covered by peat on the Solway Firth
and the South-west of Lancashire. The eastern branch includes part of
Derbyshire, with gypsum near Trent and Nottingham, through the centre
of Yorkshire and the south of Devon to the sea. The Severn, the Trent,
and the Mersey all rise in this formation, and their water is “ soft ’’ com-
pared with the “hard” water of the Thames. The soils of the old red
sandstone and those of the new red sandstone are very similar. In Devon
and Somerset the red marly soil is of first quality, whilst in Nottingham
(Sherwood Forest) and Yorkshire it forms large sandy tracts, producing
scarcely anything but heath, furze, whortleberry, birch, and Scots pine ;
however, this is a small area compared with the great extent of rich pro-
- ductive soil on this formation, the meadows of which are rich and the
arable land productive.

Grass-land in Devon and Somerset often lets at 50s. to 60s. the acre.
In Devonshire some of the best-managed orchard districts are on this
formation, such as those in the neighbourhood of Ottery St. Mary, Newton
St. Cyres, and Crediton. In Somerset there are numerous orchards between
Wellington, Taunton, and Watchet on the sandstone and marls of this
formation. Arable land in the Vale of Taunton often lets at 45s. to 50s.
per acre. Here the Lias and red sandstone adjoin the former, covered by
good old grass ; on the latter the arable land produces some of the most
luxuriant crops in the kingdom. Lime is the manure chiefly required.
At Axbridge and Cheddar rich loamy land sloping south used to be let
at £4 to £8 per acre for early potato growing. Strawberries are grown
for market near the Cheddar cliffs and caves. At Easton, near Bristol,
there is a fine sandy loam let at £6 to £8 per acre for market gardening.
This formation occupies a large part of Worcestershire, where the soil
exhibits all gradations of texture—stiff clay, marl, strong loam, sandy
loam, and blowing sand. The orchards are numerous on this formation
in Gloucester and Worcester, as well as Devon and Somerset ; in Stafford-
shire there are old-established orchards of apples and damsons‘ in the
neighbourhood of Rocester, on the River Dove, and at Eccleshall, in
the west of the county. Around Lichfield, on the borders of the Trent,
market gardening is largely carried on. Shropshire does not produce
much fruit besides damsons. Cheshire is noted for its rich meadows;
it was on these pastures that crushed bones were first extensively used
with great advantage to the grass. Near the River Dee a considerable
acreage of strawberries is grown, and these are ready to pick a week or
so later than those of Kent. Near Redditch, in Worcestershire, consider-
able quantities of apples, pears, and hops are grown. In Leicestershire,
in the neighbourhood of Syston, on the marls of this formation, a most
excellent cooking plum, ‘ Syston Native,’ does well. As is the case with
the ‘Pershore’ plum, it grows on its own roots without budding or
grafting. The ‘Lord Suffield’ apple, also, thrives here without canker-
ing. The principal fruit-growing districts in the county are comprised

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 403

in the valleys of the rivers Soar and Wreake. Small fruits, particularly
strawberries, are well grown in the neighbourhood of Leicester. In
Nottinghamshire good orchards are seen on the marls of this formation
in the neighbourhood of Tuxford, of Southwell (the home of ‘ Bramley’s
Seedling Apple’), of Halam (the birthplace of Mr. Bradley, who raised
two most valuable varieties of strawberries, ‘Sir Joseph Paxton’ and
‘Dr. Hogg’), also at Edwalton and Ruddington, near Nottingham, and
at Chilwell, where there is an orchard of over 100 acres of standard trees
in grass, some of the pear and apple trees in which are of great size.

The Lias is composed of a blue clay of great thickness (500 to
1,000 feet), alternated with thin beds of marl and limestone, the whole
full of shells and remains of large extinct reptiles (Ichthyosaurus,
Plesiosaurus). It forms a strip five to thirty miles wide from Lyme Regis,
in Dorset, to the mouth of the Tees, in the north of Yorkshire; it is
found in the valleys of the Oolitic hills, having consequently a very
tortuous outline near this formation. Much of the soil resting on the
Lias is a cold, wet, grey clay, though where lime and sand occur it
becomes a clayey loam. The principal part of this formation is in
old pasture, including the celebrated dairying districts of Somerset,
Gloucester, Warwick, Leicester, and Stilton, and the best grazing and
pasture land in Nottingham and Yorkshire. Between Sherborne and
Yeovil on this formation is perhaps the best apple district of Dorset.
Excellent cider apples are produced in Somerset, in the neighbourhood
of Glastonbury, on the middle and lower Lias. South Petherton, in
Somerset, noted for its parsnips, is on this formation, so is Kingsbury,
where its best orchards are said to be. Somersetshire has a large
orchard acreage; the county contains so many different formations that
it is somewhat difficult to say which is the most favourable to the apple.
There are many orchards around Wells, which is on the marl of the
new red sandstone; there is also a considerable area of fertile land
covered by alluvial soil, including Langport and Bridgwater. The great
plum and market garden districts of Kvesham, Pershore, Offenham and
Tewkesbury overlie the lower Lias, improved by the admixture of
glacial drift deposited on the surface of the clay, and thereby increasing
its fertility. In the favoured spots, close to Evesham, the fruit and
market garden land commands a high price.

There are large orchards in the Chipping Norton district, in Oxford-
shire, at the junction of the Lias and lower Oolite formations.

The Oolites stretch as a broad band from Dorset to Yorkshire.
This formation includes a large group of rocks varying in* character,
though chiefly varieties of limestone with two important clays. The
name Oolite is given because of the rounded grains forming these
limestones.

The Lower Oolite, which includes the Bath Oolite, occupies much of
Gloucester (Cotswold Hills), Oxford, Northampton, and Rutland, the
heaths of Lincoln, and much of the moorland of North Riding and the
Cleveland Hills. The soil varies considerably; much of it is light,
calcareous, free-working soil of rather inferior quality. Around Trow-
bridge (Wilts), at the junction of the lower and middle Oolite, a

considerable quantity of various fruits is grown. On the border of the
DD2

404 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

lower Oolite and Oxford clay is the village of Kidlington, about seven
miles north of Oxford ; this is known as the “ Apricot Village,” from the
number of apricots grown on the cottages in the village. Near it is a
forty-acre orchard with an output estimated at 12,000 bushels.

The Middle Oolite includes the Oxford clays as its principal member ;
this clay is often rich in lime and affords a good dairying pasture
in Dorset, North Wilts, and Huntingdon. The pasture over this clay in
Wilts and Somerset rents at 20s. to 60s. per acre, but in some parts
it is poor and covered with ant-hills. The extensive fens of Lincoln,
Northampton, Huntingdon, Cambridge and Norfolk rest on the Oxford
clay. In Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln, a con-
siderable acreage of this clay is cultivated.

The Upper Oolite is a narrow band only a few miles wide ; it includes
the Kimmeridge clay, which produces soil of fair quality, generally rich
in lime, mostly in grass. This is the case at Aylesbury, where cows and
ducks thrive under the “ prune ’’ plum trees.

The Lower Cretaceous series includes the Hastings sand, Weald clay,
Kentish Rag, and Lower Greensand.

The Hastings Sand (or iron sand).—These sands extend over an
area some forty miles long by twenty miles wide in Sussex and Kent,
including Horsham, East Grinstead, Tunbridge Wells, Uckfield, Cran-
brook, Tenterden, and Battle. This formation is composed of sand
and sandstone, with occasional beds of clay and marl. The ground is
generally hilly, the scenery varied and beautiful, but the soil is not
generally favourable to agriculture, the average rent being 12s. to 20s.
per acre.

The Greensands form a narrow strip running from Dorset to the
coast in Yorkshire, being in no place more than eight or ten miles wide ;
these sands also skirt the Weald of Kent, Sussex, and Hast Hampshire,
as a narrow border between the Weald clay and the chalk.

Much of the lower greensand is light and poor, often covered with
heath; the market garden land of Sandy and Biggleswade is, however,
an exception, due probably to admixture with other rock. Here seeds
are grown, onions and cauliflowers for pickling, and Brussels sprouts and
carrots are largely produced for the London markets. The rent of land
for market gardening and seed growing reaches £7, £8, and even £9 the
acre.

The Weald Clay surrounds the Hastings sand, as a horseshoe, on its
inland border in Sussex and Kent; it is four to six miles wide, being
low and flat land. ‘The parts of Sussex over this clay used to be forest,
and still excellent oak is grown, unfortunately of less value now than
when our navy was built of oak. This is a fine-grained, usually pale-
coloured clay, which forms a paste when wet, and when dry hardens like
a brick; when ploughed it cuts like soap, and the furrow turns over
unbroken. It naturally forms poor, wet pasture ; however, when drained,
it produces excellent farm crops, and grows good fruit at Paddock Wood,
Marden, and Headcorn.

The Kentish Ragstone on this formation occurs in the neighbourhood
of Maidstone, Ightham, and Plaxtol. The district is noted for cob-nuts.
Good hop, fruit, and market garden land near Maidstone lets at £4 to

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 405

£5 the acre ; it is also a good building stone, as seen at Rochester Castle
and many bridges in the district. It is a calcareous sandstone, and
when burnt produces a very superior lime. The Hythe beds, of which
the Kentish Rag is a member, underlie Ightham, Malling, Mereworth,
Wateringbury, Farleigh (which gives its name to the famous damson),
Barming, Allington, and Boughton, parishes producing much first-class
top and bottom fruit.

The Upper Cretaceous series includes the Gault, the Upper Green-
sand, the Chalk marl, and the Upper and Lower Chalk.

The Gault Clay divides the lower from the upper greensand. This
clay is solid and impervious, and generally blue in colour. Bricks are
made from it at Aylesford, Burham, Wye, Dunton Green, and Otford, in
Kent. In some places it is marly, and in consequence much more fertile ;
it is chiefly pasture. [ine oaks are seen on this soil in Surrey, and good
ash and elm grow over it in Oxfordshire. The Vale of the White Horse,
in Berkshire, is an example of the best soil on this clay, and its worst
soils are in Cambridge and Huntingdon.

The Upper Greensand is one of the most fertile of the light soils,
especially where mixed with chalk marls. The noted hop-lands of
Farnham, in Surrey, are a mixture of chalk, greensand, gault, London
clay, and gravelly alluvium ; in 1846 the hop-lands in this parish were
valued at a rent of £20 the acre per annum, and some hop-land was
sold at £500 the acre. Phosphatic nodules are found in the gault and
upper greensand ; they were formerly ground down for use as manure.
Hops are grown over very similar soil at Canterbury. In the neighbour-
hood of Wantage (Berks) there are a number of orchards on this forma-
tion varying from half an acre to three or four acres in extent; the soil
is some of the best in Berkshire. There are old orchards of large extent
at East Hagbourne. At Blewberry, at the meeting of the upper greens
and the chalk, cherries are extensively grown and the trees attain a large
size. At Mentmore (Bucks), situated on the upper greensand, fruit is
well grown on Lord Rosebery’s estate. At Bromham (Wilts), on the
ereensand, fruit and vegetables are well grown, and all fruit appears to
thrive well here. The principal fruit-growing district of Cambridge-
shire lies five to fifteen miles north-west of the university town; in the
neighbourhood of Histon, Rampton, Cottenham, and Willingham, on the
upper and lower greensand, apples, plums, and cherries grow well, also
heavy crops of bush fruit, particularly gooseberries. It will be seen
from the above that the greensand is favourable to fruit, and that the
application of lime or chalk benefits it much.

The Chalk, with its characteristic rounded hills, underlies a large area
of the south-east of England, forming a broad band fifteen to twenty-five
miles wide from south Dorset to the north of Norfolk, branching from
Salisbury Plain to the North Downs in Kent and the South Downs in
Sussex, also smaller areas in Lincoln and Yorkshire.

The Chalk Marl, the lowest bed, forms good soil, especially where
mixed with greensand.

The Lower Chalk, without flints, lies to the north and west of the
upper chalk, is greyer in colour, produces better soils, and is more valuable

406 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for lime than the upper chalk. It produces thin, white, light soils, well
adapted to barley, roots, clover, lucerne, and sainfoin.

The Upper Chalk is harder than the lower. The soils are more or less
mixed with flints. It produces a very short but excellent sheep pasture.
The abundance of earth worms in chalky pasture is noteworthy. A great
portion of the chalk land in Dorset, Wilts, and Berks is “sheep walk ”’ ;
the narrow valleys are usually devoted to water meadows, sometimes
watercress beds. Down pastures are said to range in rent from 5s. to 14s.
the acre; arable land on this formation from 12s. to 85s. Chalk is very
favourable to the growth of beech trees, as seen in Savernake Forest and
on the Chiltern Hills. The box tree is common on the chalk in Surrey.

3

aos ;
manta pe ee
Toren te Sheers

f etentee al Cre” May

I'ia. 75.—GrotocicaL Map or Kent.
(Iteduced from Ordnance Survey, by permission of Mr. Edward Stanford.)

The yew also thrives on it. Many kinds of orchids grow on the chalk
downs in Kent, as well as dogwood, spindle, maple, wild cherry, thyme,
juniper, burnet, and kidney vetch. In Kent much fruit is grown over
chalk or where the chalk adjoins the Thanet sands, or is overlaid by clay.
Where the soil is not too thin and it is kept well dunged, strawberries,
raspberries, and bush and top fruit grow well over it. Much fruit in
the neigbourhood of Southfleet, Swanley, Crocken Hill, St. Mary Cray,
Orpington, Chelsfield, and Halstead is over chalk, though probably the
best land in this district is over Thanet sands. Chalk soils if manured
grow cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts, sprouting broccoli, peas, and runner
beans exceedingly well, nitrate of soda and salt being valuable manures
for the cabbage tribe on this soil. In Cambridgeshire, in the neighbour-

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 407

hood of Royston, plums are grown to high perfection. Again, in the
neighbourhood of Worthing, in Sussex, over the chalk very large quan-
tities of hot-house grapes are grown as well as hardy fruits, and there is
a very old fig orchard, said to have belonged to Thomas a Becket, proving
the mildness of the climate. On the chalk cliffs between Dover and Deal
the wild cabbage, ancestor of the cultivated forms, grows freely, and
rhubarb, which contains much oxalate of lime in its stem, thrives
particularly well over chalk, if well manured. With the chalk ends the
secondary period of the rocks.

The Tertiary Period comprises rocks in which are found fossil remains
of plants and animals similar to, or identical with, those now existing.

MAP sedbuy WS THE

. ' “4 PRINCIPAL
Bos ap ee % FRUIT: GROWING DISTRICTS

OF

ae 1 tO” ae tO : ‘“
£5 sits = Ar
a a aie pt arg?
mee a MEE = t
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» ww H - Be XS
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.

Ports of Entry af F ——= / . ‘
on? = .
ann Tne ce . Corl H Hooper 4
A ‘\, raver Shotan nae Nam
Aum statiging Gaarthig govern try Oe
PECEHEAEE TS COLOURS wore x . he a 4 es
NOTES ee ee x, F , | Pyownch of dyprrarallans amd bry the
— Pane gree Tes v-4Aw “ € . ' \t
Srtak. anea of Laud ee b ; \ Genrnss Manager of tre South,
100 tare SPALL PRO TS ONY teh - tas \ 4
s 199 DRCAR oe 4 ; Mastin wChaMawan Gratorinny
tenes ORCTHA RO ,
new of ©or ‘ : =
3O0m«.. Sra rat Oe C Cascecstse of 2 , > Re stax . ‘ou Moré ro tencte deahadbthat “age hasramg QO
29D ones eS te Jordon + ar wranhats ant Vt lhalvcay be n NOTA ater ae moh
a 300 . Cc AZD®D = 4 ° from Jae Conierm! 4 x . xt ¢ se 3 i
Qasa af Semsdl Fists an 05 A590 + DRCHARS ow * Masdstore bitgh 3000 tenth vaek Wandin , Mcrae Serban ahaa
FOO acony SMALL FAUIT* A , DES 2 resp ie
22 2. n mr ch eh seul gosrss Ps YO, | re mrad (xs Fa hamvnngane Crsanaces
< S00 mm, Cacharcs WS 6452 & Hee siberian 4h. Fmd igs hae Wek ans t ttasansy Ore re Cua ;
SY 2 Wy Er Ee ea ee OS eT SSM: |)

—

= ‘Fic, 76.—Map sHow1nc Principat FrRuit-GRow1nc Districts oF KENT.

The first group of beds is the: Hocene, which includes the Thanet sands,
the London and plastic clays, and other beds.

The Thanet Sands, so named by Sir Joseph Prestwich, are specially
well seen at Pegwell Bay and at Reculvers, and occur in patches
overlying the chalk in the north-east of Kent. The fruit lands around
Dartford, Bexley, St. Paul’s Cray, St. Mary Cray, Hockenham, Swanley,
Well Hill, Swanscombe, Betsham, Southfleet, Cobham, Shorne, and
Gillingham (near Chatham) rest chiefly on these sands. This rock is
a fine grey or buff-coloured sand. It makes a free soil, which can be
worked in almost all weathers, moderately fertile, but if well manured
very productive, and much of the best fruit and market garden land lies
over it, growing all kinds of hardy fruit and vegetables well, but the

408 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

large fields of strawberries and raspberries are, perhaps, the most notice-
able feature. On the Essex side a patch of this rock, about eight miles
long, one mile wide, lies to the north of Purfleet, Grays, and Tilbury.
Again, in North Mid-Kent, Sittingbourne, and Newington (noted for
cherries) overlie this formation. Further west, Teynham and Faversham,
which probably produce the finest cherries in the world, are over Thanet
sands and brick clay, with chalk some 20 feet below. Higham, near
Rochester, another fruit district, is on similar soil. Canterbury, where
much fruit and hops are grown, lies over brick earth, gravel and sand,
with chalk below at some depth. Bexley Heath (where strawberries are
extensively grown), Sidcup, and Chislehurst are over gravel, known as
the Oldhaven beds. Eltham and Ruxley are on the clayey rock of the
Woolwich beds.

The London Clay, with beds of the same group, including certain
eravels, extends over the greater part of Middlesex, the south-eastern
half of Essex, parts of Berks, Hertfordshire, and Suffolk; also in the
north of Surrey and Kent, the southern half of Hampshire, and part of
Dorset. It is in general a tenacious soil of bluish or brown colour,
liable to crack in summer. It is chiefly old pasture which is rich and
abundant.

In the neighbourhood of Romford, Dagenham, and Rainham market
gardening is carried on ina very skilled manner on a large scale. Immense
quantities of peas are grown in this district for the London markets, large
quantities of London manure making the land very fertile and improving
its texture. There are good old orchards in the neighbourhood of Twicken-
ham and Isleworth, where the extension of London has not yet supplanted
them by brick and mortar. Fruit is well grown near Brentford and Orsett.
At Stanford-le-Hope strawberries are extensively grown. Fruit is com-
mercially grown at Halstead, in North Essex, and at Tiptree Hall (Mechi’s
Farm), near Kelvedon, on this formation. Cheshunt and Waltham Cross,
noted for roses, are on London clay. The parts of Essex suffering most
severely from agricultural depression rest on the London clay; here
winter beans are one of the principal crops, and this is followed by corn.
Many of the farms are now in the hands of Scotch farmers and utilized
for milk production instead of cultivated for wheat. There are many
brick and tile works on this formation. Many millions of bricks are made
annually at Sittingbourne, in North Mid-Kent, where the top soil is pre-
served and put back after the clay has been dug out. The land seems
improved by the process ; excellent cherry and apple orchards grow in the
district, usually under grass grazed by sheep receiving cake or corn. This
clay extends along the north of Kent, with certain intervals. It is very
noticeable in the Isle of Sheppey, where it is used for cement making.
Sandy wastes of small agricultural value occur over beds of this forma-
tion, such as at Aldershot, Bagshot Heath, and the New Forest.

In Hampshire (on the Middle Eocene beds) strawberries are largely
grown, chiefly on small holdings, often owned by the cultivators. These
are to be seen around Tichfield, Botley, Sarisbury, and Swanwick. Some
of the land has a very favourable southern aspect, so that the fruit is a

week or more earlier than that of Kent, which gives it a great advantage
in price.

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE. 409

The Pliocene Beds, including the Norfolk and Suffolk Crags, form a
narrow strip on the east coast of these counties, particularly well seen
at Felixstowe. The crag consists of rolled pebbles, mixed with marine
shells, coprolites, and teeth of reptiles, all more or less impregnated with
oxide of iron, giving a reddish colour. These coprolites, being rich in
phosphate of lime, are dug out, ground, treated with sulphuric acid,
thus converting the phosphate into “ superphosphate,’ in which the
phosphoric acid is readily available for plants, giving better results than
basic slag on soil containing excess of lime such as soils over the chalk.
The Crag produces a fertile, loose, loamy soil.

Boulder Clay, Sand and Gravel are materials that were transported
by ice or ground to powder in the bed of glaciers, This material has in
many places altered or modified the soil by spreading over the main rocks.
This has been the case on some of the chalk of Norfolk, the new red
sandstone in the south-east of Durham, in Cheshire and Lancaster, and
over some districts of the London clay. Glacial deposits exist at
Nottingham and Mansfield, at Hatfield in Hertfordshire, at Highclere in
Hants, and from Norwich to Cromer in Norfolk, but they do not extend
south of the Bristol Channel or the Thames Estuary. The character of
the soil varies with the nature of the deposit, and the preponderance of
clay, sand, or gravel.

Alluvial Soils are chiefly found at the mouths of slow-flowing rivers
and on the sides of the valleys through which they pass. Owing to the
large mixture of materials brought down by the river in its course, these
soils are almost always fertile and easily worked, producing probably
larger crops and more grass than any other geological formation.
Examples of these we have on each side of the River Humber, and on
the coast of Lincolnshire. The marsh land here has been reclaimed at
one time or another from the sea and protected by sea walls, which were
first made by the Romans. The Wisbech district, near the Wash, is
now a most successful fruit-growing district. Here fruit has only
recently been introduced; this land, although low-lying, seems to be
but little lable to injury by spring frost, perhaps due to being near the
sea. Raspberries thrive here specially well. Fruit is also grown at
Holbeach and Spalding, though the latter is better known for bulb
srowing ; opium-poppies are also grown. The sides of the Thames in
Essex and Kent are covered by rich alluvial soil, forming rich pastures
called marshes. At Cliffe, in Kent, there are good orchards on this
soil. At Sandwich there is similar soil on which fruit is grown; here
also market gardening, which was first started by the refugees from the
Continent when religious persecution was rife, is carried on. There is
rich alluvial soil bordering the Severn between Bridgwater and Weston-
super-Mare, and extending many miles up the rivers Parret, Yeo, Axe,
and Brue. On the coast of Lancashire and the mouth of the Solway,
and far inland on the banks of many rivers, the soil is made more fertile
from alluvial deposits. Examples of such land are to be found on the
banks of the Ouse, Derwent, Trent, Wye, and Usk.

Peat and Fen.—Peat accumulates quickly in stagnant water, filling
up hollows, and at last forming land safe for the foot to traverse; such
is seen at Chat Moss, west of Liverpool, the moors of Yorkshire, and on

410 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Solway Firth, the fen-lands of Lincolnshire from Wainfleet to Peter-
borough, in Northampton, and at Ely, March, and Croyland. The last
district lies further inland than the marsh land, and has been reclaimed
by drainage, first taught by the Dutch engineer employed by Charles II.
This land produces much straw and heavy potato crops (ten tons to —
the acre being not uncommon); these are known in the market as “ black-
land” potatos.

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES AND STIPULES. 41i

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES AND STIPULES FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSES.

By Rey. Professor G. Hrenstow, M.A., F.L.8., V.M.H.

[Lecture delivered October 27, 1908.]

The Origin of Leaves and Stipules._-A leaf may be regarded as
consisting of three parts, any one or two of which may be absent—
viz. the petiole, or stalk, with or without stipules, and the lamina, or
blade. This may be “simple ’’—z.e. of one piece—or “ compound,”’
being divided into separate “ leaflets.’’ " Transitions between deeply lobed
simple leaves and compound ones are frequent.

The anatomical source of leaves is deep-seated in the shoot, the
epidermis being continuous externally. The woody cylinder of the stem

Fic. 78.—TRANSVERSE SECTION or NoDE
or GALLIUM.

Fic. 77.— Lear or PANsy, SHOWING THE
MIpRIBS OF THE STIPULES.

is composed of a ring of separate fibro-vascular bundles ; one leaves its
position and passes upwards through the cortex to supply the midrib
of the external petiole and blade. One or more arise from the cylinder
on each side of the leaf—not necessarily adjacent to it—and enter the
sides of the petiole, often causing this to be channelled above, as may be
seen in members of the Umbelliferae, supplying strength, just as in the
“stays ’’ of a Fox’s umbrella frame.

If stipules are present their midribs arise as fibro-vascular bundles
from the outermost ones of the lateral bundles entering the petiole of
the leaf, and never directly from the stem-cylinder of bundles (fig. 77).
The violet, dock, and hazel furnish good examples.

If there be two and opposite leaves at the same node, then a fibrous
“stipular zone”’ is formed within the cortex connecting the petiolar
bundles. The midribs of the stipules are supplied by this girdle,
or zone. A transverse section of the node of a Galiwm illustrates this
very well (fig. 78), stipular cords (a, b, c,) entering the petiole.

412 JOURNAL OF THE ROL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The normal number of stipules wl be two to each leaf. Consequently
four would occur with opposite leaves ; hut the stipular zone is capable of
supplying additional ones; so that the nembers of the tribe Stellatae
of Rubiaceae sometimes have more than fou so-called “leaves’’ at a
node ; for the stipules assume the same form md size as the two true
leaves, but these only can produce buds in their vxils, and the leaves
can be recognized by their presence. |

The order Valerianaceae, allied to Rubiaceae, is «stipulate; but
Centranthus ruber, the “red valerian,’ which has estabIshed itself on
walls, &c., has the stipular zone and several branches proceeding
from it; but they do not reach the surface. Hence it woul seem to

: 5
Fic. 79.— TRANSVERSE SECTION OF PETIOLE OF PLANE, SHOWING HOW IT SURROUNDS
THE Bup. THE UPPER FIGURE SHOWS THE LEAF JUST REMOVED FROM THE SHOOT.

indicate that the order is descended from a stipulate one, but nothing
now remains but the rudimentary fibro-vascular cords, the external
stipules being totally arrested.

When the petiole sheathes the stem, as in Polygonwm, numerous
bundles may be given off from the sheathing stipule, as seen in ‘species
of this genus; even without sheathing many separate fibres may enter
a stipule, as in the pansy, all arising from the outermost leaf-bundle.

Modifications of Paris of Leaves.—As the summer declines the winter
buds are formed in the axils of the leaves. Though the outer parts of the
bud protect the inner, the leaf itself also provides for the protection of its
bud. This is often done by the base of the petiole. Sometimes the base
of the leaf-stalk merely thickens around the bud, burying it, as it were.

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES AND STIPULES. 413

Occasionally the edges of the petiole unite and so form a funnel-like cap
over the bud, as in the plane (fig. 79) and mock-orange (Philadelphus)
(fig. 80) ; or the stem and petiole may both swell above the bud, making
a little cavity for the bud, as in Kalmua (fig. 81).

Of course, the main use of the petiole is to extend the blade so as to
expose it to the light. To impart strength to it the main fibrous bundle

Fic. 81.—Section oF STEM (S) AND

Fic. 80.— PuinapeLpuus ; (LZ) Lear, Petiote (LZ) or Kaumta, sHOWING
(a, a) LINE OF SEPARATION OF PETIOLE, SWELLINGS (4) WHICH PROTECT THE
(S) Stem. Bup.

shows in a transverse section the form of an arc or section of a circle,
the lateral bundles being above the ends. ‘Thus the groove is formed as
stated. Occasionally, as in sycamore, they are arranged in a complete
cylinder, asinastem. In climbing plants as Clematis, Wistaria, Solanum
jasminoides (fig. 82), &c., as soon as the petiole or stem has secured a hold
to support the plant, the fibrous bundles increase considerably in size to

Fic. 83.—Srcrions oF PrrTiones or So-
LANUM JASMINOIDES (A) BEFORE, (B)
AFTER SECURING HOLD ON SUPPORT,

Fig. 82.—Twintne PETIOLE oF SOLANUM
JASMINOIDES.

resist the strain now put upon them as seen in Darwin’s figures of Solanwm
jasminoides (fig. 83, 4, B). In extending the base of the petiole round
the stem additional strength is acquired to support a heavy blade, as in
Polygonum and the Umbelliferae; while in palms the fibres, besides
sheathing at the base, cross in two bands embracing the stem, the weight
of many palm leaves being enormous.

414 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The “skeleton ’’ of a dicotyledonous leaf shows how the fibres branch

in order to support the intervening chlorophyllous tissue and display it
to the light with the greatest advantage. As a general rule the more
leaves grow naturally, well exposed and having plenty of water, the broader
they are in comparison with others. If, however, plants habitually grow
in very dry places the leaves become greatly reduced. The result is they
assume the “ericoidal,’’ or heath-like, type, as in South African Pimelias ;
or they may be of the box-leaf form, as in alpine Veronicas of New
Zealand; or minute, as Lycopodiwm; or, again, there are the “ needle ”’
form of conifers, or the Thuja type; or they may vanish altogether, as
in the broom. When this is the case the green stem undertakes the
functions of leaves, as it does in Cactaceae, fleshy Euphorbias, and
Stapelias, in many of which the leaves are reduced to spines; but it must
be borne in mind that spiny stems, leaves, bracts, &c., do not imply any
intention on the part of nature that they should act as protections against

browsing animals, for they are simply inevitable results of drought, or

xerophytic conditions, to which the plant cannot help responding.

a ae

On the other hand submerged aquatic leaves are also degenerated —

from an opposite cause. Among dicotyledons, which have become
aquatic from an ancestral terrestrial habit, as of buttercups, the blade,
still retaining the radiating distribution of the skeletal fibres, has the
interstitial chlorophyllous layer totally arrested; so that the blade is
described as “ dissected,’ as in the water-crowfoot. This has been

oe a” Ret tte

proved to be due to the inability of the protoplasm of the stem to —

form a complete blade, because of its supersaturation by water, and it has
thus become -too weak to develop the leaf. This difficulty can be, and
has been artificially, by My. MacCallum, of the United States, over-
come by rendering the water denser with nutritive salts. Osmotic
action was set up, so that the protoplasm of the stem recovered its
normal strength, and then the subsequent leaves formed under water were
complete and not dissected. The plant he employed was Proserpinaca
palustris, which has complete leaves in the air, but dissected ones when
submerged.

Monocotyledons with parallel venation in their so-called “ leaves,”
which are really homologous with petioles, retain the ribbon-form as
long as they are submerged, as in Sagittaria sagittifolia; but when they
approach the surface a blade may be formed at the top.

A broad petiole thus acting as a leaf is called a phyllode. In the
case of the Australian Acacias the blade is seen in the seedlings, but as
a rule it is arrested in the later leaves. The blade is retained, however,
in A. melanoxylon.

If it be asked why some leaves, as of most members of the
Leguminosae, have compound leaves while others have simple ones,
a hint is at least given by plants in which transitions and inter-
mediate forms occur. Thus, if a long summer-shoot of the snowberry
(Symphoricarpus) be examined, the first formed leaves, at the base of
the shoot, are small, with an oval edge; but in the middle of the shoot
the leaves are very much larger, but more or less deeply indented. Then,
again, as the vigour declines the terminal leaves reassume the form of
the first. The interpretation might be suggested that the changes of

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES AND STIPULES. 415

form are due to the joint effect of vigour of growth and assimilation.
At first both are feeble and equal; but during the period of their maxima
the growth, as seen in the size of the blade, is not quite supported by the
assimilative process; hence the blade is imperfect. As, however, the
season declines both become again equalized, and the small complete leaf
is formed like the first. Such, having become a fixed and hereditary
habit, may be seen on any bush of this species.

Winter-buds.—With regard to the structure of the winter-bud the
protecting scales are often simply arrested petioles or their basal portions.
This is easy to be seen in the case of the horsechestnut, or currant, if the
expanding bud in spring-time be examined. The inner parts consist of
the delicate rudiments of next year’s stem and foliage, with or without
a flower-bud, the innermost scales being sometimes hairy or woolly, as
an additional protection against cold. The scales gradually fall off as the
bud expands and the shoot begins to grow.

In many trees the scales are not petiolar but stipular, as in oak,
lime, &c.; but in the Rosaceae the stipules sometimes combine with the
petiole to make the scales, as in the whitebeam (fig: 84). More rarely
the blade of a sessile leaf acts as a protecting scale, but this is the

Fic. 84.—StTiruLes oF WHITEBEAM COMBINING WITH PETIOLE TO FORM
Bup Scaues; (st) Srreuues, (p) Base or Perioue, (1) Lear Buave.

case with the lilac (fig. 85). The blade of the leaf of the tulip-tree also
acts as a protection by covering the bud.

In the case of bulbs the protecting scales are often merely the
sheathing bases of the leaves, the upper part being arrested. In Alliwm
Cramert, which has to endure a temperature of upwards of 120° Fahr. in
the desert sand near Cairo, the outermost scales, though of cellular tissue
_ only, have almost a woody texture.

There is still another use which the base of the petiole may sustain—
viz. aS a storehouse of nourishment and water. This is the case with
bulbs, and in the wood-sorrel it will be found that the petiole articulates
above the point of insertion, the swollen portion remaining containing
an abundance of starch.

Stipules—The main use of these organs to the plant, when associated
with a fully developed leaf, is to protect the new bud in its axil, especially
when the petiole is not dilated at the base, as in the garden-pea. In this
and many others the stipules are green, and fulfil the functions of a leaf,
being enlarged in compensation for the loss of some of the leaflets now
utilized as tendrils. In Lathyrus Aphaca (fig. 86) the leaf is often entirely
suppressed. In the Galiums, as stated, the stipules are precisely like
the leaves; hence they form together whorls, which suggested the

416 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

name Stellatae for the tribe. In many herbs the stipules are large and
foliaceous, as in the heartsease.

LUIS Oe
ahs
es

:
4
|

4

. <|
|

a

x

hae
aot ge

Fic. 85.._TRANSITION FROM Bup Scaue To Fouiace Lear mn Linac.

In some herbs growing in deserts and dry situations the stipules
become scarious, and completely conceal the buds behind them, protecting
them from the glare and heat. Such occurs in several members of the

Fic. 86.—Latuyrus APHACA.

In many xerophytic plants and trees the stipules assume the form of
spines, as in Lobinia, Acacia, &c. The interpretation may (theoretically)

MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES AND STIPULES. 417

be suggested that they are developed before the wet season has fully
arrived, the oncoming of which then produces the green foliage.

An analogous case is the spinescent bracts of the involucre of |
Centaurea Calcitrapa, formed after the non-spinescent foliage has
developed, as the wet season is presumably closing; for no other
cause is known of spinescence than drought. In a good soil and
plenty of moisture spinescence generally disappears, as it will if furze,
restharrow, or barberry, be grown in a moist air and soil.

In a few cases the stipules act as tendrils; that is to say, if they may
be so regarded, as in Smilax and the Cucurbitaceae; but the fibro-
vascular bundles in monocotyledons are all separate, and the tendrils
in bryony (e.g.) issue from the stem in a very similar manner, as the
woody fibres are anomalous in their distribution in this family.

Lastly, in some cases the stipules secrete honey, as in Z'’ropaeolwm
ciliatwm (fig. 87); but glandular stipules are common in many families.

One of the most interesting explanations of the action of tendrils has
been given by Mr. H. J. Shannon * in describing his experiments with

ES IS

AN

Fig. 87.—TRoPAEOLUM CILIATUM WITH HOoNEY-SECRETING STIPULES.

the tendril of a pumpkin :—“ A pencil was hung slack against a young
tendril. After nine minutes the tip had curved. In ten minutes the
tendril tip was parallel, round the pencil, with the lower part like a staple.
In thirteen minutes the coil was completed and tight. The free tip, with
its short remaining piece of tendril, tried to make another coil. After a
moment or two it became evident that the curling motion had ceased
entirely. The shoot bearing the tendril had been gradually leaning
towards the pencil. The tendril, however, had exerted no ‘pull,’ for
the pencil hung vertically all the time. This movement of the shoot
produced a slackness in the tendril, and this slackness was now taken up
by the coil already formed, as it worked itself slowly forwards about the
circumference of the pencil, and so added this new winding material
to the free extremity. The tip now commenced to move forward again,
hugging the pencil, and by a slight upward inclination succeeded in
laying its flattened surface snugly and firmly against the coil already
formed. Once again, however, before this second coil was completed, the
material became exhausted and the winding motion ceased as before.
The stem inclined itself still further, and the length so given was again

* Harper’s Magazine, July 1907, p. 296.
VOL. XXXIV. E E

418 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

utilized by the slowly revolving coil until the tip was free to move
forward and complete the grasp it had attempted. One hour had elapsed
since it began.”’

Mr. Shannon follows the above account by showing how the subsequent
coils are made in the attached tendril, half the number of coils being in
one direction, and half in the opposite—a mathematical necessity to
balance opposing strains.

“Having caught and coiled firmly round an object, the tendril makes
a sort of loop near the point of attachment of the tip. Then a broad
bent portion swings slowly and gradually downwards. ‘This portion,
which may be likened to the crank-handle on the middle of a shaft,
continues to swing downwards, and then backwards and upwards, com-
pleting one revolution. As it does this the tendril becomes coiled on
both sides of the ‘crank,’ in one direction on one side and in the opposite
direction on the other.”

This crank motion being repeated again and again, the numerous
opposing coils are made. The use to the tendril is the elasticity afforded,
allowing for a pull or jerk without rupturing it. Moreover, as soon as
the strain is felt, the whole length of the tendril thickens and becomes
consolidated. |

[Figures 78 to 81 and 84 to 87 are from ‘‘ Buds and Stipules,” by
kind permission of the author, Lord Avebury, and figures 82 and 83 from
Darwin’s “Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants,” by kind per-
mission of Mr. John Murray.]

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN, 419

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN.
By J. W. Opetut, F.R.H.S.

(Lecture delivered November 10, 1908. |

Wits all the wealth of hardy and alpine plants from the remotest parts
of the world at our disposal, and with collectors continually sending
home new and little-known species for our gardens, it may probably
seem that to draw attention to purely British plants for garden decoration
is to ignore to some extent the great advantages we enjoy for enriching
the hardy flora of the garden. Allow me, therefore, to say I am not in
any way suggesting anything so insular as to give preferential treatment
to Britishers over the thousands of lovely plants from other lands which
have found a home in our herbaceous borders, rockery, and water gardens.
To do so would be foreign to the true aims of: horticulture.

I do, however, venture to claim for our native plants some measure
of attention, and to urge that, where circumstances will permit, they
should be fostered; and I am strongly of opinion that, beautiful as are
the older favourites of the borders, there are potential beauties yet
unknown in many of our British plants if they are given the cultivation
and attention so freely lavished on others from over the seas.

I feel confident that when this attention is given it will result in the
production of plants attractive enough to justify their inclusion in the
garden and to add interest and character to their environment.

There are, of course, a few of our wild flowers that always have been
and always will be grown and treasured in our gardens, and we grow
them, not so much because of their British origin as by reason of their
intrinsic worth and beauty. This is especially true in reference to our
wild trees and shrubs, for, from the flowering of the willows to the last
blossom of the elder, we have a long succession of flowering trees and
shrubs of no doubtful British origin.

Is there a more lovely sight, in late spring or early summer, than a
fine wild cherry (Prunus Aviuwm) in full flower? A typical picture of
strength and beauty, a beauty unsurpassed even by its brilliant autumnal
colouring. Its first cousin the bird cherry (P. Padus) is not, perhaps,
so brilliantly beautiful, and is less aggressive in its habit of growth, but
it is more lasting, and a tree worth a place in every collection.

The common crab (Pyrus Malus), although surpassed by some of the
cultivated varieties of crab in neatness of habit and depth of ‘colour, yet
is a most attractive object in the hedgerows, and, when given a place
in the wild garden or the outskirts, well repays the favour of admission
by its pinkish-white shower of petals and its pale yellow fruits in the
autumn. |

Out of pure gratitude for the many beautiful forms of flowering
thcras, the common hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha) ought to have
a place in the garden. To clip it and keep it as a mere hedge plant is,

EE2

420 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of course, simply to make a servant and a slave of it; much more favour
must be shown it in order to see it in its beauty and to enjoy its full
fragrance. ‘

Perhaps it is a little difficult to say at which period of the year the
mountain-ash (Pyrus Aucuparia) is the more beautiful, whether when it is
hung with its tawny-white clusters of sweet-smelling flowers, or when
its scarlet fruits are mature. The former period in Middlesex is less
fleeting than the latter, for the hosts of birds quickly strip off the berries
as they ripen, and, much as one may grudge them the feast, there is
still the consolation that they are assisting to disseminate and increase
a very beautiful form of tree life.

Amongst the smaller British trees the spindle tree (Buena
europaeus) and the two Viburnums, the guelder-rose and the wayfaring
tree, are most attractive in the shrubbery; indeed, the first, our only
British Huonymus, is deserving of a special bed or clump to itself.
Grown in this way it is particularly bright and interesting in the
autumn months, when its crimson capsules dehisce and expose the orange-
coloured arils of the seeds, a combination of colour reminiscent of the
tropical gourd Momordica Charantia.

The wayfaring tree has a more “garden’’ appearance than those
I have previously noted—rigid and prim with its handsome pubescent
leaves and white cymes of flowers, followed by black fruits, it stands out
in our gardens sturdy and typically British.

To grow the guelder-rose so as to see it at its best it should be planted
near to the water’s edge, where in the autumn its red translucent berries
(or drupes) give a picturesque effect. A mass of this shrub growing by
the old mill stream at Bushey, with the roots dipping in the water, is
literally covered in the early autumn with berries, and has afforded
a subject for many a wandering artist of the nature-loving type.

A quaint, attractive, and interesting berry-bearing shrub is the sea
buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), more often seen in seaside gardens
and near the coast than in inland gardens. Grown in a group, the colour
contrast between the clusters of orange berries and the silvery foliage
always commands attention. Away from Cromer, the finest example that
I know of this desirable British shrub is in the Aldenham House collection,
where Mr. Beckett has given the species the position its merits entitle
it to.

Any reference to British shrubs without mention of the gorse and
broom would be incomplete. A writer in the “Times” recently described
these two shrubs as the most splendid of shrubs, British or exotic. This,
of course, is high praise ; but all who have seen the sheets of golden colour
(and who has not?) lighting up some wide expanse of common or moor-
land, or some tall cliff, will, I think, agree ; and I would only add that with
them should be bracketed the dwarf whin (Ulex nanus), a species that
flowers later, and thus keeps up until quite the end of the summer the
glory of the better-known U. europaeus.

There are not only trees and shrubs but many other British plants
that one expects to see in any well-ordered garden, though one does not
at first associate them with British wild flowers. What garden having
any pretence to the name would be without snowdrops and Lent lilies,

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN. 421

lilies of the valley, and primroses? And, should it possess an herbaceous
border even of the smallest dimensions, aconite, columbine, larkspur, and
snapdragon can always be relied upon to represent our obligations to our
native flora. True, these plants may not always represent the old type, but
then they are often beautified by garden improvements, as in the case of
our cornfield poppy, which repays a thousand times the care bestowed upon
it by the careful improvement and cultivation given it originally by the
owner of Shirley Vicarage Garden.

Public Parks and Gardens.—May I be permitted now to deal with
British plants in our public parks and gardens ?

There has been a great tendency of late years to increase the educational
value of these gardens by giving information as to the natural habitat of
trees and shrubs as well as the botanical name. This practice has not
escaped the criticism of representatives of the London Press, or rather
some of them, who take exception to the use of long names, and who
regard a well-written and probably correct label as waste of money. To
anyone who will take the trouble, on a quiet walk through one of the
public gardens where this practice prevails, to observe on a fine Sunday
afternoon, or even a weekday evening in summer, the conviction will be
borne in that it is not only students and gardeners who appreciate the
information given, but the general public are as interested in the native
country of the plants labelled as are those more directly connected with
gardening. This being so, | am the more inclined to urge the extended
use of our native trees, shrubs, ferns, and flowers as a means of intensify-
ing that interest in British plants which is common to nearly all towns-
people, and to show to those whose mode of life prevents them from seeing
much of the countryside, except perhaps for a few days once a year, some
of the more beautiful and interesting of our native wildings.

Such a course would be of great service to those teachers who are
now taking special pains to give to the school children some form of
nature teaching, inasmuch as beds of British wild flowers growing in
some accessible part of an open space or public garden, properly labelled
with the correct British and botanical names, would give the young
people a far more correct idea of the plants than the cut specimens they
see only for the space of a short lesson. To see the plants growing
within a reasonable distance of the school would give them an insight
into the life-history of the plant, an advantage very difficult to estimate.

It may, of course, be urged that many of our wild flowers are unsuit-
able for cultivation, and it is of course obvious that no good purpose
would be served in cultivating such common weeds as the chickweeds,
thistles, small Compositae, and plants with tiny, inconspicuous flowers ;
but, on the other hand, beds of such plants as H'pilobiwm angustifoliwm,
Lysimachia vulgaris, and L. thyrsiflora, Lychnis Flos-cuculi, L. vesper-
tina, Malva moschata and its white variety, Iris foetidissima, Jasione
montana, and, in specially prepared beds, plants partial to peat, chalk,
and limestone soils, would enhance the enjoyment of the general public.

From a purely horticultural point of view there is much to be said
for the course I am advocating, and I am quite aware that something
may also be said against it; this much, however, I may urge, that the
use of British wild flowers where practicable, either in beds, rockeries,

422, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or bogs, and the margin of water, adds greatly to the enjoyment of
visitors, is a change from the ordinary subjects usually grown in such
positions, and is an incentive to the workers in such positions to render
their use attractive, decorative, and educational.

Aquatic Plants.—Perhaps no section of plants is more interesting than
those associated with- water, and certainly our native aquatic plants are
both numerous, interesting, and worthy of cultivation. It will be con-
venient to arrange them in accordance with their habit of growth.

Two plants occur to me as typical of really noble foliage and form, the
great water dock (Rwmex Hydrolapathwm) and the butter-bur (Petasites
vulgaris). The former when growing in congenial surroundings, such
as the side of a stream or lake, or indeed any piece of water, is a noble
plant, often growing with leaves 18 inches long. It is not a plant
to coddle in any small pond or even to admit in the more cultivated
part of the garden, but on the outskirts of the pleasure-grounds or
by the side of water or the wild garden it is one of the most conspicuous
of our British aquatic plants. Petasites vulgaris, too, should be grown
only when it can ramble and develop without hindrance. Its large masses
of leaves, rivalling the Gunneras, form an excellent shelter and background
for less vigorous subjects, and bare banks may be often furnished and
rendered beautiful by the introduction of this sturdy British plant.
It is, perhaps, only fair to say that it is a rambling and encroaching
plant, and should be kept in check and not allowed to monopolize the
soil and ground away from the water’s edge.

Two plants of the buttercup family can with great advantage be
associated with the cultivation of the butter-bur, Ranunculus Lingua,
the great spearwort, and the kingcup (Caltha palustris).

The former is not so well known as the kingcup, but it is a very
handsome and striking plant, and well repays cultivation, growing often
to three feet, with bright green succulent foliage towering well above the
smaller growing plants.

A mass of the kingcup (Caltha palustris) gives the waterside a great
attraction; the plant flowers early, and lasts for many weeks, and even
after the harvest of golden flower there still remains the rich foliage.
To see the kingcup to perfection one must see it growing in the damp
and often flooded meadows along the valleys of the Colne and Great Ouse,
where in April and May one may see acres of its golden flood.

Other waterside plants that give distinction to any sheet of ornamental
water are the yellow flag (Iris Pseud-acorus) and the purple loose-strife
(Lythrum Salicaria). A mass of the yellow flag adds beauty to the most
formal bank or slope. Planted and grown with judgment and care,
with some liberally enriched soil near its roots, it is a truly handsome
plant with its erect and spear-like habit of growth, and gives beauty
of form to those plants surrounding it. The purple loose-strife is one
of those plants that gain by proximity to a clump of iris. The colour
of the loose-strife is deep and rich, but it is the contrast in growth that
is the most striking feature—the lovely waving branches of this plant
form such a picture when seen flowering in company with the clear
yellow of the iris that it does not need an artist to thoroughly
appreciate these two water-loving wildings. A walk along any river-

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN. 423

bank or streamlet a few miles from town will reveal other waterside
plants that will add interest in the water-garden, some, like the water
forget-me-not and the creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia), which
have a place in every garden; others, like the hemp-agrimony (Hupa-
torium cannabinum), with its tawny plumes, and the blue crane’s-bill
(Geranium pratense), are not so familiar away from their wild habitat.
With these, too, we may find the bur-reeds, Sparganiwm ramosum, and
S. simplex, as well as the lesser reed-mace bullrush (Typha angustifolia),
a graceful plant and one that can conveniently be grown where its larger
relative, 7. latifolia, would be out of place.

With these can be associated the sweet flag (Acorus Calamus), an
easily cultivated plant, with leaves having a delicious aromatic odour when
slightly bruised, and very ornamental.

Of the plants preferring to grow in shallow water or by the shelving side
_ of the river, the flowering rush (Butomus wmbeliatus) is always the most
conspicuous, and with its bright rose-red umbels of flowers and graceful
light leaves, it has few, if any, rivals amongst aquatic flowering plants.
A patch of the white water lily (Nymphaea alba) growing in its vicinity
serves to heighten the beauty of the flowering rush by contrast of form
and colour. Two other genera of the Alismaceae, Sagittaria and Alisma,
add interest to the water garden by reason of their leaf form, the arrow-
head especially being worthy of growing in company with Butomus.

There is one plant that is frequently found in company with these
aquatics that is especially interesting and beautiful—I refer to the
bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). I regard this as one of the prettiest
native plants, and one that should have a place in every collection of
aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. My first acquaintance with this beautiful
plant in its native wilds was some years since at Windermere, where on
the boggy land towards Troutbeck I saw it for the first time in its full
beauty, and I know of no more beautiful sight than a great breadth of
this wilding in full flower growing in a bog on the otherwise bleak hills.
It is by no means difficult to grow. I have flowered it well in large pots
standing in tubs and in baskets submerged in a wide ditch. The baskets
have only to be filled with turfy soil and then stink to the water level.

Another floating aquatic allied to the bogbean is Villarsia nym-
phaeoides, a miniature water lily with curious yellow flowers, a very
beautiful water plant, but one that requires to be kept within bounds,
as it spreads rapidly and is apt to monopolize a small lake to the dis-
advantage of other plants, and is rather difficult to eradicate when once it
has gained a good footing.

In this respect I should also mention the water violet (Hottonia
palustris); it is a delightful plant, and in a confined space in shallow
water flowers very freely, the spikes resembling Primula japonica, but
being much sweeter. It is apt, like Villarsia, to fill up with its growth
the water in which it has taken root.

To grow the smaller aquatics properly some kind of shallow bogland
is needed. ‘This is easily contrived when the garden is damp or near water
by taking out a bed and filling the base with clay; on this should be
put peat, leafy soil, and river sand. In such a bed it is possible to have
nice clumps of such choice bog plants as sun-dews (Drosera) and butter-

42 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worts (Pingwicula), and if one end of the bed is gradually sloped, so that
the soil becomes merely damp and finally firm, the grass of Parnassus
(Parnassia palustris) and Dryas octopetala, two exceedingly interesting
plants, can be established, whilst on the margin can also be grown Linnaea
and the bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella), two lovely little wildings that
for many years I have considered worth growing in shallow pans.

From such a bed of floral gems it is an easy transition to small
British rock plants. This, I think, is wonderfully well exemplified in
the rock garden at Kew, where the dwarf bog plants are accommodated
at the base of the shelving rock. With British rock plants this arrange-
ment would in any garden be an attractive and instructive feature.
Space will not permit me to do more than enumerate a few of those
plants that may be so employed: Polygala vulgaris, with its varieties,
Dianthus deltoides and D. caesius, Gentiana verna, Primula farinosa
Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sibthorpia europaea, thrift (Statice Armeria),
Chrysosplenium oppositifolia in a shady nook, and in a special part
prepared with calcareous soil, Anemone Pulsatilla, Chlora perfoliata,
Gentiana campestris, Hrythraea Centaurium, and Campanula glomerata
—not forgetting here a clump of our pretty little harebell, C. rotundifolia,
which will grow almost anywhere, even on an old wall.

Our British Sedums, too, should be well represented in such a position.
Such species as Sedum dasyphyllum, S. anglicum, S. acre, S. reflecum,
and S. rupestre make, when given a suitable position, bright masses
of typical rock plants. I must not omit Centranthus ruber in this
section ; few British plants are so characteristic as this one of rock flora,
and, as everyone knows, it is equally at home in the herbaceous border
or perched up on some high dry wall or rock, where, in company with
wallflowers, snapdragons, and other wall-loving plants, it gives such a
vivid colouring to old ruins and rocks.

One more plant let me add as worthy of either the alpine or rock
garden, the ‘alpine lady’s mantle’ (Alchemilla alpina); the flowers are
not vivid, or even curious, but the exquisitely cut leaves, with the
under surface of sheeny satin, together with the greenish tuft of flowers,
entitles it to a place in any garden where British plants are appreciated.

The fascination of our wild orchid flowers is due, not only to the
quaint and unusual outlines and the strange resemblances to other forms
of life, but to the delicate range of colouring and, in some instances,
to the exquisite scent. Indeed, there is a beauty about these little
terrestrial species of orchids, and a fertility of contrivances for
pollination, that endears them to all plant lovers; and if they have not
the gorgeous colouring of their tropical congeners, they have at least
that charm that calls forth some special effort to see them growing in
the garden. k

One rarely sees British orchids doing well in the garden, unless as at
Kew, Glasnevin, and a few private gardens, where some special care has
been bestowed on their culture.

The reason is that with few exceptions they are not amenable to
ordinary garden culture; anything like disturbance of roots or tubers is
fatal to their well-being, and the restlessness of the ordinary herbaceous
border with its everlasting topdressing, hoeing, tying up, &c., is exactly

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN. 425

the condition that kills off these plants when ie a. are placed in such
uncongenial quarters.

To grow just a very few satisfactorily is far better than to attempt
a collection. I suggest the best way to grow British orchids successfully
is to make a bed (cut out of turf) in some shady moist part of the garden,
and fill the bed with three kinds of soil to the depth of 12 to 15 inches.
First, in the most shady part of the bed, make up the soil with plenty
of leaf mould, not too much decayed, some peat, and plenty of good river
sand, and, if it is easily obtained, some well chopped Sphagnum. In this
section of the bed can be grown Goodyera repens, one of the least known
of our native orchids. Given a few handfuls of pine needles to carpet
the soil in its vicinity, it will produce its pretty little cream-white flowers
during the latter part of July and early in August. It is by no means
a showy flower, but its leaves, when fully developed, are very unlike the
ordinary orchid leaf, and serve to give distinction and special character
to the plant. Not the least interesting trait in the Goodyera is its very
wide geographical range. It is a very rare plant in the British Isles,
occurring only in the East of Scotland, whilst it is found in parts of
Mid and North Europe, Siberia, the Himalayas, and North America, where
it is known as the ‘ rattlesnake plantain ’—a name that is used also for
two other species of the same genus, G. pubescens and G. Menziesii.

In the same section of our Orchid bed the showiest plants will be
Orchis latifolia and Epipactis palustris. The former is one of the most
handsome of wild flowers, and a clump of this plant growing in the wild
garden undisturbed for several years forms as ornamental a subject as one
can desire. The sub-species, O. latifolia incarnata, has more intense
coloured flowers and unspotted leaves, and is a most desirable companion
plant to the Marsh Orchid.

Epipactis ‘palustris (the Marsh Helleborine) is a distinctly handsome
plant when once established, and should be given the dampest corner and
planted with just a trace of chalk near the roots. In such a position it
will soon establish itself, and its annual crop of quaint whitish flowers
will reward any trouble taken in giving it the position it likes.

The surface of this part of our Orchid bed should be carpeted with
some very dwarf growing plants, and for this purpose I would suggest a
few heaths, the Bog Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella), and the Butterworts
(Pinguicula vulgaris and other species), and the Sun-dews (Drosea
rotundifolia and intermedia). |

In the second section of the proposed bed good stiff loam should be
the soil. This, with a small proportion of leaf mould, will be a favourable
place to grow Gymnadenia Conopsea, the sweetest scented Orchid we
have, a plant worth cultivation in any garden.

In the same bed can be grown several species of Orchis, such as the
Purple Orchis (O. mascula) and the Spotted Orchis (O. maculata), both
of which species can be found growing in profusion on the rank clay soil
of Middlesex, and within a few miles of London.

O. maculata especially makes a most effective garden plant, and left
alone will make a fine specimen plant in a few years. Gerard, in the
“Herbal,’’ says of these, “in shape like a fools hood or cocks combe.’’
Evidently this Orchid was a favourite even in Gerard’s days, for he

426 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

devotes a chapter to it. In north-west Middlesex this species is remark-
ably variable in colour, so much so that we have it at Stanmore with
flowers ranging from almost pure white to pale purple, and a more
interesting batch of plants cannot be imagined than these, when they
flower in June.

Flowering about the same time and in the same soil is Orchis Morio
(the Green-winged Orchis), an Orchid that is sometimes mistaken for
O. mascula when not in flower. When, however, in flower there can be
no mistake, as the spreading and sometimes reflexed lateral sepals of
O. mascula differentiate it distinctly from the hood-like and arching
sepals of O. Morio.

Another Orchid with green or greenish flowers is the Tway Blade
(Listera ovata). In such a bed as I have described this plant will grow
in the stiff loam, and if the flowers are not particularly attractive there is
a quaintness about a finely developed spike that appeals to all flower
lovers, and then its contrivances for pollination are simply wonderful, and
flowering in one’s garden it enhances considerably the value of that
wonderful classic, Darwin’s “ Fertilisation of Orchids,” since so large
a part of it is devoted to the interpretation of this modest little plant.

One other Orchid I specially recommend ,for the loam bed—the
Butterfly Orchis (Habenaria bifolia), a very beautiful and deliciously
sweet plant, especially after a shower of rain. I once came upon a wood
in North Wales carpeted in places with this species, and the perfume was
most fragrant.

On the surface of the bed dwarf British Sedums and Saxifrages will
sive the necessary carpeting and keep it cool and moist. One precaution
here is necessary. In such a bed wire-worms are apt to give unwelcome
attention to the fleshy tubers of the Orchis, and, to keep the bed free,
carrots should be buried near the plants and occasionally examined for
the pests.

In the third part of the bed, soil of a calcareous nature should be
used, this should consist of limestone, or chalk, mixed with sandy loam.
In such soil Orchids from chalk or limestone soils may be successfully
erown.

Orchis pyramidalis when once established in such a soil forms a fine
ornamental plant easy to cultivate and lasting well in a cut state. Like
several other species of the same genus it is variable in colour—this can
be well seen on the chalk downs near Henley-on-Thames.

Another plant worth cultivating in such a position is the Lady’s-
tresses (Spiranthes autumnalis); its interesting little white flowers,
twisted like a curl (hence its name), are most welcome in the early
autumn after all the summer flowering species have gone. This Orchid,
like one or two other of our native Orchids, has the strange habit of
disappearing from its usual place of flowering. I know a few plants that
grow upon a chalk outcrop on the borders of Herts, where they have
grown and flowered for many years, but occasionally one looks for them
in vain, and no trace of either leaf or flower can be found; the next
season, however, they are there after their long rest.

There are two species of Cephalanthera, C. grandiflora and C. ensi-
folia, that repay cultivation in chalky soil; the former, the white

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN. 42.7

Helleborine, is especially conspicuous and ornamental with white flowers
and the faintest tinge of yellow, due to the tinting of the lip with lemon-
coloured lines. C. ensifolia, as its name implies, is a narrow-leaved plant
similar to the former, but easier of cultivation when given calcareous soil
to grow in.

As in the other parts of the special Orchid bed, a carpeting of small-
growing British plants is essential, and on the chalky portion I would
suggest such plants as the Sandworts, Avrenaria, Thyme (Thymus
Serpyliwm), and Campanula hederacea.

There are other British Orchids which I have not mentioned, simply
because they are not amenable to cultivation, and one naturally does not
wish to recommend those species that are either very rare or likely to
become so if their cultivation is attempted.

Two Orchids have become almost extinct in this country, the Lizard
Orchid (Orchis hircina), and the Lady’s Slipper (Cypripediwm Calceolus),
and one does not want the odium of having recommended a course likely
to reduce other species to the same fate.

There are comparatively few climbers in the British Flora, but as
these are so well known and widely distributed, little need be said to
advocate their claims to garden cultivation, especially as in every garden
the honeysuckle and ivy are to be found. Perhaps because they are so
common, the Wild Roses (Rosa arvensis and R. canna), are rarely
_ found inside the garden fence, yet when they are given the same care as
the Ramblers and other garden forms, they are really beautiful plants,
not of course suitable for small gardens or for the more “kept’’ parts,
but in some outlying part, on an old tree-stump, nothing more beautiful
can be imagined than a full grown plant of the Dog-Rose when in flower.

Next to the Wild Roses, the most characteristic and beautiful climber
is the Wild Clematis, or ‘ Travellers’ Joy’ (Clematis Vitalba). It is
deserving of a place in every garden large or small, and with its mode of
seed distribution it may truthfully be added it usually gets a place, for
few pleasure grounds can be found without the ‘ Travellers’ Joy’ draping
and wreathing over the boundary hedge, where, first with its flowers, and
then later with its silvery and feathery seed vessels, it beautifies its
surroundings. .

The Black Bryony (Tamus commnwunis), is worthy of a place amongst
representative British plants, if only for its handsome shiny foliage
and attractive berries, so too is the White Bryony (Bryonia dioica),
which when given a good position, forms a most attractive climber
when the fruit is ripe. The best plant of this, our only representative
of the Cucurbitaceae, I have seen was growing and covering the side
of a house near Haling, a most uncommon plant for such a position, but
very effective and interesting. Other British climbers worth notice are
the Hop (Humulus Lupulus), the woody nightshade (Solanwm Dulcamara),
and the Wood Vetch (Vicia sylvestris). I should like to add that most
beautiful of flowers, the Hooded Bindweed (Calystegia sepiwm), but its
awful habit of spreading prevents one from advocating its claims to be
included in the garden, for, as the Hon. Mrs. Boyle says,* “ Only an

* Journ. L.H.S. xxvii., p. 166.

428 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

unsparing vigilance will keep the beautiful destroyer in check, yet, for me
at least, what courage is needed to tear away a thing so utterly lovely
as the snow-white Convolulus flower of it is !”’

I need say but little with reference to British ferns ; their claims have
been so ably and persistently advocated by Mr. Druery that really
representative collections of British ferns, their sports and varieties, are to
be found in many gardens. There is always some position in gardens,
large or otherwise, where a few British ferns seem natural, and with little
encouragement they will give most beautiful results.

In many of our public gardens ferns are conspicuous by their
absence. Kew, of course, is an exception, where a really good representa-
tive collection is kept, properly labelled. If this example were followed
in other directions, and special note made of the British character of
the plant, it would add greatly to the enjoyment and instruction of the
visitors.

May I very briefly refer to the mode of arrangement and planting of
the wild flowers I have been advocating? With the exception of the
Orchids, planting in small groups or small masses is the most effective
plan. Many of our British plants have small flowers compared with the
herbaceous border type of plant, consequently dotting a plant here and
there does not give the effect that would be obtained if a small group
were planted. ‘Take, for instance, the little blue skull cap (Scutellaria
galericulata). An isolated plant or two would be passed by almost
without notice, but nothing can exceed the striking effect of a group of
this delicate blue wilding when growing by the water or in some shady
damp spot. Others, too, when seen singly, are decidedly ‘“‘ weedy,” yet
when planted in a group, and seen in close association, they are most
conspicuous, and form a decided feature in any landscape. It may be
objected that few gardens could afford space for this kind of arrangement,
and that it is merely another phase of the so-called wild garden, and if
so I do not for one moment defend the term, as my idea of a really wild
garden is one entirely devoted to wild or British plants.

If, instead of a miscellaneous collection of plants often consisting of
those too weedy for the herbaceous borders, groups of our British plants,
planted in bold positions, were used, such a garden would deserve its
name and would be a feature of interest to all.

The presence of water either in large or small areas affords the best
position for such plants as I have noticed, and nowhere are our wildings
seen to better advantage than when growing by the margin or in the
vicinity of the water.

In conclusion I should like to add one word with reference to the
acquirement of wild flowers. The majority of the species mentioned in
this paper are easily raised from seed, and this can be obtained during
one’s wanderings without in any way endangering the existence of the
species collected.

Digging up roots is at the best a very unsatisfactory way of getting
together a collection, and, however careful one may be, it is undoubtedly
a factor that ultimately leads to the scarcity of the plant collected.

_ If care is taken to collect seed only, there is little or no danger to the
proper preservation of our wild flowers in their natural habitat ; on the

BRITISH WILD FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN. 429

other hand, if one patronized the people who offer in the Press British
flower and fern roots, then, one is, I think, guilty, often perhaps uncon-
sciously, of assisting in the destruction of the native flowers of the
British Isles, and there is this also to be considered, just as, in other
parts of the garden, the most cherished and interesting plants are those
given by friends or collected by one’s self from various countries, so the
wild flowers in your garden will have an added interest if in their
collection you have the knowledge that they have been collected mainly
as seed, and that your mode of acquiring them has in no way helped to
destroy or lessen the beauty of our native flora.

430 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE CULTIVATION &c. OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE
WEST INDIES.

By ArcnrinaLtp J. Brooks, F.R.H.S., Officer-in-Charge, Agricultural
School, Dominica ; Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West

Indies.
[Lecture delivered November 26, 1908.]

INTRODUCTORY.

THE genus Citrus supplies us with many well-known fruits of a high
commercial value, such as the orange, lemon, citron, lime, shaddock,
erape-fruit, &¢.

Botanists are by no means agreed upon the classification of these
fruits ; some prefer to consider the citron, lime, and lemon as distinet
species, whereas others regard them as varieties of the same species (Citrus
Medica).

As the subject of this paper is concerned more with the cultivation
than the botanical classification of these fruits, it will perhaps be more
convenient and less confusing to adopt that classification which meets
with general approval in the West Indies.

It will be sufficient for our purpose on this occasion to know that the
following fruits are to be found growing in Dominica and many of the
other West Indian Islands: the Sweet Orange (C. Awrantiwm), Seville
Orange (C. Bigaradia), Sour Orange (C. vulgaris), Bergamot Orange
(C. Bergania), Mandarin and Tangerine Orange (C. nobilis) ; the Citron
(C. Medica); Lemon (C. Medica var. Limonum) ; Sour Lime (C. Medica
var. acida), Sweet Lime (C. Medica var. Limetta) ; Shaddock or Pomelow
(C. decumana); Grape-fruit, Forbidden fruit, or Paradise fruit (C. paradist).

PROPAGATION.

Citrus trees may be propagated by seeds, budding, grafting, or cuttings.
Of these methods budding is the one to be generally recommended and the
one usually adopted, except in the case of the West Indian Lime (C. medica
var. acida), this being propagated entirely by seed.

Budded trees possess many advantages over seedling trees. They
produce fruit of a superior quality and of a uniform size and shape ;
they also bear true to the variety, and produce few or no seeds. Budded
trees will bear in four or five years, whereas seedling trees often take ten
or twelve. Seedling trees tend to grow erect and produce numerous
spines, whereas budded trees make a good lateral spread and produce
fewer spines, thereby greatly reducing the cost of gathering the fruit.

Citrus trees raised from seeds are very liable to variation, due no doubt
to cross-fertilization. This is perhaps the strongest argument in support
of worked trees. On the other hand, propagation by seed should not be
entirely discouraged, as by this means new varieties are obtained.

By budding, the grower has also the choice of stock most suited for his

particular situation.

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 431

NURSERIES.

Owners of Citrus groves should always possess their own nurseries,
and, as far as it is possible, raise their own stock. A portion of the
intended grove should be selected as the site for the nursery. The plants
then raised in these nurseries will be accustomed to the conditions
prevailing in the grove when they are planted out in their permanent
places, and will suffer little or no check upon removal. It is a well-
known fact that before a plant can thrive its root system must adapt
itself to the soil in which it is grown; therefore, by selecting a por-
tion of the intended grove for this purpose, the physical conditions of
the soil in which the seedling plants are raised will, for all practical
purposes, be the same as the remainder of the grove. The root system of
the seedlings raised in such nurseries will therefore be of that formation
required for the successful growth of the plants in their permanent
quarters; whereas if the young plants are raised in a nursery rich in
organic matter, and transferred to a grove where the soil is of a stiff
nature, they will receive a great check, necessitating a more or less com-
plete change in their formation.

The site chosen for the nursery should be sheltered from heavy rains
and high winds. The portion selected for the seed beds should be
sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. ‘'he soil should be well tilled
to a depth of 2 feet, and all lumps carefully broken up. ‘The position
should also allow of natural drainage. Beds should then be made 5 feet
wide, these beds being divided by a 3 foot walk, soil being thrown from
the walks upon the beds to raise them so as to receive a better drainage.
Beds wider than 5 feet should not be made. . This width allows of the
manipulation of the plants without treading on the beds. ‘he usual
length for each bed should be about 20 feet ; but this is purely a matter
of convenience, and should depend upon the size of the nursery as
a whole.

The planter must decide for himself what particular stock will best
serve his purpose, and in this matter he might be guided to a great extent
by the experience already gained by those owners of Citrus groves nearest
to his intended settlement, modifying, of course, the advice given for his
own particular conditions and requirements. He may be assisted some-
what in this decision by considering the few notes on “ stocks” which
follow. ;

Having carefully decided which stock to use, seeds of the perfectly
ripe fruit should be obtained and sown in drills 1 inch deep and 2 inches
apart in beds previously prepared, the drills being made 6 inches apart,
the most suitable time for sowing being about October. These beds will
require weeding from time to time. ‘he weeds should be thrown in the
walks and trampléd under foot.

After each season the beds should be levelled down and the walks
forked up. In remaking, the new beds should be made over the old walks,
and the new walks where the old beds formerly stood. The weeds which
have been thrown in the walks during the year should by this time be
fairly well decayed, and should be thoroughly worked into the soil of the
new beds.

432 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MANIPULATION OF SEEDLING STOCK.

If seeds are sown in October the seedlings should be ready for
transplanting about February or as soon as the early rains set in. The
soil should then be thoroughly soaked, and the seedlings pulled straight
up by the hand. The soil should be shaken from the roots and the
seedlings sorted, all the weak and deformed plants being destroyed, and
only the most vigorous retained for planting. The roots should then
receive a light pruning, the tap root being cut back and the laterals
pruned (fig. 88). This stimulates the production of a surface-feeding root
system, and prevents the breaking or twisting of the roots when being
transplanted. The heads of the young seedlings should also be pruned
and cut back about half their length, and the leaves clipped. This is
usually done at the same time as the pruning of the roots.

Fic. 88.—Roor System or SEEDLING Srock.

Personally, | am in favour of head pruning, and do this a week or
so before the seedlings are removed from the seed beds. They then
have a better chance of recovering from this operation before under-
going the second. Having been properly pruned, they should be planted
in similar nursery beds at distances from 12 to 18 inches apart in the
rows, and two rows planted in each bed. Whilst planting they should be
held perfectly upright with the left hand, and the soil pressed firmly
around them with the right.

Great care should be exercised in seeing that the seedling is not
planted any deeper than it originally stood before transplanting. Too
much stress cannot be laid on this point, as it is in many cases the entire
cause of failure on the part of the plant to grow after being transplanted.

Transplanting having been successfully accomplished, the plants
should be allowed to grow undisturbed beyond an occasional pruning of
any side branches, so as to keep the growth confined to the formation of

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 433

good, strong, straight stocks until about the following October, when they
should be cut back to about 3 inches above the soil. If the stocks are
in good health new shoots will be readily thrown out. The strongest
two of these might be allowed to develop for a couple of months,
and then the weaker should be cut off, leaving the stronger to develop.
In about four or five months this shoot should have developed to about
the thickness of a lead pencil, and should be from 12 to 18 inches in
height. It is then ready for budding.

BUDDING.

‘Budding of Citrus trees is performed in the same manner as for
roses or other fruit trees, with one exception, the T cut is inverted
thus |, and the buds pushed upwards instead of downwards. By
this method water is prevented from entering the cut and causing
the bud to rot. Budwood of Citrus trees may be angular or round.
‘The new growth is usually angular and develops roundness as it
gets older; either kind will do for budding, the round being easier, as
a rule, to cut; but some budders consider that the young or more angular
wood gives best results. For choice one should try to secure budwood
from the last ripened growth, and being of not more than one season’s
growth, endeavour to obtain wood neither too angular nor too round.
In cutting the bud the cut should be made deep enough to take a thin
slice of the wood as well as the bark. This wood should not be removed
from the bud; “wood buds” take much more readily than mere bark
buds. A good sharp knife, a steady skilful hand, and a bright day are
the essential conditions for successful budding.

Mal-di-goma, or Root Rot, having been known to attack Citrus trees
from ten to twelve inches above the soil, resistant stocks should not,
therefore, be budded below this height, or the object to be gained by
budding on resistant stocks will be likely to be lost. If the bark of the
stock does not lift readily in one place, then a little higher up the stem
may be tried with advantage.

When the bud has been properly inserted it should be bound round
firmly with raffia, and finally wrapped round with budding tape. About
three inches of the extreme top of the stock should then be bent down
this enables the budder to see at a glance the plants that have been
budded. After ten days the tape should be unwrapped and the bud
examined, and if found to be growing, the tape should be wrapped round
again very loosely to enable the bud to get hardened, and, in the mean-
time, to give it some slight protection from the sun. The top of the stock
should then be bent in half, and as the bud continues to grow this top
should be cut away at the bend, thus leaving eight or nine inches of the
original stock to protect the growing bud. When the bud has fully
emerged from the bark the tape should be entirely removed, and after it
has made its second strong growth the remainder of the stock should be
cut off close above the bud. Many growers, however, leave this portion of
the stock until the plants are removed to their permanent quarters, but
this is not necessary, and certainly checks the plant in its quick develop-
ment of healing-tissue over the union of bud and stock.

VOL. XXXIV. RE

434 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Citrus buds are naturally inclined to make two growths from the same
bud ; this should be watched for and the weaker one removed so as to get
the entire strength into the single growth. .

Stocks AND MAL-DI-GOMA.

The following stocks are available for the working of Citrus trees :—
The Rough Lemon (C. Limonuwm), Sour Orange (C. vulgaris), Sweet
Orange (C. Aurantiwm), Seville Orange (C. Bigaradia), and Shaddock
(C. decumana) ; of these the Seville and Sour Oranges, and the Rough
Lemon have given the best results in general cultivation in the West
Indies. These give the planter a fairly wide range of choice of the stoéks
most suitable for his particular purposes.

Stocks should, in the first instance, be chosen with a view to their
immunity from disease. Mal-di-goma, or Root Rot, which broke out in
the groves in Europe some sixty years ago did considerable damage to the
trees, and has now spread to almost every Citrus-growing region through
out the world. Some stocks appear to be very susceptible to the disease,
whereas others are, to a greater or lesser degree, immune. Therefore,
disease-resisting stocks should be chosen, and not budded lower
than one foot above the soil. This disease, however, can be kept in
perfect check if care be taken to see that there is effective drainage, and
that sunlight is allowed a free entrance to the base of the stems.

The Sour Orange is a good hardy stock, and is not subject to root
rot. It does not do well on a dry soil, but thrives on good retentive
soils such as are found in forest or interior lands.

The Washington Navel Orange thrives remarkably well on this stock,
as does the Grape fruit. It is more extensively used as a stock than any
other for Citrus trees in the West Indies.

The Seville Orange, like the Sour, is immune from root rot, and thrives
best at low altitudes, and requires a larger amount of root moisture than
the Lemon or Sour Orange.

The Rough Lemon is not suitable for low altitudes ; it thrives best on
high, dry soils. It is considered by some to be unaffected by root rot; by
others it is said to be subject to the ravages of this disease. The root
system of the Lemon being specially adapted to high and dry situations
makes it unsuitable for the lower altitudes where root rot is prevalent.
Should this stock, therefore, be used in low situations where large quantities
of moisture are present it is quite conceivable that the Lemon would prove
a failure and fall a ready victim to this disease. This is possibly the
cause of these conflicting opinions. This stock possesses a good foraging
root system, which makes it very serviceable in poor soil containing little
plant food. ‘The growth of trees on this stock is much more rapid than
on the Sour or Seville Orange. The Grape fruit does exceedingly well on
this stock.

The Shaddock is also a good hardy stock suitable for dry soils, and
proves a good substitute for the Rough Lemon in every way.

The Sweet Orange is not as hardy as the sour, but the growth of trees
on this stock is more rapid than on the sour. This stock is, however,
susceptible to root rot.

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES, 4385

After carefully considering the various merits of these stocks, and
having made himself thoroughly acquainted with the nature of the soil
and the varying climatic conditions existing in the region where he desires
to establish his grove, the planter should experience little difficulty in
securing the most suitable stock for his particular purpose. In the
course of these remarks on stocks I have made no particular mention of
the influence of the stock on the scion. That the stock does exert an
influence over the scion cannot be doubted, both upon the growth
and productiveness of the tree and the flavour of the fruit.

As so little reliable evidence is obtainable at present, and that so con-
flicting, no good purpose could be served by discussing it in this paper.

VARIETIES.

Before planting a grove the planter must first make himself acquainted
with the requirements of the market for which he intends to cater,
and he should also possess a thorough knowledge of the qualities of
the fruits he purposes growing, giving due consideration to their flavour
and general shipping qualities, whether early, medium, or late varieties
are required.

Having accomplished this he can then make a suitable selection for
his particular purpose. If he desires to confine himself to the cultivation
of one good all-round variety of orange, the Washington Navel cannot be
too strongly recommended ; this is a seedless orange of good flavour.
There also exist in some of the West Indian Islands unnamed varieties
of Sweet Orange, which often possess qualities “superior’’ to many of
the more recently imported varieties; such oranges usually go by the
name of ‘Common Sweet Orange’ (fig. 89), and large quantities are
shipped each year and find a ready sale in the Huropean markets.

Karly fruiting varieties of the ordinary orange are ‘ Parson Brown’
and ‘Boone’s Early.’ If early fruiting varieties of the ordinary sweet
orange are required, ‘ Parson Brown’ and ‘ Boone’s Early’ can be
thoroughly recommended, whereas ‘ Valencia Late’ makes an excellent
late variety.

Mandarin and Tangerine Oranges.—The ‘Satsuma’ is a good early
fruiting variety of the Mandarin, and the Tangerine ‘King’ cannot be
beaten as a good all-round late fruiting variety.

Grape Frut.—The ‘Triumph’ and ‘ Jamaica’ are varieties difficult
to surpass either for their general health or prolificness. (Fig. 90.)

Lemons.—The ‘ Villa Franca’ variety can be recommended for general
cultivation.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR GROVE.

The final success or failure of an orange grower is often decided by
the choice of site. Oranges and Grape fruit thrive well up to an altitude
of 2,500 feet, the most suitable altitude, however, being from 800 to
1,200 feet. The site chosen should be within easy reach of the coast, and
should afford good facilities for transport ; a gentle slope with a south or
south-westerly aspect, well sheltered from prevailing winds, should, if
possible, be chosen.

FR2

436 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Artificial wind-breaks should be planted if natural ones are not obtain-
able ; but whenever the native growth is sufficient for this purpose it should
be handled in such a way as to fulfil best the desired object. A good
wide deep ditch should be dug between these wind-breaks and the first row
of oranges, to prevent the roots of the trees penetrating into the grove.

es eh 4
* F,

¥
Fic. 89.—ORrANGES GROWN IN DomMINICa.

wh. By 2: hy ee
= . ot

The soil should be of an open nature, well-drained, and rich in organic
matter and phosphates. An extremely dry soil should not on any account
be used unless irrigation be possible, and heavy soils, through which water
does not percolate freely, should also be avoided.

The ideal soil is one of a sufficiently open nature to allow air and
water to penetrate freely, and one that will retain sufficient moisture
without producing stagnation.

~

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 437

The rainfall should be from 100 to 200 inches per year.

Forest land in Dominica can be readily cleared and prepared for
planting at a very low cost. The timber is felled, and the branches
lopped and burnt in heaps. Logs that are too large for burning may be
left to decay in suitable places where they wiil not interfere with the
planting of the grove.

Fic. 90.—Grarr Frurr GRown In DomrInica.

Prantinc Out AND GENERAL CULTIVATION.

Citrus trees should be ready to transplant into the grove in from six
to nine months after budding. They would then be from fifteen to
eighteen months old. They should not, however, be transplanted until
two good strong shoots have been made, and a few days previous to
removal the heads should be cut back. They should not be trans-

488 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planted when the ground is hard and dry. The best time for transplant-
ing is at the first sign of growth; one is then sure that the sap is active.
Death often results through moving when dormant.

All the twisted and bruised roots should be carefully pruned ; this will
simplify the actual planting operation, and prevent loss of time taken by
the healing of bruised and torn roots.

If the plants have to travel some distance they should be tied in
bundles of fifty. The roots should be well watered, and then sprinkled
with moist soil and wrapped in banana trash—previously soaked in
water—and finally wrapped and tied up in coarse baling, the top of the
bundle being left open. In this way the plants will travel safely overland
for several days without much harm resulting. Budded Citrus plants have
a tendency to spread; therefore plenty of space should be allowed for
lateral development. For general Citrus cultivation a distance of 25 feet
each way should be allowed.

Stakes with white painted tops should be placed at these distances,
care being taken to see that the lines run straight, as this will naturally
add to the general appearance of the grove in later years.

The soil within a circumference of three feet of these stakes should
be thoroughly forked to a depth of 14 feet and cleared of all roots and
stumps. The soil in these circular beds should be slightly drawn towards
the stake so as to raise the centre about one foot above the surrounding
level. The plant should be set on this raised bed and all the crown
roots should be carefully spread out in their natural positions. The
surface soil should then be drawn from the inner spaces to the plant and
pressed firmly around the roots, which should be covered to a depth of
two inches.

Great care must be taken to see the plants are not planted too deeply ;
nothing is more fatal in Citrus cultivation than this. Such planting
results in numerous evils ; the plants are slow to grow, often dying back
and falling easy victims to the ravages of scale pests. If care is taken to
see that the highest crown root is not lower than an inch below the
surface of the soil this evil will be obviated. A piece of spun-yarn should
then be passed round the base of the plant and attached to the stake, thus
preventing the plant being loosened by the wind.

The grove must be kept free of weeds: this may in a great measure
be accomplished by the growing of catch crops, such as Sweet Potatos,
Cassava, Pigeon Peas, Corn, Plantains, and Bananas, &c. Such crops,
however, must not be grown where they would prove detrimental to the
Citrus plants.

The circular beds in which the trees are planted must be carefully
hand weeded. No implement should be used for this purpose, as it would
be likely to injure the roots ; the weeds, together with others, should be
spread thickly around the roots of the plants to form a good mulch
which will protect the young roots from the direct rays of the sun and
keep them moist.

The circles should be widened from time to time by forking, thus
enabling the root system to develop with the head of the plant.

A sharp look-out must be kept for all suckers which spring from the
stock, and these must be immediately removed. Cases have been known

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 439

where suckers have developed unrecognised until the fruiting period,
when, of course, it was too late to remedy the evil. This is one of the
reasons why it is much better for the planter to bud and raise his own
stock instead of purchasing from nurseries, for then he knows exactly at
what height the union was made.

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ra

Fia. 91.—SHappock GROWN IN DomIniIca.

Beyond the pruning out of all dead wood, which, of course, should be
done immediately, and the removal of branches too near the ground, very
little pruning is required during the first two years. The object to be kept
in view in pruning a Citrus tree is the removal of all interior branches
which would prevent free circulation of air and light.

When early fruiting is desired the trees should be thoroughly pruned
in November, when all fruits, dead wood, and dying branches should be

44.0 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

removed. ‘The trees are then stimulated into flower so as to produce fruit.
in the months of July, August, and September. If the trees have been
planted high and witha care to drainage, no manure beyond the occasional
mulching of weeds and bush will be required.

Insect PrEsts oF Cirrus TREES.

Citrus groves are seldom free from scale pests ; the trees may be often
noticed to assume a sickly yellowish appearance and die back. This may,
in some cases, be due to uncongenial conditions of the soil, etc.; but in
most it is due to the attack of scale pests. The most injurious of
these are the orange snow scale, Chionaspis citvt; the small snow scale,
Chionaspis minor; the orange mussel scale, Mytilaspis citricola ; and
the red spotted scale, Aspidiotus ficus.

In dealing with the question of pests it should be remembered that it
is invariably the weakest trees that are most liable to be attacked. Every
effort should therefore be made to keep the trees in vigorous health. If
due attention has been paid to the proper planting and general cultivation
very little trouble will be experienced in this direction. The trees should
be kept properly thinned out so as to allow the free action of air, sun, and
rain ; this will go far to keep the trees free from scale pests. Scale pests
are always most abundant in overcrowded plantations.

In some Citrus-growing countries the groves are freed from scale
pests by fumigating the trees with hydrocyanic acid and carbon bi-sul-
phide. In the West Indies spraying has always had the desired effect,
and is more readily carried out, needing only a suitable sprayer, of which
there are dozens on the market to suit all requirements. The Imperial
Department of Agriculture has issued a special pamphlet * dealing with
the scale pests of the West Indies. In it six different recipes for washes
are given, each possessing its own special advantage. For general use the
following—if made in strict accordance with the instructions—cannot be
beaten or too highly recommended.

KEROSENE Emutston (Harp Soap).

Dissolve 4 lb. hard soap in one gallon of boiling water. Add 2 gal-
lons of kerosene to the hot liquid and immediately churn with a syringe
or force pump till the mixture becomes creamy. This is the stock
solution. Make up to 33 gallons. Use only rain water, or soft water
(i.e. without lime etc.).

GATHERING AND QUAIIING.

All Citrus fruits should be cut from the tree—not pulled—leaving less
than one-eighth of an inch of stem to each fruit. There are many forms
of fruit clippers on the market, one of the best being known as the
‘“Snyder’s patent’ ; this clipper is provided with a spring which holds the
cut fruit by its short stem. The blades are also rounded to prevent the
fruit from being punctured. Fruit growing on the high branches should
be gathered with a fruit picker ; this consists of a pole the end of which
is fitted with a hook clipper under which is attached a bag made of

* Scale insects of the Lesser Antilles, Part I. Pamphlet series, No. 7.

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 441

netting into which the fruit falls when cut; it should then be removed to
padded baskets—baskets in which a sack has been placed will answer
the purpose. Great care must be exercised in the gathering of the
fruits. All that fall to the ground must be discarded. The slightest
rough handling at the time of gathering will, in all probability, cause
bruising, which would not, unfortunately, manifest itself for several days
afterwards. The slightest bruising of a fruit will lead to decay, and
should such a fruit be packed with sound ones it will, in every probability,
mean the loss of the entiré box of fruit. Fruit should therefore be
handled as little as possible and more carefully than eggs.

Citrus fruits should only be gathered on a fine dry day, and must not
in any circumstances be packed as soon as gathered. They should be
laid out in single layers in drying trays in a cool airy shed, to allow of the
evaporation of the surplus moisture from the rind. The rind will
_ shrink, and, in consequence, there is little further danger of bruising if
ordinary care be taken. The fruit is then in a suitable condition to
withstand the pressure of the packing without damage.

Oranges should be picked when quite mature and upon the appear-
ance of the first tinge of yellow. If gathered before they are quite full
they will in all probability shrivel, and arrive at their destination in
a green-yellowish state; such a colour greatly diminishes the pecuniary
return. The rule to be observed in gathering is to give the oranges just
sufficient time to colour thoroughly by the time they reach the market.

Lemons require different treatment from oranges. They should be cut
when from 2 to 24 inches in diameter and while still green. They will
then be quite hard, and possess a fairly thick rind. The market demands
an average-sized fruit, ranging from 250 to 300 to the box, and possessing
a thin rind and an abundance of juice. Such qualities are obtained by
carefully curing the fruit. This process reduces the thickness of the rind,
making it tough and less liable to bruise, and at the same time increases
the juiciness of the fruit.

When gathered the fruit should be carefully washed to remove any
dirt and to improve its external appearance. It should then be laid aside
for a few days to partially quail, and then be placed in boxes lined with
paver and stacked in a darkened portion of the fruit room. Each box of
fruit should be sorted at intervals of three or four weeks, at which time
any unsound fruit should be removed. In about eight weeks the fruit
should have developed the familiar pale straw colour, and be in a market-
able condition. If the curing has been carefully carried out and good
storage is given, with an occasional sorting for unsound fruit, lemons can
be kept for many months and shipped when the market is favourable.
There is very little demand for the larger-sized lemons, so the fruit should
not be left on the trees to colour.

Grape-fruit and Shaddock require about the same length of time for
quailing as the orange. They should be allowed to ripen before being
gathered, and should then be of a pale straw colour. They will remain
naturally on the tree a long time after they are ripe without any apparent
deterioration.

Citron.—The fruit is commercially valuable only for its thick rind
from which is prepared “candied” or “ preserved peel.” The fruit should

442 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be picked when fully developed and while in its green state. Itshould not
be quailed, but used fresh.

GRADING, WRAPPING, AND PACKING.

Each variety should be kept separate, and the fruit must be graded
uniformly. To obtain uniformity in size a grading machine should be
used. Many grading machines are upon the market, each possessing its
own peculiar advantages. They are mostly, however, of very simple con-
struction, and a useful grader can be made in a few hours by any ordinary
carpenter. Every grading machine should allow of the fruit being graded

CITRONS

LONDONETOHG®

Fic. 92.—CrTroNns GROWN IN DomINICA.

in the standard sizes known as 96, 112, 126, 150, 176, 200—this represents
the number of fruits that can be safely packed in the standard orange box.
In addition to uniformity in size there should be uniformity in colour,
shape, and quality. Such details as these cannot be overlooked with
impunity by any grower.

Uniformity in every detail should be constantly aimed at.

When the fruit has sufficiently quailed it should be wrapped in tissue
paper. Special wrappers made of the best manilla paper, and cut in
suitable sizes for wrapping the standard size fruit, can be easily procured.
Each wrapper should bear the grower’s brand, and, if careful attention
has been paid to details throughout, it will be but a matter of time before
that particular brand is sought for with confidence on the market.

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 443

The standard box for oranges, grape fruit, and lemons is 27 inches
by 124 by 124, with a centre partition of 1 inch thickness. This centre
partition bears the weight of one-half the fruit when the box is placed on
end, thus protecting the bottom layer of fruit from the great pressure to
which it would otherwise be subjected. The boxes will accommodate
from 96 to 252 oranges, grape fruit 48 to 80, and lemons, 252 to 300.
The most desirable sizes for oranges are 150 to 176 to the box.

When the fruit has been wrapped it should be carefully laid in layers
in standard boxes, each layer of fruit alternating with the row below;
this method of packing gives greater elasticity to the whole, thus enabling
them. to withstand rougher handling in transit.

’ When the box is full the top layer should protrude about 3 inch above
the top of the box. The cover should then be placed on the top, and
gentle pressure will bring it into position, when it can be securely nailed.
In this way a box of firmly packed fruit is obtained. The box should
then be stencilled at both ends, showing the estate mark or brand, together
with the number of fruits in each box.

INDUSTRY.

Citrus fruits to the value of £98,410 17s. 6d. were exported from the
British West Indies last year. Of this total Jamaica contributed
£96,697 4s. Od., Trinidad and Tobago combined £1,047 ; Dominica £666 ;
Grenada 13s. 6d.

It will be seen by the above figures that with the exception of Jamaica
the cultivation of Citrus fruits on anything like a'commercial scale is still
in its infancy. These figures, however, do not show the amount of
attention that has been paid to this industry in some of the smaller
islands during the last seven or eight years.

In Dominica alone over sixteen thousand Citrus trees have been planted
out during this period, occupying an area of about 150 acres, and steady
progress is being made in this direction year by year. The trees are in
a most flourishing condition and many are now commencing to bear,
so that in a very short time the results of this labour should show itself
on the exports of the island.

It has now been proved that good marketable oranges and grape fruit
can be grown in Dominica.

A fair average seven-year-old orange tree should produce one box of
good shipable fruit, allowing for wastage. Some trees are shy bearers, so
that an acre containing one hundred trees should not be expected to yield
more than sixty boxes of good fruit, and this is a reasonable return after
seven years. As the trees advance in age their productiveness increases
until the yield is doubled or even trebled.

In Dominica Crown land suitable for Citrus growing can be obtained
at 12s. net per acre. Labour being cheap, an acre of oranges can be
thoroughly cultivated at a cost of £3 10s. Od. to £3 15s. Od. per annum.

Twenty-five acres of oranges can be established up to seven years old
- for about £1000 ; this does not include cost of land.

Navel oranges will fetch from 10s. 6d. to 12s. 6d. per box in the
London and Canadian markets up to Christmas. Ordinary oranges—not

444 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seedless—can be shipped up to the first week in October, and will fetch
8s. to 10s. 6d. per box. It does not pay to ship to the United States, on
account of the prohibitive duty of one cent per lb., which amounts to
3s. 6d. per box.

The following statement gives the exact cost of marketing oranges from —

a grove situated in the interior of Dominica to Covent Garden Market,
London :—
£8. te
Returns from 60 boxes @ 103.6... ©... 2G 4 YS > oa ae
Expenses per box—
Picking, 13d.; cleaning, ld.; grading, $d.;
wrapping, 1jd.; paper, 3d.; box and nails,
9d.; making box, 3d.; hooping and stencil-
ling, 2d.; cartage to port of export, 5d.;
export duty, 2d.; boatage, 2d.; freight to
London, ls. 7d.; commission in Roseau,
Dominica, 2d.; expenses in London, Is.
Total, 5s. 1d: Se Bet ke
Expenses of cultivation of an acre - : Rm Se ae
Expenses on yield of 60 boxes from an acre. + -S7S05 5

Profit . ; . 3 . 3 ; : ‘ . £10) 4°97

This statement is the actual practical result gained after the seven
years’ working, and as the trees advance in age their productiveness
increases, and likewise the profits in due proportion.*

The following are a few ways in which Citrus fruits may be prepared
for eating :—

GRAPE FRUIT.

Cut the Grape fruit in half; carefully remove the core and seeds and
with a sharp knife loosen the fruit from the rind, but do not take it out ;
fill the hole left in the centre with sugar and allow to stand for a little
while, when it will be ready to be served.

The addition of a little liqueur in each half of the fruit is a great
improvement, and it can be served with crushed ice.

It is generally served at the beginning of meals, and is considered to
be an appetiser.

SHADDOCK.

This fruit is not generally liked, but the rind makes a delicious preserve,
and is prepared as follows :—

Remove the rind of the Shaddock very thinly, then cut the thick pulp,
which surrounds the fruit, into sections and put them to soak in cold
water for twelve hours.

* Iam indebted to Mr. Scully, who, together with Mr. (now Sir) Henry Hesketh ©

Bell, late Administrator of Dominica, were the pioneers of the Citrus cultivation in
the interior land of Dominica, for the statement of expenses and profits incurred and
realized in this industry.

a

THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN THE WEST INDIES. 445

Remove them from the water and gently press the pieces to get all the
water from them; great care must be taken in doing this as the pieces
are apt to break, especially after they have been boiled. Put the pieces of
the pulp to boil in plenty of cold water, and allow them to boil until they
are tender, remove the water from the pieces of pulp, then weigh, and to
every pound of fruit allow 2 lb. of sugar.

Place the sugar in a preserving pan, and when the syrup has boiled to
a thick consistency put in the pieces of pulp and allow it to simmer
gently until all the syrup has been absorbed. The pulp should look
transparent.

Remove very carefully and place on a dish and sprinkle with pounded
sugar and allow to dry, then store.

If preferred, the rind can be left in syrup, but more sugar will be
required.

The Sour and Seville Orange rind can be prepared in the same way
and makes a delicious preserve, but 1 lb. of sugar will be sufficient to
each pound of rind, and there is no need to soak the rind; the addition
of a little of the juice just before removing from the fire will be found
a great improvement.

This is usually served as a preserve in the jelly which is formed round
it, but if preferred the pieces can be dried.

Put a little of the jelly between two pieces of the Orange rind, then
dry as Shaddock.

In “ Florida Fruits ’’ Miss Helen Harcourt gives the following directions
for preserving Citron :—

CITRON.

Dried Citron for home or market :—Pick the fruit when green, just as
it comes to maturity, cut into four or six pieces, soak in clear water
containing a little alum and a few handfuls of green grass (Guinea
preferred) or the leaves of the Citron tree; pour this off, and boil half an
hour in the syrup, then weigh the Citron and add an equal weight of
white sugar to the syrup; dip the Citron into the latter two or three
times ; dry in the sun one day; the second day fill the cavities of the
Citron with the syrup, and continue to expose to the sun until thoroughly
dry. This makes an excellent article for commerce, being of superior
quality to that sold in the stores at 50 to 60 cents per lb. ?

Preserved Citron.—Never use ripe Citron in any shape; it will not
dry or make a good preserve. Take green Citron, full-grown but young
and tender; cut into four pieces and take out the pulp and seeds; lay the
Citron in salt and water for twenty-four hours ; take it out and scald it
two or three times until the bitter is extracted; then make a moderately
thick syrup, and. boil the Citron in it gently until clear and translucent ;
then flavour syrup with lemon juice, all-spice berries, stick cinnamon, or
root ginger. |

446 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE OLD GARDENS OF ITALY.
By J. Cueat, F.R.H.S.

(Lecture’ delivered November 24, 1908.]*

‘Tue Italian love of gardening dates from an early period. Roman
generals in the zenith of their power, no doubt, brought home from
Eastern countries which came under their sway marvellous tales of the
gardens of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt.

It was probably this that fired the imagination of Lucullus, and led him
to make the magnificent garden at Naples described by Pompey. Lucullus
also laid out other gardens in different parts of Italy, and was probably a
pioneer in the sumptuous style of gardening which became so prevalent
at a later date. He not only designed magnificent gardens, but is said to
have introduced into Italy many plants and fruits, especially the peach,
apricot, and cherry. Greek architecture also impressed its influence on
Roman design.

The Emperor Hadrian early in the second century seems to have
ereatly stimulated the taste for architecture and horticulture. He was
not only a great general and traveller, but an insatiable collector, and
enriched his magnificent villa and gardens at Tivoli with a wealth of art
treasures brought from the Kast and South, and especially from Egypt.
His villa he designed on the grandest scale for the entertainment of his
courtiers and friends.

Pliny the Younger, about the same time, not only built many villas
and designed gardens, but left copious descriptions of some of these, which
give a good idea of the gardens of the period.

For several centuries during the decline of the Roman power the love
of gardening, or at any rate the enjoyment of its luxuries, also declined.
There was a great revivalin this direction, however, about the close of the
fourteenth century. A great impetus to gardening seems to have been
given by Lorenzo de’ Medici, a friend of Michael Angelo, and indeed the
whole family of Medici were enthusiastic gardeners, and they had much
to do with the creation of the beautiful villas and gardens around Rome
and Florence. During the period of the Renaissance, zoological speci-
mens were also introduced into gardens and parks, which were stocked
with collections of birds and animals.

At this period wealthy senators, merchants, and Church dignitaries
seem to have vied with each other in the creation of charming residences and
gardens, all the arts of the architect, the sculptor, and the gardener being
employed in the production of the wonderful gardens of the period, many
of which can be seen to-day; some in varying stages of decay, others still
maintained and preserved with great care.

* This lecture was illustrated by a large number of beautiful pictures from photo-

graphs taken by the lecturer, only a very few of which ean be reproduced here, and
the notes given refer mainly to those gardens we are able to illustrate.

THE OLD GARDENS OF ITALY. 447

The natural beauty of the position chosen, the abundance of water, the
excellence of the climate, all lent themselves to the production of some of
the most glorious effects that could be produced by a combination of art
and Nature. (Fig. 94.)

The style adopted was, of course, largely formal and geometrical
with terraces and parterres, fountains and cascades, temples and statuary,
avenues, and pergolas in endless variety.

The climate also favoured the production of a wealth of trees, fruits,
and flowers, which afforded not only a feast to the eye and the palate, but
filled the air with delightful perfumes. The shady walks, avenues, and
erottos afforded cool retreats in the hottest weather, whilst the rippling of
the cascades, the splashing of the fountains, and the singing of the birds
completed the charm of these retreats.

The Vinua Dorta was, in the days of its prime, a charming domain.
The requirements of modern Genoa on one side and the harbour on the other
side have, however, very much cramped the garden. The portion left,
though small, is of excellent design. A number of terraces lead from the
villa to the gardens below, and these are noted for their long tessellated
slopes, which are laid in beautiful mosaic instead of being formed into
steps.

A portion of the broad terrace, with fine stone balustrades, facing the
harbour, still remains, as well as a very fine fountain, the central figure of
which is intended to represent Andrea Doria, one of the early owners, as
Neptune driving a team of sea-horses, from whose nostrils jets of water
are spouting, and he is poising in his hand a trident from the points of
which also water trickles.

The suburbs of Florence abound in ancient villas and gardens. One
of the small but interesting spots is Virtua Dants, situated on the old
road to Fiesole. It was the home of the poet Dante, and a great part of
the villa has been preserved since the fifteenth century, so that it
retains its original aspect. An open corridor extends round a central
courtyard, where is the old well-head, with medallions on either side, of
Beatrice and Dante. Bed-rooms open from the corridor, and one of these
is still called “‘ Dante’s Room,” and is preserved intact. From the outer
balcony or Loggia lovely views are obtained of Florence. The garden is
well maintained by the present owner, Signor Bondi, well known as a
maker of terra-cotta vases and other art ware.

Vit~tA Paumreri is one of the prettiest and best preserved of the
Florentine gardens. There is a grand approach from Florence, rising by
winding ascents to the terrace in front of the villa. This is surrounded
by a fine balustrade set with urns and statues, whence glorious views of
Florence, with its domes and towers, and the surrounding hills away
beyond to the valley of the Arno, are obtained.

A double flight of circular stairs leads to the gardens below, which are
laid out with a number of different enclosures with fountains, pools, and
beds and borders of flowers. One of the enclosures is flanked by a level
wall with open arches, through which you look across the fish-pond below
to the gardens opposite and to lovely views beyond.

The Vinuas Perrast and Casrenuo in the vicinity of Florence are
two Royal Palaces, the gardens of which ad oin one another. In the

448 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grounds of the former is a most beautiful fountain, surmounted by an
exceedingly fine bronze female figure representing Florence wringing
water from her hair (fig. 98). Another remarkably fine fountain is
found in the Villa Castello representing “The Wrestlers.” Above this
fountain is a wide terrace and orange garden, and from it a glimpse of
the villa is obtained in the background.

The Vitta Bosour is one of the Royal Palaces, with an art gallery
attached to the Pitti Palace. The grounds are open to the public on
certain days. It stands on a rather steep hill commanding lovely views
of Florence with its Campanile and Duomo. A raised gallery or terrace
projects from the Palace towards the gardens on which is a beautiful

Fic. 93.—FounTAIN AT VILLA PETRAJIL

fountain (fig.95). From this terrace the Royal party witnessed the games
in the fine amphitheatre in front. This is arranged in the usual style in
a semi-circle, with six tiers of stone seats, relieved at intervals with
statuary and backed up by masses of Italian cypress, giving a beautiful
setting to the statuary. In the centre of the lawn is a very fine porphyry
basin with an Egyptian obelisk. The large sloping area below the
amphitheatre is planted as a thicket of ilexes, amongst which are good
numbers of walks with the ilex foliage overhead, and through the centre
is a bold cypress avenue leading down to the “isolotto ’’ or miniature lake.
A gateway terminates the avenue, having a fine pair of stone piers
surmounted by goats.

The lakelet is surrounded by a broad flagged promenade, with many
stone seats and fine pieces of statuary. The island in the centre is

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approached by two stone bridges and the margin is surrounded by a
balustrade of excellent design (fig. 96), relieved at intervals by graceful
openings, in which are placed large Roman pots with orange and lemon
trees, which fruit profusely. In the centre isa huge fountain with a fine
figure of Oceanus.

A number of statues and smaller fountains of quaint designs are
placed round the margin of the lake, and in the water itself swimming
horses with their riders, beautifully sculptured in stone.

The whole place forms one of the finest examples of Florentine
gardening of the sixteenth century.

Fic. 98.—TeERRAcE at Isoua BEwua.

The wonderful garden of Isonua Brexia on Lake Maggiore is of later
date than the others, and in some ways is a grotesque imitation of the
earlier period, but it is yet a marvel of labour and skill. It appears to
have been a rocky, barren island, 16 acres in extent, until taken in hand
by Count Borromeo, who conceived the idea of converting it into a garden,
and he certainly. succeeded in producing some marvellous effects (fig. 97).
The whole island, excepting the area occupied by the villa, is laid out in
ten terraces, rising to a high parterre in the centre 100 ft. above water-
level. This is flanked at one side by a neat orange garden and a
somewhat grotesque theatre of Hercules. Many beautiful terraces and
stairways lead to the parterre; this and the terrace walls are enriched
with a great variety of statuary, urns, and stone vases. (Fig. 98.)

VOL. XXXIV. GG

450 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Two pavilions are erected at the southern end, between which steep
terrace walls and a succession of stairways lead to the broad terrace or
flower garden.

The formation of the beds is marked out in box edging, and many are
laid out with different coloured granite in place of flowers, giving a some-
what tawdry look to the whole. Nevertheless there are many beautiful
flowers ; roses simply luxuriate, and the whole island is fragrant with
their scent and that of many climbers and flowering shrubs. There are
many fine trees on the island, which add to the general beauty and afford
grateful shade, including cypresses, cedars, ilexes, magnolias, oleanders,
sago palms, breadfruits, and camellias, besides oranges, lemons, almonds,
pomegranates, and olives.

Fic. 99.—CyYprEsses AT VILLA D’ ESTE.

One of the most interesting and extensive of the ancient villas in the
suburbs of Rome is the VinuA D’Ests, built in 1549 by Cardinal d’ Este ;
an immense amount of labour and wealth must have been expended in
excavating, levelling, and raising the wonderful terraces to be found here.
An idea of the position can be obtained from the picture showing the
upper terrace, the position of which is most favourable, commanding views
of the lovely hilly woodlands surrounding (fig. 99), streams and waterfalls
below, and away beyond the rolling plains of Campagna. The picture
gives a good idea of the effect upon the landscape of the graceful Italian
cypress.

Below this terrace is the Fountain of Dragons, which even in its
present decaying condition shows clearly its former elegance. Extending

THE OLD GARDENS OF ITALY. 451

in a parallel line below the long terrace is the gallery of the Hundred
Fountains, which was apparently unique in its conception.

At the end of the gallery is a pile of ruins, still interesting, and
supposed to be a model of ancient Rome.

In the immediate vicinity of Rome, and on one of the ‘Seven Hills,’
is the entrance to VitLA BorGHuEsE, which has long since passed into the
hands of the city and is now a public park, and in adapting it to public
requirements much of its ancient character has been lost. Still there
are some very interesting features remaining, probably the prettiest being
the water temple (fig. 94).

The Vatican GARDENS are entered by the side of the famous
St. Peter’s, and are bounded on the west by the great block of the Vatican

Fic. 100.—In tHe GARDENS OF THE VATICAN.

buildings. Passing up the inclined road you reach the terrace overlooking
a great parterre, with possibly the finest views of the dome of St. Peter’s
to be obtained in Rome. The whole parterreis divided into compartments,
with straight walks bounded by box edging and rows of oranges and
lemons in Roman pots. Successive Popes have tried to immortalize their
names by designing their Papal arms in neatly trimmed box (fig. 100).
There is a neat enclosed garden entered from the side of the Vatican
Galleries, known as the Pine Garden, which is kept very secluded for the
Pope’s private use. It takes its name from a huge bronze fir-cone placed
at one end of the garden, below a beautiful archway. ‘The cone is believed
originally to have formed the apex of the Mausoleum of Hadrian.

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452 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE EARLY-FLOWERING VARIETIES AND THE NEG-
LECTED TYPES OF THE FLOWER.

By D. B. Crane, F.R.H.S.

‘Lecture delivered December 8, 1908].

WELL-KNOWN and reliable authorities on the cultivation of the Chry-

santhemum have, in the past, so very ably and fully dealt with this
subject, that little remains to be added to the advice so freely tendered by
them. In the present instance, therefore, 1 propose more especially to
call attention to the more neglected aspects of cultivation, and at the same
time to endeavour to show how certain beautiful types of the flower—
which some of us are disposed to regard as the ‘ Autumn Queen ’—are
very much neglected, or relegated to positions that are quite unworthy
of their undoubted merits.

First, I desire to call your attention to a race of plants that have
recently come into considerable prominence, in the hope that your
sympathy and help may be forthcoming in promoting their cultivation
in a variety of ways. I refer to the early-flowering Chrysanthemums.

It hardly seems credible that this type of the Chrysanthemum has
developed in so shori a time to the degree we see it to-day. In 1886
and a few years previous thereto, the list of cultivated varieties was a
very meagre one, and the character of the plants therein represented of
very doubtful quality. The habit of the plants at that period received
little or no consideration ; the chief concern of both raisers and growers
was merely to possess themselves of something novel and pleasing both
in the form and in the colour of the flowers.

Early-flowering varieties were not divided into sections as we have
them now, both Japanese and Pompon types being included under one
heading, ‘early-flowering Chrysanthemums.’ Of the Japanese varieties
then in cultivation, not more than one is to be seen to-day, viz. Madame
C. Desgranges, a popular white variety for many years, but now superseded
by numerous excellent white varieties of both French and English origin.

Strange to relate, the pompons in the list published at the period
already mentioned, are still very much grown. Nine or ten of the old
varieties are catalogued to-day by most specialists, and several of them
were exhibited at the recent October show.

Subsequent to this period, however, French raisers were busy, and not
a season passed without a lengthy list of novelties emanating from one or
other of them. In 1891 Mons. Simon Delaux—a genius in his day and
generation—sent out no fewer than 125 new varieties, mostly of Japanese
form, far too many for English growers to do full justice to. Of this
wonderful series, many are in cultivation to-day, and are highly esteemed
by enthusiasts who hesitate to cast off old friends that have served them
so long and so well. In the early nineties, through the continued

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 453

enterprise and persistent efforts of the same raisers, new varieties were
introduced in quick succession. The novelties were of varying worth, of
course, in consequence of which only the better ones attained distinction
and came to be freely grown. Such a result is inevitable.

With the introduction in 1894 of a Japanese variety named Madame
Marie Masse, the whole character of the early-flowering Chrysanthemums
changed. This variety was raised by Mons. Delaux and appeared to
combine all those qualities that a good garden plant should possess. It
had a good constitution, was of a very branching habit of growth, and was
exceedingly free-flowering. Although officially described as lilac-mauve,
the colour in the border was bright, and was a pleasing contrast to the
many less bright tones of colour exhibited by the early varieties. Sportive-
ness appears to have been an inherent quality of this plant, for within
a few years our gardens were made quite gay with the galaxy of colouring
represented by varieties of similar habit which were mostly sports
from the original. Cream, yellow, bronze, chestnut, cerise, pure white,
primrose, peach, and crushed strawberry, besides other intermediate tones
of colour are now represented by varieties that are sports either directly or
indirectly from Madame Marie Masse.

From this one variety the present race of early-flowering Chrysan-
themums has mostly sprung. Contrary to previous experiences, growers
were able to procure pollen quite easily from it, and they were quick to
take advantage of the opportunity of making crosses with other varieties,
the progeny of which has exceeded all expectations. The original variety
was used both as seed-bearer and as pollen-producer, and this accounts
for so many of the resulting seedlings partaking of the excellent qualities
for which the parent variety was for quite a long time famous. For
years it was an easy matter to trace the well-defined characteristics of the
parent plant in numerous varieties that were in general cultivation, but
the lapse of time has largely obliterated these traits, so that it is now quite
difficult to determine them. A matter for congratulation at this period
was the work accomplished by English raisers. Previous to this period,
however, Mr. Norman Davis, of Camberwell, and the late Mr. W. Piercy,
of Forest Hill, had been working with the early varieties, and the latter
had succeeded in raising a pompon, which he named ‘ Piercy’s Seedling.’
He was not very successful in this way, few of his seedlings achieving
notoriety, but this variety has had a wonderful history, and is grown
extensively to-day in both private and market gardens. He saw what
few other men did, and that was the possibilities of the early-flowering
varieties for market purposes and for border cultivation. He was most
enthusiastic and succeeded in inducing many growers to take up their
cultivation from a commercial point of view.

Later on, as English raisers overcame the difficulties of seed-saving,
not a season passed without the introduction of many beautiful novelties.
The result of their efforts quite eclipsed the work of Continental raisers,
so that they ultimately had the field to themselves.

In more recent years M. Nonin has succeeded, in some degree, in
reinstating French raisers. He has introduced quite an interesting
series of beautiful varieties that compare very favourably with the best of
our English seedlings. As a matter of fact, several of his novelties have

454 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been certificated by the National Chrysanthemum Society, and they have
even had Awards of Merit from the R.H.S. For these achievements we
are very pleased, as it seems to suggest that English raisers will need
to apply themselves more thoroughly to the improvement of existing
varieties, which must in the end be for the public good.

The advent of the early single-flowered Chrysanthemums has done
much to add zest to the work of raisers. Their arrival has pleased many,
and they promise to alter the character of the displays in our gardens
outdoors throughout September and October.

Within a period covered by three years, these single-flowered Chrysan-
themums have been evolved. It is safe to predict that they will be quite
as popular as the double-flowered. There are sanguine individuals
who prophesy that the early single-flowered chrysanthemums will be
even more popular than any of the other early-flowering types; and I am
disposed to support this view. The plants are so easily cultivated and are
so pleasingly varied in colour and form, as well as in their habit of growth,
that there is nothing to hinder their progress in popular esteem.

At this point, however, it is necessary to halt. In the zeal that raisers
have evinced there is a tendency to forget essentials. Admirers of these
autumn flowers are ready to acknowledge what has been achieved in
recent years and fully appreciate the progress raisers have made in
improving the plant. We have arrived at a period, however, when more
discrimination is necessary, otherwise we may have a surfeit of new
varieties of which many may be of a mediocre character only and fail to
reach the desired standard of quality. Not a season passes without
an immense number of new ones being sent up for the recognition of the
Floral Committee, and if the best interests of these early-flowering
varieties are to be served, it is imperative that a wise discrimination be
exhibited by those responsible for adjudication upon their merits.
Already the awards that have been made in favour of some new ones
have been questioned, although perhaps without justification. Never-
theless it must be admitted that the “hall mark”’ that an Award gives
to a new flower should be a protection to those who purchase the novelty
on the strength of this recognition.

There are certain essential factors which should always be embodied
in a variety that receives this special recognition. For instance, the plant
should be free-flowering and robust, sturdy and branching in its habit
of growth, and in the colour of the blossoms distinct and pleasing. A
point of considerable importance also is that the individual flowers making
the spray should be carried on a useful length of foot stalk. It should
be possible for each blossom to develop in good form without unduly
crowding its neighbour, and the spray as a whole when at its best should
carry each flower disposed in pleasing fashion. We want sprays of
blossoms in which not a single flower is wasted. When the individual
flowers forming the spray stand out distinctly one from the other, it is
possible to use them either individually or as a whole in sprays, for
decorative purposes. As a rule sprays of Chrysanthemums, which carry
their blossoms in densely-flowered clusters, form a compact head of
blossoms, the flower-stems of which are so short that it is impossible to
break them out and use them individually. When such sprays are not

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. . 455

disbudded, they are seldom utilized by those who desire to make a pretty,
artistic, floral arrangement, because they lack the grace and elegance
that the more open type of growth invariably gives. The only satis-
factory method of dealing with plants of this description, is to disbud
to one or three buds on each shoot.

Keener discrimination appears to be necessary by those who determine
the merits of new varieties, so that only the more useful plants are
recognized. Their usefulness should be gauged on lines somewhat similar
to those I have ventured to express.

We have a host of early-flowering varieties that fall short of the
standard required (and now reached by some of the newer ones), that may
well be dispensed with, notwithstanding the sentiment that attaches to
many of them.

The cultivation of early-flowering Chrysanthemums has extended by
leaps and bounds. For many years they have been popular garden plants,
and as the flowers have improved, they have increased in popularity.
Many of them will pass through the severest winter season without loss
or inconvenience, and in less severe weather the majority of old stools
will come through the ordeal unscathed. The ease with which the plants
may be propagated should be a further inducement to take up their
cultivation. Cuttings inserted in January, as the days appreciably begin
to lengthen, invariably root quickly and easily, and their propagation by
this means may be continued until May. Pretty plants result from a
May insertion of the cuttings. Plants of the ‘Madame Marie Masse’
type produce numerous underground, sucker-like growths, that make the
division of the plants a matter of comparative ease, It is astonishing
what one old stool will divide up into. There are many newer varieties
that may be dealt with in similar fashion, and if the division of the
roots takes place in early March, the future success of the divided portions
is assured,

Of the early-flowering varieties, the pompons in later years have been
supplanted by their more fantastic rivals of Japanese origin. They have
been neglected, not because they do not possess excellent characteristics,
but probably because the individual flowers are not quite so attractive in
appearance. As border plants they are ideal, and their growth in most
instances is sturdy and branching. They develop a marvellous crop of
dainty flowers, some much larger than others, and with additions made to
the section in recent years, there are many very desirable plants now
available. When planted in bold groups, or in beds by themselves, they
are most effective, and as they keep in good condition for quite a long
time, they have a claim upon our consideration when planting for
autumnal effects. Only the better ones should be grown, however.

May I now direct your attention to the Anemone-flowered Chrysan-
themums that come into flower in late October, and continue to provide
a display of their quaint and curious blossoms throughout the whole of
November and, in some instances, in early December ?

Why these beautiful Chrysanthemums are not more freely grown quite
passes my comprehension. Except for an occasional representation of
highly-cultivated blooms at a few of our leading shows, these charming
decorative blossoms are seldom met with. A few of the public parks do

456 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them well, but how seldom are the Anemone-flowered types seen in the
collections of private growers !

There are three distinct types of the Anemone-flowered Chrysan-
themums, viz :—large-flowered, Japanese, and pompon. The first are
very beautiful, having regularly arranged ray florets and a high, neatly
formed centre or disc. The Japanese are of more fantastic form, the
ray florets in many varieties being less regularly arranged; in some
blooms they are narrow and much twisted, in others broad and curled, and
in some instances the ray florets droop and form an elegant fringe. As
the name suggests, the pompon-anemones are miniature editions of their
larger flowered rivals and as decorative material in a cut state, they are
exceedingly pretty.

The rage for large blooms of other sections is no doubt responsible for
the apathy on the part of growers towards the Anemone-flowered Chrysan-
themums. Their cultivation is not by any means difficult: there are
varieties that are less easy to grow than others, but taking the series
as a whole, those who are disposed to grow them will find their cultivation
not in the least difficult.

Chrysanthemum Societies throughout the country are largely respon-
sible for the neglect of this and some other groups of Chrysanthemum
Those responsible for their government tell us that they are established
‘to promote the cultivation of the Chrysanthemum’ &c. &c., but apparently
of the Japanese section only, if we-may judge from the character of most
of their displays. Incurved varieties are provided for too, but in a
diminishing degree each successive year.

This unwise partiality for the Japanese varieties has ousted the
beautiful Anemone-flowered types from shows and from private gardens
as a consequence. There was a time, not a great many years since, when
the plants of this type were associated quite freely with other types of
this flower in groups arranged for effect, but they are rarely seen
nowadays. | .

It is to their decorative value, however, that I especially desire to draw
attention. Biooms of the highest quality may be obtained by disbudding
the plants to three or four buds on each, but to see the Anemone-
flowered varieties at their best the plants should be grown in bush-like
fashion or else grown on to their terminal buds, and these thinned out to
some extent. Hach method has its advocates.

By pinching out the points of the shoots in early spring and repeating
this treatment at intervals on each succeeding six inches of growth,
beautiful bush-like plants may be developed. The last pinching of the
growths should be done towards the end of June, after which the
plants should be grown on to the terminal buds. When the buds are
sufficiently developed, all except the largest and best shaped bud in the
cluster should be removed, thus retaining one terminal bud on each shoot.
Bushy plants formed in the manner I have suggested, should present a
beautiful appearance at the flowering time and should be freely studded
with dainty blossoms of good form, that are invaluable for indoor decora-
tion. As plants for greenhouse or conservatory embellishment, they are
very charming, pleasingly contrasting with other types of the flower.
Plants of each of the three types may be treated in similar fashion,

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 457

although when disbudding the pompons [ should be disposed to retain
three buds on each shoot.

As the pompons are smaller blossoms than the large-flowered types
they should be grown in freer fashion.

This freer method of growing the Anemone-flowered varieties was
beautifully exemplified some years ago at Glasnevin Botanic Gardens,
Dublin. It was my good fortune to be shown round by the popular
Curator, Mr. Moore, who had conceived the idea of growing a large
number of plants, each to carry some two dozen flowers. The Anemones
were never better represented.

Almost all types of the Chrysanthemum were exhibited on this occa-
sion, and the contrast in both colour and form, and the great wealth of
blossoms represented in the fine display convinced me of the importance
of regarding the cultivation of the Chrysanthemum from a broader and
more comprehensive point of view.

The November-flowering pompons, too, are seldom provided for in
the manner they justly deserve. Exhibitions here and there throughout
the United Kingdom, occasionally have them represented, but mostly in
severely disbudded form. ‘The flowers in any form are interesting, and
good cultivation such as is invariably seen in blooms of exhibition
standard, causes their true character to be revealed. Freely grown
pompons, however, are far more attractive as decorative plants than
rigidly disbudded specimens, and flowers gathered from plants grown in
this way, provide sprays of blossoms of a most charming description.
The Chelmsford Chrysanthemum Society used to include in their show
a class for six branches of undisbudded or freely-flowered pompon
Chrysanthemums, and the display made by the exhibitors in this com-
petition was convincing proof of their worth as decorative material.

A partial disbudding is better than the rigorous disbudding, practised
by most growers of exhibition blooms. There are many of the older
varieties that form dense cluster-sprays that must be partially disbudded
if they are to be represented in really pleasing form. In so far as their
habit is concerned, most of the plants are fairly dwarf and sturdy—tall
plants are quite an exception.

Displays in the public parks not seldom include a few pompons, but
these are mostly of certain popular varieties that have some distinguish-
ing characteristic to justify their inclusion in the collection of Chrysan-
themums. No attempt is made to grow a collection of say a dozen
varieties, so that the general public have no opportunity of judging of the
real merit of these flowers.

Plants of the pompon varieties should be treated as reeommended for
the Anemone-flowered group. Bushy plants should be formed by pinch-
ing the growths from time to time in this way making the foundation of
capital specimen plants. A few varieties are rather late in coming into
flower, but in most cases their cultivation is of the simplest.

The miniature-flowered pompons form another group that nas not
received the recognition it deserves. The two most popular varieties are
Snowdrop (white) and Primrose League (yellow). These two varieties
are grown more than the others, but even they are less extensively
cultivated than they should be.

458 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Partially disbudded sprays are beautiful in the extreme, and naturally
grown plants produce charming sprays useful for many decorative
purposes. The miniature-flowered pompons come into blossom rather
later than the ordinary large-flowered mid-season varieties. The latter
half of November may be considered their proper season of flowering,
although it is quite an easy matter to have them in good form in early
December.

The miniature-flowered pompons are seldom seen in public displays,
except perhaps at the December shows of the National Chrysanthemum
Society, where they are exhibited in vases and in a class for six bunches
without any restriction as to varieties.

The same may be said of the spider-web-like and thread-petalled types
of the flower. In this group there are several varieties that have little
to commend them. ‘There are, however, a fair number of most interesting
ones, of which far too little is known. This section has been neglected
by the vast majority of growers whose knowledge of the charms of these
quaint flowers is very limited. It may be that an opportunity of seeing
the flowers has never presented itself, and this may account for the
apparent lack of appreciation of them. For December flowering the
spidery varieties are extremely useful, more especially in decorations
where they may be disposed in sprays with long stems. ‘Mrs. Wm.
Filkins,’ ‘King of Plumes,’ and ‘Mrs. James Carter’ are three interest-
ing varieties, of quite distinct form. Market growers are now cultivating
a few of the better and stronger-growing ones, and this may have the
effect of creating more interest in the section.

Neglect of the single-flowered types can no longer be laid to the
charge of growers. In most gardens these free-flowering decorative
Chrysanthemums are now represented. They are divided into two
sections, viz. small-flowered, and large-flowered. The small-flowered
type includes varieties having flowers two inches or less in diameter, and
the large-flowered section includes all single Chrysanthemums exceeding
a diameter of two inches. By far the larger proportion of singles belong
to the latter section, and are of varying form, colour and size.

A true single should not contain more than a double row of ray
florets and these should form a dense fringe round a not over-large disc
or centre. Many popular varieties of to-day possess considerably more
than two rows of florets. In recent years encouragement has been given
to varieties that flower in profusion, in which the number of rows of
florets is not regarded in quite the same light as formerly. The
decorative value of the variety is of primary importance, and in this
connection colour, of course, plays an important part. ‘The rigid lines
laid down by the older florists do not receive the respect formerly accorded
to them ; instead, a more practical view is taken of the newer varieties
when they are submitted for adjudication, and their decorative qualities
are considered of paramount importance. Some of the awards of recent
years have been quite inexplicable to the older florists, many of whom fail
to see the slightest claim to distinction in the newer varieties. But
when regarded as plants for greenhouse and conservatory decoration, ©
where their profuse flowering is of primary importance, the justice of the
decisions in their favour is unquestionable.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM, 459

The remarks applied to the early-flowering out-door singles apply
with even greater force to the later ones. The latter should provide a
display of blossoms from late October until December is well advanced,
and throughout this somewhat lengthy period the demand for the single-
flowered varieties is increasing in a remarkable degree.

Densely-flowered cluster-sprays are distinctly top-heavy, and are there-
fore less sought after than those having their flowers on long foot-stalks.

Fic. 101.—CurysaNTHEMUM ‘CALEDONIA.’
(Award of Merit, November 24, 1908. See p. cexliii.)

A very large proportion of the varieties catalogued by the specialists to-
day are too weak in the flower-stalks. Instead of the flowers being held
in an upright position, they droop their heads, and the flower stalks
lack the stout and erect character that is essential.

In judging of the merit of the single-flowered Chrysanthemums, the
number of rows of ray florets should not preclude any variety from the
possibility of gaining a certificate of quality, provided there are not too

460 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many rows to justify the flowers being regarded as semi-double. Colour
and general decorative utility appear to be points of primary importance,
and if they, together with a good bushy habit, be represented in the
plant, surely these points are sufficient in themselves to justify special
recognition.

In recent years there has been a disposition to describe the single
flowers having several rows of florets, as decorative-singles, but what of
the others? Are they not decorative, and if so, should they not be
classed in the same way? Exhibiting has its advantages, but if in en-
couraging the exhibition types we are eliminating the better decorative
elements of the flowers, the sooner a different standard of quality is set
the better. After all, it is their practical value that must have first
consideration.

The form of the single-flowered Chrysanthemums has changed very
considerably in recent years. We are now acquiring a number of
varieties that are more fantastic and pleasing than the even, regular
flowers that were regarded as ideal in earlier days. The suggestion has
been made that blooms with twisted, curled, drooping and otherwise
curious-shaped florets should be placed in a new section under the
descriptive title of ‘ Japanese Singles.’

This suggestion might well be carried into effect to the advantage of

all concerned. Many admirers of the fantastic singles have a decided
preference for flowers of this form over the more even and regular blooms
that first found favour. A number of new varieties of this class are
added every year, and as their decorative qualities become better known
there is reason to believe they will oust the earlier race of flowers from
their proud position, as the Japanese have done the incurved blooms in
the double-flowered sections.

The so-called Japanese singles can already be obtained in infinite
variety of form, and the stellate character of many of the flowers
ensures their effective use in artistic floral decorations.

Recently we have seen varieties in which the inflorescence is
carried a long way down the spray, and distinctly pretty they are.
The older florist, however, has already shown his disapproval of their
recognition, and in no uncertain terms has said, they are only fit for the
rubbish heap. Novelty in this respect should be encouraged and blind
prejudice should be ignored.

The most satisfactory fact regarding the single-flowered Chrysan-
themums is that market growers are beginning to appreciate their value.
These growers, however, are very hard to please. An esgéntial factor in
their opinion is that the flowers should travel well.

Varieties having stiff stout florets appear to find more favour with
market men as they are less likely to get damaged in transit from their
gardens to the various markets. It may be that they will in time conceive
a new or better way of packing the single-flowered ones and then they
may be more disposed to grow other varieties than the limited selection
their present rule imposes on them.

The market growers also say that the eye or centre of the flower is
too large in most instances. ‘They are so emphatic in this assertion that
they unblushingly state “all you see in some flowers is the eye.’ This

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 461

may be a failing with some varieties, but we fail to see any real
disadvantage, as the yellow or greenish-yellow colouring of the eye
invariably contrasts pleasingly with the ray florets when they are well
disposed round the same. This seems to point to the need for possessing
ourselves of singles with good and distinct colours, in which case they
would far outshine the eye in their attractiveness.

The claims of varieties suitable for market growers are now receiving
attention. Hitherto Japanese blooms of medium size have received little
notice from leading societies. Many very beautiful varieties have been
_ ignored because they failed to attain to the high standard of quality set
up by exhibitors of the Japanese Chrysanthemums. Within the last two
years the whole state of affairs has altered, and many charming varieties
have been recognized by an Award because they have a special value for
decorative purposes and for market growers.

It is astonishing what an “impetus this recognition has given to the
cultivation of medium-sized flowers. Market men are quick to appreciate
the recognition of their claims.

Essential characteristics of all blooms intended for market purposes
are that should they be produced on stout, erect flower stalks, which
should be clothed with foliage, and, most important of all, the petals
should be of sufficient substance to travel without bruising unduly.

Good and distinct colours of pleasing tones have a greater interest
for market growers than those of dowdy or less interesting shades of
colour, and now that a standard of quality has been set up we may look
forward to the future with confidence. Our greenhouses and conserva-
tories are destined to present a more gay appearance in the dull season
of the year than would have been the case were the smaller flowers
ignored.

In the hope that these praiseworthy efforts will still be persisted in,
we may safely leave the matter in the hands of the Chrysanthemum
specialists to maintain the well-being of the flower.

462 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. f

HIGH NITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS.

WitrH SitmpteE METHODS OF OBTAINING THEM FOR HORTICULTURE.

By W. D. Scorr-Monorierr, F.R.H.S.

[Lecture delivered January 26, 1909.]}

Our knowledge regarding the natural processes that reduce organic
matter to its original inorganic elements is of recent date. There is
a distinction between the contributions of those who have made more
or less speculative suggestions and the pioneers who have not only
taken up a theory but have succeeded by actual experiments to positive
proof. Although Cagniard de la Tour and Schwamm in the beginning
of the last century demonstrated that yeast was a living plant, and that
putrefaction was due to something in the air that could be destroyed
by heat, the catalytic theory, so fiercely advocated by Liebig and his
followers, delayed the acceptance of the germ theory for more than
thirty years, and it is to the illuminating genius of Pasteur that we
are indebted for having proved the connection of microscopic life and
all forms of putrefaction without an exception of any kind. The
suggestions made by Dupré in 1886 that sewage discharged into a river
might be purified by the cultivation of low organisms on a large scale
may very well have emanated from the labours of the great Frenchman,
but the vagueness of the proposal shows how little was really known of
these vast natural processes even twenty years ago.

The first application in this country of the knowledge of bacteriologists
that certain organisms had the power of liquefying organic matters was
made by myself in 1891 in what are known as the Ashtead experiments,
in which there was a tank, of a peculiar construction, filled with large flints
that provided surfaces for the propagation of the organisms contained in
the sewage from a household of about ten persons.

The process referred to was a purely putrefactive one, and the results

obtained were due to the work of anaérobic organisms and their ferments,
which break down the organic matter into simpler molecular forms, and
so prepare the polluted liquid for the further purification carried on by
different kinds of organisms working under highly aérobic conditions.
My efforts to solve the second half of the problem, involving the
oxidation of the substances that may be spoken of as being on the
way to final mineralization, were not rewarded with much success, and
it was not until 1897 that I devised a very simple apparatus that
produced results far in excess of any other process. The arrangement
is shown on the accompanying diagram (fig. 102), and consists of a series
of superimposed trays, each containing suitable filtering material, so that
the liquid could drip from one to the other, with an ample provision of
air in the spaces between the trays.

463

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HIGH NITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS

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ARRANGEMENT OF FILTERING TRays.

Fic. 102.—D1aGraM SHOWING

464 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The disadvantage of this form of filtration is that the cost of con-
struction on a large scale is practically prohibitive, and it only quite
recently occurred to me that, although this is true, nevertheless an
apparatus of quite moderate dimensions is sufficient for the purposes
of horticulture, and is capable of supplying an almost perfect plant food—
say, up to 150 gallons each twenty-four hours at an altogether nominal
working expenditure.

It is on the strength of these facts that I ventured to offer a paper for
the acceptance of this Society, and I shall now give a more detailed
description of the apparatus and say something of the chemical trans-
formations which it is capable of producing.

It will be well to say something in the first place about the general
principles that are involved in a solution of the problem of converting
the organic substances of sewage into their mineral equivalents by the
aid of the bacterial action of a percolating filter. It is now many years
since I laid down the proposition that, excluding temperature, which in
practice is a question of climate, there are four, and only four, factors to be
dealt with. These are (1) the rate of flow, or, in other words, the quantity
per unit of time that should be discharged on the filter; (2) the depth
of filter required to give any desired standard of purification; (3) the
period of rest between each discharge ; and (4) the amount of air necessary
to enable the nitrifying organisms to carry out their work to the greatest
advantage. So far as I know this statement has never been contra-
dicted, and my contention is that in every case there should be an exact
estimation of these factors in order to know how the best results can
be obtained. Of course in comparing the results of identical conditions
upon different liquids, the filtering materials must also be identical.

Dealing with the first of the four factors, in order to discover the best
rate of flow, it is necessary to make estimations by error; but in practice
it has been found that, in dealing with ordinary domestic sewage, with
a well-constructed filter, the rate of flow may be taken at an average of
about 1,000,000 gallons to each acre in every twenty-four hours, or at the
rate of one gallon to each foot each hour. It has also been shown by the
installation of these bacterial trays at Caterham that the rate of flow for
any given standard of purification must be inversely as the amount of
organic nitrogen contained in the sewage itself—that is to say, for a
sewage of double the strength the rate of flow would have to be reduced
by 50 per cent., of three times the strength by 66 per cent., and so on
proportionately in every case.

With regard to the second factor—that of filtering depth required for
any given surface area and rate of flow—it is obvious that in the case of
the trays this speaks for itself, because, if the filter is made deep enough
to begin with in the testing experiment, it is only necessary to select
the tray that gives the required standard of nitrification. To obtain the
highest possible the flow must be reduced until the highest is produced.

The third factor—that of the best period of rest between each
discharge—is a very important one. When it is realized that time is
a necessary element of the process it is obvious that, if the organic
matter is delivered to the organisms more quickly than they can deal
with it, or under unfavourable conditions, then there must be an

HIGH NITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS. 465

accumulation in the filter itself, and this soon gives rise to trouble,
not only by choking it up, but on account of the undigested substances
having a tendency to lower its efficiency.

On a large scale this element of rest in the form of an intermittent
discharge can be arranged by altering the rate at which the distributing
apparatus passes over any particular spot, but for the purposes of
experiment and producing an oxidized effluent upon a scale suitable
for use in a garden or under glass, I have devised an apparatus which
consists of a tilting apparatus discharging the sewage to be dealt with on
an even surface over a perforated tray, and the period between each
discharge is regulated by means of weights which are so placed as to
control the tilting of the tipper to any periods required. In order to avoid
the difficulty of dealing with a very small orifice I have also devised a
gauging box, in which the liquid is discharged over a sloping surface,
and then into a trough, in such a way that any required quantity may run
to waste, and a measured balance be thrown into the apparatus for distri-
bution.

Turning your attention to the drawing (fig. 102), it should be observed
that as each of the filtering trays gives a definite result in the form
of chemical changes, it follows that the food supply of the organisms
must be correspondingly altered, and that there is therefore every reason
to believe that the organisms are changed both in character and kind
in correspondence with the altered environment which occurs in each
successive tray.

This action, taken as a whole, is known as symbiotic, in which the
work of one organism is, as it were, handed over to another to complete.
In theory there should be distinct survivals, each produced by natural
selection, so that first the organic nitrogen is reduced to nitrogen as
ammonia, secondly to nitrogen as nitrites, and last of all to nitrates
in combination with a base such as lime or soda, which is the final
change from the organic to the original inorganic form.

The table on the next page shows what actually occurred in the Ashtead
experiments. ach line gives the work that has been carried out in each
tray ; and, although it is difficult to identify all the organisms that produce
the various changes, it is quite certain that the conditions throughout are
inimical to the life of the anaérobic and putrefactive organisms that come
over from the cultivation tank, and it has been shown that at any rate
there is a great diminution in the numbers of the Bacillus coli communis,
which is a characteristic organism in crude and septic sewage.

When the vast numbers and the varieties of the organisms engaged
in the work of purification are realized, and the fact that they carry out
the most complicated chemical changes, it will be readily understood that
the scientific aspects of the problem are quite inexhaustible. From a
practical point of view, on the other hand, nothing could be of more
primitive simplicity, and all that the gardener is called upon to deal
with is a few ordinary wooden boxes placed one above the other with
perforated bottoms and filled with coke. In cases where a sufficient
fall is available the sewage may be simply strained and discharged into
a tank fixed at a level that will allow of its contents passing on to the
distributor, or it may be pumped up by hand into a tank at convenient

VOL. XXXIV. H H

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

466

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‘SWNSINVOUO ONIAMIULIN AD NOILVZITVYUANIN JO SHDVIS AAISSHOONS DNIMOHS WAIEVi

HIGH NITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS. 467

intervals, say once in twenty-four hours, and in that case may be taken
from a cesspool. The amount of attention required is practically mil, but
a few minutes should be devoted to it every morning to see that the
apparatus is working properly.

Dealing now with the economic aspect of the apparatus, the aaaite
obtained in continuous working over a period of many years are so high
as to place its value beyond all question. Sir Wm. Crookes, in his
presidential address to the British Association at Bristol in 1898,
estimated the loss arising from the wasted sewage of this country alone
at £16,000,000 per annum—a sum that would pay three per cent. on
a capital expenditure of £320,000,000 and still provide £6,400,000 per
annum for wages and depreciation. Seeing that ninety per cent. nitrifica-
tion of the total nitrogen in the effluents from ordinary sewage can be
obtained by the Ashtead apparatus, it follows that if the same conditions
could be applied to all the sewage of this country there would be a saving
of £14,000,000 out of the £16,000,000 referred to, with a margin for
gaseous losses as well. In these estimates it must be observed that
the nitrogen is not in a state that can be dealt with as an article of
commerce, seeing that it is diluted with enormous quantities of water,
which could only be conveyed in pipes to the points required. It is
therefore necessary to deal with the liquid form as we find it.

The following is the standard solution adopted by Nobbe as a
model plant food supplied in parts per 100,000 :

Lime . - 160 | Chlorine peed Ea.
Magnesia. 2) -O Oxide of iron : Bae 0
Potash . . 810 | Nitrogen : : aa oh
Phosphoric acid. bl ee Fe]

There is no doubt that all these substances are to be found in the
effluents from ordinary sewage; but the most important of them, from
a manurial point of view, is the nitrogen. Upon comparing the results
from the Ashtead apparatus with these figures it will be seen that the
nitrogen obtained in an available form from the average of the eighth and
ninth trays, or 4 feet 3 inches of filtering depth, is 8°16 per 100,000,
which is almost identical with the figure given by Nobbe.

Dr. Voelcker, in a letter to the late Mr. Pidgeon, speaks of this
solution as “ containing those constituents, and the amount of each,
which have been found to be requisite for plant growth, and the absence
of any of which or the supply in markedly lesser quantity of which
would produce deterioration, while the larger supply of any of which
would not be attended by increased benefit.”’

Turning now to the productiveness of small areas under highly
artificial conditions—a paper by Mr. Bear appeared in the Journal of the
Royal Agricultural Society for 1889 in which he gives the return of
erapes at an average of 12 tons from the acre, or 14 tons from grapes in
full bearing, and tomatos at an average of 20 tons from the acre, both crops
to a great extent being grown on the same acreage. I have no figures
to show the cost of fertilizers required in order to produce these marvellous
results, which if generally realized would postpone the pressure of popula-
tion upon food supplies among civilized communities for an indefinite time ;

HH 2

468 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but if, instead of carrying on their business in places selected for other
reasons, the owners of glasshouses were to settle near sewage outfalls,
where such effluents were available, they would get their fertilization for
nothing, presuming that the communities producing the sewage regarded
it as of as little value as they do at present.

Coming to the practice of nitrification on a small scale, sufficient |
for the production of about 150 gallons of highly fertilizing effluent each
twenty-four hours, the surface area of the filtering trays would require
to be six square feet. It will be noticed that they are shown 3 feet in
length, in which case the width would be 2 feet. Any hard material,
graded properly, serves as a filtering medium; but, seeing that the
Ashtead results were obtained from hard coke from the gasworks graded
to particles of 1 inch to } inch—and this is generally available—it would
be as well to use it in preference to anything else.

The filtering boxes or trays are supported upon an upright frame-
work, which must be strengthened by struts or stays unless the posts
can be fixed above to the ceiling or rafters of a shed. It will be noticed
that provision is made for sliding them out and in like drawers. When
once the distributing apparatus is started it works continuously night and
day with practically no attention, and the only requisite is a little patience
to allow of the filter’s ‘“‘maturing ’’ or becoming ripe, which they begin to
do very rapidly, so that a high nitrification should begin to be obtainable
in about three weeks from the date of starting. When once established,
the nitrification goes on automatically and without cessation.

Before concluding, it may be well to anticipate any criticism based upon
the value of the nitrogen obtained, say in 24 hours from the apparatus,
in terms of the market price of nitrates, and to point out that the effluents
spoken of are very different from the same quantity of water containing
one or two pennyworths of nitrate of soda. The estimate of value must
be taken from the manurial qualities of the natural plant-food as a whole.
At Caterham, upon a hungry chalk soil, the growth of dahlias was
phenomenal after watering with the effluent from the barrack sewage.
The plants were about six feet in height, sixteen feet in circumference,.
and covered with blooms. I do not know of any other manure that would
have given similar results.

When Warrington in 1850 read his paper before the Chemical Society
on “The Adjustment of the Relations between the Animal and Vegetable
Kingdoms, by which the vital functions of both are permanently main-
tained,” he struck the highest note possible in connection with the
final solution of the sewage problem; and it is because this very simple
apparatus does to a great extent realize this conception in practice at
very small cost that I have ventured to bring it before the notice of this
Society.

GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW AND GOOSEBERRY CULTIVATION. 469

GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW AND GOOSEBERRY CULTIVATION.

THE PRESENT ASPECT OF THE QUESTION.

By Professor JAakos Erixsson, Ph.D., Hon. F.R.H.S.,
of the Experimentalfiltet, Stockholm as on p. 472.

1. The Native Country of the Fungus.—The American gooseberry-
mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae, Berk.) is a native of North America
where it has been known at least seventy years. It has ruined partially
or entirely the cultivation of gooseberries in North America, especially
of the European varieties, which are improved descendants of the species
Ribes Grossularia.

2. The Immigration and the Spread of the Disease in Europe.—The
disease has spread in Europe from two centres, one in the east and one
in the west.

From the eastern centre the spread seems to have commenced about
the year 1890, or a year or two earlier. The disease was then introduced
into a garden in Winnitzy, in Podolia (South-West Russia), by means
of directly imported American gooseberry-bushes. In 1890 it appeared
in the town of Winnitzy and its neighbourhood. Thence it spread to
the Government of Moskva and to the Baltic Provinces. In the year
1904 the disease had become established in European Russia in ten
widely separated localities, and subsequently it has spread from Russia
to the neighbouring European countries.

From the western centre the disease began to spread about ten years
later, viz. in 1900, when it was introduced simultaneously into Ireland
and into Denmark. Since then it has spread from these places to other
States of North-Western and North Europe.

At the present moment we may mention as the most affected countries
of Kurope—Russia, Finland, North-East Germany, Ireland, Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway.

3. The Intensity of the Disease.—Since its introduction into Europe
the disease has increased in virulence, and there are no signs at all that
indicate any weakening of the fungus.

4. The Susceptibility of Different Varieties of Gooseberry.—No ditter-
ence of susceptibility between different varieties of gooseberry has yet been
noticed sufficient to afford ground for believing that the disease can be
fought by means of resistant varieties.

5. The Disease Attacking other Species of Planis.—The fungus
has also been observed in some localities on Ribes nigrum, BR. rubrum,
fi. aureum, &e., but, so far as I know, in no place very abundantly. In
one place of South Sweden the fungus appeared on Rubus [daews in two
consecutive years.

6. The Outbreak of the Disease.—In many cases we can distinguish
between the spring, summer, and autumn outbreaks.

The spring outbreak—occurring at Stockholm from the middle to the

470 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

end of June—on the young fruits, sometimes on the young shoots as well,
is to be referred to external infection, either (1) from hibernated perithecia
on the same or neighbouring bushes, or (2) from berries or shoots already
covered with the white powder consisting of the spores.

The swnvmer outbreak—at Stockholm from the middle to the end
of July—(1) on young newly planted bushes is not caused only by
external infection with the white powder from diseased bushes growing
in another place ; in many cases I believe that an invisible germ of disease
already exists within the young bushes themselves at the planting time.
Nor is the summer outbreak (2) on older bushes, previously seriously
attacked and heavily pruned, to be explained in all cases only by means
of external infection from other diseased bushes; here, too, we must
suppose an invisible germ of disease incorporated within the bush during
the previous year of disease.

The autumn outbreak, August—October, is principally to be referred
to external infection caused by other diseased bushes.

7. The Spread of the Disease during the period of Vegetation takes
place principally through the carrying of the spores on solid objects, living
or dead, and also, through shorter distances, by means of the wind. The
spread is often capricious, being sometimes of greater, sometimes of less,
extent than we have had reason to expect.

8. The Spraying with Fungicides generally Insufficient This
treatment helps only for the moment. The success of the spraying
depends not only on the power of the fungicide to kill the spores or
the threads of the fungus, but also on the manner of growth of the
plant sprinkled. Now the continuous putting out of new shoots and the
folded foliage of its tops, make the gooseberry bush difficult of access for
the purpose of spraying. Spraying is therefore needless trouble and
useless expense. :

9. The Pruning of Diseased Young Shoots.—Such a pruning dwring
the summer can be effective only in rare cases where the bush is but
slightly affected; that is to say, if the diseased shoot is immediately
observed and removed, and if, neither before nor during the process,
nor after the removal of the diseased part, the contagion is carried to
other shoots of the same bush. It being impossible, however, to estimate
these chances beforehand, we can by no means rely on the shoot-pruning
process during the summer as being a sure means of combating the
disease, or on its being a method advisable in practice. Such a pruning
may become the best ally of the enemy.

The pruning of diseased shoots late im the autwmn, October-
November, is capable of diminishing the strength of the next spring |
outbreak on the same bush and its nearest neighbours; but, as a rule,
it does not prevent the outbreak of the disease in the following summer,
and besides, it cannot be carried out with thoroughness, as far as the
pruning of seriously diseased older bushes is concerned. The autumn
pruning, therefore, would be a dangerous weapon in the enemy’s hand.

10. The Cutting Down of Diseased Bushes late in the Autumn.—
yen when diseased bushes have been cut down to the ground, all cuttings
burnt, and the ground sprayed and limed—two years consecutively—this
proceeding has, so far as I know, in no case been able to eradicate the

GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW AND GOOSEBERRY CULTIVATION. 47]

fungus. In the following summer—at Stockholm from the middle to
the end of July—the disease has again appeared on the new shoots, which
up to that time had been apparently healthy, and within a short time—
one or two weeks at most—it has been found seriously attacking the
whole plantation. |

A telling instance is given by a grower in South Sweden. In a letter
of June 23, 1908, he writes as follows: “In 1905 I ordered from a
nursery at Stockholm a hundred gooseberry bushes of different varieties
for the purpose of planting in a garden where gooseberry bushes had
never been cultivated before. The next summer I had the mildew on
every plant. Then I cut all the bushes to the ground, and sprayed the
tops of the shoots as well as the ground with a solution of potassium
sulphide and lime-wash; I repeated this treatment in the autumn of
the same year, as well as in the spring and autumn of 1907. It is true
that some plants died, but the bushes that were left appeared, relatively,
vigorous. These were sprayed thoroughly last spring, 1908, with a strong
solution of bluestone (copper sulphate), lime, and imperial green. In
spite of these energetic measures every bush shows at this moment, and
has shown for the last two weeks, the disease in its most marked form.
And what is especially sad is that I have, in the immediate neigh-
bourhood, another garden with a large number of older gooseberry bushes,
and here, too, the disease has now appeared, thus endangering the
cultivation of the gooseberry in the whole district, where the mildew has
hitherto been unknown.”

It may be added that the above-mentioned plants came from a nursery
which I had examined in the autumn of 1905, without being able to
discover a single trace of the disease.

11. Is the Disease Internal m the Gooseberry-plant? It is a
common idea that this mildew, like all other kinds of mildew, is confined
to the surface only of the plant attacked, and that it lives so superficially
on it that the mycelium does not penetrate into the interior of the tissue,
but only sends minute suckers (haustoria) into the epidermis-cells, which
are poor in nutritious substances. This theory, however, scarcely explains
how the fungus is capable not only of rapidly and thoroughly covering
the surface of the attacked organ with a cobweb overgrowth, but also of
causing great damage to the organ itself, and even of destroying it com-
pletely.

This theory is insufficient to explain the numerous experiences gained
during the last few years concerning the gooseberry-mildew. I cannot,
therefore, but suppose that the fungus is able to live—perhaps in a form
very difficult of recognition—within the diseased shoot itself, and to
thoroughly infect the interior of it. At the end of the period of
vegetation, late in the autumn, a sap thus poisoned is diffused down
through the stock and the root. In the following season this sap-
stream rises again in the plant, and causes in a few days a new outbreak
of the disease.

That such an internal symbiosis through the whole plant really
exists in corn-plants, seriously attacked by different kinds of rust, is a
matter that nowadays can hardly be disputed, even though some links
in the chain of evidence are still wanting.

472 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Microscopical examinations of young shoots of gooseberries, healthy
as well as diseased, support the hypothesis, though to thoroughly prove
the truth of it may take many years of investigation.

12. The Inspection of Nurseries.—The experiences gained in Sweden
during the years 1905 and 1906 prove plainly the worthlessness of such
inspections. In ‘September 1905 I and my assistant, Dr. T. Wulff,
examined all the beds of gooseberries at Experimentalfiiltet (Royal
Agricultural Academy, Stockholm), and Dr. T. Hedlund (Agricultural
College, Alnarp) inspected those at Ramldésa, near Helsingborg. Both
the nurseries were declared free from disease. In spite of this, the fungus
was found in the summer, 1906, universally and seriously attacking not
only both these nurseries, but many other gardens in different parts of
Sweden: gardens that had received plants from the nurseries in 1905 or,
in some cases even, in 1904.

Thus it is impossible to ascertain with certainty, by means of inspection,
whether a plantation is really healthy or not. The only thing that can
be said after such an examination is whether the disease has been detected
in the plantation or not.

13. The Rooting-wp and Burning of Diseased Bushes.—The safest
step is to uproot and burn the bushes attacked, but this must be done
before it is too late. ‘This is the only way of saving the gardens still free
from disease. No new bushes must be planted in infected localities.

In localities where the disease already exists to a serious extent and
where it is already too late to adopt this precaution, private growers must
choose between (1) rooting-up and burning the diseased bushes, and (2)
pruning, spraying, and liming them late in the autumn.

14. Can the Gooseberry-Culture of Europe still be saved ?—There is
hope of its being saved only if the authorities and growers unite in
fighting the enemy, and continue the combat with energy and persistence
for two or three years. The highest agricultural authorities of every
country ought to issue prohibitions against the importation of gooseberry-
plants, or parts of them, and against the transportation of them from
garden to garden, and ought also to order the private growers to imme- .
diately destroy every diseased bush without delay. The authorities of
every country ought to beg the growers to strictly observe these decrees,
and should appoint officials under whose control the fight may be carried
out. Private growers must learn to understand that energetic and speedy
action will be the only way of saving the plantations which are still
free from disease; and fortunately we can say that, in most European
countries where gooseberries are cultivated, the greater part of the
gardens are still healthy.

‘Norr.—It may be well to point out, for the benefit of those fruit growers whose
opportunities do not allow them to keep pace with current mycological research, since
an important recommendation rests chiefly upon it, that Prof. Eriksson’s theory of
the presence of an invisible, or practically invisible, germ of disease in the cells of the
infected plant has not found acceptance among mycologists in this country, and only to
a very small extent among foreign botanists. The majority regard it as an unnecessary
hypothesis, and many as being altogether disproved even in the case of the rust of
corn.——Eprror. |

THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA.

473

THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA.
By Auaricus Deumarp, F.R.H.S. |

THis garden, situated in the centre of the town, though not large, is
interesting on account of the variety of plants collected in so small an
area and the perfection of each individual specimen.

The following is a list of the principal plants represented :—

Acacia Farnesiana.

A. melanoxylon.

A. neriifolia ( = A. retinodes).
Agathis loranthifolia

(=A. Dammara).

Ailanthus glandulosa.
Apollomas canariensis.
Araucaria brasiliana.
A, Cunninghamii.
Bocconia frutescens.
Brunfelsia Hopeana

(= Franciscea uniflora).

Cassia ferrugined.

C. marylandica.

Celtis australis.

C. occidentalis.
Cephalotaxus drupacea

( = C. Fortuni).

Cercis Siliquastrum.
Chamaerops humilis.
Chorisia crispiflora.
Clerodendron squamatum.
Cordyline indivisa.

C. terminalis.
Cryptomeria japonica.
Cycas circinnalis.

C. revoluta.
Dichorisandra thyrsiflora.
Dicksoma antarctica.
Dombeya Wallichii.
Dracaena Draco.
Eucalyptus ficifolia.
Eugenia cotimfolia.
Fatsia papyrifera.

Ficus indica.

Garcima Xanthochymus.
Ginkgo biloba.

Grevillea pyramidalis.

