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THE JOURNAL

OF THE

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF

| 2 la a

VOLUME IV.

LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AT THEIR HOUSE,
21, REGENT STREET.
SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS

1849.

London: Printed by W. Crowes and Sons, Stamford-stret

a

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME IV.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :—
Article Page
I. The Coffee Bug and Coffee Mildew. By G. Gardner, F.L.8. . 1

II. A Notice of a Mould attacking the Coffee Plantations in Ceylon.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, King’s Cliffe, Wansford . we

III. Notes on the Proper Treatment of Epiphytal Orchids. By
George Gordon, A.L.S., Superintendent of the as
Department in the Society’ s Garden . : . . 9

IV. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate aha
Vegetation in various parts of the Globe:
No. 8. The Vegetation of Ceylon. By George Gardner, F.LS.,
Director of the Royal Botanie Gardens, Ceylon . ; $1

V. On Transplanting large Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. By R.
Glendinning, F.HS., Hon. Mem. Hort. Soc. of aa
County, Cor. Mem. Hort. Soc. of Massachusetts, U. 8S. A a aaa

VI. Official Correspondence relating to the Para Grass, since out
its importance as a species capable of resisting great drought
in hot countries. Communicated in a letter to Dr. rer
by B. Hawes, Esq., M.P. c ° ‘ Z ° 44

VII. The Aération of Vineries, as practised at Bowood, the seat of
the Marquis of Lansdowne, gs “ap John a aaa
C.M.H.S., Gardener there . 49

VIII. The Pear as regards its Stock. By R. eaten: C. MES,
Gardener to Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Eger Pe Bart., M.P.,

F.H.S., at Oulton Park, near Tarporley. 52
IX. On the Cultivation of Celery. By W. Cole, Gardéner to H.
Colyer, Esq., Dartford . + : 3 i P « 55

X. Experiments on the Growth of Plants in the Pure Earths, and
also with Stimulants and Manure, made in the Years 1843-44.
By W. H. Pepys, F.R.S., F.H.S. ° . : . St

XI. On the Cultivation of Ipomea Ficifolia, with a view to its
Flowering in the Conservatory during the Summer and
Autumn Months. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener to
Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, Alton . s 6&6

XII. Account of Experiments made in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society, in 1848, with reference to the Potato Disease ;
together with some Observations on the same. By Robert
Thompson. : ; . ; : : : . 62

, a 2

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iv CONTENTS.

Article
XIII. Notes on Fruit and Kitchen Plants proved in the oa of the
Society in 1848. By R. Thompson ° ;

XIV. Remarks on Artificial Climate. By A. Scott; OMA. 8.,
Gardener to Sir George Staunton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S.,
Leigh Park, Havant, Hants P : , ‘

XV. Ferns as Decorative Objects. By Thomas Moore, F.B.S.,
Curator of the Physic Garden of the bib ise se Society
of Apothecaries, Chelsea .

XVI. Tables of Temperature, for the use of Ganteaeey ; ana
according to the Latitudes of the respective localities in
which the Observations have been made. a Robert
Thompson . : : . : ; .

REPORT FROM THE COUNCIL . : : : 3

XVII. Description of the Kaisha, a new Syrian Agieee introduced
by John Barker, Esq., of Suedia: By Robert Thompson,
Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden wi
partment in the Society’s Garden . . : .

Edgings of narrow Turf as a Substitute for Box and aga
Plants in the formation of Geometrical Flower Gardens on
Platforms of Gravel. By James Duncan, C.M.HS.,
Gardener to Joseph ae tineau, Fats F.HS., Basing Park,
near Alton . °

XIX. Hints on the Cultivation a tie (iss Epacris. By Robert
Reid, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Mrs. Clarke, of Noblethorpe

XX. On permanent Studs as a means of Training Fruit-trees on
Walls. By George Fleming, C.M.H.S., Gardener to the
Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., Trentham Hall, Staffordshire

XXI. Some Observations on the Growth and Maturation of the
Wood of Plants. By George Lovell, Gardener to the
Marchioness of Hastings, F.H.S., at Efford House . .

XXII. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate
and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe:

No. 9.—Climate of Australind, Western Australia. An Ex-

tract from a Letter to the Vice-Secretary from M. Waller

Clifton, Esq., dated 25 September, 1848 ° ° 5

XXIIL. Hints on the proper Management of Fruit-Tree Borders,
having for their object the attainment of early and perma-
nent productiveness. By Henry Bailey, Nuneham . .

XXIV. On the Cultivation of the Scarlet Pelargonium in Pots, By
Philip Conway, Earl’s Court Nursery, Old Brompton Road

XXYV. Notes upon some newly-introduced Conifers collected by Mr.
Hartweg in Upper California. By George Gordon, A.LS.

XXVI. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate
and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe:

No. 10.—The Vegetation of the Indian Archipelago. By Dr.

C. G. C. Reinwardt, Professor of Chemistry, Botany, and

Natural History at the University of Leyden . : :

XXVII. Chinese Cultivation. The Tchou-ma, or Chinese Flax.
Translated from the Chinese by M. Stanislas J ve and

XVIII

retranslated from the French : :
P f Fy a
PLA AAP of, eek Haag | 9S
- 9,0 ; fn J

173

189

190

191
» dn
a Cal bbe

193

236

je

CONTENTS,

Article

XXVIII. On the Pickfork. By R. Glendinning, F.H.S. : ‘

XXIX. On some Moulds referred by Authors to Fumago, and on
certain allied or analogous Forms. By the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S., and J. B. H. J. Desmaziéres P

XXX. Memorauda concerning some new Plants recently intro-
duced into gardens otherwise than through the Horticul-
tural Society. No.1. By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S.,
Vice-Secretary . : . , ° . ‘ ‘

XXXI. Notes on some Varieties of Peas grown in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society in 1849. By Robert Thompson,
Superintendent of the cassis and Kitchen Garden De-
partment . : . . .

XXXII. On the Cultivation of eth: tide By Charles
Leach, King’s Road, Clapham Park . °

XXXIII. Note respecting the “ icine St. rie Grape By
Robert Thompson , °

XXXIV. On the Management of Pareiieass irstened in hiss to
the Durability of Timber. By George Lovell, Gardener
to the Marchioness of Hastings, F.H.S., at Efford House .

XXXV. On Marl Hexagons, a new material for Garden Walks, with
poets of the same for ene os pe anes Forsyth,
M.H.S. . . . °

XXXVI. On the Cultivation of Vines in Geen By James
Hutchison, Gardener to Colonel Scudamore, Kent Church
Court, Herefordshire . 3 : - 4 ‘

New Puants, &c., FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN :—

1. Swammerdamia antennaria

2. Limnanthes rosea e -

3. Aischynanthus Paxtoni :

4, Polygonum vacciniifolium .

5. Cyclobothra monophylla ; : 7 ° , :
6. Abronia umbellata . : F ¢ : : < ;
7, Miltonia Karwinskii : : : 4
8

9
10

. Brodiza californica . , : ~ : ,
. Navarretia pubescens : “
. Navarretia cotulzfolia ; : :
11. Limnanthes alba E ; ‘ ‘ : i ‘
12, Callistemon brachyandrum : ‘ - : ‘ “
13. Epidendrum gravidum ’ :
14. Ceelia macrostachya . . . . ,
15. Polygonum Brunonis ‘ : : : ° -
16. Wistaria Sinensis: alba ; ,
17. Celogyne asperata. : : : : : -
18. Mimulus tricolor ‘ , : ' , :
19. Nuttallia cerasiformis : ? ; ‘ ‘ 5
20. Epidendrum fragrans : :
21. Cortusa Matthioli ‘ A ‘ 3 3
22, Peonia Moutan: versicolor ‘ : : ; F

23. Peonia Moutan: atrosanguinea .
24. Ophrys vespifera :
25. Ophrys mammosa

261

283

286

vi CONTENTS.

Page
26. Azalea ramentacea . 5 , : ~ ‘ ! 2 204
27. Echeveria laxa . , : s ; ‘ y : « 292
28. Echeveria farinosa . : : P : ; : > .
29. Pinus Fremontiana . : 5 2 F e -, BOS
30. Cupressus Goveniana . 295
31. Cupressus macrocarpa : , : P : ~ 296
32. Vagaria parviflora. ° . , : : . - 298

PRocEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF THE Society, from September 5, 1848, to
September 4, 1849.

Proler A fost frur lelg — — 27}.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

I.— The Coffee Bug and Coffee Mildew.

Tue following extracts are from an official report on the state
of Ceylon, communicated to the Society by Earl Grey. They
show the existence on that island of two formidable enemies to
gardeners: the one a scale insect, the other a mildew plant,
which may possibly visit our shores; fragments of the plant, or
of an allied species, having been already detected in this country,
as is stated by the Rev. Mr. Berkeley, in the valuable report
which he has contributed upon the subject (see p. 7).

Extracts fiom a Report by George Gardner, Esq., on the Coffee
Blight of Ceylon, addressed to the Secretary to Government.

Srm, ‘Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradenia, July 4, 1848.

‘¢ Agreeably to the instructions contained in your letter to me
of the 12th ultimo, I have the honour to inform you that I have
visited the coffee districts therein mentioned, and collected such
information as I have been able regarding the nature, history,
and effects of the ‘brown scale,’ or ‘bug,’ which for some years
past has been infesting the coffee estates of the central province ;
and now beg leave to lay before you, for the information of his
Excellency the Governor, the following report :—

‘¢ As it would be impossible to understand thoroughly the
effects which the insect produces, without having a knowledge of
its structure and functions, I shall, in the first instance, detail
these, at least so much of them as I have been able to determine.

‘“¢ The first thing that attracts one’s attention on looking at a
coffee-tree which has for some time been infested with the ‘ bug,’
is the number of brownish-coloured wart-like bodies that stud
the young shoots, and occasionally the margins of the under
side of the leaves. Each of these warts or scales is a trans-
formed female ‘bug,’ containing a large number of eggs which
are hatched within it. When the young ones come out from
their nest they run about over the plant, looking very much like
small woodlice, and at this period of their lives there is no dis-
tinction between the male and the female.

‘“‘ Shortly after being hatched the males generally seek the
under side of the leaves, while the females prefer the young
shoots as a place of abode. In these localities they attach them-

VOL. IV. B

2 COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW.

selves to the cuticle of the plant, for the purpose of undergoing
certain transformations, which, being different in the two sexes,
will require to be described separately.

‘‘If the under surface of a young leaf of an infected coffee-
tree be examined with the naked eye, it will be found to be
studded, particularly on its lower half, with a number of minute
yellowish white-coloured specks of an oblong form. ‘These are
the larve of the males being transformed into pupe beneath
their own skin. Some of these specks are always in a more
perfect state than others, the full-grown ones being of a whitish
colour, and scarcely a line long. Of those which are of this
size, some have a much more translucent appearance than others ;
and if examined with a magnifier, will be found to be empty, the
perfect animal having made its escape from it; but if the darker
coloured ones are examined in the same manner, the nearly per-
fect insect will be found within it. In this state the animal is
of an oblong form, of a yellowish colour, with the rudiment of a
wing on each side attached to the lower part of the thorax, and
closely applied to the sides. It has six legs, the four hind ones
being directed backwards, and the two anterior ones forwards.
It has two antennee, which are directed backwards, and from the
tail protrude three short bristles, the middle one of which is
both thicker and larger than the other two.

‘¢ When the transformation has been completed, and the in-
sect has reached its maturity, it makes its way out from beneath
the pellucid case by which it was covered. All its organs have
then reached their full size. ‘The head is somewhat of a globular
form, with two rather prominent black eyes in front, and two
long antennze, each with 11 joints, hairy throughout, and with a
tuft of a few longer hairs at their apices. The legs are also
hairy. The wings are horizontal, of an obovate oblong shape,
membranous, and a little longer than the bristles of the tail.
They have only two nerves, neither of which reaches so far as the
tips. One of them runs close to the external margin, and is
much thicker than the other, which runs at some distance from
the internal margin. Being possessed of wings, the full-grown male
is much less seldom seen on the coffee bushes than the female.

‘‘ The female, like the male, attaches herself to the surface of
the plant, the place selected being usually the young shoots, but
she is also to be met with on the margins of the under side of
the leaves. On the upper surface neither male nor female ever
attach themselves. But unlike the male, which derives no nou-
rishment from the juices of the plant, the female, as soon as she
has fixed herself, punctures the cuticle with a proboscis which
she has on her chest, and by which she abstracts the juices that
nourish her. In the early pupa state of the female she is easily

COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. 3

distinguished from the male, by being more elliptical, and much
more convex.

‘‘ As she increases in size the skin extends and becomes
smooth and dry, the rings of the body become effaced, and losing
entirely the form of an insect, she has for some time a yellowish
pustule-like shape, but ultimately becomes of a roundish-conical
form, and of a dark-brown colour. Until she has reached nearly
her full size, she still possesses the power of locomotion, and her
six feet are easily distinguishable on the under surface of her cor-
pulent body ; but at no period of her existence has she wings.

‘¢ It is about the period of attaining her full size that impregna-
tion takes place, after which the scale becomes somewhat more
conical, assumes a darker colour, and, at length, is permanently
fixed to the surface of the plant by means of a cottony substance
interposed between it and the cuticle to which it adheres.

‘‘' The seale, when full grown, exactly resembles in miniature
the hat of a Cornish miner, there being a narrow rim at the base
which gives increased surface for attachment. It is about one
line anda halfin diameter, by about one line deep, and appears per-
fectly smooth to the naked eye; but when examined with a power-
ful magnifier, it is found to be studded with very minute warts,
which at first sight give it a dotted appearance. It is entirely
destitute of hairs, except the margin of the rim, which is ciliated.

“The number of eggs contained in one of these scales is enor-
mous, amounting in one which I counted to no less than 691.
The eggs are of an oblong shape, of a pale flesh colour, and per-
fectly smooth. In some of the scales which I have examined,
the eggs had just been hatched, and, when laid in the field of
the microscope, exactly resembled those masses of life so often
seen in dry old cheeses.

“The insect, I find, belongs to the genus coccus, and is
therefore a congener of that which produces the cochineal of
commerce. So far as the only books within my reach enable
me to judge, it seems to be the Coccus adonidum of Linneus,
which he mentions as being common on evergreen trees in Asia,
such as the camellia, &e. He gives no description of the male,
but his character of the female agrees pretty well with the coffee
one, except in being less conical in the scale state. If not the
same, it is a very nearly allied species.

“It is not till after the pest has been on an estate for two or
three years that it shows itself to any alarming extent. During
the first year only a few of the ripe scales are seen scattered
over the bushes, generally on the younger shoots, sometimes on
the margins of the under side of the leaves; but, should the
trees be in bearing, most commonly on the footstalks of the
berries. The crop this season does not suffer much, and the ap-

B 2

4 COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW.

pearance of the tree is scarcely altered : the following year, how-
ever, brings a change for the worse with it. The scales-are
found to have become more numerous, and if the young shoots
and the under side of the leaves are examined, they will be
found to be covered with numberless white specks, which prove
to be the young scales in a more or less forward state. The clus-
ters of berries have assumed a black, smutty appearance ; have a
more numerous crop of scales than during the previous year ;
and, if the clusters are watched, it will be found that a number of
their berries fall off before coming to maturity. The general health
of the tree now also begins to fail, and it acquires a blighted ap-
pearance: a loss of crop is sustained, but not to any extent.

‘‘ The third year brings about a still greater change. The
whole plant has then assumed a deep black colour, having all
the appearance of soot having been thrown over it in great
quantities. This colour is caused by the growth of a black pa-
rasitic fungus on the young shoots, and the upper surfaces of the
leaves, where it forms a thin fibrous coating, not unlike a piece
of velvet or felt. When this substance is examined with a pow-
erful microscope, it is found to consist of a dense interlaced
mesh of fibres, each made up of a single series of minute oblong
vesicles applied end to end. It never makes its appearance on
the tree till after the cocews or ‘bug’ has been a long time on
it, and is no doubt produced by the unhealthy state to which the
plant has been reduced, owing to the vitiation of its juices by the
insect. As certainly as the scale never appears on the upper
surface of the leaf, so surely does the fungus never appear on
the under one.

‘‘ At this period the young’ shoots have an exceedingly dis-
gusting look, from the dense mass of yellowish pustule-like
scales that are forming on them. The leaves, in consequence of
the abstraction of their juices alike by the animal and the vege-
table parasite, become shrivelled and evidently diminished in
size; and the trees, which, in their healthy state, appeared to
cover the ground, now seem to stand out singly. On the best
trees thus infested, more than two-thirds of the crop are lost,
and, on many, scarcely a berry is to be seen.

‘* Besides the ‘scale,’ there is another species of coceus some-
times found on coffee-trees, but never to the same extent as the
other. The female of this kind never changes into a scale, but
wraps herself up in a white cottony matter after impregnation,
and there producing her eggs, dies. It has sometimes been ob-
served on coffee estates previous to the appearance of the scale,
but there is evidently no connexion between them.

‘“So far as I have been able to ascertain, the coffee trees of
the island were never affected with the ‘scale’ till the year

COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. 5

1843, when Captain Robertson first observed it on a few coffee
bushes on his estate called Lapallagalla. This estate, together
with a few others, is situated immediately on the western boun-
dary of the great central mountain range overlooking the country
of the Four Korles, and the tract is known by the name of the
Muruta district. Since then the pest has been gradually pro-
gressing eastwards through the Dolisbagie, Ambegamoa, Kot-
malee, Pusilava, Deltotte, Hunisgiria, and Knuckles districts ;
but having only appeared within the last two years in the latter
places, its ravages have not yet reached to the same extent in
them as in the former ones.

‘‘'The cause of the first appearance of the ‘scale’ on coffee
bushes I found to be variously accounted for. Captain Robert-
son’s neighbours attribute its first introduction to the island to
his having imported it on some Mocha coffee plants that he
brought from Bombay. The superintendent of one of the estates
near to Captain Robertson’s having first seen it on some vigorous
plants near the Coolie lines, ascribed its production to the rich
manure supplied by the Coolies. Others, such as Mr. An-
struther, believe it to be spontaneous in its origin, and that bad
planting, allowing water to accumulate about the roots of the
plant, has been the original cause of its production.

‘‘ During my recent excursion it was ascertained that the
coffee coceus now exists very abundantly on many other sorts of
trees, giving them the same appearance and producing the same
effect on them. Thus I have observed it on the lime, the guava,
the myrtle, the rose, Careya arborea, and Vitex Negundo, the
two last common roadside trees. It seems, however, very certain
that until within the last five years it has not been known to
attack the coffee plant. In most of the districts that I have just
visited the coffee trees of the villagers were found to be quite as
much affected as those in plantations. In the botanic garden at
Peradenia there is scarcely a tree that is not infested to a degree.
It is, therefore, scarcely possible not to believe that, had the
insect been in existence in Ceylon previous to the present epi-
demic, its effects should not have been observed at one period or
another on the native coffee.

‘Tf, as Mr. Anstruther supposes, the nature of the soil and
bad planting have anything to do with its origin, Captain Ro-
bertson’s estate of Lapallagalla is one of the most likely I have
seen in Ceylon to have given birth to it, or, if not that, at least
to have afforded it an excellent field on which to begin its
ravages. The soil of it, as well as of nearly all the surrounding
estates, is of a stiff clayey nature, and consequently, the holes
that were dug for the young plants must have acted like pots
without outlets to contain the moisture that drained into them

6 COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW.

from the surface; and that they must have been well supplied
with moisture is certain, from the fact that the district is one of
the most rainy in the island. ‘The roots of the plants must also
have found great difficulty in penetrating through the sides of
the holes, and, indeed, the whole appearance of the trees shows
that matters are not going on well with them at bottom. Nearly
all of them have a lanky look, throw out few or no lateral shoots
from their lower branches, and, on an average, only yield at the
best of times from four to five ewt. of coffee per acre, or about
one-half of the usual crop of average estates in other districts.

** On nearly all those estates where I have been able to trace
the rise and progress of the epidemic, the coecus has been first
observed in moist hollow places sheltered from the wind, and
from thence has spread itself in all directions, even over the
driest and most exposed localities. This is not, however, uni-
versal, as on a few estates, such as those of Pen-y-lan and Da-
kanyke, it first appeared on dry exposed places. That it prefers
moist sheltered situations is certain, as, on the Lapallagalla and
Muruta estates, which, about a year ago, had become nearly
free of the pest, it still clung in a very obvious manner to those
trees that were situated by the side of little streams of water in
hollows and ravines.

“The extent of the injury caused by the epidemic was found
to vary considerably in the different districts visited, but was
always more or less in proportion to the length of time it had
been first observed.”

| Mr. Gardner describes in detail the ravages produced by the
combined action of the coccus and the parasitical fungus; they
were so extensive as to cause Lord Torrington to speak of them
in the following words :— |

‘“‘ The effects are most serious ; one estate has been reported to
me in which the production of a single season, which, calculated
upon that of the previous one, ought to have been 2000 ewt., fell
suddenly to 700 ewt., the difference being destroyed in a few
months by the bug, and to the present hour no improvement has
taken place in its condition. Others have been more or less un-
fortunate. In some the insect has disappeared partially, and par-
tially returned; and, in some few, whence it has entirely passed
away, the trees are now covered with fresh and healthy leaves
and promise an abundant harvest, but unfortunately we are not
in a condition to pronounce when this may not again be blighted
by another visit from the bug.”

[No specimens of the insect are known to have reached this
country. The parasitical plant has been sent to the Rev. Mr.
Berkeley, who has furnished the Society with the following in-
teresting account of it :—]

MOULD ATTACKING THE COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN CEYLON. 7

I1.—A Notice of a Mould attacking the Coffee Plantations in
Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, King’s Cliffe, Wans-
ford.

(Communicated Sept. 2, 1848.)

Weare daily hearing of fresh instances of the extensive preva-
lence of blight and mildew in various forms in our fields and
gardens at home, but it is curious that of late years intelligence
has arrived of similar visitations from countries of quite a dif-
ferent temperature. A few days since a letter dated Peradenia,
July 9th of the present year, was received from Mr. Gardner, of
Ceylon, to the following effect: ‘‘I write in great haste merely
to ask you to be kind enough to let me know at your earliest con-
venience what species of fungus the inclosed is. It is at present
overrunning the greater part of the coffee estates in Ceylon. It
is caused by a species of ‘scale’ or ‘ bug,’ which first began to
appear about five years ago, and it is not till the ‘ bug’ has been
on the trees for upwards of a year that the fungus makes its
appearance.”

The leaves are completely covered with a black sooty wash,
and the trees must be in a sad plight ; for not only are they smo-
thered with the fungus, but they are weighed down with masses
of a gelatinous lichen belonging to the genus Collema or some
closely allied group, which, though merely forming small radiated
black specks when dry, on the application of moisture instantly
swells and increases immensely in volume.

Mr. Gardner’s observation that the fungus is always preceded
by an insect is exactly in accordance with what often takes place
in similar affections here. Nothing is more common than for
orange trees and other smooth-leaved exotics to suffer from some
form of Fumago, which is in every instance, I believe, preceded
by a coccus, except possibly where there has been an exusion of
honey-dew, and it appears that the visitation which has been so
serious in the orange plantations of the Azores and Madeira has
exhibited the same connexion between the plant and insect.

There is great reason to believe that many of these plagues
are in the first instance imported, and we know that some vege-
table productions of foreign extraction and some insects also
become peculiarly luxuriant and abundant in their new quarters
—a fact which will account in some instances for the sudden
rise of visitations which were before unknown. Dr. Morren
has stated his conviction that Botrytis infestans, of which so
much has been heard of late years, is an importation, and the
notion is at least worthy of consideration. There is a curious
prejudice in the West Indies against all garden-plants, and in
the sugar plantations, if the proprietor leaves, the first step

8 MOULD ATTACKING THE COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN CEYLON.

is always to destroy everything in the neighbouring garden, a
custom which, though arising evidently from exaggerated fears,
may not be altogether void of foundation in experience.

Mr. Gardner supposed on a mere cursory inspection that the
fungus, as is the case in some other forms of Fumago, belonged to
the genus Antennaria; but this is not the ease, the parasite really
belonging to Corda’s curious genus Triposporium, a few threads
of which have been found in similar cases of blight in England,
but merely scattered amongst other moulds, so as not to enable
me to ascertain whether the species is the same with that from
Ceylon, which is however quite distinct from the original species
of Corda, which has been found by Mr. Broome on oak chips
near Bristol, and of which Corda has given a splendid figure in
his Pracht-Flora. I subjoin a sketch and specific characters of
Mr. Gardner’s species.

Ger

— Uf; 2 S

SS San oe
\ :

<C

Bar.

ase

Triposporium Gardneri, N. s.; mycelium densely interwoven, fertile threads
short, spores elongated,
The figure represents at a a portion magnified, in which it will be seen that the
spores are sometimes elongated at the apex, and proliferous; and at 6 one of
the triple spores highly magnified.

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, 9

III.—Notes on the Proper Treatment of Epiphytal Orchids.
By George Gordon, A.L.S., Superintendent of the Ornamental
Department in the Society’s Garden,

(Communicated November, 1848.)

Pernars no tribe of plants has attracted more notice, even from
common observers, than Orchids ; yet, notwithstanding this, little
seems to have been understood in regard to their treatment or
natural habits, until Dr. Lindley published an instructive paper
on the subject many years ago in the Society’s Transactions; and,
although a good deal of what was then supposed to be im-
portant has since proved incorrect, more especially as to the
amount of heat and moisture which should be given them, still
these instructions first afforded the true principles and rules to be
observed in their culture. Now, however, that the true nature
and habits of Orchids are better understood, it is found that, like
other plants, they require rest or repose, and that much heat and
moisture together, unless judiciously given and at proper seasons,
are absolutely injurious to them. ‘The maximum of heat and
moisture is only required when the plants are in a vigorous state
of growth, and at no other time ; but it is now pretty well under-
stood by good cultivators, that a great variation, both in tem-
perature and moisture, is required during the whole year, and
that without it Orchids cannot be kept in perfect health and
vigour for any length of time. These variations, however, must
be entirely independent of such changes as take place between
the day and night temperatures at any season of the year; they
should agree with the variations in the climate in which the
plants grow naturally, and where Orchids have at least two prin-
cipal seasons, a dry season of rest, and a moist one, to grow and
flower in; for heat has very little effect on them unless accom-
panied by moisture.

In the following observations I shall endeavour to point out
the advantage of growing Orchids in a comparatively cool and
dry atmosphere over the plan of keeping them, as is frequently
the case, ina hot and damp climate more like that of an Indian
jungle than anything else. In such a climate, the flowers, when
produced, last a much shorter time in perfection, and if the
plants are removed when in bloom to a cooler situation, they
suffer greatly by coming in contact with a drier atmosphere. I
need hardly refer to the several kinds of tender plants which
flourish so well in, and decorate our flower-beds and borders in
summer and autumn, in order to show how plants may be made
to adapt themselves to a much lower mean temperature than that
in which they are often kept, if they are properly treated and

10 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

means employed to attain that end: this fact is familiar to every
one who raises tender plants in heat and afterwards hardens them
so as to withstand the open air.

In the following instructions I have for convenience divided
the subject into six heads :-—

Ist. The most suitable structures for growing Orchids in; the
mode of heating and ventilating those structures; day-shading,
and night- covering.

2nd. Atmosphere, temperature, and effects of climate on
Orchids.

3rd. Soil, time of shifting, situation in the house, watering,
and propagation.

4th. Treatment when out of health or when fresh imported.

5th. How to destroy insects injurious to them.

6th. A selection of fifty of the most desirable kinds, with
their time of flowering, and proper treatment, &c.

1. The Orchid-house.

In constructing a house for the special cultivation of Epi-
phytal Orchids, attention should be paid to having a thorough
command over the means by which internal heat and moisture
are produced, with plenty of power at all times to increase or
diminish the same, for upon this much depends; as to suitable-
ness of structure, a large or lofty house is ill adapted for Orchids,
because during very hot dry weather in summer, and severe frost
in winter, when strong fires are required as well as in windy and
long-continued cold damp weather, at all seasons, it will be found
very difficult to keep the atmosphere in a proper state, as regards
either heat or moisture. But on the contrary, a small house
has other objections, though not so great, such as sudden changes
from drought to excess of moisture, and from heat to cold, cir-
cumstances depending in a great measure upon the state of the
external atmosphere ; besides, a small structure is not spacious
enough for large specimen plants. I would therefore recom-
mend a house of medium size, which should be divided into two
compartments, one for Orchids from the Western hemisphere,
and which naturally grow in a lower temperature and drier
atmosphere; the other for Eastern varieties, which naturally
require more heat and moisture, particularly when in a growing
state, and also for all others when in a vigorous state of growth.
In fact the different kinds, spread as they are over the tropical
parts of the Eastern as well as Western hemispheres, are sub-
jected to great variation of temperature, both as regards heat
and moisture.

The house may be placed to face any direction between south-

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 11

east and south-west. It should be span-roofed, but not over
wide, 14 feet high in the centre, and forming an angle not
exceeding 30°, but as near as possible that pitch ; there should
be no upright sashes on either sides, but it should have glazed
ends. ‘The interior should be fitted up with slate stages and
shelves, those in the centre having a heated chamber underneath,
closed in, but with ventilators to allow the heat to escape into the
house when required.

In heating nothing is better than hot water in 4-inch pipes,
which should enter at the end and run round the house in a
double row. The centre chamber should be heated by one flow
and return pipe only. Open gutters in the house, or inside the
chamber, are objectionable on account of their being incapable
of producing heat without moisture, the latter being in general
too plentifully supplied ; for the quantity required of this as well
as of heat must at all times depend upon the state of the
external atmosphere.

Conical boilers are in general most efficient, when properly
set; but much of their value, like that of all other kinds of
boilers, depends upon their not requiring so much attendance as
others. All Orchid-houses should have two boilers fitted to the
pipes, in order that, if any accident happens to the one, the
other may be in readiness to be used, or both together in severe
frosty weather.

With regard to ventilation too much caution cannot be
observed, for in no case should direct currents of cold air be
allowed to enter the house: therefore the best mode of ventila-
tion is at or near the top through the upper lights, which may
be made to run down or push outwards at their lowest end, and
thus allow the over-heated air to escape. ‘The supply of fresh
air required is but small, and may be admitted by small aper-
tures (furnished with ventilators) in the front and back walls as
near the ground as possible and below the hot-water pipes, so
that the fresh air may be warmed in passing among and over the
hot pipes.

Moisture must be ebtained by occasionally pouring water over
the shelves, hot-water pipes, and from small earthen evaporating-
pans placed over the pipes at their hottest ends.

Shading will be found to be indispensable in bright sunshine ;
the necessity for this will be more apparent when it is remem-
bered that in all hot and damp climates the sun’s rays are greatly
obstructed by the amount of vapour which floats in the air.
Shading will also be found of great service when the external
atmosphere is very hot and dry ; it prevents internal evaporation
from going on too quickly, and keeps the foliage of a brighter
green. If Orchids are much exposed to sunshine in summer

12 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS,

they are sure to assume a brownish colour, which looks un-
healthy ; shading, however, should only be used during bright
sunshine, in summer, and autumn; it should by no means be
kept on for the season, as is frequently the case; on the contrary,
it should be removed every afternoon to allow the plants the
uninterrupted light of the evenings and mornings when the sun
is not too powerful.

The best shading is strong canvas on rollers, which should be
made to unrol from the bottom of the roof upwards, for fre-
quently the lower portion of the house only requires to be
shaded.

In glazing, all the laps should be made quite close, and large
squares of glass should be avoided; at least wide ones, not only
on account of their being liable to breakage, but if the squares
are narrow less shading is required. There can be little doubt that
if an Orchid-house was glazed with rough plate-glass, shading
might be dispensed with altogether, or nearly so, and with
advantage to the plants.

Night-covering on the outside of the house is very desirable
in winter; this may easily be effected by placing a waterproof
kind of canvas on the rollers which are used for the shading.
The best way to prevent excessive dryness at night is to lower
the temperature produced by fire-heat as much as possible; and
this can only be done with safety when some external covering is
used ; for the temperature of the glass in the roof of a hothouse
at night, when fully exposed, is exactly the mean of the external
and internal air, and consequently in very cold weather and
when there is moisture floating in the internal atmosphere, it
becomes a great condenser, and dries the air of the house much
faster than it otherwise would be. This an outer covering
prevents, in a great measure, and it also tends much to obviate
drip.

The plan of having climbing plants trained over the roof is
objectionable, for in general the plants are too much confined,
receive too much moisture and leat, grow too luxuriantly, and
consequently seldom flower in perfection ; besides they require
much attention to keep them in order and to free them from
insects, and at certain times they produce too much shade.

2. Atmosphere, Temperature, Sc.

The most obvious defects in the present management of Orchid-
houses consist in the want of attention to their atmosphere,
particularly as regards moisture, for the plants in such structures
derive the greater part of their subsistence from the vapour of
the house; much more, therefore, depends upon this point in

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 13

the cultivation of these plants than most persons seem to be
aware of. When the plants are exposed to every change of
temperature and humidity, they are liable to suffer, and this in
proportion to their luxuriance. Great attention, therefore,
should be paid to the state of the atmosphere, and, as I have
already said, to having at command ample means of producing
an abundance of heat or moisture, the one to counteract the
other, whenever either may be in excess. When an excess
of moisture takes place, admit external air freely, raising the
temperature at the same time; when dryness prevails, reduce
the temperature and increase moisture by evaporation ; for the
amount of exhalation from the foliage depends upon two cir-
cumstances, the saturation of the air and the velocity of its
motion when dry. Damp air, or floating moisture of long con-
tinuance, would be detrimental to the plants, for it is absolutely
necessary to health that the process of transpiration should pro-
ceed freely under all circumstances.

In a confined atmosphere like that in which Orchids grow, it
might be found beneficial to the health of the plants if a small
quantity of ammonia or carbonic acid were set free in the air,
or dissolved in the water used in syringing the plants, both these
substances being very soluble. ‘The latter might be applied to
the air, by placing large pieces of fresh chalk or limestone on the
shelves, and pouring sulphuric acid, diluted, over them; shallow
pans, filled with oats or barley beginning to vegetate, are also
beneficial to plants confined in a warm damp atmosphere.

In managing the temperature of an Orchid-house, some have
been misled by fancying, that because the inmates come from
what is called a ‘tropical climate,” they should naturally be
kept very hot and moist at all times; others again imagine that
those from the hotter and damper parts cannot be advantageously
cultivated in the same house with those from drier and cooler
stations. Now in all places where epiphytal Orchids are found,
there are at least two seasons, a dry and a damp, with transitions
from each; and although the transitions may be but of short
duration, yet they represent spring and autumn. Orchids, there-
fore, like other plants, have the power of adapting themselves to
changes of climate and locality, both as regards heat, shade,
moisture, and full exposure to bright light, and they will even
endure a certain degree of cold. ‘Lelia majalis grows upon oaks
in the mountains of Mexico, where the ground in the cool
season is sometimes covered with hoar frost. Such low tem-
perature, however, must always be endured at the expense of
vigour. Again, plants, natives of a colder climate, may be
grown in a far warmer one than ever they were subjected to
in their natural state, provided at all times the extra heat

14 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

and moisture are judiciously applied, and only when the plants
are in full vigour and in good health; so we find that -air
plants, although naturally subjected to a high temperature,
may, with proper precautions, be grown with advantage in a
much lower one; and as all plants grown in a lower tem-
perature than their natural one require less moisture, so Or-
chids, in a cool atmosphere, should be kept drier during a
certain period of the year; an increase of moisture should
only be given with an increase of heat, and that only in the
growing season. It should be recollected that no plants can
exist for any very great length of time without rest, and that
rest is induced in a tropical climate by drought, in the same way
as low temperature in our own country suspends vital energy :
therefore Orchids must be subjected to the usual seasonable
changes of rest and activity. Rest is induced by withholding
moisture from their roots, and partly from the air, and this state
of things may be considered to represent their winter. Spring
should be imitated by gradually reviving vital energy by increase
of moisture, first to the atmosphere, and afterwards to the roots
or soil, accompanied by a proportionate increase of temperature :
this period of their growth should be very slow. Summer must
be represented by a greater increase of both heat and moisture ;
partial shade should also be resorted to to bring the energy of
the plant into full foree. And lastly, an autumn must be cre-
ated to bring about maturity, by gradually reducing the quantity
of both heat and moisture, until the plants are again brought to
a fit state for repose. The first and last stages should be of but
short duration, and require caution, otherwise much mischief
may be done to the plants.

By growing Orchids in the mean instead of maximum of heat
and moisture, they will not make such rapid growth ; but they will
become more robust and healthy, and be less liable to receive
injury from sudden transitions, either of heat, drought, or
moisture, in the atmosphere.

The temperature of the house can only with certainty be kept
regular by night, particularly in summer; therefore the fire
should never raise the heat of the principal house higher than
60°, and about five degrees less should be maintained where the
plants are in a less excitable state: but as the days lengthen, so
the temperature may rise; yet it should if possible never range
higher than 75° by night insummer; it will occasionally, how-
ever, be higher in very warm weather, and should be counteracted ~
as much as possible by evaporation and ventilation by night,
and by both, as well as by shading, by day. Injury is often
effected by a sudden rise of temperature by fire heat in winter,
while little or none is caused if the rise is occasioned by sun-

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, 15

heat: care should therefore be taken to guard against a rise of
temperature by fire heat, particularly in midwinter ; rather suffer
a depression of a few degrees of heat in very severe weather
than use over-strong fires, which will over dry the atmosphere,
and, on the other hand, create too much moisture if water is
supplied. Moisture, however, is by no means injurious to Or-
chids, provided they can part with it freely, but they are im-
patient of stagnant damp.

When in a dormant state, they should receive no more
moisture than is sufficient to prevent their leaves from shrivelling :
hence many of the more tender kinds do much better on blocks
of wood suspended from the roof, where they can part with
the superabundant moisture freely, than in pots. Nature herself
indeed sets us an example to follow in regard to moisture, for
we find, where the atmosphere is saturated with moisture (and
a truly moist atmosphere cannot exist without a corresponding
amount of heat), that the Orchids climb the loftiest trees; but
as the climate becomes drier, so they descend, until at last they
are to be found growing upon the surface of the ground or upon
rocks in shady places.

Epiphytal Orchids may be divided into three classes, so far
as situation is concerned, viz., those which grow on the bare
branches of trees, and that require a very moist and warm atmos-
phere ; those which require a light fibry material to cover their
roots, and a cooler and drier atmosphere; and those that like
a cool atmosphere, and require a rich vegetable mould, re-
tentive of moisture, to growin, The first, like the old air plant
(Aérides odoratum), have true aérial roots, and are principally
from the hot damp parts of the East; the second kinds come
from the milder tracts, particularly of the Western hemi-
sphere ; while the third are those from an atmosphere cool and
dry, and which seek refuge on the ground.

3. Soil, Se.

More difference of opinion exists upon this point than upon
any other item of their culture, and it is certainly one deserving
of attention ; for although it may be of little or no importance
to an air plant whether it is grown in rich or poor soil, so far as
nutriment is concerned, still it is necessary to know whether the -
soil, or whatever its roots may be surrounded by (some use
nothing but broken potsherds in very small pieces), is retentive
or not of moisture, and whether it parts freely with the same to
the surrounding atmosphere when required. ‘The best material
is that which is not retentive of moisture, nor liable to become
stagnant, or what is termed sour, and that which, under the in-

16 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

fluence of a damp and warm atmosphere, resists decay longest.
It will therefore be found, that very fibry peat, obtained fresh
from the common, freed from all small particles of peaty mat-
ter, is most suitable for the purpose. The latter process may
easily be accomplished by beating it when it is dry. The fibre
should be left a few days to dry before it is used, and afterwards,
when required, it should be mixed witha few half-decayed
leaves, which must be quite dry and free from any small pieces
of stick that rot and breed fungi in the soil.

When shifting, or fresh potting, be particular to drain well,
especially for those grown in pots. If the plant is to be kept in
a pot, always place a small inverted pot in the bottom of the
other, and fill round the sides and over the inverted pot until
the pot is filled with potsherds to within three inches of the
rim; then put in a sufficient portion of the roughest fibre to
slightly elevate the plant above the rim, and cover up the roots
(if they require so doing) with the fibry mixture, pressing it
rather firmly round the stems, but in no other par more par-
ticularly near the outside.

In shifting, remove all the old soil from the roots, when such
can be done without injury, and in all cases allow the plants to
become rather dry for a few days prior to the operation, and for
a like time afterwards before moisture is applied; which should
be, first to the atmosphere sparingly, and afterwards to the roots
or the soil.

No season can be recommended as the proper one for shifting
Orchids, but generally it may be done shortly after the plants
have commenced forming young or fresh roots, and which in
general will be some time after they have flowered, and just
before they commence a fresh growth. All the plants should
be shifted at least once every two years; but when, and the
length of time between the shiftings in some cases, will entirely ~
depend upon circumstances. One thing, however, is certain,
that whenever the soil becomes in any way sodden, or when the
plant has lost its roots from having become over dry, shifting
at once is the best remedy.

Top dressing also is very necessary at times, particularly with
very large plants; but if small ones require anything, remove the
soil entirely.

With respect to those kinds which require to be grown upon
blocks of wood or in baskets, less danger is likely to accrue from
a slight excess of moisture, when they are in a growing state,
than from a want of it; therefore sphagnum, or rough fibry peat,
should be fastened round the blocks, or placed about the roots in
the centre of the baskets, in order to retain sufficient moisture
when the atmosphere becomes too dry.

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 17

The blocks on which the plants are grown should be of those
kinds like the apple or pear, with a smooth surface, and in a
fresh state when the plants are fastened upon them. ‘The fast-
enings should be effected by copper wire and nails; old dry
blocks, with rough bark, or charred ones, are bad, on account of
their easily becoming too dry, particularly the charred ones,
whose black surface absorbs heat, which is injurious to the
young roots, especially in summer.

Native plants, which frequently spring up about the roots of
Orchids, on blocks or in baskets, are useful indexes to the state
of the soil as regards moisture in summer, for they soon flag
with lack of moisture.

Blocks or baskets are perhaps, in the majority of cases, best
for true Epiphytal Orchids, but on these they require more at-
tention, in regard to moisture, than when grown in pots. In
the case of Stanhopeas, however, it is absolutely requisite to
grow them upon blocks, as their flowers grow downwards.
Again with Aérides, and all true air plants having thick fleshy
aérial roots, it is necessary to place them upon blocks or in
baskets, and to suspend them from the roof, so that their roots
may grow freely in the damp atmosphere, for if confined under
the soil they soon perish. Fibry peat, moss, or sphagnum, when
used for the purpose of covering the roots, is of no other use
than that of retaining moisture. Sphagnum and moss of all kinds
is bad, if not fully exposed to the atmosphere, and soon becomes
mouldy: it should only be used on blocks or on the outsides of
the baskets.

In suspending the blocks, always place them perpendicularly,
and the baskets quite horizontally ; and invariably have them
taken down and examined every third day in summer, and once
a week in winter, to see if they want watering. This must be
done independently of syringing, for some parts of the blocks
may be found to be quite moist enough, while other parts are
dry. Some Orchids are the better for being placed near the
glass when ina state of rest, and for being fully exposed to the
light for a short time, particularly such plants as Barkerias,
Stanhopeas, and other deciduous or subdeciduous kinds; it is a
mistake to suppose that all Orchids should be rested during
winter—each should be rested when it naturally requires it,
whether it be winter or summer; some kinds bloom during the
winter months, and consequently require rest at another season.
Lelias are of this kind.

The soil of plants in pots, when placed upon the smooth
surface of slate shelves, is apt to become too moist during
winter, owing to the water not being able to pass off freely
through the hole in the bottom of the pots, or from their absorbing

VOL. IV. c

18 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS,

moisture from the shelves: this evil is, however, easily obviated
by placing small square pieces of lathwood under the pots,
which allows the superfluous moisture to pass off freely.

Watering, or the supplying moisture to the plants, should be
done with much caution, particularly with respect to the kinds
which have large leathery permanent leaves and less succulent
stems, like Cattleyas, &c.; for in many cases, when given over
head, the water collects upon the leaves and afterwards runs
down into the hearts of the young shoots and rots them. Heavy
syringing, or watering over head, except in very dry weather,
even though with care, is objectionable, more particularly in
autumn.

When the plants are large, Orchids are easily increased by di-
viding them into pieces, each having a portion of the root attached
to it, and a young bud at the base of the pseudo-bulb. This
should be done when the plants have just commenced growing.
The hard dry woody stems of Cattleyas, Leelias, and similar sorts,
should be partly cut through with a sharp knife some time pre-
vious to removal ; old pseudo-bulbs seldom grow when separated,
therefore always choose a young bulb, and one from the outside
of the plant, having a fresh bud at its base.

4. Treatment of fresh imported plants, §e.

Orchids, when newly imported from their native country,
or which have become sickly from improper treatment or other
causes, require the same kind of management to bring them into
health. The best way to effect this is to lay them on some dry
moss, and place them in a shady part of the stove, or in some
close pit where there is but little moisture in the atmosphere,
and where they can remain until they show signs of growth.
The atmosphere surrounding them, and the moss, should be
gradually moistened, first their leaves, and stems afterwards, for
nothing is more fatal to fresh imported plants than much mois-
ture; but when they begin to emit new roots, treat them in the
same way as plants recovering froma state of rest. Most Orchids
perfect their foliage first, and flowers afterwards, whether on
annual or deciduous stems, or otherwise; and when any plant
blooms profusely it seldom recovers its vigour again before the
second season, more especially if its blooming has been pro-
longed much beyond the usual time. Removing the plants
when in bloom to a cool dry place, and keeping them for a
long time in bloom, is injurious, particularly if they have pre-
viously been subjected to a high temperature and much mois-
ture; such treatment should therefore be ayoided as much as

possible.

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, 19

5. Insects.

In building an Orchid-house it is very desirable to have no
crevices or apertures left in any part of the walls, or round the
pipes, in which insects can harbour; if such is the case little
hopes can be entertained of effectually ridding the house of such
pests as the cockroach, or even of keeping them sufficiently
under.

The cockroach, which is the greatest enemy to Orchids, only
feeds by night, or in the dark; he frequently finds his way into
the interior of the pots amongst the broken crocks, and eats all
the young roots unseen. ‘These pests delight in the hottest parts
of the house, either in a moist or dry heat; their food is chiefly
the tender points of the young roots and flower buds, and it is
amazing the mischief a single insect will do in one night, for if
the points of the young roots are once eaten off, the root is
_ rendered of no service to the plant until it again forms a fresh
point,

The cockroach, however, is by no means nice as to his food,
for he sometimes has no objection to eat his dead companion ;
he will also eat any kind of fat or greasy matter, and this is
sometimes mixed with arsenic for his destruction, but with little
success, for he certainly prefers the tender points of the roots to
such food. Some employ toads and frogs to catch them, but
these are slow, and the cockroach is very nimble: they therefore
seldom come into contact. I have found from experience that
the only way to destroy, or at least to keep such pests from
doing any great damage, is to constantly look after them every
evening after dark, and particularly in the winter time, and kill
them ; this may easily be done if there are no crevices in the
walls or round the pipes for them to escape into.

‘The woodlouse is another pest to Orchids: he may easily be
trapped in the usual way in the dark and damp corners, or he
may be fed with slices of potato placed upon the surface of the
pots. As these insects feed in the daytime as well as at night,
they are easily destroyed.

Our next pest is the small brown ants, which, if not kept under,
in time, become so numerous as sometimes to entirely destroy
the plants. ‘They are day enemies, however, and are easily de-
stroyed by arsenic in the following way: pound some loaf sugar
very fine, and mix with it a small portion ofarsenic ; then grind
the mixture on a smooth piece of slate with the face of a hammer
into an impalpable powder, so that the little creatures cannot
separate the sugar from the arsenic; then take some small pieces
of white card paper, put as much upon each as would lie upon a
shilling, and place it near where the ants frequent. The dose

C2

20 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS,

must be repeated whenever any again appear, as the pupee left
behind are hatched after the old ones are destroyed. :

The slug, or small snail, which is also destructive to Orchids,
may be trapped with lettuce leaves placed amongst the pots; it
feeds after dark, and should be sought for in the evening by
candle light.

The red spider, thrips, and different kinds of scale, may all be
destroyed by syringing the leaves, first with warm water, and
afterwards with a weak solution of tobacco-water and sulphur.
With attention, therefore, all these pests may be kept under:
persevere constantly until you have entirely exterminated them,
and afterwards make all fresh received plants do quarantine
before they are admitted into the house.

Fumigation is requisite in summer and autumn; for the small
black or green fly sometimes makes its appearance upon the
flower stems. Blowing tobacco-smoke with the bellows into the
crevices and holes in the wall will also be found the best means
of driving the cockroach from his hiding place in the daytime.

Washing the leaves with a sponge and warm water (not hot)
regularly every ten days, will prevent the increase of all such
pests as the scale, red spider, thrips, &c., and it will at the same
time greatly tend to keep the plants in health and vigour.

6. Selection of fifty kinds.

To make a selection of Orchids to suit everybody’s taste
would be a difficult task, more especially from so extensive a
family, in which, from the worthless weed to the perfection of
floral beauty, there is every variety of form and colour. Be-
sides, some of the least attractive to look at are the most fra-
grant; while again some of the largest and most gaudy flowered
kinds are so transient as only to last for a few hours in a perfect
state.

In the following list I have selected the most showy genera
only, and in those the most free growing kinds, having an eye
to preserving as much variation as possible both in appearance
and time of flowering. The latter, however, like that of most
other plants, may be varied by encouraging them to make early
and rapid growth, and on this account they will be sooner in a
fit state to receive rest ; they may consequently be made to bloom
earlier next season, and if once got into an early state they will
retain the same under a regular system of treatment afterwards,
while, on the other hand, their season of flowering may be re-
tarded by keeping them a little longer than their usual time in
a state of repose. Their seasons of flowering under different
kinds of treatment may therefore be varied very much, although

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 21

in their natural state they mark with the greatest regularity the
returning seasons, regardless of the state of the weather.

In the following list I have omitted some very beautiful kinds,
such as Miltonia Karwinskii, Vanda Batemanni, Vanda Lowei,
and others, on account of their great rarity; also others on
account of the difficulty experienced in cultivating them ; of this
latter class is Epidendrum bicornutum. In conclusion I would
observe that all directions are vain unless they are rigidly at-
tended to. The great art in cultivating aérial plants consists
in guarding against all extremes, whether of heat, moisture,
dryness, or low temperature: for although one kind naturally
may stand cold and another heat, and a third drought, and a
fourth moisture in extremes, still these are bad precedents, and
he who wishes to excel in Orchid culture will always choose the
happy medium.

1. Phalenopsis amabilis—This Queen of Orchids comes
from Manilla, and produces its large round pure white flowers
in compound spikes nearly all the year round in succession. It
is best grown upon a bare block with a smooth surface, and
fully exposed to the light, in rather a warm and damp part of the
house, but where there is no stagnant moisture.

2. Odontoglossum grande comes from Guatemala, and pro-
duces its very large flowers in an upright spike in September
and October. The flowers are mottled and striped with brown
and yellow like the back of a tiger; the lip is white, edged with
light purple. It is best grown in a well-drained pot or on a
rugged block surrounded with the fibre of fresh peat and half-
decayed leaves. It is impatient of stagnant moisture at all
times, and should be grown in a fully exposed cool part of the
house like the former. Its flowers remain long in perfection,
but are scentless.

3. Cattleya Skinneri, a lovely Guatemala plant, produces
its large rosy-purple flowers in heads of six or eight together in
February and March. It is best grown in a pot in fibry peat
with a few half-decayed leaves, and should be placed at the
warmest end of the house ; it wants little shade or moisture ex-
cept in the growing season. The flowers remain two or three
weeks in perfection, but are without scent. It is the ‘“‘ Flor de
San Sebastian” of the Guatemalese.

4, Cattleya Mossie, a magnificent plant, of which there are
many varieties, has the largest flowers of all the Cattleyas. Its
flowering time is from May to August, the blossoms being of

22 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

every shade of colour, from pale pink to deep rosy purple, and
veined with yellow in the centre, according to the variety. They
remain about ten days in perfection, if kept free from moisture,
and are fragrant. It requires the same kind of treatment as the
preceding ; it comes from La Guayra. Stagnant moisture is very
injurious to the young shoots.

5. Cattleya crispa, which has two or three varieties, flowers
in July and August. The flowers are pure white, with a purple
lip beautifully curled at the edge; they remain in perfection
about ten days, if kept in rather a dry atmosphere. It requires
the same kind of treatment as the two preceding, and is from
Brazil.

6. Oncidium Laneceanum flowers in June, July, and August.
The flowers, very showy, are bright yellow, blotched with
crimson ; the lip rich violet. It should either be placed in a
rustic basket or on a rugged block of wood, and should be sur-
rounded by fibry peat, and suspended from the roof of the house,
where it can have plenty of light, heat, and moisture during the
growing season. It is from Surinam; fragrant and durable.

7. Oncidium sphacelatum majus is a neat free-flowering
variety, with rather small but numerous yellow flowers, banded
with dark brown. It flowers in May and June, and is best
grown in a pot in fibry peat, with plenty of drainage, and at the
coldest end of the house. It is from Honduras; it remains
long in perfection, but is scentless.

8. Oncidium guttatum flowers in May and June, and some-
times later; there are some varieties of it. The flowers, very
showy, are thickly placed on dense branched spikes, yellowish
green spotted with dark brown, the lip being still darker and
self-coloured. It is best grown ina pot in the coolest part of
the house ; it is from Jamaica, and remains long in perfection.

9. Miltonia spectabilis.—This fine Brazilian plant produces
its large flat solitary flowers in August and September; they
are yellowish white, the lip rich purple and yellow; there is a
variety of it which is all purple. It is best grown in a pot in
fibry peat, with plenty of heat and light, and but little moisture
except in the growing season. Its flowers remain nearly a month
in perfection.

10. Miltonia candida, var. grandiflora, produces its showy
flowers in simple spikes, the flowers being of a deep rich brown,

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, 23

spotted at the extremities with yellow; the lip is white. The
variety is double the size of that belonging to the original species.
Like the preceding, it comes from Brazil, and requires the same
kind of treatment. It remains nearly a month in perfection.

11. Lycaste Skinneri, a very showy Guatemala plant, which
produces its large solitary flowers from November to April. In
colour the blossoms vary from pale flesh to rosy purple, the
centre being deep crimson. It is best grown in a pot filled with
the fibre out of peat, mixed with a few half-decayed leaves. It
should be placed ina cool part of the house, where there is plenty
of light, but little moisture except during the growing season ;
its flowers are scentless, but remain nearly a month in per-
fection.

12. Lycaste cruenta is also a desirable species, which flo ers
in February and March, and is from the same country as the
last. ‘The flowers are produced singly, and are deep yellow or
orange, with a dark crimson mark in the centre. Like the pre-
ceding, it succeeds best in a pot, and in the same kind of ma-
terial ; it should be kept in the coolest part of the house, where
it has plenty of light, and little heat and moisture, except during
the growing season, when it should have a liberal supply. Its
flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant.

13. Barkeria spectabilis, an elegant little plant from Guate-
mala, which flowers in June and July. The blossoms are pro-
duced in short spikes, and are rosy pink or blush, dotted with
deep crimson. It succeeds best on a bare block of wood sus-
pended near the glass, where it can enjoy plenty of light and
little heat or moisture, except in the growing season. Its flowers
(scentless) remain long in perfection.

14. Saccolabium guttatum, one of the most beautiful of
Orchids, from the hotter parts of India; it flowers at different
times from May to August, the flowers being in very close dense
spikes, white and beautifully spotted with deep rosy purple. The
lip is purple. It does best on a block, or in a basket, with its
roots fully exposed, and suspended near the roof, where there is
plenty of heat, light, and moisture, particularly during the grow-
ing season. This plant requires very little repose; it remains
long in bloom.

15. Lelia superbiens—A magnificent Orchid from Guate-
mala, which remains in flower from November to January; the
flowers are produced in clusters of from eight to sixteen, on stifl

24 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS,

stems from five to seven feet in length; the blossoms are large
and bright rosy purple. It succeeds best fastened on a large
rugged block hung up in a cool airy part of the house, where it
can have plenty of light and little moisture. The flowers remain
a long time in perfection. [A specimen in the Garden of the
Society has had seven such spikes open at the same time—a
spectacle of unrivalled beauty. |

16. Lelia Perrinii.—An elegant plant from Brazil, which
flowers in October and November; the blossoms, three or four
together, are produced on short stems, and are light purple with
a crimson lip. It is best grown in a pot, in fibry peat and
half-decayed leaves, in a cool part of the house, where there is
but little moisture, except in the growing season, at which time
it requires a liberal supply of both that and heat. ‘The flowers
remain a considerable time in perfection, and are somewhat
fragrant.

17. Lelia anceps.—A beautiful Mexican species, which
flowers in November and December; the blooms are produced,
two or three together, at the end of a slender stem, two or three
feet in length; they are large, rosy lilac, with the lip veined
with crimson and yellow. It succeeds best on a rugged block,
surrounded with fibry peat and suspended in a cool, airy, light
part of the house. Its flowers remain long in perfection; they
are but slightly fragrant.

18. Celogyne cristata.—A native of the Khoosea hills of
India; it flowers in April and May; the blossoms, somewhat
large, are white and yellow, stained in some parts with pink.
It is best grown upon a block, surrounded with fibry peat and
half-decayed leaves, and placed in a cool, airy part of the house.
Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant.

19. Calogyne Wallichiana.—A charming little Orchid from
the same locality as the last; it flowers in September and
October, and is one of the dwarfest, not being more than
two or three inches in height; nevertheless, it has very large
solitary, deep rose-coloured flowers. It succeeds best on a
block, surrounded with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and
placed in a cool, airy part of the house, near the light; it
requires much attention, the pseudo-bulbs being so very small,
to keep it in good growing condition. ‘The flowers remain long
in perfection; they are not very fragrant.

20. Brassia macrostachya comes from Demerara, and pro-

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, 25

duces its very showy flowers, generally twice a year, in spring
and in autumn; the blossoms grow in long spikes, and are of a
yellowish green colour, dotted all over with dark brown. It is
best grown ina pot in fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and
placed in a dry, warm part of the house. The flowers (scent-
less) remain long in perfection.

21. Vanda teres.—This beautiful Vanda comes from the
hotter parts of India, and flowers from June to August ; the
flowers are tolerably large, variously coloured with red, yellow,
and white. It does best fastened to a long, rugged branch,
surrounded with very fibry peat, and suspended in the hottest
and dampest part of the house during the growing season ;
afterwards it should be kept less moist, but equally warm, as it
needs but little repose. The flowers remain long in perfection,
and are very fragrant.

22, Seuticaria (Maxillaria) Steeliii— A Demerara plant,
which produces large solitary flowers from June to September ;
they are dull reddish yellow, blotched or marbled with deep
purple. It delights in a block, surrounded with very fibry peat,
and should be suspended from the roof, where there is plenty
of heat and moisture, during the growing season. Its flowers
are very fragrant.

23. Stanhopea tigrina.—-This extraordinary looking thing
and its varieties come from Guatemala and Mexico; it flowers
from June to August; the blossoms are pendulous, very large,
pale yellow, banded and blotched all over with dull, purplish
brown, which is more intense in some varieties than in others.
It succeeds best on a forked block in fibry peat and half-decayed
leaves, and it should be suspended from the roof in the coolest
and driest part of the house; in the growing season, however,
it should have a liberal supply of moisture and plenty of heat.
Its flowers only remain in perfection two or three days; they
smell strongly.

24. Stanhopea grandiflora is a Demerara species, and flowers
in July and August; the blossoms are white, very large and
pendulous. Like the preceding, it should be grown on a block
and in a similar situation. Its flowers remain but two or three
days in perfection ; it is very fragrant.

25. Renanthera coccinea.—A handsome Chinese Orchid,
which flowers in June and July, and even later; the flowers,
orange scarlet, are produced in large panicles. It does best

26 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

fastened to a long, rugged branch, surrounded with fibry peat
and sphagnum or common moss. It requires to be kept in the
hottest part of the house, and where there is but little moisture,
except in the growing season, when it demands abundance to
feed its large aérial roots. Its flowers remain long in per-
fection.

26. Phajus Wallichit.—A fine showy plant from India, which
flowers from February to May; the blossoms are produced in
upright spikes, two or three feet in length, rather large and of
an orange yellow, or buff, tinged with purple. It does best
grown in a pot, filled with light, fibry peat, leaf-mould, and a
little well-decomposed cowdung, and requires, when in a
growing state, a very strong heat and abundance of moisture ;
afterwards, however, when in a state of rest, it should be kept
nearly dry and very cool. Its scentless flowers remain long in
perfection when in a dry atmosphere.

27. Dendrobium Wallichianum.—This very beautiful Den-
drobe is the Indian form of the Chinese D. nobile; it has,
however, finer and darker flowers; the latter are produced in
great abundance from March to June on leafless stems of the
preceding season’s growth; they are rosy purple, the lip mar-
gined with dark crimson. It does best in a pot amongst fibry
peat and leaf-mould ; it likes plenty of heat and moisture during
the growing season, but afterwards a comparatively cool and
dry situation suits it best. Its flowers remain long in perfection,
double the time of those of D. nobile.

28. Dendrobium formosum.—A showy Indian species, whose
flowers are produced in clusters at the end of the shoots, which
are about a foot in length, either in autumn or spring; the
flowers are large, pure white, with a bright yellow centre. It
succeeds best in a well-drained pot or basket, filled with fibry
peat and half-decayed leaves, and likes plenty of moisture and
heat during the growing season; afterwards it should be kept
very cool and nearly dry. Its flowers, which are scentless,
remain long in perfection when properly treated.

29. Dendrobium pulchellum comes from the mountains of
Sylhet in India; it flowers in April and May; the blossoms are
rather large, numerous, and variously marked with yellow,
greenish white, bright rose and orange red. It is best grown
on a block, or in a basket, surrounded by fibry peat and _ half-
decayed leaves: when not growing, keep it cool and rather dry.
Its flowers remain long in perfection.

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. a

30. Dendrobium chrysanthum.—A. fine Indian species, which
flowers in February, March, and April; the colour deep yellow,
with a dark red lip. It may either be grown ina basket sus-
pended from the roof, or in a well-drained pot filled with fibry
peat and half-decayed leaves, with plenty of heat and moisture
during the growing season; afterwards it should be kept nearly
dry and very cool. Its flowers only remain a short time in
perfection.

31. Dendrobium Dalhousieanum.—This charming species
comes from India, and flowers in March and April; the blos-
soms are very large, seven or eight together in a bunch, pale
lemon, with a pink margin, and two dark, blood-coloured spots
in the centre. It succeeds best in a well-drained pot, filled
with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves; it likes plenty of heat
and moisture when in a growing state. Its flowers only remain
a short time in perfection ; it resembles D. cupreum,

32. Dendrobium cucullatum.—A pretty plant, which, like the
preceding, comes from India; it flowers profusely in March and
April on the leafless stems of the preceding season; the blos-
soms are light rose and pale lemon, It does best in fibry peat in
a basket suspended from the roof, and, when in a growing state,
requires less heat and moisture than any of the preceding kinds ;
but afterwards it should be kept rather dry and cool. Its
flowers, which are scentless, remain long in perfection.

33. Coryanthes macrantha.—This extraordinary plant comes
from the Caraccas; it flowers in June, the blossoms being
extremely large, two or three together, on a pendulous scape ;
the lip is blood-red, the rest orange yellow, spotted irregularly
with dull purple. It succeeds best on a block, surrounded by
fibry peat, and suspended from the roof; it likes plenty of light,
and little moisture, and should be kept rather warm, except
in the growing season, when a pretty liberal supply of moisture
and strong heat should be given; overmuch moisture at any
other time is fatal to the plant. Its enormous flowers only
remain in perfection two or three days; they emit a rather
strong odour; this is the most singular of all Orchids.

34. Sobralia macrantha comes from Guatemala, and flowers
in July and August; the flowers, rosy purple and crimson, are
very large, and are produced one after another in succession from
the tops of the long reed-like stems. It does best in a large pot
in fibry peat, leaf-mould, and a small portion of well-decomposed
cow-dung; it likes bright light, and but a moderate amount of

28 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS,

heat and moisture during the growing season; afterwards it
should be kept very cool, but never very dry at any time. Its
flowers are scentless, and only remain two or three days in
perfection.

35: Chysis bractescens.— This useful. plant comes from
Oaxaca; it flowers in March and July; the blossoms, which
are large, and pure white with a yellow centre, are produced in
a cluster of five or six together. It succeeds best on a rugged
block, or in a basket surrounded with fibry peat, and suspended
near the roof, where it should have a plentiful supply of
moisture and heat during the growing season ; but afterwards it
may be kept cool and nearly dry, for it is very impatient of
much moisture. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and have
a slight odour. [Of all plants this is the best adapted for deco-
rating ladies’ hair. Its flowers may be used once, twice, thrice,
or even four times, if skill be applied to their preservation, and
yet they are fresh and sweet. |

36. Zygopetalum Mackayi.—A desirable Brazilian plant,
which flowers in November, December, and January; the
flowers are produced in upright spikes, large, greenish yellow,
spotted or striped with brown and lilac. It is best grown in a
well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves ;
when at rest, it should be kept rather dry and cool. Its flowers
remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant.

37. Ansellia africana comes from the island of Fernando
Po, and flowers in February, March, and April. The flowers
are produced in upright panicles; they are pale green, spotted
and banded with crimson, and have a pale yellow lip. It suc-
ceeds best in a large pot, well drained and filled with fibry peat
and leaf-mould, with plenty of heat and moisture during its
growing season, but afterwards it may be kept rather cool, but
never very dry. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and
emit a slight odour.

38. Acineta Humboldtii.—This singular plant comes from La
Guayra, and flowers in April, May, and June; the flowers are
of a chocolate colour, marbled with light brown, large, and
produced in long, pendulous bunches. It is best grown on a
rugged block, surrounded with fibry peat and _half-decayed
leaves, and suspended near the roof, where it can receive a
liberal supply of heat and moisture during the growing season ;
afterwards, but only for a short time, it should be induced to
rest by keeping it rather dry. Its flowers remain only a short
time in perfection; they are fragrant.

TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAI, ORCHIDS. 29

39. Aérides odoratum.—A. charming plant from India, which
flowers in May, June, and July; the blossoms, borne in
racemes, are white, stained with pink. It is best grown upon
a rugged block, or in a basket suspended from the roof of the
house, its true aérial roots being freely exposed ; it likes plenty
of heat and moisture, especially during the growing season. Its
flowers remain long in perfection, and are deliciously fragrant.

40. Aérides crispum is also a fine Indian species, which
flowers in July and August; the blossoms, white and tipped
with pink, are produced in panicles. It succeeds best on a
block or in a basket, in fibry peat, suspended from the roof ;
it should have plenty of heat and moisture during the growing
season, and only a short season of rest afterwards. Its flowers
remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant.

41. Cymbidium Mastersii.—This showy plant comes from
India, and flowers from August to September; the flowers are
large, pure white, with a yellow centre. It does best in a well-
drained pot, in fibry peat and leaf-mould, and in a rather low
temperature, with but little moisture in the atmosphere even in
the growing season; it should be kept in the coolest part of the
house at all times. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and
are slightly fragrant.

42. Peristeria elata.—A noble Orchid, familiarly known as
the ‘* Holy Ghost plant,” comes from Panama, and flowers in
August and September; the white flowers are produced on
upright stems three or four feet high. It does best in a large
pot, well drained, and filled with fibry peat and leaf-mould ; it
should be placed where there is plenty of light, heat, and
moisture. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very
fragrant.

43. Mormodes luxatum.—This tall Mexican plant produces
its large, pale lemon-coloured flowers, six or eight in a spike,
during autumn. It is best grown in a pot filled with fibry peat
and leaf-mould, and should be kept in the coolest part of the
house, and where there is only a moderate supply of moisture
even during the growing season. Its flowers remain long in
perfection, and emit a powerful aromatic odour.

44. Leptotes bicolor—A neat Brazilian Orchid, which grows
only two or three inches in height; it flowers from March to
May, the blossoms being numerous, and distinctly two-coloured,
the upper portion pure white, the lower bright purple. It does

30 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

best fastened to a small rugged block, surrounded by fibry peat,
and suspended from the roof; it should have plenty of light, and
a moderate share of heat and moisture nearly all the year, as it
requires but little rest. Its flowers, scentless, or nearly so,
remain long in perfection.

45. Cyenoches Loddigesii comes from Surinam, and flowers in
June, July, and August; the blossoms are large, greenish
yellow, with a white lip, and are produced in suberect spikes.
It is best grown in a well-drained pot, filled with a mixture of
fibry peat and decayed leaves, and placed in a warm part of the
house, but where there is only a moderate supply of moisture,
even in the growing season, as the plant is easily injured by
damp. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and have but
little scent.

46. Epidendrum macrochilum roseum.— This fine dwarf
plant is called in Guatemala ‘ Bosca del dragon,” or dragon’s
mouth; it flowers in April, May, and June; the blossoms are
large, four or five together, dull crimson, rosy lilac and white.
It is best grown in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and
half-decayed leaves, and placed in a warm and rather moist part
of the house during the growing season ; but afterwards it should
be kept very cool and rather dry for a short time. Its flowers
remain long in perfection, and are very sweet scented.

47. Epidendrum Stamfordianum comes from Guatemala, and
flowers in April and May; the blossoms are somewhat small,
but are produced in great abundance on large panicles; they
are of a greenish yellow, thickly spotted with brownish purple.
It succeeds best in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and
decayed leaves, and in rather a warm and moist situation during
the growing season; afterwards it should be kept cool, but not
very dry. The flowers remain long in perfection, and are
remarkably fragrant.

48. Sophronitis grandiflora.—This elegant little Brazilian
plant flowers in April and May; the flowers are’ produced
singly, are orange red, and large for the size of the plant. It
does best fastened to a block on fibry peat, suspended from the
roof; it likes plenty of heat and moisture during the growing
season, but afterwards it should be kept rather cool and dry.
Its flowers, scentless, remain long in perfection.

49, Trichopilia tortilis is a native of Mexico, and flowers at
different times during the year; the flowers are solitary and

VEGETATION OF CEYLON. 31

large, with twisted sepals and petals, of a yellowish white,
spotted or marbled with dull blush; the lip is nearly white, and
very large. The plant may be grown either upon a rugged
block, surrounded with fibry peat, or in a well-drained pot filled
with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves; it only requires a very
moderate amount of heat and moisture during the growing
season, and should be kept quite cool and rather dry afterwards
for a short time. Its flowers remain long in perfection, but
have no scent.

50. Odontoglossum citrosmum.—This very beautiful Mexican
plant flowers in June and July ; the blossoms are large, seven or
eight together on a slender stem, white stained, with rosy
crimson near the margin. It does best fastened to a rugged
block on some rough fibry peat, and suspended from the roof;
it requires a warm situation, but not one that is over moist even
in the growing season, as stagnant moisture is very injurious to
this plant. Its waxy large round flowers, somewhat resembling
those of Phaleenopsis amabilis, remain long in perfection, and
are delightfully lemon-scented.

IV.— Contributions to a History of the Relation between
Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe.

No. 9. — The Vegetation of Ceylon. By George Gardner,
F.L.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon.

AxutuouGu Ceylon is celebrated for the luxuriant vegetation by
which it is covered, the plants which compose it are less known
to botanists than those perhaps of any other portion of India of
equal extent. While the history and uses of the vegetable pro-
ductions of the possessions of the East India Company, and most
of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, have been given to the
world by modern botanists, those of Ceylon are at the present
day nearly as little understood in Europe as they were 100 years
ago, when Linneeus published his ‘ Flora Zeylanica,’ founded on
collections which had been made in the island by Hermann,
a Dutch botanist, about seventy years before. It is true that
during the last few years the descriptions of several Ceylon
plants have been published in different scientific periodical pub-
lications, both by Indian and European botanists ; but although a
botanical institution has been maintained in the colony at the
expense of Government for upwards of the last thirty years,

32 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION,

those who have superintended it have done nothing almost, either
for their own credit or the honour of the establishment. Since
the publication of the little book of Linneus, the only work
which has been produced on Ceylon Botany is the ‘ Catalogue
of Plants growing in Ceylon,’ published in 1824, by Mr. Moon,
who was then Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens—a work
which never was of much use, and which is now quite obsolete,
as, being merely a catalogue, there are no characters by which to
recognize the species he has enumerated. As connected with
these observations, I may remark that I am at present engaged
in preparing a work which will contain descriptions of all the
vegetable productions indigenous to Ceylon, at least so far as I
can obtain them, illustrated with coloured figures of some of the
more rare, beautiful, or useful species. This, however, will be
a labour of several years to come, as I have still to explore dif-
ferent parts of the island, the productions of which are totally
unknown.

The vegetation of all countries has its general character
determined by two great principal causes—physical aspect and
climate. 'The former having already been detailed in the preced-
ing geological sketch of the island, I shall here offer a few
remarks on the latter. ‘The two monsoons which occupy the
greater part of the year materially influence the climate. ‘That
from the south-west lasts generally from April to September,
while the north-east prevails from November to February, the
intervening periods being subject to variable winds and calms.
The western side of the island, which is exposed to the south-
west monsoon, has a humid and temperate climate similar to that
of the Malabar coast, while the eastern, which is open to the
north-east monsoon, has a hot and dry climate similar to that of
the Coromandel coast. The seasons and climates of the south-
west and north-east portions of the island are therefore very
different. While on one side of the island the rains are falling
in torrents, the other is suffering from drought ; and it not unfre-
quently happens that the opposite sides of a single mountain
exhibit at the same time these opposite states of climate.

The great variety of surface and of climate, then, which the
island possesses, are favourable not only to a varied, but to a
luxuriant vegetation, especially in its central and southern dis-
tricts. From the study of plants taken in connection with these
circumstances and their various other physical conditions, has
originated the science of Botanical Geography, one of the most
interesting branches of Botany, and one which some day will no
doubt throw much light on the laws which have regulated the
production and dispersion of species. It is only of late years
that attention has been given to this subject, for, till the natural

>*

CEYLON. oO

productions of different parts of the surface of the globe came
to be investigated with the attention and accuracy which are
peculiar to the present age, naturalists rested satisfied with the
vague idea that all animals and vegetables had originally radiated
from a common centre, and that in the same parallels of latitude
the same species would be found. This we now know not to be
the case, and it can be as safely asserted that every large tract of
country has had its own peculiar creation of both plants and
animals, as that two and two make four, the exceptions to this
general rule being accounted for by disseminating causes now in
operation. In no other way can we account for Europe having
a totally different class of plants from that part of North
America which lies immediately opposite to it; or for the botany
of Southern Africa having little or no resemblance to that of the
same parallels in South America, or to that of Australia; or for
many small islands, such as that of St. Helena, possessing a
vegetation totally different even from that of the nearest con-
tinent. Islands, however, in general, approach nearest in the
nature of their productions to that of the countries to which
they most nearly range in a geographical point of view, and this
we shall find to be the case with Ceylon.

Both the climate and the soil of the maritime parts of the
western side of Ceylon being very similar to that of the Malabar
coast, we find that a large proportion of the plants of both places
are identical; and the same holds good with reference to the
northern and north-east coasts of Ceylon and that of the opposite
Coromandel coast, although each district in both countries is
found to possess species which are peculiar to each. A vegeta-
tion more or less similar to that of the coast, extends inland to
the foot of the great mountain chain; but from thence upwards
avery great change is found to take place in it, and almost
every 1000 feet of elevation shows a vegetation which, though
merging into those immediately above and beneath it, offers
species which do not range beyond it. It is at an elevation of
from 2000 to 8000 feet that the greater part of the species of
plants peculiar to Ceylon are to be found; but most of these
belong to forms, that is to natural orders or genera, which form
part of the vegetation of neighbouring countries, such as the
Neelgherry mountains in the peninsula of India, the Himalaya
mountains, the high lands of Malacca, and of the Eastern islands,
but more particularly Java, and I have lately met with a few
species which indicate an affinity with the continent of Africa.

I shall now offer a few remarks on the nature of the vegetation
which characterises the different botanical regions of the island.
The truly littoral plants of all countries offer a greater number
of identical species in widely separate localities of the same

VOL. IV, D

34 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION.

parallels than those of any other, and this, indeed, was to be
expected from the fact that the ocean forms a ready medium for
their transmission from one country to another by means of tides,
winds, and currents, while at the same time their seeds, unlike
those of most other plants, are not injured by immersion in salt
water. Most of the shrubs which inhabit the muddy shores of
the sea and of the salt lagoons which are so numerous towards
the north of the island, and which are known by the name of
Mangroves, belong to that natural order of plants which botanists
call Rhizophoree, a tribe which is strictly intertropical. My
researches have already yielded me about half a dozen species, all
of which, I find, are common to Ceylon, the shores of the con-
tinent of India, and of those of the Eastern islands; and the
same I find to be the case with a few other shrubs belonging to
other tribes, such as AXgiceras fragrans, which extends even to
the shores of Australia, Epithinia Malayana, Pemphis acidula,
Dilivaria ilicifolia, Lumnitzera racemosa, Thespesia populnea
(the Tulip-tree of Ceylon), and Paritium tiliaceum, the last
having a far more extensive geographical range than any of the
others, as I possess specimens in my herbarium from the shores
of the West Indies, Brazil, and the Sandwich Islands, besides
from various parts of India. The Cocoa-nut tree, which gives
so marked a feature to the west coast of Ceylon, and which is
now so generally cultivated along the shores of all intertropical
countries, is essentially a seaside plant, and has as good claims to
be considered indigenous to Ceylon as to any other part of the
world. ‘The same observations that apply to the shrubs of our
shores, apply also to the herbaceous vegetation.

The great flat tract which extends between the sea-shore and
the central mountain range is possessed of a very extensive
Flora; but as its general character is stamped by a few species
which are very numerous in individuals, it is to them chiefly that
my remarks will extend. In this tract a very great proportion
of the species are identical with those of similar ones on the
coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. The generally acid nature
of its soil, together with its much drier climate than that of the
interior, is well shown in the Northern Province, especially by
the more wiry and stunted nature of the trees and bushes, their
prickly stems and branches, and the smaller size of their leaves,
together with a much greater proportion of fleshy shrubs, such
as Euphorbias, &c. The species which preponderate in indi-
viduals in the northern province, are different kinds of Acacia,
mostly very thorny ; the Wood Apple (Feronia elephantum),
Limonia alata, Salvadora persica (the true Mustard-tree of
Scripture, a tree which extends northward and westward to the
Holy Land, and which I was the first to point out as a native of

CEYLON. 35

Ceylon), Carissa spinarum, Gmelina asiatica, Pleurostylia
Wightii, Kugenia bracteata, Kleeodendron Roxburghii, Ochna
squarrosa, Cassia Fistula, Cassia Roxburghii, and Memecylon
tinctorium. These are chiefly shrubs and small trees. The large
trees, which are mostly of no great size, are two or three species
of Terminalia, Bassia longifolia, the Margosa (Azadirachta
indica), the Satin wood (Chloroxylon Swietenia), the Ceylon
Oak (Schleichera trijuga), the Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica),
and the Palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis), which is particularly
abundant on the peninsula of Jaffna.* ‘The mass of the herba-
ceous vegetation belongs to the natural orders Scrophularinee,
Leguminosee, Rubiacez, and Composite.

Proceeding southwards through this flat country, a con-
siderable difference in the general appearance of the vegetation
is observed, arising no doubt from the greater amount of rain
which falls during the course of the year. The trees are not
only larger, but their foliage is heavier and of a darker hue;
and the numerous Acacias, which give so striking an appearance
to the north, almost disappear. Between Colombo and Galle,
shrubs belonging to the natural order EKuphorbiacez are very
numerous, both in species and individuals, as well as a variety
of Rubiacez, of which the beautiful Ixora coccinea is not the
least common. It is only in this range that the Pitcher-
plant (Nepenthes distillatoria), which is not, however, pecu-
liar to Ceylon, is met with, growing in moist places, and
supporting itself among the bushes. About Galle, and from
thence inland to the base of Adam’s Peak, one of the most com-
mon shrubs is that which has been named, in honour of the great
Humboldt, Humboldtia laurifolia; and on the low hills, near
Galle, a few trees are met with, which, farther north, do not
exist under 1000 feet of elevation, but this is easily accounted
for by the greater atmospheric moisture of that district. One of
these trees is a new and remarkable species of Durian (Durio
zeylanicus, Mihi). It is in this district that the greater number
of the Sugar plantations of Ceylon exist.

The east side of the island being much drier than that of the
west, the consequence is that its vegetation has more of the
character of that of the northern province than of the opposite
coast. It must, however, be remarked that, with the exception

* Since the above was written I have made a most important addition to
the trees of this region, and, indeed, to the Flora of the island, in the shape
of the far-famed Upas-tree of Java and the Moluccas (Antiaris toxicaria),
having discovered some fine large trees of it a few miles to the eastward of
Kornegalle, early in August of the present year (1847). This discovery
proves how little the investigation of the vegetable productions of Ceylon
has hitherto been attended to.—G, G.

D 2

36 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION.

of the immediate neighbourhood of Trincomalee and of Batti-
caloa, the eastern side of the island isa terra incognita to the
botanist.

Generally speaking, the first 2000 feet of the mountain range
is covered with a dense forest of large trees, which are charac-
terised by a foliage of a much larger size than that of the low-
country forests, and nearly of a uniform dark green colour, ex-
cept, indeed, when the large iron-wood tree (Mesua Ceylanica)
is putting forth its young leaves, which are of a blood-red colour,
and at that season give a remarkable aspect to the forest. ‘To
the general observer the trees of the next 2000 feet appear but
little different from those of the first, but the eye of the botanist
can at once detect many species in both that are peculiar to
each. ‘The mass of the herbaceous vegetation of both is made
up of Ferns, Scitaminez, Urticacee, Cyrtandree, and Com-
posite. One of the most marked features of the second 2000
feet is the existence of large open grassy tracts on the sides of
the hills to which the natives give the name of Pattanas. Such
tracts extend to the highest parts of the island, differing, more
or less, at different elevations in the nature of their vegetation.
Scattered through the lower ones, and giving them an orchard-
like appearance, are two trees which are almost peculiar to them.
These are the Careya arborea and Emblica officinalis. The her-
baceous vegetation consists chiefly of numerous tall, coarse
grasses, growing for the most part in tufts, the most common of
which is the Lemon Grass (Andropogon Schoenanthus), inter-
mingled with which are several Composite, principally consist-
ing of several species of Blumea, Knoxia corymbosa, the repre-
sentative of the oldand accurate historian of Ceylon, the broom-
like Atylosia Candollei, and Impatiens balsamina, the origin of
the common garden balsam. It ison the forest land of this tract
that the principal coffee estates have been established.

The next 2000 feet, which brings us to an elevation of 6000
feet above the level of the sea, and into a region which has a
much lower temperature than any of the preceding, is still
covered with forests having occasional patches of Pattana, but
both give support toa very different vegetation. The trees are
much smaller, grow closer together, have their stems and
branches covered with pendulous masses of Lichens and Mosses,
and many kinds of small Orchidee. ‘Their leaves are mostly
small, and their varied tints remind one of the autumnal forests
of more temperate climes. The under vegetation consists of
numerous species of beautiful herbaceous and suffruticose Balsams
(Impatiens), a great variety of suffruticose Acanthacez (Nilu),
beautiful and delicate Ferns of all sizes, from those scarcely a
few inches in height to tree ones, which throw up their stems

CEYLON, 37

surmounted by large masses of verdant fronds to an elevation
often of 20 feet, and rivalling in gracefulness the Palms of the
low country. It isin this range that the lovely tree Rhodo-
dendron, which is so common in more elevated tracts, first makes
its appearance. The Pattanas at this elevation are more spongy
in their nature than those below, the grasses which are peculiar
to them grow more closely together, and are smaller and more
wiry in their texture; while the shrubs which are scattered
through them are principally species of Hedyotis and Osbeckia,
the latter producing beautiful large rose-coloured flowers.

The 2000 feet which succeed to these include the most elevated
portions of the island, and embrace chiefly the mountain-tops,
and the valleys or plains which divide them from each other.
The vegetation of this region has still a more alpine aspect than
the preceding one, and of all the others is that which is possessed
of the greatest interest to the botanist, from the great number of
European forms that are mixed up with those whose range does
not extend beyond the tropics. The tree that first claims atten-
tion in this range is the Rhododendron, not only from its great
beauty, but from its vast abundance, especially in the open
plains, which during the months of June and July are clouded
with red from the great profusion of its blossoms. I have met
with two well-marked varieties, if they are not, indeed, distinct
species of this tree. One of them is principally met with in the
plains or in their wooded margins, and is easily recognised by
the rusty-coloured under side of its leaves. ‘This is the variety
which is so common on the open plains of the Neelgherry range
of mountains in the peninsula of India. The other variety, so
far as I am aware, is peculiar to Ceylon, and is always found
in the forest, and at a greater elevation than the other. It is
distinguished by its greater size, and the silvery under side of its
leaves, which are besides narrow and rounded at the base, not
broad and cordate as in the other. Several fine trees of this
variety occur on the ascent of Pedrotalagalla from Newera-Eilia,
and close to the temple on the summit of Adam’s Peak ; but the
finest I have met with in my excursions among the mountains of
the interior, was in crossing over Totapella, where there is a
large forest of them, many of which are from 50 to 70 feet high,
and with stems more than 3 feet in diameter. In these forests
are also to be met with some four or five species of Michelia, the
representatives of the Magnolias of North America, several
arboreous Myrtacee, and not a few Ternstromiaceze, the most
common of which is the Camellia-like Gordonia zeylanica.