G. robusta.
Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis (many
varieties).
H. schizopetalus.
Jacaranda ovalifolia
(=J. mimosaefolia).
Juglans mgra.
Juniperus chinensis.
J. virginiana glauca.
Lagerstroenmia indica.
Latania Commersomi
(= L. borbonica).
Laurus Camphora.
Li. Cinnamomum.
LInboma floribunda.
Magnolia glauca.
M. obovata.
Melaleuca fulgens.
Melia Azedarach.
Monstera deliciosa.
Negundo aceroides.
Ocotea foetens.
Pandanus utilis.
Phoeniz canariensis.
P. dactylifera.
P. reclinata.
P. sylvestris.
Plumbago capensis.
P. zeylanica.
Pownciana regia.
Pritchardia filifera.
Ptychosperma elegans.
Punica Granatum.
Schotia latifolia.
Sobralia Rucker.
Sophora japonica pendula.
Stanhopea Bucephalus.
Streptosolen Jamesonii.

474 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tacsoma Van-Volxenui. Trachycarpus excelsus.
Thuya pisifera. Wallichia caryotoides.
Tibouchina Benthamiana. Yucca aloifolia.

Tilia mandshurica.

Fic. 103.—Garcin1A XANTHOCHYMUS.

This tree is wrongly labelled in the Garden Garcinia dulcis; the plant is a
particularly handsome and well-grown specimen.

Among the most notable plants in the Garden Dombeya Wallichii
(= Astrapaca Wallichii) when in bloom is wonderfully beautiful with
clusters of flowers hanging on the thinnest of long foot-stalks; the
flowers are of a fine rose colour, and the leaves large, cordate, and lobed.
There is a scarlet variety of this in some Madeira gardens, but the
clusters of flowers are not pendulous. In Nicholson’s “ Dictionary of

THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA, 475

Gardening’ D. Wallichii is wrongly described as being of a scarlet
colour.

Cassia ferruginea is a fine tree having pinnate leaves, with as many
as thirty-six pairs of pinnae in some leaves, and pendulous racemes of
pleasantly scented yellow flowers.

Fic. 104.—PanpDANUS UTILIS IN THE FOREGROUND, SHOWING THE FRUIT,

This tree is labelled wrongly P. odoratissimus, from which it differs widely.
The peculiar habit of sending down rootlets from the parent stem is very
noticeable, giving the appearance to some specimens of being supported
and resting only upon a series of tripods,

Chorisia crispiflora, belonging to the Bombaceae, an order including
some of the handsomest of Madeira trees, grows in many parts of the
island, and there are two magnificent specimens in the Deanery garden at

476 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Funchal. Hvriodendron leiantherum has strange white woolly flowers,
Bombazx Ceiba large pale red flowers and palmate leaves with five leaflets.

Dichorisandra thyrsiflora is a beautiful shrubby plant belonging
to the Commelinae, with large spikes of fine orchid-like blue flowers

ey —
eo, - r
ke - vane Pd
¥ sgh ys CP pe x
Pe oy

Fie. 105.—SoLaNDRA GRANDIFLORA.

There is not a specimen of this in the Garden, but it is seen everywhere in
Madeira. Nothing can excel the magnificence of this climbing shrub when
in full bloom, with its masses of enormous peach-coloured trumpet flowers
and brilliantly glossy coriaceous leaves.

and curious canescent stems; some specimens are fifteen or more feet
high.

ELucalyptus ficifolia is a peculiar form with pink-petalled flowers and
deep red stamens.

THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA. ATT

Jacaranda ovalifolia is one of the glories of Madeira in the spring
when clothed with clusters or panicles of its sky-blue flowers which
appear before the leaves. Someone on approaching the island in the
spring thought the town of Funchal was covered by blue clouds on
seeing the Jacarandas everywhere in bloom,

Jossuma tinifola (I give the name as labelled in the Gardens) is
a peculiar small tree nearly allied to Hugenia caryophyllata, the clove
tree (which furnishes the cloves of the kitchen), and has small whitish
flowers with numerous dark-crimson stiff stamens,

Fic. 106.—PHOENIX SYLVESTRIS IN THE PUBLIC GARDEN, FUNCHAL.

478 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lagerstroenia indica is sometimes called the crape flower on account
of the crimped texture of the flowers. It is a beautiful shrub, with
quantities of many-flowered terminal panicles of a bright pink colour.

WALLICHIA CARYOTOIDES, CORDYLINE INDIVISA, PHOENIX CANARIENSIS,

PRITCHARDIA FILIFERA, AGATHIS LORANTHIFOLIA.

Fic. 107..\_FrRom LEFT TO RIGHT

This shrub requires to be well pruned after flowering to produce a good
show in the next season.

Laurus Cinnamomum is a handsome tree, the pink of the fresh
young leaves giving it a beautiful appearance in the spring.

THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA. 479

Melia Azedarach presents a beautiful appearance when covered with
the lilac and very fragrant panicles of flowers. The seeds are employed
in making rosaries.

Ocotea foetens (= Oreodaphne foetens) is one of the finest of the
laurel family. The wood, which takes a beautiful polish and is exten-
sively employed for ornamental work, gives off an extremely disagree-
able odour when cut.

Phoenix dactylifera grows to a great size in Madeira, but the dates
never appear to ripen. As an ornamental palm it is not nearly so graceful
or luxuriant as the very closely allied P. canariensis.

Tibouchina Benthamiana. The intense beauty of the flowers of this
plant can only be realised when seen. It is rather a loose growing
shrub, up to 10 feet high, with terminal clusters of dark-purple flowers.

Poinciana regia, the ‘Royal Peacock’ flower, greatly resembles
Jacaranda in form and leaf, and bears loose terminal racemes of flowers
in great profusion. The flowers are bright scarlet, striated with golden-
yellow on the upper petal and claws. This tree flowers much better in
the Canary Islands, and when in full bloom is one of the most magnificent
sights in the vegetable kingdom.

Schotia brachytoma is an evergreen tree with deep-crimson flowers
clustered along all the branches. It is more curious than beautiful.

Stanhopea Bucephalus has hanging clusters of flowers which resemble
a flight of dragonflies and give off an almost unbearably strong odour of
vanilla, only pleasant at a distance. It is extremely hardy, and is seen
in hanging baskets in most Madeira gardens.

Streptosolen Jamesonit, which is labelled with the old synonym of
Browallia, is everywhere in Madeira, and is used for hedges or covering
walls, giving a wonderfully gay appearance to the gardens with its panicles
of brilliant orange and red.

Sobralia Ruckeri grows well everywhere and flowers freely : it is one
of the most beautiful of orchids. I have given the name of Ruckeri to
this Sobralia, as the description in the Journat R.H.S. applies most
closely to the one grown here. I may be wrong in so naming it, and
should be glad of correction if so.

480 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ESSAYS ON EVOLUTION.
By Professor E. B. Pounton, D.Sc., &e.

A Critical Examination by the Rey. Professor G. Henstow,
M.A., F.L.S., &e.

TH1s very interesting collection of ten essays, with an appendix and
analytical index, is based upon lectures delivered between 1889 and 1907.
The essays deal with most of the important matters connected with
evolution as accounted for by Darwin’s theory of “‘ The Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection.”” The author observes in the preface
that, “above all it is the experience of the student of living nature
which inspires confidence in the theory.” * Darwin’s own confidence in
1859 is also given in the Introduction in the words: ‘I cannot possibly
believe that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts as I
think it certainly does explain.’ t I will refer to these quotations again.

As the entire book is based on Natural Selection, the critic must ask
the question, Is Natural Selection capable of accounting for the facts
recorded, especially those connected with mimicry among insects, which
occupy so large a part of the book that it might have well formed the
subject of a volume by itself ?

The eighth essay is entitled ‘‘ Natural Selection the Cause of Mimetic
Resemblance and Common Warning Colours,’’ so that the present writer
feels justified in endeavouring to prove that Natural Selection, as Darwin
described it, is quite inadequate to account for them, inasmuch as no
trace of support or proof is supplied. |

In criticizing Mr. Bateson’s remarks, Professor Poulton observes :
“Instead of making observations fit the hypothesis, a more original
method is to discourage the study by which awkward facts are likely
to be yielded. That, in few words, is the treatment accorded by Bateson
to adaptation.” t I would venture to ask if the author himself has done
otherwise, or if he has not ignored adaptation, as realized (without natural
selection) by Darwin in 1876, and by all ecologists of to-day. There is
no reference to this in the book before us.

Professor Poulton adds that “ Professor J. B. Farmer, F.R.S., has
recently maintained that the explanation which Natural Selection offers
of the origin and growth of certain adaptive features in plants not only
fails to explain the phenomena, but actually stands in the way of an
inquiry into the sequence of events by which they are developed in the
individual.”’ §

The author illustrates his objection to this by noticing that “the
pigments of the moths had, as a whole, faded far more than those
of the butterflies [in cases of Oriental insects]. It at once occurred

* Preface, v. + Introduction, xxvi.
t Introduction, p. xliii. § Loc. cit. xliy, note.

ESSAYS ON EVOLUTION. 481

to me that stable pigments are far more necessary for the butterfly
exposed to the light of a tropical sun than for the moth flying in the
evening or at night. Hence a much higher level of stability would
be selected in the pigments of butterflies than in those of moths.’ *
This is a good illustration of the usual Darwinian argument: asswming
the necessity of the greater stability, it is theoretically accounted for by
selection ; but why assume (as natural selection does) that a great number
were destroyed which had not the stability ; whereas the sun itself might
be equally assumed to be the external cause by which all the butterflies
submitted to it acquired the necessary degree of stability? This theory
requires no destruction of inadaptive individuals at all.

Professor Poulton reminds us that the late Professor Max Miller “ spoke
of the necessity of examining and, as time passes by, re-examining the
meaning of words.’ + No words require the application of this advice
more than “ Natural Selection.”’ Fifty years have seen the phrase develop
into a far wider usage than the description given of it by Darwin could
warrant. As the book before us is practically based upon it, it will be
as well to re-read the locus classicus in Darwin’s work :

“Can it be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man
have undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful in some way to
each being in the great and complex battle of life, should occur in the
course of many successive generations? { If such do occur, can we doubt
(remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly
survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over
others, would have the best chance of surviving and of procreating their
kind? On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the
least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation
of favourable individual differences and variations, and the destruction
of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the
survival of the fittest.’’ $

By “injurious ”’ we elsewhere learn that Darwin meant “ inadaptive,”’
and by favourable “ adaptive.’

The reader cannot help observing the very hypothetical style of the
above paragraph ; moreover, we have Darwin’s assurance that ‘“ Natural
Selection’ is merely a metaphor, because “it implies only the preserva-
tion of such variations as arise and are beneficial to the being under its
conditions of life,’ so that “it may metaphorically be said that natural
selection is daily and hourly scrutinizing throughout the world the
slightest variations. ’”’ ||

The few words I have italicized strike at the root of natural selection ;
for no one has ever recorded a single instance of a growing plant or animal
developing a new variation wmjurious to itself. What really happens
under ‘‘changed conditions of life’”’ is either for all the individuals to
acquire “definite” adaptive variations, or simply to die. For natural
selection “ indefinite” variations are required.; 2.¢. the mixture of good
and bad variations in different individuals. Unfortunately for his theory,

ASOCs Chl. Pp. ZIV: t Loe. cit. p. 46.

{ Darwin does not here say “how”; but in his other work (An. and Pl. under
Dom. ii. 271) he attributes variations to the direct action of changed conditions of
life.

§ Origin, &c. 6th Ed. p. 63. || Origin, &c. p. 65.

VOL. XXXIV. I

482 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9?

“indefinite ’’ variations never occur. Darwin has given plenty of illus-
trations of definite, but none of “indefinite results of the changed con-
ditions of life.’’* He says the former are “ plentiful.” +

The first essay is “A Naturalist’s Contribution to the Discussion of
the Age of the Earth.” 1t is a most interesting one in itself; but we
are no nearer the answer to the question—How long does it take to
make a species? Natural selection mast, on the laws of chances, require
an immense time; but the law of “response with adaptation ”’ will make
one in a few generations, as in pigeons and many cultivated plants ; for
differences arise quite equal to those by which some systematists differ-
entiate species. The incapability of interbreeding is no test of a species
(as Huxley seemed to maintain), as many breed freely together, e.g. Meds-
cago satwa x M. falcata, widely grown on the Continent. I have prac-
tically turned Ononis spinosa into O. repens, by growing it in damp soil

and air, in two years.t Consequently we need only follow Huxley’s’

advice: “If the geological clock is wrong, all the naturalist will have
to do is to modify his notions of the rapidity of change accordingly.” $
Professor Poulton alludes to the many wingless insects in Madeira.
Darwin’s theory was “ that the wingless condition of so many Madeira
beetles is mainly due to the action of natural selection, but combined,
probably, with disuse.” || He refers to the idea that they were blown out
to sea; but as Madeira is thirty-four by twelve miles and Jersey, which
abounds in butterflies—much more likely to be blown away than beetles—
twelve by seven, it is difficult to accept such a cause of their disappearance.
The second essay is on the question, “ What is a Species?’’ Evolu-
tion, of course, displaced the old idea of fixity of a species, because of its

assumed creation once for all; but from what has been said of all want -

of basis of the theory of natural selection, one can hardly accept the
description of it as a ‘“ great motive power to evolution.” According
to Darwin it is no “ power”’ at all, but only a metaphor.**

In discussing cross and self-fertilization of plants, it appears that
Professor Poulton is not aware of all that has been written upon the
subject.rr It has long been shown that crossing as done by cultivators
is only a temporary stimulus, as, indeed, Darwin’s own experiments
proved, and that the “finer” the “form’’ of the florist’s flower may be,
the less chance is there for securing seed; so that in some cases the
“best ’’ die out altogether, just as pigeon-fanciers lament that “ the best
die in the nest.”’ .

In this essay Professor Poulton touches on direct adaptation, and
quotes Professor Farmer as saying that there is “a probable prevalence
in the plant-world of a constant specific mechanism that is able to be
actuated in different ways by different kinds of stimuli,’’ ¢t

This appears to be pretty much the same thing as the power of the
protoplasm and nuclei to respond to, and make structures adapted to, the

See An. and Pl, under Dom. ii. p. 271.

Letter to Professor M. Wagner (Life, &c. iii. p. 159).
Heredity of Acquired Characters in Plants, p. 82, fig. 3.
loc. cit. p. 5. || Origin, dc. Ist Ed. p. 136.

Essays, p. 58. ** Origin, dc. 6th Ed. p. 63.
t See Self-Fertilization of Plants. Trans. Lin. Soc. 1877.
t Essays, p. 74, note 2.

+++ Orit +

ESSAYS ON EVOLUTION. 483

“changed conditions of life.’”’ This is the conclusion of all ecologists
to-day.

We now come to “Theories of Evolution.” With regard to the
Lamarckian and the Spencerian adaptation of it, Professor Poulton
says: “If it is true that such [acquired] characters are transmitted,
then the foundation of the theory is secure.” *

The professor mentions a common question: “ Why do we not find
in the paleontological series the records of individual failures?” just
as one asks, “ Why do they not occur now wherever seedlings grow up
under ‘changed conditions of life’”’ as when the seeds have come from
distant localities? The author replies: ‘‘ What is a failure? Failure
means, according to natural selection, the failure to produce offspring.”
This, however, is not Darwin’s description, but an obvious result. The
‘failure’ first occurs in the young organism developing some “ injurious ”’
variation,t which kills it before it arrives at maturity.

Professor Poulton, like Dr. Wallace, says: “ We cannot expect to find
evidence of the survival of the fittest among the individuals of a
species.”

One at once asks, Why not? According to Darwin, we ought to see
them everywhere, that is as soon as seeds are sown, whether naturally
by dispersion, or artificially by man, in some strongly marked differences
of the surrounding conditions. Darwinians have made this statement
repeatedly, but no reason has ever been forthcoming to support it.

On the other hand, whenever we look for the ‘results of the direct
action of changed conditions of life,’ Darwin’s own way of accounting
for new species,i they, z.e. the resulting variations, are always and.in
every individual “definite,” 2.2. in adaptation to the new environment.
The above admission appears to be due to the fact that “indefinite ”’
variations never do exist. No ecologist of to-day can recognize any
value in such an admission.

The author mentions another objection : “ Natural selection, it is said,
can never account for the beginnings of things. Until the organ is raised
to a useful level, selection can have nothing to do with it.’’ Professor
Poulton replies: “ At first sight this is a serious objection, but it suggests
its own answer, viz. that an organ so rarely develops ab initio.” But,
would be the retort, “every organ must have done so once.”

Here, again, Darwin’s explanation appears to be forgotten. The com-
mencement of an organ is a new “favourable”’ or adaptive variation, the
individual variation enables it to survive. It is only the individuals with
“injurious ’”’ variations which perish—or would, if any such existed.

Chapter IV. deals with “Theories of Heredity,’ and Professor
Poulton discusses the two well known, viz. Darwin’s theory of pangenesis,
to account for the transmission of acquired somatic characters, and Weis-
mann’s, which limits it to such influence as can reach the germ-plasm.
The author shows that pangenesis has too many difficulties to make it
acceptable; but “if the effects of use and disuse are transmitted, the

* The reader will find ample proofs of this in The Heredity of Acquired
Characters in Plants, by G. Henslow.
t+ Origin, &c. 6th Ed. p. 63.
t An. and Pl. under Dom. ii. 271.
112

484 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

explanation must be sought in an hypothesis constructed on the lines
of pangenesis.”’ *

On the other hand, he says that: “If the transmission of acquired
characters were proved to be an undoubted fact, Weismann’s hypothesis
of heredity would inevitably collapse.” t

The author observes: “The apparently hereditary effects of disuse
are more probably due to the cessation of Natural Selection, which can no
longer maintain the efficiency of a useless part.’’= But why may not the
degeneration, say, of the toes of the cow and horse be due to the decreased
flow of blood for many generations until the organ has atrophied, and
so become hereditary? This, as a theory, is far simpler than that myriads
of cows and horses born should die, leaving only those with enlarged central
toes suitable for habits of life. Or why may not the power to produce them
cease, as well as the organ itself degenerate? Rudimentary organs in both
kingdoms are innumerable and obviously not wanted ; so that induction,
or the “ accumulation of probabilities,’ sufficiently establishes the belief
in the effect of use and disuse being hereditary.

Professor Poulton is evidently not aware of the vast number of proofs
of the heredity of acquired characters in plants.

The present writer would suggest that it is not only the details of the
material machinery (the structure of nuclei) to which we must look, but
also to the forces at work in building up an organism. No known force
can direct itself; it remains potential until something, not itself, sets it
going. H.g. a batsman drives the ball between two of the opposing field ;
the force resides in his muscles, but the direction of the force is from a
totally different source—his mind. Now, the structure of animals and
plants depends entirely upon physical matter and force; but the latter
“drives’’ the former in innumerable directions; so that lime is sent
to the bones, silica to the teeth, salt to the tears, &c.; while elements
are made to combine in scores of places specially localized for their
compounds, as bile.

What directs all these physical forces, which in turn act upon matter ?

Professor A. H. Church, F.R.S., finding that he can make many
‘“organic’’ substances in his laboratory, asks the question: ‘“ What
takes my place in the plant or animal which makes precisely the same
products ?”’

It is quite certain that the elements cannot make compounds located in
definite places ; so he calls this remarkable feature of life ‘“ directivity.”

It appears—e.g. in the result of a direct response to external action— -
that the Virginia creeper at once develops adhesive pads at the tips of its
tendrils as soon as contact with a rough wall is “felt.” Such are not
hereditary, but have to be made only by contact; but the Japanese
species now prepares the pads im anticipation of contact, but only com-
pletes them after it. Such, then, are an hereditary acquired character.

This idea of directivity will have to be reckoned with in future theories
of heredity and evolution.

Kssay VI. contains “A Remarkable Anticipation of Modern Views
on Evolution,” by J. C. Prichard, whose “ Researches into the Physical

* Essays, p. 126. + Loc. cit. p. 132. t Loc. cit. pp. 137, 138.

ESSAYS ON EVOLUTION. 485

History of Mankind” (2nd Ed. 1826) “anticipated in the clearest
manner the arguments which have been recently advanced by Weismann
in favour of the non-transmission of acquired characters.’’* The following
sentence is exactly such as the present Darwinian followers of Weismann
write: ‘“‘ Whatever varieties are produced in the race, have their begin-
ning in the original structure of some particular ovum or germ, and
not in any qualities superinduced by external causes in the progress of
development.” f

But “ Prichard subsequently reconsidered all his suggested causes of
variation and was dissatisfied with them; ... for the influence of
climate seemed to him the most important of all causes of race-
formation.’’ In fact he appears to have forestalled the conclusions
of ecologists of to-day; and, like Darwin himself, who superadded, if
he did not put on one side, his primary theory of indefinite variations,
which natural selection requires, for definite variations which require
no selection at all, Prichard thus writes: “Is it not probable that
the varieties which spring up within the limits of particular species
are further adaptations of structure to the circumstances under which
the tribe is destined to exist ?’”’ Professor Poulton adds: “It is clear
that the writer held a view similar to that which has been termed
‘ self-adaptation ’ by some modern writers—-viz. that external influences
act on the organism in such a manner as to evoke directly a favourable
response.” £

Prichard observes how “individuals and families, and even whole
colonies, perish and disappear in climates for which they are by
peculiarity of constitution not adapted.” “We have here,’’ writes
Professor Poulton, “the undoubted recognition of natural selection.”’
But the professor fails to see that he is extending the meaning beyond
that which Darwin gave to it—viz. the survwal of the fittest out of a
nuxture of adaptive and inadaptive variations.

If one takes a number of seeds of tropical plants and sows them
in the Arctic regions, even if they germinated, they would undoubtedly
all perish, not because of their developing “injurious’”’ characters, but
because the living protoplasm has not adapted itself to bear a tempe-
rature below freezing ; whereas the protoplasm of Arctic plants can stand
freezing ; so that a herb in full blossom may be frozen hard and be quite
brittle, yet as soon as the temperature rises it will continue where it
left off blossoming and fruiting. All this is not at all in correspondence
with Darwin’s description of natural selection. $

Finally, Professor Poulton observes: “He is so fascinated by the
view of a local influence directly producing adaptation that he throws over
much that he had prevously argued for in a most convincing manner.”
The fact is, that as soon as any observer realizes the force of a single
instance he will be “invincibly ’’ led (as M. Costantin says) to accept the
view of direct adaptation. ||

From page 203 to the end of the book (p. 398) the author deals with
mimicry in insects, and refers all the phenomena to the explanation by

* Loc. cit. p. 174. + Loe. cit. p. 183.
t Henslow, Heredity of Acquired Characters, p. 190.
§ Origin, éc. 6th Ed. p. 63. || Les Vegétaux et les Miliewx Cosmiques.

486 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

natural selection, describing it as the motive cause of mimetic resemblance.
Darwin was most careful to point out that it does not “ induce variability,”
but “implies only the preservation of such variations as arise and are
beneficial to the being under its conditions of life.’’ It is these “ con-
ditions ’’ which by their “ direct action’”’ give rise, by response on the
part of the organism, to “definite results.’’* Hence to describe natural
selection as the “ cause’’ of anything is contrary to Darwin’s theory.

Seasonal changes, not only shown in nature, but by Mr. Marshall’s
experiments, clearly prove that the conditions of life were the cause, and
not natural selection. This is paralleled by more rapid changes in
mimetic colours in flat-fish, trout, frogs, and especially the chameleon ;
so that probabilities favour Darwin’s “cause.’”’ A remarkable case is
the tropical male Hypolimnas nusippus, mimicked in China by
Limenitis albomaculata, and also by Athyma punctata—all three are
black and white butterflies. ‘There was, in fact, from the very first,
sufficient likeness for Natural Selection to work upon.’ But surely,
udging by all analogy, “similar conditions of life will ensure similar
developments ”’ is a sufficient and better explanation than the unproven
one of natural selection, which is based on “ We may feel sure that any
variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed.”
Professor Poulton adds that mimicry is “known by a vast body of
observations which receive an intelligible interpretation under this theory,
but not under any other.’’t This may be true if any evidence could be
found of “ indefinite variations ’’ upon which natural selection is based.

Professor Poulton truly says: ‘ We believe in evolution, not because
we see it taking place, but because of the immense number of observed
facts which it renders intelligible ; and the same is true of our confidence
in the Newtonian theory.” This is a concise description of induction ;
but we can see evolution taking place whenever an organism grows up
under “changed conditions of life’’ and adapts itself to them both in
nature and cultivation.

Professor Poulton says: “It is impossible to explain why external
forces or internal forces should act upon a certain set of characters
whose only relationship is that they tend to produce a superficial
likeness to another species.’”’t This is perhaps true for the animal
world especially, at present; so is it impossible to explain how the
pitcher of Nepenthes (a hypertrophied water-gland) and that of Cephalotus
(a true leaf-blade) have come to be so closely alike; yet the result of
self-adaptation without natural selection is so universally seen in plants
that the probability is that exceptional cases will fall into line when more
is known about them.

In conclusion, I will return to the first page and refer to the idea
of “confidence ’”’ in the theory. This confidence is everywhere observable
throughout the book. Every fact is explained by natural selection; but
in no single case does the author supply the necessary conditions as
existing, or ever having existed, without which natural selection falls
to the ground. Thus Professor Poulton says: “ A mimetic appearance
is commonly made up of (1) colour, including (a) structural as well as

* Essays, p. 218. t Loc. cit. p. 237.
¢ An. and Pl. under Dom. ii. p. 271

ESSAYS ON EVOLUTION. 487

(6) pigment colours ; (2) pattern; (8) form; (4) altitude; (5) movement.*
Now for each of these items there must have been innumerable deaths,
from not only not having the desired sort, but by developing “ injurious ”’
variations.t Has any trace of such been observed in Nature ?

It would seem that the prevalent “ confidence”’ in natural selection
entirely rests on the asswmption of its efficacy. If so, then the general
belief in it is accounted for; but, I repeat, no Darwinian ever gives a
sign of having “ fitted a case’’ to Darwin’s demands for the conditions
required by natural selection, which are “indefinite variations,’ in which
the majority of the individuals must perish because they develop in them-
selves mortal variations. Such is the basal assumption of Darwinism.

Putting natural selection on one side, the book is a very valuable
contribution to the literature of evolution, and will be the standard work
on animal mimicry.

* Loc. cit. p. 241. t Origin, éc. p. 63.

488 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HYBRIDS OF NERINE FLEXUOSA.
By A. Worsuey.

In the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle’ for January and February 1901 the author
gave a fairly complete list of the hybrids which had been raised between
the various species of exotic Amaryllideae. Since that time several
fresh hybrids have been raised, and much work has been done in raising
afresh several of the hybrids originally raised by Dean Herbert but long
since lost. It seems therefore desirable that that list should be supple-
mented so as to include the more recent work.

The following notes clear up some confusion which has existed in the
nomenclature of certain hybrid Nerines.

A List oF THE S1x Hysrips oF N. FuExuosa [including those of the
varieties Sanderson, pulchella, and angustifolia).

The following four hybrids generally resemble the well-known hybrid
Manselli in every respect but in the colour of the flowers, which ranges
widely from the intense claret crimson of Manselli to the faintest blush
pink, or almost to white. They all flower in November, December, and
early January, and they are all sterile.*

N. flexuosa x curvifolia produces Haylocki {syns. cinnabarina and
Mansell. |

N. flexuosa x sarniensis produces atrosanguinea |syn. elegans’ |.

N. flecuosa x pudica produces flexudica.

N. flexuosa x various large-flowered garden forms and species produces
tardiflora.

The following hybrid only differs from the above in flowering in early
autumn :—

N. flexuosa x humilis produces excellens [syns. pulchello-hwmilis and
mutabilis)|.

The following hybrid flowers in November and resembles a fine, many-
flowered form of N. wndulata :—

N. flexuosa x undulata produces erubescens |syns. pulchello-undulata
and roseo-crispa}.

All these synonyms should be expunged.

As regards the first four hybrids and crosses of the Haylocki
(Manselli) type, I do not think that anyone can differentiate between the
resulting progeny, although it is possible that the pudica hybrids could be
picked out from the others. Yet the question of nomenclature is
important, because this splendid section of winter-flowering Nerines

* Herbert states that his hybrid N. Haylocki produced fertile seeds from its own
pollen, but it is not on record that he succeeded in raising any seedlings.

+ A number of different forms of garden Nerines have (improperly) received this
name.

HYBRIDS OF NERINE FLEXUOSA. 489

must very soon become popular, and known to hundreds of gardens under
whatever names they may bear, and however incorrect or synonymous
such may be.

N. Haylockt, excellens, and erubescens (the two latter under synonyms
now considered inadmissible) were raised by Herbert; N. tardiflora and
N. flexudica* were raised (but the latter not named) by Max. Leichtlin ;
and N. atrosanguinea was raised by O’Brien.

There is one remarkable result seen in these hybrids of flerwosa, and
that is that only two hybrid types have been produced. The one is the
Manselli type (which should be called Haylockz), and which is the product
of crossing flexwosa with any of the following very dissimilar species, viz.
curvifolia, humilis, sarniensis, pudica, or any of the large-flowered garden
Nerines. The other type is that of erwbescens, which results from
crossing flexuosa with undulata. In this latter case widulata has proved
dominant over flexuosa in most respects, and the hybrid is little more
than a fine form of wndulata with a compact and crowded umbel. Yet
even in this case the season of bloom is very late, as is the case with every
hybrid of flexuosa excepting only the crosses with hwmilis.

In connection with these six hybrids of N. flexwosa it is necessary to
pay special attention to a variety of this species named pulchella. This
is the only form of flerwosa which blooms in England about September,
and there were not wanting those who held that on this account, and for
some other minor divergences from the type, pulchella was worthy of
a specific name. But the judgment of Mr. J. G. Baker in placing
pulchella as a variety of flexuosa has been amply vindicated by the
results of hybridization. For of all the hybrids and cross-bred plants
raised by early-flowering Nerines upon pulchella al] but one have pro-
duced offspring which bloom in winter at the blooming period of the
typical flexwosa and its hybrids. The one exception to this rule is
N. excellens. This early-flowering hybrid was originally raised on
N. flexuosa var. pulchella by Herbert; but the same early-flowering
hybrid has also been raised on the typical form of flexwosa according to
Mr. J. G. Baker.+ Hence it is evident that there is in this species
a certain tendency to precocious flowering which is discernible at times,
and finds its exemplification in the variety pulchella and in the hybrid
excellens.

I can hardly understand the remark of Herbert (p. 284) that hybrids
raised on flexuosa by “ curviflora’’ (presumably a misprint for cwrvifolia)
“show the type of the male much more strongly in the foliage, and grow
more freely,’ for with me no Nerines grow so strongly and produce such
exuberant foliage as the hybrids of flerwosa. Probably the explanation is
that he grew all his Nerines together and dried them off severely. Under
this treatment the curvifolia section would flourish and the flexuosa
section languish.

It is the experience of several hybridizers of this genus, confirmed by
my own observations, that all hybrids of flexuosa are sterile, the only
observation to the contrary being made by Herbert (see note on p. 488).
Yet this sterility is not a common attribute of all hybrid Nerines.

* Perhaps this hybrid was first raised by Mr. H. J. Elwes.
t+ Handbook of Amaryllideae, p. 103.

490 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have assumed that all hybrids raised between varieties of flexuosa
and other species (or varieties of such other species) produced the same
hybrids as were produced by the interbreeding of typical forms., In other
words I have altogether ignored all question of varietal forms. I have
also ignored the question of mother-kin. Certainly from the florist’s
point of view the question of variety and of mother-kin may be of great
importance, but from the standpoint of botanical nomenclature it is now
generally accepted that neither of these causes influences hybrid characters
to any appreciable extent. Personally I make this reservation, that I do
not accept these allegations of sameness as having been proved ; but at
the same time sufficient evidence has been accumulated on which to found
a working hypothesis of sameness.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. Ag1

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY.

V.—TuHE InocuLaTIon oF LEGUMINOUS CROPS (cont.).
By F. J. Carrrenpen, F.L.S.

In the last issue of the JouRNAL (pp. 231-254) an account of the experi-
ment carried out at Wisley during 1908 upon the Inoculation of Peas
with “ Nitro-Bacterine’’ was given. The results indicated that such
inoculation in ordinary garden soil is not likely to prove beneficial.

A full account of the plan of the experiment and the nature of the
soil, &c., is given on pp. 236-242, and the numbers used to designate
the plots in the tables which follow correspond with those on the plan
(fig. 37, p. 237).

Of the twenty-four rows of peas grown from inoculated seed on the
cultivated land, only five gave a larger crop than the corresponding rows
from untreated seed. Of the six plots on which inoculated seed was
sown only one gave a larger crop than the corresponding uninoculated
plot, and one gave an equal crop. Of the twenty-four rows grown from
inoculated seed on the fallowed land, eleven gave a larger crop than the
corresponding rows from untreated seed and thirteen a smaller. Of the
six plots on which inoculated seed was sown, four gave larger crops than
the corresponding uninoculated plots. In all cases the weight of the
pods as gathered is taken as the measure of the yield.

The total weight of produce from the inoculated plots was incorrectly
stated in the Summary, though it was given correctly in the body of the
Report, and I take this opportunity of rectifying the error. Paragraph
9 of the Summary (p. 254) should read: ‘“ The total weight of the crop
from the whole of the plots receiving inoculated seed was 495 lb. (not
450 lb. as stated), while the total from the plots in which uninoculated seed
was sown was 515 lb. The uninoculated seed, therefore, gave a crop 4 per
cent. (not 14 per cent.) heavier than the inoculated in the aggregate.”’

The crop from the inoculated seed (138,123 grammes) on the cultivated
ground was 6 per cent. less than that from the uninoculated (146,643
grammes) in the aggregate, and on the fallowed ground there was a
difference in favour of the inoculated seed of less than 1 per cent.
(86,642 grammes from the inoculated seed, 85,942 grammes from the
untreated seed).

All these results are based upon the assumption that, under equal
conditions, equal weights of seeds would produce equal crops (see p. 240
for the reason for using this as a basis of calculation), but, as pointed
out in the Report (pp. 240, 247, 249, &c.), in a few cases there was a
marked difference in the number of plants growing on the two plots
which were to be compared.

It might, therefore, be thought that this difference in number of plants
may have made an appreciable difference in the aggregate results, and on

492 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the conclusions to be drawn from them. ° This was very unlikely to be the
case, for on account of the arrangement of the plots (see fig. 37, p. 287)
local conditions would not be very liable to affect the plots receiving
inoculated seed adversely while the corresponding plots receiving untreated
seed remained uninfluenced.

In an experiment such as this, planned to test what is likely to
happen in a garden under ordinary conditions, the only basis of calculation
which can properly be adopted must be to take the crops as they actually
occur. The question of the variation in the number of plants does not,
therefore, affect the result from a practical garden point of view, when it is
borne in mind that one of a pair of plots, was, apparently, no more
exposed to adverse conditions than the other, and that each of the pair
received the same weight of seed, but from a scientific standpoint the
question is not without interest.

In order to test the question as to how far the varying number of
plants in the corresponding plots affected the general results, and
especially the question of the efficacy or otherwise of inoculation, we may
ascertain the average yield of the plants on each of the corresponding
plots and compare these yields.

Unfortunately, the figures relating to the number cf plants of the
varieties ‘Duke of Albany’ and of ‘Telegraph’ in the rows were acci-
dentally lost, but we have those relating to ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and to
‘Maincrop’ and it was in the last named that the greatest amount of
variation in the number of plants in the rows was noticed (see previous
Report). We are thus able to compare the average yields of plants from
forty-eight rows distributed equally over the several plots, half having
been raised from inoculated seed and half from uninoculated.

The number of plants given in the rows in the following tables means
the number that came to maturity in each case. The treatment received
by the respective plots has been fully dealt with in the former Report.

We may take the results obtained on the cultivated ground with
‘Ne Plus Ultra’ first :—

TABLE Q.
* AveraGE YIELD or Puants or ‘NE Pyus Unrra’ rrom Puors I. ro XII.
(CunTivatED GrovunD).

Percentage

Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated | increase or
decrease
: Aver. Aver. | Fat arte a ees Aver |
No. of : : : : No. of . | Wt. of | Wt. of
plants | oe his adie plants | bebo | = | pods | peas
grs. grs. B grs. grs. | sath

Plot I. : 71 70°4| 84:11 Plot Ti. . 78 61:4 28-9 | —13 | —15
A 3) Sees 61 91°8 44-1 {aay Oy 65 | 69°9 | 32:9 | —24 | —25
Vv. ; 69 85:5 41-0 sk ee 60 95°4 | 432) +11] +5
VIII. . 50 10071 459 OVER 63 98°7 | 47°6 —2| +3
Raarts 54 (1186 55°7 nrg - 58 |103°9 | 475} —18 | —15
+. ¢ 5 See 48 |1442 65-0 sy KG 60 1164 | 541 | —20 | =17
353 | 98-7 463 384 | 892 | 41-7 | —10 | —10

All weights are given in grammes.

J

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 493

There was a decrease of 10 per cent. in the average yield from
inoculated plants as compared with the uninoculated, and a decrease was
shown in four out of the six rows in weight of peas and five out of the six
in weight of pods as gathered; the results obtained by taking the total
yield of each row of ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ for comparison, instead of the
average yield from each plant in the respective rows, showed a decreased
yield of shelled peas from the inoculated rows in four cases out of six and
of pods as picked in four cases, while in one the yields were practically
equal.

The results obtained by the two methods thus completely support one
another.

Turning now to the variety ‘Maincrop’ on the cultivated ground we
have the following figures :—

TABLE R.

AVERAGE YIELD oF PLANTS oF ‘ Martncrop’ From Puots I. ro XII.
(CuLtTIvATED GRouND).

Percentage

Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated increase or
decrease
aoe ge Bie eS Ay FOO SA ae
mare) OTe | ee No of | AT: | rag | Wh of | We of
plants pods | peas plants | da peas pods peas

. eo ae eae grs. ; ed lueers: grs.

Be ele 4g) B65) | 481 | Plot L. .| 445 94-1 [44-7 | +8") 8
eee se.) ra | 46-6 |... LIED? |. 84 =f 936) '55-1)| | —2 | 418
eee eededt ERA) aS) VI 2) 47: 986 | 45:9 | -21 | — 13
ee. | 497 1215-0.) 51:5) ,, VIL.) 44/1068 | 508.) —8 | ~2
epee | te piste | 612) |, X. | 38 |1124 | 60-4 | —15 | —18
mi. | 32 7185-9 | 54-9 | » XI «| 38 | 1265 | 52:8 | i ees
SNe ze S32 ss | Sal po as se SS) Es sais ES as s

266 {1105 51-1 | 240 (1039 | 496 | -6| —8

In this case there was a decrease of 6 per cent. in the average weight
of pods as picked from the inoculated plants as compared with the
uninoculated, and of 3 per cent. in the weight of shelled peas, and a
decrease was shown in four rows of the six in each estimation of the
crop. The results obtained by taking the total yield of each row of
_‘Maincrop’ for comparison, instead of the average yield from each plant
in the respective rows, showed a decreased yield of pods as picked from
the inoculated rows in four cases out of six, and the same proportion
of cases of decreased yield when the weight of shelled peas was
compared.

Both methods of measuring the yield, therefore, tell the same tale
when the peas grown on the cultivated soil are compared.

It is interesting also to compare the average yields from the plants in
the first four plots. In the variety ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ the lowest average
yield was on Plot II., which received inoculated seed, the soil as well
being inoculated, and on this plot with ‘Maincrop’ was the lowest
average yield but one.

494 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The next table gives the average yield for the plants in the rows of
‘Ne Plus Ultra’ on the ground which had been fallowed :—

TABLE S&.

AVERAGE YIELD OF PLants oF ‘Ne Puvus Uutra’ From Prots XIII. tro XXIV.
(FaLLow Grovunp).

: Percentage
Seed not inoculated Seed inoculated increase or
decrease
| = ae ] Aver. | Aver. | Aver. | | Ay
No. of we Nor) = Wt.of Wt. of
| plants | be be aly SS plants | eg i Sg pods | vee
is Se ae et |
| grs. ers. [ate Ors: a)
Plot XIII.. | 83 62°9 | 30°6 | Plot XIV. . 73 | 67°8 | 35:4 +7 > +12
a ee ae ae 87°6 | 42-1 oi ae etna 6T | 750.) 365))-— | =e
Pe ay’. 4' 8 AR 65, 1) 95:32) -4b%30) 4 Sk ee 59 | 86°8 | 42:0 —9 —8
KK. f° 94° 7011-0 | 60-0015, | XEK 88° 1902 (46-1 1 eee
, XXI..| 50 | 805} 386/ ,, XXII.| 29 /|1005 | 480 | +24 | +23
+) <a ee Vs 25 80°3 | 38°0; ,, XXIII. 25 | 64:0 | 27:1 | —20 |} —29
isk =| =
Mela Awe as) / |
297 | 82:5 | 39-2. | 291 | 80°8 | 39:2 —3 0

In this series there is on an average a decrease of 3 per cent. in the
weight of pods produced by each plant from the inoculated seed, while
the weight of peas is on an average the same. In each series of weigh-
ings four rows show a decreased yield from the inoculated seed. This
compared with five decreased yields from inoculated seeds when the
totals are compared, though the percentage decreases in the total yields
are, for the most part, smaller than decreases shown when the average |
yields of the plants are considered.

There remain the rows of ‘Maincrop’ on the fallowed land, and the
following table shows the average yield for each plant from these :—

TABLE T.

AVERAGE YIELD oF PLANTS oF ‘MAINCROP’ FROM Puots XIII. ro XXIV.
(FaLtLow Grovunp).

!
| Percentage
Seed not inoculated | Seed inoculated | Increase or
decrease

No. of | Aver. | Aver. | No. of Aver. | Aver. | wt. of | Wt. of

— | planta | EOF | weet] | lant | cet | eae | pada | peas

|<<. oto le aes eee ———s ic

grs. grs. | | ogre. | grs.
Plot XIII..| 54 | 634] 289 Plot XIV..|/ 49 | 79°0| 39°3 | +24 | +386
» XVI..| 85 | 69°0| 3818] ,,’-XV. .| 46 | 89:7 | 43-4) +380) +365
» XVII. | 54 | 71:8 | 33:0] ,, XVIII.| 85 | 661) 298] =8 })=10
i» BK S| BB | 29-0-| 13-7 |. ,, KIX. . | 24>) OBO 1 aS04 eee
XXI..| 52 | 405 1771 ,, XXIL.| 16 | 429 |/)195 7) 46) 240
» XXIV. |-38 | 840 / 151) ,, XXIIL| 35 | 263) 117 — 28 | Saar

| |

266 525 | 24-1 | 204 61:7 | 29°3 | +17 | +21

With this variety for the first time we find a considerable increase
in the average yield from the inoculated plants compared with the

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. - 495

uninoculated, but even here there are three out of the six rows giving
a smaller average yield from the inoculated seeds. In comparing the
total yields from the different plots it was found that four of the plots
gave a higher yield from the uninoculated seed (the last four). Here
again, therefore, the two methods of estimation to a great extent support
one another.

In the twenty-four pairs of rows seven only gave a greater average
weight of pods from each plant in the inoculated rows than in the un-
inoculated, in one case the average was the same in the two rows and in
sixteen a diminished average yield was shown.

Hither inoculation had no effect whatever, or it had an adverse effect
in a majority of cases. If the former suggestion be true, then the yield
from comparable plots must vary normally between very wide limits; if
the latter, we must account in some way for the adverse effect.

It cannot justly be concluded from the results of this experiment
that the inoculation actually caused a diminution in the yield, for in the
case of such exact comparisons as would enable this question to be
definitely answered the space occupied by a given number of plants must
be the same in the two rows (albeit, the plants in this experiment all had
ample room for development), and other precautions would have to be
taken which are practically impossible in a field or garden trial. The
results detailed here, however, as well as those obtained by the method
of calculation adopted in the former portion of this Report (the method
by which comparison would be made in an ordinary garden trial), suggest
the possibility that certain races of the bacilli which produce the nodules
on the roots of peas are capable of fixing a greater amount of nitrogen
than are other races, and that a race more powerful in this direction
than that in “ Nitro-Bacterine’’ may be actually present in the soil
already.

The roots of all the plants, as previously pointed out, were well
supplied with nodules, and apparently the experiment resolved itself into
a competition between the races of bacteria already in the soil and those
added in the inoculation of the seed. The much more frequent associa-
tion of the native bacilli with the larger yield makes the question of the
relative virulence of the races a very pertinent one, but it can only be
settled after further investigation; as suggested in the introduction to
the Report (p. 235), it may be a question of the gravest importance.

Another hypothetical suggestion may be offered to account for the
apparent adverse influence of inoculation. Is it certain that very early
inoculation is as beneficial to the host plant as later inoculation?
Possibly, with a race of bacteria which have recently been in active
growth, the power of rapid infection may be greater than that of those
which have lain dormant in the soil for some time, and nodules might
be formed earlier. We have no data showing that such earlier nodule
formation occurs, however; but it is conceivable that if it were so, since
it is probable that the bacteria are for a time at least parasitic, harm
might be done at a critical period of the plant’s existence. Or, again, the
bacteria might be manufacturing and handing on to the young plant

materials which it could not, at that stage of its existence, profitably
make use of.

496 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A comparison of the average yields of the plants serves to confirm and
to emphasize the conclusion arrived at in the former portion of the Report
“that inoculation of leguminous crops with ‘ Nitro-Bacterine ’ 1 ordinary
garden soil is not likely to prove beneficial.”

Ejfect of Watering Plants with “ Nitro-Bacterine”’ during Growth.—
The effect of inoculation of the soil and of the seed has been dealt with in
the former Report, but a third mode of inoculation has been recom-
mended, that of watering the plants after they have made some growth.
Six rows of seeds of ‘ Maincrop’ were sown in a parallel series with the
first six rows on the fallowed ground. Thus the first two of these rows
were sown upon inoculated soil, the next two on uninoculated unmanured
soil, the last two on soil which had received a light dressing of dung at
the rate of ten tons to the acre. The first three rows were watered on
May 19 with culture-broth of “ Nitro-Bacterine,’’ in which the bacteria were
well grown, diluted twenty-four times with water; the other three rows
were watered with a solution of ammonium phosphate of the same strength
as that in the culture-broth, so that the last three rows were treated like
the first three so far as the late inoculation is concerned except that
they did not receive the bacteria. Some of the seed was inoculated, some
was not, as shown in Table U. There was some irregularity in germina-
tion similar to that observed in the other rows of ‘ Maincrop.’

This portion of the trial was far less complete than the other, but the
results obtained may be useful for comparison. There was a general fall
off in the total crops from the rows passing from 97 to 102 in a
somewhat similar manner to, but even more marked than, that alluded
to in discussing the return from the other rows on the fallowed ground,
as is shown in Table U.

TABLE U.

Propucr From Rows 97 To 102.

No.of | No. of Wt.of | Wt.of

Row Treatment plants | pods pods | peas

Soil ; ie grs, grs
97 ol inoculated ° . 2 nn: ‘

Seed untreated | Plants watered . yi a ia
98 Soil inoculated | 7.) °.. ars4.. lee “fae " pam 35

A POLI ie fea tres y § | 402 2,591 1,455
99 Soil untreated } 45 | 369 2.518 1.363

Seed inoculated } ey Gans ’ ’
100 Soil untreated ;

Seed untreated Piniie betenes a ed 2,085 1,066
101 Soil manured aie se . ; 2Ar 9

Ae unisen teat ime ae aia) 37 346 2,405 1,191
102 Soil manured | ! mg 26 281 1.755 881

Seed inoculated

But when the average yield of the plants in the respective rows is
worked out, the larger crops of the first three plots are shown to be
mainly attributable to differences in the numbers of plants in the
respective rows. These averages are given in Table V.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 497

TABLE -V.

AVERAGE PRopUCE FROM PuANtTs IN Rows 97 To 102.

Percentage difference from

yield in row 100

Baw No. of Aver. wt. Aver. wt. peep ett 2
plants of pods of peas Wt. of Wt. of
pods peas

grs. ers.
97 aL 38°9 SL-8 —4 +1
98 51 50°8 28°5 —18 —9
99 45 55°9 30°3 —9 —4
100 34 61:2 abs —_ =.

101 37 65:0 32-2 +6 +3
102 26 67°5 33°9 +10 +8

The average yield of shelled peas varied within rather narrow limits ;
but, perhaps, the most extraordinary result is in Row 98, where the
lowest average yield was obtained, and where, after the soil and the
seed and the plants were themselves inoculated (a treble inoculation),
the average yield of pods was 18 per cent. below that of the row which
was not inoculated or, manured at all, and the yield of shelled peas was
9 per cent. below.

It is suggestive, too, to compare the average yield from the plants
watered with the inoculating material with those watered with the
ammonium phosphate only (though on account of other differences of
treatment the comparison is not quite a fair one). The average yield of
the plants which were watered with “ Nitro-Bacterine’”’ in the three rows
was 55°1 grammes, that of the other plants 64 grammes. The plants
inoculated by watering thus gave an average yield amounting to only
86 per cent. of that of those not watered with the inoculating material.

These results, as far as they go, tend to corroborate those obtained by
the other methods of inoculation, and to further emphasize the need of
investigation into the relative virulence of different races of nodule-
producing bacilli.

The remark made in the “Conclusion” on p. 2538 that “it is not
claimed for this experiment that it shows what is to be expected under
all conditions, or that under no conditions is inoculation of leguminous
plants likely to be followed by increased yield,’ may be repeated. But
the results based upon the average yield from the plants in this part of
the experiment point to the same conclusion as was given in paragraph 12
on p. 254 and repeated on p. 495.

SUMMARY.

1. The average yields of the plants in the different rows of ‘Ne Plus
Ultra’ and ‘Maincrop’ are considered and found to corroborate the
conclusion arrived at in the former Report. Only seven out of twenty-
four rows of inoculated seed gave a greater yield than the uninoculated,
one gave an equal yield, and sixteen gave a smaller.

2. The results obtained by watering -peas with “ Nitro-Bacterine”’
are given and point to the same general conclusions as have been
previously stated.

VOL. XXXIV. K K

498 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE SOCIETY’S CONSULTING CHEMIST.
By Dr. J. Auacustus Vorucksr, M.A., F.1L.C., F.L.S.

Durinea the year 1908 eleven samples were submitted for analysis by
Fellows of the Society. The list of these is as follows :—

Manures . : ; ; ‘ , : er:
Waters . : ‘ ; : : : ey
Soils . ; é i ’ ’ : teu

11

Of the three samples of fertilizers two were those of shoddy, and
these respectively gave :—

A. 4

Per cent. Per cent. *
Nitrogen : , ; - 547 5°53
Equal to ammonia. : . 6°64 ele fa

These, at the price of 40s. a ton, may be considered quite good value.
The third sample of fertilizer was one of basic slag. This gave on

analysis :-—

Per cent.
Phosphoric acid : : . 13°24
Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime . . 28°93
Fineness of grinding. ‘ ; : . 143

This sample was not of high quality, and might well have been more
finely ground: 80 per cent. fineness of grinding ought, speaking generally,
to be obtainable.

Of the two samples of water sent, one was of soft nature, giving only
9-52 grains of total solid matters to the gallon. This water was found to
have a decided action upon metals, and it contained both lead and zine
in solution. It was found that a lead pipe had been used from the well
to the cistern in which the water was stored. The action on lead was
not very pronounced, and the water was found to exert this to a greater
extent on new and bright lead than on old and dull lead.

The second sample of water was of a very different nature, yielding
72°52 grains of total solid matters to the gallon. These were composed
principally of carbonate and sulphate of lime. The water was, in
consequence, one of very hard nature. It had, in addition, nitrates and
chlorides in considerable amount, and was a badly polluted supply,
altogether unsuited for drinking purposes.

The majority of samples sent during the year consisted of soils. In two
cases the soils were found to be distinctly deficient in lime. The only
other sample calling for special attention is the following :—

A member of the Society, residing near Malvern, sent for analysis a
sample of soil taken from a field which had been planted with currants,
bush-apples, and strawberries. In 1905 the field had received a dressing
of lime, in 1906 fish guano, and in 1907 farmyard manure. In spite of

REPORT OF THE SOCIETY’S CONSULTING CHEMIST. 499

this, however, the currant bushes had a very unhealthy appearance. I
made a complete analysis of the soil, and this gave the following
results :—

Soil dried at 212° F.

Organic matter and loss on heating . . £32
Oxide of iron . 2 : : : we
Alumina . ; ; ; : Se pe
Lime ; : ; ; : 60
Magnesia . , 28 E39
Potash é ; ; ; : ; : ‘51
Soda : a ; , - 20
Sulphuric acid . : : ’ ‘07
Phosphoric acid : "23
Insoluble silicates and sand. . 84:10
100-00
Nitrogen . : 3 ; : : . 183

Taking these figures generally, there would not appear to be any one
constituent that was markedly deficient, except, possibly, the organic
(vegetable) matter and the nitrogen derived from this source.

There was a very fair supply of potash; in phosphoric acid the soil
was distinctly rich, while the amount of lime could not be said, in itself,
to be low. A remarkable point, however, brought out by the analysis
was that the amount of magnesia contained in the soil was more than
double that of the lime. This is a matter to which my attention has
been of late directed in a somewhat special way. Moreover, experiments
conducted by myself at the Woburn Experimental Farm have brought
out very clearly the influence which magnesia may exert on the crops of
the farm. To briefly summarize the information gained on these points,
it would appear to be brought out that whenever the proportion of
magnesia in a soil exceeds the lime that is present, conditions un-
favourable to the successful growth of crops are produced.

I am of opinion that to this may very well be attributed the failure
of the currant bushes in the present instance.

The subject is still under investigation, but I certainly believe that
the best thing to do in such a case as that mentioned is to apply ime
liberally, for, while it is impossible to take the magnesia out of the soil,
it is possible to reduce its preponderance by the addition of lime.

KK2

500 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COMMONPLACE NOTES.

By THE SECRETARY, SUPERINTENDENT, AND EDITor.

BALANCE OF Roots AND BRANCHES.

Ir is often said by gardeners that the small fibrous roots of a fruit tree
which are found fairly near the surface are those which nourish the fruit
bud and the resulting fruit itself, whilst the larger and less branching
deeper roots are those which promote and nourish woodgrowth and the
general extension of the tree. We are not aware whether any real proof
of this has ever been sought for or found, but the following case, though
it does not perhaps actually prove the relation (if any) existing between
fibrous roots and fruit bearing, yet distinctly suggests that the branches
of a tree are nourished principally, if not entirely, by the roots by and
immediately below them.

A Fellow writes ‘‘ There is in my garden a well-grown horizontal pear
—Beurré Rance—from which for twelve years we had not one single
fruit. Two years ago we tried root pruning on one side. In the following
autumn there was one pear—last year there were three—whilst this year
the side root-pruned is covered with fruit, but there is mone on the other.”
It is almost impossible to imagine that this was simply an accidental
coincidence. We should like some one who possesses a fruitless tree to try
the same experiment of root-pruning half of the tree and noting whether
the effect is found above ground on the corresponding portion of the tree
to that pruned below, or whether both sides are affected (or unaffected)
alike by the treatment.

TREES AND SHRUBS WITH COLOURED STEMS.

We often hear of people planting clumps of trees in gardens and parks
for the sake of their beautiful foliage or flowers, but rarely do we see groups
planted with a view to obtain beautiful effects in winter from the stems
alone. We all admire the beauties of the red trunks of the Scotch firs
and their dark-green foliage with the sun on them in winter. The
common dog-wood, Cornus sanguinea, is frequently seen by lake and
stream margins, and very pretty it is; but if a system of massing colours
were adopted, such as is in vogue in herbaceous borders, what a lovely
winter scene might be achieved. Amongst the plants available is the
beautiful white-stemmed bramble, Rubus biflorus, the scarlet, golden, and
silver-stemmed willows, the silver birch, and the red-stemmed maples, all
of which planted in bold clumps would be handsome when in leaf, and
still more attractive when the days are dull. In many positions it would
be quite impossible to plant big masses. One would have to be guided by
the size of the garden and its surroundings, but in small gardens small
clumps, or even single specimens, might be employed with advantage.
A tree of the silver birch, particularly the weeping form, is always an

COMMONPLACE NOTES. 501

object of beauty, and the same applies to all the coloured-stemmed
willows, or the weeping willows, if planted in suitable positions. The last
point is one of much importance. All trees should be planted in such
positions as are naturally suited for them, otherwise they appear out of
character, and instead of improving the effect they are more likely to spoil
existing natural beauty.

SEMPERVIVUM HOLOCHRYSUM.

W. L. Fox, Esq., F.R.H.S., of Carmino, Falmouth, sends us a photo-
graph of this interesting succulent plant, a native of Teneriffe, which

eee SF . a YS

Fic. 108.—SreMPERVIVUM HOLOCHRYSUM.

flowered in his greenhouse in the summer of 1908. The huge in-
florescence was in flower from bottom to top for a considerable time.
The figure (fig. 108) shows it when in fruit, and a prodigious number of
seeds must be produced by the enormous head of flowers. The offsets
from the base of the plant are still in flower. The plant was introduced
as long ago as 1816, and is figured in the “ Botanical Register’’ (tab. 174).

TREE CARNATIONS AS BoRDER PLANTS.

Few plants have so rapidly become popular as the tree carnations, and
because of their free-flowering habit, perfect calyx, and sweet perfume

502 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their popularity for winter flowering is likely to be maintained, and no
doubt when their merits as outdoor plants are recognized they will be
equally esteemed in the open. The best results outdoors are obtained
from old plants that have been blooming through the previous winter
and spring: they should be planted out, at the end of May, on a sunny
but sheltered border, not cutting them back at all, but putting them
out just as they are. Fora time they will appear very shabby, and be
somewhat of an eyesore, but in a very short time new growths will be
made which will produce an abundance of blossoms during the late
summer and autumn. The soil for the plants ought to be deeply dug,
say eighteen inches deep, adding a liberal supply of well-decayed manure
or well-rotted leaf soil; and if the soil is stiff and heavy, coarse sand or
road grit may be used to keep it porous and warmer. If the weather is
very dry after planting, copious supplies of water should be given until
the plants are well established, and a good syringing occasionally after
hot days is very beneficial. Later on, when the plants are established,
frequent hoeing to keep a loose surface is called for, as it not only
conserves moisture, but the plants thrive the better for it, and respond
much better to this treatment than to feeding with chemical or natural
manures. We should advise that no manure of any kind be given to the
plants after putting them out in the border, as it tends to the production
of foliage at the expense of the quantity and quality of the flowers.

LITTLE-KNOWN GOOD-FLAVOURED GRAPES.

There are many indications that the craze for size and appearance in
fruit is on the wane, and those possessing first-class flavour are again
finding favour. Among new grapes ‘Prince of Wales’ is sure to take
a leading position, because of its splendid appearance, size, and flavour.
It originated as a sport from ‘ Mrs. Pince,’ and possesses all the excellent
qualities of its parent, with the addition of a handsome bunch of perfect
form, a larger blue-black berry of a roundish-oval shape, and a crisp
delicious Muscat flavour. At Wisley it has proved a strong sturdy
grower, free bearer, and very free setter. Another remarkably fine
grape, by no means new, but seldom seen, is ‘Muscat Champion,’ one
of the boldest berried varieties grown, quite as large as ‘Gros Colmar’
or ‘Canon Hall Muscat,’ but of a foxy-red colour, tinged with green ;
many not only object to this colour, but some might imagine the fruit
was not properly ripe; yet, in spite of this, no finer flavoured grape is
grown, and where high quality is desired it can be strongly recommended.
In the Wisley collection it was much admired for its big bunches, robust
habit and superb flavour. Another red or foxy grape that used to be
extensively grown, but is now rarely met with, is ‘Grizzly Frontignan ’

the best of all the Frontignan varieties—with a long slender bunch of
small red berries of the most exquisite flavour. All the Frontignans are
delicious, but none will compare with the ‘ Grizzly.’ One of the earliest
and smallest berried grapes is ‘ Ascot Citronelle,’ ripening its fruit quite
a fortnight before ‘ Black Hamburgh’ growing in the same house; the
flavour is excellent, the bunches rather small, but abundantly produced
and the berries a lovely amber tint when fully ripe. For pot cultivation

COMMONPLACE NOTES. 5038

this is a valuable variety. We have nowhere seen or heard of this variety
except in the Society’s Gardens. ‘ Lady Hastings ’ is another new grape,
a sport from ‘Muscat Hamburgh,’ with all the delicious flavour of its
parent, but with a stronger constitution, not so fastidious as to soil and
treatment as ‘ Muscat Hamburgh,’ and bearing larger bunches and berries.

THe Lastinc QUALITIES OF DAHLIAS. |

A Fellow writing from Wiesbaden draws attention to a point of
considerable interest in connection with dahlas. He found that some
‘varieties would, on being cut for decorative purposes, last much longer
than others kept under the same conditions. Herr Emil Becker, also of
Wiesbaden, states that he finds those varieties with narrower foliage possess
more lasting qualities than those with broad flat leaves. He considers
that plants which have been heavily manured with stable manure are less
lasting than those which have been grown without its aid, and finds that
if the foliage be removed immediately after the flowers have been cut they
last much better in water than they do in the ordinary way. The
matter is one well worthy the attention of growers and raisers of these
brilliant, decorative flowers, and observations upon the subject would be
welcomed.

Harpy WINTER FERNS.

A Fellow writes asking, “ Are there any nice evergreen ferns I could
plant along a woodland walk for winter?’ There are a few, but only
a few, which can be recommended for such a purpose :—

(1) Polystichum aculeatum.—A most beautiful native British plant,
with broad leaves like huge ostrich feathers.

(2) Polystichum armatum.—A North American plant, perfectly hardy
here, with leaves less divided than the preceding, less feathery,
more like an ostrich plume as conventionally drawn in heraldry,
but of equal beauty ; indeed, in winter, with the edges of the
fronds outlined with hoar frost, it is even more lovely than
P. aculeatum.

(3) Polypodium vuigare.—Another of our native ferns, very common,
but none the less delightful to the eye when clustering with
a mass of fronds all round the bole of a big tree, or at the base
of a big bit of rock. It will grow where very many other things
refuse—e.g. under a thick spruce. But being dwarf it should
always be planted where it can be well seen, as close round
a tree, where its rather pale green leaves make a glorious
contrast with the dark brown bark of the tree’s trunk.

(4) Scolopendrium vulgare-—The common Hart’s-tongue fern, once
very common, but growing less so year by year. It asks for
a heavier damper soil than the others; it will, however, live
wherever (1) and (2) will grow, though its favourite haunt is the
side of a damp ditch in the claylands. Its broad strap-like
leaves of glossy green are very cheering in the winter woodland.
It should, however, be planted in clumps of two or three plants, as,
unless in a position and a soil that suits it well, it does not make
big plants such as are wanted along a woodland walk.

504 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There may be other evergreen ferns suitable for woodlands in winter,
but if so we have not come across them. Of these four (1) and (2) are
almost equal in beauty, and both grow into fine big plants. No. 3 should
be used chiefly in conjunction with big rocks or the trunks of trees; and,
except on damp heavy soils, (4) should only be used occasionally to give
a little variety..

There are two others which, though not strictly speaking evergreen,
will generally keep their leaves green till February or even later, and
should certainly not be forgotten for the winter woodland :—

(5) Polystichum angulare.—Very similar to, but with the leaflets
rather more finely divided than, No (1), and lacking its shiny
elazed evergreen look.

(6) Lastrea dilatata.—Very desirable, and quite distinct from any of
the others, and holding its leaves quite long enough to deserve
a place in the winter woodland.

Fern enthusiasts would unhesitatingly recommend a number of the
numberless varieties of these six, but we strongly advise our inquirer to
be content at first with these ; and when they have become thoroughly
well established, then, if he think more diversity required, let him try
some of their varieties. The craze for varieties of our native ferns may
very easily be overdone ; a very few of them, probably not more than you
can tell upon your fingers, are improvements on the natural forms for
outdoor growth, and some are actual monstrosities, curious no doubt, and
very interesting to the student of nature’s possibilities and freaks, but

devoid of nature’s natural beauty, and generally very difficult to grow in
the woodland.

BOOK REVIEWS, 505

BOOK REVIEWS.

“ Schlich’s ‘Manual of Forestry: Forest Utilisation.” Vol. v. By
Professor W. R. Fisher. 2nd edit., 8vo., 840 pp. (Bradbury, Agnew,
London, 1908.) 12s. net.

This is an English translation, by Professor Fisher, of Dr. Carl
Gayer’s well-known work “Die Forstlienutzung,”’ and has, possibly by
permission, been included as volume vy. of “ Schlich’s Manual of
Forestry.”

Although an excellent work for Continental foresters, it appeals but
little to wood-managers in this country, for floating timber, the utilization
of leaves and twigs, resin-tapping, and the disposal and sale of litter
hardly come within the scope of British forestry. However, some of the
chapters are excellent, and contain much of interest to the manager of
our home woodlands, though in early editions of “ Brown’s Forester’
similar matter, much condensed, may be found.

The chapter on “ Industrial Uses of Wood ”’ claims attention as being
thoroughly practical and to the point; but, on the whole, we hardly
think that the vast labour in translating the work into English was a
necessity—so far, at least, as British forestry is concerned—as few of the
operations are practised in our woodlands.

“Our British Trees, and How to Know Them.” By Francis George
Heath. 3rd edit., revised, small 8vo., 491 pp. (Routledge, London,
1908.) 5s.

No one has done more to popularize our woodland trees and shrubs
than Mr. Heath. His charmingly written book “Our British Trees,”
the third edition of which has just been published, is at once not only
in a popular, but in a scientific sense as well, one of the most valuable
contributions to the subject that has yet appeared.

With the aid of the text—which, by the way, is quite devoid of
unnecessary technicalities—assisted by 250 carefully executed illustra-
tions, the student should have little difficulty in recognizing any of our
woodland trees or shrubs. The book, too, is of a most convenient size
for reference purposes, is well got up and cheap, while it is wonderful
what Mr. Heath has crammed into some 500 pages.

We can strongly recommend this book to every student of our British
trees.

“The Cell as the Unit of Life: an Introduction to Biology.” By
the late Dr. Allan MacFadyen. Edited by Dr. R. Tanner Hewlett.
8vo., 381 pp. (Churchill, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d. net.

This volume, which should prove very valuable to students, contains
five lectures on “The Cell as the Unit of Life,’ six on “Cellular
Physiology,” three on “Recent Methods and Results in Biological

506 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Inquiry,” and four on “Toxins and Antitoxins”’; concluding with
“The Effects of Physical Agents on Bacterial Life,” a glossary, a list
of publications, and an index. The lectures were all delivered at the
Royal Institution, where the author was the Fullerian Professor.

It would be useless to attempt to give even a summary of the con-
tents. Every lecture is replete with matter compressed into a small
compass, yet clearly expressed. Commencing with the description and
vital phenomena of the cell, the reader is carried on to a consideration
of the tissues ; protoplasmic response to stimuli is treated at length, and
the ferments or enzymes. are discussed; a brief, but terse, account of
bacteria and ptomaines, and diseases caused by them, is also given.

We cannot speak too highly of the book, which must be in the hands
of every student whose duty it is to know all he can of the subject.

“The Young Botanist.”” By W. P. Westell and C. 8. Cooper; with
coloured and uncoloured illustrations by C. F. Newall. 8vo., 199 pp.
(Methuen, London, 1908.) 3s. 6d. net.

“The purpose of this little book is to serve as a guide to the young
botanist in the identification of the more familiar wild flowers”
(Preface).

It commences with hints for the young botanist, there are imstruc-
tions as to how, where, what, and when to collect, and so on. The
principles of classification, with a description of classes, orders, &c.,
follow. Leaves, inflorescences, pollination and fertilization, and fruits
are discussed.

We note the authors have a section on ‘‘ Contrivances to prevent self-
pollination.’’ As any intention is a subjective inference only, it would
have been better to have said ‘‘ contrivances which hinder self-fertilization.”’

As Miller observes, there are countless ways in which plants usually
crossed revert to self-fertilization when neglected by insects; it seems
more probable that they, by becoming adapted to insects, become inadapted
to self-pollination.

In the “ Description of Natural Orders and Species’ only a selection
of the latter is made. A brief description, giving just the most prominent
facts, is provided for each, but they are not all figured. The illustrations
are neat and pretty, but very rarely are any details of the floral structures
given. These would have greatly assisted the young botanist, especially
if a diagram of the flower had been added.

“Old West Surrey: Some Notes and Memories.” By Gertrude
Jekyll. 8vo., 820 pp.; illustrated. (Longmans, London, 1904.)
13s. net.

Though it seems rather “late in the day’ to review such a deservedly
well-known book as Miss Jekyll’s “Old West Surrey,” these remarks may
meet the eye of some who have not read the book and who may be induced
to do so, Notwithstanding that the old cottages, their occupants and
contents, are more fully described than the gardens and the plants which
grow in them, there is a delightful chapter on cottage gardens, illustrated
by a dozen excellent photographs. The book.is a most valuable and
interesting record of the life which the cottagers lived in the early and

BOOK REVIEWS, SOT

middle parts of the last century—a life, however, which did not differ
much from that led by the labouring classes in the other parts of the
south of England, one which is now rapidly changing, and which in the
course of a few years will not be remembered personally by anyone.
Many old cottages and their contents are figured; they, of course,
were in existence years before the dawn of the nineteenth century.
Some of the views of the former are most charming; they were all
photographed by the authoress, who has evidently a keen eye for the
beautiful in other things besides flowers and gardens. The old furniture,
vessels, and other household implements, china ornaments, samplers, &c.,
are all given; none is forgotten. The portraits of the inhabitants are very
good, showing the dress of the period both of men and women. What a
pity it is that the smock-frock—a most useful, becoming, and cheap article
of dress—is so seldom seen now! A copy is given of an amusing auto-
biography, written by an old woman, and a photograph of the writer.
Altogether this is a fascinating book, and should be very instructive to
the rising generation who, accustomed to gas, electric light, &c., know
nothing about rushlights, snuffers, and many other household gods of the
same period.

“Timber: a Comprehensive Study of Wood in all its Aspects,
Commercial and Botanical.’ Translated from the French of Paul
Charpentier by Joseph Kennell. 8vo., 437 pp. (Scott, Greenwood,
London, 1902.) 12s. 6d. net.

This is a useful work, though much of the information is more
applicable to foreign than to home forestry. The qualities of the various
timbers reported on, and uses to which they are applied, form an in-
teresting and instructive chapter, and point out in what a variety of
ways the wood of various trees can be profitably utilized. The amount
of damage caused to woods by insect and fungus pests is rather, we
think, underrated, while the descriptions of injurious forest insects is
meagre in the extreme. ‘Timber-merchants and fencers will read with
interest and profit the chapter on preserving timber, and the various
tables of the weights of wood previous to and after treatment are both
concise and valuable. The application of wood to the art of dyeing,
and dyeing and staining wood, hardly appeal to the British consumers
of wood; but accessory products, in the matter of bark for tanning
purposes, is a chapter that will well repay perusal.

“ Wayside and Woodland Ferns: a Pocket Guide to the British Ferns,
Horsetails, and Club-Mosses.”” By Edward Step, F.L.S. Small 8vo.,
137 pp. (Warne, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

As a compact and well-illustrated pocket guide for the student of our
native ferns and their allies this little book of some 140 pages and an
equal number of interleaved plates—photographic, coloured and plain—
can be highly recommended. The illustrations are capitally executed,
though some of the photographs lack sharpness of definition. The
descriptions of the species and their habitats are clear, full, and correct,
and their determination when found should therefore be easy to the
student. The author purposely confines himself to the normal forms,

508 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

referring students of varietal ones to special books in that line, and we
cordially sympathize with him in the hope that his contribution to
normal fern lore will not tend in any way to stimulate that vandalism—
pseudo-scientific and other—which has done so much to denude our fern
districts of their charming occupants. On the other hand we are bound
to take exception to such remarks as those on p. 47: ‘ The varieties of
the lady fern that have arisen wnder cultivation are legion, and many
of them have been so crossed and modelled by fern-growers that they
no longer present any likeness to the natural types. They are more
admired by certain persons on that account, but we are of opinion that
the native grace of the wild fern is superior to all the cultwated mongrels
and monstrosities.”

The italics are ours, and indicate a lamentable ignorance of the facts
that the great majority of these varieties have not arisen under cultiva-
tion at all, but are purely natural wild sports, in many cases of greatly
enhanced beauty by virtue of their greater development of the natural
normal charm ; that crossing has had next to nothing to do with the
matter, so that mongrels do not exist (in this species at any rate); that
the term “ monstrosity,’ as applied to the beautiful plumose forms of
this species, is simply a relic of long-exploded ideas on the varietal
connection ; and, finally, that man can do absolutely nothing in the way —
_ of “modelling” a new type, but can only prize it when it spontaneously
appears. Despite our admiration for Mr. Step’s book as a whole, we
cannot refrain from this protest, as such remarks are characteristic of
all books of this class produced by non-students of the varietal side of
the subject. We also note with regret that Blechnwm spicans, the
hard fern, is named Lomaria, although two clear illustrations on
Plates IV. and XXVI. show the accepted distinguishing fructification
of Blechnum by the spores not forming a fringe (Greek, loma) to the
pinne as in Lomaria proper, since the sori are well within the margin
and separated from it by an indusium which in Lomaria is formed by
the margin itself. This is another example of errors handed on from
one book to another, and in this case Blechnwm is not even mentioned
as a@ Synonym anywhere in the book. With regard to the shield ferns,
Polystichum angulare has been found in Perthshire—z.e. north of the
Clyde—and it is incorrect to state that P. aculeatwm gradually merges
into P. angulare as we come farther south, for both may be found in
their distinctive forms side by side in Devon and other southern counties.

‘* Sylva; or, a Discourse of Forest Trees.’”’ By John Evelyn, F.R.S.
With an Essay on the Life and Works: of the Author, by John Nisbet,
D.dic. A reprint of the 4th edition, in 2 vols. 8vo., 335 pp.+287 pp.
(Doubleday, London, 1908.) 21s. net.

Concise, yet full of detail, will be found the interesting introduction
by Dr. Nisbet to the new reprint of the fourth edition of “ Evelyn’s
Sylva.”” The masterly Life of John Evelyn, which extends to seventy-
two pages, is divided into eight chapters, every one of which bristles
with interesting information regarding the doings of one whose writings
have had a vast influence on British arboriculture. Of the original
work it is unnecessary to make a comment, its value being well known

BOOK REVIEWS. 509

and justly appreciated by everyone who takes an interest in matters
pertaining to our forest trees. We think it was wise to leave severely
alone the original work, with its characteristically quaint style of dealing
with our forest trees, the descriptions and uses to which the timbers
are applied appealing as truly to us to-day as they did when the great
work appeared fully two and a half centuries ago. We certainly feel
that Dr. Nisbet has done his part of the work well, and we are only
sorry that the price will be the most serious drawback to its general use.

“The Book of Garden Pests.’ By R. Hooper Pearson, F.R.H.S.
8vo., 214 pp. (John Lane, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

The position Mr. Hooper Pearson holds as assistant editor of the
“Gardeners’ Chronicle’’ has given him a unique opportunity of
becoming acquainted with the particular diseases and pests which most
do trouble the gardener ; and he has dipped freely into the pages of the
magazine with which he is connected, and into such books as Miss
Ormerod’s “Handbook of Injurious Insects,’ Dr. Cooke’s “ Fungoid
Pests,’ and Mr. Massee’s “ Text-Book of Plant Diseases,’’ and extracted
therefrom the most approved methods of dealing with these pests. The
gardener who is too busy to study from a more exact standpoint the
fungi and insects which meet him at every turn, will find here an
excellent account of the symptoms by which he may recognize the more
commonly occurring attacks upon plants and the best means of getting
the better of them; and this is precisely the kind of thing most gardeners
require. Many of the pests are illustrated in a manner calculated to
make their appearance clear and to show the main points in their life-
histories.

“First Course in Biology.’ By L. H. Bailey and W. M. Coleman.
8vo., 592 pp. (The Macmillan Co., New York, 1908.) 7s. 6d.

The tendency in American secondary schools “is away from the
formal technical completion of separate subjects and toward the develop-
ing of a workable training in the activities that relate the pupil to his
own life.”” The tendency is shown only to a slight extent in secondary
schools in England at the present time; but there are signs that the
revolt against the method of teaching adopted, and wisely adopted, in
the university is beginning, and a method more in keeping with the
calibre and requirements of the children to be educated is taking its
place. The revolt has gone farther in the elementary schools, where the
Nature-study method has in many cases been adopted with excellent
results where it has been recognized that Nature-study is a method of
education and not a subject for instruction. The present volume is an
effort to meet the need of those schools where it is felt that “the ideals
and abilities should be developed out of the common surroundings and
affairs of life, rather than imposed on the pupil as a matter of abstract,
unrelated theory.”’ The first part of the book deals with plants (204 pp.),
and is written by Professor Bailey; the second (224 pp.) is concerned
with animal biology; and the third (164 pp.) with human biology, these
parts being written by Mr. W. M. Coleman. Like all the books with
which Professor Bailey has to do, we have here one where the spirit of

-

510 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

the true teacher breathes in every page. The parts dealing with plant
biology and human biology are particularly good; and the second part
is good, but impresses one with the feeling that general animal
biology is a less natural subject of instruction than either of the other
two. A great deal of dependence is placed upon the figures (which, by
the way, are excellent all through the book) in this part, thus introducing
a factor of possible inaccuracy in the premises, which is absent when
actual specimens are available, and it is obviously impossible to have
living specimens of animals, from the sponge to the big cats and
monkeys, available for examination. The methods of instruction here
are, as all through the book, very suggestive, and the authors are to be
congratulated on having produced a book which is bound to have an
inspiring effect upon those teachers and scholars into whose hands it
shall come.

“A Text-book of Botany.” By J. M. Lowson. Fourth edition.
8vo., 581 pp. (Clive, London, 1908.) 6s. 6d.

“ Elementary Botany.’ By Percy Groom. KEighth edition. §8vo.,
272 pp. (Bell, London, 1908.) 3s. 6d.

If the numerous elementary books on botany which have issued
from the press since Oliver’s “ Lessons”’ appeared in the ’sixties and
Henslow’s “ Botany for Beginners” in the ’seventies be any criterion,
botany as a school or examination subject is still well to the fore.
The majority deal purely with structure, external and internal, and the
principles of physiology. In both of the books under review this is
well done and well illustrated. Until the last quarter of a century
classification was the goal aimed at, for the details of structure were
only studied as marks of distinction whereby to classify plants.

Darwin first drew attention to the wses of structural details for the
requirements of the plant itself. His many works, such as “ The
Fertilisation of Orchids,’ “Climbing Plants,’ &c., introduced what
is now called ecology, z.e. the study of plant structure and physiology
with special reference to the habits of the organism when growing wild.

This should be the aim and goal of all students of both kingdoms
of living beings. Text-books should be so framed as to lead up to this
end; none can be considered up to date unless the principles of ecology
are Clearly, if succinctly, stated, so that the student is soon awakened to
its interest and importance, and can himself pursue it in the field.

Turning to the index, we find Mr. Lowson’s book has fourteen
references to “adaptation,” the basis of ecology; the new ecological
terms, edaphic, hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes, with twelve
references, &c., are given. These show that the author is alive to the
importance of the subject. In Mr. Groom’s book, with the exception of
some adaptations in roots and leaves, none of the above words find a
place in the index. Mr. Lowson gives excellent though brief accounts
of ecological associations, and on field observations upon them. This
only occupying little more than a page, might have been lengthened by
calling the attention of the student to normal amphibious plants and the
frequent “experiments”? which Nature makes with plants when they
happen to grow in unaccustomed conditions. Thus, if a pond dries up,

BOOK REVIEWS. 511

the water crowfoot grows just as well, if not better, in the mud, but with
its stem and leaves in the air, now perfectly adapted to an aérial
existence. On the other hand, many xerophytes find their way into
marshes, &c., and change accordingly in a reverse way. ‘The student
should look out for these interesting cases, for they point the way to
evolution itself.

“ Parallel Paths: a Study in Biology, Ethics, and Art.” By T. W.
Rolleston. 8vo., 299 pp. (Duckworth, London, 1908). 4s. net.

This book contains three parts. Part I. deals with the Argument
from Design, the Wheel of Life, De mimemis, the Darwin-Lamarck,
the Darwin-Weismann, and the Directive Theory of L[volution.
Part II. discusses Law, Free Will, Personality, the Ethical Criterion
and Sanction. Part III. is on Art and Life. There are also four
appendices and an index.

The author gives a good account of Paley’s argument and of
Darwin’s and Weismann’s position, showing clearly wherein they fail
to account for the cawse of the origins of structure. He calls attention
to the invariable presence of “purpose,” or, “as I should prefer to
call it, directivity.’ He does not add that this word is new to science—
having been invented by Professor A. H. Church, F'.R.S.* Subsequently
he has a chapter on “ Law and Directivity.” This must be distinguished
from “force,” for no force is self-directing. This is where Weismann
fails, for he says: ‘“ Life is merely a chemico-physical phenomenon.”
It is more than force, for it is the director of all the forces in a living
body.

The author is not quite correct in saying: “The variations on which
natural selection has to work are produced, according to Darwin, not
only by the exercise of particular organs, as in Lamarck’s theory, but also
and more potently by “innate variations originating from unascertained
causes in the reproductive cells.’”’ The latter is Weismann’s position ;
but Darwin, in his “Animals and Plants under Domestication,’’ f says it is
“ changed conditions of life’’ in response to which “ indefinite or definite
variations arise.” Unfortunately for natural selection no indefinite
variations—i.e. a mixture of adaptive and inadaptive variations—have
ever been seen ; all the individuals of seedlings or animals grow in direct
adaptation—.e. “ definitely.”’

The author says: “ Stimulus and response, taken together, constitute
the directive force in obedience to which the world unfolds itself in the
evolutionary process.”’ But no force can be “ directive;”’ it is directed,
and by life. A man fires at a target; the bullet hits it, not by any
“ directive force,’’ but by means of a force directed by the man.

Another expression is very far from being correct: “ Crystallization
is a process which trembles on the very verge of vital action.” A crystal
can increase in size by superficial accretions of a like nature; but a
living being grows by internal development. There is nothing in common
between them.

* See “ Directivity,” an article in the Hibbert Jowrna!, October 1907.
f Vol. il. p. 271.

512 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Part II., on “ Ethics,’ is rather out of place for discussion in a
horticultural journal; so we will leave it for the reader. Though some
few points have been alluded to, it must not be supposed that they sample
the book, which is very readable, and full of important matters under the
headings given above.

“The Bible of Nature.” By J. A. Thomson, M.A. 8vo., 248 pp.
(T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1908.) 4s. 6d. net.

This little book consists of five lectures delivered at Lake Forest
College. Their subjects are: “ The Wonder of the World,” “ History of
Things,” ‘“‘ Organisms and their Origin,” “ The Evolution of Organisms,”
and “Man’s Place in Nature.’”’ They are very interesting, and written
in an easy, popular style which all can follow, though the title “The
Bible of Nature’ does not appear to us a very happy one. Speaking of
the universality of “ adaptations,’ which indicate progress, the author
does not allude to innumerable “ degradations ’’ wherever Nature finds no
further use of structures while readapting organisms to new conditions.
Thus submerged aquatic plants are in perfect adaptation to water, though
this has the effect of causing a general degeneracy throughout the entire
organism.

Science brings induction and experiment to bear upon objects of
observation, but stops short of any inquiry into their primary cause ;
the author might have added that the “ proof’ of an Almighty Mind
is based on precisely similar lines of induction, or the accumulation of
probabilities. “A ‘First Cause’ is taken for granted,” but the evidence
of “ intelligence’’ in that First Cause is equally obvious on scientific reason-
ing. After giving a succinct account of ‘organisms and their origin,”
evolution is dealt with. Itis said that evolution issues from “ variability ”’
subjected to the “ directive factors of selection and isolation’’; but the
author does not describe Darwin’s use of natural selection aright, for it
has no selective power whatever. ‘‘ Of fifty seeds she often brings but
one to bear.’ The relatively fittest tend to survive and to reproduce,
handing on their advantages to their progeny.’ But Darwin’s reason of
the survival of one or a few is that all the rest develop in themselves
“injurious ’’’—that is, “inadaptive structures,’’ and consequently they
must die.* This was a pure surmise, for Nature never makes such
injurious characters. The real reason why so few live is a matter of
accident. Other plants will not let them grow; or they get devoured,
&e. It is mainly what Darwin called “ fortuitous ’’ destruction.

The volume concludes with a long chapter on “ Man’s Place in
Nature.” He gives a succinct account of man’s relationship with animals,
and alludes to the difficulty of the problem of the ascent of man, who
took ‘probably 300,000 years’? to make. “He probably arose by
a mutation, ze. by a discontinuous variation of considerable magni-
tude.” The late Dr. Carpenter observed that the diminution of the
jaw and teeth (used by apes for attack and defence), with the corre-
sponding reduction of the temporal muscles, allowed the skull to
enlarge and the brain to develop. But this implies an absence of a:

* Origin of Species, &c., p. 80, Ist ed.; p. 63, 6th ed.

BOOK REVIEWS. 513

struggle for existence with other animals. Had it continued, man
could never have arisen, as the head would have remained ape-like ;
whereas, with the development of the human brain, man acquired the
power of making an abstraction an object of thought. Such (as Locke
maintained) is the fundamental difference between man and animals.

The reader will find an abundance of interesting and instructive
matter, though he may not accept every point of the arguments.

“Memories of My Life.” By Francis Galton, F.R.S. 8vo., 339 pp.
(Methuen, London, 1908.) 10s. 6d. net.

Not only the scientific reader, but all who are interested in travels and
experiences in unexplored regions, and studies of human nature, will find |
this book intensely interesting. Dr. Galton takes us pleasantly through
his boyhood, in which we see how “the child was father of the man.”
Then, too, he discusses medical theories, being much indebted to Sir
D. Bowman, the oculist, whom he accompanied to Vienna, where he visited
a lunatic asylum, and where, much to his horror, one suddenly embraced
him as her “long-lost Fritz” !

His passion for travelling seized him in 1840; so while studying
under Liebig he took a tour in the Kast, but was back at Cambridge by
the October term. He describes his life there, and gives accounts of
many friends and Dons. He amusingly refers to Dr. Wheweil paying
court to the lady who became his first wife, as his behaviour reminded
him of a turkey-cock similarly engaged. But the author does not often
indulge in comical descriptions.

Egypt and the Soudan were the next countries visited, when Mehemet
Ali was ruler and Shepheard’s Hotel looked out upon rice-fields.

His next journey was to Damaraland, in South-West Africa, where
many adventures are described. On his return he married the daughter
of the Very Rey. G. Butler, Dean of Peterborough.

Art, travel, social life, geography, East Africa, and other subjects are
admirably dealt with, and the chapters are full of information and
interest. It may be mentioned that Galton had much to do with starting
the meteorological observations now published daily in the Times, &c.
The last five chapters give succinct accounts of his scientific pursuits,
and deal with anthropometric laboratories, composite portraits, human
faculty, heredity and race improvement. The reader will thus see that
the work covers a large field, both autobiographic and scientific ; and few
will put it down without reading every page.

“The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatoa.” By A. Ernst,
Ph.D. Translated by A. C. Seward, F.R.S. With two sketch-maps and
thirteen photographs. 8vo., 74 pp. (Cambridge University Press, 1908.)
4s. net.

This work deals with visits paid to the island in 1886, 1897, and 1906.
After describing the vegetation of the coral island of Kdam, near Batavia,
and other places the vessel stopped at, the flora of Krakatoa is dealt with.
The flora of Krakatoa now includes representatives of all divisions of the
plant kingdom. The total number of species has reached 187. A tabulated
list is given; the majority are phanerogams, forming incipient associations

VOL. XXXIV. LL

514 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the strand, plains and mountain slopes. Two-thirds of the first are
species ubiquitous on tropical coasts. There are sixty-seven in all, thirty-
five being widely spread and abundant beyond the Malay Archipelago, and
many occur over the whole tropical zone. On the gently sloping beach
and on the sides of the mountain-cone there are forty-two, also being
of wide distribution.

An interesting chapter is given on the biological conditions | on
Krakatoa. Every trace of the former vegetation had disappeared, and
the present flora is attributable to—ocean currents 60 per cent., wind
32 per cent., and fruit-eating animals 7°5 per cent. Lizards, birds, gnats,
wasps, and red and black ants have also established themselves. The
first organisms were dark-green gelatinous layers of “ blue-green ”’ alga,
which were found on the surface of the pumice and ash. These were
regarded by Treub as affording a satisfactory nutritive medium for the
germination of the spores of cryptogams and the seeds of phanerogams.

The question as to the necessary food for the plants, and the source
of nitrogen especially, is discussed, as well as the relative importance of
the different agents of plant dispersal in the colonization of the Krakatoa
islands.

The work is a valuable contribution to the origin of a flora and its
ecological developments. ,

“ Handbook of Practical Botany, for the Botanical Laboratory and
Private Student.” By Dr. E. Strasburger. Translated by W. Hillhouse,
M.A., &. Sixth Edition revised. 8vo., 527 pp. (Swan Sonnenschein,
London, 1908.) 10s. 6d.

We need scarcely say more than that this well-known book has been
brought thoroughly up to date. It is entirely devoted to microscopic
anatomy, and carries the student through the most characteristic features
of the leading groups of plants. Beginning with easy lessons, as that on
starch, he is led to karyokinesis of the nucleus, and shown how to examine
with reagents and all that is necessary. No student who has the time
required at his disposal could well do without the valuable aid afforded
by this excellent manual.

“ Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons.’’ By Dr. Hans Solereder.
Translated by L. A. Boodle, F.L.8., and F. E. Fritsch, D.Se., F.L.S.,
revised by D. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S. Two vols. 4to., 1183 pp.
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1908.) 24s. net each volume.

Apart from the interest which the minute anatomy of plants intrin-
sically possesses for the serious student, its value as an aid to the
determination of the natural relationships of plants has been demonstrated
by means of the active research with which it has been pursued during
the past few years, and it is of great importance as an assistance in other
lines of botanical investigation, both scientific and applied. The English-
speaking botanist therefore owes a great debt of gratitude to the author
who has amassed, and to the translators who have made more readily
available, the vast amount of information hitherto scattered through the
pages of otten inaccessible books and pamphlets. ‘The original edition of

BOOK REVIEWS, 515

the work was published in German as long ago as 1898, but the subject-
matter has been brought thoroughly up to date in an appendix of
218 pages, and the “ Schlussbemerkungen ”’ of the German edition have
been revised and extended in the “Concluding Remarks”’ (pp. 1070-1168),
where a very full review of those anatomical characters which have proved
to be of taxonomic value is given. The general plan of the work is to
deal with each of the Dicotyledonous families in turn, and to pass in
review the anatomical features which characterize it, and then to deal
with the structure of the leaf and stem in detail. At the conclusion of
each section a list of the works relating to the family is given. The
completeness and comprehensiveness of such a mass of minute detail can,
of course, only be tested by the continued use of the book. Its trans-
lation has sometimes involved the difficulty of finding a term which will
accurately convey the author’s meaning, but this difficulty has, to a large
extent, been met by the making of a glossary, which also serves as
a partial index. It is a pity that a fuller index could not have been
given, as it would have rendered the book much more easy to consult.
One hundred and eighty-nine figures illustrate the text, and the print and
paper as usual leave nothing to be desired.

“The Origin of a Land Flora.’’ By Professor F. O. Bower, F.R.S.
8vo., 727 pp. (Macmillan, London, 1908.) 18s. net.

The learned author has for many years applied himself to the close
study of those groups of plants, the mosses and ferns and their allies,
which appear to come between the primitive alge and the highly complex
seed-bearing plants of to-day. In the present volume he has brought
together the facts he has accumulated, and the discoveries of other
investigators in the same group, and reviewed them in the light of our
present knowledge of the sequence of evolution among plants as revealed
in the rocks, with the object of formulating a theory of the origin of the
habit which all the higher plants have acquired of living on theland. He
has produced a work full of details, marshalled, arranged and discussed
with all that philosophical acumen which we have learned to look for in
the works of the German botanist, and but rarely in those of any other
nation.

The title of the book might lead one to suppose that here was one
suitable for the general reader, but the sub-title, ‘“ A Theory based upon
the Facts of Alternation,’’ would prepare him for an abstruse discussion.
Indeed, only the specialist could hope to follow many of the arguments
brought forward from so many lines of research, all, the author considers,
pointing to the conclusion that the land flora had its origin in “a phase
interpolated between the events of chromosome-doubling and chromosome-
reduction in the primitive life-cycle of plants of aquatic habit.”

“The final goal of all organic development is the establishment of
new individuals,’ and if the land flora had its origin in this way, and
development followed the lines sketched by Professor Bower, then it is
intensely interesting to see how that in the earlier forms of land plants
(some of which have persisted, in a modified form perhaps, to the present
day) when the method of ensuring the production of adaptable individuals
and their establishment was not greatly specialized, this deficiency was

LL2

516 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

made up by the prodigious numbers of spores which were produced, and
which were so small and light that they could be carried great distances,
as we see in the mosses of to-day. This great number was further
ensured by the high development to which the spore-producing part
attained in the ferns, and then came specialization, and later still the
heterosporous types, and especially the seed-plants. In these, individual
precision has made up for numbers, and the natural result has been that the
reproductive system has been reduced to quite small proportions. The
publisher’s work calls for nothing but praise, and the abundant use of
good figures increases the value of the book in a marked degree. A good
index is given.

“British Oak Galls.’” By E. T. Connold, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 8vo.,
169 pp., 68 plates, 17 figs. in text. (Adlard, London, 1908.) 10s. 6d.
net.

Mr. Connold in the preface to his previous work on “ British
Vegetable Galls,’’ published in 1901, says, “No illustrations are given
of Oak galls; they will probably appear subsequently in a volume
devoted exclusively to Oak galls.’ This volume has now been published,
and is a welcome addition to the literature dealing with the galls of the
Oak. It can hardly be considered a companion work to the other
volume, as it is of a different size (octavo instead of quarto), and is
printed on the very objectionable heavily-clayed paper which is unfor-
tunately now so frequently used when half-tone figures are inserted in
the text; but in the present instance the figures in the letterpress would
have come out very well on ordinary paper. The half-tone plates of
course require a very smooth paper. In the preface the author mentions
that there are fifty-four species of Cynipidae which produce galls on the
Oak. This is hardly correct, for some twenty-six of these so-called
species are merely the alternate generations of other species, which
reduces the number of true species to twenty-eight. We cannot
compliment the author on the arrangement of the work. It surely would
have been more convenient if, in the description of the insects, that
of the agamic generation had followed that of the sexual one, but we
find Andricus cirratus described on p. 53 and the galls figured on
plate xiv.; and the agamic generation Aphilothrix callidoma on p. 77
and plate xviii.; Teras terminalis on p. 187, and plates lvi. and lvii.,
while the alternate generation Biorhiza aptera is on p. 98 and plate
xxxl. This muddle is due to the genera being arranged alphabetically.
It is mentioned in the introduction that “For several reasons it has
been found desirable to arrange the species in alphabetical order. In
departing from the classification set forth in my other work, ‘ British
Vegetable Galls,’ I have been animated with the desire to prasent the
subject in as simple a form as possible.”’

The classification in the work alluded to had this viriuc: all the
galls on the stems, leaves, &c. being placed together under the part of the
plant that they were found on, on finding a gall on a leaf one had
only to look among the galls formed on leaves to find a description and
figure of it. But in the present arrangement, unless you know the name
of the gall, which you probably do not if you have never seen it before,

BOOK REVIEWS. 517

you do not know where to look. The present classification is there-
fore neither scientific nor popular.

No mention is made of the usual classification of the makers of the
galls, nor is any figure given of even one species. This is a great
omission in a work of this description. Both in Cameron’s “ Phytophagous
Hymenoptera’’ and Stratton’s translation of Adler’s monograph of
‘‘ Alternating Generations in Oak Gall Flies,’ which up to the present
time have been the most accessible works on Oak galls, the galls are
classified under the names of the insects which emerge from them, and
are arranged according to their natural affinities, which is very much
better and more convenient. In a popular book, a list of the galls
arranged under the heading of the part of the plant on which they may
be found should also be given.

In quoting various authors as to the meaning of the word “ cambium ’
(the layer of tissue in the plant in which the gall flies deposit their eggs),
the definition given in Dr. B. Daydon Jackson’s recent “Glossary of
Botanic Terms ’”’ is omitted, though it is one of the best, namely “ A layer
of nascent tissue between the wood and the bast adding elements to both.”

Chapter 5 is devoted to a very interesting account of the British Oak,
the Turkey Oak, and the Evergreen Oak. In chapter 6, hints are given
on collecting and mounting Oak galls, and the implements required are
enumerated. A pair of sharp nippers, a figure of which is given, is
said to be essential, but we should have thought that a pair of scissors
with one curved blunt blade and one sharp one, such as are so frequently
used in gardens, or one of the pruning implements generally known as
“ sécateurs,’’ would prove much more convenient for the purpose than
the wire cutters used by the author. A white cloth would in many cases
prove more useful than a sheet of paper; it would not tear or blow
away so easily. There is a clerical error on p. 48, the word “ blur”’ is
used instead of “burr.’’ ‘The descriptions of the galls are given in a very
clear and concise manner in a synoptical table in every case.

Three galls (if they can be considered galls) are described and figured
which are not formed by members of the family Cynipidae. One of the
Coccidae or scale insects forms slight pits in which it lives on the
Oak shoot, but it is not the cause of more than a very slight swelling of
the shoot, and the insect is not hidden in the stem, so there is nothing
that can really be called a gall.

The grubs of one of the “ gall-gnats’’ cause the lobes of the leaves to
fold over them, and under this protection the grubs live and feed, but there
is no gall,

The third gall is caused by a fungus, Dichaena quercina, which infests
the stems, branches, and even twigs, causing smooth rounded swellings o
the bark, and on a longitudinal section being made it is found that the
wood to some depth is implicated. It is very questionable if the tumours
on the oak stem (see plates Ixvii. and Ixviii.) are caused by this fungus.
Similar excrescences are very common on the stems of other trees
whose branches and shoots do not show any signs of being attacked by
this parasite.

The plates are as a rule very good; that showing sections of the
stem of an oak would have been more interesting had a diagram been

*

?

518 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

given showing in what direction through the stem the sections were
taken. The insets, where they occur, detract very much from the
appearance of the plate, and many of the plates are too crowded with
objects ; for instance in plate vi. had afew of the leaves only been figured by
themselves it would have been much easier to have realized the form of
the galls which at present are very indistinct; the male catkins shown
on plates xiil., xvi. and xxiv. should have been reproduced on a much
larger scale, so that the galls would have been more distinct. The four
plates showing galls of Cynips Kollart are very interesting, though
perhaps of little scientific value. Plates xlvi. to xlix. are particularly good
but lii., ii. and liv. are by no means satisfactory. The descriptions of the
galls are followed by a useful list of 184 parasites and inquilines, which
have been mentioned in the volume, a table of the months in which
the galls may be found, an annotated list of the mid-Huropean Oak
galls and an index. Notwithstanding its deficiencies, we can heartily
commend this book to any one who is collecting galls, as the plates will
greatly help him in identifying those he may find.

“The Fern World.’ By Francis George Heath. Hleventh Edition.
8vo., 399 pp. (Routledge, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d. net.

This book is admirably got up, with 12 coloured plates, and a few
minor illustrations depicting the normal forms of our native Ferns, while
the letterpress describes them fully and gives some of their habitats in
these islands and the countries abroad in which they are also indigenous.
Allusions are also made to the several thousand species of Ferns existent
in the world, but with all this the material is too scanty to justify
the comprehensive title, more especially since, in the author’s previous
book “The Fern Paradise,’ he practically exhausted the ground as
regards our native Ferns themselves, and thus adds nothing practical
in this volume to the contents of its predecessor. It is also obvious
that Mr. Heath has devoted but little study to recent literature on the
subject, or to the real life history of the plants he treats of. Otherwise
he could not possibly have written on pp. 9 and 10, in connection with the
peculiar mode of reproduction of Ferns from the spore, that “ when the
prothallus is perfected the frond-bud,” by which he clearly means the em-
bedded embryo at the base of the archegonium, “ emerges from its cell and
is fertilized by the spermatozoid (? antherozoid).’’ He then proceeds to
say that “soon after this process is completed the spermatozoids lose their
activity and finally disappear. The prothallus too commences to decay, and
finally with its little system of cells, it dies, leaving in its place only the
fertilized frond bud, which, however, at this stage has no defined likeness to
the future and complete frond. The under portion of the frond-bud lying
next the damp soil soon, however, begins to form the rootstock, which sub-
sequently gives rise to the rootlets, while from its upper portion proceeds
the stalk.”

As against this, every fern raiser is aware that so far from the
prothallus dying, as described, prior to the appearance of the young Fern,
it persists and acts the part of foster mother, so to speak, until the young,
plant is well rooted. The emergence of the frond-bud for fertilization is
equally absurd; it lies deeply embedded in the substance of the prothallus,

BOOK REVIEWS. 519

and becomes fertilized by an antherozoid traversing the tube formed above
it as part of the archegonium. We can forgive Mr. Heath for trying to
simplify description, but not for such fundamentally misleading details
as these. He also advises the spore sower that his cultures “must be
kept in a dark place,’’ whereas the more light, other than direct sunlight,
the better.

We also regret to note that, in this book as elsewhere, Mr. Heath
practically advocates that vandalism which has done so much to denude
our ferny districts of their beauty, and which of late has happily been
restricted to a great extent by punishment of the raiders. No other
possible construction can be put upon advice that “the Fern hunter should
be provided with a fork, stout chisel, hammer, trowel and spade, together
with a conveyance, whenever Fern hunting on a large scale is indulged
im” (the italics are ours) (p. 96). The puzzle here is how can any
professed Fern lover advocate their destruction in this manner, and ignore
the rights of local ownership, which are thereby outraged.

Finally the depreciatory allusions to the varietal forms of these Ferns
are entirely out of date. That long names are given them is no argument ~
against their beauty. He lumps them all as “in reality but monstrosities
of a more or less constant and pronounced kind”’ (p. 174-5), and elsewhere
(p. 195) he asserts that “ varieties to a large extent are merely accidental
departures from the normal form, and frequently do not preserve their
peculiarities under cultivation.” This last assertion is a fair proof that
Mr. Heath is lamentably ignorant of the real facts, and should have
studied the subject before committing himself to such a statement. The
book in short is a pretty book for the table, but for the real Fern student
contains absolutely nothing new.

“The Perpetual Flowering Carnation.” By Montague C. Allwood.
8vo., 131 pp. (Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, London, 1907.) 2s.

The book treats of this type of Carnation in considerable detail, and
the autbor starts by defining “ Dianthus Caryophyllus more commonly
known as Pink.’”’ This is misleading, as the garden Pink has been derived
from D. plumarius, although to be fair to the author D. Caryophyllus is
also known as the Clove Pink. After giving some account of the intro-
duction of the tree Carnation from France to America in 1844 and its
subsequent improvement there, it is also stated that “there is not the
slightest doubt but that the British tree Carnation was originally
imported from France about 1856.” Certainly six years earlier, to the
writer's knowledge. He remembers training some of them to walls in
Scotland in 1852-8, but both plants and flowers were contemptible in
comparison with the beautiful flakes and bizarres grown at that time.

A very useful introduction from France in the early sixties was
‘TL Alégatiére ’; it had fairly well formed flowers of a bright scarlet colour.
Our author states that this variety “was grown extensively about 1865 to
produce cut bloom for Covent Garden Market, and old Carnation growers
have told the writer that these were grown on the roofs of houses, not
being allowed to bloom for the first two years.’’ Verily there were some
queer florists somewhere in those early days. The writer bought it when
it was first sent out, and flowered it at once in the greenhouse. Why it

520 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

was not allowed to bloom for two years, and why it should be placed on
the roofs of houses, he cannot imagine.

Propagation and after treatment are very fully detailed. The author is
a practical gardener, and his practical instructions are to be depended upon.
One remark is well worth careful consideration. It is stated that “ some
srowers think that by keeping their houses closed during cold weather
they save fuel, which indeed they do at the expense of the plants.” No
good gardeners would treat their plants in this way, as the blooms would
damp off, and the plants would become unhealthy. The only way to
obtain good Carnation blooms in winter is to maintain a rather dry
atmosphere from the moderate heat of the hot-water pipes, and ventilate
sufficiently to allow the moisture to escape; a minimum temperature of
55 degrees is necessary. All details of culture are given; the best form
of house in which to grow the plants, and diseases and insect pests are
treated as they deserve. There is a useful calendar of operations for every
month in the year, and the author finishes with a truism, “ Whatever you
do in growing Carnations do it thoroughly, otherwise do not expect to
succeed.” !

“The Commercial Products of India,’ being an abridgment of the
“Dictionary of Economic Products of India.’ By Sir George Waitt,
C.LE., M.B., C.M., LL.D (Abd. and Glasg.), F.L.S., &e. Published
under the authority of His Majesty’s Secretary of State for India in
Council. 8vo., viii + 1189 pp. (Murray, London, 1908). 16s. net.

The “ Dictionary of the Economic Products of India ”’ has, since its
publication in 1885-94, been the standard work of reference on all matters
pertaining to the animal, vegetable, and mineral products of India. It is
a large work, comprising six bulky volumes, and is now outof print. The
work under review, as its sub-title states, is an abridgment of the
“ Dictionary,’ corrected and brought up to date; it is published in one
volume, and is confined to products which are of present or prospective
commercial importance.

To prepare a definite plan for compiling the work and to make
recommendations on points of detail not provided for in the instructions
given by the Indian Government an Advisory Committee was formed to
assist the author. This Committee consisted of Sir William T. Thiselton-
Dyer, K.C.M.G., C.LE., F.R.S., then Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Mr. J. 8. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., Wyndham R. Dunstan,
F.R.S., LL.D., Director of the Imperial Institute, Sir Thomas Holderness,
K.C.8.1., and Lieut.-Colonel D. Prain, the present Director of Kew. The
reputation of Sir George Watt as the best-informed writer on the subject
of which the book treats, and the high standing of the members of the
advisory committee, are guarantees of the thoroughness with which the
work has been carried out; moreover the assistance of specialists is
acknowledged by the author in dealing with such subjects as “ Metals
and Minerals,” “Live Stock,’ ‘“ Tea,’’ “Indigo,” “ Pepper,” “ Drugs,”’
Agricultural Chemistry, and the classical and vernacular names of products.

In spite of its 1,189 pages the book is not too bulky to be held in the
hand, and the general “get up”’ is excellent ; the paper is thin but tough,
and tbe type is clear and well chosen,

BOOK REVIEWS. 521

The alphabetical arrangement is the same as that of the “ Dictionary,”
and is based upon the scientific names of the animals, plants, and minerals ;
the index at the end gives the European and vernacular names. It thus
becomes an easy task to “run down’’ the information one is seeking, and
the marginal references and page headings are also of assistance in this
connection. At the end of the account of each product is given a list of
the works consulted, and this bibliography supplies references for making
more extended research.

The vast area of India, which (including native States) is usually
given as 1,560,000 square miles, a territory larger than the Kuropean
Continent if we exclude Russia, necessarily has within its borders
climates and soil conditions of widely different characters. The com-
mercial products of such a large territory are likewise numerous and
varied, including not only the spontaneous products of Nature, but also
the results of human industry and labour. Considering its vast extent,
India is not rich in minerals, or her mineral wealth is not developed to
its full extent, consequently the greater part of the work is devoted to
descriptions of products derived from the vegetable kingdom.

For students of economic botany it will, therefore, form an excellent
text-book, and planters and commercial men, both at home and abroad,
will find it an exceedingly valuable book of reference. To the general
reader its pages are not devoid of interest, especially those devoted to the
history and descriptions of the common articles of food and drink which
are derived from India.

“Nature and Ornament. I. Nature the Raw Material of Design.”
By Lewis F. Day. 8vo., 126 pp. 87 figures (850 drawings). (B. T.
Batsford, London, 1908.) 5s. net.

Whatever the conditions and materials governing its use, and however
simple and abstract its expression, decorative art, from the severity of
the Greek fret to the luxuriance of Indian ornament, has almost
invariably received its inspiration from Nature. The student therefore
can hardly be too frequently urged to make a close study of natural
objects, with the view both of interpreting existing design and of
broadening the basis of future work by a deeper insight into the infinite
variety of line, form, shade and colour abounding in animal and plant
life. The author sets out with the purpose of showing “the development
of ornament from natural form and its constant relation to Nature,’’ and
of deducing from “the practice of past masters something like guiding
principles to help the student in making his own best use of natural form
in ornament’; but the present volume is devoted almost exclusively to
the illustration of the variety and character of common forms of plant
life. Seeing that the purpose-and value of the book lie in urging the
student to make his own drawings from nature, more than one-half is, we
think, an excessive proportion to have devoted to plant drawings of no
intrinsic worth. A number of figures unnecessarily duplicated, and others
drawn from inferior specimens, might well be replaced by simple studies
of animal form, e.g. wing, egg, fish-scale, shell, horn, &c., which are of
constant recurrence in design.

Successive chapters are devoted to the examination of trees, stalks,

522, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leaves, flowers and buds, seed vessels, &c., and attention called to the
details most likely to be of value to the student. In spite of special
assistance to keep the author “ within the bounds of botanical accuracy,”
the names attached to the drawings are the weakest feature in the book.
Fig. 58—“ Wild mint” is not a mint. Fig. 54 is not the Arbor-vitae.
Fig. 55—The seed pods drawn are not those of Primula vittata. Figs. 38,
49,61—The helminth and nipplewort are included as sow-thistles. Figs.
54,55 and 57—Six distinct plants, including the Lucerne, Medick and
Lotus, are all named “ Vetch.’’ Drawings of the Milk and Nodding
thistles are not named at all. Fig. 59—-Oak and acorns includes four
species of Oak. In view of the rather gratuitous criticism of botanists
and gardeners, we fail to understand the use of the name “ Biscutella”
for the buckler mustard or “the canariensis’’ for the Canary creeper, and
most gardeners, we think, would discredit the statement (p. 99) that the
little bedding Calceolaria if not maltreated by pinching would become an
elegant plant 5 feet high with flowers of a different shape! The state-
ment on p. 71 that “ the connection between seed and root is nowhere
more clearly demonstrated than in the onion, where you may see in the
seed-head itself actual bulbs beginning already to send out their shoots of
ereen”’ is surely unintelligible. The author is on surer ground in the first
and last chapters, where space is found for a defence of ornament for
ornament’s sake, although it is already generally conceded that that is
truly ornamental which rightly pleases, quite apart from story, symbol or
the definite embodiment of natural form.

“Trees: a Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the
Laboratory.” By the late H. Marshall Ward, Se.D., F.R.S. 8vo., 161 pp.
(University Press, Cambridge, 1908.) 4s. 6d. net.

Mr. Percy Groom, in bringing out this volume, has dealt with a
delicate subject in a commendable way, for it is no easy task to bring out
a new edition of another person’s book. There is certainly much to
commend and little to find fault with in this revised edition—perhaps the
most valuable work of its kind that we possess. Not only is the amateur
well catered for but the professional in such matters will find much to
interest him in the lucid and carefully thought out articles which oecur
under each heading. The descriptions of the various trees are particularly
good, the peculiarities of each being well defined, though, as was necessary
in a handbook of this kind, much condensed. Altogether we can highly
recommend this book on trees, and the numerous well-executed illustra-
tions go far in elucidating the text.

“Fruit Trees and their Enemies, with a Spraying Calendar.”’ By
S. Pickering, M.A., F.R.S., and F. V. Theobald, M.A. 8vo., 113 pp.
(Simpkin, Marshall, London, 1908.) 1s. 6d. net.

A most useful little book has lately been published on spraying fruit
trees with fungicides and insecticides. The joint authors, Mr. Spencer
Pickering and Mr, F. V. Theobald are both well-known experts in the
matter of enemies to our fruit crops. In some general remarks upon
spraying the authors give, on page 2, some good advice. ‘Spraying,
to be successful, must be done intelligently; the grower must know

BOOK REVIEWS. 523

what to spray for, what to spray with, and when to do it. To spray a
tree without any definite object is like giving a man physic without
knowing what is the matter with him, or whether anything is the matter
at all;’’ and on page 14 they say: ‘“ Above all it should be remembered
that it is a mere waste of money to spray, unless the spraying is done
thoroughly.’’ A chapter is devoted to “ appliances and the work that they
are intended to perform ;’”’ this is folldwed by descriptions of the various
materials used for making spray washes, and twenty-eight recipes are given
for their manufacture. Persons who use a large amount of fungicides and
insecticides are recommended to make up their own washes, but “with
smaller growers and gardeners it is otherwise, and the difference in the cost
of buying or of making up the insecticides would be counterbalanced
by the probable superiority of these substances when made by the skilled
chemical manufacturer.’ This chapter is followed by one on pests ;
they are mentioned under the names of the trees or plants (which are
arranged alphabetically) that they usually attack. The remedies and the
time for their application for each pest are given. A spraying calendar,
which should prove of great service to fruit growers, is given at the
end of the book. On page 110 is a most useful table showing the
amounts of the ingredients which are required to make 1, 10, or
100 gallons of wash and their percentages of strength. This table will
prove of the greatest assistance when compounding a different quantity
of wash from that given in the recipe. We can most confidently
recommend this little book to the attention of all fruit growers; its
price places it within the reach of everyone who cultivates fruit.

“ Handbook of Hardy Trees and Shrubs.” By George Bunyard,
V.M.H. 8vo., 160 pp. (Bunyard, Maidstone, 1908.) 3s. 6d. net.

This book can only be described as an extended nurseryman’s catalogue.
It unfortunately omits much that might usefully have been included. In
the first place, there is little to guide the planter of trees and shrubs,
the descriptions of the latter being sadly inadequate, while the practical
Operations are very cursorily passed over, and throughout the whole
book, orthography in particular has received little attention at the hahhds
of the reader. Thus Hucryphia and Choisya are both wrongly spelt at
page 113, while on the plate, opposite the same page Carpenteria is
incorrectly rendered. The rendering of Wezgelia on the plate opposite
page 92 is incorrect, as is also Awcwparia (page 19), Olearia (page 180),
Hamamelis (page 81), Hwonymus, and hosts of others.

There are a number of illustrations, and useful lists of trees and
shrubs for various soils and positions are given at the end of the work.

“Timber.’’ By J. R. Baterden, Assoc. M.Inst.C.H. 8vo., 3851 pp.
(Constable, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

This is probably the most exhaustive and reliable of the few works
that have been written on the subject of timber; indeed a vast amount of
useful information has been crammed into some 350 pages. The illustra-
tions, too, are good, and assist in many cases in explaining the text, while
the tables have been compiled with care, and are no mere lists of dry
figures.

524 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

European timbers are first described, then a chapter each to those of
America, (North and South), Japan, Africa and Australia, New Zealand
and Tasmania. The concluding chapters deal in a practical and exhaus-
tive way with the causes of decay in timber, seasoning, defects, impregna-
tion, and tests as to the strength of various woods. Altogether the book
is of particular value to all who are interested in the conversion of either
our native or foreign timbers, while even the timber merchant will find
much to interest him as to the best means of seasoning and preparing his
commodity for the market.

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908.

OU
bo
OX

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908.

Ninety-six stocks of potatos were received at the Garden for trial in
1908. They were planted on April 7, in rows 3 feet apart, and the “sets ”’
18 inches apart in the rows. The ground had been deeply dug and
moderately manured during the previous winter. All made excellent
clean growth, and were remarkably free from disease, producing very
good crops generally. By reason of their good crop and fine appearance
the following varieties were ordered to be cooked :—

British Champion. Devanha Seedling.
Courteen Seedling. Midlothian Early.
List oF VARIETIES.*

1. Ninety-fold. 30. Supreme.

2. Sir John Llewelyn. 31. General Roberts.

3. Noroton Beauty. 32. British Queen.

4, Albert Victor. 33. Windsor Castle.

5. Pearl, The. 34. Cigarette.

6. Epicure. 35. General French.

7. Recorder. 36. Barr’s Improved Snowdrop.
8. Myatt’s Early Prolific Ashleaf. 87. Early Regent.

9. Ashleaf Old Short Top. 38. Early Peter.

10. May Queen. 39. Midlothian Karly.
11. Harbinger. 40. Yule’s Success.
12. Dalmeny Early. 41. Wood Green Wonder.
13. Ringleader. 42. Dreadnought.
14. Sharpe’s Express. 43. St. Patrick.
15. Sharpe’s Victor. 44. Suffragette, The.
16. Sharpe’s Express. _ 45. White Eye Ruddy.
17. Royal Kidney. 46. O’Brien’s Celts.
18. Dalmeny Beauty. 47. Glendon Hall.
19. Courteen Seedling. 48. Invincible.
20. Sharpe’s Express. 49. Weston Wonder.
21. Syon House Prolific. 50. Gundrada.
22. Noroton Beauty. 51. British Queen.
23. Sharpe’s Victor. 52. British Queen No. 2.
24. Sharpe’s Express. 58. Russet Queen.
25. Leader. 54. Table Talk.
27. Early Rose. ~ 55. Dalhousie.
28. Early Puritan. 56. Colleen, The.
29. Beauty of Hebron. 57. Colleen, The.

* All trials in the Wisley Garden are carried out under number only until
judging is completed. The number prefixed to the name of the variety in the
Report corresponds with that by which alone the variety was known until judgment
had been given. Fellows visiting the Garden and noticing any plant under a number
can easily ascertain its name later by reference to the Report in the Journal.

526 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

58. Duchess of Cornwall (Irish , 79. Provost, The.

Seed). 80. Talisman.
59. Duchess of Cornwall (English | 81. Alderman.

Seed). 82. Masterpiece.
60. Perfection. 83. Rob Roy.
61. Rising Sun. 84. British Champion.
62. Arbitrator. 85. Colleen, The.
68. Gift, The. 86. Conquering Hero.
64. Devanha Seedling. _ 87. Duchess of Cornwall.
65. Gardener, The. 88. Diamond, The.
66. Factor’, The. 89. Schoolmaster.
67. O’Brien’s Russet. 90. Duchess of Cornwall.
68. Ever Green. 91. Scottish Triumph.
69. Irish Beauty. | 92. Satisfaction.
70. Irish Queen. 93. King.
73. Northern Star. - 94. Emperor.
74. Mairsland Queen. 95. Bell’s Seedling.
75. President. 96. Cobham Surprise.

78. Scot, The.
Nos. 26, 71, 72, 76 and 77 were seedlings (see p. 537) not yet named.

A.M.=Award of Merit.
F.C.C.=First-class Certificate.

4, Albert Victor (Barr).—Early; plant of medium size, fairly vigorous,
compact, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches few, fairly stout, tri-
angular, dark green; leaves large; leaflets long, broad, rough, flat ;
flowers few, small, pale; tubers fairly large, elongated, flattened, rather
irregular ; skin smooth, finely russeted; colour uniform dull white; size
and shape rather variable; eyes many, scattered, fairly large, deep, light,
uniform ; eyebrows prominent, fairly long; flesh firm, of medium grain,
juicy, dull white.

81. Alderman (Massey).—Plant large, vigorous. Tubers poor and
valueless.

62. Arbitrator (Sharpe).— Plant small, rather weak, spreading, fairly
erect; branches few, slender, triangular, rather light green ; leaves small ;
leaflets short, rather narrow; flowers few, rather dark ; tubers of medium
size, kidney, regular; skin rough, rather coarsely russeted, dull white in
colour; uniform in size; fairly uniform in shape; eyes scatterod, small,
shallow, fairly prominent, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short;
flesh firm, of fine grain, juicy, dull white.

9. Ashleaf Old Short-top (Barr).—EHarly; plant moderate, fairly
vigorous, spreading, erect; branches few, rather stout, triangular, narrowly
winged, dark green tinged with reddish-brown; leaves rather small;
leaflets rather short, almost smooth, flat; tubers small, elongated; skin
fairly smooth, very slightly russeted, uniform clear white; variable in
‘size; eyes few, mostly at the apex, large, shallow-sunken, compound,
light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous ; flesh firm, grain fine, juicy, dull
white.

36. Barr’s Improved Snowdrop (Barr).—EHarly ; plant large, vigorous,
spreading ; branches many, stout, triangular, dark green slightly tinged

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908. 527

with reddish-brown; leaves of medium size; leaflets long, rather broad,
smooth, flat; flowers few, large, pinkish-white ; tubers large, elongated,
flattened, irregular ; skin rough, coarsely russeted, uniform dull white in
colour ; size uniform; shape variable ; eyes few, mostly at the apex, small,
shallow, compound, light, variable in character ; eyebrows inconspicuous,
short ; flesh soft, rather coarse in grain, juicy, dull white.

29. Beauty of Hebron (Barr), A.M. August 14, 1900.—Harly ; plant
large, vigorous, compact; tubers compact in hill; branches stout, tri-
angular, rather light green ; leaves large; leaflets long, broad, smooth,
flat ; flowers few, small, pale; tubers intermediate, elongated, flattened,
irregular ; skin smooth, dull white; size and shape uniform; eyes many,
scattered, large, shallow, compound, light, uniform ; eyebrows prominent,
long, distinct in colour; flesh firm, rather coarse-grained, juicy, clear
white.

95. Bell’s seedlings (Bell).—Crop very poor.

84. British Champion (G. Carter), A.M. September 29, 1908.—Late ;
plant large, vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches
many, stout, triangular, light green slightly tinged with reddish-brown ;
leaves large ; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat ; flowers many, large, rather
dark; tubers fairly large, elongated, flattened, regular; skin smooth,
very finely russeted, dull white; size and shape uniform; eyes few,
scattered, small, rather deep-sunken, single, light, uniform; eyebrows
inconspicuous ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

32, 51. British Queen (Barr, Sands), A.M. August 15, 1905.—Mid-
season; plant large, vigorous, spreading; tubers rather scattered ;
branches few, stout, triangular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown ;
leaves medium to large; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat or slightly
crumpled; flowers pale; tubers small or medium-sized, elongated,
flattened, regular; skin smooth, dull white in colour; size uniform ;
shape variable; eyes many, mostly at apex, small to fairly large, shallow ;
eyebrows prominent ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

52. British Queen No. 2 (Sands).—A form of the preceding.

34. Cigarette (Barr). A.M. November 21, 1905.—Early; plant large,
vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches stout,
triangular, light green much tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves of
medium size; leaflets smooth, flat; flowers few, small, pale; tubers
intermediate in size, kidney, irregular ; skin rough, finely russeted, dull
white; size variable, shape uniform; eyes few, scattered, small, shallow,
compound, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, long, distinct in
colour ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

96. Cobham Surprise (Wiles).—Late; plant large, fairly vigorous,
very spreading, decumbent; branches many, slender, triangular, dark
green tinged with reddish-brown; leaves small; leaflets short, narrow,
smooth, crumpled; flowers few, large, pale blue; tubers small, kidney
irregular; skin rough, finely russeted, dull white; variable in size and
shape; eyes few, scattered, large, shallow, single, light, uniform; eye-
brows prominent, long ; flesh firm, fine-grained, rather dry, dull white.

56, 57,85. The Colleen (Sands, J. Veitch, Williamson). A.M, August 9,
1907.—Midseason; plants large, vigorous, spreading, almost erect ;
tubers fairly compact in hill; branches few, stout, triangular, dark green

528 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves medium to large, leaflets fairly long,
broad, smooth, flat; flowers few or many, pale; tubers medium-sized,
round, flattened, regular; skin smooth, finely russeted, clear white; size
and shape uniform ; eyes many, scattered, small, shallow, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows prominent or inconspicuous, long ; flesh firm, fine-
grained, juicy, dull white.

86. Conquering Hero (Williamson).—Late; plant large, vigorous,
fairly compact, erect; tubers scattered; branches few, stout, triangular,
rather dark green much tinged with reddish brown, the nodes more
deeply coloured ; leaves large; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat; flowers
many, small, rather dark; tubers large, elongated, regular; skin rather
rough, finely russeted, dull white; size and shape fairly uniform; eyes
few, scattered, large, shallow, compound, light, uniform ; eyebrows incon-
spicuous, long ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

19. Courteen Seedling (Taylor), A.M. for cultivation in pots, July 31,
1908.—Early ; plant small, vigorous, compact, erect ; tubers compact in
hill; branches rather slender, triangular, narrowly winged, green slightly
tinged with reddish-brown; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets medium-sized,
almost smooth, flat; tubers medium-sized, round, flattened, regular; skin
smooth, finely russeted, clear white; size and shape uniform; eyes
scattered, small, shallow, mostly single, light, uniform ; eyebrows incon-
* spicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

55. Dalhousie (Sands), A.M. October 24, 1905.—Plant very large, very
vigorous, fairly compact, erect; tubers scattered; branches stout,
triangular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves large ; leaflets
long, broad, smooth, flat; flowers many, medium-sized, dark; tubers
medium-sized, elongated, regular, skin rough, coarsely russeted, colour
light brown; size and shape uniform ; eyes few, scattered, small, shallow,
slightly sunken, single, light, uniform; eyebrows inconspicuous, long ;
flesh very firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white

18. Dalmeny Beauty (Sydenham), A.M. September 11, 1903. ies
season; plant large, vigorous, compact, erect; branches very stout,
i es slightly winged, green tinged Bligtaly with reddish-brown ;
leaves medium-sized ; leaflets medium-sized, almost smooth, flat; flowers
few, small, pinkish-white; tubers medium-sized, almost round, fairly
regular ; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape
uniform ; eyes few, scattered, small, fairly deep, single, light, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

12. Dalmeny LHarly (Barr).—EHarly; plant large, very vigorous,
compact, erect; branches few, very stout, triangular, narrowly winged,
dark green tinged with reddish-brown; leaves large; leaflets medium-
sized, fairly smooth, rather crumpled ; flowers few, large, pinkish-white ;
tubers large, elongated, flattened, reoular; skin rough, rather coarsely
russeted, uniform clear white; size fairly uniform ; eyes small, shallow,
single, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous ; flesh firm, rather coarse-
grained, juicy, dull white.

64. Devanha Seedling (W. Smith), A.M. September 29, 1908.—Late ;
plant large, vigorous, spreading, erect; branches few, fairly stout, tri-
angular, rather light green ; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets medium-sized,
smooth, flat; flowers few; tubers medium-sized, elongated, flattened,

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908. 529

regular, skin smooth, finely russeted; dull white; size and shape
uniform ; eyes few, scattered, small, rather shallow-sunken, single, light, .
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy,
dull white.

88. Diamond, The (Barr).—Late; plant fairly large, vigorous, spread-
ing, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches few, stout, triangular, dark
green slightly tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves large; leaflets long,
broad, almost smooth, flat ; flowers many, large, pale; tubers small,
round, flattened, regular ; coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape
uniform ; eyes few, scattered, rather large, shallow, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy,
dull white. |

42. Dreadnought (Pickett)—Late; plant large, vigorous; crop poor.

58, 59, 87, 90. Duchess of Cornwall (J. Veitch, Irish and English
seed; Williamson, Barr), A.M. October 24, 1905.— Midseason or late ; plant
‘fairly large, vigorous, spreading, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches
‘few, stout, triangular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown leaves large ;
leaflets long, broad ; flowers many, large, dark ; tubers large, elongated,
flattened, regular; skin rough, coarsely russeted, white; size uniform,
shape fairly-uniform ; eyes few, scattered, shallow, single, light, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

38. Karly Peter (Sharpe), A.M. July 25, 1899.—LEarly ; plant large,
vigorous, spreading; tubers compact in hill; branches many, fairly
stout, triangular, rather dark green ; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets rather
long, fairly broad, smooth, flat ; flowers few, small, pale; tubers medium-
sized, elongated, regular; skin rather rough, coarsely russeted, dull
white ; size and shape uniform ; eyes few, mostly at apex, small, shallow,
compound, light, fairly uniform in character; eyebrows inconspicuous,
short; flesh firm, rather coarse-grained, juicy, clear white.

28. Early Puritan (Barr), A.M. August 16, 1900.—LHarly ; plant
medium-sized, fairly vigorous and compact, erect; tubers compact in
hill; branches stout, triangular, light green, a little tinged with brown ;
leaves fairly large; leaflets medium-sized, smooth, flat; flowers few,
small, pale ; tubers of medium size, elongated, flattened, rather irregular ;
skin smooth, clear white; size and shape uniform; eyes many, scattered,
rather large, deep-sunken, single, light, uniform; eyebrows prominent,
long, distinct in colour ; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull white.

87. Karly Regent (Barr), F.C.C. October 10, 1893.—EHarly; plant
large, vigorous, spreading, decumbent ; tubers compact in hill; branches
‘many, stout, triangular, rather dark green; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets
medium-sized, smooth, flat; flowers few, small, pale; tubers large,
elongated, flattened; skin smooth, finely russeted, clear white; size
fairly uniform, shape variable; eyes many, scattered, large, deep-sunken,
compound, light, fairly uniform; eyebrows prominent, long, distinct
in colour ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

27. Karly Rose (Barr).—Early; plant large, very vigorous, fairly
compact, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches many, stout, triangular,
dark green; leaves large; leaflets long, rather narrow, smooth, flat ;
flowers few, small, pale; tubers médium-sized, elongated, flattened ;
skin smooth, light pink tinged slightly with deeper pink; size and shape

VOL. XXXIV. M M

530 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variable ; eyes many, scattered, large, deep-sunken, single, rather dark-
coloured, uniform ; eyebrows prominent, long, distinct in colour; flesh
firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull white.

94. Emperor (Bell).—Late ; plant large, vigorous, fairly compact, erect ;
branches few, stout, triangular, dark green much tinged with reddish-
brown ; leaves large ; leaflets long, rather narrow, rough, crumpled ;
flowers many; tubers medium-sized, round, flattened; skin rough,
coarsely russeted, dark purple; size and shape fairly uniform ; eyes few,
mostiy at apex, rather small and deep-sunken, single, dark, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull
white.

6. Epicure (Barr), A.M. August 15, 1905.—KEarly; plant large,
vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill ; branches many, stout,
triangular, rather dark green tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves medium-
sized ; leaflets medium-sized, fairly smooth, flat ; flowers few, small, pale ;
tubers small, slightly-elongated, flattened; skin smooth, dull white, a
little and variably tinged with pink; size and shape variable; eyes
large, deep-sunken, single, light, variable in character ; eyebrows prominent,
short, indistinct in colour, flesh white.

68. Ever Green (O’Brien).—Late; plant large, vigorous, very spread-
ing, decumbent; tubers compact in hill; branches many, fairly stout, tri-
angular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves rather small ; leaflets
medium-sized, smooth, slightly crumpled ; flowers small, many, pale ;
tubers small, round, flattened, fairly regular ; skin smooth, dull white or
light red; size and shape variable; eyes many, scattered, rather large,
shallow-sunken, single, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ;
flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

66. Factor, The (Sydenham), F.C.C. April 25, 1905.—Late ; plant
large, vigorous, speading, erect ; tubers rather scattered in hill; branches
few, stout, triangular, rather light green, a little tinged with reddish-
brown ; leaves large ; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat ; flowers many,
medium-sized, rather dark ; tubers medium-sized, elongated ; skin fairly
smooth, finely russeted, dull white; size uniform, shape fairly uniform ;
eyes few, scattered, small, shallow-sunken, mostly single, light, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous, rather long; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull
white.

65. Gardener, The (Yule), A.M. October 24, 1905.—Late ; plant very
large, vigorous, fairly compact, erect; branches many, stout, triangular,
rather dark green a little tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves rather large ;
leaflets long, broad, smooth, very slightly crumpled ; flowers many, medium-
sized, rather dark; tubers large, elongated, flattened, regular ; skin rough,
coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape fairly uniform ; eyes
few, scattered, small, shallow, compound, light, uniform ; eyebrows incon-
spicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

35. General I’rench (Barr), A.M. October 1, 1901.—Late ; plant large,
very vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers fairly compact in hill; branches
many, stout, triangular, dark green slightly tinged with reddish-brown ;
leaves large ; leaflets long, broad, fairly smooth, rather crumpled; flowers —
many, rather small, dark ; tubers large, elongated, flattened, regular ; skin
rough, finely russeted, uniform dull white ; size and shape fairly uniform ;

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908, 581

eyes few, mostly at apex, large, shallow, compound, light, uniform; eye--
brows inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, fine-grained, fairly juicy, dull
white.

31. General Roberts (Barr).—Late; plant large, vigorous, rather
spreading, erect ; tubers rather scattered ; branches stout, triangular,
dark green a little tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves large; leaflets fairly
long, broad, smooth, rather crumpled ; flowers many, fairly large, dark ;
tubers medium-sized, fairly round, flattened, regular ; skin rough, finely
russeted, dull white; size fairly uniform, shape variable ; eyes fairly
numerous, scattered, medium-sized, deep-sunken, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, fairly fine-grained,
juicy, dull white.

63. Gift, The (Sharpe).—Mid-season ; plants small, weak,’ fairly healthy,
spreading, decumbent ; branches few, slender, triangular, rather light green,
a little tinged with reddish-brown; leaves small; leaflets short, rather
narrow, smooth, crumpled ; flowers few, rather dark ; tubers medium-sized,
elongated ; skin smooth, finely russeted, light, clear white; sizeand shape
variable ; eyes fairly numerous, scattered, rather large, shallow, compound,
light uniform ; eyebrows rather prominent, long ; flesh firm, fine-grained,
juicy, light dull white; plants very variable.

47. Glendon Hall (Mrs. Home Booth).—Late ; plant large, vigorous,
healthy, spreading, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches many, stout,
triangular, light green ; leaves large; leaflets long, rather narrow, smooth,
flat; flowers few, large, pale; tubers large, elongated, flattened, rather
irregular ; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape
fairly uniform ; eyes many, mostly at the apex, large, deep, mostly single,
light, uniform; eyebrows prominent, long, indistinct; flesh firm, fine-
grained, juicy, dull white.

50. Gundrada (Kenward).—Late ; plant medium-sized, vigorous,
spreading, decumbent; tubers fairly compact in hill; branches few,
fairly stout, triangular, light green slightly tinged with reddish-brown;
leaves medium-sized ; leaflets long, fairly broad, fairly smooth, flat ;
flowers few, pale; tubers small, elongated, flattened, regular; skin rough,
coarsely russeted, dull white ; size and shape variable ; eyes few, mostly at
the apex, small, shallow, slightly sunken, single, light, uniform; eyebrows
rather prominent, long; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull white.
Plants varying in growth and habit.

11. Harbinger (Barr), A.M. August 5, 1897.—Karly; plant rather
small, fairly vigorous, fairly compact and erect; tubers compact in hill ;
branches rather few, slender, triangular, slightly winged, light green;
leaves very large; leaflets fairly long, very broad, smooth, flat; tubers
small, round, flattened, irregular; skin smooth, very finely russeted, dull
white ; size and shape variable; eyes fairly numerous, scattered, medium-
sized, rather shallow, mostly compound, light, uniform; eyebrows very
inconspicuous, short, rather distinct in colour; flesh soft, fine-grained,
rather dry, clear white. |

48. Invincible (Letis).—Plants large. Tubers too poor for description.

69. Irish Beauty (Cunningham).—Late; plant very large and
vigorous, very spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches many,

mostly very stout, triangular, light green tinged with reddish-brown ;
MM 2

532 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leaves large; leaflets long, fairly broad, smooth, slightly crumpled ;
flowers few, pale; tubers medium-sized, round, flattened; skin very
rough, coarsely russeted, dull white, a little tinged with pink; size and
shape uniform; eyes very few, scattered, small, rather shallow, single,
rather dark, uniform; eyebrows inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-
grained, juicy, dull white.

70. Irish Queen (Cunningham).—Midseason ; plant large, vigorous,
spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches many, stout, triangular,
light green; leaves large; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat; tubers
medium-sized, round, flattened, regular; skin rough, very coarsely
russeted, clear white, a little tinged with pink and mottled; size and
shape uniform ; eyes few, distributed singly, not very large, deep, single,
light, uniform ; eyebrows prominent, short, distinctly coloured pink ; flesh
firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

93. King (Bell).—Plant small, weak, diseased. Crop very poor.

25. Leader (Massey).—EHarly; plant large, very vigorous, slightly
diseased, spreading, fairly erect; tubers compact in hill; branches many,
rather stout, triangular, dark green ; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets medium-
sized, rather narrow, smooth, flat; flowers few, small, light-coloured ;
tubers large, elongated, flattened, regular ; skin roughish, finely russeted,
dull white; size uniform, shape variable; eyes many, scattered, large,
shallow, compound, light, variable in character ; eyebrows prominent,
long ; flesh rather soft, coarse-grained, juicy, clear white.

74. Mairsland Queen (Bettinson).—Midseason; tubers scattered,
tubers medium-sized, round, regular; skin smooth, finely russeted ;
fairly clear white; size and shape uniform; eyes fairly numerous,
scattered, small, shallow, mostly single, light, uniform; eyebrows
inconspicuous, medium-sized ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white, ~

82. Masterpiece (Massey).—Late; plant large, vigorous, fairly com-
pact, erect; branches many, very stout, triangular, rather light green;
leaves small; leaflets rather short, narrow, slightly rough, crumpled ;
flowers many, large, pale; tubers rather large, round, flattened, rather
irregular ;- skin rough, rather coarsely russeted, dull white; size and
shape variable; eyes few, scattered, large, shallow, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy,
dull white. -

10. May Queen (Barr).—Early ; plant large, vigorous, rather spreading,
fairly erect; tubers compact in hill; branches intermediate in number,
stoutness, and depth of colour, a little tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves
very large; leaflets very long, broad, rather rough, flat ; flowers few, small,
pinkish-white ; tubers fairly large elongated, flattened, irregular; skin
rather rough, finely russeted, dull white; size fairly uniform, shape
variable ; eyes few, scattered, small, fairly prominent, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy,
dull white.

39. Midlothian Karly (Dobbie), A.M. July 31, 1908.—Early; plant
large, vigorous; tubers compact in hill; branches few, stout, triangular,
dark green slightly tinged with reddish-brown; tubers large, elongated,
flattened ; skin finely russeted, clear white; size and shape uniform ;
eyes few, scattered, small, shallow, single, light, uniform; eyebrows

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908. 533

inconspicuous, short, distinctly coloured ; flesh soft, fine-grained, juicy,
light yellow.

8. Myatt’s Early Prolific Ashleaf (Barr).—EKarly ; plant large, very
vigorous, spreading, erect; branches many, stout, triangular, rather light
green; leaves fairly large; leaflets medium-sized, smooth, flat; flowers
small, pinkish-white ; tubers rather small, kidney; skin rough, uniform,
dull white; size variable ; eyes few, scattered, small, rather deep-sunken,
single, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh firm, medium
in grain, juicy, light yellowish.

1. Ninety-fold, (Barr), A.M. July 10, 1900.—Karly; plant medium-
sized, vigorous, compact, decumbent ; branches many, stout, triangular,
slightly winged, dark green; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets medium,
sized, smooth-fiat ; flowers few, small, pale; tubers small, elongated, very
irregular ; skin smooth, dull white; eyes many, scattered, medium-sized,
prominent, compound, light, variable ; eyebrows fairly prominent, long ;
flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull white.

8, 22. Noroton Beauty (Barr, R. Veitch).—LHarly ; plant medium or
large, vigorous, compact or spreading, erect or decumbent; tubers
compact in hill; branches few or rather numerous, fairly stout, triangular,
rather dark green, sometimes slightly tinged with reddish-brown; leaves
medium-sized or large, leaflets fairly long and broad, smooth, flat or
crumpled ; flowers, few small, pale; tubers medium-sized or large, round,
flattened, regular ; skin smooth, finely russeted, clear white variably tinged
and mottled with pink; size and shape uniform ; eyes many, scattered,
large, deep, single or compound, dark, variabie in character; eyebrows
inconspicuous, short, distinct in colour; flesh firm, juicy, clear white.

73. Northern Star (Bettinson).—Late ; plant large, vigorous, compact,
erect ; tubers scattered ; branches many, mostly stout, triangular, rather
light green ; leaves fairly large; leaflets medium-sized, smooth, flat ;
tubers rather large, round, very irregular; skin smooth, finely russeted,
dull white ; eyes few, scattered, small, deep, single, light, uniform; eye-
brows inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

46. O’Brien’s Celts (J. O’Brien).—Plant small, weak, diseased.

67. O’Brien’s Russet (J. O’Brien).—Late; plant large, vigorous,
spreading, erect; tubers rather scattered ; branches many, mostly stout,
triangular, rather light green ; leaves large ; leaflets long, fairly broad,
smooth, flat; flowers many, rather dark; tubers medium-sized, round,
flattened ; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white, a little spotted with
pink; size uniform, shape fairly so; eyes fairly numerous, scattered,
small, very deep, single, dark, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ;
flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white. .

5. Pearl, The (Barr).—Early ; plant large, very vigorous, spreading,
slightly decumbent; tubers compact -in hill; branches fairly stout, trian-
gular, dark green, leaves large; leaflets long, fairly broad, rather rough,
flat ; flowers few, small, pinkish-white ; tubers medium-sized, elongated ;
skin smooth, finely russeted, clear white; size uniform ; eyes few,
scattered, small, shallow, single, light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous,
short ; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, clear white.

60. Perfection (Massey).—Plant small, but vigorous ; tuberssmall ; crop
poor.

534 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

75. President (Bettinson)._-Midseason ; plant large, vigorous, compact,

erect ; tubers fairly compact in hill; branches few, stout, triangular, rather
light green, a little tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves large ; leaflets long
rather narrow, smooth, flat ; flowers many, rather dark ; tubers medium-
sized, round; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape
uniform ; eyes rather few, scattered, small, shallow, single, light, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

79. Provost, The (Dobbie), A.M. October 15, 1907.—Late ; plant large,
vigorous, fairly compact, erect ; tubers compact in hill ; branches many,
stout, triangular, fairly dark green, much tinged with reddish-brown, the
nodes rather deeper in colour; leaves large; leaflets long, rather narrow,
slightly crumpled ; flowers many, pale ; tubers rather large, kidney, regular ;
skin fairly smooth, finely russeted, dull white; size and shape uniform ;
eyes fairly numerous, scattered, rather large, shallow, mostly single, light,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, rather short; flesh firm, fine-grained,
juicy, dull white.

7. Recorder (Barr).—Early ; plant fairly large and vigorous, erect ;
tubers scattered; branches few, rather slender, nearly round, slightly
winged, rather dark green ; leaves and leaflets medium-sized, smooth, flat ;
flowers few, large, pale; tubers small, elongated; skin fairly smooth,
dull white; size and shape rather variable; eyes few, mostly at apex,
small, shallow; single, pale, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh
firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

13. Ringleader (Barr), A.M. July 10, 1900.—Early; plant medium-
sized, vigorous, rather spreading ; tubers compact in hill; branches many,
slender, triangular, fairly ight green ; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets long,
smooth, flat; flowers few, small, flat, pinkish-white; tubers medium-
sized, elongated; skin slightly rough, finely russeted, dull white; size
and shape uniform; eyes few, scattered, small, shallow, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows very inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, rather coarse-
grained, juicy, dull white.

61. Rising Sun (Sharpe).—Plant small; crop very poor.

83. Rob Roy (Massey).—Late ; plant fairly large, vigorous, spreading,
erect; branches few, stout, triangular, light green slightly tinged with
reddish-brown, the nodes more deeply coloured; leaves large; leaflets
long, rather narrow, rather rough, slightly crumpled ; flowers fairly many,
large, pale; tubers rather small, round, flattened; skin rough, coarsely
russeted, rather dull white ; size and shape uniform; eyes few, scattered,
small, shallow-sunken, compound, light, uniform; eyebrows incon-
spicuous, short; flesh firm, fairly fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

17. Royal Kidney (Sydenham).—Midseason; plant large, vigorous,
spreading, erect; branches many, slender (mostly), triangular, narrowly
winged, fairly dark green; leaves rather small; leaflets rather short,
smooth, flat ; tubers small, elongated, slightly flattened, regular ; skin fairly
smooth, slightly russeted, clear white; size and shape uniform; eyes few,
scattered, small, deep, single, light, uniform ; eyebrows slightly prominent,
short; flesh firm, coarse-grained, juicy, dull white.

53. Russet Queen (Sands), A.M. October 28, 1906.—Late ; plant large,
vigorous, spreading, fairly erect; tubers compact in hill; branches
many, stout, triangular, dark green, slightly tinged with reddish-brown ;

a a

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908. 535

leaves large; leaflets fairly long, broad, smooth, slightly crumpled ;
flowers rather few, pale ; tubers medium-sized elongated, regular; skin
rough, rather coarsely russeted, uniform, dull brownish-white ; size and
shape variable ; eyes rather many, scattered, large, deep, compound ; eye-
brows light, uniform inconspicuous, long; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy
dull white.

43. St. Patrick (Barr).—Late ; plant large, very vigorous, fairly com-
pact, erect ; branches many, stout, triangular, dark green slightly tinged
with reddish-brown; leaves large ; leaflets long, pinnate, fairly broad, smooth
rather crumpled ; flowers many, large, rather dark ; seed-balls numerous,
fairly large ; tubers medium-sized, round, regular; skin rough, coarsely
russeted, dull white, a little mottled with purple; size and shape uniform ;
eyes many, scattered, rather small, shallow, mostly single, light, uniform,
eyebrows slightly prominent, long; flesh firm, coarse-grained, fairly juicy,
hight dull white.

92. Satisfaction (Barr), A.M. September 10, 1895.—Midseason ; plant
large, vigorous, spreading, erect; branches few, stout, triangular, green,
much tinged with reddish-brown; leaves large; leaflets long, rather
narrow, smooth, flat; flowers rather pale; tubers medium-sized, round,
flattened, regular; skin rough, dull white; size and shape uniform;
eyes few, mostly at the apex, small, shallow, compound, rather dark,
uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh firm, rather coarse-grained,
juicy, dull white. Plants variable.

89. Schoolmaster (Barr), F.C.C. August 16, 1876.—Midseason or
late; plant small, weak, spreading, erect; tubers compact in hill;
branches few, slender, triangular, very light green slightly tinged with
reddish-brown ; leaves medium-sized; leaflets medium-sized, smooth,
flat; flowers few, large, pale ; tubers medium-sized, round, regular; skin
rough, coarsely russeted, dull white ; size variable, shape fairly uniform ;
eyes fairly numerous, scattered, medium-sized, shallow, single, light,
uniform; eyebrows inconspicuous, of medium length; flesh firm, fine-
grained, juicy, dull white.

78. Scot, The (Dobbie).—lLate; plant large, vigorous, spreading,
erect; tubers scattered ; branches many, stout, triangular, rather light
green slightly tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves fairly large, of medium
length and width, smooth, flat; flowers few, pale; tubers medium-sized,
round, regular; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; uniform in
size and shape ; eyes few, scattered, small, shallow, single, light, uniform ;
eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

91. Scottish Triumph (Barr).—Late ; plant large, vigorous, spreading,
erect; tubers compact in hill; branches few, stout, triangular, light
green slightly tinged with reddish-brown; leaves large; leaflets long,
broad, rather crumpled; flowers many, large, rather dark; tubers large,
elongated, regular ; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; size and
shape variable ; eyes few, mostly at the apex, small, shallow, compound,
light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short ; flesh firm, fine-grained,
juicy, dull white.

14, 16, 20, 24. Sharpe’s Express (Barr, Sydenham, J. Veitch, Sharpe),
A.M. August 13, 1901.—Early; plant large, vigorous, spreading, erect ;
tubers compact in hill; branches many, stout, triangular, light green

536 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

slightly tinged with reddish-brown; leaves large; leaflets of medium
length, fairly smooth ; tubers large, elongated, regular ; skin smooth, finely
russeted, clear white; size uniform ; eyes many, prominent, light, uniform ;
eyebrows, prominent; flesh firm, juicy, fine-grained, clear white.

15, 23. Sharpe’s Victor (Barr, Sharpe), A.M. August 14, 1900.—Early ;
plant rather small, fairly vigorous, spreading ; tubers compact in hill;
branches many, slender, triangular, narrowly winged, rather light green
much tinged with dark brown (stem of most plants almost black) ; leaves
large; leaflets long, fairly broad, smooth; flowers small, pale; tubers
medium-sized, elongated, regular ; skin smooth, dull white ; size and shape
uniform ; eyes few, scattered, prominent, compound, uniform ; eyebrows
prominent ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

2. Sir John Llewelyn (Barr), A.M. September 11, 1900.—Early ; plant
large, vigorous, compact, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches few,
stout, triangular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown ; leaves medium-
sized ; leaflets medium length and breadth, smooth, flat; flowers few,
small, pale; tubers large, elongated, flattened; skin smooth, finely
russeted, dull white; size and shape uniform; eyes fairly numerous,
scattered, large, shallow, single, light, uniform; eyebrows prominent,
fairly long; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, clear white.

44. Suffragette, The (J. McCallum).—Midseason ; plant small, fairly
vigorous, spreading, erect; branches many, mostly slender, triangular,
rather dark green ; leaves rather small ; leaflets fairly long, fairly broad,
shortly petioled, smooth, slightly crumpled; tubers elongated, flat; skin
smooth, white ; eyes few, shallow; flesh firm, juicy, white.

30. Supreme (Barr), A.M. September 11, 1900.—Harly; plant fairly
large, very vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches
few, slender, triangular, dark green slightly tinged with reddish-brown ;
leaves rather small; leaflets long, rather narrow, smooth, slightly crumpled ;
flowers few, small, pale; tubers small, elongated, rather flattened,
irregular ; skin smooth, clear white; size and shape uniform; eyes few,
scattered, fairly large, shallow, compound, very light, uniform; eyebrows
inconspicuous, long ; flesh firm, fine-grained, fairly juicy, dull white.

21. Syon House Prolific (Veitch), F.C.C. April 11, 1905.—Early ;
plant rather small, vigorous, fairly compact, decumbent; branches many,
slender, triangular, narrowly winged, dark green; leaves rather small ;
leaflets short, broad, fairly smooth, crumpled ; flowers few, small, pale ;
tubers small, intermediate between round and elongated, regular; skin
rough, finely russeted, dull white; size and shape fairly uniform; eyes
few, scattered, small, shallow, single, light, uniform; eyebrows incon-
spicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

54. Table Talk (Sands).—Late ; plant very large and vigorous, fairly
compact, erect; tubers compact in hill; branches few, very stout,
triangular, dark green tinged with reddish-brown, the nodes deeper in
colour; leaves large; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat; flowers many,
medium-sized, dark; tubers medium-sized, elongated, regular; skin
smooth, finely russeted, clear white ; size and shape uniform; eyes few,
distributed singly, rather large, shallow, compound, light-coloured,
uniform in character; eyebrows rather prominent, long, distinct in
colour ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull white.

POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1908. 587

80. Talisman (Dobbie).—Plant fairly large, vigorous ; crop too poor
for description. |

49. Weston Wonder (Phillips).—Plant large, vigorous; crop too poor
for description.

45. White Eye Ruddy (J. O’Brien).—Midseason ; plant large, fairly
vigorous, spreading, erect ; tubers compact in hill; branches many, stout,
triangular, light green tinged with reddish-brown, the nodes rather
darker ; leaves very large ; leaflets long, broad, smooth, flat ; flowers few,
pale; tubers elongated; skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white
variably tinged and mottled lightly with purple; size variable ; shape
fairly uniform; eyes many, scattered, large, deep, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows prominent, long, distinct in colour; flesh firm, fine-
grained, fairly juicy, dull white.

33. Windsor Castle (Barr), F.C.C. September 12, 1893.—Midseason ;
plant fairly large, vigorous, spreading, slightly decumbent; tubers com-
pact in hill; branches many, fairly stout, triangular, dark green, much
tinged with dark brown; leaves small; leaflets of medium length and
breadth, smooth, flat; flowers few, large, pale; tubers small, round,
flattened ; skin smooth, finely russeted, clear white ; size variable; shape
fairly uniform; eyes few, mostly at the apex, small, shallow, single,
light, uniform ; eyebrows inconspicuous, short; flesh firm, fine-grained,
rather dry, dull white.

41. Wood Green Wonder (Worcester).—Plant large, weak, spreading,
decumbent; branches many, slender, triangular, light green; leaves
small; leaflets short, narrow, smooth, flat; flowers none; tubers very
small, round, regular; skin smooth, finely russeted, dull white; size and
shape uniform ; eyes many, mostly at the apex, large, shallow, single,
light, uniform; eyebrows inconspicuous, long; flesh rather soft, fine-
grained, fairly juicy, ight yellow.

40. Yule’s Suceess (J. Yule, jr.)—Late; plant large, vigorous,
spreading, erect; branches many, stout, triangular, dark green tinged
with reddish-brown ; leaves medium-sized ; leaflets rather short, broad,
smooth, flat; flowers many, small, pale ; tubers medium-sized, kidney ;
skin rough, coarsely russeted, dull white; size and shape fairly uniform ;
eyes fairly numerous, mostly at the apex, large, deep, compound, light,
uniform ; eyebrows rather prominent ; flesh firm, fine-grained, juicy, dull
white.

77. Seedling No. 9 (Bettinson).

71. Seedling No. 227 (Bettinson).

26. Seedling No. 233 (Bettinson). -

72. Seedling No. 236 (Bettinson). |

76. Seedling No. 303 (Bettinson) |

These varieties have not yet been
named.

5388 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TRIAL OF POTATOS FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.

A rrian of the influence of climate and soil on the crop-yielding value
of seed potatos was carried out during 1908 at Wisley. Seed was obtained
from gentlemen in different districts, whose names are given in the
following list, who were able to certify the locality in which it was grown.
Each of these kindly sent 20 tubers of the variety ‘Up to Date.’
These were all planted on April 9th on good sandy loam that had -
previously been moderately manured. When mature the crop was lifted
and weighed, the Irish seed and one of the Scotch giving the heaviest
yield. The average of the whole of the stocks was 84 lb. from 20 tubers,
that from Wisley (grown for one year) being rather above the average,
viz. 86 lb. Practically all the produce was of good size for use, very few
small tubers being produced.

Trial. | Donor | Soil in which seed had been grown heeahtes pads
number -} | 20 tubers
| IRELAND. lb.
6 | A. Black, Carton,Maynooth, Strong and deep limestone. 110
Co. Kildare.
16 #W.E. Sands, Hillsborough, Sharp gravelly land with clay 125
Co. Down. | bottom.
12 J. F. Williamson, Summer | Medium loam. | 150
Hill, Mallow, Co. Cork.
| Scornann. |
10 A. Kirk, Norwood Gardens, | Light sandy loam. | 123
Alloa, Clackmannan.
11 | W. Priest, Eglinton Gardens, _ ‘Light sandy loam. | 68
Kilwinning, Ayrshire. | |
17 C. Street, Floors Castle Gar- | Heavy black soil. 56
dens, Kelso, Roxburgh.
ENGLAND, N.W., AnD N. WALES. | |
1 F. Clarke, Lowther Gardens, Strong loam resting on clay. 106
Penrith, Cumberland.
4 F. W. Tyler, Gisburn Park a. Fresh turned yellow loam 60
Gardens, Clitheroe, Lancs. | on moors.
| b. Heavy clay; subsoil pure | 84
yellow clay.
5 W. Pilgrim, Bodorgan Gardens, Medium clay. 60
Anglesey. /
ENGLAND, MIpianps. )
15 W. Crump, Madresfield | Strong clay loam. 70
Court Gardens, Malvern,
Worcester.
ENGLAND, S.W., anp S. WALES.
2 | 'T. Coomber, The Hendre | Heavy clay. 56
Gardens, Monmouth.
9 | J. Harris, Blackpill, Swan- Strong black loam. 77
sea, Glamorgan.
7 T. H. Slade, Poltimore Gar- a. Sandy loam. 61
dens, Exeter, Devon. b. Heavy loam. 78
ENGLAND, S.E.
3 J.G. Weston, Eastwell Park Moderately heavy loam with 72
Gardens, Kent. chalk subsoil.
8 R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Bagshot Sand, subsoil sand. 86
Ripley, Surrey.
13 W. Mease, Downside, Chalk. 60

Leatherhead, Surrey.