There is much here to remind the European of his native
country. Different species of Rubus and a Barberry abound
along the wooded margins of the plains, as well as two species
of Viburnum or Guelder Rose, and a shrubby St. John’s Wort

38 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION.

(Hypericum mysorense), bearing large yellow flowers. The
dry open banks are covered with Violets and Lysimachiz, while
in the open plains are to be found two species of Potentilla, an
Anemone, a Geranium, two kinds of Ranunculus or Butter-cup,
a Ladies’ Mantle not unlike the Alchemilla vulgaris of England,
a little blue star-blossomed Gentian, two species of Sun-dew or
Drosera, a Campanula, a Valeriana, and in the bogs several
kinds of Juncus and Carex.

At the health station on the plain of Newera-Ellia, which is
about 6200 feet above the level of the sea, there are several
gardens in which most of the vegetables of Europe grow freely.
European fruit trees have also “been tried, but no success has
attended the experiment: nor was such a thing to be expected,
for although during the cold season the thermometer falls occa-
sionally in the morning to nearly the freezing point—the annual
range being from 353° to 80°, with a mean daily variation of
11°—, the cold is not sufficiently intense nor of long enough
continuation to give those trees the period of rest which they
require. In place of losing their leaves for nearly six months
of the year, the Peach and the Cherry are here evergreens, and
are hence kept in such a continued state of excitement as to pre-
vent their bearing. The Peach does, indeed, givea poor crop of
fruit of a very inferior quality, but although the Cherry blos-
soms annually its fruit never comes to perfection.

Although the Neelgherry range, from its near geographical
position, has more species in common with the tracts of a similar
elevation in Ceylon than any other part of India, yet these from
their small numbers are evidently only stragglers northward: the
very great number of species peculiar to the mountains of
Ceylon, and to them alone, proves that these mountains form a
distinct centre of creation. ‘This I shall illustrate by a few
examples from some of the better known natural orders and
genera of plants. Beginning with Ranunculacee, we find three
species of Ranunculus belonging to the Flora of the Neelgher-
ries, and two to that of the mountains of Ceylon, one species
only being common to both countries. Of Magnoliaceze, Ceylon
possesses four or five species of Michelia, all of which are different
from the solitary one which is found on the Neelgherries. Each
country has a Violet peculiar to itself, with another that is
common to them both. Both places possess about half a dozen
species of [lzeocarpez each, but only one is held in common;
and the same is the case with the order to which the Tea be-
longs—Ternstromiacez. ‘The genus Impatiens, that to which
the garden Balsam belongs, affords one of the strongest argu-
ments which can be offered in favour of the fact I am now illus-
trating, for while each country possesses upwards of twenty
species, certainly not more than three are common to both, and

CEYLON, 39

none of the other Ceylon species are known to exist elsewhere,
Of Rosacee we find that the Neelgherry range has only three
species of Rubus, while there are no less than eight found on the
mountains of Ceylon, three of which are peculiar to them, Both
countries have an Alchemilla in common, while the Agrimony
of Ceylon does not exist on the Neelgherries, but is found
abundantly onthe Himalaya range; and I have lately described
anew species of Poterium from Adam’s Peak, the only one
which has hitherto been met with in India. ‘Two species of
Potentilla grow in Ceylon, and three on the Neelgherries, one
only of which is common to both countries. A comparison of
this kind might be run on with toa great length, but enough
has already been shown to prove that while the Flora of the
central part of the island has more affinity with that of the
Neelgherries than with any other part of the world, yet it must
have had a creation of its own, nearly allied, indeed, to the other
in forms, but very distinct in individuals.

Although many of the genera found in the upland regions of
Ceylon are such as are common in Europe, yet none of the
Ceylon species are identical with European ones. Indeed, there
isnot to be found growing, really wild in the island, a single
species exactly the same as any European one. There are,
however, a few which have become more or less naturalised,
having been introduced along with garden and other seeds.
These are the common Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), the
common Chickweed (Stellaria media), the Mouse-ear Chickweed
(Cerastium vulgatum), the Corn Spurry (Spergula arvensis),
and the annual Meadow-Grass (Poa annua). All these, with
the exception of the first, which is much more general, are
mostly confined to the plain of Newera-Ellia. In all countries
plants which are introduced from others and find a congenial
_ soil and climate, and which produce their seeds in profusion,
and of a nature to be easily blown or carried about from place
to place, are sure to naturalise themselves, and often in the
course of a few years are not to be distinguished from those
which are really original denizens of the clime. Besides those
from Europe just enumerated, there are many others natives of
distant tropical countries which are now rapidly spreading them-
selves on the island; and as it is of the utmost importance to
distinguish them from those which are truly natives, I shall
here enumerate all those species of which I possess sufficient
evidence to establish their exotic origin, and mention the coun-
tries from which they have been brought.

The two species of Prickly Pear (Opuntia) which are now so
common in dry sandy localities in the low country, are natives
of the tropical parts of the continent of America, as, indeed, the
whole of the Cactus tribe is. The beautiful rose-coloured Peri-

40 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION.

winkle (Vinca rosea), which has so completely overrun the Cin-
namon gardens at Colombo, and other similar localities, is_a
native of the island of Madagascar, though it has now perfectly
established itself in nearly all tropical countries. The climbing
Allamanda cathartica, with its dark green leaves and golden
bell-shaped blossoms, is a native of the Guianas, and was no
doubt introduced by the Dutch. The Lantanas, which are to
be met with almost everywhere in bushy places and in hedges,
are natives of the West Indies; and such also is the case with
the yellow-flowered Turnera ulmifolia, which is common by road-
sides about Colombo. The Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peru-
viana), now so common about Rambodde and Newera-Ellia, is a
native of the mountains of Peru. ‘The Four o’clock Plant
(Mirabilis Jalapa), common about Candy, is a native of Mexico
and the West Indies; and the Ipecacuanha plant, as it is erro-
neously called (Asclepias Curassavica), with its orange blossoms,
and seeds with long silky tails, is a South American. Most of
these must have been long established before the English took
possession of the country; but the following are well known to
have escaped from the botanical gardens at Colombo or Peradenia
during the last twenty-five years. ‘The small white-flowered
Passiflora foetida, now so common a weed everywhere, is a native
of the West Indies and Brazil, and was only introduced to the
island, by Mr. Moon, so short a time ago as 1824. ‘Two species
of Crotalaria—C. Brownei, a native of Jamaica, and C. incana,
a native of the Cape of Good Hope; the Mexican Coreopsis-like
Cosmos caudatus; the Peruvian blue-flowered Nicandra physa-
loides ; and the South American Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pu-
dica), are now not only common weeds about Peradenia and
Kandy, but are fast extending themselves in all directions, the
first mentioned species having now nearly reached as far as
Rambodde on the Newera-Ellia road. Brucea Sumatrana, a
shrubby native of the Eastern islands, and an escape from the
Peradenia gardens, now forms part of the low jungle on the
neighbouring Hantane range, and Buddlea madagascariensis, a
native of Madagascar, and two small kinds of Passion-flower
(P. suberosa and glauca), both natives of the West Indies, are fast
following. Ageratum conyzoides, everywhere a common weed,
and one of the great pests of the Coffee Planter, is of American
origin, though now thoroughly naturalized in all tropical countries.

The above, though only a rapid sketch of the more prominent
features of the vegetation of the island of Ceylon, is sufficient to
show the great interest and variety of the materials of which it
is composed, and of the relation which it holds to that of other
parts of the globe. Much, however, still remains to be done
before a detailed exposition of it can be offered to the world.—
From Ribeira’s History of Ceylon.

TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVERGREEN TREES AND sHRUBS. 41

V.—On Transplanting large Evergreen Trees and Shrubs.—
—By R. Glendinning, F.H.S., Hon. Mem. Hort. Soc. of
Queen’s County, Cor. Mem. Hort. Soc. of Massachusetts,
Dele yan ble

(Communicated Dec. 4, 1848.)

Ir is not my intention here to enter upon the propriety or im-
propriety of employing in rural improvement large shrubs and
trees. It must he at least conceded that the effect which is
immediately produced by their application as screens, or in
clothing naked and cheerless spots in the vicinity of the mansion,
is not unfrequently attended with the happiest results. ‘That
depends, however, chiefly upon the success with which the opera-
tions are conducted, and if the specimens are large the difficulty
and expense are necessarily greater, and in like proportion also
is the existence of the plants put in jeopardy. ‘The disappoint-
ment arising from the death of a few small plants is compara-
tively of no moment—-others can readily be substituted ; but
when large specimens have been removed, involving a great
outlay consequent on the operation, and placed in prominent
positions, their death is attended with painful sensations at the
loss of the plants themselves, and the total frustration of improve-
ment together with the delay of a season besides are not the
most pleasing subjects to reflect upon. It shall be my object,
therefore, on the present occasion to lay before the Society the
result of my experience in this department of decorative im-
provement, and to point out the circumstances upon which
success mainly rests.

Preparation of the subject intended for removal is the first
step towards a successful result. Large hollies, yews, cedars,
and similar ornamental evergreens intended for immediate effect,
should have their roots pruned any time before they begin to
grow. In some instances it will be better to dig a trench within
a reasonable distance from the bole of the tree, so as to retain a
ball no larger than can be transplanted. This trench should be
cut sufficiently deep all round the tree, and as much under it as
may appear necessary to get at the principal roots, which should
be cut through, and the soil again filled in. ‘The wounds will
be completely healed by the autumn, and numerous rootlets sent
out into the loose soil. The plant will be checked in its growth
and may probably become a little discoloured if it has previously
been in a vigorous state of growth. It-is quite true that objec-
tions will be urged to this previous preparation, because improve-
ments when suggested are at once commenced without much
consideration as to the propriety of the season; consequently
the plants are removed quite regardless as to whether it is

42 TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS.

autumn, winter, or spring, and by the middle of the following
summer their appearance is often anything but evergreen. ‘They
may break again, or die, just as it happens; but then the object in
view is defeated, nor could any other result be expected when we
consider the violence thus incautiously perpetrated upon a subject
in rapid growth, which may have stood twenty years in its former
position. Nor does it appear to me that any argument can be
adduced of sufficient cogency to sustain such a crude proceeding
with anything like reasonable success. It may be urged, indeed,
that there is some delay in allowing a summer to pass, but the
delay is merely apparent.

The next point for our consideration is the proper season
when the operation of transplanting should be conducted. This
I consider to be a much more important matter than many
people seem to imagine. ‘The winter months, that is from the
end of October to the beginning of April, have been generally
recommended, indeed almost universally so. From these opinions
I entirely dissent, how eminent soever the authorities may be
who have laid them down. I quite admit that a qualified success
may have attended their operations, but I deny, independently
of this, that it is the right season for the execution of such work,
and the slightest acquaintance with vegetable physiology will
conclusively demonstrate the truth of this assertion. Let it be
clearly understood that I am alluding to plants of from six to
thirty feet and upwards in height, and not to mere nursery stock,
which is generally kept moved about every two years, to ensure
its safety when transplanted out permanently ; besides, its por-
tability enables the operator to secure a ball and the principal
part of the fibres, although this work would be much more safely
performed at a different season.

’ It would be traversing over a beaten track to enter into
any general detail respecting the ascent and descent of the
fluids in plants, and the formation and deposition annually of
new wood in all ligneous vegetation. It will be sufficient for
my purpose to state that this extension and formation takes place
chiefly after Midsummer, and principally in evergreens during
autumn, when the young shoots begin to attain a certain degree
of consistency. It is during this downward tendency of the
fluids, and when the solar action is in some measure on the
decline, that I should seize and conduct with all rapidity the
operations of transplanting; and, if this is intended to be con-
ducted extensively, I should recommend the end of August as a
good time to begin, September being the safest month in the
year ; selecting such plants to commence with as have matured
their shoots. Another and very important reason remains to be
stated why autumn is to be preferred for undertakings of this

TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVERGREEN TREES AND sukuBs, 43

kind in preference to winter. The force of the sun during
summer, although now on the decline, has warmed the earth to a
considerable degree and depth, so that the mutilated roots are
comparatively situated on a gentle bottom heat, which rapidly
promotes cicatrization, and frequently aids the emission of young
spongelets during the current autumn.

That the season which I have here ventured to urge for the
performance of the work under consideration is undeniably
theoretically the right period appears beyond all question; and
being no mean experimentalist in rural embellishment, with
plants of considerable magnitude, I can attest also that it is
practically the season to be preferred beyond all others. I had
occasion to superintend the removal of upwards of two thousand
trees and shrubs, all evergreen, and varying in size from six to
forty feet high, during one autumn. ‘The trees were prepared as
formerly described the previous spring, and as the undertaking
was rather gigantic, the work was begun in August and finished
withthe year. The result was of course watched with some
interest, and the following summer, when an examination took
place, I found that those trees which were transplanted early in
the season indicated little change from their removal, but the
contrary was the case with those which had undergone similar
transplantation during December. In fact the gradual diminution
of the motion of the sap, accompanied with declining atmospheric
action, which tended, in conjunction with the usual autumnal
precipitations, to cool and saturate the earth, clearly and pro-
gressively exhibited our comparative success.

The exact period to commence these operations must be deter-
mined by the nature of the season, and the state of maturity the
current year’s growth has attained: in some seasons an earlier
beginning may be made than others; some kinds of plants also
ripen their wood much earlier than others. These, therefore,
should receive the earliest attention.

In hot and dry autumns the foliage of some of the larger
specimens of certain species and varieties, especially such as have
large and succulent leaves, will flag and droop. To guard
against any injury arising from this, it will be advisable to well
water the roots at planting, not with cold water from the well,
but from the pond, where it has been exposed to the sun. With
specimens of great rarity and value, it would amply repay the
additional trouble to occasionally syringe the foliage in the even-
ing for a short period after planting. This, however, will not
be required should the weather be either cloudy or moist.

The next and coneluding point I would insist upon is that of
securing the plants against being moved by the wind for the first
season after transplanting. Evergreens, presenting as they do at

44 OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE PARA GRASS.

all seasons a mass of foliage, are liable to constant oscillation in
windy weather; were this permitted with those large plants
newly transferred to their fresh quarters, the young roots could
not by possibility lay hold of the soil: the ball with which they
were moved would soon be separated from the earth surrounding
it; in winter this interstice would get saturated with wet, which
would occasionally get frozen, and soon rot or kill the young and
delicate fibres; in spring the searching winds would penetrate,
and to a certainty prove equally fatal: therefore it becomes, with
these large plants, absolutely necessary to secure them against
being tossed to and fro. One season’s protection will generally
accomplish this. ‘To effectually sustain them in their position
three stakes at least will be required ; and as these stakes are not
intended to be permanent, any common fir thinnings will suf-
ficiently answer the purpose. Strong tar-yarn, with a collar of
hay round the stem to guard against friction, will be found to
answer the temporary end. Other modes of staking have been
suggested by different individuals, and some have recommended
chaining the plants in preference to either. The particular method
is a matter of no real importance; but, be it what it may, much
of the ultimate success will depend upon its being efficiently
carried out.

VI.— Official Correspondence relating to the Para Grass,
pointing out its importance as a species capable of resisting
great drought in hot countries. Communicated in a letter
to Dr. Lindley by B. Hawes, Esq., M.P. |

Srr, Downing Street, Oct. 27, 1848.

I am directed by Earl Grey to transmit to you, for the
information of the Horticultural Society, the accompanying copy
of a despatch from Colonel Reid, lately Governor-in-Chief of
the Windward Islands, with the communication to which it
refers from the Inspector of Agriculture at Curagoa, relative
to the cultivation of Para grass. It occurs to Lord Grey, that
if this grass deserve the character given of it, and will grow in
a somewhat cooler climate than that of the West Indies, the
cultivation of it in Australia and the Cape of Good Hope would
be of great value; and his Lordship requests therefore to be
informed whether you consider it probable that it would thrive
in those colonies. era ey

Dr. Lindley, (Signed) B. Hawes.
Oe. ne.

OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE PARA GRASS, 40

My Lorp, Windward Islands, Barbados, Aug. 31, 1848.

Having learned that the Para grass is cultivated in the
Government Agricultural Farm at Curagoa, and that it might
prove very valuable here, I have procured both plants and seeds
of it, which are now growing in Barbados; and I have also sent
both to Bermuda.

I shall here annex a copy of the letters I received along with
these roots and seeds from the Inspector of Agriculture under
the Netherlands Government.

I have, &e.
Right Hon. Earl Grey, (Signed) Wo. Rerp,
&e. ge; Governor.

IN Gs 1.
Curacoa, June 14, 1848,

By Colonel W. T. D’Urban I am informed that your Ex-
cellency has heard of some particular kind of grass having been
introduced into Curagoa from South America, and is anxious to
obtain some.

I give myself in consequence the honour to transmit to your
Excellency, by the way of St. Thomas, a box, containing a
good many plants of that valuable vegetable called Para grass,
to the cultivation whereof great interest is paid on this island ;
whereby I take the liberty to add a translation from the Dutch,
of an article on that subject, which has been placed by me in
the Curagoa Gazette of Saturday, the 20th April, 1848, and
which contains directions on the mode of cultivation of the
same, which your Excellency will observe is very plain and
easy.

in offering the above to your Excellency, I must politely
request your Excellency’s indulgence for such orthographical
faults as have been committed in the said translation by the pen
of a Dutchman, who, in this part of the world, is but seldom
in the opportunity of speaking, and thereby cultivating the
English language; begging further your Excellency to believe
that

Tam, &c.
(Signed) E. J. HENGARDE, A.D.C.,

Inspector of Agriculture.

Para Grass. (Panicum jumentorum, Humboldt and
Kunth.)
(Translated from the Curagoa Gazette of April 20, 1848.)
The islands of Curagoa, Bonaire, and Aruba have always

been known to suffer under the want of sufficient food for all
sorts of stock which are reared on the estates, and wherefrom

46 OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE PARA GRASS.

the planters on these islands derive the principal means of sub-
sistence. me

The preservation of such stock, during epochs of long and
severe droughts, has ever been very precarious, as being entirely
dependent on the results of former good seasons, during which
considerable quantities of corn-leaves and indifferent grasses are
gathered, dried, and carefully stored.

Much were they to be blamed who neglected such precau-
tions at proper times, as with the return of every dry season
vegetation is not only stopped, but becomes almost entirely
extinct, causing that remarkable fallow ruddy appearance in
these islands which so particularly distinguishes them from other
spots under the tropics.

But even these precautions have not always proved sufficient
in such instances, as not only one, but several succeeding years
of drought have from time to time visited these islands, during
which all that had been stored of food was consumed, in con-_
sequence whereof the greatest part of stock died away. What
inhabitant of Curacoa does not bear in mind the painful recol-
lection of the losses sustained in the years 1842 and 1843 ?

Though the introduction of hay from the United States took
place under these circumstances, yet few but wealthy inhabitants
could avail themselves of this expensive object, and this only
for the preservation of but a few horses, and other animals of
burden; meanwhile, all the rest. of the stock which could not
be properly stalled, and which remained wandering about in the
fields, was lost. }

This short but true picture of but a part of the shadow-side
of a planter’s existence on these islands, bearing a faithful re-
semblance to the tale of the Danaids, exposes briefly of how
great necessity it is to attach more interest on these islands to the
cultivation of good grasses.

In consequence, it will not be astonishing to see a few planters
accede with fervour to the cultivation of this article, they being,
however, limited by want of better to the cultivation of Guinea
grass, which has that disadvantage of requiring during the dry
season constant irrigation, by want of which it not only be-
comes soon hardened, and, as such, unfit to nourish stock, but
is even apt to wither and fade away entirely, as is the case with
mostly all other vegetation on these islands; indeed, to shoot
out again with the first showers of a rainy season, but having
meanwhile undergone, during many succeeding months, a total
stop in growth.

In this necessity now, a good and continual article for food
for stock has at length been provided; our late Governor,
Baron R. F, Van Raders, Actual Major-General and Governor

OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE PARA GRAss, 47

of Surinam, having in the month of November, 1846, made a
present to these islands of the Para grass (Panicum jumento-
rum, Humboldt and Kunth), about which his Excellency gives
the following communication :—

‘This grass continues growing under the most severe droughts,
and requires, when once located, no other care, as it suffocates
the vegetation of all other sorts of grass. Especially in conse-
quence of these qualities, I have thought it would be a valuable
acquisition for the island of Curagoa and its dependencies.”

In addition to this communication we can join the following
particularities, extracted from ‘ Les Annales de la Société d’ Agri-
culture de Martinique,’ according to which the late General
Bertrand, whose estates are situated in the driest part of the
island of Guadeloupe, has preserved his stock during a severe
drought which visited these islands some years ago, only by
means of an extensive cultivation of Para grass, while at his
neighbour’s, and further over the whole island, where this culti-
vation had been neglected, almost all stock died away; and we
are told that in the beginning of the year 1844, the same grass,
sent by the French man-of-war schooner Gazelle, was presented to
General Paez by Admiral d’Uval d’Ailly, Governor of Mar-
tinique. According to the observations in the ‘ Liberal of
Caraccas,’ this grass is far superior to Guinea grass, as it thrives
in every season, in dry as in wet weather. It was considered a
great acquisition for the Republic of Venezuela, where droughts
often occur for more than five or six months succeeding, during
which all kind of vegetation withers in the fields.

Since the introduction of Para grass on the island of Curagoa,
the same has been cultivated under different circumstances of
soil and season, under which it has kept up entirely to good
reputation; so that we now dare to affirm with the greatest
confidence that if general attention is paid to the extension of
this useful branch of agriculture, the present made by Governor
Van Raders will at once become of incalculable advantages to
these islands.

The cultivation of Para grass is effected by means of seed and
cuttings. ‘The stem creeping along the surface of the ground,
consists of joints of from five to six inches long; at each of the
joints it fixes itself in the soil, and thereby pushes one or more
perpendicular stalks upwards; the creeping stems arrive some-
times to the astonishing length of from ten to twelve feet, while
the height to which the perpendicular stalks arrive entirely
depends on the nature of the soil, and the state of moisture of
the same. ‘To lay outa plantation of this grass it is but required
to divide the stem into so many parts, somewhat below each
joint, which joints are then planted in the ground, which has

48 OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE PARA GRASS.

beforehand been well ploughed, with the knot side about ¢ parts
in the same, at the distance of 14 feet asunder; while after-
wards, and until it has arrived at the proper height, no other
labour is required but weeding.

On the Government estate ‘the Hope,” Para grass was
cultivated as a trial in low land of black garden soil, and also on
higher situated, hilly, very unfertile soil: in the first instance it
has grown up into an almost impenetrable mass, which having
been cut already several times, has every time, however, pushed
up again with renewed vigour ; in the other instance it has grown
up quite as well, though much later planted; in both instances,
however, without application of artificial irrigation; while as a
particularity of its nature may be mentioned that it will not
thrive at all in the shadow of large trees, and but indifferently in
very moist places.

Equally favourable results have been obtained on different
other private estates on this island, where the same materials have
also been taken, and where, as well as on the Government estate
before-named, Para grass for planting can now be had on appli-
cation by whoever should desire to occupy himself with the
cultivation of the same.

From whatever side the cultivation of Para grass is envisaged,
it certainly merits the greatest recommendation. As green food
for stock, it retains under the most,severe droughts all favourable
properties ; and cut and dried it yields, if not allowed to grow
higher up than two feet, an excellent and by all stock much-liked
fodder, which principal quality recommends it far above Guinea
grass, which cannot be laid up as hay. ‘Taking further in con-
sideration that during the short rainy season, which on these
islands seldom lasts longer than three months, Para grass can
be cut upwards of two times, then certainly all further recom-
mendation of the same becomes superfluous: we consequently
beg to conclude this article with calling to the remembrance of
the planters that beautiful encomium, ‘‘ that he who raises two
stems of grass where formerly but one did grow, becomes a
benefactor to mankind.”

(Signed) E. J. Hencarpe, A.D.C.,
Curagoa, 16th April, 1848. Inspector of Agriculture.
SIR, Horticultural Society, 21, Regent Street, Oct. 28, 1848.

I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yes-
terday, transmitting for the information of the Horticultural
Society some enclosures from Colonel Reid concerning the
Para grass, The plant itself—Panicum jumentorum, otherwise

AERATION OF VINERIES. 49

called Panicum maximum—is well known. I have it from the
Isle of France and Martinique. It is said to be of African origin,
and is now, according to Ilumboldt, cultivated all over South
America for cattle. It is a species with a soft, succulent, nutri-
tious herbage, and therefore of great value. Its power of resist-
ing drought is a new fact, and is so well attested by the evidence
which Lord Grey has transmitted that I do not hesitate to advise
his Lordship to cause it to be introduced to Australia experimen-
tally. There is only one thing in that country which is likely to
interfere with the success of the trial, viz. the lower temperature
of the soil than in tropical America. But grasses have a great
aptitude for reconciling themselves to differences of climate ; and
various species of Panicum, one of which is not very unlike the
Para grass, already inhabit the whole breadth of Australia. I
therefore regard the experiment as being eminently deserving his

Lordship’s favourable consideration.
I have, &e.

Joun LINDLEY,
B. Hawes, Esq., MP. Vice-Secretary.

ViI.— The Aération of Vineries, as practised at Bowood, the
seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, F.U.S. By John Spencer,
C.M.H.S., Gardener there.

(Communicated Dec. 6, 1848.)

Tue imperfeet manner in which many of our forcing-houses are
ventilated is a constant cause of complaint amongst gardeners,
and various plans have of late been recommended to remedy the
evil and to dispense with the usual mode of letting down the roof-
sashes every time air is to be given. Having occasion during
the autumn of 1847 to replant an early vinery, I took the oppor-
tunity of arranging the aération of it in accordance with the plan
which accompanies this paper, and it has so far answered my
expectations, that I now venture to submit it to the Council of
the Horticultural Society, as a means whereby structures of this
description may be efficiently aérated at all times and at a trifling
expense,

By a reference to the plan it will be seen that the house in
question is one of the common (ean-to description, and was
placed against a wall previously erected, which will account for
its unnecessary thickness. ‘The chamber containing the heating
apparatus runs the length of the house (see /), and into this

VOL. IV. E

50 AERATION OF VINERIES.

chamber, and immediately* below the flue,* are conducted the
cold air drains, both from the back of the house and also from
an air drain d running the length of the house underneath the
vine border. ‘This central drain communicates with the external
air by two drains hh, which are protected by a wire grating.
Both sets of drains are furnished with sliding valves made of
slate, working in a groove m7: to each valve is fixed an upright
wooden bar furnished with holes, and by means of a pin the
admission of air can be regulated as wished. In addition to these
drains there are five ventilators in the back wall of the house g.
These are made to slide in a frame, and are connected together
by an iron rod, having at each end a weight attached, by moving
which the whole of the ventilators are acted on simultaneously.

It will be seen by the above description that when the valves
m and m are raised and the back ventilators opened, a current of
air is immediately admitted beneath the heating medium, and
thus gets warmed before coming in contact with the foliage of
the vines. The general direction of the warmed air is naturally
towards the back ventilators. During the winter months and in
dull weather these valves require only to be slightly raised,
keeping a continuous current through the house without lowering
the temperature: during bright sunny days I open the whole of
them, when of course a more rapid circulation of air takes place;
but I do not find it necessary to open the top sashes until the
weather becomes sufficiently warm that air may be admitted
without any fear of its injuring the foliage by direct exposure to
its influence, which often occurs to vines in leaf when the sashes
are lowered in cold though bright weather during winter and
early spring. J may mention that had I had the entire building
of the house in the first place, I should have preferred building
the back wall sufficiently high to have left room for the back
ventilators to have opened above the wall plate and immediately
under the coping, to remedy the evil in the present case of a
direct current of cold air passing through. I have attached on
the north side a frame which prevents the air entering the house
directly from the outside.

I need not advert to the beneficial effects a constant supply of
warm air in rapid motion must have on the health and fertility
of plants, particularly of vines and other exotic fruits forced
through our comparatively long and dull winters, as these facts
are sufficiently established by our highest authorities, and the
short though conclusive experience I have had with the mode I
have described convinces me that the above principles might be
carried out in nearly all our forcing-houses with the most decisive

* Lest it may appear strange to speak of a flue here, while I have shown
hot-water pipes in the section, I may mention the flue is merely temporary,
and will be replaced by hot water when the vines are strong enough to force.

AERATION OF VINERIES.

51

results. I am now taking steps to adopt nearly a similar plan in
aérating a different description of house, and which may form the
subject of another communication.

SECTION OF VINERY AT BOWOOD.

SSS SASF

b
Mh,

nN
Ny

D

i
< et
SS SSS

b>

SSSSSSSSSSSS SSS SSS SSS SESS

SS SSSR ESS ESS
SSS SSS STS

SSSSS

A

A APE PPAF TT" APOE PP LADO LP PAPE LEIP PE POT TPLI IEE PMI,

Reference to Section and Ground Plan.

A. Back wall of house. B. Floor of house. A. Drains for admitting external air to d.
C. Supports to front plate. t. Air-drains communicating with d and
d. Large air-drain running parallel with opening into f.

the house. k. Border for vines. //. Hot-water pipes.
e. Air-drains entering from behind. m. Sliding-valves for regulating admission
J. Open chamber for hot-water pipes, or of air through drain e.

flue. n. Valves for admitting air from main
g. Ventilator in back wall. drain d,

E 2

a4 THE PEAR AS REGARDS ITS STOCK.

VIII.— The Pear as regards its Stock. By R. Errington,
C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton,
Bart., M.P., F.H.S., at Oulton Park, near Tarporley.

(Communicated Noy. 1848.)

WueEn we take into consideration the conflicting character of
the reports on Flemish pears from various parts of the kingdom,
and even from the same neighbourhood, it is evident other
causes must be at work besides the mere question of heat.
Some years since, when any difficult kind came to hand, or at
least any kind thought too tender for an ordinary standard, it
was at once assigned a place on the walls, and not unfrequently
in a very warm aspect. Subsequent experience, however, has
proved that the latter resort was frequently an extreme as fatal
in its consequences as the former.

The consideration of such matters is at once suggestive of an
examination of the Stock question.

Mr. Rivers and other nurserymen are beginning to work
extensively on the Quince; and I feel persuaded that if the
habit of the quince was duly considered, and the soil adapted
accordingly, the result would be a much higher amount of
success than is at present attained. I do not wish it here to be
inferred that I would advocate the total banishment of the pear
stock from our gardens—not by any means. What I would
urge is, that most of the Flemish kinds which are not found to
succeed in a satisfactory way on the wall, would probably be
much improved if grown as dwarf standards or pyramidal trees,
providing proper means were taken to subdue, and continue
under control, their tendency to produce superfluous shoots.
The production of such shoots constitutes the principal reason
why the fruit becomes unsatisfactory. The, tree is in exciting
soil, perhaps, with unlimited power to range in quest of food ;
the necessary consequence is, that abundance of breast-shoots
are formed. Now it so happens that the amount of foliage on
such breast-wood is not an iota more than is requisite to elabo-
rate the great amount of watery juices thrown into the system.
No. Nature, true to her principles, produces no more foliage
than is necessary for a due amount of reciprocation between the
root and the branches. The tree is half-stripped of its elabo-
rative powers at the moment they are most needed, and the con-
sequence is large fruit filled with half-elaborated juices. The
gardener, to be sure, is obliged to cut away the breast-wood, or
general barrenness would be the result ; but methinks it makes
a man look very silly to be constantly employed in. wheeling
good soil to plant trees in, and in wheeling gross breast-wood
back again. |

THE PEAR AS REGARDS ITS STOCK. 53

I feel persuaded that, by a proper dwarfing system, there
would be little occasion for disbudding—indeed, I have proved
this to my entire satisfaction for years. ‘There are three ways of
arriving at this end: the one by using the quince stock ; the
next by the free stock in a limited amount of soil; and a third
by root pruning. Now I have no particular objection to root
pruning, having practised it extensively for the last nineteen
years. It will, indeed, succeed on all gross subjects, if healthy ;
but if the soil has been prepared too deep, too wide, or too rich,
root pruning has to be repeated; and even then, very moist
growing seasons will frequently carry the tree beyond its
bounds. ;

The free stock, with a very limited amount of soil, offers
another chance of striking at the root of the evil: if, however,
the limitation is very severe, and the soil too light, there arises
another source of failure; the fruit in a hot and dry summer
may become stunted, and crack. ‘To be sure, top-dressings will
obviate these things; but it would be preferable so to establish
pear trees as that they would require little or no assistance in
the way of labour.

We come now to the quince stuck; and to this I would beg
to draw particular attention. I think that there can be no
doubt of the general success of the quince, providing those who
adopt it could be prevailed upon to prepare the stations for its
reception with some regard to the habits of the quince.

It will be at once admitted that the great object here is to
provide a congenial soil for the stock; this done, the success of
the graft will follow as a matter of course.

One thing is of much import to the quince, viz., a permanency
of moisture in the soil. The finest, largest, and best bearing
quince trees I ever saw were growing in an unctuous, yet gra-
velly soil, of a dark colour. Holes opened in the neighbour-
hood of these quinces would become half filled with water
during the night through most of the year. I do not, however,
wish it to be supposed that it is desirable to go to this extreme.
The texture of the soil is perhaps the only thing requisite to
attend to in preparing stations, and this should be somewhat
tenacious and rich in humus. By the term tenacious, I
merely mean the power of retaining moisture sufficient to with-
stand a long dry period. The scourings of ditches on strong
loamy soils, especially if near trees, and possessing a consider-
able deposit of leaves, would be excellent dressing. In fact, the
alluvium found near the bed of pools or other waters, and of
which most persons could avail themselves, would no doubt
answer well as part compost.

Some years since I commenced an attempt to form a soil arti-

54 THE PEAR AS REGARDS ITS STOCK.

ficially, containing all the essentials for quince culture. Per-
manency of moisture, an unctuous feel in the fingers, together
with a liberal amount of fine sand, seemed to offer the most
ready means of carrying out the object. Permanency of
moisture was in the main represented by using a fat or unctuous
loam to the extent of a half-component part. The unctuous, or
perhaps I may say soapy texture, I imparted by a liberal addition
of very old vegetable matter, containing old tan, peat, and
some rich old humus; sand added afterwards. Some six barrows-
ful were blended, and formed a station 18 inches deep by 6 feet
square, on a brick or stone substratum; the surface of the soil
merely the ordinary ground level. I planted a Beurré d’Arem-
berg—or at least it is either that or Glout Morceau—on a
quince, and the success has been most complete. ‘The tree has
annually borne abundantly fruit of very excellent flavour, and
melting ; indeed, one season it surpassed in flavour even the
Winter.

I hold it good pear culture to make a practice annually of
selecting the shortest jointed and most mature annual shoots, and
tying them down to the principal leaders in the June or July
summer-pruning. ‘The old and mechanical spurring system is
surely exploded by this time; it has proved a most fallacious
course of practice for centuries, and the gardener who adheres
yet tenaciously to it must be much attached to mere prescription.
I do not say, spur not at all. No. When natural spurs con-
tinue to form, and advance into blossom buds, by all means
preserve them, but do not entirely rely on them,

Notwithstanding the eligibility of the quince for a dwarfing
system, I still think that the results of grafting on the pear
stock would be very different, providing means were taken from
the very seed-bed to check the tendency to forked and deep
roots by early and frequent transplanting... Plenty of fibrous
surface roots thus obtained would, without any further difficulty,
place the stock under an amount of control which would in all
probability render it equivalent to the quince as to dwarfing
matters; whilst for the most part any ordinary soil would suit it,
which cannot be said of the quince.

The great tendency to produce breast-wood is the main evil
to be avoided ; indeed, let any one only observe the old orchard
pear-tree of possibly many centuries. I have witnessed many,
very many, which have borne some ten to twenty bushels of
perfect fruit annually, and which have never within my know-
ledge produced above four or five inches in length of young
wood each summer—in fact, I know of some in which it is
scarcely possible to notice any elongation at all. The joints,
moreover, are so close together that four or five may be found

CULTIVATION OF CELERY. 55

in the compass of an inch; whilst in the pampered tree of the
kitchen garden one joint or node alone will frequently occupy
more space.

The proper ripening of pears in the room is, moreover, a
matter of great importance, and about this I conceive we have
all much to learn. It is quite probable with me that scarcely
any two require precisely the same conditions of warmth to do
them justice. This, if correct, is a necessary consequence of
hybridisation, every pear, of course, being intermediate between
some other two kinds, at least for the most part.

The critical period, that makes or mars them, is, I conceive,
when they first show a tendency to mellowness for the table.
At this period, if their ripening is arrested for the sake of
retarding them, it is almost sure to be at the expense both of
their flavour and their melting properties.

If I were to build a fruit-room for myself, I would have a
door at the further end leading into a pear-closet, in which I
would have a slight amount of artificial warmth at command.
The pears should all be on movable trays, and these trays, when
required for use, should be removed a week or so previously,
without disturbing the pears, to the warm room. A temperature
of 60° to 65° would perhaps be sufficient.

IX.— On the Cultivation of Celery. By W. Cole, Gardener
to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford.

(Read at the Meeting, December 5, 1848.)

Herrewitu I take the liberty of handing you six sticks of
celery, of a kind which I have grown for the last three years,
and which I think both in point of size, solidity, and flavour will
be found superior to any which has hitherto been cultivated.
The specimens sent are not selected, but are merely examples of
a general crop, planted without any object in view beyond that
of the supply of my employer’s table, and entirely without ever
thinking of sending any of it for public exhibition. My stock
consists of six hundred plants, planted in rows, four feet apart,
and the plants nine inches apart in the row; and I have not a
doubt that the whole crop would average six pounds per stick.
Not the least remarkable excellence in this celery is, that it will
stand twelve months without running or starting for seed, and
such a thing as a pipy or stringy leaf I have never noticed so
long as I have grown it. For a more circumstantial detail of
my method of cultivation, [ may remark the seed was sown the
first week in February, and so soon as the plants were large

iP
/ ae: it

36 CULTIVATION OF CELERY.

enough they were pricked out in garden soil, rich in vegetable
matter, under hand-glasses. ‘lhe trenches were prepared in the
usual manner in the first week in June, by excavating them nine
inches deep, and digging in a good dressing of the spent dung of
an old mushroom bed. The plants were of course strong when
they were planted out, and each was removed to the trench with
a good ball of earth adhering to the roots, so that (afterwards
receiving a copious watering) they sustained little or no check.
In earthing celery I generally endeavour to steer between the

~ two extremes of frequently earthing, and earthing only when

the plants are full grown, believing that a little earth after the
plants are fully established in the trenches, say a month after
planting, promotes the rapid growth of the plants, more especially
if they receive a good soaking of weak liquid manure or soot-
water a day or two before they are earthed. Soot-water is an
excellent manure for celery ; and where worms and other insects
are troublesome, a little dry soot dashed along the rows will be
found a preventive of their ravages. ‘The kitchen garden here
being upon a boggy subsoil, and below the level of the river
Dart, which passes through the grounds, I do not find it neces-
sary to water the plants more than once or twice after they are
planted out; but in more elevated situations it is almost impos-
sible to give too much water, always, however, preferring to give
a thorough soaking once every fortnight rather than daily drib-
blings, which in my opinion do more harm than good. Were I
so disposed, I have no doubt I could grow this celery double the
size of that sent; and to effect this I should prepare the plants
as before directed, excavate the trenches eighteen inches deep
and the same in width, and fill them with a compost consisting of
good turfy loam, peat, and leaf-mould, or thoroughly decomposed
cow-dung, in about equal quantities. Very rich dung is not good
for celery, and strong manure-water should also be avoided. To
grow large celery, it would be necessary to place the plants
eighteen inches apart in the row, and the ground should be kept
constantly stirred about the plants, taking great care, however,
to prevent the soil getting into the hearts of the plants during
the operations. Ina late number of the ‘ Journal of the Horti-
cultural Society’ I perceive Mr. Errington attributes the coarse
and bad quality of the large celery grown for market to the
luxuriance of its growth. Here I venture to assert he is wrong.
The bad quality of the celery is attributable to the bad kinds
grown, as lam quite sure no person could grow this kind of
celery, which has been named Cole’s Superb Red, so as to
make it either pipy or stringy or inferior in flavour. Late
earthing has more to do with making celery stringy than any-
thing else, as it is quite certain if the leaves of celery are exposed

GROWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PURE EARTHS, 57

to full light and dry air for a length of time, the tissue will
become harder than if the leaves were grown in comparative
darkness. We need no stronger proof of this than the acrid
flavour of the outer as compared with the inner leaves of the
same celery, a fact demonstrating that if the leaves are exposed
for a long time they acquire an acrid flavour which no blanching
can wholly remove.

For an early crop of celery I sow in heat early in January,
and prick the plants out upon a slight hot-bed; for a second
crop in February in heat as before directed, and for a late crop
in March in the open garden.

[ Nore.—This communication accompanied some very fine red
celery, to which a Certificate was awarded. |

X.— Experiments on the Growth of Plants in the Pure Earths,
and also with Stimulants and Manure, made in the Years

1843-44. By W. H. Pepys, F.R.S., F.HL.S.
(Communicated February 18, 1845.)

plex oe tt 3) TON) 6 WeiHCe mand.
ae eae Alumine . . .15 >» Pipe-clay.
pees Carbonate of Lime 10 J] Whitening.

—_——

100

The pots in which the experiments were made were green
wine-bottles, cutting off their bottoms and reversing them on a
stand for that purpose. (See figure, in next page.)

April 26th, 1843.—The first experiment consisted in mixing
the earths in the proportions described, and having placed some
broken green glass as crocks in the glass pots, they were nearly
filled with the mixed earths. Three yellow lupine-seeds, each
weighing 2,5; grains, were then planted about half an inch deep
therein, and watered with 3 oz. 5drams of distilled water and
exposed to the atmosphere. They were watered every day until
the 29th of May, with from half an ounce to an ounce of dis-
tilled water; and on that day one of the seeds broke ground,
only the cotyledon making its appearance; the watering was
continued, and on the 5th of June a small plume appeared, but
very weak, which increased but very slowly. On the 10th of July
the plant had six leaf-stalks, of six leaves each; and on the
Ist of August, the plant being very weak, with eleven leaf-
stalks, and no sign of bloom, it was removed from the vessel,

58 GROWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PURE EARTHS.

oveeeee--- The Bottle-Pot (a Wine Bottle
J with the bottom ground off).

awee--s-~e Space of the Pure Earths.

NX

yy SE es =~ Glass Crocks.

VG
boa cl yi
WC
vi
<<

ArT Aly al]
GTS Wik Van is
i ai

HA
h

\\

RY

meiie aes Filter and Receiver.

and weighed 42,5, grains. From the plan of the glass-pot it
will be seen that the distilled water, after its passage through the
pot, could be examined as to any alteration in its quality : it was
so tested, and with

Litmus. ...- +. Neo Feaeiem
\ Brazil Wood. . . None.
Prussiate of Potash . None.
Muriate of Baryte . None.
Nitrate of Silver . Very slight.

In one of the same glass pots filled with peat and loam three
lupine-seeds of the same weight were planted and watered with
cistern-water each day, and on the twentieth day from planting
broke ground ; only one was suffered to grow, which was strong
and healthy, and on the fortieth day from its breaking ground
had twelve leaf-stalks, with six to seven leaves each. ‘Twenty
days after it showed for flower, and being taken up weighed
192.5, grains.

April 28th, 1843.— Planted three lupine-seeds, 2 grains weight
each, in the pure earths; watered them with a solution of guano
(1 oz. to 200z. water); continued the watering to the 14th of
June without any appearance of the plants, examined the earths
and found the shells of the lupine-seeds, the whole of the pulp in
the interior having disappeared. -

GROWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PURE EARTHS. 59

June 30th, 1843.—Planted twenty mustard-seeds in the pure
earths, watered them with distilled water, and on the 5th of
July two of the seeds broke ground very weakly ; continued the
watering, and on the 7th two more appeared; continued the
process until they gradually decayed, which took place in a few
days.

October 5th, 1843.—Planted three lupines in the pure earths
as before described, watered them witha solution of sub-carbonate
of ammonia (3 oz. to 1 quart of water); continued the watering
with the same solution for thirty days, without any appearance
of the plants, examined the earths and found the lupine-shells.

October 5th, 1843.—Planted three lupines in the pure earths,
watered them with solution of muriate of ammonia (4 oz. to
1 quart of water); the plants not appearing after thirty days,
examined the earths and found the shells of the lupine-seed.

April, 1844.—Planted three lupines, 2 grains each, in the
pure earths, in which 380 grains of guano had been well mixed,
watered them, and continued to do so every other day, and on
the fourteenth day one lupine broke ground, and on the sixteenth
day the other two appeared ; continued the supply of water when
required, and on the 1]th of June, as some of the leaves were
faded, gave 20 grains more of guano as a top-dressing: in the
course of three or four days it was evident that the top-dressing
had improved the leaves, except the faded ones, which never
regained their colour: continued the regular watering, and on
the 15th of July they began to show for flower; on the 25th
they were removed from their glass pots, and the roots shaken
out from the adhering earth. The three plants weighed together
200 grains.

A103
B, 49 $ 200.
C, 46

April, 1844.—Planted three yellow lupines (2 grains weight
each) in the pure earths, in which 30 grains of Daniell’s Manure
had been well mixed, watered them, and continued so to do every
other day. On the 19th of April one broke ground: kept up
the supply of water, and on the 10th of June gave a top-dressing
of 20 grains more of Daniell’s Manure, as the plant had
always been of a stunted growth. On the 21st of July, as it
had not improved, it was taken up; it weighed 14 grains.

April, 1844.—Planted three lupines, 2 grains each, in the
pure earths, well mixed with 30 grains of soot; watered them,

60 CULTIVATION OF IPOMZA FICIFOLIA.

continuing the supply until the 14th of April, when the whole
three broke ground and grew well. On the 10th of June gave
20 grains more soot as a top-dressing : though the soot remained,
without apparently mixing with the earths, yet the plants im-
proved by this treatment, and on the 25th of July showed for
flower. Upon removing them and shaking out the earth from
the roots, the three weighed 215 grains.

A, 98
B, 60 $ 215.
C, 87

April, 1844.—-Planted 3 lupines, 2 grains weight each, in the
pure earths, well mixed with 30 grains of nitrate of potash ;
watered, and the supply kept up until the 10th of June; no
appearance of a plant; the earths then examined, and the shell
or covering of the seeds found empty.

The same experiment as the last, only 30 grains of nitrate of
ammonia mixed with the earths, the same result followed. ‘The
shells or covers of the seed left weighed 1,5, grains. ’

XI.— On the Cultivation of Ipomea Ficifolia, with a view to
its Flowering in the Conservatory during the Summer and
Autumn Months. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener
to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, Alton.

(Communicated Aug. 17, 1848.)

To keep up a semblance of perpetual spring in ornamental struc-
tures, chiefly devoted to the cultivation of large specimen plants
growing in the open borders, is an object, the attainment of
which involves not only a considerable number of plants to flower
at various periods, but a diversity of height and colour, which
will at all times produce a display of considerable variety and
contrast in every part of the house.

As the month of June approaches, not only the Camellias but
most of the Acacias and other allied genera will have performed
their functions of flowering. ‘The large tub and pot specimens
too of Chinese Azaleas and Indian and hybrid Rhododendrons,
which had kept such structures in a blaze of flower for several
months previous to this period, will now be on the wane; and to
supply this deficiency of flower after the majority of the per-
manent specimens are in their season of growth, I have had
recourse to many of the climbing plants usually cultivated in

CULTIVATION OF IPOMAA FICIFOLIA. 61

stoves, but to none could I point with such certainty of success
as to the beautiful and interesting Ipomea ficifolia, which is
usually in flower in the conservatory here from June to Decem-
ber. It has the merit over others of its genus of not being too
rampant in growth nor sparing in its flowers: the latter too
stand out well from the foliage, and although only of a diurnal
character are replaced almost without intermission. This species
was introduced some eight or nine years since by the Messrs.
Salter and Wheeler, of the Victoria Nursery, Bath, and is figured
in the ninth volume of Paxton’s Magazine of Botany, and de-
scribed as being well suited to pot culture in a moderate stove-
heat. By the system, however, which I have pursued, I have
found it a most valuable acquisition to the conservatory during
the summer and autumn months.

The routine of culture which I have practised for several years
is to strike cuttings in the early part of the previous season to
that in which they are required to flower; they are then shifted
into a three-inch pot and grown in the cutting-frame. When
the pots are sufficiently filled with roots the plants are again
shifted into six-inch pots, using light sandy mould on both occa-
sions ; they are then placed on the front shelf of a coal-stove, in
which the thermometer frequently falls as low as 40° during the
early part of the winter. About the beginning of February the
plants are shifted into twelve-inch bottomless pots, using rough
peat and yellow loam in equal quantities, together with a small
quantity of decomposed leaf-mould and silver-sand: they are
replaced in their former position in the stove, the heat in which
is raised as the season advances. <A piece of strong cord is
attached to the pots, and continued up the roof immediately
under the glass ; it is then fixed to the back wall, and on this the
shoots are trained as they grow. When their period of removal
to the conservatory has arrived, which is usually early in June,
they are readily taken from the roof, and all intertwining with
other plants, or on the wires, is thus prevented. The pots are
plunged to the rim in the conservatory border where they are
intended to grow, and a brass chain is suspended from the roof
immediately over the plants, and to which the cord is readily
fixed. ‘The shoots soon intertwine with the chain, and a column
of rich purple blossoms, which are ever present, is thus created,
forming a striking relief to the masses of foliage which exist at
this period of the year.

~

62 EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY

XII.—Aeccount of Experiments made in the Garden of the
FHforticultural Society, in 1848, with reference to the Potato
Disease ; toyether with some Observations on the same. By
Robert Thompson.

From a comparison of symptoms connected with the disease as
exhibited by the crops of 1847, and those of the two previous
years, hopes were entertained, when drawing up a Report on the
subject twelve months ago, that the disease was on the decline.
in Vol. III. p. 68, it is remarked that, contrary to expectation,
some very fresh, healthy foliage was produced in the course of
July, 1847, by stems that had been prostrated by disease; that
healthy tissue was in many instances protruded over the cankered
portions of the underground parts of the stems; and that fresh
roots were subsequently emitted. In that season too there was
a sprinkling of fresh foliage remaining in many instances till the
natural period of decay in autumn. ‘These symptoms, compared
with the prematurely total destruction of the haulm in the two
preceding years, 1845 and 1846, were considered favourable. In
those years the decay of the haulm was more rapid in some cases
than in others; but in all cases the progress of the disease,
whether fast or slow, was still onward: there was no temporary
revival of the normal powers of vegetation exhibited by the
stems and foliage after the blotches began to appear on them.
But the improvement, evidently commenced in 1847, continued
only for a short time in the present season, and then was com-
pletely reversed, owing most probably to the excessively wet
period which ensued after the young tubers were formed. A
considerable quantity of rain fell in the months of March and
April, but May was unusually dry, scarcely 3-10ths of an
inch having fallen during the whole month. In fact, the potato
plants were then in want of moisture. Of this they had a suf-
ficiency in June and July. The quantity of rain in these
months was respectively 3°20 and 2°21 inches, the former being
1:3 inch above the average, the latter somewhat below the
average. In the yet precarious condition of the potato, a quan-
tity of rain below the average would probably have been more
suitable ; but still what did fall seemed not to injure materially
the constitution of the plant, for intervals in which the atmo-
sphere possessed a considerable amount of dryness were frequent.
In August there were only five dry days throughout the month,
and 4°70 inches, nearly double the usual quantity of rain, fell.
Had the constitutions of the plants been perfectly sound, the
tubers would have been watery, excepting on open, dry soils;
but the tissue was not sound, and consequently incapable of
digesting such excess of moisture, and the putrescent form was

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE, 63

rapidly manifested. This was not the case in the previous dry
season. Had the weather proved dry in August, there is every
reason to suppose that the crop would have been tolerably sound
and abundant. ‘The disease, it is true, could be detected on the
underground portion of the stem in many instances in June;
but notwithstanding this the fibres of the roots were sounder and
more abundant than in the two previous years, at the same period
of the season.

The accompanying table contains statements of the produce of
a number of varieties cultivated in the usual way, but differing
considerably under the same circumstances in the amount of
sound produce; and I have to observe that the soundness of any
particular variety in one season is no sure criterion that the same
variety will be equally exempt from disease in another season.
For example, the Jersey Blues produced, in 1846, upwards of
fifteen tons per acre sound, whilst in the present season their
return was scarcely half a ton of sound tubers. Other results in
the table are from varieties treated experimentally with reference
to the disease. All are given as they were actually weighed ;
and from these data the calculations per acre have been made.
The rate per acre not only affords a uniform standard of com-
parison, but likewise the most familiar idea of the amount of
produce, sound and diseased. ‘The results are numbered for
convenient reference. The rows were everywhere 24 feet apart ;
cut sets were employed, and planted 6 or 7 inches deep, and
about the same distance from each other in the rows. No
manure was applied; but Nos. 1 to 86 inclusive were grown in
kitchen-garden soil previously manured for vegetable crops.

In the results 1 to 5 the quantity of diseased tubers was
nearly double that of the sound. Cruckshank’s Early, a variety
selected as affording a fair sound produce in former years, proved
the worst diseased in this quarter, in which Thurstone’s Con-
queror yielded by far the best and largest amount of produce;
but this, in its turn, may in another season yield the reverse, such
is the precarious nature of the disease. Many of Nos. 1 to 4
were totally rotten, so that it was impossible to take them into
account.

The produce of No, 14, three rows of Jersey Blues, was little
more than 7 ewt. per acre ; No. 16, the same sort, produced only
half a ton sound. The average of these four rows was 8 ewt.
62 lbs. sound, and 5 tons 19 ewt. 82 lbs. diseased per acre. An
intermediate row of Jersey Blues, treated according to Meyer’s
method, gave at the rate of about 3 cwt. less of total produce per
acre ; but instead of only 8 ewt. 62 lbs., which was the average of
sound per acre afforded by the rows on each side of it, the sound
produce of Meyer’s row, No. 15, was 2 tons 17 ewt. 57 lbs., or

64 EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY

more than seven times the quantity of sound tubers produced by
the rows on each side. Such being the fact, it becomes desirable
to explain the method adopted, by some extracts from a pamphlet
entitled ‘Treatise on a Method of Managing the Potato Plant,
with a view to Saving the Present Crop from the Ravages
of the Disease; being the Substance of a Communication
made before the President and Council of the Royal Society
of Agriculture of England. By H. L. Meyer.’ This author
says—

‘¢ I propose a method of protection, which, I think, may be
equally effective against any one of the above-mentioned causes
of the disease, whether animal, vegetable, atmospheric, or
electric. I propose to cover up the plant with the readiest
material at hand,—namely, the soil it grows in. ‘The manner
in which this must be done is, by laying down the haulm, and
covering it over with earth from the root to within a few inches
of the extremity, leaving only the tips of the plant exposed to
the benefits of light and air.

‘* A field, when thus treated, presents to view a succession of
ridges of earth and valleys; the ridges contain the potatoes and
the stems of the plants earthed over, and in the valleys or
furrows lie securely the tips of the foliage. Should the injurious
blight occur while the field remains in this state, the tops of the
plants are greatly sheltered from its influence by the ridges of
earth they lie between. Nothing further will be required but to
watch the field, and continue to cover up the haulms from time
to time, so as to keep only the tips exposed.

‘‘ The process thus described should be immediately put in
practice, instead of the usual method of ‘ earthing up,’ and while
the stems of the plant are still pliant and manageable. This
simple process will not require any outlay, and in point of labour
only stands in the place of the usual method of earthing up... .
The best way of putting this mode in practice is, by laying down
the haulms with the hand, and afterwards covering them with
the earth that lies between the rows.

‘¢ The earlier the plant can be attended to, as I have proposed,
the less it is liable to receive the germ or inoculation of the
infection ; but owing to the present advanced state of the plant,
it may be advisable to administer lime or some other purifying
substance before covering the haulm.

‘“‘ It is desirable to lay the stems down in a direction away
from the east, as much towards the south-west as possible,
because it is from the east that blights of all descriptions appear
to originate.

‘¢ The usual manner of planting potatoes being in rows only
sufficiently apart to allow room for the underground shoots and

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 65

tubers to vegetate, it will be found necessary to lay the haulms
of the plant down in a slanting or oblique direction, so as to let
the exposed tops of the haulm reach only to the centre of the
valley or furrow, thereby gaining the double advantage of room
and protection.”

In the absence of the diagrams which accompany the pamphlet
the mode of inclining the tops will be sufficiently understood by
supposing the rows to run north and south; then the haulm will
be laid, not pointing to the west, but to the south-west.

No. 18, a variety of potato from Norway, planted in the same
quarter, afforded more sound produce than the other variety
treated in the usual way.

Results Nos. 20 to 38 are from a number of seedlings, the
produce of which proved all badly diseased, affording additional
proof that seedlings are as liable to be attacked as old varieties.
No. 380 was raised from a variety received two years ago from the
north of Finland, the tubers being sound after enduring the sea-
voyage, packed in the hold of the ship.

Nos. 37 to 54 were from drier soil in the Experimental Garden.
The tubers were planted whole in hills, as suggested by the
raisers of the varieties, Messrs. Hardy and Sons. It appears that
planting in hills was disadvantageous in this instance; as was
also the case in 1847 (see Vol. III. p. 55). The average sound
produce of Nos. 37 to 45 was 4 tons 10 ewt. 66 lbs. per acre.
The same sort planted in rows, Nos. 55 to 58, averaged 5 tons
13 Ibs. In hills the diseased portion averaged 5 tons 1 ewt.
3 lbs. per acre; in rows only 1 ton 17 ewt. 56 lbs.

Nos. 55 to 65 exhibit the results of the method proposed by
Dr. J. F. Klotzsch to protect potatoes against disease. It con-
sists essentially in this: ‘During the fifth, sixth, or seventh
week after the tubers have been planted, or in the fourth or fifth
week after the planting of rooted shoots, or at any time when the
young plants have reached a height of six or nine inches above
the ground, the tops of the branches are lopped or clipped
[pinched off ] by means of the thumb and first finger, to the
extent of half an inch. This operation must be repeated the
tenth or twelfth week after planting, it being immaterial at what
hour of the day.” The ground for experimental purposes in the
Society’s garden being limited, the sets for this experiment could
not be planted so early as would have been desirable. They
were planted the first week in May. When between six and
nine inches above ground the plants were treated according to
the above recommendation. But by the time that the opera-
tion ought to have been repeated, it had been severely performed
by the disease. ‘The results, however, give on the average a
slight balance in favour of stopping. The method seems to

VOL, Iv. F

66 EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY

deserve further trial, especially as regards plants growing in soils
which induce an over-luxuriance of haulm.

Nos. 66 to 103 refer to an experiment tried August 9th, con-
sisting in pulling up the haulm, which was considerably decayed,
and then beating and rolling the rows. Every alternate half-
row was thus treated, the other half of each row being left for
comparison. ‘The rows ran north and south. The half of the
first row at the south end was rolled, the north end of the next,
the south end of the third, and so on alternately. The average
sound produce was somewhat less in the rolled than in the un-
rolled portions ; but the quantity diseased was not half so great
in the rolled portions as it was in the unrolled.

The tables to which these references belong will be found at
p- 70 and the following.

An experiment was tried, September 2nd, of dusting the
foliage with sulphur. It appeared to hasten the deeay of the
stems and foliage, and the comparative results were decidedly
against the sulphured portion.

Amongst all the remedies which have been tried against the
disease, none appear to have been completely effectual. While
the cause of the malady is involved in mystery, any remedial
application must be considered as an affair of chance. It is well,
notwithstanding, to try various remedies; for some of the most
valuable discoveries have been obtained by accident. It is like-
wise proper to record even the failures of supposed cures, in order
that other trials and substances may be substituted.. Various
theories respecting the cause of the disease have been propounded
and strenuously advocated, but there is still room for conjecture ;
and even if these should prove wrong, some of them may never-
theless give rise to others nearer the truth. With this view of
the subject, I may be allowed to add a few remarks.

There is perhaps no article of food so extensively culti-
vated over the surface of the globe as the potato. Wheat
has a wide range of climate; but the potato succeeds, or did
succeed, in higher latitudes than it. Co-extensive with the range
of the potato appears to be the influence of the disease. It has
occurred in all quarters of the globe. It did not commence by
attacking some particular variety, in a particular locality, and
thence progressed along with the extended cultivation of that
infected sort ; for the propagation of no one variety could keep
pace with the spread of the disease. Old varieties and recent
seedlings were, generally speaking, indiscriminately attacked ; and
whether tubers were brought from the native country of the potato,
or seeds of it from the antipodes, it was no guarantee that their
progeny would be sound. ‘The contrary has been proved in both
cases, in the Society’s garden. The universality of the disease

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE, 67

may be inferred from its prevailing in widely distant countries
at the same time. Great Britain, Canada, St. Helena may be
instanced. It must be concluded that a disease so universal must
proceed from some universal cause. ‘Then it may be asked what
the causes are by which vegetation is most universally affected.

Vegetation is universally affected by Temperature. But to
this the disease cannot be attributed. We have had hot and
cold and temperate seasons since the disease visited us; and it
has continued through them all. A peculiar sudden chill may
have spread over great part of Europe and North America, from
their proximity to the frozen regions; but such could never
reach across the Line and affect the tropical island climate of St.
Helena, and the vegetation of the potato there.

Vegetation is universally dependent on Moisture : some plants
indeed require but little, yet all must have some. Moisture, as
we have seen, develops the latent disease or accelerates its pro-
gress, but cannot be said to cause it, else why did it not occur in
wetter and in drier seasons than any we have had since 1845 ?
The potato has been diseased where less than twenty inches depth
of rain have fallen ina year. Formerly it was not diseased in
seasons quite as dry; nor was it formerly diseased, on the con-
trary, in localities where twice that quantity was not unusual.
Therefore the excess or deficiency of moisture has not certainly
been the cause of disease.

Vegetation requires the presence of Air. This of course it
has had. And with regard to the amount of atmospheric pressure,
this has not varied throughout these years in any considerable
degree.’ Besides, the potato grows at the level of the sea where
the atmospheric pressure averages about 2126 lbs. on every
square foot; and it thrives likewise on the table-lands of South
America at an elevation of 10,000 feet, where the pressure is
743 lbs. less on every square foot than it is at the level of the
sea. ‘Therefore it cannot be affected to any considerable extent
by minute differences in the density of the air.

There is yet another important and universal agent necessary
for healthy vegetation, and that is Light. We have had some
experience in the use of instruments for estimating the intensity
of light; and, in the general sense of the word, it does not
appear to have been so defective as to occasion anything like
absolute disease. ‘The potato, it is well known, has frequently
elongated its shoots several feet or yards in a dark recess, succu-
lent and blanched, it is true, till they have reached the light ;
but on doing so, green foliage was produced, and no constitu-
tional disease was engendered. In very shaded situations,
potatoes produced weaker, paler, and altogether more imperfect
plants and tubers than in situations where they were well ex-

F 2

68 EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY -

posed to light; but in this there was nothing unaccountable—
nothing but what any observer of vegetation would have ex-
pected under the circumstances ; there was no decided disease.
Grown in fuller light, potatoes have of late, however, been
diseased ; and yet it is not to be inferred that light has not
influenced the disease. Apparently, the solar light may not be
deficient, but it may be defective in some of its usual properties
as regards its action on vegetation. It exerts a chemical action
on the four organic elements, namely, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen. The grand result of its action is the decomposi-
tion of carbonic acid in the leaves, and consequent fixation of the
carbon, which being assimilated, constitutes the principal portion
of the solid parts of plants.

It is generally supposed that the decomposition of carbonic
acid is directly effected by the action of light on the leaves of
plants, but Dr. Draper states in an article in the Philosophical
Magazine for September, 1848, that ‘there are many facts
which go to prove that the decomposition of carbonic acid is a
secondary result, brought about by the action of a nitrogenized
ferment in a state of eremacausis, the sunlight operating in the
first instance upon the ferment itself’ Dr. Draper has satis-
factorily ascertained that both oxygen and nitrogen are evolved
in the process, and that the volume of mixed gases, namely,
oxygen and nitrogen, is precisely equal to the volume of carbonic
acid decomposed : but the relative proportions of the oxygen and
nitrogen are variable.

The potato contains a greater quantity of easily separable
pure starch than is, perhaps, to be found in any other vegetable.
Starch is readily changed into other substances under certain
influences. It is decomposed by fermentation; the latter is
induced by nitrogenized substances. Liebig, if I am not mis-
taken, has stated that diseased potatoes contain an excess of
nitrogen. This may be owing to some change which has taken
place in the action of the sun’s rays, and the potato plant may
have been the most liable to be thereby affected, from its great
abundance of starch intermixed with comparatively litile of other
substances.

Sir John Herschel found, in 1840, that the action of solar
light was exceedingly various, both as regards its total intensity
and the distribution of the active rays over the spectrum.

It is well known that a ray of solar light, or what is termed a
ray, is actually compounded of several rays of different colours—
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. ‘These rays
are-found by persons engaged in photographic processes to exert
influences not only different in degree of intensity, but even
totally negative or antagonistic. Dr. Draper, however, cor-

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE, 69

_ roborates Sir John Herschel’s statement regarding the variable-
ness of their respective effects: alluding to the negative effects
produced by the violet rays, he states (Philosophical Magazine,
vol. xxx. p. 90), “To my surprise I soon found that the negative
effect was gradually disappearing, and on September 29 it.could
no longer be traced, except at the highest part corresponding to
the yellow and green rays. In December it had become still
more imperfect; but on the 19th of the following March the
red and orange rays had recovered their original protective
power.”, He adds, ‘‘ Are there then periodic changes in the
nature of the sun’s light?’ That this is the case seems highly
probable, from the vast changes which must take place in the
body of the sun or at his surface to produce those spots which
have of late been so conspicuous as to be seen in some instances
with the naked eye. In Sir John Herschel’s Results of Astro-
nomical Observations made at the Cape, he mentions, as instances
of their enormous magnitude, that one ‘‘ occupied an area of
nearly five square minutes; and as a square minute on the sun
corresponds to 756,000,000 square miles, we have here an area
of 3,780,000,000 square miles included in one vast region of
disturbance, and this requires to be increased for foreshortening.”
He mentions another which ‘would have allowed the globe of
the earth to drop through it, leaving 1000 miles clear of contact
on all sides of that tremendous gulf.”

In the present year, Mr. Pringle, of Edinburgh, gives an ac-
count of one of which, on the 21st of September, the diameter
was estimated at 60,000 miles. It would, therefore, occupy a
space more than fifty times the size which the earth would
require to drop through. ‘The shadows of some of these spots
have been projected, and it has been found that the shaded parts
have been considerably defective in heat compared with the
parts illuminated by the unobscured portions .of the sun’s disc.
These spots, it appears, interfere with the heating rays; and
from the foregoing statements it is highly probable that the
derangements which have been observed to take place in the
chemical action of the prismatic rays are owing to the same
cause. In one instance Dr. Draper found the action of the red
ray inverted. May not similar inversions have been sufficient to
prevent the exhibition of the usual green colour observed since
the commencement of the disease in the young tips of the potato
stems, indicating an imperfect action of the light, and consequent
imperfect assimilation of the organic elements, diseased tissue
and secretions being the result? Whether those qualified to in-
vestigate this view of the subject will find these conjectures
correct or not remains to be seen. At all events, except in the
great source of light, I can find no cause sufficiently universal
to correspond with the universality of the potato disease.

EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY

70

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71

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE.

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73

WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE.

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FRUIT AND KITCHEN PLANTS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN, 75

XIII.—WNotes on Fruit and Kitchen Plants proved in the
Garden of the Society in 1848. By hk. ‘Thompson.

1. Tue Queen Muscat GRAPE.

A PLANT of a vine under the above name was received last
spring from Mr. Glendinning, Chiswick Nursery, Turnham
Green. It-was only a young plant raised from an eye in the
previous season. It however fruited in an 8-inch pot. The size
the bunch would attain from a well-established vine can therefore
only be estimated comparatively with that of other sorts grown
in a pot under similar circumstances, and accordingly it may be
stated to be larger than that of the Royal Muscadine. ‘The berries
are also fully as large as those of the latter, but pertectly dis-
tinct, being oval. ‘They are yellowish white, semi-transparent,
so that the one seed which each berry contains can be seen
through the skin. ‘The flesh is firmer than that of the Sweet-
water, but much more tender than that of the Muscat of Alex-
andria, rich and sugary. It is an early grape; and as far as
can be judged of it, grown as above stated, it appears highly de-
serving of cultivation. For pot culture it has proved to be
exceedingly well adapted.

2. Carvon Povis.

This is a variety of cardoon remarkable for its almost entire
and spineless leaves. In this season there were some sharp frosts
in November, the temperature being sometimes 10°, and in one
instance 14° below the freezing-point. It appeared from these
circumstances that the Cardon Puvis was more tender than the
Cardon de Tours.

3. Larcest AstaTIc CAULIFLOWER.

This is a good variety of cauliflower, seeds of which were this
year, and formerly, received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem.
It grows taller, and produces larger heads, than the common,
under the same circumstances.

4, Earty Leypren CavLiFLoOwER.

Also received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem. This ap-
peared identical with Legge’s Walcheren Brocoli or Cauliflower,
noticed vol. i. p. 809. ‘To this notice, and particularly to the
excellent directions by the late Mr. Legge for the cultivation of
the variety, I would beg to direct attention. A correction is
required, page 310, line 6 from the top :—‘‘ For the purpose of
sowing seed,” read saving seed. It is difficult in very many
cases to save brocoli-seed correctly in this country, and to save
it in any degree of perfection is often impossible. It is therefore
satisfactory to know that this most useful variety, sometimes dif-
ficult to obtain under the name of Legge’s Walcheren Brocoli
or Cauliflower, may be procured, under the name of the Early
Leyden Cauliflower, from the Continent.

76 FRUIT AND KITCHEN PLANTS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN.

5. Brack SIcILIAN CAULIFLOWER.
This, received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem, proved to
be the Purple Cape Brocoli.

6. Haricot p’Espacne HyBRIDE.

This is a hybrid variety of scarlet runner, presented to the
Society by Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. The blossoms are very
beautiful—bright scarlet and pure white. ‘The pods did not re-
main quite so long fit for use as those of the old scarlet runner.
It however deserves cultivation.

7. Sur~iine’s New Frencn Bean.
This seems a cross between the French bean and scarlet runner.
The pods are large, and remain long tender.

8. Dwarr CRIMSON-SEEDED BEAN.

Féve tres-naine rouge. Presented to the Society by Messrs.
Vilmorin, of Paris. This proves to be a very dwarf prolific
variety of broad bean. It does not exceed a foot in height. The
pods are about three inches in length, roundish, generally well
filled. The seeds are crimson, nearly the size of those of the
Long-pod Bean. It is so very dwarf that it could be grown in
rows 12 to 15 inches apart. It might be very conveniently in-
troduced in systems of intermediate cropping, as it would occa-
sion but little shade. Its amount of produce, compared with
that of taller kinds, has not been ascertained ; but this point will
be determined the first opportunity.

9. ONIONS.

On examining the varieties of thase grown this season, it was
ascertained that the French Red, and also the Blood-red Spanish,
from Schertzer, of Haarlem, are the same as the Oignon Rouge
Noir from Vilmorin, and are the Blood Onion well saved. The
Yellow Spanish from Schertzer is the same as the Oignon
d’Espagne from Vilmorin. ‘The French White from Schertzer
is of the colour of the Silver-skinned ; but it is later, and it has
the fault of being too thick at the neck.

10. THe Larce Roven LEEK.

Poireau tres-gros de Rouen. Presented by M. Vilmorin, of
Paris. This was grown alongside the London Flag and the
Netherlands Leek ; and under the same circumstances it proved
larger and of a darker green than either. It can therefore be
highly recommended for cultivation.

11. Barrotr’s New Crimson BEET.

Presented by Mr. Glendinning. This proves to be an excel-
lent variety. It is less apt to fork than the Castelnaudary, from
which it has probably been raised. Like those of the latter, its
leaf-stalks have a yellow tinge. It is somewhat larger than the
Castelnaudary. Flesh very dark crimson. The best variety known.

Cueto)

NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S
GARDEN.

1. SWAMMERDAMIA ANTENNARIA. De Candolle, Prodromus,
vol. vi. p. 164.

This is a small compact evergreen bush, not at present more
than 3 feet high. It has angular viscid shoots, and a foliage
the colour of Kuonymus
japonicus. The leaves
are at the largest not
more than an inch long,
and generally smaller,
obovate, apiculate, or
perfectly blunt, veinless,
concave, with a little
mealiness on the under
side when young. The
flower-heads are small,

white, and collected in
little lateral corymbose Me
panicles. :

It is found wild in Van
Diemen’s Land, on the
sides of Mount Welling-
ton, where it flowers in
the months of January,
February, and March.
The late Professor De
Candolle gave itits name,
in allusion to the form
of the pappus, which he
thought resembled the
antenne of an insect, a
very obscure peculiarity.

A hardy evergreen
small shrub, growing
freely in any common
garden soil, and easily
increased by cuttings in “
the usual way. Its clusters of smail flowers add little to its
beauty, which is confined to the foliage.

mnt, i oY

oy

June 17, 1848.

78 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

2. LIMNANTHES ROSEA.* Bentham.

Raised from seeds brought home hy Mr. Hartweg in 1848,
and said to be found in swampy places in the Sacra-
mento Valley, California.

A prostrate succulent plant, with all the habit of Limnanthes

* L,. rosea, Bentham; foliis linearibus pinnatis bipinnatis integrisque laci-
niis filiformibus, indivisis, pedunculis foliis multd longioribus, petalis basi
barbatis, fructu corrugato.—J. L.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 79

Douglasii. The leaves are extremely narrow, and sometimes
have no side lobes; in other cases they are pinnate or even
somewhat bipinnate. The flowers are a pale dirty rose colour,
and stand on stalks much longer than the leaves. Lach petal has
its base bordered with long hairs.

It is a hardy annual, and requires the same treatment as Col-
linsias and Nemophila insignis. If sown in the autumn, it flowers
in May; ifsown in the spring, it flowers during the summer.

It istolerably pretty, but of less interest than L. Douglasii.
The collector who found it called it L. pulchella, a name which
is only calculated to mislead.

Oct. 16, 1848.

3. AUSCHYNANTHUS PAXTONI,*

Received from Messrs. Henderson, of the Wellington
Nursery, St. John’s-wood Road.

hte Z Z
jl _
Z Bee SSS
Sas==

\
\\

* JE. Paxtoni; foliis coriaceis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis petiolatis
convexis subtus punctatis, bracteis membranaceis oblongis subrhombeis con-
cavis pedicellis longioribus, sepalis 5 oblongis obtusissimis, corollz limbo
plano labio superiore emarginato lateralibusque truncatis.—J. L.

80 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

This plant, which bears in gardens the name of Atschy-
nanthus Paxtoni, does not appear to have been described. It
has large convex dark green even leaves, which are slightly
marked on the under side with impressed dots. The bracts are
of unusual size, thin, pale green, slightly stained with red. The
sépals are remarkably large and broad, and are divided to the
very base. ‘The flowers are dull red, with a flat limb, divided
into four nearly equal lobes, which are square at the end, as if
they had been cut off. It seems to be most nearly allied to
Esch. ramosissimus and Griffithii.

A trailing half-shrubby stove plant, growing freely in_ any
light mixture, such as leaf-mould and broken crocks, with
plenty of drainage. It also may be grown fastened to a
rough block of wood, and surrounded with moss. It re-
quires a moist atmosphere while in a growing state; but after-
wards should be kept nearly dry. It is easily increased by
cuttings.

It is a showy kind, but not so handsome as the smaller

species. .
Oct. 16, 1848.

4. Potyconum vaccinirFroLiuM. Wallich, Plante Asiatice
Fariores, iii. 54; Royle’s Ullustrations, t. 80, f. 2.

Raised from seeds received, in April, 1845, from Captain
William Munro, from the northern parts of India.

A trailing plant, with permanent half-shrubby stems. The
leaves are oblong, mucronulate, dark-green, glaucous on the un-
der side, and furnished with sheathing stipules, bordered with
very long bristles. The branches which bear the flowers rise
from the ground to the height of 3 or 4 inches, and are each fur-
nished with from 2 to 4 narrow spikes of deep rose-coloured
flowers.

Dr. Royle states that this grows on the Himalayas to the height
of from 7000 to 18,000 feet, which accounts for its being per-
fectly hardy in England.

It is an extremely pretty species, trailing, growing freely in
any good well-drained loamy soil, and easily increased by cut-
tings. Its flowersare a great decoration during autumn to rock-
work, among which its roots strike to a considerable depth. They .
continue to retain their gay colours till the frost changes them

to a warm brown.
Sept. 7, 1847.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN, 8]

5. CycLOBOTHRA MONOPHYLLA.*

Brought home by Mr. Hartweg in June, 1848, and said to
have been collected upon the Sacramento Mountains,
where it is very scarce.

A bulbous plant, with a long coarse membranous neck, ex-
tending 3 or 4 inches under ground. Stem 3 or 4 inches high,
slender, bearing a single linear-lanceolate leaf, glaucous on the
under side, and about three times its own length. The flowers
are from two to three in a corymb, with curved peduncles,
longer than the very narrow bracts; they are smaller than is
usual in the genus, and of a uniform bright yellow. The sepals
are ovate, and very sharp pointed; the p-tals are of a similar
figure, but not so acute, and are covered with coarse hairs.

It is a hardy little bulb, which requires the same kind of
treatment as Calochortuses. It should be grown in a light soil,
composed of sandy peat, loam, and leaf-mould, with plenty of
sand. It is increased by offsets from the old bulb. The proper
place for it is an American border, where it should be left

undisturbed. Sept. 10, 1848.

6. ABRONIA UMBELLATA. Lamarck, Illustrations, i. 469,
f. 208.

Raised from seeds, received from Mr. Hartweg in January,
1848, and said to have been collected on the sands
near the sea-shore, Monterey, California.

This plant, like the rest of the genus, grows naturally in

* C. monophylla ; folio solitario lineari sublanceolato acuminato subtus
glaucescenti scapo subtrifloro ebulbi triplo longiore, pedunculis bracted
lineari acuminata longioribus, sepalis acutis calvis petalisque undique
barbatis apice recurvis.—J. L.

VOL. IV. G

82 NEW PLANTS, ETC, ;

loose sand, the particles of which adhere to its glutinous surface.
In such places it creeps along the ground, producing long root-
ing stems, and ovate obtuse succulent leaves, fringed with soft
hairs, which almost disappear in dried specimens. The flowers
are formed in close umbels, and consist of a long violet tube,
with a five-cleft flat limb, the lobes of which are regularly
2-parted. It has much the habit of a Verbena, but the flowers
are agreeably sweet-scented.

It is probably not quite hardy, but it succeeds well under the
same treatment as that given to the different kinds of Verbena.
It is easily increased either by seeds or cuttings, and is very
suitable for placing in the open border, treated as an annual.
It requires a light rich soil to grow in, and flowers from June
to October.

It must be regarded asa very desirable plant for growing in
pots and beds. The flowers are exceedingly fragrant, especially

in the evenings.
Nov. 16, 1848.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN, 83

7. MittronrA Karwinsku. Cyrtochilum Karwinskii. Bot.
Register, sub ¢t. 1992; Oncidium Karwinskii, Sertum
Orchidaceum, sub t. 25.

Received from Mr. Hartweg, and supposed to have been
collected at Oaxaca, in 1839.

| will

i ul

This beautiful plant was originally described from a small
dried specimen brought from Mexico by Count Karwinski, and
was then referred successively to the genera Cyrtochilum and
Oncidium ; it is, however, a true Miltonia, and one of the finest
plants in cultivation. Imagine a rod 3 feet long, stiff, and
nearly upright, being covered for three parts of its length, at
intervals of an inch and a half, with large gay white, purple,
yellow, and brown flowers, fully 24 inches in diameter, and an
idea will be formed of this charming species. The sepals and
petals are bright yellow, barred and spotted with brown; the
lip is white at the point, deep violet at the base, and blush in
the middle space. The column is nearly white, and adorned by
two serrated hatchet-shaped wings.

It requires to be treated like an Oncidium, and to be grown
in rather a cool temperature, in pots filled with fibry peat and
half-decayed leaves, well drained.

It is one of the most beautiful and distinct Orchids in culti-
vation.

Aug. 14, 1848.
G2

84 NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN.

8. BRODIAA CALIFORNICA.*

Brought home by Mr. Hartweg in June, 1848, and said
to have been collected upon the mountains and plains
of the Sacramento, where it is scarce.

This bulb is very like the old B. grandiflora, from which it
differs in the following particulars: it is a much larger plant in
all respects; its leaves are more fleshy ; the flowers, which are
pale blue, with darker streaks along the middle of the divisions,
have a tube which is slightly inflated, and much shorter than the
limb ; the flower stalks are also much longer in proportion to
the flowers.

It is hardy, and requires a strong sandy loam, with the same
kind of treatment as Scillas. It is easily increased by offsets
from the old bulbs. The species is rather pretty, and flowers freely
from July to October, or even Christmas, if sheltered by a frame.

Dec. 6, 1848.

* B. californica; perianthii limbo tubo _subventricoso longiore, foliis
carnosis canaliculatis scapi longitudine.—J. L.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

XIV.— Remarks on Artificial Climate. By A. Scott, C.M.H.S.,
Gardener to Sir Geo. Staunton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S., Leigh
Park, Havant, Hants.

(Communicated January 29, 1849.)

In cultivating plants from warm latitudes, in this country, it is
obvious that our success will mainly depend upon the skilful
management of our artificial climate; this renders the latter a
subject of importance to all interested in the higher branches of
horticulture. If I have nothing new to offer in the following
remarks, they may at least be relied on as the result of some
experience.

To be successful in this department of gardening, to our know-
ledge of cultivation we ought to add a more or less intimate
acquaintance with the laws which govern the diffusion of heat,
light, and vapour, together with their influences on vegetation ;
inasmuch as all varieties of climate mainly result from the amount
and relative proportions of these agents. But in order to main-
tain suitable climates for the various wants of all our in-door
plants, it is not necessary that we should attempt to imitate all
the warm climates of the world; for it has been proved by expe-
rience that an exact imitation of every peculiarity that affects
plants in their native country is far from being necessary to their
well-being under glass: nearly all of them will thrive in an
atmosphere differing considerably from that which they experience
in a state of nature, in respect to both temperature and humidity.
This is a rule to which I know of no important exceptions ; even
the Mangosteen, which refuses to thrive on the continent of In-
dia, or indeed anywhere but in the heated and moist atmosphere
of the Indian Archipelago, succeeds in our artificial climate ;
plants of it in this garden have grown, in little more than three
years, 10 feet in height, bushy, and branchy in proportion.
Although we never expect to alter the nature of plants by artifi-
cial treatment, yet with a little management they submit to the
latter with docility. In warm countries plants usually experience
a considerable variation between the day and night temperatures,
independently of the difference between the wet and dry seasons:
when occasion requires it, therefore, as during our winters, we
find it a point of great importance to regulate humidity so that
we may safely adopt a minimum temperature considerably lower
than the natural one. At all seasons we shall also be acting cor-
rectly in supplying less of both heat and moisture to produce a
given result, owing to the altered circumstances respecting the

VOL, Iv. H

86 REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE,

diffusion of both. To supply an equal amount of these stimulants
in our murky climate would be erroneous in principle and inju-
rious to vegetation. ‘The last remark applies with equal force to
night temperatures,

Among the various agents employed in warming horticultural
buildings hot water is at present that most generally adopted.
Heating by flues answers for certain purposes—as for vineries,
greenhouses, &c. ‘The Polmaise plan, which in particular cases
I have found to be simple and efficient, is by far the most inex -
pensive to erect; but under present arrangements it is difficult to
apply it successfully to large houses. Price’s ingenious plan of
heating, although it does not differ materially from other methods
of warming by hot water, in causing the air to carry the heat into
the building, has in some degree anticipated part of the Polmaise
plan: I, however, find this method very expensive with regard to
fuel.

In the choice of boilers I imagine that we are often more nice
than wise. The saddle-shaped boiler of wrought iron, and the
cast iron boilers of various sizes, called Healy’s, Cottam’s, Rogers’,
&¢e., have been tried here, and from experience I find that the
setting is of far more consequence than shape. Mr. Ainger, in
the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle’ for 1841, clearly explained the prin-
ciples of setting boilers for horticultural purposes; and Messrs.
Burbidge and Healy have subsequently adopted his plan, with
improvements. ‘Their boiler I consider to be the best.