BEETS AT WISLEY, 1908. 539

BEETS AT WISLEY, 1908.

Firty-SEVEN stocks of Beets were sent to the Garden for trial. Nearly
all the stocks germinated well, and made excellent and healthy growth, and
in only a few instances were the stocks mixed. The Fruit and Vegetable
Committee examined the collection on three occasions, for the early,
mid-season, and late varieties.

*1. Cheltenham Green-top. 29. Globe, improved.
2. Crimson Globe, Carter’s. 30. Dwarf Red, Nutting’s.
3. Dwarf Purple-top, Cattell’s. 31. Exhibition, Pragnell’s.
4, Northumberland, Dewar’s. 32. Red, Veitch’s selected.
5. Dwarf Red, Carter’s. 33. Purple, Dobbie’s.
6. Dark Red Globe, Carter’s. 34. Superb Red, Dobbie’s.
7. Egyptian Turnip-rooted, Car- 35. Globe, Dobbie’s selected.

ter’s re-selected. 36. Willow-leaved, Dobbie’s.

8. Early Blood Turnip, Carter’s. 37. Blood Red, Sutton’s.
9. Blood Red, Carter’s large. 38. Globe, Sutton’s.

10. Dwarf Red, Nutting’s. 39. Green-top, Sutton’s.

11. Perfection, Carter’s. 40. Pine Apple, Sutton’s.

12. Pine Apple Short-top, Carter’s. 41. Cheltenham Green-top.
13. Eclipse, or New Karly Model 42. Best of All, Sharpe’s.

Globe. | 43. Crimson, Dell’s.
14. Cheltenham Green-leaved. 44, Dark-leaved Globe, Johnson’s.
15. Exhibition, Pragnell’s. 45. Globe, Sutton’s.
16. Delicacy. 46. Red, Nutting’s selected.
17. Cheltenham Green-top. 47. Black-leaved, Dell’s selected.
18. Covent Garden, Barv’s. 48. Superb Red, Veitch’s.
19. Dark-leaved Globe, Barr’s. , 49. Perfection, Lockyer’s.
20. Crimson-leaved, Dell’s. 50. Black Queen.

21. Early Globe, Barr’s improved. 51. Covent Garden Red.
22. Blood Red, Barr’s fine selected. 52. Black-leaved, Dell’s.

23. Dwarf Red, Nutting’s. 53. Eclipse.

24. Pine Apple. 3 54. Egyptian Turnip-rooted.

25. Exhibition, Pragnell’s. 55. Blood Red, long smooth.

26. Dwarf Crimson, Barr’s selected. 56. Dwarf deep blood red, Nutting’s
27. Cheltenham Green-top. Bs improved.

28. Crimson, Dell’s. 57. Strasburg Pear-shaped.

42. Best of All, Sharpe’s (Sharpe):—Root large, long conical ; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and very little core; 15 per cent. of the root above the soil ; plant large,
many leaved, with vigorous spreading growth ; leaves large, long, broad,
smooth, crumpled, dark green a little tinged with purple.

52. Black-leaved, Dell’s (Rouge naine de Dell) (Vilmorin).—Root very
small, long conical ; skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark

* See footnote, p. 525.

540 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with distinct light zones and very little core; root quite buried ; plant
very small, many leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves small,
narrow, smooth, plain surfaced, green much tinged with purple.

47. Black-leaved, Dell’s selected (Nutting).—Root small, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light
zones and very little core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant
small, few leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves small, short,
smooth, crumpled, dark purple.

50. Black Queen (Reine des Noires) (Vilmorin).—Root large, long
turnip-shaped ; skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with
distinct light zones and very little core; 5 per cent. of the root above the
soil; plant large, few leaved, with vigorous upright growth ; leaves large,
long, broad, smooth, crumpled, dark.

22, Blood Red, Barr’s fine selected (Barr).—Root large, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light
zones and not much core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant
large, many leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves long, broad,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark purple.

9. Blood Red, Carter’s large (Carter).—Root large, long conical ; skin,
smooth, a little russeted ; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and very
little core; 20 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, many
leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves large, long, broad, smooth,
plain surfaced, dark.

55. Blood Red, long smooth (Rouge grosse or Rouge longue) (Vilmorin).
Root small, long conical ; skin smooth, a little russeted at the top ; flesh
dark, with distinct light zones; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil;
plant large, many leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves long,
broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green tinged with purple.

37. Blood Red, Sutton’s (Sutton).—Root small, long conical; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and medium-sized core ; plant small, many leaved, with vigorous spreading
growth ; leaves long, broad, smooth, plain sufaced, dark green tinged
with purple. :

Cattell’s. See Dwarf Purple-top, Cattell’s.

14, Cheltenham green-leaved (Sydenham). See Cheltenham Green- ,
top.

1, 14, 27. Cheltenham Green-top (Carter, Sydenham, J. Veitch). A.M.
September 17, 1896.—Root large, long conical ; skin smooth, a little
russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and very little
core ; 20 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, many leaved,
with vigorous spreading growth; leaves small, short, smooth, plain
surfaced, dark green a little tinged with purple.

17. Cheltenham Green-top, Barr’s selection (Barr).— Points of
difference from the type: root small; flesh dark, slightly zoned, with
not much core; plant small; leaves many; 10 per cent. of root above
the soil.

41. Cheltenham Green-top, Sharpe’s selected (Chas. Sharpe).—Points
of difference from the type: root fairly large; 5 per cent. of root above
the soil; leaves many, large, long, broad, rather rough surfaced, green
very lightly tinged with purple.

BEETS AT WISLEY, 1908. 541

18. Covent Garden, Barr’s (Barr).—Root small, long conical; skin
smooth, very slightly russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light
zones and not much core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant
large, many leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves small, short
broad; smooth, plain surfaced, variable in colour.

51. Covent Garden Red (Rouge de Covent Garden) (Vilmorin).—
Points of difference from the above: core of root large and distinct;
plant-growth spreading ; leaves medium sized, long, narrow, green lightly
tinged with purple.

20, 28. Crimson (Crimson-leaved), Dell’s (Barr, J. Veitch).—Root of
medium size, long conical; skin smooth, a little russeted at the top;
flesh dark crimson tinged lightly with purple, with distinct light zones
and very little core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small,
leaves many, growth vigorous and spreading; leaves small, short, broad,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark.

48. Crimson, Dell’s, Sharpe’s selected (Chas. Sharpe).—Points of
difference from the type: root small; 10 per cent. of root above the
soil; growth moderate, upright ; leaves narrow, crumpled surface.

2. Crimson Globe, Carter’s (Carter)—Root small, nearly globular
with small abrupt tap-root; skin smooth, much russeted at the top;
flesh light coloured with distinct hight crimson zones and distinct core ;
33 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, few leaved
with vigorous spreading growth; leaves small, short, smooth, with
slightly crumpled surface, dark green veined with purple.

19. Dark-leaved Globe, Barr’s (Barr).—Root small, nearly globular,
with small, not abrupt, tap-root; skin smooth, much russeted at the
top; flesh dark with distinct light zones and very little core; 33
per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, few leaved, with vigorous
upright growth; leaves long, broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green
much tinged with purple.

44, Dark-leaved Globe, Johnson’s (Johnson).—Points of difference
from the tast: root core large and distinct; plant large, leaves many,
growth vigorous spreading ; fifteen per cent. of the root above the soil.

6. Dark Red Globe, Carter’s (Carter).— Root large, nearly globular,
with large but abrupt tap-root; skin rough, much russeted; flesh with
distinct light crimson zones; 33 per cent. of the root above the soil;
plant large, many-leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves short,
smooth, crumpled surface, pale purple with darker veins.

16. Delicacy (Beckett)—Root large, long conical; skin smooth,
lightly russeted at the top; flesh dark with very slight dark zones and
very little core; 15 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small,
leaves many, with vigorous upright growth; leaves large, long, broad,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark green slightly tinged with purple.

Dell’s Black-leaved. See Black-leaved, Dell’s.

26. Dwarf Crimson, Barr’s selected (Barr).—Root small, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light
zones and medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil;
plant large, many-leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves long,
broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark purple.

56. Dwarf deep blood-red, Nutting’s improved (Rouge naine trés

542 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

foncé) (Vilmorin).—Root small, long conical ; skin smooth, a little
russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light zones and very little
core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small, many-leaved,
with vigorous spreading growth; leaves long, broad, smooth, plain
surfaced, dark green much tinged with purple.

8. Dwarf Purple-top, Cattell’s (Carter)—Root small, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light
zones and medium-sized core; 25 per cent. of the root above the soil;
plant small, leaves many, with vigorous spreading growth; leaves long,
broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark purple.

5. Dwarf Red, Carter’s (Carter).—Root small, long conical; skin
smooth, slightly russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and very little core ; 25 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small,
few leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves small, short, narrow,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark.

23, 10, 30. Dwarf. Red, Nutting’s (Barr, Carter, J. Veitch), A.M.
September 17, 1896.—Root large, long conical ; skin smooth, a little
russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and not much
core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, many-leaved,
with vigorous spreading growth; leaves with plain surface, dark purple.
Identical with 46, Red, Nutting’s selected.

8. Early Blood Turnip, Carter’s (Carter).—Root small, nearly
globular, with small abrupt tap-root; skin smooth, much russeted at the
top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and very little core; 33 per
cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, few leaved, with vigorous
upright growth ; leaves long, broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark purple.

21. Early Globe, Barr’s improved (Barr).—Root small, nearly globular,
with small abrupt tap-root; skin smooth, russeted; flesh dark, with
distinct light zones and large distinct core; 33 per cent. of the root above
the soil; plant small, few leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves
small, short, narrow, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green a little tinged
with purple.

13. Eclipse, or New Early Model Globe (Sydenham).—Root small,
nearly globular, with small abrupt tap-root ; skin smooth, a little russeted
at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and very little core;
33 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small, few leaved, with
upright growth ; leaves small, short, smooth, plain surfaced, dark.

53. Eclipse (dark red turnip, very early) (Vilmorin).—Root large,
nearly globular, with small abrupt tap-root ; skin smooth, a little russeted
at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and large distinct core ;
20 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant medium-sized, leaves few
with spreading growth; leaves long, broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark
green a little tinged with purple.

54, Egyptian Dark Red Flat Extra Early (Rouge noir plate d’ Egypte)
(Vilmorin), A.M. September 17, 1896.—Root small, globular, much
flattened at the top and bottom with small abrupt tap-root ; skin smooth,
much russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and
medium-sized core ; 83 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small,
few leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves small, short, narrow,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark green slightly tinged with purple.

BEETS AT WISLEY, 1908. — 543

7. Egyptian Turnip-rooted, Carter’s re-selected (Carter).—Root small,
nearly globular, but flattened at the top and bottom, with small abrupt
tap-root ; skin smooth, much russeted ; flesh dark, with distinct light
zones and very little core ; 83 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant
small, with weak spreading growth ; leaves small, short, narrow, smooth,
with slightly crumpled surface, light green a little tinged with purple.

25, 15, 31. Exhibition, Pragnell’s (Barr, Sydenham, J. Veitch).—Root
large, long conical ; skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark,
with distinct light zones and medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root
above the soil; plant many leaved, with vigorous upright growth; leaves
large, long, broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green much tinged with
purple.

29. Globe, improved (J. Veitch).—Root small, nearly globular, with
small abrupt tap-root ; skin smooth, much russeted at the top; flesh dark
with distinct light zones and very little core; 83 per cent. of the root
above the soil; plant large, few leaved, with vigorous upright growth ;
leaves long, broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green lightly tinged with
purple.

35. Globe, Dobbie’s selected (Dobbie).—Root small, nearly globular,
much flattened at the top; with small abrupt tap-root; skin smooth,
much russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light zones and large
distinct core; 83 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large, with
vigorous upright growth; leaves large, long, broad, smooth, plain
surfaced, dark green lightly tinged with purple.

45, 38. Globe, Sutton’s (Johnson, Sutton), A.M. July 31, 1908.—Root
small, nearly globular, with small abrupt tap root; skin smooth, much
russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones, and medium-
sized core ; 33 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant small, few leaved,
with rather weak spreading growth; leaves small, short, broad, smooth,
plain surfaced, dark green lightly tinged with purple.

39. Green-top, Sutton’s (Sutton).—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark with distinct light zones
and medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant
many leaved, with vigorous spreading growth; leaves short, broad, rough,
crumpled surface, dark green lightly tinged with purple.

Lockyer’s. See Perfection, Lockyer’s.

4. Northumberland, Dewar’s (Carter)—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, slightly russeted at the top; flesh ight coloured, with distined
zones and medium-sized core; 15 per cent. of the root above the soil;
plant small, growth weak and spreading; leaves small, short, smooth,
plain surfaced, dark green lightly tinged with purple.

Perfection Dwarf Red (Hurst), received A.M. September 17, 1896.

11. Perfection, Carter’s (Carter).—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, russeted lightly at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and very little core ; 20 per cent. of the root above the soil; plani small,
many leaved, with weak spreading growth ; leaves short, narrow, smooth,
plain surfaced.

49. Perfection, Lockyer’s (Searle).—Root large, long conical ; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant

544 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

small, few leaved, with upright growth; leaves rather small, short,
narrow, smooth, crumpled surface, dark.

24. Pine Apple (Barr).—Root large, long conical; skin smooth, a
little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zone and
medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant large,
many leaved, with vigorous upright growth ; leaves long, broad, smooth,
plain surfaced, dark green lightly tinged with purple.

40. Pine Apple, Sutton’s (Sutton), A.M. September 29, 1908.—Points
of difference from the last: growth spreading; 10 per cent. of the root
above the soil.

12. Pine Apple Short-top, Carter’s (Carter).—Root large, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light
zones and very little core; 15 per cent. of the root above the soil ; plant
large, with upright growth; leaves large, broad, smooth, plain surface,
dark. Few points of difference from 24, Barr’s var.

Pragnell’s. See Exhibition, Pragnell’s.

33. Purple, Dobbie’s (Dobbie).—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh very dark, with distinct dark
zones and medium-sized core; 10 per cent. of the root above the soil ;
plant large, many leaved, with vigorous upright growth ; leaves large, long,
broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green slightly tinged with purple.

46. Red, Nutting’s selected (Nutting).—Root large, long conical ;
skin smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light
zones and medium-sized core; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil ;
plant large, leaves many, with vigorous spreading growth; leaves short,
narrow, smooth, crumpled surface, dark green much tinged with purple.
(See Drawf Red, Nutting’s.)

32. Red, Veitch’s selected (J. Veitch).—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones
and very little core; 75 per cent. of the root above the soil; plant of
medium size, many leaved, with vigorous spreading growth ; leaves long,
broad, smooth, plain surfaced, dark green a little tinged with purple.

Sharpe’s. See Best of All, Sharpe’s.

57. Strasburg Pear-shaped (Rouge piriforme de Strasbourg) (Vil-
morin).—Root large, long conical; skin smooth, a little russeted at the
top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and very little core; 5 per cent.
of the root above the soil; plant large, few leaved, with vigorous upright
growth ; leaves large, long, broad, smooth, crumpled surface, dark.

34, Superb Red, Dobbie’s (Dobbie).—Root large, long conical; skin
smooth, a little russeted at the top; flesh light, with distinct zones and
large distinct core ; 5 per cent. of the root above the soil ; plant medium
sized, many leaved, with vigorous spreading ‘growth ; leaves long, broad,
smooth, plain surfaced, dark green a little tinged with purple.

48. Superb Red, Veitch’s (R. Veitch).—Points of difference from the —

last: flesh dark, plant large, growth upright.

36. Willow-leaved Dobbie’s (Dobbie), A.M. for ornamental foliage ;
September 29, 1908.—Root small, long conical; skin smooth, a little
russeted at the top; flesh dark, with distinct light zones and medium-
sized core; 5 per cent, of the root above the soil; plant small, many
leaved, with weak spreading growth; leaves small, long, narrow, smooth,
plain surfaced, dark green much tinged with purple.

REPORT ON MISCELLANEOUS VEGETABLES AT WISLEY, 1908. 545

REPORT ON MISCELLANEOUS VEGETABLES
AT WISLEY, 1908.

Brocco.t.

‘Snow Queen’ (Deal). — Plant of moderate size; compact habit ;

medium-sized foliage; heads of fair size, with a very close white curd.
BEAN.

1. ‘Dwarf Bush’ (Stark).—A very prolific variety with medium-sized
pods. Raised from‘ Burpee’s Bush’ x ‘Magnum Bonum.’ Intermediate
in character between these two French Beans.

2. ‘Exhibition Longpod’ (Bunyard).—A very fine variety of the
Longpod Broad Bean. A variety under this name from Megsrs.
R. Veitch received an Award of Merit, July 1, 1897.

3. ‘Kentish Invicta Prize Scarlet Runner’ (Bunyard).—A strong,
vigorous variety, producing very long, thick, fleshy, straight pods. of
a bright-green colour in good clusters. A very fine, handsome variety.

4, ‘Leviathan White Longpod,’ A.M. June 30, 1908 (Carter).—Pods
of great length and freely produced. An excellent variety for home use
or exhibition. A seedling, No. 255, sent by the same firm was decided
to be identical with the above.

5. ‘Perpetual Dwarf French, A.M. July 81, 1908 (Carter).—A
compact growing French Bean, producing great crops of medium-sized
pods, straight, of a dark-green colour, and bearing for a long period.

6. ‘Robin Hood Longpod’ (Harrison).—A distinct variety with long,
handsome pods. Abundant bearer.

7. ‘Scarlet Emperor’ (Carter)—A very large variety, resembling
No. 3.

CaLABASH (Hayman).

' These were not a success. Hvidently our summers are not hot enough
for them in the open.

DouicHos LAB-LAB SOUDANENSIS (Dammann).

No improvement on other varieties in cultivation.

LETTUCE.

1. ‘Brittle Ice’ (Burpee),—A very large, coarse, spreading variety,
with a large heart.

2. ‘New Excelsior’ Cabbage (Harrison).—This scalded so badly as
to be of little value. .

3. ‘ Wayahead’ (Burpee).—An excellent little Cabbage variety of the
‘Tom Thumb’ type, coming quickly into use, and standing well without
running to seed.

MELON.

1. ‘Bréde de Poche’ (Hindmarsh).—A scarlet-fleshed variety of
medium size, pale in colour, not much netted; flesh melting, and of
VOL. XXXIV. NN

546 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a peculiar musky flavour. A very free setter, and of the Cantaloupe
type.

2. ‘Worth Hall Favourite’ (Edwards).—A very large, handsome
variety of good colour and coarsely netted; flesh scarlet, thick, juicy
or melting, and of fair flavour. A vigorous grower and free setter.

ONION.

1. ‘Early Rose’ (Burpee).—Seeds received too late.
2. ‘ Karly Wonder’ (Carter).—Seeds received too late.

PracH VINE (Richardson).

A plant of vegetable marrow-like growth showing no signs of fruiting.

RADISH.

1. ‘Karly Favourite’ (Carter).—A pretty little round variety with
a short top, maturing very early.

2. ‘Scarlet Globe’ (Harrison).—A small round variety, very quickly
coming into use.

TOMATO.

All grown in the open air.

1. ‘ Chalk’s Early Jewel’ (Burpee).—Not a success in the open.

2. ‘Coreless Scarlet’ (R. Veitch).—Not a success in the open.

3. ‘Giant Pear’ (Dammann).—Not a success in the open.

4, ‘liye’s Harly Prolific, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Wadds).—The
award was given to this as an outdoor variety. Fruits of medium size,
smooth, bright red, borne in large clusters; plant sturdy and a great
cropper. |

5. ‘Spark’s Earliana’ (Burpee).—Not a success in the open.

6. ‘Merveille des Marches’ (Hindmarsh).—Plant vigorous, fruit
large, inclined to corrugate ; scarlet. A good cropper.

MISCELLANEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS AT WISLEY, 1908, 547

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ON FLOWERING PLANTS
AT WISLEY, 1908.

AGERATUM.
‘Mauve Beauty’ (J. Veitch).—An unfixed strain. A large proportion
of dwarf-habited plants (6 inches) with dense compact heads of bloom,
but a considerable number of taller plants (1 foot) with looser habit.

ASTER (Callistephus).

Hohenzollern Asters (J. Veitch).—Good strains, true to name, were
received in the following colours—azure blue, dark blue, light blue, brilliant
carmine, carmine rose, rose, rosy-lilacand white. Flowers 3 to 4 inches in
diameter, habit good, height 14 feet. .

‘Sada Yakko’ (Dammann).—An especially good variety ; flowers soft
pink, 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very double, freely borne on stout stalks,
lasting well. 14 feet.

BEGONIA.
dichroa (R. Veitch)—Leaves long, ear-shaped, spotted with silver: not
yet flowered. ;
semperflorens ‘rose’ (J. Veitch)—A useful plant but not found
different in colour from the type commonly grown.
semperflorens ‘ compact rose’ (J. Veitch).—Similar to the last.
‘Superb Prize Double’ (Sydenham).—Tuberous rooted, mixed colours.

BRACHYCOME.
iberidifolia ‘Snow Star’ (J. Veitch).—A pure white form, free and
continuous flowering, of the Swan River Daisy.

CALLIOPSIS.
‘Tom Thumb Beauty’ (J. Veitch).—1} feet.

CANDYTUFT.
‘Snow Queen ’ (Deal).—Highly commended (XXX), July 30, 1908.

CARNATION.

‘Bright Scarlet ’ (Bowers, 1907).—Rosy-scarlet, very bad calyx.

‘Large dark crimson ’ (Bowers, 1907)—Scented and with good calyx,
but stems too weak and flowers too thin to prove of value.

‘Giant Chaband’ (Dammann).—A fine strain, best raised annually
from seed. Flowers rather thin in substance but very freely borne,
continuing in full bloom till prevented from opening by the frost.

CELOSIA.

‘Magnificent ’ (Burpee).—A poor strain, very variable in habit. Flowers

yellow, orange, crimson, 1-2 feet.

CLEOME.
gigantea (Dammann).—Seeds received under this name proved to be

C. spinosa.
NN2

548 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spinosa (R. Veitch).—An interesting tender annual. Flowers magenta
rose in large terminal racemes. Leaves of 5 to 7 digitately disposed,
clammy, spiny leaflets : stems prickly, 2-8 feet.

Cosmos.

bipinnatifida praecox rosea laciniata (R. Veitch).—F lowering late.

Karly-flowering mixed (Dammann).—F lowering in August from seed
sown April 14, 4-6 feet.

‘Red Star’ (Dammann).—Just commencing to flower when cut by
frost at the end of October, 64 feet.

Roemer’s early and large flowering (Roemer).—The best of the strains
received, flowering freely in August from seed sown May 9, in three
colours, crimson, rose and white, 4 feet.

Veitch’s early-flowering (R. Veitch).—Mixed colours, white, pink, &c.,
not free flowering, 5 feet.

DAHLIA.
Giant Semi-double (R. Veitch).—Flowers large and coarse, of mixed
colours and shades; maroon, scarlet, pink, &ce.
ESCHSCHOLZIA.

erecta compacta ‘Dainty Queen’ (J. Veitch).—Pale salmon-pink, not
free-flowering.
Mandarin compacta (J. Veitch).—Deep orange, free.

GAILLARDIA.

Veitch’s Compact Strain (R. Veitch).—Not a fixed strain, the plants
proving variable in height and habit.

GAZANIA.
hybrida grandiflora (Dammann).—Not found finer flowered than the
common G. splendens.
GODETIA.

‘Duchess of Albany,’ improved (Dobbie).—Not found different from
the old variety ; white, 2 feet.

‘Dwarf compact Crimson Glow’ (J. Veitch).—Crimson, 1 foot.

Schamini fl. pl. (Sydenham).—Flowers double, pink, free and lasting.
Received A.M. in 1905.

LARKSPUR.
‘Empress Carmine’ (J. Veitch).—F lowers double, carmine-rose, lasting,
free, 4 feet. Received A.M. at the Gardens in 1907.
MIGNONETTE.
‘Golden Queen’ (Sydenham).—Scented, 1 foot.
Montsretia (Tritonia).

‘Prometheus ’ (Wallace).—This is the finest of Mr. Davison’s hybrids.
Flowers deep orange with red disc, over 8 inches in diameter, 3 feet.
Received A.M, in 1905,

MISCELLANEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS AT WISLEY, 1908. 549.

Mornine Guories ([pomaed).
Varieties of this pretty annual Convolvulus were received under the
names of ‘Kuni-no-tomo’ and ‘ Yamato-gakura’ (Peake), but blue and
white flowers were derived from the same seed packet.

NEMESIA.
hybrida ‘ Blue Gem’ (J. Veitch).—A little further selection will make
this a very pretty strain. Most of the plants were erect habited and
flowered profusely ; flowers forget-me-not blue, 4 inch in diameter. The
pinkish reverse of the petals detracts from their beauty.

NICOTIANS.
affinis hybrida (Dammann).—F lowers mostly white, a few dull purple
—a poor strain.

PRA.

Anson’s (Carpenter).— Under this name the bright blue annual
Lathyrus sativus var. azwreus was received; but Anson’s Pea is a fine
perennial species, L. magellanicus.

Sweet Peas (Dobbie).—Fifty varieties were sown in November 1907,
to ascertain whether autumn sowing on light soil affected the quality of
the bloom and the duration of the flowering period, but the stocks came
through the winter and spring in such a sorry condition that, together
with other stocks (spring-sown) from Miss Hemus, Hugh Aldersey and
Messrs. W. Atlee Burpee, they were uprooted and replaced by other
subjects.

PETUNIA.
hybrida grandiflora fimbriata flore-pleno ‘Concordia,’ self-seeding
(Roemer).—A mixed strain ; one double white was raised.

SALVIA SPLENDENS (from seed).
‘Lord Fauntleroy’ (R. Veitch).—Uniform in height, free flowering,
15 inches.
‘Scarlet Dragon (R. Veitch).—Inflorescence poor, 24 feet.
‘Zurich’ (J. Veitch)._-An unfixed strain, the plants raised varying in
height from 9 inches to 8 feet.

SHASTA Datsy.

‘California’ (Dammann).—Not found superior to the type, Chrys-
anthemum maximum.

Stock, VICTORIA.

‘Salmon Rose’ (Dammann).—Plants of a uniform and pleasing
shade of pink, with but a small percentage of doubles.

TROPAEOLUM (Nasturtium).

Dwarf ‘Crystal Queen’ Tom Thumb (Burpee).—Foliage pale green,
much peppered with white; flowers pale yellow. Dwarf and compact,
9 inches. Many rogues.

.Dwarf ‘Golden Midnight’ (Burpee).—Foliage uniform yellow-green
contrasting with the dark self crimson flowers ; habit spreading, 18 inches.

550 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dwarf Queen ‘Lady Bird’ (Burpee).—Foliage pale green, much
peppered with white ; flowers yellow, blotched at the base of the blade of
the petal with maroon, rather buried: habit spreading, 15 inches. A few
rogues. r

‘ Flamingo,’ ivy-leaved (Sydenham).—Tall, flowers scarlet, the notched
petals and variable slightly lobed leaves showing the influence of
T. Lobbianum. Several rogues.

‘Golden Gem,’ ivy leaved (Sydenham).—Tall, flowers self-yellow,
foliage variably lobed.

Queen ‘Crimson Beauty’ (J. Veitch).—Tall, foliage generally varie-
gated with pale yellow, flowers generally light crimson.

Tall ‘ Crystal Queen’ (Burpee).—Foliage variegated with pale yellow,
flowers pale yellow, deep yellow, orange, salmon, &c., blotched and
unblotched.

Tall ‘Orange Queen’ (Burpee).—Foliage light or dark green or
variegated ; flowers pale yellow, deep yellow, scarlet or crimson.

Tall ‘Variegated Queen’ (Burpee).—Foliage peppered with pale
yellow ; flowers most]y maroon crimson.

VERBENA.

hybrida compacta ‘Rosamund’ (R. Veitch).—Failed to germinate.

ZBA.

japonica gigantea quadricolor (Dammann).—Highly commended (XXX),
September 4, 1908. A vigorous maize, 4 to 6 feet, the foliage more or
less variegated with white, yellow, pink and crimson.

REPORT ON MANURES, APPLIANCES, &c., 1908. 551

REPORT ON MANURES, APPLIANCES, &c., 1908.

1. Banding-grease and Bands (McDougall).—Both the bands and the
grease proved excellent. The paper bands lasted well, and the grease
remained sticky for over two months, and did not run during the hot
weather experienced in October.

2. Banding-grease and Bands (Voss).—A fairly good preparation, but
inclined to run during the hot weather in October. The bands were
very good.

3. Charteras Patent Seed and Plant Protector (Pinches).—This would
be a capital seed protector, especially for peas or similar plants in rows,
but the black threads become entangled, and do not work easily through
the apparatus.

4, Cultivon (Read, Blunden).—This is a black, charred material of
different grades of fineness, and stated to be a manure, and also a disease
arrester ; but we did not find it of any particular value.

5. Frame Light (Harringer).—This is described as “ Luckan’s Patent
Frame Light,’ and made of metal; but we have failed to find it in any
way superior to the ordinary frame light.

6. Hand Hoe (Pearson).—A most useful little hoe for working amongst
small seeds or plants or on the rockery, and to be recommended for use
in any garden.

7. Hop Manure (Wakeley).—A very serviceable manure for pot fruit
trees, on which it was chiefly used with good results.

8. Nico-soap (Campbell).—An excellent insecticide if used according
to directions, killing aphis, thrips, or red spider, without any injury to
the foliage.

9. Pix Compo (Pillinger).—A dressing for wheat to prevent the seed
being destroyed by birds. A very good preparation.

10. Phospho-Nicotyl (Voss).—A preparation for destroying wood-lice,
for which it answers very well.

11. Porcelain Labels (Kissling)—These labels are made in various
shapes and sizes, and make very conspicuous labels for trees, shrubs,
or other plants.

12. Propagating Tray (Nicholls).—A very useful tray for raising large
quantities of plants. The tray is made of metal, with movable squares,
into which small plants are pricked out singly, and when the plants are
required they may be easily taken out after removing the side of the
Square, with no injury to the roots.

13. Screw Pegs or Stakes (Acme Chemical Company).—These are
metal stakes in the form of a screw, and proved excellent for securing
chrysanthemums, carnations, &c. They are firm in the soil, and, being
painted green, are scarcely visible.

14. Sweet Pea Manure (Voss).—The season was too hot and dry at
Wisley to say definitely what the value of this manure is.

552 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

15. Winter Spray for American Blight (Bunyard).—Wherever this
preparation came in contact with American blight it proved deadly to
this pest. It is a perfectly safe spray.

16. Winter Spray (Voss).—A wash for cleansing trees of lichen and
destroying pests, &c., on the trees. It acted fairly well.

17. Woburn Paraffin Emulsion (Voss).—This wash seemed too
powerful at the strength recommended.

18. Wood Oil (Boor).—This is an oily extract from wood, and is made
in Sweden. It preserves the wood, without in any way discolouring it,
and causes the “grain”’ to be more marked.

19. Wonderful Fertiliser (Voss).—A very good all-round manure.

20. Vaporiser (Voss)—An ingenious little apparatus for producing
sulphur fumes to kill mildew, with no risk of burning.

21. Horticultural Hygrometer (Negretti & Zambra.).— No meteo-
rological question is of greater interest to the gardener than
that of forecasting night frosts. It has been stated that the minimum
temperature recorded on any night is an approximation to the dew-
point temperature of the preceding evening, and that, consequently, the
likelihood of frost occurring during the night can be ascertained by
observing whether the evening dew-point temperature is above or below
32° F. Actually, the minimum reading on the grass is generally lower
than the dew-point. Indeed, while frost may be expected with certainty
if the dew-point temperature be 32° F. or less, it may also occur however
hot the preceding day and with an evening dew-point much above 32° F.
provided the sky be very clear. Radiation on a brilliant night may
cause a rapid fall of surface-temperature from 60° at 9 p.m. to 80°
before sunrise. Messrs. Negretti & Zambra have introduced a simply
designed rust-proof instrument, containing wet and dry bulb thermometers
and a central revolving drum graduated to indicate the probability of
approaching frost, the method of graduation being based on a long series
of observations, and the readings requiring no calculation on the part of
the observer. The lowest (black) section of the drum, including all cases
when the dew-point temperature is 32° or less, indicates “frost may
be probable.” The topmost (white) section indicates “frost highly im-
probable... An intermediate (shaded) band, occupying an increasing
proportion of the area of the drum as the difference between wet and
dry bulb readings increases, indicates “frost doubtful.”’ The instrument
was tested at various hours on a long series of evenings, but very seldom
gave a different forecast for the night from that likely to be given by the
average gardener observing the brilliance of the sky and the degree to
which it was overcast, and the direction of the wind. Unfortunately a
change of weather is as little foreseen by the thermometer as by the
observer, and the instrument is of no value in forecasting changes of
weather similar to the following. On the evening of November 5, with
a dull, overcast sky and a very light easterly wind, almost calm, the
minimum for the evening was reached at 7 p.m., when a self-recording
thermometer in a screen one foot above the surface of the ground
registered 42°7° F. At 11.15 p.m. the dry bulb of the horticultural
hygrometer (exposed) read 46°, the wet bulb 45°, and the radiation
thermometer on the grass gave the minimum reading 36° from earlier

REPORT ON MANURES, APPLIANCES, &c., 1908, 558

in the evening. The appearance of the sky and the readings of the
instrument both indicated frost extremely unlikely. The temperature
steadily rose till midnight, when 44° was registered in the screen, and
as steadily declined to 43°5° at 2 a.m.; but the sky then clearing, a
steady and rapid fall took place till the minimum was reached between
6 and 7 A.mM., when 34° was registered in the screen and 28°4° on the
grass.

22, Four Oaks Undentable Syringes (Four Oaks Company).—These
are made in various sizes, suitable for coarse or fine spraying, and are
excellent in all respects. We do not know of any syringes that will stand
rough usage so well as these.

23. Four Oaks Knapsack Sprayer (Four Oaks Company).—Consists
of a copper container of the usual form and size, but has all the working
parts outside, so that they are easily reached in case attention is needed.
The working parts are very strong, and a considerable pressure may be
maintained with a minimum of labour. The nozzle and brass tube
carrying it are connected with the pump either by a rubber tube or by
flexible metallic tubing. The nozzle gives a very fine spray. ‘Two- and
three-way nozzles are also provided, but the single seems to give the best
results.

24, Four Oaks Spraying Machine (Four Oaks Company).—This, like
the preceding, is a strong and serviceable machine. It consists of a
stout wooden container, mounted on a carriage with broad wheels, and
fitted with a powerful pump, which is capable of supplying two spraying
tubes. The pump drives out the liquid with great force. An efficient
agitator is fitted, the pump handle actuating the agitator as well. The
working parts are of brass, simple and strong and easy of access. The
nozzles are interchangeable with those of the knapsack sprayer, and may
be placed at the end of a long, light, hollow bamboo tube, by means of
which the highest orchard trees may be reached, or on the shorter tubes
which are provided.

554 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BOOKS PRESENTED, PURCHASED, OR REVIEWED DURING THE YEAR
1908, AND DEPOSITED IN THE LIBRARY.

1 = Presented by Mr. W. C. G. Ludford.
2 = Sent for review.
3 = Presented by the author.
4 = Purchased.
5 = Presented by W. Cuthbertson, Esq.
6 = . ,. Rev. Prof. G. Henslow, M.A., V.M.H.
: fp ,, sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K. C.V.0., V.M.H.
8 = a ., Sir William T. Thiselton-Dyer, K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
9:= re ,, The Bentham Trustees.
10 = ¥ » Miss G. Jekyll, V.M.H.
1l = = , W. E. Gumbleton, Esq.
= u », E. Mawley, Esq., V.M.H.
13.= , The Director of Agriculture, Jamaica.

Arron, W., ‘‘ Hortus Kewensis.” Ed. 2 enlarged, by W. T. Arron. 5 vols. London,
1810-13. 8vo. (1).

Auuwoop, Montacu C., “The Perpetual Flowering Carnation.’ Burnley, 1907.
8vo. (2).

Battey, L. H. & Coteman, WautTer M., “ First Course in Biology.’”’ New York, 1908.
8vo. (2).

Bauret, CHarues, “ Traité de la Culture Fruitiére Commercial et Bourgeoise.” 4me
édition. Paris, 1908. 8vo. (3).

Barter, JoHn F. “ Mushrooms and How to grow them.’’ London, 1906. 12mo. (4).

BaTERDEN, J. R., “ Timber.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Bateson, W., “‘ The Methods and Scope of Genetics.”” Cambridge, 1908. 8vo. (8).

Batson, Mrs. StepHen, ‘‘ The Summer Garden of Pleasure.” London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Bertie, L., ‘“ Précis de botanique pharmaceutique.’ 2 vols. Paris, 1904-1909.
8vo. (4).

Bercen, J. Y. & Davis, Braptey M., ‘‘ Laboratory and Field Manual of Botany.”
Boston, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Bercer, Atwiy, ‘“ Mesembrianthemen und Portulacaceen.” Stuttgart, 1908. S8vo. (4).

Berry, R.M.F., “ Fruit Recipes.’ London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

BickNELL, C., ‘Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Riviera and neighbouring
Mountains.” London, 1885. La. 8vo. (4).

BoERHAAVE, HERMANN, “ Index plantarum quae in horto Academico Lugduno Batavo
reperiuntur. ie Lugduni Batavorum, 1710. 8vo. (5).

Borsster, P. E., “ Flora orientalis.” 5 vols. Genevae et Basileae, 1867-81. 8vo. (4).

“ Supplementum.” Ed. R. Busrer. Ib. 1888. 8vo. (4).

Bos, J. Rirzema, ‘“ Agricultural Zoology.” Translated by J. R. AryswortH Davis.
London, 1904. 8vo. (2).

Bovutcuer, Wruui1am, “ A Treatise on Forest Trees, &c.’’ Ed. 2. Edinburgh, 1778.
4to. (6).

Bower, F. O., “ The Origin of a Land Flora. A Theory based upon the Facts of
Alternation.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Brapiey, Epvirn & Crooxr, May, “The Book of Fruit Bottling.’ London, 1907
8vo. (2).

Brown, Stewarnpson, “ Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.” New York
& London, 1907. S8vo. (2).

Bunyarp, Grorcr, “ Handbook of Hardy Trees and Shrubs.” Maidstone, 1908.
8vo. (2).

Burkert, C. W., “ Soils.” New York, 1907. 8vo. (4). :

Cavers, F., “Plant Biology. A Texts-Book of Elementary Botany arranged for
Modern Methods of Teaching.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Ceci, THe Hon. Mrs. Eventyn, “ London Parks and Gardens.’’ London, 1907.
8vo. (2).

Cevrerick, AuBert, “Le Comte Oswald de Kerchove de Denterghem. Notes
biographiques.’? Gand, 1908. 8vo. (7).

Cuancrin, E., ‘‘ Viticulture moderne.” Paris, 1908. 8vo. (4).

CHARPENTIER, Paun, “ Timber. A comprehensive Study of Wood in all its Aspects,
Commercial and Botanical, &c.’’ Translated from the French. . . by JosEPH
Kennetu. London, 1902. 8vo. (2).

BOOKS PRESENTED, PURCHASED, OR REVIEWED. 555

Cuerseman, T. F., “ Manual of the New Zealand Flora.’’ Wellington, N.Z., 1906.
8vo. (4).

CuHURCH, oor Harry, “ Types of Floral Mechanism,” Part I. Oxford, 1908.
Ato. (2).

CLEMENTS, Al E., “‘ Plant Physiology and Ecology.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Coteman, W. S., *‘Our Woodlands, Heaths and Hedges.’’ New Edition. London
1907. S8vo. (2).

Connoup, Epwarp T., “ British Oak Galls.”” London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Crane, D. B., “ Pansies and Violets.”” Edited by T. W. Sanprers. London, 1908.
8vo. (2).

CRANE, = ‘Chrysanthemums for Garden and Greenhouse.’’ Edited by T. W.
SanpErRS. London, n.d. 8vo. (4).

CroswE.uer, W. T., “ The Gardener’s Company.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (3).

Curtis, Cuas. H., “Sweet Peas and their Cultivation for Home and Exhibition.”
London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Curtis, C. H. & Gipson, W., “ The Book of Topiary.’”’ London & New York, 1904.
Svo. (4).

eee Orrto V., ‘A Plant Book for Schools.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Davenport, C. B., *‘ Experimental Morphology.” New York and London, 1908.
8vo. (4).

i eee L., ‘The Unheated Greenhouse.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Day, Lewis F., “ Nature and Ornament. I. Nature the Raw Material of Design.”
London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Dr, Propopu Cuunpra, “A Treatise on Mango.”’ Ed. 2. Calcutta, 1904. 12mo. (2).

Detacrorx, G., “ Maladies des plantes cultivées. Maladies non-parasitaires.’’ Paris,
1908. 12mo. (4).

Dr Witpemay, E., “‘ Les Plantes tropicales de grande culture.” Tomel. Bruxelles,
1908. 8vo. (2).

Diets, Lupwie, “ Die Orchideen.”” Osterwick Harz, n.d. 8vo. (4).

Dowett, E. P., ‘“‘ Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences.’’ New York,
1907. S8vo. (4).

Druce, G. C., “ List of British Plants.” Oxford, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Epmonps, H., ‘‘ Elementary Botany.” New ed., thoroughly revised by J. BretTLanp
Farmer. London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Ewes, H. J. and Henry A., “ The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland.” Vols. 1-3.
Edinburgh, 1906-8. 4to. (2).

Ernst, A., “ Die neue Flora der Vulkaninsel Krakatau.’’ Ziirich, 1907. 8vo. (4).

Even, Joun, “ Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, with an Essay on the Life and
Works of the Author, by Jonn Nispert.’’ A reprint of the 4th edition, in 2 volumes.
London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

FuLaHavtt, Cu., ‘“ Nouvelle flore coloriée de poche des Alpes et des Pyrénées.’’ Seér.
I.et II. Paris, 1906-8. Sm. 8vo. (4).

** Frora Capensis.”’ Vol. iv. sect. 1, part. v. London, 1908. 8vo.!(8).

FoLuwELu, Percy, ‘The Book of the Chrysanthemum.’ London and New York,
1907. 8vo. (2).

_ Fox, Tuomas, “ How to Find and Name Wild Flowers.’’ London, 1907. 8vo. (4).

FrencH, ALLEN, “ The Book of Vegetables and Garden Herbs.” New York and
London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Frrenp, Hriperic, “ The Flowers and their Story.” London, n.d. 8vo. (2).

Fuuier, Anprew §., “ The Propagation of Plants.’”’ New York, 1905. 8vo. (4).

‘“‘ GARDENS, OLD anD New.”’ Vol. ii. London,n.d. Fol. (2).

Gavut, ALFRED, ‘“ Seaside Planting of Trees and Shrubs.”” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Gorpon, W. J., ‘‘ Manual of British Grasses.” London, n.d. 8vo. (4).

GREEN, J. Reynoups, ‘“‘ An Introduction to Vegetable Physiology.” Ed.2. London,
1907. 8vo. (2).

Grirritus, A. B., ‘“‘ Manures for Fruit and other Trees.” London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Groom, Percy, “ Trees and their Life Histories.” London, 1907. Large 8vo. (2).

Haxacsy, E. von, “ Supplementum Conspectus florae Graecae.”’ Lipsiae, 1908. 8vo. (4).

Harrison, C., “ The Book of the Honey Bee.” London and New York, 1903. 8vo. (4).

Hastuck, Pavut N., ‘‘ Greenhouse and Conservatory Construction and Heating.’
London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Heatu, F. G., “Our British Trees and How to know Them.” Ed. 3, revised.
London, 1908. Sm. 8vo. (2).

—— “The Fern World.” Ed. 2. London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Hemstey, H., “‘ Rock and Alpine Gardening.’”’ London, n.d. 8vo. (2).

Henry, E., “ Préservation des bois contre la pourriture par le sol, les champignons et

: les insectes.’”’ Paris et Nancy, 1907. 8vo. (4).

Henstow, Rev. Prorsssor G., ‘‘ The Plants of the Bible.” London, 1906. 8vo. (2).

Hooxer’s “Icones Plantarum.” Edited by D. Prary, ix. part 3. London, 1908.
8vo. (9).

556 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hume, F. Epwarp, “ Familiar Swiss Flowers.’”’ London, 1908: 8vo. (2).

Horton, F. W., “ Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old and New.’’ London, 1899. 8vo. (2).

“ The Lesson of Evolution.” London, 1902. 8vo. (2):

‘ TIypex Kewensts.”” Suppl. iii. Oxonii, 1908. 4to. (4).

Irvine, Waurer, “ Everyman’s Book of the Greenhouse (Unheated).’”’ London, 1907.
16mo. (2).

JEKYLL, GERTRUDE, ‘‘ Old West Surrey: Some Notes and Memories.”’ London, 1904.
8vo. (2).

“3 Goloas in the Flower Garden.” London, 1908. 8vo. (10).

Krrpy, W. Eemont, “ Insects : Foes and Friends.” London, 1898. Sm. 8vo. (4).

Kirsy, W. F. “ British Flowering Plants.’’ London, 1906. Obl. 8vo. (2).

Kwnutu, Pau, ‘ Handbook of Flower Pollination.” Translated by J. R. ArnswortH
Davis. Vol. ii. Oxford, 1908. S8vo. (2).

LANSDELL, J., “Grapes and How to Grow Them.” Edited by T. W. Sanpers.
London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Laruam, Cuarues, “ The Gardens of Italy,’ with descriptions by E. Marcu Puruuiprs.
2 vols. London, n.d. Fol. (4).

Laurtir, Cuarporte L., “ Introduction to Elementary Botany.’’ London,n.d. 8vo. (2).
Lawes, J. B. & Girzert J. H., “ Report of Experiments on the Growth of Wheat for
Twenty Years in Succession on the same Land.’”’ London, 1864. 8vo. (6).

LInviey, Joun, “* Rosarum Monographia, &c.’” London, 1820. 8vo. (11).

LiversinGE, M. A., “‘ Elementary Botany.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Locy, Wiiu14M A., ‘‘ Biology and its Makers.’”? New York, 1908. 8vo. (4).

McConneEtL, Primrose, ‘Soils: their Nature and Management.’’ London, 1908.
8vo. (2).

Macponatp, James, “ Stephen’s Book of the Farm.” Ed. 5, Division i. Edinburgh
& London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

MacFrapyEN, ALLEN, ‘‘ The Cell as the Unit of Life and other Lectures... An
Introduction to Biology.’”’ Edited by Dr. R. Tanner Hewxerr. London, 1908.
8vo. (2).

eee T. M., ‘“‘ Food for the Tropics.’’? London, 1904. 8vo. (2).

Marr, J. E., “ Agricultural Geology.’’ London, 1903. 8vo. (2).

Masser, G. & THeropaxp, F. V., “The Enemies of the Rose.’? Berkhamsted, 1908.
Sm. 8vo. (2).

Maruiew, C., Para Rubber Cultivation. ‘Culture du Caoutchouc de Para (Hevea
brasiliensis).”” Paris, 1909 [issued in 1908]. 4to. (4).

MavuMeEn®k, Atpert, “ La Mosaiculture pratique.’? Tme édition. Paris, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Maw, Grorce, “A Monograph of the Genus Crocus.” With an Appendix on the
Etymology of the words Crocus and Saffron, by C. C. Lacarra. London, 1886.
4to. (4).

Mawson, Tuomas H., “ The Art and Craft of Garden Making.”? Ed.3. London, 1907.
4to. (2).

Micuna, W., “ Pflanzenbiologie.”’ Leipzig, 1909 [issued in 1908]. 8vo. (4)

Mircue.1, P. C., “ Outlines of Biology.”” London, 1902. 8vo. (2).

Moxtyneux, Epwin, “ Chrysanthemums and their Culture.’ Ed.9. London, 1896.
8vo. (6).

Owen, J. A. & Bouteer, G. §., “The Country Month by Month.’”’? London, 1902.
8vo. (2).

Peake, C. M. A., “A Concise Handbook of Garden Annual and Biennial Plants.”
London, n.d. 8vo. (2).

Pemberton, Rey. Josrrpu H., “ Roses, their History, Development and Cultivation.”
London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

PENDERED, Mary, “ My Garden.” London, n.d. Sm. 8vo. (2).

Punzia, O., ‘ Flore coloriée de poche du littoral méditerranéen de Génes a Barcelone
y compris la Corse.’’ Paris, 1902. Sm. 8vo. (4).

Punnett, R. C., “‘ Mendelism.”? Ed. 2. Cambridge, 1907. Sm. 8vo. (2).

Rerton, H., “The Art of Landscape Gardening.’ Edited by Jonn Nouen. London,
1907. 8vo. (2).

Rorrson, W., “ The Wild Garden.”” Ed. 5. London, 1903. 8vo. (4).

Roser Socrery, Tue Nationa, “ The Society’s Official Catalogue of Roses.” Berk-
hamsted, 1906. 8vo. (12).

-——— “ Rose Annual for 1908.” Berkhamsted, 1908. 8vo. (2).

SALISBURY, Rouvriw D., “ Physiography.’’ London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Sanpers, T. W., ‘‘ The Alphabet of Gardening.’”? London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

~ “ The Amateur’s Greenhouse.” Ed. 3. London, 1907. 8vo. (4).
~- “ The Flower Garden.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Saunpers, Epwarp, “ Wild Bees, Wasps, and Ants and other Stinging Insects.”
London, n. d. 8vo. (2).

Scuacut, H., “ Les arbres: études sur leur structure et leur végetation.”’ Traduit...
par Epvovarp Morren. Bruxelles et Paris, 1862. 8vo. (6).

BOOKS PRESENTED, PURCHASED, OR REVIEWED. 557

ScHette, E., “ Die winterbarten Nadelhélzer Mitteleuropas.”’ Stuttgart, 1909.
8vo. (4).

ScHLICH, 3 and Fisner, W. R., “ Manual of Forestry.” 4 vols. London, 1904-7.
S8vo. (4).

Scort, a ‘Studies in Fossil Botany.”’ Ed. 2, vol. i. London, 1908. 8vo. (4).

Srna, R., ‘* Atlas de poche des plantes des champs, des prairies et des bois 4 l’usage
des promeneurs et des excursionnistes . . . en France.”’ Sér. I. 5th éd. Paris,
1904; Sér. ii. 3me. éd. Paris, 1907; Sér. iii. Paris, 1899. Sm. 8vo. (4).

Sreverine, A. F., “The Praise of Gardens: An Epitome of the Literature of the
Garden Art, with an Historical Epilogue.’’ London, 1899. 8vo. (6).

SirH, J. J., “Die Orchideen von Java.’’ Figuren-Atlas, ltes Heft. Leiden, 1908,
8vo. (4).

ORB cA Mans, “ Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons.” Translated by L. A.
Boopte and F. E. Fritscu; revised by D. H. Scorr; 2 vols. Oxford, 1908.
Svo. (2).

SourTH, ee “The Moths of the British Isles.’ Series i. London, 1907.
Sm. 8vo. (4).

—— “ The Butterflies of the British Isles.” London, 1906. Sm. 8vo. (2).

Srep, Epwarp, “ Wayside and Woodland Ferns.” London, 1908. Sm, 8vo. (2).

Srevens, W. C., “ Plant Anatomy.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Srraspurcer, E., Non, F., Schenck, H., and Karsten, G., ‘A Textbook of Botany,”’
3rded. Revised with the eighth German edition by W. H. Lane. London, 1908.
8vo. (2).

iia - « All About Sweet Peas.”’ Ed. 4. Birmingham, 1908. 8vo. (3).

THEOBALD, F. V., ‘ Insect Life.’ Ed. 2. London, 1905. S8vo. (2).

Tuomas, H. H., “ Gardening in Town and Suburb.” London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Tuomson, J. AntTHUR, ‘“ Heredity.’? London, 1908. S8vo. (4).

TuonceEr, C., “ The Book of Garden Design.” London and New York, 1905. 8vo. (4).

—— ‘ The Book of Rock and Water Gardens.’’ London and New York, n.d. 8vo. (4).

THoNNER, Franz, “ Die Bliitenpflanzen Afrikas. Eine Anleitung zum Bestimmen der
Gattungen der afrikanischen Siphonogamen.”’ Berlin, 1908. 8vo. (4).

Vercier, J., “ L’arboriculture fruitiére en images.” Paris, n.d. S8vo. (4).

VoorHEEs, E. B., ‘‘ Forage Crops.’’ New York and London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Warren, C. E., “‘ The Essentials of Cytology.’’ London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Warsure, Orro und Van Someren Brann, J. E., ‘“ Kulturpfianzen der Weltwirtschaft.”’
Leipzig, n.d. La. 8vo. (4).

Warp, H. Marsnwatt, “ Diseases of Plants.’’ London, 1896. Sm. 8vo. (6).

——-. “ Trees: a Handbook of Forest-Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory.”
Vol. iv. Edited by Percy Groom. London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

WATERFIELD, Marcaret, “ Flower Grouping in English, Scotch and Irish Gardens.”
London, 1907. 4to. (2).

Watson, W. ‘“ Cactus Culture for Amateurs.’”’ Ed. 2. London, 1903. 8vo. (4).

Wart, Str Grorce, “The Commercial Products of India.’’ London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Warts, W. Marsuatt, ‘‘A School Flora for the Use of Elementary Botanical Classes,”
New edition. London, 1907. 8vo. (2).

Wavueu, F. A., ‘‘ Systematic Pomology.”’ New York, 1903. 8vo. (4).

“Landscape Gardening.” New York, 1907. 8vo. (4).

WEATHERS, JouN, ‘‘ A Practical Guide to School, Cottage and Allotment Gardening.”
London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

WessteR, A. D., “ Practical Forestry.” Ed. 4. London, 1905. 8vo. (4).

—— “Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs.” Ed. 3. London, 1908,
8yo. (4).

Weep, C. M., “Fungi and Fungicides.’”? New York, 1896. 8vo. (4).

—— “Spraying Crops, Why, When, and How.” New York, 1906. 8vo. (4).

WestTeELL, W. Perctvat, “ The Story of Insect Life.” London, 1907. S8vo. (2).

—— ‘“ The Insect Book.’’ London and New York, 1908. Sm. 8vo. (2).

WESTELL, “A PercivaL & Cooper, C. S., ‘The Young Botanist.” London, 1908.
8vo. (2).

Wauirenead, J., “ Practical Fruit Culture.” London, 1907. 16mo. (2).

Wuuims, J. R., “Suggestions for School Gardens.’’ With Appendices. Kingston,
Jamaica, 1908. 8vo. (13).

Wiitkomm, M. & Lanes, J., ‘‘ Prodromas florae hispanicae.’”’ 38 vols. Stuttgartiae,
1861-80. 8vo.; Supplementum. a M- WittkommM. Stuttgartiae, 1893. Svo. (4).

Wrieat, Jonn & Wricut, H. J., “ The Vegetable Grower’s Guide.’”? Vol. i. London,
n.d. Ato. (2).

Wrient, Water P, “ Cassell’s ABC of Gardening.” London, 1908. 8vo. (2).

Wrok, J. B., “ Dahlias and their Cultivation.” London, 1908. S8vo. (2).

—— “ Chrysanthemums and How to grow Them for Exhibition.”” Ed.5. London,
1908. 8vo. (4).

Wistennorr, D. J. M. & Berrnorst, R. H., “ De Narcis.’’ 1908. 8vo. (3).

558 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DONORS OF BOOKS, SEEDS, PLANTS, &c., TO THE SOCIETY’S
LABORATORY AND GARDENS AT WISLEY DURING THE YEAR 1908.

Acmg Cuemicat Co., Tonbridge, Kent. Screw pegs or stakes. See p. 551.

Appy, Dr. B., Weybridge. Achimenes tubers. Flowered at the Garden, and will be
distributed to Fellows, 1909.

AupersEY, H., Aldersey Hall, Chester. Sweet Peas. See p. 549. Phlox decussata
vars. Will be reported upon in 1909.

Atuan, W., Gunton Park Gardens, Norwich. Raspberry ‘Alexandra.’ For trial
in 1909.

Arno, Mrs., Dedham. Apple ‘D’Arcy Spice.’ Planted in the collection.

Awcock, P. B., Englefield Green. Seed of Ceanothus and cuttings of tree Carnations.

Baxer, Messrs., Codsall, Staffs. Dahlias. Seep. 291.

Barr, Messrs., Covent Garden. Varieties of beet (p. 539) and potato (p. 525), and
asparagus, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, parsley, and Phlox decussata (trials
in progress). Collection of Narcissus. Planted in the Garden. Seeds of ‘ Blue —
Poppy from Kashmir,’ and Tricuspidaria hexapetala. Will be tried in the Garden.

BasuHam, J., Bassaleg, Mon. Apple‘ Tamplin.’ Planted in the collection.

Baxter, W., Woking. Dahlias. See p. 291.

Beckett, E., Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree. Beet. See p. 539.

Bettinson, J., Wisbech. Potatos. See p. 525.

Brrxseck, Miss A. M., Putney; S.W. Seeds from Jamaica, Chili, &c. A few plants
raised.

Buack, A., Carton Gardens, co. Kildare. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

BuiunveEn, Messrs., Deodar Road, Putney, 8.W. ‘ Cultivon.’ See p. 551.

Bonavita, Dr., Worthing. Delphinium seed. Plants raised for distribution tv

Fellows, 1909.

Boor, L. G., Weybridge. Wood oil. See p. 552.

Booru, Mrs. M. H., Kettering. Potato. See p. 525.

Borromuey, Prof. W., London, ‘ Nitro-Bacterine.’

Bourne, R. W., Bishopstoke. Seeds from Straits Settlements. Germinated, but
mostly of little value for garden purposes.

Bowtes, E. A., Waltham Cross. Collection of Viola spp. Planted in the Garden.

Box, J. R., West Wickham. Chelidoniwm, Hrodvum, Horminwm, and Vancouveria.
Planted in the Garden.

Boxauu, Dr., Dorking. Yellow foxgloves. Planted in the Garden.

Bropre or Bropre, Brodie Castle, N.B. Seed of Gladiolus primulinus. Plants
raised and growing in the Garden.

Brovsson, H. L., New Eltham, S.E. Dahlia. See p. 291.

Brown, W. & J., Peterborough. Potato. To be tried in 1909.

Browne, THompson, Messrs., Cork. Brocedli. To be tried in 1909.

Bryan, Major, Alton, Hants. Gladiolus primulinus. Flowered in the Garden, 1908.

Buenos Arres, Municrpat BotranicaL GARDEN. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for
distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Buxuxar, Mrs., Carlton Crescent, Southampton. Vegetable marrow seeds from Florence.
Will be tried in 1909.

Bunyarp, G., Maidstone. Books for the Library.

Bunyarp, Messrs., Maidstone. Varieties of broad bean (p. 545), pea (p. 288), and
scarlet runner (p. 545), and Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and parsley (trials in
progress). Collections of raspberries and strawberries. For trial in 1909.
Winter spray for fruit trees. See p. 552.

Burn, W. J., Cromer. Collection of raspberries for trial in 1909.

Burerr, Messrs., Philadelphia. Varieties of lettuce (p. 545) and tomato (p. 546),
and Brussels sprouts and onion (trials in progress), and of Celosia, sweet pea
and T'’ropaeolum (p. 549).

CamBripGe Borantc Garpens (R. I. Lynch, Curator). Collection of seeds. Plants
raised for distribution to Fellows, 1909.

CamppBe, R., Executors or, Manchester. Campbell’s Nico-soap. See p. 551.

Cartyon, Miss C. M., Bloemfontein, O.R.C. Seeds of Moraea sp. Plants raised but
not yet flowered.

Carpenter, G., West Hall Gardens, Byfleet. Dahlias.» Seep. 291. Asters. Planted in
the Garden. Seeds of a blue-flowered pea proved to be Lathyrus sativus

coeruleus.

DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, TREES, &c. 559

Carte, Lady D’Oyty, Weybridge. Seeds of Magnolia Lennei. Failed to germinate.

Carter, G., Cottenham, Cambs. Potato. See p. 525.

Carter, Messrs. J., High Holborn. Varieties of bean (p. 545), beet (p. 539), pea
(p. 288), radish (p. 546), and onion and parsley (trials in progress).

Cueat, Messrs., Crawley. Dahlias. See p. 291.

Currry, M. K., Govt. Bot. Gdns., Bangalore, Mysore. Bulbils of the variegated form of
Fourcroya gigantea. Growing on in the Garden.

Cuark, E. F., Teignmouth, Devon. Sedwm dendroideum. Plants raised for the
Garden and for distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Cuark, Messrs., Dover. Cuimicifuga simplex. Planted in the Garden.

Cuark, E. F., Lowther Gardens, Penrith. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

CiemMEnNT!, M., Newton Abbot. Seeds of Albizzia, Bobartia, Cassia, and Physianthus.
Plants will be raised for distribution to Fellows.

Coutuison, T., South Norwood. An unnamed seed, Momordica sp. Plant raised and
flowered but found of no value.

Cotman, Sir J., V.M.H., Gatton Park. A collection of Orchids.

Coomser, T., The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

Cracow, University Boranic GARDEN. A collection of seeds. Plants raised for dis-
tribution to Fellows, 1909.

CRAWSHAY, DE Barri, Sevenoaks. Tomato.

Crump, W., Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern. Potato ‘ Up-to-date.’ See p.538.

CunnincHaM, J., Omagh, co. Tyrone. Potatos. See p. 525.

CurGENVEN, Mrs., Lancaster Gate, W. A cutting of an Ivy near Hedera pedata.
Plants raised.

Currey, Miss F. W., Lismore, Ireland. Narcissus ‘Regina Margherita.’ Planted
in the Garden.

Dammann, Messrs., Naples. Seeds of tomato (p. 546), Dolichos Lab-lab sowdanensis
(p. 545), miscellaneous flowering plants (p. 547), and cauliflower, leek and lettuce
(for trial in 1909).

Davies, J. H., Ross-on-Wye. Carnation and Delphinium (for trial in 1909).

Dawes, T. E., King’s Lynn. Rhubarb ‘Challenge.’ Added to the collection.

Derat, W., Kelvedon, Essex. Varieties of candytuft (p. 547), and broccoli and parsley
(trials in progress).

Dz Courcy. F. A., Somerset East, Cape Colony. Seed which proved to be Polygonum
orientale.

De Luzy Freres, Camberwell, S.E. Sundries for knapsack sprayer.

Dertmanp, Auaricus, Madeira. Astrapaea. Plants raised for distribution to Fellows,
1909. Papaia, Rosa, and Xanthochymus. Growing in the garden.

DerpysHireE, F. H., Middlewich, Cheshire. Chrysanthemum ‘ Derbyshire’s Crimson’
(trial in progress).

Dosste, Messrs., Rothesay. Varieties of beet (p. 539), potato (p. 525), dahlia (p. 291),
Godetia (p. 548), and Brussels sprouts, cabbage, parsley, early-flowering chrys-
anthemums and phloxes (trials in progress).

Doveuas, J.. V.M.H., Great Bookham. Alpine Auricula seed. Plants raised for the
Garden. Pingwicula caudata. Growing on.

Earzz, Mrs., Cobham. Cineraria var. Growing on.

EpinpureGH, Royat Boranic GARDEN. A collection of seeds. Plants raised for dis-
tribution to Fellows, 1909.

Epwarps, W., Worth Hall Gardens, Crawley. Melon. See p. 546.

Ewes, H. J., Colesborne. Seed of Pinus Pewke. Plants raised for the Pinetum.

Eneuanp, E. T., Bury St. Edmunds. Anemone sulphurea seedlings. Planted in the
Wild Garden.

Enys, J. D., Enys, Cornwall. Seed of Myosotidium nobile and Cordyline wmdivisa.
Plants raised for the Garden and for distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Evans, J. Spencer, Wootton Hill, Newbury. Carnation layers.

Frrcuson, Col., Polebrooke Hall, Oundle. Pea (for trial in 1909).

Fereuson, G., Norton Priory Gardens, Runcorn. Asparagus, Cyperus, Dieffenbachia,
Eranthemum, Gloxinia, and Streptocarpus. Seedlings for distribution to Fellows,
1909.

Firt, J.. Welwyn,-Herts. Double Rocket. Planted in the Garden.

Fiemyne, Rev. W. W., Portlaw, co. Waterford. Cuttings of rare shrubs. Plants
raised for the Garden.

Forses, Joun, Hawick. Phloxes. Trial in progress.

Fow er, Gurney, Glebelands, South Woodford. Orchid seedlings. Growing on.

Fox, W. L., Falmouth. Cordyline australis. Seedlings for distribution to Fellows,
1909.

Gipss, Hon. Vicary, Elstree. Seedlings of new and rare shrubs for the Garden.

Git, R., Falmouth. Arundinaria nobilis, Embothriwm coccineum, Rhododendron
Falconeri. Planted in the Garden.

560 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gray, Zecu., Sandy, Beds. Brussels Sprouts. Trial in progress.

Greaves, Miss A., Roselea, Reigate. Geraniwn lucidum. Planted in the Wild
Garden.

GreEN, H., Godlands, Maidstone. Seed of Solanum sp. Not identified.

GREENWOOD, H. J., Bracknell, Berks. Clitorea Ternateaseeds. Plants raised and dis-
tributed to Fellows, 1908.

GuILFoyLeE, W. R. See Melbourne.

Gunn, Messrs., Olton. Viola cornuta purpurea. Planted in the Wild Garden.

. Hansury, Lady, La Mortola, Italy. A collection of seeds. Plants raised for distri-
bution to Fellows, 1909.

Harrincer, T. C., Enfield Highway, Middlesex. Luckan’s patent frame light.
See p. 951. .

Harris, H., Horsham. Parsley. Trial in progress.

Harnuis, J., Blackpill, Swansea. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

Harrison, Messrs., Leicester. Miscellaneous vegetable seeds. See p. 545.

Harvey, Miss L., Probus, Cornwall. Seeds of unnamed leguminous shrub.

Harvey, Sir Ropert, Bart., Langley Park, Slough. Crinwm sp. Growing on.

Hayman, H. L., West Hampstead, N.W. Calabash seeds. See p. 545.

Hersvut, 8., Holyport, Maidenhead. Mulla-ga-tawn peach and ‘flowering’ banana.
Growing on.

Hetneman, F. C., Erfurt. Brussels sprouts and cabbage. Trials in progress.

Hemvus, Miss H., Upton-on-Severn. Sweet peas. See p. 549.

HeEnpeERsSON, Surg.-Major G., M.D., Otford, Kent. Smyrna fig with fly.

Hrpperp, C. Maxwett, Natal. Richardia Rehmannii. Growing on.

Hii, Dantet, Watford. Seedling ‘ Edelweiss’ for distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Hinpmarsu, W. T., Alnwick. Tomato. See p. 546.

Hospay, G., Romford, Essex. Pea. See p. 290.

HorrMann, R., Streatham. Seedling Caladiums for the Garden and for distribution
to Fellows, 1909.

Hotrorp, Col., C.I.E., C.V.0., Tetbury. Pinus sp. Planted in the Pinetum.

Hormes, E. C., Brookfield, Arundel. Runner bean, black-seeded (for trial in 1909).

Hormes, E. M., Bloomsbury. Sapiwm verum. Not yet germinated.

Hooper, H., Battle, Sussex. Bulb from Calcutta and seeds from New Zealand.

Horxtys, Miss, Shepperton. Gaultheria procumbens macrocarpa and Polygonum
spectabile vartegatum. Planted in the Wild Garden.

Hosr, Venble. Archdeacon, Carowe, N. S. Wales. Seeds of Clianthus Dampieri and
Physostegia virginiana. Plants raised for the Garden.

Hovucuton, H. E., Teynampet, Madras Presidency. Seeds collected in the jungle.
Not yet germinated.

Howarp, Mrs., Woking. ‘Chinkerring Cheese’ (Ornithogalwm sp.) from South Africa.

Huu Om Manvracturine Co., Hull. ‘ Homco’ soluble paraffin.

Humpureys, T., Edgbaston. Cuttings of Bougainvillea glabra. Plants raised for
distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Jounson, Messrs., Boston, Lines. Varieties of beet (p. 539) and Brussels sprouts,
cabbage and parsley (trials in progress).
JounstonE, Mrs., Pulborough, Sussex. Plants raised from seed from tropical Africa.
Datura sp. near D. arborea, Cassia sp., and another plant not yet identified.
Kent, G., Dorking. Dahlias. See p. 291. Aster ‘Frank Kent.’ Planted in the
collection.

Kent & Brypon, Messrs., Darlington. Brussels sprouts and parsley. Trials in pro-
gress.

Krnwarb, Messrs., Lewes. Potato. See p. 525.

Kew, Director, Royat GArpENs. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for the Garden
and for distribution to Fellows. : ;

Krinesmitt, A., Harrow Weald. Collection of choice Narcissi. Planted in the
Garden.

Krrk, A., Alloa. Potato ‘ Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

Kisstinc, N., Vegesack, Bremen. Porcelain labels. See p. 551.

Kirson, C. W., Netherbury. Chimonanthus fragrans seed. For the Garden and for
distribution to Fellows.

Lawrence, Str Trevor, Bart., Burford, Dorking. Collection of seeds. Seeds and
plants distributed to Fellows.

Laxton Bros., Bedford. Varieties of apple, black and red currant, gooseberry, plum, ©
raspberry and strawberry. For trial.

Lerts, 8., Long Buckby, Rugby. Potato. See p. 525

Lewis, Mrs. Somers, Byfleet. Seeds of ‘Blue Kennedya.’ A few plants raised.

Linpsay, R., Murrayfield, Midlothian. NXanthorrhiza apiifolia and Vellozia elegans.
For the Garden.

Loar, W. L. 8., Cumnor Place, Oxford. Seeds from Western Australia. Not yet
germinated. ‘

_—

DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, TREES, &c. 561

Loper, Str EpmunpD, Bart., Leonardslee. A collection of seeds. Seeds and plants for
distribution to Fellows.

Lynou, R. I. See CamBripGe.

McCauuvm, J., Winchmore Hill, Midx. Potato. See p. 525.

McDoveatt, Messrs., Manchester. Fruit tree washes, banding grease and grease-proof
paper. See p. 551.

McGrepy, Messrs., Portadown. Varieties of cabbage. Trial in progress.

Mclaren, H. D., Bodnant, N. Wales. EHucryphia pinnatifolia, Gladiolus princeps,
Pinus Bungeana. For the Garden.

Macor, E. J. P., St. Tudy, R.S.O., Cornwall. Seeds of Primula Cockburniana and
P. pulverulenta and plants of Aristolochia sp., Leptospermum bullatum and
Primula imperialis. Spare plants will be distributed to Fellows.

MarsHatt, W., V.M.H., Bexley. Cuttings of Helianthemwm, Ligustrum, and Thymus.

’ Plants raised for the Garden.

Mason, Miss, Westminster. Alpine Primulas. Far the Rockery.

Massey, Messrs., Spalding. Potatos (p. 525). Parsley. Trial in progress.

Mawson Bros., Windermere. Papaver orientale ‘ Jennie Mawson.’ For the herbaceous
border.

Mease, W., Leatherhead. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

MecsourNE Boranic and Domain Garpens (director W. R. Guilfoyle).
seeds. Plants raised for distribution to Fellows.

Metxor, A. V., Qumbu, East Griqualand, S.A. Seeds of a leguminous herb. Not
yet flowered.

Moore, Messrs., Rawdon, Leeds. A collection of orchids, and bulbs of Liliwm
sulphurewm for the Garden.

Mortmer, S., Rowledge, Farnham. Dahlias. See p. 291.

Moss, J. S., Bishop’s Waltham. Odontoglossums. For the Garden collection.

Mowatt, Mrs., Haslemere. Smilax aspera variegata, Tropaeolum tuberoswm,
Vincetoxicum officinale. For the Garden.

Nicuots, J., Bideford. ‘ Success’ propagating tray. See p. 551.

Nurtine, Messrs., Southwark. Varieties of beet (p. 539), cabbage and parsley (trials
in progress).

Ope, J. W., Stanmore. Books for the Library.

Onstow, Lord, Clandon Park. Veronica repens. For the Rockery.

Parr, H., New Barnet. Kale. Trial in progress.

Peake, Mrs., Newbury, Berks. Morning Glories. See p. 549.

Pearson, Messrs., Lowdham, Notts. Hand-hoe. See p. 551.
forcing trial, 1909.

Pecr, Mrs. Kenrick, Bathampton, Bath. Viola hederacea. For the Garden.

Percy, G. V., Puerto Orotava, Teneriffe. Seeds of Statice spp. Plants will be raised
for distribution.

Perry, Amos, Enfield. A collection of herbaceous phloxes for trial and of plants for
the herbaceous border.

Peters, W., Leatherhead. Lamiwm maculatum album. For the Wild Garden.

Prirzer, W., Stuttgart. Raspberry for trial in 1909.

Pures, H. T., Olney, Bucks. Potato. See p. 525.

Pum.rotts, Even, Torquay. A collection of plants for the Garden.

Pickett, J., Eynsham, Oxford. Potato. See p. 525.

Pitrerm, W., Anglesey. Potato. See p. 525.

Pinuincers, Chepstow. ‘Pix Compo.’ See p. 551.

Prxcues, JoHN, Camberwell, S.E. ‘ Charteras’ plant protector.

Prarie, Miss, Ripley. Miscellaneous plants for the Rockery.

Pirate, D. V., Caskieben, Aberdeenshire. Clematis calycina, Daphne Dawphint,
Lonicera fragrantissima. For the Garden.

Porr, W., Thatcham, Berks. Onion.

Porter, J. Wizson, Croydon. Hymenophyllum pectinata, Ouvirandra fenestralis,
Todea superba, Trichomanes radicans. For the Garden.

Priest, W., Kilwinning. Potato ‘ Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

Reap, R. J. G., Westminster, S.W. ‘Cultivon.’ See p. 551.

Ricuarps, G. H., Borough High Street, S.E. Orchid peat.

Ricuarps, R., Holmes Chapel. Peas. See p. 288.

RicHarpson, Miss H., Crown Hill, R.S.0., Devon. ‘Peach-vine.’ See p. 546.

RicHarpson, Messrs., Darlington. Lever handle for ventilator gearing.

Ricumonp, Mrs., Lustleigh, Devon. Seeds from India. Plants raised for distribution.

RicHMonD-PowELL, W. W., Canterbury. Seed of Melittis melissophyllum. For the
Garden.

Rivers & Son, T., Sawbridgeworth. Raspberries. For trial in 1909.

Rosertson, J. J., Virginia Water. Scions of an unnamed apple. Grafted 1908.
Rozson, H.F., Ham. Chrysanthemums. Trial in progress.

VOL. XXXIV.

A collection of

Strawberries. For

See p. 551.

00

562 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Roemer, Frrepricu, Quedlinburg, Germany. Seeds of miscellaneous flowering plants.
See p. 547.

Ross oF BLapENsBuRG, Str Jonn, K.C.B., Rostrevor, Ireland. Seed of Liliwm gigantewm —
and Olearia insignis. Germinating.

Roruscuitp, Leorpotd pre, Gunnersbury, W. Alpine and forcing Strawberries. For
trial 1909. Primula capitata and Salvia splendens ‘ Zurich.’ For the Garden and
distribution to Fellows. ©

SANDEMAN, Cou. J. G., M.V.O., Hayling Is., Havant. Collections of seeds. Plants
raised for the Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

SANDER, Messrs., St. Albans. Collection of orchids. For the Garden.

Sanps, W. E., Hillsborough, co. Down. ‘ Up-to-Date’ and other Potatos. See pp. 525,
538.

Scartert, T. A., Edinburgh. Viola‘ Edina.’ For trial in 1909. by

ScHrOpER, Baron, Str Henry, Bart. Leaves of Rex Begonias. Plants raised for the
Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

Scrase-Dickiys, C., Achill, co. Mayo. Early-flowering Gladioli and Liliwm tigrinum
splendens. For the Garden.

SeaE, M. V., Sevenoaks. Dahlias. See p. 291.

SEARLE, C. E., Chelmsford. Beet. See p. 539.

Surman, Mrs., Limpsfield, Surrey. A collection of seeds from Colorado. Growing on
in the Garden. ;

Suarre, Messrs. Cuas., Sleaford. Varieties of beet (p. 539), potato (p. 525), Brussels
sprouts, and cabbage (trials in progress).

Suave, T. H., Poltimore Gardens, Exeter. Potato‘ Up-to Date.’ See p. 538.

Stocock, W. C., Woking. Apple stocks. Budded 1908 for experimental purposes.

SmitH, Messrs. F., Belfast. Tomato. For trialin 1909.

Smit, Messrs. R., Worcester. Pinus Montezumae. Planted in the Garden.

Smitru, Messrs. W., Aberdeen. Potato. See p. 525.

SonTELLINHO, Baron DE, Oporto. Seed of St. Peter’s Poppy. For trial in 1909.

SpencEeR-Evans, J., Newbury. ‘Tea-seed which failed to germinate.

SrawarD, R., Panshanger Gardens, Herts. Varieties of Brussels sprouts, cabbage and
parsley. ‘Trials in progress.

Srreet, C., Floors Castle Gardens, Kelso. Potato ‘ Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538.

Surcuirr, Dr., Ripley. Carnation var. Growing on.

Surron, ArtHuR, W., Reading. Peas for inoculation experiments. See p. 231.

Surron, Messrs., Reading. Varieties of beet (p.539), Brussels sprouts, cabbage, parsley,
(trials in progress).

SypENHAM, R., Birmingham. Varieties of beet (p. 539), pea (p. 288), potato (p. 525),
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, parsley (trials in progress), and miscellaneous flowers
p- 547).

eee +, Henley-on-Thames. Seeds of oil olives from Tivoli not yet germinated.
Seeds and plants of Paliwrus australis. Growing on.

Taytor, G., Ferrybridge, Yorks. Potato. See p. 525.

Tuomas, G., Coedmore, Cardigan. Chrysanthemums.

Tuomas, Dr. R. §., Exmouth. Paulownia vmperialis. Growing on.

Tuurtow, Major E. H., Ashley Gardens, Westminster. Arwndinaria anceps. Planted
in the Wild Garden.

Top, H. M., Seething Lane. Vine cuttings. Plants raised for the Vineyard.

TRAHERNE, Capt. G. G., Strathaven, N.B. Francoa ramosa, Physalis Franchetti,
Primula kewensis. For the Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

TresEDER, W., Cardiff. Dahlias. See p. 291. Cabbage. Trial in progress.

TurnpuLt, T. S., St. Anne’s-on-Sea. Varieties of Croton and Dracaena. Plants
raised for distribution to Fellows, 1909.

Turner, E. E., Coggeshall, Essex. Primula acaulis var. chlorantha.

Turvey, R., Cranleigh, Surrey. Lwpinus polyphyllus var. roseus. For the herbaceous
border.

TyuEr, F. W., Clitheroe. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 538. -

VaALKERING, G. J., Netherlands Consulate, Hull. Insecticide and fungicide.

Vasmer, T., Bushey Heath, Herts. Marica Northiana var. splendens. For the
Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

Verron, H. J., Chelsea. Primula angustidens, P. Cockburniana, P. pulverulenta, and
seed of P. Parryi.

Verrcu, Messrs, J., Chelsea. Apple and pear stocks for experimental purposes.
Collection of Conifers for the Pinetum. Varieties of beet (p. 539), potato
(p. 525), asparagus, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, parsley (trials in progress), and
miscellaneous flowers (p. 547). Manure.

Vernon, R., Exeter. Nerine Bowdeni. For the Garden. Varieties of beet (p. 539),
leek, potato (p. 525), tomato (p. 546), asparagus, cabbage (trials in progress),
and miscellaneous flowers (p. 547). :

DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, TREES, &c, 563

Vinmortn-ANnpRIEUX, Messrs., Paris. Varieties of beet (p. 539), Brussels sprouts,
cabbage, parsley, savoy (trials in progress).

Voss, Messrs., Millwall. Fruit-tree banding grease, grease-proof papers, winter and
Woburn washes, phospho-nicotyl, wonderful fertiliser, sweet pea manure,
vaporisers, &c. See p. 551.

Wanpps, A. B., Worth, Sussex. Tomato. See p. 546. Eyes of white grape.

WakerieLtpD, Mrs., Uxbridge. Seeds of Brachychiton and Hakea. Plants raised for
the Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

Waketey, Messrs., Honduras wharf, 8.E. Hop manure.

Wake ty, C., Chelmsford. Asters and Libertia. For the Garden.

Waker, J., Turner’s Hill, Surrey. Achimenes and Tydaeas. For the Garden and
for distribution to Fellows.

Wattace, G., Busby, nr. Glasgow. Brussels sprouts. Trial in progress.

Wauuace, Messrs., Colchester. Montbretia ‘ Prometheus.’ For the Garden
(see p. 548).

Ware, Messrs., Feltham. Dahlias. See p. 291.

Wetts, H. M., Twyford, Berks. Lupin seeds.

Wetts, Messrs., Merstham. Chrysanthemums. Trial in progress.

West, J. T., Brentwood. Dahlia. See p. 291.

Weston, J. G., Ashford, Kent. Potato ‘Up-to-Date.’ See p. 5388.

WetrtsTEIn, Dr. R., Director Botanic Garden, Vienna. Collection of seeds. Plants
raised for distribution to Fellows.

Wuirerey, H., St. Marychurch, Torquay. Seeds of Manitoba Maple. Not yet
germinated.

Wayrte, R. B., Ottawa, Canada. Rasberry ‘ Herbert.’ For trial in 1909. z

Wietey, H., Whitehill, Gravesend. Kale. ‘Trial in progress.

Wis, E. §., Cobham, Surrey. Potato. See p. 538.

Wiuxs, Rev. W., Shirley. Vine cuttings and seeds of a large-flowered Verbascwm
and Viola Pesneaw. Plants raised for the Garden and for distribution to
Fellows.

Wuuiams, P. D., St. Keverne, Cornwall. Collection of Narcissi, Rhododendron
grafts, Primula iamperialis. For the Garden. Seed of Olearia insignis.
For the garden. 2

Witiramson, J. F., Mallow, Cork. Potatos. See p. 525.

Wiuiamson, Mrs., Weybridge. Collections of seeds from New Zealand, &e. Plants
raised for the Garden and for distribution to Fellows.

Wittmortr, Miss, Warley. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for the Garden and
for distribution to Fellows.

Woopnovuse, Dr. Crciz, Esher. Ornithogalum lactewm and Viola sp. from Canada.
For the Garden.

Worstey, A., Isleworth. Cerews and Phyllocactus. For distribution to Fellows.

Worster, E., Wood Green, N. Potato. See p. 525.

Yorke, Sir Henry R., Iver Heath, Bucks. Seeds of pines from Mexico. Plants
raised for the Pinetum.

Yue, J., Jun., Cothal, Aberdeen. Pea. Seep. 288. Potato. See p. 525.

NOTES ON RECENT RESEARCH

AND

SHORT ABSTRACTS FROM CURRENT PERIODICAL
LITERATURE, BRITISH AND FOREIGN,

AFFECTING

HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE.

JUDGING by the number of appreciative letters received, the endeavour
commenced in volume xxvi. to enlarge the usefulness of the Society’s
Journal, by giving an abstract of current Horticultural periodical
literature, has met with success. It has certainly entailed vastly more
labour than was anticipated, and should therefore make the Fellows’
thanks to those who have helped in the work all the more hearty.

There are still, we feel, some departments of Horticulture and
Horticultural Science very imperfectly represented in these abstracts,
and the Editor would be grateful if any who have time at command, and
who are willing to help in any special direction in this work, would
communicate with him. He desires to express his most grateful thanks
to all who co-operate in the work, and he ventures to express the hope
that they will all strictly adhere to the general order and scheme of
working, as the observance of an identical order can alone enable the
Editor to continue to cope with the work. The order agreed on is as
follows :—

1. To place first the name of the plant, disease, pest, &c., being
noticed ; and in this, the prominent governing or index word should always
have precedence.

2. To place next the name, when given, of the author of the original
article.

8. Then, the abbreviated form of the name of the journal, &c., in which
the original article appears, taking care to use the abbreviation which will
be found on pp. 264, 265.

4. After this, a reference to the number, date, and page of the journal
in question.

5. If an illustration be given, to note the fact next, as “ fig.,’’ “ tab.,’
or “ plate.”

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 565

6. After these preliminary necessities for making reference to the
original possible for the reader, the abstract or digest should follow,
ending up with the initials of the contributor affixed at the close of each
Abstract or Note.

NAMES OF THOSE WHO HAVE KINDLY CONSENTED TO HELP
IN THIS WoRK.

Baker, F. J., A.R.C.S., F.R.H.S.

Boulger, Professor G. 8., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.

Bowles, EH. A., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Chapman, H., F.R.H.S.

Chittenden, F. J., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Cook, E. T., F.R.H.S.

Cooke, M. C., M.A., LL.D., A.L.8., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Cotton, A. D., F.L.S.

racry. ©. TT. V.M.H., ¥.6.8.,; F.R.H.8.

Dykes, W. R., M.A., F.R.H.S.

Farmer, Professor J. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.H.S.
Goldring, W., F.R.H.S.

Groom, Professor Percy, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.
Hartog, Professor Marcus, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Henslow, Rev. Professor Geo., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Hodgson, M. L., F.R.H.S.

Hooper, Cecil H., M.R.A.C., F.R.H.S.

Houston, D., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Keni, A.-H., A.L:8., F.R.H.S.

Long, C. H., F.R.H.S.

Massee, Geo., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.

Moulder, Victor J., F.R.H.S.

Newstead, R., A.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

Rendle, A. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Reuthe, G., F.R.H.S.

Saunders, Geo. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Scott-Elliot, G. F., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.
Smith, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.H.S.

Veitch, Harry J., F.L.S., F.Z.8S., F.R.H.S.

Webster, A. D., F.R.H.S.

Welby, F. A., F.R.H.S.

Wilson, Gurney, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

566

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS

from which Abstracts are made, with the abbreviations used

for their titles.

Journals, &e.

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
Agricult. Journal, Cape of Good Hope
Annales Agronomiques .

Annales dela Soc. d’Hort. et d’ Hk Naturelie de Hérault

Annales de la Soc. Nantaise des Amis de l’Hort.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles

Annales du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg

Annals of Botany

Boletim da Real Sociedade Nacional de Horticultura
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana : ;
Botanical Gazette

Botanical Magazine :

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
Bulletin de la Soc. Hort. de Loiret .

Bulletin de la Soc. Mycologique de France
Bulletin Department of Agricult. Brisbane

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Melbourne .
Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica
Bulletin of Bot. Dep. Trinidad ; :
Bulletino della R. Societé Toscana d’ Orticultura P
Canadian Reports, Guelph and Ontario Stations
Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie .

Chronique Orchidéenne .

Comptes Rendus ‘

Department of Agriculture, Victoria 3 ;
Department of Agriculture Reports, New Foaland :
Dictionnaire Iconographique des Orchidées

Die Gartenwelt : “

Engler’s Botanische J ahrbiicher

Gardeners’ Chronicle :

Gardeners’ Magazine

Gartenflora

Journal de la Société Nationale d’ Horticulture de Franad

Journal Dep. Agricult. Victoria

Journal Imperial Department Agriculture West Indies :

Journal of Botany .

Journal of Economic Biology .

Journal of Economic Entomology .
Journal of Horticulture .

Journal of the Board of Agriculture
Journal of the Linnean Society

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society
Journal §.E. Agricultural College, eee ‘
Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamte . ;
Le Jardin

Lebensgeschichte der Blutenpflanzen Mitteleuropas
Naturwiss. Zeitschrift Land und Forst

Notizblatt des Kénigl. Bot. Gart. und Museums au Bi Berlin.

Orchid Review

Orchis :
Proceedings of ‘the American Pomological Society
Queensland Agricultural Journal

Reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Abbreviated title.

Agr. Gaz. N.S.W.

Agr. Jour. Cape G.H.

Ann. Ag.

Ann. Soc. Hé.

Ann. Soc. Nant. des Ami
Hort.

Ann. Se. Nat.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.

Ann. Bot.

Bol. R. Soc. Nac. Hort.

Bol. Soe. Brot.

Bot. Gaz.

Bot. Mag.

Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr.

Bull. Soc. Hort. Loiret.

Bull. Soe. Myc. Fr.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Bris.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Melb.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.

Bull. R. Soe. Tose. Ort.

Can. Rep. G. & O. Stat.

Cent. f. Bact.

Chron. Orch.

Comp. Rend.

Dep. Agr. Vict.

Dep. Agr. N.Z.

Dict. Icon. Orch.

Die Gart.

Eng. Bot. Jah.

Gard. Chron.

Gard. Mag.

Gartenflora.

Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.

Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict.

Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I.

Jour. Bot.

Jour. Econ. Biol.

Jour. Econ. Entom.

Jour. Hort.

Jour. Bd. Agr.

Jour. Linn. Soc.

Jour. R.A.S.

Jour. S.E. Agr. Coll.

Kais. Ges.

Le Jard.

Lebens. d. Blutenpfi.

Nat. Zeit. Land-Forst.

Not. Kénig. Bot. Berlin.

Orch. Rev.

Orchis. —

Am. Pom. Soc.

Qu. Agr. Journ.

Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard,

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS. 567

Journals, &e.

Revue de |’Horticulture Belge

Revue générale de Botanique .

Revue Horticole :

The Garden

Transactions Bot. Soe. Edinburgh .

Transactions of the British Mycological Soe. .
Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Soc.

U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Bulletins .
U.S.A. Experimental Station Reports

U.S.A. Horticultural Societies’ publications

U.S.A. State Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture
Woburn Experiment Farm Report . : : ie

Abbreviated title.

Rev. Hort. Belge.

Rey. gén. Bot.

Rev. Hort.

Garden.

Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.
Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc.
Trans. Mass. Hort. Soe.
U.S.A. Dep. Agr.*
U.S.A. Exp. Stn.t
U.S.A. Hort. Soc.f
U.S.A. St. Bd.f
Woburn.

* The divisions in which the U.S.A. Government publish Bulletins will be added wheh necessary.
T The name of the Station or State will in each case be added in full or in its abbreviated form.

568 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTHS AND ABSTRACTS.

Acalyphas, New Hybrid. By H. A. Sandhack (Die Gartenw. lviii.
p. 685; Nov. 7, 1908)—At the time when Acalypha Sanderiana (or
better A. hispida) and A. Godseffiana were introduced it was pointed out
that they were good subjects for hybridization, and a few years would see
a number of very distinct forms; however, such were not obtained
until nine years later. The raiser tells us the crossing was easier than
the germination of the seeds, and he only succeeded in raising seedlings
during the summer of 1907; and even in the very young state the
seedlings showed signs of being different from the parents. When a year
later the plants flowered, only the best were kept. The following are the
most distinct :—

A. Camphauseniana, very vigorous, but graceful; leaves 30 cm. long
and 20 cm. broad, dark green with light-coloured veins and cream-tinted
margin. The greatest beauty is, however, in the magnificent catkin-like
inflorescences, at first greenish-white, later rose, changing to orange.

A. Beissneriana is of quite different habit from the former, very
vigorous and compact in growth, with broad, short foliage. The flowers
are whitish at first, later rose to carmine. It is hoped, as it is rather
hardy, to use A. Beissneriana for summer bedding.

A. Johniana is rather small in comparison with the foregoing, of
freely branching habit ; colour of flowers (no staminate flowers have been
produced) like that in A. Camphauseniana.

A. Hesdoerfieriana.—This is one of the most distinct, partaking in
the characters of all three of the foregoing. The dense flowers are bright
green at first, changing to yellow.

A. Wagneriana.—In habit very much like A. Johniana, but with
white-edged foliage, and the inflorescences about 50 cm. long and less
branching than the former.

A. Sandhackiana.—Resembles A. Beissneriana ; of compact, vigorous
habit, with smaller, longer leaves, edged with cream. The numerous

inflorescences are 15 to 20 cm., of a pretty rose colour. Extraordinarily
floriferous.—G. R.

Aechmea nudicaulis. By J. H. Hart (Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.
No. 54, p. 197; April 1907). — Quantitative analyses of this Bromeliaceous
epiphyte, and of the liquid contained in the cup formed by the leaves,
showing it contains nearly 21 per cent. of organic matter, and the liquid
constantly overflowing during rains, must add much of manurial value

to the soil: 8°62 tons of the plant were removed from one large
Samoan tree.—LH. A. B.

Agave macroacantha and Allied Eu-agaves. By W. Trelease
(Ltep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 281-256; 17 plates).—A detailed

;
;
]

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 569

description, historical account, and synonymy of three species, A.
macroacantha, A. Karwinskii, and A. rubescens, with several illustrations
of each of them. Under the first name A. flavescens, A. Besseriana, A.
pugioniformis, and other names are sunk; under the second are sunk
A. Corderoyi and A. Bakeri; and under the third A. flaccida and
A. punctata.—G. S. B.

Agave Watsoni. By J. R. Drummond (Bot. Mag. tab. 8214).—
Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae; tribe Agaveae. Central America (?). Stem
very short; leaves apple-green, fifteen to twenty in a rosette; flowering
stem 9 feet; bracts awl-shaped; perianth lobes green with a white
margin.—G. H.

Alkali Soils, Comparative Tolerance of various Plants for
Salts common in. By T. H. Kearney and L. L. Harter (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 113 ; October 1907).—It is shown that different
varietiés of the same species of plant differ considerably in their powers
of resistance to the action of magnesium and sodium salts in pure
solutions ; and closely related species of the same genus show similarly
marked differences. Great differences exist between different plant species,
even when belonging to the same family, in tolerance of pure salt solu-
tions. The addition of calcium sulphate in excess was found to greatly
diminish the toxicity of the magnesium and sodium salts to all the plants
(eight species) tested. The effect of mixed solutions of “alkali”’ salts
was also studied.— F. J. C.

Anemone variata. By F. Foucard (Bull. Soc. Hort. Lovret, vii.
No. 9, 1908, p. 348).—Describes this new garden form as a probable
cross between A. fulgens and A. stellata, and useful for the spring garden
and for cutting.—H. A. B.

Anisotes diversifolius. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8219).—
Nat. ord. Acanthaceae; tribe Justicieae. Socotra. Shrub 14 foot high ;
leaves elliptic ovate, #-13 inch long; cymes short; flowers pendulous ;
corolla flame-coloured, 15-2 inches lone.—G. H.

Anthurium Scherzerianum rotundispathum. By R. Jarry-
Desloges (Rev. Hort. November 1, 1908, pp. 496-7 ; coloured plate).—The
plate represents a very fine form indeed, with an almost circular spathe
of large size, white profusely sprinkled or spattered with small crimson
spots on upper surface, while the inferior surface is almost suffused with
scarlet mottling on a white ground; very handsome spadix, yellow, and
spirally twisted.—C. 7. D.

Aphides, Notes on. By C. P. Gillette (Journ. Econ. Entom. 1. 8,
pp. 176-181; June 1908).—Descriptions of Aphis gossypiw Glover,
A. medicagimis Koch, A. carbocolor Gill, A. oenotheriae Oest., A. forbesi
Weed, together with a discussion of the influence of the host plant
upon the characteristics of the aphides, with the observation that “in
all our experience ... we have never had any reason to think that
a species is perceptibly changed in appearance because of a change

570 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of food plant.’ A. gossypw and A. medicaginis are found on a number
of different unrelated host plants, while in Colorado A. oenotheriae
appears to be restricted to primroses, and A. carbocolor to species
of Rumex.—F. J. C.

Apple and Quince Trees, Some Stem Tumours or Knots on.
By G. G. Hedgcock (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Cire. 3; May 1908 ;
11 figs.).—Tumours, at first having the form of a smooth swelling
surrounding the base of a dormant bud—frequently a terminal bud—but
sometimes appearing without connection with buds, are described. They
vary from swellings as small as a pea to 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
Later the bark of these swellings ceases to grow, but internal growth
continues, and as the bark splits and breaks away small elevations
resembling short thickened root-caps appear on the surface of the
tumours, giving them a warty appearance. Roots are very freely produced
from these tumours when they are buried, and it is considered that they
are the same disease as “the woolly-knot form of hairy-root’’—the aérial
form of that disease. So far as can be definitely said at present, the
disease causes very little harm to the tree. It is common in Britain on
certain varieties of apple. Nurseryman are advised in the Circular to
exercise care in the selection of their stocks.—F’. J. C.

Apple Blossom Weevil. By Walt. E. Collinge, M.Sc. (Jour. Bd.
Agr. xv. 1908, p. 674).—A life-history of this serious pest (Anthonomus
pomorum, Linn.) is given, and notes concérning the use of grease bands
in catching it. The latter method has proved futile. It is recommended
that the trees which are attacked should be jarred, so as to shake off the —
brown blossoms containing the larve and pup on to a sheet, and to
burn these, together with the beetles that are obtained, while in large

orchards clean cultivation is a great help towards keeping the pest in
check.—f’. J. C.

Apple Foliage, Caterpillars injuring, in late Summer. By
EK. D. Sanderson (U.S.A. Eup. Stn. New Hampshire, Bull. 189; July
1908 ; figs.).—A number of caterpillars are reported doing more or less
injury to apple foliage during the autumn; they may be controlled by
spraying with an arsenical spray such as Paris green or, preferably,
arsenate of lead about the beginning of August, the time when also
the brown-tail moth should be sprayed for. The insects described and
excellently figured are the fall web-worm (Hyphantria textor Harris) ;
the yellow-necked apple caterpillar (Datana ministra Drury); the red-
humped apple caterpillar (Schizwra concinna S. and A.); the hickory
tiger moth (Halisidota caryae Harris); the rusty tussock moth (Noto-
lophus antiqua Linn.); and the white-marked tussock moth (Hemero-
campa leucostigma §. and A.).—F’, J. C.

Apple Maggot. By A. L. Quaintance (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur.
Eintom., Circ. 101; May 1908; 2 figs.).—This two-winged fly (Rhagoletis
(T’rypeta| pomonella Walsh) punctures the skin of the apple in July,
causing a brownish speck to appear. The larva tunnels into the flesh
of the fruits, and the flesh which is not eaten turns brown, and so renders

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 571

the trail of the maggot more easily seen. The larve mature when the
fruit ripens, leaving it and pupating either on the ground under the
decayed fruit or burrowing into the earth to the depth of about an inch.
When the fruit has been packed in barrels the pup are often found
at the bottom of the receptacle, and are therefore liable to be distributed
over the world wherever the fruit is taken. The fruit when picked often
shows no sign of injury. The pest is difficult to deal with, and arsenical
washes have proved of no avail. All fallen fruit should be collected and
destroyed, and frequent tillage should be resorted to. The insect,
fortunately, spreads but slowly from tree to tree. It is generally
distributed through the New England States and attacks Crataegus as
well as apple.—L’. J. C.

Apple Worm, The Lesser. By A. L. Quaintance (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Entom., Bull. 68, Part V.; October 1907; figs.).—The larva
of this insect, Hnarmonia prunivora, injures apples by boring holes into
them in much the same way as the codlin moth. A full description is
given, and in many ways the life-history is very similar to that of the
codlin moth. Thorough spraying with arsenical sprays is recommended.
The moth is not yet known in Britain.—f’. J. C.

Apple, Trumpet-leaf Miner. By A. L. Quaintance (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. of Entom., Bull. 68, Part III.; 2 figs.).—This insect (T%scheria
malifoliella), one of the Tineidae, is occasionally abundant in parts of
the States. The larve mine exclusively on the upper surface of the
leaves of the food-plants, which include, in addition to the apple and
other species of Pyrus, species of Rubus and Crataegus, though possibly
the form on Rubus is distinct. The tunnels are of a trumpet or mussel-
shell form, about 4 inch in length and } inch in breadth. ‘The seasonal
history is given: the larve hibernate in the fallen leaves, and pupate in the
spring, the moths emerging about the end of April; other broods are
produced during the year. The larva is attacked by numerous parasites.
Spraying the leaves with a 10 per cent. to 15 per cent. kerosene emulsion
is recommended if the attack should assume serious proportions. This
was found to kill the larve, and when done on clear, bright days not to
injure the leaf.—L’. J. C.

Azaleas, New. By A. G. Van Eeckhante and G. T. Grignan (Rev.
Hort. September 16, 1908, pp. 424-5; coloured plate).—The plate repre-
sents two very charming varieties, Azalea Vervaeneana, a large double
flowered pure white form, and A. Todogava also double, magneta slightly
splashed in centre of petals with crimson ; the latter very hardy.—C. 7. D.

Bacopa amplexicaulis. By E. Wocke (Die Gartenw. lx. p. 709 ;
Noy. 21, 1908).—A rather rare aquatic introduced from Florida, adapted
for in and outdoor cultivation, either as an aquatic or as a bog plant. A
very interesting and pretty species, with small amplexicaul, ovate leaves
and small white flowers.—G. R.

Begonias, Double multiflora strain. By P. L. de Vilmorin (Rev.
Hort. July 16, 1908, p. 8328; coloured plate).—The plate represents three
very fine forms, viz. ‘Souvenir de Louis Urbain,’ rich scarlet; ‘Shah de

572 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Perse,’ very double, Camellia form, deep rose; and ‘La Fiancée,’ double
white.—C. 7. D.

Berberis yunnanensis. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8224).—
Nat. ord. Berberidaceae; tribe Berbereae. China. Shrub, 3-6 feet high ;
leaves obovate, 3-14 inch long ; flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles,
pale yellow; berry red.—G. H. .

Birds of California in relation to the Fruit Industry. Part I.
By P. E. L. Beal (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Biolog. Survey, Bull. 80).—The
author gives the results of the examination of the stomach-contents of
a number of Californian birds, and by that means determines. their
economic importance. To arrive at a definite conclusion with regard to
any species, he considers some 500 stomachs, well distributed through
the year, as necessary. The birds dealt with are, with the exception of
the tree creeper and sand martin, of species not occurring in this
country ; yet several of our genera and families are represented. Several
species of tits are examined, and are found to eat a good deal of fruit, so
that if numerous they would be a nuisance; they also eat many insects,
particularly plant-bugs and caterpillars, with some scale-insects—the
worst fruit pests in that country.

Two kinglets, allied to our goldcrest, are found to be wholly useful,
particularly in eating weevils and scale-insects.

Six species of swallows or martins eat largely small wasps, plant-
bugs, gnats, and beetles, all harmful except a few parasitical ichneumon-
flies and a few ladybirds ; presumably the swallows in this country take
much the same food. ‘To say that a bird feeds on insects is not sufficient
proof that it is useful, as is well seen in the case of the vireos, small birds
peculiar to America: these eat quite a number of ladybirds, which are of
great value in keeping down aphides. The Californian shrike eats a
certain number of the useful carabid beetles, but it makes up for this by
the large number of grasshoppers and locusts it destroys; it also takes
a few small birds, generally useful, and some mice and voles.

Their worst fruit-eater is a bird they call the linnet or house-finch,
related to the rose-finch which has occurred once or twice in England ;
yet fruit only forms 10 per cent. of its food, while weed-seed amounts to
86 per cent., so that it is only because it is very common that it is really
harmful. ‘The russet-back thrush takes cherries and some bush-fruit, but
also eats a quantity of injurious insects; the young are fed almost entirely
on insects.

Two other birds, the robin (a kind of thrush) and the western
tanager, occasionally arrive in vast hordes on migration and commit
great havoc; the robin comes in late autumn, and in one or two years
has eaten the olives wholesale ; nothing could be done but to pick the
fruit as rapidly as possible; the tanager comes in June and attacks the
cherries. Fortunately this phenomengn of large flocks on migration
does not occur to any extent in England except with a few insectivorous
birds on the east coast.—C. H. H.

Birds, The Food of British. By R. Newstead, F.R.H.S. (Jowr. Bd.
Agr. Supplement, xv.; Dee. 1908).—A valuable and important contri-

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 573

bution to our knowledge of the food of a large number of British birds
based upon the examination of the contents of nearly a thousand stomachs
of birds. Lists are given of the birds which are considered wholly innoxious,
including the mistle thrush, fieldfare, hedge sparrow, redstart, flycatehers,
shrikes, cuckoo, swallow, martin, swift, long-tailed, coal, and marsh tits,
&e.; species which are for the most part useful, though occasionally
injurious, including robin, linnet, yellowhammer, corn bunting, skylark,
woodpeckers, barn, tawny, and short-eared owls, kestrel, heron, and black-
headed gull; species acting as scavengers; species generally considered
pests of the garden, but with the balance of utility in their favour, including
song thrush, great and blue tit, greenfinch, chaffinch, rook; species generally
beneficial from an agricultural point of view, but destructive to game and
other birds or their eggs and young; species which are destructive and
doubtfully of any utility, including blackbird, bullfinch, sparrow-hawk,
raven; and species wholly destructive and useless, carrion crow, house
sparrow, wood pigeon.—J’. J. C.

Bitter-rot of Apples: Horticultural Investigations. By
J. OC. Blair (U.S.A. Hap. Sin. Illinois, Bull. 117; August 1907;
2 figs.).—Experiments in controlling bitter-rot (caused by Glomerella
rufo-maculans), continuing over five years, are reported. Considerable
difference in behaviour under spraying is reported; but it is concluded
that properly made Bordeaux mixture, applied in a proper manner, will
save 90 per cent. of the fruit liable to attack by bitter-rot. The best
results were obtained when the fruit was sprayed in such a manner as
to be thoroughly coated with the spray-mixture when the first infection
of the disease appeared. Dust spraying proved ineffectual ; pure copper
sulphate failed to check the disease. Three applications should be made:
one in the last week in June, the others at intervals of ten days. The
main factors encouraging the disease are: (1) A period of hot weather
accompanied by frequent rains, and heavy dews at the time the apples
are approaching maturity ; and (2) the presence of canker spots upon the
limbs of the tree and mummied fruits left hanging (see JourNaL R.H.S.
Xxx. p. 587).—F’. J. C.

Blossoming of Fruit Trees, Notes on Time of. By C. H.
Hooper, M.R.A.C. (Jour. Bd. Agr. xv. 1908, p. 678).—The period over
which gooseberries, currants, cherries, strawberries, plums, apples, and
pears were in bloom during 1908 is given, and the order of flowering.
The observations were undertaken with the object of ascertaining what
damage was attributable to frost; but as the period of flowering was
remarkably free from frost during 1908 no conclusions could be arrived
at. The importance of planting varieties which flower together so as to
secure cross-fertilization is pointed out (see also Jour. R.H.S. xxvii.
p. exc. and xxviii. p. clxvi).—F’. J. C.

Bulbophyllum galbinum. ByR. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8216).—
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae ; tribe Hpidendreae. Malay Peninsula. Epiphyte
with a long creeping rhizome; leaves petioled, 44-8 inches long; flowers
large, greenish-yellow; sepals dotted and petals striped with purple-
brown; lip purple—G. H, | | edt

574 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Cabbage-root Maggots. By W. J. Schoene (U.S.A. Exp. Stn.
N.Y., Bull. 801; March 1908; figs.).—The author recommends that
to prevent the attacks of the cabbage-root maggots (Phorbia brassicae
and P. fusciceps) the seed beds should be protected by fly-proof screens
of cheese-cloth. The results of experiments along these lines are detailed.
The beds are made in rough wooden frames about 12 inches high, and,
as soon as the seedlings appear, the cheese-cloth is stretched over the
frames and kept on until about a fortnight before it is desired to trans-
plant. The method proved entirely successful, and the removal of the
screen for this length of time enabled the plants to become sufficiently
hardened, so that they did not suffer from wilting when they were
transplanted.—f’. J. C.

Cacao Industry (Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I. vol. ix. No. 2; 1908).
—Papers read and discussions thereon at the West Indian Conference, 1908,
are reported in detail :—

“Results of Recent Experiments with Cacao in the West Indies.”’

“The Characters of Criollo Cacao,” by J. H. Hart, F.L.S.

“The Improvement of Cacao Planting in the West Indies,” by
J. H. Hart, F.L.S.

“Fungus Diseases of Cacao and Sanitation of Cacao Orchards,” by
F, A. Stockdale, B.A., F.L.S5.—WM. C. C.

Caesalpinea japonica. ByT. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8207).—
Nat. ord. Leguminosae; tribe Caesalpineae. Japan and China. Shrub
6 feet high; leaves bipinnate; racemes 9 inches long, with about
thirty flowers ; corolla lemon-yellow.—G. H.

Campanula Waldsteiniana. By KE. Wocke (Die Gartenw. 1x.
p. 769; Nov. 21, 1908).—A late spring or summer flowering species, and
one of the smallest and prettiest of the genus. It forms little bushes or
tufts on wiry stems, with small canescent leaves and erect, short, tubular,
campanulate, pale blue flowers.—G. R.

Chemistry: Simple Exercises illustrating Application to
Agriculture. By K. L. Hatch (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Ojf. Eap. Stn.,
Bull. 195 ; January 1908).—A number of very simple chemical experi-
ments suitable for use in elementary schools.—f’. J. C.

Chinch Bug. By F. M. Webster (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. of Entom.,

Bull. 69; June 1907; 18 figs.).—Bulletin 15 of this series contained an _

account of all that was known up to the date of its publication concerning
the chinch bug ; the present paper is a thorough revision of that account.
The insect (Blissus lewcopterus Say) is the cause of enormous pecuniary
losses. It is gregarious, and feeds upon all kinds of grain plants and
various other grasses, except perhaps Poa pratensis. It is sometimes
found feeding on Polygonwm Convolwulus. The monograph, which runs
to ninety-five pages, deals exhaustively with all aspects of the insect’s life
and habits and with methods of control. This species does not appear
to be known outside North America, but there are European species of
the same genus which are very destructive.—F’. J. C.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 575

Clematis ‘Mad. Yvette Henry’ (Jowr. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr. June
1908, p. 244).—This is said to be a very pretty double blue clematis and
to have the advantage of remaining double all through the season, which
is not the case with all double clematises. The variety was produced by
Messrs. Henry of Orleans.— WM. L. H.

Codlin Moth, Spraying for. By A. Melander (Journ. Econ. Entom.
i. 3, pp. 217-220; June 1908).—Under the title of “ Filling the Calyx-
Cup” the author deals with the main cause of failure in completely
controlling the codlin moth in the orchards of the Kastern States.
He attributes the partial failure to the use of mist-like sprays which
cannot penetrate into the calyx-cup sufficiently far, for, as has been
pointed out frequently, it is here that the larve feed when first they
are hatched. He contends that the spray should be arsenate of lead
(1 lb. to 50 gallons), which should be rained down in a coarse spray
at a pressure of from 200 to 300 lb. to the square inch, until the trees
are drenched, so as to ensure that the cup of the calyx is quite filled.

PJ, C.

Columnea magnifica. By G. T. Grignan (Rev. Hort. August 16,
1908, pp. 3866-7; coloured plate)—Brilliant scarlet blossoms on
spikes resembling large Salvia patens flowers, very attractive ; requires
warm temperate house, and peaty well-drained soil.—C. 7 .D.

Columnea magnifica. By B. Wercklé (Costa Rica) (Rev. Hort.
November 16, 1908; p, 527-8). ‘This plant is an epiphyte on trees at
high elevations near the snow line; needs full sun and open fibrous
(Polypods) soil. Some species thrive above the frost line. Habit erect
long flowering.—C. T. D.

Columnea magnifica. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8225).—
Nat. ord. Gesneriaceae; tribe Colwmneae. Central America. Herb,
1 foot high; leaves oblong, acute, 1-2} inches long; flowers solitary ;
corolla flame-coloured, 2} inches long.—G. H.

Coniferous Seedlings, Damping-off of. By L. R. Jones (U.S.A.
Hap. Stn., Vermont, Ann. Rep. 1906-7, pp. 342-847).—Considerable
loss has occurred among coniferous seedlings in the nursery owing to
damping off. The attack occurs during the early stages of growth
immediately following germination: the tissues of the stem become
brown and shrivel at or below the soil-level, and the weakened plant
falls over and withers. In a seed-bed where plants had previously
damped off 90 per cent. of the seedlings died, while in another portion
of the same field. practically none died. An attempt was made to check
the disease by watering the soil with formalin solution of different
strengths. The result was as follows (the plots each measured
16 square feet) :—Plot 1, number of seeds germinating on untreated
plot, 8,200; plot 2, watered with 10 quarts of § per cent. formalin
solution, 2,400; plot 3, watered with 10 quarts of 1 per cent. formalin
solution, 1,700. At the end of the season there were on plot 1, 320
plants; on plot 2, 2,190 plants; on plot 3, 1,570 plants—indicating

576 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the benefit likely to be derived from the use of formalin. The
European practice of sanding the seed-bed was followed with fair
results, and experiments are in progress with sprays applied just after
germination.—F’. J. C.

“Corky Scab” of Potatos (Jowrn. Bd. Agr. xv. p. 598;
November 1908; 1 plate)—‘ Corky scab’’ is the,name applied to that
form of scab characterized at first by small dark-coloured slightly
raised patches on localized areas of the surface of the tuber. The
blister is afterwards ruptured, and the brown or snuff-coloured spore-
balls are exposed. If the tubers are in a wet situation the parasite,
now called Spongospora scabies Mass. (= Tuburcima scabies Berk. and
Sorosporiwm scabies Fisch. and Waldh.), develops further and causes the
formation of large cavities up to half an inch in depth; but if in a dry
situation the affected area is cut off from the sound by a large develop-
ment of cork, whence the name. ‘The planting of diseased tubers should
be avoided. Several other forms of scab are known.—F’. J. C.

Corytholoma macropodum. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag.
tab. 8228).—Nat. ord. Gesneriaceae; tribe Sinningieae. South Brazil.
Herb 6-9 inches high; leaves suborbicular, 83-5 inches in diameter;
flowers subumbellate, pendulous; corolla cinnabar-red ; tube 1 inch long.

Cpe 2h

Cotton Industry. West Indian Agricultural Conference, 1908,
Report of Papers (Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I. 1908, vol. ix. No. 8).

“Recent Results in the Cultivation of Cotton in Barbados,” by
J. H. Bovell, F.L.S.

“Recent Results of Cultivation of Sea Island Cotton in St. Vincent,” by
W.N. Sands.

“Cotton Cultivation in British Guiana,’ by Professor J. B. Harrison,
C.M.G.

“Progress of Sea Island Cotton Industry in the West Indies,’ by
Thomas Thornton, A.R.C.S.

“ Experiments on the Improvement of Cotton by Seed Selection in the
Leeward Islands,” by Dr. Francis Watts, C.M.G.

“Treatment of Cotton Pests in West Indies,” by H. A. Ballow, with
figures.— WM. C. C.

Cotton-root Rot of Texas. By C. L. Shear and George F. Miles
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Bur., Pl. Ind., Cire. 9; May 1908).—This root rot is
caused by Ozonvwm omnivorum, which infests the soil. A combination
of rotation of crops, and deep fall ploughing will probably be found the
most satisfactory, efficient, and practicable means of controlling the root
rot of cotton.—M. C. C. |

Cover Crops in Orchards. By E. J. Delwiche and J. G. Moore
(U.S.A. Hap. Stn. Wisconsin, 24th Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 879).—Cover
crops are used: “ (a) To prevent deep freezing of the ground and thus
avoid root-killing of the trees; (b) to hasten the ripening of late wood
growth, and in a measure prevent top-killing ; (c) to prevent the soil from

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 577

being washed away by heavy fall and spring rains; (d) to hold soluble
plant food in the soil, especially nitrates ; (¢) to lessen evaporation in
winter when no snow is on the ground; (/) to add humus to the soil
so as to increase its water-holding capacity ; (g) to prevent snow from
being blown away; (/) to add nitrogen to the soil.” Ten plants were
experimented with as cover crops—viz., cow pea, soy bean, crimson clover,
hairy vetch, Canadian field pea, oats, rye, millet, and rape—and some of
these were used in combination. It was found most easy to get a catch
crop with oats, rape, rye, and millet, and least with soy bean, crimson
clover, and hairy vetch. The relative order of value in obtaining early
cover was: cow peas, soy bean, oats, Canadian field peas, rape, rye, millet,
turnip, hairy vetch, and crimson clover. Cow peas were found to withstand
drought best, millet least. Field peas resisted shade best, turnip least.
Hairy vetch and crimson clover withstood trampling best, while turnips
suffered the most. Frost injured rye and crimson clover the least, soy
beans and cow peas suffered the most. ‘Turnips, oats, and field peas
lowered the moisture content of the soil to the greatest extent during the
late summer, while crimson clover and soy beans proved to be the most
efficient holders of moisture during the winter, and millet and field peas
the least. All cover crops reduced the depth of freezing to about one-
half.—F’. J. C.

Cranberry, Insects Injurious to, in 1907 (U.S.A. Eup. Stn.
Wisconsin, 24th Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 809).—The most injurious insects
were the caterpillars of Rhopobota vacciniana (the black-headed vine-
worm), Yeras minuta (the yellow-headed vine-worm), and Mineola
vaccinit Riley (the fruit-worm). Several other injurious insects are
mentioned and methods of control suggested.—/". J. C.

Cranberry Investigations. By A. R. Whitson and O. G. Malde
(U.S.A. Hap. Stn. Wisconsin, 24th Ann. Rep. 1907, p. 302).—Drainage
was followed by a marked increase of crop, but it is pointed out that the
depth of drainage must depend largely upon the nature of the subsoil.
The application of phosphate and nitrate and of potash and nitrate to the
bogs has proved highly beneficial. Experiments have been carried out
with the object of destroying moss; sphagnum was destroyed by a
dressing of air-slaked lime, but other mosses remained. The application
of a solution of common salt at the rate of fifteen pounds to fifty gallons
of water has been found a safe and efficient method of destroying all.

Bods.

Crown-gall, The Cross Inoculation of Fruit Trees and Shrubs ©
with. By G. G. Hedgecock (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 181 ;
August 1908).—The identity of “crown-gall’’ occurring upon almond,
apricot, blackberry, cherry, peach, plum, prune, chestnut, and walnut has
been established by experiments with nearly 5,000 seedlings grown in
sterilized soil, watered with sterile water and inoculated with pieces
of gall taken from portions of the plants mentioned. Further experi-
ments on 15,000 seedlings in the field indicate that the soft galls on
apple, pear, and rose are also forms of the same disease. The author
considers that either Bacillus twmefaciens Sm. and Town., the cause

VOL. XXXIV. PP

578 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

of the formation of galls on peach and the Paris daisy, or an allied form,
is the cause.of these soft galls. It was found that the soft galls from the
almond, apricot, blackberry, cherry, peach, plum, prune, and raspberry
have been easily transferred to seedlings of almond, apricot, peach, and
raspberry; less readily to blackberry, cherry, plum, prune, and pear ;
and with great difficulty to apple, chestnut, walnut, and rose; those
of the apple, chestnut, walnut, rose, and pear have not been readily
transferred to any of the other plants. ‘The hard gall of these fruit trees
does not appear to be contagious.—L’. J. C.

Cucumbers, Influence of ‘‘ Bottom Heat” in Forcing (U.S.A.
Exp. Stn. Wisconsin, 24th Ann. Rep. 1907, p. 355).—HKxperiments
were conducted to ascertain the best soil temperature for the production
of the crop; the factors which were taken as determining which were the
best results were earliness, relative number of male and female flowers,
and relative effect on growth and vigour of plants. The temperature
employed ranged from 70°-8-83°°3 F. The best soil temperature for
productiveness proved to be 73°-75° I’., and it was found that the
earliness and number of flowers produced were influenced but slightly
by the increase of soil temperature. The experimenters consider that
individual differences in the plants are important factors in determining
the results obtained.—f’. J. C.

Cut Flowers, Preservation of. By V. Ducomet and L. Fourton
(Rev. Hort. July 16, 1908, pp. 3883-6).—A very interesting record of
experiments with various solutions adapted to various species of flowers,
with full details.—C. 7. D.

Cytisus decumbens. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8230).—
Nat. ord. Leguminosae; tribe Genisteae. South Europe. Shrub
4-8 inches high, procumbent; leaves unifoliate; flowers solitary or
two to three together, yellow.—G. H.

Dicentra (Dielytra) torulosa. By D. Bois (Rev. Hort. Septem-
ber 1, 1908, pp. 593—4).—A pretty climbing species with golden-yellow
flowers, followed by attractive red berries, showing shining black seeds on
a white ground when ripe. Annual, sown in the open, flowers in August ;
for earlier flowering sow in March or April under glass and plant out in
June.—C. T. D.

Echinops Tournefortii. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8217).—
Nat. ord. Compositae ; tribe Cynaroideae. Armenia and Persia. Perennial,
3-5 feet high; leaves large, pinnately divided, 1-1} foot long; flower-
heads globose, 24-8 inches or more in diameter; corolla white.—-G. H.

Eria hyacinthoides. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8229).—Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae; tribe Hpidendreae. Java. Epiphyte, 1 foot high;
leaves 8-12 inches long; peduncles 4-6 inches long; flowers white,
* inch long.—G. H.

Essential Oils: Notes on Lemon Grass, Bay Leaf, and Cam-
phor, By Dr. Francis Watts and H. A. Tempany (Journ. Imp. Dep.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 579

Agr. W. I. vol. ix. No. 3; 1908, p. 265).—Detailing the results of experi-
ments in the extraction of essential oils consequent on the erection of a
small still at the Botanic Station, Antigua, ending with the suggestion of
a simple form of still for the extraction of essential oil from such material
as lemon grass, bay leaves, and the like.—W. C. C.

Eucryphia cordifolia. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8209).—Nat.
ord. Hucryphiaceae. South Chili. Tree 40 feet high; trunk 1-2 feet in
diameter ; leaves broad-oblong, 2-8 inches long; flowers solitary; petals
four, obovate-rotundate, 1 inch long, milk-white.—G. H.

Eupatorium Raffillii, B. W.B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8227).—
Nat. ord. Compositae; tribe Hwpatorieae. Central America (?). Shrub
14-3 feet high ; leaves opposite, 45-6 inches long ; flower-heads numerous,
1 inch across, in compressed clusters, 4-6 inches across, rose-coloured.

Gy Ff.

Evergreen Trees of Colorado. By B. O. Longyear (Colorado Agr.
Exp. Sin., Bull. 180; May 1908).—This is by far the most exhaustive
account of the coniferous trees of Colorado that has yet appeared, and the
beautiful and accurate illustrations still further add to the general value
of the work.

To English growers the work must also appeal, for every species thrives
well in this country. Colorado possesses five species of Pinus, two
spruces, two silver firs, two junipers, and the now well known and justly
valued Douglas fir.

The cone of the foxtail or hickory pine (Pinus aristata) can hardly
be distinguished from that figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle some years
ago as collected by the present writer near Berkhamsted, in Herts. It
is truly a curious and interesting species. The nut pine, the seed of which
is so largely used in confectionery in this country, is well described and
illustrated.—A. D. W.

Ferns, Effect of Light upon the Germination and Gameto-
phyte of. By A. C. Life (Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 109-122).
—Spores, it is found, do not as a rule germinate in darkness. Weaker
light produces ribbon-like prothallia, stronger light heart-shaped ones.
Weak light inhibits the production of archegonia and favours that of
antheridia. A history and bibliography of the question is given.

G. S. B.

Forest Planting Leaflet (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 61,
revised edition).—There is much information of a sound and practical
nature contained in this leaflet, not only as how most successfully to
transplant forest trees, but also as to the proper season, puddling, heeling
in, treatment before transplanting, and transplanting in nurseries. To
those about to form young plantations in this country the information

should not come amiss, for the various operations are well and clearly
described.—A. D. W.

Forest Service, The: What itis, and how it Deals with Forest
Problems (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 86; 4th edition).—

PP2

580 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Describes the United States Forest Service, every branch of which is
treated of in a concise and thoroughly practical manner. On comparing
the present system of organizing the forest service with what is in vogue
in this country, one cannot but be struck by the vast dissimilarity of the
two methods, though no doubt the vastness of the States’ forests has
much to do with the necessity for such elaborate rules and conditions.

A. D. W.

Forest Tables: Western Yellow Pine. Compiled by E. A. Ziegler
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 12'7).—The yellow pine includes
not only Pinus ponderosa, but P. Jeffreyi as well, no attempt being made
to segregate the species, since the distinction is too slight to be worthy
of recognition. The variations in the development of the yellow pine, as
recorded in the tables given, is mainly brought about by the widely varying
factors of temperature and rainfall in different parts of the pine regions.
All the tables are highly interesting, and are evidently the outcome of
much careful research and compilation. A. D. W.

Forestry in Ohio and Vermont (Ohio Agr. Exp. Sin., Bulls. 188,
189, and 190; Vermont Agr. Exp. Stn., Bull. 182).—One of these
pamphlets deals with “ Evergreens, their Use and Culture,” another
with “ Forest Conditions in Ohio,’’ while a third is entitled “ Forestry
Suggestions.” “ Forest-planting in Vermont” is the title of that issued
at the Vermont University—a concise, well-written pamphlet which
deals with the best kinds of trees to plant, where to plant, methods of
planting, and starting trees from seed. “Forestry Suggestions”’ also
contains much valuable information, in addition to which there are
several well chosen illustrations of forest growth under varying
circumstances. ‘The pamphlet on “ Evergreens, their Uses and Culture ”’
is too valuable a publication to be passed unnoticed. Though only of
102 pages, a vast amount of most useful information has been crammed
into the space, and the numerous illustrations—eighteen in number—
are well reproduced and of great value to the text.

In perusing these forestry pamphlets of the United States one cannot
but feel sorry that we in this country are so far behind in similar methods
of woodland demonstrations.—A. D. W.

Forestry : Management of Second Growth in the Southern
Appalachians. By Raphael Zon (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service,
Circ. 118).—Now that a timber famine is imminent the management
of woodlands all over the world is daily receiving more attention.
From this carefully compiled circular it would appear that in the
Southern Appalachians, where from 80 to 85 per cent. of the timber is
second growth, the perpetuation of this supply has become one of the
most vital problems of the region. The changes recommended are:
(1) closer economy in the use of the forest, (2) adaptation of the
species and sizes to specific uses, (8) more careful methods of logging,
(4) longer intervals between cutting, and (5) adequate protection of
the forest. Under the present well-organized system of management
we may rest assured that everything possible will be done to utilize the
forest lands to their utmost extent.—A. D. W.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 581

Forestry, Various (Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 1908).—To
those interested in forestry the Jowrnal of Forestry of the Royal
English Arboricultural Society will prove interesting, containing as it
does many excellent articles on our woodlands and timber. ‘The article
on “Taxation of Woodlands”’ in the January number will open the eyes
of many to this important, but not at all well-known, question. Under
the heading of “Present Condition of Irish Woodlands’ much infor-
mation is given as to the ruthless manner in which timber is being
felled, particularly on farms and on small estates. The generally
wretched condition of the Irish woods and plantations and the wholesale
cutting down of timber since the Land Purchase Act of 1903 came into
force are to be deplored, and formed the subject of several notes by the
writer in our British timber journals.

The “ Planting of Sand-dunes at Holkham ”’ is a practical paper that
should be read by everyone who has the charge of tree cultivation in
maritime districts to carry out.

Two at least of the articles contributed to the July number of the
Journal of forestry—that on “The Conversion of Underwood and
Coppice with Standards into High-wood”’ and “ Volume of some Coniferous
Timber Crops per acre in the County of Durham’’—are of particular
interest to the British forester, containing much that is of real practical
value in connection with the management of our woodlands. Sugh
information as that on the volume of timber produced from an acre
is something new, and will be read with much interest by everyone
who has to deal with the economic side of the question of timber
production.

Surely information for the Journal was scant when so many pages are
devoted to the paper on “ Working Plans of Stisted Hall Woodlands,”
which, as everyone knows, could only be of real interest to the owners and
managers of the woods in question.

‘The prices of home-grown timber as recorded are both interesting and
valuable, and should if practicable be widely extended. Much other
useful information is given in both volumes.—A. D. W.

Forestry (Z'vransactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society,
January and July 1908).—Though much of the July number is taken up
with matter that is of more interest to the Continental than to the British
forester, yet several of the papers, such as that on “Impressions of
Forestry in the Schwarzwald”’ and “ Experiments on Relative Value of
Timber Preservatives,’ by Professor Henry, are of immense importance
to those who have the conversion of our home-grown timbers to attend
to. The result of the experiments in connection with preservation would
point to the fact that, despite one or two drawbacks, carbolineum is
probably the most useful of the many so-called preservatives that have
been recommended.

The scheme for establishing a national industry of forestry is a
laudable one, and it is to be hoped that at no very distant date some, at
least, of the suggestions made will be carried out.

“The Douglas Fir as a Commercial Tree”’ is a readable article, and
contains much sound advice and reasoning, although at the same time

582 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we have our doubts, from a very varied knowledge of the tree, as to its
value in a purely economic sense.

A good account of the Inverleiner State Forest is given by Mr. Munro
Ferguson, M.P.—A. D. W.

Frost Injuries to Sycamore Buds. By Hermann von Schrenk
(Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 81-83!; 1 plate)—Heavy late frosts in
April and May kill the young leaves and buds; but the latter are so
replaced by adventitious buds that no permanent injury need result.

Ci. Pipe

Frost Resistance in Beans, Breeding for. By F. W. Card
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Rhode I., Rep. 1907, pp. 220-225).—Experiments
were commenced some years ago with the object of obtaining a strain
of beans which would be frost-resistant. The seed was selected each
year from plants which withstood the greatest degree of cold without
injury ; but it is concluded, as the result of the experiment, that this
method is not likely to lead to any good result in that direction.—F. J. C.

Fruit-growing in Illinois (U.S.A. State Hort. Soc. Illinors,
Ann. Rep. 1906).—The greater part of this report (500 pp.) is occupied
by the papers and discussions at the meetings of this society, and the
major portion concerns fruit-growing in the open. Various members
read papers, and apparently animated discussions are raised upon the
papers read. Lists of fruits approved for cultivation in the various
sections of the State are given.—L’. J. C.

Fruit-growing in Missouri (U.S.A. State Hort. Soc. Missouri,
Ann. Rep. 1906).—Like the preceding, mostly occupied by reports upon
various aspects of fruit-growing. Such familiar problems as the grading,
packing, and marketing of apple, spraying for a variety of diseases, the
treatment of nursery stock to ensure freedom from insect and fungus
pests, and dust versus liquid spraying (in this report dust spraying is
praised—an unusual circumstance) are fully treated of —F’. J. C.

Fruit-preserving for Farmers. By William Jaques (N.Z. Dep.
Agr., Div. Biol. and Hort., Bull. 19).—A very complete manual on the
art of bottling fruits which might be studied with advantage by many

housekeepers whose preserving of fruit stops short at making jams
and jellies.—M. L. H.

Fruit Trees in Pots. By M. Paul Lécolier (Jowr. Soc. Nat. Hort.
Fr. June 1908, p. 289).—It is suggested that the fruit trees now
so successfully grown in pots might be a great source of pleasure to
amateurs who have only a balcony or verandah at their disposal, and have
hitherto restricted themselves to palms, oleanders, &e.—M. L. H.

Fungus Diseases of Scale-insects and Whitefly. By P. H.
Rolfs and H. 8. Fawcett (U.S.A. Hap. Stn. Florida, Bull. 94; July 1908;
with 20 woodcuts).—This bulletin records the experiments made in
Florida in the introduction into the orchards of fungus diseases which
attack the scale-insects and whitefly. The six fungi discussed in this

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. — 583

bulletin have been known for years and used successfully. They are
named Sphaerostilbe coccophila (Tul.), Ophionectria coccicola (HK. & E.),
Myriangium Duriaei (Mont.), Aschersonia flavo-citrina, Aschersonia
aleyrodes (Webber), and the brown fungus—which has not yet received
a scientific name. Each fungus is recorded with the insects specially
affected, and how it is to be applied.— MM. C. C.

Fureraea, Literature and Synopsis of. By J. R. Drummond
(Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 25-75 ; 4 plates).—An epitome prepared
at Kew, giving the history, distribution, and synonymy of ten admitted
species and six others “ imperfectly known but possibly valid.”—G. S. B.

Goldenseal: its Cultivation and Handling. By Alice Henkel
and G. F. Klugh (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Cire. 6; June 1908 ;
figs.).—A description of this drug plant (Hydrastis canadensis) is given,
and methods of its cultivation and the preparation of the root for market
are detailed. The demand for the root amounts to from 200,000 lb. to
300,000 lb. annually, but it is pointed out that the point of over-production
might easily be reached.—Ff’. J. C.

Grafting, Chemical Changes in Scions. By L. Damel (Rev.
Hort. October 1, 1908, p. 459).—EExperiments by Professor Ch. Laurent
have shown by analysis of ashes that grafted plants are affected in their
chemical constituents by the stock, and vice versa. Belladonna grafted
on tomato resulted in its particular alkaloid being detected in the latter,
which normally is entirely free. It was also demonstrated that differences
in chemical constitution were correlated with different resistance to fungoid
disease, a point of great practical importance.—C. T. D.

Hardiness of Plants. By Jules Rudolph (Rev. Hort. August 16,
1908, p. 372).—Capacity to stand frost depends considerably upon the
source of the seed in the case of somewhat tender vegetables, seed from
a cold country yielding harder offspring, and vice versa.—C. T’. D.

Hevea brasiliensis, Fungi of (Die Pilze von Hevea brasiliensis—
Para Kautschuk). By T. Petch (Zeit. f. Pflanzkr. (1908), xviii. 2, 81).—
The fungi known to attack this plant, which has lately become so important
as a producer of rubber, are dealt with under the headings of “ Leaf
Diseases,’ “ Root Diseases,” “Stem Diseases,’ “Fruit Diseases.’’ One
fungus, Hurotiwm candidum, is described as affecting the prepared
rubber.—F’. J. C.

Hibiscus aponeurus. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. tab. 8231).—
Nat. ord. Malvaceae; tribe Hibisceae. Tropical East Africa. Plant
erect, shrub-like, 1-4 feet high; leaves ovate, 1-14 inch long; flowers
solitary, axillary ; corolla 1 inch diameter, brilliant scarlet.—G. H.

Honey and Pollen-yielding Plants in Texas. By A. F. Conradi
(Jour. Econ. Entom. i. 3; pp. 191-203; June 1908).—A list of many
plants grown in Texas, with notes on the yield of honey and pollen from
each, the time of flowering, and the distribution of the plant through the
State of Texas.—/’. J. C.

584 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Horticulture in U.S. America (U.S.A. Soc. Amer. Florists
and Ornam. Horticulturists, Rep. 22nd Conv. 1906).—The convention
of 1906 met at Dayton, Ohio. The report contains an account of the
business proceedings of the Society, and prints the papers read and
discussions which took place atthe meeting. The papers and dis-
cussions were upon “ Reform of Postal Rates,’ “Teaching Horticulture
in Public Schools,” “The Ideal Private Gardener and his Work,” and
“ Reform of Tariff on Glass.’’—F’. J. C.

Hydrastis canadensis, Germination of. By H. Hus (Rep. Miss.
Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 85-94 ; 1 plate).—A description of experiments as to
the most favourable conditions for the propagation by seed of the Golden
Seal of the United States Pharmacopeia. Fresh seed and a uniformly
moist soil protected from extremes of temperature are essential.—G. S. B.

Indigofera hebepetala. By D. Prain (Bot. Mag. tab. 8208).—
Nat. ord. Leguminosae. Himalaya. Considerable shrub ; leaves, petiole
7-8 inches, pinnate ; leaflets 14-23 inches long ; racemes twenty to forty
flowered ; flowers with dark crimson standard and rose-coloured petals.

G... da:

In-breeding in Corn. By E. M. East, Ph.D. (U.S.A. Exp. Stn.
Conn., Bien. Rep. 1907-8 ; pp. 419-428).—The author reviews the changes
in method adopted in breeding maize during the past decade and the
principles underlying the process of improving the plant. The idea that
the constant selection of fluctuating variations would yield improved races
has had to be abandoned, for it is found that when constant selection of
the extreme variation is carried out there is at least a tendency to return
to the race average rather than to the average of the selected seed parents.
The author considers that it is better to breed, not by selecting one indi-
vidual, but by selecting several of the best yielding types and keeping the
race at its best by selecting fluctuations and giving them the best possible
environment.—I’. J. C.

Insects, Uniform Common Names for. By A. F. Burgess
(Jour. Econ. Entom. i. 8; pp. 209-213).—Suggestions for the use of
uniform common names for insects—a consummation devoutly to be
wished but difficult of attainment. Meanwhile it would be well always
to ensure that the scientific name of the insect under discussion is quoted,
which, unfortunately, is not always the case even in the publication
containing this paper.—F’. J. C.

Larch Saw-fly, The Large. By C. G. Hewitt (Jowr. Bd. Agr. xv.
1908, p. 649; 4 figs., 1 map).—This pest (Nematus erichsoni) has been
dealt with in the Jowrnal of the Board of Agriculture xiii. (1906),
pp. 3885-894, and this paper describes its present distribution in this
country and supplements the former paper by detailing the life-history,
parasites, and natural enemies of the pest. The attack is at present
confined to the Lake District. Remedial measures, especially spraying
with arsenite of copper at the rate of 1 lb. to 150 gallons of water, and
handpicking (the larvee feed close together) are suggested. Various birds

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 585

devour the larve, and they are eaten by the field vole (M. agrestis) in
the winter.—F’. J. C.

Lewisia Cotyledon. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag. tab. 8220).—
Nat. ord. Portulacaceae. North America. Perennial herb, stemless ;
leaves fleshy, rosulate, 14-2} inches long; flower-scapes 4-5 inches
high, 8-12 flowered; flowers 1} inch diameter, white, with crowded
red lines.—G. H.

Lime-sulphur Wash, Dipping of Nursery Stock in. By P. J.
Parrott, H. E. Hodgkiss, and W. J. Schoene (U.S.A. Hap. Sin.
Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 802; April 1908).—Comparisons between the
effect of dipping trees in the lime-sulphur wash, various miscible oils,
kerosene emulsion, and treatment with hydrocyanic acid gas for the
destruction of San José scale are reported. Note is also made of the
effect upon the trees. Attention was directed in the main towards the
effect of the lime-sulphur wash (of standard strength), and it was found
that immersion of the trees therein at temperatures ranging from
60°-120° F. for different times up to ten minutes, gave very variable
results as regards the scale, but immersion at 212° F. killed the scale.
The buds and bark were so severely injured at 212° I. that the trees
were ruined. Immersion of the roots in this wash was usually followed
by more or less severe injury at all temperatures; but immersion of the
tops af temperatures up to'120° I’. entailed no injury to the trees.
Nurserymen are recommended to continue the use of hydrocyanic acid
gas as a fumigant in preference to this as a dip.—F’. J. C.

Meconopsis sinuata var. latifolia. By D. Prain (Bot. Mag.
tab. 8223).—Nat. ord. Papaveraceae ; tribe Hupapaveraceae. Himalaya.
Herb 1-4 feet high; leaves many, radial, soon disappearing; flowers in
raceme-like cymes ; petals 4, blue, 14 inch long and 1} inch wide.—G. H.

Mendelism in Corn Breeding, Practical Use of. By E. M.
Kast, Ph.D. (U.S.A. Hap. Sin. Conn., Bien. Rep. 1907-8; pp. 406-
418).—It is found that in the characters which are concerned in the
selection of a marketable type of maize the dominant character is
completely dominant. Thus “flint”? is dominant over “ sweet,”’
“flint ’’ over “dent,” “dent’’ over “sweet,” “purple’’ over “no
purple or white,’ “yellow’’ over “no yellow or white,” “red’’ over
“no red or white.’’ The occurrence of xenia permits of early selection
of the character desired, and rejection of hybrid seeds where necessary.
The law of segregation is found to work out, and more important still,
from a practical point of view, the law of purity is found to be constant,
so that a variety:-having a combination of two of certain of the characters
mentioned above will be able to be selected out in the second year and
bred true in each following generation if kept from chance crossing.

Pads Gs

Moisture Equivalent of Soils. By L. L. Briggs and J. W. McLane
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr, Bur. Soils, Bull. 45; September 1907).—By the
“moisture equivalent of soils’? is meant the maximum percentage of

586 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

water which a soil will retain when in equilibrium with a definite force.
The soil is first thoroughly moistened and then placed in the perforated cups
of a centrifugal machine, where it is subjected to a constant centrifugal
force until it ceases to lose water. The percentage of water remaining
is then determined. By this means is ascertained the moisture contents
which soils must have in order to make it equally difficult to remove
a very small additional amount of moisture from any of the soils.
Thus, using a centrifugal force equal to 3,000 times the force of gravity,
it was found that the moisture equivalents varied from 3°6 per cent.
in the coarser sandy soils to 46°5 per cent. in the heavy clay subsoils.
For this force organic matter has a retentive power no greater than
that of clay.—F’. J. C.

Mussaenda erythrophylla. By W. B. Hemsley (Bot. Mag.
tab. 8222).—Nat. ord. Rubiaceae ; tribe Mussaendeae. Tropical Africa.
Shrub to 40 feet high; leaves 6-7 inches long ; calyx-lobes all 4-4 inch
long, or one, leaf-like, 5 inches long by 4 inches broad, brilliant crimson ;
corolla salver-shaped, 1 inch in diameter, yellow or rose.—G. H.

Odontoglossum Cervantesii, Abnormal. By H. Hus (Rep.
Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 95-97; 1 plate)—A description of several
flowers, abnormal in the number of floral leaves and anthers produced,
and in the presence of colour in the os produced by the same plant
in successive seasons.—G. S. B.

Olive Tubercle Organism, Recent Studies of the. By E. F.
Smith (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 131, Part IV.; August
1908).—This disease, prevalent in California, causes swellings on the
branches of olive. The swellings are the result of the attack of a
bacillus, and this paper gives an account of the studies carried out upon
the organism. He considers it best to coin a new name for the organism
on account of the confusion surrounding the present names, and proposes
Bacillus Savastanot (syn. B. oleae tuberculosis). A careful diagnosis and
account of cultural characteristics is given, and an account of infection
experiments. The author is unable to confirm the conclusion reached by
C. O. Smith that this organism is the cause of the tubercle of oleander.
The latter he believes to be caused by B. twmaefaciens (see “ Crown-
gall’’). B. Savastanoi does not produce tubercles on Chrysanthemum
frutescens.—F’. J. C.

Orchid Portraits.— The following orchids have been figured
recently :—
*Brasso-Cattleya Cliftonii . . Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 948.
ie Madame Hye .
3. Queen Alexandra, Gientigint
var. . :
Bulbophyllum gallina . Bot. Mag. t. 8216.
*Calanthe x Angela ' .
*Calanthe x Norman
Catasetum Claesianum . ; . Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 211,
fig. 90.

NOTES AND

*C. Russellianum .
Cattleya Bowringiana .
*C. x Clarkiae
*C. Harrisoniae alba, Stinler S var.

*C. x ‘Fabia’ Cooksoniae
C. labiata Roehrsiana .
C. Loddigesii (monstrous)

*C. x Maroni aurea

*C. x Rhoda

*C. x Rutilant

*C. x Venus.

C. Schréderae

C. Warscewiezii var. Frau Meanie
Beyrodt

Coelogyne Mooreana

Cycnoches Egertonianum

Cymbidium x eburneo-Lowianum

Cypripedium x Actaeus Bianca .

*C. x Actaeus Bianca superbum
*C. x Antinous

C. x Arethusa
*C. Charlesworthii Reon lhca iin

*C. x
*C. x

Dante.
Dreadnought

Emperor of India
Frau Ida Brandt.
insigne Sanderianum .
Maudiae

Rossetti
Sanactaeus etoniense .

aaaaaa
KOK Ra Oe OK

C. x Thalia var. Mrs. F. Wellesley
*Dendrobium Brymerianum, Gatton
Park var. .
*D. Coelogyne striatum .
D. superbum
Epidendrum costatum .

K. faleatum (Parkinsonianum)
Ki. Lambeauianum

Kria rhynchostyloides .
Habenaria carnea

ABSTRACTS. 587

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 315.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 387, fig. 43.

Garden, 1908, ii. p. 488; Journ.
Hort. 1908, ii. p. 291.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 281, fig. 38.
Rev. Hort. Belge, 1908, p. 308.
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 719.
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 685.
Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 863.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 258,
fig. 112; Gard. Mag. 1908,
p. 751.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 219.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 267.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 329, fig. 42.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 296, figs. 88-9.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 325, fig. 41.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 261,
fig. 114.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 762.

Journ. Hort. 1908, p. 561.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 3810,
fig. 182; Journ. Hort. 1908,
p- 469.

Gard., Chron. 1908, ii. p. _ 389,

fig. 162.
Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 421.
Orchis, 1908, p. 188, fig. 22.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 267, fig. 36.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 266, fig. 35.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 265, fig. 34.
Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 416,
fig. 171.
Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 273, fig. 37.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 110.

Journ. Hort. 1908, p. 585.

Rev. Hort. 1908, p. 458, fig. 177.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 425,
fig. 173.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 378.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 228,
fig. 99.

Bot. Mag. t. 8284.

Orch. Rev. 1908, p. 305, fig. 40.

588

*Laelio-Cattleya mais Weston-

birt var.
*L.-C. Elva -. ;
*L,.-C. Golden Oriole
*L.-C. Lustre ;
*[,.-C. Ortrude superba .
L.-C. Rosalind
*T,.-C. St. Gothard
Miltonia vexillaria
*Odontoglossum x Eireann
*O. x Magali Sander
O. Pescatorei Sanderae.
O. Pescatorei, Westonbirt var.
*Odontioda Charlesworthii, Good-
son’s var. . ;
*Oncidium incurvum
*O. bicallosum, Sander’s var.
Orchis x (latifolia x maculata) .

Polystacha flexuosa
*Sophro-Cattleya Doris .

*Sophro - Laelio - Cattleya
Westonbirt var.
*Sophro Danae superba .
S. Medea
Stanhopea oculata

Saxa,

*Vanda coerulea Charlesworthii

*V. coerulea var. R. Chollett .
Zygocolax Veitchii

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 515.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 184.

Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 785.
Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 249.

Garden, 1908, ii. p. 586.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii.
fig. 82.

Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 276, fig. 120.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 356,
fig. 150; Journ. Hort. 1908, ii.
p. 498 ; Garden, 1908, p. 609.

p. 194,

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 889.

Journ. Hort. 1908, p. 633.

Gard. Chron. 1908, ii.
fig. 44.

Gard. Chron. 1908, p. 874, fig. 160 ;
Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 445;
Gard. Mag. 1908, p. 831; Orch.
Rev. 1908, p. 361, fig. 44.

p. 115,

Journ. Hort. 1908, ii. p. 248.
G. W.

* A painted portrait of those having an asterisk prefixed is preserved in the Royal

Horticultural Society’s collection.

Orchids of Grenada, West Indies. By W. E. Broadway, Trinidad,
West Indies (Gard. Chron. 1908, ii. p. 228).—A list and notes of fifty

species.—G. W.

Orchids, Transmission of Albinism in.
—Deals with the behaviour of seedlings
from white-flowered plants.—G. W.

(Revue Horticole, 1908, p. 429).

By G. T. Grignan

Paeony Hybrid, Yellow. By D. Bois (Rev. Hort. July 16, 1908,

pp. 322-6; 1
lutea and LP,

illustration).—

An interesting hybrid between P. Delavayi
Moutan ‘ Ville de St. Denis.’

Large very double flowers,

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 589

colour canary yellow, slightly carmine tinted at tips and sometimes at-base
of petals ; highly recommended.—C. 7’. D.

Para Rubber Seed. By H. F. Macmillan and T. Petch (Agr.
Jour. Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, iv. 11; May 1908).—It is shown that
Para rubber seed very quickly loses its germination capacity on drying,
and that the seed from trees which are regularly tapped are smaller and
weigh less than those from trees which are not tapped.—F’. J. C.

Parasites: Value of Introducing Parasites on Beneficial
Insects. By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.8. (Journ. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I.
vol. ix. No. 3, p. 262).—Pointing out the value of introducing insects
which prey upon the pests that are destructive to economic plants in
various countries, but urging that this should be done under the super-
vision of fully qualified entomologists.—M. C. C.

Peach Borer, The Lesser. By A. A. Girault (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.
Bur. Entom., Bull. 68, Part IV.; October 1907; 4 figs.).—One of the
clear-wing moths (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say) has been found very
commonly attacking peaches, and now a second species is described
as doing great damage, viz. Synanthedon pictipes G. & R. The
damage done is, however, mostly to injured trees; and, following a
wound in the bark, the larve feed upon the soft tissues of the cambium
and the adjacent cells. Two broods are found during the year, and a full
life-history and description of their habits are given. It is recommended
that every possible means of keeping the tree in good health should be
taken, and all wounds should be promptly dressed. The larve should
be hunted for and destroyed in the spring, and it is necessary to cut away
the affected bark to reach them.—Tf’. J. C.

Perowskia atriplicifolia (Die Gartenw. \xiii., Dec. 12, 1908).—A
shrub or sub-shrub of the family Labiatae. It attains a height of about |
3 to 4 feet, and has lanceolate silvery leaves and wiry, silvery stems.
The flowers are blue and appear from the end of August to October.
Well adapted for a dry sunny position.—G. Lf.

Petunia, Dwarf, ‘Oeillet Rose.’ By G. T. Grignan (Rev. Hort.
November 16, 1908, pp. 520-1; coloured plate and photos).—A very
pretty deep rose, double flower, highly recommended for borders as
a dwarf or as pot or basket plant. A long descriptive list of other good
varieties is given.—C. 7. D.

Plant Diseases. Report 1907, by T. W. Kirk, F.L.8. (Dep. Agr.
Rep. N.Z. October 1907; with 29 plates and numerous woodcuts).—This
report includes the occurrence and remedies of plant diseases in New
Zealand for 1907, chiefly those already known, both of fungus and insect
origin. Then follows a record of the fruit industry, with insect and other
parasites, concluding with a report on the New Zealand International
Exhibition.— MV. C. C.

Plant Diseases of Indiana in 1906. By Frank D. Kern (U.S.A.
Ezp. Sin. Purdue Umversity, No. 119, March 1907).—List of the various

590 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plant diseases observed in Indiana during 1906, with statement of cultural
methods and the fungicides employed.—M. C. C.

Plant Diseases of Vermont. By N.J. Giddings (U.S.A. Eup. Sin.
Vermont, Bull. 186. Report for 1906-—7).—Report containing “ Occurrence
of Piant Diseases in 1907,” a record of “ Potato-spraying Experiments,”’
supplemented by an account of “ Potato Diseases and their Remedies,”’
“The Damping-off of Coniferous Seedlings,” and some minor reports on
musk melon industry and Hubbard squash in storage.—WM. C. C.

Plantae Lindheimerianae, Part III. By J. W. Blankinship.
(Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 1238-2238. With portrait of Ferdinand
Jacob Lindheimer 1801-1879).—An enumeration with localities and
dates of numbers 449-574 in Fascicle III. collected in 1845-6, and of
numbers 652-754 of Fascicle IV. of 1847-8, z.e. from Compositae onwards,
and of species collected by Lindheimer in Comal County in 1849-1851,
forming Fascicle V. numbers 652-1288, of which some fifty sets are
available for distribution, from the Texas plants in the herbarium of Dr.
George Engelmann presented to the Missouri Garden. A biography of
Lindheimer, a bibliography of Texas botany, and a complete index to all
the three parts of Plantae Lindheimerianae, with names conformed to the
Vienna Code, are added.—G. S. B.

Polystachya Lawrenceana. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. tab. 8211).—
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae; tribe Vandeae. Hast Tropical Africa. Epiphyte,
6 inches high; leaves linear-oblong ; inflorescence terminal, 3-6 inches
long; flower yellowish-green, labellum rose-coloured superior.—G. H.

Potato Breeding, Some Essential Points in. By EH. M. East,
Ph.D. (U.S.A. Hap. Stn. Conn., Bien. Rep. 1907-8: pp. 429-447).—The
author considers that the dropping of buds before they open, the falling
of flowers immediately upon opening, the failure to produce viable pollen
although the flowers open, and the power to produce viable pollen under
all normal conditions are hereditable qualities. He finds that the fluctua-
tions in these directions are large and are influenced by changing environ-
mental conditions, but no ordinary treatment will force one of the above-
named types across its critical point into another type. The removal of
tubers to encourage flowering did not effect this. It seems likely that
most natural fruits are formed after self-fertilization, and artificial self-
fertilization was followed by greater fruitfulness than cross-fertilization.
The normal healthy pollen is round, while the infertile pollen is shrivelled
and irregular. Some of the pollen grains show up to seven or eight
protuberances from the grains, and the author considers this to indicate
the multinucleate character of these grains, and that the greater the
number of such grains the greater the number of fruits produced by their
aid. It is advised to pollinate a number of flowers on each cyme, as this
acts as a stimulus to growth and lessens the danger of the berry falling
before it ripens.—F’. J. C. |

Potato Diseases and Insect Pests. By T. W. Kirk, F.L.S. (N.Z.
Dep. Agr., Div. Biol. and Hort., Bull. No. 7, 1907; 12 plates and

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 591

woodeuts).—This report includes observations on the Phytophthora blight
and remedial measures employed, with reference to the special value of
Bordeaux mixture; potato-leaf curl or Macrosporiwm solani, M. and E.;
potato bacteriosis; potato scab (Oospora scabies); dry rot (Pusariwm
oxysporum) ; and the sclerotium disease, with the treatment employed in
each instance.—M. C. C.

Potato Diseases: Early Blight in Wisconsin. By J. G.
Milward (U.S.A. Hap. Sin. Wisconsin, 24th Ann. Rep. 1907, p. 848 ;
figs.).—It is stated that the late blight due to Phytophthora infestans
is practically unknown in the State; but that early potato blight due
to Alternaria solani is an important factor in determining the potato
crop. The disease is somewhat similar to late blight in its effects, but
attacks the plants at an earlier stage. LExperiments in spraying with
Bordeaux mixture against the attacks of this pest have proved highly
successful, as in previous years, particularly when the treatment has
been coupled with good cultivation.—JL’. J. C.

Potato-spraying. By L. R. Jones and N. J. Geddings (U.S.A.
Exp. Stn. Vermont, Ann. Rep. 1906-7; pp. 334-842). The use of
Bordeaux mixture was followed by gains varying from 26 per cent. to
215 per cent., the greatest gain, as a rule, following the most frequent
applications. The early blight (Alternaria solanz) did considerable
mischief; the late blight (Phytophthora imfestans) did not appear.
Comparative trials were made with some proprietary mixtures in
comparison with Bordeaux arsenical mixture greatly in favour of the
latter.—P. J. C.