Another important matter in warming is that the pipes shall
be so arranged as to give out heat rapidly. The amount of pipe
required, and the expense of heating any building, will very much
depend upon how far this is attended to. In some cases nearly
the whole of the heating surface is buried in underground chan-
nels or drains, sufficient heat being expected to rise through a few
openings in the pathway. It is clear that if the required amount
can be obtained at all under such conditions, it must be at an
enormous first cost, and an extravagant waste of fuel. The
question arises, why should a thing so essential to a horticultural
building be concealed as unsightly? If the usual form of hot
water pipe is not ornamental it can be improved, and the pipes
may be so arranged as not to offend the eye of taste.

Mr. Hood, in his valuable work on Warming Buildings by Hot
Water, gives a rule, and also a table, whereby we may ascertain
the required amount of pipe to heat a hothouse of given dimen-
sions any number of degrees ; and states that the quantities found
will be sufficient for a given superficies of glass, whatever the
size of the building may be. His rule may be safely relied on;
although in this, as in other things, I find, as might be expected,
that differences occasionally occur between theory and practice ;

REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE, 87

for the former does not pretend to anticipate all the circumstances
accompanying the latter. The following statement may likewise
be of service in estimating the heating-surface required for diffe-
rent sizes of horticultural buildings. In stoves of considerable
dimensions containing from 50,000 to 60,000 cubic feet of air,
having a surface of glass (including rafters and sash-bars) in the
proportion of 1 square foot of glass to 10 cubic feet of air, the
proportion of 1 foot of 4-inch pipe to 5°33 feet of glass will be
ample heating-surface to maintain a minimum temperature of
60° during severe weather. But in a house containing from
10,000 to 15,000 cubic feet of air, with a superficies of glass,
&e., in the proportion of 1 foot of glass to 6-75 feet of air, the
proportion of | foot of pipe to 3 feet of glass will be required to
maintain a minimum temperature of 60° or 65°, provided cover-
ing be not used. In vineries and peach-houses the quantity of
heating-surface required will very much depend on circumstances
—as whether they are detached or connected in a range; also
whether the crop is wanted early or late: but 1 foot of pipe to
4 feet of glass will be a fair average for vineries, and 1 foot of
pipe to 5 feet of glass for peach-houses. Conservatories and
green-houses, according to size and other circumstances, will re-
quire 1 foot of 4-inch pipe to 5 or 6 feet of glass. If flues
are preferred, I should consider 1 foot of an ordinary flue equal
to 2 feet of 4-inch pipe. In pits or small forcing-houses, where
covering can be easily applied at night, the proportion of 1 foot
of pipe to 4°5 feet of glass will maintain a minimum temperature
of 60°.

Our fears of not being able to maintain sufficient heat and
moisture during winter often lead to errors of an opposite kind ;
for in the comparatively still atmosphere of a hot-house one of
the most powerful natural agents, both in drying and cooling, is
almost wholly excluded. It is probable that the rate of evapora-
tion during very strong wind is nearly double that in a hot-house.
In this country we seldom experience much inconvenience from
the drying effects of the weather during spring or summer, unless
accompanied by wind. I believe that very incorrect ideas are
often entertained concerning the drying effects of our heating
apparatus. In a house heated by hot-water pipes, the moisture
of the air is not affected thereby ; the loss by condensation on the
glass in cold weather is, however, very considerable, and is in
direct proportion to the difference of temperature between the
internal and external air; or, in other words, to the loss of heat
by radiation from the glass. The greatest degree of dryness will
perhaps occur when a night of severe frost is succeeded by bright
_ Sunshine in the early part of the day; but notwithstanding this,

if the glazing be complete, there will be no difficulty in supply-
H 2

88 REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE, ‘i

ing this loss by ordinary means, without adopting the unnatural
method ef raising vapour by the direct action of the hot-pipe
either at a low or comparatively high temperature. The inevi-
table loss of moisture by condensation should be supplied by
natural evaporation from paths, and other available surfaces ;
but to meet the extra and more temporary demand occasioned by
bright sunshine in frosty weather, an immediate supply may
readily be obtained from the hot-pipes; although, as is very
apparent, this last method is too artificial to be relied on for a
regular and genial supply of humidity. If ordinary care be
taken to keep the paths, &c., moist, it will be found that no very
injurious degree of dryness is produced even in maintaining a
minimum temperature of 60° or 65° during frosty weather. In
large houses there will be less inconvenience felt from the loss
of moisture by condensation than in small ones ; and as preven-
tion is better than cure, small houses, or pits, should always be
covered with mats, or other suitable materials, thus preventing
loss of heat by radiation from the exterior surface, and conse-
quently loss of moisture by condensation on the interior surface
of the glass. ‘The pine, and other forcing pits, and also the
smallest plant-stove here, which is span-roofed, 23 feet in height,
and 25 feet in width, are covered every night during winter, by
which a healthier atmosphere is not only preserved, but a great
saving is effected both in fuel and labour, and the cost of cover-
ing materials is amply repaid.

Although, under the most careful management, this practice
must necessarily occasion some little loss of light, yet the loss is
but a trifling inconvenience compared with that of leaving
small houses uncovered during severe weather, for, as I have
already shown, it is difficult to regulate climate in the latter
description of buildings. Many plants are but little affected by
considerable variations in the degree of humidity ; but in all
unusual or difficult cases of cultivation, and also in early forcing,
during the flowering and ripening periods, culture of orchids,
&c., more nicety will be required in regulating moisture, and
great variations in the amount of humidity will occasionally be
required to suit particular cases. Whenever any doubt exists on
this subject, Daniell’s hygrometer should be used to ascertain not
only the real amount of vapour in the air, but also to test the
efficiency of our means of supplying any defect. I find no dif-
ficulty whatever in taking observations with this hygrometer at
any time, even by candlelight. When once the required degree
is ascertained, there will seldom be further need of consulting
this elegant, but somewhat delicate instrument, as two thermo-
meters, one with the bulb wet and the other dry, will give a
tolerably correct idea of the rate of evaporation, and indicate

REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE, 89

with sufficient accuracy the dew point according to Daniell.
The air at the limits of congelation holds about +4,th part of its
weight of aqueous vapour, and every increase of temperature
equal to 20° of Fahrenheit will double its capacity for abstract-
ing moisture. As the difference between the night and day
temperatures will frequently exceed this, the necessity of provid-
ing against an injurious degree of dryness is apparent. In our
summer months, during very hot weather, judicious shading may
be a less evil than the excessive dryness which it is chiefly in-
tended to prevent.

Ventilation, in hot-houses, is required to serve a double pur-
pose: to renew the atmosphere, or exchange a portion of the
external for the internal air, and thus to give a gentle motion or
current amongst the plants ; if this be done judiciously, it may be
practised at all times or seasons with but little waste of fuel.
Motion, and consequently change, exist in every natural climate,
and cannot be entirely withheld from plants in hot-houses with-
out a corresponding loss of vigour and compact growth. The
other purpose of ventilation is to prevent an injurious increase
of temperature during hot weather, or sudden bursts of sun-
shine.

Although the principles of ventilation are simple enough to be
understood by all gardeners, I may mention that there should
always be one set of ventilators, or sliding sashes, at the top or
upper part of the house, and another near the floor where the
newly admitted air may, by passing over a part of the heating
surface, have its temperature gradually raised to that of the
house. By giving more air by the lower than by the upper ven-
tilators, it will be gradually discharged at the top of the house
with but little cold draft among the plants. If the upper venti-
lators only are opened, we shall experience counter currents and
drafts of cold air. The lowest may be sliding ventilators in the
brickwork, and they should be comparatively numerous in order
that small quantities may be admitted by each, thus preventing
sudden gusts of cold air at one place. Our stoves being span-
roofed, with pediment-like ends, in the very apex or upper angle
is a sliding sash, which proves to be an excellent ventilator at all
times, but particularly during the winter months, allowing the
air to escape in quantities as small as need ever be required in
practice. Various contrivances will suggest themselves, accord-
ing to existing circumstances, for warming and moistening the
air before it is admitted among the plants. This is chiefly of
importance in plant-stoves and early forcing-houses during severe
weather.

It is apparent that all our contrivances for warming and regu-
lating temperature and humidity in confined atmospheres will

90 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

have no effect in deteriorating the air, and that its original con-
stitution will remain unchanged. As the most important func-
tion of vegetable life is the decomposition of carbonic acid gas,
and the assimilation of carbon under solar influence, the source
of the latter, and other aliments which plants derive from the
air, will be present in the usual proportions. Nevertheless the
plants may not be able to assimilate their due proportion of these
elements, for the sluggish motion of the air in a hot-house is so
different from the natural atmosphere, which is always in motion,
more or less rapid, both horizontally and vertically, that the
plants may not be able to appropriate their due share of atmos-
pheric food, the air not coming fast enough in contact with the
leaves, and other surfaces of absorption. ‘The advantages to
vegetation of brisk motion in the air, therefore, will be obvious.

XV.—Ferns as Decorative Objects. By Thomas Moore, F.B.S.,
Curator of the Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of
Apothecaries, Chelsea.

(Communicated March, 1849.)

WiIruIn the last few years the taste or fancy for Ferns appears
to have been on the increase; and this has latterly become very
apparent, as in some degree is evidenced by their appearance in
profusion at public exhibitions of plants. It has been thought
that a few hints might be thrown out of such a nature as to help
forward and more widely extend this class of cultivation, so
peculiarly deserving of attention. Without claiming any pe-
culiar fitness for the task, I have ventured to attempt its exe-
cution, in the hope of being able to supply some instruction to
those who really need it. To those who are already well versed
in the art of culture, and to those also who understand Ferns, the
hints which follow are not addressed.

Viewed as objects of decoration, Ferns may be conveniently
disposed into two principal groups, namely,

I. Those which are suitable for cutting as an addition to
bouquets, both large and small.

II. Those in which the entire plant, well cultivated, may be
specially employed for purposes of ornament.

The latter of these two groups evidently includes the greater
number of the species belonging to the former, and may be com-
posed of individual kinds proper for cultivation in pots or vases,
as well as of those which may be managed in a semi-natural way,
attached to rocks or the stumps of trees: most of the species
being suitable for either of these modes of culture.

I. For hand-bouquets it is obviously the smaller-growing

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS, 91

species, or those that produce fronds which admit of being sepa-
rated into small, yet natural-looking divisions, that are most
suitable. The former are preferable, because the latter in many
cases would be deficient of stalk, and this deficiency would be
apt to render them not only more difficult of adjustment in
bouquets, but also in a greater degree short-lived. Larger
bouquets, such as are placed in drawing-rooms, admit of the
introduction of somewhat larger growing kinds, provided they
possess the necessary and indispensable elegance of contour.

To be practically useful for either of these purposes, the kinds
of Ferns selected must be such as are naturally of a rigid or sub-
rigid texture, or at least sufficiently firm or fleshy to bear up
against the parching influences to which, in the dry atmosphere
they would be likely to be placed in, they would be more or less
exposed.

Many of the more beautiful species of Ferns are thus wholly
excluded from this association, because of the delicacy of their
texture, beautiful only whilst confined to the close damp atmos-
phere which conduced to their development. Exclusive of these,
however, there exists a considerable variety, both as to size and
form, in every way suited for the purpose of ornament, and some
of these will presently be more particularly referred to.

The plan of placing bouquets in vases covered by a close-
fitting dome-glass is greatly conducive to the preservation of
the flowers. If such a plan were adopted with those bouquets
in which Ferns preponderate, the freshness of the latter would
be retained for an incredibly long period. Ferns might, in fact,
often entirely take the place of flowers, and no more elegant or
ornamental group could be devised. In such cases, the close
covering would render the Ferns almost permanent, their duration
would be so greatly prolonged.

In the lists which follow will be found not only species that
are evergreen, but also some which lose their fronds in the
winter season. In those plants which have the latter habit the
fact is expressly mentioned.

POLYPODIEA.

1. Notholena (Lepichosma) lendigera.—One of the most ele-
gantly divided of all the smaller Ferns. It is a small growing
plant, the fronds growing in tufts, and usually attaining 8 or 10
inches in length, and becoming elaborately divided, in a tri-
pinnate manner, into small roundish segments ; the entire fronds
are somewhat pubescent. This is a native of Central America,
and requires a sub-tropical climate. The full-grown, well-
matured fronds may be cut for small bouquets; younger ones

92 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

would too rapidly wither in a dry atmosphere. A fine pot
specimen is very elegant.

2. Notholena (Eriochosma) hirta.—A small, hairy species,
the fronds of which grow in tufts, and are from 4 to 12 inches
long, bipinnate, the pinnules being divided into small blunt
lobes; the under surface is clothed with a white tomentum,
which becomes less apparent as the fronds grow old. It requires
a warm close greenhouse, being a native of the Cape of Good
Hope. The mature fronds are suitable for small bouquets.

3. Notholena (Eriochosma) tomentosa.—The fronds of this
species, which grow in tufts, are narrow lanceolate, a foot or
more in length, with short alternate pinne, which are bipinnate,
the ultimate pinnules being minute, sessile, and roundish. ‘The
fronds are entirely and rather thickly covered with light-coloured
tomentum. A sub-tropical species, being a native of Mexico.
The fronds may be intermixed in large bouquets.

4. Notholena nivea.—A species of a tufted habit of growth.
The fronds are but a few inches high, oblong, decompound, the
opposite pinne being set with small, roundish, sub-cordate pin-
nules, often somewhat three-lobed. The upper surface is smooth,
the under surface covered with a white mealy powder, while the
stipes is of a blackish purple. A very neat kind for small
bouquets. It is a native of Mexico, and requires a sub-tropical
climate.

5. Polypodium Plumula.—An elegant small growing species,
producing its fronds in a tuft. ‘The fronds are 8 or 10 inches
long, of an elliptical form, or rather narrowly lance-shaped,
tapering to both ends; they are pinnatifid, divided into close-set
narrow lobes, ranged like the teeth of a comb. Useful for
moderate-sized bouquets, and a very pretty pot-plant. Native
of South America, and requires a tropical climate.

PTERIDEZ.

6. Cheilanthes micropteris.— A small and elegant plant, with
fronds 6 or 8 inches long, growing in tufts; they are pinnate,
with small, roundish, alternate pinne; the stipes is purple. A
native of Quito, and requires a stove climate. Pretty for small
bouquets.

7. Cheilanthes spectabilis.—Suitable for large bouquets; a
tuft forms a fine specimen plant. The fronds are broadly ovate-
lanceolate, a foot high, tripinnate, the pinne and pinnules rather
distant, the latter broken up into small oblong sessile lobes. It
is from Brazil, and requires a stove climate. ‘

8. Cheilanthes tenuifolia.—The habit of this species is tufted, |
the fronds 8 or 10 inches high, supradecompound, the outline
oblong, the pinnee rather distant, and ultimately divided into

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 93

very small segments. Useful for bouquets, and an elegant pot
plant. It is a native of the East Indies and of New Holland,
and requires a sub-tropical climate.

9. Cheilanthes microphyllaa—The fronds, though upwards of
a foot long, are yet comparatively small, from the smallness of
their parts. They are narrowly lanceolate, bipinnate, with short
and rather distant and alternate pinne, bearing a dozen or more
small oblong pinnules. West Indian, and requires to be grown
ina stove. This species is best adapted for bouquets, and from
its length, will serve better for large than for small ones.

10. Cheilanthes micromera.—One of the prettiest of Ferns for
a small bouquet, and forming a very elegant potted subject.
The fronds grow nearly a foot long; they are twice-pinnate, the
small obtusely-oval pinnules having roundish lobes at their bases ;
the pinne are alternate. ‘This is a Mexican species, and requires
a sub-tropical climate.

11. Péteris (Cassebeera) farinosa.—An elegant species both
for pots and for bouquets. The fronds grow a foot long, and are
of variable outline, sometimes ovate-deltoid, sometimes lanceo-
late ; they are pinnate, with the lower pinne deeply pinnatifid, the
segments on the inferior side longest. The under surface of the
fronds, which grow in tufts, is covered with a white mealy powder.
An East Indian species, requiring the temperature of a stove.

12. Pteris (Cassebeera) pedata.—This species grows in a
somewhat rigid tuft, and reaches about a foot in height, the
fronds being three-parted, with the lateral divisions again divided,
thus forming five lobes, so that in circumscription the fronds
are somewhat pentangular; the lobes, or divisions, are deeply
pinnatifid. The stipes is two-thirds the entire length of the
frond. In large bouquets the fronds may be used advantageously
to mix with others of different form and habit. It requires a
stove climate, being a native of both Indies.

13. Péeris (Cassebeera) auriculata.—The habit is tufted, the
fronds 8 or 10 inches or more in height, pinnate, with triangular-
ovate, somewhat auricled pinnules; the rachis and stipes are
purple. Useful for larger bouquets. Requires a warm green-
house, being a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

14. Pteris (Platyloma) sagittata—A remarkably elegant
plant. The fronds are tufted, a foot and a half or more in length,
regularly bipinnate, the pinnules being distant, glaucous, exactly
arrow-shaped (elongate-triangular), and attached by short slender
footstalks. It isa South American species, and requires a tropical
climate. The fronds are somewhat rigid, but may be effectively
used in large bouquets. A fine pot-specimen is a very striking
object.

15. Pteris (Platyloma) ternifolia.—The fronds are tufted,

94 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

about a foot long, linear-lanceolate and pinnate, the lower pinnze
ternate, becoming binate, or even simple, at top; the pinnules are
linear and glabrous. The stipes is dark-brown and shining. This
is a native of the western side of the continent of South America,
the Sandwich Isles, &c. ; requires a sub-tropical climate. Useful
in large bouquets.

16. Pteris (Doryopteris) sagittifolia.—- Very distinct and
effective in a bouquet. ‘The fronds are simple, elongate-arrow-
shaped, at the end of a slender black stipes; they grow in tufts,
and are from six to nine inches or a foot in length. A native of
Brazil, and requires a stove temperature. A good tuft in a pot
makes a pretty variety among others.

17. Péteris (Doryopteris) hastata.—This plant has the same
habit as Doryopteris sagittifolia. In this, however, the shape of
the frond is hastate-sagittate, the basal angles being prolonged and
divergent. The stipes is dark-purple, and the frond is a foot or more
in length. It is from Brazil, and requires a tropical climate.

18. Pteris (Doryopteris) palmata.— The fronds of this species
are palmate, the central division twice-cleft, the others once-cleft,
into broad lance-pointed segments. They are nearly a foot high,
including the stipes, which is two-thirds of the height. A native
of Caraccas, and requires a tropical climate. The plant forms a
rigid tuft, and may be grown as a pot specimen as well as being
used for large bouquets.

19. Pteris longifolia—Elegant, but one of the larger habited
kinds. 'The fronds are a foot-and-a-half or two feet long, pinnate,
with opposite, narrow-elongate, almost linear pinnee. The smaller
fronds afford a nice variety in form for large bouquets. ‘The
habit is tufted, and a good mass is effective as a pot specimen.
It is West Indian, and requires a tropical climate.

20. Pteris serrulata. —An East Indian plant, requiring a
tropical climate. It is rather common, but a good mass forms
an elegant potted specimen, and the smaller fronds, with their
long drooping pinne, have a very good appearance in large
bouquets. The fronds grow up in tufts, and are from a foot to
18 inches long, pinnate, with narrow, elongate, opposite droop-
ing pinnee, decurrent along the rachis, the lower ones divided
into three or five segments, which are also narrow-elongate, or
grass-like. From the drooping habit of the fronds, a mass has a
very pretty effect. ’

21. Pteris heterophylla.—A very neat and elegant dwarf
species, growing about 6 inches in height. The fronds are bi-
pinnate, with cuneate, oblong, shining pinnules. Its small size
renders it well suited for small bouquets. Its general aspect is
something like an enlarged Asplenium Rutumuraria. It is a
Jamaica species, and requires a tropical climate.

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 95

22, Adiantum macrophyllum.—This fine plant grows from a
foot toa foot-and-a-half high. The fronds are pinnate, the pinnze
large, broad, and sub-opposite, acutely sub-falcate, with the
margins inciso-serrate. They are of a beautiful green, contrast-
ing admirably with the black rachis. Very effective in large
bouquets, or grown ina pot. It isa native of the West Indian
islands, and requires a tropical climate.

23. Adiantum lucidum.—This species grows about a foot high,
and has pinnate fronds, with acute falcate pinne, set on the rachis
by the lower angle of their base. It is a desirable kind either
for large bouquets or for pot-culture. A native of Jamaica, and
requires a tropical climate.

24. Adiantum setulosum.—Very delicate and elegant, proper
for pot-culture as a small ornamental specimen, and the smaller
mature fronds suitable for small bouquets. It grows a foot high,
with bipinnate fronds, the lower pinne being bipartite ; the pin-
nules are dimidiate, curved, oblong-obtuse, crenated along the
superior margin. It is from Norfolk Island, and thrives well in
a sub-tropical climate.

25. Adiantum curvatum.—One of the pedatifid species. It
is Brazilian, and requires a tropical climate. The fronds grow
2 feet high, and are very elegant, the several long narrow
branches being pinnate, with lanulate, or oblong-curved, crenated
pinnules. Elegant for large bouquets, or for pot-culture.

26. Adiantum Capillus- Veneris.— The British maidenhair
Fern. The black hairlike stalks of the fronds of this species sup-
port little fan-shaped leaflets or pinnules, which are irregularly
notched around the margin. The fronds are very delicate and
eraceful, and mature ones, as of most of even the delicate adian-
tums, are suitable for bouquets, as they do not rapidly perish.
This is certainly one of the most interesting and beautiful of the
indigenous Ferns. ‘‘ 'T'wo fronds, with two spikes of mignonette
at the back of a white camellia, make a splendid bouquet.” It
likes warmth, and also a good share of shade and moisture, flou-
rishing admirably in a house among the tropical Ferns.

27. Adiantum trapeziforme.—One of the larger adiantums
and one of the most striking in its appearance. The fronds grow
2 feet high, and are supradecompound, with a shining black rachis
and stipes, and bright-green rhomboidal pinnules, lengthened out
at the upper exterior angle into a taper point; they are attached
by wiry stalks, so as to become agitated by a slight breeze.
Grown as a large pot specimen, it is very ornamental, furnish-
ing a good supply of fronds suitable for large bouquets. It isa
South American species, and requires a tropical climate.

28. Adiantum pubescens —A. New Zealand species, succeed-
ing well in a warm close greenhouse. The fronds are suitable

96 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

for bouquets of moderate size, and are very elegant, being of the
pedatifid class, that is, divided into several branches from the top
of the rachis; the branches are long, drooping, and feather-like.
The fronds are a foot high, about 6 inches of which height forms
a slender wiry stipes, which becomes forked into about seven
narrow pinnate branches or pinne; the pinnules have a rhom-
boidal outline, and are pretty thickly set.

29. Adiantum cuneatum.—This, one of the prettiest, grows
from 6 to 8 or 10 inches high, with the fronds more or less
curved or nodding. The fronds are pinnate, with twice or thrice-
divided branches, the rachides of which and the little footstalks
of the pinnules are of hair-like delicacy ; the pinnules are between
rhomb and wedge shaped, and are deeply gashed. It is altoge-
ther very elegant, and when not grown too luxuriantly is parti-
cularly adapted for small bouquets. It is a Brazilian species,
and requires a tropical climate.

30. Adiantum hispidulum.—A. very delicate and pretty
species, clothed with fine hairs. It grows 6 or 8 inches high,
the fronds alternately branched, the rachides of the lengthened
branches being elegantly curved, and bearing small rhomb-shaped
pinnules. It is well suited for bouquets. Introduced from New
Holland, and requires a warm temperate climate.

31. Onychium lucidum.—<A very neat habited Fern, with a
somewhat creeping caudex, bearing smooth, light, graceful fronds
which measure from 8 to 18 inches in length, and are supra-
decompound, with the narrow ultimate divisions of the pinnules
deeply notched. It may appropriately be used for bouquets ac-
cording to its size, and is very elegant when growing. <A native
of Nepal, and thrives in a sub-tropical climate.

32. Blechnum gracile.—A graceful tufted-growing species,
attaining a foot or less in height, pinnate, the fronds having about
four pairs of lanceolate, subfalcate, denticulate pinne, and anau-
ricled terminal, one 2 inches long. Native of Brazil, and requiring
a tropical climate. It forms avery pretty variety for bouquets.

33. Blechnum polypodioides.—A Brazilian species, with nar-
row curving lance-shaped fronds, a foot long or_upwards, fur-
nished with short oblong bluntish pinnee, which decrease in size
towards both extremities of the frond. The fronds grow in a
tuft, and from their form and curving disposition have a very
elegant effect, both on the plant and when cut for bouquets. It
requires a tropical climate.

ASPLENIE.

34. Asplenium lucidum.—A large growing but very striking-
looking species, ornamental when grown asa good specimen, and
the smaller fronds suitable for Jarge bouquets. The texture is

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 97

leathery, the fronds pinnate, 2 feet high, with narrow elliptic
acuminated, serrated pinnz, which are deep green, and havea
shining upper surface. It isa native of New Zealand, and thrives
in a sub-tropical climate.

35. Asplenium marinum.—The fronds of this English species
are leathery and pinnate, the pinnate being of an oblong form and
crenately serrate on the margins; they are from 6 to 10 inches
long, and grow ina tuft. Either as an entire plant, or cut for
bouquets, this is a good-looking object.

36. Asplenium elongatum.—A. Malacca species, with some-
thing like the appearance of our native sea spleenwort (A. mari-
num), but having lighter, more elongated fronds. These are a
foot long, quite narrow, and pinnate, with oblong lanceolate
pinne. ‘The fronds of this species, which grow in a tuft, might
be employed in the construction of bouquets. It requires a tro-
pical climate.

37. Asplenium auritum.—The fronds of this species are tufted,
broadly lanceolate, a foot or upwards in length, with opposite
narrow-lanceolate pinne, set on at right angles with the rachis ;
these pinne are from 1 to 2 inches long, acuminate, and inciso-
serrate, with an auricle at the base on the upper side. They
havea shining surface. It is a West Indian species, and requires
a tropical climate. ‘The fronds are suitable for large bouquets,
or make a very good appearance on the plant.

38. Asplenium monanthemum.—Very beautiful, either as a
small pot specimen, or cut for small bouquets. The fronds are
slender, 6 to 9 inches high, pinnate, with obtuse trapeziform
pinne, having the upper edge crenated. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope and of Madeira. May be grown in a warm green-
house climate, though it thrives well associated with tropical
Ferns.

39. Asplenium formosum.—An erect growing and very pretty
species. ‘The fronds grow about a foot in height, and are pinnate,
with close-set oblong crenated pinne. It forms a very neat pot-
plant of the smaller sort ; the fronds are also very suitable for
bouquets. <A native of Caraccas, and requires a tropical climate.

40. Asplenium Adiantum nigrum.—This ranks among the
handsomer of our indigenous Ferns, and is also a rather common
one. It is of a tufted habit, but the fronds are spreading and
curved downwards ; they are shining and elegantly cut, some-
times twice and sometimes thrice-pinnate. It requires a light
soil, and may be grown wellina frame, The fronds are suitable
for bouquets, and being of a thick rigid texture, they are very
enduring ; they are from 6 to 8 inches long.

41. Asplenium fragrans.— A moderate-sized species with
finely divided fronds, which are of a gracefully drooping habit,

58 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

thick and leathery in texture, and having a smooth shining sur-
face. The fronds are from 6 inches to a foot long, twice, some-
times thrice-divided, the lobes being narrow and serrated. The
fronds may be used in bouquets, the smaller ones in small hand
bouquets; the entire plant is very elegant. It is a Jamaica
species, and requires a stove climate.

42. Asplenium (Darea) cicutarium.—A very elegant-tufted
growing species, with pinnate decurved fronds, the branches of
which are set with finely-divided pinnules. Its colour is usually
a pale green. The fronds vary from six inches to’a foot in
length; and may be employed, according to their size, in
bouquets; but the entire plant is very elegant. A native of
Jamaica, and requires a stove temperature.

43. Asplenium (Darea) viviparum. A remarkable looking
Fern, with small ovate fronds, divided into very narrow needle-
shaped segments. ‘The fronds are tripinnate, and the pinne
being rather close, they look something like a mass of inter-
woven threads. ‘These fronds, which form a tuft, are frequently
viviparous, a circumstance which often occurs also in several
other Ferns. Pretty and distinct for bouquets. It requires a
stove climate, being a native of the Mauritius.

44, Asplenium (Darea) diversifolium.—Remarkable for the
various leafing of the fronds, and withal a very elegant plant.
The fronds grow in a tuft two feet high: some are bipinnate,
with the pinnules broad, roundish, and notched; others are
tripinnate, the pinnules being again divided into numerous (9-12)
linear segments. It is a native of Norfolk Island, and though
it does not require a hot climate, yet it thrives well in a house
with tropical species. Useful for large bouquets.

45. Asplenium (Acropteris) canariense.— A very elegant
species, the fronds being a foot-and-a-half or two feet long,
twice pinnate, with the points of the pinne much attenuated
and deeply incised. ‘The pinnules are elongate, wedge-shaped
at the base, with about two deep incisions. It is a greenhouse
species, native of Teneriffe; the size of the fronds renders them
suitable only for large bouquets, but their singularly laciniated
fronds are well adapted for this use. The plant is very orna-
mental in the growing state; the fronds grow in a tuft.

46. Asplenium (Acropteris) premorsum.—A singular-looking
yet elegant plant, in the way of the last; the tufted fronds are
bipinnate, a foot or more in length; the pinne being divided
into alternate sessile wedge-shaped pinnules, the apices of which
are bluntish, and more or less gashed and toothed. It is a
Jamaica species, and requires a tropical climate. ‘The plant is
ornamental, and the fronds, according to their size, well suited
for bouquets.

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 99

ASPIDIE.

47. Polystichum aristatum.—This is a native of Norfolk
Island, and requires a greenhouse climate; it, however, does
well in a fern-house. ‘The fronds grow in a tuft, a foot high,
and are ovate, lengthened out into a long narrow point; they
are bipinnate, at least at the base of the pinne, which are each
lengthened out into a point similar to the apex of the frond.
The texture is thick, and the colour a shining green, so that
they are well adapted for bouquets.

DICKSONIE,

48, Davallia canariensis.—The well-known Hare’s-foot Fern.
It is a very elegant species, suitable for cutting for large bou-
quets, but also well adapted for pot culture. The fronds are
broadly pentangular, decompoundly pinnate, with very narrow
ultimate divisions; they are of a durable texture. It requires
the climate of a greenhouse, being a natural inhabitant of the
Canaries. It is the slowly-creeping caudex which resembles a
hare’s foot.

ScHIZEACE.

49, Anemia tenella.—A very pretty little plant, with slender
fronds growing in a tuft. The fronds are 6 or 8 inches
high, and consist of a slender stipes three or four inches long,
bearing a barren or leafy branch two or three inches long,
pinnate, with oblong laciniate-pinnatifid pinnules, and a pair of
fertile spikes, which appear almost cylindrical, but in reality are
branched on the same principle as the leafy branch: these fertile
spikes look not unlike the close inflorescence of some kinds of
grass. It is from tropical South America, and requires a
tropical climate.

II. The species which admit of the entire plant being grown
and employed for decorative purposes are more numerous.
Those already enumerated, if cultivated in a superior way, are
amongst the most beautiful of the whole group; but there may
be added to them many others, which are naturally of too large
a size for use in the construction of bouquets.

Thus enlarged, this group will consist of plants that may be
managed in two ways: they may either be grown in pots, to be
removed when in perfection to those situations which it is re-
quired to decorate; or they may be planted on any kind of
artificial substitute for the tree-trunks and rock-surface to which
many of the kinds are found affixed in a state of nature; and
that, according to their constitution, either in structures in

100 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

which an artificial tropical climate is maintained, or in the
natural climate of this country.

Well-grown examples, cultivated in pots, of any of the
species mentioned in this paper (as well as of many others) form
extremely graceful objects when set in vases of elegant design,
the soil in which they are growing being hidden by a covering
of fresh green well-selected moss. Such ornamental objects may
be placed in the shady parts of conservatories, in corridors, or
in the drawing-room with good effect; but the hardier kinds,—
or, if more tender, those of the most rigid texture,—should be
placed in the most exposed positions. It would, moreover, in
the case of all these plants placed in an atmosphere materially
different in its hygrometric condition from that in which they
were grown, be found highly advantageous to the plants to
remove them frequently back again for a period to the respective
situations where their cultivation had been carried out, in order
to recruit them; and that they may not suffer, as they might
otherwise do, from too lengthened an exposure to a drier and a
cooler atmosphere. In all cases where the plants are thus em-
ployed, they should have an abundant supply of water at the
root, to prevent the stagnation of which in the soil great care
must be taken in the potting of the plants, as will be explained
farther on. Besides this, water should never be allowed to
stand in the feeders beneath the pots. In most cases, too, the
plants will be refreshed by a gentle daily syringing, using the
instrument with a very fine rose ; but if the kinds are tender, or
the season be the winter, tepid water only must be used, and the
operation should be performed in a situation where the plants
would not be at all exposed to the influences of a low tempera-
ture or a chilling breeze. It is self-evident that in no case
must the plants be brought out of even a moderately warm
climate to be placed in a position where the temperature is per-
manently materially lower than that they have been habituated
to. Any decrease they may be submitted to, must be brought
about gradually.

PoOLYPODIEA.

50. Polypodium vulgare, var. cambricum.—This is a very
elegant variety of the common polypody. Under slight pro-
tection it is evergreen, and forms in time, by the extension of its
slowly-creeping caudex, a tuft of oblong ovate fronds, deeply
divided on each side into numerous lobes, the margins of which
are again deeply lobed with saw-edged pointed segments. The
protection of a frame is sufficient for this indigenous plant. It
prefers very light soil.

51. Polypodium effusum.—The fronds of this species are

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 101

larger, and supra-decompound. They have avery light feathery
appearance, from the small size and great number of their
ultimate divisions. The plant is only suitable for pot-culture,
but in that state is very elegant when somewhat checked in its
‘vigour. It is a Jamaica species, requiring a tropical climate.

52. Gymnogramma tartarea.—A free-growing plant, a good
tuft, forming a fine-looking pot specimen. The fronds are two
feet or more in height, and of a broad oval outline, bipinnate,
with lance-shaped slightly faleate deeply-notched pinnules, the
under side of which is covered with a white powder. It isa
West Indian species, and requires a tropical climate.

53. Gymnogramma calomelanos.— This species, the fronds
of which grow in tufts from one to two feet high, with bipinnate
broadly-lanceolate fronds, and pinnatifid lanceolate-acuminate
pinnules, has the under surface of the pinnules covered with a
white mealy powder. It is suitable for pot culture, and requires
a tropical heat, being a native of the West Indies. This and
the preceding are of the class sometimes called Silver-Ferns, from
the whiteness of the surface of their fronds.

54. Gymnogramma chrysophylla.—Of the same habit and
size as the two preceding, and also belonging to that set of Ferns
which are remarkable from having one or both surfaces of the
fronds more or less covered with a coloured powder. In this
species the powder, chiefly confined to the under side of the
pinnules, is yellow. The fronds are bipinnate. It is a West
Indian plant, and requires a tropical climate; a large specimen
in a pot is very ornamental, in consequence of the drooping or
curving habit of the fronds.

55. Gymnogramma sulphurea.—The fronds of this West
Indian species are about a foot long, and bipinnate; they are
more delicate than those of the last species, and covered more
copiously, and on both surfaces, with yellow mealy dust. It
requires a tropical climate. The species which have this yellow
dust are sometimes called Gold Ferns.

56. Gymnogramma cherophylla.—This species grows from a
foot to 18 inches high, the fronds in tufts, ovate-deltoid, thrice
pinnate, or sometimes still more highly compound ; the ultimate
segments are small and narrow. It is from South America, and
needs a tropical climate.

PTERIDE.

57. Pteris (Cassebeera) hastatu.—This species varies from
about a foot to 2 feet in height, the fronds dark-green, bipinnate,
with ovate-lanceolate sub-hastate pinnules; the stipes and rachis
black and shining. It forms a good-looking pot specimen, con-

VOL. Iv. I

102 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

trasting with many others by its heavy colouring. A greenhouse
species, native of the Cape of Good Hope.

58. Pteris (Platyloma) faleata.—A New Holland species,
cultivable in a greenhouse. ‘The fronds grow in tufts from 1 to
2 feet long, erectish, pinnate, with opposite sickle-shaped pinne.
It forms a distinct-looking pot specimen.

59. Pteris cretica.—The fronds of this plant grow in a tuft,
and are from a foot to 18 inches high, pinnate, with opposite
elongate-lanceolate pinne, the lowermost of which are 2 or
3-parted. It is an elegant plant. Itis a native of Candia, and
requires a greenhouse climate.

60. Blechnum Spicant.—This common, hardy, indigenous
species forms a splendid tuft when grown luxuriantly. The
fronds are of two kinds, barren and fertile, the latter more
erect and taller than the former; both kinds are narrow-
lanceolate, the barren ones pectinate-pinnatifid, the fertile ones
pinnate, with still narrower and more distant segments. ‘The
barren fronds may be used in bouquets according to their size, but
a luxuriant tuft is very ornamental. To attain this luxuriance
the shelter of a frame, a large-sized pot, and a rather abundant
supply of moisture are requisite. The fronds perish in the
autumn, and are renewed in spring.

61. Blechnum australe.—This species has lance-shaped pin-
nate fronds a foot or more in length, thickly set with cordate-
lanceolate pinne. The fronds curve gracefully, and form an
elegant tuft when in a good state of development. It requires a
sub-tropical climate, being a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

62. Doodia Kunthiana.—A_ pinnate-fronded plant, which
may be cultivated ina greenhouse. The fronds grow from 1 to
2 feet long ; the pinne are ovate or lance-shaped, fringed with
prickly serratures. When growing luxuriantly it becomes a not
inelegant pot-plant, the fronds becoming somewhat drooping.
It appears to be an Australian species.

ASPLENIEZ.

63. Athyrium Filix-femina.—This is one of the most beau-
tiful of Ferns, and is very suitable for pot-culture. It is one of
the larger class, the fronds growing from 2 to 3 feet long;
they are bipinnate, gracefully drooping, and of light feathery
composition. It is hardy, being indigenous to this country, but
bears a moderate degree of heat well. ‘The fronds die in autumn,
and are renewed annually in the spring.

64. Athyrium Filix-femina, crispum.—This grows like a
tuft of curled parsley, the apices of the fronds, which are not
more than 6 or 8 inches long, being, as well as the apices of the
pinne, proliferous. It is a monstrosity, but is a very elegant

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 103

pot Fern. The fronds of this also perish, and are renewed annu-
ally. It should be grown ina frame.

ASPIDIEZ.

65. Lastrea decurrens.—An elegant plant, with lance-shaped
fronds growing in a tuft; they are a foot and upwards in length,
and have alternate decurrent pinnee, which are pinnatifid with
rounded lobes. It is a native of China, and does well in a
warm greenhouse climate.

66. Lastrea rigida.—The fronds of this species are 2 feet
long when well grown, and are twice pinnate, and of a lanceo-
late figure; the pinnules are very elegantly cut, and the whole
plant is ornamental. It is hardy, being a native species, oc-
curring on limestone mountains in the north of England. If
grown for ornamental purposes, it should be kept in a frame.
The fronds are annual.

67. Polystichum Lonchitis.—The Holly Fern: it is remark-
able among the indigenous species of Ferns for its narrow pinnate
fronds of rigid texture, having the subfalcate pinne fringed
with spiny serratures. It is a rare native species, requiring
plenty of drainage in a cultivated state. Besides the elegant
appearance of the entire plant, small fronds of this kind may be
used in bouquets.

68. Polystichum angulare, and a variety named P. a. an-
gustatum,* are exceedingly beautiful pot-plants of the larger
class. ‘The fronds grow from 2 to 3 feet long, and are bipinnate,
gracefully drooping, and having a feathery lightness of appear-
ance. They are perfectly hardy, and, under protection, become
almost evergreen. ‘They require large pots, and to have space
to spread their fronds. A frame is sufficient protection, but
they do well fully exposed.

69. Nephrolepis exaltata.—This forms a very elegant pot-
plant, the extremely long, narrow, pinnate fronds drooping in
most graceful curves when sufficient space is allowed them.
The fronds, which form a tuft, are from 2 to 3 feet long, the
pinne lance-shaped, an inch or two in length. They assume a
somewhat more graceful aspect when in some degree checked
than when allowed to become very luxuriant, which, being a
free-growing plant, they have a tendency todo. It is a native
of Jamaica, and requires a tropical climate.

* Handbook of British Ferns, intended as a Guide and Companion in
Fern Culture; with engravings of all the species, and the principal varieties.
By Thomas Moore, F.B.S. E. and L. London, Groombridge.

12

104 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

DICKSONIE.

70. Davallia elegans.—This species, which is generally dis-
tributed over the East Indies, as well as tropical New Holland,
has tall sub-coriaceous fronds, three or four times divided. It
is, in fact, a highly compound Fern of considerable size, and
really very elegant when grown to perfection as a pot-plant.
Being a tropical species, it requires a tropical climate under arti-
ficial cultivation.

GLEICHENIACER.

71. Gleichenia microphylla.—This is an Australasian species,
with dichotomously-divided fronds, the branches pinnate, and
the pinnz divided into small close segments. The habit is sin-
gular and interesting. It should be cultivated in a warm close
greenhouse.

ScHIZEACE.

72. Lygodium scandens.—A climber, extending 10 or 12
feet in length. The stems throw off opposite branches ; these
branches are decompound, the divisions being mostly ovate, and
on the fruitful parts of the frond fringed round the margin with
even, oblong, projecting, teat-like masses of fructification. It
is a most elegant climbing plant, native of the East Indies, and
requiring a tropical climate.

713. Anemia Phyllitidis.—A very distinct Fern, forming a tuft
of stems, growing from 1 to 2 feet high, or more according to the
strength of the plant and the circumstances of its growth. Each
perfect stem bears a barren branch or leaf, and a fertile branch,
which latter looks somewhat like the close panicle of some
grass. The leafy branch is pinnate, with a few large, ovate
leaflets, so that the branch has something the appearance of a
leaf of the common ash-tree. A good mass is, however, effective,
from its distinct appearance. It is a native of tropical South
America, and requires a tropical climate.

74. Mohria thurifraga.—This is also a distinct-looking species.
Tt forms a pretty pot plant. The fronds are elegantly cut, narrow-
lanceolate, sub-bipinnate with short alternate pinne, and from
six inches to a foot long. The pinne on the barren parts of the
fronds bear little oblong pinnules, which are deeply lobed, and
these lobes are.again cut into several linear segments. The pin-
nules of the fertile pinne are not incised, but bear the sori along
the margins. A native of the Cape of Good Hope, and requires
a sub-tropical climate.

75. Osmunda regalis.—A truly noble object, when in a high
state of development. It is indigenous, growing in boggy situ-

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 105

ations, The fronds, which form a large tuft, grow erect, two,
four, six, or eight feet high, with opposite pinnate lateral
branches ; the upper part of the stems changed into a mass of
little spikes of fructification, which when mature assumes a
brown colour. Being a large growing plant, it requires a large
pot, and should be kept rather damp at the root,

A few general remarks on the cultivation of Ferns in pots may
here be appropriately appended, and these will be offered under
the following heads:—1. Structures for Ferns; 2. Propagation
of Ferns; 3. Soil and Potting; 4. Atmospheric Conditions ;
5. Watering; 6. Insects.

1. SrrucTuRES FOR FERNS.

Ferns do not in a general way under cultivation associate well
with other plants; orchids, however, are an exception; the
degree of humidity kept up, and the shade afforded, in the case
of orchid houses being favourable to their growth. Low build-
ings are preferable for them, in consequence of the greater
facility with which a close or calm atmosphere can be main-
tained ; and these are all the better if they face the north, for
then a greater degree of light can be allowed them, without so
great a risk of exposing them to bright sun rays, which should,
as far as possible, be avoided.

The tropical Ferns delight in heat; but in regard to its appli-
cation they follow the same laws as other plants, so that no par-
ticular application of the heating power, or medium, is required
in constructing a Fern house. A mild bottom heat is, however,
desirable beneath the stages on which the pots are placed, chiefly
on account of the water which is necessarily thrown down in
raising the required degree of atmospheric moisture, which,
especially if the stages are of stone or slate—two of the best
materials in other respects—causes an injurious chilliness about
the roots.

Of atmospheric moisture these plants need an abundant and
almost unvarying supply in the form of insensible vapour
throughout the entire period of their growth. Even in winter,
though a less degree of moisture should be employed in con-
junction with the lower temperature universally to be adopted at
that season, yet, proportionately with other plants, a large supply
of moisture should, even at that season, be given to such Ferns as
are at all in a growing state. Those of deciduous habit, that is,
those whose fronds die down annually, are the better for being
kept somewhat drier from the time the fronds decay until they
again renew their growth.

So large a supply of atmospheric moisture being required, a

106 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

large extent of evaporating surface should in consequence be
provided ; and in the interior of the house as much absorbent
material as possible should be employed, so that by the aid of
syringing the evaporating surface may be extended almost at
pleasure. In buildings of this kind, if hot water, the best of all
heating mediums, be employed, it should be conducted in pipes
cast with an open trough or gutter on the upper side, to be kept
filled up with water whenever a moist atmosphere is required.
If this trough is divided into compartments, a varying amount
of evaporating surface may be employed, according to the degree
of moisture required. ‘The floor, moreover, should be covered
with a wooden pathway of trellis-work, in order that the bottom
may, when necessary, be flooded with water. With such appli-
ances, skilfully employed, there will be no difficulty in main-
taining the atmosphere, as regards its humidity, perfectly suitable
to the growth of Ferns.

Fern houses should be provided with a shading, to be used in
bright, sunny weather ; at other periods there is no necessity for
nor advantage in its employment. If the building has nota
north aspect, this shading becomes indispensable.

The best of all structures for the growth of exotic Ferns are
low, close pits, in which the due supply of heat and moisture is
provided for. Such situations are only unsuitable for the larger,
coarser growing kinds, which are generally the least of all suit-
able for decorative purposes.

The few hardy species which may be grown for the purpose
of supplying fronds for cutting, or as decorative plants, do well
in a cold frame kept nearly closed, and in which proper attention
is paid to the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere. In
limited establishments the species inhabiting temperate as well as
tropical latitudes may be accommodated in one structure; for
those of temperate climates will bear without material injury,
and in some instances with advantage, the extra heat afforded to
those of the tropics. Where, however, the collection of species
or the number of plants justifies such a course, it will be better to
place these two classes in separate pits or small houses, where it
will be easy to apply a less degree of heat to those which need
the less degree. Under this arrangement, if there are but few
of the hardy group grown, they may be placed along with those
of temperate climes.

‘2, PROPAGATION OF FERNS.

Among Ferns the caudex assumes two distinct forms. In
some species it is horizontally creeping, forming an underground
stem, and throwing up its fronds or clusters of fronds at intervals.
Those of this habit may be propagated by dividing the caudex

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 107

so as to separate the fronds or crowns, with some portion of the
stem (caudex) and roots attached to each; for wherever there are
separate and distinct crowns or buds, though attached to the
same caudex, there is no material difficulty in making separate
plants. In other species the caudex is not creeping, but erect
and usually short; sometimes having only a single crown at the
top, and rarely producing offshoots, in consequence of which
propagation by division is-necessarily tardy ; but at other times
readily dividing into separate tufted crowns, in which case dupli-
cate plants may be obtained by separating these in the usual way,
with roots attached.

The separated plants should be kept rather closer than those
which are established, at least until they have taken fresh root ;
and they are benefited by a light sprinkling of water about twice
aday. In potting, too, they should be fixed firmly, the crown
being just level with or clear of the surface. If they have
humerous roots when newly divided, and these are carefully
adjusted among the soil, they will thus be held firmly; but in
case the roots are few, and the fronds rather preponderating in
weight, a couple of little stakes should be used, to which the
fronds or some of them should be tied, for the purpose of steady-
ing the crowns; this greatly facilitates their rooting, which is,
on the other hand, prevented or delayed, when they are moved
to and fro by every disturbing cause. The rooting of a delicate
plant is generally facilitated by covering it directly with a bell-
glass, which, however, should be dispensed with, gradually, as
soon as the plant has become fairly established.

Ferns may also be propagated by their seeds, technically called
spores. ‘These spores are enclosed in minute cases collected to-
gether into masses, usually on the under surface of the fronds,
but sometimes at their margins, and occasionally on branches
quite distinct from the leafy parts of the plants. They are very
minute, and quite indistinguishable in appearance from fine brown
dust; yet when scattered over any constantly damp surface
they become developed as living individuals. Thus from atoms
almost imperceptible, spring up plants which in some instances
attain the stature of trees, and not uncommonly reach the height
of from 5 to 10 feet. The manner in which the process of deve-
lopment proceeds in these cryptogams must appear exceedingly
curious to those who have only watched the germination of the
seeds of phzenogamous plants. At the first, a small dull-green
cellular crust or scale of almost transparent texture appears; by
degrees this extends—slowly, and its margins become crisped or
indented ; then at one point of the margin a gradual thickening
takes place, downwards as the nucleus of the future root, and
upwards as that of the future fronds; next, a small pale-green

108 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 7

leaf-like body, usually transparent, and nearly or quite simple, is
seen to spring up; subsequently, at the base of this rises another
somewhat more perfect—more divided, if the mature frond is a
compound one—and afterwards each succeeding development
approaches, though by slow degrees, nearer and nearer to the
condition of the mature plant, which maturity is not attained
until a considerable though varying period of time has elapsed.
Until they have nearly or quite reached maturity, seedling Ferns
are exceedingly puzzling.

I may quote here the following remarks which I have had
occasion to make elsewhere,* on the process of raising Ferns from
the spores :—

** Half-fill some shallow wide-mouthed pots with broken
crocks, and on this put a layer of about 2 inches of little lumps
of spongy peat soil mixed with soft sandstone, broken in small
lumps, of the sizes of nuts and peas; this compost should not be
consolidated. Next, shake or brush very gently over a sheet of
white paper, a frond of the species to be propagated; the fine
brown dust thus liberated consists of the spores in greater or less
quantity, intermixed with more or less of the spore-cases, some
of which usually become detached in the course of the process.
This dust is then to be regularly and thinly scattered over the
rough surface of the soil, which is immediately to be covered
with a bell-glass large enough to fit down close within the pot
rim. ‘The pots are at once to be set in feeders, and these are to be
kept filled up with water; they may either be placed under a
hand-glass in a cold frame, or in a greenhouse, as may be most
convenient. Some time, varying according to the freshness or
otherwise of the spores, will probably elapse before germination
commences. ‘The first indications of germination will consist in
the appearance of little patches of a green crust resembling a
liver-wort ; subsequently, small imperfect fronds will appear, and
these will become more and more perfect in succession. During
this time the supply of water must be kept up, and the glasses
kept close over the young plants. When two or three fronds are
developed, the glasses should be tilted on one side for a short time
every day, and ultimately entirely removed, the pots still being
retained under a hand-glass ; after a week or two they may be
taken up, carefully separated, and potted singly in small pots.
The young plants should still be kept under a hand-glass until
established, and then removed to a cold close frame, gradually
inured to the degree of exposure respectively proper for each,
and ultimately submitted to the same treatment as the mature
plants.”

pate —_—

* Hand-book of British Ferns.

FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 109

The foregoing directions refer to the hardy species. Hixcept-
ing that in this case the seed-pots may be placed in the Fern-
house, they apply equally to the more tender kinds. The surface
of the soil ought not to be watered after the spores are sprinkled
on it, as the water is liable to wash them away, and the soil will
be kept sufficiently moistened by capillary attraction if the
saucers beneath the pots are kept filled up with water. It is also
advisable to roast the soil employed, in order to kill the germs of
any other plants that may be contained in it.

8. Sort AND PorrinaG.

A good general compost for pot Ferns may be formed of fibrous
heath-soil broken up into lumps as large as walnuts (or smaller
for small pots), and of perfectly decayed leaf-mould, these two
ingredients being used in about equal proportions. To this is to
be added a greater or less quantity of clean gritty sand, the larger
quantity of this ingredient being employed for the smaller and
more delicate rooted of the species, and the lesser quantity for
the more robust kinds, which latter are further benefited by the
addition of about a fourth part of turfy loam. The ingredients
of this compost ought to be very intimately blended. When
used for potting, the soil should be in a medium state between
wet and dry, rather inclining to the latter.

The pots are to be prepared by placing a large flat piece of
potsherd over the hole in the bottom, and on this a layer of broken
bricks, potsherds, or charcoal, sufficient to fill up from one-
fourth to one-third of the depth of the pot; the broken crocks
for the sinaller pots should be of the size of peas and nuts, and
for the larger pots twice that size. On these place some of the
fragments of the turfy soil. Set the plant in the pot so that its
crown may be about level with the pot rim, or rather above it,
and then fill in among its roots carefully with the soil, throwing
in, as the process proceeds, a handful or two, or more, of small
lumps of charcoal, such as have been already alluded to; the
whole should be wnade moderately firm. When the plants are
removed to their respective positions they should have a thorough
watering. Provided that the proper precautions are taken to
secure efficient drainage, the pots may with advantage be rather
large. Thus a strong plant of a species bearing fronds of a foot
or so in length should have a pot of at least a foot in diameter ;
and a species producing fronds of half this size may be placed in
a pot 5, 6, or 8 inches across, according to the size and vigour of
the tuft or crown.

Excepting in the case of some of the most delicate kinds,
which require a little extra care and nicety in the operation, one
mode of potting may be recommended for all the species con-

110 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

templated in these remarks, whether they are indigenous or
exotic, hardy or tender. Some of the most vigorous-growing
species may, perhaps, not actually require so much nicety in the
performance of the operation as that here directed ; but as they
are to be grown into objects of ornament, and not of mere exist-
ence, it is proper that each act of culture should be well per-
formed.

4. ATMOSPHERIC ConDITIONS.

A moist climate has been already spoken of as generally favour-
able to the development of Ferns. In adapting a climate to
suit the tropical species, it will therefore be necessary to render
the atmosphere hygrometrically charged in accordance with the
extra heat which these require. Saturation of the atmosphere
should, in fact, be almost unvaryingly maintained, at least while
the plants are in a growing state. In winter, when the temper-
ature is kept lower than during the remainder of the year, rather
less moisture should be dispersed in the atmosphere; but those
plants whose fronds are persistent through the winter must not
at any time be kept in a very arid climate.

The tropical species require an average day temperature of
about 70°, decreased to 60° in winter, and lowered at night to
55° or 50°. The species which are natives of temperate climates
require a day temperature ranging from 40° to 60°, permanently
lower in winter than in summer, and in all cases lower by night
than by day: from 385° to 40° will be a sufficiently high night
temperature.

The hardy and half-hardy species may be placed in a frame
kept moderately close at all times, and in winter covered at
night with mats. The hardy species do not absolutely need this
protection, but the shelter thus afforded is favourable to their
development. In a green-house temperature, the indigenous
Lady-fern is an object of exquisite elegance. Shade, during
bright sunny weather, is decidedly advantageous to these plants.

5. WATERING.

Ferns should never be suffered to become dry. When growing,
they require a free supply of water at the roots; but when at
rest, or partially so, a moderate quantity, enough to keep the
roots fresh and succulent, is sufficient. ‘They luxuriate, how-
ever, ina damp atmosphere, and are consequently much benefited
by being frequently sprinkled over-head with pure water; and
this is especially the case with all those species which are culti-
vated in an artificially elevated temperature. Rain-water, or at
least soft water, should be made use of; and for those which are
grown in a warm climate, it should always be used in a tepid

i

NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 1

state. Though they will not flourish without an abundant supply
of moisture, yet it should never be allowed to stagnate about the
crown or the roots.

6. INSECTS.

With ordinary care, Ferns are not liable to suffer material
injury from the attacks of insects. ‘The young fronds, however,
when but partially developed and in a very succulent state, are
sometimes attacked by aphides, which, if not removed, do them
considerable injury. ‘The remedy, however, is simple. The
damp atmosphere, and the frequent washings and syringings
which the plants ought to have, are greatiy conducive to rid
them of insects as well as filth of every description.

NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S
GARDEN.

9. NAVARRETIA PUBESCENS. Hooker and Arnott.

Raised from seeds received from Mr. Hartweg, January 5,
1848, and said to be found in fields about Sonoma, in
California.

A dwarf, branching, hairy plant, not more than six inches
high. Leaves bipinnatifid, with linear, acute, somewhat divari-
cating lobes. Flowers small, in close heads, greyish blue, with
a purple tube less than half an inch long, a dark eye, and promi-
nent white anthers. The lobes are nearly round, and overlap
each other. The herbage has little smell.

A hardy annual, requiring the same kind of treatment as
Gilias, Leptosiphons, and similar hardy annuals. The seeds
should be sown thickly in the open borders in spring; the plants
grow about six inches in height, and flower in June and July.
It is rather showy when seen in masses.

June 27, 1848.

10. NAVARRETIA COTULEFOLIA. Hooker and Arnott.

Raised from. seeds received from Mr. Hartweg in May,
1847, and January, 1848, and said to be an annual
growing only two inches in height, in fields about
Sonoma, in California.

Stem straggling, reddish, scarcely hairy. Leaves soft, pin-
natifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, with nearly terete, linear, acute

112 NEW PLANTS, ETC,

segments. Flowers in close axillary heads, on stalks shorter than
the leaves, small, white, inconspicuous, with linear segments ‘to
the corolla. Calyces very spiny. Smell of the herbage foxy
and disagreeable.

A hardy annual, requiring the same kind of treatment as
Leptosiphons. The seeds should be sown thickly in the open
border in spring. It flowers in June and July, and is suitable
for rockwork, growing about two inches high.

June 28, 1848.

11. LimNnAnTHES ALBA.* SHartweg.

Seeds were sent from California by Mr. Hartweg.

Like L. rosea, this has the habit of Limnanthes Douglasii, but
the flowers are white, not yellow or pink, and their stalks are
very long. It is of interest in gardens, chiefly for the decoration
of heavy damp places, where better flowers will not grow. In
such situations all the species thrive and become ornamental, re-
taining their freshness and flowering incessantly through the
whole summer.

It may be a question whether they would not be useful salads,
as they all possess the agreeable warmth of ‘Tropzolums without
being quite so pungent.

Nov. 22, 1848.

12. CALLISTEMON BRACHYANDRUM.T

The seeds received from his Excellency Captain Grey, said
to have been collected on the north coast of Australia,
in 1843.

A stiff bush, with the habit of other species of the genus, but
with deep-green, narrow, pungent, channelled leaves, having con-
spicuous dots on the under side, and no veins. The spikes of
flowers are loose, and not more than 2 inches long, with very
downy calyxes, the number of whose divisions varies from 5 to 6.
The petals are dirty white, short, downy, concave, and inconspi-
cuous. ‘The stamens are deep rich crimson, not more than twice
as long as the petals, and quite straight; the anthers are of a

* L. alba ; foliis elongatis pinnatis, laciniis sessilibus ovatis acutis integris
trilobisque, pedunculis longissimis, calycibus pilosis, petiolis basi barbatis.
ey L.

+ C. brachyandrum ; ramis teretibus pubescentibus, foliis linearibus pun-
gentibus canaliculatis enerviis, calyce tomentoso, petalis ineequalibus pubes-
centibus staminibus sanguineis duplo brevioribus.—J. L.

1138

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN.

Callistemon brachyandram.

114 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

bright golden yellow, and form a beautiful contrast. This
shortness of the stamens is a striking feature in the species.

It is a small hardy greenhouse shrub, which grows freely in a
mixture of sandy loam and peat. It is increased by cuttings of
the young wood in the usual way, and flowers from August to
November. It is handsome enough to deserve general] cultivation.

Nov. 25, 1848.

18. ErPIDENDRUM GRAVIDUM.*

Received from Mr. Hartweg, in February, 1837, and said
to be collected at Xapatam, in Mexico.

This curious species has a scape nearly 6 inches high, bearing at
the end about four long-stalked, horizontal green flowers, which
never open, but stand on the end of a large fusiform deep olive-
green ovary, covered with pale-green warts. The stalk of the
ovary is about half an inch long, the ovary itself 14 inch, and
the flower scarcely half an inch.

It is certainly as far removed from beautiful as any plant can
be; but its singular distended ovary, which is not very unlike
a green leech studded with grains of carbonate of lime, has a
most curious appearance. The plant does not seem to possess
the power of opening its flowers, such as they are.

A mere botanical curiosity.

March 16, 1849.

14. Caxi1a macrostacuya. Lindley, in Bentham’s Plante
Hartwegiane, p. 92.

Received some years since from Mr. Hartweg, who col-
lected it in Guatemala; and also from Mr. Skinner.

The expectations respecting the ornamental appearance of this
plant have not been realized. It has been found in a wild state
with a close flower-spike as much as a foot long, and its blossoms
are reported to be deep red; but in cultivation it has hitherto
gained no such size, and the colour is only a pale rose, without
any brilliancy.

It produces ensiform leaves from 1 to 14 inch broad, and nearly
18 inches long, and the flower-spike should stand at nearly the
same height. At the base of the spike are a few broad concave,

* E. gravidum ; scapo paucifloro apice flexuoso leviusculo, floribus pen-
dulis longipedunculatis clausis, pedicellis levibus, ovariis fusiformibus
maximis verrucosis, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus linearibus intermedio
ovato acuto venis elevatis, columne angulis superioribus inflexis.—J. L.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN,

Coelia macrostachya.

115

~

116 NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN.

lanceolate, brownish bracts; and mixed with the flowers them-
selves are many long, narrow, reflexed bracts, whose dull pale
brown colour forms a disadvantageous contrast.

In the accompanying sketch a piece of the flower-spike is
represented of the natural size, with some magnified details of
the structure. 1. Shows the column and lip, seen from the side,
the sepals and petals having been removed; 2. Is a view of the
slipper-shaped lip, seen from above; 3. Is a front view of the
column; and 4, the pollen masses.

It is best treated as the half terrestrial kinds are, and grown in
rather a shady part of the house; it requires but little moisture
or heat, and a light loose material to grow in.

It is a plant of little value.

15. Potyconum Bruwontis. Wallich, Plante Asiatice Ra-
riores, iii. 54; Royle’s Illustrations, t. 80, f. 3.

Raised from seeds received, in April, 1845, from Captain
William Munro, from the northern parts of India.

This, like P. vacciniifolium, already described at page 80 of
the present volume, is a dark-green-leaved trailing half-shrubby
plant, with dwarf ascending stems, which bear spikes of rosy
flowers ; but it is larger in all its parts, and capable of covering
considerable patches with its shoots in the course of a single
summer. Its stems are as thick as a goose quill, long stalked,
lanceolate, a little broader at the end, and when old, marked
with prominent veins round the edges, which gives them the ap-
pearance of being serrated. The stipules are long, membranous,
and convolute, extending into a ribbed lanceolate blade as long
as the petiole, but not at all broken up into fringes. The flowers
are larger and paler than in P. vacciniifolium ; in neither species
do they in this country attain the rich red given them in
Dr. Royle’s plates. Inhabits the mountains of India along with
P. vacciniifolium.

A hardy trailing little shrub, well suited for the decoration
of rockwork,

Sept. 7, 1847.

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. Ly}

XVI.—Tables of Temperature, for the use of Gardeners ;
arranged according to the Latitudes of the respective localities
in which the Observations have been made. By Robert
Thompson.

Tue indigenous objects of horticultural care are few, compared
with the vast number that are exotic. As to these, the first con-
sideration ought to be their natural climates, especially with
reference to temperature, in order to determine, in the first in-
stance, whether they should be treated as hardy, half-hardy,
greenhouse, or stove plants; whether they are suited for only a
mild and nearly equable temperature, or are adapted for sustaining
great extremes of heat and cold. The importance of obtaining
correct data for the determination of these points will be readily
acknowledged. It is remarked in ‘ The Theory of Horticulture,’
p. 102, that ‘ To collect together evidence as to the real amount
of temperature at the different seasons of vegetation, in various
parts of the globe, would be to render a most important service
to horticulture; for it is hopeless to expect that the cultivation
of plants can be perfect, in the absence of one of the first data
that require to be ascertained. What, for instance, are the
terrestrial and atmospheric temperatures of the melon-fields of
Persia, Bokhara, Spain, or Smyrna, where that delicious fruit
acquires its greatest excellence ?”

In general plants will bear the extremes of heat and cold which
occur in their native countries without being killed in conse-
quence of temporary exposure to such vicissitudes ; but they may
be made to perish gradually by subjecting them to a temperature

_ either constantly above or constantly below the mean temperature

of their native climate during the period of vegetation. It
therefore becomes desirable to know the mean temperature, not
only of the whole year, but also of the respective months in every
place from which plants are obtained. This would prevent
serious mistakes and losses in many instances; and, although it

VOL, IV. K

118 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

does not comprise all that could be wished, yet it would form a
good basis.

The larch is now planted as ashelter for the oak, but on its
introduction from Italy it was kept in a greenhouse for years.
Such unnecessary precautions, it may be said, are now obsolete ;
but I may be allowed to remark that, in the absence of data for
estimating the temperatures of particular localities, much injury
may be done, even at the present day. For example: gardeners
often receive plants or packets of seeds with no information re-
specting them, except, perhaps, the name of the country in which
they were originally obtained. If from within the tropics, the
gardener is apt to conclude that the plant must require to be
placed ina stove. Madras is within the tropics, in lat. 13° 4’,
its mean temperature about 82°; that of the coldest month, 763°;
and that of the hottest, 87° or 88°; so that a plant from thence
is certainly a stove-plant. Another place, called Dodabetta, still
nearer the equator, being in lat. 11° 23’, might be supposed to
be fully hotter; but there is a wide difference. At Dodabetta
the mean temperature of the year is only 52° 17’, being no fewer
than 30° below that of Madras. The mean temperature of the
hottest month at Dodabetta is 561°, and the thermometer in the
shade, during two years’ observations, never rose above 69°. In
the Garden of the Society at Chiswick, the mean temperature of
the hottest month averages about 63°; for months the daily
maximum averages above 70°; and instead of never exceeding
69°, as at Dodabetta, the temperature in the shade at Chiswick
has occasionally exceeded 90°. The climate of Chiswick is,
therefore, too hot in summer for plants indigenous to Dodabetta,
and these would certainly be killed if confined in a stove.

The discrepancy between the temperatures of Madras and
Dodabetta is owing to difference of elevation, Madras being
near the level of the sea; whereas Dodabetta is situated on the
Neilgherry Hills, at an elevation of 8640 feet. Elevation is so
important with regard to temperature, that the impossibility of
ascertaining it for insertion for every place in the following

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 119

tables is much to be regretted, as this would have led to a toler-
ably correct estimate of the decrement of temperature due to
elevation in the respective parallels of latitude. As it is, the
places being arranged according to their latitudes, the contrast
thus afforded between the temperatures of places known to be
near the level of the sea, and those at ascertained elevations
where such occur on nearly the same parallel, will doubtless
prove interesting and useful.

The following tables have been drawn up from the Tempera-
ture Tables of Professor Dove, of Berlin, published in the
Report of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, and from other sources. ‘They exhibit the mean tem-
perature of the months, the mean temperature of the seasons, and
of the whole year, the difference of the hottest and coldest months,
and that of summer and winter, the number of years in which
the observations have been made, and the hours of observation.
The seasons are according to the meteorological divisions of the
year: winter including the months of December, January, Feb-
ruary ; spring, those of March, April, May; summer, June,
July, August; and autumn, September, October, November.
In the column showing the hours of observation, the letters
N.Y. indicate that the observations have been reduced by the
a+ 26+ 2e4+ a

6
at 6 A.M., 6 at 3 p.M.,¢ at one hour after sunset, and a’ at 6 A.M.
the following day; that is, the temperature observed at 6 A.M.,
twice the temperature at 3 P.M., twice that at one hour after
sunset, and the temperature at 6 A.M. the following day, are
added together and divided by 6 for the mean temperature of
the twenty-four hours. In other cases, marked *‘ Red.,” the obser-
vations at particular hours have been reduced to the mean by
Bessel’s formula. It would have been very desirable, for the
sake of comparison, ifall the results had been uniformly reduced
to the true mean temperature; but the best formule to be ap-
plied for different countries have not yet been fully agreed upon.

K 2

formula N.Y. = , in which @ is the observation

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

120

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121

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

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LG-LL|68-FL
“GG PP SG
9€-GL\EL-8L
6-19} 1-62
91-19|FF-L9
66-89 61-FL
0$-G2|06-GL
G9-GL\LE-SL
98-18)06-62
G-GLI6L-GL
GL-FG'F9-8S
LG-0L/6P-92
G0-GG/S8-G¢
90-1L|\8€-GZ
G6-12/06-08
88-0L|89-E2
00°84/29-62
69°B8L/E8-LL
G8-6L/Z0-08
0€+18\FS-18
B-GL) Le8l
PL°9L/EL +82
1°} fe}

“AON

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

29

PF LL|SS-18|L9+F8]SS-T8/9S- 18|L8+8L\GG-GL

61-08|EL-18/1G-G8
G8-8L|8E-08/ 49-18
CGeEL\E0-08| +68
08+8L/G1 -G8|€9-08
¢-92/€9-64/96-€8
G8 °ZL|8F-0L/96-69
LE-89/69-89|67-6¢
IF F8/S0-98/19°S8
6-GL| 9-82) 9-62
IT-92/6¢9-18]60-€8
6S +08|69 -28|6F-G8
9€-11}06-L4/08-82
9¢-18/Z¢.18|F1-18
EF-9L)0L-GL|09-FL
09-04/29-19/18-€9
L9-69|#9-89/GP-c9
PL-GLZ| LT -LL/E0-L4
GE-09| 18 -$9|F6-F9
FF+8L/96-08/0F-E8
FG-G8/LT-18/T1-18
Th-PL| LL) Lh
€E-18/L9-€8/EE-68
69-8L/69-8L; LL
¢6-08} -18/96-18
90-G8|69-€8|L8-G8
CF-61| F-08) F°6L

8-6L4}€L-08| -I8
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0 | "ydag |. ‘suy

1G-G8|FF-S8

9F-18

*€8
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68 -S8
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18-68
61-68
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10-€9
IF-LL
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06-22
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6)

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16-96 /00-€6
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18
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124

0 LSI “3e'T

125

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

‘soutoayxo Ayrep ‘ol ‘% saung

OL ‘OL

“souted}xa ATtup ‘suns ‘Z ‘rung

gO Bt a
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UO}sSUTyy

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

126

36-09 GS -€9|&8+E2|91-08/L9-Z8| 18-28] 1F-18]68+92190-02]SS-29|26-F9|E2-09] **

"M13 18 |"N OG 62 |S97271G ‘Q * UYsnsny 39
8h] 1G] +39] .99| GGL] -GL| G-FL]| -G9!] -09] G-EG! .9F] -IP/L88E| “H LE OL |"NOPF 62 pipuy * yseg [DAMVET
IL-L9|GE-L9|SF-1Z|8h-6L/S8+S8/SS-18|1e-F8/bS-L2/SE-0L/60-F9 6G-1G|F6-2S| “* MIG 68 |"N6Z 66 |S9IMIG “A AIT 3g NOT
66-LE\SS-ZS|L1-€9|ZE-29/0L-69/FE-69| LF-89|6G-99/GE-6G/FE-ZS |LG-EFIL1L-SF}O08S af a ‘od ‘od
GF 6F|Z6*1S| 09-9192 -89/9S-O2 | FE- IL|FF-12166-S9 |6F -09|FE+SS |8Z-SFISS-FF/O08S| “AOI ZS |"NE&S 6z pipuy * yeysooyory
¥-6G] 1-09] Z-#9| 1-28] G-88] Z-88] §-98| G-E8| F-EZ} 0-SL| G-29| G-09] °° AAT G6 |"N8I 64 |S97719 ‘(Q * * UOSaATeX)
GZ-69|86-19| 18-G2|ZG-18/E9-E8|G0-F8/F6 -F8| 18-82 | 1E-EL/9S°G9 |8s-G9/T8-09| ** |" ZI BS |"NZL 62 |[S97MIG Q ° = BULY WOW

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8F-0G|66-8S|ZL-02/E6+L2|6G-E8/11-S8i02 -G8}10+18|Z9-SZ|SF-99 |F1-26/99-06]/009 | “HOG LL |"NOG 8@ Dipuy * = * seTMOLING

GP-99/SH-0L|99-FL/Eh-L2|68+82/66-L2/68-EL/ZL-SL\SE-L9|L1-L9 6G-F9|FS-E9!] °° [MFI OT [NGF 8G | SAuounD * ZNAD vyUEG
-8G| -69/61-99| -oZ| -IZ/88-89] G9] -Z9/EL-6SIE1-89| +9G/S%-ScG/OS9T|"M GI OT |"NOE 8 | Sa2umumD * *° vuNnseEy

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GG+8G| G.99|GL-92| -18|/SZ-$8] S-98/SZ-O6|GL-E8| G-G8] +ZL/Gc-F9| G-9S]} °° | HO 62 "NO 8@ mipuy * * Ajplareg
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8G-9F| F-SG|8S-F9}ZO-ZL| L-FL] €-9L] F-FLI/E9-1L| S-¥9] G-9G| G-1S| 1-8h/ S96] “ASL SS [NGF LZ pipuy * npuvunsipy
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127

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

62:2

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

128

69+09|F8+S9|F0-E2/ 8-92) F9-9L|FL-GL ES -€2/80-69]82+-69|9E-69/68-8GS|F8-9S| ** |"M OG F9 |"NOG GE |UM99H ‘777 = =—* Ss BpNULIog
86-69/96+L9|ZL-SS| 98-6¢/€8 -SG/0G-GG|82-E9126-69| 19-€9|L6-F9 | FF-69)6G- 12 Tall "AO 96 | ‘SIL Ze |v2ufp gy * jouhoy jerry
0G-06|0G-L9/Z6-99| 96-S1/60+°G8/ES-S8/68-LL|FL-EL)9E-L9/61-19/FL-€9|S1-6G * MOT 18 [NS &€& |S97019 ‘Q ° 3° YeuuBALg
81-L2L/90+69/Z8-€9| 90-19/€S-8S |€0-GS/G2.29/ 61-9} L869 |S6-G1\80-6L/GL-82) ** | HOG SIT] "S9G TE |“srp yy °° Wag
0-09] €+-Z9| €-GL| GS-8] F- 18} S-F8] L-08} G-G8} L-GL| 4-89} G-09} G-G9| ** MIG G6 |"N FG TE |Sa2MIG "FD * BONO W107
G82} +69) G-G9| -6G] -GS| Gag -6F) 98S] G-E9) GTZ -18]} G-P8) °° | HOP OIL] "SES IE |pyMAsnp re * * YLOX
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129

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130

131

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

9-19

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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18-69
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86-82
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88-02
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hmiye * * ewmoy

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‘SNYIDSSHYT YOOTO AA WOT
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siouyyy * awoysuTMOOTG
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jnayjaauuoey TTAquIMAy, 37
{ie N * Weles WON
ywoX ‘AT TPH Ssowmasey
na1jIaUUuoTD = * WAAVT_ MONT
OVnO) geass
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hayimy * * * yoqeq
haying, * puosiqary,
hoy «8 Se ee
haysny, ea[dounuejsuog

137

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

6 6 = 6C-8L | SITS | FHSS | GLeL9 ] F9-Ch | GIFS | s-F9 [Twa gs aepouenboepy
ae Sj €%-1h | GL-L¥ | 92-6h | 06-09 | 09-02 | 88-8h | LE-66 |"snyonssnyT * P[PTISOM
‘yasuns ‘Z ‘TT ‘estaung 6 06-2h | 09-Lb | GheLF | SS-6F | 06-89 | L6-SP -9G |‘snyonsspyr * wopuPyfl
aaheetiil zi 1\.20-e% |. 6L-L%..|. 26-8h. | PS-0G 21-69 | S5-2> | 01-96. | G40e A ~ - 300 pod
Pa 4 Il-0g | 80-8& | 86-09 | GI-1G | 68-99 | 90-IG | TL-GE a0uDLy * * Zopoyry
"A '‘N =1 | Lech | 81-9% | GF-6 | 6L-09 | 1G-OL | 9-8h | GO-8G | Od “AT * UMOWSSULy
"6 ‘FG ‘2 oz | 1¢-26 | 6-08 | 6F-09 | GL-G9 | be-FPL | G-8G | &L-9F hops °° (OMLONy
‘yasuns ‘Z ‘ast1ung G 19-22 | SG-lP 18-6 G1 6&G F1-89 88-CF LE-O |'SnyonssnAT prlozpog MONT
“i j 09-cr | &S-Lr | 00-L2h | 69-6F | 19-89 | 68-Sh | 06-96 |"SnyansSsDYT ATUL) UMOLE
(9 ‘Bt 8‘) Ft I 1-1F | 68-9% | GL-7G | 42-69 | 68-4 | G1-€9 | 8T-Fe | Drbt0ay © * * STBOL
AON el | $8-1F | 6r-GP | 16-6F | 46-19 | 26-04 | 26-87 | Sh-86 | YOK AT © © SseqomET
Bee PL | gc-ch | 1S-LF | €9-8h | 97-09 | 1F-69 | PG-LF | GI-Le | YOA ‘AT * AroMOs;UOWY
"6 6 ‘L 6 @¢.98 «| -8G-1P° | 99-0G -|-F8-ES (9069...) Co-cy | Igees |"snyonsseyy TOTO ied
"AON bL | Lol | L8-Ph | P6-8F | 1G-TS | 88-69 | 90-24h | IL-86 | 740A NW — Ydinq AN
6°62 v GO-6h | FI-FS 8G-1G | 69-GS 16-92 G8-0¢ 98-96 Siouypy SUOMSULLY 1.10,5
pte F OL-eh | 8&-Lh | 16-Lh | O4-8h | 28-89 | 66-8F | 4L-96 soupy * UWoVoUIMOOT
"6 % “L g ce.1G | LL-pS | L1-1G | 9F-GG | G8-GL | 6-19 | LHF | Munossipy “SHuT_ TOuUNo)
"6 GL F GL.0F | LZ1-9F | 8GeGG | 16-89 | 98-GL | €6-0G | IL-6& | WOT AT * WHOd SPM
"6G ‘L j gg.c¢ | 28-68 | G6-FG | 19-29 | 68-12 “1G | €&-68 |7moioauUoD T[NqUInAY, ‘T
"AON ZL | OL-eSe «| GL-9F 6| 69-LZh | 63-6h | £0.69 | 19-9F | 86-96 | ¥4OT (N° WeTeS YON
‘AN L 9%-0F | 8T-Fr | GG-Lb | S6-LF | O€-L9 | 29-9F | FO-L6 | YO ‘AN TIPH SAouey
*g “@ ‘ostrung j £e.9@ | 08-6b | G8-0G | 19-69 | 82-69 | PSeLh | PH-EE |#mazz,aUU0D *UOAVYMON
"eG L L&-1b | O8-FF | GL-6h | 4E-Sh | L41-0OL | SL-6F | 68-82 og * * uwospnyy
‘ACN lt. | a4-or | 20-Eh | OF-0G | GB-FG | ST-OL | G8-Lb | 1h-66 | YOK ‘AT JUseo[d WMO
6G ‘astamng | FT OS-Tg | 10-G¢ | €8-8G | 89-9 | 9-bL | PL-F9 | 9L-6F haying, * * * yeqeg
"6 G ‘ostIUNg ia! I¢-#% | 80-8 | O&-6G | GE-F9 | SFeGL | LH-CG | G6-LP haying, * * puosiqety,
o1‘s‘s | 21 | e6-8¢ | 249-88 | 6I-GG | GI-19 | @F-69 | 40-09 | &-0F haying °° = *) Bled
“poonped iG GH-OF | GFE | LP-94 99-09 | 9§-I1L | 00-9 | ¥6-0F hayany, etdounuezsu0y
Oo oO oO oO Le} re}
“sO, : : *syyUOUL
“UOTJVAIOSGQ JO Ino Steak M 28 Ss ‘) B°H “Teo XK ‘uN INY | “euros *suttdg ’ “IOPUT AA
jo‘ON JE “WI ts

ih Det aa Oc Si ie he ea ls pe a ig la ae il a IE SL la
‘IWOX O[OYA oy} puv ‘Uosvog yore jo oAnyesoduioy, uLop

.