Potatos in Ohio. By W. J. Green and C. W. Waid (U.S.A.
Hap. Sin. Ohio, Bull. 174; April 1906 ; figs.).—A list of potatos grown
at the experiment station with descriptions and yields. It is shown
that some varieties are to a certain extent disease-resistant (not disease-
proof). Spraying with Bordeaux mixture against the potato disease
caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in a gain in the crop of from
8 per cent. to over 70 per cent.—F’. J. C.

Preservation of Piling against Marine Wood-borers. By
C. Stowell Smith (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 128).—To those
who have to do with various timbers in connection with wharves and other
marine structures a careful perusal of this excellent little work will be of
both interest and value. Marine wood-borers do a great amount of damage
to piles and buildings, with the result that the lasting properties of such are
considerably shortened. The methods here recommended, though simple,
would appear, from statistics that have been compiled, to have been most
efficient.— A. D. W.

Preservative Treatment of Arbor-vitae Poles, The seasoning
and. By C. Stowell Smith (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 186).
—An account of the treatment of arbor-vitae timber, which, on account of
its strength, lightness, form, and durability, is the most desirable for
telephone and telegraph work of any species found within the United

592 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

States. The chapters on “ Preservative Treatment ’’ methods of creosoting
and shrinkage are all deeply interesting, and particularly so to British
timber-merchants who adopt almost similar ways of prolonging the life of
many of our native timbers. Skidding and weighing telegraph poles is
well depicted in the illustration at page 6; while the many carefully
compiled tables show how thoroughly the United States Department of
Agriculture go into the matter of seasoning and preserving timbers.—
A. D. W.

Preservative Treatment of Hemlock and Tamarack Cross-
Ties, The seasoning and. By W. F. Sherfesee (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Forest
Service, Circ. 132).—Throughout the United States quite a revolution has
taken place in the kinds of timber used for railway ties. Not so long ago
oak was mainly used for this important purpose, and when oak became
scarce Michigan arbor-vitae or Michigan cedar was resorted to as a substi-
tute. Like oak, however, arbor-vitae has had enormous demands on its
restricted supply ; hence the railways were, for a third time, called upon to
find some other more plentiful wood, with the result that to-day hemlock
and tamarack are now almost exclusively employed. Many interesting
notes regarding these two woods, such as the source of materials, seasoning,
and storing away, are recorded in the pamphlet under notice, while the
tables and illustrations go far in assisting the text.—A. D. W.

Prickly Pear as a Farm Crop. By David Griffiths (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Plant. Ind., Bull, 124)—An account of experiments in
cultivating the prickly pear, a plant useful for cattle after the spines have
been singed off, a process apparently not difficult. The prickly pear is a
valuable crop in districts such as Southern Texas, where the climatic con-
ditions suit it, and are at the same time liable to be disastrous to other
green crops.—l/. L. H.

Pyrus sinensis. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. tab. 8226).—Nat. ord.
Rosaceae; tribe Pomeae. Manchuria and Korea. Tree 30-40 feet high,
cultivated ; leaves ovate, 2-4 inches long; flowers 4—9-flowered ; corymbs
white ; fruit (wild) globose, with numerous lenticels, 7 inches diameter.—

Guy

Raphionacme utilis. By N. E. Brown (Bot. Mag. tab. 8221).—
Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae; tribe Periploceae. Angola. Perennial herb
with a turnip-shaped tuber 2-5 inches diameter; leaves in 2-5 pairs ;
blade 14-8) inches long ; flowers in small terminal cymes; corolla 4 inch
diameter, bright purple.—G. H.

Rhodazalea Crouxii (Journ. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.; June 1908,
p. 229).—This plant was produced by Messrs. Croux of Val d’Aulnay, and
is a cross between Rhododendron ochroleucum and Azalea mollis. It is
said to be an interesting and attractive shrub.—M. L. H.

Rhododendron, Branch Cankers of. By Hermann yon Schrenk
(ltep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 77-80; 2 plates).—A description of
cankers on Shododendron maximum in the Appalachian Mountains
formed round dead branches without either fungal or insect attack.

Gas

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 593

Rhododendron kamtschaticum. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.
ab. 8210).—Nat. ord. Hricaceae; tribe Rhodoreae. N.K. Asia and
N.W. America. Under-shrub 6 inches high; leaves annual, 14-25 inches
long; corolla carmine-purple.—G. H.

Rhododendron Madden var. obtusifolia. By J. Hutchinson
(Bot. Mag. tab. 8212).—Nat. ord. Hricaceae ; tribe Rhodoreae. Assam.
Shrub 8-10 feet high; leaves 15—-2% inches long; corolla white,
84 inches diameter.—G. H.

Robinia Kelseyi. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. tab. 8213).—
Nat. ord. Leguminosae; tribe Galegeae. North America. Shrub
38-10 feet high; leaves pinnate; racemes, 5-—8-flowered, 34 inches
long ; corolla rose-coloured.—G. H.

Rosa sericea var. pteracantha. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag,
tab. 8218).—Nat. ord. Rosaceae; tribe Roseae. Western China and
Manipur. Shrub 10 feet in diameter; prickles large, red, compressed,
decurrent and elongated at the base, }-145 inch long; leaves pinnate
with 9-138 leaflets ; flowers white.—G. H.

Salts, Soluble, Influence of, on Leaf Structure. By L. L.
Harter (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 184; August 1908).—An
experiment was undertaken to ascertain whether the presence of a mixture
of soluble salts, chiefly common salt, will affect the structure of plants not
specially adapted to live in “alkali’’ soils. Wheat, oats, and barley were
used for the experiment. The seeds were germinated and grown for about
four weeks in the soils in which the salts were mixed. The total soluble
salts contained in the soils amouted to 1, 1°5, and 2 per cent. (0°7, 1:0,
and 1°4 per cent. common salt). The seedlings showed a development of
waxy bloom and a thickening of thecuticle. The thickening of the cuticle
increased with the concentration of the soil solution, and at the same time
the size of the epidermal cells decreased. When the amount of salt present
is much below the minimum concentration that is injurious under field
conditions, no perceptible modification occurred. Detached leaves with
bloom upon them lost less water than normal leaves, and wheat plants
erown in soils containing naturally 0:09 and 0°12 per cent. total salts
(0°06 and 0°08 per cent. common salt) show an increased transpiration
as compared with plants grown in a non-saline soil. The soil containing
the smaller amount of salt induced the heavier transpiration.—I’. J. C.

San José Scale. By J. Troop and C. G. Woodbury (U.S.A. Exp.
Sin. Purdue Univ., Bull. 118; March 1907; 12 figs.).—An account of
this pest against which lime sulphur wash is recommended. Proprietary
washes were not found so effective. A spray calendar is given.—F’. J. C.

Scale Insects in Old Apple Orchards, Control of (U.S.A. Exp.
Sin. New York, Bull. 296 ; 1908).—Experiments with sprays commonly
used for San José scale are described with details of cost. Orchards of
badly infested standard apples of considerable age were treated. The plant

VOL. XXXIV. QQ

594 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

used for preparing and applying the washes consisted of an 8 h.p. boiler,
three boiling tanks, and two gasoline power-spraying outfits costing
altogether £113 10s., and being capable of turning out 2,500 gallons a day.
In one experiment the trees were first heavily pruned, the tops being cut
out and then three different lots were treated with crude petroleum, lime-
sulphur wash, and lime-kerosene wash. The petroleum wash cost 2s. 8d.
each tree, the lime-sulphur wash 1s. 1}d., the kerosene-lime 2s. 6d.
The petroleum wash gave the best results with the scale, but the season’s
fruit crop was lost. With lime-sulphur the mortality of the scale was not
so great, but no injury was done to the trees. The kerosene-lime wash
caused severe injury to some of the trees, but did little harm to the scale.
The following year the whole orchard was sprayed with the lime-sulphur
wash at a cost of 1s. 10d. each tree. Considerable improvement was
noted, although the scale was still present.—C. H. H.

Shelter-planting. By L. E. Barrett (N.Z. Dept. Agri., Div. Live
Stock ¢ Agr., Bull. 1)—This has special reference to the acacia and
eucalyptus, both of which have been found peculiarly suitable for shelter-
ing the orchard and farm in the Auckland provincial districts. As in this
country, shelter belts of trees have been found of great value throughout
New Zealand, especially when farming operations require to be carried
out in cold and exposed districts. The raising of seedlings, and the
future management of the trees, is interesting reading, and should prove
of great value to those who intend going in for the embellishment of their
farms and homesteads.—A. D. W.

Sodium Salts: Effect of Addition to deficient amounts of
Potassium on Growth of Plants. By B. L. Hartwell, H. J. Wheeler,
and F. R. Pember (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Rhode I., Rep., 1907, pp. 299-857 ;
figs.).—An account of a very extended series of cultivations in sand
and water containing deficient and approximately optimum amounts
of potassium, and the same with the addition of sodium and of extra
calcium. It was found that sodium produced no increase of growth
when an optimum amount of potassium was present, but when potassium
was deficient sodium gave an increase of growth ; extra calcium did not,
on the whole, increase the growth. It is considered that the increase in
growth was not in any way due to an increase in the osmotic pressure
of the solution, because the addition of extra calcium, magnesium,
phosphorus, and nitrogen all failed to cause an increase in growth. A
larger amount of potassium was left by the plants in the solution when
the potassium in the original nutrient solution was supplemented by
sodium ; so that it would appear that sodium is a conserver of potassium.
Similar results were obtained in experiments with plants in sand which
had been digested with acid.—F. J. C.

Soil Fertility, Certain Organic Constituents of Soils in
Relation to. By O. Schreiner and H. 8. Reed (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,
Bur. of Soils, Bull. 47; November 1907).—The authors consider that
one of the chief causes of loss of fertility is due to the accumulation of
certain organic compounds which are toxic to plants in the soil. This

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 595

bulletin shows that many of the substances ordinarily added to the soil
as fertilizers have, in addition to their function as plant nutrients, “a
well-defined power to overcome and actually destroy toxic bodies.”
Equal or greater improvement results from treatments that add nothing
to the soil in the nature of plant nutrients. The methods of work are
described, wheat being used for the experiments, and the following
compounds were experimented upon :—(1) Compounds arising from the
decomposition of proteid bodies; aspartic acid (C,H;NO,), asparagin
(C,H,N,03), glycocoll (C,H;NO,), alanine (C;H,NO,), tyrosin (CyH,,NO3),
and leucine (C,;H,;NO.). Of these aspartic acid and tyrosin acted in the
most detrimental manner upon the plants. (2) Arising from decom-
position of lecithins: choline (C;H,;NO,.), neurine (C;H,,;NO), were
both found to be toxic. (8) Other nitrogenous compounds: alloxan
(C,H,N,O,), guanine (C;H;N;0), xanthine (C,;H,N,O,), guanidine
(CH;N;), skatol (C,H N), pyridine (C;H;N), picoline (C;H,N.CH;),
piperidine (C;H,,N), quinoline (C,H-,N), ricin, mucin, all except guanine
and xanthine, caused injury. (4) Non-nitrogeneous compounds: pyro-
catechin (C,H,(OH,), arbutin (C,,H,,0;), pyrogallol (Cs;H3(OH)s),
phloroglucin (C;H;(OH);), vanillin (CsH,O;), vanillic acid (CsH,0,),
quinie acid (C;H;(OH),.COOH), quinone (C,;H,O,), cumarin (CyH,0,),
daphnetin (C,H,O,), esculin (C,;H,,O9), heliotropine (C,H,O;), borneol
(C,9H,,0), camphor (C,;)H,,0), turpentine oil (C;)H,,), were all more or
less toxic.

Numerous interesting experiments are detailed showing how the toxic
conditions set up by these substances may be removed or ameliorated ;
boiling, the absorption of them by sucha substance as carbon black, the
adding of a non-nutrient compound to the solution such. as pyrogallol,
the addition of various fertilizing materials such as nitrate of soda, were
all tried with a greater or less degree of success.— Ff’. J. C.

Soil Fertility, Some Factors influencing. By Dr. O. Schreiner
and H. §. Reed (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. of Soils, Bull. 40, June 1907 ;
3 plates)—The authors consider that it has been demonstrated that
many soils are unproductive, not because proper nutrients are lacking, but
because they contain substances actually deleterious to plant growth. A
considerable body of facts is cited in support of this conclusion. These
deleterious matters may be absorbed by various substances which may be
easily added to the soil, such as iron hydrate, carbon black, and so on.
In soil extracts of unproductive soils great development of plants has
followed the addition of such substances as two parts of pyrogallol per
million of extract, or ten parts of alpha naphthylamine per million of
extract. These two substances are without nutritive effect upon plants
and can only act by ridding the soil of the toxic substance. In some soil
extracts the toxic substance has been shown to be capable of passing
over with the distillate when the extract is boiled. It is shown that
the roots of plants excrete substances which, in the case of wheat, are
more deleterious to the wheat-roots than are the excreta from other
plants ; while the excreta from oats are more harmful to wheat than
those from more distantly related plants, as Vigna and maize. ‘Those
plants which succeed best in a rotation of crops with wheat produce

596 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

excreta which are least harmful to wheat. Evidence is accumulating
that the excreta of certain plants may also be injurious to others very
distantly related in certain cases.—F’. J. C.

Soil tests in Wire Baskets. By B. L. Hartwell and F. R. Pember
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Rhode I., Bull. 181; August 1908).—This bulletin is
a continuation of Bulletin 120, and reports the results of comparative soil
tests in paraffined wire baskets and in the field. The results obtained in the
baskets frequently failed to coincide with those obtained in the field and
duplicate tests were, furthermore, often not concordant. It is also
concluded that the weight of the green crop is a better measure of the
manurial effect of such a salt as muriate of potash than a measurement of
transpiration such as has been adopted by the U.S.A. Department of
Agriculture in many of their experiments.—-F’. J. C.

Stock on Scion, Influence of. By M. Viviand-Morel (Jour. Soc. Nat.
Hort. Fr. October 1908, p. 572).—The influence of the stock is considered
in the light of experience with regard to shape and quality of the fruit,
and it is concluded that such influence is probably the same and acts in
the same way as that of a different soil or source of nourishment. The
difficulty of the subject is much increased by the fact that the parent
stock itself does not possess an absolutely fixed and invariable type of fruit.

M. L. A.

Stocks for Fruit Trees in Australia (Dep. Agr. Vict. August
1908).— With apples the ‘ Northern Spy’ and ‘ Winter Majetin’ are used,
especially the former. Crabstocks cannot be used, on account of the
damage done by woolly aphis. A blight-proof Paradise stock has been
raised. For plums the ‘Julien,’ ‘ La France’ (a variety of the ‘Myrobalan ’)
and the ‘ Mussel’ stocks are used. For cherries the ‘ Mazard’ and ‘ Mahaleb’
stocks are of little use. The latter does not behave as a dwarfing stock.
A stock derived from the ‘Montmorency ’ class of cherries is widely used.

Seedling pears are most commonly used as pear stocks. A good dwarf
stock is the ‘ Angers’ variety of quince.—C. H. H.

Sugar-cane Root Disease. By F. A. Stockdale, B.A., F.L.S.,
(Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I. vol. ix. No. 2, 1908, p. 103).—This disease
in the West Indies is attributed chiefly to Marasmius sacchari, but
other fungi may be the cause of some of the damage noted; several
planters have adopted remedial measures with success. Further experi-
ments are in hand, particularly as to the use of lime as a fungicide and
the disinfection of cane cuttings.—M. C. C.

Sugar Industry.—West Indian Conference, 1908 (Jour. Imp. Dep.
Agr. WJ. vol. ix. No. 2, 1908).—Further papers and communications
published in detail :—

“ Further Notes on Cane Farming at Trinidad,’ by Professor
P. Carmody, F.C.S., &c.

“The Polarimetric Determination of Sucrose,” parts iv. to vii., by
H. A. Tempany, B.Sc., F.C.S., with discussions thereon.—M. C. C.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 597

Sugar Industry. West Indian Conference, 1908 (Jowrn. Imp.
Dep. Agr. W. I. vol. ix. No. 1, 1908).—The following papers read at the
Conference are reported, with the discussions thereon :—

“Varieties of Sugar-cane and Manurial Experiments in British
Guiana,” by Prof. J. B. Harrison, C.M.G., &e.

“ Sugar-cane Experiments in Barbados,’ by Prof. J. F. D’Albu-
querque, M.A.

“Sugar-cane Experiments in the Leeward Islands,” by Dr. Francis
Watts, C.M.G., &e.

“The Central Sugar Factory at Antigua,” by Dr. Francis Watts.

“Observations on the Work of Sugar-cane Mills, &c.,’’ by Dr. Francis
Watts.—W. C. C.

Temperature, Influence of, on Distribution of Insects. By
K. D. Sanderson (Jowr. Hcon. Entom. 1. 4 ; pp. 245-262).—The author has
compared the distribution of various insects with the distribution of lines
of average annual minimum temperatures in the States and finds that
the average annual minimum temperature determines the northern limit
of the distribution of the insect. The absolute minimum temperature
which occurs at infrequent intervals fails to kill many of the insects
which have succeeded in finding a sheltered situation, but where the
average minimum drops below the point which they can withstand it has
a powerful effect on checking their progress. The northern limit of dis-
tribution of the San José scale is said to be the isotherm of average
minimum temperature, —15° F., and of the asparagus beetle (Crioceris
asparagt), —10° F.—F’. J. C.

Tobacco Wilt, The Granville. By Edwin F. Smith (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. No. 141 ; Part uu. ; August 1908).—This disease is
due to bacteria. The-plants are commonly infected through injuries caused
by eel-worms. Potatos, tomatos, and other members of the night-shade
family are also subject to this disease.

Remove and burn diseased plants. Remedial measures should look to
reducing the number of eel-worms in the soil, and to greater care in trans-
planting so that the roots shall not be wounded.—WM, C. C.

Tomato Notes (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. West Virginia, Bull. 117).—
Contains notes on the history of the tomato, on breeding new forms,

field culture and forcing, and the financial aspect of the industry.
11) Bae Sees &

Variation of Shape in Fruits. By Pierre Passy (La Pomologie
Franeaise, Sept. 1908, pp. 275-283).—The terminal fruit of the pear,
being the termination of the floral axis, extends out beyond the others in
the bunch, its stem is less woody than the others, the fruit does not fall
spontaneously, and is the most true to the characteristic shape of the
variety. Variation in shape of fruit is illustrated by a photograph
showing ‘ Doyenné du Comice’ pears almost as round as apples, with
hardly any stem.—C. H. H.

Vegetables, Profitable (Die Gartenw. lviii., p. 691; Nov. 7, 1908).
Near Paris the “ Mays swere’’ is maize extensively grown for the market;

598 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it is a most delicious vegetable, for use when the seeds are nearly but
not quite ripe. Another plant now much grown is Physalis edulis, the
fruits of which resemble the tomato but are much smaller. They are
eagerly bought by hotels and the “ gourmands.” Physalis Alkekengi and
P. Franchetti have similar fruit, and are rather smaller though edible as
in P. edulis.—G. R.

Virescence of Oxalis stricta. By H. Hus (Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard.
1907, pp. 99; 2 plates)—In a form termed O. stricta viridiflora, found
wild near St. Louis, the green petals are little affected by light and
persist till the fruit is nearly ripe. The form is self-fertile—G. S. B.

Weeds, Treatment of. By G. E. Stone and H. F. Fernald
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Massachusetts, Bull. 123; April 1908).—Plants like
chickweed (Stellaria media), moneywort (Lysimachia Nummularia), and
other running weeds can be largely eradicated from lawns by treatment
with nitrate of soda, which should be used strong enough to kill the
weeds. This may also kill the grass, but a good growth of grass will
come in again to the exclusion of the weeds. Dandelions on lawns may
be sprayed with iron sulphate at the rate of 15 lb. to 2 1b. to 1 gallon
of water. Golden hawkweed on hay land is lessened or destroyed by
the application of 38,000 lb. of salt per acre. For wild mustard
(Brassica sp.), smartweed (Polygonum sp.), pigweed (Amaranthus sp.),
cocklebur (Xanthiuwm canadense), and ragweeed (Ambrosia sp.), in oat
fields and grass land, spray with sulphate of iron at the rate of 100 lb.
to 52 gallons of water. The sulphate of iron application is said to cost
10d. to 1s. per acre, 52 gallons being sufficient for 1 acre. Lime and
wood ashes are valuable for eradicating sorrel, mosses, ferns, &c. which
grow in acid soil.

Arsenate of soda—2 lb. to 10 gallons of water—is a successful weed
killer; but being poisonous, care should be taken in handling, nor
should it be used too freely near valuable trees. It can be used to kill
ivy on trees or buildings, by two or three waterings, and to kill tree
stumps, holes being bored with an augur, arsenate of soda put in and
the holes plugged up with corks. Spring is probably the best season for
this treatment, which effectually prevents sprouting, and often obviates
the necessity of digging out the stumps.—C. H. H.

Willow Growing in Lancashire. By W. Dallimore (Kew Bull.,
9; 1908).—Willows are grown at Mawdesley, 8. Lanes., for basket
making, fancy work, &c., on ground similar to that on which ordinary
farm crops are grown, instead of the usual wet or marshy land, and to
this the special toughness of the rods preduced is attributed. An
account of the method of cultivation adopted and a list of the varieties
found most suitable for local conditions is given. Some 500 acres are
under this crop on one farm in addition to other land in the neighbour-
hood.—F’, J. C.

Wood Distillation. By W. C. Geer (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Ser- —
vice, Cire. 114).—This is an important circular which has been compiled
to meet the demand for information regarding the commercial distillation

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 599

of hard woods and soft woods, and the quantity of the products obtained.
Different woods give different marketable products, birch, beech, and
maple yielding acetate of lime, wood, alcohol, and charcoal, while the long-
leaf pine gives turpentine, tar, pine-oils, and charcoal. The various
methods of procuring these by-products are clearly described, while the
tables of results as to the various quantities procurable are interesting.
The financial returns from by-products of the forest are considerable.
AND W.

Wood-lot Owners in the Ohio Valley Region, Suggestions to.
By 8.1. Record (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Forest Service, Cire. 188).—An excellent
pamphlet on the protection of woods, value of different species, and the
improvement of typical wood-lots. Its chief use, however, will be in
assisting the farmers and others in the Ohio Valley in the proper
management of their timber lands, conclusions which have been arrived at
by the Forest Service after numerous careful examinations of the wood-
lots and forest tracts being embodied in the publication. The notes under
the heading of the Model Wood-lot might be read with much advantage
by many cultivators of trees in this country, the information regarding
how thickly the trees should stand on the ground, and how thinning
should be engaged in, being written by one who knew well what he was
speaking about.—A. D. W.

Wood Preservation, A primer of. By W. F. Sherfesee (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Forest Service, Circ. 189).— With greatly increased prices of timber
forest conservancy becomes imperative, and there are two ways in which
the situation may be met—one to prolong the life of the forest by wise
use, and the other to prolong the life of timber by the use of preservatives.

This pamphlet treats of the latter, and is a valuable compilation of the
various methods by which the end in view may best be accomplished.

The remarks under “ What Wood Preservation can Do in the Future ”’
are certainly well worthy of study.—A. D. W.

Woolly Aphis and Corrosive Sublimate (Le Kermes coquille),
By L. Chasset (La Pomologie Francaise, March 1908).—Painting with
bichloride of mercury used at 2 per cent. seems to be the best means of
getting rid of this insect.—C. H. H.

Yew-galls. By Miss Jenny Reynvaan and Dr. W. Docter’s van
Leeuwen (Beih. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii. 2te Abth. Heft 1, pp. 1-14;
2 plates).—This paper describes the bud-galls of the yew, which are
caused by a mite (Hriophyes psilaspis). These mites live in the galls
during winter, when the galls are 2 to 8 mm. indiameter. They lay their
eggs in March, and increase greatly in numbers during the spring. The
galls also enlarge and become 6-9 mm. long. The mites begin to leave
their parent gall about the middle of May, and continue to do so for a
long time. They wander over the twigs and infect the young buds about
the middle of June. Several mites seem necessary to produce a gall.
Even in July eggs may be found in the young galls, and by November

there may be hundreds of mites in each of them. Both male and female
trees are attacked.

600 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The effects of the mites upon the tissues are carefully described. The
cells of the dermatogen of the bud are much enlarged and swollen and
the protoplasm is altered. The periblem is also altered, for it becomes
several layers thick instead of only one layer as in normal buds.

| G. F. S.-H.

Yucea, Additions to the Genus. By W. Trelease (Rep. Miss.
Bot. Gard. 1907, pp. 225-230; 6 plates).—Descriptions of two new
species: Y. decipiens, from the central tableland of Mexico, near
Y. australis; and Y. Endlicheriana, the “ pistilla’”’ of Marte, Coahnila,
Mexico, &c., near Y. baccata. The former species was figured by the
author as Y. valida in the Thirteenth Report of the Garden (1902) ; the
latter, which yields a valuable fibre, is figured in this memoir, together
with Y. periculosa, which is the Y. baccata periculosa of Mr. Baker,
and a new spontaneous variety, Y. Harrimaniae Gilbertiana, from
Western Utah.—G. S. B.

Zaluzianskya maritima. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. tab. 8215).
—Nat ord. Scrophulariaceae ; tribe, Manuleae. South Africa. Perennila
herb; stem 4-8 feet high; leaves 1-3 inches long; spikes rather dense,
with green bracts ; flowers 1 inch diam.; corolla deep red below, white
above.—G. H.

CLAY'S
FERTILIZER

IS A

POWER IN THE LAND.

Its influence upon the Soil becomes more apparent

YEAR BY YEAR,

By the Vitality it imparts to all Seeds and Growing Plants,

FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES & FOLIAGE,

They are produced in Profusion and the Highest Excellence, to
The Delight of the Cultivator,
The Pride of the Exhibitor,

The Admiration of all.

Sold everywhere in

AYys Tins, 6d. and I/-; Sealed Bags, 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 lbs., 4/6;
Ags 28 Ibs., 7/6; 56lbs., 12/6: 112 lbs., 20/-.

- m LONDON Or direct from the Works carriage paid in the United Kingdom
for Cash with Order (except 6d. tins).

“Dp iw OF Every Tin, Bag, and Seal bears the Trade Mark.

TRADE MARK The only Guarantee of Genuineness.

Directions for Use are included in

CLAY’S SUCCESSFUL GARDENING,

Fourth Edition, many Illustrations, bound in cloth, 9d., post free,
or of Seedsmen.

CLAY & SON,

Manure Manufacturers, Bone Crushers, &c.,
STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
1

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LONDON: cms Beni OUBEM: -VICTORIA - cals EC.

Pollies Of Our Own Introduction

WILSONII (F.C.C., R.H.S.) berry-bearing

MUNDYII do. Every lover
MARNOCKII do. of Hollies should
HANDSWORTH NEW SILVER do. plant
SHEPHERDII male variety these varieties.

HANDSWORTHENSIS do.

FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, Ltd.,
Royal Nurseries, Handsworth. Yorks.

$5 FX 2 a INCORPORATED |
2 8. U

“a | Ss Ks ’ A. in 1809.
oS! 2 Se

| ..OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

| VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

f ESTABLISHED
A.D. 1804.

\ complete list of the dates of the Society’s Flower Shows to be held in 1909 will
be found in this JOURNAL on advt. Ris res 56 and 57, and those of kindred Horticultural
Societies on page 59. To wath a copy of the Temple Show Schedule see advt. page 61.

Particulars of the Society’s Examinations to be held in April will also be found on
advt. page 58, and a list of its Publications on advt. pages 48 and 49.

= —————

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W
2

SPECIAL NOTICE FOR 1909.

—

ey SE Si

SAN Je ye

1F YOU WANT

REALLY GOOD SEEDS AND BULBS

AT MODERATE PRICES
SEND TO

ROBERT SYDENHAM LIMITED,

TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM,

No one will serve you better.

THEIR UNIQUE LISTS

Are acknowledged by all to be the Best, Cheapest. and most
Reliable ever published. They contain only the Best

VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND BULBS
WORTH GROWING.

Being the Selections of the Largest Seed Growers, Market

Gardeners, and the most celebrated Professional Gardeners

and Amateurs in the Kingdom. They also contain very useful
cultural instructions.

The quality of their Seeds and Bulbs is well known al! over
the United Kingdom as being equal to anything in the market.

THE BEST TOMATOES, 3d. per packet of 200 Seeds.

THE BEST CUCUMBERS, 6d. per packet of 10 Seeds.
THE BEST ONIONS FOR EXHIBITION—

Excelsior or Ailsa Craig 6d. perpacket of about 1,500 Seeds.

SWEET PEAS A SPECIALITY.

No fiowers give so much cut bloom at so little cost and trouble
if treated as instructions sent with each Collection.

12 useful varieties, 50 Seeds of each, Is. 3d.; 12 good varieties,

50 Seeds of each, Is. 6d.; or the Two Collections for 2s. 6d.; a

Third Collection of the 12 best varieties, 50 Seeds of each, 2s. ;

or the Three Collections, 4s. post free, and a Packet of the four

best striped and four other varieties free of charge; making
44 varieties at about ld. a packet.

Please compare these Prices with what you are paying.

ALL OTHER SEEDS EQUALLY CHEAP AND GOOD.

FULL LISTS ON APPLICATION.

: THIS FIRM HAS THE LARGEST RETAIL
SWEET PEA AND BULB TRADE IN THE KINGDOM.

to

The Hardy Plant Nursery

Extra vitality. ot Britain x 500 ft. elevation.

“ Sweet is all the land about, and all the flowers that blow,’’—TENNYSON.

Pennick’s Hardy Plant Nurser , Situated five hundred feet above sea

level, 13 miles from Greystones Station,
17 miles south of Dublin, D. & 8. E. Railway.

All lovers of Horticulture,
especially Fellows of the Royal
Horticultural Society, are in-
vited to visit this interesting
Botanic Nursery, possessing
unique specimens such as

Drimys Winter,
Myrtus Luma,

Dacrydium Franklinii,

Edwardsia microphylla,
Hydrangea vestita pubescens,
Taxodium distichum pendula,

Halesia tetraptera,

and others,
where Flowering Trees and
rare plants grow in perfection
in loamy soil on the mountain
side. Procure our copiously
illustrated and descriptive cata-
logue, containing many novel
items of information, rendering
it a desirable tome for reference
in Library.

Evergreen and Deciduous
Trees, Forest Trees,
Fruit and Rose Trees,
Ornamental and Flowering
Shrubs, including an
exceptional Collection of
Rhododendrons (Himalayan
and other species),
Alpine and Herbaceous plants

from all climes. CHIEF VIEW AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO NURSERY.

NEW AND RARE PLANTS.

Among the many rare and meritorious plants which we grow may be mentioned:

ea 2) .
ae
rerheS x

ee —

Buddleia Asiatica, white flower. Hydrangea arborescens, grandiflora alba (new);
Crinodendron Hookerianum, graceful pendulous a glorified Paniculata of real merit.
fuchsia-like blooms. Jasminum primulinum, evergreen and bold
Cytisus Kewensis, a veritable rockery gem. Cassia-like flower.
Dendromecon rigidum, a yellow Romneyi. Prunus Miqueliana, flowers in December.
Embothrium coccineum, vivid scarlet flowers; Rhododendron Falconeri, and other rare Hima-
a treasure. (tinted plant extant. layan varieties. [tain bramble.
Enkianthus japonicus, most brilliantly autumn- Rubus deliciosus, the delightful Rocky Moun-
Eucryphia pinnatifolia, white flowers; aChilian Viburnum macrocephalum, magnificent bloom,
beauty. as large as Hydrangea.

Landscape Gardening in all its branches undertaken in any part of Great Britain,

PENNICK & CO.,
DELGANY NURSERIES, near DUBLIN.

Telephone: No. 1 Greystones

Telegrams: ‘‘ Pennick, Delgany.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
4

Telegrams: ‘‘ BARR, LONDON.”

Telephone: 2991 Central.

BARRS "SEEDS

rok FLOWER & KITCHEN GARDEN

BARR’S SEED GUIDE

Contains a Select List of the best Vegetables and the most beautiful Flowers.
It is full of Practical Hints on the culture of Vegetables and Flowers, valuable
to Gardeners, Amateurs, and Exhibitors.

Sent free on application.

BARR’S COLLECTIONS OF

VEGETABLE SEEDS,

5/6, 7/6, 12/6, 21/-, 42/-, 63/=, to 105/-,

Contain a liberal selection from the following “useful Vegetables : Beans (Broad and French),
Beet, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Capsicum, Carrot,
Caulifiower, Celery, Colewort, Corn Salad, Cress, Cucumber, Endive, Herbs,
Leek, Lettuce, Melon, Mustard, Onions, Parsley, Parsnip, Peas, Radish,
Salsafy, Savoy Cabbage, Scorzonera, Spinach, Tomato,

Vegetable Marrow.
Full Particulars on application.

Turnip, an?

BARR’S COLLECTIONS OF

CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS,

2/6, 5/6, 7/6, 10/6, 15/=, 21/-, 30/-, 42/-, and 63/-.

Full Particulars on application.

BARR’S SPRING BULB CATALOGUE

Contains a Descriptive List of the best BULBS and TUBERS for Winter and Spring
Planting, including choice Anemones, Begonias, Cannas, Dahlias, Gladioli,
Lilies, Ranunculus, Tigridias, Tuberoses, &c., with many valuable notes on culture.

Sent free on application.

BARR’S HARDY PLANT CATALOGUE

Contains a Descriptive List of the best Hardy Perennials and Alpines, Aquatics,
Marsh Plants, New Water Lilies, and a select List of the best Hardy Climbers
and Wall Shrubs. It is illustrated from original photographs taken at, our Surbiton

Nurseries, and contains many valuable Notes on Culture. [Ready in March

Sent free on application.

BARR & SONS,

11, 12, & 13 KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON.
Nurseries: SURBITON, SURREY. Visitors Invited.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
5

L AXTON'S
Nurseries OVer 70 Acres, |

Noted for Ea eeuti grown

FRUIT TREES,
ROSES,

STRAWBERRIES,
‘nD BUSH FRUITS.

By FLEE PEPET EEE EPEAT ERS

; S | As STANDARDS, 2/- & 2/6 each.
BUSHES, 16 to 3/6 ,,
PYRAMIDS, 2/6 to 5/- ,,
ESPALIERS, 3/6 to 5/= ,,
CORDONS, 2/-ea., 21/- doz.
WALL TREES, 3/6 to 7/6 ea.
POT FRUIT TREES, 5/- to.

APPLES. APRICOTS.
CHERRIES.
FICS. NECTARINES.

ul XXGPON E aROS vias a
Bi EFL) FOR 7D VINES, &c.

LALELLELALELLELELEEL ELS
CATALOGUES FOR ALL DEPARTMENTS GRATIS.

LAXTON BROTHERS

BEDFORD.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
6

"SLSITVIOSdS ‘YsInquipy ‘sov[q OopIeyeM T
NOYAINAGOGOHY

"NAWAMWASHYNN S:DNIYN FHL "OO 8 SNOSMOIC §

"8061 ‘UOIZIQIYXZ [DUOIYN Y8!Z209§ AY}? 3D “0D WY SUOsHIIG Ag pazsgiyxa ‘woo/g £0 sassn4z OP 4200 Hushadva ‘uoApuapopoyy ,, AVA YUld,, In{Iynvag ay} fo dnoab

‘9901 ‘ON ouoYdoToy,

Edinburgh.

—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

DICKSONS,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office

U)
Z
0
Me
.
z
:
:
Q
.
0
"
is
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.
hy

‘ :
Daffodils and Nareissi

(NEW AND RARE).

A beautiful deep golden-yellow, sweetly-scented variety, with ample perianth segments and a
shapely trumpet, a result of crossing Narcissus ‘Emperor’ with the Campernelle Jonquil.
Award of Merit (unanimous), R.H.S., April 14, 1908. First Class Cert. (unanimous), Birmingham, April 23, 1908.

A list on application, comprising, amongst many others, the following lovely varieties,
of which Stocks are very limited, viz. :—

ARMOREL (the early flat-eye), BERNARDINO, BUTTERCUP,
COSSACK, ETHELBERT, HOMESPUN, MOONBEAM, PILGRIM,
VICTORY, &c., and many new Poeticus ——————

also complete Stocks of many New and un-named Seedlings.
AN EXHIBIT IS STAGED AT THE END OF MARCH AND EARLY APRIL MEETINGS OF
THE R.H.S. AT VINCENT SQUARE.

Awarded the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S GOLD MEDAL
for a group of New and Rare Daffodils on April 14, 1908.

CHARLES DAWSON,
ROSEMORRAN MANOR, GULVAL, PENZANCE.
R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

8

PGS oe twa o.

THE LAMP PUMP.

BADCOCK’S PATENT.

The Cheapest and most Compact Pumping Plant
in the World.

Price complete, ready for running, B35.

Total Floor space
net occupied
weight, by this
185 Ibs. installation,
Packed, 2 ft. G in. by
270 Ibs. 2 ft. 6 in.
Telephone . Telegrams:
797 * Pumsyndi,
Westminster, London.”

Will pump 400 gallons per hour at the cost of 1d.
Larger types of the same inexpensive system of working supplied.
NO DANGER, NOISE, or SMELL. NO ENGINE HOUSE
or SKILLED ATTENDANCE REQUIRED.

AWARDS:
The only Silver Medal by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, July 1908.
9 - is » Tunbridge Wells and South-Eastern Counties
Agricultural Society, July 1908.
’ ‘9 = », Warwickshire Agricultural Society, August 1908.

GOLD MEDAL, Franco-British Exhibition, October 1908.

Apply for Descriptive Catalogue to

THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, Ld.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,
12 Carey Street, Westminster, London, S.W.

(Two minutes’ walk from the Royal Horticultural Hall, where the Pumps can be seen at work.)

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
9

E -
* to this “Majesty the thing.
pS

Catalogues with Route Map tree on application.

Visit of inspection cordially invited,
The Nurseries are easily accessible from the West End.

HUGH LOW & CO..

Royal Nurseries,
BUSH HILL PARK, muwpx.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
10

TUBS FOR SHRUBS

Palms, Plants, &Ac., for
DRAWING ROOMS, LIBRARIES, HALLS, CONSERVATORIES,
VERANDAHS, TERRACE GARDENS, &c.

CHARMING AND
UNIQUE
ORNAMENTS

WORTHY OF ANY POSITION.
ALSO

LOGS,
BRIQUETTES,
_ PEAT, &e.

The Tubs are perfect speci-
mens of the cooper’s craf:,

| made entirely by hand from

STs. | Mens | specially seasoned wood,
\ a Si - highly finished, and of
ee a - = a ees EE —_—— _— . P i
PALM STAND. Artistic Design.

With Fou:"Legs, 30 in. high, 12 in. diameter, price 52/6.
With Three Legs, 30 in. high, 10 in. diameter, price 42/-

DAINTY AND DECORATIVE.

Withstanding contraction from heat and resisting expansion from moisture. When
used asa ** Fireplace Summer Decoration ’’ it surpasses anything yet adopted;
whilst as a “Fireside Log Tub in Winter” it proves itself most handy.

Quotations given for special sizes and designs.

ALEX. HAMILTON,

| -TUBDOM LONDON » Ill CONDUIT STREET, W. © tet. no. 3449 maytair
Awarded

THE GRAND PRIX
(Highest Possible Atward)
at the

FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION, 1908,

for Tubs of every description.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
£}

FINS
yee eee 7 TNS —_
LEELA Gf MMS Sp

SSS
SSS SS — SS

R. HALLIDAY & CO.

HOT-HOUSE BUILDERS, and

HOT-WATER ENGINEERS, &c.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Designs and Estimates sent free for Conservatories, Vineries, Greenhouses, Orchid Houses,
Peach Houses, &c., of the best possible construction and quality.

SURVEYS MADE AND CUSTOMERS WAITED UPON IN ANY PART OF THE KINGDOM.

Hot Water Heating Apparatus of the most perfect Description, with really
reliable Boilers, erected and guaranteed.

BEST MATERIALS, BEST WORKMANSHIP, and MODERATE
CHARGES can be relied on.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES, No. 1. PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES, No. 3.

These Frames are made of the best materials These Frames are made of the best materials
and can be put together and taken apart in a | and can be put together and taken apart in a ©

few minutes by anyone. few minutes by anyone.
SIZES AND PRICES SIZES AND PRICES

(Glazed and Painted). (Glazed and Painted).
eS 8-8 £s. aa
i light 4 ft. by 6 ft.. Cash 2 0 0] 6ft. long by 3 ft. wide Cash /2 0 O
a) 56 a) ee 8 «0 0) ¢-6T 2 5, See as ; 26 0
S 4, 12 ft. ,, 6 ft.| P7! ls sia) sot eo att,
4 » 16%, 6ft(, 18 5 0) Of . oth 5, ] tn
5 » 20% o96-1L1 Deed 7 6 | 42% yy0 Bit. bee
6 6ft.) Paid. \710 0] 12f. ,, 6ft.,, ) Paid. \512 6)

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
12

SUNDIALS

MAKE YOUR GARDENS INTERESTING AND ATTRACTIVE

AND ARE USEFUL FOR REGULATING THE CLOCKS
OF THE HOUSE BY

Book oF SuNDIALS,

BY H. K. EDEN & E. LLOYD.
OVER 500 PAGES AND
1,600 MOTTOES.

POST FREE, 31/6.

Descriptive Booker,

WITH INTERESTING READING
AND MOTTOES, WITH OTHER
DESIGNS. POST FREE

UPON APPLICATION.

THE ABOVE BOOK IS
CATALOGUED AND CAN BE
SEEN IN THE LIBRARY OF
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

DRAWINGS AND
SOCIETY.

ADVICE SUPPLIED
FOR SETTING-OUT
FLORAL SUNDIALS.

12’ COPPER ARMILLARY SPHERE SUNDIAL AND PORTLAND STONE
PEDESTAL, 3' 6’ HIGH. PRICE £10 10 0.
FOR SAME, WITH SPHERE ENGLISH GILT, £12 12 0.

AGENTS FOR THE NEW CHRONOSPHERE OR EMPIRE CLOCK
WHICH SHOWS THE CORRECT TIME ALL OVER THE WORLD.

Particulars upon application.

FRANCIS BARKER & SON,

Sundial & Scientific Instrument Makers,
12 CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

PLEASE MENTION THIS JOURNAL WHEN WRITING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
13

BATHS —
Select Seeds & Plants

CANNOT BE SURPASSED!

BATH’S SELECT VEGETABLE and FLOWER
SEEDS.

From the finest stocks that are grown.

BATH’S CARNATIONS. 400 best new and standard

varieties. 120,000 Plants for present delivery.

BATH’S GORGEOUS PEONIES.

The fashionable flower; all the best sorts.

BATH’S DAHLIAS.

Cactus, Single Cactus, Show, Pompone and Peony-flowered.

BATH’S PLANTS FOR ALL GARDENS.

All the favourite sorts, with the newest additions.

BATH’S HOME GROWN BULBS. As supplied to

the Royal Parks and Gardens. The largest bulb growers
in the United Kingdom; 85 acres under bulb cultivation. |

BATH’S ROSES.

100,000 good plants in the best varieties.

BATH’S FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES,
RASPBERRY CANES, &c.

in all the best varieties for garden culture.

Complete I/lustrated Catalogues, with Copious Cultural
Directions, post free on application.

ALL GOODS ARE SENT SECURELY PACKED AND CARRIAGE PAID
THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN.

R. H. BATH, Ltd.,
THE FLORAL FARMS, WISBECH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
14

en OF

Amateur Gardeners”)

Will find JUST WHAT THEY WANT TO KNOW in

Garden Life

ILLUSTRATED.
pace AA Practical Journal ce
ONE _FOR—

WEDNESDAY
PENNY. A mmateur Gardeners.

OF ALL NEWSAGENTS AND BOOKSTALLS.

GARDEN LIFE} GARDEN LIFE

IS THE IS THE

LARGEST Penny BEST Paper for
Gardening Paper! Amateur Gardeners!

It contains more illustrations and more At least, that is what thousands of readers
original information than any other Garden- say, and we have no reason to question
ing Publication. their verdict.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES:

6/6 per year; 3/6 per half-year; 1/9 for three months.

PUBLISHING OFFICES:

|
|
|
|
POINTS WORTH NOTING: |
2
|
|
|
|

Hatton House, Great Queen Street,

le LONDON, w.c.

Telesraphic Address: ‘‘ ARATOR, LONDON.” Telephone No. : 1832 nS
“Qict © RE BARES! 0 EES 6 REECE © Tce 2 ee

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
15

~

LO ALPINES,
BEGONIAS,
CALADIUMS,
CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
GLOXINIAS,
HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
TREE CARNATIONS.

Catalogues Free on Application.

JOHN PEED & SON,

THE NURSERIES, WEST NORWOOD, s.c.

( MITCHAM LANE, STREATHAM, S.W.
Branch Nurseries

MESSENGER & COMPANY, Ltd.,

Horticultural Builders & Heating Engineers.

Plans and Estimates Free for WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,
VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, and every kind of Plain or Ornamental
GLASS HOUSE. Also HEATING to Residences, Public Buildings, Churches,
__ Schools, &c.

LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. <evcrosu't0tlseicoms ce

—

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE. WESTMINSTER, S.W.
16

-_

FOSTER & PEARSON

LIMITED.

Established 1841,

Estimates on application
for

RANCES, VINERIES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

IMPROVED FRAMES
&C.,
IN TEAK OR DEAL.

ECONOMY IN FUEL.

The “ROBIN HOOD” Boiler is most
economical in fuel.

No Brickwork Setting. required.
Any section can be quickly replaced.

s

'

‘

N

kee
~

¥

_BEESTON, NOTTS. |

" RHLS, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
LT b

BY PERMISSION
OF H.M.’s TREASURY,

1866.

CORRY’S concentrated WINTER DRESSING
for FRUIT and other TREES.

For the destruction of all Insect Germ and Pests that shelter in the Bark during the
Winter Months.

This preparation has been most successfuly tested under special supervision by practical
Growers and is highly recommended by all Fruit Growers.

PRICES.— Pint, 1/—; Quart, 2/-; Half-Gallon, 3/6; 1 Gallon, 6/—; 3 Gallons, 17/-;
5 Gallons, 27,6; 10 Gallons, 54/-.

Important to Gardeners and Fruit Growers.

66 NIQU AS TF tassel oae

The Most Successful NON-POISONOUS INSECTICIDE of the day.

ITS ADVANTAGES ‘ARE—

Certain Death to all Insect Pests.

No possible injury to the most delicate Plant, Flower, or Foliage.

It is by far the cheapest Insecticide known. One pint makes ten to twelve gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, &c., whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy Bug, and Scale can be
thoroughly eradicated by using ‘* NIQUAS”’ double or three times the strength required for
Fly.

PRICES.—Pint, 1/-; Quart, 1/9: Half-Gallon, 3/-; Gallon, 5/-. Kegs, each, five
gallons, 22,6; ten gallons, 42/6.

Ask for Testimonials, of which some Hundreds have been received.

LETHORION

IMPROVED METAL

Vapour Cone Fumigator,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES,

= INTRODUCED 1883.
Registered Trade Mark, 62.9 957. ar

This well-known invention for the entire eradication of all pests infesting vegetation
under glass is now manufactured in a more simple and reliable form. The small candle
(which will be found packed with each Cone) has only to be lighted, and placed on the ground
in the centre of the Cone Frame, to produce immediate results. Nothing in the market can
equal it for efficiency and cheapness.

Cone No. 3, for a well-secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price 1/— each.
Cone No. 2, for a well-secured house of 1,000 to 1,200 cubic feet. Price 8d. each.
Cone No. 1, for frames 100 cubic feet. Price 6d. each.

Full Directions accompany each Cone.

ALL HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES SUPPLIED. BEST TERMS TO THE TRADE. TO BE HAD
FROM ALL SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS.

Manufactured by CORRY & CO., Limited, at their

BONDED CHEMICAL WORKS, SHAD THAMES, S.E.
Offices and Showrooms; 13 & 15 Finsbury Street, LONDON, E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
18

war)

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62

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
19

R.H.S. Advertisement Office

HIGHEST AWARD, ‘SILVER CUP,” FOR

BEGONIAS,

TEMPLE SHOW, 1908. |

« . =

SPECIMEN PLANT OF FRILLED

—

i

SINGLE BEGONIA.

LAGKMORE & LANCDON'S

BEGONTITAS

Of the very highest type of perfection in plants of upright habit (attained after many years
of cross-fertilization and selection with this special object in view) with flowers of the most
perfect form and glorious colouring. :

Awarded 18 GOLD MEDALS and 8 SILVER CUPS. ’

:

:

For List and Prices of named Varieties, see Catalogue Post Free.

Seed in Sealed Packets. Double, 2/6 and 5/-; Single, 1/-, 2/6 and 6/-; Single in separate
colours, 1/*, 2/6 and &/-; also crested Single and Frilled Single (very beautiful), at same prices.

VERY CHOICE COLLECTION OF DELPHINIUMS, PANSIE8, POLYANTHUS, BLUE PRIMROSES, & VIOLETS.
American Winter-flowering, and Border Carnations. A grand Collection of all the very best Varieties,

|
Twerton Hill Nursery, BATH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
20

ROCK AND WATER GARDENS.

Special attention is given to their formation,

Plans, Designs, and Estimates submitted. Rock Stone supplied.

A VIEW IN OUR WATER GARDEN.

Gardener’s Magazine, July 11, 1908.—REPORT OF HOLLAND HOUSE SHOW.
“In the big tent Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. had a fine display of the Japanese or Kempferi
Tris. . . . With these was a pool of Water Lilies surrounded by graceful Spireas, &c. The
whole idea was a little path through an Iris swamp, leading across (by stepping stones) the

- pool and up the low rockery hill in the distance—a very pretty picture.’”’ (Gold Medal. )

SPECIALITIES: LILIES, MAY-FLOWERING TULIPS, ALPINE & HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
WATER LILIES, IRIS KEMPFERI, ASTILBES, SPIREAS, and other Waterside Plants.

GOLD MEDALS awarded by the Royal Horticultural Society :

LILY CONFERENCE, 1901. TEMPLE SHOW, 1903, 1904,
HOLLAND HOUSE, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907.
1907, 1908. CHELSEA, 1905,

Also at York, Shrewsbury, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Edinburgh (International).

Herbaceous Borders Planned and Designed for producing the best Colour Effect.
Bae 2 SEPNCREO on application.

R. WALLACE & GO., Sus? COLCHESTER,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
21

Telephone: Post Office City, No. 274.
Telegrams: ‘‘ Antidrip, London.”

Works: TOTTENHAM.

WINTER GARDEN and
CONSERVATORY

PLANT HOUSES
ROSE HOUSES
ORCHID HOUSES
CARNATION HOUSES
CUCUMBER HOUSES
STOVE HOUSES
PEACH HOUSES
VINERIES
FIG HOUSES

GARDEN FURNITURE

WRITE FOR NEW CATALOGUE,

Kindly mention this Book, ERECTED AT ORPINGTON.

: Oy -
; = i} tt

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me a
sea |

f

4

Rese"
RANGE OF GLASSHOUSES.

MELON & CUCUMBER FRAMES. No. 38.

Frontage. Deep. Price.
One light man) FAW bos nine £1.-7 0
a ~ ace 2 Sib. XG pate 114 0
Twot ys ce . Of. < GHit, oa eee
Three ,, woe AD Th. SSEEGH Ce a eee re
Four ,, ws LOE. <6 ft oc eee ee
Hive’ --:; ce BOG eG, 514 0

stations in England.

Large variety in stock.

arse Gere ee

sno'Sices: 27 CANNON ST., E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :_VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,

22

CHARLESWORTH & GO,

Orchid Merchants,

Raisers, Growers,
Importers, and Exporters,

HAYWARD’S HEATH, Sussex.

(Late of Bradford.)

Their New Establishment now contains the
finest, largest, and most numerous collection of

HYBRIDS (Flowered and Unflowered),
Albinos, Botanical Species, and Curiosities,

CHOICE SPECIES, etc., etc., in the World.

The largest continuous Exhibitors of Orchids in the trade

at the Royal Horticultural Society’s fortnightly Meetings.

Always a grand display of Plants in Flower to add
interest to a visit.

Visitors conveyed to and from the Station upon intimation of visit being given. Frequent
Trains from London Bridge or Victoria Stations, on the London, Brighton, and South
Coast Railway.

CATALOGUE POST FREE.

TrLEGRAMs: “CHARLESWORTH, HAYWARD’S HEATH.”
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
23

J. CHEAL «SONS’

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Gardens, Lawns, Parks, and all Ornamental Grounds
designed and laid out.

Illustrated Booklet on “GARDEN MAKING”’ post free on application.

London Office for this Department:

53 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telephone Nos. 2178 Victoria, and 38 Crawley.

NURSERIES 110 -AGRe]

ORNAMENTAL TREES

Shrubs and Roses, Rhododendrons,
Climbing Plants, Forest Trees.

FRUIT TREES

An Immense Stock. True to Name.
Healthy and Hardy.

SEED DEPARTMENT

Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds.
Bulbs and Sundries.

DAHLIAS A SPECIALITY.
Hardy, Herbaceous, Alpine, and Rock Plants.

CATALOGUES POST FREE:

J. CHEAL & SONS,
LOWFIELD NURSERIES, CRAWLEY, SUSSEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
24

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.

25

IMPORTANTI—NOW IS THE TIME

to Dress your Fruit Trees with

LITTLE’S 3. tt ae
= PESTICIDE

to ensure a Good Crop next Season.

From Sir Nicholas Gosselin, Aughnamullen, Ballybay,
Co. Monaghan, October 16th, 1908.

KR

“T gave the Pesticide which I got from you
avery good trial, especially on Apple trees badly
infested with ‘Spot,’ and on both Pear and
Apple Trees that were suffering from moss,
slime, &c., the effects of damp and bad manage-
ment. I left some trees untouched and the
difference was most remarkable. A Blenheim
Orange that I was going to root out has a crop
of lovely apples absolutely free from the disease.

“The application has a good deal to do with
the success of the Wash. It must be thoroughly
applied and several times in bad cases. The
bark of the trees I used it on are so smooth
and glossy, you would imagine they were washed
and polished.”

Write for Pamphlet, with full particulars and reports.

MORRIS, LITTLE & SON, LTD.,
DONCASTER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
26

LISSA DELL

(Owner—Sir Jossiyn Gore-Booth, Bart.)

TRIS Ho-G ROW DN

DAFFODILS

Were awarded in 1908
Special Large Gold Medal, R.H.S., Dublin.
Silver-Gilt Banksian Medal, R.H.S., London.
Silver-Gilt Medal, R.C.H.S., Edinburgh.
Large Silver Medal, M.D.S., Birmingham.
Gold Medal, Shrewsbury.

Our Illustrated Price List contains several new
Varieties of great beauty, which we are offering
this year for the first time, also the best of the
rare and standard Varieties.

— OTHER SPECIALITIES. —
Lissadell Alpine Plants,

mostly Pot-grown.

Lissadell Herbaceous Plants,

in great variety.

Lissadell St. Brigid Anemones,

Doubie Flowers, brilliant colours.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE LISTS’ FREE.

J. A. COOPER,
LISSADELL, SLIGO.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
27

ONCE USED, ALWAYS USED.

THE “PATTISSON” HORSE BOOTS

(PATENT).
SIMPLEST! STRONGEST! MOST ECONOMICAL!

Used in the Royal Gardens at Buckingham Palace; Balmoral Castle; Claremont
Palace; Osborne; Kew, &c.; the Gardens

of the Royal Botanic Societies, London gp
and Edinburgh; the London County Fat
Council’s Parks; the Principal Private :
Gardens, and by County Councils, Cor-
porations, and the leading Cricket and
Golf Clubs.

Soles of Best Waterproofed English Sole Leather and Motor Tyre Rubber, or SOLID RUBBER,
RUBBER SOLES strongly recommended.

In the Fig. 1 pattern the boot is fastened to the animal’s shoe by two or three turns of the

screw, and there is not the slightest_pressure on the hoof. This pattern can be Refitted

repeatedly, equal to New Bocts.
SILVER MEDAL, Royal Horticultural Society. All Orders Carriage Paid.

HUNDREDS OF UNSOLICITED TESTIMONIALS.

“THE FIELD” says: ‘‘ As good as es that could be devised.”

Dr. W. G. GRACE writes : .y_ are the best Boots I have ever seen.”

Mr. TROUP (Head Gardener to His Majesty the King, Balmoral Castle) writes: “The Boots I
had ago Be two Pea ago are as good as ever.” E

Mr. J S$ HUDSON, M.V.H. (Gunnersbury House) writes: ‘Excellent in every respect.”
oo. McPHERSON (Falkland Place, Fife) writes: “There is nothing on the market to touch

em.”

Mr. A. WILSON (Eridge Castle Gardens) writes: “They have answered splendidly.”

Mr, ALEX. WRIGHT (North Berwick Golf Club) writes: “The Pattisson Boots have lasted
about as long as three sets of the ordin kind.”

PRICE LIST, with Testimonials, from the Makers,

H. PATTISSON & CO.. 4 Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM, S.W.

Horticultural Requisites
* GISHURST COMPOUND ”

For preventing and destroying Red Spider, Green Fly, &c. Harmless in
use. Its soluble sulphur, &c., has for 40 years cured blights and fungus on
plants. It is also useful for washing unhealthy dogs.

** GISHURSTINE”

For the protection of Boots and Shoes from damp, ensuring comfort and
health to the wearers. Boots treated with ‘‘ Gishurstine’’ take polish. It is
also good for use on harness.

SOFT SOAP

Specially prepared as an insecticide, including

“SOFT SOAP and Quassia.” “SOFT SOAP and Paraffin.”

To be obtained from all dealers in Horticultural Requisites, or Wholesale from

PRICE’S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, Limited,

London, Liverpool and Manchester.
eee eee Pee

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
28 ‘

PREMIER HONOURS, LAST GREAT SHOW, HAARLEM,

ESTABLISHED 1832.
Successors to the late BARON VAN PALLANDT.

ANT.ROOZEN &SON’S

SPLENDID

DUTCH, CAPE,

BULBS,

AND EXOTIC

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND SEEDS.

FAMED FOR STERLING WORTH.

Our Descriptive CATALOGUES of the above, containing full cultura)
directions, are published in JANUARY and JUNH, and will be sent, FREE,
on application to our Offices at OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND, or

to our General Agents,

MERTENS & CO., 3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, LONDON, E.¢.

N.B.—_NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM OF A SIMILAR NAME.

PFITZER’S illustrated General and Descriptive
SEED, PLANT, BULB AND NOVELTY CATALOGUE FOR 1909

is now ready and will be sent free of Charge upon application, a Penny Post Card securing a

copy.

of the Firm, viz.: Begonias, Cannas, Dahlias, Cladioli, Pentstemons, Phlox decussata, &c., &c.

It is of great interest to all in Horticulture, and includes among all Floral Plants, the leading 8pecialities

“py srurrthhl

PFITZER’S CANNAS, Finest Bedding Varieties
of my own raising. Light Foliage: First Wied,
R. Wallace, Emma Bedau, Météor, Feuermeer,
Frau Geheimrat Borsig and Johanna Kanzleiter.

The Set of 7 Varieties, 11/-
Dark Foliage: Garteninspektor Nessler, Dr. E.
Ackerknecht, and Graf M. Tolstoi.
The Set of 3 Varieties, 5/-
PFITZER’S FRILLED-TUBEROUS BEQGO-

NIAS. A Special Selection of red, pink, yellow,
orange and white,

The Set of 5 Colours, 3/- ; 100 Bulbs, assorted, £2.

PFITZER’S GIANT GLADIOLI (all own raising)
Awarded Gold and Silver Medals at various
Exhibitions.

‘ELITE’ COLLECTIONS of Finest named

Varieties.
‘B’ 12 Varieties, 4/-; ‘D’ 25 Varieties, 7/-
‘F’ 50 5 30/-; ‘GQ’ 75 » ~«=—s«s 85 /-

‘H’ 100 Varieties, 45/-

PFITZER’S GIANT DAHLIAS, SEMI-DOUBLE
(own raising) equal in all respects to the Dutch
Pzwony-Flowering Giant Dahlias: Santis, Mont-
blanc, Ortler, Maas and Rhéne.

The Set of 5 Varieties, 10/-

WILHELM PFITZER, F.R.HLS,,

Horticultural Establishment,

STUTTGART, Germany.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

29

B entley’ S For Destroying

DAISIES,
PLANTAINS,

PY 2
DANDELIONS,
Daisy Killer and other Weeds, Moss, &c., on

LAWNS, CROQUET GROUNDS, TENNIS COURTS, BOWLING
GREENS, GOLF COURSES, CRICKET GROUNDS, &c.,
and for enriching and thickening the growth of Grass.

This Daisy Killer is the finest non-poisonous dressing for the above purpose that can
be used. Applied by dredging over the surface of the ground at the rate of 5 or 6 ozs. to the
square yard in dry weather, in Autumn or Spring, a marvellous improvement is effected by
the destruction of the Weeds and Moss and by the thickened growth and deepened colour of
the grass which it ensures.

PRICE: 10 ewts. 21/- per cwt. ; 5 cwts. 22/- per cwt.; 1 cwt. 23/- carriage paid.

Sole Manufacturers:

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.,
Chemical Works, Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

JOHN UNITE [TD 291 & 293 Edgware Road,
a a5 LONDON, W.

S6y Appointment to b.M. the King, and H.R... the Prince of Wales.

So MTT
ETT AR Sah ahi

Ay \

everything for

ee: Tents
. he Stable. ’
Ball Furnishinz the Stable Rick Cloths,
McIntosh Coats, Blinds,
Capes, & Aprons. Cordage.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls, Weddings,
Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fétes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LTD., 291 & 293 Edgware Road, LONDON.

Telegrams—“ UNITENT, LONDON.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
30

ght weemenimn am» sit

GEO. JACKMAN & SON,

Woking Nurseries, Surrey,

(The nearest Nurseries to pay R. H. S. Wisley Gardens)

Oswaldestre House, 34 Norfolk St., Strand, W.C.,

invite inspection of their large and varied stock of

FRUIT TREES, ROSES,
ORNAMENTAL TREES & SHRUBS,
FOREST TREES, CLIMBERS

(including their celebrated Clematis),

HERBACEOUS & ALPINE PLANTS.

Catalogues free on application.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING A LEADING FEATURE.

A TRUE PLANT FOOD.

| THE ONLY FORM OF px,
NITROGEN THAT
FEEDS THE PLANT

FLOWERS, FRUIT,

| ee ind VEGETABLES.
1 IT Is fey oe gan bt fa etn

suicaless

APPLIED. > Sample 4 1b. Tins, for experiment, pri
1/-, vee th ce directo ons, are 0 SS
from all See aoe
Ay THE PERMANENT
\e NITRATE COMMITTEE,
ee FRIAR’S HOUSE, 39/41 NEW BROAD STREET,
LONDON, E.C.
4 Will supply Pamphlets, gratis, upon application.

| ' B.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
31

2, ett - ‘ * ae Te <9 re .>

MONOGRAPH ON }7} —

FUNGOID PESTS —

CULTIVATED PLANTS

M. C. COOKE, M.A., Loe V.M.H., A.L.S.

Syo. 278 pp., 24 Coloured Plates (Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster), bound in buckram, 5s. net.

Under the above title the Royal Horticultural Society has just published
an invaluable volume, the primary object of which is “to interest and instruct
the cultivator in the simplest and*most practical manner . . . by grouping the
pests together according to the nature of their hosts, rather than by following
any purely scientific and systematic classification, which would assume on-
siderable previous knowledge, and would be better left in charge of an expert.”

As implied by the title, the pests of cultivated plants alone are dealt with,
under the following headings:—‘ Pests of the Flower Garden,” “Pests of
Garden Vegetables,” “Pests of the Orchard and Fruit Garden,” “ Pests of the
Vinery and Stove,” “Pests of the Ornamental Shrubbery,” “Pests of Forest
Trees,” “Pests of Field Crops.’’ Then follows a chapter on “ Fungicides,”
which explains very clearly how to make the different washes and sprays, and
also gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should be used. |

Special attention is directed to the Coloured Plates, which illustrate no
fewer than 357 different fungoid diseases to which cultivated plants are liable Hy
and there are also 23 other Illustrations in Black and White in the text.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are not 2
—should be without this book; for not only can they by its use identify the
disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it and overcome it.”

Mr. G. Massezr, F.L.S., V.M.H:, the distinguished mycologist at Kew, in”
reviewing this work, speaks thus of it: “The book is printed on good paper,
and is in every sense a credit to its author and to the Royal Horticultural
Society under whose auspices it has appeared, ‘4 :

The Volume, as published, is bound in buckram, as it was considered
probable that it would form the text-book on the subject for very many years:
to come; and it thus makes an admirable school prize or gift,to a gardener or
student of nature. ;

TO BE HAD OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

Price 5s. post free.
See also Advertisement pages 48 and 49.

——

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
32

APPOINTMENT Te H.M. THE KING.
’ Ss 9 pe >

“COOPER'S AGRICULTURAL

AN D

‘| HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS

eee Lf oe
| V1 FLUID | | V2 FLUID
The The
Winter Spray Fluid. Summer Spray Fluid.

V2 K FLUID

For Rose
and other Mildews.

RTPI SS ay

WEEDICIDE

Scientific Weedkiller.

| APTERITE |

The Soil Fumigant and
Fertilizer.

Sole Manufacturers,

‘Willm. COOPER & NEPHEWS, BERKHAMSTED.

Vi FLUID
FOR WINTER SPRAYING.

AN INSURANCE, The Fruitgrower can effect no better insurance than
by cleaning his trees. The premium he pays, in time, trouble, and outlay, is
very small, when the benefits are considered. Unltke other kinds of insurance,
a full and prompt settlement of claim is made yearly.

THE SPRAY FLUID. To obtain the best results it is important to use
a suitable and efficient preparation, and one that will do no injury to the trees.

Vi FLUID
is a preparation that pre-eminently meets the case. It destroys mosses and
lichens, and removes loose bark. The immediate results from its use are clean,
healthy trees, which offer little lodgment to insect pests. The ultimate result
is healthy vigorous growth.

It should be remembered that healthy trees—trees, the vitality of which is
not being sapped by parasitic growths—are best able to withstand the attacks of
insect and fungus pests. Moreover, aclean, smooth bark gives little opportunity
for these pests to find lodgment and to breed.

The success of V1 FLUID in the orchards of this country, and abroad, has
been most marked, and is testified to by hundreds of practical fruitgrowers. It
is equally beneficial to the gardener who grows fruit on a small scale, and to
the nurseryman who is interested in encouraging healthy growth, not only in
fruit trees but in nursery stock generally.

Vi FLUID has only to be diluted with cold water to the strength directed
to be ready for use. 1 gallon of Fluid makes 100 gallons of wash.

WHEN TO SPRAY. Vi FLUID should be applied in the winter months,
just before the buds show signs of opening. The trees then being bare of
leaves, the spray mixture can reach and envelop every part. At this time also
there is much dormant life in cracks and crevices, and on the parasitic growth —
—mosses and lichens—with which neglected trees are always clothed. The
removal of the latter necessarily involves the destruction of a host of injurious
pests.

THE SPRAYING MACHINE. An up-to-date. spraying machine, which
throws the spray in a fine impalpable mist, is necessary. It renders the process ~
easy, and economical of spray mixture.

TESTIMONY FROM USERS:

MAYCROFT, ASH HILL, COMPTON, WOLVERHAMPTON. October 14th, 1908.
“The difference between apples on sprayed and unsprayed trees, in size, cleanness, and number,
has astonished me. Your advertisements contain no exaggeration. I am going to make use of

your Vr this winter.” NORMAN HUNT.
ia ; _ THE NURSERIES, CHESTER. May 12th, 1908.
“The Vi Fluid for Winter Spraying has been very satisfactory. Please now send us 5 gallons
of your V2 Fluid for Summer Spraying.” DICKSONS, Lrp.
a . ACLE, NORFOLK. September 11th, 1908.
“Re Vi Fluid. We were more than satisfied with the result, and shall certainly continue the
spraying operations, CHAS. HOLMES & SONS.

2 : wars POMONA FRUIT FARM, WITHINGTON, H¥REFORD.
“The trials with Vr and V2 Fluids were an entire success; I shall order more this season.”

O. G. S. CROFT.

Ve FLUID

“For SUMMER SPRAYING. |

is 1

immer, o. a7 Aas ‘such. pests as Ses Bes Scale Insects, and young — :
pillars et this pukpose , : ea ay

MR ee SV FLUID | a eam

al ‘preparation. © The extent to which summer spraying may be Paes

me cessary will depend upon the state of the trees, w ere the fruitgrower a ea
W oe ” for the inroads of insect pests.

_ In Summer Spraying the object is to. search out insect life upon the
age and poene shoots, aud the spray must therefore be directed with force

* 7 hy

< eva, THE OLD eae a ‘CHESHUNT, ‘HERTS. October 14th, 1908.
“we Buna your Fluid very satisfactory for ‘American Blight on apples, and that your Summer

‘ Pini Va was extremely useful in the destruction of all kinds of Fly and Aphis.” oe ;
Vo pe Sa Se Rok a _ PAUL & SON. Lee

Ky THE HOMESTEAD, SOUTH GopsToxE, SURREY. September 12th, rank

+ “T ‘have to express my entire satsfaction with the result of spraying my apple trees with V1 OES

and V2 Fluids. The print of the fruit before and after, at Strood, which appears in your pamphlet, ay de Nae

is absolutely and exactly a reproduction of my trees, before and after aSipe your two sprays.’ be 9
eu N. C. DENT. Ae

ae WILLINGHAM, CAMBRIDGESHIRE. _—_ July 16th, 1908. yee
Sone “ye is the best ‘Summer Spray Fluid I have ever used, especially for spraying Asparagus for Sa *
eee Black Maggot that is in our district this. season.’ METCALFE FEW. | eee sie

—V2K FLUID

FOR ROSE AND OTHER MILDEWS.

ya K FLUID utilises the Selene fungicidal properties of Saar
a Eamnide combined with other ingredients, by which its action is re-inforced
and rendered more certain in effect. It only has to be diluted with water to be
ready for use, is easy of application, and’ by ordinary care in spraying may be ,
_ made to cover every part of the leaf surface. Moreover, it adheres until its Ber
action has had the desired effect. : 5 Ty : a

wet One of our greatest authorities, EDWARD MAWLEY, Esgq., V.M.H., Hon. "ee A
Sec. of the National Rose Bee in an interview published in Garden Rive: on © 2
October 31st, 1908, states:— \ ‘*
_-—s ** This year I have used nothing but Cooper’s V2 K, amW
Betts i though it has been a dreadful season for Mildew,
t's roses have been free from it. &

F ie the greenhouse and garden, for every kind of plant subject to the
= attacks of Mildew, V2 K FLUI D is the best and most convenient remedy.

. "For the treatment’ of American Gooseberry Mildew, V2 K Fluid is
; approved by several ony Councils, as an efficient remedy for this devastating ee 2

J

wait Pe

APTERITE | Ce Oe
FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF SOIL PES’ rs.

Enormous losses are annually incurred by the depredations of ground
and other sub-surface pests. Hitherto there has been no known remedy :
could be absolutely trusted to destroy these pests. By the application — mee ee
APTERITE the soil may not only be freed from its host of insect pests, but | .
presence in the soil will render the i immune from re-infection for
considerable time. ee

To the Fruit-grower the benefits to be derived from APTERITE
enormous. Many of his worst pests hybernate in the soil, beyond the reach
the Winter Spray-fluids. They can only be dealt with above ground after tl é
insects have hatched in the spring, and then it is usually too late. at

Among these may be mentioned Woolly Aphis, Wireworms, Coating an nd
other Moths, and various Flies and Midges. a

: ; p tae

APTERITE can be used at any time of the year, on any kind of soil,

by any one. It may also be applied to any kind of crop.

It is invaluable for the Nurseryman, Gardener, and Farmer

i

| USERS’ OPINIONS. |

HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, STUDLEY, WARWICKSHIRE. June ard, eae
“We have given your Apterite and V2 a trial, and found both very satisfacto
| STUDLEY HORTICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. >

LAWFORD HILL, RUGBY. November i1th, {Homes

““Now that the potato crop is lifted I have much pleasure in testifying to the value of Apterite
for the destruction of Wireworms, Millipedes, etc. ; where used the potatoes were absolutely free _
from Wireworm. In an adjoining field, where none was used, it is safe to value the damage, by —
Wireworms and Millipedes, to the potato crop at £4 per acre. It i is, however, gratifying that with ©
an expenditure of £1 per acre on Apterite, there is not only a good profit, but a pleasure in
marketing sound tubers free from Wireworm.” _JAMES LIVINGSTON:

“We find it will do as much as we have asked it to do.” “ “ FRUI TGROWER. ‘2

KNOWLE HALL GARDENS, NR. BRIDGWATER. August 18th, 1908. i
“T have found your Apterite most beneficial in destroying Wee ck Jackets, 1
other pests.”

plants, 1 gallon of WEEDICIDE is sufficient for treating 400 square vas a 4 ae

Prices of the above products, and full particulars, will De sent tree
on application to

Wm. COOPER & NEPHEWS, berkhamsted,

”

2

W. Herbert & Co.’s Genuine Garden Requisites.

The Nobility and Gentry that desire to reduce their gardening account should favour us with
one trial order, and compare Quality, Quantity and Cost of Delivery.

WE HAVE THE LARGEST SUPPLY OF

SOILS, MANURES, BAMBOO CANES, &c.

and every other Garden Requisite,
including many novelties not to be obtained elsewhere, being the oldest-established firm in London.

Medals and Certificates awarded by the R.H.S. and Botanical Society, London. Many complimentary

letters testifying to satisfaction of goods from all parts of the country. Splendid Brown Fibrous Peat,

5/-; Selected Orchid, 9/-; Sphagnum Moss, 6/6; Pure Leaf Mould, Coarse Sand, Yellow Fibrous Loam

and Peatmould, each 3/- per sack; C.N. Fibre, 2/6 per sack, 10 for 22/6; Bone Meal. 10/-; Basic Slag or

Kainit, 6/— per cwt. All other Manures. Bamboo Canes, 4 ft., 1/6, 2/-, and 4/- per 100; Carnation

Canes, 1/3 per 100; best new Archangel Mats, 18/-; Heavy Petersburgh, 12/- per dozen. Special price
quoted for large or small quantities by road, boat or rail.

Price List post free. Established 1876,

W. HERBERT & CO., 2 Hop Exchange Warehouses, LONDON, S:E.

COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for a
CoLour CHART—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he could
himself name, or recognise, or convey toa friend at a distance, the exact shade
of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen advertised, or wished to
commend to a friend.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour Chart,
but the expense of producing it has hitherto deterred them from issuing it.

Not long since an admirable chart, containing more than 1,450 shades of
colour between white and black, was published at the instance of the French
Chrysanthemum Society, the price being £1. 1s. net, and by this it is now
possible to exactly recognise or describe to a friend or purchaser at a distance
the precise colour of any possible flower. You may have met with an Azalea,
for instance, which greatly strikes your fancy; you take out your chart and
match its shade, and describe it to your friend or your nurseryman as
‘Colour: Apricot, p. 53, shade 3,” and he turns to his chart and sees in a
moment exactly what it is you want or describe. Or a nurseryman, having
raised a new variety, can by simply quoting ‘Colour Chart, p. —, shade —,’
exactly represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new introduetion.

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other purposes ;
for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only to refer her
dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade -—, and it can be infallibly
matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of the sky on a certain
sundown, can do so exactly by reference to the chart.

The Council recognising both the excellence and the usefulness of this
chart, the idea at once occurred, could it not be adopted as an International
Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world could accurately and
exactly describe to one another the colour and shade of any particular flower

_ they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat prohibitive

cost of £1. ls. net, but by undertaking to be responsible for a very large
number, the Society is now able to offer to its Fellows this excellent Chart.
containing every possible shade of colour between black and white at the
reduced cost of 14s. 6d.,

Or post free for 15s. from the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
- 83 Cc

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS |

IN THE PRESENT ISSUE.

Vor. XXXIV, Paar iit

The figures refer to the pages, which are numbered at the bottom.

Alpine and Herbaceous Plants—
BARNHAM NURSERIES, 38; BATH,
14: BUNYARD & CO. (3rd Cover) ;
CLARK, 39; COOPER, 27; HEMS-
LEY, 51; JACKMAN, 31; JONES, 72;
KELWAY & SON, 80; KING’S ACRE,
60: J. PEED, 16; PENNICK & CO.,
4: PERRY, 40; M. PRICHARD, 40;
REUTHE, 62; ROBSON, 74; ROOZEN,
29: THOMPSON .& MORGAN, 73;
R. WALLACE & CO., 21; WARE, 52.

Anemones—CoOoPER, 27; GILBERT, 45;
MAUGER, 62.

Aquatics—BARR & SONS, 5; A. PERRY,
40: PRICHARD, 40; G. REUTHE,
52: WALLACE, 21; T. S. WARE,
LE) 5e.

Artificial Manures—Sce Fertilisers.

Asters and Stocks—SUTTON & SONS
(Outside Cover).

Auriculas—J. DOUGLAS, 54.

Azaleas—R. & G. CUTHBERT, 64.

Bamboo Brooms—G. B. KENT & SONS,
65.

Bamboo Canes-—-W. HERBERT & CO., 33.

Begonias— BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 20;
H. N. ELLISON, 53; GWILLIM, 73;
JONES, 72:3. PEED & SON; a6;
W. PFITZER, 29:; WARE, 52.

Boilers—See Heating Engineers.

Books—F. BARKER, 13; CASSELL & CO.,
72. CHEAL & SONS, 24; GRES-
HAM PUBLISHING CoO., 68; H.
HEMSLEY, 51; H. B. MAY & SONS,
65; R.H.S8., 82, 83, 48, 49, 52, & 61;

Bottled Fruits—FOWLER, LEE & Co., 41.

Bottles and Jars for Preserving Fruits
—FOWLER, LEE & CoO., 66.
Bulbs—BARR, 5; BATH, 14; CARTER

PAGE, 74; COOPER, 27; CURREY,
50; DAWSON, 8; H. N. ELLISON,
53; HEMSLEY, 51; MAUGER, 62;
MURRAY (Inset facing page 600);
ROOZEN, 29; SYDENHAM, 3.
Cacti—H. N. ELLISON, 53; WALLACE, 21.
Caladiums—J. PEED & SON, 16.
Cannas and Gladioli—BARR, 5; W.
PFITZER, 29.
Carnations— BATH, 14; BLACKMORE &
LANGDON, 20; DOUGLAS, 54; Low,
10; PEED & SON, 16; ROBSON, 74;
T. S. WARE, 52.

Chrysanthemum—PEED & SON, 16;
HH: J. JONES; 72:

Colour Chart—R.H.S., 33.

Daffodils (New and Rare)—COOPER, 27;
CURREY, 50; DAWSON, 8.

Dahlias—BATH, 14; CARTER PAGE, 74;
CHEAL,24; PFITZER, 29 ; WARB, 52.

Daisy Killer—J. BENTLEY, LTD., 30.

Delphiniums—BLACKMORE & LANGDON,
20; KELWAY, 80.

Examinations in Horticulture, 1909—
R.H.8., 58.

Ferns—H. B. MAY & SONS, 65.

Fertilisers—ANGLO CONTINENTAL, 50;
BARNES, 65; CAMPBELL, 70; CLAY,
1; COOPER & NEPHEW (Inset facing
page 32); HERBERT, 33; NATIVE
GUANO CO., 73; PERMANENT
NITRATE COMMITTEE, 31; RICH-
ARDSON, 73; WAKELEY BROS., 55.

Flower Show Dates, 1909—-KINDRED
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, 59;
R.H.S., 56 & 57.

Flowers for the Whole Year—KELWAY
& SON, 80.

Forcing Plants—R. & G. CUTHBERT, 64.

Freesias and Ixias—MAUGER, 62.

Fruit and Hop Washing Plant —
MERRYWEATHER & SONS, 36.

Fruit Bottling Outfits—FOWLER, LEE
& &£O.,; Ad.

Fruit Trees—BARNHAM NURSERIES, 38;
BATH, 14; BUNYARD (8rd Cover) ;
CARTER PAGE, 74; CHEAL, 24;
JACKMAN, 31; KING’S ACRE, 60;
LANE (Inset facing Extracts from
Proceedings) ; LAXTON, 6 ; PEARSON
& SONS, 42; PENNICK, 4; RIVERS,
62.

Garden Engines, Hose, &c.— FOUR

* OAKS Co., 46; MERRYWEATHER,
36 & 37; WILLCOX, 47.

Garden Furniture — CASTLES, 455;
A. HAMILTON, 11; G. W. RILEY, 42.

Garden Requisites— BOUNDARY CHEMI-
CAL Co. (Inset between advt. pages
48 & 49); HERBERT, 33; PRICE’S
PATENT CANDLE CoO., 28.

Gardening Paper—GARDEN LIFE, 15.

Gloxinias—A. LL. GWILLIM, 73; PEED
& SON, 16.

Good Plants—R. VEITCH & SON, 44.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS

(Continued).

Greenhouse Plants — CLARK, 39;
CYPHER, 51; J. ROBSON, 74.
Greenhouses — See Horticultural
Builders.
Heating Engineers—BOULTON & PAUL,
67 ; CRISPIN, 71; FOSTER & PEAR-
SON, 17 ; HALLIDAY, 12; HARTLEY
& SUGDEN, 77; MACKENZIE & MON-
CUR, 78; MESSENGER, 16; RICH-
ARDSON, 19; RILEY, 42; TOOPE,74;
W.-DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS, 22;
J. WEEKS & CoO., 25.
Hoes and Pruning Knives—STANDARD
MANUFACTURING CoO., 69.
Hollies—FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, 2.
Hop Manure—WAKELEY BROS., 55
Horse Boots—H. PATTISSON, 28.
Horticultural Builders— BOULTON &
PAUL, 67; CRISPIN, 71; FOSTER &
PEARSON, 17; HALLIDAY &.- Co.,
12; MACKENZIE & MONCUR, 78;
MESSENGER, 16; RICHARDSON, 19;
RILEY, 42; DUNCAN TUCKER, 22 ;
J. WEEKS & CoO., 25.
Insecticides— BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CoO.
(Inset facing advt. pages 48 and 49) ;
CAMPBELL, ‘70; CORRY, 18;
MORRIS, LITTLE & SON, 26;
PRICE’S PATENT CANDLE CoO., 28.
Iron Fencing—HILL & SMITH, 2.
Knapsack Sprayers—Scee Sprayers.
Labels (Acme)—JOHN PINCHES, 51.
Lamp Pump (Badcock’s Patent)—
THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, 9.
Landscape Gardeners—BARNHAM NUR-
SERIES, 38; CHEAL & SONS, 24;
CLARK, 39; JACKMAN, 31; KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, 60; LANE (Inset
facing Extracts from Proceedings) ;
PENNICK, 4; ROBSON, 74:
Lawn Broom—G. B. KENT & SONS, 65.
Lawn Mowers—T. GREEN & SON, 79.
Manures, Artificial—See Fertilizers.
Motor Lawn Mowers—T. GREEN &
SON, 79.
Nitrate of Soda—PERMANENT NITRATE
COMMITTEE, 31; RICHARDSON &
Co., 73.

Nitric Diet—R. J. BARNES & SON, 65.
Orchids—CHARLESWORTH, 23; CYPHER,
51; LOw, 10; ROBSON, 74.
Ornamental Trees— See Trees and

Shrubs.
Pzonies—RBATH, 14; KELWAY, 80.
Perennials—See Alpine and Herba-

ceous Plants.
Pesticide—MoORRIS, LITTLE & SON, 26.
Pinks and Picotees—J. DOUGLAS, 54.
Plants (New and Rare)—PENNICK &

Co., 4; R. VEITCH & SON, 44.
Powder Bellows—DE LUZY FRERES, 43.
Prize Schedules for 1909—R.H.S., 61.
Propagators—C. TOOPE & SON, 74.
Pumps—LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, 9;

>

MERRYWEATHER, 37; WILLCOX,47.

Rhododendrons—BUNYARD & Co. (3rd
Cover); DICKSON & CO., 7; LANE
(Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings); PENNICK, 4; REUTHE,
62; ROGERS & SON, 40.

Rock and Water Gardens—R. WALLACE
& Co., 21.

Roses—BARNHAM NURSERIES, 38; BATH,
14; BUNYARD & CO. (3rd Cover) ;
CARTER PAGE, 74; JACKMAN &
SON, 31; KING’S ACRE NURSERIES,
60; LANE & SON (facing Extracts
from Proceedings) ; LAXTON BROS.,
6; Low & Co.,10; RIVERS & SON,
62; J. ROBSON, 74; T.S. WARB, 52.

Seeds—BARR & SONS, 5; R.H. BATH, 14;
J. CARTER & CO. (2nd Cover) ;
CARTER PAGE, 74; G. & A. CLARK,
39; ELLISON, 53; H. J. JONES, 72;
KING’S ACRE NURSERIES, 60; J.
MURRAY & SONS (Inset facing page
600); W. PFITZER, 29; ROOZEN &
SONS, 29; SUTTON & SONS (Outside
Cover); R. SYDENHAM, 3; THOMP-
SON & MORGAN, 73; T. S. WARE, 52.

Selaginellas—H. B. MAy & SONS, 65.

Shows—Sce Flower Show Dates.

Slugene—H. STANLY & Co., 51.

Sprayers—DE LUZY FRERES, 43; THE
FOUR OAKS SPRAYING MACHINE
Co., 63.

Sulphur Vaporiser—R. CAMPBELL, 70.

Summer Houses—G. W. RILEY, 42.

Sundials—F. BARKER & SON, LTD., 13:

Sweet Peas — J. CARTER & CO.
(2nd Cover); G. & A. CLARK, 39;
R. SYDENHAM, 3.

Syringes — FOUR OAKS UNDENTABLE
SYRINGE AND SPRAYING MACHINE
Co., 46.

Tents and Tarpaulins—J. UNITE, 20.

Tree Pruners—STANDARD MANUFAC-
TURING CO., 69.

Trees and Shrubs — BUNYARD (3rd
Cover) ;. CHEAL, 24; CLARK, 39;
CUTHBERT, 64; FISHER, SON &
SIBRAY, 2; JACKMAN, 31; . KING’S
ACRE NURSERIES, 60; LANE &
SON (Inset facing Extracts from Pro-
ceedings); PENNICK,4; ROBSON, 74.

Tubs for Shrubs—ALEX. HAMILTON, 11.

Tulips—J. MURRAY & SONS (Inset facing
page 600) ; R. WALLACE & CoO., 21.

Turf Loam—aA. B. JOHNSTON, 72.

Vapour Cone Fumigator—CorrY, 18.

Violets— BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 20.

Water Lilies—BARR, 5; PERRY, 40;
BRHULBE, 62; -WALLAGCH, 2h:
WARE, 52.

Weed Killer—J. BENTLEY, Litd., 30;
BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CoO. (Inset
between advt. pages 48 and 49);
CAMPBELLS, 70; COOPER &
NEPHEWS (Inset between advt.
pages 32 and 33).

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

en

MERRYWEATHER & SONS’

IMPROVED SYSTEM OF

Fruit and Hop Washing by
—~—— §$team Power.

Send for particulars and prices of our
Patent Hop and Fruit Washing Plant.
This system has been adopted by many
of the leading Fruit and Hop Growers in
the United Kingdom, and has given very
great satisfaction. The whole system is
essentially simple and thoroughly port-
able. Very rapid and thorough in
action.

Merryweathers’ is the only System

combining Great Efficiency with

Economy in First Cost and
Maintenance.

24 Jets can be used at once. No insecticide wasted at all.

ESTABLISHED 205 YEARS.

MERRYWEATHER & SONS,

70 Gold Medals and First Awards.

Works and Offices: GREENWICH ROAD, S.E.

Show Stock: 68 LONG ACRE, W.C., LONDON.
Telephones : No. 1795 Gerrard and 132 Deptford.

MERRYWEATHERS’ WATERING HOSE.

Splendid for
GARDENS and LAWNS,
PLAYING FIELDS,
ESTATE WORK.

For Hard Wear and Long Life.

TESTIMONIAL.
‘The Hose I had from you ten years ago is as
good as ever, and likely to last another ten.,’’

FIG, N° 3694
Ask for Lists of Garden, Farm Homestead Engines, and Estate Pumps, and
all Apparatus for Water Supply and Irrigation.

~ $e

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S,W.
36

MERRYWEATHERS'

LIGHT PORTABLE “VALIANT.”
An Ideal Estate Engine

SS __ &Z = | Fire Protection.

Pumping-out Ponds.
Watering Cattle.

Irrigation.

Driving Light Machinery.
Water Supply, etc.

= = 22.2 = =a 2 Will Pump through long
MERNYNEATIER. LON ———————— lines of Piping.

The ‘‘ Valiant’ as a Fire Engine.

MACHINERY VERY SIMPLE AND NOTHING TO GET
OUT OF ORDER.

WRITE FOR PAMPHLET NO. 738M.

Merryweather on Water Supply

To Country Mansions, Estates, &c.
Streams Utilised for Pumping for Domestic Service, Irrigation, &c.
Complete Schemes prepared and carried out.

ARTESIAN WELLS BORED.
WINDMILLS ERECTED.
OIL ENGINES AND RAMS FIXED.
The Patent
“HATFIELD” NOISELESS PUMP.

Expert Engineers sent to all parts of the Country
to give advice.

WRITE For “ WATER SUPPLY TO MANSIONS.”

Merryweathers’ Patent ‘* Hatfield ’’ Pump.

Merryweathers’, 63 Long Acre, London, W.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
37

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

OFFER A LARGE STOCK OF WELL-GROWN

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

Shrubs and Hardy Perennials.

Descriptive Catalogues free.

Landscape Gardening and Planting of every description undertaken in
any part of the kingdom.

Our soil is an ideal one for the production of hardy, robust, and fruitful
trees, and the command of considerable areas of virgin soil enables us to
maintain our stock absolutely free from disease and insect pests.

Planters requiring reliable trees at reasonable prices cannot do better

than send for our list.
—aeee

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

BARNHAM
SUSSEX.

aa .
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
38

Stay, Tay:

Tey

Svad laamq

bia fo)

J ® SLIqLIHI 3

ve

STVINNERId

N

Saal Lindt

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

4 GOLD MEDALS, 1907; 6 GOLD MEDALS, 1908;
FOR WATER GARDENS.

DAILY MAIl.—Holland House Show, 8th July, 1908.—‘‘ The supreme exhibit of the
show is beyond all question Perry’s Water Garden. Nothing like it has been seen before,
&e., &e.’’ Hundreds of other press notices.

PERRY'S GREAT SPECIALITIES

HARDY PLANTS. New Water

Bamboos, Lilies,

Eremurus, Aquatic and

Lilies, &c. Bog Plants.
We Se

Catalogues free. . Catalogues free.

Unique Collection, more than 2,000 VARIETIES, Perennial, Hardy, and
adapted for Outdoor Cultivation in this Country.

New Section now added. Hardy Ferns, 20,000 in stock.

PERRY’S HARDY PLANT FARM
ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX. _ tetephone : mnfiela 207.

MAURICE PRICHARD,

Hardy Plant Nurseries, Christchurch, Hants.

A LARGE STOCK OF HARDY ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

HARDY AQUATIC, BOG AND MARSH PLANTS.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST . FREE.

SPECIAL TERMS FOR QUANTITIES OF HARDY PLANTS FOR NATURALIZING.
ADVICE GIVEN FOR THE FORMATION OF.ROCK GARDENS IN NATURAL STYLE.

Samples of Flowers can be sent by Post, named for selecting, during the Season.

RHODODENDRONS

Choice named hybrids—well grown budded plants,
12 for 18/-, 100 for 140/-, averaging 14 feet
in height. Lists free.

W. H. ROGERS & SON, LTD.,
RED LODGE NURSERY,
SOUTHAMPTON.

RHODODENDRONS

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
40

FRUIT ann VEGETABLE
BOTTLING OUTFITS.

These Appliances ensure a full store all the year of Preserved

Peas, Asparagus, and other Vegetables, also Fresh Fruits for

Dessert and Cooking, and for Commercial purposes the secret
of a profitable trade is obtained.

FOWLER’S Complete Fruit and
Vegetable Bottling Outfits, con-
sisting of Patent Apparatus, Book
of Directions, Bottles, &c., &c.,

50/— 35/- and 20/- each.

COMMERCIAL APPARATUS, to
hold 40 Bottles, 95/-.

THISIS A

— BOTTLED FRUITS, 7/6 pex

dozen ; 3 dozen, 21/-.

a 6hf656QO/- COU?
| FRUIT BOTTLING OUTFIT F

Royal Agricultural Society of England, Maidstone, 1899.
JUDGE’S REPORT.—Sce B.A.S. of E. ‘‘ Journal,’’ 1899, page 558.

‘“‘] have personally tested this Apparatus since
the Show, and find it most satisfactory in every way.
It is particularly simple and easy to manipulate.’’

30 GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS

have been awarded to Exhibits of Fruits and Vegetables bottled with Fowler’s
Copyright System and Appliances.

The Viscount Malden, The Grange, Mursley, Winslow, Bucks, writes :—

11th October, 1908.
‘‘ Lord Malden is very pleased with your ‘ Fowler’s Patent Fruit Bottling
Apparatus.’ He finds it most effective, and extremely simple to manage.’’

Oswald H. Latter, Esq., M.A., Senior Science Master at Charterhouse School,

Godalming, Surrey, writes :— 24th February, 1906.
‘* Your- process of Bottling Fruits, &c., 1s absolutely sound on scientific prin-
ciples. I have been advocating some such method for years. You have

effected it in a delightfully simple manner.”

Demonstrations in Fruit and Vegetable Bottling can be arranged.

CEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., LTD.

(Late of MAIDSTONE.) READING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
41

il ee.
] Meets

ogee!

G. W. RILEY, F.R.H.S.

Over 50 Medals awarded, including Four Gold Medals, Royal Botanic
Society, London, 1904, 5, 6, and 7; Ten Silver Medals, R.H.S., London.

DEPT. 1. DEPT. 2.
Rustic Summer Conservatories,
Houses, Vineries, Peach Houses,
Billiard Rooms, Forcing Houses and
Pavilions, Pits, Frames, and
Seats, Pergolas, every Description of
Bridges, Glass Houses.
Arches, Barrows, Ladders,
Arbours, = Kennels, Tool
Revolving = and Potting

Houses, and
every descrip-
tion of
Rustic Work.

sic, Sheds, Heating
~__ Apparatus,
&c., &e.

A COMPETENT SURVEYOR WILL WAIT UPON
INTENDING PURCHASERS IN LONDON OR COUNTRY.

ESTIMATES FREE. 3: 3: FULL LIST POST FREE ON APPLICATION,

G. W. RILEY, Herne Hill, LONDON, S.E.

Telephone—s46 BRIXTON.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W-
42

Eee

“NATIONAL”
Knapsack Sprayer

WORKING PARTS ALL AWAY FROM LIQUIDS,

IMPROVED MODEL.
ALL PARTS INTERCHANGEABLE.

! i

Awarded FIRST PRIZES and numerous Medals at
competitive Exhibitions throughout Europe.

TWO SILVER MEDALS by ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY IN ONE YEAR and JULY, 1908.

REGULAR PRESSURE. |||
SIMPLEST, STRONGEST, and ||
MOST PRACTICAL. nN

MADE OF COPPER AND BRASS,

Price Complete 36/-

Packed and Carriage Paid (United
Kingdom). Cash with Order.

See Report in Journal, Vol. 33, Part 1, on Appliances, &c.,
tested at the R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley.

The IDEAL”

POWDER
BELLOWS

Is highly recommended for distri-
buting Tobacco, Sulphur, and all
other Powders. By a soft or
hard pressure the Powder can be
sprayed over and under the leaves
of Plants, Vines, &c., to any
desired degree. It is the most

Prices, No. 1, 6/6. No. 2 (holds about 11b. of Powder), 3/3. perfect of Hand Bellows, simple

Packed and Carriage Paid. Cash with Order. Be CPOE STEECTION, durable, and
most economical.

DUBAN’S FRUIT GATHERER. 1/6, packed and carriage paid.
“MIDGET” POWDER BELLOWS.

The best for Rose Growers, not a toy, but a useful bellows for use with any powder.
Price 9d., post free on receipt of stamps. Large size, without spreader, 2/-.

“EXCELSIOR” HAND SPRAYER

For Insecticides, strongly made in brass, and not liable to derangement. Worked by one hand,
and delivers a most powerful mist-like spray just right for Insecticides, also very useful for Cut
Flowers, Palms, Orchids and Seedlings. Used also by the Medical Profession for Antiseptics.
Price 10/6. Packed and Carriage Paid. Cash with Order.
“EXCELSIOR” BOTTLE SPRAYER. Very fine, mist-like spray, useful for
small work and Amateurs. Price, complete with Flint Glass Bottle, 3/3 post free.

Illustrated F.uists free om application.

de LUZY Freres, ‘“camsekwett, Lonpon, s.£.”

uwR.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
43

GOOD PLANTS.

Abies bracteata, sturdy plants, grown from home saved seed . =
Abutilon Vitifolium, tree form, delicate mauve flowers, also white . ae:
Acacia Cultriformis, one of the most distinct
Calceolaria, Golden Glory, Veitch’s hardy hybrid
Caltha platypetala, a giant form, with large yellow flowers
Carpenteria Californica, ‘fine wall plant, white flowers...
Clethra Arborea, fine shrub, white flowers :
Clematis montana rubens, new, very distinct and Fars:
Camellia Devonia, fine single, white, with yellow anthers
Crategus oxycantha var. mollis and macrantha, strong
Daphne indica, red flowered.. &
Drimys Winter, 2 ft. to 3 ft., , in pots
Edwardsia tetraptera, curious yellow flowers, fine Ww all olaaee
Erica Australis, tree Heath, rose flowers ...

Veitchi, do. flowers white, sate een
Eucryphia pinnatifolia, grown from home saved seed ...
Eucalyptus Coccifera, strong hard plants from out doors
Fagus Zlatia, Golden Beech, makes a handsome tree ...
Feijoa Sellowiana, very striking flower
Fremontia Californica, interesting yellow dowsel :
Magnolia grandiflora, true !.xmouth variety, immense w inits ‘fom ers

: strong plants of the beautiful enone flowering varieties
Myosotidium nobile, Giant Forget-me-not ,
Mutisia Clematis, half hardy climber from New Grameae ear rare
Nerine Bowdeni, beautiful large pink flowers z
Notospartium Carmichelie, New Zealand pink Broom ;
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, grey foliage and abundance of white eek ers
Pentstemon Cordifolius, brick red flowers, good wall plant
Philadelphus rosace, mmense semi-double white flowers
Phoenix Canariensis, hardy Date Palm
Picea pungens glauca, seedlings good colour
Quercus Coccifera, Cork Oak, moved Spring
Lucombeana, true ...

Rhododendrons, Himalayan v sriatiea of h aie cohatikation: bet Ww which R. V &S.

Each

= 7/6
1/6, 2/6
2/6, 3/6
26, 3/6
3/6, 5/-
2/6, 36
2/6, 3/6
2/6, 3/6

5/-

yy 3/6
2/6, 3/6, 5/-
3/6, 5/-

1/6, 2/6
zi be 5/-

3/6, 5/-

3/6, 5/-, 7/6
5/— to 10/6
3/6 to 10/6
3/6 to 10/6
3/6, 5/-, 76
3/6, 5/-
2/6, 3/6
2/6, 3/6
3/6, 5/-
2/6, 3/6
2/6, 3/6

5/- to 21/-
3/6, 5/-, 7.6
5/ v9 7/ 6
3'6, 5/-

hold a grand stock, mostly grown out-doors. Special stocks of the following :—

Rhododendron barbatum, brilliant scarlet
Campylocarpum, sulphur ges
Dalhousie, yellow ...
Falconeri, immense a cream
fulgens, intense scarlet
Kewensis, beautiful blush
Luscombei, large rosy-red, scented
Roylei, rich deep brownish red
Shilsoni, wonderful rich scarlet ...
Nobleanum album, very early blooming
triflorum, greenish-yellow :
Ribes speciosum, early summer flowering, crimson
Romneya Coulteri, Californian Tree Poppy
Sophora viciifolia, blue flowered hardy shrub
Sutherlandia frutescens, scarlet pea shaped flowers
Tricuspidaria dependens, white
lanceolata, interesting dinaiae fait aparee 7
Ulmus Wheatleyi Aurea, new golden Cornish Elm (young standards)
Viburnum Carlesi, sweet scented white flowers “
CATALOGUES PosT FREE.

7/6, 10/6
10/6, 21/-
5/-, 7/6

5/- to 21/-
7/6, 10/6
7/6, 106
7/6 to 21/-
5/-, 7/6
10/6 to 31/6
3/6, 5/-
3/6, 5/-

es 2/6
1/6, 2/6, 3/6
3/6, 5/—
2/6, 3/6

... 5/-, 7/6, 10/6

3/6 to 10/6
10/6
10/6

ROBERT VEITCH & SON, EXETER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

44

ee

'SOUNT

‘MUWINOG ‘IyAQ ‘SIISINA] WWOWIY ‘209 uuu SMI OS J LWAAGTIO

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUAP£, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

45

THE “FOUR OAKS” SYRINGES

are acknowledged by all users to be
THE BEST SYRINGES THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN.

Now in use in all the leading Gardens and Nurseries everywhere, including Wisley.
Send for samples and you will afterwards use no other make.

The ‘‘ Undentable”’ Syringes are guaranteed against indentation of working barrel for three years,

“Four Oaks’’ Undentable Syringe. The Gardener’s Ideal Syringe, complete with Jet as illustrated, also fine and coarse roses.
No.1. Best quality, with teak handle, Ladies’ size, 1; in. by 16in., 16/-
Standard size, 14 in. by 20in., 24/- Large size, 13in. by 20in., 25/-
No. 2. Good quality, with rosewood handle, Ladies’ size, 14in. by 16in., 15/-

Standard size, ljin. by18in.,17/6 Large size, lj in. by 18 in., 24/-

= = SS ae a
{tHE FouR Oaks’ PaTent UN

The *‘ Four Oaks’’ Undentable Angle Jointed Syringe, invaluable for syringing the undersides of leaves and branches which
cannot b2 reached by the ordinary syringe. Is the Undentable Syringe iilustrated above,with the addition of an Augle Joint.
No. 4 Best quality teak handle, Ladies’ size, 1}in. by 16in., 24/-
Standard size, 13 in. by 20in., 27/- Large size, 1j in. by 20in., 32/-
No. 5. Good quality, rosewood handle, Ladies’ size, 1;in. by 16in., 20/-
Standard size, 13in. by 18in., 23/6 Large size, 1j in. by 18 in., 28/-

oe os
Se
b_. The ‘Four Oaks’’ Undentable Spraying Syringe. The most useful syringe it is possible to

have ina garden. Gives a fine vapour or mist-like spray. Invaluable for ordinary
spraying, or for distributing Insecticides. :
No. 9. ldin. by 20in., 12/6 13 in. by 20in., 16/6
=\ Is fitted with quick-filling ball valve.

No. 9 illustrated above, but with the addition of an Angle Joint for spraying the undersides
of leaves and branches. An invaluable syringe.

No. 9/AJ. lin. by 20in., 18/= 13 in. by 20in., 22/6

ye : The “ Four Oaks’’ Undentable Angle Jointed Spraying Syringe. This is the same Syringe as
a nt |
(=e

;

'

' The “ Four Oaks” Plain Spraying Syringe, with quick-filling ball valve.

The cheapest and best Spraying Syringe on the Market.
Produces a very fine spray, and will be found most useful in every garden.
No. 50. lin. by 14in., 8/6 Lin. by 20in., 10/6 ji+in. by 20in., 14/6
13in. by 20in., 17/6
‘
{ in “
. = be The “Four Oaks"’ Plain Spraying Syringe, with Angle Bend.
. . ) No. 50/AB. lin. by 14in., 10- lin. by 20in., 12’- 1d in. by 20in., 16/-
\ = 13 in. by 20in,, 19/3

| THE Four? Oaks” PATENT PLAIN SPRAYING SYRINGE with ANGLE BEND

THOUSANDS OF TESTIMONIALS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.

Send for our fllustrated Catalogue of Syringes, Spraying Machines, Knapsack Sprayers,
carder. Fiuups and Engines, Garden Hose and Fittings, and Sundries of all kinds POST FREE

All Syringes sent Carriage Paid at pricez: quoted above anywhere in Great Britain, by the
Sole Inventors, Patentees, and Manufacturers—

The ‘‘Four Oaks’ Undentable Syringe and Spraying Machine Co., Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham,

or can be ordered through all the principal Nurserymen and Seedsmen.
\gents and Travellers wanted in all parts of the world. Liberal terms.

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
46

WILLCOX IMPROVED

tiga MAR CHK LA Yyp

A “WATER CARRIER,”
A “LIFT AND FORCE PUMP,” and

A “ SPRAYER,”

COMBINED.

UH

iN)

iW

iil

GARDEN ENGINES

WITH
EXTENDED

SUCTIONS

Whereby by a simple arrangement the Willcox

Semi Rotary Pump will first of all fill the tank from

a pond or stream or other supply, and then will

deliver with a good force over trees, plants, &c.,

as required. A lady can work these engines, they

can be easily wheeled about, and having swing
bodies the water does not spill.

THERE IS NO COMPARISON

BETWEEN OUR

SEMI ROTARY PUMP

and the old style ‘‘ up and down” Plunger Pump. The Semi Rotary
is less laborious, delivers double the quantity, and forces farther, =

IT MUST BE A

* WILLCOX ”

pleased to
advise on
all pump
requirements

Our JONES WILLCOX PATENT WIRE BOUND HOSE outlasts
Several Rubber Hoses. It is very strong and durable and flexible.

W. H. WILLCOX & CO., ts

=
>=

. “ZL 23, 32, 34, & 36 &S
if Ajj Hh jus |e i Southwark Street, aon it ih I
— ij © LONDON. “ =n il AVAIHINNS

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VJNCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

47

I

|
(>

WS

‘

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

LIST OF: PUBLIGCAZZOR=e.

Journal.

The Journal of the Society has been published since 1807 and forms one of the most f

complete horticultural works, serving, amongst other things, to illustrate the changes
and fashions in Gardening during the last century. Its object is not only to afford a
permanent record of the Society's work, but also in order that Fellows living at a distance
may be kept acquainted with what the Society is doing, both at the Gardens and at
Westminster. It will be found full of most valuable information derived from actual
experience, and is of very great interest and practical use to all who are interested in
Gardens. The Journal is sent post free to all Fellows not in arrear with their subscrip-
tions, and non-Fellows may purchase copies, if they wish. A list of the back numbers,
and the price of each, can be obtained on application to the Secretary, R.H.S,, Vincent
Square, London, $.W.

- Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume recently published by
the Society on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by Dr. M. C. Cooke, V.M.H. It
consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated with 24 coloured plates, containing
figures of 360 different fungoid attacks, and 23 woodcuts. Each pest is described
separately, and means for its prevention or eradication are given, and the whole work
is written so as to interest and instruct the cultivator in the simplest and most
practical manner. The volume is bound in buckram, and makes an admirable school
prize or gift to a gardener or student of nature.

Price 5/- post free.

Rules for Judging at Horticultural
Exhibitions.

The ‘Rules for Judging, with suggestions to Schedule Makers and Exhibitors’”’
have again been further revised and considerably modified from the experience gained
during the last few years. Special attention is drawn to the amended Rule defining
‘‘an amateur,’’ with suggestions for establishing four distinct classes of amateurs to
meet the requirements of larger or smaller local Societies. The ‘‘ pointing ’’ recom-
mended for fruits and vegetables has also been considerably amended, and the terms
‘‘annuals and biennials’’ further explained. The Secretaries of Local Societies are
advised to obtain a fresh copy.

Price 1/6 post free.

Classified List of Daffodil Names.

(Issued by Order of the Council, July 1908, for Use at the Society’s Shows.)

At the request of the Daffodil Committee the Council recently appointed a Com-
mittee to consider the best way of avoiding the confusion, and consequent disputes,
likely to arise from the recent multitudinous crossing, recrossing, and intercrossing of
the old Divisions of Magni- Medio- and Parvi-coronati. The Committee have delivered
their Report instituting an entirely new system of classification, which the Council have
(with slight modifications) adopted and confirmed, and ordered to be used at all the
Society’s Shows. The Report has been printed in handy book form and contains a list
of every Daffodil known to the Committee, together with the name of the raiser as far
as it could be discovered, each flower known being allotted to its appropriate class

Price 1/- post free.

Copies of the above can be obtained from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

Continued on advertisement page 49,

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

48

By “CLIMAX” LAWN SAND -

which destroys Moss, Daisies, Plantains, :nd other disfiguring
weeds on lawns and greens, at the same time so promoting the
alk pean =crowth of the finer grasses that spaces previously occupied by weeds
IBENS Fate occ. coves se dd eel a eda et Oe igs Saket
are quickly covered by a sward of fine close-growing grass which
oS) ETC AF; ana S = . a ee . we
; Vv eS will preserve its good colour under conditions of continuous use
VSFOR y and drought. It may be applied during dry weather at almost
any season of the year.
THE of an application is apparent within a few hours. The weeds
EFFeCT blaeken and die, but the grass soon recovers its colour.
UANTITY 28 lbs will dress from 100 to 150 square yards, according to
KeEQUIRED the nuniber and variety of weeds.
PRICES. Packages free ; sample tin 1/3 ; 7 lbs., 2/- ; 14 Jbs, 3/6 ; 25 ¥5s.. 6/ 5 56
GaRRIAGE Palp. lbs., 11/- ; lewt.,, 20/- ; 5 cwt , 90/-; 1 cwt., 170/- ; “Ocwt., £16-10 0,

{

ON CARRIACE DRIVES, ROADS, PATHS, Etc.,

BY A SINGLE APPLICATION OF

“CLIMAX” WEED KILLER...

The use of which dispenses with horing and weeding, and
keeps the surface bright and firm. It does not burn, stain or
smell offensively. Used in every County during the last fifteen
years by Municipal Bodies, surveyors, estate agents, etc,
LIQUIOS WEED One gall makes 5] galls. sufficient for 160 to
KILLER. 200 square yards. PRICES (carriage paid)
Drums and Casks Free:—4-gall. 2/3 ; 1 gall. 3/6 ; 5 galls. 16/- ;
10 galls. 26/- ; 20 galls. 5G/-; 40 galls. 90/-.
POWDER Packed in air-tight tins. Mixes readily in cold water without heat or
WEED fumes. [qual in effectiveness to the liquid. Convenient to store
KILLER. and handle, it will keep for an indefinite period. Measure to make
small quantities enclosed with each order.
PRICES. No. 1 Tin makes 25 galls. to dress 80 to 100 yards, 2/= ; 2 tins 3/6; 12 tins 20/-.
Carriage Paid No. 2 Tin makes 100 galls, to dress 320 to 400 square yards, 6/6 ; 2 tins 12/6;
Tins free. 6 tins 28/«; 10 tins 55/-; 20 tins**#80/-.

BY ‘ALPHGL WHICH IN ADDITION TO PROMOTING THE
eh. CROW H OF PLANTS WILL ALSO DESTROY EVERY
VAPIEtY OF INSECT INFESTING THE SOIL.
It is adry non-poisonous powder which should be freely dug into
the soil to destroy wireworm and other larvae, while for Ants,
%< Slugs, and Woodlice, a light sprinkling on the surface is sufficient.
7 When making up potting soil, manure or leaf mould, an occasional
sprinkling will increase the manurial value and also destroy the
worms and other insects. By use of ‘ALPHOL,’ ground which
previously teemed with insect life will grow splendid crops. _
CATS WILL NOT SCRATCH WHERE ALPHOL, HAS BEEN USED.
OUANTITY On medium and heavy land 28 lbs. will dress 250 square yards, or
REQUIRED 6 cwt. will dress an acre; on light sandy land, 25% more will be
required ; for compost and manure heaps 7 to 14 lbs. to each ton.
PRICES. 7 lbs. 2/- ; 14 tbs. 3/-; 28 lbs. 5/- ; 56 lbs. 8/6 ; 1 cwt.15/- ; 5cwt,
Carriage Pap. * 75/- ; 10 cwt. &7; 20-cwt. £13-10. (Sample ‘Tins 9d. & 1/3 post free).
: NOTE.—*S AIP 2rtO:.?? 18 ALSO AN EFFICIENT MANURE.

WHAT OUR CUSTOMERS SAY. |

“CLIMAX” LAWN SAND.

I have pleasure in testifying to the excellent
result obtained upon our greens by the use of
your Lawn Saud, We have now given it two
years trial, and find therefore that we are in a
position to speak in favour of its satisfactory
action. —JouN WILLIS, Esq., Hon. Sec., Newquay
Golf Club, Newquay, Cornhill.

My lawn was one mass of daisies, it is now
quite clear of them and the grass isa nice green
colour. My neighbours were very sceptical,
but now admit that the results are marvellous.—
James Brown, Haq., 15 Charles Street, Kil-
marnock.

Your Lawn Sand is elinking. ‘I want just a
little more,—CoLongL Gusnoross, Lostwithill,
Cornwall. . - on teen See ee Se

Tennis lawn is now free from weeds; grass a
beautiful green colour; quite a surprise to
people about here, and to myself.
marvellous preparation.— Mr. Gkorak Wait-
combBeE, The Gardens, Rhydolog, Rhayader.

The weeds have disappeared and a beautiful |

sward has been the result of using your Lawn
Sand.—Mr. ELiis WILLIAMS, The Gardens, The
Clippers, Gresford.

The patch I tried has made the rest of the |

lawn look quite rusty by contrast.—Rev, O.
Srock, St. Mary’s Vicarage, Blyth, Northumber-
land.

I have found it Al, especially for

¢

“CLIMAX” WEED KILLER.

I consider your ‘Climax’? Weed Killer the
best on the market of the four leading kinds I
have tried.—l. Fox, The Gardens, Hereford,
May 6th, 1908.

-—-- —

Mor years I gave up using Weed Killers after
many disappointments with several brands that
killed soft weeds only, and gave us extra work,
as we hid to hoe the walks afterwards. Your
traveller persuaded me to try 40 galls. of your
“CLIMAX” and we found to our complete
aitisfaction that IT KILLED ALL WEEDS ROOT
AND BRANCH.—H. Henpgrson, The Gardens,
Cairndhu, Cairncastle, Co. Antrim, March 7th,
1907,

I find ita perfect insect destroyer. Where I
have used it, wireworm, slugs, snails and grubs
that invested my garden, no longer exist.—
age K. JAMns, Kseq., Wyndycroft, Instow,

¥. Devon,

After giving your ‘‘ALPHOL " a trial I con*
sider it a most valuable preparation for destroy-
ing wWireworm, eelworm, cabbage maggot, &c.,
and in rend ring plant life healthy and luxuriant,
W. Scorr, Kdenhall Gardens, Langwath'y,
Cumberland, ,

[ used ‘“ ALPHOL” on Delphinums and
Pyrethrums, in ground badly infested with
slugs. It shrivelled up the slugs without
injury to the plants, which were not after-
wards troubled with these pests, but grow
splendidly. 1t seems to me that if lightly
forked into the soil, it would also kill the eggs
and other pests under the surface.—Jamxs
Sau, Nurseryman, Preston,

MAL PHOL.

Your Powder Weed Killer does its work well. |

EVERYTHING WE HAVE HAD FROM YOU HAS
GIVEN EVERY SATISFACTION. — BH. Rogers,
Cahir, Park Gardens, Cahir, I.

Have found “CLIMAX” Weed Killer very)
satisfactory, it has kept the paths FREE FROM.
WEEDS FOR TWO SUMMERS. — Miss BLAcKBURN, |
Yately, Hants, 1

The Weed Killer ] have had from you for THE
LAST TEN YEARS gave perfect satisfaction.—W. |
MACKINTOSH, EHsq., Glen-Urquart, Inverness,

Where I put it on last night the SLUGS WERE
LYING DEAD THIS MORNING IN THOUSANDS.
—F. Warrs, The Gardens, The Meins, Black-.
burn,
1

Dear, Sirs, 15th April, 1908.
I take an early opportunity of letting’ you.
know of one terrible pest, a pest to suburban
gardens especially, that you say nothing about’
in your advts., which “ALPHOL” has, so far
as I can see, entirely put to rout—‘‘ The Common)
or Garden CAT,” which tears up your seeds or!
plants, no matter how carefully you try and.
guard the beds. Now I have not had a single
bed of seeds scratched by cats WHERE ALPHOL!
HAS BEE USED. ‘The cats have walked on
them, but that is all. Latterly they seem to
avoid the garden entirely. Tam recommending
all my friends to try it, as for this pest alone it:
is worth its money.— Yours faithfully, W™.,
Riearon MACKINTOSH, “ Merton,” Fairview, Co.,|
ublin

We THOUSANDS HAVE FOUND IN OUR PREPARATIONS ‘

RELIABLE AND. TRUSTWORTHY GARDEN HELPS.
WHY NOT YOU?

It is really a ,

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!

R.H.S. PUBLICATIONS .—continued.

Bulbous Irises.

An exhaustive treatise on these beautiful plants by the late Professor Michael
Foster, F.R.S. Almost every species is fully described and illustrated, and particulars
as to distinguishing characteristics, growth, time of flowering, native country, &c., are
given Profusely illustrated.

Price 1/6 post free.

Varieties of Fruits

Suitable for growing in small Gardens.

Many people plant Fruit trees without a thought of what variety they shall plant,
and as a result almost certain disappointment ensues, whilst for an expenditure of 2d.
they can obtain from the Society a little 16-page jogo, pra which contains the latest
expert opinion on Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries
and Strawberries, together with Notes on Planting, Pruning, and Manuring, which for
clearness of expression and direction it would be impossible to surpass. Copies of this
most valuable little pamphlet for distribution may be obtained.

Price, single copy 2d., or 25, 2/-; 50, 3/-; 100, 4/-, post free.

Colour Chart.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for a Colour Chart
that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he could himself name, or recognise,
or convey to a friend at a distance the exact shade of colour of a flower he desired to
procure, or had seen advertised, or wished to commend to a friend, The Royal Horti-
cultural Society is now able to offer to its Fellows an excellent Chart, containing 1,450
shades of colour between black and white,

Price 16/- post free,

Report on Genetics

(Hybridisation and General Plant Breeding).

The Report of the Third International Conference on Genetics and Allied Sciences,
_held under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1906, contains 486 pages of
letterpress, with 130 illustrations, and 3 Coloured Plates.

Price 5/- post free.

Hardy Fruit Growing.

This book contains two Prize Essays on the Commercial Aspects of Hardy Fruit
growing and the Report of the Second Annual Ixhibition of, and Conference on, British-
grown Fruit, held under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society at the Crystal
Palace, Sydenham, in 1895. Also an Analysis of the Fruit exhibited on this occasion,
for which we are indebted to the kindness of the Editor of the ‘‘ Gardener’s Magazine,”’
and papers on the following subjects :—‘‘ New Fruits of Recent Introduction,” by
Mr. G. Bunyard, V.M.H., F.R.H.S.; and ‘‘ Pruning Fruit Trees,” by Mr. A. H.
Pearson, J.P., F.R.H.S.

Every Fruit Grower should send for a copy of this useful book, containing 107 pages of
letterpress.

Price 1/6 post free.

Copies of the above can be obtained from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W, cA)

——

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.
49 d

OHLENDORFF'S

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Daffodils and Narcissi.

The finest Collection in IRELAND of |
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Miss F. W. CURREY,

at the WARREN GARDENS DAFFODIL
AND NARCISSUS NURSERIES.

LISMORE, [RELAND.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, LONDON, SILVER-GILT
MEDALS, 1902, 1903,1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.

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CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
50

CATALOGUES POST FREE.

If you want good SEEDS, PLANTS, TREES, and BULBS of every description,
at strictly moderate prices, write:

H. HEMSLEY, F.R.H.S.,
SUSSEX SEED, BULB, & NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT, CRAWLEY,

SEEDS AND PLANTS FOR ROCK, ALPINE, WALL, BOG, WATER
AND HERBACEOUS GARDENING A GREAT SPECIALITY.

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The formation of Rock Gardens, Herbaceous Borders, &c., undertaken in any part of the country.
‘ROCK AND ALPINE GARDENING,’ by H. HEMSLEY. 3/9 post free. Send for Private and Press Opinions,

RAVAGES OF SLUGS AND SNAILS STOPPED BY

SLoUGEN EF

STANLY’S SLUGDEATH REGISTERED.

Price 6d., 1s., 2s., 4s. per tin.
Post free 8d., 1/2, 2/3 and 4/4.
OF SEEDSMEN, NURSERYMEN, AND GENERAL STORES,

The Royal Horticultural Society reports :—‘ This is the finest destroyer of slugs we have
ever tried. Put on according to the instructions supplied, it kills all the slugs with no injury
to the plants.’

H. STANLY & CO., LTD., 69 Fenchurch Street, LONDON.
Rare Orchids. Specimen Orchids. Cheap Orchids,

Stove & Greenhouse Plants,

» FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING. &%
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PTIBE 555 AGME LABELS
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In 1905 these Labels were awarded a
SILVER BANKSIAN MEDAL, R.H.8. Show,
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Tn 1904 a
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And in 1903 a
BRONZE MEDAL, National Rose Society Show
at Temple Gardens.

Of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen, or direct
from the Manufacturer,

JOHN PINCHES,
8 Crown Buildings, Crown Street
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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
51 d 2

WARE’S
BEGONIAS

45 Gold Medals and Silver Cups awarded.
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Ist Prize Great Shrewsbury Floral Féte, August, 1908,

WARE'S HERBACEOUS AND ALPINE PLANTS, “Pssst 3200-8
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A Choice Selection of New and Standard Varieties.
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structed, Water and Bog Gardens laid out in good style. Terms moderate.

Embracing all the Best American and English Perpetual

WARE’S CARNATIONS, Flowering Sorts. An immense Collection of Border

Varieties.

WARE’S DAHLIAS 4 Gold Medals Awarded in 1908. All Sections represented by
’ the most Up-to-date Varieties.

WARE’S ROSE Supplied in Pots and from Ground. Large Climbers for Pergolas, &c.,
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always available.

Catalogues Free upon application.

THOMAS S. WARE (02) Ltd., FELTHAM.

ty So
ESTABLISHED Ss INCORPORATED
A.D. 1804. A.D. 1809.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for a
Colour Chart—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he could
himself name, or recognise, or convey to a friend at a distance, the exact
shade of colour of a flower he desired to procure, or had seen advertised,
or wished to commend to a friend. The Royal Horticultural Society is .
now able to offer to its Fellows an excellent Chart containing every pcssible
shade of colour between black and white.

Price 15/- post free from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Vincent Square, London, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

52

ELLISON'’S

BULBS
SEEDS

Soa iA BL

AND

EASONABL

CACTI.

5/-, 6/6, 9/=, 12/= doz.

BECONIAS.

Singles, Doubles,
Butterfly, Crested,
Frilled, Marmorata,
Camellia, Fimbriata.
From 1/6 doz.

48 page Catalogue Free.

Cacti Catalogue.

92 pages. 168 Illustrations.
Over 1,500 named varieties
listed.

Post free 6d.,; which may be
deducted from your first order.

AWARDS 1908.

Gold Medal - Handsworth
Silver Gilt - Edinburgh.
LARGE SILVER:
Derby, Manchester
SILVER:
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Nottingham, Sparkhill,
Walsall, Wolverhampton.

5 & 7 Bull Street,
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Established 1890.

SEEDS.

Reliable in quality.
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48 Page Illustrated Catalogue
Printed in two colours.

Post free.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

52
Vo

Carnations,

Picotees ,vow2"4,
Pinks and Auriculas.

J. DOUGLAS,

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM,

SUPPLIES THE BEST AND GHEAPEST CARNATIONS.

- Extra choice, 1dozen at 10/-; Cardinal, Celestial, Carnival, Duchess
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z

B. Very choice dozen at 7/6; Cardinal, Miss Willmott, Ann Hathaway,
Beauty, Goldfinch, Ibis, Kaffir, Liberte, Midas, The Nizam, Trojan,
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Cc. Choice dozen at 6/-; Miss Willmott, Cecil, Comet, Juno, Miss Ellis,
Mrs. Gascoine, The Nizam, W. H. Parton, Alcinous, Amphion,
Gretchen, Hesperia.

BD. <A dozen choice Malmaisons for 9/-; Albion, Baldwin, Florizel, Lady
Grimston, King Oscar, Maggie Hodgson, Mercia, Monk, Nell Gwynne,
Prime Minister, Soult, Thora.

Send for Catalogue of Colours of the above A, B, C, and D. Most
of them have had First Class Certificates and Awards of Merit from
the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL, NATIONAL CARNATION, and other
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J. DOUGLAS has a superb selection of CARNATION SEED in all
classes, 1/6 and 2,6 per packet. Pink Seed, 1/6 and 2/6 per packet.

CHOICEST SHOW AURICULA SEED, 2/6 per packet. ALPINE,

1/6 per packet. All the seeds offered have been saved in the Gardens
at Great Bookham.

TREE CARNATIONS, English and American Types, 10/- to 21/- per
dozen. Only the Best.

All the above described in the New Illustrated Catalogue, with Cultural
directions, free on application.

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM, SURREY.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
54

WAKELEYS cctetro”

HOP MANURE

For GARDENS.GREENHOUSES. LAWNS, Erc.
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Also Wakeley’s Ground Garden Lime, 1/6
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SPECIMEN TESTIMONIAL:
TRINITY COLLEGE BOTANIC GARDENS, DUBLIN.
Dear Sirs,
The ‘‘Hop Manure’’ I had in the Spring has proved
excellent for Bananas and other strong growing and heavily
fruited things, Flowering and Foliage Plants, &c.

(Signed) F. W. BURBIDGE, V.M.H.

The Original and many other similar letters can be seen at Bankside.
See Report of trial made by R.H.S., in Journal of Society, January 1908.

CASTLES’ “MAN-O’- WAR” TEAK-BUILT

GARDEN FURNITURE.

THE ‘‘ALEXANDRA’? (Type A).

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ists

PROGRAMME OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S

Shows, Meetings, and Lectures for 1909.

Date Time.
Jan. 11.—Examination for Employés in Public Parks and Gardens ... 10—1.30
- 12.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. I—6
Special Prizes offered for late Grapes.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. GC. *D. —— on ae Prac sad stem
of Intensive Cultivation ”’ 3—4
- 26.—Exhibition of Flowers, SERS ‘eae ie. 1—5
Special Prizes offered for Salads, Forced Vegetables, and Rhubarb.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. W. D. Scott Moncrieff, on iB: Method of
using Domestic Sewage in Horticulture’”’ ... 3—4
Feb. 9.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Dessert Pears.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, in the Lecture Room 3—4
4 23.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Dessert Apples.
Meeting, and Lecture by Arthur W. Sutton, Esq., F.L.S., V.M.H., on
‘A Camping Tour through Syria to Petra i in Arabia. 1% 3—4
March 9.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. = 1—6
Show of Forced Spring Bulbs. Special Prizes offered foe Hy oehathe
Tulips, and Daffodils; also for Bulbs grown in Moss Fibre, and
Cooking Apples.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. W. S. Murray on “‘ The pitts and the eras
Mania.’ 3—4
» 23.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &e. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Forced Vegetables.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. R. Lloyd-Praeger on “‘ Rock paneer or
Natural and Artificial ’’ : 3—4
°° 24.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Steer (ges nage ee 59) ir
April 6.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Salads, and one for best Group of
Winter Flowering Carnations (Amateurs).
Meeting, and Lecture by the Rev. Prof. G. Henslow, M.A., V.M.H., on
Illustrations of the Effects of the Forces of Growth ” 3—4
er 20.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &ce. ace “ae ae os _ 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Daffodils; also for French Beans,
Asparagus, and Broccoli.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. Eric Drabble, D.Sc., F.L.S.,on“*Pansies’’* 3—4
AURICULA AND PRIMULA SHOW. (See advt. page 59.)
a 21.—General Examinations in Horticulture. (See advt. page 58.) 6—9.30
Ee 28.—Examination of School Teachers in » Cariees and Allotment Cerdenine
(See advt. page 58.). a > es ae 6—9 39
May 4.—Exhibition of Flowers, Pies Fruits, Re. is
Special Prizes offered for Straw berries, Melons, and Figs.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. C. A Hurst, on ‘‘ Mendel’s Law and its
Application to Horticulture "’*.. be 3—4
“y 18.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, Eo. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Vegetables, for ced or not.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. A. Graeme Brock, on ‘ Alpes in their
Native Homes’”’ , 3—4
TULIP SHOW. (See ade page 59. ny
is 25.—SPRING FLOWER SHOW, INNER TEMPLE GARDENS, E.C. 1
~s 26 .— as ot: aa (Private View to Fellows, 7 a.m. to 12)
ee 26.— Do. do. Ae dst zee aa a 5 s 1
ss 27.— Do. do. (To obtain Schedule, see advt. page 61.) 9—6
June 8.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. I=6
Special Prizes offered for Grapes and Collections ‘of Fruit.
Meeting, and Lecture by the Rev. Prof. G. Henslow, V.M.H.. on ‘Some
Old Superstitions about Plants ”’ ; 9 eee ee ea 3—4
= 22.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Peas and Tomatos.
Meeting, and the F IRST MASTERS’ MEMORIAL LECTURE by Prof.
Hugo de Vries :—‘* Masters’ Vegetable Teratology.” * Chairman,
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H., iar ra of spe
Society a

* Action Illustrated by Tankers Slides.

Continued on opposite page iF

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

56

PROGRAMME OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S

Shows, Meetings, and Lectures for 1909

(Continued).
Date. Time,
July. 6.)—SUMMER SHOW OF FLOWERS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES AND
GARDEN SUNDRIES AT HOLLAND PARK, KENSINGTON ... 12—7
Special Prizes offered for various Fruits, &e. (To obtain
= us Schedule, see advt. page 61).

oe 20.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. =e oe x6 a3 af 1—6
Special Prizes offered for various Fruits.

Meeting, and Lecture by Prof. R. H. Biffen, M.A., on ‘‘ Mendelism and

Barley’ a oe
e 21.—Carnacion and Picotee Shows) iises ae page 59.) oe TC Ses re 1—6
em 23.—Sweet Pea Show. (See advt. page 59.) ... 59 Pi we see ... 12.30—7
Aug. 3.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. aa ae sae 1—6

Special Prizes offered for Melons and Gooseberries.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. Fred W. Moore, A.L.S., V.M.H., on
“Water Plants’’* . . aft Bs a; 77 A 3—4
» 17.—Exhibition of Flowers, Piet. raise. eas a6 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Potatoes and Beans, French or Kidney.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. WW alter F. Reid, F.I.S., F.C.S., on “* Bees
in relation to Gardening ’”’* = 3—4
31.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, edie ee cee ee 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Peaches, Nectarines and Plums.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. James PAGSOns V.M.H., on ‘ ae Gardens

by the Lake of Como’’* 3—4
Sept. 14.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fr uits, &e. 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. Edward A. Seen ard, on “ The ane acs
of Pruning ’”’ : : 3—4
= 16.—Autumn Rose Show. (See advt. pace 59. ) Pr as 2 ae sas 1—6
os 28.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. aie gt wae a ae A=6
Special Prizes offered for Vegetables, Salads, and Autumn
Strawberries.
Meeting, and the SECOND MASTERS’ MEMORIAL LECTURE by
Prof. Hugo de Vries, on ‘The Production of Horticultural
Varieties.’’* Chairman, Professor Bateson, F.R.S., V.M.H. ie 3—4
Oct. 12.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. oe eo
Special Prizes offered for Grapes, Plums, Raspberries, &e.
Affiliated Societies Fruit Competition.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. Thomas H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A., on
“Some Gardens of the later Renaissance ”’ * 3—4
Conference of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Saeietien ay a 4—5
oa 26.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. =e se ae ane es 1—6
Special Prizes offered for Apples and Pears.
Meeting, and Lecture by the Rev. Prof. G. Henslow, M.A., V.M.H., on
Remarkable Instances of Plant Dispersion”’ ... ae ——
Nov. 9.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &ce. ES eos ane os 1—5
Special Prizes offered for Potatoes and Onions.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. Edwin Beckett, V.M.H., on‘ ‘Rome t Beauti-
ful Shrubs ’”’ 3—4
a 23.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants. Fruits. hes ge ae “oF =e ace 1—5
Special Prizes offered for Apples and Pears.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. J. A. Alexander on “ Spices ’’ * 3—4
Dec. 1.—Show of Colonial-Grown Fruit and Vegetables, and of Home- Bottled
Fruits, and Vegetables, Jams,and Jellies. Te obtain Schedule, see
advt. page 61.) ... 12.30—6
sere Py Mr. Robt. Mewatond. A. i g-. F. E. S., on Ww peel indian Insect ae
ests me =
A 2.—Show of Gdlénial- Grown Fruit, cae ‘contiied © Sez ff Ke .. 10—6
a 7.—Exhibition of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, &c. he =e as es wes 1—5
Special Prizes offered for Vegetables.
Meeting, and Lecture by Mr. C. Herman Senn, on ae Cookies a
Vegetables” ... aes 3—4
aoe 8.—Perpetual Flowering Gaeuhen Show. (See Bae. mae 59.) ats see 1—5
Jan. 10.—Examination for Employés in Public Parks and eopens +f &; 10—1.30
», 11 & 25.—Exhibitions and Meetings Ry: aa St sea 1—6

* Lecture Illustrated a eS Sides.
Except on May 25, 26 & 27, and on July 6-7, all the above Shows will be held in the Royal
Horticultural Hall, Vincent ‘Square, Westminster, S.W., and Fellows will be admitted at
1p.m. on showing their tickets at the entrance, and the public at 2 p.m. on payment of 2/6.

R.H.S. Fellows Tickets admit toall the above shows as well as those mentioned on advt.
page 59, and ‘‘ The Garden ”’ Flower Show to be held in the Society’s Hall on July 28.

Full particulars relating to the Special Prizes offered for Fruits, Vegetables, &e., at the
fortnightly Meetings of the Society will be found in the “ Book of Schedules for 1909,” which
can be obtained from the R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square, London, S.W., price 6d.$

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
57

Royal Horticultural Society.

Secretary: REV. W. WILKS, M.A.

EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE, 1909.

1.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

Candidates must be eighteen years of age or over eighteen.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.

(Entrance fee, 5s.) :

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, sympathising with the efforts of
various County Councils, Technical Institutes, Schools, Gardeners’ Mutual Improve-
ment Societies, and other bodies to promote instruction in Practical Horticulture by
means of Lectures, Demonstrations, &c., and in the hope of rendering such teaching
more definite and effective, have consented to hold an Examination in Horticulture
on Wednesday, April 21, 1909.

The Society is prepared to extend this Examination to residents in the Colonies;
and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces of India, arrangements
have been made to hold this Examination in 1909—altered and adapted to the
special requirements of India—at Saharanpur.

A Scholarship of £25 a year for two years is offered by the Royal Horticultural
Society, to be awarded after the General Examination, to be held on April 21, 1909,
to the Student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to accept the conditions attach-
ing thereto. The main outline of these conditions is that the holder must be of the
male sex, and between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years, and that he should
study gardening for one year at least at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, conforming
to the general rules laid down there for Students.

2.—GENERAL EXAMINATION.

For Juniors under eighteen years of age.

. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1909.
(Entrance fee, 2s. 6d.)

Candidates will be expected to possess a general elementary knowledge of the

following subjects :—

1. Surveying and Landscape Gardening : Elements of.

2. Choice of Site for Garden.

3. Description and use of Implements under each head.

4. Operations connected with the Cultivation of the Land, with explanations and illustrations of
good and bad methods; Digging and Trenching; Draining; Hoeing, Stirring the Soil, and
Weeding; Watering: Preparation of Seed Beds; Rolling and Raking, Sowing, Transplanting
== at seen Potting, Planting; Aspects, Positions and Shelter; Staking; Earthing and

anching, &¢e,

5. Propagation, Elementary Principles; Cuttings, Buddings and Grafting, Stocks used, Layering,
Division, Branch Pruning, Root Pruning; Old and Young Trees and Bushes. Training.

6. Fruit Culture: Open Air and under Glass; Small Fruits; Apples and Pears; Stone Fruits;
oe and Storing; Packing and Marketing. General Kuowledge of Fruits, and Selection

0 arieties,

. Vegetable Culture: Tubers and Roots; Green Vegetables; Fruits and Seeds; Rotation of Crops
and Selection of Varieties.

8. Flower Culture, Outside and Under Glass.

9. Manures and their Application.

10, Improvement of Plants by Cross-breeding, Hybridisation and Selection.

11. Arboriculture: Trees and Shrubs and their Culture.

12, Insect and Fungus Pests: Prevention and Treatment.

3.—SCHOOL TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN COTTAGE AND
ALLOTMENT GARDENING.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28, 1909.
(Butrance fee, 5s.)

The Royal Horticultural Society will hold an Examination in Cottage and Allot-
ment Gardening on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This Examination is intended for, |
and will be confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It has been |
undertaken in view of the increasing demand, especially in country districts, that the
School Teachers shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage and Allotment
Gardening, and of the absence of any test whatever of such capacity.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published in connection with |
these examinations, and copies of the Syllabus may be obtained free from the

-
‘

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
58

Kindred Horticultural Societies

SHOWS TO BE HELD IN 1909

IN THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

March 24.
The Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society's Spring Show.

Secretary : Mr. H. MATHIAS, F.R.H.S., Lucerne, Stubbington, Fareham.

April 20.
The National Auricula and Primula Society's Show ‘scion

Secretary: Mr. T. E. HENWOOD, F.R.H.S., Auricula Villa, Hamilton Road, Reading.

May I18.

The National Tulip Society’s Show.

Secretary: Mr. W. PETERS, Farcet House, Cambridge.

July 21.
The National Carnation and Picotee Society’s Show.

Secretary: Mr. T. E. HENWOOD, F.R.H.S., Auricula Villa, Hamilton Road, Reading.
July 25.

The National Sweet Pea Society’s Show,

Secretary: Mr. C. H. CURTIS, F.R.H.S., 2 Adelaide Road, Brentford, Middlesex.
September 16.

The National Rose Society’s Autumn Show.

Secretary: Mr. EDWARD MAWLEY, V.M.H., Rosebank, Berkhamsted.

December 8.

The Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society's Winter Show.

Secretary: Mr. H. MATHIAS, F.R.H.S., Lucerne, Stubbington, Fareham.

Intending Exhibitors, and others who may require Copies of the Schedule,
with Regulations appertaining to either of these Special Shows,
should apply direct to their respective Secretaries, whose Names
and Addresses will be found above, beneath the Announcement of
each Show.

The Royal Horticultural Society’s Fellows’ Tickets will admit to each of the above
Shows, which will be open from 1 to6 p.m., with the exception of the Sweet Pea Show,
which will remain open until 7 p.m., and the Show of Perpetual Flowering Carnations on
December 8th, which closes at 5 p.m.

Full particulars relating to the hire of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL by Kindred
Societies will be found on page 130 of the R.H.S. Book of Arrangements for 1909, which can

be obtained, price 1/-, from the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL ‘Soc IETY, Vincent Square,
London, S.W.

For dates of the R.H.S. Shows see advt. pages 56 and 57.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W:
59

KING’S ACRE
Plants of Royal Worth.

FRUIT TREES.

Every variety in all forms of training, fibrously
rooted and prolific bearers.

ROSES.

Standards, Dwarfs and Climbers of all leading
varieties, from open ground and in pots.

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

Strong, clean-grown, regularly transplanted,
and well-rooted.

Landscape Gardening.

Expert advice, plans and estimates, free of
charge,

Herbaceous Plants.

Including all the best and newest varieties.

Border Carnations

of all choicest varieties.

SEEDS, BULBS, and HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.
INSPECTION INVITED.

General and descriptive ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

(112 pages) free on application.

KING’S ACRE

NURSERIES, Limited,
—— HEREFORD.——

Estd. 1785.

Late “ CRANSTON’S.” (3

ace

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
60

Qe ery

ESTABLISHED 1804.

Secretary - - - Rev. W. WILKS, M.A.

BOOK OF PRIZE SCHEDULES for 1909,

The Royal Horticultural Society’s Book of Schedules relating
to its principal Shows to be held in 1909 is now published, and
contains :—

1. The Schedule and full particulars relating to the Temple Flower Show, to be
held on May 25, 26 and 27 (by the kind permission of the Treasurer and
Benchers), in the Inner Temple Gardens, Thames Embankment, London,
E.C., at which Silver Cups, Gold and Silver Medals, and Certificates, will be
awarded by the Council to meritorious Exhibits.

2. The Schedule and full particulars relating to the Society’s Summer Show of
Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, and Garden Sundries, to be held on July 6 and 7
(by the kind permission of Mary. Countess of Ilchester), in the grounds of
Holland Park, Kensington, W. A large number of Silver Cups, Medals, and
Certificates will be awarded by the Council, as hitherto, according to merit.

3. The Schedule, and particulars of the Classes arranged for the Colonial-grown
Fruit and Vegetable Show, to be held in the Society’s Hall, Westminster, on
December 1, 2, 3 and 4, at which Medals will be awarded as on previous
occasions,

4. The Schedule, and Prizes offered for Home-preserved Fruits and Vegetables, and
Home-made Jams and Jellies to be shown on December 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the
Society’s Hall, Westminster.

5. The Schedule, and Prizes to be offered for Fruits and Vegetables at the Society’s
fortnightly Shows to be held in Westminster during 1909, at which Classes
have been arranged for both Amateurs and Trade Growers.

This book will also contain the Rules and Regulations for intending exhibitors,
with entry forms, &c.; a complete list of dates of the Society’s fortnightly
shows to be held during the present year; a list of Apples, Pears, and Plums
arranged under the headings “‘ Dessert’’ and ‘‘ Cooking ’’; a list of the Shows to
be held by Kindred Horticultural Societies ; as well as a list of other Exhibitions,
and the dates on which they are to be held in the Society’s Hall, apart from those
of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Copies of this book can be obtained, price 6d. each,
post free, from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

2 CAH

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
61

ee)

CUERNSEY GROWN BULBS.

On account of the mildness of our climate and the almost complete absence of frost,
bulbs grown in Guernsey mature to perfection and produce the best possible results.

We make a Speciality of

ANEMONES, FREESIAS, GLADIOLI, IRIS,
IXIAS, NARCISSUS, «TULIPS; “&c.) oe

CATALOGUES FREE.

W. MAUGER & SONS, Guernsey.

G. REUTHE, F.r.u.s.

(For nearly 25 years with WARES as Manager, Plant Collector, &c.)

The Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nursery, KESTON, KENT.

Dew and Rare bardy Plants,

As well as a Selection of all the Best

ALPINES and other PERENNIALS, NYMPHAEAS, LILIES, HIMALAYAN
RHODODENDRONS, RARE SHRUBS, NARCISSUS and other BULBS. FORMATION
of ROCK WORKS, &c.

Supplied strong, healthy, and true to name. Catalogue free on apprication.

RIVERS’

Fruit Trees, Roses, Vines, Figs,
Oranges, and Orchard-House

Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,
POST FREE, 3d.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

SAWERIDGEWORTH, HERTS.
Station: HARLOW, G.E.R.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
62

SPRAYING

SUPPORT BRITISH INDUSTRY

BY USING THE

“FOUR OAKS” SPRAYING MACHINES

which embody so many advantages over all other makes as to render them
THE BEST AND MOST RELIABLE SPRAYERS on the market.

ERLE ET Ea

“FOUR — - SPRAYING MACHINE * “THE OE Rs ARS FONE).

seo

This is a very
fine Machine,
fitted with a
most powerful
pump and a
very efficient
agitator.

Made in
numerous sizes,
25 gallon,
40 gallon,
and
60 gallon,
with & without
large wheels.

“

No.

201
No. 202

Fae ge

25 gallon machine, Oak Body £815 O}\

As above but cheaper body

oe

The feature of

the

“ FOUR OAKS”
SPRAYERS

is the

| Very Fine Spray

We also make
numerous

other types of

Spraying
Machines.

os

Net cash
£6 6 OJ Carriage forward.

THE “ FOUR OAKS ” cee KNAPSACK SREAYES: 20-10)

The
most simple,
yet by far the
best knapsack
sprayer ever

produced.

No rubber valves
to perish or get
out of order. All
working parts
outside.

The only knap-
sack with

force behind
the spray.

Sole Inventors,
Patentees, and
Manufacturers:

The “Four Oaks ” Undentabl Syringe & Spraying Machine Co,

(British
made).

Suitable for Spray-
ing Fruit Trees and
Trees of all kinds,
Hops, Vines, Coffee,
Tea, and Cocoa, also
Potatoes and other
crops.

Prick 45/=

complete with ‘‘Four
Oaks’’ Patent Spray-
ing Nozzle, also
Swivel Nozzle, and
Short Brass Tube
with Stop Cock and
3 f feet
Best India-

rubber Tube.
Will give very fine,
medium, or coarse
spray as desired.

Double Swivel Spray-
ing Nozzles 4/- extra,

Long Tubes for { pray-
ing Tall Trees

10’ 6" 17/6 extra.
6 6

SUTTON COLDFIELD, BIRMINGHAM, England.

SPECIALISTS

IN SPRAYING MACHINES,
SEND FOR CATALOGUE, post free

AGENTS WANTED IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.

on application.

SPRAYING SYRINGES, &c.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.,

63

CUTHBERTS’ mena
Azaleas and Forcing Plants
A SPECIALITY.

AWARDED THE

Royal Horticultural Society’s Gold Medal at Westminster, Feb. 28, 1905.
Royal Horticultural_Society’s Gold Medal at,Westminster, March’ 3,'1908.’
Three Gold Medals, Royal botanic Society, Regent’s Park.

Four Silver Cups, Royal Horticultural Society’s Temple Shows.

Silver Gilt Medal, Royal Caledonia Horticultural Society, Edinburgh.

Forty-two Silver Gilt, Silver and other Medals, Royal Horticuitural Society’s
Shows, London.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Azaleas.

In beautiful shades of colour. For Beds, Borders, and Early Forcing.

Azalea mollis, choice mixed. Azalea mollis hybrids, choice
4 mollis, choice named. named.
i mollis x sinensis, choice ES rustica, fl. pl., choice named.
mixed. = Ghent, double fiowered, choice
- mollis x sinensis, choice named.
named. - Ghent, choice named.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Forcing Plants.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.

Almonds, double white and pink. Philadelphus coronarius.

Cerasus flore pleno. Prunus, of sorts.

Deutzias, various. Robinias, of sorts.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. Spirzas, of sorts.

Kalmias, in variety. Staphylea colchica.

Laburnums. Thorns, double white, pink, and scarlet.
Lilacs, in twenty varieties, to name. Viburnum Opulus (Guelder Rose).
Magnolias, in variety. Wistaria sinensis, well set with buds.

SPECIALLY GROWN FOR EARLY FORCING AND WELL SET WITH BUDS.
(In Standards and Dwarfs.)

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION,

R. & G. CUTHBERT, The Nurseries,
ESTABLISHED 1797. 9OUthgate, MIDDLESEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
64

H. B. MAY @ SONS’

(Successors to W. & J. BIRKENHEAD).

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND AMATEUR’S GUIDE OF
FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS, enumerating upwards of 2,000
Species and Varieties, and containing 160 Fine Illustrations,
which give an admirable idea of the habit and appearance of the
various species and varieties represented. It also gives may
synonyms of the Ferns, the countries of which they are natives,
the average height to which they grow, and descriptions, together
with a large amount of interesting matter of various kinds,
constituting it a highly valuable book for every Fern lover.

Price 2/= post free, returnable on all orders of 10/- and upwards.

The Nurseries, UPPER EDMONTON.

WE RECOMMEND

NITRIC DIET

The Modern Soil Science Manure
as being superior to other complete manures and giving better results.

NITRIC DIET is a safe and lasting Manure of UNPRECEDENTED VALUE for Vines,
Peaches, Carnations, Chrysanthemums, etc., and must not be confused with other
productions bearing the title “ Nitro” or “ Nitrate.”

Sold by Seedsmen in Tins at 6d. and1/-. In Bags, 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 lbs., 4/6; 28 lbs.,7/6;
6 lbs, 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/—; or of the Sole Manufacturers—

R. J. BARNES & SON, Malvern,

Who will be glad to send descriptive Booklet, also current prices of Bones and other Fertilizers.
All goods carriage paid. Uniform and prompt deliveries.

, \ " ve sep dy
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—S——

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———

}
}

| hh Patent No. 16692.

/, FORLAWNS, GOLF COURSES,
NN I _ AND GENERAL GARDEN USE.
NN very great improvement on
.) the old Birch Broom or Besom.
/ Effects considerable saving of
time. Out-wears many Birch
Brooms.

Does not strew its twigs cn the green,

Price 1/9 each. |

REDUCTION ON TAKING A QUANTITY.
Length of Handle 4 feet.

ZZ
—— =

ZA

——
SS

~S

,

ZB
=
SSS

OBTAINABLE OF ALL NURSERYMEN,
IRONMONGERS, AND STORES.

OOOO
Wholesale only of the Sole Manufacturers &

roprietors, a |

G. B. KENT & SONS, Ltd.,

75 Farringdon Road, E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
65 e

IMPROVED VALVE VACUUM
GLASS-STOPPERED,

BOTTLES & JARS

(The Invention of CEO. FOWLER, F.R.H.S.),
FOR USE IN

PRESERVING FRUITS,
VEGETABLES & GAME,

AND FOR CONTAINING

JAM, MARMALADE, MINCE
MEAT, LEMON CHEESE, &c.

New Pattern WIDE MOUTH BOTTLES complete with
Glass Stopper and Rubber Washer,

ei) RS
Dil eM
|G wk ;

Size 10 G-Ib.) ..... | per doz. 3s. Gm
5, 20 (one pint) aa » &s, Sd.
5» 27 (14-Ibs.) .... sm » 4s, Od.
» 40 (one quart) _.... » Os. Od.
55) 24 (F2-1Bs;) ©... a » 6s. Gd.
» 56 (34-Ibs.) For Asparagus,, 9s. 6d.

(and will hold a brace of Pheasants).
Clips for closing these bottles, per doz. 8d.

A few dozen Spring Clips will elose any number of Bottles.

Colonial Orders for 1 gross of Bottles f.o.b.

— — = Awarded Silver Medal by the Council of the
are zB Royal Horticuitura! Society, 1908.

FRUIT & VEGETABLE
BOTTLING OUTFITS.

20s., 35s. & 50s.
Size 24 will hold a brace of Partridgres, or the breasts of Two Pheasants.

CEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., LID.,

70, 70a & 72, Queen’s Road, READING.

RAS. J HS. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
66

BOULTON &PAUL,”

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH.

OH s

ERECTED AT HOVE, BRIGHTON.

CONSERVATORIES, ORCHID HOUSES, FERNERIES,

CUCUMBER HOUSES, MELON HOUSES, VINERIES, &.
AND ALL CLASSES OF HOT WATER BOILERS AND HEATING APPARATUS.
Ladies and Gentlemen waited upon by Appointment.

FRENCH GARDENING.

Special Price Lists of Painted or Unpainted Frames and Cloches. Orders of 40/= value and upwards,
CARRIAGE PAID.

No. 77. ViIoLET oR BORDER FRAMES.
With Sliding Lights. With Hinged Lights & Set-opes.

Front, 8 in.

Back, 16in,

These Frames are made 4 ft. wide, painted three times,

and glazed with 21 oz. sheet glass.

With Hinged Lights
and Set-opes.

No. Length. Width. With Sliding Lights.

| |] —— hs

£1 15 0
No. 2 size 9 ft. oin. 4ft. oin. 2 STO 2 VORn0
No. 3 size 12 ft. oin. 4 ft. oin. 7) NS oD

We make a special Frame, similar to the above, 16ft. by aft., with four sliding sashes, the
fronts 12in. high and the backs 18in. high. Price £3 8s., Carriage Paid.

ALL FRAMES MADE UP TO ANY LENGTH.
LIGHTS PAINTED AND GLAZED, 6 ft. by 4 ft., with Iron Cross Bar and Handle, 15s. each. The Best on the Market.

Packing Cases charged extra, and allowed for if returned Carriage Paid. Catalogue with numerous
designs free on application.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.
67 e2

Now!

Is the time to commence in earnest any improve-
ments; to put into operation ideas which have been
maturing during the long winter. NOW then is the
time to get the best, the most complete guide to gar-

ame

wi
Sl

ee

Edited by W. WATSON, F.R.H

dening, the authoritative standard work.

THOMPSON’S
GARDENER’S
ASSISTANT

2S., Curator of Kew Gardens.

TWENTY-THREE other authorities contributed to the work as under :—

W. J. Bean, F.R.HS.
E. Beckett, V.M.H.
J. Boyd
F. W. Burbidge, M.A.
R. Lewis Castle
W. Crump, V.M.H.
R. Dean, V.M.H.
A. Ward, F.R.H.S.

W.H. Divers, F.R.H.S.
J. Douglas, V.M.H.

J. Fraser, F.L.S.

A. Hemsley, F.R.H.S.
J. Hudson, V.M.H.

W. Iggulden, F.R.H.S.
J. McIndoe, V.M.H.

G. Massee, F.L.S.
G. T. Miles, F.R.H.S.
J. O’Brien, F.L.S.

A. Piper

H. C. Princep

J. Smith, V.M.H.
W. Spink

J.J. Willis

The work constitutes a complete Encyclopzedia of Gardening, and only an outline of
the full contents can be given here :—

Calenjar of Operations in Flower Garden.

The Living Plant. Nutrition.
Flower. Hybridisation.
Garden Friends.
Structures. Heating. Propagation.
dens and Pleasure Grounds.
Herbaceous Perennials.
Annuals. Popular Garden Plants.
Greenhouse Plants.
Orchids.
Succulent Plants.
for Forcing. Retarding Plants.
Bedding.

The Orchard House.
Packing Fruits.

Trees.
Fruits.
Profusely Illustrated.

The Sub-tropical Garden.
Formation of the Fruit and Kitchen Garden.
Grapes.
Storing Fruits.

and Kitchen Garden.

Transplanting.
Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.
Aquatic and Bog Plants.
Greenhouse and Conservatory.
The Stove or Tropical House.
Ferns—Stove and Greenhouse. Ferns—Hardy.
Hardy Shrubs for Forcing.
Spring Budding.
Winter Bedding.

Meteorology. Plant Structure.

Growth and Branching. Reproduction—The
Classification.
Plant Disease caused by Fungi.

Insect and other Plant Enemies.
Soils. Manures. Garden
Pruning. Flower Gar-
Hardy
Hardy and Half-Hardy
List of
List of Stoye Plants.
Palms and Cycads.
Herbaceous Plants and Bulbs
Summer Bedding. Carpet
Floral Decorations.

Orchards. Spraying Fruit
Cucumbers. Tomatoes. Preserving

Calendar of the Fruit
Exhaustively Indexed.

Vegetables.

PRESS AND PUBLIC PRAISE.