=

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

138

69-$Z|96-€E|/SE-SF)06 +29) FS-G9 ITS -L9

€9°€9|8G-SS/ Il EF

EL*6E|F1L-1E

6¢9-L7E|SF-8E/99.6F/ 28-19

6-69 |GL-TZ

9F- GZ EL-6E) 86-9F
$G-86)09-LE/6G-LF
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00-09)02-6S/0€-¢9
18-€| 19+ 1S) F8 SF
-LE} +68) 9-1G
86-8G| L0-8&| 0G-6F
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1-92) GE-PE|0L-SF
6°66] F-LE| 3-67
9-16) 1-68|¢6-GF
11-96] [F-FE| 68 .9F
6Z-08| 96 -68/FE-1¢
QF -CG| 86-PE|96-SF
96-6G| 80-88/€%-8F
8h-66/ EE -68| ZE-0¢
IL-1&| 1-68) 49-6F
GO-08|G2-88/12L-0¢
€6-9E| GG-LE|GS-LP
$6-92/ 19-98] L0-LF
16+66| 99.68/96 -9¢
68-16|/6L-GE| 98 .éF
FL-62/ 82-28) 0F -0¢
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89-66) 99-88/L1-6F
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98-69
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90-99
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9-69
66-99
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06-29
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91-TL
88-69
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90-02
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66:49
80-02
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40°89
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80-99
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66-69
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61-29
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81-99
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§6-6¢
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60-99
69-99
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82-95
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"NEP GP] eo ‘AT ° Of) CRankeD
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‘N68 Gh ‘snyonssppy * yYyotmsdy
"N68 GF | yoog yy * * Aueqry
"NSS GP) YOK "AT * * OTM TVET
"NSS GP) YOK “AT * = * ~pueyAoD
‘NSS Gb ‘sdwoy ar =* JaAOpuy
‘NSS GP |‘snyovssppy =* = pjaydaeqy
"NPS GP) YOK “AT ° = BaANQs}eIg
"NIS SP | snyonsspyr * * UeTeg
"N86 Gh) YOK “AT * = * ~~ PAOFXO
"NLG GP| YHOK “AT & * * BORIIT
"N9G GP] Y4OK ‘AT °° BIMOPAL
"NGG GP | Y40Z “AT *° ~— OT [TAMIVO.ID
‘NGS GP |'snyovsspyr = OS plaque
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N. 8& GP |'snyonssnpy"[[0,) SUPBTEM.
"NGI GF \unbryoyyy * * = poujaqd
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"NOL GF |'snyovssppy = *: 104S90.10 AA
‘NOL GF) y4ox ‘AT * * OABMBTAG
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‘ fe}
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"YJUOP, YOvo Jo amnyerodwa J, UBofAL

139

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

“TINWIIxeUl ‘ostIuNg
“ura OT “Gg Sums ‘OT “TTL
KON

‘yosuns “O01 “ZI *

‘yesuns *% ‘astiung
"ACN

*6 ‘% ‘astaung
“AN

*MHOTVAIISGGO JO INO}F{

——_—_——— =

el | 23-sr | Le-9F | Glebe | PL-Sh | GF-GO | FL-Sh | 91-82
9L | #o-$h | Zl-8b | $6-Lh | 8-6h | 26-69 | $9-9b | 8E-Gz
$ 6L-Gh | SL-Lb | 99-bh | G1-8% | 29-99 | Gc-IF | 88.22
91 | 68-0F | 09-4% | 98-9F | 80-8F | 19-29 | $3-eh | 29.9%
8 eL-op | 29-87 | Z1-6h | 6o-1G | 28-69 | LL-9F | ¥B-6E
9 1Z-0¢ | 00-98 | #4-6S | 8T-19 | #0-SL | 88-29 | E8.FF
i 99-1h | eb-Sr | 90-0m | GZ-er | ZI-E9 | 68-6e | 9F-1z
e 41-48 | 0G-0F | 81-0G | 4e-1¢ | 09-69 | 0S.ZP | gece
6L | Sc-rr | OL-Sh | OG-8h | SG-6h | 10-04 | 6F-LZF | 29-Sz
OL | t0-tF | e8-tr | Sb-Sh | GL-2ZF | GG.c9 | ce.FF | I¢-42
It | #3-0m | 68-4% | ZL-FP | €8-GF | 6L-b9 | 1G-ar | G6-Ez
IL | 0G-zr | 06-SP | IG¢-Zh | 08-6% | 00-69 | 6-4 | 08-92
j 19-ch | G0-9¢ | 88-er | 29-9F | 13-99 | E1-cF | 09-02
8 $L-Oh | G8-Gh | SS-Fr | 88-GF | G0-G9 | F6-ch | Te.¥z
zp | grec | o9-ee | 98-8P | ZF-IG | 20-02 | 80-9% | 88-2z
cl | 2b-cp | 38-ch | 6L-bh | 1e-9F | G8-G9 | 89-EF | Ge.Egz
ZL | 60-68 | 8G-er | Le-Lh | 6F-SF | LZ-L9 | EL-SF | 81-8z
et | op-or | 06-4% | 6-Ze | L£1-0G | 242-89 | 9g-cF | L9-2¢
§8 Lc-6e | G6-1h | 09-6% | 41-0 | 9F-OL | LZh-9F | 68-08
te «| 19-cr | LeeLe | 19-8h | €9-0G | ST-0L | 6z-9% | FE-LzG
+L | 08-e7 | 6-9% | 8L-9F | 90-8F | 249-49 | ZI-cF | 298.ez
Il | 92-e¢ | 63-8h | 16-Gh | 06-24% | 76-29 9-Eh | 8L-aF
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j 18-¢h | Gl-sp | 28-17 | Gh-eF | 8L-b9 | 9S-6e | Ie-0z
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Ol | 8£-ch | 66-4% | B8-LF | 11-6 | ZL-69 | GL-9F | FE.9%
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6E°8S|11L-LE|99-LF|F0-09 98-99/6E-0L | EE+F9/G8-SS| 16+Sh/Z9-GE/06-F2/1G-9Z|90G |"MIG ZL |'N8S &F]| ¥40O4 ‘AT °° Joysotoo yy,
L6-&6/LG-FE|60-LF/09-89 |66-S9|Th-1Z|ES+F9/8F-9S/ FL EF |80-62/G8-0Z|89-61/FE8 |"-M FL GL | NS S&F] ¥40X ‘AT 97NIYSU] epleugG
9T-O€|8S -GE|SE-GF/G9-8S 98-9911 -99/88-69|Lh-GS|6E EF |GG -OF|LF-9G|FPH-9G| > * |°-MOS SL |'NS Sh] ¥4OL ‘AT * *° OTILATIIAT
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LE+9G|Z8 -6E|82-19]69+L9 |FF+99/L9-02|80-F9)S9>LS/S96-9F|SE-GEl6S-8SlIS-GTIOSh MOL LZ NG Sh] YOK ‘ar * *) eaduyeg
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a 1L-8|0L°6E|LE-FF|6E-SS |6E-F9|E8-99/6F- 19/89 -ZS/E0-1F/08-6Z/1S-1Z|6L-1Zj|OOST|;-MS 92 |'N9G ZF] YOK ‘Ay °° Kadutog
fy GE-FE|IL*FElSEs9FILSG-LG 9L-F9/99-99/TL-89IGL-ES/G8-EF16F-08|S9-LZIF8-LE|O9GL| MOF GL NGG GP ¥Y404 ‘AT ZUasoyUOD vpleag
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= 98 +€Z|ZF-1E|99-FF| FF- SS |06 -B9/F9-99|89-69|9L+GS|66-GF/88-6Z/6L-1S/F9-OZ/98SI|M LI SL NGS GF| YOK ‘A ° Jojemosprug
a 96-EE|LG-LE/C8- LF L189 |€E-29/00- 12) 10-F9/FS-FS|98-SFILZ8-8/9G-GZ|96-F2|0G9 |"M 8a OL NGG GP] ¥4OZ “AT ° 8 CO Uanqny
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SS GL -FT|6G+LE|GO-8F| GS-69 |F9+89/S0+12/64+E9/ES-8S|66-LFlFP-1E/G8-ZZ|ST-OZ/ FSS MGS FPL NES SPl YOK “Ay * ataeyofeurg
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89-9Z/8L-SE|SS-StFE-L9/0L-99|6G+0L/99-S9/S0-9G|8G-9F|LE-SE|88-1Z|Z9-EzZ| °* IM GL LL NOG ZF| YOK ‘AT *° UNsrepuvueg
EE. 6Z|LE-1E|9L-6F| 96S |E8+99|G8*89|Z6-E91G8-SS| 69 -CF/6S-FE/G0-9Z|98-Gz|008 |"M OL 84 IN 6P SF] ¥40A ‘AT * | AINQSTpPprIyT
99-SE|GL-FE|/88-SFSL-L9 |98-F9/LFe99 | F6-19/FE-FS|L8-FFILL-66/G9-GG|EF-SciLZIL| MPS GL I NG6P GF| Y4OA “AT °° OU IUe eT
fe} fe) fe) oO ° fo) fo) fe) ° ° © ° aT | ‘ fe) ‘ °
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141

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

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98-1P
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06-0F
98-GPF
66-06
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89-G6
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GG.OPF

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69-02
69-99
96-89
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IIUDLT *ULeag ‘UO1dTC
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eae oh
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89- [P01 -6F|ES-69
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$G-LE/€0-9€|69-oP
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€1-SP 89-09 |€6-19
60-69 '86-€9|F0-99
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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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142

GT -69|G6-GL(S6.9L/LZT TL|1F-S9/G9-69/9G-0S(89-FF/0G-1F(/FES | “AST IT
GE -L9|89+99/86-29|SL-€9/69-FS|G8-FF|ES-0F|60-1E/GE-0G)008 |"M EE GL
9F-09|G8+99|96-69|89eF9|LE-LG/ES-8h/26-GE| LL -ES/EL-ES/0SS |"-MOL 92
€0-SG/€E-G9/OF-F9/LG-T9/LT-1S/E9-LE/LS-GSiLZT-SLjO8-ST| °° |"Mas ZL
IL-12/68-92/68-42/86-69/S¢G-¢9/00-L9/88-09/8E-9F/EE-SFILISL | “HFS OL
88-09) £6-04/00-89|88-99)09 F9/0G-FS/GS-ZG|/E6-SF/OL-EF/SEL [MPF T
61-69|G6-€L|00-8L|99.89/6%-69|F8-FS/G9 -09|SS- LEI LE. FFIP9 m9 Of
8E-LZ|8h-GL)08-8L)02-0L/06-99/€9.G¢ -09/06-1b|/SP-1F| °° | “HALE F
61-L9|L6-EL/SE-FL|F6-69|0G-E9/ 86-99 /81.09|L8-FF/PL-IF] °° | “HOE OL
8G -99|88-09/86-ES/8E-EF|LE-08|LL-ES/FE-GS|OFE |" MGS 6L
1L-69|66-69|6F-FS/FP-SPILE-SE|F6-FGIG8-1G|0G |"MS8I OL
G6 -69 |88-F9|/0F-LG/8L-Gh/ES-CE|GO-Fa/E9-2T] ** MBI OL
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GE -8L/0¢.GL/0F-F9/EF-L9/88-8F/E8-FFISL-GFIIOL | “HSS §
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66-29 /€T-09/9E-ES|L8-9F|SE.1E|6L+F2)9S-SS|O9OL| MOG 8d
GL-99 |SG-E9/9€E.1S|EP-1F/9F-OS/1S-EC|86-FS|/ FEE | "MPL OL
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89-89 | F0-99|LF-SS| L0-Sh/6E-GE|16-GG|ES-EG] °° | MOE EL
09-F2)06-89/12-69|6S-LF/6E-FE/06-GE)98-9Z|0GS | MG 64
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joy * = =* =anuaroy.q
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143

“TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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8 8

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Gl 06-08 61 °GE
FI 60°F £9-LP
6 69 -GP 61-99
€ 1L-9F 6-67
& £686 90-FE
G CG FG 66-16
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G 0€ -€¢ Gé.Llé
8 LI-86 19 -GE
G 06-66 18-SP
g 60-1P 68-LV
T IG -GP GE°GG
Il 06-26 PST
tl GLI 66-96
GG 81 °GG 8-66
G 06-GP LE-0G
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9 1G-1F 16 -FP
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81-69
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fyoyy * * = aouasoy,y
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TOL Ne
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pip eae
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sump ° adoig Woy
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aUDLT * * OSNOTNOT,
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‘sdunyT ‘AT = * ~=paoouog

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

144

GS-EF|EF-SF/OL-8C/O1-L9|8L-€L/81-E2/88-99|08-09

GG-1G|G8-CE|S6-9F| L1L-SS|GF-S9
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G-LE| 8Z-LG)28-€9
TL+88|LL-Gh0b-SS/8G-L9
0€ -O€ |G -FF/GL-99/L9-L9
GL-€8/64L-FF/ 1-25 |06-99
66-PE|1S-LF/ 19-29 /€8-89

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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hunuiay * Sxoquoasstog
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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

152

9G -GE/F9.1F)FL-0G|9G+09|L9-99)Z9-29| 19-49) 26 6S) 18-0 |8S-Zh/SF-9E/89-1Sj9FES | "ASS S [NI G6F|hupwiasy * * oynaspaeg
OL -OF/8F-EF/E6-GS|0L+19]00-89|88-99/09-€9/88.24/S8-6F/09-Fh|/86-8E|S3-FE|8GF | “AST S |'NO 6F| souvez * Kouasomnoy,
80-82 /FF SE] 18-9F]48-89/EF+19}9L-99/F6-09|S9-49| 12 -6F/98-9E)L1-9B|FG-8B|S9ITT] “HSS FL |'N6G 8h| Drwayog * * stoapng
96 +E] 9G-OF|ZF- 64/19 +09|09+G9]/ZZ-69/OL-£9/90-85|ES-SF/GL-OF ET -SE|0G-1E|8F6 | “TIT 6 [NEG Sh|Aumwiay * Sanqssiapny
99-88) 19-FF/L1-69/€E-09| 1 -G9]/G2-G9/08-E9|FE-L9/81-0S/6L-€F/86-SE/L2-GE|IZI | “HOS S [NOG 8F| sous > * + staeg
6Z-SE}FS-OF|0E-6F/G1-09| FS-49| FE +99] 6L-€9|/Z8-8S| 96 +Zh/LG-8E|I1-ZE|FE-66/F98 | “AGI 6 [NSP ShlAupmiay * * + uMaig
00 GE) 1G. 0F|60-8F| 16-89) F6-F9|Z1 -99)LE-€9/86-95|ZL-9F|10-0F 82+ /80-1E|988 | “AST 6 [NOP BblAupuay > + uaSuem
GG -FE/96 -OF 08 6F|9E+6S/99+99]0Z-99| £8-B9]1L-89/83+6F/96-OF|Ce-SE| -OE|ZI8 | “ALI 6 |'N9F ShlAunusay ° + paedng
09-O8/EF+IF/FL-8h/ 20-26] -19/GL- 19] 21 -09)99-€9/0G-8h|G2-8E/6E-FE|FL-OS|6EIT| “ASF 8 |'NEb Splhupmwey + + * wTeO
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153

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURI

"6G.

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6% ‘L

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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

154

€6+62
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nuuayog * poiqyosjneq
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piapiopy * * * neaeg
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hunusay * * yeyyuoyoS
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unui * * vogsyey

155

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

‘e—z ‘ostuung Si
‘e—G ‘astiung I
"e—% ‘astiung g
"e—z ‘astiung 9
“626 Pz 0%
6 ‘6 ‘L 6
: "S—@ ‘astrung 6
"y ‘OL ji
"e—@ ‘astaung Zl
“e—G ‘astiung OL
*e—z ‘astiung OL
"6G ‘L ad
at a 4 8
"6 ‘26 ‘6 val
"soutaryxe ATIeq g
"S—z% ‘ostiung OT
"6 GL 8
“pea I
*SOUlT} € “poy 1
‘ "6 °F a's i
gene i
“6 ob bi 6
662 ¢
"por ‘€ ‘SI 6 GG
*somlotyxa ATIed e
"e—z@ ‘astiung OL
*6—@ ‘astiung 8
‘mo0o0u On, Z9
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JO°ON

0G-LE
L0+86
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IF-€€
$8 -€€
96-66
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GL-t&S
86-PE
GG es
66-EP
P8°SE
G8 °EE
GL-GE
66-16
PVI-L&
LG SS
FY-1E
96-GE
99-1€
18 -¢&
16.6
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[6-08
91°GG
L6°GE
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16-8
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96 -FE
OL-GP
68-8
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G8 -6&
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€6-9€
06-9
80-LE
68°86
99-8
68-9
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91°8€
19-86
89-G¢E
FE-LE
8G-9E
99-%§
69°F
LV-LE
0-66
80-68

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GLCP
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GG-GP
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64-0¢
18-6P
LILY
88-8P
GL GP
88-GP
GL.GP
tL -6P
860%
9F-1G
0-19
6E-9F
10-67
St -9F
06-9
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6L-GP
68-LP
F9-8P
GG-0G
80-67
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89-17

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GL°9P
69 -9P
98 -GP
Lo.Gh
LG-0G
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69-8P
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81-0¢
96-67
96-19
86-&G
GIL-LP
69 -6P
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69-67
10-1S
66-97
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19°8P
96°GG
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68°€9
¥0-09
69°19
60-19
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09:49
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61-99
99-69
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F0-L9
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L9+¥9
69 -G9
GL-19
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10-99
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69 CP
€€-6P
GE GP
€0«GP
69e1G
86°8P
FO-8F
08 «SP
G&.GP
GVO
L1-tF
LL+8P
GL-0G
19-GG
10-697
10-9P,
18 -8P
69-9F
$S-9F
GL-LP
PP1G
89.P
89-9F
Sv -6F
66-LP
89-1F
68°GP
€6-8P
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69-96
16-1&
¥G-86
89-26
99 -€€
$9 VE
66-16
L6-1€
89-16
09-86
91-66
68-18
19 -€€
G6-PE
96-LE
€9-L6
GO+GE
1€-0€
LE-66
88-08
96-€€
61-86
68°18
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OL-S6G
91-S6
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‘189 X OfOyA oy pue ‘UOseeg Yor Jo sInyerodwMa Ty, URI_T

moun ° * UOIOSpuery
pumayog °* uriduoyynyy
nwayog * * * MOIIGZ
pumayog * * eUuIZzeZzig
hunmiy ° ° SainqzinMw
hunusiay * ° * SOAOLY,
payog * * * wastig
hunumsaxy yormnendssoz10f{
pimayog ° poiqyosne
hunusag * ° zyuzezig
pivwpy * ° * neleag
hunusy * Wroywes.1ay
hunuwy ° * waOyURey
hunmiy * *Si1aqjeprey
aupLgT * * * UONnO!y
pmayog * ° * dOqey,
hupumiy * *° yTeyyuoyog
hunusay * ° youdsuy
hunusasy pyayueSuepsang
hunuiy ° *° uasuliqad
hunmiay * * B19qsula MA
hupusasy * *° pyazssory
hunusay * * WayISOM
aupig * + =“ gong
aoupLy * ° OT WUIeg
mwuayog * * sdiaqyary
pianiopyy * Zytiystq NON
Aunwiay * * uwogsiyey

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

156

10-€€
8-66
9V-1€
08+ ch
GL+VG
69-86
G8 -6¢
6L+SE
CV-GE
6L-FE
GG-9F
IL-0€
L6-LE
0G +66
89-6¢
GL°8E
CGE
OL-GF
80-SF
91-SP

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6¢-€E
8F-6G
F8°S1
6L+6¢
96-LE
60+-G&S
86-8

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66+-LE|60-09| 21-09
IL -6€|26+8F/60-6¢
FbP-GE|SE-8F/9E-LG
G1I-8F/S8-€9/09-L¢
GG-9E|S8-FF|P9-9S
9L E861 -Sh/GL-eS
G8-€E/89-9F| OF SS
bS-LE|Gh-6F/ FF 8S
86-SE|89-SFI LF FS
IL-68|0G -09|SF-6S
GO-8F/0G+ES/08-9S
GO-LE|66-9F|G8°9S

IZ-8€
91-98
9E°LE
S€-OF
96-0OF
OL-9F
€€-8P
tS LP
GE - PS
66-6
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91-LE
GO-GE
86-GF
F6-LE

91 -8F
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G0-8F/69-8S
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06 +-09|09 +69
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6G-0¢/18+19
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LL+€9|60-99
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€1-39/§6-19
€8°P9/SL-L9
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66-19|61-¢9
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LL-G9|€0-L9
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80-99|S2-L9
90-69 |Z6 +69
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91-69
06-6¢
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89-249
61-09
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86-89
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69+ FP|G9-GE
64°SFI61L-9€
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19-G9|L8-0F
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GP-SPISL-IP
08+8|0G-SzG
69-08 |SE.9G
EL-96/ 66-16
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69-66/06+S6
SL-O8|FL +96
09-GP|0G- OF
F1+GS|G6+8G
€8+-86/1E-9G
FG -GEiGL FG
69-86|£6-F6
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89-98 |9F-1E
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puayog * zyuaynyoS
pwmayog * *ZyA1IUI}1O'T
puuayog * sneyuesory

uonag * = ° enbsi0 7,
hunusayy * °* *{ssoyog
pmayog [eyyUIsetM1oqO
hunwiay ° * Yosiany,
piuayog ° °* ° ZBEBg
hupwiay * °* * FOR
pimayog * ° *ZiNOlZ
qypnusoy * * * OANA,
hunuiay * * sanqog
piuayog * * preqs[reg
puuayog * zyeIssIUOy
pwuayog * * BUTps}aW,

aoun4g *° ° KvAquIeD
hunuwsayy * * WoyyUesy
yomutod ° * Ynowyey
]jomutoy * * woys[eyy
qomuioy * * souezueg
nuayog * °* °° Jasy
pwmayog * °° onsedg

punjog * * Moovig
muayog * “pequerrey
muayog * * °* day,
hunusay Sanquoyeyosy
hunusy * + yynarkeg

aunag * ajedeyO ey

157

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

"e—@ ‘astiung
"S—@ ‘ostuung
"e—@ ‘astaung
‘soumei}zxe ATIeqd
"8 ‘8

“él

"e—@ ‘astiung
"E—G ‘astiung
6 “a “5

"s—@ ‘ostmung
‘soumaijxo ATIeq
*‘SUIMAAD ‘ZT “Sumo;
"g—G ‘astuung
"e—% ‘astiung
"e—e ‘ostiung
‘sommaayxo ATIeq
*sommoayxo ATIVd
"pat ‘% ‘9

"e—z ‘estiung
‘Ol “€ “ZI °8

“OL ‘3 ‘9 pure ‘6 ‘Z ‘ZT ‘LZ

"e—z ‘astiung
*$—@ ‘astiung
*S6 % ‘Eg
6k

6 ‘6

“HOTPeAIOSGGC gO InoFT

8 88-98 OL-1F
6 91.98 86-OF
GL 16-¢€ GL-OF
ae OL-LI G1 GG
1G L19.GE 61°8E
¢ 66-66 19°GE
€ 9F-GE 16 -OF
€I 10°¢€ LG-1¥
£ 86-1 GL +9
9 8T-Gs 60-1F
G FF-91 GGG
61 67 -GE €8°E
v 00-98 69-LE
§T 69-9 FP-OV
GL F0-9€ €¢-OF
G 99-8G SF °6zG
30 16-08 19-PE
el 06-FI1 04°61
8 oPeLT 86-61
1G 89-9T SF 61
ps F8-FE 60-1?
Trl 0G-LE 10-67
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L 65 +66 SE -GE
SI LL-18 10-9€
€ 8E°SS CLeFG
Oo Oo
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99+ 8h
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83+ Sh
9L-€h
66+ LP
GP .FP
99+ 8F
€6-09
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Z0-9F
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91-9F
LLG
£9 -6F
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16-15
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10+GF
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1$-68
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90-697
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86-GP
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86-1G
L8.6¥P
GG+GG
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9L-CF
€9-6G
9F-67
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66-8F
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98-86
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96-96
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96-46
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66-08
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"BOX 9fOyM oy} pue ‘uoseeg yore jo ainyesodmoy, urop

puuayog ° zyueynNyIS
pimayog ° ZAoUly1orTy
pwayog * sneyuajory

uoaag * ~=* Senbas0y,
hunuiay * * Jssoyog
niuayog eyyuasetm1oq¢
hunulayy * ° Yosyany,
puusyog * * ° Zeeg
hupusy * * * yoy
pwmayog ° ° *Z\tUO1Z,
1/BnUsloy) ~ J * ONLY,
hunuiy * * Sangog
pwuayog * * peqs[Irg
nwuayog * Zye1sstuoy
pmayog * ‘eUutyosJewsg

aoupng * * Kviquieg
hunmiay * * yaoyyuesy
qonusoy * * qynowyey
jjomusoy * * u0ISTOH
Yomulog * * souezuag
puayog * * * Jaxq
piuayog * * onseig
punjog * * AMOovIg
puayog * *pequoriey
mwuayog * °* °* day,
hunusaxyy Sanqueyeyosy
hunusag * * Ynoikeg

aounLy * ajedeyQ vy

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

158

10-0F| €L-Gh|9L-8F 192-09) 66-79
Sh +08 | 26-88 6€-L4/69-09/8h-S9
EG +E) 9F EE) 99-8F/9G- 99) 69-9
GO-SE| LF-1F| 0S +FS|1F-6S| 60-89
8F-1E| L9-0€| L6-EF| 10-67 | 08+ FS
GG +EE|SF-1F| L8-6F/ 19-89) L9-€9
LI-1T€| 19-2E|S9-0S9 |9L-69| 86-99
09-GE| 08-3F/ 00-09 |G8-89 | F8-S9
TG-0€| 10-9€|6¢-8F)ES-99| 16-09
09-98) GL- LF/OL-64|86-89/92-F9
8 -6E)GL-EF/9L+19|66-69|cF-F9
0€ - 17) 06-€F/0S- 19/09 -F9)S0-6¢
F8-PE|FL-SElF8-LE/9E-LS|F6-L9
SI-FE | 0€-8E/S2L-6F/EE-89|/ES-G9
GL-1E|08-8E/ES-6F|GE-69| 18+ F9
60-18 | FE-6E|8L-6F|90-69| Lh F9
GG -GP| LE-LEIIL-€9/FE-69/9T-€9
PEG |GI-LL/F6-€E|69-SF| €0- 19
96+8G/GS-EE/ST-9F|F8-6S | F269

-68| -FP; -1G| 8G) +69
GE -GP| IL-0G/G8-99/9€-F9/EL-69
GL°GF| G6 -FF|06+SS |OL-99|08+09
FE-L6 OL-GE| LE-FF 68-19) 20-29
CG -8E| FS-6E|19-LP/0S -69|90+F9

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¥9-OF 09 -Gh/0S-+9|08-09) 95-99
GL -66\ 66-FE|GGe9F| LF-PS| GS 6G
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€9+99/6G+Z9]0L-LG6(L1+1S' 6E-FE |61- 98/0198] 929
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90-L9/8E-F9/19-89|19-FS| 61-6 /G8-EE | LE-.96|9FS
1€+GS/96-€9|F8-6F|E2-OF/ 96°08 |99-L6/F- 1E| 8291
F6-99/0F+ 69/8 -69|02 -09| €9-8E |GSE-SE/00-BE/9EG
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8E-F9)0E+E9|L0-L9|8G-LF|8L-ZF/IE-6E8|66-SE) 626
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GL+F9|6E-E9|98-FS/F6-CP| 96 -€E|69-96/ 10-FG/61F
€0-F9|F0-19|F9-SS|88-6F| 68 -FF|SE-1F/66-8E| °°
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€0-.19|/€L-89|8-FS|8h-EF| G6- EE |8F-66|G8-ES| SL FS
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159

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

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161

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

‘somoyyxo Aeq | 8 | Ze.FS | GL-9G | FE-6h | FE-OG | ZB-19 | 1L-LF | 06-28 ‘splay *yyeoyy Aoysng
‘sowmeryxe ATIed GZ | 60-46 | GO-8G | €1-6h | 16-6F | 89-19 | IG-ZF | 6F-LE |xasappyy? weyUoEyo,
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G ‘8 18-46 | FE-PE | IL-6 | GG-1G | 48-69 | 99-6h | 90-GE | punjjoAT * * * epalig
ee . GEolF | FI-LH | G8-BG | 66-69 | 8L-EL | GO-GG | 9F-E |AunuIay + * uaSUTOH
‘moouonry, | = £4 60-3& | GL-68 | 69-LF | L1-8h | 6G-89 | OG-2h | OG-Ig |Aunmsay © * *° oTleRT
zee i €1-66 | PG-bE | Ch-6F | 91-19 | 20-49 | F9-LF | 68-FE | pUDpOFY * SBanqolppryy

‘souraayxa ATE ¥Z | 60-46 | GO-SZ | 63-6% | 16-6% | RG-19 | SI-SF | 6F-LE (suomaugq) ‘*
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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

162

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06 -OF|S0-€F/06-6F| 0G-€S
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TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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VOL. IV,

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

164

1G-FE|02-8E|L2-09|€E-L2S LE-29/€6 +9 88-19|19-FS/OF Sh|FH-GE(Sh-6|FS-9Z|TS | "TS Sl | NGL 9 |hummiaxy * © punsenig
CP+6E|68-OF | PE -8h|OF-EG 1S-L9 66-89 L8+9G9|90+GG|G6-FF GS-OF|OL-LE/L6-E8/0EL [MIF S TNL FG |punjasowpsay, ° [epuey
EF-EP|08-9F|LT-19|68-G¢ 09-69 £8.09 GO-LG/ET*GG|LLe9P | 1LF-EF|S0-1Fi/SG-OF| ** MOS F I’NGL FS = “Wey JO a[sj
G8-08|9L-9€|99-LF/9G-LG| 12-69 €6.€9|Sh-19|8-FS|FF-FF|LL-GE|SG-6S/21-93| »* | “9S GT | NG6 FS |hunusaxy * > ae Sulqry
€9-9E|SPh-GPF/19-LF/GG-SS/09-8S|\OL-19|F9-L9|FF-6G/6E-9F|1L-OF|00-LE|Lo-GE| G8 |'M LPO INS. FG jattysysox * OIE, MONT
G9-9E|0E-OF | TE-LFIPE-FS/GO-L9) 12 -LG)FL-GS|GL-19|10-FF/SS-LE/LO-8E|GG-98| +s [MSG INE FG layspounT ° Jaysvouey
GE *E1] 6-98) -Lh) G-9G) 8-19} 8-8S| -OG] -GE} 1-GI} L-I-| &&I-] ++ |*M LT GOT|’N LG SS |p ‘A7 asnop{puesoquing
69 -LE|EL-8E/EE -6F/ 9-69 /6F-F9|LE.L9|GL-19/F8-FS/E9-9F/60-LE/F0-9S|89-GS| + * | “ALT FL |'N FG &S hunutaxy * opunwmouIag
98-68) 6L-1F|LP.6F/S6-PS/ 19-69) FL -09| 26-1902. 19/G8-Sh/09-1F|8ST-SE|EL-SE} ++ [MOST |"N6E &G | al2ysysox’ * YLOMYOW
me oy BA > ** 196-88 /€0-88/16-GE|LF-GE\GS-1F|LE-6FIOL-1G| ** |"M 8S OL | ‘S8E EG | Wamp 'g ° sulMey jog
8h +98) 62-68 |€6 -6F/ 1L-89/99-€9|FG-F9/GL -99|2G-FG/08-FF| LF-SE/OL-SE]Z8-1E| ** | “HPS L |N 9S EG hunusagy * oS) da@aae
6°68) G-GPF| 6-67) L-GG| 9-09) 9-19) €-6S| 6-€C| O-Lb) 6-Zh) 1-68] 8-9E| ** MISS |'NGE SG jayspoumT * + uOYfO,
91 -€8)FG-0F|20-8F/81-L9/8E-F9)E9-F9/G1-69|F8-9G | ZL -9F/ GO-8E|1F-FE}00-08| ** | HSS 6 NEE hunustaxy * + gainquey
66-66] 16 -GF|IG-9|81-€9|EF-OL|FE-OL|SF-L9|/1E-09|L5-GS\GS-1F|06-LE|ES- PE] + | 9G 6 |NEsS EG |Aumway - * Buoy Vy
I-1#| 6-8] G-0G| L-99| $-6S] G-09| 9-29] G.2G| 9-9F| Z-Zh] 6-8E] 6-98] > MPLS |'NGE EG |auysvoun7T * jesdumIigQ
0-6€| 6-GF| 0-09) §.9S| F-09} 8-09) G-8S| 6-EG| I-Lh| 8-1F| €-68] L-9€] ** MPI G |'N6G EG jaysvoupT = Aaysaqoueyy
L9-1F|SO-GPh/P9-1S}/L8-29] -G9|1F-19| -09)L6-GG/90-Sh| FF -FF/6Z-SF|G6-68| ** | M 6S S |'NGS SG PLVYSDIUDT = * joodieary
€9-PE|8G-8E| 10-19 /8h-9G|Fh-69|Ch-F9| 1L-69|/ES-9G |FQ-LF/OO-LE|IF-GE|GS-GSjOSE | “AE EL "NGS Gg Nunutay * — Z}ITE1}SNI AT
LI-1&|49+LE/9G-LF/CL-89/E1-S9|F0-F9|LL-19| 1F-9G/90-FF| 90-CS|1F-LG}L1L-GZ| > + | HO SL |'N1@ &¢ hunusay) ‘ * piedieig
SE +E] 18-68|L9-6F|GE-89/F9-£9|/6G-€9/G3.65|69-EG/0E-GF|00-LE/G0-FE|GE-1E| °* | Heh 8 [N16 eG |Aupuway + - deAvy Xn’)
GO-OF| GL-€F|00-09 |12-99/19-09| 1L-09 | FE-L9|60-6S/00-LF| 9F-GF/96-OF|6F-8E] °° | MILD |NI@ SS ‘0d ‘0d
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LG-0 |GG-E1/89-8E |GG -LF/GE-09|GG-29)0L-19/89-0G6/GE-EE| 16-6 |SE-F |L9-S-|O0F | “HL €8 | NOG EG] Bilagig * * [NeuIeg
LG-FE|FL+1F/6E-LF|L0+L9| L8-69| 8 -#9/88+19/Z6-SG/Z9-LF/S8-6E| 1e-GE]|9G-1E| + | “TOS OL NGL SG |Aunmsay ° + Sinqouny
6€-8E| Sh -EF|66-ES/26-09/ 19-99) TL +29|16+E9|/8L-9S/68-8h|G8-GF/9L-LE|OP-EE] ** | HIE G P NGL SS} pumjoy * ° sAayouesy
80+ GE] GS -6E| 10+ 6F|69-9S|08-F9|1L-99|G9+Z9|0B-L5|GE-LF|S8-8E|0G.ZE]6-Gz] ** | “AEF Il |'NG SG |hunmsay * * S102 10g
19-GE/EL-6E/EL-09|0L LG) EE-E9/69-F9|F6- 19/6 -GG|LG-9F| FL-6E|SL-FE/SG-6G) °° | “A6h S NG &¢ huputay) ‘ 8 Teme
81-18] L0-88/ST-19|9G-L5|FF-F9/L2-99/FL+19]06-99|06-9F|8L+28|19-08|G6-GG] ++ | “ALS FL |'N8G og |Aupmway + Sroqssuoy
° fe) fe) ° fe) :0 ) fe) ° fe) fo) oO | ‘24 Ne 28
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"6T of G 9} {BS OGG eT

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165

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

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Zr0gss1uo ye

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

166

66+ |G6-81|L9-8E|S0+S| FS-69|9Z+69|9E-65|9S- 1S |S LF|FS-SE/9E-FI|L9-61] ** | “ALG SF |"N 0S 9G| vassnay poroSaoy muftny
IF +9E|99 -OF| [F-9F| 96-09] 16-9 |G8-96|G2 -89/ES-SF/G8-1F/00-6E|28-2E|1Z-G8] ** | M9SE |'NG 96 |ac2ysafiy -* ourpueyung
81-98|LE+BF|SS-9F/0S-FS|Z0-6G|ES-09|6E-99|G0-0S|61-GF/ZS-OF|GO-SE|FL-Sh/OSF "MSS F [NO 9G |'ysbuysyg: * yYyaqaeg
PEF] os [| e+ [89-98] ++ | e+ |eP-Ge] ++ 169-GE/10-0F] + | e+ | e+ [M290 1°80 99 |vaup gy + *uIOH odeg
9L-LS|FF-6E |88-SF|SZ-ZS|96-99 | FL +8S 6S -9G/19-0G|20-FF/9L-SE/FL-SE/SS-FE/OOT | MLB E |'N6S Gg |'5y727u77 osnoz Unoj;adoxT
SL -68/61-1F|SS-6F| LE-9G|LE-8S|9E-09|60-9S/10-0S|SE-9F/2L8-0F|S9-OF|60-1F| -* "MOL & [N6S Sg |auysybunqupy + yneT
GL-68|Eh-1F|6L-Sh| FF-SS/6L-9G|69-89|80+9S|FE-0G/S1-PFIES -OF/GS-SS/8E-LE|06S |-MIL ES |'N8S GG |anysybunquipy ySanquipy
18.68 |E1-OF|GL-8h/86+SS|ZS-8G |L1-69|65-L9/ZL-BG/GE-Sh|1E-0F|/SS-88/8L-9E/F9E | MOL & [NGG GG |anysybunqupy uoyatjoD
8E + LE/ES+8E|Z9-Gh|I8-6F|Sh-FS|96-GS/0G-ES|Sh-LF/SL-OF|0L-98166-SE/89-FE|OOLT|-M OI & [NEG 8G |anysybunqupy {peuog
[€-1F|88-Sh/L6-6F| °° |8L-69/SS-19/SE-66196-FS|/96-SF| «+ |8F-6E/es-8e| °° MPL F |['NIG GG lalysyuoupyT * moRseTx)
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ZO-9L|F1-22|6F +68) 0G-SS |G -£9 |OF-99|8E-69|9F-FS/SL-1F|9L+9Z/00-9T/LG-ET|9BP | “ASE LE [NGF GG| Missnaz + * sMoosojp
F1-FE|G8-6E|G1-6F| 60-29 /61-€9|6S-F9|Z9-09|89 -SS|F6 S| 66-FE| FS -OS|SS-63| °° | ASS SL |'NIP GS |y4ouuayy * uasequedog
8-FP/G0-8E|GS-FF| €-FS1G9-1G|G8-GG| 8-9G] 9-1¢| 9.FF| SIF] 9-88] S-ZElsIS [MIS & |'N9ES SG |"ysybungxogy unojs10ye IY
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BL +8E/E8-OF|GE-9F| 1S-BS|0S-9G|60-29|/LL-F9|/FS-6F|LS-EF|FS-8E|Z6-GE/90-FE|OLT |-M SL & [NET GG |sarsfung * yareSeiddy
8E-1 |LF-61|SS -SE| 1Z-FF/90-09|F1-€9/12+09/2%-0G|9L-SE|Z6-F1L/ES-F |E8-E |PFOL| “AGH 6S [NLL SG] messnay * + + 4snjeIg
66-86 /E6-F8|8S-Gh|S6-FS/SGT +39 /0G-E9/08-09| 11S] 1G -SF/Ea-ZE|G6-SS\SS-So}| °* | "ASP IS [NG GG |Aupmsay * + + SIT]
OL-€8]0E-OF|L3-8F| EL-9G|9S-B9|FL-Z9|08-8G/9E-SS|IL-FF/G9-LE1/90-SElFLesE| GE |°HASS 6 NS GG |ywuuaq > * opesuedy
16+9&)/8&- 1F|60-8F| 18-€S|10-8S |SF-8S|69-SS|91- 1G |Z8-FF/6F-OF|6G-SE\6T-98| ** [MSS & [NFS FG |punptaqunyg + arsyaeg
00-0F/S0-€F|S8-L4|S6-1S9|SS+SS 106-65 |SF-SG|0G-E9/GG-ZF/G9-OF|G6-LE\G6-Ee\OFE [MPS LT |'N9P FS — * * weying
PL+2B/8L-GE/0L-EF/09-SS/04-19109-Z9|8E-LG/86-19|9E-1F|9F-18|96-9G|FF-FS| SL | “A 6S OS [NEP FG |hupusay + Br1oqssu0y
61 -G|88-GE|S6-FF|69+GS 162+ 19|ES+F9|G0-9|SL-FS/FS -SF/80-EE/91-L6|FS-1Z/6S9 | “ASI SS NIP FS] punpog: ° °* euTIM
29+ GF|G8.FP| [L-1G|98-8S|G8-9|FS-F9|GF+E9|0E-8S/89-0G|99-GF|SF-1F/ZO-OF| «* |'M8S SG [N28 S| punjuy > + *4sez;0q
OL 1F|99-EF|98-6F|6L+S6|28-65/09-09|SF-8G|GL-EG|GS-9F|GI- 1F/SS-68/LF-8e| «+ [MESS [NEE FG |punpaqunyg udaeyary MA
G-9E/EG- 1F|LL-LF|SF-ES|89-6S |8F-6S|E9-9G/GS-SS|SE-FF|06-6E|F0-OF/9E-9E|OFS [M6 & |'NEES FG |punpvaqung * YoImsoy
08+ 1|G0-88|G0- LF] 80+9G| 06 -9|6G-€9|L6-65|L0-6S| LF -SF|FS-SE|SL-OE/SF-L3| + | “HIh SL [NOG FG jAupusazy > +> orzjueq
10-LG|€9-€8|66-9F|F9-9S/68-69/Z0-Z9|SF-6G|9F- 1G OF -FF|L6-GE|06-ESISL-1G| °° | HFS 6I NOG FG |hunwsasy + SBaroqsunerg
(e) oO fe) fo} Sc ° ° fe} re) 1) oO fe) eek f 4 1@) ‘ oO
‘x0q | “AON | "200 | 3deg | “Sny | *A[ng | coung | “Avy | *pudy |-gorep| “qeq | ‘ueg | ‘Aaty *DUO'T "7eT
"02 o9G,- 0} ,0G ofS IT

"YJUOT, Tv Jo oanyerodmay, uvopy

167

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

6 ‘ ‘ZI ‘6
*poonpad ‘6

‘poonpar “mv ‘OL

"Sg ‘ZG

*A[ANOFT
‘somodjxo Aled
"8 ‘8

"8 “8

*poonpal ‘OT

6 6

‘OI % ‘8

*poon pay
*souleryxo ATIVd
‘poonpad ‘T ‘9

6 6

*poonpery

UE Bed
*paonpary

‘6 “18
*soutoaj}xo ATIVE
‘6 “Gud

*@ &¢

‘souteizxo AyTeqd
"9 ‘I—@I “29

“OT ‘e.'9

OI ‘ZI ‘8

*UOI}BAIOSY GO) JO INOFT

i 8Z-0S
02 | &S-8I
t EC
BGiael elle
G SLeLI1
LU | GL-81
G 76-61
g 99-81
6 CF -0G
OL | 00.9¢
IG LL-8F

-e9 | 6&-Te

gy 91-ST
OL -| 98-32
61 | 60-0
8 G0-8¢
0% | #9-9¢
6 G8-1Z
#6 «| FL-06
z 9G -61
#% «| 8&-FE
L ZS-8e
9 0¢.33
ZI | PL. 61

aP 101%
ze | 16-18
9 LE.LE

[o)
“GAC lt Saleen
sieo M Ss
Pettis ‘wd

LG-€9
FI-1G
61°FG
6G * FG
PL-61
I€-16
66-GG
86-16
60-6
Sé-19
683°6G
F0-GE
G6-GG
0G-G6G
£0-&@
94-19
SL-1F
09 -0€
66 -GG
G6 °G6
91°86
6L+GP
G6°FG
ELGG
8h -SG
P1L-9E
L9-1P
)

*sqqUOUL
‘OD 8H
ya

G6°8E
G6°GP
G8 -9P
16-GF
9€ -8P
SI-LP
SLY
1G-$P
CV-SE
60-O0F
9G .9F
L9-9F
GL- PP
09-GP
€9-GE
68-87
96-9F
16-97
¥8-9P
SL-EP
vO-FP
60°6G
60-67
8G-LP
$9 -GP
8F EP
fe)

"1e9K

| 61-FE
10:9
G8°LP
S0-9P
16-87
68-LP
66-LP
LG-bP
16-9
76-6
OL-8P
6G .oP
00-FP
OF -9P
LG-GE
G0-GP
&V 8
9L-LV
69-LP
9€ - FP
OS - FP
€9-1G
LL-6P
8P-LP
90-LP

Sr GP
fe)

"uUINNy

69-9
61-GG
9-89
€F-Lg
LG-8G
£T-Lg
66 +8S
G9°PG
61-09
66 +69
16-9
OL+9
€1-9G
€L-GG
GL+9G
og-19
G1-69
Lowt9
68 °-LG
98 -9¢
99-09
G0-€9
G8-€9
¥9-+6G
09+8¢
66-19

€F-19
°

*IIUIUING

SFP
£0°SP
GL-PP
8h FP
GL-GP
60-GP
€6-SP
9-17
0G-9E
86+0F
FG°EP
€8-GP
LE-SP
SL-P
86-GE
69-6P
IL-bP
6h -GP
9¢-GP
09-1P
6L°EF
c¢c-1g¢
60-LP
19 -CP
LG-€P

06°GP
fo)

‘suldg

PE -El
99-98
G9.9€
IZ-G&
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GP -8E
66-8
66-GE
L9-68
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06-GI
Té-1E
LG-8€
LE-EE
£0-9€
G6-€
19°46
PPS
G6-LE
0€-LE
81-96
8°46
Ge-IP
06°6€
SG°LE
10-08
90.4%
°

“TOUT AA

‘IVa I[OYA oy} pue ‘uoseeg yore jo ainyzesoduiay, ueop

nissnay POLOSAON trult yy
anysafiy * dulpudeyan(y
*ysbuysuyg*? ° qaqreg
waUp 'S * ulopy odeg
‘bynjurvy ssnoy unojodoyy
auysybinquipy —* UMory
‘ysybinquipy ysanqurpy
aurysybunquipy UWOUTLOL)
aurysybinquipyy Ayyeuog

aLLYSYLDUDT * MODSLTX)
pissigy.* ~ * “Tae ye
missnay * * MOOSOTAT
yunuuag * ueseyuodod
‘ysybsngroyy UN0}S1IYLIN
iE hal as Seemed |G
sauifung * Ywesoiddy
pissnay * “* * ¥SnqUIg
hunusasyy + * * PSTL,
yunuuag * ° opeiuody
punjwaquny * aystpreg
— °° weyqing
hunusay * BZa10qssimoy
peg — * Sia
punjaiy * ° ysezypeg
punjiaguny WoAeyoity MA
pupplaquny * IMSAy
hunusay * * odizjueqd
hunusy * sxaqsuneig.

ee ee EEE

S OF TEMPERATURE.