The “‘ Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society ’’ says:

“So highly do we value this new issue of
the Gardener’s Assistant, that we would
strongly urge gardeners and lovers of the
garden, both young and old, to determine on
adding the work to their library as soon as
they can.”

*‘ The Field”’ says:

® ** Will long continue to be the fullest and
best general book of reference on fruit, vege-
table, and flower gardening in the British
Islands.”’

SPECIAL OFFER.

Low as the price of
Thompson's Gar-
dener'’s Assistant
is, it is not neces-
sary to pay the
whole amount at
once. We willsend
the work to any
reader of this journal bound in 6 vols.,
cloth, as illustrated, on receipt of 4s.
and accept the balance of the price
by similar small monthly sums.
Prospectus post free.

NAME TERPEUEEETELELELEL Le te hk! eoecce

Mr. J. B. Miller, of Dock House,
Hartlepool, writes:

“*T did not acknowledge receipt of Thomp-
son's Gardener’s Assistant at once as I wanted
to look through the books. I am not only
satisfied, but find the work to be even better
than the press notices and advertisement led
me to expect.’’

Mr. B. Kilpatrick, of Kirkhill
Park, Broxburn, writes:

sé .

I am more than pleased with the work.
The volumes are very handsomely got up.
The illustrations are beautiful. I feel sure
the Gardener’s Assistant will be a mine of
practical information and pleasure.”’

THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING CO.,
35 Southampton Street, Strand, London, W.C,
Please send me (carriage paid in U.K.) THOMPSON'S
GARDENER’S ; I
enclose 4s,, and agree to send that sum each month
until the above amount is paid.

ASSISTANT in cloth at 48s. net.

ADDRESS

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

68

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Flower and Crape Catherers
and Holders, Weed Extractors
and Destroyers, Hedge and
Crass Cutters, Leaf Lifters,
and other kindred Appliances.
N.B.—Caution to Buyers and Users.
Owing to the existence on the
Market of several Inferior Imita-
tions of our ‘‘STANDARD ” Pruner

purchasers should insist on having
the DERBY make and no other.

THE ‘‘AUTOMATIC ”
Tree Pruner.

Price List.

the above Pruners,
Straight, 2s., and
Curved, 2s. 6d.

The “Giant” Tree Pruner.
The Most Powerful Pruner in the World,

Which severs a branch 7 ins. in
circumference in thirteen seconds.
Lengths, from 7 ft. to 14 ft.

Prices, from 31 6 to 38/6 each.
Extra blades. 3/- each,

THE “ ARIAL”
PRUNING COMBINATION,

A Series of Useful Pruning and Trimming
Tools, all fitting the same Socket, com-
prising Straight and Curved Saws, Chisels
and Switches, or Bill Hooks.

The above Socket can also be had mounted
on light, neatly finished Poles, 2 ft. to 14 ft.
Prices, 4/- to 10/-; or, if jointed, to order.

THE “ARATOR.”

A Combined Rotary Pronged Hoe, Rake, and
Hand Cultivator.

Stirs up the
soil, destroys the
young weeds and
grubs, increases
the crops, and
effects an ime
mense saving of
time and labour.

DP Tree P

he Garden, Orchard, Pleasure Grounds, Farm, Park, or Forest.

‘ Standard ,
runer j

Se he

On 2ft. Pole... 4 6

i tte Soo oe Se C

oe att -— 5 6

eorLoe sy. 6 0

OLLUs = "ys 6 6

at Va Cie ee 70

Z SOihos ss Uo te

- ce ONE Ute 59 8 0

a velhGes. ys 8 6

id ,, 11 ft “S ~ 9 6

» Erk 12th ss ond 6
ii salou rs ;
2 WY ties (3: 10 es

= Wal = Extra Blades 1/6 ea.

|| qe The ‘ AIRIAL”

Sy 2) Saws to fit any of

‘494d F1N4d ,, [EOPL,, SUL

-/GL OF 9/PE ‘SOOTAG "43 ZI 04 “95.9 ‘SUISUOT

“HANDY
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PATENT

HOES.

Socketed as
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Sizes and

Prices.
4in. 1/6
5 in, 1/9
6 in. 2
8 in. 2/6

With Weed Hook
6d, each extra.

Sold by Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Ironmongers, the leading Stores, &c., of whom Lists can be had, or of

THE STANDARD MANUFACTURING CO. ¢is.%te. Meet t#!), DERBY.

hurchyard.
Makers by Royal Warrant of Appointment to the late QUEEN VICTORIA.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.
69

CAMPBELL’S PATENT

SULPHUR VAPORISER.

i oe

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Was f
- ey \ \ ‘ «
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ABSOLUTELY
BEST REMEDY

FOR

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Diseases of .
Plants and .
Fruit Trees .

IN GREENHOUSES.

E
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Campbell’s CAUSTIC ALKALI WASH, for the
winter washing of dormant fruit trees, kills all lurking Insects and Eggs,
and leaves tree in a healthier and cleaner condition amply repaying cost
and labour.

Campbell’s NICO SOAP, a mixture of Nicotine and
Soft Soap, destroys Aphis and Thrip infesting Plants, Fruit Trees, Hops, &c.,
far more effectual and cheaper than Quassia, Petroleum and other old-
fashioned mixtures.

Campbell’s BORDEAUX MIXTURE, instantly

soluble in water, free from grit, and altogether both better and cheaper than
the home-made article.

Write for Price List and Particulars to

Fxors. ROBERT CAMPBELL,

Manufacturers of Nicotine, Weedkillers, Fumigators, Insecticides
and Fungicides, Manures, and all Chemicals for use in
Horticulture and Agriculture.

Water Street, MANCHESTER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
70

‘CRISPIN'S, BRISTOL.

FOR PRACTICAL AND EFFICIENT ERECTION OF

Horticultural Buildings

Heating Apparatus

APPLY TO

JAMES GRISPIN, F.2.4.5.,& SONS,

Nelson Street, BRISTOL.

Awarded Two Banksian Medals of the Royal Horticultural Society, &c., &.

Catalogues free on application.

Telegrams—'' CRISPINS, BRISTOL.” Telephone—No. 453.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
71

~

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.

Historical and Descriptive.
By W. J. BEAN, Assistant Curator.

With an introduction by SiR WILLIAM THISELTON-DYER, late Director of the Gardens.

Illustrated with 20 REPRODUCTIONS IN COLOUR from Paintings by H. A. OLIVIER,

with 20 REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS by E. J. WALLIS. Cloth, gilt back,
20s. net. Large Paper Edition, limited to 100 copies, £3 3s. net.

Cassell’s Popular Gardening.
Edited by WALTER P. WRIGHT.

An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture for all Classes. With 20
COLOURED PLATES and upwards of 1,000 ILLUSTRATIONS from PHOTOGRAPHS. Two
Vols., crown 4to, half- leather, gilt top, 30s. net.

Cassell’s Dictionary of Practical Gardening.

Edited by WALTER P. WRIGHT.

An Illustrated Cultural Guide for Amateur and Professional|Gardeners. With 24
COLOURED PLATES and over 1,000 ILLUSTRATIONS. Two Vols., 1,152 pages,
crown 4to, half-leather, gilt top, 30s. net.

Beautiful Gardens: How to make and maintain them.
By WALTER P. WRIGHT.

With two Coloured Plates and numerous Exquisite Garden Pictures, Practical
Plans, and Diagrams. Cloth gilt, 6s. net.

OF ALL BOOKSELLERS.

CASSELL & Co., Ltd., La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam.

UNEQUALLED for NURSERY WORK. SPECIALLY SUITABLE for VINE BORDERS.
Supplied to many Leading Nurserymen and Head Gardeners.
7/6 per yard. Bag, 2/-. Sample Free.

Quotations Carriage Paid to any Station.

A, B, JOHNSTON, New Park, Cranleigh, Guildford,

Telegrams: “New Park, Cranleigh.”

H. J. JONES’ NURSERIES, LIMITED,

FOR BEST

ASTERS (PERENNIAL) AND OTHER HARDY PLANTS,
BEGONIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS & ZONALS.

Reliable Seeds and Bulbs at Moderate Prices.
CATALOGUES FREE.

RYECROFT, LEWISHAM, S.E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
72

————

wr ESS. ee

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.

Special Fertilisers
for LAWNS, TENNIS COURTS, GOLF GREENS, CRICKET PITCHES,

etc. For encouraging the finer grasses and checking daisies and other weeds. It has
no offensive smell ;

for GENERAL GARDEN USE, VEGETABLES, etc.;
for VINES AND FRUIT TREES. Soluble in character.

Also Bones and Bone Meals, Superphosphates, Basic Slag, Potash Salts :—Muriate, Sulphate
and Nitrate, also Kainit; Rape Dust and Meal, Peruvian and Damaraland Guanos, Fish
Meal, Nitrate of Soda, Nitrate of Lime, Sulphate of Ammonia, etc:

Horticultural Price List on application.

HY. RICHARDSON S& COMPY.., Skeldergate Bridge, YORK.

BEGONIAS.

IIlustrated List of my Gold Medal Begonias, for
bedding and pot culture, sent post free. Also
Gloxinias, Cinerarias, &c.

A. Lt. GWILLIM,

Cambria Nursery, New Eltham,
KENT.

THOMPSON & MORGAN

beg to announce that their Seed Catalogue containing many novelties in Flower and
Vegetable Seeds is now ready and may be had gratis and post free.

This unique work cannot fail to be of lasting value to all Amateurs, and the information
freely given therein is based upon over

FIFTY YEARS’ WORLD WIDE REPUTATION

for selling good seeds.

Many seeds offered cannot be obtained elsewhere.

5 CARR STREET, IPSWICH.

NATIVE F UANG Best and Cheapest Manure for all
Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers.

PRICE—£3 10s. per ton in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. at Works, or 5s. per cwt.
carriage paid to any Station in England.
EXTRACTS FROM THIRTIETH ANNUAL COLLECTION OF REPORTS—
NATIVE GUANO FOR POTATOES, YEGETABLES, &c.
H. Stott, Itchen: “‘ Vegetables gave entire satisfaction. Economical and Effective. Good preventative

of fly, slug, &c.”” J.J. ForstER, Baddily: ‘‘ Potatoes, splendid; cauliflowers, peas and cakbages,
best Tever had. Highly pleased.’’

NATIVE GUANO FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOES, &c.

J. SWAN, Weybridge: “‘ Vines, peaches, melons, tomatoes and cucumbers, excellent; lawns, beautiful
and green all the season.’”’ A. W.Mynert, Lewisham: “‘ Tomatoes, raspberries, vegetables and
flowers, uniformly good. Perfectly satisfied. Very effective, good and cheap.”

Orders to the NATIVE GUANO CO., Limited,

29 New Bridge Street, London, E.C.
Where Pamphlets of Testimonials. &c.. may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
73

JOHN ROBSON, inodinoscape caroence
INVITES INSPECTION OF HIS STOCK OF

ORCHIDS AND CARNATIONS. |

The Finest Collections in the meee La the neighbourhood of Manchester,

PALMS, STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS, POT ROSES, SHRUBS,
FRUIT AND FOREST TREES, AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Catalogues Free. Plans and Estimates given for Laying-Out and Alteration of Gardens.

Seed Warehouse-- Nurseries—

27 The Downs, ALTRINCHAM. Hale Road, ALTRINCHAM.

BO ae fbf WATER Arr Ane

Ls F # Send for Catalogue, free, to

a HOT
C, TOOPE (F.R.H.S.) & SON,
Heating Engineers &
— and Evcperts —

STEPNEY SQUARE, HIGH STREET, STEPNEY,
LONDON, E.

&e. PROPAGATORS
For Seeds or Cuttings. From 10/6 and up.

Carter in ¥ Co.

Awarded in 1906 and 1908 the ONLY R.H.S. COLD MEDALS for

Splendid Collections of
D AHLI AS, CACTUS, PHONY, DOUBLE,
SINGLE, and POMPON.

SEEDS, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE.
PLANTS, HARDY AND GREENHOUSE.
BULBS, FOR POT OR GARDEN CULTURE.
TREES, FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL.

ROSES, STANDARD, DWARF, AND CLIMBING.

ROCK PLANTS, Fine Selections of Flowering
and Foliage Varieties, 3/6 dozen, 25/= per 100.

52&53 London Wall, London, E.C.

(ONLY CITY ADDRESS.) Established over 50 years. Catalogues Free.
gee ate. ee Se eee ee

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT S@UARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

74

FORM OF RECOMMENDATION.

[This F'onm can be easily detached for use.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Established

Incorporated
A.D. 1804.

A.D. 1809.

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telegrams: “HORTENSIA, LONDON.” Telephone No.: 5363, Westminster.

Form of Recommendation for a FELLOW of the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Description

LEE es SS al eee

being desirous of becoming a FELLOW of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

oS
SOCIETY, we whose Names are underwritten beg leave to recommend

Guineas a year.

Proposed by

POEL Leh pelt Sala he SIN Cee ie nee eee ae o.

* Kindly enter here the word fowr or two or one.

It would be a poieeniavige if the Candidate’s Card were sent at the same
time.

Signed on behalf of the Council, this................ play: Obes hi x 20.0 190

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

Privileges of Fellows.

1,—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow.
2.—Candidates for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society.
8.—Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society.

4.—The Soaiety being incorporated by Royal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability
whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions.

5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster, S.W.

6,.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Society suggesting
the name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite
them to join the Society.

FELLOWS.

A Fellow subseribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for Forty
Guineas) is entitled—
1.—To One Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all the
Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens,
2.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society.
8.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society’s Rooms,
4.—To a copy of the Society’s JouRNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and

Conferences, Reports of trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new
or rare plants, &c.

5.—To purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required
for experimental purposes.

6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as
may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 85 miles from
London (by the A B C Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share.

7.—Subject to certain limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such
subjects, by letter from the Society’s Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.1.C.

8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees:—One day,
£38. 3s.; two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out-of-pocket expenses.

9 —To exhibit at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society’s
Gardens,

10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society.

A Fellow subscribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for Twenty-five
Guineas) is entitled—

1.—T'o OnrE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets,
2.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

A Fellow subseribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. 1s.
(or commuting for Fifteen Guineas), is entitled—
1.—To One Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass), and the privileges
mentioned in Nos. 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

[Bond fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanently abroad, are
exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee.]

V.B.—¥ach Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal Pass will admit three persons to the
Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on which an Exhibition or Meeting is being held, when

cach Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only. The Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday,
and Christmas Day,

ASSOCIATES.

An Associate subseribing 10s. 6d. a year is entitled—

1,—To One Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 8, 4, and 9.

N.8.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Private or Market
Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election by Two Fellows of the Society.

Local Horticultural and Cottage Garden Societies may be Affiliated to
the Royal Horticultural Society, particulars as to which
may be had on application.

76

HARTLEY SUGDEN,

HALIFAX. ig

Makers of all Patterns of Heating Apparatus Boilers for

HORTICULTURAL HEATING.

Magazine
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ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY
GUARANTEED.

PROMPT DELIVERY.

For Prices

Catalogue
apply to your
post free Heating Engineer
ot or
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application.
ii Builder.

WROUGHT WELDED “ SAVILE ” BOILER.

R.H.S. mivertisment Office :—VINCENT SQUARE. WESTMINSTER. S. W.

77

Gv Spectal Appointment to

his Majesty the ting.

MACKENZIE & MONCUR, L™

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of all kinds.

We are always pleased to consult with Gentlemen or their Gardeners about proposed Garden Work, or with Architects or others as to Heating, Ventilation, &c.
We place our experience entirely at the service of our clients, and guarantee our workmanship to give entire satisfaction.
EDINBURGH. LONDON. GLASGOW.
Registered Offices and Works. 8 CAMDEN ROAD, N.W. 121 ST. VINCENT STREET.
BALCARRES ST., MORNINGSIDE. Telegrams: “‘TREIBHAUS London.” Telephone :—2336 Argyle.
Telegrams: ‘“ HOTHOUSE Edinburgh.” Telephone :—2117 (P.0.) Hampstead.

Telephone : Central 2674, 2675 & 4665.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Appointed by Royal
Majesty King

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Warrant Makers to Bis
Edward VIL.

MOWERS

They are the First, Foremost and Best in the World.

Highest Awards Royal Botanic Society, 1965-1906. Royal Horticultural Society, 1907.
Special and Highest Award, Silver Cup, R.H.S. Sumrrer Show, 1908,

Gala
GREEN’S PATENT “SILENS MESSOR” ae
LAWN MOWER. For Hand Power.

The Highest Grade Roller Machine made

The
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made in sizes
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Other styles made,
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GREEN’S PATENT ‘‘SILENS MESSOR”
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PATENT MOTOR LAWN MOWERS.

| Made in sizes, 24 in., 30 in., 36 in., and 42 in.
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And SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS.

Please write for Illustrated Price List, R.H.S., 94.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
79

FLOWERS

FOR THE WHOLE YEAR

The problem of securing flowers from

early spring to late autumn is solved by

KELWAY’S ARTISTIC
HERBACEOUS BORDER

which is planned to give a constant

succession of bloom in artistic masses
of harmonious colour. It combines
the highest beauty with the truest

economy in garden planning.

A Kelway Border, 140 feet by 9 feet,
of the finest hardy plants will cost

LAG 16s.

Write giving the space to be filled to

KELWAY &SON

The Royal Horticulturists,

LANGPORT, SOMERSET

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
80

Grand Prix, Franco-British Exhibition

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.

LIMITED,

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Eeg to invite all lovers of Horticulture to
visit their Extensive General Nurseries at

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During the Summer and Autumn months when their

Fruit Trees, Conifers,
Roses, Shrubs, Rhododendrons,
Herbaceous Plants, &c.,

Are in full growth and beauty, and examples of all kinds
of Fruit Culture can be studied and Trees selected for
Planting October to April.

Frequent Trains from London by the Chatham and Dover Railway (book to Barming for
Fruit Nurseries) from, Victoria, Holborn and St. Paul’s, or by S. E. Railway Loop Line
(to Maidstone West), from Charing Cross, Cannon Street and Waterloo.

TIME TABLES ON APPLICATION.

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SUTTON’S a
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ASTERS. STOCKS.
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Scarlet, Delicate rose, Bright rose, Blue, Lilac Scarlet, White, Blue, Pink, Carmine-pink, Yellow, |
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EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCKEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY 14, 1908. |
Mr. Francis G. Noverre, F.R.H.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (89).—Mrs. C. Arbuthnot, Mrs. I. J. Baker, A. R.
Barker, C. J. Barlow, Mrs. H. Beech, Col. Blagrove, Mrs. Blagrove,
Lady F. Bourke, James Box, Mrs. Callander, F. §. Carter, Mrs. Child,
Miss E. S. Collier, Mrs. Cookson, Mrs. H. Dickmann, A. Erith, Mrs.
A. B. Fife, Viscount Gough, Mrs. Hamilton Gordon, Mrs. Greenwell,
Mrs. A. Jervoise, Miss M. Joseph, K. D. Linton, C. H. W. Mander,
G. HE. B. Pritchett, E. S. Reid, W. Richardson, Lady G. Rolle, Miss
A. Sandell, Miss C. A. Shirving, Mrs. J. Silverston, H. A. Soames,
Mrs. Stuart-Moore, W. Thompson, J. Walton, Mrs. Watts, EK. B. White,
H. Wigley, Mrs. F. W. Zurhorst.

Societies affiiiated (3).—Dulwich Chrysanthemum and Horticultural
Society, Highcliffe Gardeners’ Association, and Manchester Horticultural
Improvement Society.

A lecture on “The more prominent Exhibits at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society’s Shows in 1907,” illustrated by lantern slides, was
given by Mr. J. Gregory.

GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY 28, 1908.
Mr. ArtHuR W. Sutton, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (46)—W. F. Adams, Mrs. C. Arkwright, R. Bayley,
Denis Best, F. Bobby, Miss R. Browne, W. Cahill, Mrs. Campbell,
Silas Cole, Mrs. R. Dangar, J. E. Dixon, W. S. Edwardson, Mrs. Ireby
Fisher, Miss A. D. Fox, Lieut.-Col. R. Gardiner, H. E. Gaulter, Mrs.
A. Hampson, Rey. C. A. Heurtley, R. Holsworth, W. Hutchinson,
Mrs. C. Johnston, P. F. C. Jourdain, F. Kneller, Mrs. A. Lafone, Mrs.
PF’, Lidderdale, Col. the Hon. O. Lumley, W. W. McKay, D. MacLean,
Miss EK. G. Miller, Miss M. A. Miller, Mrs. R. Nares, Mrs. Noble,
C. W. Paxton, H. Phillips, B. C. Renshaw, Mrs. L. D. Ryder, Mrs.

VOL. XXXIV. a

ll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

W. Seton, Mrs. B. Simonds, P. Simpson, F.L.8., Miss A. H. Singleton,
C. Smith, Lady Spielmann, Mrs. H. F. Stallard, W. P. Stephens,
Mrs. R. H. Thornton, Mrs. M. L. Tweedie.

Fellows resident abroad (3).—W.J. D. Ansell (Cyprus), J. A. Chabaud
(South Africa), the Ven. Archdeacon W. Clarke Hose (New South
» Wales).

Associate (1).—T. Hay.

Societies affiliated (4).—Bassaleg Horticultural Society, Charlton
Kings Horticultural Society, Holmes and District Gardening Society,
and Newport Pagnell and District Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given by Mr. T. Ernest Waltham, illustrated by lantern
slides of Swiss alpine and other plants, on ‘ Photography in Natural
Colours.” (See p. 40.)

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING..
Frepruary 11, 1908.
Mr. J. Gurney Fowter, J.P. (Treasurer of the Society), in the Chair.

Fellows elected (80).—The Marquess of Ailesbury, Mrs. Aldrich,
Mrs. J. H. Allan, Miss Anstruther-Thomson, C. G. Arbuthnot, Miss
K. E. L. Arch, Mrs. Bailey, H. F. Bennie, F. Cavendish Bentinck,
Mrs. John Biddulph, J. Bowerman, J. H. R. Bright, Mrs. T. B. Browne,
Earl Cairns, Countess Cairns, Countess of Carnarvon, Mrs, Trevor
Castle, Mrs. W. Cochrane, Miss Croft, Mrs. Daniels, Mrs. Dean-Pitt,
E. M. de Luzy, A. Dickson, C. T. Donaldson, A. A. Donnithorne,
A. Drury, Mrs. G. Elin, A. C. L. Ellis, G. §. Evans, Mrs, Farquhar,
Miss M. Fisher, J. R. FitzGerald, T. Fleming, Miss M. D. Fort,
J. T. Foster, H. W. Gell, M.D., Hon. Mrs. H. Gibbs, R. N. Goodman,
H. Stanley Goodyear, Miss G. E. Griffith, H. B. Grylls, Mrs. W.
Hamilton, Mrs. A. Hannay, Mrs. H. Harrison, Miss A. Johnson,
R. §. Keep, Sir A. W. Legard, Mrs. Leschalias, Mrs. H. W. Little,
Mrs. W. MacGeagh, Miss McWatters, Mrs. Mounsey, Miss M. E. Napier,
Miss Norman, Lady A. Paget, Lady Palmer, T. H. Parker, Mrs. Pearson,
Miss A. Percival, E. J. Quainton, Mrs. A. H. Schlesinger, Lady Schuster,
A. J. Stamp, R. W. Staniland, Mrs. Stanley-Adams, Mrs. Arnold Steer,
Mrs. H. R. Thomas, W. F. Thomas, Mrs. W. Thompson, Mrs. Thynne,
J. H. Tritton, Mrs. Ubsdell, A. A. Walters, G. W. Whyman, Mrs. Edw.
Wilson, Lady Rivers Wilson, Mrs. Wood, A. Woollard, Mrs. Frank
Young, Mrs. George Young.

Associates (12).—Miss C. M. Bell, Miss R. Brandberg, Miss D.
Champion, Miss C. Crocknell, Miss 8. Hymans de Tiel, Miss Fellowes,
I’. Fitch, Miss A. D. Grove, Miss G. Palmer, Miss K. EK. T. Parsons,
Miss L. Stevenson, Miss A. Tengstedt.

Societies affiliated (4).—Budleigh Salterton and District Horticultural
Society, Burnley and District Horticultural Society, Newport Gardeners’
Mutual Improvement Association, St. Peter’s (St. Albans) Horticultural
Society.

The Chairman moyed the adoption of the Report, which was seconded
by Sir John T. D. Llewelyn, Bart., V.M.H., and carried unanimously.

er:

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. ill

The following names of President, Vice-Presidents, members of
Council and officers having been duly proposed and seconded, and the
list circulated in accordance with Bye-law 74, and no alternative names
having been proposed, were declared by the Chairman to be duly
elected, viz. :

As new Members of Council—The Hon. John Boscawen, Mr. E. A.
Bowles, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Mr. J. Gurney Fowler, Mr. W. Marshall,
V.M.H..

As Vice-Presidents.—The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P.,
the Right Hon. the Karl of Ducie, the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild,
Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Sir John T. Dillwyn-Llewelyn, Bart., V.M.H.,
and Baron Sir Henry Schréder, Bart., V.M.H.

_ As Officers.—Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H. (President),
J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (Treasurer), Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. (Secretary),
A. C. Harper, Esq. (Auditor).

Mr. Pearson moved a vote of thanks to the Chairman, which was

seconded and carried unanimously.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL

FOR THE YEAR 1907.

1. The One Hundred and Fourth Year.—Quiet, steady progress
has again marked the past year.

2. Research Station and Laboratory at Wisley.—The most
important feature of the year’s work, and one which, it is hoped, will
be productive of far-reaching results, is the completion of the Laboratory
and Scientific Research Station at Wisley. The Opening Ceremony was
kindly performed by the Right Hon. Lord Avebury, P.C., F.R.S., on
July 19, when several Representatives of Government Departments,
prominent men of Science and Horticulture, and members of the Surrey
County Council were present. The occasion was one of great gratifica-
tion, for it brought the realisation of a long-cherished but long-deferred
desire for a Scientific Station under the direct control of the Society for
research into the problems affecting plant life and plant disease at present
confronting and baffling the gardener. Several very interesting speeches
were delivered on the occasion. These are reported in the JouRNAL
(vol. xxxiii. p. 329).

Among the first subjects to be investigated are soil-sterilisation
by steam as a means of destroying those pests of plants which live
in the soil; the influence of sterilisation on the plants subsequently
cultivated in the soil; the bacteria of the soil; etherisation of plants;
and certain definite plant diseases. Each of these subjects will entail
a large amount of laboratory work, as well as of experiment in the
Garden.

Mr. Frederick J. Chittenden, F.L.S., from the Chelmsford Laboratories
of the Essex County Council, and for some years Secretary of our Society’s
Scientific Committee, has been appointed Director, having under his care
both the Research work and the Students’ Laboratory, the latter at present

a2

=

\

iv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

accommodating twenty-four young men. The Students’ training has thus
been extended and improved, with a definite syllabus, and a time-table
apportioning their work between the Gardens for practical work and the
Laboratory for Scientific Study. The curriculum has received the approval
of the Board of Agriculture, of the Science and Art Department, South
Kensington, and of the Surrey County Council, who have asked the
Society to co-operate with their efforts to afford horticultural education
in the County, they themselves offering a certain number of Scholarships
in the Society’s Gardens to lads from the Elementary and Secondary
Schools of the County. The Laboratory is recognised by the Board
of Education as a Technical School for Grant, in conformity with whose
Regulations Messrs. W. A. Bilney, J.P., E. A. Bowles, M.A., W. Marshall,
V.M.H., Harry J. Veitch, V.M.H., and the Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., have
been appointed Managers. |

The question of the association of the Society in its Educational and
Research work at Wisley with the University of London has, at the
request of the Council, been brought before the Authorities of the
University by Sir Albert Rollit, who is a member both of the Council
of our Society and also of the Senate of the University, and, at the
suggestion of the latter, the consideration of the subject has been
adjourned for the moment, pending the appointment by the University
of a Professor of Biology.

3. Donations, Prizes, and Scholarships.—The Council acknow-
ledge with heartiest thanks the receipt of the £100 offered by Mr. Arthur
W. Sutton, J.P., V.M.H., to inaugurate a Prize Scheme for the Students
at the Gardens; and also the gift of an excellent photographic outfit for
use at Wisley from Mrs. Hornby Lewis.

With reference to the Prize Scheme, which has not yet been definitely
formulated, it is hoped that further donations will be forthcoming sufficient
to secure an annual income of £15 to £20, so that the books or apparatus
given as prizes may be worth working for, and serve as a real stimulus
to the young men. The Council would also welcome the foundation of
Scholarships.

Whilst on the subject of Donations, it should be mentioned that the
Royal Dutch Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem have kindly placed at the
disposal of the Council a series of Prizes, ranging from £2 2s. to £8 Bs.,
for forced Hyacinths, to be competed for at the Society’s Exhibition on
March 381, 1908. There are to be six classes, three for Amateurs and
Gentlemen’s Gardeners and three for Nurserymen. [ull particulars will
be found in the Book of Arrangements for 1908.

4. Wisley Gardens.—The new Garden, which was so generously
purchased for the Society’s use by Sir Thomas Hanbury, V.M.H., K.C.V.O.,
is gradually being brought into thorough working order. Much, however,
still remains to be done. Various trials of flowers and vegetables have been
carried out, and Mr. George Massee, V.M.H., has conducted some original
research work.

Contributions of Orchids have been presented to the Gardens by Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., V.M.H., K.C.V.O., Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.,
Lieut.-Colonel Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., W. A. Bilney, Esq., J.P., P. Ralli,

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Vv

Esq., F. Wellesley, Esq., J.P., J. S. Moss, Esq., C. A. White, Esq.,
J. Sparkes, Esq., Messrs. J. Veitch, Messrs. Charlesworth, Messrs. J. W.
Moore, and Messrs. George Bunyard. It is hoped that these will form the
nucleus of a far larger collection in a few years to come.

The number of visitors to the Gardens admitted by Fellows’ Tickets
during the year 1907 amounted to 8,818, as compared with 8,147 in 1906.
This is exclusive of Horticultural parties, which were admitted by special
arrangement, and would increase the total to over 10,000. The number
would, no doubt, have been even larger but for the very unsettled weather
of the summer of 1907.

The work in connection with the office of Superintendent has so greatly
increased that it has been found necessary to appoint an Assistant Super-
intendent, and Mr. Arthur C. Smith has been selected for the post.

5. Wisley Land Tax.—The Council were advised to redeem the
Land Tax on the Wisley Gardens in anticipation of a greatly increased
assessment of the property. This therefore was done at a cost of £42 5s.

6. The Union of Horticultural Mutual Improvement
Societies.—The Union of Mutual Improvement Societies is another
development of the past year. The Council hope, by thus drawing the
many isolated, but exceedingly useful, Horticultural Mutual Improve-
ment Societies into federation with our Society, and with each other,
to strengthen and encourage them, and generally to promote their
welfare. It is intended under this scheme to gather from existing
Societies the most suitable rules and regulations and general consti-
tution for the information of newly starting Societies, to keep a List
of Lecturers willing to assist them, and to furnish them with printed
lectures, when a lecturer cannot be secured, or unavoidably fails to fulfil
his engagement. All Affiliated Societies are included in the Union.

7. The Report of the Genetics Conference.— The Report of the
International Conference on Genetics, held in the summer of 1906 and
edited by our Secretary, was published in the spring, and presented to
all who were present at or took any part in the Conference, and to all
Fellows who had made application for it. The Council have received
many congratulations upon the excellence of this Report, which forms
the most complete collection of information on this interesting subject
yet published.

8. Obituaries.—The death-roll among prominent Fellows of the
Society is, unhappily, unusually heavy. First to be mentioned must be
Sir Thomas Hanbury, K.C.V.O., the generous donor of the Wisley Garden.
Then follow Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., who for several years was a
Vice-President of the Society, and one of our most prominent growers
of Orchids; and Dr. Masters, F.R.S., Vice-Chairmain of the Scientific
Committee for many years, and always a prominent figure at all the
Society's Meetings and Conferences. The Society has lost another
constant friend in Sir Michael Foster, F.R.S., whose Horticultural work,
especially amongst Irises, is well known to all. Mention must also be
made of the Right Hon. Lord Battersea, Sir Alexander Arbuthnot,
K.C.8.1L, C.1.E., Major Bythway, Mr. Frederick Q. Lane, Mr. R. LI.

vl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Measures, the Hon. Mark Rolle, Lady Louisa Egerton, Mr. John Assbee,
and Mr. James Herbert Veitch.

9. Masters’ Memorial Fund.—The Council wish to commend the
‘Masters’ Memorial Fund ”’ to the support of the Fellows of the Society.
In the latter part of the year a meeting was held to consider in what
way the late Dr. Masters’ memory, and his work for Scientific Horticulture,
could be most suitably perpetuated, and it was at once felt by all that the
most fitting memorial would be to establish Foundation Lectures on
the application of Science to Horticulture, to be called “The Masters’
Memorial Lectures,’ similar to existing Foundation Lectures in Law,
Medicine, and other sciences. The Council gladly accepted the suggestion,
and a circular letter was sent out to the Fellows, in response to which ~
about £320 has thus far been received. It is greatly hoped that further
donations may yet be made to the fund in order that three lectures at
least may be adequately endowed, and so carry on Dr. Masters’ memory
to succeeding generations of gardeners.

10. Retiring Members of the Council.—Under Bye-law 60 the
Hon. John Boscawen, Mr. J. Gurney Fowler, and Mr. William Marshall,
V.M.H., the three members of the Council who have been longest in
office, retire, but are proposed for re-election. The Karl of Tankerville,
finding that distance from London prevents his regular attendance at
the meetings of the Council, has asked to be allowed to resign, and the
Council hope that Mr. EK. A. Bowles, M.A., of Myddelton House,
Waltham Cross, Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Committee, may be
elected to fill the vacancy thus caused.

11. Victoria Medal of Honour.—During the past year three
vacancies in the roll of the Victoria Medal of Honour have occurred
(Sir Thomas Hanbury, Sir Michael Foster, and Mr. Harry Turner), and
Sir John Dillwyn Llewelyn, Bart., Mr. Henry Ballantine (the veteran
head gardener to Baron Schréder), and Mr. George Dickson, the rosarian,
of Newtonards, Ireland, have been elected by the Council.

12. Annual Progress.—The following table will show the Society’s
progress in regard to numerical strength during the past year :—

Loss spy Deatu 1n 1907. FELLOWS ELECTED IN 1907.
fea & ad
Life Fellows. PRE Fe . 0+0s.0:. 4Bony Membata 7) 72-4. oc Vi ee
4 Guineas . et Cm -. 1616 O | 4QGuineas . ees . 1616-8)
2 4 : ge; £498 sandal 8 f ‘ ere 1,072:):0 0
| “3 , tbh od Oe Oe AU Sia, e : Pee es 4 ee . 680 O O
Ke 01e eB Associates . amt >. ae Pana pia Ue gigs
+ #216 6 0 | ‘xéitiated Bocietied /87 16.0.) Reumnne
| Commutations 20 |
= £448 3e. Od. >) ho ee
Loss By ResiGNarion, &c. 1,209 £1,774 10.0
a tag 2 Deduct Loss . . 870 9 0
4 Guineas . re - 8 8 O | Nerv InorEAsE 1n INCOME £904 1 O
2 . Mpa (0 see 7220710. 0 ere S
] ” q . 383 . . 402 8 0 New Fellows, &e. , >. bake
Associates . . 16. pS Bro Resignations and Deaths . . 676
Affiliated Societies 14 . ore 14 Ee Nomperoir Intaeagn 2 : : 533
520 £654 0 Total on December 31, 1906 - 9,467
Toran Loss 676 £870 9 0 | Total on December 31, 1907 . 10,000

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, vil

The Council are pleased to record that the total number of Fellows, —
Honorary or Corresponding Members, Associates, and Affiliated Societies
is now 10,000, which is believed to be the highest number belonging to
any British Royal Society.

13. Journal.—Volume XXXII. of the Journal, which deals with the
work and lectures of the Society during the whole of 1906, was sent out
in June last, and a further issue, Volume XX XIIL., containing the records
of January to June 1907, is about to be issued.

14. Examinations.—The Society again held its three examinations :
one in General Horticultural Knowledge; one, for School Teachers, in
Cottage and Allotment Gardening ; and one for men employed in Public
Parks and Gardens. These will be continued in 1908 with an addition
to the “School Teachers’ Examination” of Elementary Chemistry and
Biology, which subjects will be optional in 1908, but obligatory in future
years. A fourth examination is also to be established—viz., for juniors
under nineteen years of age, in Elementary Gardening.

15. Letting of the Hall.—The results of the Hall Lettings have
been increasingly satisfactory. In certain months the demand for
engagements is even greater than can be accommodated. One of the
most notable of the tenancies of 1907 was the South African Products
Exhibition, opened by His Majesty the King on February 23. Highly
satisfactory testimonies to the commercial value of the Hall have appeared
in the press, and the Council sincerely thank those Fellows, Lessees, and
others who have done so much to draw attention to its excellence for
Shows, Concerts, Meetings, and all general purposes.

The dates booked for 1908 are already in excess of 1907; in fact
comparatively few dates still remain open.

16. Shows in 1907.—During the year twenty-nine Exhibitions,
covering thirty-five days, have been held by the Society.

17. The Temple Show.—By the renewed kindness of the Treasurer
and Benchers the Society held its great Show for the twentieth year in
succession on May 28, 29, and 30, in the gardens of the Inner Temple.
The attendance was again a record one.

In 1908 a similar Show has been arranged for May 26, 27, and 28,
when there will be a Private View open to Fellows’ Tickets only, on
Wednesday, May 27, between the hours of 7 a.m. and noon. Fellows
are particularly requested to notice that there will be no admission by
payment to this Private View; it will be reserved only for the Annual
Tickets, Transferable and Non-transferable alike. This arrangement has
been made to meet the wishes of many Fellows, and to obviate as far as
possible the unpleasantness of overcrowding.

18. The Summer Show.—On July 9 and 10 the Society’s Annual
Summer Show was held in the Park of Holland House by the kind
permission of Mary, Countess of Ilchester, who has most generously
consented to the Summer Show of 1908 being again held there.

Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ar. ANNUAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES—

Ground Rent... ats + ee wos) 0) GODS 1! col
Rates and Taxes cae an mt ssa 9 602 10.7.9
Water Rate iol “ op ace NF 66 14 0
Electric Lighting ee e p: o=6,. DD, ce ed
Gas coe ane #4. Re ves me 25 8 9
Insurances ape 5 igh nF ae 48 5 0
ae eee Pee Bo
Salaries and Wages ~*~ Sis bee OPPS 5298 BS Pee
Printing and Stationery ie Ae die barbs whe hd
Postages ... oe ee as nas ST ie aie be tae
Fuel mea ae eee ee ay au 53 14 0
Architect and Auditor’s Fees ... ai Joiner ADD ye
Gratuities is ae =. oe ae 40 15 0
Repairs and Renewals ... — = eet bY BOR, 4B Me
Miscellaneous Expenses ef chs Pea bag: eke Sh
a ee
» JOURNAL, PRINTING AND POSTAGE fe 3,485 8 4
» PAINTING ORCHID PICTURES... inn vas 43 10 0
» LINDLEY LIBRARY a oe a 335 16 11 6
,» SHOWS and MEETINGS—
Temple Show ... = ee ie pont | ES ae ee
Holland Park Show _... ous ane oaks Ne
Special Autumn Show ... EP ce os =20e be a1
Labour ... se ite Be oes Page Ss lem! Meek
Expenses of Floral Meetings and Conferences 192 9 2
= —' 193 ee
» PRIZES and MEDALS—
Committee Awards oe was as “iA 468 16 3
» WISLEY GARDENS—
Rates, Taxes, and Insurances ... — eee 124 19 7
Superintendent’s Salary so sve ave’? aE. Pe
Labour ... ros ap i: ee >: G84 aD
Trees and Shrubs is aus re a aie Soe.
Garden Implements ... ax ay ae 18 19511
Loam and Manure oe és 5 Ee, 80 12 9
Repairs... mes is sh Me inc 3117 9
Fuel cae a T° a ah PPO <= A ie!
Miscellaneous Expenses ae iA ota kl ee

7
—___—_— 1,920 7809
» COST of GROWING, PACKING, and DISTRIBU-

TION of PLANTS to FELLOWS .... ore 276 19 1
» LABORATORY, WISLEY—
Director’s Salary ia A ona ih, 2 SO eo
Opening Ceremony th (ah 2
Miscellaneous Expenses vas sa ine 51 4 10
i So 2 ae
» DEPRECIATION—
Hall Glass Roof, Furniture, Glass Houses,
Wisley, and Plant and Materials... tae 496 7 8
», BALANCE, carried to Balance Sheet mee pis 6,477 12 8

£20,514 15 1

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 1x

ACCOUNT for YEAR ending DECEMBER 31, 1907. er
hae Same Cae ee

By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS zee we ae 13,266 18 0
» ENTRANCE FEES ... ate San wa; ae 388 10 0O

» DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST ..... Me oe 868 13 0

» SHOWS AND MEETINGS—

Temple Show ... as SE = eee oO Lt 474
Holland Park Show “ee AS ae tuum ae 4 I
Special Autumn Show ... ae eae iss 255-0;°-0
Takings at Hall Shows ... a oF ieee Bao 8, UO
= OGOly ae
» JOURNALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS—
Advertisements ... hath ee nae PieOOte Foe vi
Sale of Journals ... “ee ae “i St Tro Bea aad
—-——— 886 5 8
HALL LETTINGS ... oes a se raw eg 2b Be06
Less Labour Expenses ... a we se er eOO td a8
—— 2,051 10 10
,» PRIZES AND MEDALS ee ius es fae 134 6 4
, EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE—
Amount received in Fees xa Se8 aus JOn1LORSO
Less expended ... a ose Ae Fae 6112 0
——— 28 18 0
» WISLEY GARDENS—
Produce sold oe ae aks aes ot 20 12 11
Students’ Fees... pie eee a eee. LOMO
Inspection of Gardens ... ss ate pea loge 11
—— 7-15 as a 0)
a

£20,514 15 1

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. BALANCE SHEET,

To CAPITAL FUND ACCOUNTS—
As at December 31, 1906 a ee ae Oe, 10) ee
Received since, New Hall "ee Fay
Building Fund 2 2 0
, Donations, Laboratory 108 0 0
» Life Compositions ... 448 3 0
Williams’ Memorial Fund ... 168 0 QO

——-—_—_. T2t- SOO
in: $4,981 BAS
» SUNDRY CREDITORS oye 47 Ds aS 1,402 2 0
» SUBSCRIPTIONS, &c., paid in advance ... ooh 635 10 6
» WISLEY SCHOLARSHIP—
As at December 31, 1906... sy Je Loe
Amount received since ... mei, bee Bae
——_—__—___ 43 15 O
Less expended TT sen site ae 28 SOTHO
sat 18.45.60
» ULUAWRENCE TESTIMONIAL FUND _.. ae 389 0 5
.» DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS RESERVE
ACCOUNT ... we ee pes fs ee 979 5-3
» GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT—
Balance, December 31,1906 ... .... —.s. 35,252 «5B OB
Less Bad Debts... ee ale APR ne Po Ie
35,228 13 3
, REVENUE FOR THE YEAR, as per annexed
Account ... at nS oe: ve O477-12,-3
ee ee

£80,062) 4 11

eee

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. X1
DECEMBER 31, 1907. Cr.
£. 8. d. Pw tae 2
By CAPITAL EXPENDITURE—
» NEW HALL AND OFFICES—
As at December 31, 1906 = ..40,144 0 8
Expenditure since (Rev olving Door, Ke. ) 232 14 9
—— 40,376 15 5
» FURNISHING THE HALL AND OFFICES—
As at December 31, 1906 go ROST.4- O00
Expenditure since 67° 5G
es 2,088 5 6
» DWELLING HOUSES, WISLEY—
As at December 31, 1906 JC RISO Lor.
Expenditure since 153 6 3
—-—— 2,390 5 7
» GLASS HOUSES AND RANGES, WISLEY 3,295 15 2
» LABORATORY, WISLEY—
As at December 31, 1906 Saat (Oe
Expenditure since 5, bag Le}
Bagi tt. 2
49,578 15 9
» PLANT AND MATERIALS—
Appliances for Shows 236 11 0
Fittings, Wisley .. 56 48/06
Horse and Cart, Wisley a1 60.0
Fencing and Wire Retine Wisley 36 15 O
Scientific Instruments and Fittings, Labora-
tory ... ae Re EOS ye ib
Breakable Apparatus, Laboratory 510) Ms digi
SS Os hey |
» SUNDRY DEBTORS... 587 12 4
» LINVESTMENTS—
25 % Consols, £10,576 3s. 11d. sc CORE. OGD) 4g
(£2,022 8s. 9d. of this sum is held by the
Society, subject to the provisions of the will
of the late J. Davis, Esq.)
£7 Annuity East Indian er a Class B,
Williams’ Memorial Fund : 168 0 0O
3 % Local Loan, £5,800 sss cost 6,006 16 6
Indian Rupee Paper, 37,000 Rupees » 2,462 14 4
4 % Canadian Inscribed Stock £2,000 ere U7 7b Be Rr
229% National War Loan, £3,108 12s. 11d. ,, 3,045 0 0
4 % Canadian Pacific Rly. Co. Consolidated
Debenture Stock, £4,632 3 cost 4,999 14 1
—— 28,720 0 8
The approximate value of these Investments
is £26,318.
4. CASH.
At Bank ... 526 5 9
In Hand .... 25 1 10
—— okie Numan Gi |
£80,062 4 11

I have audited the books from which the foregoing Accounts are compiled, and

certify that they exhibit a true and correct statement of
on December 31, 1907.

the position of the Society

ALFRED C. HARPER, F.C.A., Auditor (HARPER BROTHERS),
Chartered Accountant, 10 Trinity Square, E.C.
January 17, 1908. )

Xll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

19. Colonial Fruit Shows.—The two Colonial Fruit Shows held
in June and November were most satisfactory, and the Council have
from time to time received many expressions of thanks and of the debt
of gratitude which the Colonies owe to the Society for them. They have
also received many assurances of the encouraging stimulus these Shows
and the Society’s Awards have given to fruit growers in the Colonies.
This year the number and size of the exhibits have increased, and the
Judges, at the November Show in particular, pronounced the fruit to be
the best hitherto imported to England for excellence in quality, colour,
and packing. Similar Shows are to be held on March 5 and 6, June 11
and 12, and November 26 and 27 in the coming year. The Council hope
that the Fellows will take a more active interest in these exhibitions, as
they are organised at considerable trouble, and, as a matter of experience,
visitors never fail to be interested and pleased with the immense variety
of fruits illustrative of the resources of Britain-over-the-Seas.

20. Burnham Beeches.—At the request of the Right Hon. the
Lord Mayor and the Corporation of the City of London, the Council,
on August 20, appointed a small committee, consisting of Mr. F. J.
Chittenden, Mr. Harry J. Veitch, V.M.H., Mr. A. D. Webster, and the
Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., to examine and report upon the condition of the
trees at Burnham Beeches. The Committee devoted considerable attention
to the matter, and towards the end of September issued their report to
the Corporation. (See JouRNAL, vol. xxxiii. p. 557.) A letter of thanks
has since been received from the Right Hon. Sir James Bell, the Lord
Mayor.

21. Deputations.—The Council have with much pleasure received
and accepted invitations to send deputations to the Cornwall Spring
Flower Society on April 7, 1908; to the Jubilee Meeting of the Yorkshire
Floral Society on June 16, 1908; and to the Durham, Northumberland,
and Neweastle-upon-Tyne Society’s Show on July 1, 1908.

22. Kindred Society Shows.—Many Fellows having expressed
their disappointment at being excluded (except on payment) from the
Flower Shows held in the Hall by Special Societies, the Council have
this year made it a stipulation that all Special-flower Societies taking
advantage, as such, of the specially reduced terms for the use of the Hall
shall admit all our Society’s Fellows’ Tickets free.

The following regulations have been issued, and Fellows will see from
the announcement on their tickets which Special Societies have accepted
the very liberal terms thus offered by the Society.

(1) If a kindred Society can, by arrangement, fix their Show on a
Wednesday or a Thursday following one of the R.H.S. Fortnightly
Shows, then the Kindred Society shall have the gate money and the
use of the Hall free of all charge, attendants being provided by the
kindred Society, and free admission given to all holders of R.H.S.
Tickets.

(2) A kindred Society unable to adopt such Wednesday or Thursday
shall have the use of the Hall for £5 for the day, 6 a.m. to 6 P.m., the
gate money being taken by the kindred Society, who must provide all

GENERAL MEETINGS. Xill

attendants; the tables will be set up by the R.H.S., and all R.H.S.
Tickets must be admitted free.

(3) A kindred Society unable to admit R.H.S. Tickets must negotiate
for the use of the Hall on the ordinary scale of charges for letting.

23. Reduced Railway Fares.—At the request of a large number
of Fellows, the Council prepared a Petition to the Railway Companies
of Great Britain, asking for similar privileges of reduced railway fares
to those granted to some other Societies. The Petition was signed by
nearly 3,000 Fellows, and met with a courteous but decided refusal. (See
vol. xxxili. p. 565.)

24. Sir Joseph Hooker, F.R.S., K.C.M.G., &c., &c.—In June the
Council had the pleasure of sending to Sir Joseph Hooker the hearty
congratulations of the Society on the attainment of his ninetieth birthday,
to which Sir Joseph made a most interesting reply, which will be found
in the account of the opening of the Wisley Laboratory in the Society’s
JOURNAL, Vol. xxxill. p. 337.

25. Committees, &c.—The hearty thanks of the Society are again
due to the Members of the Committees, the Judges, the Lecturers, the
Writers of Papers communicated to the JourNAL, the Compilers of
Abstracts, and last, but by no means least, to the several Examiners, and
to others who, by their self-denying work in the Society’s service, have
largely contributed to the success of the past twelve months, and to the
high position held by the Royal Horticultural Society among the practical
and scientific Societies of the world.

By Order of the Council,
W. WILKS, Secretary.
Royat HortricuLTUuRAL Society,
VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
December 31, 1907.

GENERAL MERTING.
Marcu 38, 1908.
Mr. Harry J. Verrcn, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (101).—T. Alexander, Lady Alington, Major-Gen.
J. H. Allen, R. Archer, Miss H. Banner, Miss EK. Barlow, Miss F. Bean,
Miss M. Beeton, Lady Bingham, Lady Blake, Mrs. C. Bone, Miss Brad-
shaw, C. J. Bromhead, Mrs. Bromley, Mrs. Buchanan, W. D. Buncombe,
Miss C. M. Burnaby-Dyott, Miss 8. Caldecott, Miss O. Charlton, Miss
J. B. Charters, C. du P. Chiappini, E. H. Christy, C. P. Clayton, Miss
Clifford, Miss Cory, A. J. Cowling, Mrs. E. Cree, Lady Cunningham, Mrs.
G. Darrochy, W. M. Day, Baroness de Brienen, W. C. Dicks, Lady Dobson,
O. Durant-Parker, Mrs. H. V. Ellis, Viscountess Encombe, Mrs. Erith,
John F. Evans, W. Everett, H. R. Farmer, Mrs. E. Firth, Mrs. Fleming,
A. E. Gibbs, I. Godber, Mrs. E. M. Grant-Dalton, R. Gurney, Goodwyn
Hall, L. H. Halling, J. C. Hanbury, Lady Maud Hastings, Mrs. C. Healey,

x1v PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. W. Heath, Mrs. Vesey Holt, Mrs. Howell, M. E. Hughes-Hughes, Rey.
R. Lee James, J. O. Jeffery, Miss M. Johnson, Miss A. E. Keep, Mrs.
T. A. Kirk, C. F. E. Lear, Mrs. D. Little, J. MacDonald, A. Manning,
Mrs. Marker, Mrs. Maunsell, Capt. J. A. Morrison, Hon. Mrs. Morrison,
Mrs. C. Morrison-Bell, H. Nye, Mrs. E. Palmer, J. O. Peed, 8. H. Peed,
Capt. G. E. Price, Norris E. Prince, Mrs. R. Rayner, Miss E. Rickman,
Miss Ridsdale, Rev. R. 8. Roberts, G. E. W. Robinson, Mrs. W. C. Ryde,
Mrs. G. Savill, Rev. C. Serjeant, Mrs. J. F. Shaw, Mrs. A. Simpson,
W. Simpson, Mrs. G. Smith, A. T. Stephens, E. R. Still, Mrs. Strode,
Miss OC. J. Styles, J. H. M. Taylor, H. J. Thrustans, G. A. Tonge, H. L.
Venning, H. Wainwright, Lady Wake, Mrs. Bernard S. Walker, J. M.
Wallace, C. P. Whiteley, Hon. Mrs. Tom Wood.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—P. Howell Ridge (Guernsey), H. Luzuki,
Jr. (Japan).

Associates (5).—D. B. Adair, Miss d’E. Image, Miss N. B. Harrison,
Miss E. A. Jameson, Miss P. M, Rope.

Societies affiliated (5).—Aldeburgh Horticultural Society, Bowden
Amateur Horticultural Club, North Vancouver Horticultural Society,
Pitsford and District Horticultural Society, Redhill, Reigate, and District
Gardeners’ Mutual Improvement Association.

A lecture on ‘ Bulbous Plants in New Zealand’’ was given by Mr.
EK, White, of New Zealand (see p. 1).

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND
VEGETABLES, BOTH FRESH AND PRESERVED.

Marcu 5 anv 6, 1908.

JUDGES.
Butt, Geo. F. Hudson, Jas., V.M.H.
Fielder, C. R. | Walker, A. M.
Garcia, M. | Wilks, Rev. W., M.A.

Gold Medal.

Mr. C. Du P. Chiappini, Cape Town, for a collection of Fruit.

Mr. '’. J. Poupart, of Covent Garden, for Grapes, Apples, Melons, &c.

The Army and Navy Auxiliary Stores, Francis Street, for a collection
of various Colonial Fruits.

The Government of Nova Scotia, for a collection of Apples.

Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

The Cape Orchard Co., Cape Colony, for Apples, Peaches, Plums, &c.

Messrs. R. Jackson, Piccadilly, W., for Cape Bottled Fruits and
Preserves.

Messrs. KH. Westmacott, Leadenhall Street, E.C., for Bottled Fruits
and Wines,

Messrs. Brown & Maxem, Covent Garden, for Melons, Grapes,
Apples, &c.

SE ——— — — — — -

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, Xv

Silver-giult Banksian Medal.

Sir Somerset French, K.C.M.G., Victoria Street, S.W., for Paintings
of Cape Scenery.

The Rhodes Fruit Farms, Groot, Drakenstein, for Bottled Fruits and
Preserves.

Silver Knightian Medal.

The Rhodes Fruit Farms, Groot, Drakenstein, for Pears and Plums.
A. Chiappini, Esq., The Retreat, Cape Town, for Grapes.

Messrs. Malan Bros., Constantia, for Pears.

The Hon. J. W. Sauer, Uitkyk, Paarl, for Grapes.

Mr. 8. L. Simon, Durban, for collection of Grape Fruits.

Silver Banksian Medal.

B.W.N. Specialities, Tooley Street, 8.H., for Jellies and Honey.

Messrs. Myers, New Broad Street, E.C., for Preserves.

G. S. Hauptfleisch, Esq., Hugenot, S. Paarl, for Grapes.

A. Nicholson, Esq., Stellenbosch, Cape Colony, for Grapes, Nectarines,
Peaches, &e.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

O. C. M. Barry, Esq., Rustenburg, for Pears and Plums.
Messrs. Heynes, Mathew, Adderley Street, Cape Town, for Sauces.

REPORT ON EXHIBIT FROM CYPRUS.

A small exhibit of Oranges, Lemons, and Preserved Fruit was sent
from Cyprus with a request for a report thereupon, as this was a purely
tentative and preliminary consignment, the first ever sent from this
colony.

Oval Oranges.—Varying considerably in size and appearance, some
of the smaller specimens having a smooth skin, the larger ones exceed-
ingly rugged and coarse, and of enormous seize, weighing as much as
1% pound apiece! On opening them I expected to find a very thick pithy
skin and flesh full of seeds; but this was by no means the case: the skin
was not disproportionately pithy or thick, and (in the ones I opened) there
were absolutely no seeds. Flavour very fair, but not quite of the highest.

fiound Oranges.—More even in size than the “ ovals,” but still very
large and slightly rugged in appearance. Very few seeds and of decidedly
good flavour.

Bitter Oranges.—Exceedingly bitter, flesh very acid; full of seeds.
Would make excellent marmalade owing to the exceeding bitterness and
acidity.

Lemons.—Very fine indeed ; large, full of juice and flavour. Few
seeds ; skin smooth and filled with oil. An excellent sample.

Preserved Fruits.

Bottles——These were very inferior. Self-closing air-tight bottles
should in all cases be used.

Apricots.—Apparently preserved in syrup, making them far too sweet ;
_ the flavour of the fruit, however, was good, but. the medium in which

XVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

they were preserved might best be described as concentrated liquid sugar,
so sweet was it and sticky. Much less sugar (probably only a third) should
be used.

Orange Peel.—Preserved in syrup and exceedingly good, the bitter-
ness of the peel and the sweetness of the syrup harmonising well.

Quince.—I am a little in doubt whether this was our English Quince,
or the Loquat, which is often called Japanese Quince. In texture it was
excellent, much softer than our English Quince usually is when preserved
whole or in quarters, and the flavour a little less pronounced, which most
people would consider a gain. The syrup had escaped from this bottle,
so I had the lumps of fruit laid on basket lids in a very cool oven for two
or three nights, and the result is a first-rate fruit sweetmeat, most
palatable.

Nectarines.—The best as well as the most distinct and unusual of all
the preserved fruits sent. ‘The fruits, though in very sweet syrup, re-
tained a delightful acidity together with the distinctive flavour of the
fresh fruit. They appear to be called ‘“*‘ White Apricots ”’ locally.

Young Bitter Oranges.—Resembling those sent from the south of
France, but decidedly better for those who like sweet things. These were
almost crystallised or glacé, the syrup having almost solidified.

Cherries.—Very well made, but far far too sweet, so much so as to
leave little flavour beside.

Apples.—No flavour at all. Quite useless for the English market.

Mosphila Jelly (Azeral Hawthorn).—Very well made and possessing
a pleasant acidity, but only little flavour of fruit.

Crystallised Fruits, Mixed.—They were neither crystallised nor
glacé, and had the appearance of fruits preserved in very thick syrup and
then sprinkled over with coarse-grained sugar. To make them saleable
they must be presented quite dry.

Speaking of the preserved fruits generally, the Nectarines (or White
Apricots) and the Orange Peel were first rate, the Apricots, Quince, and
young Bitter Oranges very good. All these, if they were sent in better
bottles and could once get a fair trial on the London market, would, I
believe, meet with a ready sale.

W. WILKs,
Sec. R.H.S.

Larnaca, Cyprus: 17 April, 1908.
Dear Sir,

I am very pleased with the success of the few exhibits sent to
your show in March, and I beg to thank you for giving me the opportunity
of showing Cyprus fruit. I have reported the matter to his Excellency the
High Commissioner, who is very pleased. I hope to place Oranges and
Lemons on the London market in December. Several firms have offered
their services as agents. I also hope to send further exhibits to the
R.H.8., as their work in this connection is very valuable to the Colonies.

Yours faithfully,
W. J. ANSELL.

——

GENERAL MEETINGS. XV1i

GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 17, 1908.
Mr. GrorGcE Paut, J.P., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (65).—F. Adnitt, J.P., A. H. Allen, H. Barton,
BK. J. Catt, J. Chantrey, A. Coates, EK. A. Collins, C. H. Chapman,
Col. de Villamil, H. S. Dunham, Miss Ebbuitt, Lieut.-Col. Ellicombe,
Mrs. A. Fleming, Mrs. A. Freeman, Sir Stephen Gatty, Mrs. Green-
shields, Mrs. Kerr Gullard, Mrs. Gwynne-Holford, Mrs. Hallward,
H. W. A. Harrison, W. H. Hatcher, J. A. Humphery, Mrs. Kingsbury
Jameson, Mrs. W. Jameson, Miss HE. M. Johnson, Mrs. Wm. Kenny,
Carl Koettgen, Miss Laughton, H. P. Leach, W. B. Leaf, Mrs. J.
Lindsay, H. 8. Locksmith, Miss Lumsden, C. Martineau, Mrs. Finchett
Maddock, J. A. Mayer, E. A. Miller, Mrs. Milsome, J. Murphy,
H. P. Parrott, Dr. A. Gordon Paterson, Lieut. J. H. J. Phillips,
A. W. Raikes, Dr. A. S. Ransome, Mrs. R. A. Read, Miss Rennie,
Mrs. Rickett, A. B. Riley, Miss M. A. Ryder, Miss Scott, R. C. H.
Sinclair, Miss O. K. EH. Smith, A. L. Stephens, Col. W. H. Stuart,
C. H. Tandevin, EK. Tate, Mrs. Tatham, J. H. Templer, Mrs. F. Tetley,
Mrs. Toomer, Mrs. Tower, F. Turner, Madame Vagliano, Mrs. Alfred
Whitehead, A. Wynne Williams.

Fellow resident abroad (1).—J. Havelock-Cwsar (India).

Associates (2).—A. J. Jones, A. Marsh.

Society affiliated (1).—Holmer, Munstone, and District Cottage Garden
Improvement Society.

A lecture on “ Beautiful Flowering Trees and Shrubs,” illustrated by
lantern slides, was given by Mr. G. Gordon, V.M.H. (see p. 4).

GENERAL MERTING.
Marcu 31, 1908.
Mr. K. A. Bowtss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (78).—Mrs. J. Anderson, Mrs. H. Bentinck, C. E.
Birch, EK. A. Bonnor-Maurice, M. C. Bonsor, Mrs. H. E. Buxton,
Miss E. L. Campbell, H. F. Carlill, Miss S. Carlisle, Mrs. Hay Chapman,
Dr. G. E. J. Crallan, V. J. Cummings, C. 8. Daniels, Mrs. T. M. Dermer,
W. de Winton, Miss Hay Drummond, C. Elliott, Miss Elliot, J. Francis,
Mrs. J. Fraser, H. Froreich, Mrs. Fuchs, Lady Furness, H. C. Gardner,
Mrs. J. Gidley, 8S. Greenfield, J. Gregory, Mrs. G. Grinnell-Milne,
Mrs. R. H. J. Gurney, W. Holtham, A. A. Horley, H. C. Houndle,
H. C. Humphery, Mrs. J. Murray Irwin, Miss Isaac, Mrs. Macdonald,
Mrs. Malkin, J. Mansey, A. L. Matley, Mrs. Mitchell, Mrs. F. Murray,
Mrs. W. H. Newman, Mrs. Northey, Mrs. R. Nugent, Lady Muriel
Paget, W. Pascoe, Mrs. W. Lawson Peacock, G. Pearce, R. de Q. Quincey,
Miss Reeves, H. J. Richard, Miss D. Richards, Mrs. Savill, Mrs. L. R.
Schloss, Miss Scott, J. Scruby, G. W. von U. Searle, A. Shakelton,
M. Sharpe; O. B. Shelswell, Mrs. L. Sillar, H. Spencer Smallman,
J. T. Smurthwaite, Miss E. B. Tarry, W. Theobald, Miss C. K.

VOL. XXXIV. b

XVlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tollemache, Ivor Vachell, Miss M. Warren, Mrs. A. Watts, J. D. Webb,
Lady Wernher, Mrs. E. G. Wheler, Lady Sarah Wilson, C. Wilson,
Miss S. M. Williams, Mrs. R. Wombwell, A. H. Wood, C. Young.

Fellow resident abroad (1).—W. Baylis (New Zealand).

Associate (1).—S. Goddard.

Societies affiliated (2)—Farnham Horticultural Society, Studland
Horticultural Society.

A lecture on “The History of the Cabbage Tribe,” illustrated by
lantern slides, was given by the Rev. Professor G. Henslow, M.A.,
V.M.H. (see p. 15).

EXHIBITION OF Forcep HyYAcINTHs.

The Royal Dutch Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem offered the under-
mentioned prizes for forced Hyacinths. The conditions of the competition
were that each bulb must be in a separate pot (size optional), and all
must have been forced entirely in Great Britain or Ireland ; no exhibit
may contain more than two specimens of any one variety ; and no exhibitor
may exhibit in more than one class.

Division I.—For Amateurs and Gentlemen's Gardeners.

Class III]. 18 Hyacinths. First Prize, £8 8s.; Second, £4 4s.

ae Vicary Gibbs, Aldenham House, Elstree (gr. E,
Beckett, V.M.H.)
\L. Novlett, Esq., 107 High Street, Wavertree, tasernsel
| or. K. T. Bushell).

2. No award.

Class IV. 12 Hyacinths. First Prize, £6 6s.; Second, £3 3s.
i. Lord Howard de Walden, Audley End, Saffron Walden (gr.
J. Vert).
2. Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Wrest Park, Ampthill, Beds (gr.
Mackinley).
Class V. 6 Hyacinths. First Prize, £4 4s.; Second, £2 Qs.

1. T. A. Bevan, Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet (gr. H. Parr).
2. H. J. Bartleet, Ksq., Severndroog, Shooters Hill.

equal

Division II.—For Nurserymen.
Class VI. 24 Hyacinths. First Prize, £8°8s.; Second, £4 4s.

1. Messrs. R. & J. Cuthbert, Southgate, N.
2. No award. 3

Class VII. 18 Hyacinths. First Prize, £6 6s.; Second, £8 8s.
No entry.
Class VIII. 12 Hyacinths. First Prize, £4 4s.; Second, £2 2s.

No entry.

DEPUTATION TO TRURO X1x

DEPUTATION TO TRURO.
Aprit 7, 1908.

An invitation having been received to attend the Cornwall Daffodil and
Spring Flower Show, the Council deputed Lieut.-Col. Holford, C.I.E.,
C.V.O., Messrs. Harry J. Veitch, V.M.H., W. A. Bilney, J.P., Henry B. May,
and the Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., to represent them. The deputation travelled
down to Cornwall on Monday, April 6, by the 10.30 a.m. express, which
runs to Truro with only one stop—at Plymouth—and were hospitably
received by the Cornish Committee. The deputation assembled at the
Market Hall, Truro, at 10.30 a.m. on Tuesday, April 7, and made the
following awards :—

Gold Medal.
To J. C. Williams, Esq., for Daffodils.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To R. Fox, Esq., ee
To D. H. Shilson, Esq., | for Rhododendrons.

To R. Fox, Esq., for hardwooded flowering shrubs.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Dorrien Smith, Esq., for rare flowering plants.
To Messrs. R. Veitch, |

To Mr. G. Reuthe,

To Messrs. Cutbush, |
To Perey Williams, Esq., for Daffodils.

To T. B. Bolitho, Esq., ;
Pa bie k. D. Naivian, Bari, for hardwooded flowering shrubs.

each for a group of plants.

To Percy Williams, Esq., for Polyanthus Primroses.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mary, Countess of Ilchester, for six hardwooded flowering shrubs.
To the Devon Rosary for Roses.

To Messrs. Barr, for Daffodils.

To Mrs. Rogers of Penrose, for Rhododendron ‘ Suave.’

At 1.30 the deputation were most hospitably entertained at luncheon
by A. P. Nix, Esq., after which they were driven to “ Tregothnan,”’ at the
kind invitation of Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, and were shown
through the gardens, and took tea with her Ladyship. On Wednesday the
8th the deputation went by motor car to Heligan, where Mr. Tremaine
showed them his wonderful Sikkim rhododendrons and his beautiful
wild garden with all its rare trees and shrubs, and most hospitably
entertained them at luncheon, and forwarded them on to Caerhays Castile,
where Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Williams accompanied them all through their
wonderful collection of rhododendrons, tree ferns, bamboos, daffodils,
primroses, &c., and entertained them to tea. The deputation left Truro
on Thursday carrying with them the most lasting recollection of the
kindness and generous hospitality of their Cornish gardening friends.

52

XxX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Council directed letters of thanks to be sent in their name to
Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, A. P. Nix, Esq., J. Tremaine, Esq.,
and J. C. Williams, Esq., for their kindness, and also to the Hon. John
and Lady Margaret Boscawen, by whom all the plans had been made and
so successfully carried into effect.

GENERAL MEETING.
Apri 14, 1908.

Str ALBERT Roxtit, Kt., J.P., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (64).—J. A. Abercromby, F.R.G.S., R. K. Allison,
Miss R. M. Alston, Dr. F. W. Andrewes, A. N. Argenti, H. J. Barnell,
Mrs. J. Field Beale, Miss A. Beresford-Hope, G. F. Berney, Capt. G. B.
Bethell, R.N., J. P. Bishop, Mrs. A. Bott, G. C. Brightling, H. Hanslow
Brind, Miss Buckley, G. Burch, Miss L. Carver, Mrs. G. Clowes, Mrs.
Turner Collin, Sir Arthur Collins, Mrs. R. W. Doyne, Lady Duff,
A. H. Fass, Rey. L. R. Flood, Mrs. J. Aylward Game, Miss E. Gregson,
Mrs. Haigh, G. Hingston, Mrs. Hopwood, Mrs. Thomas Hughes,
H. A. Inness, F. Jackson, H. Jolis, the Earl of Kerry, Capt. J. G.
Le Marchant, Mrs. Arthur Leslie, Lady Lighton, Lady Macpherson-
Grant, Mrs. W. Mivet, Miss Montgomery, Mrs. H. H. Nelson, Lady
Paget, J. W. Peake, Miss Peele, Miss Preston, Mrs. W. E. B. Priestley,
Mrs. C. E. Rennie, Lady Buchanan-Riddell, C. Bernard Robinson,
Horace H. Scott, Mrs. J. H. Scott, Mrs. Sechiari, A. Allan Shand,
Miss H. Sheldon, Dr. C. W. Suckling, Miss E. Tancred, F. T. Tremel,
W. Waddington, T. Rawdon Ward, Miss Watney, Mrs. Wheeler,
A. Wilkins, N. Wilkinson, Mrs. Yerburgh-Bonsey.

Fellows resident abroad (4).—F. G. Browne (China), T. Godwin (New
South Wales), James Henderson (South America), F. Searle (New South
Wales).

Society affiliated (1).— Cardiff Gardeners’ Association.

A lecture on “ Hardy Cacti and other Succulents” was given by
Mr. EK. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.8., F.E.S. (see p. 24). ;

GENERAL MEETING.
Apri 28, 1908.
Mr. Harry J. Verrcn, F.L.8., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (44).—E. J. Addington, Miss A. Barnwell, G. Blaxland,
H. B. Brandt, R. Bristowe, Admiral Sir James Bruce, Mrs. Pelham
Bullock, D, Burns, J. St. Clair Campbell, Mrs. Henry Cock, Captain J. §S.
Cuthbert, D.S.0., C. J. Dale, E. G. Dolman, Miss D. C. Egerton, Lady
Forbes, Lady Grey, W. Handysides, R. P. Hart-Dyke, Mrs. J. Haughton,
Mrs. Humbert, KE. Illott, Miss A. Ionides, Mrs. Joicey, A. King, N. W.
Lewis, Mrs. W. A. Maleolm, A. Manckton, Col. J. A, Moggridge,
G. Monro, C. E. Moody, Mrs. Peachey, Percival Rees, Mrs, A. Richards,
5. B. Rowbotham, F. W. Salcombe, Mrs. C. H. Sargant, Mrs. W. Aldwin

GENERAL MEETINGS, Xxl

Soames, C. V. Stewart, Lady Margaret Crichton Stuart, Mrs. W. J. Tait,
Capt. A. H. Thurburn, Mrs. Wilson, D. Cory Wright, Lieut.-Col. H. A.
Yorke. ,

Fellow resident abroad (1).—H. 8. Sulbarao (India).

Associate (1).—J. Reynolds.

Societies affiliated (3).—Cottingham Gardeners’ Society, Umtali
Horticultural Society, Warwickshire Horticultural Association.

A lecture on “ The Profession of Landscape Gardening ”’ was given by
Mr. Edward White, F.R.H.S. (see p. 32).

XXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bows, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and twelve
members present.

Weevils on Greasebands.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.8., reported that the
three weevils captured on the greasebands shown at the meeting held on
December 31, 1907, belonged to a species of Magdalinus, but they were
too much battered to make out the exact species. There appears to be
no record of them attacking plants to a serious extent.

Malformed Flower of Dendrobium nobile-—Mr. Worsdell, F.L.5.,
reported that he had examined the very curious malformed flower of
Dendrobium nobile sent from the R.H.S. Gardens. He found an attempt
at the making of a dimerous flower, but the attempt was partially
abortive. Two sepals only were developed, and two petals, one lateral,
the other, half of the form and colour of the labellum, and half of the form
and colour of an ordinary petal. The latter petal was inserted partly in
the position usually occupied by the labellum, partly in the position
normally occupied by one of the other petals. The ovary had aborted.

Ornithogalum lactewm.—Mr. Holmes, F.L.S., showed a flowering
specimen of this plant sent from the Cape. The bulb had not been
planted, nor, apparently, supplied with moisture.

Fasciated Holly.—Dyr. Farmer showed a curiously fasciated and
twisted specimen of the common holly. The stem was fully an inch in
breadth and curled round at the apex. It was observed that the causes
that bring about fasciation are obscure, and would form a promising
subject for further investigation. Sometimes the peculiarity can be
induced to appear in individual plants as the result of over-feeding, and
it is not infrequently supposed to be directly traceable to this cause. But
a little reflection will show that the stimulus given by rich nutriment
only serves as the means of causing a tendency already present in the
particular plant to materialize. The fact that only an individual here and
there of a number of plants grown under similar conditions exhibits the
character in question at once proves that the cause is deeply seated in the
plant itself, and is not attributable solely to the effects of over-feeding.
Whilst in lilies, Tropaeolums, thistles, &¢., comparatively few individuals
are thus affected, there are others, e.g., Celosia cristata, some varieties of
Sedum, &c., in which it occurs in a considerable proportion of the offspring
of every generation. The investigations of De Vries seem to indicate
that the tendency to fasciation may be regarded, from the point of view of
heredity, as being analogous to that which causes some plants, e.g., stocks,
to throw out a certain percentage of double-flowering individuals in each
generation. But in these potentially fasciated individuals the property of
fasciation may lie dormant unless the stimulus of abundant nutrition
calls it out. This proximate dependence on excessive feeding has led

-

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 23. XxX1l

-many persons to overlook the much more important fact that the only
real function of the food in the matter is to make the plant show what it
already can do, and not to impress upon it a new character. It seems not
unlikely that much of the improvement in our ordinary vegetables, con-
sequent on intensive cultivation, may primarily be attributed to similar
causes.

In the fasciated stem of the specimen shown the pith has undergone
a considerable relative increase, and constitutes about three quarters of
the cross-sectional area of the stem in the upper banded portion. It
might have been expected that the flattened expansion would have
assumed the histological character proper to the leaf, that is to say, the
green chlorophyll-containing cells might have shown some modification in
the direction of producing palisade parenchyma. Such is, however, not
the case, and the cortex in every respect, save in its contour, resembles
that of the normal young branch, and, like the lakes it forms a layer of
cork from its peripheral cells.

Colour and Scent of Flowers.—Mr. Beanie V.M:H., raised the
question as to whether there was any relation between the colour and
scent of flowers, remarking that there certainly seemed to be in the case
of carnations. The subject would apparently repay investigation.

Inoculation of Leguninous Plants.—Mr. Chittenden produced a copy
of the suggested plan for carrying out a trial of the effect of inoculating
peas with cuttures of nodule-forming bacteria at Wisley, and explained
the manner in which it was intended to estimate the result.

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, 1908.

Mr. EK. A. Bowness, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, with sixteen members
present and numerous visitors.

Inheritance of Pigment in Pisum sativum.—Mr. Hurst, F.L.8., com-
municated the following note from Mr. K. A. Bunyard, of Maidstone, on
“The Inheritance of Pigment in Piswm satiwwum” :—“ The green and
yellow colours of the cotyledons of Piswm sativum were selected by Mendel
as one pair of constant differentiating characters, and from their apparent
alternative inheritance the theory of gametic purity was deduced to
explain results obtained in this species. The lack of any definite
examination of the two colours in question led me to make some chemical
and photo-chemical experiments as below, the pigments of the cotyledons
alone being considered. The green pigment is, of course, chlorophyll, and
thin sections mounted in glycerin show the chloroplasts well, and give
the well-known ‘ hypochlorin reaction’ when treated under the cover-glass
with glacial acetic acid. An alcoholic extract also gives the well-known
bands in the red when spectroscopically examined, and the fainter bands
in the blue and violet. The yellow colour is due to a pigment of the
xanthophyll series, pigments which are always found in association with
chlorophyll in the green parts of plants. The point, however, which is of
importance is the gradual fading of the green (Sachs’s ‘ degradation of
chlorophyll’) and the presence of the xanthophyll. The green chloro-
plasts, as the seeds attain maturity, gradually lose their green pigment,

XX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and when it has entirely vanished they are left in the cell as pale yellow
globules. ‘The yellow xanthophyll has, however, been present from the
beginning, and the disappearance’ of the chlorophyll green has merely
rendered it visible. The simultaneous presence of the two colouring
matters can be demonstrated in this way. When a number of green
cotyledons are steeped in alcohol a green extract, as referred to above, is
obtained, and this fluid retains its green colour only so long as it is kept
from light. When it is exposed to daylight, or even gaslight, it rapidly
loses the green colour and fades to a yellowish tint. Upon examining
this spectroscopically it is found to have absorption bands in the blue
and violet identical with that of an alcoholic extract made from yellow
cotyledons. This fading of the green is seen in the autumnal colouring
of leaves, and in an inverse order the slow development of chlorophyll
when etiolated plants are exposed to light. These facts, I venture to
think, render it necessary to modify Mendel’s original conception in this
special case, as it is evident that the conception of a factor for green and
one for yellow, and the alternative inheritance of each, is hardly in
harmony with the facts. As all cotyledons pass through the green stage,
and certain only pass through to the yellow, I would suggest that the
factor may be not a factor of quality, but a factor which extends or limits
development.’’ Commenting upon the foregoing, Mr. Hurst wrote :—
“The above note by Mr. Bunyard is a valuable contribution to our
knowledge of the nature of Mendelian characters in peas. *According to
Mr. Bunyard’s results, green peas contain invisible yellows at all stages
of their development, while yellow peas contain green in the early stages
only. A yellow pea may therefore be regarded as due to the presence of
a factor which causes the green to fade at an early stage of development,
while in the green pea this factor is absent. The Mendelian units con-
cerned are therefore not simply yellow and green, as Mendel supposed—for
all green peas contain the yellow element as well as the green—but would
appear to be rather the presence and absence of a factor which causes the
ereen to fade.”

Hybrid Brassicas——Mr. Sutton, V.M.H., read a paper, which he
illustrated by means of lantern slides, upon “ Hybrid Brassicas,”’ giving
details of a large number of interesting experiments which have led to
important results, although no forms of commercial importance have been
produced. It is particularly interesting to note that Brassica Napus
(rape) would not cross with B. oleracea (the cabbage, thousand-headed
kale, &c.), nor would B. Rapa (the turnip and swede); and of further
interest is the fact that the kales ‘Ragged Jack’ and ‘Asparagus’ kale
would not cross with the cabbage group, but crossed with B. Napus, thus
indicating that they were nearly related to that species. In all the crosses
made, where crossing could be accomplished, the seedlings proved to be,
as a rule, somewhat like both parents, and were practically all alike.
Reciprocal crosses, however, did not always give identical results, but
a question put by Mr. Chittenden elicited the fact that the same
individuals were not always used in making these reciprocal crosses,
i.e., the seed parent in the one case was not always the pollen parent in
the other. In the second generation segregation occurred in every case
where it was possible to obtain seedlings (many of the F 1 generation proved

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11. XXV

sterile), and plants approaching in appearance the original types were
produced. Thus when ‘ Ragged Jack’ kale was crossed with swede in
the first generation plants somewhat intermediate were produced ; but
when seed from these was sown, of the resulting 198 plants, 160 had
bulbs, 38 had none, 142 had swede-like foliage, 38 had ‘ Ragged Jack ’-like
foliage, and 18 were intermediate. In some cases the figures obtained
indicated that the characters segregated in the simple Mendelian pro-
portions of 3 to 1, or 9 to 7, but it seemed evident that in other cases the
matter was more complicated. In some of the crosses it is interesting to
note that the hybrids developed a purple coloration, though in the
foliage this was not to be seen in either of the parents. In the discussion
that followed it was remarked that in no case, although the type of plant
was regained in the second generation, did the progeny approach in
excellence of development the original parents; and, as Mr. Odell
remarked, it was singular that the only plants that promise anything
of commercial value among all the crosses raised were the result of more
or less promiscuous interbreeding (see p. 43).

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, ‘and nineteen members
present.

Red Currant Twigs twisted.—Mr. Giissow showed shoots of red
currant twisted and curled at the tips, arising from the confinement of
the young growths under nets.

Microloma lineare.-—Mr. O’Brien, V.M.H., sent specimens of this
uncommon Asclepiad, showing how it climbs over bushes in its native
home in South Africa. The plant is very rare in cultivation.

Bigeneric Orchid Hybrid.—Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., showed a
hybrid raised between Diacriwm bicornutum and Cattleya intermedia
alba. The colour of the Diacriwm had been almost entirely lost except
for a tinge of sulphur in the labellum. The parent species are usually
regarded as being widely separated in natural relationship, but a hybrid
between D. bicornutum and Laelia cinnabarina was awarded a botanical
certificate on March 14, 1905.

Nomenclature of Hybrid Orchids, dc.—Some discussion took place
with regard to the naming of hybrids between species assigned to two
or more genera. The general opinion was that such hybrids should,
when raised between plants belonging to two different genera, have the
names of both genera indicated ; but where the progeny was the result of
crossing a bigeneric hybrid with a plant of another genus altogether, a
purely converftional name should be assigned, preferably with a distinctive
termination. The further discussion of the matter was adjourned to
another meeting.

Diseased Sweet Williams.—Lady Hopkins, of Romsey, sent Sweet
Williams in a dying condition, with pale brown spots upon their leaves,
which were due to the attacks of the fungus Puccinia Dianthi. This
fungus frequently proves fatal to the Sweet William, and the infection is
said to be carried in the seed, so that whole batches are killed. The

XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

particular variety in this case was ‘ Pink Beauty,’ and the present is the
second year in which the trouble has occurred, though in different spots
in the same garden.

Insects on Oleander, &c.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.8., reported that he had
examined the insects found upon various plants in a greenhouse, and sent
by Mr. Stanton Brown, A.R.H.S. They belonged to the family Psocideae,
and were specimens of the uncommon species Caecilius Dali. This species
is not known as a plant pest, but is said to feed upon fungoid matter of
various kinds, mould on palings and rust fungi on leaves, &c. They are
most frequent upon the bark of trees.

ScrentTIFIC CommiTTEE, Marcu 38, 1908.

Sir Jonn T. Dinuwyn-LLEWELYN, Bart., in the Chair, with seventeen
members present and numerous Visitors.

Inheritance of Albinism in Orchids.—The following communication
was received from Mr. Hurst, F.L.8. :--T'wo distinct and definite cases of
albino orchids producing coloured forms when crossed were recently
brought before this Committee by Mr. Chapman. Such facts, accepted by
the Mendelians, are important, inasmuch as they go to show that
albinism in orchids is inherited in a similar manner to albinism in sweet
peas and ten-week stocks, and in accordance with Mendel’s law. An
albino orchid is distinguished from a coloured one by the absence of
purple sap. For instance, the well-known Paphiopedilum (Cypripedium)
imsigne Sanderae is an albino form from which the purple sap of the type
has disappeared. Recent experiments with sweet peas and stocks,
carried out by Mr. Bateson, F.R.S., Mr. Punnett, and Miss Saunders at
Cambridge have fully demonstrated that the appearance of sap colour
depends on the simultaneous presence of two colour factors. If both of
the colour factors are present the sap is coloured, but if either (or both) of
the colour factors is absent the sap is colourless. With regard to the
cases of Paphiopedilum (Cypripedium) brought forward by Mr. Chapman
for the sake of simplicity we will call the two colour factors C and P.
The typical coloured forms of P. insigne, P. bellatulum, P. callosum, and
P. Lawrenceanum will therefore be carrying both of the colour factors
Cand P. Their albinos will, on the other hand, be carrying either the
C factor alone or the P factor alone (or neither). The known facts of
the breeding of albinos of these four species seem to be in accordance
with the conception that P. insigne Sanderae and P. bellatulum album
are carrying the factor C alone; while P. calloswm Sanderae and
P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum are carrying the factor P alone (or vice
versa), as the following table, comprising all the results known to me,
shows :—

TABLE A.
. P. signe Sanderae (C) x P. insigne Sanderae (C) gives albinos (C C).
. P. callosum Sanderae (P) x P. callosum Sanderae (P) gives albinos (P P).
P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum (P) x P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum (P) gives albinos
die 9 #
1. P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum (P) x P. callosum Sanderae (P) gives albinos (P P).

wo we =

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 3. XXV1l

5. P. callosum Sanderae (P) x P. insigne Sanderae (C) gives coloured hybrids (C P).
6. P. callosum Sanderae (P) x P. bellatuwlwm album (C) gives coloured hybrids (C P).
7. P. bellatulum album (C) x P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanwm (P) gives coloured hybrids
(C P).
The next table gives the remaining possible matings between the
albinos concerned, together with the expected results :—

; TABLE B.

1. P. bellatulwm albwm (C) x P. bellatulum album (C) should give albinos (C C).

2. P. bellatulum album (C) x P. insigne Sanderae (C) should give albinos (C C).

3. P. insigne Sanderae (C) x P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum (P) should give coloured
hybrids (C P).

Future results will show how far the above conception, based on
Mendel’s law, is correct. If Mr. Chapman thinks well to self the
coloured hybrids that he obtained from two albinos, he may expect to get,
on the average, nine coloured forms to seven albinos (see pp. xxix and xxx).

Bigeneric Hybrid Orchid.—My. Rolfe, A.L.8., drew attention to the
bigeneric orchid E'pi-diacriwm Colmanii shown by Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart., and raised between Diacriwm bicornutwm 2 and Epidendrum
ciliare &, and remarked that this new and interesting hybrid approached
closely in habit, inflorescence, and form of flower to the pollen parent.
He also commented upon the question of the nomenclature of bi- and
poly-generic hybrids, saying that he considered it best to compound the
name of the hybrid from the names of the parent species, and to avoid
conventional names unless they were so formed, as long as it is possible
to do so.

Green-flowered Primula sinensis.—Mr. Sutton, V.M.H., showed a plant
of Chinese primula with green flowers, the appearance being due apparently
to chlorosis of the corolla. The seed had been sown in 1904 and onwards,
and had each year bred true until this plant had appeared among the
seedlings raised last year. Only once before had Mr. Sutton seen a
similar thing, and that was in 1902, when the same kind of sport occurred
in another stock of double white P. sinensis, but in that case the fiowers
were not so well developed. The pollen appears perfect, and poy seeds
may be obtained from the plant.

Colour Sports in Borona and Erica.—Mr. Veitch, v. MAIL, showed
a plant of the albino form of Boronia megastigma, a portion of one
branch of which bore flowers of the normal colour, purplish-brown, thus
reverting to the type from which the sport arose. From Mr. Earp, of
Bayham Abbey, came a spike of an Hrica (sp.?) which last year had
borne white flowers only, but every flower this year was of a pinkish
colour. Some members of the Committee thought that possibly the
flowers in the previous year had been caused to open in the dark.

Crocus with Parts in Fives.—From Mr. Elwes, F.R.8., came a crocus
flower having ten perianth segments in two whorls, five stamens alternate
with the outer perianth pieces, but a six-branched style.

Curious Mushroom.—Mr. Harris, of Denne Park, Horsham, sent a
mushroom having a second complete but inverted mushroom attached to the
pileus. The two had evidently become grafted together through contact
in the early stages of growth, and the one had carried the other up as

XXVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

its stalk lengthened, wrenching it away from the mycelium which gave it
origin, the water, &c., necessary for growth of the inverted mushroom
having been carried through the tissues of the one still attached to its
mycelium.

“ Canker” caused by Monilia.—Mr. Dunlop, of Armaghmore, sent
a branch of apple ‘ Lord Derby’ with cracked bark, giving it the
appearance of incipient canker. Inspection revealed the greyish sclerotia
of Monilia fructigena in the cracks, and Mr. Massee, V-M.H., said that
this fungus, which is perennial in the tissues, forms sclerotia beneath the
bark, causing the latter to be raised and to crack. Spores are formed on
these sclerotia, and the disease is spread to the young leaves, shoots,
flowers, and fruits by means of the spores.

Begonia Rust, éc.—Mr. Curtis sent leaves of Begonia ‘Gloire de
Lorraine’ with rusty spots and markings on the leaves, due to the attack
of the Begonia mite. This pest is difficult to eradicate, but constant
vigilance and fumigation whenever necessary will usually keep it under.
A good wash for dipping plants attacked by mites is made by kneading
a handful of soft soap with a quantity of flowers of sulphur and dissolving
the whole in one and one-half gallons of water; but even this, probably
the most deadly wash for mites, and at the same time harmless so far as
the plants are concerned, is not always efficient in killing the eggs of
the mite.

Tuberous Solanums.—Mr. Sutton, V.M.H., read a paper on “ Wild
Types and Species of Tuber-bearing Solanums,” illustrated by lantern
slides.

He pointed out the peculiarities of the several tuber-producing species
of Solanum which he had secured and grown during the past twenty
years. Solanum Maglha, S. Jamesu, S. Fendleri, S. Commersonu, and
S. etuberosum were all illustrated and their cultural characteristics
commented upon. Experiments in hybridisation had been attempted, but
with no good results. In 1906 for the first time fruits of S. etwheroswm
were discovered on one plant, and the seed gave rise to plants varying
considerably among themselves just as seedlings of the potato of commerce
vary. The fruit of this form is curiously spotted and the pollen is
elliptical in the one seedling examined, like that of the wild types and
unlike that of the cultivated. Mr. Sutton considers that this form is
possibly the wild type from which the cultivated potato has sprung, and
it is noteworthy that not once during the twenty years S. etwberoswm has
been in cultivation at Reading has it been attacked by the potato disease
caused by Phytophthora infestans. There would thus seem a possibility
of raising a race of potatos immune from the attacks of that disease by
cross-breeding with some of our common types.

fog Injury.—Mr. Hales showed shoots of various plants from Chelsea
showing injury through fog.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 17. XX1X

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, Marca 17, 1908.

EK. A. Bowles, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., in the Chair, and fourteen
members present.

Agave and Yucca diseased.—Mr. Saunders, F'.L.S., showed a specimen
of each of these plants attacked by a fungus. Mr. Giissow took these to
examine (see p. XXxii).

Curious Root of Dandelion.—Mr. Holmes, F.L.8., showed a root of

‘dandelion having numerous lateral roots springing at right angles from the
main root, and very much thickened.

Inosculation in Hornbeam.—Messrs. J. Veitch sent branches of horn-
beam (Carpinus Betulus), taken from a garden hedge, in which a very
perfect junction had occurred between the two by a sort of natural
inarching or inosculation, as it is more properly called. Mr. Elwes, F.R.S.,
drew attention to the fact that if young hornbeams are planted so as to
form a lattice, as time goes on inosculation occurs wherever two stems
come in contact, and finally an impenetrable hedge is formed.

Tubers of Sechium edule.—Large tuberous roots of this plant, grown
from a tuber planted in a pot in the Melon House at Wisley, about the
beginning of September, were shown by Mr. Chittenden. The plant had
produced several large tubers, and these are said to be very palatable when
cooked, and greatly resemble yams in appearance. The plant had been
received under the name ‘ Chrystophine,’ and is also called ‘Choco.’ The
plants had not fruited at Wisley.

Crosses of Albino Orchids.—In reference to Mr. Hurst’s communication
(p. xxvi) to the last meeting upon this point Mr. Rolfe wrote :—‘ Paphio-
pedilum insigne Sanderae x P. bellatulum album does not yield an albino
hybrid (see ‘Orchid Review,’ 1908, p. 72), as should have been the case
according to the theory mentioned by Mr. Hurst. It has very numerous
minute purple dots on both the petals and dorsal sepal, though the ground
colour is whiter, and the spots fewer and very much smaller than when the
ordinary forms of the species are crossed. P. bellatuluwm album ‘ selfed ’
would, I have little doubt, come true, and P. isigne Sanderae x P.
Lawrenceanum Hyeanum I should expect to give coloured hybrids,
because it is a precisely parallel cross to P. signe Sanderae x P. callosum
Sanderae, and combines the same quite distinct sections of the genus. In
fact, P. callosum and P. Lawrenceanum (with, of course, their albino
forms) are very intimately allied. The mysterious ‘factor’ supposed to
be involved I believe to be simply the opportunity for reversion which is
afforded by crosses between such diverse species. ‘The two combinations
last mentioned should certainly be attempted.’ (See p. xxx.)

Dwarf Form of Rhododendron triflorum.—From EK. Magor, EKsq., of
St. Tudy, Cornwall, came a specimen of the dwarf form of Rhododendron
triflorum raised at the Royal Gardens, Kew, from seed sent there by
Mr. Peter Barr. The plant is not a foot high and flowers in Cornwall in
the open from a month to ten weeks earlier than the type, the earliest
date being the last week in February 1905.

Seeds germinating in Frwit.—From Mr. Cave, Holker Hall, Cark-
in-Cartmel, came a fruit of tomato in which several of the seeds had

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cerminated, some of the seedlings having thrust their way out through
the wall of the fruit and become green. The phenomenon is not very
uncommon, and examples may at times be found in oranges, lemons,
melons, and some other fruits, while in some plants, such as the mangrove,
it normally happens that the seed germinates while the fruit containing
it is still hanging attached to the plant, and the same thing has been
recorded as occurring in Sechiwm edule.

Dominance and Reversion in Dendrobium Crosses. —Gurney Wilson,
Esq., Haywards Heath, showed pseudo-bulbs of a cross-bred Dendrobium,
and of its parents, D. nobile Ballianum 2? x D. nobile Murrhimianum ¢.
The pseudo-bulb of D. nobile Ballianum is straight, while that of the
other parent is zigzag in growth, owing to the presence of a very marked
projection at the nodes on each side of the pseudo-bulb alternately. Of
150 seedlings of this cross all showed in a marked manner in their
pseudo-bulbs the zigzag character of the pseudo-bulb of D. nobdile
Murrhinianum. In both parents the flowers are white, but have a faint
purplish spot in the centre of the throat. In all the 150 cross-bred plants
the flower has reverted to the typical coloration of the species, the spot
in the centre of the throat being dark, and the other perianth pieces being
marked with purple. ,

ScrENTIFIC CommiITTEE, Marcn 31, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bow LES, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and twelve members
eae

Inheritance of Albinism in Orchids——Mr. Hurst, F.L.S., sent the
following notes in relation to this subject (see p. xxix) :—‘“* Since my last
communication I have had an opportunity of examining some plants of
Paphiopedilum insigne Sanderae. Much to my surprise, I found distinct
traces of purple sap in the basal margins of both the old and the young
leaves. The plants were not in flower, but I am told on good authority that
some minute spots are also to be found on the dorsal sepal. In view of this
it would appear that P. insigne Sanderae, so long regarded as an albino,
is in reality a coloured form in which the purple sap is present in minute
quantities. In accordance with the provisional scheme suggested in my last
note P. imsigne Sanderae will therefore be carrying both the colour factors
C and P, and when mated with albinos may be expected to give coloured
hybrids, as it has done in the case quoted by Mr. Rolfe. It would be
interesting to know if the two other yellow forms P. insigne Sanderianwm
and P. insigne Macfarlanei, recorded as unspotted, are true albinos, and
what they produce when crossed.

“Tf P. insigne Sanderae is not an albino it must be deleted from my
tables of albino crossings (p. xxvi), which will now read as follows :—

TABLE A.
1. P. callosum Sanderae (P) x P. callosum Sanderae (P) gives albinos (P P).
2. P. Lawrenceanum Hyeavum (P) x P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum (P) gives albinos

(P P).
3. 1D. Lawrenceanum Hyeanwm (P) x P. callosum Sanderae (P) gives albines (P P).

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 31. RXxI

4. P. bellatulwm album (C) x P. callosum Sanderae (P) gives coloured hybrids (C P).
5. P. bellatulwm album (C) x P. Lawrenceanum Hyeanwm (P) gives coloured hybrids
(C P).
TABLE B.

1. P. bellatulwm album (C) x P. bellatulwm album (C) should give albinos (C C).

Mr. Rolfe’s theory that the colour reversions are due to the fact that the
albinos crossed belong to diverse species fails to account for the cases in
sweet peas, stocks, and other plants where two albino individuals of the
same species, variety, and race may revert to coloured forms when
crossed. On the other hand, the conception of complementary colour
factors satisfactorily explains all the known phenomena of colour rever-
sions in plants and animals, so far as they have been critically and
experimentally studied.”

Psocideae wyuring Plants.—Some time since Mr Stanton Brown,
A.R.H.S., Breadsall, Derby, sent a number of insects from oleander, &c.,
which were identified as Caecilius Dali an insect belonging to the
Psocideae, and known only to feed upon spores of fungi and similar
things. Mr. Brown now sent some pieces of recently struck cuttings of
Salvia splendens upon which the insects occurred in great numbers.
These cuttings were injured by insects, and Mr. Brown said that the
injury was solely due to the work of these insects, which did not appear
at all particular with regard to the plants upon which they feed. This
adds another to the already long_list of insect pests in plant houses. Mr.
Saunders, F'.L.8., took the plants for further examination,

Larch with Gall-like Growths.—Mr. Elwes, F.R.8., showed a one-
year-old shoot of larch taken from a young tree in his nursery having
gall-like growths along several inches of its length. The shoot was
referred to Mr. Massee, V.M.H., who undertook to obtain some informa-
tion upon it if possible.

Orchid Hybrids.—Mr. Rolfe, A.L.S., on behalf M. E. Cappe, Vésinet,
France, exhibited two very diverse hybrids raised from the same seed pod
of Laelio-Cattleya Capper (a hybrid from L. cimnabarina x C. War-
scewiczw), the result of fertilising a flower with mixed pollen from
Laelia flava and Cattleya Mendelu. One flower appeared to be a true
hybrid between L.-C. Cappet and C. Mendelu, whose characters were well
blended, but the other closely resembled Laelia Cowani (a supposed
hybrid between L. flava and L. cinnabarina) in size. It was suggested
as a case of dissociation of the “ mixed character’’ whereby an ovule of
L.-C. Cappei, from which the character of C. Warscewiczw had been
eliminated, had been fertilised by a pollen tube from Laelia flava.

Fruit of Huonymus japonicus.—Thomas Peed, Hsq., High Cliff,
Ventnor, I.W., sent fruits of Huonymus japomcus. This plant not
uncommonly produces ripe fruits in this country, and Mr. Chittenden
said he had on one occasion found a seedling on the town rubbish heap
at Chelmsford.

Scale Insect on Holly.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., reported that the
insect attacking holly from Ipswich was the very local scale insect,
Aspidiotus britannicus. He recommended that the holly hedge should
-be thoroughly sprayed with paraffin emulsion, taking care that both

XXXli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

surfaces of the leaves received the spray ; or the hedge might be fumigated
with hydrocyanic acid gas if some means of enclosing it could be devised.

Yucca and Agave Disease-—Mr. Gussow reported that he had
examined the leaves of yucca and agave shown at the last meeting by
Mr. Saunders, and found they were attacked by the fungus Comiothyrium
concentricum, ® common fungus in America, and previously recorded in
this country. He recommended that to stop its spread the leaves should
be dipped in a one per cent. solution of copper sulphate.

Journal and Scientific Papers.—After some discussion initiated by
Mr. Elwes, Mr. Wilks moved and Mr. Holmes seconded :—

“That the Scientific Committee would be greatly pleased if it would
be possible for the Council to publish annually a volume equivalent to
one part of the Journal containing only papers of definite scientific value.
They consider that the writers of really scientific papers are unwilling to
come forward when they know their productions will be mixed up with
ordinary horticultural matters, but they believe if they were issued
separately scientific men would willingly come forward.’ But the matter ~
was adjourned to the next meeting.

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, APRIL 14, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and nine
members present.

Funnel-shaped Outgrowth im Ivy.—Mr. Worsdell, F.L.8., showed
a leaf of ivy having a funnel-shaped growth proceeding from near the
base, similar to that often seen in cabbages, but in this case it grew from
the lower surface.

Double-spathed Richardia.—G. Siggs, Esq., F.R.H.S., of Streatham
Hill, sent an inflorescence of Richardia ethiopica with a second full-sized
leaf proceeding from the flowering stem, about 8 inches below the normal
spathe, of a white colour, except at the tip. The phenomenon is common,
but was particularly well marked in this specimen.

Potato-disease F'ungi.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., showed specimens of
potato tubers affected with “ winter rot,’ with the fungus Nectria Solani,
which is the cause of the disease, growing thereon, remarking that it had
been particularly prevalent during the past season; a fact that he attri-
buted partly to the prevalence of rain during the last summer and the
difficulty of thoroughly drying the tubers before they were stored. This
fungus had recently, he said, been described under another name by an
investigator ; a condition of things found not alone in this disease, for
recently the fungus long ago described by Berkeley (see “Journ. Roy.
Hort. Soc.” vol. i. 1846, p. 83, figs. 80, 31) under the name of Twbercinia
scabies, and now known as Sorosporiwm scabies Fisch., one of the causes
of potato scab, had been apparently rediscovered and renamed as new,
Spongospora Solani on the Continent, and this name had been taken up by

some botanists in England and Ireland as the newly discovered cause of
potato scab.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 28. XXxlll

Propagation of Drosera.—Mr. Hales showed plants of Drosera hilaris
raised from root cuttings put in about five weeks ago. The plants had
each developed a number of leaves.

Hybrid Orchids.—R. G. Thwaites, Esq., F.R.H.S., of Streatham Hill,
S.W., wrote in reference to the communications recently received by the
Committee concerning the crossing of albino orchids :—“ The result of
crossing Dendrobium Wiganianum album (in which the peduncle is only
slightly coloured) with D. nobile virginale (which is white all through)
has been, in every instance, a coloured flower of the ordinary D. nobile
type; whilst D. nobile virginale self-fertilised has in every instance
produced pure-white flowers, appearing to prove that D. Wigananum
album is not a true albino. Again, when D. nobile virginale is crossed
with D. awrewm in every instance the same result is obtained as from
crossing the ordinary D. nobile with D. awrewm, namely, D. Ainsworth,
the flowers of which are full of colour.”’

Gall-like Growths of Larch.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., reported that the
gall-like growths on the larch shoot shown by Mr. Elwes at the last
meeting were really the scales of a female cone which had been separated
from one another by the growth of internodes. They had apparently
been early attacked by Thrips abietis. Seeds and seed scales were both
to be found in their axils.

Seedling Him.—Mr. Chittenden showed a seedling of Ulmus glabra
from Terling, where they had occurred in abundance last season (see
‘Kew Bulletin,” 10, 1907, p. 404). This elm is abundant in many parts of
Essex, but only once before had he found a seedling, and that in his garden
at Chelmsford in 1903. U. campestris, of which this is probably a form,
is not known to seed in England, unless the seedlings recorded from the
King’s College “‘ Backs’ should prove to be really those of that tree.

Journal and Scientific Papers.—The motion on this subject adjourned
from the last meeting (p. xxxii) was again brought before the Committee
by Mr. Holmes, seconded by Mr. Massee, and, after discussion, carried,
four voting in its favour and none against.

The motion was ordered to be sent to the Council.

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, APRIL 28, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowtes, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and eight
members present.

Daffodil Seedlings.—Rev. G. Engleheart, V.M.H., sent the following
communication concerning the white seedling daffodils shown by him :—
“During the past twenty years I have several times, in successive years,
- eross-fertilised Narcissus ‘M. J. Berkeley’ ? on a considerable scale in
order to obtain a race of early, coloured N. incomparabilis and in this
I have been successful. But in each set, whenit reached the flowering
stage, there have appeared some of these white trumpets, virtually
‘M. J. Berkeley’ itself except in colour. There has always been also
a sprinkling of yellow trumpets, i.c., ‘ M. J. Berkeley’ itself, reproduced
from seed of a few flowers which escaped being totally disanthered, and the

VOL. XXXIV. c

XXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whites, | am convinced, originated in the same way. They were not pro-
duced by pollen of any white trumpet being conveyed to the stigma of
‘M. J. Berkeley,’ and my reasons for this statement are: (1) no white
trumpets were grown near, and few, if any, were in bloom so early as
‘M. J. Berkeley’ ; (2) early white trumpets, such as N. cernwus, invariably
in my large experience, modify the form of the 2 parent; and (3) the
appearance of flowers of this same character in every batch of seedlings
points to a uniform internal cause in ‘ M. J. Berkeley’ itself. Not only
the form of the flower, but the foliage, stature, general habit, and precise
period of bloom are ‘M. J. Berkeley’ in counterpart.

“The variety ‘M. J. Berkeley’ was raised by Messrs. Backhouse about
1840, and is pretty obviously a self-fertilised seedling from N. maximus,
which in its turn is a wild species indigenous on the French side of the
lowland Pyrenees. I have had bulbs direct from the wild habitat, and
have been in correspondence with a good botanist who has seen the plants
in bloom there, but I have never heard of any white wild variety of N.
maximus. Ihave myself raised from self-fertilised seed of N. maximus
a flower somewhat similar to ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ and that form has no
appearance in any single feature of being the result of a cross with one
of the white trumpet section. Personally I have no doubt whatever that
this is a sudden ‘spontaneous’ break to white from yellow.

“The nearest analogy I can adduce is the occasional appearance of a
pure-white form in wild beds of the yellow Pyrenean N. mwticus, quite
reproductions, in every feature but colour, of muticus itself. No white
trumpet daffodil exists in the same zone as N. muticus, the little wild
white N. moschatus being thousands of feet higher in a remote valley.

‘‘T have no reason whatever to suppose that there is any white hybrid
blood in the ancestors of ‘M. J. Berkeley,’ é.c., that these white seedlings
exhibit a reversion to ancestral character. It seems more likely to be an
instance of a sudden ‘mutation ’ from yellow to white in colour progress.
It is interesting to note that precisely the same thing has been noticed in
New Zealand in seedlings of ‘M. J. Berkeley.’ ”

Seedlings of Gnetwm.—Mr. Hales showed seedlings of Gnetwm
Gnemon, grown at the Chelsea Physic Garden, exhibiting the foot which
absorbs the food stored in the seed for the nourishment of the growing
seedling ; this foot is developed only to a very slight degree in some other
gymnosperms such as Hphedra (see p. 41).

Delayed Flowering of Amaryllis—Mr. Odell showed some flower buds
of Amaryllis Belladonna which were now appearing. The flowering had
been delayed in many cases in the autumn, apparently through the short
suitable season. Mr. Baker states that the normal period of flowering
was in April in the native ‘habitat, but this statement was called in
question.

Floral Malformations—Mr. Bowles, M.A., showed on behalf of Messrs. °
Hogg & Robertson, of Dublin, a malformed flower of Narcissus ‘ J. T.
Bennett-Poé.’ The parts of the perianth and the stamens were each
nine, and springing from the base of the style was a narrow tubular
growth embracing what appeared to be a secondary style. This flower
and a double-spathed Caladiwm, ‘L. A. Van Houtte,’ somewhat similar
in structure to the double-spathed Richardia shown at the last meeting,

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 28, XXXV

exhibited by Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea, were referred to Mr. Worsdell,
F.L.S., for further examination.

Pyronia *‘ John Seden.’—Messrs. J. Veitch showed fruits of one of the
hybrids previously exhibited before the Committee in the autumn. The
fruits of this hybrid were quince-like in appearance, and had a remark-
ably pleasant aroma, but were still quite hard.

Snowdrop Bulbs.—Brodie of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres, sent a
snowdrops with the newly formed bulbs produced at a distance of two inches
above the original bulbs, with which they were connected by means of a
tube formed by sheathing membranous leaves.

Journal and Scientific Papers.—A reply was received from the
Council acknowledging the receipt of the resolution sent up from the last
meeting and deferring any action thereupon for the present.

XXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsnHauu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines and retarded plants.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. ,
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for winter-flowering greenhouse plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for alpines.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for hardy evergreen shrubs.
Other Exhibits.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpine and rock plants.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsnatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gult Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and saltaae plants.
Silver Flora Medal. -

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Primulas.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines, Carnations, &c.
To Miss Farrer, Acton, for flower paintings.

To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Cyclamen.

To Messrs. Waterer, Bagshot, for hollies.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Cyclamen.
To Mr. Russell, Richmond, tor hardy shrubs.

sronze Banksian Medal.

To Mrs. Miller, Marlow, for flower paintings.
To Miss Sumner Jones, Chiswick, for studies of the Dandelion.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11. XXXVI

Award of Merit.

To Nephrolepis exaltata var. Amerpohlii (votes, 15 for, 1 against),
from Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton. A sport from N. exaltata var.
Whitmanii, possessing the beautifully plumose fronds of that variety, but
differing in its more compact form and sturdier habit.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: spring flowers.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: rock plants.
Messrs. Peed, Streatham : Primulas and alpines.
Mr. Reuthe, Keston: alpines, &c.

Mr. Upton, Guildford: shrubby Veronicas, &c.

FLorRAL CoMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsuHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Carnations and Primulas.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Primulas.

To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and Cyclamen.
To Mr. Seward, Hanwell, for Cyclamen.

To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Primulas.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines and Carnations.

To Mr. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons.

To HE. A. Hambro, Esq. (gr. Mr. Grandfield), Hayes, for Primulas and
Cyclamen.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for hardy ferns.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for hardy shrubs.
To St. George’s Nursery Co., Harlington, Middlesex, for Cyclamen.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for hardy flowers.
Award of Merit.

To strain of Cyclamen ‘Salmon King’ (votes, 18 for, 2 against), from
Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park. An improved strain raised from ‘ Salmon

+

XXXVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Queen,’ flowers medium-sized, with rather narrow segments, but of a
distinct rich shade of salmon-pink.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: spring flowers.

Messrs. Carter, High Holborn: Primulas. |

Mr. Chapman, Rye: Freesias and bulbous Irises.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : Carnation ‘ Gwladys.’

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : spring flowers.

P. A. Molteno, Esq., Cape Town: cut flowers of Cape Ericas and
Proteas.

Mr. W. Palmer, Andover: Primulas.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines and Lachenalias.

Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham: Lilies of the Valley.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford: Veronicas and Ericas.

Messrs. Waterer, Bagshot: conifers.

Mr. W. Weilchman, Wisbech : a new variety of Narcissus.

FLORAL CommiTtTEE, Marcu 3, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHaut, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—

Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.

Silver-gilt Lindley Medal. :
To Lady Tate, Streatham Common (gr. Mr. Howe), for forced bulbs.

Silver-gut Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced shrubs, alpines, Carna-
tions, &c.

To Messrs. Hill, Edmonton, for ferns.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse plants and forced shrubs.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Acacias, Carnations, alpines, &c.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns and flowers.
To Mr. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Camellias.
To Mr. Russell, Richmond, for forced shrubs. —

Silver Banksian Medal. .
To Lord Hillingdon, Uxbridge (gr. Mr. Allan), for Lachenalias.

Bronze Flora Medal.

‘l'o Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Pelargoniums and Primulas.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 17. XXXI1X

To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for forced Lilacs and alpines.
To Mr. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines, &c.

Award of Merit.

To Helleborus ‘Peter Barr’ (votes, 16 for, 8 against), from Messrs.
Barr, Covent Garden. A seedling from H. colchicus, with large flowers
of a rich blackish-purple, and with a vigorous habit, 15-18 inches.

Other Exhibits.

A. Brassey, Esq., Chipping Norton: Violets.

J. Brookland, Esq., Bilton: Hranthis hyemalis jl. pl.
Messrs. Brooks, Basingstoke : Primulas.

Mr. Burnett, Guernsey : Carnations.

Mr. Chapman, Rye: Freesias and bulbous Irises.
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: herbaceous plants.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne: Gardenia citriodora.
Miss Farrer, Kast Acton: floral studies.

Mr. R. Gill, Falmouth: Rhododendrons.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : alpines and Primulas.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines, &c.

Messrs. Jackman, Woking: alpines.

Misses Kipping, Hutton: alpines.

Lady Lewis, Kington: Violets.

F. W. Moore, Esq., V.M.H., Glasnevin: new Lachenalias.
Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines, &c.

Mrs. Sanders, Yeovil: Hippeastrum ‘ Dorothea.’

Miss Smith, Bognor: spring flowers.

Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham : Lilies of the Valley.
Mr. Upton, Guildford : hardy plants.

Messrs. Veitch, Exeter: heaths, &c.

Messrs. Wallace, Colchester : alpines.

Messrs. Ware, Feltham: alpines.

Miss West, Tunbridge Wells: pictures.

Mr. Wilkinson, Minchin Hampton: hybrid Cyclamen.
Lord Zouche, Pulborough (gr. Mr. Spillard) : Cyclamen.

FLORAL CommitTEE, Marcu 17, 1908.

Mr. W. Marswaut, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-six
members present.

Awards Recommended : —
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for forced shrubs, Cyclamen, &c.

Silver-giult Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced plants, alpinesy &c.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.
To K. A. Hambro, Esq. (gr. Mr. Grandfield), Hayes, for alpines, &c.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Clematis, &c.

x] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and Acacias.

To Mr. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Clematis and forced shrubs.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for spring flowers.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for zonal Pelargoniums.

To Mr. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.

To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for forced flowering peaches and
almonds.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Mrs. Barton (gr. Mr. Streeter), Bramley, Guildford, for Cinerarias, &e.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for spring flowers.

To St. George’s Nursery Co., Harlington, for Cyclamen.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham, for Lilies of the Valley.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: hardy plants.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne: Primula nivalis var. macrophylla.

Miss Farrer, Acton: floral studies.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines.

Messrs. Jackman, Woking: spring flowers.

Messrs. Jarman, Chard: Cactus Cinerarias.

Misses Kipping, Hutton: Primroses.

Sir E. Loder, Bart. (gr. Mr. Cook), Leonardslee: Ilex cornuta,
with berries. .

K. J. P. Magor, Esq., St. Tudy: Rhododendron triflorum, dwarf
form.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham : hardy plants.

Mr. H. Pulham, Stanstead: rock plants.

Miss Smith, Bognor: spring flowers.

Messrs. Sutton, Reading: Cinerarias.

Mr. Upton, Guildford: hardy plants.

fLORAL CommirrTEE, Marcu 381, 1908.
Mr. W. Marsnaun, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two
members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Stlver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Mr. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for foreed shrubs.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 31. xhi

To Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester, for Clematis, &c.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse plants and forced shrubs.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Bell and Sheldon, Guernsey, for Carnations.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and alpines.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.
To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

te om oo 7

Fic. 13.—Iris stnp-pur ‘Ametuyst.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for zonal Pelargoniums.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Hyacinths.
To Mr. R. Felton, Hanover Square, for Roses.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Cinerarias, &c.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.
To Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, for Carnations.

xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Mr. R. E. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons.
To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Caladiums, &e.
To Mr. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines, &c.

To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for alpines.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

Bronze Banksian Medai.
To the Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for alpines.
Award of Merit.
To Jris sind-pur ‘ Amethyst’ (votes, 13 for, 4 against), from

Mr. C. G. van Tubergen, jr., Haarlem. One of a series of hybrids
resulting from J. sindjarensis x I. persica purpurea, resembling the

Fic. 14.—SHoRTIA UNIFLORA.

former in habit and in the size and form of flower. The plants shown
were very vigorous, bearing four to six flowers of a delicate translucent
mauve. ‘The falls have a distinct creamy-yellow median ridge, and are
paler blue with a few more deeply coloured veins. (Fig. 13.)

To Rhododendron ‘ Purity ’ (votes, 18 for, 1 against), from Mr. C. Turner,
Slough. A greenhouse yariety, said to have been raised from R. Edge-
worthii x R. Gibsonii. Flowers large and pure white, with the exception
of a pale yellow blotch about the nectary. Habit dwarf and free-
flowering.

To Shortia uniflora (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Wallace,
Colchester. A Japanese species, differing from the more common North
American S. galacifolia in its larger and more open flowers, which are of
variable shades of rose. Those exhibited were blush-pink, freely borne
among the scantily developed foliage. (Fig. 14.)

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 3}. xlill

To Viola gracilis (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Wallace, Colchester.
A species from Greece, introduced early last century, but still very scarce
in gardens. The flowers are about an inch and a half across, deep violet
in colour, with a very small white eye and a long curved spur. The
leaves vary from oblong linear to spathulate and are almost entire.
Stipules leafy, pinnatifid. (Fig. 15.)

Fic. 15.—Viona eraciuis. (The Garden.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: alpines.

Mr. Ben. Cant, Colchester : Rose ‘ White Dorothy.’
Messrs. Clark, Dover: rock plants.

Miss Dixon, Westergate: Violets.

Mr. C. Foster, Reading: Sweet Peas.

Mr. F’. Galsworthy, Chertsey: floral studies.
Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham: Pelargoniums.

xliy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Misses Kipping, Hutton: alpines.

Mary Countess of Ilchester, Dorchester: rare flowering trees and
shrubs. |

Major Lister, Hayward’s Heath (gr. Mr. Baker) : Hippeastrums.

W. North-Row, Esq., Tiverton : Ceanothus buxvfolius.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: new shrubs.

Mr. Pulham, Elsenham: rock plants.

Miss Smith, Bognor : spring flowers.

Messrs. Sutton, Reading: Hyacinths.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford: hardy plants.

J. Whitaker, Esq., Palermo: a new violet.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, APRIL 14, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsuatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

Mr. George Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines, Carnations, &c.

To A. de Rothschild, Esq., Halton, Tring (gr. Mr. Sanders), for
Hippeastrums.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, Acacias, &e.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse plants, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for zonal Pelargoniums.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for flowering plants and ferns.
To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for new Roses.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, Surrey, for forced plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., Leonardslee (gr. Mr. Cook), for
Rhododendrons.

To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses and shrubs.

To Mr. Prichard, Christchurch, for alpines.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cripps, Tunbridge Wells, for Japanese Maples.
To Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, for Carnations.

To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines and rare shrubs.

To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for Caladiums.

‘To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for alpines.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 28. xlv

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines, &c.
To Mr. C. F. Waters, Balcombe, for Carnations.

Award of Merit.

Aspidium (= Cyrtomium) faleatum var. Mayi (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. May, Edmonton. This is a “ seedling’”’ that originated in
the Nursery, and is the first exhibited variety of A. falcatwm with
branched and crested fronds.

To Viburnum Carlesii (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., Dorking. A new species from Corea, with terminal cymes of pure
white scented flowers. Leaves broadly ovate, grey-green above and
covered beneath, like the young shoots, with a brownish stellate tomentum.
The flower trusses are 3 to 4 inches across, the individual flowers about
half an inch in diameter, with a cylindric tube of the same length.

Other Exhibits.

H. D. Broughton, Esq., Andover : Calceolarias.
Messrs. Bruce, Strand, W.C.: floral studies.
Messrs. Bull, Chelsea : ornamental foliage plants.
Messrs. Carter, Holborn: Cinerarias.
Messrs. Carter, Page, London Wall: Violas.
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : hardy plants.
Messrs. Clark, Dover: hardy plants.
Messrs. Collingridge, Aldersgate Street: three-colour process of repro-
duction.
Mr. J. Crook, Camberley : Polyanthus.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : spring flowers.
Messrs. Jackman, Woking: hardy plants.
Misses Kipping, Hutton: spring flowers.
Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines.
Mr. H. C. Pulham, Stansted: rock plants.
The Redlands Co., Emsworth: new plants.
Miss Smith, Bognor: spring flowers.
Duchess of Somerset, Bath: Rose ‘ Lamarque.’
Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford : hardy plants.
W. G. Vivian, Esq., Clyne Park, Blackpill : Rhododendrons.
Mr. W. A. Watts, Bronwylfa : blue Primroses.
Mr. J. Webb, Edgbaston : Arabis alpina variegata compacta ‘ James
Webb.’
Mr. W. H. Young, Romford : Coleus vars.

FLORAL ComMMITTEE, APRIL 28, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsnatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and forced plants.
To Mr. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for forced shrubs, foliage plants, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Carter, High Holborn, for Cinerarias.

To Messrs. R. and G. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for flowering plants and ferns. *
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse flowering plants.

Silver Banksian Medal. .

To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for herbaceous plants.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for zonal Pelargoniums.

To Messrs. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

To Messrs. Carter, Page, London Wall, for Violas and Pansies.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Violas and Polyanthus.

To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for rock plants.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Metrosideros, Roses, &e.
To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Gloxinias.

To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for alpines.

To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines, Rhododendrons, &c.
To Mr. Waters, Balcombe, for Carnations. .

First-class Certificate.

To Hippeastrum ‘ Purity’ (votes, unanimous), from Mrs. Burns, North
Mymms Park, Hatfield (gr. Mr. Fielder). Flowers large, of very fine
form, pure white. Habit vigorous, each flower-stem bearing three to
five flowers, and the bulbs promising a number of offsets. The bulbs
were said to have flowered for the last three years without showing
a trace of red in the flowers. |

Award of Merit.

To Aubrietia ‘ Lavender’ (votes, 15 for, 4 against), from Mr. Prichard,
Christchurch. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter, lavender-blue with
small white eye; habit vigorous, very floriferous.

To Avricula ‘ Phyllis’ (votes, 16 for), from Mr. Douglas, Great Book-
ham. A vigorous alpine variety, with large flowers of excellent form;
paste very white, ground-colour reddish-purple shading to a neat lilac-
purple edge.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: alpines.

Mr. J. R. Box, West Wickham: alpines.

Hon. F. Bowes-Lyon, Taunton: Cyclamen persicum fl. pl.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea : stove foliage plants.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: Lilacs, &e.

Messrs. G. and A. Clark, Dover : alpines.

Mr. J. Douglas, Great Bookham : Myosotidiwm nobile.

H. J. Elwes, Kisq., V.M.H., Colesborne : rare shrubs.

F. Du Cane Godman, Esq., Horsham: greenhouse Rhododendrons,
Posoqueria, ke.

FLORAL* COMMITTEE, APRIL 28. xlvii

Mrs. Godwin-Austen, Godalming : Primrose ‘ Nore Rose du Barry.’
Messrs. Jackman, Woking : alpines.

Misses Kipping, Hutton: rock plants.

Sir EK. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee: Ribes sanguinewm fi. pl.

Major H. Neve, Cranbrook : varieties of primrose.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: forced shrubs.

L. C. Ravens, Esq., Tooley Street: Anthwriwm Scherzerianum var.
W. Shuter, Esq., Hampstead : seedling Clivias.

Miss Talbot, Berkhampstead : Echiwm callithyrsum.

Rev. A. R. Upcher, Halesworth: Polyanthus.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford: alpines.

Messrs. Ware, Feltham: hardy plants.

Mr. W. A. Watts, St. Asaph: varieties of primrose.

xlvlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1908.

Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and fifteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Apples.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To F. Bibby, Esq., Hardwicke Grange, Salop (gr. Mr. Taylor), for
Pears.
To Miss Martin, Willowbrook, Auburn, New York, for bottled fruit.
Other Exhibit.

Mr. Read, Cadbyrie House, Ealing, W.: Apple ‘Somerset Orange
Pippin.’

Fruit AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fourteen members present.

Awards Recommended :— °
Silver-gut Knightian Medal.
To Mrs. Denison, Little Saddesen, Berkhampstead (gr. Mr. Gentle),
for collections of Potatos and Onions.
Silver Knightian Medal.
‘T'o Messrs. Peed, West Norwood, for Apples.

Other Exhibits.
A. W. Sutton, Esq., Bucklebury Place, Berks (gr. Mr. Harris) :

'Tomatos.

The Hon. C. Harbord, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr. Mr. Allan): Pear
‘ Blickling.’

Mr. Baylor Hartland, Ardeairn, Cork: ‘ April Queen’ Apple.

Fruit AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11, 1908.
Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for a very fine collection of Potatos.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 3 & 17. xlix

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for Oranges.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To W. Roupell, Esq., Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W., for Apples.

Cultural Commendation. 4
To W. Roupell, Esq., Harvey Lodge, for four dishes of Apples.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. H. Wigley, Whitehill, Gravesend : Cherry wine made from Morello
Cherries, not specially good in flavour.

Mr. T. Carter, Butleigh Court, Glastonbury: a variety of Apple very
similar to some of the forms of ‘ Blenheim Orange.’

Mr. J. Crook, Camberley : an unknown Apple of no special merit.

Mr. Cooper, Stud House Gardens, Hampton Court: an Apple very
similar to ‘ Barnack Beauty.’

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: ornamental Kales.

Mr. Dixon, Holland House Gardens, Kensington: a seedling Apple.

Fruit AND VEGETABLE CommitTTEE, Marcu 8, 1908.
Mr. A. Dean, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Exhibits.

T. B. T. Hildyard, Esq., Flintham Hall, Newark (gr. Mr. Longstone) :
three dishes of Apples.

Mr. Peters, Givons Gardens, Leatherhead : two dishes of Apples and
one of Pears.

Lord Zouche, Parham Park, Pulborough (gr. Mr. Spillard): ten
dishes of Apples.

Fruit AND VEGETABLE ComMMITTEE, Marcy 17, 1908.

Mr. Owen Tuomas, Y.M.H., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.

Award Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Mr. Ansell, Cyprus, for Oranges and Lemons.

Other Exhibits.

A small collection of Apples from the Government of Nova Scotia was
sent for comparison in flavour with British-grown fruit from Messrs.
Bunyard, Maidstone, and A. Dean, Esq., V.M.H., Kingston-on-Thames.
The British Apples were much superior in flavour and juiciness to those
from Nova Scotia, the best British varieties being ‘Lord Burghley,’
‘ Wagener,’ ‘Newton Wonder,’ ‘Lord Hindlip,’ and ‘King of Tomkins
County.’

VOL. XXXIV. d

] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fruit AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, Marcu 31, 1908.

Mr. A. Dean, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.

To C. F. Raphael, Esq., Porter’s Park, Shenley (gr. Mr. Grub), for
Strawberries.
To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for Oranges.

Award of Merit.

To Orange ‘The Navel’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Rivers,
Sawbridgeworth. Fruit round, pale yellow, medium size, very thin rind ;
flesh full of juice and of delicious flavour.

Cultwral Commendation.
To Miss C. M. Dixon, Westergate, Chichester, for Strawberries.

Mr. J. Lyne, Foxbury, Chislehurst, brought some Strawberry plants
grown in pots, in which the crowns had split and had become useless. It
- was stated that one grower had lost 4,000 pot plants in this way out of
20,000 ; it was further stated that neither the pots nor plants had received
any protection. The Committee considered that if the pots had been
plunged in ashes or similar material the damage would not have occurred,
and that it is imperative that the pots should be protected ; otherwise the
“crowns "’ will split through the action of frost and cold winds following
rain in the winter months.

Fruit AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, ApriL 14, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and sixteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. 'T. E. Dawes, Syderstone, King’s Lynn, for Rhubarb ‘ Dawes’
Challenger.’ The Committee asked for stock to be sent to Wisley.

Other Exhibits.

The Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle (gr. Mr. Divers): Pear ‘ Marie
Guise.’ .
Sir I. G. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham (gr. Mr. Cook): Apples
and Pears.

Dr. Newington, Ticehurst: two seedling Apples.

Mr. J. Cheal, Crawley: interesting fruits from Madeira.

The Grape Juice Co., 4 Furnival Street, E.C.: “ Mostello Wine,”
a non-intoxicating beverage made from pure Grape juice.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 28. li

Fruit AND VEGETABLE ComMITTER, APRIL 28, 1908.
Mr. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.

Awards Recommended : —
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Lord Hillingdon, Hillingdon Court, Uxbridge (gr. Mr. Allan), for
Strawberries.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for a collection of Apples.
Silver Banksian Medal. . |
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Salads grown on the French
system.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Cook, gr. to Sir EK. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham, for
Seakale.

lii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1908.

Mr. J. GurNEY Fow.er in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for Cypripediums.
To Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham, for Cypripediums.

Fig. 16,—Cyprireprom ‘Sunran.’ (The Garden.)

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. lit

First-class Certificate.

To Cypripedium x ‘ Sultan’ (‘ Mons. de Curte’ x ‘Milo’ Weston-
birt variety) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.V.O.,
C.1.E., Westonbirt, Tetbury (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A large and
broadly-proportioned flower. Dorsal sepal yellowish emerald-green,
heavily blotched with dark purple, having a pure white margin half an
inch in width. Petals and lip light mahogany red with yellow margin.
(Fig. 16.)

To Odontoglossum x MacNabianum (Harryanum x Wailckeanwm
albens) (votes, unanimcus), from Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Flowers

Fic. 17.—OponrocLossum x BineEeLianum. (Journal of Horticulture.)

having a distinct resemblance to those of O. Harryanum, but larger and
flatter. Sepals and petals claret-red with a violet shade, the cream-white
ground colour showing through in narrow transverse lines. Lip white,
spotted with rose on the basal half.

To Odontoglossum x Bingelianum (parentage unrecorded) (votes,
unanimous), from Baron Sir H. Schroder, V.M.H., The Dell, Egham
er. Mr. Ballantine). A large broad-petalled flower of canary-yellow
colour, the inner halves of the segments heavily blotched with light
reddish-brown. Front of lip white. (Fig. 17.)

To Cypripedium x ‘Minos,’ Young’s variety (Spicerianum x Arthur-
zanum) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge. The fine

liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

white dorsal sepal is tinted and veined with rose-purple from a small
green base. Petals and lip yellowish, tinged with red-brown. (Fig. 18.)
Award of Merit.
To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Corunna’ (parentage unrecorded) (votes,
unanimous) from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. Flowers bright magenta-rose

m

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ia

sii

PRK
%) wi

id Bs
S.. VS

Fic. 18.—Cyprirepium ‘ Mryos,’ Youna’s VARIETY. _(Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
with deep claret-coloured lip, having yellow lines at the base. Of the
L.-C. Ingramii class.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound): a fine specimen
of Cypripedium x ‘G. F. Moore,’ Gatton Park variety.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28. lv

J. Bradshaw, Esq. (gr. Mr. Whitelegge) : Odontoglosswm x venustulum
var. ‘ Apollo.’

Mr. H. A. Tracy: Cypripedium insigne Berryanum.

Henry Little, Esq. (gr. Mr. Howard): an inflorescence of Laelio-
Cattleya x Callistoglossa ignescens with five blooms.

Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, ‘Tunbridge Wells: hybrid Cypripediums.

De B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables) : Odontoglossum =x Waltoniense
var. (Kegeljant x crispum ‘Raymond Crawshay’).

Francis Wellesley, Esq. (gr. Mr. Hopkins): two hybrid Cypripediums,

Messrs. Charlesworth: the finely blotched Odontoglossum crispum
‘ Lyoth,’ and several Cypripediums.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, 1908.

Mr. J. GURNEY Fow er in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for a group.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for white Laelia anceps, Odonto-
glossums, and scarlet Epiphronitis x Veitchit.

To Messrs. Jas. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for a group.

To F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr. Mr. Balm-
forth), for Cypripediums.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch, Chelsea, for Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for Cypripediums, &c.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

To Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham, for a group.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium Fairrieanwm, Cookson’s variety (votes, unanimous),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. Chapman).
A remarkable variety having the dorsal sepal claret colour, with a few
blotches of the white ground colour at the base.

To Cypripedium x ‘FF. Sander’ (votes, 12 for, 5 against), from
Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hopkins). A very
pretty Cypripedium, the origin of which is obscure. The leaves have
a fine dark green reticulation. The dorsal sepal is emerald green
blotched with chocolate brown, the upper third being white with some
purple spots; petals and lip yellow, tinged and veined with chocolate
purple.

To Cymbidium x gattonense (Lowianuwm x Tracyanwm) (votes,
unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate
(gr. Mr. W. P. Bound). A very striking hybrid with flowers bearing
a general resemblance to those of C. gigantewm, but as large as those of

lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. Tracyanum. Sepals and petals greenish-gold, striped with purplish-
red; lip cream with red markings.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Linden, Brussels: hybrid Odontoglossums and Cypripediums.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt, Tetbury (gr.
Mr. H. G. Alexander) : hybrids.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hopkins):
Cypripedium x ‘Rajah’ (Io grande x Swinburnei magnificum).

ORcHID CoMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11, 1908.

Mr. J. GURNEY Fow er in the Chair, and twenty-seven
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr. Mr. Whitelegge),
for white varieties of Cattleya Trianaet, varieties of Lycaste Skinneri, &e.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for Cattleya Trianaei, Cypripe-
diums, &c.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Bradford, for a group.

To Baron Sir H. Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. Ballantine), for
plants of the rare Odontoglossum coronarvum brevifolium, each with four
or five spikes.

To Messrs. Jas. Cypher, for Cypripediums, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for hybrid Cypripediums.
To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, for a group.

To Messrs. Stanley, for Cattleya Trianaer.

To Messrs. Heath, for hybrid Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

Award of Merit.

To Cymbidium x ‘Lady Colman’ (C. eburno-Lowianum x Tracy-
anum) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton
Park (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound). A fine hybrid» nearest to C. Tracyanwm.
Sepals and petals greenish sulphur-yellow, with fine dotted lines of purple.
Lip white with distinct red markings.

To Dia-Cattleya x Colmanae (Diacriwm bicornutum x Cattleya
intermedia nivea) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.
A remarkable bigeneric hybrid resembling, in growth, and in the
manner of producing its flowers, Diacriwm (EHpidendrum) bicornutum.
Flowers 8 inches across, pure white. (Fig. 19.)

To Lycaste Skinneri ‘Orion’ (votes, unanimous), from J. Bradshaw,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Whitelegge). Sepals blush-white; petals rose with white
lines and tips ; lip white.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 3, lvii

Other Exhibits.

The Marquis de Wavrin, Ghent (gr. Mr. De Geeste): Cattleya
Trianaei ‘Princess Elizabeth of Belgium.’ A very fine white flower,
tinged with lilac, and without the yellow disc usually seen on the lip in
this species.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield (gr. Mr. Hopkins) : Cypripedium
Gratrixiae giganteum ; and C. ‘ William Mostyn’ (villoswm x ‘ Mons. de
Curte’), both distinct varieties.

R. Brooman- White, Esq., Arddarrcch, N.B.: spikes of Odontoglossums.

Fie. 19.—Dra-Cattiteya Co~mMAnaE. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: Cattleya Trianaei x L.-C. Phoebe.
Mons. Mertens, Ghent: hybrid Odontoglossums.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, Marca 38, 1908.

Mr. J. GurRNEY Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-eight
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G.
Alexander), for a grand group of new hybrids, Cattleya Trianaei, &e.

lviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound),
for a very fine display of hybrid Dendrobiums, &e.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J. Chap-
man), for a group containing several very finely blotched forms of
Odontoglossum crispum.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Cattleyas, Odontoglossums, &c.
To C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court (gr. Mr. Duncan), for a group.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.

To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for hybrid Laelio-
Cattleyas, &c.

To Messrs Hugh Low, Enfield, for Cypripediums, Odontoglossums, &c.

To Mons. Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.

First-class Certificate.

To Cymbidium insigne (Sandert) superbum (votes, 19 for, 1 against),
from Messrs. Sander. A very large variety with white flowers tinted
with rose. Labellum spotted with deep rose-purple.

To Cymbidium insigne splendens (votes, 17 for, 6 against), from
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Flowers tinged with rose, and having
claret lines on the sepals and petals, and a mauve tint on the heavily
spotted lip. |

To Dendrobium x ‘ Cybele,’ Gatton Park variety (nobile nobilius
x Findlayanum) (votes, 18 for, 4 against), from Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart. (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound). A large and finely formed flower, white
with magenta-rose tips to the segments; the lip having a maroon and
orange base. (Fig. 20.)

Award of Merit.

To Dendrobium x chessingtonense, Gatton Park variety (aurewm
x Wiganiae) (votes, 15 for, 4 against), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.
Flowers yellow, with a dark base to the lip.

To Mazillaria luteo-alba (votes, unanimous), from Walter Cobb, Esq.,
Normanhurst, Rusper (gr. Mr. C. J. Salter), A fine old species with
white and yellow flowers.

To Brasso-Cattleya x ‘Helene Maron ’ (parentage unrecorded) (votes,
17 for, 1 against), from Mons. Chas. Maron, Brunoy, France. Probably
a secondary hybrid of B.-C. Digbyano-Mendelu. Flowers white, shaded
with lilac.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Pizarro’ (L. Jongheana x C. Dowiana aurea)
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. Sepals and petals
bright rose ; lip orange shaded with purple.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Daffodil’ (Z.-C. x ‘Mercia’ (L. flava x C.
Schréderae) x L. Jongheana alba) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 3. lix

Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells. Flower white, with a yellow
tint on the tips of the sepals and petals; lip yellow.

To Sophro-Laelia x ‘ Felicia’ (L. pumila praestans x S.-L. heaton-
ensis) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Dwarf with
bright purple flowers.

To Odontoglossum x ‘ Clytie’ (cirrhosum x Edwardu) (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers on branched spikes, rose-pink
barred with claret-colour.

Fic. 20.—DrEnprRoBium x ‘CyBELE.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
for Odontoglossum loochristiense with four spikes bearing together fifty-
six flowers.

To Mr. C. J. Salter, gr. to Walter Cobb, Esq., for Maaillaria luteo-
alba with about seventy blooms. |

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., V.M.H., Burford (gr. Mr. W. H. White) :
fine forms of Zygopetalum Ballu and Mazxillaria variabilis unipunctata.

J. Bradshaw, Esq., Southgate (gr. Mr. Whitelegge): Cattleya
Luddemanniana var. ‘ Empress,’ white with silvery veining.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne : two forms of Pleione ywnnanensis.

Francis Wellesley, Esq. (gr. Mr. Hopkins): Cattleya x parisiensis
(Dowiana aurea x ‘ Parthenia’).

Ix PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq. (gr. Mr. Bond): forms of Laelio-Cattleya
x Dominiana.
Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : a group.

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, Marcu 17, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNEY Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr.
H. G. Alexander), for a group.

F'te. 21.—VANDA SUAVIS PALLIDA. (Journal of Horticulture.)

To J. Bradshaw, Esq., the Grange, Southgate (gr. Mr. G. G. White-
legge), for group, including many white varieties of Cattleya Trianaei.

Silver Flora Medal.

To H. $8. Goodson, Esq., Putney (gr. Mr. Day), for a group.

To Messrs. J. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Dendrobiums, &c.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for varieties of Odontoglossum
crispum.

To Mr. A. W. Jensen, Lindfield, for Cattleya Schréderae and Odonto-
glossum crispum.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 17. lxi

Silver Banksian Medal.
To F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr. Mr. Balm-
forth), for Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.
To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Vanda suavis pallida (votes, unanimous), from Mons. T. Panwels,
Ghent. A white variety, with pale green markings on the segments.
(Fig. 21.)

Fie. 22.—OpontoeLossum x ‘Guapys.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

To Cattleya x ‘Suzanne Hye de Crom’ (Mossiae Wageneri x Gas-
kelliana alba) (votes, unanimous), from Mons. Jules Hye de Crom, Ghent
(gr. Mr. Coen). A pure white variety with yellow disc to the lip.

Award of Merit.

To Cattleya x ‘ Enid,’ Westonbirt variety (Warscewiczw x Mossiae)
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford (gr. Mr. Alexander).
A fine form with rose-tinted sepals and petals, and ruby-crimson lip.

To Laelwo-Cattleya x luminosa, Westonbirt variety (L. tenebrosa x C.
Dowiana aurea) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.V.O., C.LE. Sepals and petals Indian yellow tinged with red; lip
claret-crimson.

To Odontoglossum x ‘ Gladys’ (cirrhosum x Harryanum) (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers with narrow segments,
resembling O. x elegans ; greenish-white spotted with purple. (Fig. 22.)

lxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Elinor’ (L. x ‘Coronet’ x C. Schréderae)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers deep orange as
in L. x ‘Coronet’ (harpophylla x cinnabarina), but much larger.

Botanical Certificate.

To Coelogyne (Pleione) pogonioides, from Messrs. Jas. Veitch. A
dwarf species from China. Flowers rosy-lilac.

To Dendrobium fusiforme, from Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds. An
Australian species with many-flowered racemes of cream-white flowers,
with purple lines on ‘the lip.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, for
a fine spec:men of Odontoglossum x Adrianae ‘ Lady Wantage,’ bearing
a thirteen-branched inflorescence of about one hundred flowers.

To Mr. Alexander for Cattleya x ‘ Enid,’ Westonbirt variety, with six
flowers on a spike.

To Mr. W. H. White, Orchid grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
V.M.H., for Brasso-Cattleya x Lindleyana with over fifty flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound): Dendrobiums.

De B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables): three new hybrid Odonto-
clossums.

Messrs. Charlesworth : a group.

Messrs. Heath: a group.

Mons. Mertens: a group.

OrcHID ComMITTEER, Maro# 81, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNEY Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.

To H. 8. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr. Day), for a group.
To Mr. A. W. Jensen, Lindfield, Sussex, for Cattleya Schréderae.
First-class Certificate.

To Cypripedium x ‘Helen II.,’ Westonbirt variety (insigne, ‘ Harefield
Hall’ > bellatulwm) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt. Flower large and bearing distinct traces of
C. imsigne ‘ Harefield Hall’; cream-white, heavily blotched with rose-
purple. (Fig. 23.)

To Phaius x ‘Clive’ (‘Norman’ x tuberculosus) (votes, unanimous),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J. Chap-
man). <A very fine form of the hybrid which received an Award of Merit
February 24, 1903. Sepals and petals pale lilac with a central yellowish

band. Lip claret colour at the base, the front rose, blotched with
purple.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 31. lxi

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum x percultwm ‘J. R. Roberts’ (Rolfeae x ardentis-
simum) (votes, unanimous), from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands,
South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis). A pleasing flower, blush-pink with
white margined segments, the middles of which are densely spotted with
rose-purple.

Fic. 23.—Cyprivepium x ‘ Heven II.,’ Wesronsirrt VARIETY.
(Journal of Horticulture.)

To Dendrobium x Thwaitesiae, Bound’s variety (Ainsworth splendi-
dissimum x Wiganiae) (votes, 10 for, 1 against), from Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bart., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. Bound). Flowers yellowish-buff
with purple disc to the lip.

To Cattleya Schréderae ‘Queen Alexandra’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Flower large; sepals and petals blush-
white ; disc of the lip orange with a purple band in front.

lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Cypripedium x Berkeleyanum (Boxallu x bellatulum) (votes,
unanimous), from J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch, Berkhamsted.
Flowers almost entirely claret-purple colour, the cream-white ground
colour appearing slightly between the blotches.

Cultural Convmendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
for Ada awrantiaca with fifty-one spikes.

To Mr. H. Tysoe, gr. to Miss Fitzpatrick, Bedford, for Cyrtopodium —
punctatum with five spikes.

Other Exhibits.

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr. Mr.
J. Davis) : Cymbidiwm x ‘ J. Gurney Fowler,’ and two hybrid Odonto-
glossums.

Messrs. Charlesworth: a group.

J. Wilson Potter, Esq. (gr. Mr. Young): Odontoglossum crispwm
‘Rossendale,’ and O. c. ‘ Empress of India.’ r

Mons. Jules Hye de Crom (gr. Mr. Coene): seedling Odontoglossum
crispum ‘ Jules Coene,’ a blotched variety.

De B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables): hybrid Odontoglossums.

I’. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq. (gr. Mr. Balmforth) : Odontoglossum crispum
‘ Alexandrovitch,’ a purple-blotched form.

J. Bradshaw, Esq. (gr. Mr. Whitelegge): two fine forms of Cattleya
Schréderae.

W. James, Esq., Chichester (gr. Mr. Smith): good varieties of Cattleya
Schroderae.

OrcHID CommMiTTEE, APRIL 14, 1908.

Mr. J. GurNEY Fowter in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To H. §. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, West Hill, Putney (gr. Mr. Dey
for a group, including some good hybrid Odontoglossums.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch, Chelsea, for Odontoglossums and Cattleya
Schréderae.

To Mr. A. W. Jensen, Lindfield, Sussex, for varieties of Odontoglossum
crispum and Cattleya Mendeli.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Odontoglossums.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

To Messrs. J. Cypher, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya Schréderae ‘The Baron’ (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-
Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. Alexander). <A
remarkable variety with white flowers, the disc of the lip having a peculiar
blending of orange, rose, and violet. (Fig. 24).

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 14. lxv

To Cypripedium bellatulum, ‘Exhims variety’ (votes, unanimous),
from J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Exhims, Northchurch. The finest dark
form of C. bellatulum, the surface of the flower being almost covered

with blackish-chocolate blotches.
Award of Merit.
To Dendrobium Brymerianum, Gatton Park variety (votes, unanimous),
from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr. Mr. W. P.

Fic. 24.—CatrLeya ScHrOpERAE ‘THE Baron.’ (Journal of Horticuiture.)

Bcund). Flower 4 inches in length and 24 inches across the finely
fringed lip, the whole being bright yellow.

To, Cymbidium eburneum Goodsonianwm (votes, unanimous), from
H. S. Goodson, Esq., Putney (gr. Mr. Day). Flowers white, with a
broad rose-purple band down the middle of the labellum.

VOL, XXXIV. C

lxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. W. H. White, Orchid grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
V.M.H., for a grand specimen of Dendrobium fimbriatum oculatum with
forty spikes of flowers.

To Mr. J. Davis (gr. to J. Gurney Fowler, Esq.), for Masdevallia
Schréderiana with fifty-one flowers.

Other - Exhibits.

Messrs. Sander: Cypripediwm x ‘ Black Watch’ (‘ W. R. Lee’
x Curtisi).

R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley: the rare Cymbidiwm chloranthwm.

De B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables) : three forms of Odontoglosswm
‘Urania’ (crispum x cristatellum).

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, APRIL 28, 1908.
Mr. J. Gurney Fow.er in the Chair, and seventeen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr. Mr.
J. Davis), for large specimens of Oncidiwm Marshallianum, the largest
bearing four strong flower-spikes.

To Henry Little, Esq., Baronshalt, Twickenham (gr. Mr. Howard), for
Laelio-Cattleya, &c. 3

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Jas. Cypher, for Miltonia vexillaria, &e.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, for a group.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, for Dendrobiums, &c.
To Messrs. Heath, for a group.

First-class Certoficate.
To Odontoglosswm crispwm ‘Queen of the Earth’ (votes, 13 for,
3 against), from De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr.

Stables). A showy flower, heavily blotched with reddish-claret colour.
Probably a garden seedling.
Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum platycheilum superbum (votes, unanimous), from
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A
pretty Guatemalan species, of which a solitary specimen appeared and |
received an Award of Merit, March 22,1892. That example had white
flowers spotted with rose on the lip. The present form boré seven spikes,
generally two-flowered, pink with rose-spotted lip.

To Aérides Vandarwm (votes, 7 for, 2 against), from Mrs. Bevington,
Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Huxley). The well-known terete-leaved species, with
blush-white flowers.

To Cirrhopetalum Wendlandianum (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence,.Bart., V.M.H. An ally of C. Colletti, with flowers ina

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 28. Ixvii
one-sided umbel, each 5 inches in length, yellow, striped and tinged with
red. Upper sepal and petals fringed.

To Odontoylossum naeviwm (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Arm-
strong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells. An elegant old species with branched
spikes of white flowers spotted with red.

Botanical Certificate.
To Cirrhopetalum Roxburghu, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A
dwarf highland Indian plant with slender spikes of cream-white flowers
tinged with rose, and arranged in an almost globular head.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. J. Davis (gr. to J. Gurney Fowler, Esq.), for splendidly flowered
Oncidium Marshallianum.

Other Exhibits. ©

R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Chessington, Streatham (gr. Mr. Black) : two
plants of the pure white Cattleya Dusseldorfei ‘Undine,’ Chessington
variety, and the showy Laelio-Cattleya x Wellsiana, Chessington
variety.

F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq. (gr. Mr. Balmforth): Cypripedium
Lawrenceanum ‘ Marjorie.’ |

H. D. Headland, Esq., Balham: varieties of Cattleya Mendelii.
_ tL. C. Ravens, Esq., Odense, Denmark: three varieties of Cattleya
Schréderae.

Ixvill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NARCISSUS AND TULIP COMMITTEE,
MarcxH 17, 1908.
Mr. H. b. May in the Chair, and sixteen members present.

The season being a late one there were no flowers submitted for
Certificate,

Award Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs, Barr, King Street, Covent Garden, for Daffodils opened
under glass,

Narcissus AND TuLip ComMITTEE, Marcu 31, 1908,
Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty-five members present,

On the motion of the Rey, J. Jacob, seconded by Mr, P. R. Barr, the
following recommendation to the Council was unanimously agreed upon :
“ That this Committee respectfully requests the Council to arrange, on an
early Tuesday in the year, a show which shall be especially devoted to
forced Daffodils and Tulips, as they consider this branch of floriculture
has a wide interest.”

The first week in March was suggested as a suitable time for such an
exhibition, as the Committee desired to see gentle forcing, rather than
hard forcing, encouraged.

The Council subsequently agreed to issue invitations welcoming
exhibits of forced bulbs for the last meeting in February or the early
one in March; and, though they could not grant the exclusive use of the
Hall for such a display, the Council hoped sufficient prominence would
be thus given to forced bulbs to meet all reasonable requirements.

me

Award Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cartwright & Goodwin, Blakebrook, Kidderminster, for
early Daffodils, including a few new varieties, notably ‘ Mervyn,’ which
the Committee expressed a wish to see again when grown out of doors.

Other Exhibits.

Chas. Dawson, Ksq., Rosemorran, Gulval, Penzance: group of new
Daffodils.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech : Daffodils and Tulips.

Miss I’. W. Currey, Warren Gardens, Lismore, Ireland : Daffodils.

NARCISSUS AND TULIP COMMITTEE, APRIL 14 lxix

Narcissus AND Tunie CommittTEE, Aprit 14, 1908.

Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty-eight members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Charles Dawson, Esq., Rosemorran, Gulval, Penzance, for a large

collection of finely grown new and rare Daffodils, many of them unnamed
seedlings of high merit.

i
4
,
at
£ &
ts

Fic. 25.—Narcissus ‘ BuTTERCUP.’

Silver-gut Flora Medal.
To Miss F. W. Currey, Warren Gardens, Lismore, Ireland, for
Daffodils.
Silver-giult Banksian Medal.

To Sir Josslyn Gore-Booth, Bart., Lissadel, Sligo, for Daffodils.
To Messrs. Cartwright & Goodwin, Blakebrook, Kidderminster, for
choice Daffodils.

ixx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Hogg & Robertson, Mary Street, Dublin, for a large group

of Daffodils.
To Messrs. Barr, King Street, Covent Garden, for Daffodils, including

a number of new seedlings.

Award of Merit.

To Narcissus ‘ Buttercup’ (votes, unanimous), from Chas. Dawson,
Esq., Rosemorran, Gulval, Penzance. <A beautiful deep golden-yellow,
sweetly scented variety, with ample perianth segments and a shapely
trumpet, a result of crossing Narcissus ‘ Kmperor’ with the Campernelle —
Jonquil. (Fig. 25.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech: a small group of Daffodils.

Messrs. James Carter, High Holborn: about a hundred blooms of
Narcissus ‘ King Alfred.’

Messrs. J. Pope, King’s Norton, Birmingham: Daffodils.

Messrs. R. & G. Cuthbert, Southgate: a small group of forced |
Tulips.

Mr. F. H. Chapman, Guldeford Lodge, Rye: a small group of the
newer Daffodils.

Messrs. William Bull, King’s Road, Chelsea: Daffodils.

Mr. Robt. Sydenham, Tenby Street, Birmingham: Daffodils and
Tulips grown in undrained pots in a mixture of crushed shell and moss —
fibre.

Barr Cup Competition.

Owing to the backwardness of the season there was but one entry for |
the Barr Cup offered for a collection of Daffodils ; and as the Judges did
not consider the exhibit worthy of the award the prize was withheld. ~

Narcissus AND Tunip ComMitTrEE, APRIL 28, 1908. }
Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty-four members present.

On the motion of the Rey. J. Jacob, seconded by Mr. J. Pope, it was
unanimously resolved to recommend the Council to appoint a sub-com-
mittee to frame a classification of Daffodils for show and catalogue
purposes, as it was felt that the old divisions of large, medium, and see
crowned varieties were now insufficient.

This recommendation was very favourably received by the Council,
and the Rey. W. Wilks, Rey. G. Engleheart, Rev. J. Jacob, and Messrs.
J. T. Bennett-Poé, J. W. Barr, E. A. Bowles, and C. H. Curtis were
appointed to act as a Classification Sub-Committee.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gill Flora Medal.

‘l'o Messrs. Barr, King Street, Covent Garden, for choice Daffodils,
including the new varieties ‘Furnace,’ ‘ Catriona,’ ‘ Buttercup,’ ‘ Royalist,’
‘ Blazing Star,’ ‘Tris,’ ‘ Honeydrop,’ and ‘ Radiant,’

NARCISSUS AND TULIP COMMITTEE, MAY 12. xxi

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech, for Daffodils, including ‘ Weardale
Perfection, ‘ White Lady,’ ‘Madame de Graaff, ‘ Lady Margaret
Boscawen,’ &e.

To Messrs. Cartwright & Goodwin, Blakebrook, Kidderminster, for
Daffodils, including ‘ Nymph,’ ‘ Seagull,’ ‘ Mrs, Robt. Sydenham,’ ‘ White
Slave,’ ‘ Juliet,’ ‘ Circlet,’ and ‘ Armeline.’

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Pope, King’s Norton, Birmingham, for Daffodils,
including many raised by the firm.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. R. Wallace, Colchester, for Daffodils and Tulips.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for bedding and ‘ Darwin’ Tulips.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. Robt. Sydenham, Tenby Street, Birmingham: bulbous plants
erown in moss fibre.

Messrs. William Bull, King’s Road, Chelsea: Daffodils.
Messrs. James Veitch, King’s Road, Chelsea: Daffodils,

Narcissus AND TuLIp ComMITTER, May 12, 1908.

Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. Alex. M. Wilson, East Keal, Spilsby, for a group of the newer
Daffodils, including ‘ Will Scarlett,’ ‘White Slave,’ ‘ Lucifer,’ ‘ Blood
Orange,’ ‘ Koster,’ ‘ Homespun,’ ‘ Horace,’ and ‘ Gleam.’

To Messrs. Barr, King Street, Covent Garden, for Daffodils and
Tulips.

To Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech, for a group of handsome Tulips and
a few Daffodils.

To Messrs. R. Wallace, Colchester, for a large group of Tulips,
including ‘Pride of Haarlem,’ ‘Fra Angelico,’ ‘Feu Ardent,’ ‘Flame,’
‘ Glow,’ and ‘ Circe.’

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Miss Katherine A. Spurrell, Bessingham, Norwich, for a small group
of seedling Daffodils, mostly not yet named.

Award of Merit.

To Narcissus ‘Snow Shoe’ (votes, 11 for, 4 against), from Messrs.
Walter T. Ware, Inglescombe, Bath. A large-flowered poeticus variety,

lxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with substantial, pure-white, slightly recurving perianth segments and a
deep red crimson-rimmed cup.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. F. H. Chapman, Guldeford Lodge, Rye: a few late Daffodils.

Messrs. James Veitch, King’s Road, Chelsea: Tulips.

Mrs. A. H. Benson, 16 South Street, Park Lane, W.-: unusually large
blooms of ‘ Darwin’ Tulips.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxili

ESTABLISHED INCORPORATED
1804. 1809.
TELEGRAMS: TELEPHONE :

* HORTENSIA, LONDON.” 5363 WESTMINSTER,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS.

1. Notice to Fellows. | 19. Conference on Spraying.

2. Letters. | 20. Bottled Fruits Show.

3. Telephone arid Telegrams. | 21. Colonial-grown Fruit Shows.

4. Journals Wanted. | 22. Shows of kindred Societies.

5. Subscriptions. | 23. Forced Bulb Show.

6. Form of Bequest. | 24. Special Prizes.

7. Privileges of Chemical Analysis. | 25. Lectures.

8. List of Fellows. 26. Examinations.

9. New Fellows. | 27. Information.
10. An Appeal. 28. Inspection of Fellows’ Gardens.
11. The Society’s Gardens at Wisley. | 29. Affiliated Societies.
12. The Wisley Research Station. | 30. Union of Horticultural Mutual Im-
13. Students at Wisley. | provement Societies.
14. Distribution of Surplus Plants. | 31. Classification of Daffodils.
15. The Society’s Hall and Offices. | 32. Colour Chart.
16. Letting of Hall. 33. Monograph on Fungoid Pests.
17. Exhibitions, Meetings, and Lectures | 34. Rules for Judging.

in 1908. 35. Varieties of Fruits.

18. British-grown Fruit Show. | 36. Advertisements.

PO NOTICE TO. FELLOWS.

A few pages of Notices to Fellows are always added at the end of each
number of the JouRNAL, immediately preceding the Advertisements, and
also at the beginning both of the ‘‘ Book of Arrangements ’’ and of the
‘Report of the Council.’”’ Fellows are particularly requested to consult
these Notices, as it would often save them and the Secretary much need-
less correspondence.

Ixxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2.. LETTERS:

All letters on all subjects should be addressed—The Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, 8. W.

3. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAMS.

Telephone Number: WESTMINSTER, 53638.
“ HORTENSIA, LONDON,” is sufficient address for telegrams.

4. JOURNALS WANTED.

The Secretary would be very greatly obliged for any of the following
back numbers :—Vol. V., Part 1; Vol. VII., Part 2; Vol. X.; Vol. XIIL.,
Part 1; Vol. XVI., Parts 2 and 3; Vol. XVIL., Parts 1 and 2; Vol. XVIL.,
Parts 8 and 4; Vol. XIX., Part 1; Vol. XIX., Part 2; Vol. XX., Pari 3;
Vol. XXII, Part 3; Vol. XXII, Part. 4; Vol. XXV., Part (S:) Vor
XXVI., Part 4; Vol. XXVIL, Part, 1; Vol) XXVil. Pas. 4 ee
XXVIII., Parts 8 and 4; and. Vol. XXIX., Parts 1, 2, and 8. Also the
return to the Society of ANY NUMBERS of the Journat which may
be of no further use or interest to Fellows would be appreciated, as
applications for back numbers are repeatedly received.

5. SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions fall due on January 1st of each year. To avoid the
inconvenience of remembering this, Fellows can compound by the pay-
ment of one lump sum in lieu of all further annual payments ; or they
can, by applying to the Society, obtain a form of instruction to their
bankers to pay for them every January 1st. It may be a week or more -
before the Tickets reach the Fellow, owing to the very large numbers,
nearly 20,000, having to be despatched within the first month of the
year. Fellows who have not already given an order on their bankers for
the payment of their subscriptions each year are requested to do so, as
this method of payment is preferred, and saves the Fellows considerable
trouble. Forms for the purpose may be obtained from the R.H.S. Offices
at Vincent Square, Westminster, S8.W. Fellows whose subscriptions
remain unpaid are debarred from all the privileges of the Society ; but
their subscriptions are nevertheless recoverable at law, the Society being
incorporated by Royal Charter.

In paying their subscriptions, Fellows often make the mistake
of drawing their cheques for Pounds instead of for Guineas. Kindly note
that in all cases it is Guineas and not Pounds. Cheques and Postal
Orders should be made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society ”’
and crossed ‘ London and County Bank, Westminster.”’

6. FORM OF BEQUEST.

I give and bequeath to the Treasurer for the time being of the Royal
Horticultural Society, London, the sum of £ , to be paid out of
such part of my personal estate as I can lawfully charge with the payment

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxv

of such legacy, and to be paid free of legacy duty, within six months of
my decease ; the receipt of such Treasurer to be a sufficient discharge
for the same. And I declare that the said legacy shall be applied towards
[the general purposes of the Society].*

7. PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Instructions are contained at page 70 in the “Book of Arrange-
ments,” 1908. (See p. xe.)

Sao! OF PELLOWS.

A list of all the Fellows of the Society is sent out in January.
Fellows are requested to look at their own names in it, and if in any way
these are incorrect, or the addresses insufficient, they are requested to inform
the Secretary at once. Another use which all Fellows might make of this
list is to consult it with reference to their friends’ names, and if any of
them are not found recorded therein they might endeavour to enlist their
sympathies with the Society, and obtain their consent to propose them as
Fellows forthwith. Forms of Nomination, and of the Privileges of
Fellows, are bound in with every number of the JouRNAL and the
* Book of Arrangements.”

9. NEW FELLOWS.

On March 6 last the Society completed its 104th year. Will all
the Fellows do their best to extend the usefulness of the Society by
enlisting the sympathy of all their friends and persuading them to
join the ranks of the Society? A list of the privileges of Fellows
will be found at page 16 in the “ Book of Arrangements,” and just
a line addressed to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster,
containing the name and address of the proposed new Fellow will suffice.
Should it be preferred, the Secretary will, upon receipt of a postcard or
letter giving the name and address of any persons likely to join the
Society, write direct and invite them to allow their names to be proposed
for election.

10. AN APPEAL.

_ What has been accomplished for the Society since 1887 is largely due
to the unwearied assistance afforded by a small proportion of the Fellows ;
but as all belong to the same Society, so it behoves each one to do what
he or she can to further its interests, especially in :—

1. Increasing the number of Fellows.

2. Helping to swell the Fund started by Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H.,
for providing Prizes for the Students at Wisley.

* Any special directions or conditions which the testator may wish to be attached
to the bequest may be substituted for the words in brackets.

lxxv1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3. Lectures with lantern slides.

4. Books are required to fill the gaps in the Library both at Vincent
Square and at Wisley.

5. New and rare Plants are wanted for the Garden and surplus roots
for distribution to the Fellows.

Thus there is plenty for all to do according to their individual liking :
personal effort, money, plants, books, are all alike needed. The Secretary,
therefore, asks those who read these lines to do their best to help in any
of the ways above indicated.

ll. THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT WISLEY.

The Gardens are open daily to Fellows and others showing Fellows’
Transferable Tickets from 9 a.m. till sunset, except on Sundays, Good
Friday, and Christmas Day. Hach Fellow’s ticket admits three to the
Gardens. The Public are not admitted. There is much of interest to

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PositIoN OF THE SocrETY’s GARDENS.

be seen at Wisley throughout the year. The late Mr. G. F. Wilson’s
garden included a wild wood-garden, a bank of flowering shrubs, a series
of ponds and pools, and a fine collection of Japanese Iris, Primulas,
Lilies, Rhododendrons, &c. The Society has added a fine collection of

Walker & Cockerell sq

TT

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxvil

the best varieties of fruit trees, of bamboos, of roses, and of ornamental
trees and flowering shrubs, for the most part kindly given by the leading
nurserymen. A very large sum of money has also been spent in the
erection of a first-rate Meteorological Station, and a fine series of glass-
houses; a dwelling-house for the Superintendent; a Cottage for the
Fruit Foreman ; and in establishing a complete system of water supply ;
on drainage works, and on road-making.

The Gardens are situated at Wisley, about 2 miles from Ripley in
Surrey, and about 34 miles from Horsley and 54 miles from Weybridge,
both stations on the South-Western Railway, with frequent trains from
Waterloo and Clapham Junction. Carriages to convey four persons can
be obtained by writing to Mr. D. White, fly proprietor, Ripley, Surrey ;
the charge being, to and from Weybridge, waiting two hours at the
Gardens, 8s. ; or waiting three hours, 10s.; or to and from Horsley, 7s. ;
Effingham Junction, 7s.; Byfleet, 7s. Visitors should in all cases be
careful to state the trains they intend to arrive by and leave by,
Carriages can also be obtained at Weybridge for 8s, by writing to Mr,
Trembling, New Road, Weybridge. Excellent accommodation and re-
freshments can be had at the Hut Hotel, close to the Gardens, and also
at the Hautboy at Ockham.

12. THE WISLEY RESEARCH STATION.

The new Research Station and Laboratory at Wisley is now com-
pleted and work is in progress there. Mr. I. J. Chittenden has been
appointed Director of the Research Work on Scientific Matters affecting
Practical Horticulture, and Lecturer to the Students. By the completion
of this station a long-felt want has been met. In the United States,
where so much good work has been done in this direction, all is paid
for by the Government, but in this country we have to fall back on
private individuals or on Societies.

to, STUDENTS AT -WISLEY.

The Society admits a limited number of young men, not exceeding
22 years of age, to study Gardening at Wisley, where the training
has been recently further developed by the erection of the Laboratory
and Research Station. The curriculum now includes not only practical
garden work in all the main branches of Horticulture, but also lectures,
demonstrations, and elementary Horticultural Science in the Laboratory,
whereby a practical knowledge of simple Garden Chemistry, Biology,
&e., may be obtained. The Laboratory is equipped with the best
apparatus procurable for Students. The training extends over a period
of two years, with a progressive course for each year. Students can
only enter at the end of September and at the end of March. Selected
Students have also the advantage of attending certain of the Society’s
Shows and Lectures in London. It is generally easy to find these young
men employment on the completion of their training ; in fact, the Council
are quite unable to meet the demands for energetic, trustworthy young
men ; but they must all be workers.

Ixxvilil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

14. DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS PLANTS.

In a recent Report the Council drew attention to the way in which
the annual distribution of surplus plants has arisen. In a large garden
there must always bo a great deal of surplus stock which must either
be given away or go to the waste heap. A few Fellows noticing this,
asked for plants which would otherwise be discarded; and they valued
what was so obtained. Others hearing of it asked for a share, until the
Council felt they must either systematize this haphazard distribution
or else put a stop to it altogether. To take the latter step seemed
undesirable. Why should not such Fellows have them as cared to receive
such surplus plants? It was therefore decided to keep all plants till
the early spring, and then give all Fellows alike the option of claiming
a share of them by ballot.

Fellows are therefore particularly requested to notice that only waste
and surplus plants raised from seeds or cuttings are available for dis-
tribution. Many of them may be of very little intrinsic value, and it is
only to avoid their being absolutely wasted that the distribution was
established. The great majority also are of necessity very small, and
may require careful treatment for a time.

Fellows are particularly requested to note that a Form of Application
and list to choose from of the plants available for distribution is sent in
January every year to every Fellow, enclosed in the “ Report of the
Council.” To avoid all possibility of favour, all application lists are kept
until the last day of February, when they are all thrown into a Ballot;
and as the lists are drawn out, so is the order of their execution, the plants
being despatched as quickly as possible after March 1.

Of some of the varieties enumerated the stock is small, perhaps not
more than twenty-five or fifty plants being available. It is therefore
obvious that when the Ballot is kind to any Fellow he will receive all the
plants exactly as he has selected, but when the Ballot has given him an
unfavourable place he may find the stock of the majority of plants he has
chosen exhausted. A little consideration would show that all Fellows
cannot be first, and some must be last, in the Ballot. Application forms
received after March 1 and before April 30 are kept till all those previously
received have been dealt with, and are then balloted in a similar way.
Fellows having omitted to fill up their application form before April 30
must be content to wait till the next year’s distribution. The work of
the Gardens cannot be disorganised by the sending-out of plants at any
later time in the year. All Fellows can participate in the annual dis-
tribution following their election.

The Society does not pay the cost of packing and carriage. The
charge for this -will be collected by the carriers on delivery of the
plants, which will be addressed exactly as given by each Fellow on
his application form. It is impracticable to send plants by post owing
to the lack of Post Office facilities for despatch without prepayment of
postage.

Fellows residing beyond a radius of thirty-five miles from London
are permitted to choose double the number of plants to which they are
otherwise entitled.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxix

Plants cannot be sent to Fellows residing outside the United King-
dom, owing either to length of time in transit or to vexatious regulations
in some foreign countries ; but the Council will at any time endeavour to
obtain for Fellows living abroad any unusual or rare seeds which they
may have been unable to procure in their own country.

15. THE SOCIETY’S HALL AND OFFICES.

The Royal Horticultural Hall and Offices are situated in Vincent
Square, which lies straight through Ashley Gardens from Victoria Street,

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PosITION OF THE SocietTy’s HALL.

Westminster, and is about five minutes’ walk from the Victoria and St.
James’s Park Stations.

Pov-ne iaeiNG OF -ELTALL.

. Fellows are earnestly requested to make known among their friends
and among institutions that the Royan HorricuuturAL HAtr is avail-
able, twelve days in each fortnight, for Meetings, Shows, Exhibitions,
Concerts, Conferences, Lectures, Balls, Banquets, Bazaars, Receptions,
and other similar purposes. The Hall has a floor surface of 13,000 square
feet. It is cool-in summer and warm in winter. For a Concert it will
seat 1,500, or for a public meeting 1,800. It is undoubtedly the lightest
Hall in London, and its acoustic properties are pronounced excellent
by some of our greatest authorities. The charges, which are very
moderate, include lighting, warming in winter or cooling the air in
summer, seating, and the use of trestle-tabling and platform. The first
floor, consisting of four fine rooms, may also be hired for similar pur-
poses, either together with or separately from the Great Hall. This

lxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

accommodation can also be divided up if desired. A long-felt want
has now been met by the construction of a convenient kitchen in the
basement, with lift connections to the eastern annexe and lecture room.
For serving luncheons, &c., this will prove a great boon. Ample cloak-
rooms for ladies and for gentlemen are available. In fact, the Hall is not
only the most suitable Hall in London for special Shows of a high-class
character, but it is also second only to the Queen’s Hall and the Royal
Albert Hall for the purposes of Concerts and Meetings. Reduction is
made to Charities, and there are special terms for Societies kindred or
allied to Horticulture. The regulations, &c., for hiring the Hall are
printed in the “ Book of Arrangements,” and full particulars may be
obtained on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, West-
minster, S.W., with whom dates may be booked.

17. EXHIBITIONS, MEETINGS, AND LECTURES
IN 1908.

A full programme for 1908 will be found at pages 41 to 63 in the
‘Book of Arrangements’ for 1908. It will be noticed that an Ex-
hibition and Meeting is held in the Royal Horticultural Hall practically
every fortnight throughout the year, and a short lecture on some
interesting subject connected with Horticulture is delivered during the
afternoon. Special Shows have also been arranged on days other than
those of the Society’s own Exhibitions. See page lxxxi.

A reminder of every Show will be sent in the week preceding to any
Fellow who will send to the R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, S.W., a
sufficient number (88) of halfpenny cards ready addressed to himself.

18. BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT SHOW, 1908.

The Great Autumn Show of British-grown Hardy Fruits, which the
Society has held for so many years past, has become as much a thing
to be regularly looked for by fruit-growers as the Show at the Temple
in May is looked for by growers of flowers.

The fifteenth of these Shows will be held on October 15 and 16,
1908, in the Society’s Hall.

19. CONFERENCE ON THE SPRAYING OF
FRUIT TREES.

With the hearty concurrence of the National Fruit Growers’ Federa-
tion the Society is organising a Conference on SPRAYING on the second
day of their Annual Exhibition of British-grown Fruit, at their Hall
in Vincent Square, Westminster. The Conference will be warmly
welcomed by fruit-growers as a means of obtaining and disseminating

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxxi

the latest expert information on this very practical subject. The
following is the programme proposed :—

OCTOBER 16, 1908.

11 a.m. to 1.0 P.M., 2.30 p.w. to 4.30 P.M.
COLONEL WARDE, M.P., in the Chair. COLONEL LONG, M.P., in the Chair.

|
|
|
|

Papers by Papers by
Mr. GEO. MASSEE, V.M.H., Proressor F. V. THEOBALD, M.A.,
AND AND
Mr. H. F. GETTING, F.R.H.S. | Mr. G. HAMMOND, F.R.H.S.
Discussion invited. | Discussion invited.

. | W. WILKS, Sec. R.H.S.
Seats will be reserved for any making application BEFORE October 9.

20. BOTTLED BRITISH FRUITS, &c., SHOW.

The Annual Exhibition of British Bottled Fruits will be held on
November 26 and 27, 1908, when it is hoped to see a still larger number
of exhibits than last year. This is an Exhibition which should prove
particularly attractive in domestic circles. Money Prizes and Medals
are offered, and this year a new Class (No. 29 in the Schedule) has keen
added for bcttled fruits to be shown in November 1908, and retained
by the Scciety for a corresponding Show in 1909, when they will be
tested by the Judges. The first prize is a Silver Cup. See “ Book of
Arrangements,’”’ page 68.

21. COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT SHOW, 1908.

The President and Council of the Royal Horticultural Society will
hold an KExhibition of Colonial-grown Fruits and Vegetables on
November 26 and 27. ,

In fixing this date the object aimed at is to suit the season which is
most likely to find the produce of Canada, British Columbia, and the
West Indies in the greatest perfection in London. Opportunity is afforded
for each Colony to make Collective Exhibits in addition to the exhibits of
individual growers or firms. ‘These Exhibitions were originally organized
in 1904, and have been the means of bringing before the British Fruit
Merchants and fruit-consuming public the wonderful resources of the
Fruit Markets of Great Britain quite independently of the foreigner.
The Society's sole object is the advancement of the interest of the
Colonies (a) by stimulating the production of better fruits ; (b) by giving
advice and assistance in the difficulties ever confronting Fruit Growers ;
and (c) by helping to inform the home market. The results have becn
encouraging ; for even in so short a time as the last three years a dis-
tinctly better quality of fruit has been sent, those recently shown being
of an improved appearance, less blotched by fungus, scale and other

J

Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

defects, and better packed. At the same time the Council are dis-
appointed at the backwardness of Exhibitors and the smallness of their
exhibits. Fruit Growers in the Colonies are therefore asked to assist
their own future competition in the market by sending exhibits to these
Exhibitions, invitations to which will be given to the Colonial and
Government Offices, the Embassies, the leading London Fruit Merchants,
Colonials on furlough, and many others.

The Agents-General and other authorities are most kindly rendering
every assistance, and we trust that both growers and shippers will do
their best to send in Exhibits worthy of our Colonies, and to show what
can be produced for the Home markets. No entrance fee or charge for
space is made, and Tabling is also provided free of expense.

If desired any produce may be consigned direct to the Society and it
will be stored in the cellars at Vincent Square and staged by the Society’s
officials ; but the Society cannot undertake to repack and return any
exhibits.

Particulars of the Shows can be obtained from the Secretary R.H.5.,
Vincent Square, Westminster, 5.W., by enclosing one penny stamp in
order to cover the cost of postage.

22. SHOWS OF KINDRED SOCIETIES IN 1908.

The following dates have been fixed on which R.H.S. Fellows’ tickets
will admit :—

April 1.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

April 28.—Auricula and Primula Society.

July 22.—Carnation and Picotee Society.

July 24.—Sweet Pea Society. |

September 38.—Dahlia Society.

September 17.—Rose Society.

December 9.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

_ Copies of the Schedules for these Shows may be obtained from the

Honorary Secretary of each Society. For names and addresses see above
dates in programme on pages 41 to 63, “ Book of Arrangements,” 1908.

23. FORCED BULB SHOW, MARCH 9, 1909.

The President and Council of the Society have decided to make the
date March 9, 1909, a general one for the exhibit of collections of Forced
Spring Bulbs, with a view to specially demonstrating which varieties
(of Daffodils for instance) are best suited for forcing. Exhibits of small
collections are invited from amateurs-and the trade. R.H.S. Medals will
be awarded according to merit. |

24. SPECIAL PRIZES, 1909.

(1) THe SHERWOOD CvupP.

Mr. Sherwood, V.M.H., has intimated to the Council that in future
the annual Cup which he gives to the Society shall be of the value of

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxxili

twenty guineas, instead of ten guineas as heretofore. It will be offered
at the Great Spring Show for a group of Orchids, and will be open to
amateurs and trade alike—quality to have more weight than quantity.
Ferns and other simple foliage plants may be used for greenery.

(2) Hyactntus, Tunips, AND DAFFODILS FORCED IN FIBRE.

Mr. Robert Sydenham has offered, and the Council have accepted, the
following prizes to be competed for on March 9, 1909.

N.B.—For bulbs grown in moss fibre or similar material (not earth)
and without drainage.

(a) Six single Hyacinths, in separate vases, not to exceed 6 inches in
diameter, to be selected from any of the following twelve varieties :
Balfour, General Vetter, Grand Lilas, Grand Maitre, Innocence, Isabella.
Jacques, Johan, Koh-i-noor, King of the Blues, La Grandesse, and Roi
des Belges.

Prizes, 25s., 21s., 15s., 10s., 7s. 6d.

(5) Six vases of Tulips, in vases not to exceed 7 inches, but no
restriction as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected from the
following varieties: Duchess de Parma, Dusart, Fabiola, Joost van
Vondel, Keizerskroon Mon Tresor, Prince of Austria, Rose Gris de Lin,
Thomas Moore, Van der Neer, Vermilion Brilliant, White Pottebakker.

Prizes, 25s., 21s,, 15s.,-10s., 7s. 6d.

(c) Six vases of Narcissi, vases not to exceed 7 inches in diameter,
but no restriction as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected
from the following varieties: Barii Conspicuus, Campernelle Rugulosus,
C. J. Backhouse, Emperor, Frank Miles, Lulworth, Leonie, Mad. de
Graaff, Phyllis, Sir Watkin, Victoria, Waterwitch.

Priges, 25s., 21s:; 15s., 10s., Ts. 6d.

(3) Forcep HyacintTus.

The Council have also accepted the following prizes from the Dutch
Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem to be competed for on March 9, 1909 :—

Division I.—-For Amateurs and Gentlemen’s Gardeners.

(dz) Kighteen Hyacinths, distinct.

Ist Prize . mee A i Aa of 4 4th Prize . Pio Bs.

2nd ,, i ag 3 ns Bibi igs : Pay yee)

ar; . £4 As. 6th _,, : ee LS
(e) Twelve Hyacinths, distinct.

1st Prize . Ate 5 ey 4th Prize . oe ee, ASS

yt ; a) ee 48. Puke 2 ; Soe Be RS

Sie) ee : a Wa ie:

(f) Four pans containing Hyacinths, ten roots of one variety in each
pan. The blooms of each pan to be of distinctly different colour to
those of the other three pans.

Ist Prize . _» BE As. Srd Prize . >) EAs.
2nd ,, : Noto. as: athe os ; are a ee £3

f2

Ixxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Division II.—For Nurserymen.

(y) Collection of Hyacinths in pots, pans, or glasses.

Prize. The Gold Medal of the Dutch Bulb Growers’ Society at
Haarlem.

Regulations.—For Classes (d) and (e), each bulb must be in a separate
pot (size optional). |

Classes (d), (e), and (f) must all be single spikes ; no spikes may be
tied together. :

Exhibitors in Class (d) may not compete in Class (e) or vice versa.

All the bulbs must have been forced entirely in Great Britain or

Ireland.
(4) Ourpoor DarFopILs.

Messrs. Barr and Sons have presented to the Society a Silver Cup,
valued at £7 7s., as a prize for a group of Daffodil blossoms grown
entirely outdoors, Polyanthus excluded, Doubles optional, but must
include some of each of the other sections, and must contain at least
thirty varieties distinct; at least three blooms of each must be shown.
Not more than nine blooms of any one variety may be put up. To be
staged in bottles, vases, or tubes not exceeding 3 inches in diameter at
the top (inside measurement), and all the stems must touch the water.
Quality of flower will count more than quantity, and correct naming
and tasteful arrangement will be duly considered. Any hardy foliage
may be used, Daffodil or otherwise. No prize will be awarded unless
there are three competitors at least. Open to amateurs and gentlemen’s
gardeners only.

Past winners of this Cup may exhibit, but will not be eligible to
receive the Cup more than once in three years. In the event of any such
previous winner being adjudged “first,” a medal will be awarded instead
of the Cup, which will go to the next best exhibit, provided that the
judges consider it to be of sufficient merit.

(5) Fruit AND CARNATION PRIZES.

The following Prizes have been accepted from the Trustees of the
* Veitch Memorial ”’ at the Autumn Fruit Show, October 15, 1908 :—

For five distinct varieties of Grapes, three bunches of each, of which
two at least must be white:—First Prize, a Silver Medal and £10;
Second, Bronze Medal and £5; Third, Bronze Medal. Amatevuirs.

Also at the Society’s Fortnightly Meeting on December 8, a Medal
and £5 is offered for the best group of winter-flowering Carnations (either
in pots or as cut flowers, or a combination of both), grown by the
exhibitor, and occupying a space of 100 square feet. Amateurs.

A similar prize is again to be offered for Carnations at the Society’s
first Exhibition in April 1909.

25. LECTURES.

The new Lecture Room is fitted with an electric lantern of the most
modern construction; electric current, gas, and water are laid on, and

NOTICES LO FELLOWS. ]Xxxv

every provision has been made for the illustration and delivery of
Lectures.

Any Fellows willing to Lecture, or to communicate Papers on interest-
ing subjects, are requested to communicate with the Secretary.

26. EXAMINATIONS, 1909. :

1. The Society will hold an examination on Monday, January 11,
1909, specially intended for gardeners employed in Public Parks and
Gardens belonging to County Councils, City Corporations, and similar
bodies. This examination will be conducted in the Royal Horticultural
Scciety’s Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. ‘The entries close on
January 1, 1909.

2. The Society's Annual Examination in the Principles and Practice
of Horticulture will be held on Wednesday, April 21, 1909. The
examination has two divisions, viz., (a) for Candidates of eighteen years
of age and over, and (b) for Juniors wnder eighteen years. Candidates
should send in their names not later than March 31. Full particulars may
be cbtained by sending a stamped and directed envelope to the Society’s
offices. Copies of the Questions set from 1893 to 1907 (price 2s. post
free) may also be obtained from the Office. The Society is willing to
hold an examination wherever a magistrate, clergyman, schoolmaster,
or other responsible person accustomed to examinations will consent to
supervize one on the Scciety’s behalf.

The Society is prepared to extend this examination to residents in the
Colonies ; and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces
of India, arrangements have been made to Lold this examination in 1909
—altered and adapted to the special requirements of India—at Saharanpur
next year.

In connection with this examination a Scholarship of £25 a year fcr
two years is offered by the Society to be awarded after the 1909
examination to the student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to
accept the conditions attaching thereto. The main outline of these con-
ditions is that the holder must be of the male sex, and between the
ages of 18 and 22 years, and that he should study gardening for one
year at least at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley,
conforming to the general rules laid down there for Students. In the
second year of the Scholarship he may, if he like, continue his studies
at some other place at home or abroad which is approved by the Council
of the Royal Horticultural Society. In case of two or more eligible
Students being adjudged equal, the Council reserve to themselves the
right to decide which of them shall be presented to the Scholarship.

3. The Society will hold an Examination in Cottage Gardening
on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This examination is intended for, and
is confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It is under-
taken in view of the increasing demand in country districts that the
Schoolmaster shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage
Gardening, and the absence of any test whatever of such competence.
The general conduct of this examination will be on similar lines to that

Ixxxvl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the more general examination. Questions on Elementary Chemistry
and Biology are now added to this examination.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published in
connection with these examinations, and the Syllabus may be obtained
on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square.

27. INFORMATION.

Fellows may obtain information and advice free of charge from the
Society as to the names of flowers and fruit, on points of practice, insect
and fungoid attacks, and other questions by applying to the Secretary
R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, 8.W. Where at all practicable,
it is particularly requested that letters and specimens may be timed to
reach Vincent Square by the first post on the mornings of the Fortnightly
Meetings so as to be laid before the Scientific or other Committees at once.

28. INSPECTION OF FELLOWS’ GARDENS.

The Inspection of Gardens belonging to Fellows is conducted by a
thoroughly competent Inspector from the Society, who reports and
advises at the following cost, viz., a fee of £38. 3s. for one day (or £5. 5s.
for two consecutive days), together with all out-of-pocket expenses. No
inspection may occupy more than two days, save by special arrangement.
Fellows wishing for the services of an Inspector are requested to give at
least a week’s notice and choice of two or three days, and to indicate the
most convenient railway station and its distance from their Gardens.
Gardens can only be inspected at the written request of the owner.

29. AFFILIATION OF LOCAL SOCIETIES.

One of the most successful of the many new branches of work under-
taken since the reconstruction of the Society in 1887 is the unification of
all local Horticultural, Floral, and Gardening Societies by a scheme of
affiliation to the R.H.S. Since this was initiated, no less than 200
Societies have joined our ranks, and that number is steadily increasing.

To the privileges of Affiliated Societies have recently been added all
the benefits accruing under the scheme recently introduced for the
Union of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies.

Secretaries of Affiliated Societies can obtain on application a
specimen copy of a Card which the Council have prepared for the use of
Affiliated Societies wishing to have a suitable Card for Certificates,
Commendations, &c. It can be used for Fruit or Flowers or Vegetables.
Price 3s. 6d. for 10 copies, 5s. 6d. for 20, 11s. 6d. for 50, 20s. for 100.

The Council have also struck a special Medal for the use of Affiliated
Societies. It is issued at cost price in Bronze, Silver, and Silver-gilt—
yiz., Bronze, 5s. 6d., with case complete; Silver, 12s. 6d., with case
complete ; Silver-gilt, 16s. 6d., with case complete. Award Cards haying
the Medal embossed in relief can be sent with the Medal if ordered—price
6d. each.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS, Ixxxvil

30. UNION OF HORTICULTURAL MUTUAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES. ©

This Union has recently been established for the encouragement
and assistance of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies, the object
being to strengthen existing Mutual Improvement Societies, to promote
interchange of lecturers, to provide printed lectures, and if possible to
increase the number of these useful Societies, and thus generally to
advance the aims and objects of horticulture.

A list of lecturers and their subjects, and also a list of typewritten
lectures, with or without lantern slides, prepared by the Society, may be
obtained from the Secretary R.H.8., price 3d.

The Secretary of the Society will be very glad to hear from any
competent lecturers who are willing to lecture to such Societies that he
may enrol them in the Register of Lecturers and bring them into touch
with Societies requiring assistance. Others may like to send to him
written lectures (with or without lantern slides), that he may have them
printed for circulation among these Societies.

Lantern slides on horticultural topics are urgently needed, and their
gift will be very much appreciated.

31. CLASSIFICATION OF DAFFODILS.

At the request of the Daffodil Committee the Council recently
appointed a Committee to consider the best way of avoiding the confusion,
and consequent disputes, likely to arise from the recent multitudinous
crossing, recrossing, and intercrossing of the old Divisions of Magni-
Medio- and Parvi-coronati. ‘he Committee have delivered their Report
instituting an entirely new system of classification, which the Council
have (with slight modifications) adopted and confirmed, and ordered to be
used at all the Society's Shows. ‘he Report contains a list of every
Daffodil known to the Committee, together with the name of the raiser as
far as it could be discovered, each flower known being allotted to its
appropriate class. The Report has been printed in a handy book form,
and can be obtained from the Society’s Office, Vincent Square, at a cost
of Is. .

32. COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for
a CoLour CHart—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he
could himself name, or recognise, or convey to a friend at a distance, the
exact shade of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen
advertised, or wished to commend to a friend. ‘Take, for example, the
word ‘“ crimson,”’ what a multitude of colours and shades it may be made
to include! Some, very beautiful; some, horrible concoctions of red and
blue crudely combined.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour
Chart, but the huge expense of producing it has hitherto deterred them
from issuing it.

Ixxxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Not long since a most admirable chart, containing more than 1,450
shades of colour between white and black, was published in France at the
instance of the French Chrysanthemum Scciety, the price in England
being #1 1s. net, and by it it is now possible to exactly recognise or
describe to a friend or purchaser at a distance the precise colour of any
possible flower. You may have met with an Azalea, for instance, which
greatly strikes your fancy; you take out your chart and match its shade,
and describe it to your friend or your nurseryman as, ‘‘ Colour: Apricot,
p. 53, shade 3,”’ and he turns to his chart and sees exactly what it is you
want or describe. Or you want to make someone understand the exact
shade of a rose in the way of “‘ Andersoni,”’ and you need only say, “ Rosy
pink, p. 118, shade 4,’”’ and your correspondent turns to his chart and sees
in a moment exactly what it is you want to describe. Ora nurseryman,
having raised a new variety, can by simply quoting “Colour Chart, p. —,
shade —,” exactly represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new
introduction.

The Council recognising both the excellence and the usefulness of
this chart, the idea at once occurred, Cculd it not be adopted as an
International Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world
could accurately and exactly describe to one another (no matter how far
away or speaking what language) the colour and shade of any particular
flower they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat
prohibitive cost of £1 1s. net. But difficulties only exist to be overcome,
and by undertaking to be responsible for a very large number, the Society
is now in a position to offer this Chart to its Fellows at the reduced cost
of 14s. 6d., for which price it can be obtained at the Scciety’s Offices,
Vincent Square, or it can be sent free by post for 15s.; but in all cases
a cheque or postal order must be sent beforehand.

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other
purposes ; for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only
to refer her dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade —, and
it can be infallibly matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of
the sky on a certain sundown, can do so exactly by reference to the chart.
And in many other like ways it must prove generally useful, containing
as it does every possible shade of colour between black and white.

The Council hope that Fellows will avail themselves freely of this
offer, as unless a very large number of copies are purchased a great loss
will accrue to the Society.

33. MONOGRAPH ON FUNGOID PESTS.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume recently
published by the Society on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by
Dr. M. C. Cooke, V.M.H. It consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is
illustrated with 24 coloured plates, containing figures of 360 different
fungoid attacks, and 23 woodcuts. The work is divided under the
headings of Pests of the Flower Garden, of Vegetables, of Fruit, of the
Vinery and Stove, of the Ornamental Shrubbery, of Forest Trees, and of
Field Crops. These are followed by a Chapter on Fungicides, which

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Jxxxix

explains very clearly how to make the different washes and sprays, and
also gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should
be used.

Each pest is described separately, and means for its prevention or
eradication are given, and the whole work is written so as to interest
and instruct the cultivator in-the simplest and most practical manner.
The volume, as published, is half-bound in calf, as it was considered
probable that it would form the text-book on the subject for very many
years to come; and it thus makes an admirable school prize or gift to
a gardener or student of nature. Price 6s., R.H.S. Office, Vincent
Square.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are
not ?—should be without this book; for not only can they by its use
identify the disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it
and overcome it, and also how to make the different washes and sprays
which the different classes of fungoid attacks require.”’

34. RULES FOR JUDGING.

The “Rules for Judging, with Suggestions to Schedule Makers and
Exhibitors,’ have been revised and considerably modified from the
experience gained during the last few years. The Secretaries of Local
Societies are therefore strongly advised to obtain a fresh copy. It
will be sent post free on receipt of a postal order for 1s. 6d. addressed
to the Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, West-
minster, S.W.

sa Vane te: OF. PRUITS.

Many people plant Fruit trees without a thought of what Variety
they shall plant, and as a result almost certain disappointment ensues,
whilst for an expenditure of 2d. they can obtain from the Society a little
16-page pamphlet which contains the latest expert opinion on Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and Straw-
berries, together with Notes on Planting, Pruning, and Manuring, which
for clearness of expression and direction it would be impossible to
surpass. It has in fact been suggested that no other 16 pages in the
English language contain so much and such definite information. At
the end of the pamphlet are given the names of some of the quite new
varieties.of Fruits, which promise well, but are not yet sufficiently long
proved to be recommended for general planting.

Copies of this most valuable little pamphlet for distribution may be
obtained at the Society’s Office, Vincent Square, Westminster. Price,
post free: single copy, 2d., or 25, 2s.; 50, 3s. ; 100, 4s.

36. ADVERTISEMENTS.

Fellows are reminded that the more they can place their orders with
those who advertise in the Society’s Publications the more likely others

are to advertise also, and in this way the Society may be indirectly
benefited. -

xc PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FELLOWS PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,

(Applicable only to the case of those Fellows who are not engaged in any Horticultural
Trade, or in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis.)

Tur Council have fixed the following rates of charges for Chemical Analysis to
Fellows of the Society being bond fide Gardeners or Amateurs.

These privileges are applicable only when the Analyses are for bond fide horti-
cultural purposes, and are required by Fellows for their own use and guidance in
respect of gardens or orchards in their own occupation.

The analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the indi-
vidual and sole benefit of the Fellow applying for them, and must not be used for the
information of other persons, or for commercial purposes.

Gardeners, when forwarding samples, are required to state the name of the Fellow
on whose behalf they apply.

The analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or manu-
facturer, except in cases of dispute.

When applying for an analysis, Fellows must be very particular to quote the
number in the following schedule under which they wish it to be made.

No.
1. An opinion on the purity of bone-dust (each sample) . 2S ee
2. An analysis of sulphate or muriate of ammonia, or of ‘nitrate of ‘soda,

together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged . 5s.
3. An analysis of guano, showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter,

sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts and ammonia, together with an

opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged . 10s.
4. An analysis of mineral superphosphate of lime for soluble phosphates

only, together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price

charged : 5s.
5. An analysis of superphosphate of lime, dissolved bones, &e., showing the

proportions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble aut insoluble

phosphates, sulphate of lime and ammonia, together with an opinion

as to whether it be worth the price charged . 10s.
6. An analysis of bone-dust, basic slag, or any other ordinary artificial

manure, together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price

charged : : : 10s.

Ff Determination of potash i in - potash salts, compound 1 manures, &e. ; ee ee
8. An analysis of compound artificial manures, animal products, refuse sub-

stances used for manure, &e. : . from 10s. to £1

9. An analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of lime . ‘ ; » epod,
10. Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay, sand, organic

matter, and carbonate of lime ; : : : : : : < 10s.

11. Complete analysis of a soil ; : ‘ ; ; ; : : £3

12. Analysis of any vegetable product . ; : ‘ ; ; : : 10s.
13. Determination of the ‘‘ hardness” of a sample of water before and after

boiling . ‘ : 5s.

14. Analysis of water of land- drainage, and of water used for irrigation : £1

15. Analysis of water used for domestic purposes. . ; ‘ ; . > ae a ae

16. Consultation by letter : , : : ‘ ; ; 5 ; : 5s.

Letters and samples (postage and carriage prepaid) should be addressed to the
Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. Avuaustus VoricKker, 22 Tudor Street, New Bridge Street,
London, E.C.

The fees for analysis must be sent to the Consulting Chemist at the time of
application.

Instructions for selecting, drawing, and sending samples for analysis will be found
in the Society’s * Book of Arrangements,’”’ or can be obtained on application to the
Society’s Office, Vincent Square, 8.W.

FORM OF RECOMMENDATION.

[This Form can be easily detached for use.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Established

Incorporated
A.D. 1804.

A.D. 1809.

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telegrams: ‘‘HORTENSIA, LONDON.” Telephone No.: 5363, Westminster.

Form of Recommendation for a FELLOW of the,
Seren HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name

Description

Address.

being desirous of becoming a FELLOW of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, we whose Names are underwritten beg leave to recommend
him (her) to that honour ; he (she) is desirous of subscribing *

Guineas a year.

Proposed: by. (2+...

Seconded by _...

* Kindly enter here the word four or two or ove.

It would be a convenience if the Candidate’s Card were sent at the same
time.

Signed on behalf of the Council, this day of 190

CHAIRMAN.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Privileges of Fellows.

1.—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow.
2.—Candidates for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society.
3.—Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society.

4.—The Society being incorporated by Royal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability
whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions.

5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster, S.W.

6.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Society suggesting
the name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite

them to join the Society.
FELLOWS.

A Fellow subseribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for Forty
Guineas) is entitled—
1.—To Ont Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all the
Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens.

N.8.—Each Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal Pass will admit three persons to the
Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on which an Exhibition or Meeting is being held, when
each Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only. The Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday,
and Christmas Day.

2.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society.
3.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society’s Rooms.

4.—To a copy of the Society’s JourRNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and
Conferences, Reports of trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new
or rare plants, &ec.

5.—To purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required
for experimental purposes.

6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as
may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 35 miles from
London (by the A BC Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share.

. 7.—Subject to certain limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such
subjects, by letter from the Society’s Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.I.C.

8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees:—One day,
£3. 38.3; two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out-of-pocket expenses.

9.—To exhibit at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society’s
Gardens.

10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society.

A Fellow subseribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for Twenty-five
Guineas) is entitled—

1.—T'0 OnE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets.
2.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

A Fellow subseribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. 1s.
(or commuting for Fifteen Guineas), is entitled—
1 —To One Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass), and the privileges
mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

[Bond fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanently abroad, are
exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee.]

ASSOCIATES.

An Associate subseribing 10s. 6d. a year is entitled—

1.—'T'o Onz Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 8, 4, and 9.

V.B.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Private or Market
Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election by Two Fellows of the Society.

Local Horticultural and Cottage Garden Societies may be Affiliated to
the Royal Horticultural Society, particulars as to which
may be had on application.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
May 12, 1908.
Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair.

Fellows elected (82).—Miss M. Walters Anson, Mrs. L. A. Ashby,
Mrs. C. Barrett, T. Bartens, Lady Battersea, C. F. Bell, A. E. Best, Rev.
C. E. Best-Dalison, 8. R. C. Bosanquet, Lady Richmond Brown, Mrs. F.
Dixon Brown, Mrs. W. E. Buckley, G. Chirnside, General Sir C. Mansfield
Clarke, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C. A. Close, M.A., B.C.I., Lady Glen
Coats, T. R. Cuckney, T. B. Dobbs, Mrs. J. Dunn, Miss E. Edwards, Mrs.
G. Forbes, F. §. Foreman, J. H. Forwalk, Miss L. Gamman, Mrs.
Gardner, Hon. Mrs. Godman, Miss E. Goodchild, Mrs. H. Tulby Grigg,
IF. Grotrian, W. H. Weston Hanney, A. §. Hargreaves, Sir A. Seale
Haslam, Kt., G. Hatch, A. Heal, A. Hemsley, T. Hillas, Mrs. Byrom
Hope, Miss M. Hopton, Miss Inderwick, W. Inderwick, Miss S. John-
stone, Mark H. Judge, A.R.I.B.A., Mrs. H. W. Kemble, N. T. Kershaw,
P. M. Kirby, Miss E. M. Lacy, Mrs. S. Lane, Sir C. P. Layard, The
Countess of Leven-Melville, Mrs. W. H. Loder, J. MacDonald, Major
G. A. Marshall, E. C. Marshall, Rev. C. H. Master, Mrs. P. St. C.
Matthey, R. KE. Mellersh, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Francis Graham Moon, Bart.
W. Morley, Mrs. T. Morton, Mrs. R. Napier, Mrs. W. G. Parkin, P. Leigh
Pemberton, Mrs. O. Philipps, F. J. Philp, W. T. Rich, H. 8. Shurr,
H. J. Shepard, Lady Stanley of Alderley, Major-General J. C. Stewart,
C.B., Miss D. H. Stephenson-Peach, Miss K. T. Grant Suttie, W. R. Teage,
EF. Thompson, Mrs..Tyndale, Mrs. J. van Raalte, Miss C. Walker, Miss
A. 8. Wallis, Lady M. Welby, Mrs. Wilcox, H. B. Wilson, C. Woodrow,
Miss L.. Young.

Associates (2).—G. M. Gibbs, J. A. Meech.

Societies affiliated (2).—Cairo Horticultural Society, Torquay Gar-
deners’ Association.

A lecture on “ Gardening in the West Highlands’”’ was given by Mr.
O. H. Mackenzie (see p. 47).

VOL. XXXIV. J

xcly PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY.

TEMPLE SHOW.
May 26, 27, 28.

JUDGES.

ORCHIDS.
Chapman, H. J.
Fowler, J. Gurney
Little, H.
Wellesley, F.

Ross.
Jennings, John
May, H. B.
Shea, C. E.

FRuIT AND VEGETABLES.
Bunyard, Geo., V.M.H.
Challis, T., V.M.H.
Poupart, W.

GROUPS IN OPEN AIR.
Chapman, A.
Crump, W., V.M.H.
Pearson, A. H.
Thomson, D. W.

Harpy HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Beckett, E., V.M.H.
Bowles, EK. A.
Grandfield, J.
Ware, W. T.

FoulaGE Puants.

Bain, W.

Barnes, N. F.
Hudson, J., V.M.H.
McLeod, J. F.

Rock AND ALPINE PLANTS.

Bilney, W. A.
Clutton-Brock, A.
Lynch, R. Irwin, V.M.H.

FLOWERING PLANTS.
Howe, W.

Paul, .G., V.M.H.
Reynolds, G.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Dixon, C.

Douglas, Jas., V.M.H.
Notcutt, R. C.

Odell, J. W.

SPECIAL AND VEITCHIAN CUP.

Bilney, W. A.
Fowler, J. Gurney
Gibson, Jas.

Lawrence, Sir Trevor, V.M.H.
Methven, J.
Whytock, Jas.

AWARDS GIVEN BY THE COUNCIL AFTER CONSULTATION
WITH THE JUDGES.

The order in which the names are entered under the several medals
and cups has no reference whatever to merit, but is purely accidental.

The awards given on the recommendation of the Floral and Orchid
Committees will be found in their respective reports.

Veitchian Cup, value Fifty-five Guineas.
I’. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr. Mr. Balmforth),
for Orchids.
Gold Medal.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury (gr.
Mr. H. G. Alexander), for Orchids.

THE TEMPLE SHOW. XCV

Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for Orchids.

Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, for Roses, Carnations, alpines, and
topiary work.

Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for Orchids, Carnations, Roses,
and Figs.

Messrs. F. Sander, St. Albans, for Orchids and rare plants.

Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for flowering trees and shrubs, foliage and
greenhouse plants.

Silver Cup.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr. Mr. W. P.

Bound), for Orchids.

Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Aldenham House, Elstree (gr. Mr. EK. Beckett,
V.M.H), for Pelargoniums and Streptocarpus.

W. James, Esq., West Dean Park, Chichester (gr. Mr. W. H. Smith),
for Carnations and Tree Paconies.

C. F. Raphael, Esq., Shenley, Herts (gr. Mr. A. Grubb), for
Malmaison Carnations.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for alpines, pygmy trees, and hardy
flowers.

Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton-on-Avon, for Begonias.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit trees, fruit, and hardy
flowers.

Messrs. J. Cheal, Crawley, for trees and shrubs, alpines, and hardy
flowers.

Messrs. T. Cripps, Tunbridge Wells, for Japanese Maples and other
ornamental trees.

Messrs. R. & G. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas.

Messrs. J. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Orchids.

Messrs. G. Jackman, Woking, for Clematis and hardy herbaceous
plants.

Messrs. R. P. Ker, Aigburth Nursery, Liverpool, for Hippeastrums.

Messrs. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses and hardy trees and shrubs.

Messrs. Wm. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses, Rhododendrons, and
ornamental trees.

Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield, for alpines, aquatics, Lilies, and herbaceous
flowers.

Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, for herbaceous flowers and
alpines.

Messrs. Pulham, 71 Newman Street, W., for rock-work planted with
rock plants.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for hardy ornamental trees and shrubs.

Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester, for ornamental trees, Clematis, and
hardy flowers.

Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for flowering plants and Potatos,

Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for Roses and Azaleas.

Messrs. R. Wallace, Colchester, for hardy herbaceous, and bulbous
plants.

Messrs. J. Waterer, Bagshot, for Rhododendrons and flowering plants.

g 2

X¢vl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
R. Ashworth, Esq., Newchurch, Manchester, for Orchids.
Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for Orchids.
Mr. A. J. A. Bruce, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, for Sarracenias.
Mr. H. Burnett, St. Margaret’s, Guernsey, for Carnations.
Messrs. H. Cannell, Swanley, for Cannas, Calceolarias, and Cacti.
Messrs. J. Carter, High Holborn, for flowering and foliage plants.
Messrs. A. Dickson, 55 Royal Avenue, Belfast, for Tulips.
Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, Bucks, for Carnations.
Messrs. J. Hill, Edmonton, for ferns.
Messrs. Hobbies, Dereham, for Roses.
Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.
Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines, shrubs, and hardy flowers.
Messrs. T. 8. Ware, Feltham, for alpines, Begonias, and hardy plants.

Silver-gilt Knghtian Medal.
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, for Strawberries.
Messrs. 'T'. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for fruit trees in pots.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
Messrs. Baker, Wolverhampton, for hardy plants, Lilies, and Violas.
Mr. J. R. Box, West Wickham, Kent, for Begonias, alpine, and rock
plants.
The Craven Nursery Co., Clapham, Lancaster, for alpines and
Trilluum grandiflorum.
Messrs. W. Fromow, Chiswick, for Japanese Maples.
Mr. R. C. Notcutt, Woodbridge, for hardy flowers.
Messrs. J. Peed, West Norwood, for Caladiums, Gloxinias, and alpines.

Silver Lindley Medal.
F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr. Mr. Balmforth),
for Orchids.

Silver Flora Medal.

Mr. C. W. Breadmore, Winchester, for Sweet Peas.

Messrs. B. R. Cant, Old Rose Gardens, Colchester, for Roses.

Messrs. F’. Cant, Braiswick Nursery, Colchester, for Roses.

Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Pansies, Violas, and Sweet Peas.

Mr. R. Gill, Tremough Gardens, Penryn, for Rhododendrons.

Messrs. Hogg & Robertson, 22 Mary Street, Dublin, for Tulips.

Messrs. J. Laing, Forest Hill, for Begonias and Caladiums.

Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, Sussex, for Orchids.

Messrs. J. W. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for Orchids.

Messrs. D. Russell, Brentwood, for hardy ornamental trees and shrubs.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Hardy Plant Nursery, Guildford, for alpines, herba-
ceous plants, and rock garden.

Mr. C. F. Waters, Deanlands Nursery, Balcombe, for Carnations.

Messrs. EK. Webb, Stourbridge, for Calceolarias.

Silver Knightian Medal.
Robert Stephenson, Esq., J.P., Burwell, Cambridge, for Asparagus.
The Thatcham Fruit and Vegetable Farm, Newbury, for vegetables.

GENERAL MEETING. XCV1I

Silver Banksian Medal.

Howard H. Crane, Esq., 4 Woodview Terrace, Highgate, N., for
Violas.

J. D. Enys, Esq., Penryn, Cornwall (gr. Mr. P. Hogbin), for Myosoti-
dium noble.

Mr. W. Pingo Horton, Seaford, for alpines and herbaceous plants.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech, for herbaceous flowers, Carnations, and
Tulips.

Messrs. Bell & Sheldon, Guernsey, for Carnations.

Messrs. W. Bull, Chelsea, S.W., for Orchids, ornamental plants, etc.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwillim, Eltham, Kent, for Begonias.

Mr. A. J. Harwood, Colchester, for Asparagus.

- The Misses Hopkins, Shepperton-on-Thames, for alpine and rock

plants.

Mr. T. Jannock, Dersingham, for Lilies of the Valley and Lilacs.

The King’s Acre Nurseries, Hereford, for hardy herbaceous plants.

Messrs. B. Ladhams, Shirley, Southampton, for hardy flowers.

Mr. Frank Lilley, Guernsey, for Gladioli and other bulbous plants.

Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, Middlesex, for Carnations.

Mr. G. Prince, Longworth, Berks, for Roses.

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, 12 Tavistock Street, W.€., for vegetables
and salads.

Mr. A. Wilson, Kast Keal, Spilsby, for Tulips.

GENERAL MEETING.
JUNE 9, 1908.
Mr. E. A. Bowness, M.A., F.L.S., F.H.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (182).—Colonel Harvey Alexander, Mrs. Allinson,
Mrs. H. E. Anderson, D. C. Apperby, W. C. Archibald, W. G. Barnes,
Mrs. A. Bibby, R. Blagden, Miss G. Blewitt,.D. Bliss, L. Brassey,
Admiral. Sir F. Bridgeman, Mrs. Brinsden, Hon. Mrs. F. Butler, P.
Compton, Mrs. C. Luson Cribb, The Countess of Dalhousie, Mrs. C.
Dewhurst, C. H. Dowling, Mrs. M. R. Dunk, Lady Dunn, W. BR. Durrad,
J. Edwards, Viscountess Ennismore, W. Faweett, B.Sc., F.L.5., Mrs. T.
Fletcher-Adams, Mrs. A. E. Francis, E. A. Freeman, G. L. Fulford, Mrs.
Clifton Gascoigne, T. M. Gibbon, Guy Gilbey, Hon. Mrs. Goldman, Miss
Ii. Gooch, A. Gordon, Mrs. J. Gordon, Mme. C. Gosch, Miss T. Gosse,
Mrs. H. Grant, Miss D. Groom, Mrs. H. Gwyther, Mrs. Wedderburn
Halkett, G. A. Hammond, J. M. Hanbury, F. W. Harmer, J.P., F.G.S.,
Mrs. R. Helme, T. Heron, Mrs. Hewitt, C. Hawkins Hext, D. Hills,
- Commander G. Hodgkinson, R.N., Mrs. Hogg, Lady Hulton, Mrs. R.
Murray Hyslop, H. Joy, Mrs. F. Basil Kempe, G. L. T. Kenyon, Mrs. E.
Lamb, Mrs. W. H. Lancaster, Miss J. Marshall Leckie, Mrs. Le Mesurier,
C. H. Lepine, Mme. Leroy, Countess of Listowel, Mrs. Littledale, Miss
I’, M. Maclean, Mrs. G. Marjoribanks, Miss E. Maw, Mowbray T. Maw,
J. Maynard, Mrs. E. H. Mitchell, R. Mordecai, M. Murchison, Mrs. 8. E.
Muter, Captain R. L. G. Noel, R.N., Sir H. North, Mrs. C. Oldfield,

XCVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Colonel H. Dacres Oliver, J. H. Osborne, F. B. Palmer, C. Arthur
Pearson, E, L. Peel, W. R. Pennell, Mrs. G. D. Perks, Mrs. Pharazyn,
Mrs. R. Potts, Mrs. Pringle of Forquban, J. Telford Quick, J. EK. Radcliffe,
W. H. Redshaw, Mrs. 8. H. Ricardo, Captain H. E. Rose, J. Rowntree,
Hon. Mrs. Ryder, Mrs. Salaman, P. Schloesser, Otto Seelisch, Rev. W.
Serjeantson, D. W. Sissons, T. A. Skeate, F. N. Smith, J.P., W. E.
Stanley, Mrs. W. Hatton Stansfield, A. D. Steel-Maitland, Sir C. C.
Stevens, K.C.S.L., J. N. Stuart, Lady Susan Sutton, E. Ruthven Sykes,
F.L.S., F.Z.8., G. A. Talbot, Mrs. J. D. Tannahill, 8. J. Tavener, A. C.
~ Thompson, Mrs. D. F. Tomalin, Miss K. Tompson, Mrs. F. T. Trouton,
Miss Troyte-Bullock, H. Wainwright, Rev. Martin §. Ware, A. Watkin,
Mrs. Watkin, Miss J. Way, H. Hallifax Wells, C. E. B. Welsh, Miss L.
Wheeler, Newton H. White, Mrs. C. Wilkin, C. H. Wilkinson, F.R.G.S.,
Miss A. M. Winter, E. J. Wood, J. C. Wood, Mrs. J. Wyatt, A. Young.
‘ellows resident abroad (8).—K. W. Davy (Nyassaland), J. Kersbergen
(Holland), Mrs. G. P. Pierce (New Zealand), H. Prins (Holland),

A. M. v. d. Steenhoven (Holland), J. van Aalst (Holland), Mrs. Townend
po Zealand), Louis Voraz (France).

Associates (12).—Miss M. Cochrane, Miss L. Flygare, A. H. Hancock,
Miss J. C. Hollway, E. J. Lingwood, Miss B. K. Newill, Miss N. B. Reid,
Miss §. Siemens, Miss EH. M. Stubington, Miss E. Thomas, H. F. Upton,
Miss E. Woods.

Societies affiliated (1).—Bromsgrove Horticultural Society.

A lecture on “ Yellow Stripe in Daffodils’ was given by Mr. H. R.
Darlington (see p. 161).

VISIT TO WINDSOR AND FROGMORE.
JUNE 10, 1908.

By the kind permission of His Majesty the King and through the interest
of Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., the Council and Standing
Committees of the Royal Horticultural Society visited Windsor Castle,
the Royal Mausoleum, and Frogmore Gardens on June 10, 1908..

On arriving at Windsor the party, numbering about 100, were
received at the Guildhall by His Worship the Mayor (G. Bampfylde, Esq.),
who most hospitably entertained them all at luncheon in the quaint old
Council Chamber of the Borough.

At the conclusion of a most enjoyable luncheon and after the usual
loyal toasts had been given, the “ Health of the Mayor ’’ was proposed by
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H., President of the Society,
and responded to by His Worship.

The party then proceeded to the Castle, and were shown over
St. George’s Chapel, the Memorial Chapel, and the State apartments. A
pleasant walk by way of the Terrace Gardens and the Home Park led to
the Royal Mausoleum, with its beautiful recumbent statues of Queen
Victoria and the Prince Consort, who was President of our Society up to
the date of his untimely death.

The lawns surrounding Frogmore House were then passed through on
the way to Frogmore Gardens, where the party were received by Sir

/
EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, xcix

Dighton Probyn, V.C., G.C.B., and Mr. Mackellar, Head Gardener to
His Majesty the King. The miles of glasshouses and the luxuriant
crops of outdoor fruits and vegetables, interspersed with borders of roses
and old-fashioned herbaceous plants, were inspected. It is needless to
say that all showed evidence of the greatest possible care and skill.

At 5 o’clock carriages took the party back to Windsor, where farewell
was taken of the Mayor and the other gentlemen who had so greatly
added to the pleasure of a most pleasant day.

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND
VEGETABLES AND OF COLONIAL PRESERVES.

JUNE 11 anp 12, 1908.

JUDGES.
Bunyard, Geo., V.M.H. Marshall, W., V.M.H.
Butt, Geo. Rivers; T. A--H.
Fielder, C. R. Wilks, Rev. W., M.A.

Gold Medal.
The West Indian Produce Association, for fruits and preserves.
The Government of New Zealand, for collection of Apples and Pears.

Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
The Permanent Exhibition Committee of Dominica, for Limes.
Messrs. R. Jackson, 172 Piccadilly, W., for preserves.
Messrs. T. Rivers, Sawbridgworth, for Fruit Trees in pots.
Messrs. Yuill, 120 Fenchurch Street, K.C., for collection of Apples.
The Agent-General for Western Australia, for Apples, Pears, and
Grapes.
Mr. E. Westmacott, 150 Leadenhall Street, E.C., for Wines.
Mr. J. Sedgwick, of Cape Town, for Wines.
Miss C. E. Martin, of Willowbrook, Auburn, N.Y., for preserved
fruits.
Siver-galt Banksian Medal.
Mr. EK. Blakeway, Christchurch, N.Z., for Apples.

Silver Flora Medal.
The Natal Bulb Growers’ Association, Durban, for bulbs of Liliwm
Harrisi.
Silver Kmghtian Medal.
Messrs. Clarke, Whangarei, N.Z., for preserved fruits.
The Western Province Preserving Co., P.O. Orchard Siding, for
preserves.

Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Fruit Trees in pots.
Mr. M. G. Anderson, Adelaide, for collection of Apples.

Silver Banksian Medal.
The Dominica Fruit Growers’ Association, for Limes.
“Tropical Life,”” 112 Fenchurch Street, for Cacao Beans.

Cc PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. George Barrett-Lennard, of Guildford, Western Australia, for
Grapes.
Messrs. Sounness, of Western Australia, for Apples and Pears.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

Mr. H. C. Williamson, Melbourne, for four cases of Apples.

Hon. J. Cox Fillan, of Wall House, Dominica, for Limes.

Mr. A. D. Riviere, Clarke Hall Estate, Dominica, for Limes.

Mrs. Sophia Miller, Moyleen, Marlow, for Chutneys.

A lecture on “The Future of Cacao Planting in the West Indies ”
was given by Mr. H. Hamel Smith (see p. 168).

DEPUTATION TO THE GRAND YORKSHIRE FLORAL
EXHIBITION, YORK (JUBILEE YEAR).

JUNE 17, 1908.

THE Society was represented at the Jubilee Meeting of the old Yorkshire
Society at York, on June 17, 1908, by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
K.C.V.O., V.M.H., Sir Albert Rollit, J.P., Messrs. H. B. May, Harry J.
Veitch, and the Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., accompanied by Mr. Arthur J.
Gaskell, assistant secretary. The deputation were accorded a reception
and hospitality of a typically Yorkshire type in warmth and heartiness.
They were entertained at dinner on the evening of June 16 by the
chairman of the York Show Committees (Mr. Alderman 8. Border) and
his sub-chairman, and on the following evening, at a Grand Banquet at
the Mansion House, by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of York (Sir
Joseph Rymer, Kt.).

The display of flowers and plants, groups and rockwork was an
exceedingly good one, probably the best that has ever been seen in the
provinces, and the deputation, acting under the powers conferred upon
them by the Council, made the following awards :—

Gold Medal.

Mr. W. A. Holmes, Chesterfield, for a group arranged for effect.

Mr. John Coulthurst, Gargrave House, Leeds, for a group of
miscellaneous plants.

Messrs. J. Backhouse, York, for a very ane group consisting of
rockwork with plants and water.

Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury,
for Orchids.

Messrs. James Veitch, of Chelsea, for a group of Orchids and rare
plants.

Silver Cup.
Mr. Joseph Pickersgill, Bardon Hill, Weetwood, Leeds, for a group
arranged for effect.
Mr. J. $8. Sharp, Almondbury, Huddersfield, for a miscellaneous
group.
Mr. James Blacker, Thorpe Villas, Selby, for a miscellaneous group.
Mr. Geo Prince Longworth Berks: for Roses.

DEPUTATION TO THE GRAND YORKSHIRE FLORAL EXHIBITION. Cl

Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for rare plants.

The Duke of Portland, Welbeck Abbey, for fruit.

The Earl of Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby, for fruit.

Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester, for herbaceous plants.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech, for Paeonies, &c.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard, Maidstone, for herbaceous plants.

Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for a group of Orchids,
Carnations, and Hydrangeas.

Messrs. Kelway, Langport, Somerset, for herbaceous plants.

Messrs. R. P. Ker, Grassendale, Liverpool, for Hippeastrums.

Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, for Paeonies.

Messrs. Artindale, Sheffield, for herbaceous plants.

Silver-qut Flora Medal.
Mr. Wm. Vause, Leamington, for a group arranged for effect.
Mr. J. Wood, Boston Spa; York, for herbaceous plants.
Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Peterborough, for Roses.
Mr. Geo. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.
Messrs. J. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for Orchids.
Mr. W. P. Burkinshaw, Hessle, Yorks, for Orchids.
Messrs, G. Gibson, Bedale, for hardy flowers.
Messrs. Harkness, Bedale, for hardy flowers.
Messrs. John Peed, West Norwood, for Caladiums.

Silver-giult Knightian Medal.
Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Melons and vegetables.

Hogg Medal.
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, for Fruit.

Williams Memorial Medal.
The Earl of Londesborough (gr. Mr. McPherson) for the best group
from Yorkshire Gardens—Commemorative Class.
Silver Flora Medal.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, for Pentstemons.

Mr. Chas. W. Breadmore, Winchester, for Sweet Peas.
Mr. W. Kettlewell, York, for Fuchsias.

Mr. W. F. Crowther, York, for Geraniums.

Messrs. Kent & Bryden, Darlington, for Shrubs.

Silver Banksian Medal.
Messrs. Ei. J. Batchelor, Harrogate, for Nephrolepis.
Mr. J. KE. Skaife, York, for Roses.
Awards of Merit.
Nepenthes excelsa, from Messrs. James Veitch, Chelsea.
Marguerite ‘Pink Queen Alexandra,’ from Messrs. R. I. Ker,
Liverpool.
Highly Commended.

The deputation wished to signify their high commendation of all the
exhibits of Messrs. J. Backhouse, of York.

cii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
JUNE 23, 1908.
Professor N. E. Hansen, of Brookings, S. Dakota, U.S.A., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (27).—H. C. V. Adams, R. D. Adkins, Mrs. A. Astle,
Mrs. Bankes, Miss Blundell, H. ©. Blyth, Miss C. H. Bradshaw, Mrs.
Muirhead Campbell, Mrs. Cundell, M. Gray, Miss M. Low, E. H. Mackie,
C. H. Miller, M.D., Mrs. A. E. Mills, Ronald Peake, T. Pim, W. H. Poate,
A. A. Saltren- Willett, Mrs. Sims, Miss C. M. Smith, Mrs. Smithers, N.
Spens, Mrs. A. Dunbar Stables, Mrs. F. Summers, W. G. Tarrant, Miss
BE. Varco Williams, H. S. Lee Wilson.

Fellows resident abroad (8).—F. Hosking (Africa), G. H. Krum-
biegel (India), R. Chunder Mukerji (India).

Societies affiliated (8)—Burghfield and Sulhampstead Horticultural
Society; Pangbourne Horticultural Society; Woodstock Horticultural
Society. .

A lecture on “The Absorption of Rain and Dew by the green parts of
Plants ’’ was given by Professor G. Henslow, F.L.8S., V.M.H. (see p. 167).

At this meeting the President and Council received and extended a
hearty welcome to about 100 members of the Société Nationale d’Horti-
culture de France. After inspecting the Show, the party was entertained
to light refreshments in the lecture-room and an address of welcome was
delivered by the President, Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H.,
and responded to by Monsieur Viger the President of the French
Society.

DEPUTATION TO THE NEWCASTLE FLOWER SHOW.
JuLY 1, 1908.

A pDEPUTATION of the Royal Horticultural Society attended, by invitation,
the Annual Flower Show of the Durham, Northumberland and Neweastle-
upon-Tyne Botanical and Horticultural Society, held on July 1, 1908, in
conjunction with the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show at Newcastle. The
deputies appointed—viz. the Hon. John Boscawen, and Messrs. H. Hind-
marsh, H. B. May, and A. H. Pearson, with the Assistant Secretary—were
most kindly and hospitably received by the President of the Newcastle
Society (Alderman Sir Joseph Ellis, J.P.), the Chairman, (Mr. Councillor
Johnstone Wallace), the Vice-Chairman (Alderman John Beattie, J.P.),
and the Secretary (Mr. J. Wilfrid Pace), and were entertained at an
excellent dinner at Tilley’s on the evening of June 30.

The deputation assembled on the Show ground at 10 o’clock on the
morning of July 1, and examined the exhibits. The plants and flowers,
sent by about seventy exhibitors, were arranged in three large tents, the
Show being the largest held at Newcastle for several years past. In view
of the Royal Agricultural Show being held there, the Flower Show
Committee had made a special effort to obtain a representative display
of the horticulture of the North of England. A well-merited success
was achieved, for the Show will undoubtedly be long remembered as one
of the prominent floral exhibitions of the year 1908.

{tf

DEPUTATION TO THE NEWCASTLE FLOWER SHOW. clll

The deputation made the following awards :—
Gold Medal.

Mr. J. 8. Sharp, Almondbury, for miscellaneous group.
Messrs. Smith, Worcester, for shrubs.

Messrs. Backhouse, York, for rock, alpine, and water gardens.
Mr. F. M. Bradley, Peterboro’, for Roses.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for a mixed group.

Mr. E. Edmondson, Grainger Arcade, Newcastle, for flowers.

Messrs. Backhouse, York, for shrubs.

The Lord Barnard, Raby Castle (gr. Mr. Tullett), for decorated table.
A. KE. Bainbridge, Esq., Lynwood, Newcastle (gr. Mr. Bell), for

group.
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

The Lord Londesborough, Market Weighton (gr. Mr. McPherson),
for fruit. :
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, for Strawberries.

Stlver-gilt Banksian Medal.

Mr. C. F. Waters, Balcombe, for Carnations.

Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Sweet Peas, Pansies, &c.

Messrs. Brown, Peterborough, for herbaceous plants.

Messrs. Bath, Wisbech, for Roses, Carnations, &c.

Messrs. J. Robson, Hexham, for shrubs.

Messrs. Harkness, Leeming Bar, Bedale, for herbaceous plants, &c.
Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations.

Messrs. Ord, North Shields, for a decorative group.

Saver Flora Medal.
Mr. Lawrenson, Gallowgate, Newcastle, for foliage and flowering
plants. .

Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, for flowers.

Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Bath, for Begonias.

Messrs. Ord, North Shields, for ferns and herbaceous plants.

Mr. Lawrenson, Gallowgate, Newcastle, for Carnations.

Mr. H. Bolton, Warton, Carnforth, for Sweet Peas.

Messrs. Little & Ballantyne, Carlisle, for shrubs.

Mr. F’. Edmondson, Westerhope, for decorated table.

Mr. Mark Purvis, Benton Park, for decorated table:

Messrs. Kent & Bryden, Darlington, for shrubs and flowering plants.
Messrs. G. Gibson, Leeming Bar, Bedale, for herbaceous plants.

Silver Knightian Medal.
The Lord Barnard, Raby Castle, Darlington (gr. Mr. Tullett), for
fruit.

Silver Banksian Medal.

My. H. A. Inness, Croft Spa, for Carnations.
Mr. C. W. Breadmore, High Street, Winchester, for Sweet Peas.

ciy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mr. H. A. Inness, Croft Spa, for Orchids.
Messrs. Fell, Hexham, for decoration of Royal Pavilion.

Highly Commended.

The deputation wish to signify their very high appreciation of the -
rock, alpine, and water gardens arranged and exhibited by Messrs.
Backhouse, of York, to whom they awarded the Gold Medal of the
Society.

HOLLAND HOUSE SHOW.
JuLY 7 AND 8, 1908.

JUDGKHS.
ORCHIDS. ALPINE AND Rock PLANTS.
Chapman, H. J. Bilney, W. A.

Fowler, J. Gurney Boscawen, Rev. Arthur
Little, H. Pearson, C. E.
Wellesley, F’. | Ware, W. T.

Roszs. | Foutace PuAnts.

Goodwin, A. R. Bain, W.

May, H. B. Fielder, C. R.

Philbrick, Miss Hudson, James, V.M.H.
Willmott, Miss, V.M.H. McLeod, J.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. FLOWERING PLANTS.

Challis, T., V.M.H. Bates, W.

Pearson, A. H. Howe, W.

Poupart, W. Reynolds, G.

GRouPsS IN OPEN AIR. Turner, Arthur
Chapman, A. 3 MISCELLANEOUS.
Douglas, J.. V.M.H. | Dixon, C.

Jennings, John | Notcutt, R. C.

Harpy Herpacreous Purants. | Punnett.
Bennett-Poé, J. T., V.M.H. IMPLEMENTS AND SUNDRIES.
Bowles, E. A. Beckett, E., V.M.H.
Shea, Chas. E. Divers, W. H.

Thatcher, A. E. Parr, i:

AWARDS GIVEN BY THE COUNCIL AFTER CONSULTATION
WITH THE JUDGES.
The order in which the names are entered under the several medals
and cups has no reference whatever to merit but is purely accidental.
Other awards given on the recommendation of the Fruit, Floral and
Orchid Committees will be found in their respective reports.

The Sherwood Cup.

This Cup was offered for twenty-four bunches of Roses with their
own foliage, shown in vases by amateurs.

HOLLAND HOUSE SHOW. CV

Two exhibits were entered for the Cup, but it was withheld on the
report of the Judges that neither of them was quite up to the standard
warranting the award of this Cup. The Council awarded each of the
competitors, Dr. D. L. Freeland, of Snodland, and E. E. Grimson, Esq.,
of Sutton, a Silver Banksian Medal.

Gold Medal.

Lord Llangattock, The Hendre, Monmouth (gr. Mr. T. Coomber), for
Pineapples and Strawberries.

Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Aldenham House, Elstree (gr. Mr. E. Beckett,
V.M.H.), for a collection of vegetables.

Messrs. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for Orchids.

Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, Bucks, for Carnations.

Messrs. Hobbies, Dereham, for Roses, and Rose-trees in pots.

Messrs. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton, for Ferns and miscellaneous
plants.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses and hardy flowers.

Messrs. Wm. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses.

Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield, for a natural water-garden.

Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Carnations, stove, foliage and flowering
plants.

Messrs. R. Wallace, Colchester, for hardy herbaceous plants and water
garden.

Silver Cups.

S. Heilbut, Esq., Holyport, Maidenhead (gr. Mr. G. Camp), for fruit
trees in pots.

Messrs. W. Artindale, Sheffield, for Violas, herbaceous and alpine
plants.

Messrs. Bell & Sheldon, Guernsey, for Carnations.

Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton-on-Avon, for Begonias and
Delphiniums.

Mr. C. W. Breadmore, Winchester, for Sweet Peas.

Messrs. W. Bull, Chelsea, for foliage plants and flowers.

Messrs. G. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit trees, dish fruit, Roses, and
hardy flowers.

Messrs. H. Cannell, Swanley, for Cannas.

Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

Messrs. J. Carter, High Holborn, for Sweet Peas, Gloxinias and edible
Peas. .

Messrs. G. & A. Clark, Dover, for ornamental shrubs and hardy
flowers. .

Messrs. T. Cripps, Tunbridge Wells, for Japanese Maples and other
ornamental trees.

Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, for foliage and flowering plants.

Messrs. R. & G. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Roses and flowering plants.

Messrs. A. Dickson, Newtownards, co. Down, for new Roses.

Messrs. H. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Orchids, Carnations, Roses and
greenhouse plants.

CVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. J. W. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for Orchids.

Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton-on-Thames, for Carnations and Lilies.

Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, for herbaceous plants and
water garden. |

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for stove and greenhouse plants, Ivies,
and ornamental trees.

Messrs. F. Sander, St. Albans, for Orchids and new plants.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for Japanese pygmy trees and hardy
flowers.

Mr. W. R. Chaplin, Waltham Cross, for Roses and Sweet Peas.

Messrs. J. Cheal, Crawley, for ornamental trees and shrubs.

Messrs. G. Jackman, Woking, for Clematis and hardy flowers.

Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

Messrs. J. Peed, West Norwood, for Caladiums, Gloxinias and alpines.

Messrs. T. S. Ware, Feltham, for alpines, Begonias, Carnations and
hardy plants.

Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, for Strawberries.

Silver-giult Banksian Medal.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Wisbech, for Carnations and Roses.

Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

The Misses Hopkins, Shepperton-on-Thames, for herbaceous, alpine
and rock plants.

Messrs. E. W. King, Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for flowering shrubs, alpine and ou plants.

Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for Roses.

Silver Flora Medal.

Sir G. Faudel-Phillips, Bart., Balls Park, Hertford (gr. Mr. Fitch),
for Carnations.

Messrs. 8. Bide, Farnham, Surrey, for Roses and Sweet Peas.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, N.B., for Phloxes and Pentstemons.

Messrs. W. Fromow, Chiswick, for Japanese Maples and hardy plants.

Messrs. Gunn, Olton, Birmingham, for new hardy Phlox.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwillim, New Eltham, for Begonias.

Messrs. Jones, Shrewsbury, for Sweet Peas.

The King’s Acre Nurseries, Hereford, for Roses and hardy flowers.

Messrs. B, Ladhams, Shirley, Southampton, for hardy flowers.

Messrs. Laing, Forest Hill, for Begonias, Caladiums, and Crotons.

Messrs. H. Lane, Berkhamsted, for hardy trees and shrubs.

Mr. F. Lilley, Guernsey, for Gladioli and Irises.

Messrs. H. Merryweather, Southwell, for Roses.

Mr. R. C. Notcutt, Woodbridge, for Roses, flowering shrubs, and
hardy flowers.

Mr. H. C. Pulham, Elsenham, for alpines.

Messrs. Stanley, Southgate, for orchids.

HOLLAND HOUSE*?SHOW. vil

Messrs. G. Stark, Gt. Ryburgh, for Sweet Peas.
Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Sweet Peas.

Silver Knightian Medal.

Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham, for Meine Cucumbers, and Tomatos.
Swanley Horticultural College, Kent, for a collection of fruit.

Silver Banksian Medal.

H. P. Burrell, Esq., Brooklands, Alton, for herbaceous plants.

Dr. D. L. Freeland, Snodland, for Roses.

K. EK. Grimson, Esq., York House, Sutton, for Roses.

Col. C. Heseltine, 196 Queen’s Gate, S.W., for Roses.

F. Wellesley, Esq., J.P., Westfield Common, Woking, for Sweet Peas.

Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Stamford, for Roses, Heliotropes, Geraniums,
and Verbenas.

Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Delphiniums, Gaillardias, and Ponies.

Messrs. J. K. King, Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas.

The Misses Kipping, Hutton, Essex, for alpine and herbaceous plants.

Messrs. G. Mallett, Cheddar, for hardy herbaceous plants and water
carden.

Mr. V. Slade, Taunton, for Zonal Pelargoniums.

Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester, for Gloxinias and Caladiums.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Hardy Plant Nursery, Guildford, for hardy herba-
ceous plants.

HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.
Silver Cup. |
Messrs. T. Green, Southwark Street, S.E., for lawn mowers and
garden rollers.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

Messrs. W. Wood, Wood Green, for Japanese summer-house and
garden sundries.

Silver Flora M edal.

Messrs. Inmans, Stretford, Manchester, for rustic summer-houses.

The Potters’ Arts Guild, Compton, Guildford, for terra-cotta garden
pottery.

Messrs. Pulham, 71 Newman Street, W., for ‘ Pulhamite Stone’
vases.

Mr. G. W. Riley, Herne Hill, for rustic summer-houses and arches.

Messrs. H. Scott, South Norwood, for garden furniture and sundries.

Silver Knightian Medal.

Messrs. R. Jackson, 172 Piccadilly, W., for Cape bottled fruit and
jams.

Miss C. E. Martin, Auburn, New York, for preserved fruits.
Silver Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Castle’s, Millbank, for teak wood garden seats and tables.
Messrs. de Luzy Fréres, 4 Knatchbull Road, S.E., for the ‘ National’
Knapsack sprayer, pumps, and powder bellows.

cvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Alex. Hamilton, 11 Conduit Street, for tubs for shrubs.

Messrs. Liberty, Regent Street, W., for terra-cotta vases, pergolas,
and sundials.

Messrs. Lloyd Lawrence, 29 Worship Street, E.C., for Pennsylvania
lawn mowers. ;

The Patent Ladder Co., Peterborough, for patent safety extension
ladders.

Messrs. Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, Ipswich, for lawn mowers.

Messrs. E. Westmacott, 150 Leadenhall Street, E.C., for “Cape
Hermitage ’’ wine. |

Bronze Banksian Medal.

Messrs. D. Dowel, Hammersmith, for garden pottery and sundries.
Messrs. Fenlon, 8 Tudor Street, E.C., for heating apparatus, boilers.
Mr. James George, Putney, for peat, mushroom spawn, manures, &e.
Messrs. Headly & Edwards, Cambridge, for garden seats, weather
vanes, tents, &c.
Messrs. W. Herbert, 2 Hop Exchange, S.E., for garden requisites.
Messrs. A. Shanks, Bush Lane House, E.C., for lawn mowers.
Messrs. T. J. Syer, 45 Wilson Street, E.C., for garden tools, ladders.

GENERAL MEETING.
Juty 21, 1908.
Mr. H. J. Vertcu, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (87).—Mrs. B. Abercromby, C. Andree, Mrs. A.
Arthur, Mrs. W. Babtie, H. Harper Baird, Mrs. A. Bamford, Mrs. Rayner,
D. Batten, W. Bayliss, J.P., Miss G. Lowthian Bell, O. V. Bosanquet,
Sir John F. H. Broadbent, Bart., M.D., W. Broomhall, Captain Sir
Francis Burdett, Bart., Mrs. J. Burnet-Geake, Mrs. W. G. Busk, E. Cesar,
Mrs. A. F. Chilver, A. C. Clauson, J. Howell Coles, W. Howard Collins,
5. Ronayne Conron, Mrs. §. V. Dardier, A. J. Darlington, Mrs. Davey,
Jules de Castro, Mrs. Devenish, C. R. Dickenson, Mrs. G. R. Z. Erskine,
Mrs. A. Fair, T. R. Ferens, M.P., J. Hy. Fincham, Colonel H. 8. Fitz-
Gerald, C.B., Mrs. Foster, Mrs. Fowler, Mrs. Godwin-Austen, Sir D. F.
Gooch, Bart., Mrs. Graves, Mrs. Gray, Hon. A. Ernest Guinness, Miss
K. E. Halkett, G. Hamilton-Smith, T. Harding, Mrs. Harold, Hon. Mrs.
Hodgson, R. H. Humphreys, E. Hutchinson, J. K. Ingram, Mrs.
G. W. M. Johnstone, Julian Joseph, Mrs. W. King, J. Viner Leeder,
Mrs. Lomax, C. J. Lomer, Miss E. 8. Lomer, R. A. McCall, K.C., P.
McKuen, A. Gibson McLagan, Mrs. Marten, G. Morgenstern, W. Neil,
Mrs. H. R. Oldfield, E. C. Parslow, J. J. Peake, Miss M. Ridley, T.
Robinson, G. H. Rose, Mrs. Sadler, Miss Schofield, J. C. Searle, W. H.
Staff, Mrs. Bernard Stilwell, Miss Stimpson, Mrs. N. H. Stirling, Mrs.
I’. P. Stopford, The Countess Sztaray, Mrs. Tait, Mrs. T. M. Taylor,
C. L. Colyn Thomson, A. Trevor-Battye, M.A., F.L.S., Mrs. Verelst, T.
tiversdale Walrond, Hon. Mrs. Whateley, Mrs. Hetherington White,
J.T. Willans, A. Williams, Frank Williams, Mrs. R. H. Williams.

GENERAL MEETINGS. C1xX

Fellow resident abroad.—J. Rasteira (Portugal).

Associate.-—H. D. King.
A lecture on “ Annuals ’’ was given by Mr. A. Watkins (see p. 179).

GENERAL MEETING.
August 4, 1908.
Mr. H. B. May in the Chair.

Fellows elected (18).—Mrs. P. P. Alexander, Miss Amy L. Buxton,
R. Campbell, W. P. Collier, F. Wilson Dent, A. Fells, Mrs. F. Francis,
Mrs. A. N. Heathcote, E. Holden, C. Jones, G. H. Parkinson, Hy.
Parsons, Mrs. Reid, W. P. Rhodes, Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., G.C.V.O.,
C.B., LL.D., R. Howard Wall, Miss Weeding, J. Rennie Wilkinson, J.P.

Fellow resident abroad.—Professor K. Nakamura (Japan).

Society affiliated.—Royal Guernsey Horticultural Society.

GENERAL MEETING.
Aveust 18, 1908.

Sir ALBERT Roxtxit, D.L., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (12).—R. W. Ascroft, E. J. M. Athier, Mrs. Bennett,
Mrs. G. F. Beaumont, Miss H. M. Griffiths, Mrs. A. King, J. P. Mack,
Mrs. W. H. Mills, F. G. L. Moir, Mrs. W. Morris, Miss Theologo,
Randolph Wicke.

A lecture on “ Cultivation of Cherries in Pots’? was given by Mr.
James Hudson, V.M.H. (see p. 189).

VOL. XXXIV. h

cx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
May 12, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowuxss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, with ten members
present, and Rev. A. R. Upcher, Visitor.

Malformed Narcissus.—Mr. Worsdell, F'.0.S., reported that he had
examined the malformed Narcissus ‘J. T. Bennett-Poé’ sent by Messrs.
Hogg & Robertson, and found that the flower exhibited signs of fasciation,
but this was only partial, since the perianth segments were only nine in
number, as were the stamens; there were, however, two normal ovaries,
each with its full complement of three carpels. The style was somewhat
flattened, and springing from its base was a branch which was probably a
second style. This had become petaloid and tubular, and in the tube thus
formed a third style had developed.

Fasciation in Narcissus.—Mr. Odell sent flowers of Narcissus
‘Emperor,’ which had been produced after all the normal flowers in the bed
had died off, and which were fasciated, some having flattened stems
bearing at the apex three flowers, each on a separate pedicel, others having
the fasciation carried farther, so that the flowers themselves were
coherent.

Peloric Calceolarian—Mr. Tysoe, Lodge Gardens, Bedford, sent
flowers of Calceolaria showing regular peloria. All the flowers on the
main branches of the inflorescences of two plants exhibited this pheno-
menon.

Primulas.—Mr. Douglas, V.M.H., showed on behalf of the Right
Hon. the Earl of Waldegrave some flowers of the green Primrose, in
which the corolla is virescent and the stamens are but imperfectly formed.
Rey. A. R. Upcher, M.A., of Halesworth, Suffolk, showed a large number
of flowers of Polyanthus of large size and much substance, and many
with a very distinct eye. The calyx was large and very broadly campanu-
late in most of the flowers. Mr. Upcher had started some thirty years
since with the old “ butter’? Polyanthus, and had pollinated this with
pollen from Primula sinensis and P. Awricula; but although con-
siderable variation in many directions was observable in the flowers
shown, the committee did not consider that there was any evidence that
the pollen of these species had had any effect in producing the results
obtained. Some of the forms had fringed petals, and others smooth-
edged petals, the petals in some were remarkably broad, the “ eye’’ was
well marked, and contrasted with the remainder of the corolla in some,
while in others the deep colour was suffused over the whole of the petals.
The collection showed in a marked manner the variation obtainable in
Polyanthus through cultivation without the introduction of new blood.
Mr. Bowles showed a number of flowers of P. officinalis from a wild source
lacking the deep yellow spot which is usually to be found in the flowers

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. Cxi

of this species. He asked that others would make observations in order
to note whether this was a common phenomenon or not.

Seakale disease.—Mr. Gtissow showed a specimen of Seakale which
had become rotten, one of a considerable number in a plantation in
Norfolk, which he said had been attacked by a bacillus, at present
undescribed, differing in certain characters from Pseudomonas campestris.
He considered that the attack of the organism upon the Seakale had been
made possible by the methods adopted in forcing it, and that the attack
might have been prevented if air had been admitted by raising the Seakale
pots somewhat above the soil level.

Intumescence in Bruqmansia.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., showed a leaf
of Brugmansia exhibiting small warty growths, somewhat resembling
intumescences, a condition brought about usually by lack of a proper
balance between the amount of water supplied at the roots and the
humidity of the air, and a proper regulation of temperature.

Amaryllis sp.—Mr. Elwes, F.R.S., showed a plant apparently allied
to Amaryllis solandraeflorum, but having a rose suffusion upon the
perianth. The flowers are of very elegant form, and the plant appears
to be rarely seen in this country.

Moraea tridioides var. Johnsoni.—Mrs. Richmond, Woodlands,
Lustleigh, South Devon, sent a flower and leaf of the very beautiful
variety Johnsonu of Moraea iridioides. The flowers are considerably
larger than those of the type or the variety Macleay1, and the foliage
is upright instead of being fan-shaped ; the bud was picked on May 7,
and the flower was still almost perfect on the 12th inst. The seed from
which the plant originated was brought by a lady (Mrs. Johnson) from
the mountains of Ceylon, where it had probably been originally taken
from South Africa.

ScrENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the chair, and fourteen
members present.

Brugmansia leaves injured.-Mr. Gissow reported that he had
examined the leaves of Brugmansia shown at the last meeting by Mr.
Saunders, and found that they had been injured by some insect which
had punctured the leaf, and around this puncture corky cells had
developed. :

Malformed Orchids.—Mr. Worsdell, F.L.8., reported that he had
examined a specimen of Cattleya intermedia referred to him, in which

three flowers had become fused together so that there were eighteen
_ perianth pieces in the resulting fasciated specimen and three properly
formed columns. The ovaries, however, were completely absent. Mr.
Gurney Wilson, Haywards Heath, sent flowers of Odontoglosswm crispwm
which were referred to Mr. Worsdell (see p. cxiii).

Oxalis bupleurifolia.—Mr. Hales showed the interesting Ovzalis
bupleurifolia, a Brazilian species with small yellow flowers, having the
petioles developed into phyllodes, which are remarkable in being placed
horizontally instead of vertically, as in most plants possessing phyllodes.

h2

exil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In several cases the phyllodes possessed at their tips the three leaflets
normal in species of Oxalis, though occasionally the terminal one was
represented only by a small linear outgrowth, and sometimes all were
absent. These leaves are sensitive to contact. The plant grows in
shady woods in Brazil, which probably accounts for the horizontal
position of the phyllodes.

Malformed Streptocarpus.—Mr. Odell showed very fine flowers of
Streptocarpus having in some cases two linear petaloid outgrowths
arising between the calyx and the corolla on the dorsal side of the
flower, in others stamens were produced in this position. Mr. Odell found
that the later produced flowers bore stamens, while the first flowers had
the petaloid outgrowths. He had seen similar growths in Gloxinia, and
in the present case he removed the first developed flowers as soon as the
petaloid outgrowths were noticed, and the flowers next produced
developed stamens in the position occupied by the outgrowths in the
first produced flowers.

Rosa lutea.—In June 1906, Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H., showed dried
specimens of a yellow Rose which had been named at Kew Rosa
Eglanteria (= Ff. lutea) from Baalbec. Mr. Sutton subsequently
obtained through a lady missionary at Baalbec some fruits and shoots of
this Rose, but they were dead when they arrived. Later, however, he
received other seeds, from which three plants had been reared, and which
were now flowering in his garden. He exhibited a flower of a beautiful
clear yellow colour, measuring 8 inches in diameter. A full account of
the history of this plant, which Colonel Prain thought when he saw the
dried specimens from Baalbec to be identical with the Indian Rosa
Eiglanteria, is given in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, July 1906, p. 1.

Yellow stripe in Daffodils.—Specimens of this well-known disease
were received, and some discussion took place concerning it. Various
members of the Committee detailed their experiences concerning it, and
regarded as contributory causes the use of fresh manure, late planting,
and too wet a soil. The precise primary cause is at present unknown,
but, as Mr. Darlington suggested in his lecture at the general meeting,
imperfect root action may be a cause, but whether primary or secondary
is not clear (see p. 161). ,

Abnormal Daisy.—My. A. W. Sutton showed an abnormal Daisy
having the head inverted so that the florets pointed downwards instead
of upwards as in the normal inflorescence, while the stalk passed com-
pletely through the centre of the head and was attached at the upper side
where there were the usual bracts forming the involucre, but in this case
occupying the upper portion of the inflorescence.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 238, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowness, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the chair, with fourteen
members present, and Prof. Hansen, of Dakota, U.S.A., and Mr.
Scrase-Dickins, visitors.

Cherries eaten.—It was reported that the holes in the fruits of Cherry
which were received from Sir Robert Harvey were due to the feeding of
the larve of winter moths.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 23. exili

Malformed Odontoglossums.—Mr. Worsdell, F.L.8., reported that one
of the flowers of Odontoglossum crispum received from G. Wilson, Esq.,
F.R.H.S., of Haywards Heath, had the three stamens of the outer whorl
all developed, instead of only one as is usual. The second flower had a
normal column and normal sepals, but each of the three petals had
become partly modified into stamens and bore anthers.

Dodder.—Mr. Gissow showed photographs of Cuscuta Trifoli attack-
ing Clover and Kcehl-rabi, and of C. chilensis growing upon Lucerne,
Kohl-rabi, Rye-grass, and red and white Clover. Dr. Voelcker said that
experiments had been tried with Chilian Clover seed containing Dodder,
and it had been found that though the Dodder had germinated and
grown upon the Clover in the first year, in the second none had been
found, as it had failed to form seed. Mr. Giissow, however, thought that
seed was produced at least under certain circumstances.

Lily hybrids.—Mr. Scrase-Dickins, F.R.H.S., showed seedlings of ©
Inlium croceum x L. elegans and L. van Houttei. The plants showed
extraordinary vigour, which the raiser attributed partly to the fact that
they were seedlings, and partly to their hybrid origin. The hybrids do
not set seed when pollinated with one another’s pollen, but set seed freely
when pollinated with pollen from JL. elegans. The forms varied con-
siderably among themselves, and forms of L. dahuricum could be well
matched among them. The ZL. elegans parentage was evident in many
by the reflexing of the perianth pieces. Unfortunately the hybrids are
not disease-resisting. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr.
Scrase-Dickins.

Effect of ammomum salts on flora.—Dr. Voelcker showed a fern
which had developed under curious circumstances. A series of drain
pipes filled with soil and each covered at the base with a perforated slate,
below which a glass funnel had been fixed in order to catch the drainage
water, had been kept for two years, during which time through some
ammonium sulphate had been passed, through others ammonium
chloride, others, nitrate of soda, and others, distilled water. The ferns
had grown through the perforation of the slate into the funnel (which
was exposed to light), only in those cases where ammonium salts had been
passed through the soil. This was apparently due to a difference in the
reaction of the soil in the different cases. It had been noted that con-
tinued manuring of the soil with ammonium salts finally resulted in a
sterile condition, and before that the appearance of certain alge upon the
soil different from those found under other circumstances. This sterility
can be overcome by the addition of lime to the soil, and in cases where
only a small bulk of soil is in use, by stirring the soil up with distilled
water and allowing it to settle.

Phlox leaves malformed.—Myr. Worsdell, F.L.8., drew attention to
the peculiar form at times assumed by the leaves of Phlox. Sometimes
the leaves appeared as ascidia or as pockets, or merely as wings on the
midrib. This condition, Mr. Massee, V.MH., pointed out, was due to
the presence of the eelworm T'ylenchus devastatrix, large numbers of
which were present in the plants. This and other species of eelworm
were responsible for many malformations in plants, as is seen in the
Tulip-rooted Oat, the thickened neck of the Onion, malformed flowers in

CxiV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

coroals and various wild grasses (in one case of Agrostis vulgaris, a
malformation due to an eelworm has been taken as a character upon
which to found # variety), and warts and knob upon roots.

Arisaema consanguinewm.—Mr, Massee, on behalf of Mr, Elwes, F.R.S.,
showed plants of this new species,

Plant-breeding.Professor Hansen, of N. Dakota, who is passing
through London on his way to Russia and Siberia on his fourth journey of
exploration, received a hearty welcome from the Committee. In the
course of his remarks he alluded to the efforts which were being made to
obtain fruit trees which would maintain their existence without coddling
through the rigours of the American winter, and remarked upon the g
moasure of success which had already attended their efforts to ob
frost-resistant Plums, Raspberries, e.

l'rwits of Lathraea clandestina,—Mr. Bowles showed capsules of this
interesting and beautiful parasite to illustrate the explosive mechanism by
which the seeds are flung out of the capsule when ripe. ‘The two valves
of the capsule suddenly roll inwards and fling the seeds out a very con-
siderable distance,

Primula angustidens.—V'rom Messrs, Veitch, Chelsea, came a pan of |
this beautiful Primula, which is closely allied to P. Poissoni, and bears — |
several whorls of drooping deep clear purple flowers upon its rigid orect —
stems, ;

Miltonia vewillaria,—Baron Schréder, V.M.HL, sent a spike of Miltonia
vevillania with normal flowers, and another with partially double flowers,
which was borne upon a plant divided from the former a few years ago,
‘I'he parent had always (for over twenty years) borne normal flowers,
while cach year since its separation the offset had produced semi-double
flowers.

Blue Sweet Pea ‘ Zephyr.—Vrom Mrs, R. HH. Biffen, Histon, came
flowers of a Pow raised by crossing ‘Zoé’ (a medium blue) with a
‘Countess Spencer’ (Paradise) in 1905, Mrs, Biffon had obtained the
same thing from a number of crosses made subsequently between flowers
of a deep blue and others of a pink colour, in addition to others of all
shades of blue and of the ‘Spencer’ form.

Culinary Peas.—Mr. A, W. Sutton, V.M.UL, showed the offspring of
i Poa occurring spontaneously in Palestine, twelve miles from Jafla, four
yours ago. Many hybrids have been raised from crosses between this
wild form and the best of the cultivated ones, and in some the coloured
flower is reproduced, in others the flowers are white; in some the
serrated edges of the foliage, normal in the wild plant, are retained, but
n others the margin of the loaf is practically entire,

Somnriid Commirran, Jury 21, 1908,
Mr, li. A. Bownns, M.A,, I°..8., in the Chair, and eight members

prosent,

Peloric Pansy.—Mr. Hales exhibited flowers of Pansy showing
rogular peloria, Many had but four petals, others had five, and each
petal was spurred, Only one plant out of a batch of seedlings had

ihe

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 21 CXV

exhibited this phenomenon, which appears to be very raré in the Panay,
though well known in Linaria &c.

Myosotis.—Mr. Bowles exhibited an inflorescence of the common
Forget-me-not from the plant which he showed last year, and which then
had the calyx much enlarged; this year, however, the calyx was of
normal size,

Cypripedium with double tip.—Vrom UU, J. Allwood, Kaq,, of Acocks
Green, came a specimen of Cypripedium Lawrenceanwm, normal in all
respects except in the labellum, which was double, as though it had been
cleft deeply in. ita very early stages of growth. "This, and # curious form
of Cattleya Harrisonii, were handed to Mr, Worsdell for further ex-
araination,

Blue Sweet Peas.-Mrs, Viffen, Histon, Cambridge, sent specimens
ill istrating blue forms of the ‘Spencer’ type of Sweet Pen, together with
an account of their pedigree :—

“The various blue shades of waved Peas have resulted from crosses
between ‘ Zod,’ a medium blue Pea, and ‘ Paradise,’ ‘John Ingman,’ and
an unnamed rose-coloured variety practically identical with the original
‘Countess Spencer.’ A similar series as far as colour goes, but leas
waved, has been given by a cross between ‘Zoe’ and ‘Gladys Unwin,’
‘Nuvy Blue’ crossed with ‘Paradise’ has also given the same series, and
it i¢ probable that any shade of pink or deep rose and ‘Navy Blue’ would
alac give them, In each case the first generation was a deep purple blue
with deep blue wings. The selfed seeds from these purple hybrids
(‘Zoé’ x ‘John Ingman’) gave a rather complex generation consisting
of bronze-purple, purple with blue-purple wings, navy blue, ‘ Zoé’ blue,
‘Zephyr’ blue, pale blue, lavender (probably ‘Mrs, C, Voster’), ‘John
Ingman’ colour, deep rose, pale rose (various shades of), tinged white,
These various colours were present in both flat and waved forma, and
farther a6 flakes on a white ground, The cultures raised were not
sufficiently large to give reliable statistics, 40 the figures are not quoted
here,

“ The behaviour of each of the types mentioned has been traced in some
detail, but attention is only called here to the blue shades. Anyone who
has grown the mixtures known aa ‘ Prince of Asturias,’ ‘Rosie Adama,’
‘The Marquis,’ ‘ Silas Cole,’ &., can readily trace the genetic constitution
of the heterozygous purples, whilet the pink and rose shades behaved
much as the first stocks of ‘Countess Spencer.” It should be noted,
though, that each of these purples can apparently be obtained in « fixed
form,

“The various blue shades either bred true to type or yielded a series of
‘sports’ in definite proportions. he analysis of the whole set of
statistics has not heen completed yet, but the colours are given in the
order of their frequency.

“ Zot shade,—(\) Vireaks into ‘ Zoe,’ navy, ‘ Zephyr,’ bluish pink, pale
blue, and pale pink, (2) Gives the blue series just mentioned and no
pinks. (8) Breeds true (‘ Zod,’ ‘ Countess’ form of, specimens exhibited),

“ Novy shade,—(1) Greaks into navy, ‘Zephyr,’ and the same two pink
shades as the above. (2) Gives navy and ‘Zephyr.’ (%) Breeds true
(specimens exhibited),

CXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“ Zephyr shade.—(1) Breaks into ‘Zephyr’ and pale pink only.
(2) Breeds true (specimens exhibited).

“Pale blue—(1) ? throws ‘Zephyr’ (no case yet met with).
(2) Breeds true (specimens exhibited).

“The ‘Spencer,’ the ‘ Unwin,’ and the flat standard types all behave
in the same fashion, and what evidence has been obtained at present shows
that the corresponding flaked colours give the same results. A few of
the flaked types were exhibited for comparison with the whole colours.
It should be noted that flaking is not visible in either parent. When it
appears it has always acted as a simple recessive to the corresponding
whole colour. Thus a deep purple flake might split into purple, blue,
and pink types, but each would be flaked and no self colours would occur.

“Tt is rather a curious fact that whilst a long series of pinks, orange,
white and yellow shades are known in a fixed condition, no waved blues
have yet appeared in commerce with the exceptions of ‘ Mrs. C. Foster.’
This latter is heterozygous, and may be left out of account. It would ©
seem to point to the fact that the ‘Spencer’ forms are not so readily ©
cross-fertilised by bees as is generally stated. If they were so we might
fairly expect that the blue shades would be as well, or, knowing the
partiality of bees for blue flowers, better represented than the pinks.”

ScIENTIFIC CommitTrEer, Auaust 4, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bownzss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and ten members ‘
present.

“ Black-eye”’ of Carnations, ¢c.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., showed flowers
of various species of Dianthus, including Carnations, affected by the
fungus Ustilago violacea, which develops its spores in the anthers of
different species of Caryophyllaceae. The fungus is common on wild
plants belonging to the order, but is less common on cultivated plants.
‘The mycelium is perennial in the tissues of its host, and therefore it is
useless to attempt a cure; affected plants are best destroyed. The host
plants can only be attacked when in the seedling stage or in the young
shoots, and nothing can be seen of the fungal attack until the fruiting
stage is reached in the anthers of the host. It is then known by the
blackish dusty mass of spores in the centre of the flower.

An uncommon fungus.—Myr. Holmes, F.L.8., showed numerous
specimens of the curious saprophytic fungus Geaster Bryantiu, which had
occurred in a dry border recently manured with farmyard manure in his
garden at Sevenoaks.

Listrostachys forcipatax—Mr. Douglas, V.M.H., showed a plant of
this rare and beautiful little Orchid, bearing several of its curious delicate
white flowers, the perianth of which is apparently but one cell in thick-
ness. ‘The plant is a native of dense forests in Buea, Cameroons, at an
elevation of 4,200 feet (see Kriinzl in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 254; and Rolfe in
i'l. Trop. Afr. vii. p. 168). A Botanical Certificate was unanimously
recommended for this plant.

“ Wheat-ear”’ Lychnis alba, éc.—Mr. Fraser, F.L.S., showed speci-
mens of this plant, having the bracts usually below the flower repeated

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, AUGUST 4. CXVil

again and again, the flowers themselves being almost aborted, the sepals
being much laciniated. Similar peculiarities are produced in certain
plants through the attacks of eelworm. Mr. Bowles, M.A., showed a
similar peculiarity in Dianthus swperbus, the plant bearing the
inflorescence having been taken from a plant showing the same peculiarity
exhibited by Canon Ellacombe last year.

Sweet Peas dying.—Mr. Fraser also showed Sweet Peas with
prematurely yellowed foliage. The root had been attacked by the fungus
Thielavia basicola, a species which is apparently very common this year.

Saliz undulata.—Mr. Fraser also showed two specimens of willow
shoots cut from the same bush at different periods in the year. In April
the ovary was completely glabrous ; but by August the ovary had become
pubescent—a character typical of S. wndulata.

Variation in plants.—Mr. Shea made some observations upon this
subject, exhibiting variegated leaves of a Sunflower. Last season one
side (that towards the magnetic north pole) had shown variegated leaves,
the remainder of the foliage being normal. He had saved seeds from that
side of the inflorescence, and the seedlings were weaker and bore varie-
gated leaves throughout, while seeds from other parts of the inflorescence
produced normal plants. Mr. Shea said that he had observed in other
cases that variation had been confined entirely to the side of the plant
towards the magnetic north pole.

Variation in Delphinium ‘ Carmine Queen.’—From Messrs. Veitch,
Chelsea, came inflorescences of ‘this Delphinium showing some flowers of
a beautiful violet-blue, others of a pinkish tinge, and others again streaked
and splashed with both colours. All the flowers of some shoots were of
one colour, in others the two colours were restricted to separate flowers,
and in others the whole of the flowers were of both colours intermingled.
It was noticeable that there were no intermediate shades of colour.

Varieties of Epilobium hirsutum.—Mr. Bowles showed specimens of
the normal form of H. hirsutum, a very hairy form, with flowers of a
deeper colour, from South Europe, a form with white petals and rosy
stamens, a form with white petals and stamens (the ovary, however,
showed the usual red tinge), and a virescent form.

Ants and aphides.—The following communication was received from
the Rev. H. E. Bishop, M.A., Middleton Vicarage, King’s Lynn: “ Some
Gooseberry bushes are trained on a north wall in my garden. During
the wet weather I noticed that many shoots were encrusted with sand
and lime (somewhat in the manner of the case of a caddis worm), and
on breaking this away we were surprised to find the shoot covered with
aphides and the ants busy among them. After examination we came
to the conclusion that the ants had constructed the cases to prevent the
aphides being washed away by the rain. The piece broken away was
repaired the next day. The upper leaves seemed to serve as a roof, and
the sand built round left a clear passage way round the aphides. Since
the settled fme weather the casings have been completely cleared away.”
Mr. Chittenden observed that he had seen a similar thing in a greenhouse,
where the ants constructed a covering over aphides on the stem of a
Cineraria.

CXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SciENTIFIC CommiTTEE, Auacust 18, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and eleven members
present.

Aliens in garden soil.—Mr. Fraser, F.L.8., showed a specimen of the
alien weed, Amaranthus retroflexus, a North American plant which had
appeared in a garden at Kew, though no seeds or plants had been received
from North America and planted in the garden. He thought that the plant
had possibly arisen from a seed introduced with merchandise either from
North America or from the Continent, where also the plant has become
a weed. He has noticed other instances of plants which had probably
been introduced in a similar way, and had become weeds in gardens, viz.,
Datura Stramonium, Euphorbia Esula, and Sisyrinchium angustifoliwm,
while Papaver somniferum, Cinothera biennis grandiflora, and Oxalis
corniculata rubra, originally cultivated, had quite frequently become
garden casuals, and certain British wild plants, e.g. Chenopodium rubrum,
Epilobium roseum, E. hirsutum, Lychiis alba, and Silene Cucubalas
often behaved in a similar fashion.

Rubus laciniatus.—Mr. Fraser also showed a specimen of a seedling
form of Rubus laciniatus which he had collected on West End Common,
Esher, where the seed had been deposited in all probability by a bird.
The origin of this form appeared doubtful, but it seemed to differ only in
the laciniated leaves (the sepals and petals also being cut) from Rubus
villicaulis var. Selmeri.

Rose canker.—Mr. Gussow showed specimens of a disease of Roses
which was very prevalent in Ireland, and which started in the form of
reddish spots on the shoots. These spots soon died, the dead tissue con-
tracting and cracking. A callus formed around the edges of the wound,
and this was frequently damaged by frost, &c., until a large cankerous
erowth was produced. He attributed the beginning of the injury to the
fungus Coniothyrium Fuckeli Sacc., the conidial form of Leptosphaeria
Coniothyrium (see p. 222).

Double Genista tinctoria.—Mr. Bowles showed specimens of double
flowers of Genista tinctoria from Canon Ellacombe’s garden, and others
having numbers of bracts below the inflorescence. This had apparently
arisen from the presence of a small dipterous larva belonging to the
Cecidiomyidae, which Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., reported as that of Aspondylia
genistae. ‘This species is known to attack and form galls on the ends of
the shoots of Genista germanica in exactly the same manner as in the
shoots exhibited. Another species, A. wlicis, forms galls resembling
flower-buds on U. ewropaeus. There appears to be no record of G.
tinctoria being galled by a fly, but some of the galls in the present
specimens contained no less than fifteen or twenty grubs feeding upon
the leaves forming the gall, particularly at their base.

Abnormal Orchid.—From Messrs. Hugh Low came an Orchid,
Rodriguezia crispa, showing an abnormal condition in the spike; the
bracts were much longer than the flowers, and very closely grouped at the
end of the inflorescence.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, AUGUST 18. Cx1x

Mutations in Shiriey Poppies.—Mr. Chittenden showed, on behalf
of a correspondent, a number of dried flowers of the Shirley Poppy, all of
which had bracts just under the flower or where the flowers should be,
some two, others three, four, five, or six bracts without flowers ; while
others produce bracts with semi-double or quite double flowers. Neither
the Rey. W. Wilks nor any other member of the Committee had seen
bracteate flowers in this plant. It would be interesting to know what was
the origin of the seed, and whether the peculiarity came true from seed.

Fern growing in botile—Mr. Druery, V.M.H., exhibited in a pickle
jar, sealed with a glass and rubber stopper, wired on to prevent removal,
amass of vegetation consisting of ‘a Scolopendriwm, two Lastraeas, and
a dense tangle of confervoid growth, the whole of which had arisen
from a small piece of the base of a Hart’s-tongue frond, bearing a minute
bud, which had been placed in the jar fully four years ago, and the spores
and animal eggs, &c., which had gained entrance with it at the time when
it was sealed and secured. About an inch of clean-washed coarse silver
sand was first introduced, and upon the damp surface the base and bud
in question were simply dropped. The jar is about 8 inches high and
3 inches square, and from the commencement the growth has been
healthy, the fronds of the Hart’s-tongue Fern reaching the stopper, while
the confervoid growth is dense in the centre, and has spread half-way up
the sides. The two seedling Lastraeas have remained small, but have
produced new fronds this season, while several healthy green fronds of
the Hart’s-tongue spring from the centre from amid the débris of the old
ones of the three previous years’ growths. The question raised by this
exhibit is, Whence has the material for all this growth been derived ?
The originally enclosed air could only have contained a three-thousandth
part of carbonic acid gas, 7.e. a minute atom of carbon, altogether out of
proportion to the débris of dead fronds and the volume of cellular growth
of the living ones which have been generated in the jar since it was closed
four years ago. If it be assumed that the glass is porous, and thus
permits air circulation, and consequent fresh supplies of carbonic acid gas
by the law of gas diffusion, how is it that aqueous vapour has not also
been transferred, and the quantity of water reduced during so long a
period to nothing ? Carbonic acid, too, is not the only food required, and
the amount of assimilable salts contained in well-washed quartz sand,
freed from all vegetable admixture by such washing, save perhaps
confervae or other spores, can hardly be regarded as adequate for such
results, and for persistent growth, such as is shown. A small worm has
also been noticed inside the jar. While expressing interest in the experi-
ment, the members of the Committee greatly doubted whether the bottle
was really hermetically sealed.

CxX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
May 12, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-six members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for hardy ferns.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Mr. J. Douglas, V.M.H., Great Bookham, for Auriculas.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse plants and flowering
shrubs. 7

Silver-giult Banksvan Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, Roses, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for herbaceous plants.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Hydrangeas, Pelargoniums, &c.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for greenhouse plants.

To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Gloxinias and Japanese Maples.
To Mr. Prichard, Christchurch, for alpines, &c.

To Messrs. T. Rochford, Broxbourne, for Roses.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Mr. R. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons, &c.

To Messrs. Carter, Page, London Wall, for Violas.

To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for flowering shrubs.
To Mr. C. F. Waters, Balcombe, for Carnations.

Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Violas and Polyanthus.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

To Messrs. R. and G. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas.

‘lo the Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for alpines.

To Messrs. G. Paul, Cheshunt, for flowering shrubs, &e.
To Mr. Reuthe, Keston, for Alpines, Rhododendrons, &c.
To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for Violas, &e.

CXX1

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 12,

The Garden.)

(

‘MILDRED Jay.’

Fic. 41.—Avricun

CXXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Award of Merit.

To Asparagus filicinus (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., Burford (gr. Mr. Bain). A species from the temperate and tropical
Himalaya, of tall, erect growth, with the main branches spreading
horizontally and clothed in a curiously frond-like manner with the small
2-5-branched, flat, faleate cladodes. Flowers small, greenish, on slender
pendulous pedicels about an inch in length, generally in pairs.

To Aubrietia ‘ Paul’s Pink’ (votes, 15 for, 6 against), from Messrs.
G. Paul, Cheshunt. Habit good, floriferous; colour rosy-pink, very
similar to that of ‘ Souvenir de W. Ingram.’

To Auricula ‘ Coronet’ (votes, 14 for, 3 against), from Mr. J. Douglas,
V.M.H., Great Bookham. A green-edged variety, flowers of good size
and substance, but with not very flat pips.

To Auricula ‘May Day’ (votes, 14 for, 7 against), from Mr. Douglas.
A yellow self, flowers very full, round and flat, 13 inches in diameter ;
pale yellow, paste white ; truss good.

To Auricula ‘Mildred Jay’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Douglas.
An alpine variety with flowers 13 inches in diameter, very full, round and
flat; ground colour rich purple with broad edge of pale purplish-lilac ;
paste pale sulphur-yellow. (Fig. 41.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden : alpines, &c.

Mr. F. Boston, Cliftonville, Northampton: Polyanthus.
Messrs. Box, West Wickham : alpines and Begonias.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: stove foliage plants.

Mrs. Burns, North Mymms Park: white Hippeastrums.
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : flowering trees and shrubs.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines, &c.

W. B. Craig, Esq., Ivybridge, South Devon (gr. Mr. Swan): Roses,
H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne: Fritillarias, &e.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : alpines.

Mrs. Hensley, Farnham : floral studies.

Lady Hindlip, Worcester: Sweet Peas.

Mary, Countess of Ilchester, Holland House: Lopezia and Petraea.
Misses Kipping, Hutton: alpines.

Mr. 8. J. Martin, Menai Bridge: Pelargonium ‘ Perfection.’
Mr. 8. Mortimer, Farnham: Polyanthus.

Mr. F. J. Patmore, Lymington: Violas.

Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield: herbaceous plants.

Messrs. Phillips and Taylor, Bracknell: Auriculas and alpines.
Mr. G. Prince, Longworth: Rose ‘ Lady Violet Henderson.’
Rey. Roland Upcher, Halesworth, Suffolk: Polyanthus.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford : alpines, &c.

Messrs. Ware, Feltham: herbaceous plants.

Mr. W. A. Watts, St. Asaph: Polyanthus.

Mr. W. H. Young, Romford : Coleus.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 26. CXXill

FrLorAL ComMitTTex, May 26, 1908, av tHe INNER TEMPLE GARDENS.
Mr. W. Marsuact, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

(For Medals and Cups awarded by the Council see p. xciv.]

Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.

To Dracaena Doucetti var. de Grootei (votes, 10 for, 2 against),
from Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea. A very handsome variety of Cordyline

Fic. 42.—Dracarna Dovcetti, VAR. DE Groorer. (Vevtch.)

(=Dracaena) australis. Young leaves stiffly erect, gradually arching
with age, 2-3 feet long and about an inch broad. Leaf-base and midrib

CXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

red ; leaf-edge broadly banded with yellow. A bolder and more distinct
plant than Dracaena Doucetti, which received a First Class Certificate
in 1889. (Fig. 42.)

Fic. 43..—DrmorPHoTHECA AURANTIACA. (Journal of Horticulture.)

To Tulip ‘Walter T. Ware’ (votes, 18 for), from Messrs. W. T. Ware,
Bath. A rich deep yellow self May-flowering variety which received an
Award of Merit in 1907. Its proved lasting qualities, substance of petal
and depth of colour now win for it the higher award.

(To face page Cxxv.)

Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

(

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“ TAUSENDSCHON.

ta. 44.4-Rosn

at

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 28. CXXV

Award of Merit.

To Begonia ‘Empress Marie’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Blackmore and Langdon, Bath. A tuberous-rooted variety bearing very
large double pure white flowers, with broad, round, smooth, very regular
petals. :

To Codiaewm (Croton) ‘Fred Sander’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Leaves broad, three-lobed, halberd-shaped ;
yellow at the base, edged and tipped with green in the upper half; leaf-
stalks and stems pale yellow. —

To Dimorphotheca aurantiaca (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Barr,
Covent Garden. A half-hardy annual from South Africa. Flowers
about 3 inches in diameter, rich orange with a narrow deep-purple band
surrounding the blackish-purple disc. Leaves fleshy, oblong, sinuate-
toothed. This species was grown in the open at Wisley in 1907 and
proved exceptionally showy and floriferous. Height 1 foot. (Fig. 43.)

To Paeonia decora alba (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Wallace,
Colchester. Flowers 4-5 inches in diameter, cup-shaped; petals 8,
delicate blush-white becoming white. Stigmas red, surrounded by a mass
of bright yellow stamens. Foliage glaucous green. Height 2-8 feet.

To Lhododendron occidentale (= Azalea occidentalis) var. graciosa
(votes, 9 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate. Flowers
about 24 inches in diameter, borne freely in rather loose trusses of twenty
or more; at first shaded with pale yellow, becoming white, and finally
suffusing with pink especially at the edges and tips; blotched above the
neciary with orange-yellow ; crenate-waved at the margin, scented, appear-
ing with the leaves. Height 2-6 feet.

To Rose ‘Elaine’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. W. Paul,
Waltham Cross. An exhibition hybrid tea rose. Flowers white, shaded
in the bud with flesh-colour, of great substance and fine form; the bud
long-pointed and the outer petals recurved.

To Rose ‘ Tausendschén’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Hobbies,
Dereham, and W. Paul, Waltham Cross. A large-flowered rambler with
the foliage and strong shoots of ‘Crimson Rambler,’ and of bolder habit
than Dorothy Perkins and other Wichwraiana hybrids. Fiowers 2-3
inches across, thinly double, rich pink to pale pink, scarcely scented,
borne freely in large trusses at the ends of the almost thornless shoots.
(Fig. 44.)

To Rose ‘White Dorothy’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Ben
Cant, Colchester. A sport from ‘Dorothy Perkins’ with the habit, form
and freedom of that rambler but with white flowers, tinted in the bud
with flesh-colour.

To Tulip ‘ Duchess of Westminster’ (votes, 6 for, 3 against), from
Messrs. A. Dickson, Belfast. A breeder tulip of the best Darwin size and
form, outside rose-red in colour, edged, within almost scarlet; the base
yellow touched with olive; stalks strong.

Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Artindale, Sheffield : alpines, &c.
E. Ascherson, Esq., Pett Place, Charing: Calceolarias, &e.
Messrs. Backhouse, York : alpines.
VOL. XXXIV. t

UXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lady Bramston, Wimbledon: Strelitzia regina.

Messrs. Brown, Stamford: flowering plants.

Hon. Mrs. Cecil, Eaton Place: Gloriosa lutea.

Mr. Chaplin, Waltham Cross: Petunias.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines, herbaceous plants, &c.

Mr. J. Douglas, V.M.H., Great Bookham: Auriculas.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden: Carnations.

Mr. J. Forbes, Hawick : Pentstemons, ce.

Messrs. Garaway, Bristol: Schizanthus.

Messrs. Gilbert, Bourne, Lines : Anemones, &c.

Mr. Godfrey, Exmouth : Poppies, Pelargoniums, «ec.

Messrs. Gunn, Olton: Phloxes.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham: Pelargoniums.

Mr. C. H. Herbert, Acocks Green: Pink ‘ Progress.’

Messrs. Jarman, Chard: Centaureas.

K. J. Johnstone, Esq., Groombridge: Carnations.

Messrs. Kelway, Langport : Paeonies.

Messrs. E. W. King, Coggeshall: Sweet Peas.

Misses Kipping, Hutton, Essex: alpines.

Mr. W. H. Lancashire, Guernsey: Carnations.

Messrs. Lane, Berkhamsted : Rhododendrons.

Messrs. A. Lister, Rothesay: Pansies.

Mr. N. Lowis, Bridgwater: Anemones.

Hon. A. H. T. de Montmorency, M.D., Carrickmines, Dublin: Tulips.

Mr. 8. Mortimer, Farnham: Carnations.

W. Noakes, Esq., Croydon: Calceolarias.

Messrs. Carter, Page, London Wall: Dahlias, Fuchsias, &¢.

Messrs. Pope, King’s Norton: Clematis.

Mr. H. C. Pulham, Elsenham: shrubs. |

Messrs. Reamsbottom, Alderborough, King’s Co. : Anemones.

Mrs. Richmond, Lustleigh, South Devon: Moraea iridwides var.
Johnsoni.

Messrs. Rogers, Bassett, Southampton: Rhododendrons, «ec.

Mr. V. Slade, Taunton : Pelargoniums.

Messrs. Stark, Great Ryburgh: Sweet Peas. .

Studley Horticultural College: Gloxinias, &e.

Swanley Horticultural College: Schizanthus.

Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham : Sweet Peas, «ce.

Mr. J. Walker, Thame: Tulips.

Messrs. Waveren and Kruijff, Holland: Astilbes.

J. A. Young, Esq., Putney: Cinerarias.

Frorat ComMITTEs, JUNE 9, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHatn, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three members

present,
\

Awards Recommended :— ‘
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Fuchsias, greenhouse plants,
annuals, &e.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. CXXV

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &c.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for herbaceous plants.

To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Paeonies and Pyrethrums.
To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses.

To Messrs. Prichard, Christchurch, for herbaceous plants.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Bath, Wisbech, for herbaceous plants.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Cannas.

To Messrs. Clark, Dover, for Pyrethrums, «ce.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &e.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for flowering plants.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Pyrethrums.

To Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield, for herbaceous plants.

To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpine and herbaceous plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Baker, Codsall, for Aquilegias, Poppies, &e.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Jackman, Woking, for alpines, &c.

To King’s Acre Nurseries, Hereford, for herbaceous plants.
To Mr. C. F. Waters, Baleombe, for Carnations.

Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Lupines.

Award of Merit.

To Carnation ‘Snowball’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. H. Burnett,
Guernsey. A white, faintly scented, tree variety; flowers very full,
petals smooth, not laciniate-edged, calyx good ; stems rigid.

To Deutzia Wilsoniw (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch,
Chelsea. A newly-introduced Chinese species with large, pure white,
freely-borne flowers. Leaves lanceolate, scabrid, firm in texture, with
sharply serrulate margin.

To Iris x ‘Carthusian’ (votes, 17 for), from J. W. Marshall, Esq.,
Godalming. Said to be a hybrid raised from an unnamed species from
Mardin, Syria, which has proved a shy bloomer and poor grower in
England, crossed with pollen of Iris pallida dalmatica. The hybrid
closely resembles the latter with its sweet scent and general colour of
lavender-blue, but the standards are finer and bolder, the falls a shade
deeper in colour ; the beard is bright yellow at the base and the claw of
_ the fall is netted. . (Fig. 45.)

To Philadelphus Lemoinei var. ‘ Rosace’ (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., V.M.H., Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain). Free-flowering
sprays were shown bearing semi-double pure white flowers two inches
in diameter.

To Pyrethrum ‘Langport Crimson,’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.

Kelway, Langport. A single-flowered variety with flowers 85 inches in
12

CXXV1ll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fic. 45.—Iris ‘ CARTHUSIAN.’

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. CXXix

diameter, light crimson in colour, the young flowers lightly shaded with
maroon, habit vigorous, stems stiff. The variety was exhibited as

G.mM.369

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Fic. 46.—Pyreturum ‘ LANGport Crimson.’ (Kelway.)

‘Langport Scarlet,’ but the Committee requested that the name should
be changed to ‘ Langport Crimson.’ (Fig. 46.)

CXxXx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

To Rhododendron kamtschaticum (votes, 11 for), from Mr. G. Reuthe,
Keston. A hardy, procumbent alpine shrub native of North-east Asia
and North America, introduced in 1802 but still uncommon in gardens.
Flowers 14 inches in diameter, purplish-red, borne in small clusters of
one to three, on inch-long pedicels. Leaves oval, ciliate at the margin
and lightly on the veins beneath. Exhibited as Rhodothamnus
kamtschaticus.

Fic. 47.—Rosa Moyrsu. (The Garden.)

To Rosa Moyesii (votes, 21 for, 1 against), from Messrs. J. Veitch,
Chelsea. A recently introduced species from China. Flowers about
2}, inches in diameter, of an unusual shade of light red, considerably
darker when young. Stems densely armed with prickles. Leaves of
9-18 oval, slightly glaucous leaflets, with a few prickles below. Roughly
comparable to Rosa rugosa and apparently best suited for hedgerows and
the hybridist. (Fig. 47.)

To Stock ‘Veitch’s Magenta Strain’ (votes, 18 for), from Messrs. R.
Veitch, Exeter. A magnificent strain of the old English Brompton

:

a

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. CXXX1

Stock, exhibited as ‘Veitch’s Scarlet’ but the name changed at the
request of the Committee to ‘ Veitch’s Magenta.’ Raceme over 12 inches
long, flowers very double, 2 inches in diameter, magenta crimson in
colour.

Fic. 48.—ZEPHYRANTHES AUREA. (The Garden.)

To Zephyranthes aurea (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., V.M.H., Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain). Flowers 34 inches in
diameter, deep yellow, the outer segments 33/’ x 1”, the inner 33” x 3”,
stamens exserted. Leaves linear-lanceolate, deeply channeled 12’ x 4",
deep green above, silvery green beneath, arching. Scape one-flowered,

12 inches long. A native of Peru, One unnamed bulb was received

CXXxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-from South Africa ; it flowered in December last without foliage, and
was exhibited and identified, but the present scape appears with the
foliage. (Fig. 48).

Other Exhibits.

Mrs. G. Austen, Godalming: Lupines and Pansies.
Miss O. Barneby, Bromyard: unblotched Oriental Poppy.
Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: foliage plants.
Mr. H. Dann, Wallington : Pelargonvwm var.
Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay: Aquilegias and Violas.
C. T. Druery, Esq., V.M.H., Acton: Dactylis glomerata vay.
Messrs. Gilbert, Dyke, Bourne: Anemones.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines, &c.
Mr. W. Matthews, Bishop’s Stortford: Pelargoniwm var.
Mrs. Sophia Miller, Marlow: Rose de Meaux.
Mr. R. Neal, Wandsworth : Sweet Peas.
- Mr. R. C. Noteutt, Woodbridge: Pyrethrums, &c.
Messrs. Carter, Page, London Wall: Dahlias, &c.
Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton: Carnations.
Mr. F’. J. Patmore, Lymington: Violas and Iris.
L. de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House (gr. Mr. Hudson, V.M.H.) :
Calceolaria ‘Golden Glory.’
Marquis of Salisbury, Hatfield (gr. Mr. Prime): Schizanthus.
G. D. Smith, Esq., Worcester (gr: Mr. Wade): seedling Malmaison.
Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford : herbaceous plants.
Messrs. Waveren and Kruijff, Sassenheim: pink Astilbes.
J. A. Young, Hsq., Putney (gr. Mr. Street): Calceolarias and
Gloxinias.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 23, 1908.

Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Crotons.
To Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield, for herbaceous plants.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for flowering plants.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &c.
To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for herbaceous plants.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.
To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses and Paeonies.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for herbaceous and alpine plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Baker, Wolverhampton, for herbaceous plants.
To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for herbaceous plants.

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Fie, 49.—Campanuta Rapprana. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
(To face page cxxxiii.)

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 23. CXXXIll

To Messrs. Brown, Peterborough, for Roses.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Gloxinias, &c.

To Messrs. Ben Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

To Messrs. Dobbie, Marks Tey, for Spanish Iris.

To Messrs. Godfrey, Exmouth, for Pelargoniums, «ce.

To Messrs. Homan, Noordwijk, Holland, for Spanish Iris.

To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Paeonies and Delphiniums.
To Messrs. Laing, Forest Hill, for stove foliage plants.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, «&c.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Spooner, Woking, for Roses.

Award of Merit.

To Anthuriwm ‘President Viger’ (votes, 6 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Truffaut, Versailles. A handsome variety of A. Andreanwm with
orange-yellow spadix and large deeply-cordate, dark red spathe.

To Begonia ‘Colonel Laussedat’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Veitch, Chelsea. A tuberous-rooted bedding variety of good habit,
bearing very double bright yellow flowers about 2 inches in diameter.

To Campanula Raddeana (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Reuthe,
Keston. A recently introduced hardy perennial species from the Caucasus,
of slender habit, about a foot high. Leaves cordate, serrate, glabrous,
thin but firm in texture, little more than half an inch in length and
breadth ; the lower ones borne on long slender petioles. Flowers loosely
borne on spreading pedicels, broadly campanulate, cleft to about one-
third into five spreading lobes, about an inch in length and breadth,
violet-blue in colour with conspicuous yellow stigma protruding about
half an inch beyond the mouth of the corolla. The ciliate, auricled calyx
and flower stalks are brownish in colour; corolla lobes with a few loose
hairs. (Fig. 49.)

To Delphiniwm ‘Cambyses’ (votes, unanimous), from G. Ferguson,
Esq., Weybridge (gr. Mr. Smith). Large pale Cornflower-blue flowers,
a little shaded with mauve, with pure white centre, rather loosely borne
in a very fine inflorescence about 2 feet long and 5 inches in diameter.

To Hremurus Bunget magnificus (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Veitch, Chelsea. A fine seedling from H. Bungei, with lemon-yellow
corolla and orange anthers. In height, foliage, size of inflorescence and
time of flowering intermediate between H. Bunge and H. robustus.

To Hrica cinerea pygmaea (votes, 9 for, 1 against), from Mr. Reuthe,
Keston. A prostrate compact form of HL. cinerea rosea.

To Eschscholzia ‘ Mikado’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. W. H.
Gardiner, St. Osyth. Much deeper in colour than any other variety of
E. californica that has come before the Committee, the orange red
flowers, shaded with copper, having a wonderful effect when seen in
bright sunshine.

To Kniphofia (=Tritoma) ‘ Goldelse’ (votes, 10 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Wallace, Colchester. K. pawciflora x K. rufa, with the bright
yellow flowers of the former species more freely borne. Inflorescence
35 to 4 inches in length, terminating the 13 to 2 feet stalk.

CXXxX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Pelargomum ‘James T. Hamilton’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Rogers, Basset, Southampton. A free-flowering hybrid between
the zonal variety ‘ Ethel Lewis’ and the Ivy-leaved ‘Charles Turner,’
which should prove especially valuable for pot work. The foliage and
the semi-double carmine-scarlet flowers in large trusses on long stalks
show the influence of the ivy-leaved pollen parent.

Fra. 50.—Rose ‘ Rerunucence.’ (The Garden.)

To Rose ‘ Refulgence’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. W. Paul,
Waltham Cross. A seedling raised from the sweet brier fertilized with
the pollen of a hybrid perpetual, retaining the sweet-scented foliage of the
brier and bearing trusses of semi-double (two to four rows of petals) rich

sw.

io

FLORAL COMMITTEE; JULY 7. CXXXV

rose-red flowers 8 to 35 inches in diameter, brightened by the central boss
of yellow stamens. (Fig. 50.)

To Stokesia cyanea alba (votes; 15 for), from Mr. Amos Perry,
Enfield. The newly-introduced white form of S. cyanea praecox, a
valuable addition to hardy herbaceous perennials. :

To Sweet Pea ‘Dobbie’s Mid Blue’ (votes, 11 for, 5 against), from
Messrs. Dobbie, Marks Tey. Flowers of medium size with erect flat
standard, of a shade of mauve midway between the pale and dark blues
now common. |

To Sweet Pea ‘The King’ (votes, 12 for, 6 against), also from Messrs.
Dobbie. A ‘Spencer’ form with ‘King Edward’ colour. Standard large,
erect, a little waved, crimson scarlet; wings shaded rose.

t Other Exhibits.

Mrs. R. H. Biffen, Histon, Cambs: Sweet Pea ‘ Zephyr.’

Mr. J. R. Box, West Wickham : alpines.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: Spanish Iris.

Mr. Cole, Garden City, Letchworth: Paeonies, &e.

Mr. J. Douglas, V.M.H., Great Bookham: Pinks.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., V.M.H., Colesborne: Hremurus ‘Colesborne
seedling,’ &e.

Mr. H. O. Etherington, Carshalton : Carnation ‘ Loveliness.’

Mrs. Holden, Nottingham : Hydrangea scandens.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines, «ce.

Kenneth McDouall of Logan, Stranraer: Digitalis ‘ The Genock.’

H. A. Martin, Esq., Surbiton : Hydrangea hortensis.

Mr. R. Neal, Wandsworth: Sweet Peas.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines.

Mrs. Scott-Elliot, Hawick: Aquilegias.

C. Scrase-Dickins, Esq., Horsham: hybrid Lilies.

Mr. W. G. Shoubridge: Viola ‘ Ethel Shoubridge.’ .

Martin R. Smith, Esq., Hayes, Kent: Carnation ‘ Lady Lichfield.’

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford : Sedums and Sempervivums.

Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter: Calceolaria ‘Golden Glory.’

Messrs. Ware, Feltham: Paeonies, &c.

Messrs. van Waveren and Kruijff, Sassenheim : pink Astilbes.

Mr. H. Weller, Leatherhead: Rose ‘Mrs. Henry Weller.’

Mr. H. White, Windlesham.: Hvica cinerea coccinea.

Frorat ComMMITTEr, JuLy 7, 1908.
At Hotnanp Houss.

Mr. W. Marsuatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

[For Medals and Cups awarded by the Council see p. civ |

Awards Recommended :—

Award of Meritt.

To Begonia ‘Duchess of Cornwall’ (votes, 10 for), from Messrs.
Blackmore and Langdon, Bath. A tuberous-rooted variety with large
double crimson-scarlet flowers, not very full but especially fine in colour.

CXXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE?*ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Begonia ‘ Frilled Queen’ (votes, 12 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Blackmore and Langdon. A richly frilled single: pink, paler towards
the centre.

To Delphinium ‘ Progression’ (votes, 9 for, 4 against), from Messrs.
Wallace, Colchester. Flowers white, yellowish at the centre, of medium
size. Habit branching.

Fic. 51.—Rosr ‘Mrs. Davin Jarpine.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

To Delphinium ‘ Statuaire Rude’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.

2

Blackmore and Langdon, Bath. Flowers pale mauve, the outer petals
tipped with pale blue, semi-double, 24 inches in diameter in a magnificent

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 21, CXXXV1l

dense-flowered column over two feet in length. [Probably named-in
honour of the French sculptor, Rude (1784-1855). |

To Rose ‘Florence Edith Coulthwaite’ (votes, 11 for), from Messrs.
Alex. Dickson, Newtownards. A hybrid tea-scented variety, deep cream
shaded with flesh-pink which intensifies with age ; flowers rather flat.

To Rose ‘ George C. Waud’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Alex.
Dickson. A hybrid tea of large size, good form, unique colour, and tea-
scented. Messrs. Dickson describe it as orange-vermilion, but under
canvas a light rose seemed the dominant colour. It has been previously
exhibited under the name ‘Sir Henry Irving’ but is now renamed to
prevent confusion with the ‘Henry Irving’ recently distributed in
America.

To Rose ‘Mrs. David Jardine’ (votes, 12 for), from Messrs. Alex.
Dickson. A hybrid tea of very fine form. Soft pink, of a richer shade
on the reverse of the petal. Habit erect and vigorous. Said to be an
excellent forcing variety. (Fig 51.)

To Rose ‘Molly Sharman Crawford’ (votes, 13 for), from Messrs.
Alex. Dickson. A tea rose with large, full, high-centred flower and
reflexing petals ; lemon-white.

To Tunica Saxifraga fl. pl. (votes, unanimous), from Mr. G. Reuthe,
Keston. A good double form of the well-known alpine, suitable for old
walls, or the rockery.

To Viola ‘Ernest Needham’ (votes, 14 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Artindale, Sheffield. Cream-white ground, rayed, with bold edging of pale
violet which is darker and irregularly toothed on the inner margin ; form
round.

Other Exhibits.

H. H. Crane, Esq., Highgate: Viclas.

Mr. A. J. Davis, Seven Kings: Sweet Peas.

The Earl of Darnley, Cobham Hall: Border Carnation.

Miss Violet Fellowes, Shotesham Park, Norwich: new plants.
Miss Franklin, Coventry: Rose var.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth: Solanum Wendlandii.

Miss Hemus, Upton-on-Severn : Sweet Peas.

Messrs. Jarman, Chard: Centaureas.

J. Kerr, Esq., Rickmansworth: Carnations.

Mr. R. Neal, Wandsworth Common: Roses, &e.

Stafford Road Nurseries, Seaford : alpines, &c.

Messrs. Walters, Bath: Delphiniums.

Messrs. Waveren and Kruijff, Sassenheim, Holland: Astilbes.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, JuLY 21, 1908.
Mr. H. B. May, in the Chair, and twenty-four members present.
Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Fuchsias, Phlox, &c.

CXXXVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Carter, High Holborn, for Sweet Peas and Eschscholzias.
To Mr. Dutton, Iver, Bucks, for Carnations.

Silver Flora Medal.

To EK. H. Brown, Esq., Roehampton (gr. Mr. Bradford), for stove
plants and Carnations.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for Carnations, «ec.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Fuchsias, &e.

To Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield, for hardy Nymphaeas, «ce.

To Mr. Maurice Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, for hardy plants.

To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. G. Bunyard, Maidstone, for herbaceous plants.
To Mr. J. Douglas, Great Bookham, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for herbaceous plants.

First-class Certificate.

To Nelumbiwm speciosum var. ‘Osiris’ (votes, unanimous), from
Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr. Mr. J.
Hudson, V.M.H.). A magnificent colour form of the Sacred Lotus, from
Japan. Flowers bright cerise, deeper in colour at the margin, paler at
the centre, whence spring the yellow stamens and stigma. (Fig. 52.)

Award of Merit.

To Astilbe Arendsw var. ‘Ceres’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. G.
Arends, Ronsdorf, Germany. A fine hybrid 8 feet high, with large
plumes of lilac-rose flowers.

To Astilbe Arendsi var. ‘ Pink Pearl’ (esis 9 for, 8 against), from
Mr. Arends. Astilbe yaponica compacta x A. Davidiana. The inflores-
cence is not so fine as that of ‘ Ceres,’ but the colour is coral pink and is
retained for a longer period.

To Begonia kewensis (votes, 18 for, 6 against), from Messrs. J. Veitch,
Chelsea. Flowers cream-white freely produced in drooping clusters from
the dense green foliage: an admirable basket plant.

To Carnation ‘ Cardinal’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. J. Douglas,
V.M.H., Great Bookham. A bright scarlet self border variety of good
form.

To Carnation ‘ Hercules’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Douglas.
A huge, fragrant, crimson-maroon flowered Malmaison with good calyx
and long stout stems (Malmaison x American Tree variety).

To Carnation ‘Splendour’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Douglas.
A bright purple self border variety of good form.

To Coriaria japonica (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Maurice Prichard,
Christchurch, Hants. A branching shrub introduced from Japan in
1896 which is generally proving quite hardy and is everywhere worth a
trial. Flowers small, red, in short racemes springing from opposite leaf-
scars, succeeded by coral red berries ripening to purplish-black. The

:<

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 21. C@XXX1X

freely-borne large clusters of berries among the pale green foliage make
the plant a very handsome one.

To Rosa Wichuraiana var. ‘Lady Godiva’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt. Flowers double, salmon pink becoming paler
with age, borne in large clusters.

Fic. 52.—NELUMBICM spEcIosuM var. ‘ Ostnis.’ (Zhe Garden.)

To Simmingia hybrida ‘Dr. Maxwell Masters’ (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. Ernst Benary, Erfurt, Germany. Said to be a bigeneric
hybrid between the ‘ Gloxinia’ and a Gesnera. Flowers freely produced,
drooping, bright rose in colour with a wide cream throat faintly spotted
with brown. Foliage dark brownish green, soft and silky.

cx] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H., gr. to L. de Rothschild, Esq., Gunners-
bury House, Acton, for Nymphaea gigantea Hudsoniana.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Humea elegans.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: herbaceous plants.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea : stove plants.

Messrs. Cannell, Swanley: Fuchsias, Begonias, &c.

Mrs. Clementi-Smith, St. Andrew’s Rectory, Doctors’ Commons:
Bracken found wild in the City of London.

Mr. C. §. Coleman, Daventry: Pelargonium var.

Messrs. Egeett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

Mr. W. H. Jenkyns, Northenden, Cheshire: Pelargonium var.

Messrs. Kelway, Langport: Gladioli.

Major Petre, Westwick, Norwich (gr. Mr. Davison): Hrigeron
‘Quakeress.’

Messrs. Phillips & Taylor, Bracknell: Carnations.

F. C. Stoop, Esq., Byfleet (gr. Mr. Carpenter): Carnation var.

Messrs. Sutton, Reading: Begonias.

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Covent Garden : Nemesias.

FrLoRAL CoMMITTEE, JuLy 30, 1908.
SuB-COMMITTEE AT WISLEY.
Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and seven members present.

Highly Commended (XXX) :—

Candytuft ‘Snow Queen’ (votes, 5 for, 1 against), from Mr. W. Deal,
Kelvedon. A dwarf white annual candytuft.

FrLoRAL COMMITTEE, AuGusT 4, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsuauu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Gladioli.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Campanulas, Lapagerias, «ce.

To Messrs. Webb & Brand, Saffron Walden, for Hollyhocks.
Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. John K. King, Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas.

To Messrs. T. S. Ware, Feltham, for herbaceous Phloxes.
Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Dahlias, &c.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 4. exli

Award of Merit.

To Carnation ‘Countess of Pembroke’ (votes, unanimous), from
A. W. Farebrother, Esq., Wilton. A pale flesh-coloured border variety,

Fic. 53.—Rosr ‘ Pauua.’ (The Garden.)
VOL. XXXIV. k

exlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

excellent in its wiry stem, firm non-bursting calyx, finely formed flower,
and strong clove scent. The colour, however, becomes dull cream.

To Rose ‘Paula’ (votes, 8 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Paul,
Cheshunt. A lemon-yellow tea rose derived from ‘Geo. Nabonnand’
and a seedling from ‘ Maréchal Niel’; strongly tea-scented, free-flowering
and vigorous. In appearance ‘Mme. Hoste’ is suggested, and the variety
should prove a good autumn bedding rose. (Fig. 53).

Other Exhibits.

_ Mr. W. Angus, Penicuik, N.B.: Chrysanthemum maximum var.
‘ Snowdon.’
Messrs. Artindale, Sheffield: new Violas, Carnations, &c.
Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: seedling Hucalypte.
Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: new Caladiums.
Mr. B. Clarke, Oadby, Leicester: new border Carnation.
Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay: new Antirrhinums.
Rey. W. H. Jackson, Slagsden Vicarage, Bedford: seedling Rose.
Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park: Agapanthus and Buddleia.
Mr. Parr, Trent Park Gardens, Herts: Lathyrus latifolius varieties.
Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: hardy plants.
Mr. A. Langley Smith, Wandsworth: Geraniwm pratense var.
Mr. W. A. Watts, St. Asaph: Carnations.
Mr. H. J. Wheeler, Seven Kings: new Carnations.

FLorAt CommitTter, August 14, 1908.

SuB-CoMMITTEE AT WISLEY.

Highly Commended (XXX) :—
Outdoor Cannas :

‘Dr. Marcus,’ from Mr. W. Pfitzer.

‘Elizabeth Hoss,’ from Messrs. Cannell and Veitch.

‘Furst Wied,’ from Mr. W. Pfitzer.

‘L. E. Bally,’ from Messrs. Veitch.

‘Météore,’ from Messrs. Cannell and Veitch.

‘Wm. Saunders,’ from Messrs. Conrad and Jones.

For descriptions of these see Report on Cannas at Wisley, 1907,
R.H.S. Jour. xxxiii. p. 212 et seq. See also Report on Cannas in the
Open, 1908, p. 299.

Herbaceous Phlox (Phlox decussata) :

‘André Michaux,’ from Messrs. Dobbie. Flowers soft mauve-pink,
with rose eye. Truss dense, broad, very large. Vigorous. 15 inches.

‘General Giovaninelli,) from Messrs. Barr, Dobbie, and Forbes.
Flowers Tyrian rose, with large pale eye. Vigorous. 15 inches.

‘Jules Cambon,’ from Messrs. Dobbie and Forbes. Flowers pale rosy
magenta, with large white eye. Truss close, broad, rather small. 2 feet.

‘Lady Tweeddale,’ from Mr. J. Forbes. Flowers pure white; truss
large, broad. 14 feet.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 18. exlili

‘ Siebold,’ from Messrs. Barr, Dobbie, Forbes, and Perry. Flowers
scarlet, with darker eye. Truss large, much branched. 2 feet.

‘ Sesostris,’ from Messrs. Dobbie and Forbes. Flowers rosy magenta,
lasting. Truss large. Habit very vigorous. 25 feet.

These varieties will be further described in the Report on Phloxes
in 1909.

FroraAL ComMiITTEE, Auacust 18, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsuatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Crotons.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Gladioli.

To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for ornamental grasses,
Dahlias, &c.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Caladiums.

To Messrs. Russell, Richmond, for hardy heaths, Fuchsias, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Dahlias and Cannas.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. F. Eames, Frome, for Phloxes.

To Messrs. Laing, Forest Hill, for Caladiums.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for miscellaneous flowering plants.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for herbaceous and alpine plants.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee (gr. Mr. W. A. Cook), for
hardy flowering plants.

Award of Merit.

To Pink ‘Princess Christian’ (votes, 18 for, 5 against), from
Messrs. Ladhams, Shirley, Southampton. A profusely flowering perpetual
pink, with good habit and scented flowers with crimson centre and edge,
and white ground.

To Thalictrum .dipterocarpum (votes, 14 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea. A newly introduced species from China closely
resembling 7. Delavayi and T. Chelidonu, but apparently of a more
robust habit and from its free-seeding qualities likely to prove a more
useful garden plant. Flowers, 4 inch in diameter, drooping, in large,
loose, terminal erect panicles ; perianth segments pale purple, at length
recurving ; anthers numerous, pale yellow, in the specimen as long as

k 2

cxliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the perianth segments ; leaves ternately decompound, segments pale green
above, glaucous-green below with prominent veins, truncately 3-lobed,
elegantly disposed on glossy wiry stalks, 2-3 feet. (Fig. 54).

Fic. 54,.—Tuaicrrum pipreRocarpuM. (The Garden.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: stove plants.
Lady Florence Duncombe, Calwich Abbey, Ashbourne: Carnation

seedling.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 18. cxlv

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

Mrs. A. E. Franklin, Chesham, Bucks: Carnation seedlings.

Messrs. Grove, Sutton Coldfield: Statice tatarica rubra.

Mr. Lansdell, Desford, Leicester: Sweet Peas.

Captain Meade, Earsham Hall, Bungay: Carnation seedling.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Rose ‘ Urania.’

Messrs. Pearson, Lowdham, Notts: Rose ‘ Mrs. Littleton Dewhurst.’

i ele

exlvyi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SocIRtY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
May 12, 1908.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and seventeen members present.
Awards Recommended :—

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for vegetables and salads.

Other Exhibits.
Colonel R. Peacock, Avon Castle, Ringwood: Melon ‘Avon Park.’
Mr. N. Molyneux, Rookesbury Park, Wickham: a Melon raised from
‘Scarlet Gem’ x ‘ Hero of Lockinge.’

F'RuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1908.

Mr. Gro. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fourteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Fig and Peach trees in pots.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Martin, Auburn, New York, for bottled fruits.
To Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham, for Cucumbers.
Cultural Commendation.
To §S. Heilbut, Esq., Holyport, Maidenhead (gr. Mr. Camp), for
Nectarine ‘ Early Rivers.’
Other Exhibits.
Mrs. Miller, Marlow: Chutney.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 23, 1908.

Mr. Gro. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for new Potatos and Radishes.
To S. H. King, Esq., Ashford (gr. Mr. Weston), for Grapes.
To W. Preedy, Esq., Agent-General for New South Wales, Cannon
Street, E.C., for fruit from the experimental farm of the. New South
Wales Governtient

Other Exhibits. 4
Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea: vegetables.

a

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 30 & JULY 7 & 21. exlvli

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 380, 1908.
Sus-CoMMITTEE AT WISLEY.

Mr. Jos. CHEAL in the Chair, and four members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To Bean ‘Leviathan White Long Pod,’ from Messrs. Carter, High
Holborn.

To Peas ‘ Daffodil,’ ‘ Dawn,’ ‘ Evergreen Délicatesse,’ ‘ Harvestman,’
‘ International,’ ‘Snowdrop’; all from Messrs. Carter, High Holborn.

For descriptions see Reports of trials at Wisley, 1908, p. 288.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 7, 1908.
At Honuanp Hovuss.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.
[For Cups and Medals awarded by the Council see p. civ. |

The awards recommended by the Sub-Committee at Wisley on June 30
were confirmed.

Award Recommended :—
Award of Merit.
To Blackberry hybrid ‘ Low Junior ’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Low, Bush Hill Park. A reputed cross between the blackberry and the

loganberry, with the colour of the former and the size of the latter. The
fruits shown had been ripened under glass.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Laxton, Bedford: Strawberries ‘ Cropper,’ ‘ The Bedford,’ and
‘ Epicure.’

H. P. Sturgis, Esq., Givons, Leatherhead (gr. Mr. Peters): Straw-
berries ‘ William Peters,’ ‘ Marmaduke,’ and ‘ Black Peter.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, JuLY 21, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.

Award Recommended :—
Silver Kmghtian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Peas.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Clibrans, Altrincham: Broad Bean ‘Clibran’ which the
Committee considered to be well-grown ‘ Seville Longpod.’

Messrs. J. K. King, Coggeshall: Peas.

W. Phipson Beale, Esq., K.C., M.P., Drumlamford, Barrhill, Ayrshire
(gr. Mr. Palmer): Tomatos.

exlvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea : Lettuce.

Mr. J. Ross, Ham Court Gardens, Upton-on-Severn: Melon.

Mr. R. Staward, Panshanger Gardens, Hertford: three varieties
of Peas.

Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow: Apple ‘ Red Margaret.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 381, 1908.
Sus-CoMMITTEE AT WISLEY.

Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and ten members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To Beet ‘ Sutton’s Globe,’ from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.

To Dwarf Bean ‘Carter’s Perpetual,’ from Messrs. Carter, High
Holborn.

To Parsley ‘Massey’s Dwarf Perfection,’ from Messrs. Massey,
Spalding. i

To Potato ‘Courteen Seedling,’ for pot or frame culture, from Mr.
G. Taylor, Byram Gardens, Yorks.

To Potato ‘ Midlothian Early,’ from Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay.

[For descriptions see Reports of Trials at Wisley, 1908. |

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AuGusT 4, 1908.

Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and eleven members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Kmghtian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for fruit trees in pots.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Mrs. W. H. Plowman, Chapter Street, Westminster, for bottled
fruits, jams, jellies, &c.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter, High Holborn, for French beans.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE ComMITTEE, AuausT 18, 1908.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for fruit trees in pots.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow, for Apples.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 18. exlix

Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘ Feltham Beauty’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch,
Chelsea. .Fruits flattish-round, medium size; eye closed with long calyx
segments, in puckered shallow basin; skin greenish yellow, heavily
streaked with red; stalk slender, half-inch long, inserted in shallow

(The Garden.

Fig. 55.—Aprie ‘Fruruam Beavry.’

cavity ; very similar to Cox’s Orange at base; flesh crisp and peculiarly
aromatic (Mr. Gladstone x Cox’s Orange Pippin). (Fig. 54.)

Other Exhibits.
Col. Archer-Houblon, Newbury: seedling Apple.
Messrs. Mathews, Abingdon : seedling Apples.
F, W. Platt, Esq. Highgate: scarlet runner Beans.
W. A. Voss, Esq., Rayleigh: scarlet runner Beans.

cl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
May 12, 1908.

Mr. J. Gurney Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-four members present.

Award Recommended :—
Silver Lindley Medal.
To Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J.

Chapman), for a superbly grown plant of the fine Odontoglossum crispum
‘Leonard Perfect.’ (Fig. 56.)

{
SS SARBPCH ROK,

Itc. 56.—OpontToGLossum crispum ‘LEONARD PrErrect.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Jas. Veitch, Chelsea, for a group, including Brasso-
Catt-Laelia x Veitchu.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 12. cli

Silver Banksian Medal.

To H. S. Goodson, Esq., Putney (gr. Mr. G. EK. Day), for a group.
To Mons. M. Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.

First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘Leonard Perfect’ (votes, unanimous),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J.
Chapman). A very large-flowered, white variety with the inner halves
of the segments each bearing one large irregular violet-purple blotch.
(Fig. 56.)

Fic. 57.—OpontToGLossumM x WILCKEANUM SCHRODERIANUM.
(Journal of Horticulture.)

To Cattleya Mossiae Goossensiana (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., Burford (gr, Mr. W. H. White). Of
the C. M. Reineckiana class. Sepals and petals pearly white, lip bright
reddish-violet, with crimped white margin. A.M. May 31, 1899.

To Brasso-Cattleya x heatonensis (B. Digbyana x C. x Hardyana)
(votes unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.Y.O.,
Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Flower large, yellowish, tinged
with pale rose, lip trumpet-shaped, fringed and with a yellowish emerald-
green disc.

To Odontoglossum x Wilckeanum Schroderianum (votes unanimous),
from Baron Sir H. Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine).

clii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A fine variety with yellow flowers heavily marked with chestnut-red ;
petals fringed. (Fig. 57.)

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum x Ossulstonii, Glebelands variety (Pescatorei
Charlesworthu x crispo-Harryanum) (votes unanimous), from J. Gurney
Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis). Inflor-
escence branched ; flowers white blotched with claret.

To Odontoglossum x illustre var. ‘Theodora’ (Vuylstekei x ardentis-
simum) (votes, 15 for, 3 against), from De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield,
Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables). Flowers opening a light bronzy hue
changing to rosy-mauve when mature; margin silver-white.

To Odontoglossum nebulosum Mossiae (votes, unanimous), from J. 8.
Moss, Esq., Wintershill Hall, Bishops Waltham. Flowers white with
yellow crest to the lip, shown as Odontoglosswm apterum.

To Angraecum Germinyanum (votes unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A dwarf, slender
species from Madagascar producing solitary flowers; the large white
labellum uppermost, the narrow deflected greenish sepals and petals and
longer spur drooping beneath. The little plant bore four fine flowers.

Botanical Certificate.

To LEpidendrum leucochilum from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
Stems leafy, flowers having greenish sepals and petals and a trilobed
white lip.

To Hria amica Rehb. f. (EH. confusa), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
The plant bore five racemes of whitish flowers striped with red, the front
of the lip being yellow.

To Megacliniwm velutinum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. Flowers
borne in two rows on a flat purple rachis. Imported from West Africa.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford: Odontoglosswm crispum ‘ Zoroaster.’

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. : Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Britannia.’

Pantia Ralli, Esq.: two varieties of Dendrobium Rallianwm.

De B. Crawshay, Esq.: well-grown Odontoglossums.

The Hon. Mrs. Foley: Lissochilus purpuratus.

Miss Willmott: Mazillaria porphyrostele.

H. J. Bromilow, Esq.: varieties of Cypripedium bellatulum.

Reg. J. Farrer, Esq., Clapham, Yorks: Odontoglosswm crispum ‘ Anne
Boleyn.’

Mr. A. W. Jensen: a group.

Messrs. Hugh Low: Cattleyas, &c.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 26, 27, 28. elili

Orcuip CommiTtTEE, May 26, 27, 28, 1908.
At THE INNER TEMPLE GARDENS.

Mr. H. J. Verron, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-four members
present.

[For Cups and Medals awarded by the Council after consultation with
the Judges, see p. xciv.|

Fic. 58.—LakEtio-CattLEeya ‘ Enva,’ WESTONBIRT VARIETY. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

Awards Recommended :—
First-class Certificate.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Elva,’ Westonbirt variety (C. Warscewiczii
x L.-C. Ingramit) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.LE., C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Flowers deep

cliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rose with ruby-crimson labellum, having a pale yellow spot on each side
in the tube. (Fig. 58.)

To Cattleya Mendelii ‘His Majesty the King’ (votes, unanimous),
from Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hopkins).
A large and finely formed bluish-white flower with a distinct purple
blotch on the front of the lip.

To Odontioda x Charlesworthu (O. Harryanum x C. Noezliana)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers of a uniform

Semen

Fic. 59.—Opontriopa CHarueswortau. (The Garden.)

deep ruby-crimson with a reddish glow over’ the surface; crest spiny,
yellow. (Fig. 59.)

To Odontoglossum x illustre luxurians (Vuylstekei x ardentissimum)
(votes, unanimous), from Mons. Chas. Vuylsteke, Loochristi, Ghent.
A fine hybrid with reddish-purple flowers, having white margins and
tips to the segments.

To Odontoglossum x eximium ‘Queen Alexandra’ ( x ardentissimum
x crispwm) (votes, unanimous), from Mons. Chas. Vuylsteke. Flowers
deep reddish purple with slight transverse lines and margin of white.

=?

ee

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 26, 27, 38. clv

To Cypripedium ventricosum (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Cutbush. A very handsome hardy species, native of Siberia, and allied
to C. macranthum. Labellum large, ventricose, deep rose colour.

Award of Merit.

To Odontioda x ‘St. Fuscien’ (O. Adrianae x C. Noezliana) (votes,
unanimous), from Mons. Henri Graire, St. Fuscien, Amiens, France.
Flowers light yellow blotched and margined with scarlet; front of the
lip tinged with rose.

To Odontoglossum x hibernicum (Hallw x hastilabiwm) (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Sepals and petals closely
marked with brown, tips sulphur-yellow ; lip brown at the base, white in
front.

To Cirrhopetalum pulchrum (votes, unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr. Mr. W. P. Bound). A strong-
growing species with fine umbels of rose-tinted flowers.

To Odontoglossum Lindenw (votes, unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bart. Flowers chrome-yellow.

To Odontoglossum x laudatum (parentage unrecorded) (votes, 12 for,
4 against), from Mons. Chas. Vuylsteke. Flowers heavily blotched with
purple.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘Kenneth’ (votes, 14 for, 2 against),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam. Flower of fine form
and with all segments equally broad; white with deep reddish-purple
blotches.

To Cattleya Mossiae ‘Le Président’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Hugh Low. A finely coloured typical form.

Botanical Certificate.

To Bulbophyllum mirum, from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart. A singular
species from Sumatra with small angular pseudo-bulbs on slender rhizomes ;
flowers in pairs, each 1 inch in length, white, closely spotted with purple.
A singular feature in the flower is the small nearly orbicular petals,
each bearing a motile fringe.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
for Miltonia vexillaria with twenty-eight spikes bearing together
134 flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. J. Robson, Altrincham: a small group.

Mrs. Collingwood, Lilburn Tower, Alnwick: a group of Vandateres.

H. S. Goodson, Esq.: Odontoglossums.

H. T. Pitt, Esq.: Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Snow Queen.’

Mr. J. Birchenall, Alderley Edge: Schlimmama trifida and Bollea
Lalindei.

Baron Sir H. Schréder (gr. Mr. Ballantine): rare Odontoglossums.

Mons. Jules Hye de Crom: Miltonia x Hyeana.

clvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OrcHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1908.

Mr. H. J. Verrcu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and seventeen members present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Flora Medal. ,
To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans; for a group.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Bradford, for hybrids.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group of Cattleyas and
Odontoglossums.

a — SARESHRON =

Fic. 60.—Opontocuossum x PuHorse. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. & A. A. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Odontoglossums, &e.

To De B. Crawshay, Esq., Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables), for hybrid
Odontoglossums.

To Messrs. Stanley, Southgate, for a group of Cattleya Mossiae.

To Mr. A. W. Jensen, Lindfield, for a group.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. elvil

First-class Certificate.

To Miltonia x ‘St. André’ (x Blewana x Roezlit) (votes, unanimous),
from Baron Sir H. Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine).
Flowers white, with the inner halves of the petals tinged with violet and
the base of the lip having radiating lines of red-brown.

To Odontoglossum x ‘ Phoebe’ (cirrhosum x crispum) (votes,
unanimous), from Baron Sir H. Schréder. Flowers equal in size to
O. x ardentissimum, white, heavily blotched with purplish-red. (Fig. 60.)

anc J arpa

i iti ad ii cliche t isiaitave ‘ 3 as

AE te me Nn

ae (SR I RT

j1nsabenshesermmpenneh wmaanion Ate Miata seen

iit ea:

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Gea at t A HRON? eae ve /
SS) ger — = SL PARP SK RON = : —— .

Fic. 61.—OpontoeLossum ‘QUEEN ALEXANDRA,’ VAR. CRAWSHAYANUM.
(Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

To Odontoglossum x ‘Queen Alexandra’ Crawshayanum (Harry-
anum xX triumphans) (votes, unanimous), from De B. Crawshay, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Stables). A very large broad-petaled flower; sepals and petals
yellow, the ground colour almost hidden by large purple-brown blotches ;
lip white, with the basal three-fourths marked with rose colour. (Fig. 61.)

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum gloriosum citrinum (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge. Flowers pale citron-yellow, the usual
brown spotting being suppressed and replaced by a slightly darker yellow
tint.

VOL. XXXIV.

clviili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Miltonia x Bleuana var. Stevensii (Roezlit alba x vexillaria Leo-
poldw (votes, 8 for, 4 against), from W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange,
Stone (gr. Mr. Stevens). A compact and floriferous form with white
flowers, having reddish lines at the base of the lip.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. May, gr. to J. B. Joel, Esq., Childwickbury, for a fine

specimen of Odontoglossum Rothschildianum, ‘ Northaw variety,’ with
five spikes.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. J. Veitch: Cypripedium spectabile.
Mons. Mertens, Ghent: hybrid Odontoglossums.
Walter Cobb, Esq., Rusper (gr. Mr. C. J. Salter): Cattleya x Mar-
tinetw dulcotensis.
G. W. Bird, Esq., West Wickham (gr. Mr. Redden) : an Odontioda
resembling O. heatonensis.

ORCHID Commirres, JUNE 23, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNeY Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables), for
hybrid Odontoglossums. .
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Stanley, Southgate, for Cattleyas.

First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglosswm crispum ‘ Princess of Wales’ (votes, unanimous),
from Baron Sir H. Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. Ballantine). A
large form with broad-petaled white flowers, the sepals being tinged with
lilac and the labellum having a large brown blotch in front of the yellow
crest. \

Award of Merit.

To Odontioda x Wickhamensis (Odontoglossum crispum x Cochlioda
sanguinea) (votes, 16 for, 1 against), from G. W. Bird, Esq., Manor House,
West Wickham (gr. Mr. Redden). Resembling O. x heatonensis, but with
broader and less acute segments. Flowers white, tinged with rose-pink
and spotted with light red.

To Epidendrum virens (votes, 14 for, 2 against), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., Burford (gr. Mr. White). Sepals and petals
pale green, lip white with some purple lines; fragrant. Guatemala.

To Dendrobium Jerdonianum (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart. A compact evergreen species with a profusion of orange-
coloured flowers with long narrow segments. Native of Western Ghats,
India; altitude 2.000 feet.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JULY 7-8. elix

Botanical Certificate.

To Bulbophyllum fusco-purpureum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
Flowers in racemes on long pedicels, each nearly 1 inch long; brownish-
purple, the lip darkest ; petals continued into long filaments. Nuilgiri
Hills.

To Hulophia nuda, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. Flowers on
stout spikes; green, with white labellum.

To Phalaenopsis Linden, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. Foliage
marbled-white, as in P. Schilleriana; flowers white and rose colour, like
P. rosea, but with an ovate front lobe to the lip.

To Bifrenaria tetragona, from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flower of thick
substance, green, tinged with purple; lip white externally, purple within.

To Vanda primula, from Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds. A dwarf
species from the Sikkim Hills. Flowers in pairs, white, with purple lines
on the upper side of the labellum.

Other Exhibits.

Baron Sir H. Schréder: Odontoglossuwm crispum ‘ Prince of Wales.’

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.: several interesting species.

Francis Wellesley, Esq.: Cattleya Mendeli majestica. A very large
form ; and C. WM. ‘ Venus,’ a pretty, light variety.

Henry Little, Esq. : Laelio-Cattleya Epicasta ‘ Little’s variety.’

H. 8. Gocdson, Esq.: Odontoglossum crispum ‘Mrs. Humphrey.’ <A
blotched variety.

Lieut.-Col. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.0.: Dendrobium x Dalhou-nobile.

At Hotuanp Hovusz, OrcHID CoMMITTEE, JuLY 7-8, 1908.

Mr. H. J. Verron, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

[For Cups and Medals awarded by the Council after consultation with
the Judges see p. civ. |

Awards Recommended :—
First-class Certificate.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Clive’ magnifica (L. primula praestans x C.
Dowiana aurea) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.L.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. Alexander). A dwarf Laelio-Cattleya
with large flowers, having the sepals and petals deep rose, the lip purplish-
claret, with gold lines from the base.

To Odontoglossum x coeruleum ‘King of England’ (parentage
unrecorded) (votes, unanimous), from H. §. Goodson, Esq., West Hill,
Putney (gr. Mr. G. HK. Day). Flowers large with broad segments, white,

heavily blotched with violet; lip chocolate-purple with white margin and
yellow crest.

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum x ‘ Eleanor,’ Westonbirt variety (cirrhosum.x Uro-
Skinneri) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. Inflor-
12

elx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

escence branched. Flowers sap-green spotted with chocolate ; lip white,
marked with violet.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, orchid-grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.1.E., C.V.O., for a finely grown specimen of Odontoglosswm x ‘ Othello’.
(Harryanum x Adrianae), with two spikes of many large flowers.

To Mons. Chas. Vuylsteke, Ghent, for the original plant of Odon-
tioda x Vuylstekea (O. Pescatorer x C. Noezliana), first shown by
him May 31, 1904.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford: Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Danae’
(S.-L. laeta Orpetiana x C. Harrisoniae). |

Walter Cobb, Esq. (gr. Mr. C. J. Salter): Odontoglosswm x formosum
- £Cobb’s variety.’

F. M. Ogilvie, Esq. (gr. Mr. Balmforth): two fine varieties of
Miltoma vexillaria.

W. Thompson, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stevens): Odontioda x Charlesworthit.

Mons. Fl. Claes, Brussels: fine varieties of Cattleya Mendelu and
C. Mossiae.

Mons. A. A. Peeters, Brussels: hybrid Cattleyas.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JULY 21, 1908.

Mr. J. GurNEY Fow er in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr.
H. G. Alexander), for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, for a group.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

First-class Certificate. ,
To Stanhopea tigrina (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth.
The large yellow and dark purple species first introduced from Mexico
in 1839.

Award of Mert.

To Angraecum Augustum, Rolfe (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A remarkable species
sent from North-East Rhodesia by Mr. Augustus Old. Leaves very fleshy,
grey-green. Inflorescence produced as in A. Kotschyi. Flowers pure
white, with pale greenish spurs 6 inches long.

To Odontioda x Thwaitesii (Cochlioda vulcanica x Odontoglossum
Harryanum (votes, unanimous), from R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham
(gr. Mr. Black). Sepals and petals bronzy-claret; lip rosy-lilac, with
yellow crest.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, AUGUST 4. clxi

Botanical Certificate.

To Hpidendrum costatum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A
Mexican species growing like a strong Barkeria, producing a nodding
raceme of about fifteen reddish flowers with acuminate yellow tips to the
sepals and petals; lip whitish, ridged, marked with purple.

To Geodorum purpureum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.
Phaius-like in growth. Inflorescence erect, bearing at the top a decurved
head of white flowers marked with purple on the lip.

Other Exhibits.

W. P. Burkinshaw, Esq., Hessle, Hull (gr. Mr. Barker): Cattleya
Warscewiczii, Rochford’s variety.

Mr. J. Birchenall, Alderley Edge: three varieties of Bollea Lalindet.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch : the fine white Cattleya x Dusseldorfei ‘ Undine.’

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.0O.: Laelia x ‘Bella’ (majalis
xX purpurata).

The Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park (gr. Mr. A. Dye):
Stanhopea nodora with ten flowers on a spike.

OrcHID CommiTTEE, Auaust 4, 1908.

Mr. H. J. Verrcn in the Chair, and nine members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for a group of
Cypripediums, &c.

‘Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mons. Mertens, Ghent, for Odontoglossums and Miltonias.

First-class Certificate.

To Sophro-Catileya x warnhamensis var. ‘J. M. Black’ (C. amethysto-
glossa x S. grandiflora) (votes, unanimous), from R. G. Thwaites, Esq.,
Streatham (gr. Mr. Black). Sepals and petals deep crimson with a
claret shade; disc of the lip yellow, the tips of the side lobes and front
lobe ruby red. (Fig. 62.)

Award of Merit.
To Vanda x amoena var. Sanderae (natural hybrid V. coerulea
x V. Roxburghii) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Sander. A much
finer flower than the original and probably the reverse cross, the seed
being borne by V. coerulea. Flowers formed like V. coerulea, cream-white,
broadly netted with violet; lip claret colour.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Angraecum Whytei, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.,
Burford (gr. Mr. W. H. White). Allied to Angraecum (Listrostachys)
Chaillianum. Flowers white, with pointed brown-tinted spurs. Native
of Uganda.

clxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. G. G. Whitelegge, gr. to J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange,
Southgate, for Lycaste tricolor with twenty-nine flowers.

Other Exhibits.

H. 8. Goodson, Esq., Putney (gr. Mr. Day): two varieties of Brasso-
Cattleya x ‘Pluto,’ and Cattleya x ‘ Atalanta’ var. Goodsoniae.

Fic. 62.—Sopuro-CarrLeyA WARNHAMENSIS ‘J. M. Buacx.’ (The Garden.)

R. G. Thwaites, Esq. (gr. Mr. Black): Cattleya swperba alba, and
two examples of QOdontioda x Thwattesii.

Mr. Jas. Douglas, V.M.H.: an Angraecum ‘received from Tropical
Africa. (See p. cxvi.)

Herr Otto Beyrodt, Marienfelde, Berlin: Cattleya x ‘Harold’ var.
‘Hildegard’ (Gaskelliana alba x Warscewiczii ‘ Frau Melanie Beyrodt’).

ORCHID COMMITTEE, AUGUST 18. elxili

OrcHID ComMITTEE, AuGusT 18, 1908.

Mr. J. GURNEY Fow ter in the Chair, and seventeen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., Burford (gr. Mr. W. H.
White), for a group of new and rare Orchids.

To H. S. Goodson, Esq., Putney (gr. Mr. Day), for a group.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for a group.

To Messrs. Gurney, Wilson, Hayward’s Heath, for a group of Miltonia
vexillaria.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables), for
a group of hybrid Odontoglossums.

To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, for a group.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum x Wiganianum superbum (Wilckeanum x Rolfeae)
(votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr.
White). A very large form with citron-yellow sepals and petals blotched
with dark purple; lip white, with purple markings around the yellow
crest.

Award of Merit.

To Sophro-Laelio-Catileya x ‘Medea’ var. vinicolor (S.-L. x laeta
Orpetiana x C. bicolor) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut. Col. G. L.
Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O. (gr. Mr. Alexander). In size and form resembling
Cattleya bicolor, and of a uniform claret colour with large fleshy white
column.

To Cypripedium x Rossettit (insigne Sanderianum x Maudiae) (votes,
unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. Flowers yellow, with green
veining on the dorsal sepal, the upper portion of which is white.

To Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Marathon ’ (S.-L. x ‘Psyche’ x C. x
‘Empress Frederick’) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth.
Resembling a small form of Cattleya x ‘Kmpress Frederick.’ Sepals
and petals silver-white, tinged with lilac; lip ruby-purple, with yellow
markings on the disc.

To Trichopilia nobilis alba (votes, 8 for, 3 against), from Messrs.
Charlesworth. A pure white form, without the yellow eye usually seen
in the species.

To Odontoglossum x ‘Zenobia’ (Halli x Hdwardiu) (votes,
unanimous), from De B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables). Inflorescence
branched ; flowers numerous, chocolate-purple, with cream-white tips to
the segments.

Botanical Certificate.

To Catasetum labiatum. Flowers erect, globular, with the front of
the lip projecting from the opening in the labellum.

clxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Catasetum Claesianum. Flowers greenish, with fringed sides to
the helmet-shaped labellum.

To Angraecum Kindtianum. A dwarf species, with racemes of small
yellowish star-shaped flowers. |

To Hria longispicata. Aerides-like in growth, with several erect
spikes of small greenish flowers marked with red-brown.

To Polystachya flecuosa. A singular species from Uganda with the
growth of a small, slender Ansellia about 1 foot in height and bearing
an inflorescence a foot long with a bunch of white flowers with some purple
marks on the labellum.

To Epidendrum Lambeauanum. A dwarf, tufted species of the
Nanodes section, with terminal flowers, sepals and petals whitish and the
labellum claret-red with lighter margin.

All the above shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H.

Other Exhibits. |
Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.LE., C.V.O.: new hybrids.
G. W. Jessop, Esq., Rawdon: Satyriwm corufolium.
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans: a group.
W. Waters Butler, Esq., Edgbaston: Odontoglossum Uro-Skinneru.

TELEGRAMS:

*¢ Report of the Council.”

a
ROD DNAAE WDE

NOTICES TO FELLOWS.

ESTABLISHED
1804.

* HORTENSIA, LONDON.”

elxv

INCORPORATED
1809.

TELEPHONE :
5363 WESTMINSTER.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

NOTICES TO

. Notice to Fellows.
. Letters.

Telephone and Telegrams.

. Journals Wanted.

. Subscriptions.

. Form of Bequest.

. Privileges of Chemical Analysis.
. List of Fellows.

. New Fellows.

. Shirley Poppy Seed.

. An Appeal.

. The Society’s Gardens at Wisley.
. Trials at Wisley in 1909-10.

. The Wisley Research Station.

. Students at Wisley.

. H.M. Inspector’s Report.

. Distribution of Surplus Plants.

. The Society’s Hall and Offices.

. Letting of Hall.

. Exhibitions, Meetings, and Lectures

in 1909.

. Meetings, 1909.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
33.
34.
35.

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

FELLOWS.

British Grown Fruit.

Bottled British Fruits, &c., Show.

Colonial-grown Fruit Show, 1909.

Shows of kindred Societies in 1909.

Forced Bulb Show, March 9, 1909.

Special Prizes, 1909.

Lectures.

The Masters Lectures.

Examinations, 1909.

Examinations Abroad.

Information.

Inspection of Fellows’ Gardens.

Affiliation of Local Societies.

Union of Horticultural Mutual Im-
provement Societies.

Classification of Daffodils.

Colour Chart.

Monograph on Fungoid Pests.

Rules for Judging, 1909 Code.

Varieties of Fruits.

Nicholson Memorial Fund.

Adverti sements.

1. NOTICE TO FELLOWS.

A few pages of Notices to Fellows are always added at the end of each
number of the JouRNAL, immediately preceding the Advertisements, and
also at the beginning both of the ‘‘ Book of Arrangements’”’ and of the

Fellows are particularly requested to consult

these Notices, as it would often save them and the Secretary much need-
less correspondence.

elxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2. LETTERS:

All letters on all subjects should be addressed—The Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

3. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAMS.

Telephone Number: WESTMINSTER, 5368.
“ HORTENSIA, LONDON,” is sufficient address for telegrams.

4. JOURNALS WANTED.

The Secretary would be very greatly obliged for any of the following
back numbers :—Vol. V., Part 1; Vol. VII., Part 2; Vol. X.; Vol. XIIL.,
Part 1; Vol. XVI., Parts 2 and 8; Vol. XVII., Parts 1 and 2; Vol. XVIL.,
Parts 3 and 4; Vol. XIX., Part 1; Vol. XIX., Part 2; Vol. XX., Part 3;
Vol. XXII, Part 8; Vol. XXII., Part 4; Vol. XXV., Part 3; Vol.
XXVI., Part-4; Vol. XXVIL, Part. 1; Vol. XXVIL, Part 4-7 yor
XXVIII, Parts 3 and 4; and Vol. XXIX., Parts 1, 2, and 3. Also the
return to the Society of ANY NUMBERS of the JournaL which may
be of no further use or interest to Fellows would be appreciated, as
applications for back numbers are repeatedly received.

5. SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions fall due on January Ist of each year. To avoid the
inconvenience of remembering this, Fellows can compound by the pay-
ment of one lump sum in lieu of all further annual payments ; or they
can, by applying to the Society, obtain a form of instruction to their
bankers to pay for them every January 1st. It may be a week or more
before the Tickets reach the Fellow, owing to the very large numbers,
over 20,000, having to be despatched within the first month of the
year. Fellows who have not already given an order on their bankers for
the payment of their subscriptions each year are requested to do so, as
this method of payment is preferred, and saves the Fellows considerable
trouble. Forms for the purpose may be obtained from the R.H.S. Offices
at Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. Fellows whose subscriptions
remain unpaid are debarred from all the privileges of the Society ; but
their subscriptions are nevertheless recoverable at law, the Society being
incorporated by Royal Charter.

In paying their subscriptions, Fellows often make the mistake
of drawing their cheques for Pounds instead of for Guineas. Kindly note
that in all cases it is Guineas and not Pounds. Cheques and Postal
Orders should be made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society ”’
and crossed ‘‘ London and County Bank, Westminster.”’

6. FORM OF BEQUEST.

I give and bequeath to the Treasurer for the time being of the Royal
Horticultural Society, London, the sum of £ .., to be paid out of

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxvil

such part of my personal estate as I can lawfully charge with the payment
of such legacy, and to be paid free of legacy duty, within six months of
my decease ; the receipt of such Treasurer to be a sufficient discharge
forthe same. And I declare that the said legacy shall be applied towards
[the general purposes of the Society].*

7. PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Instructions are contained at page 70 in the “Book of Arrange-
ments,” 1908.

S.-LIST .OF "FELEOWS.

A list of all the Fellows of the Society is sent out in January.
Fellows are requested to look at their own names in it, and if in any way
these are incorrect, or the addresses insufficient, they are requested to inform
the Secretary at once. Another use which all Fellows might make of this
list is to consult it with reference to their friends’ names, and if any of
them are not found recorded therein they might endeavour to enlist their
sympathies with the Society, and obtain their consent to propose them as
Fellows forthwith. Forms of Nomination, and of the Privileges of
Fellows, are bound in with every number of the JourNnat and the
“ Book of Arrangements.”

9. NEW FELLOWS.

On March 6 last the Society completed its 104th year. Will all
the Fellows do their best to extend the usefulness of the Society by
enlisting the sympathy of all their friends and persuading them to
join the ranks of the Society? A list of the privileges of Fellows
will be found at page 16 in the “Book of Arrangements,’ and just
a line addressed to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster,
containing the name and address of the proposed new Fellow will suffice.
Should it be preferred, the Secretary will, upon receipt of a postcard or
letter giving the name and address of any persons likely to join the
Society, write direct and invite them to allow their names to be proposed
for election.

Pe omintkEY-POPPY’ SEED.

The Secretary regrets that he has this season only a very small stock of
seed to give away. Last year he distributed over a thousand packets, and
those who received it should have saved seed for themselves. This year
there will be barely 500 packets available, but as far as it will go he will
be pleased to send a packet to any Fellows who like to send to Rev. W.
Wilks, Shirley Vicarage, Croydon, a stamped envelope ready addressed to
themselves. The seed should be sown as early as possible in March.

* Any special directions or conditions which the testator may wish to be attached
to the bequest may be substituted for the words in brackets.

elxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This is an offer made by the Secretary in his private capacity, and it
causes much inconvenience when requests for seed are mixed up with
letters sent to the office in London instead of as above directed. _Appli-
cants receiving no reply must kindly understand that the stock is ex-
hausted ; it will be impossible to write explanatory letters to all.

11. AN APPEAL.

What has been accomplished for the Society since 1887 is largely due
to the unwearied assistance afforded by a small proportion of the Fellows ;
but as all belong to the same Society, so it behoves each one to do what
he or she can to further its interests, especially in :—

1. Increasing the number of Fellows.

2. Helping to swell the Fund started by Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H.,
for providing Prizes for the Students at Wisley.

3. Lectures with lantern slides.

4. Books are required to fill the gaps in the Library both at Vincent
Square and at Wisley.

5. New and rare plants and seeds are wanted for the Garden and
surplus roots for distribution to the Fellows.

Thus there is plenty for all to do according to their individual liking:
personal effort, money, plants, books, are all alike needed. The Secretary,
therefore, asks those who read these lines to do their best to help in any
of the ways above indicated.

12. THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT WISLEY.

The Gardens are open daily to Fellows and others showing Fellows’
Transferable Tickets from 9 a.m. till sunset, except on Sundays, Good
Friday, and Christmas Day. Each Fellow’s ticket admits three to the
Gardens. The Public are not admitted. There is much of interest to
be seen at Wisley throughout the year. The late Mr. G. F. Wilson’s
garden included a wild wood-garden, a bank of flowering shrubs, a series
of ponds and pools, and a fine collection of Japanese Iris, Primulas,
Lilies, Rhododendrons, &c. The Society has added a fine collection of
the best varieties of fruit trees, of bamboos, of roses, and of ornamental
trees and flowering shrubs, for the most part kindly given by the leading
nurserymen. A very large sum of money has also been spent in the
erection of a first-rate Meteorological Station, and a fine series of glass-
houses; a dwelling-house for the Superintendent; a Cottage for the
Fruit Foreman ; and in establishing a complete system of water supply ;
on drainage works, and on road-making.

The Gardens are situated at Wisley, about 2 miles from Ripley in
Surrey, and about 85 miles from Horsley and 5} miles from Weybridge,
both stations on the South-Western Railway, with frequent trains from
Waterloo and Clapham Junction. Carriages to convey four persons can
be obtained by writing to Mr. D. White, fly proprietor, Ripley, Surrey ;
the charge being, to and from Weybridge, waiting two hours at the
Gardens, 8s.; or waiting three hours, 10s.; or to and from Horsley, 7s. ;

a

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxix

Effingham Junction, 7s.; Byfleet, 7s. Visitors should in all cases be
careful to state the trains they intend to arrive by and leave by.
Carriages can also be obtained at Weybridge for 8s. by writing to Mr.

Basin
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Be,

~~ Jo Basingstoke L
WOKING & S.W.R, a
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WEYBRIDG
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Scale of 1 Mile
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Walker & Cockerell sc
PosITION OF THE SocretTy’s GARDENS.

Trembling, New Road, Weybridge. Excellent accommodation and re-
freshments can be had at the Hut Hotel, close to the Gardens, and also
at the Hautboy at Ockham.

13. TRIALS AT WISLEY IN 1909-10.

Trials of the following Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables at the Wisley
Gardens during 1909 have been arranged.

N.B.—Everything sent for: trial must be named, and the name and
address of the Sender attached.

Fruits—Autumnal Raspberries. 15 Canes of each variety to be
sent at once.

Flowers. —Tree Carnations. 4 plants of each variety to be sent in
February, 2 for out-, 2 for in-doors.

Annuals. Seed to be sent in January.

Garden Dahlias, Show and Cactus excluded. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

clxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |

Early-flowering outdoor Chrysanthemums. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

Pentstemons. 2 plants of each variety to be sent in April or seed in
January.

Vegetables.—Potatos, each variety must be labelled as being “ early,”
“mid-season,” or “late.” 20 tubers of each to be sent by February.
Also experiments with the same variety—viz. “The Factor’ (20 tubers)
—secured from as many varying sources as possible, under different soil
and climatic conditions. Please send particulars of soil and climate.

Cauliflower. + oz. of each variety.

Lettuce. + oz. of each variety.

Kidney Beans. 4 pint of each variety.

All parcels should be addressed :—

If sent by post: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley,
Surrey. .

If by rail: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Horsley
Station, L. & S.-W.R., with advice by post to the Superintendent.

14. THE WISLEY RESEARCH STATION.

The new Research Station and Laboratory at Wisley is now com-
pleted and work is in progress there. Mr. F. J. Chittenden has been
appointed Director of the Research Work on Scientific Matters affecting
Practical Horticulture, and Lecturer to the Students. By the completion
of this station a long-felt want has been met. In the United States,
where so much good work has been done in this direction, all is paid
for by the Government, but in this country we have to fall back on
private individuals or on Societies.

15. STUDENTS AT WISLEY.

The Society admits a limited number of young men, not exceeding
22 years of age, to study Gardening at Wisley, where the training
has been recently further developed by the erection of the Laboratory
and Research Station. The curriculum now includes not only practical
garden work in all the main branches of Horticulture, but also lectures,
demonstrations, and elementary Horticultural Science in the Laboratory,
whereby a practical knowledge of simple Garden Chemistry, Biology,
&c., may be obtained. The Laboratory is equipped with the best
apparatus procurable for Students. The training extends over a period
of two years, with a progressive course for each year. Students can
only enter at the end of September and at the end of March. Selected
Students have also the advantage of attending certain of the Society’s
Shows and Lectures in London. It is generally easy to find these young
men employment on the completion of their training ; in fact, the Council
are quite unable to meet the demands for energetic, trustworthy young
men ; but they must all be workers.

16. H.M. INSPECTOR’S REPORT.

The new Laboratory at Wisley was opened in July 1907, and
the Students commenced work under the new scheme the following

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxi

September. The first year’s work has therefore now terminated, and it is
with no little satisfaction that the Council has received the very favour-
able report from the Board of Education to be found on page 308. The
foresight of the Council in establishing, and the great public need of, such
a school is already amply demonstrated by the fact that after so short a
time from the date of opening the applications for admission far exceed
the possible vacancies.

The report itself is most gratifying, and fully repays the Society for
the time and attention and outlay which it has bestowed upon the
school.

17. DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS PLANTS.

In a recent Report the Council drew attention to the way in which
the annual distribution of surplus plants has arisen. In a large garden
there must always be a great deal of surplus stock which must either
be given away or go to the waste heap. A few Fellows noticing this,
asked for plants which would otherwise be discarded; and they valued
what was so obtained. Others hearing of it asked for a share, until the
Council felt they must either systematize this haphazard distribution
or else put a stop to it altogether. To take the latter step seemed
undesirable. Why should not such Fellows have them as cared to receive
such surplus plants? It was therefore decided to keep all plants till
the early spring, and then give all Fellows alike the option of claiming
a share of them by ballot.

Fellows are therefore particularly requested to notice that only waste
and surplus plants raised from seeds or cuttings are available for dis-
tribution. Many of them may be of very little intrinsic value, and it is
only to avoid their being absolutely wasted that the distribution was
established. The great majority also are of necessity very small, and
may require careful treatment for a time.

Fellows are particularly requested to note that a Form of Application
and list to choose from of the plants available for distribution is sent in
January every year to every Fellow, enclosed in the “ Report of the
Council.” To avoid all possibility of favour, all application lists are kept
until the last day of February, when they are all thrown into a Ballot ;
and as the lists are drawn out, so is the order of their execution, the plants
being despatched as quickly as possible after March 1.

Of some of the varieties enumerated the stock is small, perhaps not
more than twenty-five or fifty plants being available. It is therefore
obvious that when the Ballot is kind to any Fellow he will receive all the
plants exactly as he has selected, but when the Ballot has given him an
unfavourable place he may find the stock of the majority of plants he has
chosen exhausted. A little consideration would show that all Fellows
cannot be first, and some must be last, in the Ballot. Application forms
received after March 1 and before April 30 are kept till all those previously
received have been dealt with, and are then balloted in a similar way.
Fellows having omitted to fill up their application form before April 30
must be content to wait till the next year’s distribution. The work of
the Gardens cannot be disorganised by the sending-out of plants at any

elxxll] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

later time in the year. All Fellows can participate in the annual dis-
tribution following their election.

The Society does not pay the cost of packing and carriage. The
charge for this will be collected by the carriers on delivery of the
plants, which will be addressed exactly as given by each Fellow on
his application form. It is impracticable to send plants by post owing
to the lack of Post Office facilities for despatch without prepayment of
postage.

Fellows residing beyond a radius of thirty-five miles from London
are permitted to choose double the number of plants to which they are
otherwise entitled.

Plants cannot be sent to Fellows residing outside the United King-
dom, owing either to length of time in transit or to vexatious regulations
in some foreign countries; but the Council will at any time endeavour to
obtain for Fellows living abroad any unusual or rare seeds which they
may have been unable to procure in their own country.

18. THE SOCIETY’S HALL AND OFFICES.

The Royal Horticultural Hall and Offices are situated in Vincent
Square, which lies straight through Ashley Gardens from Victoria Street,

te EZ YP ems ton

gees ae
ames’ Park
a Se tion

ME

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-

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ao Ue es

O
is)

PosITION OF THE Soctety’s HALL.

Westminster, and is about five minutes’ walk from the Victoria and St.
James’s Park Stations. :

19) (LET FING: OF “BALL:

Fellows are earnestly requested to make known among their friends
and among institutions that the Royvan HorticutTuraAt Hatt is avail-
able, twelve days in each fortnight, for Meetings, Shows, Exhibitions,

eS ee ee

eee eee

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxill

Concerts, Conferences, Lectures, Balls, Banquets, Bazaars, Receptions,
and other similar purposes. The Hall has a floor surface of 13,000 square
feet. It is cool in summer and warm in winter. For a Concert it will
seat 1,500, or for a public meeting 1,800. It is undoubtedly the lightest
Hall in London, and its acoustic properties are pronounced excellent
by some of our greatest authorities. The charges, which are very
moderate, include lighting, warming in winter or cooling the air in
summer, seating, and the use of trestle-tabling and platform. The first
floor, consisting of four fine rooms, may also be hired for similar pur-
poses, either together with or separately from the Great Hall. This
accommodation can also be divided up if desired. A long-felt want
has now been met by the construction of a convenient kitchen in the
basement, with lift connections to the eastern annexe and lecture room.
For serving luncheons, &c., this will prove a great boon. Ample cloak-
rooms for ladies and for gentlemen are available. In fact, the Hall is not
only the most suitable Hall in London for special Shows of a high-class
character, but it is also second only to the Queen’s Hall and the Royal
Albert Hall for the purposes of Concerts and Meetings. Reduction is
made to Charities, and there are special terms for Societies kindred or
allied to Horticulture. The regulations, &c., for hiring the Hall are
printed in the “ Book of Arrangements,”’ and full particulars may be
obtained on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, West-
minster, S.W., with whom dates may be booked.

20. EXHIBITIONS, MEETINGS, AND LECTURES
IN 1909. 7

A full programme for 1909 will be found in the “ Book of Arrange-
ments ”’ for 1909, which will be issued at the end of January. It will be
noticed that an Exhibition and Meeting is held in the Royal Horticul-
tural Hall practically every fortnight throughout the year, and a short
lecture on some interesting subject connected with Horticulture is
delivered during the afternoon. Special Shows have also been arranged
on days other than those of the Society’s own Exhibitions.

A reminder of every Show will be sent in the week preceding to any
Fellow who will send to the R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, S.W., a
sufficient number (83) of halfpenny cards ready addressed to himself.

21. MEETINGS, 1909.

The following dates for the Society’s 1909 Meetings have been fixed :—
January 12 and 26; February 9 (Annual Meeting) and 23; March 9
(Spring Bulb Show) and 23; April 6 and 20 (Auriculas); May 4, 18
(Tulips), 25-27 (Spring Show); June 8 and 22 (the first Masters
Memorial Lecture, by Professor Hugo de Vries); July 6, 7 (Holland
House Show), 20, 21 (Carnations), and 23 (Sweet Peas) ; August 3, 17,
and 31; September 14, 16 (Rose Show), and 28 (the second Masters
Lecture, by Professor Hugo de Vries) ; October 12 and 26; November 9,
23, and 25-26 (Colonial Fruit Show) (or possibly 30 and 31); Decem-
ber 7, 8 (Carnations), and 21.

VOL. XXXIV. m

elxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

22. BRITISH GROWN FRUIT.

In consideration of the facts (1) that the annual Autumn Show of
British Grown Fruit is every year practically a replica of the previous
year’s Show; (2) that many British grown fruits cannot possibly be
shown (or shown in perfection) at any one Show of fixed date; and
(3) that vegetables are somewhat neglected, the Council have decided to
omit the great Autumn Show for one year, and in 1909 to substitute in
its place a somewhat similar series of prizes for British grown fruit, but
spread over the whole twelve months, so that every fruit may have a
chance of being seen at its best. A schedule of prizes will therefore be
found offered at every “fortnightly ’’ Show at Vincent Square during
1909.

The following are offered in January and February, and for subse-
quent months Fellows must consult the “Book of Schedules,’’ which
will be issued in Fespruary 1909.

In all cases quality and flavour will have most consideration ; the
Judges to have option of tasting.

JANUARY 12.

Late GRrRaprs. Class 3.—Three varieties, two bunches of each.
Amateurs.
First Prize, £3; Second, £2.
Class 4.—T'wo bunches of one variety of Black Grape. Amateurs.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 15s.
Class 5.—Two bunches of one variety of White Grape. Amateurs.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 15s.
Class 6.—Two “Baby”’ baskets, one of Black and one of White
Grapes. Trade growers.
First Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal.
Second Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.
Class 7.—One “Baby” basket of any grape. To be judged for
flavour.
First Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal.
Second Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.

JANUARY 26.

Sra Kate. Class 3.—Two dishes, 12 heads in a dish. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
RuvuBARB. Class 4.—Two varieties, 12 stalks of each. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s. ; Second, 10s.
Class 5.—One bundle of 12 stalks. Amateurs.
First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s. 6d.
Asparaaus. Class 6.—One bundle of 386 heads. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s. ; Second, 10s.
Sanaps. Class 7.—Four varieties home-grown. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxv

ForceD VEGETABLES. Class 8.—A collection of four kinds of forced
vegetables to occupy a space 3 feet by 3 feet. Trade growers.
First Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal.
Second Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.

FEBRUARY 9.

Late Dessert Pears. Class 3.—Collection of four varieties.

Amateurs.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 15s.

Class 4.—Single Dish, one variety. Amateurs.
First Prize, 7s. 6d.; Second, 5s.

Class 5.— Collection not exceeding six varieties. Trade growers.

First Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal.

Second Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.
Class 6.—Single Dish, one variety. Trade growers.

First Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.

Second Prize, a Bronze Knightian Medal.

FEBRUARY 23.

Late Dessert Appies. Class 3.—Collection of four varieties.
Amateurs.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 15s.
Class 4.—Single Dish, one variety. Amateurs.
First Prize, 7s. 6d.; Second, 5s.
Class 5.—Collection of six varieties. Trade growers.
First Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal.
Second Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.
Class 6.---Single Dish, one variety. Trade growers.
First Prize, a Silver Banksian Medal.
Second Prize, a Bronze Knightian Medal.

23. BOTTLED BRITISH FRUITS, &c., SHOW.

The Annual Exhibition of British Bottled Fruits will probably be
held on November 25 and 26, 1909, when it is hoped to see a still larger
number of exhibits than this year. This is an Exhibition which should
prove particularly attractive in domestic circles. Money Prizes and
Medals are offered, and the new Class (No. 29 in the 1908 Schedule)
will be decided by the Judges. The first prize is a Silver Cup. See
“ Book of Arrangements,’ 1908, page 68.

24. COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT SHOW, 1909.

The President ‘and Council of the Royal Horticultural Society will
hold an Exhibition of Colonial-grown Fruits and Vegetables on
November 25 and 26, or 30 and 31, 1909.

In holding this Show the Sleciety? s sole object is the advancement of
the interest of the Colonies (a) by stimulating the production of better
fruits ; (b) by giving advice and assistance in the difficulties ever con-
fronting Fruit Growers ; and (c) by helping to inform the home market.

m 2

clxxvyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fruit Growers in the Colonies are asked to assist their own future
competition in the markets of Great Britain by sending exhibits to this
Exhibition, invitations to which will be given to the Colonial and
Government Offices, the Embassies, the leading London Fruit Merchants,
Colonials on furlough, and others.

The Agents-General and other authorities are most kindly rendering
every assistance, and we trust that both growers and shippers will do
their best to send in Exhibits worthy of our Colonies, and to show what
can be produced for the Home markets. No entrance fee or charge for
space is made, and Tabling is also provided free of expense.

If desired any produce may be consigned direct to the Society and it
will be stored in the cellars at Vincent Square and staged by the Society’s
officials ; but the Society cannot undertake to repack and return any
exhibits. .

Particulars of the Show can be obtained from the Secretary R.H.S.,
Vincent Square, Westminster, 8.W., by enclosing one penny stamp in
order to cover the cost of postage.

25. SHOWS OF KINDRED SOCIETIES IN 1909.

The following dates have been fixed on which R.H.S. Fellows’ tickets
will admit :— |

April 20.—Auricula and Primula Society.

May 18.—Tulip Society.

July 21.—Carnation and Picotee Society.

July 23.—Sweet Pea Society.

September 16.—Rose Society.

December 8.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

Copies of the Schedules for these Shows may be obtained from the
Honorary Secretary of each Society. For names and addresses see above
dates in the “ Book of Arrangements,” 1909.

26. FORCED BULB SHOW, MARCH 9, 1909.

The President and Council of the Society have decided to make the
date March 9, 1909, a general one for the exhibit of collections of Forced
Spring Bulbs, with a view to specially demonstrating which varieties
(of Daffodils for instance) are best suited for forcing. Exhibits of small
collections are invited from amateurs and the trade. R.H.S. Medals will
be awarded according to merit. For Special Competitions on March 9,
see under “ Special Prizes’ following :—

27. SPECIAL PRIZES, 1909.

(1) THe SHERWOOD Cup.

Mr. Sherwood, V.M.H., has intimated to the Council that in future
the annual Cup which he gives to the Society shall be of the value of
twenty guineas, instead of ten guineas as heretofore. It will be offered

|
.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxvil

at the Great Spring Show for a group of Orchids, and will be open to
amateurs and trade alike—quality to have more weight than quantity.
Ferns and other simple foliage plants may be used for greenery.

(2) Hyactntus, Tunips, AND DAFFODILS FORCED IN FIBRE.

Mr. Robert Sydenham has offered, and the Council have accepted, the
following prizes to be competed for on March 9, 1909.

N.B.—For bulbs grown in moss fibre or similar material (not earth)
and without drainage.

(a) Six single Hyacinths, in separate vases, not to exceed 6 inches in
diameter, to be selected from any of the following twelve varieties:
Balfour, General Vetter, Grand Lilas, Grand Maitre, Innocence, Isabella,
Jacques, Johan, Koh-i-noor, King of the Blues, La Grandesse, and Roi
des Belges.

Prizes, 25s., 2is., 15s., 10s., Ts; 6d.

(b) Six vases of Tulips, vases not to exceed 7 inches, but no restric-
tion as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected from the
following varieties: Duchess de Parma, Dusart, Fabiola, Joost van
Vondel, Keizerskroon, Mon Tresor, Prince of Austria, Rose Gris de Lin,
Thomas Moore, Van der Neer, Vermilion Brilliant, White Pottebakker.

Prizes, 25s., 21s., 15s., 10s., 7s. 6d.

(c) Six vases of Narcissi, vases not to exceed 7 inches in diameter,
but no restriction as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected
from the following varieties: Barii Conspicuus, Campernelle Rugulosus,
C. J. Backhouse, Emperor, Frank Miles, Lulworth, Leonie, Mad. de
Graaff, Phyllis, Sir Watkin, Victoria, Waterwitch.

Prizes, 25s., 2is., 15s., 10s., ‘7s. 6d.

(8) Forcep Hyacrntus.

The Council have also accepted the following prizes from the Dutch
Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem to be competed for on March 9, 1909 :—

Division I.—-For Amateurs and Gentlemen’s Gardeners.

(dq) Eighteen Hyacinths, distinct.

Ist: Prize. ... - 62-63. 4th Prize .. . £3. 3s.
ane eo. eat SOs: Sth. *;: wy LAs:
ot oe : . £4 As, Gihite ;, . 2 isle CLS

(e) Twelve Hyacinths, distinct.

1st Prize . SOB Fs: 4th Prize . ee 2s:
CA ee . oy awe ot tay 3 5th: ,; : eT se
<3) ee 2 NLS SS:

(7) Four pans containing Hyacinths, ten roots of one variety in each
pan. The blooms of each pan to be of distinctly different colour from
those of the other three pans.

1st Prize . .. £4 As: - 8rd Prize ©. . 2 Qs
2nd ,, ; . £3 Bs. iho; \, . 5° heed hs

elxxvlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dwision II.—For Nurserymen.

(g) Collection of Hyacinths in pots, pans, or glasses.

Prize. The Gold Medal of the Dutch Bulb Growers’ Society at
Haarlem.

Regulations.—For Classes (d) and (e), each bulb must be in a separate
pot (size optional).

Classes (d), (e), and (/) must all be single spikes; no spikes may be
tied together.

Exhibitors in Class (d) may not compete in Class (e) or vice versa.

All the bulbs must have been forced entirely in Great Britain or

Treland.
(4) Ourpoor Darropixs, Aprit 20.

Messrs. Barr and Sons have presented to the Society a Silver Cup,
valued at £7 7s., as a prize for a group of Daffodil blossoms grown
entirely outdoors, Polyanthus excluded, Doubles optional, but must
include some of each of the other sections, and must contain at least
thirty varieties distinct; at least three blooms of each must be shown.
Not more than nine blooms of any one variety may be put up. To be
staged in bottles, vases, or tubes not exceeding 3 inches in diameter at
the top (inside measurement), and all the stems must touch the water.
Quality of flower will count more than quantity, and correct naming
and tasteful arrangement will be duly considered. Any hardy foliage
may be used, Daffodil or otherwise. No prize will be awarded unless
there are three competitors at least. Open to amateurs and gentlemen’s
gardeners only.

Past winners of this Cup may exhibit, but will not be eligible to
receive the Cup more than once in three years. In the event of any such
previous winner being adjudged “ first,’’ a medal will be awarded instead
of the Cup, which will go to the next best exhibit, provided that the
judges consider it to be of sufficient merit.

(5) CARNATION PRIZES.

The following Prize has been accepted from the Trustees of the
‘“‘ Veitch Memorial” at the Society’s Fortnightly Meeting on December 8,
1908 :—

A Medal and £5 is offered for the best group of winter-flowering
Carnations (either in pots or as cut flowers, or a combination of
both), grown by the exhibitor, and occupying a space of 100 square
feet. Amateurs.

A similar prize is again to be offered for Carnations at the Society’s
Exhibition on April 6, 1909.

28. LECTURES.

The new Lecture Room is fitted with an electric lantern of the most
modern construction; electric current, gas, and water are laid on, and

OO

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. c]xxix

every provision has been made for the illustration and delivery of
Lectures.

Any Fellows willing to Lecture, or to communicate Papers on interest-
ing subjects, are requested to communicate with the Secretary.

29. “THE MASTERS LECTURES.”

Fellows will remember the intimate connection with the Society of
the late Dr. Masters, F.R.S., who did much for horticulture by drawing
constant attention to the various ways in which scientific discovery and
research might be made serviceable to gardening; and it will also be
remembered that a fund was established by subscriptions to perpetuate
his memory in connection with the Society and to carry on in some
degree his work of science in relation to gardening.

“The Masters Lectures’? have accordingly been founded, and the
first two are to be given during 1909 by the well-known Professor Hugo
de Vries, of Amsterdam, on (a) ‘“ Masters’ ‘ Vegetable Teratology’”’
(June 22), and (b) “The Production of Horticultural Varieties ”’
(September 28).

30. EXAMINATIONS, 1909.

1. The Society will hold an examination on Monday, January 11,
1909, specially intended for gardeners employed in Public Parks and
Gardens belonging to County Councils, City Corporations, and similar
bodies. This examination will be conducted in the Royal Horticultural
Society’s Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, 8.W. ‘The entries close on
January 1, 1909.

2. The Society’s Annual Examination in the Principles and Practice
of Horticulture will be held on Wednesday, April 21, 1909. ‘The
examination has two divisions, viz., (a) for Candidates of eighteen years
of age and over, and (db) for Juniors wnder eighteen years. Candidates
should send in their names not later than March 31. Full particulars may
be obtained by sending a stamped and directed envelope to the Society’s
offices. Copies of the Questions set from 1898 to 1907 (price 2s. post
free) may also be obtained from the Office. The Society is willing to
hold an examination wherever a magistrate, clergyman, schoolmaster,
or other responsible person accustomed to examinations will consent to
supervise one on the Society’s behalf.

The Society is prepared to extend this examination to residents in the
Colonies ; and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces
of India, arrangements have been made to hold this examination in 1909
—altered and adapted to the special requirements of India—at Saharanpur.

In connection with this examination a Scholarship of £25 a year for
two years is offered by the Society to be awarded after the 1909
examination to the student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to
accept the conditions attaching thereto. The main outline of these con-
ditions is that the holder must be of the male sex, and between the

clxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ages of 18 and 22 years, and that he should study gardening for one
year at least at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley,
conforming to the general rules laid down there for Students. In the
second year of the Scholarship he may, if he like, continue his studies
at some other place at home or abroad which is approved by the Council
of the Royal Horticultural Society. Im case of two or more eligible
Students being adjudged equal, the Council reserve to themselves the
right to decide which of them shall be presented to the Scholarship.

3. The Society will hold an Examination in Cottage Gardening
on Wednesday, April 28, 1909. This examination is intended for, and
is confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It is under-
taken in view of the increasing demand in country districts that the
Schoolmaster shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage
Gardening, and the absence of any test whatever of such competence.
The general conduct of this examination will be on similar lines to that
of the more general examination. Questions on Elementary Chemistry
and Biology are now added to this examination.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published in
connection with these examinations, and the Syllabus may be obtained
on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square.

31. EXAMINATIONS ABROAD.

On the invitation of the Government of the United Provinces of
India, the “General Examination” of the Society in the Principles of
Horticulture is to be slightly modified so as to fulfil their local require-
ments, and a first examination will be held in April 1909 at Saharanpur.
This suggests that possibly other countries and districts may feel it
desirable to enter candidates for a similarly modified examination, in
which case the Council would doubtless be prepared to organize it.

The examiners are leading horticulturists in Hngland, and for
examinations abroad they will be assisted by experts acquainted with
the special horticultural conditions of the various countries desiring to
adopt the Society’s tests.

32. INFORMATION.

Fellows may obtain information and advice free of charge from the
Society as to the names of flowers and fruit, on points of practice, insect
and fungoid attacks, and other questions by applying to the Secretary
R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, 8.W. Where at all practicabie,
it is particularly requested that letters and specimens may be timed to
reach Vincent Square by the first post on the mornings of the Fortnightly
Meetings so as to be laid before the Scientific or other Committees at once.

33. INSPECTION OF FELLOWS’ GARDENS.

The Inspection of Gardens belonging to Fellows is conducted by a
thoroughly competent Inspector from the Society, who reports and

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxxl

advises at the following cost, viz., a fee of £38. 3s. for one day (or £5. 5s.
for two consecutive days), together with all out-of-pocket expenses. No
inspection may occupy more than two days, save by special arrangement.
Fellows wishing for the services of an Inspector are requested to-give at
least a week’s notice and choice of two or three days, and to indicate the
most convenient railway station and its distance from their Gardens.
Gardens can only be inspected at the written request of the owner.

34. AFFILIATION OF LOCAL SOCIETIES.

One of the most successful of the many new branches of work under-
taken since the reconstruction of the Society in 1887 is the unification of
all local Horticultural, Floral, and Gardening Societies by a scheme of
affiliation to the R.H.S. Since this was initiated, no less than 200
Societies have joined our ranks, and that number is steadily increasing.

To the privileges of Affiliated Societies have recently been added all
the benefits accruing under the scheme recently introduced for the
Union of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies.

Secretaries of Affiliated Societies can obtain on application a
specimen copy of a Card which the Council have prepared for the use of
Affiliated Societies wishing to have a suitable Card for Certificates,
Commendations, &c. It can be used for Fruit or Flowers-or Vegetables.
Price 3s. 6d. for 10 copies, 5s. 6d. for 20, 11s. 6d. for 50, 20s. for 100.

The Council have also struck a special Medal for the use of Affiliated
Societies. It is issued at cost price in Bronze, Silver, and Silver-gilt—
viz., Bronze, 5s. 6d., with case complete; Silver, 12s. 6d., with case
complete ; Silver-gilt, 16s. 6d., with case complete. Award Cards having
the Medal embossed in relief can be sent with the Medal if ordered—price
6d. each.

35. UNION OF HORTICULTURAL MUTUAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES.

This Union has recently been established for the encouragement
and assistance of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies, the object
being to strengthen existing Mutual Improvement Societies, to promote
interchange of lecturers, to provide printed lectures, and if possible to
increase the number of these useful Societies, and thus generally to
advance the aims and objects of horticulture.

A list of lecturers and their subjects, and also a list of typewritten
lectures, with or without lantern slides, prepared by the Society, may be
obtained from the Secretary R.H.S., price 3d.

The Secretary of the Society will be very glad to hear from any
competent lecturers who are willing to lecture to such Societies that he
may enrol them in the Register of Lecturers and bring them into touch
with Societies requiring assistance. Others may like to send to him
written lectures (with or without lantern slides), that he may have them
printed for circulation among these Societies.

Lantern slides on horticultural topics are urgently needed, and their
gift will be very much appreciated.

elxxxll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

36. CLASSIFICATION OF DAFFODILS.

At the request of the Daffodil Committee the Council recently
appointed a Committee to consider the best way of avoiding the confusion,
and consequent disputes, likely to arise from the recent multitudinous
crossing, recrossing, and intercrossing of the old Divisions of Magni-
Medio- and Parvi-coronati. The Committee have delivered their Report
instituting an entirely new system of classification, which the Council
have (with slight modifications) adopted and confirmed, and ordered to be
used at all the Society’s Shows. The Report contains a list of every
Daffodil known to the Committee, together with the name of the raiser as
far as it could be discovered, each flower known being allotted to its
appropriate class. The Report has been printed in a handy book form,
and can be obtained from the Society’s Office, Vincent Square, at a cost
of 1s.

37. COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for
a CoLouR CHAart—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he
could himself name, or recognize, or convey to a friend at a distance, the
exact shade of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen
advertised, or wished to commend to a friend. Take, for example, the
word “ crimson,’’ what a multitude of colours and shades it may be made
to include! Some, very beautiful; some, horrible concoctions of red and
blue crudely combined.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour
Chart, but the huge expense of producing it has hitherto deterred them
from issuing it.

Not long since a most admirable chart, containing more than 1,450
shades of colour between white and black, was published in France at the
instance of the French Chrysanthemum Society, the price in England
being £1 1s. net, and by it it is now possible to exactly recognize or
describe to a friend or purchaser at a distance the precise colour of any
possible flower. You may have met with an Azalea, for instance, which
greatly strikes your fancy; you take out your chart and match its shade,
and describe it to your friend or your nurseryman as, ‘ Colour: Apricot,
p. 53, shade 3,” and he turns to his chart and sees exactly what it is you
want or describe. Or you want to make someone understand the exact
shade of a rose in the way of “‘ Andersoni,’”’ and you need only say, “ Rosy
pink, p. 118, shade 4,”’ and your correspondent turns to his chart and sees
in a moment exactly what it is you want to describe. Or a nurseryman,
having raised a new variety, can by simply quoting “Colour Chart, p. —,
shade —,”’ exactly represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new
introduction.

The Council recognizing both the excellence and the usefulness of
this chart, the idea at once occurred, Could it not be adopted as an

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxxill

International Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world
could accurately and exactly describe to one another (no matter how far
away or speaking what language) the colour and shade of any particular
- flower they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat
prohibitive cost of £1 1s. net. But difficulties only exist to be overcome,
and by undertaking to be responsible for a very large number, the Society
is now in a position to offer this Chart to its Fellows at the reduced cost
of 14s. 6d., for which price it can be obtained at the Society’s Offices,
Vincent Square, or it can be sent free by post for 15s.; but in all cases
a cheque or postal order must be sent beforehand.

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other
purposes ; for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only
to refer her dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade —, and
it can be infallibly matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of
the sky on a certain sundown, can do so exactly by reference to the chart.
And in many other like ways it must prove generally useful, containing
as it does every possible shade of colour between black and white.

The Council hope that Fellows will avail themselves freely of this
offer, as unless a very large number of copies are purchased a great loss
will accrue to the Society.

38. MONOGRAPH ON FUNGOID PESTS.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume recently
published by the Society on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by
Dr. M. C. Cooke, V.M.H. It consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is
illustrated with 24 coloured plates, containing figures of 860 different
fungoid attacks, and 28 woodcuts. The work is divided under the
headings of Pests of the Flower Garden, of Vegetables, of Fruit, of the
Vinery and Stove, of the Ornamental Shrubbery, of Forest Trees, and of
Field Crops. These are followed by a Chapter on Fungicides, which
explains very clearly how to make the different washes and sprays, and
also gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should
be used.

Each pest is described separately, and means for its prevention or
eradication are given, and the whole work is written so as to interest
and instruct the cultivator in the simplest and most practical manner.
The volume, as published, is half-bound in calf, as it was considered
probable that it would form the text-book on the subject for very many
years to come; and it thus makes an admirable school prize or gift to
a gardener or student of nature. Price 6s., R.H.S. Office, Vincent
Square.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are
not ?—should be without this book; for not only can they by its use
identify the disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it
and overcome it, and also how to make the different washes and sprays
which the different classes of fungoid attacks require.”’

elxxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

39. RULES FOR JUDGING—1909 CODE.

The ‘Rules for Judging, with Suggestions to Schedule Makers and
Exhibitors,’ have again been further revised and considerably modified
from the experience gained during the last few years. Special attention
is drawn to the amended Rule defining “an amateur,’ with suggestions
for establishing four distinct classes of amateurs to meet the require-
ments of larger or smaller local Societies. The “pointing’’ recommended
for fruits and vegetables has also been considerably amended, and the
terms ‘‘ annuals and biennials’’ further explained. The secretaries of
local Societies are therefore strongly advised to obtain a fresh copy.
It will be sent post free on receipt of a postal order for 1s. 6d.
addressed to the Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square,
Westminster, S.W.

40. VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

Many people plant Fruit trees without a thought of what Variety
they shall plant, and as a result almost certain disappointment ensues,
whilst for an expenditure of 2d. they can obtain from the Society a little
16-page pamphlet which contains the latest expert opinion on Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and Straw-
berries, together with Notes on Planting, Pruning, and Manuring, which
for clearness of expression and direction it would be impossible to
surpass. It has in fact been suggested that no other 16 pages in the
English language contain so much and such definite information. At
the end of the pamphlet are given the names of some of the quite new
varieties of Fruits, which promise well, but are not yet sufficiently long
proved to be recommended for general planting.

Copies of this most valuable little pamphlet for distribution may be
obtained at the Society’s Office, Vincent Square, Westminster. Price,
post free: single copy, 2d., or 25, 2s.; 50, 3s. ; 100, 4s.

41. NICHOLSON MEMORIAL FUND.

The Council have been requested to raise a fund for the establishment
of a permanent memorial of the late Mr. Geo. Nicholson, V.M.H., F.L.S.
With this they most cordially agree. There are few, if any men, to
whom the present generation of gardeners owes a deeper obligation than
to the author of “ The Dictionary of Gardening,’’ a work which “ has done
more towards the standardization of plant names and developing an interest
in horticulture than anything published since Loudon,” 1829.

Mr. Nicholson was for many years a most valued member of the
Scientific Committee of our Society. He also took a very active part
and keen interest in the re-establishment of examinations by the Society,
and himself acted as one of the examiners. It is in view of this last
point and after carefully estimating the amount likely to be subscribed,

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. elxxxv

that the Council propose to establish a ‘‘ Nicholson Prize,’”’ to be awarded
annually after examination to the students at Wisley.

Subscriptions should be sent addressed “‘ The Nicholson Prize Fund,
R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square, London,’’ and cheques and postal orders
made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society,” crossed “ London
and County Bank.”

42. ADVERTISEMENTS.

Fellows are reminded that the more they can place their orders with
those who advertise in the Society’s Publications the more likely others
are to advertise also, and in this way the Society may be indirectly
benefited.

clxxxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FELLOWS PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

(Applicable only to the case of those Fellows who are not engaged in any Horticultural
Trade, or in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis.)

Tue Council have fixed the following rates of charges for Chemical Analysis to
Fellows of the Society being bond fide Gardeners or Amateurs.

These privileges are applicable only when the Analyses are for bond fide horti-
cultural purposes, and are required by Fellows for their own use and guidance in
respect of gardens or orchards in their own occupation.

The analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the indi-
vidual and sole benefit of the Fellow applying for them, and must not be used for the
information of other persons, or for commercial purposes.

Gardeners, when forwarding samples, are required to state the name of the Fellow
on whose behalf they apply.

The analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or manu-
facturer, except in cases of dispute.

When applying for an analysis, Fellows must be very particular to quote the
number in the following schedule under which they wish it to be made.

No.
1. An opinion on the purity of bone-dust (each sample) . 2s. 6d.
2. An analysis of sulphate or muriate of ammonia, or of nitrate of ‘soda,
together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged . 5s.
3. An analysis of guano, showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter,
sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts and ammonia, together with an
opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged. 10s.
4. An analysis of mineral superphosphate of lime for soluble phosphates
only, together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price
charged 5s.
5. An analysis of superphosphate of lime, dissolved bones, &e., showing the
proportions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and insoluble
phosphates, sulphate of lime and ammonia, together with an opinion
as to whether it be worth the price charged . : 10s.
6. An analysis of bone-dust, basic slag, or any other ordinary artificial
manure, together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price

charged ‘ : ; 10s.

7. Determination of potash i in potash salts, compound manures, io. . Ts. 6d.
8. An analysis of compound artificial manures, animal ae refuse sub-

stances used for manure, &c. . from 10s. to £1

9. An analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of lime . ; : . Ts. 6d.
10. Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay, sand, organic

matter, and carbonate of lime ; : : : ; ; ‘ \ 10s.

11. Complete analysis of a soil : : ; ; ; ; : ; ; £3

12. Analysis of any vegetable product. : 10s.
13. Determination of the “ hardness” of a sample of water before and after

boiling . ; 5s.

14. Analysis of water of land- drainage, and of water used for irrigation : £1

15. Analysis of water used for domestic ae eg A ; : ; : . £1 10s.

16. Consultation by letter : : d ; : ; ‘ , : 5s.

Letters and samples (postage and carriage prepaid) should be addressed to the
Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. Auaustus VortcKer, 22 Tudor Street, New Bridge Street,

London, E.C.
The fees for analysis must be sent to the Consulting Chemist at the time of

application.
‘% Instructions for selecting, drawing, and sending samples for analysis will be found

in the Society’s ‘Book of Arrangements,” or can be obtained on application to the
Society’s Office, Vincent Square, 8.W.

FORM OF RECOMMENDATION,

[This Form can be easily detached for use.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Established

Incorporated
A.D. 1804.

A.D. 1809.

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telegrams: “HORTENSIA, LONDON.” Telephone No.: 5363, Westminster.

Form of Recommendation for a FELLOW of the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Description

Mddress..............

being desirous of becoming a FELLOW of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, we whose Names are underwritten beg leave to recommend

Guineas a year.

Proposed by

Seconded by

* Kindly enter here the word fowr or two or one.

It would be a convenience if the Candidate’s Card were sent at the same
time.

Signed on behalf of the Council, this ............. LOGY OL Ses 1%. 590

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Privileges of Fellows.

1.—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow.
2.—Candidates for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society.
3.—Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society.

4.—The Society being incorporated by Royal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability
whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions.

5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster, S.W. :

6.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Society suggesting
the name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite
them to join the Society

FELLOWS.

A Fellow subseribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for Forty
Guineas) is entitled—

1.—To OnE Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all the

Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens.

NV.B.—Each Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal Pass will admit three persons to the
Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on which an Exhibition or Meeting is being held, when
each Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only. The Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday,
and Christmas Day.

2.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society.
3.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society’s Rooms,

4.—To a copy of the Society’s JouRNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and
Conferences, Reports of trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new
or rare plants, &c.

5.—To purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required
for experimental purposes.

6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as
may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 35 miles from
London (by the A B C Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share.

7.—Subject to certain limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such
subjects, by letter from the Society’s Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.LC.

8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees:—One day,
£3. 3s.; two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out-of-pocket expenses.

9 —To exhibit at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society’s
Gardens.

10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society.

A Fellow subseribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for Twenty-five
Guineas) is entitled—

1.—T'o OnE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets.
2.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

A Fellow subseribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. is.
(or commuting for Fifteen Guineas), is entitled—

1.—To Ont Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass), and the privileges
mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

{Bond fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanently abroad,
exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee. ]

ASSOCIATES.

An Associate subseribing 10s. 6d. a year is entitled—

1.—To Onr Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 3, 4, and 9.

N.B.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Private or Mark
Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election by Two Fellows of the Society.

Local Horticultural and Cottage Garden Societies may be Affiliated to
the Royal Horticultural Society, particulars as to which
may be had on application.

H. LANE & SON,

BERKHAMSTED.

ESTABLISHED 1778.

ROSES,, including all the Latest Varieties
FRUIT TREES, over 20 Acres.
RHODODENDRONS item.
AZALEAS AND HEATHS.
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND
SHRUBS.

Including GOLDEN YEWS, CONIFERS, &c

FLOWERING TREES AND
SHRUBS.

Acres of Forest Trees of all Sizes and Varieties.

CLIMBING PLANTS in Variety.
GRAPE VINES Our Speciality.
FIGS and STRAWBERRIES.

Free Delivery within 20 miles radius

Gardens Laid Out and Planted by Skilled Men.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE X, FREE ON APPLICATION
Telegrams ; ‘‘ Lane, Berkhamsted.”

Telephone : Berkhamsted 18.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GHNERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

Mr. GEORGE Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (12).—Henry Alty, C. Stafford Anderson, Mrs. Langton
Barnard, Mrs. Carthew, Michael Gutteridge, Mrs. Bryan Hook, W. B.
Little, R. Machin, Robert R. Mawson, W. D. Scott-Moncrieff, 8. Sharman,
Hon. Mrs. Yorke.

A lecture on “Garden Design: Comparative, Ethical, and His-

torical’? was given by Mr. Thomas H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A. (see
p. 861).

GENERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 15, 1908.

Mr. Jos—EPH CHEAL in the Chair.

A second lecture on “Garden Design : Comparative, Ethical, and His-

torical’’ was given by Mr. Thomas H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A. (see
p. 373).

GENERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 29, 1908.

Sir TREvorR LAwReEnceE, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H. (President of the
Society), in the Chair.

Fellows elected (62).—J. F. Albright, E. W. Ashley, A.C.P., Mrs.
W. W. Ashton, M. Bevan, F. Bouskell, J. Bray, A. Calderbank, Hugh S.
Charrington, Mrs. Talbot Clifton, Mrs. E. Clifton-Brown, G. H. Cole,
C. Collingham, Mrs. D. M. Collins, G.S. Crisford, F.I.A., H. U. Cunning-
ham, H. Dickson, Mrs. Dyer, E. B. Gascoyne, Mrs. Alex. Gilroy, Mrs.
Frank Goldring, W. T. Gould, C. E. Gunther, W. Hemmant, Percy Honri,
J. G. Howlett, W. S. Irving, T. J. James, Mrs. J. M. John, Mrs.
M. A. Jones, W. Joynson-Hicks, M.P., Mrs. C. Ker, T. Kirby, F. Longley,
Mrs. Luxmoore, Miss Maunsell, Miss I. Menzies, Mrs. Hunter Muskett,
C. Newman, O. O. Newman, Mrs. Oldfield, T. Oxley, T. J. Parker,

Hon. Mrs. Parsons, Dr. Leslie Paton, Mrs. Loraine Pears, Mrs. F. Reynard,

VOL. XXXIV. 2%

cx¢ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. G. A. Riddell, E. D. Sewell, R. E. Shaweross, J. R. Smith, Miss
K. A. Strange, J. Stapleton, J. Woodhouse Stubbs, Mrs. Charles Symonds,
G. W. Thomson-Price, W. Arnold Viccars, Miss J. F. Whiffen, T. J.
Whiffen, H. C. Willock-Pollen, Mrs. Kershaw Wood, J. H. Woolley,
Mrs. Yate. |

Fellows resident abroad (6).—Baron von Ambrozy (U.S.A.), J. D.
Hisele (U.S.A.), F. R. Field (New Zealand), W. B. R. Goulden (S. Africa),
D. Lumsden (U.S.A.), Dr. S. Adams Robinson (U.S.A.).

Associates (8).—Miss F. Cross Brown, C. E. Compson, W. H. Ward.

Societies affiliated (2).—Keston Horticultural Society, Saltaire and
Shipley Rose Society.

A lecture on ‘The Practice of Garden Design,’ was given by
Mr. T. H. Mawson, Hon. A.R.I.B.A. (see p. 384). :

GENERAL MEETING.
OcToBER 13, 1908.
Mr. Percy F. Bunyarp, F.Z.§S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (36).—Mrs. Austen, Mr. S. Barnes, Miss J. 8. Bidwell,
Mrs. George Bowlby, Hon. Mrs. Marshall Brooks, J. Browning,
F. Chancellor, Basil R. Coysh, Mrs. Dent, Mrs. Algernon Fawkes, G. B.
Finch, Mrs. F. W. Gibson, Bernard Godfrey, A. A. Hudson, G. F. Jeal,
H. H. Jones, Mrs. G. E. Kirk, A. Matthews, G. Montagu, Miss M.
Nickalls, J. Palmer, C. H. Page, T. A. Phillips, Mrs. Remington Robert,
BE. Vivian Rowe, H. B. Salter, Mrs. R. Schon, Col. F. W. Scudamore,
Miss M. M. Skues, M.A., P. E. Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., Mrs. Tyler,
Capt. B. Walsh, Mrs. J. B. Waters, T. H. Watts, Miss E. Webster, Mrs.
Zambra.

Society affiliated (1).—Stony Stratford Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “ The Influence of Geology on Horticulture,”
by Mr. Cecil H. Hooper, M.R.A.C. (see p. 394).

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-
GROWN FRUIT.

HELD AT THE SocrETy’s Hatt, VINCENT SQuaRE, 8.W.,
OcToBER 15 AnD 16, 1908.

John Lee, Esq., Bebington, kindly sent 10s. 6d. and Mrs. McLaren,
56 Ashley Gardens, £1. 1s. towards the Prize Fund for this Show.

THE JUDGES.

The following gentlemen kindly acted as Judges, and deserve the
best thanks of the Society for their oftentimes very difficult work, viz.—

Allan, W., Gunton Park Gardens, Norwich.
Arnold, T., Cirencester Park Gardens, Gloucester.
Bacon, W. H., Mote Park Gardens, Maidstone.
Barnes, N. F., Eaton Gardens, Chester.

Barnes, W., Bearwood Gardens, Wokingham.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. cxcl

Basham, J., Bassaleg, Newport, Mon.

Bates, W., Cross Deep Gardens, Twickenham.

Beckett, E., V.M.H., Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree.
Blick, C., Warren House Gardens, Hayes, Kent.
Bowerman, J., Hackwood Park Gardens, Basingstoke.
Challis, T., V.M.H., Wilton House Gardens, Salisbury.
Cheal, J., Crawley, Sussex.

Coomber, T., The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.
Cornford, J., Quex Park Gardens, Birchington.
Crump, W., V.M.H., Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern.
Davis, J., Glebelands Gardens, S. Woodford.

Dean, Alex., V.M.H., 62 Richmond Road, Kingston.
Divers, W. H., Belvoir Castle Gardens, Grantham.
Doe, J., Rufford Gardens, Ollerton, Notts.

Douglas, J., V.M.H., Great Bookham, Surrey.

Karp, W., Bayham Abbey Gardens, Lamberhurst.
Fielder, C. R., North Mymms Park Gardens, near Hatfield.
Foster, C., University College, Reading.

Fyfe, W., Lockinge Park Gardens, Wantage.

Goodacre, J. H., Elvaston Castle Gardens, Derby.
Jaques, J., Grey Friars, Chorley Wood, Herts.

Lyne, J., Foxbury Gardens, Chislehurst.

MclIndoe, J., V.M.H., 8 Hythe Street, Dartford.
Markham, H., Wrotham Park Gardens, High Barnet.
Molyneux, E., V.M.H., Swanmore Gardens, Bishop’s Waltham.
Mortimer, S., Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey.

Parr, H., Trent Park Gardens, New Barnet.

Paul, G., J.P., V.M.H., Cheshunt, Herts.

Pearson, A. H., The Hut, Lowdham, Nottingham.
Pope, W., Newtown, Thatcham, Berks.

Poupart, W., Marsh Farm, Twickenham.

Rivers, H. Somers, Sawbridgeworth.

Ross, C., Welford Park Gardens, Newbury.

Salter, C. J.. Normanhurst Gardens, Rusper, Horsham.
Smith, J. R., Addington Gardens, Croydon.

Veitch, P. C. M., J.P., New North Road, Exeter.

Vert, J., Audley ind Gardens, Saffron Walden.
Walker, J., The Farm, Ham Common, Surrey.

Ward, A., Godinton Gardens, Ashford.

Weston, J. G., Eastwell Park Gardens, Ashford.
Woodward, G., Barham Court Gardens, Teston.

THE REFERERS.

The following gentlemen very kindly held themselves at the disposal
of the Society to act in conjunction with any of the Judges as Referees if
required, viz.—

Bunyard, G., V.M.H., Royal Nurseries, Maidstone.
Hudson, James, V.M.H., Gunnersbury House Gardens, Acton, W.
Thomas, Owen, V.M.H., 25 Waldeck Road, West Ealing.

n 2

Cxcll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OFFICIAL PRIZE LIST.

(The address and the Gardener’s name are entered on the first occurrence, but
afterwards only the Owner’s name is recorded.)

Division I.
Fruits grown under Glass or otherwise.
Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.
Notr.—Exhibitors can compete in one Class only of Classes 1, 2 and of Classes 3, 4.

Class 1.—Collection of 9 dishes of Ripe Dessert Fruit:—6 kinds at
least ; only 1 Pine, 1 Melon, 1 Black and 1 White Grape allowed; not
more than two varieties of any other kind, and no two dishes of the
Same variety.

First Prize, Silver Cup and £5; Second, £5; Third, £8.
1. The Earl of Harrington, Elvaston (gr. J. H. Goodacre).
2. C. R. Adeane, Esq., Babraham, Cambridge (gr. R. Alderman).
3. No award.

Class 2.—Collection of 6 dishes of Ripe Dessert Fruit :—4 kinds at
least ; only 1 Melon, 1 Black and 1 White Grape allowed; not more
than two varieties of any other kind, and no two dishes of the same
variety. Pines excluded.

First Prize, Silver Cup and £38; Second, £3: Third, £2.
1. W. M. Price, Esq., The Node, Welwyn (gr. T. Pateman).
2. Lord Howard de Walden, Saffron Walden (gr. J. i
(Mr. E. Neal, Tilgate Gardens, Crawley.

’ (Lord Belper, Kingston, Derby (gr. W. H. Cook). } } equal.

Class 3.—Grapes, 5 distinct varieties, 3 bunches of each, of which
two at least must be White.
Prizes given to the Society by the Veitch Memorial Trustees.
First Prize, Silver Medal and £10; Second, Bronze Medal and £5;
Third, Bronze Medal.

1. The Earl of Harrington.

2. H. J. King, Esq., Eastwell Park, Kent (gr. J. G. Weston).

8. Sir W. D. Pearson, Bart., Paddockhurst, Worth (gr. A. B.

Wadds).

Class 4,—Grapes, 4 varieties, selected from the following: ‘ Madres-
field Court,’ ‘ Mrs. Pince,’ ‘Muscat Hamburgh,’ ‘Muscat of Alexandria’
or ‘Canon Hall’ (not both), ‘ Mrs. Pearson,’ and ‘ Dr. Hogg,’ 2 bunches
of each.

First Prize, Silver Cup and £3; Second, £3; Third, £2.
No entry.

Class 5.—Grapes ‘ Black Hamburgh,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second, £1; Third, 10s.
1. Lord Savile, Rufford Abbey, Ollerton (gr. J. Doe).
2. Mr. K. Neal.
3. The Marquess of Salisbury, Hatfield (gr. H. Prime).

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. exclii

Class 6.—Grapes ‘ Mrs. Pince,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s. ; Second, £1.
1. Lord Savile.
2. O. EH. Avigdor-Goldsmid, Esq., Tonbridge (gr. C. Karl).

Class 7.,—Grapes ‘ Alicante,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second, £1; Third, 10s.
1. W. G. Raphael, Esq., Englefield Green (gr. H. H. Brown).
2. C. T. Cayley, Esq., Tunbridge Wells (gr. H. Poulton).
3. H. Andrews, Esq., Toddington Manor, Gloucester (gr. J. Tooley).

Class 8.—Grapes ‘ Madresfield Court,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second, £1; Third, 10s.
1. Lord Savile.
2. F. R. Rodd, Esq., Trebartha Hall, Launceston (gr. F. Billings),
3. The Marquess of Salisbury.

Class 9.—Grapes, any other Black Grape, 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second, £1; Third, 10s.
1. Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord, Norwich (gr. W. Allan).
2. W. G. Raphael, Esq.
- 3. Sir W. L. Greenwell, Bart., Marden Park, Surrey (gr. W.
Lintott).

Class 10.—Grapes ‘ Muscat of Alexandria,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1. 5s.; Third, 15s.
1. The Earl of Harrington.
2. Sir E. Durning-Lawrence, Bart., King’s Ride, Ascot (gr. W.
Lane).
3. W. G. Raphael, Esq.

Class 11.—Grapes, any other White Grape, 2 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second, £1; Third, 10s.
1. A. Benson, Esq., Merstham (gr. H. Cornish).
2. Sir W. D. Pearson, Bart.
3. No award.

Class 12.—Grapes, 2 bunches of any Frontignan varieties.
First Prize, £1. 10s. ; Second, £1.

No entry.

Class 18.—Collection of Hardy Fruits, in a space not exceeding
12 x 3:—80 dishes distinct, grown entirely in the open; not more
than 12 varieties of Apples or 8 of Pears.
First Prize, The Hogg Medal and £8; Second, £2; Third, £1.
1. Lieut.-Col. Borton, Hunton (gr. J. Whittle).
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart., Maidstone (gr. W. H. Bacon).
8. Major Powell-Cotton, Quex Park, I. of Thanet (gr. I*. Cornford)'

Cxciv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Division II.
Open to Nurserymen only.

Nurserymen and Market Growers must exhibit as individuals or as firms. They
must have actually grown all they exhibit. Combinations of individuals or firms are
not allowed, nor collections of produce from districts.

Nurserymen and Market Growers desiring to exhibit at this Show must make
application for space as under Class 14 or 15; 16; 17 or 18; 19. No other spaces
but the above can be allotted. Exhibitors can only enter in one of Classes 14 and 15;
or in one of 17 and 18; and Exhibitors in 17 and 18 may not show in Class 19.

Nurserymen and Market Growers may adopt any method of staging they desire,
subject to the following reservations: (a) The number of fruits is not limited,
but the baskets or dishes must not exceed 15 inches in diameter if circular,
or 19 x 15 if rectangular, unless they be sieves or half-sieves; (4) Duplicate trees are
permitted in Class 16, but not duplicate baskets or dishes of fruit in any of the
Classes ; (c) No trees are admissible in Classes 14 and 15; (d) The fruit in Exhibits
under Classes 14 and 15, 17 and 18 must in no case be raised higher than 3 feet
above the table. The use of berries and foliage plants is allowed for decoration, but
not flowers.

No awards of any sort will be made to Nurserymen and Market Growers who do
not conform to the above regulations.

ImporTant.—Nurserymen and Market Growers having entered and finding them-
selves unable to exhibit are particularly requested to give four days’ notice to the
Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey. Telegraphic Address—
‘“* Hortensia, Ripley.”’

Allotment of table-space will be made on the following scale :—

For Fruit grown entirely out of doors.

Class 14,—24 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
First Prize, Gold Medal; Second, Silver-gilt Knightian Medal; Third
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
1. Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone.
2. Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford.
3. Messrs. J. Cheal, Crawley.

Class 15.—16 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
First Prize, Silver-gilt Knightian Medal ; Second, Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal; Third, Silver Knightian Medal.
1. Mr. W. Tayler, Hampton.
2. Messrs. W. Seabrook, Chelmsford.
3. Messrs. Laxton, Bedford.

For Orchard-house Fruit and Trees.

Class 16.—24 feet by 6 feet of stage. Grapes excluded.
No entry.

Division III.
Open to Market Growers only.

Class 17,—18 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1. 10s.; Third, £1.
1. No award.
2. Horticultural College, Swanley.
3. No award.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. Cxcv

Class 18.—12 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1. 10s.; Third, £1.
1. Mr. G. H. Deane, Sittingbourne
2. Mr. O. G. S. Croft, Withington.
8. Messrs. Lobjoit, Heston.

Class 19.—Apples, 12 dishes distinct, 6 Cooking, 6 Dessert;
Exhibitors in Classes 17 and 18 not admissible.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1. 10s.; Third, £1.
1. Mr. H. T. Mason, Hampton Hill.
2. Mr. A. E. Mason, Hampton Hill.
8. Miss K. M. Courtauld, Colne Engaine.

Division IV.
Fruits grown entirely in the Open Air—eaxcept Class 82.

Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only. Nurserymen and Market
Growers excluded.

Exhibitors of Apples or Pears in Division IV. are excluded from Division VI.

Notre.—Exhibitors can compete in one Class only of the Classes 20, 21, 22; or
of 25, 26, 27, 28.

Class 20.—Apples, 24 dishes distinct, 16 Cooking, 8 Dessert. The
latter to be placed in the front row.
First Prize, Silver Hogg Memorial Medal and £8 ;
Second, £3; Third, £2.
1. Lieut.-Col. Borton.
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart.
3. J. E. Williams, Esq., Tring (gr. F. G. Gerrish).

Class 21.—Apples, 18 dishes distinct, 12 Cooking, 6 Dessert. The
latter to be placed in the front row.
First Prize, Silver-gilt Medal, presented by the Worshipful Company of
Fruiterers, and £3; Second, £2; Third, £1.
1. C. R. Adeane, Esq.
2. Major Powell-Cotton.
3. O. KE. Avigdor-Goldsmid, Esq.

Class 22.—Apples, 12 dishes distinct, 8 Cooking, 4 Dessert. The
_ latter to be placed in the front row.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1; Third, 15s.
1. Rev. T. McMurdie, Woburn Park, Weybridge (gr. A. Basile).
2. Lord A.-Butler, Hunton (gr. F. H. Skinner).
3. No award.

Class 23.—Cooking Apples, 6 dishes distinct.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.; Third (extra), 10s.
1. Lieut.-Col. Borton.
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart.
3, C. R. Adeane, Esq.

Cx¢vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Class 24,.—Dessert Apples, 6 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
1. Lieut.-Col. Borton.
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart.

Class 25.—Dessert Pears, 18 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, Silver Hogg Memorial Medal and £2;
Second, £2; Third, £1. ;
1. F. A. White, Esq., Hast Grinstead (gr. W. J. Finch).
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart.
3. Lieut.-Col. Borton.

Class 26.—Dessert Pears, 12 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, Silver Medal presented by the Fruiterers’ Company and £2;
Second, £1; Third, 15s.
1. Rey. T. McMurdie.
2. -W. M. Price, Esq.
3. Lord A. Butler.

Class 27.—Dessert Pears, 9 dishes, distinct.
} First Prize, £1.10s.; Second, 17s. 6d.
No entry.

Class 28.—Dessert Pears, 6 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
1. Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Ampthill (gr. G. Mackinley).
2. A. Benson, Esq.

Class 29.—Stewing Pears, 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
1. Major Powell-Cotton.
2. Rev. H. Bull, Westgate (gr. F. King).

Class 830.—Peaches grown entirely out of doors, 1 dish of one variety.
, First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s.
1. The Marquess of Northampton, Castle Ashby (gr. A. R. Searle).
2. F. A. English, Esq., Addington (gr. J. R. Smith).

Class 31.—Nectarines grown entirely out of doors, 1 dish of one
variety.
First Prize, 10s. ; Second, 7s.
1. The Marquess of Northampton.
2. No award.

Class 32.—Plums grown under Glass, 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1; Second, 10s.
1. The Marquess of Northampton.
2. Lord Howard de Walden.

Class 33.—Plums (outdoors), 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
1. Lord Howard de Walden. |
2. The Marquess of Northampton.

Sr ee Src

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. ecxevil

Class 834.—Plums, 1 dish of Coe’s Golden Drop.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.

1. Sir C. E. Hamilton, Bart., Sandy (gr. T. W. Birkinshaw),
2. Lord Foley, Claygate (gr. H. C. Gardner).

Class 35.—Plums, 1 dish of any other Dessert variety.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.
1. Lord Howard de Walden.
2. Mrs. A. Goodhart, Inkpen (gr. 8. Lawrence).

Class 36.—Plums, 1 dish of Cooking of one variety.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.
1. Lord Howard de Walden.
2. The Marquess of Northampton.

Class 87.—Damsons, or Bullaces, 3 dishes, distinct.

First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s. 6d.
No entry.

Class 38.—Morello Cherries, 50 fruits.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.
1. J. K. Williams, Esq.
2. Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart.

Class 39.—Grapes grown out of doors, Basket of about 6 lb. weight.
First Prize, £1; Second, 10s.
1. F. A. English, Esq.
2. G. KE. Crisp, Esq., Chelsham Road, Croydon.

Division VY.
Special District County Prizes.
Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.
(In this Division all Fruit must have been grown in the Open.)

N.B.—Exhibitors in Division V. must not compete in Divisions II. or III., or in
Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 20, 21,.22, 25, 26, 27.
Class AA.—Apples, 6 dishes, distinct, 4 Cooking, 2 Dessert.
1st Prize, £1 and 3rd class Single Fare from Exhibitor’s nearest railway
station to London ; * 2nd Prize, 15s. and Railway Fare as above.*

Class BB.—Dessert Pears, 6 dishes, distinct.
1st Prize, £1. 10s. and Railway Fare as above; * 2nd Prize, £1 and Rail-
way Fare as above.*

The above two classes, Nos. AA and BB, are repeated eleven times, and Exhibitors
must enter for them thus: ‘‘Class AA 41” or “ BB 42,” and so on, to make it quite
clear whether they mean Apples or Pears.

* In the event of the same Exhibitor being successful in both classes AA and BB
only one Railway Fare will be paid; and no Railway Fare will be paid if the fruit is
sent up for the Society’s officers to unpack and stage.

Class 40,—Open only to Kent Growers.

AA 1. W. E. S. E. Drax, Esq., Wye (gr. J. Bond).
* | 2. C. A. Morris-Field, Esq., Sevenoaks (gr. R. Edwards).
BB 1. Dowager Lady Hillingdon, Sevenoaks (gr. J, Shelton),
" | 2, C. A. Morris-Field, Esq.

CxCVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 44.—Open only to Growers in Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset,
Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.
AA { 1. B. H. Hill, Esq., Crediton (gr. G. Lock).
' | 2. F. J.B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq., Sherborne (gr. T. Turton).
BB { 1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
" | 2. Sir K. G. Loder, Bart., Horsham (gr. W. A. Cook).

Class 42.—Open only to Growers in Wilts, Gloucester, Oxford, Bucks,
Berks, Beds, Herts, and Middlesex.
AA; { 1. C. Gurney, Esq., Biggleswade (gr. A. Carlisle).
2. Captain Farwell, Burnham (gr. W. Hutt).
BB ie J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Maidenhead (gr. C. Page).
" | 2. H. Andrews, Esq., Winchcombe (gr. J. Tooley).

Class 48.—Open only to Growers in Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam-
bridge, Hunts, and Rutland.
1. Major Petre, Norwich (gr. G. D. Davison).
AA. 12 Hon. W. Lowther, Wickham Market, Suffolk (gr. A.
Andrews).
1. Major Petre.
sae re Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord.
Class 44,—Open only to Growers in Lincoln, Northampton, Warwick,
Leicester, Notts, Derby, Staffs, Shropshire, and Cheshire.
1. John Lee, Esq., Bebington.
AA. 2 The Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle, Grantham (er.
W. H. Divers).
RB 1. The Marquess of Northampton.
— ie The Duke of Rutland. ,
Class 45.—Open only to Growers in Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth.

Glamorgan, Carmarthen, and Pembroke.
j 1. D. Best, Esq., Temple Laugherne.

Haas | 2. F. P. Norbury, Esq., Malvern.
1. R. M. Whiting, Esq., Hereford.
BB. {
2. No award.

Class 46.—Open only to Growers in the other Counties of Wales.
1. P. Yorke, Esq., Wrexham (gr. G. Aitkens).
AA.
2. No award.
1. P. Yorke, Esq.
2. No award.
Class 47.—Open only to Growers in the Six Northern Counties of
England, and in the Isle of Man.
1. J. Brennard, Esq., Baldersby, Thirsk.
AA.
2. No award.
f1. J. Brennard, Esq.
12. No award.

Class 48.— Open only to Growers in Scotland.
re { 1. Col. Gordon, Castle Douglas (gr. J. Duff).
" | 2. The Earl of Galloway, Garlieston (gr. J. Day),
BB. ‘ 1. The Earl of Galloway.
2. No award.

BB. ‘

BB.

ee a

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. cxcix

Class 49.—Open only to Growers in Ireland.
es _ Mr. Blackmore, Garnaragh, Piltown.
2. C. B. Broad, Esq., Aghern Conna, Co. Cork.
BB. No entry.

Class 50.—Open only to Growers in the Channel Islands.
No entry.

Division VI.
Single Dishes of Frut grown in the Open Arr.
Six Fruits to a Dish.

Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only. Nurserymen
and Market Growers excluded.

Prizes in each Class except 75, 91, 92, 98, 99, 110, 142,
1st Prize, 7s.; 2nd Prize, 5s.

CHoIcE DrsseRt APPLES.

N.B.— Quality, Colour, and Finish are of more merit than Size.

Class 51. Adams’ Pearmain.
1. Lord Hillingdon, Uxbridge (gr. A. R. Allan).
2. B. H. Hill, Esq.
Class 52.—Allington Pippin.
1. R. M. Whiting, Esq.
2. W. Barnes, Esq.

Class 58.—American Mother.
1. F. J. B. Winefield-Digby, Esq.
2. C. H. Combe, Esq., Cobham (gr. A. Tidy).

Class 54,—Ben’s Red.
1. H. J. King, Eastwell Park, Kent (gr. J. G. Weston).
2. J. B. Fortescue, Maidenhead (gr. C. Page).

Class 55.—Blenheim Orange.
1. Earl Nelson, Downton (gr. T. Beesley).
2. C. O. Walter, Esq., Wantage.

Class 56.—Charles Ross.
1. F. Paget Norbury, Esq., The Norrest, near Malvern.
2. W. E. S. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 57,—Christmas Pearmain.
iS... Bill, Kisq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).

Class 58.—Claygate Pearmain.
1. W. Barnes, Esq., Bear Wood, Wokingham.
2. The Karl of Devon, Powderham (gr. T. H. Bolton).

Class 59.—Cox’s Orange Pippin.
1. Lord Hillingdon.
2. Mrs. Knox, Alton (gr. W. West).

cc

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Class 60.—Egremont Russet.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. J. Speer, Esq., Swanley.

Class 61.—Fearn’s Pippin.
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. Boos ei ag.

Class 62.—Golden Reinette.
1. Col. Biddulph, Ham (gr. E. Montague).
2. No award.

Class 63.—Houblon.
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. C. Ross).

Class 64.—James Grieve.
1. J. T. Atkinson, Esq., Caversham.

2. C. Gurney, Esq., Henlow Grange, Biggleswade (gr, A. Carlisle).

Class 65.—King of the Pippins.
1. Lord Hillingdon.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Class 66.—King of Tomkins County.
1. C. H. Combe, Esq.
2. H. J. King, Esq.

Class 67.—Lord Hindlip.
1. Rev. 8. Baring-Gould, Lew Down (gr. H. Hockin).
2. Rev. H. Bull.

Class 68.—Margil.
1, B.A a sg:
2. C. Gurney, Esq.

Class 69.—Ribston Pippin.
1. Lord Howard de Walden.
2. Sir W. L. Greenwell, Bart.

Class 70,— Rival.
1. R. M. Whiting, Esq.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Class 71.—Roundway Magnum Bonum.
1. Earl Stanhope, Chevening, Sevenoaks (gr. J. C. Sutton).
2. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.

Class 72,.—Scarlet Nonpareil.
1. B.A. ell Esa,
2, R. M. Whiting, Esq.

Class 78.—St. Edmund’s Pippin.
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. I. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

il i

“—— -"

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. CCi

Class 74.— Wealthy.
1; H. J. King, Esq.
2. B. H. Hill, Esq.

Class 75.—Any other variety not included above.
Four Prizes: 7s., 6s., 5s., 4s.

An Exhibitor may only enter one variety in Class 75, in which Class eight fruits
must be shown to a dish, for the Judges to be able to taste two of them; the name
of the variety must be given on the Entry Form.

1. Lord Hillingdon.

2. C. H. Combe, Esq.

3. Dowager Lady Hillingdon.

4. W. H. Myers, Esq., Bishops Waltham (gr. G. Ellwood).

CHOICE CooKING APPLES.

N.B.—Quality and Size are of more merit than Colour.

Class 76.—Alfriston.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. John Lee, Esq.

Class 77.—Annie Elizabeth.
1. Earl Nelson.
2. W. Barnes, Esq.

Class 78.—Beauty of Kent.
1. B. H. Hill, Esq.
2. EK. W. Caddick, Esq., Caradoe, Ross.

Class 79.—Bismarck.
‘ W. Barnes, Esq.
' | (Extra Prize) Capt. Farwell.
3. Denis Best, Esq.

Class 80.—Bramley’s Seedling.
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. C. Ross).

Class 81. —Dumelow’s Seedling (syn. Wellington, Normanton
Wonder).
1. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
2. J. Speer, Esq.

Class 82.— Ecklinville.
1. Earl Nelson.
2, ney. . Bull.

Class 88.—Edward VII.
1. R. M. Whiting, Esq.
2. No award.

Class 84,—Emneth Early (syn. Early Victoria).
No entry.

ccli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 85.—Emperor Alexander.
1. W. A. Voss, Esq., Raleigh.
2. W. E. S. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 86.—Gascoyne’s Scarlet.
1. W. E. S. E. Drax, Esq.
2. H. J. King, Esq.

Class 87.—Golden Noble.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. EK. J. Wythes, Esq., Copped Hall (gr. A. Bullock).

Class 88.—Golden Spire.
1. John Lee, Esq.
2. W. E. 8. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 89,—Grenadier.
1. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
2. W. E. 8S. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 90.—Hambling’s Seedling.
1. W. E. 8. E. Drax, Esq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon, Bishop Stortford (gr. W. Harrison).

Class 91.—Hector Macdonald.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 10s.; Third, 5s.
Prizes presented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Lowdham, Notts.
Open to Exhibitors living in Cardigan, Radnor, Shropshire, Staffs, Warwick,
Northampton, Bedford, Cambridge, Essex, or counties further north.

No entry.

Class 92.—Hector Macdonald.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 10s.; Third, 5s.
Prizes presented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Lowdham, Notts.
Open only to Exhibitors living south of before-named counties.

1. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. C. Ross).
: \ No other entry.

Class 98.—Hormead Pearmain.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. R. M. Whiting, Esq.

Class 94,—Lady Henniker.
1. B. H. Hill, Esq.
2. The Tarl of Devon.

Class 95.—Lane’s Prince Albert.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. EK. W. Caddick, Esq.

Class 96,—Lord Derby.
1. Denis Best, Esq.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

io a»

/
FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. ccili

Class 97.—Meére de Ménage.
i. Be H. Hill, aq:
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Class 98.—Newton Wonder.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 10s. ; Third, 5s.
Prizes presented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Lowdham, Notts.

Open only to Exhibitors living in Cardigan, Radnor, Shropshire, Stafford, Warwick,
Northampton, Bedford, Cambridge, Essex, or counties further north.

1. C. Gurney, Esq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. W. Harrison).
3. Marquess of Northampton.

Class 99.—Newton Wonder.
First Prize, 20s.; Second, 10s.; Third, 5s.
Prizes presented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Lowdham, Notts.
Only open to Exhibitors living south of before-named counties. 3
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
3. W. EK. 8. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 100.—Norfolk Beauty.
1. B. H. Hill, Esq.
2. No award.

Class 101.—Peasgood’s Nonesuch.
1. C. Gurney, Esq.
2. W. HE. S. E. Drax, Esq.

Class 102.—Potts’ Seedling.
1. F. W. Platt, Hsq., Highgate (gr. C. Turner).
2. K. W. Caddick, Esq.

Class 103.—Royal Jubilee.
ibe. Hill, Esq.
2. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.

Class 104.—Royal Late Cooking.
No entry.

Class 105.—Sandringham.
1. W. Barnes, Esq.
2. R. M. Whiting, Esq.

Class 106.—Stirling Castle.
1. E. W. Caddick, Esq.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Class 107.—The Queen.
1. Lord Howard de Walden.
2. W. Barnes, Hsq.

Class 108.—Tower of Glamis.
1. H. J. King, Esq.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Cciv _PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 109.—Warner’s King.
1. Denis Best, Esq.
2. B. H. Hill, Esq.

Class 110.—Any other variety not included above.
Four Prizes: 7s., 6s., 5s., 4s. |

An Exhibitor may only enter one variety in Class 110, in which Class eight fruits
must be shown to a dish, for the Judges to be able to taste two of them; the name of
the variety must be given on the Entry Form.

1. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. C. Ross).

2. J. T. Charlesworth, Esq., Nutfield (gr. T. W. Herherty
3. W. Barnes, Esq.

4. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

CHoIcE DESSERT PEARS.

Class 111.—Beurré Alexander Lucas.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. R. M. Whiting, Esq.

Class 112.—Beurré d’Amanlis.
No award.

Class 118.—Beurré d’ Anjou.
No award.

Class 114,—Beurré d’Avalon (syn. Porch’s Beurré and Glastonbury).
No entry.

Class 115.—Beurré Bose.
1. Sir C. Hamilton, Bart.
2. Capt. Farwell.

Class 116.—Beurré Dumont.
1. Dowager Lady Hillingdon.
2. Lord Hillingdon.

Class 117.—Beurré Hardy. :
1. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. W. Harrison).
2. Rev. H. Bull.

Class 118.—Beurré Superfin.
1. Dowager Lady Hillingdon.
2. Mrs. Ford, Ravenscourt Park (gr. F’. Blackith).

Class 119.—Charles Ernest.
1, F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. R. M. Whiting, Esq.
Class 120.—Comte de Lamy.
1. Dowager Lady Hillingdon.
2. J. T. Charlesworth, Esq.
Class 121.-Conference.
1. Major Petre.
2. A. P. Brandt, Ksq., Bletchingiey Castle (gr. J. W. Barks).

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT ccv

Class 122.—Doyenné du Comice.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. Col. Archer Houblon (gr. W. Harrison).

Class 123.—Durondeau.
1. Major Petre.
2. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Class 124,—Emile d’ Heyst.
1. Mrs. Ford.
2. Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord.

Class 125.—Fondante d’Automne.
No award.

Class 126.—Fondante de Thiriot.
No award.

Class 127.—Glou Morceau.
1. Major Petre.
2. Capt. Farwell.

Class 128.—Joséphine de Malines.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. F. R. Rodd, Esq.

Class 129.—Le Lectier.
1. Lord Howard de Walden.
2. Lord Foley.

Class 180.—Louise Bonne of Jersey.
1. W. E. 8. E. Drax, Esq.
2. Rev. H. Bull.

Class 1381.—Marguerite Marillat.
No entry.

Class 182.—Marie Benoist.
tp. Hill, Beg.
2. Rev. H. Bull.

Class 183.—Marie Louise.
1. Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord.
2. F. EK. Croft, Esq., Stanstead Abbotts (gr. G. Longhurst).

Class 184.—Nouvelle Fulvie.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord.

Class 185.—Pitmaston Duchess.
1. Major Petre.
2... Rev. H. Bull.

Class 186.—President Barabé.
1. Col. Hon. Chas. Harbord.
2. Lord Hillingdon.
VOL. XXXIV. fy)

c¢cV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 137,—St. Luke.
1. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
2. No award.

Class 138.—Souvenir du Congrés.
No award.

Class 189.—Thompson.
1. F. J. B. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2. Rey. H. Bull.

Class 140.—Triomphe de Vienne.
1. No award.
2. Capt. Farwell.

Class 144.— Winter Nelis.
1. B. H. Hill, Esq.
. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.

Class 142.—Any other variety not included above.
Four Prizes: 7s., 6s., 5s., 4s.

An Exhibitor may only enter one variety in Class 142, in which Class eight fruits
must be shown to a dish, for the Judges to be able to taste two of them; the name of
the variety must be given on the Entry Form.

1. Rey. H. Bull.

2. M. P. Mead, Esq., Teddington.
3. H. Andrews, Esq.

4, W. A. Voss, Esq.

GENERAL MEETING.
OctToBER 27, 1908.
Mr. EK. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (25).—Lady Bellew, A. Brock, Colonel E. T. Browell,
Mrs. Burmeister, C. G. Busby, J.P., A. O. Cooke, Miss P. Cotton,
H. Craven, Mrs. W. de Falbe, C. E. Eastick, F.C.S., Mrs. H. 8S. Foster,
Mrs. Tresham Gilbey, Mrs. Berkeley Hallé, E. Percy Harvey, H. B.
Herbert, P. Hill, A. G. Lloyd-Barrow, Mrs. A. H. Malcolm, Miss S.
Medhurst, Mrs. F. K. Metcalfe, Mrs. Arundell Mildmay, John Nayler,
Mrs. Oliverson, F. M. Spencer, Mrs. A. Weismann.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—J. Venkata Krishnaya (India), P. R.
Mudaliar, B.A. (India).

A lecture was given on “ The Modification of Leaves and Stipules for
Special Purposes,” by the Rey. Professor G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.8., V.M.H.

(see p. 411).

GENERAL MEETING.
NoveMBER 10, 1908.
Mr. E. H. Jenkins, F.R.H.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (25).—Colonel J. A. Annand, J. E. Chapman, Mrs.
Warner Circuitt, Mrs. Gordon W. Clark, A. W. Dance, Dr. Davidson, Miss

P

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, ccvii

C. Henderson, Mrs. Heyworth, Mrs. C. G. Hoare, H. G. Hurn, Mrs.
E. Kelly, Mrs. W. Leech, Mrs. Payne, W. Poupart, Junr., Mrs. Rathbone,
Mrs. Albert Robinson, C. Schlee, Mrs. E. Schwann, J. Slack, Mrs. George
Smith, G. W. Thackrah, Hon. Mrs. Tryon, W. H. Turner, Mrs. Spencer
Whitehead, W. Woods.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—K. Annan Brew (Gold Coast, Africa),
E. Kinsey Thomas (U.S.A.).

A lecture was given on “ British Wild Flowers in the Garden,” by
John W. Odell, F.R.H.S. (see p. 419).

GENERAL MEETING.
NovEMBER 24, 1908.

Sir ALBERT Roxwit, D.L., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (80).—Miss KE. Aston, N. B. Awcock, J. B. Brodie,
Mrs. Miles F. Burrows, Miss A. A. Cameron, Mrs. Carr-Gomm, Mrs.
Charles Cave, F. Chambers, Miss K. Cholmondley, Admiral Sir Bouverie
F. Clark, K.C.B., Miss E. Craig, Mrs. Crocker, Sir James Drummond,
Bart., J. Elden, Miss 8S. M. Forbes, G. E. Gordon, B.A., Miss C. Hassard,
Mrs. Arthur Henty, Arthur W. Hill, M.A., F.L.8., C. Hobbs, Albert
E. Hay, T. R. Hyam, B.A., Mrs. Kellgren, Mrs. McCreery, John Mann,
J.P., Mrs. Palmer, Mrs. Alfred Pinckney, Mrs. Hans Sauer, Martin
Silsbury, F. W. Wignall.

Fellow resident abroad (1).—Mrs. Linton (Tasmania).

Society affiliated (1).—Cumnor Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “Italian Gardens,’ by Mr. Joseph Cheal,
F’.R.H.S. (see p. 446).

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUITS, VEGETABLES,
AND PRESERVES, AND OF HOME BOTTLED AND PRE-
SERVED BRITISH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

NovEMBER 26 To 380, 1908.

If previous Shows of Colonial-Grown Fruits have been disappointing,
this was a great success. The Hall was filled to its utmost capacity with
magnificent fruit, more particularly from Canada, British Columbia, and
the West Indies. The large consignments sent from these Colonies
showed their appreciation of the Society’s efforts in the organization of
these exhibitions, and of their practical value; Ontario was in evidence
for the first time, and it is hoped that next year Quebec will also be
represented.

A Show of Home-Bottled Fruits was held on the same date, and it
was very gratifying to notice the substantial increase in the number of
entries, which this year amounted to seventy-nine as against thirty-two
in 1907.

In the unavoidable absence of the President of the Society, Lord
Strathcona and Mount Royal, G.C.M.G., who had kindly consented to

o 2

CCVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

perform the opening ceremony, was received by Lord Balfour of Burleigh,
K.T., supported by Sir Albert Rollit, D.L., and other members of the
Council, together with Sir Henry Davson, Kt., Deputy Chairman of the
West India Committee, Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., late Imperial
Commissioner West Indies Agricultural Department, the Hon. Forster
M. Alleyene of Barbados, the Hon. J. H. Turner, Agent-General for
British Columbia, J. Howard, Esq., Agent-General for Nova Scotia, and
W. Liney Griffith, Esq., Secretary to the High Commissioner for Canada.

Lorp BAuFour, in asking Lord Strathcona to declare the Show open,
said: Lord Strathcona, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am here as a substitute
for the President of the Royal Horticultural Society, Sir Trevor Lawrence.
He intended to be here, but is kept away by a rather serious sore throat,
else he would certainly have fulfilled his engagement; because, in common
with all the other members of the Council of our Society, he takes a very
warm and genuine interest in the series of enterprises in pursuance of
which we are met here to-day. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the twelfth
Show of Colonial fruit which our Society has held under its own auspices
and organized by itself. The first was held so long ago as 1904, and this,
as I have said, is the twelfth in succession. We have large entries from
British Columbia, from Ontario, from Nova Scotia, from the West Indies
including for the first time the Leeward Islands, from New Zealand, from
New South Wales, and from Western Australia. It promises to be the
largest of all the Colonial Shows which have been held by the Society.
Our greatest sister nation, the Dominion, is largely represented here,
but we are not exclusively Canadian in our interests; we are, and aim to
be, really Imperial in the best sense of the term. Iam sure we could not
have secured the presence among us to-day of one who more nobly repre-
sents the Imperial idea than our guest, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal,
who is to open the Show. He is, in truth, one of the grand old men of the
Empire; and it s no little source of pride to me to think that in a humble
way I am his fellow-countryman from Scotland. But if we are proud
of him in Scotland, they are proud of him in Canada as well. Now, as
I have said, the object of these Shows is Imperial in the true sense of the
term. We wish to stimulate the production of the best fruit ; we wish to
afford information to the growers as to the best means of placing it on
the market ; and we wish to inform home consumers where they can get
the best article that our fellow-subjects all over the world can produce.
So far I venture to say that the results have been encouraging. Every
year sees a general advance on its predecessor—in quality, in packing, in
suitability for the market; and many letters have been received from our
friends across the seas, in acknowledgment of the efforts we are making
on their behalf. Now I come to a word for the Society itself. In this
matter the Society, as a society, has little to gain except credit. We
not only make no money out of it, but, if you will believe me, we do
not aim at so doing. We are fully aware that we must make a toss. But
I venture to say we do that cheerfully ; we do it because we think it our
duty ; we do it because we are kindly supported by friends at home.
And may I say that if we show our good will towards the interest of our
friends across the sea, it remains for those friends, or their friends’ friends
at home, to do what they can to show their appreciation of our efforts, ta

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, ccix

come here and to give us encouragement; and I do not believe that the
presence of anyone would secure that more effectually than the presence
of our guest, Lord Strathcona, who is to open the Show to-day.

Lorp StrRAatTHconaA said: Lord Balfour, Ladies and Gentlemen,
I assure you I regard it as a privilege and an honour to be asked to be
present with you now, to assist in opening this exhibition. I have had
the advantage of looking round it; and I am sure that ail of you, when
you look at the products from the different parts of the Empire, will say
that we have within ourselves, in outlying parts of the Empire and in
the United Kingdom, without going to foreign countries, everything that
is required by way of either comfort or luxury.

One of the names of the countries sending produce here takes my
mind back for many years—eighty years ago, when I well recollect that
I gained a considerable knowledge about the West Indies. At that time
Africa was the dark continent. There were then only two outlets for the
young men of the United Kingdom—lIndia and the West Indies. And
among others who went to the West Indies there was, fortunately for
us, who were children at the time, one of my mother’s relatives, who
used to send us home those nice fruits such as tamarinds, which at that
time were to be had only from the West Indies; so that my acquaintance
with the West Indies goes very far back indeed. There was then no possi-
bility as now of sending such delicious fresh fruits from those distant
islands. Now, with cold storage, you may have anything and everything
you like, in good condition, from every part of the Empire; and as proof
of that we have an object-lesson here to-day in apples and pears from
British Columbia, the farthest part of the Dominion, and fruit from the
West Indies, and to a smaller extent also from Australia and New Zealand.
It was only the other day, only some thirty years ago, that, in England,
British Columbia was spoken of as a sea of mountains, the notion being
that it was fit for nothing but to look at, as you would look at the Alps
or the Apennines. And that opinion was held not only by those who
were ignorant of the ordinary affairs of life but even by statesmen of
the day. We see here from British Columbia various kinds of apples,
including some not bright and ruddy-cheeked, but golden apples (Grime’s
Golden), which I am told are perhaps the most delicious of all. However,
I would make an exception to that. There is no exhibit here from the
province of Quebec; there is from Ontario; and there is also a very
excellent exhibit from the Annapolis Valley and from Nova Scotia
generally. But the province of Quebec might also have sent to you the
old ‘Fameuse’ apple of Canada, than which, without saying a word
against the delicious apples here, I think there can be nothing more
exquisite.

_ That this Society has done a great work you have heard already from
Lord Balfour of Burleigh. He has told you so fully of its initiation and
of the excellent service it has done to the mother country and to the
Empire generally, that it is really unnecessary for me to say a word
further than this. We Colonials ought to feel that we are under a
very great obligation to the Royal Horticultural Society for all they
are doing, not for the purpose of gain to themselves, but in the spirit of
true patriotism and in the sole interest of the Empire. To show the

ccx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

great good this Society does we have here as an object-lesson an exhibit
from the little Island of Cyprus. Cyprus exhibited for the first time in
March last. The exhibit was creditable; but, owing to the effort of this
Society in sending out reports and suggestions, the present exhibit from
Cyprus is one of a markedly improved character. And as the Society
has done in Cyprus, so it has done throughout the whole of the Colonies.
The West India Committee has also done most excellent work. It has
instituted in the different islands of that beautiful group Permanent
Local Committees for the purpose of arranging for produce to be shown
at these exhibitions, and of so proving to the mother country and to the
rest of the world what can be done in those islands. And speaking of
the West Indies, I may say that we in Canada most earnestly wish to be
connected with them in the closest possible way—and as an evidence of
that, the Dominion of Canada, which was foremost in giving preference
to the mother country, has also extended a preference to the West Indies.
As an example of the good that this has done I can point to hundreds
of thousands, even millions, of pounds of sugar which formerly came
to Canada through Germany, now comes from the West Indies. But
I could multiply indefinitely the instances of the good that is being done
by such exhibitions as the present; and I need only add that I am sure
all Colonials desire that the Royal Horticultural Society may go on
prospering and to prosper, and that they will give it every support they
possibly can. It now only rests with me to declare this exhibition open.

Sir Dantet Morris, K.C.M.G., said: Lord Balfour, Ladies and
Gentlemen, I have been asked to move a very cordial vote of thanks to
Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal for his kindness in coming here to-day
and opening this exhibition. I have been for some time connected with
the Royal Horticultural Society, and have been employed in different
parts of the Empire in assisting to produce some of the exhibits that are
to be seen here to-day. I therefore have all the greater pleasure in
moving this vote of thanks to Lord Strathcona for his kindness in
coming here, and for the very wise and courteous words that he has
addressed to us. I have on several occasions visited Canada. I know
the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia; I know the fruit-belt in Ontario,
and I have now for the first time seen what splendid vegetables and
fruits can be produced on the Pacific Coast of the Dominion of Canada.
We ought to congratulate Canada, through Lord Strathcona, on the
splendid exhibits sent for our inspection to-day; therefore I have great
pleasure in proposing this vote of thanks.

Lorp SrratrHcona: I thank you for your great kindness ; and let
me say that it gives me still greater pride to be supported here by Lord
Balfour of Burleigh. I am proud of being his countryman. He has
spoken of his satisfaction at being a countryman of mine; and I assure
you that I, like all Scotsmen, am proud of Lord Balfour.

JUDGES OF COLONIAL FRUIT.

Sunyard, Geo., V.M.H. Monro, Geo., V.M.H.
Butt, George. | Garcia, M.
Fielder, C. R. Walker, A. M.

Hudson, Jas., V.M.H.

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. ccxi

JUDGES OF COLONIAL PRESERVES, &c.
Bowles, EK. A., M.A., F.L.8. | North, Emile.

JUDGES OF HOME-BOTTLED FRUITS.
Senn, C. Herman. | Wilks, Rev. W., M.A.

;
\'s

Colomal Fruits.
Gold Medal.
The Government of the Province of British Columbia (Agent-General :
Hon. J. H. Turner, Salisbury House, E.C.), for Apples.
The Government of Nova Scotia (Agent-General: Hon. John Howard,
57 Pall Mall, S.W.), for a collection of Fruit.
The Government of Ontario (Agricultural Department: Mr. P. W.
Hodgetts, Toronto), for a collection of Fruit, Vegetables, and Preserves.

Silver-Gilt Hogg Medal.
Mr. F. A. Parker, Berwick, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

Kamloops District, British Columbia, for Apples.

Kaslo District Horticultural Association, British Columbia, for Apples.

Mr. Thos. G. Karl, Lytton, British Columbia, for Apples.

Mr. W. H. Woodworth, Berwick, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. H. A. Blanchard, Upper Dyke, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Imperial Department of Agriculture, Dominica (Botanic Section), for
a collection of Fruit.

Hon. Dr. H. A. A. Nicholls, C.M.G., Dominica, for Limes, &c.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

West Indian Produce Association for collection of Fruits, &e.

Silver Hogg Medal.
Mr. J. H. Cox, Cambridge, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Silver Knightian Medal. °

Summerland District, British Columbia, for Apples.

Mrs. J. A. Smith, Spences Bridge, British Columbia, for Apples.
Mr. H. Dalmain, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. HK. E. Archibald, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. R. J. Messenger, Tupperville, Nova Scotia, for Apples.
Mr. J. A. Kinsman, Lakeville, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. F. H. Johnson, Bridgetown, Nova Scotia, for Apples.
Hon. J. Cox Fillan, Wall House, Dominica, for Limes.

Mr. A. R. C. Lockhart, Castle Comfort, Dominica, for Limes.
The Jamaica Agency, Holborn, for Oranges and Grape Fruit.
Messrs. B. Shearn, Tottenham Court Road, for Nuts.

Silver Banksian Medal.

Salmon Arms Farmers Exchange, British Columbia, for Apples.
Mr. A. L. Morse, Berwick, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

CCXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. E. T. Neilly, Middleton, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. F. Foster, Kingston, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

The Agricultural School, Dominica, for Oranges.

Messrs. Elders and Fyffes, Jamaica, for Oranges.

New Zealand Government, for Apples preserved by cold storage.

The Permanent Exhibition Committee of Trinidad, for Citrus Fruits.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

Victoria District, British Columbia, for Apples.

Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, for Apples.

Mr. James Johnstone, Nelson, British Columbia, for Apples.
Mr. James Gartrell, Summerland, British Columbia, for Apples.
The Chilliwack District, British Columbia, for Apples.

Mrs. W. Sangster, Falmouth, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Mr. Ralph Eaton, Kentville, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

The Berwick Fruit Co., Berwick, Nova Scotia, for Apples.

Colonial Preserves.
Silver Knightian Medal.

West Indian Produce Association, Fenchurch Buildings, E.C., for
Preserves.
Norbrook Preserving Co., Jamaica, for Preserves.
Messrs. R. Jackson, Piccadilly, W., for Cape Jams and Canned Fruits.
Silver Banksian Medal.

Messrs. 8. Kirkpatrick, Nelson, N.Z., for Preserves.

The Dominica Agency, Lime Street, E.C., for Lime Marmalade, &c.
The Government of New South Wales, for Preserves.

Mr. W. J. Ansell, I.8.0., Cyprus, for Bottled Fruits.
Bronze Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Clarke, Whangarei, New Zealand, for Preserves.

Hokianger Co-operative Preserving Co., Rawerne, New Zealand, for
Preserves.

The Government of New Zealand, for Honey.

Montserrat Preserving Co., for Colonial Preserves.

Home Bottled and Preserved Fruits.

Class 25.—Home Bottled British-grown Fruits. Open. This exhibit
must not occupy a space greater than 10 feet by 3 feet. All must be
British-grown and British-prepared.

1. Salver-gilt Knghtian Medal.

Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Broughton Castle.
2. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

Mr. W. Poupart, Junr., Twickenham.

3. Bronze Knightian Medal.
Miss Edith Bradley, Greenway Court, Hollingbourne.

EXHIBITION OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. cCexiil

Class 26.—24 bottles of British-grown Fruits (including eight different
kinds at least), bottled and shown by exhibitors who do not sell their
produce or in any way work for the trade.

1. £4.—No First Prize awarded.

2. £3.—Miss Caroline Jones, Orpington.

8. £1.—Mrs. V. Banks, 102 Park Street, W.

Class 27.—18 bottles of British-grown Fruits (including six different
kinds at least), bottled and shown by exhibitors who do not sell their
produce or in any way work for the trade.

1. £3.—No First Prize awarded.

2. £2.—Mrs. W. H. Plowman, 16a Chapter Street, Westminster.

8. 15s.—Mrs. Tilson Lee, Redhill.

Class 28.—12 bottles of British-grown Fruits (including four different
kinds at least), bottled and shown by exhibitors who do not sell their
produce or in any way work for the trade.

1. £2.—Mr. Geo. H. Jolly, 111 Long Acre, W.C.

2. £1.—Mr. G. Hobday, Romford.

Class 29.—8 bottles of British-grown Fruits (of which one must be
Raspberries), bottled and shown by exhibitors who do not sell their
produce or in any way work for the trade. To be shown November 26
1908, and left in the Society’s care until a corresponding date in 1909
when they will be tested and the prizes awarded.

First Prize, Small Silver Cup; Second, 30s.

Twenty-five entries, as follows :—

Mrs. W. Parlour, Croft, Darlington.

Mrs. Geo. H. Sims, Maidstone.

Miss Caroline Jones, Orpington.

Mrs. V. Banks, 102 Park Street, W.

Mrs. E. J. Beckett, Aldenham Park.

Mrs. W. H. Plowman, Westminster.

Mrs. Tilson Lee, Redhill.

Miss M. Yeatts, Frinton-on-Sea.

Miss M. G. Thompson, Potters Bar.

Mr. H. Tobutt, Wallington.

Mr. Sidney J. Brown, Richmond.

Mr. B. C. Dyson, Bramley, Leeds.

Mr. Geo. H. Jolly, 111 Long Acre, W.C.

Miss L. Sparrow, Shenley.

Mr. F. J. Mumford, Kidderminster.

The Misses Lomax, Buxted.

Mr. G. Churcher, Alverstoke.

Miss Lorna F. Bunyard, Idehill.

Rey. J. B. Shackle, Dropmore Vicarage.

Miss Gayton, Much Hadham. (Cook: M. J. Skipp.)

Miss A. Brinklow, Stevenage.

Mrs. H. E. Crosse, Terrington St. Clement.

Mr. W. J. Grace, Grove Park.

Mrs. Chas. Cave, Ditcham Park. (Cook: Mrs. Haseley.

Mr. Chas. Coates, Garstone, Kenley, Surrey.

ccxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 32.—Home-bottled Vegetables. Amateurs. Hight bottles, in-
cluding four different kinds at least.

1. £1. 10s.—Mrs. V. Banks, 102 Park Street, W.

2. 15s.—Mrs. W. Parlour, Croft, Darlington.

Class 84,—18 One Pound Clear Glass Jars or Bottles of Jam (Jellies
excluded), made of British-grown fruits only (including six different
kinds at least), made and shown by exhibitors who do not sell their
produce or in any way work for the trade.

1, £3 | Mrs. V. Banks, 102 Park Street, W.

(Miss M. G. Thompson, Potters Bar.
2. £2.—Mrs. E. J. Beckett, Aldenham Park.

Class 85.—12 One Pound Clear Glass Jars or Bottles of Fruit Jellies
and Fruit Cheese (including six kinds at least), made and shown by
exhibitors who do not sell their produce or in any way work for the trade.

1. £3.—Mrs. V. Banks, 102 Park Street, W.

2. £2.—Miss M. G. Thompson, Potters Bar. .

Class 37.—Miscellaneous. (For Preserving Appliances, Bottles, &c.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

Miss Edith Bradley, Greenway Court, Hollingbourne, for Mercia
Sterilizer.

Messrs. Fowler, Lee, Reading, for Sterilizers.

Messrs. Fowler, Lee, Reading, for Self-closing Fruit Botile.

Mr. W. Poupart, Junr., Twickenham, for Cider and Honey.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
Mr. B. C. Dyson, Bramley, Leeds, for the “ Perfection ”’ Jar.

Class 37a.—Miscellaneous Collections.
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
Miss Martin, New York, for Fruits preserved in Brandy.

Silver Kightian Medal.
Mrs. Plowman, 13 Chapter Street, Westminster, for a Collection of
Bottled Fruits and Jellies.
Messrs. Austin, Knipton, for Bottled and Canned Fruits.
Silver Banksian Medal.

Swanley Horticultural College, for Marmalade, Jellies, &c.
Mrs. A. A. Krieger, Sydenham, for Home-prepared Coffee extract.

GENERAL MEETING.
DEcEMBER 8, 1908.
Sir AuBErT Rouuit, D.L., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (44).—R. Shafto Adair, Mrs. C. Adeane, Rev. J.

Lockington Bates, F. E. Beadle, Christopher Bourne, Miss Bovill, Mrs. :
Arthur 8. Bowlby, C. T. Cooper, Mrs. R. W. Cooper, Miss D. de Zulusta, ;

GENERAL MEETINGS, CCXV

Miss H. Druce, Mrs. Druce, Miss P. Duncombe, W. B. Dunlop, H. L.
Florence, Miss Fulkes, A. Pearce Gould, F.R.C.S., J. Higgs, W. Hoggan,
Miss Kekewich, Miss Krumbholz, Mrs. W. H. Maud, Miss Nicholson,
W. P. Noteutt, J. S. Osbourne, H. G. Owles, Mrs. Pearson, R. W.
Perkins, W. H. Pitt, T. F. Rider, G. P. Roddam, Miss Russell, Sir
Benjamin Scott, Kt., H. J. Simmonds, Bovill W. Smith, Mrs. W. EH.
Stamer, Miss A. I. Tate, Alex. Thomson, Colonel M. F. Thrupp, W. G.
Valentine, Mrs. W. Watson, J. G. Winckworth, J. T. Wood, Hon. Mrs. |
Percy Wyndham. ”

Fellows resident abroad (5).—A. C. Hartless (India), 8. P. Lancaster
(India), C. 8. Longuet (New Zealand), C. F. Reading (Guernsey), 8. F.
Skedge (Canada).

A lecture on “ Chrysanthemums ’”’ was given by Mr. D. B. Crane,
F’.R.H.S. (see p. 456).

GENERAL MEETING.
DECEMBER 22, 1908.

Sir Trevor LAwReENcE, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H. (President of the
Society), in the Chair.

Fellows elected (62).—Mrs. Aitchison, Mrs. C. J. Barker, Lieut.-
Colonel Sir David Barr, K.C.8S.I., T. Blisset, B. Brown, H. W. Bryans,
A. H. Catchpole, Miss Cawthorn, Talbot Clifton, C. J. Cunard, Mrs.
Coster Edwards, Sir Maurice FitzGerald, Bart., Kt. of Kerry, C.V.O.,
Warneford Fletcher, Miss Fryer, Hon. Mrs. R. Greville, Mrs. G. de G.
Griffith, Miss C. Hadden, Miss L. Holland, Rev. E. T. Hudson, Walter
Irving, Mrs. Jesse, Mrs. E. Johnston, R. T. Jones, Mrs. A. Hamilton
King, §. Lamb, Miss J. B. Langton, Major John H. Leslie, Lady
MacGrigor, Colonel Harold Malet, A. Margetson, Captain EH. T. Marshali,
_ Mrs. Minchin, E. B. Mollett, Mrs. D. W. Moorhouse, R. Pearce, D. Peary,
I’. Gordon Penney, Mrs. Philip Pope, Miss Ei. Portal, Colonel A. Porter,
M.D., J. F. Rayner, Mrs. W. T. Roberts, Miss M. Rucker, Lady Samuel,
B. Eric Smith, H. Smith, R. Sowerbutts, R. Taylor, Mrs. J. Terry,
Rev. G. Thompson, Miss Thomson, Mrs. J. M. R. Todd, Mrs. Beauchamp
Tower, T. Tunbridge, Hon. Mrs. Walker, Hon. Mrs. Dudley Ward, C. H.
Waterhouse, J. Watkins, C. B. Weir, Mrs. W. Withall, G. S. Woodcock,
L. Hargreaves Wraith.

Fellows resident abroad (6).—C. Hamilton (Africa), Miss Taki Handa
(Japan), H. L. Hutt (Canada), W. T. Macoun (Canada), H. Set (India),
HK. Blakeway (New Zealand). —

Associates (3).—W. Evenden, E. T. Kirtland, Miss EK. M. Willoughby.

CCXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

Mr. C. T. Drury, F.L.8., V.M.H., in the Chair, and seven members
present.

Mildew on Oak leaves.—Myr. Giissow reported that the fungus on
certain oak leaves sent for inspection is probably a form of an Uncinula;
it is in its conidial stage Oidiwm sp.

Gall on Wild Rose.—Mr. Douglas, V.M.H., showed specimens of the
gall on the rose caused by the two-winged fly, Cecidomyia rosarum.

Streptocarpus.— Mr. Odell showed a light-coloured variety of Strepto-
carpus having a regular peloric corolla with six segments, the whole
flower being campanulate; and a dark-flowered variety having the
peduncle branched and the bracts foliaceous instead of very small, as is
normal.

Abnormal flowering of Laburnum.—Mr. Gordon, V.M.H., mentioned
that at the present time a Laburnum was flowering freely in his garden at
Kew. The tree had occupied its present position some fifteen or sixteen
years, and owing to it now taking up too much space all the branches
were cut back to within three or four inches of the main stem after it had
flowered last spring. The tree produced new shoots from the stumps of
the branches, and of these about two-thirds produced terminal racemes
of flowers, which were of a much larger size than the racemes previously
produced in the usual way.

Eggs of Lace-wing Fly.—Mr. Druery, V.M.H., showed a ‘ Victoria’
Plum upon which was a group of insect eggs on stalks, which had at first
sight an appearance of a fungus, but it was determined to be the stalked
eges of the lace-wing fly.

Tomato with enlarged Calyx.—Myr. Wilson, Alveston, Chobham,
Surrey, sent a Tomato with an extraordinarily large calyx, the segments
measuring about 8 in. in length. It is not uncommon for the calyx to
srow to this extent, particularly if the tomato plants are allowed to bear
but few fruits on one branch.

Diseased Apples.—Mr. Howlett, 36 Bracondale, Norwich, submitted
some Green Beaufin apples which were diseased. Mr. Giissow undertook
to investigate the matter.

Yew blight.—A few diseased sprigs of Yew were submitted from
Mrs. Lyell, of Ruckmans, Oakwood Hill, Surrey; the matter was left
with Mr. Gissow to report.

Daffodil poisoning.—Dr. Plowright sent the following interesting
note: ‘One often hears of cases in which the handling of Daffodil flowers
by the gatherers has caused poisoning, but how many are really due to
the flowers themselves and how many to incipient eczema or other skin
disease on the part of the gatherer is not so clear. Cases in which the
bulbs themselves are partaken of as food are not nearly so frequent. The

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15. eCCXV1l

following note may, therefore, be of interest. A gentleman in King’s
Lynn purchased in the month of December 1907 a number of bulbs.
These were, for security, placed in a paper bag upon a shelf in the
kitchen. By some mischance the daffodil bulbs became mixed with the
household stock of onions, and eventually were sliced up together with
them and used in the preparation of soup, which was partaken of by the
whole family. Shortly after the meal all the members were sick, they
vomited freely, and suffered more or less from nausea, but they had
neither abdominal pain nor diarrhoea. Recovery took place in from six
to eight hours. The actual number of Daffodil bulbs used could not be
ascertained. The remainder of the soup was used on the following day
with the same result. This led to the investigation of the onion stock.
That the illness was not due to ptomaine poisoning is shown by the
complete recovery in eight hours, and by the absence of pain and
diarrhcea.”’

Alien plants, d&c—Mr. Fraser, F.L.8., showed a specimen of
Erysimum altissimum L., a plant previously recorded as occurring
spontaneously in Britain in the “Journal of Bot.,” vol. x., under the
name of Hrysimum pannonicum, and in the “ Flora of Surrey ’’ (1868) as
being found as an introduced plant at Battersea Fields. Mr. Fraser had
himself found it at Kast Ham in 1906, at Greycoat Place, Westminster,
1907, and on Putney Common, and on the new Kingsway and Aldwych
sites this year. The specimen he showed had its petals reduced to the
claw, as if resorting to self-fertilization. In addition to this plant he had
found upon the Kingsway and Aldwych sites the following British
plants: Hpilobium angustifoliwm, E. hirsutum, Senecio viscosus, Pyrus
Malus, Brassica Rapa, Cnicus arvensis, C. lanceolatus, Sonchus arvensis,
Pteris aquilina, and Centawrea Cyanus ; and the following aliens: Salvia
verticillata, Hrigeron canadensis, Fragaria chiloensis, Hschscholzia cali-
fornica, Cucurbita Pepo, Helianthus annuus, Ginothera biennis, and
Papaver somniferum.

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15, 1908.

Dr. M. C. Cooxs, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and eight members
present.

Mushrooms from spores.—Dr. Cooke, V.M.H., read a communication
concerning a Mushroom, Agaricus elvensis, which had occurred in two
gardens after pieces of this species had been thrown out, and which had
evidently grown from the spores so distributed. They had, after their
first appearance; grown in the same spot year after year. (See p. 219.)

Diseased plants.—Mr. Giissow reported that he had examined the
Apples referred to him at the last meeting; and had found nothing upon
them except punctures made by some insect. He had also examined the
Yew shoots, and was of opinion that they had been injured either by
something having been poured over them or by fumes.

Sports in Papaver Rhoeas.—Mr. W. G. Smith, Dunstable, wrote in
reference to the Shirley Poppies with bracts at the base of the flowers and
otherwise varying from the normal, saying that he had noticed similar

‘@CxVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

forms at Dunstable in Papaver Rhoeas, and he found that these came
true from seed, at any rate for several years. He had also noticed forms
with several flowers growing from just below the flower in its normal
position, reminding one of the ‘hen and chicken’ Daisy, in which
inflorescences behave in a similar manner. (See p. cxix.)

Ustilago hypodytes.—Dr. Plowright sent a specimen of Ammophila
arundinacea “affected by the so-called Ustilago hypodytes. The affected
plant has been growing in my garden for the last fifteen years, annually
producing the fungus. The spores are produced inside the leaf sheaths,
so that the latter look as though they had been filled with snuff packed
in between the stem and the leaf. This year, however, the stems are con-
torted, and the growth very much distorted. The plant came originally
from Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk.”

Aster Tripolium.—Mx. Fraser, F.L.8., drew attention to the strongly
entomophilous character of the Sea Aster (Aster Tripoliwm), and especially
to the great variation in the number of ray florets found in the flower ;
many plants had the outer florets with broad rays, in some they were
narrow, though numerous, in others they were very few, while quite
frequently none at all were present. He found, however, that the various
forms were all alike regularly visited by insects, especially the hive bee,
the humble bee, and various flies (Syrphideae). The pollen was spiny in
all, and there were numerous papille (from which an odour was exhaled ?)
upon the corolla and other parts of the flower.

Sisymbrium Sophia.—Mr. Fraser also showed specimens of Sisymbriwm
Sophia, in which, unlike the usual condition of things, the petals were less
than half the length of the sepals.

Carrots splitting.—Several specimens of Carrots splitting lengthwise
were exhibited, and Mr. Sutton, V.M.H., said that this almost invariably
happened when the roots were left in the soil for a considerable time after
they had reached maturity. Another cause of the splitting was the rapid
absorption of water after a period of drought.

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908.

Mr. EB. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, with sixteen
members present and Mr. G. Paul, V.M.H., visitor.

The late Mr. George Nicholson, V.M.H.—The chairman referred in
feeling terms to the great loss the Committee had sustained by the death
of Mr. Geo. Nicholson, who had been for many years an active member of
this Committee, and Mr. Bennett-Poé, V.M.H. moved, and Mr. Saunders,
F.L.S., seconded, a resolution tendering the sincere condolences of the
Committee to Mr. Nicholson’s relatives. The resolution was carried in |
silence, the members upstanding in their places.

Sporting in Retinospora.—Mr. Paul, V.M.H., of Cheshunt, showed a
specimen of Retinospora squarrosa sulphwrea which was growing into the
adult Cupressus form known as “ plwmosa,”’ and which was still retain-
ing the colour of “sulphurea.” The adult form of this variety had not
before appeared, though the variety alba had produced the plwmosa type.
Retinospora is the juvenile stage of Cupressus, and this béing so it is

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29. CCX1X

interesting to note that R. leptoclada has produced fruit and seeds which

on germination gave rise to typical leptoclada plants. The form known
as obtusa compacta has also produced fertile seeds, but the seedlings

have not yet reached a size large enough to judge of their precise character.

Virescent Gaillardia.—Mr. Holmes, F.L.S., showed specimens of
virescent Gaillardia flowers. These were taken by Mr. Saunders for
further examination. Mr. Holmes also showed galls on the stem of
Willow caused by the dipterous gall-fly, Cecidomyia saliciperda.

Proliferation in Pear.—Dr. Rendle, M.A., showed a Pear from the top
of which several leaves were protruding. The fruit had been formed from
a late flower, and such proliferation is not uncommon.

Fie. 109.—Tue tate Mr. Geo. Nicnonson, V.M.H. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

Malformation in Streptocarpus.—Mr. Odell showed flowers of Strepto-
carpus in which there were petaloid outgrowths external to the corolla,
these outgrowths being reversed, i.e., the part coloured like the inner part
of the corolla being turned outwards.

Doubling in Cardamine pratensis.—Mr. Frazer, F'.L.8., remarked upon
the various forms of Cardamine pratensis, especially with regard to the
doubling which results from axial proliferation, the calyx and corolla
being repeated again and again, and the flowers being therefore infertile.
He showed a specimen of the double-flowered form of the variety palustris
of that plant.

Galanthus Olgae.—Mr. Bowles, F.L.8., showed flowers and foliage of
this autumn-flowering Snowdrop, which has been described as having no
green spots on the inner perianth segments, but in this specimen they

Ccxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were well developed. The plants came from Mount Taygetas, and had
commenced to flower at Waltham Cross early in September. The form
differs from G. octobrensis in having a rather longer flower and commenc-
ing to flower at an earlier period. They are probably both forms of
G. nivalis.

Vegetative growths on inflorescence.—Mr. Bowles also showed a well-
developed vegetative growth from an inflorescence of Kniphofia Northiae
seedling. There were three such growths upon the inflorescence, and
while all the rest of the inflorescence appeared dead, there was a green
strip of living tissue up the stem leading to the vegetative growths.

Fasciation in Oxalis crenata.—From Messrs. Barr came a remarkable
example of fasciation in Oxalis crenata, the stem measuring over 4 inches
across. This is the first time a fasciated specimen of any species of
Oxalis has come before the Committee.

Multigeneric hybrids.—Mr. Bowles gave notice that at the next
meeting the question of the nomenclature of multigeneric hybrids was to
be raised.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 18, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and fifteen members
present.

The late Mr. G. Nicholson.—A letter was read by the Chairman from
Lieut. Nicholson, thanking the Committee for the vote of condolence
passed at the last meeting.

Snails and Water-Lilies—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., showed leaves of
Nympheas eaten by water snails. Mr. Hudson, V.M.H., said that he
had found that an insecticide forced into the water so that it would rise
just underneath the leaves had proved an effective remedy against the
attacks of these pests,

Galls.—Mr. Odell showed plants of the common Nettle galled by the
dipterous gall-fly, Cecidomyia urticae, from Stanmore Common, where
the galls had been abundant this season. From Mr. Arnold came
specimens of Beech leaves with the “ nail galls ’’ formed by the gall-fly
Hormonvyia fagt.

Curious growth of Potato.—Mr. Veitch, V.M.H., showed on behalf of
Mr. Rumsey, of Leyton, a curious Potato which had been growing in the
light but out of the soil for 18 months. It had, as usual under such
conditions, produced a number of short, thick, purplish shoots, reaching
in all to a length of about 2 inches to 24 inches, and from these were
developed a large number of closely appressed greenish roots.

Alien Weed.—Mr. Bowles showed specimens of Galinsoga parviflora,
a weed which has been known for some time in gardens in Surrey and
W. Middlesex, from a field near Enfield in Middlesex.

Precocious flowering.—Mr. Bunyard, V.M.H., sent a specimen of
white Lilac just coming into flower, and Dr. Rendle mentioned that a
Horse Chestnut tree was now in flower on Putney Heath.

Nomenclature of Orchid hybrids\—The following resolution was
received from the Orchid Committee: “ That the Scientific Committee be

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. ; CCXX1

asked to consider and advise upon the proper nomenclature of tri-generic,
quadri-generic, and other hybrids, as it appears to the Orchid Committee
that not more than two generic names can conveniently be combined in
defining the origin of the hybrids.” Several letters upon the subject
were considered, and suggestions were made as to the best methods of
forming names for these hybrids. It was finally proposed by Mr. Veitch,
V.M.H., and seconded by Mr. Hurst, F.L.S., that a sub-committee should
be formed to consist of five members of the Scientific Committee and
five of the Orchid Committee, who should confer together and further
consider the subject. This was carried, and Dr. Rendle, Messrs. Bowles,
Fawcett, Hurst, and Rolfe were appointed to represent the Scientific
Committee.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, 1908.

Mr. EH. A. Bows, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.

Fasciation in Beans.—Mr. Worsdell, F.L.8., remarked that though
the cause of this well-known phenomenon was so far unknown, in many
cases it appeared possibly due to an excess of nourishment directed to a
given spot, but it was also partly constitutional. He showed numerous
specimens of Bean seedlings (Phaseolus multiflorus) in which he had, by
removing the central shoot as soon as it made its appearance outside
the seed, induced fasciation in the shoots which arose in the axils of the
cotyledons. A majority of the plants treated had behaved in this way, but
notall. In P. vulgaris, in which the cotyledons are raised above the surface,
he had failed to induce fasciation, as the long hypocotyl apparently took
all the surplus nourishment from the cotyledons. Fasciated roots appear
to be rarely met with in nature, but he had been able to induce the forma-
tion of such in one case of Phaseolus vulgaris. After removing the radicle,
an adventitious root had sprung from the hypocotyl, and this had become
fasciated.

Mr. Chittenden, on behalf of a correspondent showed a fasciated
stem of Calystegia pubescens.

Adventitious shoots on leaves of Cardamme pratensis.—Mr. Holmes,
F.L.8., showed leaves of Cardamine pratensis fl. pl. bearing well-developed
shoots arising from the tips and surface. The same phenomenon is
frequent in the single form as well as in the double.

Viviparous grass.—Mr. Holmes also showed a specimen of Aira
caespitosa with numerous small branches springing from the nodes.
Such growths are very common in some grass species, and are often found
in the inflorescence, particularly after a period of wet weather. They
normally occur in that region in some species, as in Festuca ovina in
moist mountainous districts.

Parasitic Rose canker.—Mr. Gussow showed specimens of this disease
due to the attack of the fungus Coniothyriwm Fuckelii (see p. 222).

Aerial tubers in Achimenes grandiflora—Mr. Hales, F.R.H.S,
showed specimens of this plant bearing numbers of greenish tubers in the
leaf axils. These tubers easily fell away, and were produced by plants
which had been grown on after they had finished flowering.

VOL. XXXIV. p

CCXXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crocus corms diseased.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., showed corms of Crocus
which had been killed by the bacterium Pseudomonas hyacinthi, which
is the cause of the well-known disease of Hyacinths. He wished to draw
attention to this disease, for which there is no cure, and to warn cultivators
against planting diseased corms. When cut, the corms show the same
yellow gummy exudation typical of the disease in Hyacinths.

New Certificate.—Mr. Bowles, M.A., announced that the Council had
had under their consideration a new certificate which, it was suggested,
should be designated a Certificate of Appreciation, to be awarded for
worthy exhibits at the shows of objects demonstrating the results of
experimental cultures in gardens with the aim of encouraging individual
effort in this direction. The Council suggested that this Committee
should undertake to consider such exhibits, a suggestion which the
Comunittee cordially agreed to carry out.

Curious Narcissus bulb—From the Rev. J. Jacob came a curious —
bulb of Narcissus in which the axis of a lateral offset had elongated and
produced at its apex a small bulb quite normal in structure, about 2 inches
above the other bulb.

Poppies with bracts, dc.—From a correspondent at Lincoln, who
previously sent Shirley Poppies with numerous bracts just below the
flowers, came further specimens. (See p. cxix.) In the accompanying
communication he stated that these plants were undoubtedly hybrids,
though unfortunately it was not known what the pollen parent had been,
though the seed parent was the Shirley Poppy. Little seed was produced
this year. From the same correspondent came specimens of Polyanthus
having an enlarged calyx and no flower, and others with a rather less
enlarged calyx and a small flower.

Apples showing “ glassiness.’’—Two specimens of the Apple “ Lane’s
Prince Albert ’’ were sent, one from Harpenden, the other from Ross, both
showing the peculiar greenish semi-transparency known as “ glassiness.”’
The appearance is due to the transfusion of the cell sap into the inter-
cellular spaces, and it was suggested that this was due, perhaps, either to
the very hot weather experienced during the beginning of October, or to
the abundant rain following a period of drought. In the former case it
was reported that every year from one tree some Apples showing the same
appearance were gathered, and that the affected spots rotted after a time,
and in the case from Ross 24 Apples showed the trouble, the remainder
of those upon the tree being quite normal.

Certificate of Appreciation.

To Colonel R. H. Beddome, F.L.S., West Hill, Putney, for hybridizing
Begonias, etc. (Granted by the Council.)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. CGXXIli

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and ten members
present.

Grease bands.—Mr. Voss, F.C.S., showed a grease band from a Plum
tree from a fruit garden at Enfield Highway. The grease band was about
6 inches wide, and upon it were a few specimens of the female winter
moth, Cheimatobia brumata. The band had been on the tree a month,
but not till now had any winter moth caterpillars been caught. The
insects were near the bottom of the band. Mr. Voss promised to send up
a band from the same garden to each meeting.

Fasciation in Mushroom.—Mr. Worsdell, F..S., showed a fasciated
specimen of the common Mushroom, Agaricus campestris. Fasciation is
apparently very uncommon in fungi.

Abnormality in Rubus.—Mr. Fraser, F.L.8., showed a specimen of
Rubus rhamnifolius, with foliaceous sepals and adventitious roots at the
base of the fruiting panicles, which are mostly flowerless. The inter-
nodes of the fruiting panicles (or what should have been such) are very
little developed on the whole of last year’s stems. Barren stems and
leaves of this year are normal.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NovEMBER 24, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and twelve members
present.

Grease bands.—Mrx. Voss, F.C.8., showed another grease band taken from
the same tree as that shown a fortnight ago which had been placed upon
the tree in succession to that. A considerable number of female winter
moths had been captured near the base of the band, and a larger number
of males. All, with one exception, belonged to Cheimatobia brumata, the
exception being a male Hiberma aurantiaria.

Weevils in seeds.—Mr. Saunders, F'.L.8., reported that the seeds of
Abrus precatorius which were received from Mr. Bowles were attacked by
a species of Bruchus allied to, though not identical with, B. pisi. The
weevils were nearly as large as the seeds in which they occurred.

Silver-leaf in Plums.—Mr. Worsley showed a portion of the trunk of
a Plum tree which had been attacked by “ silver-leaf ’’ disease, caused by
the fungus Stereum purpureum. The discoloration of the wood appeared
to start from the place where the bud had been inserted. Mr. Worsley
also showed a seedling form of Chrysanthemum indicum and Jatropha
podagrica attacked by Botrytis cinerea.

Marks upon Apple.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.8S., showed a drawing of an
Apple which had a curious looking brown mark stretching up one side of
it about three-sixteenths of an inch in breadth. It was thought that this
had probably been caused by the destruction of the epidermis as by a
scratch at an early stage of the development of the fruit.

Stapelia gigantea.—Mr. Bennett-Poé, V.M.H., showed a flower of this
Species measuring about 11 inches in diameter.

p 2

CCXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aberrations in Lonicera Periclymenum.—My. Fraser, F.L.8., showed
flowers of the common Honeysuckle with green petals. It was remarked
that this condition in Honeysuckle is very frequently associated with the
presence of aphis upon fhe plant, especially near the inflorescence.
Mr. Fraser also showed a specimen of the common Honeysuckle with
leaves shaped somewhat like those of the Oak—this form he had found
most frequently in plants growing in a shady wood. In Lomnicera
japonica the aberration is very common.

Variation in Polystichum angulare-—Mr. Druery, V.M.H., showed a
“seedling ’’ from the variety of P. aculeatwm (or angulare ?) called
pulcherrimum (which was originally found growing wild), named
gracillimum. The parent plant had remained sterile for a very long
period, but at last two sporangia had been found upon it (without an
indusium). The spores from these had been sown, and about 75 per cent.
of the resulting plants had come precisely like the parent, and the
remainder consisted of about 5 per cent. reversions to the normal type of
the species, and 20 per cent. rather varying forms somewhat similar to
the plant shown, where the frond was cut up into a number of narrow
divisions. The variation had shown itself only after some time, the
younger leaves being of the normal form.

Peloria in Cattleya labiata.—From Mr. Gurney Wilson, of Haywards
Heath, came a very perfect specimen of a peloric Cattleya labiata in
which the perianth was perfectly regular, as is not unusual, and in
addition there were three properly developed stamens adnate to the
column. Mr. Wilson also showed a dimerous specimen of Cypripediwm
insigne, Which was not only a very perfect specimen of the rather common
aberration, but was interesting on account of the fact that this is the
second successive year in which the aberration has occurred in this
plant.

Holly retaining berries.—Mr. Chittenden showed a branch of Holly
from Wisley which was still carrying the berries produced in 1907.
Adjacent trees had been stripped by the birds, but this and two other
trees in the garden had retained their berries until now. During the past
few days some had fallen, but otherwise the tree was as thickly berried
as during the autumn of 1907.

An exotic worm from Wisley.—Mr. Chittenden showed an exotic
worm, one of the Planarians, Bipaliwm kewense from the propagating
pits at Wisley. ‘The worms are of a dark greyish colour and measure up
to about 15 inches in length. ‘They are found living among the crocks at
the bottom of the pots. They feed voraciously upon earthworms, and
are, no doubt, capable, by reason of their shape and size, of pursuing
them into their burrows. The animal is said to occur in hot-houses
throughout the world.

ee

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8. CCXXV

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowusus, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and eleven members
present.

Eggs of earthworm.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., showed some of the egg
capsules of the earthworm—small, roundish or ovoid sacs of a yellowish-
white colour, each containing a few fertile eggs.

Grease bands..—Mr. Voss, F.C.S., again showed a grease band taken
from the same tree as that shown at the last meeting. A few male and
female specimens of Cheimatobia brumata had been captured during the
past fortnight.

Proliferation in Pear.—Mr.Worsdell, F.L.S., showed a Pear having a
second Pear developed from the apex just within the calyx.

Rhizophores of Selaginellan—Mr. Worsdell also showed specimens of
Selaginella inaequifolia having rhizophores developed into leafy shoots.
In this species the rhizophores are dark brown, and are borne normally at
the fork of the stem, one on the upper and one on the under surface.
In several instances in the specimens shown the rhizophores had become
changed into leafy shoots, sometimes partially, sometimes entirely. Mr.
Worsdell said this could be induced if the two branches of the forked stem
are cut off just above their place of origin in their young state. In some
plants of S. Martensi at Kew growing in a pan, those parts which were
moist bore rhizophores in the normal manner, while in the upper part
where the atmosphere was drier, instead of rhizophores, leafy shoots had
developed.

Stamens of Orchids variable in number.—Mr. Fawcett showed draw-
ings of the orchid Hpidendrwm Ottonis made from plants occurring wild
in Jamaica. The flowers always there have three stamens while in
Trinidad five stamens are developed in the same species, and in Venezuela
the structure, according to Reichenbach, is normal.

Raisins.—Mr. Bennett-Poé, V.M.H., showed a portion of a bunch
of excellent Raisins. Last year (1907) two bunches of Black Muscat
“Mrs. Pince’’ had been placed in bottles in a dark cupboard. They
had been forgotten, but were found in November of this year, when it was
seen that each of the stems had sent out roots, which had died, owing to
the subsequent drying up of the water. The Grapes had dried up and
become conyerted into Raisins of excellent appearance and flavour.

Nerine hybrids.—Mr. Worsley showed inflorescences of two Nerines
to illustrate the fact that Nerine tardiflora is a hybrid, having N. flexuosa
var. pulchella as one of its parents. He also showed part of the scape of
a Marica, on which numerous small plants had developed, and stated
that plants raised from these buds took longer to arrive at a flowering
stage than those of the same species raised from seed. In some species
of Marica, however, there is no retardation of flowering following
vegetative reproduction.

Interesting orchids.—Mr. Moore, V.M.H., of Glasnevin, sent two very
interesting Orchids, Arachnanthe Loww and Angraecum caudatum. In
the former the first three or four flowers of the very long inflorescence
are somewhat smaller and of a quite different colour from those of the

CCXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

rest, from which they are separated by.a considerable length of stem. No
satisfactory suggestion as to the cause of this difference has been given.
The flowers of Angraecum caudatum are remarkable for the extraordinary
length of their spurs—quite 12 inches in one of the flowers, and nearly as
much in the others on the same inflorescence.

Leaf-cutting of Anthurium.—Mr. Chittenden showed a specimen
illustrating a method of reproduction in Anthurium Dechardi. My. Blakey,
at Wisley, had inserted a leaf taken off the plant with its base intact, but
without any part of the stem, in sand in a propagating pit. Four buds
had been produced on the inner surface of the basal part of the leaf, and
numerous roots had developed. Two of the shoots had grown out into
rhizomes 10 inches to 12 inches in length, bearing at their tips well-
developed plants, and the other two shoots had grown out for a short
distance.

Poinciana pulcherrima.—Mr. Jenkins, F.R.H.S., sent a specimen of
this plant. It was raised from seeds received from the Gold Coast, where
itis known as the Pride of Barbados (it is also called Barbados Fence
Flower). The seed was sown in March, 1907, and was raised by Mr.
Edward Barber, The Gardens, Brentor, Surbiton. The yellow-flowered
P. Gillies, raised from seeds by the late Rev. H. Ewbank, Ryde, took
12 years to reach the flowering stage. It is interesting to note the
sensitiveness of the plant, the leaves folding in a downward direction
when exposed to cold, and remaining so when placed in warmth till the
stem was split at the base. When this was done the plant showed signs
of reviving within an hour or so.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22, 1908.

Mr. E. A. Bowuss, F.L.S., in the Chair, and eleven members present.

Calanthe vars.——Mr. Chapman showed two interesting hybrids of
Calanthe, one of a deep red, the other still deeper in colour. These are
interesting on account of the spreading and intensification of the colour,
as compared with the original species, C. vestita and C. rosea. The
flower was deep red inside, but almost white externally.

Malformed Cyclamen.—Mr. Crawshay showed an interesting, though
not very uncommon, malformation of the Cyclamen where two flowers
had been produced in the axils of two of the sepals of an otherwise quite
normal flower. All the flowers on the plant, which was a seedling, were
similarly malformed.

Apples Decaying.—Mr. Baker showed specimens of an apple with
a wide open ‘eye’ which was decaying from the core inwards. At the
‘eye’ end of the fruit there was a deposit of some material which was
thought to be possibly the remains of a spray fluid. It was taken by
Mr. Holmes for further examination.

Albinos among British Wild Flowers.—Mr. Fraser, F..8., showed
specimens of an albino form of the ordinarily blue Gentiana campestris,
remarking that he had found it occupying an area of several square yards
at an elevation of about 1,000 feet in the Scottish Highlands, while all
the plants at a lower elevation were of the usual blue colour. The plant

ae

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22. CCXXV11

had evidently come true from seed, and this, he thought, was probably
true of the majority of albinos when self-fertilized. There are numerous
examples of albino varieties of British wild plants occurring naturally, and
Mr. Fraser produced a list which, supplemented by other members, is
given: Papaver Rhoeas, Matthiola incana, Viola odorata, V. hirta lacti-
flora, V. lutea amoena, Polygala vulgaris, P. serpyllacea, P. calcarea,
Silene acaulis, Malva moschata, Geranium Robertianum, Ononis spinosa,
Trifolium incarnatum, Rubus rusticanus, Rosa canina dumalis, R. c.
surculosa, R. dumetorum, Epilobium hirsutum, Scabiosa Succisa, Cen-
taurea nigra, Carduus nutans, Cnicus palustris, C. arvensis, Campanula
rotundifolia, Calluna vulgaris, Erica Tetralix, Erica cinerea, Centaurium
umbellatum, Gentiana campestris, Verbascum mgrum, Bartsia Odontites,
Ballota nigra, Thymus Chamaedrys, Galeopsis Tetrahit, Ajuga reptans,
Polygonum Bistorta, Orchis mascula, O. maculata, and Scilla nonscripta.

Plants in Bloom.—Mr. Bowles showed specimens of Felicia petiolaris
gathered from the open in a Wimbledon garden, where the plant has
flowered up to the present since the autumn. He also showed specimens
of the following species of Crocws which were flowering outdoors consider-
ably before their normal period of bloom: Crocus Imvperati (monophyllus)
and a depauperate form of the same species, C. Sieberi, and C. chrysan-
thus; OC. Imperati was also shown from Wisley.

Healing of Wounds.—From Mr. Kingsmill came a portion of the
trunk of an oak which had, many years ago, a piece of the stem cut off
longitudinally. The wood had subsequently grown over the wound thus
made, and completely healed it, so that no trace of the wound could be
seen from the outside.

Grease Bands.—From Mr. Watkins, orchard foreman to Sir Kdmund
Loder, Maplehurst, Sussex, came a grease band from an apple tree with
an enormous number of Winter Moths (Cheimatobia brumata and
Hibernia aurantiaria), both male and female, adhering to it. Mr.
Watkins wrote that when he took the band off nearly 400 male and
female moths were upon it, and that there, were many bands on which 200
and upwards have been caught. ‘The trees had never been banded before,
but now some 10,000 had been done. The Mottled Umber Moth was
the first to be caught, but later the Small Winter Moth in much
greater abundance. The birds appear to take a great number of the
moths from the bands and devour them, particularly the blue tits. Few
moths were caught when the bands were first put on (in the first week in
October). The larger proportion of females was caught from the middle
to the end of November, and a few are still going up. Males were
more abundant earlier. The Mottled Umber has been caught chiefly
round the edges of the plantation, near the hedges and large oaks.

CCXXV1ll1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

i

Mr. W. Marsnauu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for Dablias.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Mr. Perry, Enfield, for herbaceous plants.
To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for Monitbretias, &c.

Silver-gilt Bankstan Medal.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Gladiolli.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for annuals, shrubs, &e.
To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Pentstemons and Chrysanthemums.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Baker, Wolverhampton, for Dahlas.

To Mr. Brazier, Caterham, for Phloxes and Asters.
To Messrs. Gunn, Olton, Birmingham, for Phloxes.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for herbaceous plants.

First-class Certificate.

‘Ilex Pernyi (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea. A
recently introduced species from China, with neat pyramidal habit, the
horizontal branches densely set with dark green glossy leaves; quite
hardy. (Fig. 110.)

Award of Meritt.

To Dahlia ‘ Marathon’ (votes, 17 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Stred-
wick, St. Leonards-on-Sea. A very large-flowered Cactus variety, of
exhibition form, rosy-orange, the bases and tips of the rays yellow.

To Dahlia ‘Tom Jones’ (votes, 15 for, 3 against), from Mr. Mortimer,
Rowledge, Farnham. A ‘show’ variety ; creamy-yellow ground, edged
and suffused with mauve-pink.

To Gladiolus primulinus hybrids (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Wallace, Colchester. The strain results from crossing G. prumulinus and
G. gandavensis and while the flowers retain the hooded form of
the former, a number of delicately beautiful shades of pink and salmon
have been introduced by the latter. The hybrids were grown outdoors,
and are said to be as hardy as G. gandavensis.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 1. CCXXI1X

To Gladiolus ‘Golden Measure ’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Kelway, Langport. A large-flowered yellow self variety, flowering in a
well-formed compact spike.

To Gladiolus ‘White Cloud’ (votes, unanimous), also from Messrs.
Kelway. Flowers large, cream-white, of fine form.

Fic. 110.—Inex Prrnyi. (Veitch.) (P. cexxviii.)

To Kmiphofia (Tritoma) ‘R. Wilson Ker’ (votes, 14 for, 2 against),
from Messrs. Wallace, Colchester. A bold variety, distinct from others in
retaining throughout the spike a rich uniform crimson-scarlet tone.

To Phlox decussata , Friefraulein von Lassberg’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Gunn, Olton. Pips large, pure white, truss broad, habit
vigorous, 3 feet.

To Phlox decussata ‘ Violet’ (votes, unanimous), also. from Messrs.

Gunn. Pips and truss large, violet, 3 feet; not so deep in colour as
‘Lie Mahdi,’ but clearer.

CCXxX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

To Pteris aquilina var. Nicholsonu (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
May, Edmonton. A distinct and beautiful dark-stemmed, loose-habited
evergreen bracken, of obscure origin, doubtfully placed under P. aguilina.
The original plant was raised by Capt. Pinwell, of Trehane, Cornwall, in
a sod of peat containing a Cape Table Mountain Orchid; but a large
quantity of fern spores had been introduced from New Zealand, and the
plant was probably an escape from these, though no more germinated.
The fronds are tough and leathery persisting two to three years, and the
rhizomes are more superficial than those of our wild bracken.

To Rose ‘ Mrs. Littleton Dewhurst’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Pearson, Lowdham, Notts. A white sport, faintly tinged, especially in the
buds, with pink, of the Wichuraiana rambler, ‘ Lady Gay.’

To Tritona (Montbretia) ‘ Hereward’ (votes, unanimous), from Major
Petre, Norwich (gr. Mr. Davison). Flowers pale orange-yellow, large ;
spike tall, bold and free.

To Tritonia (Montbretia) ‘ Norvic’ (votes, unanimous), also from Major
Petre. A dwarf, compact-habited, but freely-branched variety, with dark
stems and yellow flowers, tinged outside and in the bud with red.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. Bain (gr. to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford) for Trichinium
Manglesti. An uncommon, difficult plant, that received a First-class
Certificate in 1865.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden : hardy plants.

Mr. Brousson, New Eltham: new Dahlias.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea : foliage plants.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : crab apples and ornamental foliage.
Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns. ~

Messrs. Jarman, Chard: annual Centaureas.

Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park: miscellaneous plants.

Duke of Newcastle (gr. Mr. Barker): Phlox ‘Clumber White.’
Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond: Ivies and Clematis.

Mr. Shoesmith, Woking: new Dahlias.

Capt. A. E. Speer, Esher : Dahlias.

Mr. Tomlinson, Streatham: new Caladium.

Mr. Turner, Slough: paeony-flowered Dablias.

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Tavistock Street: annual Asters.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
Sus-CoMMITTEE AT WIsLEY, SEPTEMBER 4, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsnauu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and seven members present.

Dahlias highly commended (XXX) for garden decoration :—
‘Emily Habgood’ (decorative) (Brousson).
#8, ‘Avoca’ (Cactus) (Cheal).
9. ‘ Brightness’ (Cactus) (Carpenter).

* See footnote, p. 288.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15. CCXXX1

53. ‘Miss Willmott’ (Cactus) (Baker).
_ 79. ‘Stalwart’ (Cactus) (Mortimer).

Other plants highly commended (XXX) :—

Phlox decussata ‘ Comtesse de Jarnac’ (Dobbie, Forbes).
Phlox decussata ‘ Prosper Henry’ (Forbes).
Zea japonica gigantea quadricolor (Dammann).

For descriptions see Reports.

FLoRAL CoMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsuwatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Burrell, Cambridge, for Gladioli.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Marks Tey, for Dahlias.

Stlver-giult Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for Dahlias.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for shrubs, Nerines, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, & .
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for flowering plants.
To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for shrubs.

To Mr. Perry, Enfield, for herbaceous plants.

To Mr. West, Brentwood, for Dahlias.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Begonias.

To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Dahlias.

To Mr. Ll. Gwillim, New Eltham, for Begonias.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums, &c.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for herbaceous plants.
To Mr. F. Brazier, Caterham, for Phloxes, &c.

To Messrs. Clark, Dover, for herbaceous plants.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Clematis.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for herbaceous plants.

First-class Certificate.

To Populus lasiocarpa (votes, 14 for, 4 against), from Messrs.
J. Veitch, Chelsea. A recently introduced species from China, said to make
a noble tree 20-50 feet in height. Young plants were shown which had
withstood the last three winters in the open at the Coombe Wood
Nurseries. The leaves of these plants were cordate and about 12 in. ong
the main veins and leaf-stalks being noticeably red. (Fig. 111.)

CCXXXl1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Award of Merit.

To Dahlia ‘ Adela ’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Chas. Turner, Slough.
Pom-pon, small and neat ; lemon-white.

Fic, 111.—Popunvus nastocarpa. (Veittch.) (P. cexxxi.) -

To Dahlia ‘ Betty’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Cheal, Crawley.
Single, rather small; rosy-violet, with maroon-crimson band encircling
the yellow dise.

To Dahlia ‘ Brigadier’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Burrell, Cam-
bridge. Cactus, very large with much twisted, incurved claws ; orange-red.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 18. CCXXXII1

To Dahlia ‘ Flora’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. West, Brentwood.
Cactus, with incurved, slightly twisted claws; central florets yellow,
with white tips, the outer florets overlaid with soft pink.

To,Dahlia ‘Monarch’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Burrell. Cactus,
large ; central florets lemon-yellow, abruptly changing to salmon in the
outer florets ; the twisting of the claws remarkably regular.

To Dahlia ‘ Nelly Riding’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. West. Cactus,
much incurved, rather thin ; crimson, florets white-tipped.

To Dahlia ‘ Satisfaction ’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Stredwick,
St. Leonards. Cactus, very fine form with much incurved twisted quills,
rosy-pink, the outer florets paler at the tips and the central florets cream-
white.

To Dahha ‘Snowdon’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Stredwick.
Cactus, with large bold spreading claws ; white.

To Dahlia ‘ Teutonic’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Stredwick.
Cactus, large spreading claws; carmine-crimson centre, shading to rosy
magenta at the floret tips.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. H. L. Brousson, New Eltham: new Dabhlias.

Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: stove plants.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

W. H. B. Fletcher, Esq., Bognor: Vitis Cozgnetiae in fruit.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton-on-Thames: hardy plants.
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking : Cleome gigantea.
Mr. A. J. Lightfoot, Peckham: Dahlias.

Mr. 8. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham: new Dahlias.
Messrs. Pennell, Lincoln: Hedera dentata variegata.

Mr. W. Peters, Givons Gardens, Leatherhead: Aster ‘ Lena Peters.’
Mr. H. Shoesmith, Woking: Dahlias.

J. Smellie, Esq., Busby : Chrysanthemums.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford: hardy plants.

Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter : miscellaneous plants.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
SuB-CoMMITTEE AT WISLEY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1908.
Mr. W. Marswatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.

Dahlias highly commended (XXX) for garden decoration :—

*24, ‘Flash,’ from Mr. West, Brentwood.
50. ‘May Carpenter,’ from Mr. Carpenter, Byfleet.

For description of these varieties, see Report, p. 291.

* See footnote, p. 288.

CCXXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908.

Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.

Awards recommended :—
Gold Medal. |

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for collections of Vitis, Rubus,
Nepenthes, &c.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands (gr. Mr. Davis), for
Selaginellas. )
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for Asters and Dahlias. .

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Hill, Lower Edmonton, for Aspleniwm Nidus.
To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for herbaceous plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Dahlias, &c.

To Messrs. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for autumn foliage and berries.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &e.
To Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham, for Asters,

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Roses.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for berried shrubs.
To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for Dahlias, &c.

To Mr. J. West, Brentwood, for Dahlias.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Bath, Wisbech, for Chrysanthemums, &c.
To J. T. Boase, Esq., Billingshurst, for ornamental gourds.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for Dahlias.
To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums.

First-class Certificate.
To Nepenthes ‘ Dr. John Macfarlane’ (votes, unanimous) (NV. sanguinea
x N. Curtisii swperba), from Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea. Pitchers light
maroon-crimson over green, finely marbled at the throat within, nearly
cylindric, with a slight constriction about a third from the lid; pitchers
about 9 inches in length, their red stalks of the same length from blade
to pitcher ; blade very large, about 12 x5 inches.

Award of Merit.

To Carnation ‘ Winona’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Bath,
Wisbech. An American tree variety, rich pink, with fringed petals, the
calyx and stiff wiry stem excellent, slightly scented ; somewhat similar to
‘ Enchantress,’ but deeper in colour.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29 CCXXXV

To Pennisetum japonicum (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Amos Perry,
Enfield. A very ornamental, rare, hardy grass, with the habit of the
Kulalias. Spike simple, cylindric, 4-6 inches in length, enveloped by
long spreading purplish bristles, and with a tuft of white bristles at the tip.
Leaves narrow. 3 feet.

To Selaginella Enuliana aurea (votes, 18 for, 2 against), from Messrs.
Hill, Lower Edmonton. A golden form of this useful variety of
S. cuspidata. Stems much branched, very feathery, bright golden-green,
6-9 inches long.

To Viola cornuta purpurea (votes, 14 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Gunn, Olton. Differing from V. cornuta only in the colour of its flowers,
which are rich violet-blue. Although not possessing the form or size of
the commoner varieties, this is a valuable addition to bedding Violas, or

to the rockery, from its compact habit, very fine colour, and great freedom
of flowering.

On this occasion a Joint Committee of five members of the Floral
Commuttee and five members of the National Dahlia Society’s
Committee examined the new varieties of Dahlias. Awards of
Merit were recommended to the following varieties :—

To Dahlia ‘Elsie Turner ’ (votes, 6 for, 2 against), from Mr. S.
Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham. Cactus; salmon-yellow, yellow at the
bases “of the large, broad quills; rather rough in form.

To Dahha ‘El Vino’ (votes, 5 for, 3 against), from Mr. Mortimer.
Show variety; mauve, tipped with purple, the younger florets cream,
tipped with purple.

To Dahlia ‘ Lady Bountiful’ (votes, 6 for, 2 against), from Mr. M. V.
Seale, Sevenoaks. Single; mauve, with broad maroon-crimson band
surrounding the neat yellow disc.

To Dahlia ‘ Nellie Riding’ (votes, 8 for), from Mr. J. T. West, Brent-
wood. Cactus; crimson-red, the incurved, twisted quills tipped with
white.

To Dahlia ‘ Norah Reynolds’ (votes, 8 for), from Mr. Seale. Pom-pon ;
salmon-red, neat ; shown in poor condition, but of unusually good colour.

To Dahlia ‘ Saxonia’ (votes, 5 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Stredwick.
Cactus ; purplish-crimson, purple at the tips of the nearly straight quills.

To Dahlia ‘ Wellington’ (votes, 7 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Stredwick. Cactus; crimson, a little purplish at the centre and floret
' tips; flowers very large, with long, twisted, incurved quills.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Davis (gr. to J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South
Woodford), for Selaginellas.
To Messrs. Hill, Lower Edmonton, for Aspleniwm Nidus.

Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Backhouse, York: varieties of Colchicum speciosum.
‘Colonel Beddome, West Hill, Putney: hybrid Begonias.
Mr. H. L. Brousson, New Eltham, Kent: Dahlias.
Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: Ivy-leaved Pelargonium ‘ Grenadier.’

CCXXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. F. Cozens, Rownhams, Southampton: Dabhlias.

Miss Dixon, Westergate, Chichester : violets.

M. 8. Dunstan, Esq., Shenfield, Essex: Dahlias.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton : Scolopendriums.

Mr. J. Emberson, Walthamstow : Chrysanthemums and Dahlias.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwillim, New Eltham: Begonias.

Mary Countess of Ilchester, Holland House: Crassula impressa.

Mr. R. C. Noteutt, Woodbridge: autumn fruits and foliage.

Mr. W. Parrott, Hextable, Kent: Dahlias.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: rare hardy plants, &c.

L. de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House: heaths, &c.

Mr. W. Seward, Hanwell: new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford : hardy plants.

West of England Rose Farm, Henlade, Taunton: Carnation ‘ Hon.
R. H. Eden.’ :

FLoRAL CoMMITTEE, OcTOBER 18, 1908.

Mr. H. B. May in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Elstree (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), for
Asters.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Harkness, Hitchin, for Roses.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Conifers, Begonias, &c.
To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Jefferies, Cirencester, for Conifers.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for hardy Ferns.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. F. Brazier, Caterham, for Asters, &c.
To Messrs. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.
To Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham, for Asters.

To Mr. M. V. Seale, Sevenoaks, for Dahlias, &e.

Award of Merit.

To Aster ‘ Climax’ (votes, unanimous), from the Hon. Vicary Gibbs
(gr. Mr. Beckett). Inflorescence pyramidal ; flowers 2 inches in diameter,
a light shade of bright violet, full-rayed ; foliage dark green, the upper
leaves broad, half-amplexicaul. A variety of A. Novi-Belgu, with fine
bold habit.

To Aster ‘Maidenhood’ (votes, unanimous), from the Hon. Vicary
Gibbs. Inflorescence a much branched panicle, the drooping branchlets

FLORAL COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13. CCXXXVII1

closely studded with white flower heads, $ inch in diameter, with pale
yellow disc; free ;flowering and graceful, apparently a seedling from
A. vimineus.

| nh tqee Da % Ten aes,

ht ..c.tap i Bea ea has

Fic. 112.—Rosr ‘Mrs. Epwarp J. Horzanp.’ New H.T. (Lhe Garden.)
(P. cexxxviil.)
$ To Dracaena Bruantu variegata (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Cut-
& bush, Highgate. A handsome foliage plant, leaves about 12 x 1} inches,
_ tapering at the extremities but not stalked, green, broadly striped with
: WO. EXXIV. : q

@CXXXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

yellow, and the young leaves suffused with bronze-red. The variegated
form appeared to be as vigorous as the type.

To Nerine ‘Countess of Altamont’ (votes, 12 for), from F. D.
Godman, Esq., South Lodge, Horsham (gr. Mr. Moody). A vigorous
variety, with umbels of ten flowers, the petals twisted at the tips, of good
substance, delicate shrimp-pink in colour.

To Rose ‘Mrs. Alfred Tate’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
McGredy, Portadown, Ireland. A Hybrid Tea-rose, strongly tea-scented,
pale rosy-flesh in colour, of very little substance, but the buds long and
pointed, of exquisite form.

To Rose ‘Mrs. Edward J. Holland’ (votes, 14 for, 4 against), from
Messrs. McGredy. A Hybrid Tea-rose, bright rose-pink in | colour, of good
form and vigorous habit. (Fig. 112.)

To Rose ‘Mrs. Wakefield Christie-Miller’ (votes, 16 ik 5 against),
from Messrs. McGredy. A Hybrid Tea-rose, silvery-pink within, rich rose-
pink on the petal-reverse, in colour similar to ‘Grand Duc Adolphe de
Luxembourg,’ but much more vigorous than that variety, with the stems

sturdy and erect. Flowers very large, but rather rough in form. An ©

excellent decorative variety.

Other Exhibits.

Mrs. Barnard, West Drayton: floral study.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: hardy plants.

Messrs. Bath, Wisbech: Chrysanthemum ‘ Janine Viaux.’
Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: Asters.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: Dahlias.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: herbaceous plants.

Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay: Dahlas.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham: scented-leaved Pelargoniums.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.

Messrs. Lane, Great Berkhamsted : Roses and Carnations.

Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park: Carnations.

Rey. F. W. Mason, Warwick : Chrysanthemum ‘ Soleil d’Octobre.’
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: autumn foliage.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston : hardy plants.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond: berried Aucubas, &c.

Mr. Seward, Hanwell: Chrysanthemums.

Messrs. k. Veitch, Exeter: Nerine Bowdent, from the open ground.
Messrs. Ware, Feltham: herbaceous plants.

FLORAL CoMMITTEK, OCTOBER 27, 1908.

Mr. W. Marswaut, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. CC@XXXIX

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &c.
To Messrs. Hill, Lower Edmonton, for Gleichenias.

‘Silver Flora Medal.
To Miss Farrer, Acton, for floral studies.

Fie. 113.—CurysantHEemum ‘Hinpa Lawrence.’ (The Garden.) (P.cexl.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. F. Brazier, Caterham, for Chrysanthemums, Asters, «ke.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Zonal Pelargoniums.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.

To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for miscellaneous plants.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Begonias, &c.

cexl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for anal shrubs.

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Felton’s Favourite’ (votes, 15 for, 3 against),
from Mr. P. Ladds, Swanley Junction. A decorative or market variety,
with vigorous habit and stiff stems. Undisbudded sprays were shown
with flowers 3 inches in diameter, pure white, and also disbudded plants
with flowers 5 inches in diameter, cream-white. Height 3 to 4 feet.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Hilda Lawrence’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mrs. Gregory, Shoreham (gr. Mr. Lawrence). A ‘single’ variety;
flowers pale mauve-rose, about 3 inches in diameter, and with generally
three rows of ray florets. Habit vigorous, stalks stout, 8 to 4 feet.
(Fig. 113.)

To Chrysanthemum ‘H. W. Thorp’ (votes, unanimous), from H. W.
Thorp, Esq., Worthing. An ‘incurved’ variety; flowers large, globular,
white. (Seedling from ‘ Buttercup.’)

To Chrysanthemum ‘Master David’ (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Frank Crisp, Henley-on-Thames (gr. Mr. Perkins). A Japanese exhibition
variety ; flowers large, with broad, scarcely twisted rays; rich crimson,
with silver-bronze reverse.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Mrs. R. H. B. Marsham’ (votes, unanimous),
from R. H. B. Marsham, Esq., Bifrons, Canterbury. A Japanese exhibi-
tion variety ; flowers large, very deep, with long drooping outer rays;
white, with occasional faint markings of crimson. (Seedling from ‘T. §.
Vallis.’)

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Sir Frank Crisp’ (votes, 12 for, 3 against), from
Sir Frank Crisp, Henley-on-Thames. A Japanese exhibition variety ;
flowers large, very deep, with narrower and more numerous rays than the
preceding varieties ; brick-red in colour, with bronze reverse.

Other Exhibits.

Lady Marcus Beresford, Englefield Green: Nicotiana tomentosa
variegata.

Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Elstree: Cornus alba Gibbs.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines, &c.

A. Kingsmill, Esq., Harrow Weald: Pernettya mucronata.

Misses Kipping, Hutton, Essex: alpines, &e.

Mr. A. T. Miller, Leatherhead: Chrysanthemums.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham: alpines.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: Nerines, &e.

Mr. M. Silsbury, Shanklin: Chrysanthemums.

FLoRAL CoMMITTEE, NovEMBER 10, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present. —

Awards Recommended :
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Hill, Edmonton, for ferns.

ae eS se eC

‘a

FLORAL COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. eexli

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns and flowers.

‘
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To E. H. Brown, Esq., Roehampton (gr. Mr. Bradford), for Begonias.
To Rev. H. Buckston, Etwell, Derby (gr. Mr. Shambrook), for
_ Cyclamen.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Miss Grace Layton, Bournemouth, for floral studies.
To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums.

‘Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Pelargoniums.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &e.

To G. Ferguson, Esq., Weybridge (gr. Mr. F. W. Smith), for Chrys-
anthemums.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Chrysanthemums.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Begonias.

Bronze Floral Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To P. Purnell, Esq., Streatham, for flowers and foliage.
To Mr. Simpson, Chelmsfcrd, for single Chrysanthemums.

First-class Certificate.

To Nephrolepis amabilis (votes, 15 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Hill,
Edmonton. Fronds gracefully arching, dark green, tough, rather narrow,
densely clothed with the overlapping, repeatedly forked, broad pinnules.
Several fronds also were branched or tasselled at the tips. The fern isa
garden form said to have originated from N. rufescens, but no other
variety of Nephrolepis has so complicated a forking of the pinnules.

— Award of Merit.

To Begonia ‘ Clibrans’ Pink ’(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Clibrans,
Altrincham. This was the best of a series of seedlings raised from
B. socotrana x a double summer-flowering tuberous variety. Flowers
bright rose-pink, double, 2 x 14 inch, freely borne in pendent clusters,
four or five flowers to a spray. (Fig. 114.) :

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Hetty Wells’ (votes, 10 for, 2 against), from
Messrs. Wells, Merstham. A decorative or market variety; flowers
yellowish-buff, with the outer florets of a deeper colour, 6 inches in
diameter.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Hon. Mrs. Lopes’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
Martin Silsbury, Shanklin, Isle of Wight. A very large exhibition
Japanese variety ; pale yellow.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Purity’ (votes, 13 for), from Mr. Silsbury. A
Japanese exhibition variety ; white.

cexlil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ R. F. Felton’ (votes, 13 for), from Messrs. Wells.
A decorative or market variety; petals incurving, of great substance, rich
deep yellow.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Sylvia Slade’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Wells. A large-flowered single variety ; rich amaranth red, with a narrow
white band at the base of the florets, surrounding the yellow disc.

Fie. 114.—Brconia ‘Curprans’ Pink.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.) (P. cexli.)

To Nephrolepis rufescens May ornaia (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
May, Edmonton. Habit erect and vigorous, fronds stout, narrow,
densely furnished, but less stiffly erect and more graceful in form than the
variety Mayr. (Fig. 115.)

Other Exhibits.

P. S. Foster, Esq., Sutton Coldfield : Chrysanthemum.
Mr. Isaac Godber, Bedford : Chrysanthemums.

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FLORAL COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24. eexlili

F. C. Hill, Esq., Sandown, Isle of Wight: Begonia semperflorens alba.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants.

Mr. W. Pingo Horton, Seaford: Chrysanthemunis, &c.

Mr. F. Lilley, Guernsey : Chrysanthemums.

Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton: Carnations and new Rose.

Mr. A. H. Peters, Tenterden: Chrysanthemum.

Mr. E. Potten, Cranbrook : double Pelargonium.

Mr. C. Robinson, Bletchley: Chrysanthemum.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond: berried shrubs.

F. C. Stoop, Esq., Byfleet: Chrysanthemums.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-four members
present.

Awards Recommended.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Mr. Norman Davis, Framfield, Sussex, for Chrysanthemums.
To Mr. H. J. Jones, Hither Green, Lewisham, for Chrysanthemums.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and foliage plants.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for filmy ferns, &e.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Begonias.

*

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Adeline Duchess of Bedford, Chenies, Rickmansworth (gt. Mr.
Dickson), for Primula obconica.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Pelargoniums and Chrysanthemums.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Bamboos.

To Messrs. T. 8. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

To Messrs. Wells, Merstham, for Chrysanthemums.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To E. J. Johnstone, Esq., Groombridge (gr. Mr. Paskett), for Begonias.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Cyclamen, &c.

First-class Certificate.

To Aspidium (Polystichum) aculeatum gracillimum (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. C. Druery, Shaa Road, Acton. Pinnules rather distant, irregu-
larly serrate, linear, sometimes as much as 14 inch long ; fronds broad,
very slender, arching. Derived from Aspidiwm aculeatum pulcherrimum
(F.C.C. 1907) this is, perhaps, the most beautiful form of the common
hard shield-fern that has come before the Committee.

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Caledonia’ (votes, 16 for, 4 against), from Mr.
G. Williams, Cardiff. Single; bright mauve-rose, with yellow disc en-
circled by a 4-inch wide band of white, derived from the bases of the ray

eexliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

florets ; very large, sometimes 6 inches in diameter ; of remarkably firm
texture. The flowers exhibited had been cut a week, but the rays remained
rigidly horizontal. (Fig. 101, p. 459.)

To Chrysanthemum ‘Merstham Jewel’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Wells, Merstham. Single; coral red, disc yellow, rays tipped
with yellow ; about 35 inches in diameter ; peculiarly Gaillardia-like.

To Primula malacoides (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Bees,
Liverpool. Inflorescence 1 to 13 feet of 3 to 5 whorls, each bearing about
six flowers on very slender pedicels about 1}inch inlength. Flowers 2 inch
in diameter, mauve-lilac, but showing some variation in depth of colour,
with small yellow eye; petals deeply notched; calyx tube short, with
spreading lobes, very mealy. Leaves ovate, slightly cordate at the base,
serrato-crenate, long-stalked, soft in texture, hairy, especially on the stalk
and veins, and slightly mealy beneath. The plants exhibited had been
raised under glass, and strongly suggested vigorous specimens of P. For-
best, but seed having been gathered at an altitude of 9,000 ft. in Yunnan
the species should prove quite hardy. (Fig. 116.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: Nerines, &e.

Miss Farrer, Acton : floral studies.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : Carnations.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Cannas and Chrysanthemums.
Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines.

Mr. J. C. Russell, Taunton : Chrysanthemums.

Mr. M. Silsbury, Shanklin: new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. A. Young, Oxted: Begonia.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8, 1908.

Mr. W. Marsnaut, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Siver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs, Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.

To Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Ascot (gr. Mr. Jennings), for
Carnations.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Pelargoniums.
Silver Flora Medal.

To Mme. Albert, Westbourne Gardens, for floral studies.

To Messrs. Bell & Sheldon, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, for foliage plants and Carnations.
To Frank Galsworthy, Esq., Chertsey, for floral studies.

To Mr. G. Lange, Hampton, for Carnations.

aay

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Fre. 116.—PRIMULA MALACOIDES.

(Gardeners? Chronicle.)

(To face page cexliy.)

FLORAL COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22. eexlv

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for foliage and flowering plants.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Begonias, Carnations, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines and Carnations.

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Ball of Gold’ (votes, 18 for), from Messrs. Bath,
Wisbech. Flowers pale yellow, petals incurved. A strong stemmed,
free-flowering variety, recommended by the Committee on account of its
suitability for market work. (Sport from ‘ Snowdrift.’)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton-on-Avon: new Carnation.
Colonel Bosworth, Roehampton: new Chrysanthemums.

Messrs. Chatfield, Southwick, Brighton : Chrysanthemums.

Mr. A. Dewar, Kilmarnock: new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, Bucks : Carnations.

First Garden City, Limited, Letchworth: designs for small gardens.
Miss Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines, &e.

Mr. Frank Lilley, Guernsey: new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. E. Potten, Cranbrook: Pelargonium ‘ Double Paul Crampel.’
Mr. J. C. Russell, Taunton : new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. H. W. Thorp, Worthing : new Chrysanthemum.

Mr. G. H. Varley, Worthing: new Chrysanthemum.

Messrs. Wells, Merstham : Chrysanthemums.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22, 1908.

Mr. W. MarsHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for hardy evergreen shrubs and green-
house plants.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, for berried shrubs, Carnations, &c.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Pelargoniums and Begonias.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton, for Ferns.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.

First-class Certificate.

To Acanthus montanus (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch,
Chelsea. A shrubby species from West Africa, described in 1864, but

ecxlyi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IIORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

very rare in cultivation. The plant exhibited was about 15 inches high.
Leaves opposite, rigidly spreading, a little fleshy and brittle; beautifully
mottled with light and dark green, the paler shade following the main
net-veins ; the margin broken into about six saw-like lobes terminating in
bristles, a few bristles also rising from the centre of the divisions of the
upper surface of the leaf, and the lower surface scabrid, especially on the
veins ; leaves about 12 inches in length by 4 in width. Inflorescence
about 8 inches in length, the spike close-flowered, erect, with pinkish
bracts and calyces and white corolla, of which the lip was over an inch in
diameter.

Award of Merit.

To Sarcococca ruscifolia (votes, 12 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch. A
hardy evergreen shrub recently introduced from China, where it was
found at altitudes of 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Leaves ovate, acute, glossy dark
green above, pale green below, shortly stalked, about 1} inch in length by
4 inch in width. Flowers insignificant, greenish-white, in small close
axillary clusters, scented. A close relation of the Box, which it resembles
in the colour and texture of the foliage, but which it out-distances in the
vigour of its growth. Judging from the freedom with which branching
had taken place on a shoot from which the tip had been removed it would
appear to be very amenable to trimming.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. H. Haskins, Bournemouth : Chrysanthemum seedling.
Mr. W. Pingo Horton, Seaford : miscellaneous flowers.

Mr. F. J. McBean, Plumpton, Sussex: Chrysanthemum sport.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Calceolaria and Montanoa.

Mr. H. Prothero, Stonehouse: Chrysanthemum seedling.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: hardy flowers.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 25 & SEPT. 1. cexlvil

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
Sus-CoMMITTEE AT WistEy, Auacust 25, 1908.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nine members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.
Parsley.
(1) Fern leaf type.
*17. Sutton’s Garnishing (Sutton). A.M.
28. Johnson’s Perfect (Johnson). A.M.
(2) Curled type.
1. Beauty of the Parterre (Carter). A.M.
6. Emerald Green (Carter). A.M.
7. Extra Double Curled (Carter). A.M.
24. Myatt’s Extra-fine Garnishing (Barr). A.M.
29. Moss-curled (Nutting). A.M.
Tomato.
Lye’s Early Prolific (Wadds). A.M.

FRuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit trees in pots, &c.
To King’s Acre Nurseries, Hereford, for fruit trees in pots.
Hogg Medal.
To Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House (gr. Mr.
G. Reynolds), for Pineapples, &c.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford, for fruit trees in pots.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To W. Astor, Esq., Cliveden, Taplow (gr. Mr. Camm), for Grape
‘ Madresfield Court.’
To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for a collection of Apples, &c.

Other Exhibits.

Mrs. Ames, Westbury-on-Trym: Pear ‘ Doyenné Boussoch.’
Mr. T. Clark, Histon, Cambs. : seedling Plum.

* See footho e, p. 525.

cexlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. H. Low, Bush Hill Park: Raspberry ‘ Low’s Perpetual.’
Mr. M. H. Matthews, New Southgate: seedling Apple.

Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech: Apple ‘ Red Victoria.’

Mr. H. Pack, Sholing, Hants: Tomato ‘ Pack’s Excelsior.’
Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester: seedling Plum.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15, 1908.

Mr. J. CHeAu in the Chair, and sixteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for vegetables.

Fic. 117.—Appie ‘Rep Victoria.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Lady Northcliffe, Sutton Place, Guildford (gr. Mr. Goatley), for
Melons.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for ‘lomatos.
Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘ Red Victoria’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. G. W. Miller,
Wisbech. Fruit large, deep round, slightly ribbed; very highly coloured,
minute spots of red; eye closed, set in deep-furrowed basin, segments
long; stalk thin, very short, set in deep wide cavity: flesh white, very

5
i
*

.

‘

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 22 & 29. cexlix

juicy: an early culinary variety, said to be a good grower and free
cropper. (Fig. 117.)

Cultural Commendation.
To C. Tuffin, Esq., West Dulwich, for Apple ‘ Grenadier.’

Other Exhibits.

Mr. A. W. Chillery, Withycombe, Exmouth: seedling Apple.

F. H. Cook, Esq., Wonersh, Guildford: new Melon.

Mrs. Reg. Hill, Coggeshall Essex: giant puffball (Lycoperdon
giganteum).

Hon. A. H. T. de Montmorency, Carrickmines, Co. Dublin: new
Peach. .
Messrs. Searle, Chipping Ongar: seedling Nectarine.
Messrs. R. Smith, Worcester: seedling Plum.
Mrs. Trotter, Barnet : new Grape.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 22, 1908.
SuB-CoMMITTEE AT WISLEY.
Mr. Owen THomas, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nine members present.
The following varieties of Beet and Potatos were highly commended
(XXX).
Beet :—

*36. Willow-leaved (for ornamental purposes), from Messrs. Dobbie,
Rothesay.

37. Sutton’s Blood Red, from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.
40. Sutton’s Pineapple, from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.

Potato :—

64. Devanha Seedling, from Messrs. W. Smith, Aberdeen.
84. British Champion, from Mr. G. Carter, Cottenham.

FRvuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-giult Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Potatos.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Miss Nicholl, Ashley Gardens, 5.W., for Navel Oranges
To Mr. R. C. Noteutt, Woodbridge, Suffolk, for Apples.

Silver Kightian Medal.
To Messrs. Lane, Great Berkhamsted, for Vines in pots.

See footnote, p. 525.

ecl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

First-class Certificate.

To Grape ‘Prince of Wales’ (votes, unanimous) from R.H.S.
Gardens, Wisley. This variety, said to be a sport from Mrs. Pince,
received an Award of Merit when shown by Messrs. J. Veitch on Sep-
tember 25, 1900. The berries are large, oval, blue-black, and of very
good, slightly Muscat flavour; bunches large, long, tapering, very hand-
some ; long keeping.

Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘Renown’ (votes, 17 for, 5 against) from Colonel Archer-
Houblon, Newbury (gr. Mr. Chas. Ross). A seedling from Peasgood’s
Nonsuch x Cox’s Orange, very similar in appearance to Emperor
Alexander (fig. 118). .

To Oranges ‘Renwick Navel’ (votes, 8 for) and ‘ Washington Navel ’
(votes, unanimous) from Miss Nicholl, Ashley Gardens, S.W. Fruits large,
handsome in appearance, rich in colour, very fine in flavour; grown in
South Australia.

To Beets:

*36. Willow-leaved (for ornamental purposes), from Messrs. Dobbie,
Rothesay.
37. Blood Red, from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.
40. Pineapple, from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.

To Potatos :
64. Devanha Seedling, from Messrs. W. Smith, Aberdeen.
84. British Champion, from Mr. G. Carter, Cottenham, Cambs.

The Beets and Potatos were grown in the Society’s Gardens
at Wisley, and were the varieties highly commended by the Sub-
Committee at the trial grounds on September 22. Samples of each
variety were cooked and placed before the full Committee, and Awards of
Merit were then unanimously recommended. For descriptions see
reports of trials at Wisley, p. 509 and p. 525.

Cultural Commendation.

To Messrs. 8. T. Wright and A. C. Smith, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley,
for 31 varieties of Grapes.

To Mr. W. Cobb, Rusper, for apple ‘ Charles Ross.’

To Mr. C. Foster, University College, Reading, for Apple ‘James
Grieve.’

To Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter, for Apple ‘ Gravenstein.’

Other Exhibits.

R. C. Appleton, Esq., Beverley, Yorks: fruitful Bramble.
Mr. E. Burden, King’s Heath, Birmingham: seedling Apple.
Mr. J. Charlton, Tunbridge Wells: new Apple.

Mr. W. Jerome, Stanley Road, Teddington: seedling Apple.
Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park: perpetual fruiting Raspberry.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt : Strawberry ‘ Reine d’ Aotit.’

Mr. A. E. Reynolds, Lyncombe Vale, Bath : seedling Apple.
Mr. M. Roe, Pomona Fruit Farm: Apples.

* See footnote, p. 525.

OE RTL aN corm en pee eae

Esta

Fie. 118.—Apprie ‘Renown.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.) ea

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13. ~~ celi

W. Roupell, Esq., Roupell Park, 8.W.: ‘ Sultana’ Grape.
Mr. W. T. Royle, Colwyn Bay : Tomato ‘ Pyrus.’

Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow : seedling Apple.

Mr. J. Watkins, Maplehurst, near Horsham: new Apple.

Extract from the Minute Book of the Council :—‘ Among the exhibits
in the day’s Show was a magnificent and highly interesting and in-
structive collection of 31 varieties of grapes sent from the Society’s
Garden at Wisley. They were considered to be the finest exhibit of
grapes ever shown from one garden. The Council summoned Mr. §. T.
Wright and Mr. A. C. Smith (the Superintendent and Assistant Super-
intendent), and the President offered a few words indicative of the
appreciation by the Council of the energy and skill which had produced
such a remarkable exhibit in so short a time—8 years from the eye.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13, 1908.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gut Hogg Medal.

To Lieut.-Col. Borton, Cheveney, Hunton (gr. Mr. J. Whittle), for
Apples.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Apples.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Jas. Webber, Minehead, for Apple ‘ Charles Ross.’

Other Exhibits.

Mr. J. Basham, Bassaleg, Newport, Mon.: Crab ‘ Fairy.’

Mr. E. Bird, Badley, Daventry : Apples.

B. E. C. Chambers, Esq., Haslemere: Servian Quinces.

Mr. F. Clipstone, Market Harborough: seedling Apple.

A. Davidson, Esq., Great Chesterford: Apple ‘Susan Davidson.’

Mr. J. Dutton, Ham Arch Nurseries, Worthing : seedling Cucumber.
C. C. Ellison, Esq., Bracebridge, Lincoln: Apple ‘ Ellison’s orange.’
Mr. H. Jeffree, Old Bell Hotel, Wisbech: Apple ‘ Deudney’s seedling.’
W. Lawman, Ksq., Southgate: Apple ‘ Lawman’s seedling.’

J. Leakey, Esq., Sydenham: Grape ‘ Brandt.’

Lady Londonderry, Stockton-on-Tees : grape ‘ Hanipoot.’

Mrs. Miller,.Marlow: Chutney and Preserves.

Mr. G. Pyne, Denver Nurseries, Topsham : Apple ‘ Pyne’s Pearmain.’
Mr. H. M. Roberts, Tring : Apple ‘Ivinghoe Beauty.’

Mr. Ross, Ham Court, Upton-on-Severn : seedling Melon.

cclil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OcTOBER 15, 1908.
AuTUMN FRuIT SHow.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirty members present.
[For awards by the Council in the Competitive Exhibits see p. exc.]

Silver Banksian Medal.
Mrs. Arnold, Dedham, for old English Apples.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Harvey (gr. to Mrs. Thornhill), Bakewell, for Seville Oranges.

Other Exhibits.
O. G. 8. Croft, Esq., Pomona Fruit Farm, Hereford: seeding Apple.
Mr. Geo. E. Dyke, Milborne Port, Somerset : Apple ‘ Dyke’s seedling.’
Mr. W. A. Herring, Lincoln: Apple ‘ Herring Pippin.’
KE. Leroy, Esq., East Molesey: fruits of Passiflora caerulea.
Messrs. Merryweather, Southwell: Apple ‘ Crimson Bramley.’
P. H. Miller, Esq., Moyleen, Marlow: Strawberries, Walnuts, &c.
Mr. W. H. Redshaw, Bourne: seedling Apples.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OcTOBER 27, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-giult Hogg Medal.
To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for fruit trees in pots.

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for Apples.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. R. W. Green, Wisbech, for Potatos.
To W. H. Whiteley, Esq., Torquay, for Apples.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. W. Allan, Gunton Park: Raspberry ‘ Alexandra.’

Messrs. Bath, Wisbech: Pear ‘ Bath’s Productive.’

Mr. A. Faulknor, Inkpen, nr. Hungerford : nuts.

W. Heywood Esq., Watlingford, Bowdon : Apples.

Sir E. Loder, Maplehurst, Horsham: Apple ‘White Holland
Pippin.’

A. Ries, Esq., Fitzjohn’s Avenue, Hampstead: seedling Apples.

Mr. R. Sutterby, St. John’s Fen End, Wisbech : seedling Apples.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10 & 24. celiii

FRuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1908.

Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and fifteen members present.

Award Recommended :—
Silver-giult Knightian Medal.
To the Duke of Rutland, Grantham (gr. Mr. W. H. Divers), for a
collection of fruit.
Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Allen and Hoar, West Hampstead: seedling Apple.
Rey. H. Herbert, St. Ives, Hunts: seedling Apple.

Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park: Apples.

Rey. H. Rollo Meyer, Ampthill: new Apple.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, 1908.

Mr. J. CHEAL in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knughtian Medal.
To J. G. Williams, Eisq., Pendley Manor, Tring, for Apples.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham (gr. Mr. Cook),
for Apples and Pears.
To Messrs. Massey, Spalding, for Potatos.

Award of Merit.
To Pear ‘Dana’s Hovey’ (votes, 12 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch,
Chelsea. Fruit of medium size, obovate, regular; skin greenish-yellow,
dotted and veined with russet ; eye open, in a shallow basin ; stalk about

an inch long; flesh yellowish, sweet, melting, but a little inclined to be
oritty. An old but useful variety ; in season from November to January.

Cultural Commendation.

To Rt. Hon. the Earl of Ducie, Tortworth Court, Gloucester, for fruits
of Diospyros costata.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Bonfiglioli, Bologna, Italy: coreless Apple.

Miss Martin, Willowbrook, New York: bottled fruits.

Mrs. Miller, Moyleen, Marlow: Chutney and bottled fruits.
Rey. T. Sheepshanks, Chudleigh, Devon: Pears.

Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow: Apple ‘ Hounslow Wonder.’
W. A. Voss, Esq., Rayleigh : new Apple.

VOL. XXXIV. i)

ccliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
Mr. D. W. Bedford, The Braes, Berkhamsted: Onions.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: new Apple.

Mr. John Garland, Broadclyst, Devon: new Apple. .

Mr. W. Peters, Givons Gardens, Leatherhead : fruit storing trays.
Mr. E. Potten, Cranbrook: new Apple.

H. Wretts Smith, Esq., Ilford: new Apple.

Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow : new Apple.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22, 1908.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Apples.

Hogg Medal.
To Lord Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr. Mr. Goodacre), for
Muscat of Alexandria Grapes.

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford, Kent, for Apples.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Apples.
First-class Certificate.
To Apple ‘ Encore’ (votes, unanimous), from Colonel Archer-Houblon,

Welford Park, Newbury (gr. Mr. Charles Ross). A cooking Apple (raised
from ‘ Warner’s King’ x ‘Old Northern Greening ’) that was unanimously

recommended an Award of Merit, December 11, 1906. For description -

see JOURNAL, Vol. xxxii., 1907, p. cxlix.

Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘ William Crump’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. W. Crump,
V.M.H., Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern. Fruit of medium size and
recular shape ; eye closed, with erect segments, in a shallow basin ; stalk
very short, deeply inserted ; skin red, striped, russety round the stalk ;
flesh crisp, of good flavour. A dessert variety raised from Cox’s ‘Orange
Pippin’ x ‘ Worcester Pearmain.’

Other Exhibits.

Sir EK. Loder, Bart., Maplehurst, Horsham: Apples.
Mr. F. W. Seabrook, Ramsey Abbey, Hunts: new Apple.

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Fic. 119.—Cartunya Menpenit ‘His Magesty tHE Kine.’
(F.C.C. May 26, 1908. See page cliv.) (To face page cclv.)

Te) ee ee

a

ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 1 ecly

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

Mr. H. J. Verrcou, V.M.H., in the Chair, and sixteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To H. 8. Goodson, Ksq., Fairlawn, West Hill, Putney (gr. Mr. Day),
for a group.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, for hybrid Orchids.
To Messrs. Sander, for a group.

Fic. 120.—Catasetum RusseLuianum. (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Brasso-Cattleya x ‘Madame Chas. Maron,’ Sander’s variety (B.
Digbyana x C. Warscewiczw) (votes, 10 for, 3 against), from Messrs,
Sander. Flowers large and of fine shape; deep purplish rose with pale
yellow centre to the lip.

Award of Merit.

To Catasetum Russellianum (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A distinct species
with whitish flowers marked with green lines and veining. (Fig. 120.)

To Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya x Danae superba (C. Harrisoniana x
S.-L. laeta Orpetiana) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford |

r2

~~

celvl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, .

C.1.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A dwarf plant
with flowers of the shape and substance of those of C. Harrisoniana, but
larger, cream, tinged with rose-purple ; lip yellow with a purple front.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Elva’ var. ‘St. Vincent’ (C. Warscewiczii
x L.-C. Ingramit) (votes, unanimous), from H. 8. Goodson, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Day). Flowers deep rose with dark ruby-purple lip, having a large
yellowish blotch on each side.

To Cattleya x ‘ Rhoda.’ (x ‘Iris’ x Hardyana) (votes, 9 for,
2 against), from Messrs. Charlesworth. The original form in the
collection of J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., is shaped like C. x Hardyana, the
present variety like C. x ‘Iris.’ Sepals and petals apricot yellow, tinged
with red; lip ruby-red with lighter margin.

Botanical Certificate.

To Catasetum Imschootianum. Flowers yellowish-green, fleshy, and
globular in form.

To Calanthe Ceciliae, of the C. Masuca class. Flowers pale lavender,
with a purple spot at the base of the lip. :

To Cymbidium lancifolium. Flowers on erect spikes, white with
purple lines on the petals and lip.

These three plants were exhibited by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr. W. H. White).

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.: rare Orchids.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford: four hybrids.

Messrs. W. Bull: hybrid Cattleyas.

Messrs. Stanley: a group.

Mr. A. W. Jensen, Lindfield: Vanda coerulea Jenseniana, a small
form with mauve labellum.

A. G. Groves, Esq., Bristol (gr. Mr. Gostling): a fine specimen of
Cypripedium x ‘ Kubele’ grandis.

Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech: Laelio-Cattleyas.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq. (gr. Mr. Black): varieties of Cattleya x ‘ Adula.’

ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNEY FowLeEr in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal. _
To H. §. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr. Day), for
a group.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for hybrid Orchids.
Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.
To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, for a group.
To Messrs. Stanley, Southgate, for Cattleyas and Cypripediums.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 15. eelvil

To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

Fig. 121.—CarrneyA HarRISONIANA ALBA, STANLEY’S vaRIETY. (he Garden.)

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First-class Certificate.
To Cattleya Harrisoniana alba, Siianilay s variety (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Stanley, Southgate. Flower pure white with yellow zone on
the lip, and larger than the original form. (Fig. 121.)

ceelvlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Award of Merit.

To Cattleya x? Maron aurea (velutina x Dowiana ‘awrea) (votes,
unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., Burford (gr. Mr.
W.H. White). Sepals and petals clear citron yellow; lip rose-crimson
with gold veining from the base.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. Alex-
ander) : three new hybrids.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham (gr. Mr. Black): varieties of
Cattleya x ‘Adula’ (bicolor x Hardyana).

Messrs. Wm. Bull, Chelsea: varieties of Cattleya x ‘Iris,’ &e.

OrRcHID. COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908.

Mr. J. GurNEy Fow er in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To H. 8. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, West Hill, Putney (gr. Mr. G. E.
Day), for a group.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya x ‘Venus’ (‘Iris’ x Dowiana aurea) (votes, unanimous),
from H. 8. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr. G. HE. Day). A
very fine hybrid. Sepals and petals broad, golden-yellow tinged with
reddish-bronze ; lip deep ruby-red, with gold veining from the base ‘to
the centre. (Fig. 122.)

To Odontioda x Charlesworthii, Goodson’s variety (Odontoglossum
Harryanum x Cochlioda Noezliana) (votes, 18 for, 3 against), from
H. 8. Goodson, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. HE. Day). Flowers larger than the
original, reddish-scarlet with yellow markings on the crest. (Fig. 123.)

To Cypripedium x ‘ Actaeus Bianca’ (Leeanwm ‘ Prospero’ x insigne
Sanderae (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.LE.,
C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A great improvement on
the favourite C. imsigne Sanderae), which it resembles, but the flowers
are larger. Dorsal sepal pure white with a well-defined yellowish-green
base; the rest of the flower is pale yellow. (Fig. 124.)

To Cattleya x ‘Rutilant’ (Maronuw x Fabia Vigeriana) (votes,
unanimous), from M. Chas. Maron, Brunoy, France. Flowers as large as
those of Cattleya labiata and almost entirely of a glowing reddish
crimson colour. (Fig. 126.)

SREY

AS wate Se thi aaeaerwns —
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(Gardeners’ Chronicle )

‘ VENUS.’

122.—CaTTLEYA x

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ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 29. — eclix

Award of Merit.
Sophro-Cattleya x ‘Saxa,’ Westonbirt variety (S. grandiflora rosea
x C. Trianaer) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford,

Fic. 123.—Oponriopa x Ouse Rewpaitnttt Goopson’s variety. (The Garden.
(P. cclviii.)
C.LE., C.V.O. (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Plant dwarf; flower three
inches across; sepals and petals deep rose-purple; lip orange on the
lower half, the front and margins of the side lobes claret-purple.

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eclx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Golden Oriole,’ Goodson’s variety (L.-C.
Charlesworthii x C. Dowiana ‘ Rosita’) (votes, unanimous). Flowers
golden-yellow heavily marked with deep bronzy-red.

To Oncidiwm incurvum (votes, 12 for, 6 against), from Baron Sir. H.
Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine). A graceful
Mexican species which first flowered in England in 1840. Flower-spikes

Fia. 124.—Cyprrprpium x‘ Acrarvs Branca.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.) (P. eelviii.)

four feet in length, branched, and bearing numerous white and rose
flowers.

Botanical Certificate.

To Catasetum maculatum, from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands,
South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis). Flowers large, on erect spikes,
fleshy, greenish, the lip and petals spotted with light purple.

ORCHID COMMITTER, SEPTEMBER 29. celxi

To Acineta densa, from H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill
(gr. Mr. Thurgood). An old species with a pendulous raceme of large
wax-like yellowish flowers faintly spotted with rose.

et

Fie. 125.—Cartieya x ‘Rorimant. (Journal of Horticulture.) (P. cclviii.)

To Habenaria geniculata, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, K.C.V.O.
(gr. Mr. W. H. White). A slender species from Darjeeling with white
flowers bearing green spurs two inches in length.

Cynorchis purpurascens, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A
terrestrial Orchid with shining green leaves and rose-purple flowers, each
an inch in diameter. Native of Madagascar.

eclxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cirrhopetalum Andersonii, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A dwarf
species with umbels of whitish flowers spotted with lilac.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Moore, Rawdon : a group.

Monsieur Chas. Maron, Brunoy, France: hybrid Orchids.

H. T. Pitt, Esq.: Odontoglossum grande Pittianum.

F. J. Hanbury, Esq.: Cypripedium Fairrieanum, Brockhurst variety.

ORCHID CoMMITTEE, OcTOBER 13, 1908.
Mr. J. GuRNEY Fow.er in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To H. 8. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr. Day), for a group.
. To Henry Little, Esq., Baronshalt, Twickenham (gr. Mr. Howard), for
a group representing Cattleya Bowringiana and its hybrids.
To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group of Vanda coerulea, &e.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group.
To Messrs Cypher, Cheltenham, for a well-arranged group of Cypri-
pediums, Dendrobiums, &e.
To Miss M. Walters Anson, Streatham, for a collection of paintings.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, for Cattleyas, &c.
To Messrs. Stanley, Southgate, for Cattleya labiata, ke.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Odontoglossums.
To Monsieur Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘St. Gothard’ (Z.-C. x Gottoiana x C. Hardyana)
(votes, unanimous), from H. §. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr.
Day). A grand flower of fine shape ; sepals and petals purplish-rose ; lip
deep ruby-crimson.

Cypripedium Charlesworthii Bromilowianum (votes, unanimous),
from H. J. Bromilow, Esq., Rainhill, Lanes (gr. Mr. Morgan). A true
albino, the dorsal sepal being pure white, the rest of the flower pale
green without the purplish colour of the type. (Fig. 126.)

Awara of Meritt.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Cornelia,’ Westonbirt variety (L. pumila x C.
labiata) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Flowers equal to those of C. labiata,
rose with ruby-crimson lip,

Botanical Certificate.
To Cymbidium Dayanum, from Messrs. Sander. Foliage slender ;

flowers in drooping racemes, white with crimson lines on the petals, and
crimson sides to the lip. Syns. C. Simonsianwm and C. pulcherrimum.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, eelxili

To Megaclinium colubrinum, from Messrs. Sander. A singular species
with flattened purple rachis, bearing on each side a row of small purple
flowers.

Fic. 126.—CyprirepiIuM CHARLESWORTHII BROMILOWIANUM.
(Journal of Horticulture.)

Other Exhibits.
Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O. : new hybrids.
C. J. Lucas, Esq.: Laelio-Cattleya x ‘ Dorothy Strachan’ (L.

Dayana x C. ‘ Eldorado’).
Messrs. Heath : Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, &c.

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, OcToBER 27, 1908.

Mr. J. Gurney Fow sr in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.

Awards Recommended :—

Gold Medal. .

To Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt, for a
magnificent group composed principally of hybrid Cattleyas raised at
Westonbirt.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for hybrids and rare
species.

a

cclxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Silver Flora Medal.

To. H. S. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr. G. E. Day), for
Cattleyas, Laelio-Cattleyas, &c.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, a group of several white-flowered
Cattleyas, &c.

To KE. Ashton, Esq., The Broadlands, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells
(gr. Mr. Young), for well-grown Cattleyas, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To J. S. Moss, Esq., Bishop’s Waltham, for a group of Cattleya
Dowiana aurea.

To Clement Moore, Esq., Hackersach, New Jersey, U.S.A., for cut
spikes of white and coloured forms of Cattleya labiata.

First-class Certificate.

To Vanda coerulea Charlesworthw (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath. A true albino, the flowers being pure
white, without a trace of colour. (Fig. 127.)

Award of Merit.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Lustre’ gigantea (C. Luddemanniana x L.-C.
callistoglossa) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.LE.,
C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Plant dwarf; flower
large and of firm substance ; sepals and petals white, tinged and mottled
with rose ; lip large, claret-purple, lighter towards the front.

To Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Ortrude’ superba (L. anceps x C. Dowiana
aurea) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. A showy
flower with cream-white sepals and petals, tinged with rose, and ruby-red
lip with golden lines from the base.

To Brasso-Cattleya x ‘Madame Hye’ superba (B. Digbyana x C.
Harrisoniana) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. A
finely formed flower, white tinged with lilac.

To Brasso-Cattleya x Digbyano-Mossiae ‘Queen Alexandra,’ Glen-
thorne variety (B. Digbyana x C. Mossiae Wagenert) (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Wilson, Hayward’s Heath. A large pure-white flower of
fine shape.

Botanical Certificate.

To Saccolabiwm dasypogon, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr.
W. H. White). A dwarf species with short clusters of yellow flowers and
white bearded lip.

To Masdevallia Ortgiesiana, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A
tufted plant with flowers an inch long on slender scapes, white with
purple stripes.

Other Exhibits.

W. Waters Butler, Esq., Edgbaston : Cattleya Hardyana alba, South-
fields variety, and C. labiata.

Messrs. Cypher: a group.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq. (gr. Mr. Black): hybrid Cattleyas.

Mrs. Joad, Worthing : Renanthera coccinea.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. eclxv

H. Spicer, Esq.: a group of Cypripediwm Spicerianwm,
Messrs. Stanley: a group,

G, F. Moore, Esq.: Cypripediwm ‘ Actaeus Milkmaid,’
Mr, Jensen, Hayward’s Heath ; Cattleya Dowiana aurea,

ie RPCHRO Noo

|
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Fic. 127..-VANDA COERULEA VAR. CHARLESWoRTHII. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

eclxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq.: Calanthe x ‘ Angela.’
A. Warburton, Esq.: Cypripedium insigne excelsis, resembling C.
insigne ‘ Harefield Hall.’

OrcHID ComMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1908.

Norman C. Cooxson, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group of hybrid
Orchids.

To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.

To Mr. H. A. Tracy, Twickenham, for a group, including several fine
seedling forms of Cypripedium Spicerianum.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Sophro-Catileya x ‘Doris’ (S. grandiflora x C. Dowiana
aurea) (votes, unanimous), from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands,
South Woodfood (gr. Mr. J. Davis). A very fine hybrid of dwarf habit
and bearing bright scarlet flowers about three inches across. (Fig. 128.)

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x ‘Dante’ magnificum (‘Hera Euryades’ x
Charlesworth) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford,
C.I.E, C.V.0O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Dorsal sepal
white blotched with claret-purple ; petals and lip honey-yellow tinged
with red-brown.

To Cattleya x Clarkiae wmtensa (labiata x bicolor) (votes, unani-
mous), from Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House (gr.
Mr. J. Hudson). A pretty hybrid, formed like C. x ‘Iris.’ Flowers bright
rose with magenta crimson lip.

To Cattleya x Fabia Cooksoniae (labiata Cooksoniae x Dowiana
aurea) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood,
Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman). Flowers formed like C. labiata.
Sepals and petals white, lip purplish-rose with gold veining from the base.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Bulbophyllum cupreum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, K.C.V.O.
(or. Mr. W. H. White). A strong-growing species allied to B. Careyanum,
and with copper-yellow flowers.

To Bulbophyllum lilacinum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
Flowers in dense racemes, white tinged with lilac.

To Polysiachya Lauwrentii, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A
distinct species from the Congo district. Leaves dark green and
coriaceous. Flowers in branched terminal spikes, white with yellow
crest: to the labellum.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. eelxvil

To Mazillaria phoenicanthera, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

Allied to M. punciata. Flowers numerous, white sparsely spotted with
purple.

Fic. 128.—Sopnro-Carrirya x ‘Doris.’ (The Garden.)

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.: three distinct forms of Laelio-Cattleya
x Adolph-Harrisoniana.

H. S. Goodson, Esq.: a fine specimen of Cattleya labiata Amesiana.

——_
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ecelxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O.: Laelio-Cattleya x
‘Golden Beauty,’ and Brasso-Cattleya x ‘Mrs. J. Leemann,’ Westonbirt
variety.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking: Cattleya labiata, ‘ Her
Majesty the Queen,’ a large pure white flower with a faint tinge of pink
on the lip; and C. Gaskelliana ‘ Delight,’ fine in shape, white with a
small rose spot on the lip.

J. Forster Alcock, Esq.: three hybrid Cypripediums.

G. P. Walker, Esq.: Laelio-Cattleya x ‘ Hetherwood.’

H. H. Armitage, Esq., Sheffield: Cattleya Dowiana aurea x GC.
‘Viictoria Regina.’

W. P. Horton, Esq., Seaford: hybrid Cypripediums.

ORCHID ComMITTEE, NovEMBER 24, 1908.

“Mr. J. Gurney Fowner in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for hybrid Cypripediums, &e.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for Laelio-Cattleyas, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, Enfield, for a group.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Cypripediums.
To Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Cypripedium x ‘Dreadnought’ (‘ Troilus’ x imsigne ‘ Harefield
Hall’) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. A noble
flower, and a great improvement on C. x ‘ Aeson’ gigantewm, which is
its nearest ally. Dorsal sepal over three inches wide, gamboge-yellow,
spotted with light purple on the lower half, white above; petals and lip
pale yellow, tinged and veined with light purple. (Fig. 129.)

To Vanda coerulea, var. ‘ R. Chollet’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Sander, St. Albans. A fine round flower, tinged and veined with violet.

Award of Merit. |
To Cypripedium x ‘Arethusa’ (‘Milo’ x mtens Sallierw awreum)
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A handsome yellow flower, with the
upper half of the dorsal sepal pure white, the base being greenish-yellow
with rose spots. (Fig. 180.)

To Odontoglossum x Groganiae (Edwardiu x Uro-Skinnert) (votes,
unanimous), from J. Hubert Grogan, Esq., Slaney Park, Baltinglass, Co.
Wicklow, Ireland. Flowers on stout branched spikes, purple with rosy-
mauve lip having a yellow crest.

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Botanical Certificate.

To Oncidium mucropogon, from Gurney Wilson, Esq., Hayward’s
Heath. Allied to O. barbatwm, but distinguished by the large clear
yellow petals.

To Coelogyne fuliginosa, from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge
Wells. Flowers tawny yellow, with blackish fringed lip.

To Bulbophyllum Careyanum, from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown.
Flowers red-brown, in dense racemes.

Fic. 130.—Cyprivepium ‘Aretuusa.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.) (P. eclxviii.)

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. Bristow, gr. to Mrs. Temple, Leyswood, Groombridge, for a fine
specimen of Coelogyne barbata with six spikes.

Other Exhibits.

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (gr. Mr. J. Davis): Cymbidiwm x ‘ Maggie
Fowler,’ and Cypripedium x ‘ Ernest Read.’

Myr. A. Mackellar, The Royal Gardens, Windsor : spikes of Dendrobiwm
formosum giganteum.

VOL. XXXIV. s

eclxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lieut.-Colonel G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O. (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander) :
hybrid Cypripediums.

de B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr. Stables) : a fine form of Odontoglosswm
x waltoniense. :

F. Bostock, Esq., Northampton: Cypripediwm x ‘ Actaeus’ spring-
Jieldiense.

Monsieur Mertens, Ghent: hybrid Odontoglossums.

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNEY Fowuer in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for Cypripediums and Odontoglossums.

To H. J. Bromilow, Esq., Rainhill (gr. Mr. Morgan), for rare
Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Odontoglossums and Cypri-
pediums.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for a group.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Bush Hill Park, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Brasso-Cattleya x Clifton (B.-C. Digbyano-Mossiae x C. Trianaei,
Uplands var.) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s
Heath. Flower formed like B.-C. x Digbyano-Mossiae, but much larger,
silver-white tinged with lavender, the fringed lip having purple markings
at the base.

Award of Merit.

To Dendrobium Coelogyne striatum (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
H. A. Tracy, Twickenham. Flowers yellow, striped with claret-red ; lip
blackish-purple. (Fig. 181.)

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Hunter, gr. to his Grace the Duke of Marlborough, for Vanda
coerulea, with four spikes of flowers.
To Mr. H. Ballantine, gr. to Sir H. Schroder, for Cypripedium insigne
Sanderianum with ten flowers.

Other Exhibits.

His Grace the Duke of Marlborough (gr. Mr. Hunter): Cattleya
x ‘Fabia,’ Blenheim variety, and C. T'rianaez blenhermiensis.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G.
Alexander) : Cypripedium insigne, Holford’s variety, and a new Laelio-
Cattleya.

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ORCHID COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 8. celxxi

G. P. Walker, Esq., Putney Heath (gr. Mr. McGregor) : Odontoglossum
laudatum Walker (Wilckeanum x ardentissimum).

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hopkins):
Cypripedium x ‘The Premier’ (C. ‘Mons. de Curte’ x C. ‘Mrs. Wm.
Mostyn’), a fine flower of the C. Beekmanii class, and C. x ‘ Actaeus
Golden Gem,’ of a clear greenish-yellow colour, with the upper half of
the dorsal sepal white.

J. H. Hill, Esq., Burgess Hill: a group.

Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : Cypripediums.

ya

Fic. 131.—DrEnpRoBiIUM CoELOGYNE sTRIATUM. (Journal of Horticulture.)

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (gr. Mr. J. Davis): Cypripedium x ‘ Actaeus’
Fowler’s variety. .

Hubert Grogan, Esq., Baltinglass: Odontoglossum x Groganiae
(Edwardi x Uro-Skinner').

eclxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22, 1908.

Mr. J. GuRNEY Fow.er in the Chair, and twenty-three members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, for a group.

To. F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., Oxford (gr. Mr. Balmforth), for
Cypripediums and hybrid Lycastes.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Odontoglossums.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Cypripediums.

First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum x ‘Magali Sander’ (Rolfeae x Adrianae ‘F. K.
Sander ’) (votes, unanimous). A very large and distinct hybrid with broad
segments ; flowers white tinged with rose and uniformly blotched with
claret.

To Calanthe x ‘ Angela’ (Sedem burfordiensis x Chapmani) (votes,
unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr.
H. J. Chapman). Lip three-lobed, ruby-crimson; sepals and petals of
a lighter tint of rose-crimson.

To Cypripedium x ‘ Antinous’ (‘J. Howes’ x ‘ Actaeus’) (votes,
unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.L.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt
(gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Dorsal sepal white, spotted with purple on
the lower half, which is greenish; petals and lip pale yellow, with an
obscure green veining. — .

Award of Meritt.

To Calanthe x ‘Norman’ (vestita gigantea x hybrida rubro-oculata),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq. Sepals and petals rose-purple tipped
with white; lip mauve-crimson.

To Oncidium bicalloswm, Sander’s variety (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander. Sepals and petals chestnut brown ; lip large, yellow.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Dendrobium elongatum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.
(gr. Mr. W. H: White). A dwarf species from Annam, with the habit of
D. cymbidioides. Inflorescence of fifteen flowers, white, the lip having
a purple margin and some dark spots.

To Epidendrum punctiferum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
Resembling a small slender H. inversum. Flowers greenish, with purple
spots on the lip.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. H. G. Alexander, gr. to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, for the rare
Coelogyne Mooreana, with two spikes.
To Mr. H. J. Chapman, gr. to Norman ©. Cookson, Esq., for
Cypripedium x Leeanum Clinkaberryanum, with fifteen flowers.

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ORCHID COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 22.

celxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.: several rare Orchids.

Francis Wellesley, Esq. (gr. Mr. Hopkins): Cypripedium x ‘ Ernest
Swinton ’ (Godefroyae x beechense).

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.: Sophro-Laelia (S. grandiflora x L.
Jongheana).

Messrs. Veitch : Cypripedium x ‘ Thalia’ splendens.

Messrs. Hugh Low: Cypripediums. |

Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: Cypripediums.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq.: a group of Cattleya x ‘ Maggie Raphael’
delicatissima.

Monsieur Mertens, Ghent : Odontoglossums.

TELEGRAMS:

ODNABDNA KL WD eR

NOTICES TO FELLOWS.

ESTABLISHED
1804.

* HORTENSIA, LONDON.”

eelxxv

INCORPORATED
1809.

hE CEPHONE?:
5363 WESTMINSTER

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

NOTICES TO

. Temple Show, 1909.

. General.

. Letters.

. Telephone and Telegrams.

. Journals Wanted.

. Subscriptions.

. Form of Bequest.

. Privileges of Chemical Analysis.
. List of Fellows.

. New Fellows.

. An Appeal.

. Abstracts for Journal.

. The Society’s Gardens at Wisley.
. Trials at Wisley in 1909-10.

. The Wisley Research Station.

. Students at Wisley.

. Distribution of Surplus Plants.

. Letting of the Society’s Hall.

. Exhibitions, Meetings, and Lectures

in 1909.

. Error in Fellows’ Tickets.
. British-grown Fruit.

a2:
pay
24,
25.
. Shows of kindred Societies in 1909.

. Special Prizes, 1909.

. Lectures.

. The Masters Lectures.

. Examinations, 1909.

. Examinations Abroad.

. Information.

. Inspection of Fellows’ Gardens.

. Affiliation of Local Societies.

. Union of Horticultural Mutual Im-

FELLOWS.

Affiliated Societies’ Challenge Cup.
Book of Schedules.

Bottled British Fruits, &c., Show.
Colonial-grown Fruit Show, 1909.

provement Societies.

. Classification of Daffodils.

. Colour Chart.

. Monograph on Fungoid Pests.
. Rules for Judging, 1909 Code.
. Varieties of Fruits.

. Nicholson Memorial Fund.
42.

Advertisements.

1. TEMPLE SHOW, 1909.

Fellows are requested to take notice that, in order to meet the require-
ments of the authorities, considerable alterations in the arrangements
for this Show have been made.

eclxxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Visitors are warned that there will be no refreshments of any sort
obtainable at any time except Afternoon Tea from 2 to 6, which will
be served out of doors. This is the only alteration affecting visitors.

Exhibitors will find very important changes detailed in “ The Book
of Schedules,’’ 1909, price 6d., to which they are referred.

2. GENERAL.

Notices to Fellows are always added at the end of each number of
the JOURNAL, immediately preceding the Advertisements; also at the
beginning both of the ‘‘ Book of Arrangements” and of the ‘“ Report ©
of the Council.” Fellows are particularly requested to consult these
Notices, as it would often save them and the Secretary much unnecessary
correspondence.

3. LETTERS:

All letters on all subjects should be addressed—The Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

4. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAMS.

Telephone Number: WESTMINSTER, 53638. |
“ HORTENSIA, LONDON,” is sufficient address for telegrams.

5. JOURNALS WANTED.

The Secretary would be greatly obliged by the return to the Society
of ANY NUMBERS of the Journat which may be of no further use
to Fellows. Complete sets are occasionally applied for, but, at the
present moment, not even one can be supplied owing to the stock of
the following being exhausted :—

VOLUME X.
VOLUME XIII. Part 1.

These are therefore particularly desired.

6. SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions fall due on January 1st of each year. To avoid the
inconvenience of remembering this, Fellows can compound by the pay-
ment of one lump sum in lieu of all further annual payments ; or they
can, by applying to the Society, obtain a form of instruction to their
bankers to pay for them every January 1st. It may be a week or more
before the Tickets reach the Fellow, owing to the very large numbers,
over 20,000, having to be despatched within the first month of the
year. Fellows who have not already given an order on their bankers for
the payment of their subscriptions each year are requested to do so, as
this method of payment is preferred, and saves the Fellows considerable

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. eelxxvil

trouble. Forms for the purpose may be obtained from the R.H.S. Offices
at Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. Fellows whose subscriptions
remain unpaid are debarred from all the privileges of the Society ; but
their subscriptions are nevertheless recoverable at law, the Society being
incorporated by Royal Charter.

In paying their subscriptions, Fellows often make the mistake
of drawing their cheques for Pounds instead of for Guineas. Kindly note
that in all cases it is Guineas and not Pounds. Cheques and Postal
Orders should be made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society ”’
and crossed ‘‘ London and County Bank, Westminster.”

7. FORM OF BEQUEST.

I give and bequeath to the Treasurer for the time being of the Royal
Horticultural Society, London, the sum of £... ........, to be paid out of
such part of my personal estate as I can lawfully charge with the payment
of such legacy, and to be paid free of legacy duty, within six months of
my decease; the receipt of such Treasurer to be a sufficient discharge
for the same. And I declare that the said legacy shall be applied towards
[the general purposes of the Society].*

8. PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Instructions are contained at page 74 in the “Book of Arrange-
ments,” 1909.

9. LIST OF FELLOWS.

A list of all the Fellows of the Society is sent out in January.
Fellows are requested to look at their own names in it, and if in any way
these are incorrect, or the addresses insufficient, they are requested to inform
the Secretary at once. Forms of Nomination, and of the Privileges of
Fellows, are bound in with every number of the Journat and the
“ Book of Arrangements.”

10. NEW FELLOWS.

The President and Council fully appreciate how much the prosperity
of the Society and its present large number of Fellows is due to the
efforts of Fellows to enlist the sympathy of their friends; and the
steady advance during recent years indicates the increasing recognition
of the Society’s work and usefulness. But it must not be supposed that
a maximum has yet been reached. There is ample room for a great
increase of Fellows, in the North of England especially, as well as in
America and the Colonies.

* Any special directions or conditions which the testator may wish to be attached
to the bequest may be substituted for the words in brackets.

eclxxviili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IIORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

11. AN APPEAL.

What has been accomplished for the Society since 1887 is largely due
to the unwearied assistance afforded by a small proportion of the Fellows ;
but as all belong to the same Society, so it behoves each one to do what
he or she can to further its interests, especially in :—

1. Increasing the number of Fellows.

2. Helping to swell the General Prize Fund started by Mr. A. W.
Sutton, V.M.H., for providing Prizes for the Students at Wisley ; and
also the special Nicholson Memorial Prize Fund. See page cexcii.

3. Lectures with lantern slides.

4. Books are required to fill the gaps in the Library both at Vincent
Square and at Wisley.

5. New and rare Plants and Seeds are wanted for the Garden and
surplus roots for distribution to the Fellows.

6. Assisting in making Abstracts for the JouRNAL.

Thus there is plenty for all to do according to their individual liking :
personal effort, money, plants, books, are all alike needed. The Secretary,
therefore, asks those who read these lines to do their best to help in any
of the ways above indicated.

12. ABSTRACTS FOR JOURNAL.

Fellows (especially those who are interested in any of the numerous
ways in which modern scientific researches affect Horticulture or Botany)
will long ago have recognized the value of the AnsTrAcTs from current
periodical literature which appear in each issue of the Journau. In
order to keep these abstracts up to date, we are greatly in want of a few
more volunteers to help in the work. The Periodicals are sent from the
office to the Fellow undertaking to Abstract, and the return postage
expenses are prepaid. Any Fellow willing to help in this way is requested
to send name and address to the Secretary.

13. THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT WISLEY

The Gardens are open daily to Fellows and others showing Fellows’
Transferable Tickets from 9 a.m. till sunset, except on Sundays, Good
Friday, Christmas Day, and Exhibition days. Hach Fellow’s ticket
admits three to the Gardens. The Public are not admitted.

The Gardens are situated at Wisley, about 2 miles from Ripley in
Surrey, and about 35 miles from Horsley and 53 miles from Weybridge,
both stations on the South-Western Railway, with frequent trains from
Waterloo and Clapham Junction. Carriages to convey four persons can
be obtained by writing to Mr. D. White, fly proprietor, Ripley, Surrey ;
the charge being, to and from Weybridge, waiting two hours at the
Gardens, 8s.; or waiting three hours, 10s.; or to and from Horsley, 7s. ;

* <Pt oo 5

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. ceclxxix

Effingham Junction, 7s.; Byfleet, 7s. Visitors should in all cases be
careful to state the trains they intend to arrive by and leave by.
Carriages can also be obtained at Weybridge for 8s. by writing to Mr.

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Trembling, New Road, Weybridge. Excellent accommodation and re-
freshments can be had at the Hut Hotel, close to the Gardens, and also
at the Hautboy at Ockham.

14. TRIALS AT WISLEY IN 1909-10.

Trials of the following Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables at the Wisley
Gardens during 1909 have been arranged.

N.B.—Everything sent for trial must be ‘indi and the name and
address of the Sender attached.

Fruits.—Autumnal Raspberries. 15 Canes of each variety to be
sent at once.

Flowers. —Tree Carnations. 4 plants of each variety to be sent in
February, 2 for out-, 2 for in-doors.

Annuals. Seed to be sent in January.

Garden Dahlias, Show and Cactus excluded. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

cclxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Early-flowering outdoor Chrysanthemums. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

Pentstemons. 2 plants of each variety to be sent in April or seed in
January. |

Vegetables.—Potatos, each variety must be labelled as being “ early,”’
“mid-season,” or “late.” 20 tubers of each to be sent by February.
Also experiments with one variety—viz. “The Factor’? (20 tubers)
—secured from as many varying sources as possible, under different soil
and climatic conditions. Please send particulars of soil and climate.

Cauliflower. + oz. of each variety. .

Lettuce. + oz. of each variety.

Kidney Beans. 4 pint of each variety.

All parcels should be addressed :—

If sent by post: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley,
Surrey.

If by rail: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Horsley
Station, L. & §.-W.R., with advice by post to the Superintendent.

SEEDS SENT FOR TRIAL OTHER THAN THOSE INVITED IN THE
ABOVE LIST.

1. Seeds, &c., of plants not included in the Annual Trial List will
also be received and grown, as far as possible.

2. The Superintendent is instructed, in the case of all seeds thus sent
and grown, to procure seeds of the already best existing similar varieties,
and grow them alongside of the newly sent seeds.

3. The resulting plants, &c., will be from time to time (as convenient)
submitted to the Committee meeting at Wisley, but the only awards
made to such unsolicited plants will be “ Commended” and “ Highly
Commended.’

4, Any plants thus grown and tried will have perfect freedom to be
retried whenever a regular fixed trial of their congeners takes place,
which will, as far as practicable, be at intervals of two or three years.

15. THE WISLEY RESEARCH STATION.

The new Research Station and Laboratory at Wisley is now com-
pleted and work is in progress there. Mr. F. J. Chittenden has been
appointed Director of the Research Work on Scientific Matters affecting
Practical Horticulture, and Lecturer to the Students. By the completion
of this station a long-felt want has been met. In the United States,
where so much good work has been done in this direction, all is paid
for by the Government, but in this country we have to fall back op
private individuals or on Societies.

16. STUDENTS AT WISLEY.

The Society admits young men, under 22 years of age, to study
Gardening at Wisley. The curriculum now includes not only practical
garden work in all the main branches of Horticulture, but also lectures,

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. eclxxxi

demonstrations, and elementary Horticultural Science in the Laboratory,
whereby a practical knowledge of simple Garden Chemistry, Biology,
&e. may be obtained. The Laboratory is equipped with the best
apparatus procurable for Students. The training extends over a period
of two years, with a progressive course for each year. Students can
only enter at the end of September and at the end of March. Selected
Students have also the advantage of attending certain of the Society’s
Shows and Lectures in London.

17. DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS PLANTS.

In a recent Report the Council drew attention to the way in which
the annual distribution of surplus plants has arisen. In a large garden
there must always be a great deal of surplus stock which must either
be given away or go to the waste heap. A few Fellows, noticing this,
asked for plants which would otherwise be discarded; and they valued
what was so obtained. Others hearing of it asked for a share, until the
Council felt they must either systematize this haphazard distribution
or else put a stop to it altogether. To take the latter step seemed
undesirable. Why should not such Fellows have them as cared to receive
such surplus plants? It was therefore decided to keep all plants till
the early spring, and then give all Fellows alike the option of claiming
a Share of them by ballot.

Fellows are therefore particularly requested to notice that only waste
and surplus plants raised from seeds or cuttings are available for dis-
tribution. Many of them may be of very little intrinsic value, and it is
only to avoid their being absolutely wasted that the distribution was
established. The great majority also are of necessity very small, and
may require careful treatment for a time.

Fellows are particularly requested to note that a Form of Application
and-list to choose from of the plants available for distribution is sent in
January every year to every Fellow, enclosed in the “ Report of the
Council.” To avoid all possibility of favour, all application lists are kept
until the last day of February, when they are all thrown into a Ballot ;
and as the lists are drawn out, so is the order of their execution, the plants
being despatched as quickly as possible after March 1.

Of some of the varieties enumerated the stock is small, perhaps not
more than twenty-five or fifty plants being available. It is therefore
obvious that when the Ballot is kind to any Fellow he will receive all the
plants exactly as he has selected, but when the Ballot has given him an
unfavourable place he may find the stock of the majority of plants he has
chosen exhausted. A little consideration would show that all Fellows
cannot be first, and some must be last, in the Ballot. Application forms
received after March 1 and before April 30 are kept till all those previously
received have been dealt with, and are then balloted in a similar way.
Fellows having omitted to fill up their application form before April 30
must be content to wait till the next year’s distribution. The work of
the Gardens cannot be disorganised by the sending-out of plants at any
later time in the year. All Fellows can participate in the annual dis-
tribution followig their election.

eclxxxll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Society does not pay the cost of packing and carriage. The
charge for this will be collected by the carriers on delivery of the
plants, which will be addressed exactly as given by each Fellow on
his application form. It is impracticable to send plants by post owing
to the lack of Post Office facilities for despatch without prepayment of
postage.

- Fellows residing beyond a radius of thirty-five miles from London
are permitted to choose double the number of plants to which they are
otherwise entitled.

Plants cannot be sent to Fellows residing outside the United King-
dom, owing either to length of time in transit or to vexatious regulations
in some foreign countries; but the Council will at any time endeavour to
obtain for Fellows living abroad any unusual or rare seeds which they
may have been unable to procure in their own country.

18, LETTING OF- THE SOCIETYS 4

The Royal Horticultural Hall and° Offices are situated in Vincent
Square, which lies straight through Ashley Gardens from Victoria Street,

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PosITION OF THE Socrety’s HAtu.

Westminster, and is about five minutes’ walk from the Victoria and St.
James’s Park Stations.

Fellows are earnestly requested to make known among their friends
and among institutions that the Royan HorricutruraL Har is avail-
able, twelve days in each fortnight, for Meetings, Shows, Exhibitions,
Concerts, Conferences, Lectures, Balls, Banquets, Bazaars, Receptions,
and other similar purposes. The Hall has a floor surface of 13,000 square
feet. It is cool in summer and warm in winter. For a Concert it will
seat 1,500, or for a public meeting 1,800. A Sounding Board has been
added recently improving the acoustic properties of the Hall greatly. It
is undoubtedly the lightest Hall in London. The first floor, consisting

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. eclxxxill

of four rooms, may also be hired for similar purposes, either together or
separately. A long-feli want has now been met by the construction
of a convenient kitchen in the basement, with lift connections to the
eastern annexe and lecture room. For serving luncheons, &c., this will
prove a great boon. Ample cloak-rooms for ladies and for gentlemen
are available. The regulations, &c., for hiring the Hall are printed in
the “Book of Arrangements,”’ and full particulars may be obtained on

application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.,
with whom dates may be booked.

19. EXHIBITIONS, MEETINGS, AND LECTURES
IN 1909.

The programme will be found in the “ Book of Arrangements ”’
for 1909, issued at the end of January. It will be noticed that an
Exhibition and Meeting is held practically every fortnight throughout
the year, and a short lecture on some subject connected with Horticulture
is delivered during the afternoon.

A reminder of every Show will be sent in the week preceding to any
Fellow who will send to the R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, S.W., a
sufficient number (82) of halfpenny cards ready addressed to himself.

20. ERROR IN FELLOWS’ TICKETS.

The entry of a Show on December 21 which appears on the Fellows’

Tickets is an error. There will be no Show on that date, as it is found
to be too near to Christmas.

21. BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

In consideration of the facts (1) that the annual Autumn Show of
British-grown Fruits is every year practically a repetition of the previous
year; (2) that many British-grown fruits cannot be shown in perfection
at one Show; and (3) that vegetables have been somewhat neglected,
the Council have decided to omit the great Autumn Show for one year,
and in 1909 to substitute a series of prizes spread over twelve months,
so that every fruit may have a chance of being seen at its best. A
schedule of prizes will be found in the ‘ Book of Arrangements ’”’ for
1909, and also in “ The Book of Schedules,” see below.

22. AFFILIATED SOCIETIES’ CHALLENGE CUP.

The Council offer a Challenge Cup to be competed for annually by
the Affiliated Societies, subject to certain conditions (for which see
“The Book of Schedules,’ 1909, price 6d.). The winners will hold the
Cup for one year, and will also receive a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal,
together with a set of three Publications and Charts, presented to the
Society by the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.

cclxxxlv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

23. “BOOK OF SCHEDULES.”

The 1909 “ Book of Schedules,” containing revised Rules and Regula-
tions for Exhibitors, &c., and full details of the Temple, Holland House,
Colonial Fruit, and Bottled Fruit Shows, and a complete Schedule with
Regulations for the Special Fruit and Vegetable Competitions at the
Fortnightly Meetings, will be ready for issue on Thursday, February 25,
price 6d., on receipt of which a copy will be forwarded by post
immediately.

24. BOTTLED BRITISH FRUITS, &c., SHOW.

The Annual Exhibition of British Bottled Fruits will be held on
December 1 to 4, 1909. Prizes and Medals are offered. See “ Book of
Schedules,”’ 1909, to be issued on Thursday, February 25, post free, 6d.

TEMPLE SHOW.
AFTERNOON TEAS will

be served under the Trees.

NO OTHER REFRESHMENTS
whatever will be procurable in the Gardens.
Exhibitors are warned of additional Prizes, and of

important additions to the Rules, which will be found in
“The Book of Schedules,”’ price 6d. :

25. COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT SHOW, 1909.

An Exhibition of Colonial-grown Fruits and Vegetables will be held
on December 1 to 4, 1909. :

In holding this Show the Society’s sole object is the advancement of
the interest of the Colonies (a) by stimulating the production of better
fruits ; (b) by giving advice in the difficulties confronting Fruit Growers ;
and (c) by helping to inform the home market. I'ruit Growers in the
Colonies are asked to assist their own future competition in the markets
of Great Britain by sending exhibits to this Exhibition, invitations to
which are given to the Colonial and Government Offices, the Embassies,
the leading London Fruit Merchants, Colonials on furlough, and others.

Particulars of the Show will be found in the “ Book of Schedules ’”’
for 1909, to be issued on February 25, price 6d., post free.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. cclxxxv

26. SHOWS OF KINDRED SOCIETIES IN 1909.

The following dates have been fixed on which R.H.S. Fellows’ tickets
will admit :—

March 24.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.
April 20.—Auricula and Primula Society.

May 18.—Tulip Society.

July 21.—Carnation and Picotee Society.

July 23.—Sweet Pea Society.

September 16.—Rose Society.

December 8.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

Copies of the Schedules for these Shows may be obtained from the
Honorary Secretary of each Society. For names and addresses see above
dates in the “ Book of Arrangements,” 1909.

27. SPECIAL PRIZES, 1909.

(1) THe SHERWOOD Cup.

Mr. Sherwood, V.M.H., has intimated to the Council that in future
the annual Cup which he gives to the Society will be of the value of
twenty instead of ten guineas as heretofore. It will be offered at the
Temple Show for a group of Orchids, shown by Amateurs (the announce-
ment in the JourNAL that it was open to the trade was an error)—quality
to have more weight than quantity. Ferns and other simple foliage
plants may be used for greenery. The Council will add a Cup of lesser
value as a second prize if the exhibits are sufficiently meritorious.

(2) ORCHIDS.

The offer of a Veitch Memorial Medal and £5 has been accepted from
the Trustees, and will be awarded by the Council at the Temple for a
Group of Orchids. In the “Book of Schedules,’ price 6d., amateur
growers will find a series of Orchid Prizes ranging from a group of any
size down to one single plant.

(8) Ourpoor Darropits, APRIL 20.

Messrs. Barr and Sons have presented to the Society a Silver Cup,
valued at £7 7s., as a prize for a group of Daffodil blossoms grown
entirely outdoors, Polyanthus excluded, Doubles optional, but must
include some of each of the other sections, and must contain at least
thirty varieties distinct; at least three blooms of each must be shown.
Not more than nine blooms of any one variety may be put up. To be
staged in bottles, vases, or tubes not exceeding 3 inches in diameter at
the top (inside measurement), and all the stems must touch the water.
Quality of flower will count more than quantity, and correct naming
and tasteful arrangement will be duly considered. Any hardy foliage
may be used, Daffodil or otherwise. No prize will be awarded unless

VOL. XXXIV. t

eclxxxvl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

there are three competitors at least. Open to amateurs and gentlemen’s
gardeners only.

Past winners of this Cup may exhibit, but will not be eligible to
receive the Cup more than once in three years. In the event of any such
previous winner being adjudged “ first,”” a medal will be awarded instead
of the Cup, which will go to the next best exhibit, provided that the
judges consider it to be of sufficient merit.

(4) CARNATION PRIZEs.

The following Prize has been accepted from the Trustees of the
“* Veitch Memorial ”’ at the Meeting on April 6, 1909 :—

A Medal and £5 for a group of winter-flowering Carnations (either
in pots or as cut flowers, or a combination of both), grown by the
exhibitor, and occupying a space of 100 square feet. Amateurs.

(5) CHALLENGE Cup FoR AFFILIATED Societies. (See p. celxxxiii.)

(6) APPLES AND PrEarRs.

The Worshipful Company of Fruiterers have presented the following
prizes, which the Council have accepted and propose to award as
follows :—

On October 12: a set of Publications with Charts and Handbook for
the Affiliated Societies. (See p. cclxxxiii and “ Book of Schedules.’’)

November 28: the Company’s medals for (a) three dishes of Dessert
and six of Cooking Apples, distinct; and for (b) seven dishes of Dessert
and two of Cooking Pears, distinct. (See “ Book of Schedules.’’)

(7) Homn-BortLeD Fruits.

The Council have accepted the offer of a Mercia Sterilizer from
Miss Edith Bradley for award at the Show of Home-bottled Fruits
to be held on December 1 to 4, 1909. (See “Book of Schedules,’’
post free, 6d.)

(8) ArppuEe ‘ Encore,’ 1910.

Messrs. Cheal have intimated their willingness to present to the
Society a series of seven prizes for a dish of the new Apple ‘ Encore,’
to be awarded at the Great Autumn Show of British-grown Fruits in
October 1910. First, 20s.; second, 17s. 6d. ; third, 15s. ; fourth, 12s. 6d. ;
fifth, 10s.; sixth, 7s. 6d.; seventh, 5s.

28. LECTURES.

The new Lecture Room is fitted with an electric lantern of the most
modern construction; electric current, gas, and water are laid on, and
every provision has been made for the illustration and delivery of
Lectures.

Any Fellows willing to Lecture, or to communicate Papers on interest-
ing subjects, are requested to communicate with the Secretary.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. eelxxxvll

fe THE MASTERS LECTURES.”

Fellows will remember the intimate connection with the Society of
the late Dr. Masters, F.R.S., who did much for horticulture by drawing
constant attention to the various ways in which scientific discovery and
research might be made serviceable to gardening; and it will also be
remembered that a fund was established by subscriptions to perpetuate
his memory in connection with the Society and to carry on in some
degree his work of science in relation to gardening.

“The Masters Lectures’’ have accordingly been founded, and the
first two are to be given during 1909 by the well-known Professor Hugo
de Vries, of Amsterdam, on (a) ‘“ Masters’ ‘ Vegetable Teratology,’ ”’
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H., in the Chair (June 22),
and (b) “The Production of Horticultural Varieties,’ Professor
W. Bateson, F.R.S., V.M.H., in the Chair (September 28).

30. EXAMINATIONS, 1909.

1. The Annual Examination in the Principles and Practice of
Horticulture will be held on Wednesday, April 21, 1909. The examina-
tion has two divisions, viz. (a) for Candidates of eighteen years of age
and over, and (b) for Juniors wnder eighteen years. Candidates should
send in their names not later than March 31. Full particulars may
be obtained by sending a stamped and directed envelope to the Society’s
Offices. Copies of the Questions set from 1893 to 1908 (price 2s. post
free) may also be obtained from the Office. The Society is willing to
hold an examination wherever a magistrate, clergyman, schoolmaster,
or other responsible person accustomed to examinations will consent to
supervise one on the Society’s behalf.

The Society is prepared to extend this examination to residents in the
Colonies ; and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces
of India, arrangements have been made to hold this examination in 1909
—altered and adapted to the special requirements of India—at Saharanpur.

In connection with this examination a Scholarship of £25 a year for
two years is offered by the Society to be awarded after the 1909
examination to the student who shall pass highest, if he is willing to
accept the conditions attaching thereto. The main outline of these con-
ditions is that the holder must be of the male sex, and between the
ages of 18 and 22 years, and that he should study gardening for one
year at least at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, conforming to the
general rules laid down there for Students. In the second year of the
Scholarship he may, if he like, continue his studies at some other place
at home or abroad which is approved by the Council of the Society.
In case of two or more eligible Students being adjudged equal, the
Council reserve to themselves the right to decide which of them shall be
presented to the Scholarship.

‘2. The Society will hold an Examination in Cottage Gardening
on ednesday, April 28, 1909. This examination is intended for,
and is confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It is

t 2

eclxxxVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

undertaken in view of the increasing demand in country districts that
the Schoolmaster shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage
Gardening, and the absence of any test of such competence. The
ceneral conduct of this examination will be on similar lines to that
of the more general examination. Questions on Elementary Chemistry
and Biology are now added to this examination.

8. The Society will hold an examination in the Royal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square, 8.W., on Monday, January 10, 1910, for gardeners |
employed in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County Councils,
City Corporations, and similar bodies. The entries close on January 1,
1910.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published in
connection with these examinations, and the Syllabus may be obtained
on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square.

31. EXAMINATIONS ABROAD.

On the invitation of the Government of the United Provinces of
India, the “General Examination”’ in the Principles of Horticulture is
to be slightly modified so as to fulfil their local requirements, and a
first examination will be held in April 1909 at Saharanpur. This suggests
that possibly other countries and districts may feel it desirable to enter
candidates for a similarly modified examination, in which case the
Council would doubtless be prepared to organize it.

The examiners are leading horticulturists in England, and for
examinations abroad they will be assisted by experts acquainted with
the special horticultural conditions of the various countries desiring to
adopt the Society’s tests.

32. INFORMATION.

Fellows may obtain information and advice from the Society as to
the names of flowers and fruit, on points of practice, insect and fungoid
attacks, and other questions by applying to the Secretary R.H.S.,
Vincent Square, Westminster, 8.W. Where at all practicable, it is
particularly requested that letters and specimens may be timed to reach
Vincent Square by the first post on the mornings of .the Fortnightly
Meetings so as to be laid before the Scientific or other Committees at once.

33. INSPECTION OF FELLOWS’ GARDENS.

The Inspection of Gardens belonging to Fellows is conducted by a
thoroughly competent Inspector from the Society, who reports and
advises at the following cost, viz. a fee of £3 3s. for one day (or £5 5s.
for two consecutive days), together with all out-of-pocket expenses. No
inspection may occupy more than two days, save by special arrangement.
Fellows wishing for the services of an Inspector are requested to give at
least a week’s notice and choice of two or three days, and to indicate the
most convenient railway station and its distance from their gardens.
Gardens can only be inspected at the written request of the owner.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. eclxxxix

34. AFFILIATION OF LOCAL SOCIETIES.

One of the most successful of the many new branches of work under-
taken since the reconstruction of the Society in 1887 is the unification of
local Horticultural Societies by a scheme of affiliation to the R.H.S.
Since this was initiated, no fewer than 200 Societies have joined our
ranks, and the number is steadily increasing.

The Parent Society is this year offering a Silver Challenge Cup to
be competed for by Affiliated Societies. (See “ Book of Schedules,”
price 6d., under date October 12.)

To the privileges of Affiliated Societies have been added all the
benefits accruing under the scheme recently introduced for the Union
of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies.

Secretaries of Affiliated Societies can obtain on application a
specimen of a Card which the Council have prepared for the use of
Affiliated Societies for Certificates, Commendations, &c. Price 3s. 6d.
for 10 copies, 5s. 6d. for 20, 11s. 6d. for 50, 20s. for 100.

The Council have also struck a special Medal for the use of Affiliated
Societies. It is issued at cost price in Bronze, Silver, and Silver-gilt—
viz. Bronze, 5s. 6d., with case complete; Silver, 12s. 6d., with case
complete ; Silver-gilt, 16s. 6d., with case complete. Award Cards having
the Medal embossed in relief can be sent with the Medal if ordered—price
6d. each.

35. UNION OF HORTICULTURAL MUTUAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES.

This Union has been established for the encouragement and assistance
of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies, the object being to
strengthen existing Societies, to promote interchange of lecturers, to
provide printed lectures, and if possible to increase the number of these
useful Societies.

A list of lecturers and their subjects, and also a list of typewritten
lectures, with or without lantern slides, prepared by the Society, may be
obtained from the Secretary R.H.S., price 8d.

The Secretary will be glad to hear from lecturers who are willing
to lecture to such Societies that he may enroll them in the Register of
Lecturers and bring them into touch with Societies requiring assistance.
Others may like to send to him written lectures (with or without lantern
slides) that he may have them printed for circulation among these
Societies.

Lantern slides: on horticultural topics are urgently needed, and their
gift will be very much appreciated.

36. CLASSIFICATION OF DAFFODILS.

At the request of Daffodil Growers the Council recently appointed
a Committee to consider the best way of avoiding the confusion, and
consequent disputes, likely to arise from the recent multitudinous

CCx¢ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

crossing, recrossing, and intercrossing of the old Divisions of Magni-,
Medio-, and Parvi-coronati. The Committee have delivered their Report
instituting an entirely new system of classification, which the Council
have adopted, and ordered to be used at all the Society’s Shows. The
Report contains a list of every Daffodil known to the Committee, together
with the name of the raiser as far as it could be discovered, each flower
known being allotted to its appropriate class. The Report has been
printed ina handy book form, and can be obtained from the Society’s
Office, Vincent Square, at a cost of 1s.

37. COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for
a CoLourR CHArt—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he
could himself name, or recognize, or convey to a friend at a distance, the
exact shade of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen
advertised, or wished to commend to a friend. ‘Take, for example, the
word “ crimson ’’; what a multitude of colours and shades it may be made
to include! Some, very beautiful; some, horrible concoctions of red and
blue crudely combined.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour
Chart, but the huge expense of producing it has hitherto deterred them
from issuing it.

Not long since an admirable chart, containing more than 1,450 shades
of colour between white and black, was published at the instance of the
French Chrysanthemum Society, the price being £1 1s. net, and by it
it is now possible to exactly recognize or describe to a friend or purchaser
at a distance the precise colour of any possible flower. You may have
met with an Azalea, for instance, which greatly strikes your fancy; you
take out your chart and match its shade, and describe it to your friend
or your nurseryman as, “ Colour: Apricot, p. 53, shade 3,”’ and he turns
to his chart and sees exactly what it is you want or describe. Or you
want to make someone understand the exact shade of a rose in the way
of “ Andersoni,’’ and you need only say, “ Rosy pink, p. 118, shade 4,”’
and your correspondent turns to his chart and sees in a moment exactly
what it is you want to describe. Or a nurseryman, having raised a new
variety, can by simply quoting “Colour Chart, p. —, shade —,” exactly
represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new introduction.

The Council recognizing both the excellence and the usefulness of
this chart, the idea at once occurred: Could it not be adopted as an
International Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world
could accurately and exactly describe to one another (no matter how far
away or speaking what language) the colour and shade of any particular
flower they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat
prohibitive cost of £1 1s. net. But difficulties only exist to be overcome,
and by undertaking to be responsible for a very large number, the Society
is now in a position to offer this Chart to its Fellows at the reduced cost
of 14s. 6d., for which price it can be obtained at the Society’s Offices,
Vincent Square, or it can be sent free by post for 15s.; but in all cases
a cheque or postal order must be sent beforehand.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS, CCXC1

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other
purposes ; for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only
to refer her dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade —, and
it can be infallibly matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of
the sky on a certain sundown can do so exactly by reference to the chart.
And in many other like ways it must prove generally useful, containing
as it does every possible shade of colour between black and white.

The Council hope that Fellows will avail themselves freely of this
offer, as unless a very large number of copies are purchased a great loss
will accrue to the Society.

38. MONOGRAPH ON FUNGOID PESTS.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume published
by the Society on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by Dr. M. C.
Cooke, V.M.H. It consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated
with 24 coloured plates, containing figures of 860 different fungoid
attacks, and 23 woodcuts. It also contains a Chapter on Fungicides,
which explains clearly how to make the different washes and sprays,
and gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should be
used. The whole work is written so as to interest and instruct the
cultivator in the simplest and most practical manner. The volume
makes an admirable school prize or gift to a gardener or student of
nature. Price 5s., R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are
not ?—should be without this book; for not only can they by its use
identify the disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it
and overcome it, and also how to make the different washes and sprays
which the different classes of fungoid attacks réquire.”’

39. RULES FOR JUDGING—1909 CODE.

The “Rules for Judging, with Suggestions to Schedule Makers and
Exhibitors,” have again been further revised and considerably modified
from the experience gained during the last few years. Special attention
is drawn to the amended Rule defining “an amateur,’’ with suggestions
for establishing four distinct classes of amateurs to meet the require-
ments of larger or smaller local Societies. The “pointing’’ recommended
for fruits and vegetables has also been considerably amended, and the
terms “annuals and biennials’”’ further explained. The secretaries of
local Societies are advised to obtain a fresh copy. It will be sent
post free on receipt of a postal order for 1s. 6d. addressed to the Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

40. VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

Many people plant Fruit trees without a thought of what Variety
they shall plant, and as a result almost certain disappointment ensues,
whilst for an expenditure of 2d. they can obtain from the Society a little

eexCili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

16-page pamphlet which contains the latest expert opinion on Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and Straw-
berries, together with Notes on Planting, Pruning, and Manuring, which
for clearness of expression and direction it would be impossible to
surpass. It has in fact been suggested that no other 16 pages in the
English language contain so much and such definite information. At
the end of the pamphlet are given the names of some of the newer
varieties of Fruits, which promise well, but are not yet sufficiently
proved to be recommended for general planting.

Copies of this pamphlet for distribution may be obtained at the
Society’s Office, Vincent Square, Westminster. Price, post free: single
copy, 2d., or 25, 2s.; 50, 3s. ; 100, 4s.

41. NICHOLSON MEMORIAL FUND.

The Council have been requested to raise a fund for the establishment
of a permanent memorial of the late Mr. Geo. Nicholson, V.M.H., F.L.S.
With this they most cordially agree. There are few, if any, men to
whom the present generation of gardeners owes a deeper obligation than
to the author of “ The Dictionary of Gardening,’’ a work which “has done
more towards the standardization of plant names and developing an interest
in horticulture than anything published since Loudon,” 1829.

Mr. Nicholson was for many years a most valued member of the
Scientific Committee of our Society. He also took a very active part
and keen interest in the re-establishment of examinations by the Society,
and himself acted as one of the examiners. It is in view of this last
point and after carefully estimating the amount likely to be subscribed,
that the Council propose to establish a ‘‘ Nicholson Prize,’’ to be awarded
annually to the students at Wisley.

Subscriptions should be sent addressed “‘ The Nicholson Prize Fund,
R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square, London,” and cheques and postal orders
made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society,’’ crossed “ London
and County Bank.’ A list of the subscribers will be published later,
but without the actual amount sent by each.

42. ADVERTISEMENTS.

Fellows are reminded that the more they can place their orders with
those who advertise in the Society’s Publications the more likely others
are to advertise also, and in this way the Society may be indirectly
benefited.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS,

INDEX No.

CCXCili

lg

“FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

Agaricus elvensis, 219

Amaranthus caudatus, old and new forms,
187

Apple ‘ Feltham Beauty,’ cxlix
» ‘Red Victoria,’ ccexlviii
,. ‘Renown,’ cel

Begonia ‘ Clibran’s Pink,’ cexli

Bridge and rocky stream in West Country
Garden, 377

Boulder built wall, Windermere, 385

Campanula Raddeana, exxxiil
Candytuft, old and new forms, 183
Catasetum Russellianum, cclv
Cattleya Harrisoniana alba, Stanley’s var.,
eclvii
Mendellii ‘ His Majesty the King,’
ecly
oe x ‘Rutilant,’ eelxi
x pore The Baron,’ lxv
‘Venus,’ celviii
Cerasus ewe fi. pk, 9
Cereus paucispinus var. fulvispinus, 28
Chrysanthemum ‘ Caledonia,’ 459
us ‘Hilda Lawrence,’ ccxxxix
Citron Dominican, 442
Coniothyrium Fuckelii on rose stem, 225

”

+ tumaefaciens, 229
Cypripedium x ‘ Actaeus Bianca,’ cclx

. x ‘ Arethusa,’ eclxix

;, Charlesworthii Bromilowi-
anum, celxili

- . ™x ‘Dreadnought,’ cclxviii

re x ‘Helen II.,’ Westonbirt
var., lxiii

= x ‘Minos,’ Young’s var.,
liv

‘Sultan,’ lii
Cypresses at Villa d’Kste, 450

Dahlia ‘ Avoca,’ 293
», ‘May Carpenter,’ 296
Dendrobium x Coelogyne striatum, cclxxi
* x ‘Cybele,’ lix
Diacattleya Colmanae, lvii
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, cxxiv
Dracaena Doucetti var. de Grootei, cxxili

| Echinopsis multiplex, 29

Kpidendrum costatum, celxxili
Kxobasidium japonicum, 45

Filtering trays (diagram), 463

Formal use of water in the garden, 377
Fountain at Villa Petraji, 448
Fruit-growing districts of Kent (map), 407
Fungus gall on ‘Rhododendron indicum ’

- Galium, transverse section of node, 411

Garcinia Xanthochymus, 474

| Garden at Duffryn, Cardiff, 376

te » Foot’s Cray Place, 376
t of the Vatican, 451
Geological map of Great Britain, 400
» », Kent, 406
Gnetum Gnemon, germination of, 41
Grape-fruit, Dominican, 437

Tlex Pernyi, cexxix

Influence of incline on fertility (diagram),
398

Inoculation of leguminous plants, plan of
experiment
237

yield
eram),

(dia-
238

be] 2? 99

Iris ‘ Carthusian,’ exxvill
, x sind-pur ‘ Amethyst,’ xli
Isola Bella on Lake Maggiore, 449

Kalmia, bud protection in, 413

Laburnum alpinum, var. Parksii, 10

Laelio-Cattleya ‘Elva,’ Westonbirt var.,
eliii

Lake at Villa Boboli, 449

| Lathyrus Aphaca, 416
| Leaf of Pansy, 411
| Lilac, bud seales and foliage, 416

» ‘Rubra de Marly,’ 11

| Magnolia Lennei, young specimen, 7

cexciy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Narcissus ‘ Buttercup,’ Ixix

Nemesia strumosa vars., 185

Nelumbium speciosum var.
CXXXix

Nephrolepis rufescens Mayi ornata, ecexlii

Nicholson, the late Mr. Geo., ccxix

* Osiris,’

Odontioda x Charlesworthii, cliv
Goodson’s
var., cclix
Odontoglossum x Bingelianum, liii
re crispum, ‘Leonard Per-
fect,’ cl
. ‘ Gladys,’ lxi
ae x * Phoebe,’ elvi
As ‘Queen Alexandra’ var.
Crawshayanum, clvii
x Wilckeanum
derianum, cli
Opuntia camanchiea vars., 25

? ”

Pandanus utilis in fruit, 475
Pansy, old and new, 181
Parasitic canker of blackberry, 228
* rose canker, 223
Pear scab, 310
Philadelphus, bud protection in, 413
Gordonianus, 13
Phoenix canariensis, 478
sylvestris, 477
Plane, bud protection in, 412
Planting cacao (plan), 201
Populus lasiocarpa, cexxxii
Primula malacoides, cexliv
Primulas in the wild garden, 384
Pyrethrum ‘ Langport Crimson,’ exxix

Rock, subsoil and soil, 394
Root system of seedling Citrus, 432

Rosa Moyesii, cxxx
Rose ‘ Mrs. David Jardine,’ exxxvi
» ‘Mrs Edward J. Holland,’ cexxxvii
» ‘Paula,’ exli
» ‘Refulgence,’ exxxiv
,, ‘Tausendschon,’ exxv
Rough rocky steps at
Windermere, 368

Shrublands,

Sempervivum holochrysum, 501

Shaddock, Dominican, 439

Shortia uniflora, xlii

Solandra grandiflora, 476

Solanum jasminoides, twining petioles of,
413

_ Sophro-Cattleya ‘ Doris,’ celxvii

Schro- |

warnhamensis ‘J. M.
Black,’ elxii
Sprays on foliage, 306

Stipules of white beam tree, 415

” ”

Tagetes signata vars., 179

Terrace at Isola Bella, 449
» 9», Lhe Hill, Hampstead, 368
» 3) Willa Boboli, 448

- Thalictrum dipterocarpum, cxliy

Tropaeolum ciliatum, 417

Vanda coerulea var. Charlesworthii, celxv
5, suavis pallida, lx

_ Viburnum tomentosum var. plicatum, 12
_ Viola gracilis, xliii

Wallichia caryotoides, 478
Water temple at Villa Borghese, 448

| Zephyranthes aurea, cxxxi

hee

GENERAL INDEX,

CCXCV

eNDEX No: LI.
GENERAL INDEX.

Species described for the first time printed in heavy type.

—— #-—_—

Abies nobilis, galls on, 266

plants, 167
Abstracts, 116, 262, 564
Acacias, Mediterranean, 120
Acalyphas, new hybrid, 568
Acanthaceae, annotated list of cultivated,
54
Acanthopsis carduifolia, 54
Acanthus montanus, F.C.C., cexly
¥ sp., 54
Acineta densa, B.C., celxi
Aconitum volubile latisectum, 266
Acridocarpus, 120
Adhatoda sp., 55
Aechmanthera tomentosa, 56
Aechmea nudicaulis, 568
Aerides Vandarum, A.M., lxyi
Agaricus elvensis, 219
Agave macroacantha, etc., 568
» Watsoni, 569
Albinos among British plants, cexxvi
Alien plants, exviii, cexvii, ccxx
Alkali soils, 569
Allium sp., 120
Almond, parasites of, 266
* Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky
Mountains,’”’ 8. Brown, 101
American Gooseberry mildew, 469
Ammonium salts, effect on flora, cxiii
Ancylogyne longiflora, 56
Androsace helvetica, 266
Angraecum Augustum, A.M., cix
be Germinyanum, A.M., clii
a3 Kindtianum, B.C., elxiv
2 Whytei, B.C., elxi
Anemone yariata, 569
Anisotes diversifolius, 56
Anisacanthus sp., 56
Annual flowers, 179
Anthacanthus jamaicensis, 56

| Apple, ‘ Feltham Beauty,’ A.M., exlix
Absorption of rain, etc., by green parts of

Anthurium ‘President Viger,’ A.M.,
GXXxill
> Scherzerianum rotundispa- |

thum, 569
Ants and Aphides, 100, cxvii
Aphelandra sp., 56
“3 Macleayi Bedd., 56

Aphides, notes on, 100, 569
Apios tuberosa, 120
Apple blossom weevil, 570

» diseases, 305, 573

» *neore,’ F.C.C., ccliv

», Insects injurious to, 305, 570

», leaf-spot, 266

» ‘Red Victoria,’ A.M., cexlviii

» ‘Renown,’ A.M., cel

», stem tumours, 570

5» * William Crump,’ A.M., ccliv

», With glassiness, ccexxii

Apples, respiration of, 267

Appliances tried at Wisley, 1908, 551
Arsenical salts as insecticides, 267, 305

| Asparagus filicinus, A.M., exxii

aS tube culture of, 267

| Aspidium aculeatum gracillimum, F.C.C.,

ecxlili
- faleatum var. Mayi, A.M., xlv
Aster alpinus var. longipedunculatus, 120
» *Climax,’ A.M., cexxxvi
» ‘Maidenhood,’ A.M., eexxxvi
., Tripolium, eexvili

Astilbe Arendsii var. ‘Ceres,’ A.M.,
CXXXxViii
én ‘Pink Pearl,’ A.M., cxxxviil

Asystasia sp., 62
Aubrietia ‘ Lavender,’ A.M., xlvi
- ‘Paul’s Pink,’ A.M., exxii
Auricula ‘ Coronet,’ A.M., exxii
a ‘May Day,’ A.M., cxxil
” ‘Mildred Jay,’ A.M., exxii
5S ‘Phyllis,’ A.M., xlvi
Azalea gall, 45
Azaleas, new, 571

_ Azolla filiculoides, 268

| Bacopa amplexicaulis, 571

Bacteriology of soil, 268
Balance of root and shoot, 500

| Balearic plants, 120

Barleria sp., 63.

Barleriola solanifolia, 64

Bean, dwarf, ‘ Carter’s Perpetual,’ A.M.,
exlviii

‘Leviathan White Longpod,’ A.M.,
exlvii

Beautiful flowering trees and shrubs, 4

Beddome, Col. R. H., list of Acanthaceae,
54

Beet, Sutton’s ‘ Blood Red,’ A.M., cexlix,

ecl

» ‘Sutton’s Globe,’ A.M., exlviii

‘Sutton’s Pineapple,’ A.M., cexlix, eel

,, tried at Wisley, 539

9

ccx¢vyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Beet, ‘ Willow-leaved,’ A.M., cexlix, ccl
Begonia cathayana, 268
‘ Clibran’s Pink,’ A.M., eexli

x ‘ Colonel Laussedat,’ A.M.,
CXXXiil

“ ‘Duchess of Cornwall,’ A.M.,
CXXXV

a ‘Empress Marie,’ A.M., exxv

» ‘Frilled Queen,’ A.M., exxxvi
kewensis, A.M., exxxviii
Begonias, new double, 571
Beloperone sp., 64
Berberis acuminata, 120
» hybrid, 120
» yunnanensis, 572
Berlin Botanical garden, 268
“ Bible of Nature, The,’’ J. A. Thomson,
512
Bifrenaria tetragona, B.C., clix
Bipalium kewense, cexxiv
Birds and horticulture, 572 -
Bitter rot of Apples, 573
Blackberry, ‘ Low Junior,’ A.M., exlvii
Black Currant pest, 269
» locust, 269
Blepharis sp., 65
Blossoming of fruit trees, 573
‘“‘Book of Garden Pests, The,”
Pearson, 509
“Book of the Chrysanthemum,” P. §S.
Follwell, 108
Book Reviews, 101, 225, 505
Books added to Library, 1908, 554
Bowles, E. A., hardy Cacti and. other
succulents, 24
Brassica crosses, 43
Brasso-Cattleya x Cliftonii, F.C.C., celxx

BR... Hi,

3) 9

‘Queen Alexandra,’
Glenthorne var., A.M.,
ccelxiv

x heatonensis, F.C.C., cli
x ‘Helene Maron,’ A.M.,

Cabbage tribe, the history of, 15
» root maggot, 122, 574

_ Cacao industry, 574

» planting, the future of, 193
Cacti, hardy, 24

_ Cactus Dahlias, 269

Caesalpinea japonica, 574

' Calanthe x ‘ Angela,’ F.C.C., eelxxii

- Ceciliae, B.C., eelvi
s x *Norman,’ A.M., eclxxii
Calcium cyanamide, manurial value of,
122

| Campanula barbata, 122

x Digbyano - Mossiae |

lviii

ee - x ‘ Madame Chas.
Maron,’ Sander’s var.,
F.C.C., ecelv

- e x ‘ Madame Hye’ |

superba, A.M., cclxiv
Brillantaisia sp., 65
“ British Flowering Plants,’’ W. F. Kirby,
101
British Fruit Show, exe
“ British oak galls,’”’ E. T. Connold, 516
British wild flowers in the garden, 419

a mirabilis, 122
- Raddeana, A.M., exxxiii
oe Waldsteiniana, 122, 574

Campanulas for growing in grass, 100
Candytuft ‘ Snow Queen,’ XXX, cxl
Canker worm, the spring, 122, 269
Canna ‘ Dr. Marcus,’ XXX, exlii
» ‘Elizabeth Hoss,’ XXX, exlii
» flaccida, 123
,» ‘First Wied,’ XXX, exlii
» ‘L. EK. Bally,’ XXX, exh
» *Météore,’ XXX, exlii
‘Wm. Saunders,’ XXX, exlii
Cannas tried at Wisley, 299
Cape Ivy, 123
Capraria frutescens, 123
Carbolineum, 123
Carnation, bud-rot, 124
sg ‘Cardinal,’ A.M., exxxviili
& ‘Countess of Pembroke,’ A.M.,

exli ;
bs ‘Hercules,’ A.M., exxxviii
- ‘Snowball,’ A.M., exxvii

a : Splendour,’ A.M., exxxvili
‘Winona,’ A.M., cexxxiv
Carnations, 124, 501
Fe Fiscuden cxvi
Carrots splitting, ecxviii
Cassava, hydrocyanie acid in, 270
a starch, 124
“ Cassell’s A BC of Gardening,’ W. P.
Wright, 114
Catasetum Claesianum, B.C., elxiv
= Imschootianum, B.C., eclvi
- labiatum, B.C., elxiii
mS maculatum, B.C., eclx
a Russellianum, A.M., ecly
Caterpillars, 285

Cattleya x Clarkiae intensa, A.M., eclxvi

Brooks, A. J., cultivation of Citrus fruits |

in West Indies, 430
Bulbophyllum Binnendijkii, 121
je Careyanum, B.C., eclxix
” cupreum, B.C., eclxvi
8 galbinum, 573
Pe fascinator, 269
? fusco-purpureum, B.C.,clix
= lilacinum, B.C., celxvi
mirum, B.C., elv
Bulbous plants in New Zealand, 1
Bunt, 121
a“ Batterflies of British Isles,’’ R. South,
258

is ‘Enid,’ Westonbirt var., A.M.,

si

* x Fabia Cooksoniae, A.M.,
eclxvi

ee Harrisoniana alba, Stanley’s

var., F.C.C., eelvii
fe x Maronii aurea, A.M., celviii
% Mendelii ‘ His Majesty the King,’
F.C.C., cliv
zs Mossiae Goossensiana, F.C.C., cli
a ik ‘Le Président,’ A.M., ely
= x ‘Rhoda,’ A.M., eclvi
sy ‘Rutilant,’ F.C.C., celviii
bs Schriderae ‘Queen Alexandra,’
A.M., lxiii
‘The Baron,’ F.C.C.,

lxiv

” ”

a) ee ee ha | ee eee

| Cattleya x

GENERAL INDEX.

‘Suzanne Hye de Corm,’

F.C.C., lxi
x ices? F.C.C., celvili

“ Cell as the Unit of Tafe, thg,’” A,

Macfadyen, 505
Celtis ugandensis, 124
Ceratostigma, 124
Chaetothylax eustachiana, 66
Chamaeranthemum sp., 66
Cheal, J., “‘ Old Gardens of Italy,’’ 446
Chemist, Report of, 498
Chemistry, Agricultural, 574
Chinch bug, 574
Chinese plants, 124
Chirita barbata, 270
Chittenden, F. J., azalea gall, 45

* inoculation of leguminous
crops, 231, 491
principal fungicides, 357

Chrysanthemum ‘Ball of Gold,’ A.M.,

eexly

a * Caledonia,’ A.M.,
eexlili

a ‘ Felton’s Favourite,’
A.M., ecexl

na ‘Hetty Wells, A.M.,
ecxli

- ‘Hilda Lawrence,’ A.M.,
ecxl

= ‘Hon. Mrs. Lopes,’
A.M., cexli

= a. W. Thorp,’ A.M,
cecxl

ei ‘Master David,’ A.M.,
ecxl

‘Merstham Jewel,’ A.M.,
ccexliv

4 ‘Mrs. “BR. H. B. Mar-
sham,’ A.M., cexl

2 ‘Purity,’ A.M., cexli

is ‘2 \., Pelton, A.M.

eexlii

= ‘ Sir Frank Crisp,’ A.M.,
cexl

x ‘Sylvia Slade,’ A.M.,
eexlii ;

Chrysanthemums, 452
* broken buds, 125
ag fall of flower buds, 124
* in Japan, 270
2 seed of, 125
Cineraria maritima, 266
Cirrhopetalum Andersonii, B-C., celxii
es pulchrum, A.M., clv
pe Roxburghii, B.C., xvii
- Wendlandianum, A.M.,
lxvi
Citrus fruits in West Indies, 430
Clematis, 125, 575
Clerodendron oreadum, 125
Codiaeum ‘ Fred Sander,’ A.M., exxv
Codlin moth, 270, 575
Codonopsis convolyulacea, 125
Coelogyne fuliginosa, B.C., cclxix
> perakensis, 270
* pogonioides, B.C., |xii
Coffea eugenioides, 125
Cold storage of fruit, 270
Coleus, 125

CCX¢CV11

| Colonial Fruit Shows, xiv, xcix, cevii

Coloration in plants, 271

“Colour in the Flower
Jekyll, 102

sports, xxvii

Coloured stems, 500

Columnea magnifica, 575

“Commercial Products of India,” Sir

G. Watt, 520
Committee Meetings, Floral, xxxvi, exx,

Garden,” G.

CCXXVHi

rr Fruit and Vege-
table, xlviii,
exlvi, cexlvii

7 Narcissus and

Tulip, lxviii
fo Orchid, lii, el, eelv
* Scientific, xxii, cx,
CCXVi
Commonplace notes, 97, 500

_ Conference on Spraying, 305

Coniferae of Central Europe, 126
Conifers, 271, 272, 579
As damping off of seedlings, 127,
575
Coniothyrium Fuckelii, 222
= tumaefaciens, Giiss., 229
Contributions from the Wisley Laborator y;
45, 231, 491
Cooke, M. C., Mushrooms from spores,
219
Coriaria japonica, A.M., exxxviii
Corky scab of potatos, 576
Corytholoma macropodum, 576
Cotton industry, 576
» root rot of Texas, 576
Cover crops in orchards, 576
Cranberry, 271, 577
Crane, D. B., the Chrysanthemum, 452
Crataegus in America, 127
Crinum Vassei, 127
Crocus, diseased, cexxii

_ Crossandra sp. 66

Croton, 127
Crown gall cross inoculation, 127, 577

| Cucumber cultivation, 578

Cut flowers, preservation of, 578 :
Cyclamen ‘ Salmon King,’ A.M., xxxvii
Cymbidium Dayanum, B.C., eclxii
¢ eburneum Goodsonianum,
A.M., lxv
i x gattonense, A.M., lvi
2 insigne splendens, F.C.C., lviii
.. insigne superbum, F.C.C.,
lviil
a x ‘Lady Colman,’ A.M., lvi
= lancifolium, B.C., celvi
Cynorchis purpurascens, B.C., celxi
Cypripedium x ‘ Actaeus Bianca,’ F.C.C.,
eclviii
a x ‘Arethusa,’ A.M., celxviii
~ x ‘Antinous,’ F.C.C., eelxxii

a ‘ Dante ’ magnificum, A.M.,
eclxvi

5 bellatulum Exhims var.,
CG zy

< x Berkleyanum, A.M., lxiv

- Charlesworthii Bromilowi-

anum, F.C.C., eelxii

.

CCxCVlil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cypripedium debile, 127
x * Dreadnought,’
celxviii

KGL.

”

A.M., lv

x *F. Sander,’ A.M., lv

x ‘Helen II.,’ Westonbirt
var., F.C.C., Lxii

x Rossettii, A.M., elxiii

Fairrieanum, Cookson’svar., |

| Dendrobium elongatum, B.C., eclxxii
fusiforme, B.C., lxii
Jerdonianum, A.M., elviii
x Thwaitesiae, Bound’s var.,

A.M., lxiii
Deputation to Newcastle, cli
. + TUT; Kix

» York, c

be)
”

”

x ‘Minos,’ Young’s. var.,
F.C.C., liii

‘Sultan,’ F.C.C., liii

‘4 ventricosum, F.C.C., cly

Cystacanthus turgidus, 67

Cyprus, report on preserved fruit from, xv

Cytisus decumbens, 578

Daedalacanthus sp., 67
Daffodil poisoning, cexvi
seedlings, xxxiii
- yellow stripe, 161
Dahlia ‘ Adela,’ A.M., cexxxii
_ © Avoca,’ XXX, cexxx
‘Betty,’ A.M., cexxxii
‘ Brigadier,’ A.M., cexxxii
‘ Brightness,’ XXX, cexxx
‘Elsie Turner,’ A.M., ecxxxv
‘El Vino,’ A.M., cexxxv
‘Emily Habgood,’ XXX, ccxxx
‘Flash,’ XXX, cexxxiii
‘Flora,’ A.M., cexxxiii
‘Lady Bountiful,’ A.M., cexxxv
‘Marathon,’ A.M., cexxviii
‘May Carpenter,’ XXX, cexxxiii
‘Miss Willmott,’ XXX, cexxxi
*‘ Monarch,’ A.M., cexxxiii
‘Nelly Riding,’ A.M., eexxxiii
‘Norah Reynolds,’ A.M., cexxxv
‘ Satisfaction,’ A.M., cexxxiii
‘Saxonia,’ A.M., cexxxv
‘Snowdon,’ A.M., cexxxiili
‘Stalwart,’ XXX, cexxxi
‘ Teutonic,’ A.M., cexxxiii
‘Tom Jones,’ A.M., cexxvili
5 * Wellington,’ A.M., eexxxv |
“Dahlias and their Cultivation,’ J. B.
Wroe,
cactus, 269
lasting qualities of, 503
ss tried at Wisley, 291
Damping off, 127
Darlington, H. R.,
daffodils, 161
Datura chlorantha, 272
Delmard, A., public garden in Funchal,
Madeira, 473
Delphinium ‘ Cambyses,’ A.M., exxxiii
‘ Progression,’ A.M., exxxvi
‘Statuaire Rude,’ A.M.,
CXXXVi
Dendrobium Brymerianum, Gatton Park
var., A.M., Ixv
x chessingtonense, Gatton
Park var., A.M., lviii

”

9

9

yellow stripe in

9

”

)

Dessert Cherries in Pots, 189

Deutzia Wilsonii, A.M., exxvii

Diacattleya x Colmanae, A.M., lvi

Dianthera sp., 68

Dicentra torulosa, 578

Dicliptera sp., 68

Didymocarpus cyanea, 272

Die back in peach shoots, 272

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, A.M., exxv

Dioscorea Batatas, 128

Donax sp., 128

Donors of books, plants, &c., to laboratory
and garden, 1908, 558

Dracaena Bruantii variegata, A.M.,
CCXXXVii
= Doucetti var. de Grootei,

F.C.C., exxili

| Dyschoriste sp., 69

_ Easter lily bulbs, production of, 273

Ebermaiera nitida, 69

Ecbolium Linneanum, 69

Kehinops Tournefortii, 578

Education, Agricultural, in W. Indies, 120

Ms Horticultural, 273

Elaeagnus Futcheri, 128

Electricity, influence on vegetation, 273

* Klementary Botany,’ P. Groom, 510

‘*Klementary Botany, Theoretical and
Practical,’’ H. Edmonds, 104

Elm seedlings, xxxiii

‘‘ Knemies of the Rose,’ G. Massee and
F. V. Theobald, 107

| Epidendrum costatum, B.C., elxi, eelxxiii

Lambeauanum, B.C., elxiv
leucochilum, B.C., elii
punctiferum, B.C., celxxii
virens, A.M., elviii

”

9

”

”

| Eranthemum sp., 69

EKremurus A.M
CXXxili
Eria amica, B.C., clii
» hyacinthoides, 578
» longispicata, B.C., clxiv
Krica cinerea pygmaea, A.M., exxxiil
Eriksson, Prof., gooseberry mildew, 469

Bungei magnificus,

_ Erythroniums, 273

Eschscholzia ‘ Mikado,’ A.M., exxxiii

‘* Essays on Evolution,” a criticism, 480
Essential oils, lemon grass, &e., 578
Etherization in forcing, 128

Kucalypts, 278

Eucryphia cordifolia, 579

Eulophia nuda, B.C., clix

Kupatorium Raffillii, 579

Examinations in horticulture, 140

Coelogyne striatum, A.M.,
eclxx

x ‘Cybele,’ Gatton Park
var., F.C.C., lyiii

Exobasidium japonicum on Azalea, 45

“Familiar Swiss flowers,’ F. E. Hulme,
107

GENERAL

Fasciation in holly, &c., xxii, cexx, cexxili |
oe induced, cexxi
Feldspathic rocks as fertilizers, 128
“Fern World, The,’’ F. G. Heath, 518
Ferns, effect of light on germination of |
spores, 579
» hardy winter, 503
* First Course in Biology,’ L. H. Bailey,
509
Fittonia sp., 75
Floral malformations, xii, ex, cexvi, ecxix,
&e.
Flowering plants tried at Wisley, miscel-
laneous, 547
Forcing, 128
» flowering shrubs, a method of,
273 -
Forestry, 274, 579-581, 599
Fritillary flavida, 129
Frost injuries to Sycamore buds, 582
»» resistance, breeding for, 582
Fruit diseases, 129
» growing, 582
5» preserving, 582
,, trees in pots, 189, 582
* Fruit Trees and their Enemies,” 522
Fuirena Oedipus, 121
Funchal, public garden at, 473
Fungicides, 129, 274, 357
Fungus diseases of scale insects, &c., 582
Furcraea, literature, &c., 583
Future of Cacao planting, 193

Galanthus Olgae, cexix
Garden design—comparative, historical,
, and ethical, 361
* 43 practice of, 384
Gardenia sp., 130
“Gardening in Town and Suburbs,”
H. H. Thomas, 102
9 in Western Highlands, 47
‘“* Gardens old and new,” 102
Geissomeria sp., 75
General meetings, i, xciii, clxxxix
Geneva, botanical institutions of, 274

Genista glabrescens, 275

Geodorum purpureum, B.C., clxi
Geology, influence of in horticulture, 394
Germination, action of sea water, «c.,

275
B| of Gnetum Gnemon, 41
” », poplars, 130
> rapid, 130

Getting, H. F., spraying as an insurance,
313
Ginger cultivation, 130
Gipsy and brown tail moths, 275
Gladiolus ‘Golden Measure,’ A.M., ecxxix
ye primulinus hybrids, A.M.,
CCxxvili © |
i ‘White Cloud,’ A.M., cexxix
Gnetaceae of Central Europe, 126
Gnetum Gnemon, germination of, 41
Goldenseal, cultivation and handling, 583 ©
Gordon, G., beautiful flowering trees and
shrubs, 4
Gordonia anomala, 131
Gooseberry mildew, 130, 469

INDEX. CCXC1X

Grafting, influence of stock on scion, 131,
138, 583, 596
Grape ‘ Prince of Wales,’ F.C.C., cel

_ Grapes at Wisley, ccli

», bag method of keeping, 131
» little known, 502

_ Graptophyllum sp. 75

Grease bands, ccexxxiii, ete.

_ “Greenhouse and conservatory construc-

tion and heating,’ P. N. Hasluck, 108
Giissow, H. T., parasitic rose canker, 222
Gymnostachyum sp., 76
Gypsophila graeca, 131

Habenaria geniculata, B.C., eclxi

_ Hammond, G., spraying and spraying

machinery, 334

“Handbook of Flower Pollination,” P.

Knuth, 114

“Handbook of Practical Botany,” E.

Strasburger, 514

‘Handbook of Hardy Trees and Shrubs,”
G. Bunyard, 523

Hardiness of plants, 583

Hardy cacti and other succulents, 34

_ “ Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and

Shrubs,” A. D. Webster, 252
Helianthemum pilosum, 266
Helleborus ‘ Peter Barr,’ A.M., xxxix

_ Hemigraphis sp., 77

Henslow, Rev. G., absorption of rain and
dew by green parts of plants,
167
‘3 criticism of “Essays on Evolu-
tion,’ 480
a history of cabbage tribe, 15
8 modifications of leaves
stipules, 411
Herbertia amatorum, 131
“ Heredity,’’ J. A. Thomson, 113

and

_ Hesperantha matopensis, 121

Hevea brasiliensis, fungi of, 583

_ Hibiscus aponeurus, 585

High nitrification of sewage effluents, 462

Hill, T. G., germination of Gnetum Gne-
mon, 41

Hippeastrum ‘ Purity,’ F.C.C., xlvi

Hippeastrums, 276

History of cabbage tribe, 15

Honey and pollen yielding plants of Texas,
583

Holland House Show, civ

Home-bottled Fruit Show, cexii

Hooper, C. H., influence of geology on
horticulture, 394

| Horticulture in U.S.A., 584
_ Hudson, J., dessert cherries in pots, 189

Hybrids of British plants, 131
mS ,, Nerine flexuosa, 488
ia pollen of, 131
Hydrastis canadensis, germination of, 584
Hygrophila spinosa, 77
Hypoestes sp., 77

Ilex Pernyi, F.C.C., eexxviii
Imports and exports of fruit, etc., 97
In-breeding in corn, 584

CCC

Indigofera hebepetala, 584
Influence of geology in horticulture, 394
Inheritance of albinism in orchids, xxvi,
XXiX, XXX
,», pigments in peas, xxili
Inoculation of leguminous crops, xxiii,
231, 491
Inosculation in hornbeam, xxix
‘Insect Book, The,” 105
Insecticides, 278, 349
Insects, uniform common names for, 584
Ipomopsis elegans, 131
Iris x ‘ Carthusian,’ A.M., exxvii
5 Oncocyclus, 198
»» x sind-pur ‘ Amethyst,’ A.M., xli
Italy, old gardens of, 446

Jacobinia sp., 76

Japanese chestnut immune from disease,
276

Julianaceae, 276

Justicia sp., 79, 121

Kaempferia Kirkii var. elatior, 131
Kalmia poisonous, 277

Kniphofia ‘ Goldelse,’ A.M., exxxili

““R. Wilson Ker,” A.M., cexxix

9

“ La Mosaiculture pratique,” A. Maumenée,

260
“Laboratory and Field Manual
Botany,” J. Y. Bergen and B. M. Davis,
106
Laelio-Cattleya x ‘Clive’
F.C.C., clix
x *Cornelia,’ Westonbirt
var., A.M., cclxii
‘Corunna,’ A.M., liv
‘ Daffodil,’ A.M., lviii
‘ Elinor,’ A.M., Ixii
‘ Elva,’ Westonbirt
var,,i\6- CA;
celiii
var.‘ St. Vincent,’
A.M., cclvi
‘ Golden Oriole,’ Good-
son’s var., A.M., eclx
x luminosa, Westonbirt
var., A.M., lxi
x ‘Lustre’ gigantea, A.M.,
cclxiy
x *Ortrude’
A.M., eclxiv
x ‘Pizarro,’ A.M., lviii
x ‘St. Gothard,’ F.C.C.,
celxii
Landscape gardening, the profession of,
32
Lankesteria sp., 80
Larch sawfly, 584
Larix Griffithii, 132
Leaf-cutting in Anthurium, cexxv
Lepidagathis sp., 81
Lewisia Cotyledon, 585
Libonia floribunda, 81
Library, books added, 1908, 554

magnifica,

”

x
x
x
x

x %”

x

superba,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lily hybrids, exiii

_ Lime and sulphur, self-boiled, 129, 585

of. |

_ Limonium sp., 132
| Liparis tabularis, 276
_ © List of British Plants,’ 101

Listrostachys forcipata, B.C., exvi
Lycaste Skinneri ‘ Orion,’ A.M., lvi

_ Mackenzie, O., gardening in Western

Highlands, 47
Magnolias, deciduous, 132
Malvastrum hypomadarum, 276
‘“Manures for Fruit and other Trees,”

A. B. Griffiths, 112
Manures, appliances, etc., tried at Wisley,

1908, 551

Manuring in spring, 277
Masdeyallia Ortgiesiana, B.C., eclxiv
Massee, G., spraying for fungus pests,

305
Mawson, T. H., garden design, 361, 384
Maxillaria luteo-alba, A.M., lviii

es phoenicanthera, B.C., eclxvii
Meconopsis sinuata, 585
Megaclinium colubrinum, B.C., celxiii_
velutinum, B.C., oli

se Memories of my Life,” F. Galton, 513
Mendelism, 585, xxiii, xxvii, XXixX, XXX,

XXXlli, CXV
Miltonia x ‘St. André,’ F.C.C., clvii
x Bleuana var. Stevensii, A.M.,

elvili
Mint-growing for the oil, 277
Mistletoe, 277
Modifications of leaves and stipules, 411
Moisture in soils, 585
Moles, 277
Montbretia, (see Tritonia)
Moraea iridioidés var. Johnsonii, cxi
“ Moths of British Isles,’’ R. South, 258
Mushrooms from spores, 219, cexvii
Mussaenda erythrophylla, 586
“My Garden,” Mary Pendered, 260

”

Narcissus ‘ Buttercup,’ A.M., lxx
2 ‘ Snow Shoe,’ A.M., lxxi
‘‘ Nature and Ornament,” L. F. Day, 521
Nelumbium speciosum var. ‘ Osiris,’
F.C.C., exxxviii
Nepenthes ‘ Dr. John Macterlatae F.C.C.,
CCXXXiV
Nephrolepis amabilis, F.C.C., cexli
exaltata var. Amerpohlii,
A.M., xxxvii
rufescens Mayi ornata, A.M.,
cexlii
‘Countess of Altamont,’ A.M.,
CCXXXViil
flexuosa hybrids, 488, ccxxv

”
”?

Nerine

”

New certificate, cexxii

‘New Flora of the Volcanic Island of
Krakatoa, The,’ A. Ernst, 513

New Zealand, bulbous plants in, 1

Nicholson, the late G., ccxviii, cexcii

_ Nitrogenous manures, 132, 278

Nomenclature of hybrid orchids, xxv,
CCXXx

GENERAL

Notes and Abstracts, 116, 262, 564
Notices to Fellows, Ixxiii, clxv, eelxxv

Odell, J. W.. British wild flowers in the
garden, 419
Odontioda x Charlesworthii, F.C.C., cliv
Pe x - Goodson’s
var., F.C.C., eelviii
Z x * St. Fuscien,’ A.M., elv
~ x Thwaitesii, A.M., clx
x: x wickhamensis, A.M., elviii
Odontoglossum x Bingelianum, F.C.C.,
liii

= x ‘Clytie,’ A.M., lix

INDEX. eccl

Olearia ciliata, 132
» Yamulosa var. communis, 278

Olive tubercle, 132, 586
Oncidium bicallosum, Sander’s var., A.M.,

eelxxii
= iIncurvum, A.M., eclx
iz micropogon, B.C., cclxix

Oncocyclus irises, 98
Onosma tenuiflorum, 133

_ Ophrys muscifera var. virescens, 133

Orange ‘ Renwick Navel,’ A.M., ecl
» * The Navel,’ A.M., 1
» ‘Washington Navel,’ A.M., ccl

, Oranges, decay in, 133
= Cervantesii, abnormal, 586 |

fa x coeruleum, ‘King of |

England,’ F.C.C., clix

ra crispum ‘ Kenneth,’ A.M.,
elv

‘ Leonard
fect,’
eli

‘ Princess
Wales,’ A.M.,
elviii

‘Queen of the

Per-
i OR Gt

9 bP]

Orchid hybrids (see Mendelism),
XXVli, XXXi, XXxiii
»» parasites, 279
» portraits, 279, 586

XXV,

| Orchids of Grenada, 586

of |

Earth,’ F.C.C., |

“ structure, etec., 281
»» transmission of albinism in (see
Mendelism), 586
Orchis hircina, 281
» mascula, 281
“Origin of a Land Flora,” F. O. Bower,
515
Otacanthus coeruleus, 81
“Our British Trees and how to know
them,” F. G. Heath, 505
Oxalis bupleurifolia, cxi
», yellow flowered species, 133

Paeonia decora alba, A.M., cxxv
» Mlokosewitschii, 133

_ Paeony hybrid, yellow, 588

Palms, popular sp., 281

Papaver Rhoeas sporting, cxix, ccxvii,
CCxxil

Para Rubber seed, 589

Pandanus Houlletii, 281

“Pansies and Violets,’ D. B. Crane, 260

Paracaryum racemosum, 133

‘Parallel Paths ; a study of Biology, etc.,”
T. W. Rolleston, 511

Parasites, value of introduction of, 589

Parasitic rose canker, 222, exvili, ccxxi

Parsley, ‘Beauty of Parterre,’ A.M.,
ceexlvii

re ‘ Emerald Green,’ A.M.,
eexlvii

- ‘Extra Double Curled,’ A.M.,
cexlyii

- ‘Johnson’s’ Perfect,’ <A.M.,
ceexlvii

- ‘Massey’s Dwarf Perfection,’

xvi
* x ‘Eleanor,’ Westonbirt
var., A.M., clix
ms eximium ‘Queen Alexan-
dra,’ F.C.C., cliv
~ x ‘Gladys,’ A.M., lxi
gloriosum citrinum, A.M., |
elvii
ad x Groganiae, A.M ,celxvili |
-. x hibernicum, A.M., clv
“ x illustre luxurians, |
F.C.C., cliv
3 a ‘ Theodora,’
A.M., clii
zs x laudatum, A.M., elv
a Lindenii, A.M., clv
i: x MacNabianum, F.C.C.,
hii
de x * Magali Sander,’
F.C.C., celxxii
x naevium, A.M., Ixvil
2 nebulosum Mossiae, A.M.,
elii
- x Ossulstonii,Glebeland’s
var., A.M., clii
- x percultum afte R.
Roberts,’ A.M., lxiii
. x * Phoebe,’ F.C.C., elvii
= platycheilum superbum,
A.M., lxvi
Fe x ‘Queen Alexandra,’
Crawshayanum, F.C.C.,
elvii
3 x Wiganianum — super-
bum, F.C.C., elxiii
fe x Wilckeanum Schroder-

ianum, F.C.C., cli
nt x ‘* Zenobia,’ A.M., elxiii
Oil of tar as an insecticide, 278
Old gardens of Italy, 446
“ Old West Surrey,’”’ G. Jekyll, 506

VOL XXXIV.

A.M., exlviii
< ‘Myatt’s Extra fine Garnish-
ing,’ A.M., cexlvii

A ‘Moss-curled,’ A.M., cexlvii
‘Sutton’s Garnishing,’ A.M.,
eexlvil

Paulowilhelmia togoensis, 81
Pea ‘ Daffodil,’ A.M., exlvii
» ‘Dawn,’ A.M., exlvii
» * Evergreen Delicatesse,’
exlvii
, ‘Harvestman,’ A.M., exlvii
,» ‘International,’ A.M., exlvii

A.M.,

cccli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pea, ‘ Snowdrop,’ A.M., exlvii
Peach, ‘ Jessie Kerr,’ 133
a pests, 272, 589
Pear ‘ Dana’s Hovey,’ A.M., ccliii
Peas tried at Wisley, 288
Pelargonium ‘James T. Hamilton,’ A.M.,
CXXXIiV
es new, 282
Peloria in pansy, ¢xiv
Pennisetum japonicum, A.M., ccxxxv
Peristrophe sp., 81
Perowskia atriplicifolia, 589
‘Perpetual Flowering Carnation,’ M. C.
Allwood, 519
Persimmons, Japanese, 282
Petalidium barlerioides, 82
Petunias, 134, 589
Phaius x ‘Clive,’ F.C.C., lxii
Phalaenopsis Lindenii, B.C., clix
Phaseolus, 134
Phaylopsis parviflora, 82
Philadelphus Lemoinei
A.M., exxvii
x purpureo-maculatus, 282
Philodendron Corsinianum, 134
Phlogacanthus sp., 82
Phlox ‘ André Michaux,’ XXX, exlii

‘var. ‘ Rosace’

» ‘Comtesse De Jarnac’ XXX,
CCXXXxl1

, ‘Freifriulein von Lassberg,’ A.M.,
CCXXiX

». ‘General Giovaninelli’ XXX, exlii

‘ Jules Cambon,’ XXX, cxlii
» ‘Lady Tweeddale,’ XXX, cxlii
» leaves malformed, exiii
‘Prosper Henry, XXX, A.M.
CCXXX1
» ‘Siebold,’ XXX, cexliii
‘ Sesostris,’ XXX, exliii
‘ Violet,’ A.M., cexxix
Phosphates, action of water on, 134
Photography in natural colours, 40
Pink ‘ Princess Christian,’ A.M.,cxliii
“ Plant Anatomy,’’ W. C. Stevens, 103
‘Plant Book for Schools,” O. VY. Darbi-
shire, 105
Plant diseases (general), 589
Plantae Lindheimerianae, 590
“Plantes Tropicales de Grande Culture,”
M. E. Wildemann, 109
Polygonum Aubertii, 134
Polystachya flexuosa, B.C., clxiv
a Laurentii, B. C., eclxvi
Lawrenceana, 590
Polystichum Braunii in England, 134
Poppies, hybrid oriental, 282
i Tournefort, 282
Populus lasiocarpa, F.C.C., cexxxi
Porphyrocoma lanceeolata, 82
Porquerolles, flora of, 135
Potato breeding, 580
, ‘British Champion,’ A.M.,
cel
,, ‘Courteen Seedling,’ A.M., exlviii
. ‘*Devanha Seedling,’ A.M., cexlix,
ecl
,, diseases, 576, 590, 591
, ‘Midlothian Early,’ A.M., exlviii
» Spraying, 591

ecxlix,

|
}

Primulas, ex

Potato tuber dry-rot, 282
_ Potatos in Ohio, 591
tried at Wisley, 525, 538

bP]

| Potentilla concolor, 135

“ Practical Guide to School, Cottage, and
Allotment Gardening,’ J. Weathers,
114

_ Preservation of wood, 591, 592
_ Preserved fruit from Cyprus, xv

Preserving fruit, new method, 283
Prickly pear as farm crop, 592
Primula sinensis with green flowers, xxvii

new, 283
3 malacoides, A.M., cexliv
Profession of landscape gardening, the, 32

”

_ Prunus sp., 135, 283

Pseudolarix Fortunei, 135
Pteris aquilina var. Nicholsonii, A.M.,
CCXXX

_ Public garden in Funchal, 473

Puya violacea, 283

Pyrethrum ‘Langport Crimson,’
CXxvii

Pyrus Aria var. majestica, 135

sinensis, 592

Tschonoskii, 135

A.M.,

”

’)

Raphioacme utilis, 592
Raspberry pests, 135
Rehmannia angulata, 135
Report of Chemist, 498

_ Retinospora sporting, ccexvili

Rheum inopinatum, 135
Rhinacanthus communis, 82
Rhodazalea Crouxii, 592
Rhodesia, flora of, 283
Rhododendron canker, 592
= kamtschaticum, 593, A.M.,
CXXX
* Madden
593
Mariesii, 283
a micranthum, 283
- occidentale, A.M., cxxv
‘ Purity,’ A.M., xlii
Rhus typhina var. filicina, 283
Ribes sp., 136, 284
Robinia Kelseyi, 593
Rosa lutea, exii
a Moyesii, A.M., cxxx
», sericea var. pteracantha, 593
.. Wichuraiana var. ‘Lady Godiva,’
A.M., cxxxix

var. obtusifolia,

- Willmottiae, 136
Rose canker, parasitic, 222, exviii, cexxi
»» * Blaine,’ A.M., cxxv
‘Florence Edith Coulthwaite, A.M.,
CXXXVil
» ‘George C. Waud, A.M., cxxxvii
, ‘Molly Sharman Crawford,’ ‘A.M.,
CXXXVii
‘Mrs. Alfred Tate,’ A.M., cexxxviil
., ‘Mrs. David Jardine,’ A.M., exxxvii
., *Mrs. Edward J. Holland,’ A.M.,
CCXXXViii
, ‘Mrs. Lyttleton Dewhurst,’
CCXXX

A.M.,

GENERAL INDEX.

Rose ‘Mrs. Wakefield Christie-Miller,’
A.M., cexxxviil
Pais.” ALM... exh
» ‘Refulgence,’ A.M., cxxxiv
,, *Tausendschén,’ A.M., exxv
‘ White Dorothy,’ A. M., CXXV
Roselle culture and uses, 284
Ruellia sp., 83
Rungia eriostachya, 87
Rusts of Connecticut, 136
Ruttya ovata, 87

Saccolabium dasypogon, B.C., cclxiv
Salts, soluble, influence on leaf structure,
593
San José scale, 593
Sanchezia sp., 88
Sarcococca ruscifolia, A.M., eexlvi
Sarracenia sp., 136
Saxifraga Brunoniana, 136
a Griesbachii, 136
Scale insects of apple, 593
Schaueria sp., 88
**Schlich’s Manual of Forestry,” W.
Fisher, 505
* School Flora,’’? Wm. Watts, 104
School of Horticulture, Report on, 303
Schumannianthus sp., 128
Scott-Moncrieff, W. D:, high nitrification
of sewage effluents, 462
Sechium edule, xxix
Selaginella Emiliana aurea, A.M., ccxxxv
~ rhizophores of, ccxxv
Sempervivum holochrysum, 501
Senecio scandens, 123
Sewage effluent, nitrification of, 462
Shelter-planting, 594
Shortia uniflora, A.M., xlii
Sieve-tubes, 136
Silene bella, 137
» elongata, 137
Sinningia hybrida‘ Dr. Maxwell Masters,’
A.M., cxxxix
» Regina, 137
Smith, H. H., future of cacao-planting,
193
Smut prevention, 137
Sodium salts, effect on plants, 594
Soil fertility, 594, 595
,, tests in wire baskets, 596
* Soils, their Nature and Treatment,” P.
McConnell, 111
Sophora japonica, 137
Sophro-Cattleya ‘ Doris,’ F.C.C., eelxvi
x Saxe,
var., A.M., cclix
warnhamensis, var.
he Me. Dinek.” EC.C.,
elxi
Sophro-Laelia x ‘Felicia,’ A.M., lix
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya ‘Danae superba,’
A.M., celv

R.

” 3)

? ” x

”) ” 39 x SF,

A.M., elxili
” “s - x ‘Medea,’
elxiii
Sorghum smuts, 137

Westonbirt |

‘ Marathon,’

var.
vinicolor, A.M.,

CCClli

Spartina Townsendii, 284
Spartium junceum, 99
Spraying, conference on, 305

se orchards, 284
Stanhopea tigrina, F.C.C., elx
Stenandrium sp., 88
** Stephen’s Book of the Farm,’ 112
Stock ‘ Veitch’s Magenta,’ A.M., cxxx
Stocks for grafting, 138, 596
Stokesia cyanea alba, A.M., cxxxv

_ “ Story of Insect Life,’’ W. P. Westell, 256

Strawberry cultivation and pine needles,
285
» plants barren, 99

| Strobilanthes sp., 88

Strobilorhachis prismaticus, 93

| Succulents, hardy, 24

Sugar beet disease, 138
» -Gane root disease, 596
» industry, 596

“Summer Garden of Pleasure, The,”’
Mrs. S. Batson, 259

Sutton, A. W., Brassica crosses, 43

as tuberous Solanums, xxvili
Sweet Pea ‘Dobbie’s Mid Blue,’ A.M.,
CXXXV

ies » ‘The King,’ A.M., cxxxv

potatos, 285

* William diseased, xxvi
“Sylva: or a - Discourse

Trees,” J. Evelyn, 508

on Forest

| “Systematic Anatomy of Dicotyledons,”’

Dr. Hans Solereder, 514

Tacsonia, 138

| Tea in Jamaica, 138
| Telephium sp., 138

Temperature, influence of on distribution
of insects, 597
Temple Show, xciv
“ Text-book of Botany,” KE. Strasburger,
104
J. M. Lowson,
510
Thalictrum dipterocarpum, A.M., exliii
Theobald, F. V., principal insecticides,
349
% washes used as insecti-
cides, 326

9 ” ”

| Thunbergia sp., 93

Thyrsacanthus sp., 95
Tillandsia Blokii, 285
“Timber,” J. Kennell, 507
2 J. T. Baterden, 523
Timber, preservation of, 285
Timbers of Jamaica, 138
Tobacco in Hawaii, 285
z root-rot, 138
- wilt, 597
Tomato cultivation, 285, 597
3 ‘Lye’s Early Prolific,’
eexlvii
Traps for insects, 285
Tree carnations, 501
‘Trees : a Handbook of Forest Botany,”
H. M. Ward, 522
Trees and shrubs with «coloured stems
500

A.M.,

ecclv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Trials at Wisley, 288 _ Wallflowers, mauve, 139
Trichopilia nobilis alba, A.M., elxiii Wall-gardening, 286
Tritonia ‘ Hereward,’ A.M., ecxxx Waltham, T. E., photography in natural
* ‘ Norvic,’ A.M., cexxx colours, 40
Tuberous Solanums, xxviii Warpuria clandestina, 96
Tulip ‘Duchess of Westminster,’ A.M., Watkins, A., annual flowers, 179
CXXV “Wayside and Woodland Ferns,”’ E. Step,
» *Walter T. Ware,’ F.C.C., cxxiv 507
Tunica Saxifraga fl. pl., A.M., exxxvii Weather and setting of fruit, 287
‘Types of Floral Mechanism,” A. H. Weeds, 598
Church, 106 _ White, E., the profession of landscape

gardening, 32
_ White, Edwin, bulbous plants in New
Ustilago hypodytes, ecxviii Zealand, 1
violacea, ¢xvi White grubs, 139
: _ Whitfieldia lateritia, 96
_ Widdringtonia in South Africa, 139
Vanda x amoena var. Sanderae, A.M., ‘ Wild Bees, Wasps, and Ants, and other

elxi | Stinging Insects,” E. Saunders, 255
a coerulea Charlesworthii, F.C.C., | Willow-growing in Lancashire, 598
eclxiv . Windsor, visit to, xevili
+ = var. ‘R.Chollet,’A.M., | Wisley School of Horticulture, 303
celxvili Wood, distillation of, 598
* pumila, B.C., clix » formation of, 287
_ suavis pallida, F.C.C., lxi 5, preservation of, 591, 592
Variation following mutilation, 139 Woolly aphis, 599 —
S in (nothera, ete., 139, exvii | Worsley, A., hybrids of Nerine flexuosa,
a in shape of fruits, 597 488
= production and fixation of, 286
‘“‘ Vegetable Growers’ Guide,” J.and H. J. |
Wright, 111 _ Yellow stripe in daffodils, 161, exii
Vegetables, profitable, 597 Yew galls, 599
- tried at Wisley, miscellaneous, ‘Young Botanist, The,” W. P. Westell
545 and C. 8. Cooper, 506
Viburnum Carlesii, A.M., 286, xlv Yucca, new sp., 600
rs utile, 139
Viola cornuta purpurea, A.M., ccxxxv
» ‘Ernest Needham,’ A.M., exxxvii Zaluzianskya maritima, 600
» gracilis, A.M., xliii _ Zea japonica gigantea quadricolor, XXX,
Virescence, 597, xxvii, ccxix | CCXXXi
itis gongylodes, 286 Zephyranthes aurea, A.M., cxxxi
PRINTED BY

° SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD, LONDON

COLCHESTER AND ETON

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