.
4
4

TABLI

168

0G -9€|0G-SF/09-€S
LL-TE|OL-6F/Es8.0S
8E-0€/8S-1F|1E-1¢
G8-1E/6-EF|LL-GS
GG-E8/S6-1F|2L-GS
L8-GI|LL+1E|S1- FF
€€-SE)06-Sh|61- FS
8E-GE/0G-FF/G9-ES
GG+ SF \E6-9F|ES-SS
IF -GFILL-9F/FE-SS
FP -SFI19-8F/9E GS
F8 -GF/GE-8FISP- FS
GL -O8|E8+ 1F| 80-35
VP-OF/865-9F GE -€S
OL-OF/E8-8F)0G- 2S
¥Z-0F|E0-GF/88-1S
CG-SE|IL-FFILS-1¢
GL-OF/L9-Lh/1G-ES
[G-9G|86-€8/86-FF
81L-SF|26-6h|EL-9S
68 -GF/E9 -9F| 96° SS
Gh -SEl1C- FP) 08- FS
C6-81|0L°FE|0S-SF
LG.9 |€1-EE|81-9F
00.FF/ZS-L9/9G-L9
1-98] G-Lh| F-ES
L6-1h|60-9F| 1S 1S
LI-€¥/9S -64|69-GS

Cc ° ° °

"pO | “3das

GE+S9|9G-LE/86-1G|FF-GF|IT-FE|9E-GE|FL-08| °°
GS-09 0G -9G/3S-GF|SE-SS|EF-ES|GL-OG/9F-LT} °°
16+€9 |G6-6G/GG-8F/SI-LE/0S-GS/89-8I|FL-FL) °°
GG 19/GL-89|66 -0S /E1-6E/1 1-08 |09- Lb|64-06
6E+19|9G-SG/E2-LF/60-LE|06-2G|3G-EG/EL-GE| °°
86-G9/E1-09/E9-9F/ZG-6G/L8-SLOE-G [99+

SF-S9|FE-69/SE-0G/E9 -6E|9S-1E |SF-8S/69- SG
9F +9 ZO-LG/L5-8F|LL-98|69-GS/29-9G|0E- FG
19-#G |ZL-S|LE-SFILL-SF/0L-OF|1L- 48) 19-68
81+ FS! 18-6S|00-St|OF bF|6S-OF|F9-LE/28-68| °°
LE.GG/G0-ES| ES -8F/6G-SF|8L-OF/16-SE/G0-8E) °°
LE.9S/IL-8S|08-6F/F0-FF|F6-1F/S6-LE|LG-88) °°
C0-€9|0G-69|EL- 1S |GF-LElEE -8G|L1-FS/08-61
G+ 19|S-6G/Z8- 1S | FS -EF/SS-OF| 29-6899 LE
€6+19/EE-86|SS+SS|SZ-OF|S0-9E |OL-1E|Gh-OE} °°
90-99/96-€S|G8-8F/16-3F|82>8E/96-FE/LF-SE
9F-LG/GF-SCIGL 09199 .ZF|98-LE|9F-SE/0E-EE
6G +65/L0-L9| 16+19|G9.GF|0G-1F|66-8E |9F-9
81-06 /E9-GF/ES-9E1L6.66/6G.2 |1G-E |G6-0 | °°
L¥-09/6F-8S|66-FS/L¢-LF/08-Gh/S0-6E/G8-2E
IL+LS/€8-ES|8L-Sh/F9-0F| 10-88 ]09-€E/81-FE
10+99/GG-G9|E1-SS/08-0F|L9-0€8| 2183176 -96
€9-#9/06-6S/01-6F/E1-SEjOL-9LJOL-L |6&-F

08 -$9|GF.6G|E9-9F|L6-66/0G-G1|L6-G |99-S—
GG .4919G.69|06-19|9E-9F|0G- GF |EG-GFIOF-8S
F-8S} 2-9S| F-CS| 9-FF| 1-OF| 9-68) 6-18} °°
Gh-LG11L6+FC|66-LE\ES-Gh|GS-8E|F8-9E|PS-PS| °°
CE-O9|6T-LG/8S-1S|E0-9F/LL-GF| -OF|GG-LE

fe) °

v9) fo) ° ° fe) “7997

96.09
FG-8S
91-19
€9-6¢
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€p.L¢
08-09
08-09
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66+FS
98-FS
GF -9S
8-69
GP-.09
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FG -9S
€9-LS
66-0¢
$9.6¢
6L-L¢
61-9
01-89
828%
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17-98
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‘AC

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AS 99 “IT
‘YJUOPT yore Jo oinyesodmay, weoyy

‘NG 09D OF

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2 a OS OS ee

a
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09
09
69
6g

69

6S
8S

9¢

hnmsoay * SweasueytQ
pupjurg ° SLOJSUISTOH
missnyy * Sangs.1jeg
hpmsoyy * — BUTYSLAYD
uapamg * * *eyesdgQ
missnay * 3SMOTSOSOg
uapamgy * * ypeyspeg
uapamgy * * WOT {I0IG
0d ‘0d
shauylQ * * Yorapueg
shauyiQ) * * SSMS
SSeUgO *y IPEA
pissnay * * yedtoy

anyshnuopy * * UBIO
yupuuagy UdAYSlopaly
0d ‘0d

aLiysuaaplagy * * plojlW
‘ysuaaplagy suey olun{a
“SOM AT * TENT
alysuaaplagy wusepleqy
NOU NT” Se

uapamy * * * O1XOM

DUI GIIQuIULIayyey

Chess °° ae
alrysipflog °° vsepundg
atrysipfioy * yueqasoyy

"Ysyjlag ase sunvyury
aliysafig * SMoIpUy 39

169

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE,

6 6
6 4 <2
“paonpaiy

‘OI ‘Ol

*Soull}

"SOUIT} &

‘$3 ‘6

“Ol ‘OL

“OL ‘Ol
“‘poonpoy
*soulad}xo ATIeq
*psonpat ‘6
*poonpeyy
*‘soulojxa ATIVeq
“$8 ‘F6

8 ‘F ‘ZI ‘8
8
“poonpoy

“ATnoy ‘OL ‘OL

"TOON,
*soumeiyxo Aled
*souleiyxe ATIeq

“OL ‘OI

*UOTeAIASG() JO MOF]

CZ | 0%+8Z
IL | ¥0-8¢
Gi... 20.6%
el 01-9
SI | Ir-ge
EG $609
OT) d6-ee
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a F8-ST
Tg IS. FI
SI | L0-ST
1¢-91
ZL-6E
G6-12
98.8%
81-61
16-0Z
L¥-0Z
¥G-tP
ZG-0G
0G +1Z
€ | 68-Ge

91-9

GL -19

80-2

0G +&Z

18-61

€L-61
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oo |

RIN

DwWOsHsHMO re HNADAWMDOOAA DAN

*sqO
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JOON om

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89-1€
98 +P
LT -6P
9F- OF
99-8
80-69
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91-6
18-8I
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$G-81
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69-06
91+G
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09-96
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10°SP
99°8€
19 -6€
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9€ -O0€
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OL-9PF
GG-9P
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$6-9F
91-17
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90-9
91-SP
80-SP
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68°16
81-67
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06°GE
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6-19
€8-GP
69-CP
99-87

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06 +S
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€9-GP
¥9 BF
69-66
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6G -8F
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91-G¢
96-67
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90-88
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60-89
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80-09
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hinmsoay *
hae) hes Mis
pissnay *
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pissnay *
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at
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shauylg *
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wap AT °°) * UIeNT
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mwagy * * ysuoy,
altysipfioy * vsepund
aliysinfiog * yueqasoy

'YSYPIT IYSeQ SUNLJUTST

aunysafit *

ae

SMaIPUY 3S

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

170

29. 1Z—| PL -TS-
€0-61-|00+¢-
Gree el °8
€0- LE—| F3-Ss—
GL°6 |€9°6
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68-01-| TL -0-
94-01|89-8I
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67-L1| 6-16
IF -6Z/SF- 08
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10°0Z/8¢9 -8G
89-6 |#9-GE
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66-LE8/68-0F

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8-01
9% *BZ
8S-8T—
61-83%
850%
10-6

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GB-ET
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8.62
16-98
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03-68
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60.GF
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88-86
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81-G¢
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IG-LLIjET-E |89-01-
G9 -G1|69-G—|89-86—
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FI -GS/G8-0—| 10-61—
0G -9€/09.96/8F-TT
F1-98/0G-26/ 99-06
66-ES/8h-9 |C4-01-
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89-1F/6E-1E|06-16
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18-0¢|6€-FE|/99+0G
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7 i

RE.

TABLES OF TEMPERATUI

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‘IVI { I[OILM oy} pue ‘uoseag yoro jo oinyesodmay, ULoT

172 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE.

The exact relation which the mean, deduced from observations
made at various hours, bears to the mean temperature of the
twenty-four hours, is a desideratum for estimating comparatively
the respective temperatures of any two places mentioned in the
preceding table. Those marked Reduced and NV. Y. have been
corrected to the true mean; and from this the mean deduced
from the Daily Extremes: differs very little. Besides these, the
means of observations taken at certain hours mentioned below
are also found to vary little from the true mean. An approxima-
tion to within a degree of this will be sufficiently near for pur-
poses relating to cultivation.

The means of observations taken at—

6 A.M. and 6 P.M. average about ? of a degree below the mean.

7 ”? 7 ” ” to ”? ”

8 9 8 9? 9? rt 99 9?

9 ” 9 ” 2? tb ” ”
10 ae ee | » i equal to the mean.

7 A.M., 2 p.M., and 9 p.m. are hours which have been adopted
at a great number of places; and these three daily observations
afford a mean averaging scarcely 4 a degree above the mean of the
twenty-four hours.

I may here remark, that with reference to cultivation, the
observations from thermometers indicating the maximum and
minimum daily temperatures are the most valuable. Although
hours may be selected which will give, as in the above cases,
the mean temperature, sufficiently near for all practical pur-
poses, yet from registering maximum and minimum thermome-
ters much more is obtained—the extremes are known, and from
these the mean maximum, mean minimum, and consequently the
average range of temperature, can be deduced. It is important
for gardeners to know all these particulars; and hence desirable
that such instruments should be employed as will render it pos-
sible for them to do so.

— =

REPORT FROM THE COUNCIL

TO THE

ANNIVERSARY MEETING, MAY 1, 1849.

Tne last Anniversary Meeting having authorized the Council to
prepare for the approval of the Society a set of amended By-laws,
various points have been taken into consideration during the
autumn, and acareful examination has been instituted of the
rules found to work advantageously in other public bodies of a
similar nature to the Horticultural Society. On the 24th of
October the Council finally approved of the alterations which
had been made. On the 7th of November and 5th of December,
1848, the amended By-laws were laid before the Society and
read a first and second time; and at a Special General Meeting
summoned for the purpose, on the 16th of January, 1849, all the
formalities prescribed by the Charter having been observed, the
old By-laws were repealed and the new By-laws were passed
unanimously.

The Council trust that the changes introduced will be found
advantageous. They have been made with a view to obviate
some practical difficulties which existed in working the former
By-laws, to simplify the proceedings of the Society, and to pro-
mote its prosperity, by rendering them more acceptable to the
Fellows. Among the powers granted to the Council is that of
creating a class of Associates with fewer privileges than Fellows,
and paying consequently a smaller subscription. The expediency
of establishing such a class will receive the most anxious con-
sideration of the Council, and they are desirous of receiving any
suggestions which those who advocate the plan may be willing
to favour them with.

Exhibitions.

It is needless to remind the Society how unfavourable the
summer of 1848 proved to Meetings in the open air. The sub-
jects of exhibition were, with the exception of fruit, if possible

174 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

finer than any that had before been witnessed, proving that, up to
the present time, English Horticulture continues to make steady
progress. ‘The Council have peculiar satisfaction in making
this statement, because they feel that the pre-eminence of Modern
English Gardening is, in a great degree, attributable to the
encouragement it receives from the Fellows of the Society, not
only in their corporate capacity, but as private individuals.

The number of visitors experienced a material diminution, in
consequence of the unfavourable weather, which was cold and
unsettled in May, with a falling barometer, and in June became
so decidedly bad, that the whole number of visitors on the 10th
of that month was but 870. And although the Exhibition in
July, when His Grace the President again added the attractions
of Chiswick Gardens to those of the Society, was visited by the
unprecedented number of 14,084 persons, even so large a con-
course was insufficient to counterbalance the deficiency of May
and June. In the whole 18,114 tickets were issued, which was
5803 fewer than in 1846, and 2959 fewer than in 1847. In this
season only 259 more tickets were issued than were used.

It being some years since any return of the comparative
numbers of visitors on the three days of exhibition was published,
the following statement on the subject is given, complete to
1848 :—

A

Bs Z

es g

Date. Morning. Noon. ae Wind. he

6 -

=

1833. bs '
Sat. May 25 | Very fine. Very fine. 82 | Little, S.W. | 1,700
~~ eane 227 Vawe> sy Cloudy 72 | Brisk, S.W. | 2,000
2 + duly 20.4 Wane'<,7°*. Cloudy 70 | Little, WW." "4,200
4,900
1834, ed
Sat. May 10 | Fine. . Fine . 73 | Little, S.W. | 1,402
» June 7'| Very fine. Very fine. 78 | Little, S.E. | 2,870
» July 5 | Overcast . Very fine. 81 | Little, N.E. | 3,076
gs: WSépt13)| Fines. Very fine. 68 | Little, E. . 897
8,245
1835. —
Sar. May 9/ Fine. . Fine. . 71 | Brisk, S.W. | 1,908
> ovune 6 | Time. Fine . 81 | Brisk, N.E. | 5,362
» duly 4 | Very fine. Very fine. 78 | Little, W. . | Sa, ote
12,882

MAY 1], 1849.

Date.
1836.
Sat. May 14
me yamne Li
1 voly '9
1837.
Sat. May 13
5. vune 10
Tues. July 11
1838.
Sat. May 26
— sune 16

Wen. July 11

1839.
Sar. May 18
ot auate 15
wa ae, 6

1840.
Sat. May 16
ww, .oune Is
» wJnly 4

1841.
Sat. May 15
= -.cene, 12
3 duly 10

1842.
Sat. May 14

cian ane Lt

oy waly 9

Morning.

Very fine. .
Slight rain
Overcast. .

Fines): <<
Cloudy . .

Very fine.

Overcast .
Drizzly .
Very fine.

Very fine. .
Slight haze .
Slight haze .

Cloudy

Cloudy
fine.

Veryfine. .

and

Fine. .

Overcast,—
slight rain.

Very fine. .

Slight haze .
Very fine.

Overcast .

Noon.

Very fine.
FUMES. yess
Very fine.

Cloudy

Cloudy
fine.

Very fine. .

and

Pine. Ss
Overcast, fine
Very fine.

Fine” ve tis
Slight haze .
Sultry

Hail, showery
Cloudy and
very fine.
Fine . e e

Very fine. °.

Overcast, and
fine.

Very fine. .

Exceedingly
fine.

Sultry, hot,
and dry.

Cloudy and
fine, slight
rain in af-
ternoon.

89

72

Wind.

Little, N.W.
Brisk, S. .
Brisk, W. .

Little, 8...
Strong, S..

Brisk, E..

Brisk, N.E.
Little, S. .
Little, S.W.

Brisk, S.W.
Little, N.E.
Little, S.W.

Brisk, S.W.
Little, W..

Brisk, W..

Little, W..
Little, N.E.

Little, S.W.

Little, W..
Little, N.E.
Brisk, Ww. e

Visitors.

3,480
7,764
6,088

17,332

3,044
8,789
5,781

17,614

2,471
11,594

5,072

19,137

13,351

3,445

22,165

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

Date.

1843.
Sat. May 13

» dune

Wen. July 12

1844.
Sat. May 18

» vsune 15
». suly 13
Wen. July 31

_

1845.
Sat. May 24
» June 21
» .valy 12
1846.
Sat. May 9
» sune 13
» sully 11
1847.
Sat. May 8
» sune 19
» saly 17
1848.
Sat. May 20
» sune 10
WeD. July 12

Morning.

Overcast, with
cold haze.
Clear early ;
overcast.

Hazy. « »

Slight frost,
with cold
N.E. wind.

Very fine.

Very fine. .

Cloudy, with
brisk wind.

Hazy clouds .

Very fine, with
light clouds.

Fine j.. «| 2

Mae s onc ole pe
Lato Se
Partially

overcast.

FEMER: 6. ase
Light clouds.

Thunder,
lightning,
and heavy
rain,

Showery . .
Bain’...») »
Very fine. .

Fine, with
light clouds.

Very fine,
with light
clouds.

Lightly over-
cast, but
very fine.

Boisterous,
with slight
showers.

Very fine. .

Rain. .

Cloudy
fine.

and

Cloudy .

Exceedingly
fine.

Fine, partially
clouded.

Very fine. .
Hot and dry .
Very fine, with

light clouds.

Showery .«
Cloudy
fine.

Pines 4 dpe)"

and

Cloudy
Heavy rain .
Very fine. .

Little, W. .
Brisk, N.E.

Little, N.W.

Strong, N.E.

Brisk, W. .
Brisk, S.W.
Brisk, W..

Little, W..
Little, E. .

Brisk, N.W.

Brisk, S.W.
Brisk, N.E.
Little, W..

Brisk, S. .
Little, N.W.

Little, E. .

Brisk, N.W.
Little, S.W.
Little, E. .

Visitors.

4,654

10,862

7,373

22,889

4,203

3,481
12,310

5,966

21,757
4,858
13,421
6,083

24,362

1,644
10,940

6,827

*.* The numbers given are in all cases exclusive of supernumerarics,

MAY 1, 1849. 177

As it has been found that, notwithstanding the higher encou-
ragement given by the Society to the exhibitions of fruit, the
specimens produced are by no means equal in merit to those of
flowers, it has appeared to the Council no longer advisable to
offer large prizes for fruit in May and June; and it has, there-
fore, been determined, without excluding fruit in these months,
to confine the competition to July, when the season offers greater
facilities for exhibition. On that occasion, moreover, the usual
prizes are augmented by three, of the respective values of 15/.,
10/., and 5/., to be given to the three best collections of fruit.
It is to be hoped that the result of this measure will be to render
the fruit more worthy of the high character which belongs to
English gardening. At the same time some other alterations
have been made in the prizes offered for flowering plants, with a
view to secure a better distribution of them. ‘These changes
will, it is expected, produce some diminution of the heavy ex-
penses attending the exhibitions; but, on the other hand, the
account for 1849 will be chargeable with above 300J. for the
purchase of new tents, to replace old ones which have been
ruined by bad weather, or otherwise worn out.

The actual cost incurred by the Society in this part of its
expenditure was 2579]. 4s. 1d., as detailed in the following com-
parative account :—

178 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

EXPENSES OF THE EXHIBITIONS.

1846. 1847. 1848.
£. 8. d.| Uh. ta. Sa as Card

Materials for orchestra, tables, &c. . AB: by 5 oie D2) Ly
Miscellaneous timber. , : ee 41 18 10) 17 0 10
Repairs of tents. 8 18° 6 12.9 Aaa 38
Repairs of ladies’ cloak-room and other

rooms . . : . ee oe Se
Oil, paint, &e. . d ‘ . 18. 8. 1b 18) 12 7 Bea
Miscellaneous ironwork . . ° 24 1511) 19 8,9) 12 4 8
Turf, gravel, &c., and road repairs .| 85 14 0} 39 2 0} 3819 6
Handbarrows, water-pots, &e. 3 518 6°35 6.8. tp aeee
Carpenters, painters, tent-pitchers, &c. | 152 16 5) 162 10 8/138 14 1
Miscellaneous labour beyond what is

required for the ordinary service of qi

the Garden . ’ . - | 308 3 3] 295 13 4] 251 2 10
Hire of crockery : . ; 12.13 Of 22°10 eee
Miscellaneous printing . ° © | 865 0 “GI? 70ers) th ameme 0
Admission tickets . . : : 44 0 0; 49 1 O} 4310 O
Advertisements : : . 97 19 6938.04. Go. Wen2aiG
Cloak-room expenses . . 6 1, O6eb. Bee wae ee
Judges. ‘| 56 8 Oa 5 teen
Extra clerks and hire of temporary

rooms 2 . > . . 39 5 6| 54 1 O| 56°9 0
Police . 5 128 2 O| Ld 1 Oohbin®
Hats given to the 1 men belonging to

the Garden. . : ei 41Z2 0; 4 °9.0
Bands and all musical expenses - | 849 15 O] 314 4 O} 80617 O
Provisions for exhibitors, police, &e. 63 4 9] 53 1) Seely oe
Watering roads. ° . -| 80 5 6 1 0 OD Saea oe
Miscellaneous expenses, including

stationery, carriage, errs mes-

sengers, &c. 4618 5 78 b. 3) 36 0°S
Hire of tent, &c., for His Highness

Ibrahim Pacha and suite. ° 10 10 0 as oe
Refreshments for ditto. ° 4 33 4 3 an mie

1655 5 8159019 411874 9 1
Medals awarded . : : . 11284 O 011262 0 0/1204 15 O

| |

2939 5 82782 19 4/2579 4 1

Concerning the Ordinary General Meetings in Regent-street,
the Council have to report that, in consequence of the small
number of objects of exhibition now produced on these occasions
during the months of May, June, and July, they have directed
them to be discontinued in the usual form during those months,
the meetings in the Society’s Garden and elsewhere having
rendered separate exhibitions at that season superfluous. ‘The
Council, however, have the satisfaction to state that Dr. Lindley

MAY 1, 1849. 179

has consented to give Six Lectures on Horticulture to the Fellows
of the Society on the following Tuesdays :—viz., May 15 and 22;
June 12 and 26; and July 3 and 17; and in order to enable
those who may wish it, to exhibit on those days flowers or fruit
which cannot be received at the Garden Meetings, the Council
have availed themselves of the power given them by the by-laws
to constitute such Lectures Ordinary General Meetings.

Finance Committee.

The Finance Committee, referring to their last Annual Report,
have since ascertained that to many of the arrears remaining on
the books the Society has no legal claim, and that in some other
cases it is not expedient to incur the cost of enforcing claims
which might probably have been collected in former years. It
has been found necessary to remove from the books of account
old subscriptions amounting to 319/. 18s. 6d.; to suspend sub-
scriptions due to the amount of 265/. 4s. ; and others will doubt-
less be found beyond the reach of recovery. These, however,
are not regarded as available assets in the statement of the pro-
perty of the Society given in another part of this Report. The
arrears actually received during the year amount to 213/. 1s.

The enactment of the new by-laws will, it is expected, facilitate
the operations of the Committee, and enable them by degrees to
extinguish the old arrears, and to make such arrangements as
will lessen the probability of a fresh accumulation, by a more
regular and punctual collection of subscriptions, in the accom-
plishment of which object they solicit the kind co-operation of
all the members.

The Committee have to report that the amount of arrears of
subscriptions, of all sorts, due on the Ist of May, 1848, is now
618/. 10s., a much smaller sum than has appeared under this
head for many previous years.

A comparison of the income of the Society for the last two
years gives the following results :—

VOL. IV. oO

180 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

S. 8. Gi\ Ga. 8 a.
Admission Fees . . . ° ° 258 6 O| 214 4 O
Compositions for life ‘ : , ‘ - | 210 0 Oj 294 0 O
Annual subscriptions ‘ : ° . 3237 1 6/5023 10 O
Transactions, &c. sold ° ‘ . j . 28 6 2 4817 3
Rent of apartments let off ; 3 : - | 150 © Gitae *o 0
Quarterly Journal sold. . . . © | Th 1% ewe is 0
Garden produce. . ° ° : «| 29 2 7G 4s 5
Receipts for garden charge : ° - | 49 12 Sar" a4 6
Miscellaneous receipts _. : . ° - | 23) Bee aera 7
Profit on Exchequer Bills. : : 3 oh 2 AB Bl oo Ta
Garden Exhibitions.
1847. 1848.

Receipts. . . £4484 1 6 — 3867 14 0

Expenses : . 275018 1 — 2544 18 10

1733 3 5 — 1822 15 2
—_—_——_ —_—_ 1733 3 51822 15 2

_

Garden Exhibitions of Current Year.

1847-8, 1848-9.
Receipts. : . £150 6 6— 302 12 0
Expenses : ‘ 34.5 3— 40 9 6

116 1 3.— 262 2 5

—

——| 116 1 3s 262 2 6

iS | SS

£/5953 8 4/5465 5 9

This presents a diminution amounting to 488/. 2s. Td., which
is more than accounted for by the decrease of 4307. 8s. 3d. in the
profit derived from the exhibitions, and by a deficiency under
the head of annual subscriptions to the amount of 2138/. 11s. 6d.,
principally ascribabie to the amount of accumulated arrears pre-
viously collected by the operations of the Finance Committee of
1847-8, and formerly reported upon,

The Council, in conducting the business of the Society, have
continued to observe all practicable economy, consistent with its
permanent interests. A comparison of the expenses of 1847-8
with those of 1848-9 is exhibited in the following statement :—

MAY 1, 1849. 181

1847-8. 1848-9.
De
682
43
° 40

gQ
t
w

Q.

Rents, rates, taxes, &c. 3 ‘
Repairs, &c., Regent Street
Housekeeping expenses.

Salaries, poundage, &c. « | L135 1102 16 2
Interest, &c. . ‘ . : 295 334 7 10
Cost of Transactions, &c. - 166 49 15

° e e e e e

Cost of Quarterly Journal . - | 504

— i a — — Hw»
DEH HAOONAGCOANWNORKFwWrRFaNnNOFRN OU

0

6

8

0

8
3 1
: 7 8
Library charges ° ‘ . . . 24 , 13 8 10
Printing and stationery .- ° . 66 8 93 7 5
Medals at meetings in Regent Street . ° 81 0 82 0 0
Foreign missions and imports . ° 149 3 7a it, 7
Expenses of meetings, &c. . . doy etd 33 a ia 2s aa

Miscellaneous expenses at Regent Street : 20 4 .

Ditto at Garden . . . : : 251 So Deer Le
Implements, mats, &c. < r = “ 78 10 118 17 9
Tan, dung, &c. . ‘ : . . 45 3 42 5 6
Distribution expenses é . 4 . 233 10 | 242 0 0
Garden labour . : . . = IelOLS 3 | 1024 6 10
Coals and coke for Garden| : é ah 209 0 89 10 0
Garden repairs . ° " . . 107 13 10 |} 298 6 11
Extra debt on medals , . ‘ . +e 16.4%" 9

oe

5289 12 71] 5106 5 O

th

This comparison shows a total diminution of expense to the
extent of 183/. 7s. 7d., notwithstanding that the account includes
one week’s labour at the Garden more than in the last year, and
that it has been necessary to incur the cost of 126/. 15s. 2d. in
replacing the boilers of the great conservatory, the necessity of
which was announced in the Report made to the last Annual
Meeting. The Council would also observe that the reduction
in the expense of the establishment in Regent-street has not
amounted to so much as was anticipated, in consequence of the
long employment of the Accountant in remodelling and renew-
ing the books of the Society ; and that a debt of 18/. 11s. 9d. for

‘Medals, not discovered at the period of the last general Audit,
and now discharged, is placed among the annual expenditure.
Some unusual expenses have also been incurred in Regent-street
in consequence of passing the new By-laws, and specially sum-
moning by post extra Meetings on that account, and in the
purchase of a caravan (38/.) for the purpose of conveying plants
from the Garden to the Meetings.

The experience of a second year has justified the expectations
entertained by the Council of the advantages attendant upon the
employment of a professional accountant, and they desire to
express their entire satisfaction at the manner in which the duty

02

182 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

of that important officer has been performed by Mr. Duncan.
Under his advice the manner of keeping the accounts has been
improved and simplified, and the quarterly balance-sheets have
been ready for the Auditors’ examination immediately after the
quarter has closed.

The following Report from the Auditors, dated April 12,
1849, together “with the audited accounts of previous years,
furnishes the data upon which the preceding statements are
grounded.

In some of the details these accounts are not, however, literally
in accordance with the previous statements, in consequence of
alterations in the manner of arranging the accounts, an incon-
venience that will not recur.

State of the Debt of the Society on the 31st March, 1849.

6 ae ene Fy tie
Amount of Debt, 1 April, 1848 . . oe 8610 12 6
Amount of Debt, 1 April, 1849, viz.,—
To Creditors on Loan Notes. : 5400 0 O
To Sir Wm. P. Call and Co. on hae 1500 0 O
To Liabilities (see opposite page) . | 2184 16 8

9034 16 8
Less Cash Balance . £447 411
£400 6s. 7d., 3 per Cent.
Consols at cost . Sao i oe
———-——| 783 4 11
—— ——-——_| 8251 li 9
Reduction in Debt since 1 April, 1848. . : £| 359 0 9

A. DUNCAN, Accountant,

183

MAY 1, 1849.;

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184 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

The most important financial operation of the year has been
the re-arrangement of that portion of the debt of the Society
which bears interest.

In October last the loan notes bearing 4 per cent. interest,
and amounting to 7600/., became payable. Holders to the
amount of 2200/. having signified their desire to receive their
principal, were paid off, with the aid of a loan of 1500/. from
the Society’s bankers, of which sum 1000/. have been repaid
since the Auditors’ report was closed. The remaining loan
notes, to the extent of 5400/., have been renewed at 5 per cent.
with the consent of the holders.

The total debt at the close of the year was 82511. 11s. 9d.,
against which there is the whole property possessed by the Cor-
poration. The actual value of that property cannot be accurately
ascertained without incurring an expense for which the Council
perceive no necessity. The Auditors of last year made some
observations as to this point ; but since the value of a part of the
Society’s property in 1848 was by them assumed to be the same
as it had been. found in 1831, the Treasurer has now prepared
the following amended statement, which, in the absence of a
professional valuation, may be assumed to express the true value
of the Society’s fixed and floating property, and is believed to
be rather under than exceeding its actual value :—

Ee Say | a.
Lease of the house in Regent inert ; . - 4,000 0 O
Library, &c. there . . : - 1,000 0 O
Furniture there : 200 0 O
Effects at the Garden and lease of the Garden - 12,000 0 O
Estimated value of stock of Transactions, Journals,
Fruit ie copper- aie bib) we: 948 0 0
&c.
Amount of unpaid subscriptions due May 1, 1848, \ 618 10 0
supposed to be good
Amount of unpaid ee oe “for the past yearrlo gig 4 0
now due . . ° } 4
Miscellaneous assets, consisting of rent due, unpaid } 95 5 6
dividends, and sums due for Transactions sold

re

£21,679 19 6

The debts then, amounting to 8251/. 1ls. 9d., and the pro-
perty bearing the value of 21,6790. 19s. 6d.; the balance in
favour of the Society is at least 13,4281. 7s. Od.

The Garden.

Since the last anniversary Mr. Hartweg, the collector dispatched
to California, has returned, and his engagement has been brought
toaclose. Although the Council had not reason to be satisfied

MAY 1, 1849. 185

with the manner in which Mr. Hartweg executed the duty
intrusted to him, either in keeping the journal of his proceedings
or in forming collections of seeds, they are nevertheless able to
state that some species of considerable interest, in addition to
those already mentioned, have been raised in the Garden, and
distributed to the Fellows, as far as the very small quantity of
seeds sent home has permitted.
Of these species the following are the principal :—

Ceanothus dentatus. A shrub 3 feet high. In open places near
Monterey.

Ceanothus rigidus. An evergreen shrub 4-5 feet high. In open places
near Monterey.

Ceanothus papillosus. A shrub 10 feet high. Mountains of Santa
Cruz.

Ceanothus cuneatus. A shrub 6-8 feet high. Sacramento Mountains.

Ceanothus integerrimus? An evergreen shrub 10 feet high. Santa
Cruz Mountains.

Abronia sp., with purple flowers. A perennial. In the sands near the
sea-shore, San Luis Obispo.

Cercocarpus sp. An evergreen shrub 10 feet high. Carmel Mountains.
Very curious,

Monardella undulata. Anannual. In fields near Monterey.

Lupinus affinis. An annual. In woods near Monterey.

Pentstemon cordifolium. A shrub 4 feet high. Mountains of Santa
Ines.

Pentstemon heterophyllum. From the Sacramento Valley.

Pentstemon azureum. On a dry ferrugineous clay. Mountains of
Santa Ines.

Cerasus ilicifolia, called “Islay.” An evergreen shrub or small tree.
Mountains of San Antonio and San Luis Obispo.

Ribes ferox. A shrub 4-5 feet high, On sand-hills near San Fran-
cisco; in damp and shady places near San Luis Obispo.

Limnanthes rosea. In swampy places of the Sacramento Valley.

Limnanthes alba. From the plains of the Sacramento Valley ; in moist
places.

Castanea chrysophylla. The evergreen chesnut.

Nemophila maculata. From the Sacramento Mountains.

Collinsia tinctoria, An annual from the Sacramento Mountains.

Diervilla sp. A half-climbing shrub 6-12 feet high. In woods near
Carmel Bay, Monterey.

Pinus tuberculata. A tree 15-20 feet high. Mountains of Santa Cruz.

Pinus radiata. From near the sea-shore, near San Luis Obispo.

Pinus muricata. Woods near Monterey.

Pinus Fremontiana, or Nut Pine.

Cupressus Goveniana. A shrub 6-10 feet high. On decomposed
granite in the woods near Monterey.

Adenostoma fasciculata. A shrub 3 feet high. In open places near
Monterey.

Echeveria pulverulenta. From the mountains of Santa Ines.

Rhamnus sp. A dwarf evergreen shrub. Found near the sea-shore,
Monterey.

Laurus regalis. A large tree. Mountains of Santa Cruz and Sonoma.

Rhamnus olezfolius, A shrub 6-8 feet high. Woods near Monterey.

Nuttallia cerasiformis, A shrub 2 feet high. Woods near Monterey.

186 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

Cyclobothra monophylla. A bulb from the Sacramento Mountains.

Brodiza californica. Plains of the Sacramento Valley. S

Jatropha podagrica, called “‘ Ruibarbo,” from Nicaragua. “The thick
part of the stem is used by the inhabitants of Nicaragua instead of
Rhubarb.”

Leptosiphon aureus. An annual. From the Sacramento Valley.

Mimulus tricolor. From the plains of the Sacramento Valley.

The Council do not think it prudent to incur the expense of
another collector for the present.

A pair of new boilers has been applied to the iron conservatory
—a work the necessity for which was pointed out at the last
anniversary. ‘These boilers, supplied by Messrs. Burbidge and
Healy, of Fleet-street, have proved very effectual, and have been
made of such a size that the conservatory may be filled with
plants more tender than those now grown in it, should it here-
after appear advisable to maintain a higher temperature. In
setting these boilers the Garden Committee have directed that
the masonry should be such as would secure the greatest amount
of heat with the smallest expenditure of fuel ; and it is satis-
factory to report that this object has been completely effected. It
has also been found possible to maintain the fire in a state of
combustion for more than forty-eight hours without any renewal
of the fuel.

To the Correspondents of the Society the Garden continues to
be indebted for numerous useful communications, among which
the following may be more particularly named :—

From G. U. Skinner, Esq., 25 varieties of Achimenes, various Guate-
mala Orchids, and other plants.

From Dr. Gardner, of Ceylon, Dwarf Jaffna Cocoa-nuts,

From Col. Sykes, Arduina grandiflora, or the Natal Plum.

From the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, Gynerium argenteum, a beauti-
ful hardy grass.

From J. B, Pentland, Esq., Cinchona Calysaya, and tubers of Melloca
tuberosa.

From John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston, Seedling Black Cluster-
Grape, cuttings of Late Gansel’s Bergamot, and Pitmaston
Prolific Currant.

From the Honourable Court of Directors of the East India Company,
East Indian Orchids and Seeds.

From Mr. Prince, of New York, a collection of Hardy American

_ Terrestrial Orchids. |

From M. Linden, of Luxembourg, a quantity of Orchids and Stove
Plants.

From Mr. Zeyher, of the Cape of Good Hope, a collection of Cape
Orchids and other Bulbs; with seeds of 10 kinds of Cape Pelar-
goniums.

From Dr. Fischer, of St. Petersburgh, Panax horrida, 2 kinds of Ribes,
and various other plants.

From M. de Jonghe, of Brussels, Zygopetalum brachypetalum, and
various other plants, together with a red variety of potato called
the “ Bienfaiteur,”’ and tubers of Melloca tuberosa.

MAY 1, 1849. 187

From Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris, Melloca tuberosa and Psoralea
esculenta, two new esculent roots.

From M. Jamin, of Paris, Cuttings of 11 new French Pears, and a
plant of Péche Reine des Vergers, ‘‘ said to be one of the best that
has been obtained for many years.”

From Mr. Glendinning, 83 young Fruit Trees, consisting of Apples,
Pears, and Plums, anda considerable quantity of Stove and Green-
house Plants.

From Messrs. Wood and Son, of Maresfield, various sorts of Apples
and Pears.

A considerable number of useful plants from Messrs. Veitch and Son,
Messrs. Knight and Perry, Mr. A. Henderson, Mr. Hugh Low,
Messrs. Rollisson, Messrs. Lucombe and Pince, Mr. Groom, &c.

The Reading-Room shows, by the diligent attendance of the
men, that its value is appreciated by them. Some of the men
are found to spend there as many as 27 evenings in a month,
and 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 evenings are not uncommon attend-
ances on the part of others.

At the annual examination, previous to which the men are
not recommended to places, two young men, namely, Samuel
Colmer and William Culverwell, passed with credit in the order
in which they are named.

Prizes have been given to the young men by the Vice-Secre-
tary :—1. For the best examinations in making Ground-Plans ;
2. the Measurement of Land; 38. Arithmetic; 4. Euclid; 5.
Vegetable Physiology ; and 6. the Practice of Gardening.

A guinea each has also been contributed by Mr. Horsman
Solly and Mr. Glendinning in aid of prizes for the Design of a
Flower Garden ; and 16s. have been received from Mr. Wood,
of The Coppice, Nottingham, to be applied to the purposes of
the Reading-Room.

Six lessons in the art of making Plans of Gardens and other
ground-plans have been again given by Mr. Rauch: and Dr.
Lindley has delivered lectures on Night Temperature ; the Nature
and Physiology of Leaves, and the modes of applying differences
of structure and form scientifically to the practical distinction of
plants; the connection between Vegetation and Carbonic Acid ;
the Philosophy of Draining; Light, in its relation to plants;
Hybridizing ; Soils and Manures.

The following presents: have been received for the use of the
Reading-Room since the last anniversary :—

From the Vice-SECRETARY :—
Sowerby’s English Botany, vol. i. Second edition. 8vo.
Moore’s Hand-Book of British Ferns. 12mo. 1848.
Sidney’s Australian Hand-Book. 1848. A Pamphlet.
The Horticultural Almanac and Gardeners’ Year-Book for 1849.
The Emigrant’s Guide to New Zealand. 1848. A Pamphlet,
Dr. Whateley on Instinct. 1847. A Pamphlet.

188 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, MAY 1, 1849,

Our Fellow-Lodgers. By the Rev. Dr.Walsh. 1847, A Pamph-
let.

Zoology and Civilization. By Dr. Butt. 1847. A Pamphlet.

The Intellectuality of Domestic Animals. By the late Rev. Cesar
Otway. 1847. A Pamphlet.

Glenny’s Garden Almanac and Florists’ Directory for 1849.
12mo.

Peter Lawson and Son on Cultivated Grasses. A Pamphlet.
Second edition. 1845.

Flora Hertfordiensis. By the Rev. R. H. Webb, assisted by the
Rev. W. H. Coleman. 12mo. 1848.

From Mr. W1iL11amM CULVERWELL :—-
A Small Case of specimens of Insects injurious to Gardeners.

From A. J. Downine, Esq., of Newburgh, New York :—
The Horticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste,
&e. Vol. L, July, 1846, to June, 1847; and Vol. II., July,
1847, to June, 1848. 8vo.

The number of Visitors to the Garden, exclusive of the days
of Exhibition, has been 6,924, or nearly 600 more than in 1847.

The distribution of plants, packets of seeds, and parcels of
cuttings from the Garden has been as follows :—

1848-49. Plants. Seeds. | Outtings.

—

“LO WiemBANS bs attutatein dhs to buen 6,762 | 45,740 | 2,743
To Foreign Countries, Correspondents, &c. 636 487 63
To Her Majesty's Colonies. . . «. «+ 12 713 24

—

—

Eline iatils 2 ate 7,410 | 46,940 2,830

Although the resources of the Society may be regarded as
having suffered less than might have been expected from the
commercial difficulties in which so many have been entangled,
yet the Council do not propose to incur any material expenses
which are not absolutely required for the maintenance of the
Society in a healthy state, until the prosperity of the country
shall have been further restored. They will, however, be
anxious, at the earliest possible opportunity, to erect a sufficient
reading-room, and to provide better accommodation for the
valuable tender plants with which the hot-houses are crowded.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

XVII.—Deseription of the Kaisha, a new Syrian Apricot,
introduced by John Barker, Eisq., of Suedia. By Robert
Thompson, Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen
Garden Department in the Society’s Garden.

(Communicated August, 1848.)

Fruit of this was sent to the Society, July 21, 1848, by J.
Warmington, Esq., of Kensington, accompanied by the following
note :—‘‘ I take leave to send you a couple of Apricots from one
of Mr. Barker’s Syrian trees, which has borne for the first time
this year, and carried twelve fruits to maturity—rather too many
for its size. I know not if it possesses any advantages over the
common sort, but it certainly is early. Some of the fruits were
ripe on the day of the late Chiswick Exhibition, 12th of July ;
and on the same wall where these ripened were Moorpark and
Turkey apricots perfectly green and hard.” ‘The tree was sent
to Mr. Warmington by John Barker, Esq., from his garden at
Betias, near Suedia, in the Pachalik of Aleppo, where he states
there exist thirteen varieties of Apricots with sweet kernels—
this is one of them; and the sweet-kernelled apricot of Ispahan,
or ‘* Shuker Para,” described in vol. iii. p. 228, is another.
The fruit is roundish, five inches and a half in circumference,
rather deeply and acutely channeled on one side near the base,
the channel becoming less, till only like a shallow indented line
as it approaches the summit, where it terminates in a slight
depression formed round the base of the style. The fruit is
semitransparent. Skin slightly downy, pale citron-coloured
where shaded, tinged and marbled with red next the sun.
Flesh tender, juicy, of a clear citron-colour, parting freely
from the stone, sugary and delicious—like well-refined lump-
sugar combined with the Apricot flavour. Stone smali, roundish;
kernel sweet, like a nut.

A valuable early variety for the dessert ; and probably excel-
lent for preserving; if it be employed for this purpose, the
transparency of its flesh will ‘exhibit a new feature amongst
apricot preserves. By its clear citron-coloured flesh it may be
distinguished from the orange-fleshed varieties hitherto known in
this country, some of which have likewise sweet kernels, such as
the Breda, Musch-Musch, and Turkey. It is earlier than either
of these.

190 EDGINGS OF NARROW TURF.

XVITI.— Edgings of narrow Turf as a Substitute for Box and
other Plants in the formation of Geometrical Flower Gar-
dens on Platforms of Gravel. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S.,
Gardener to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park,
near Alton.

(Communicated August 25, 1848.)

Some thirteen years since, when re-arranging and extending the
gardens and pleasure-grounds at this place, it was determined
to lay out a geometrical flower-garden, having a gravel walk
surrounding the beds, in order to afford means of ready access to
the flowers in all sorts of weather. This garden is situated on a
platform on a level considerably lower than that of the main
walk in its immediate vicinity ; and from the latter not only the
forms of the congregated beds and masses of flowers can be seen
to much advantage, but the centre fountain and intervening
spaces of gravel form also a considerable relief to the wide ex-
panse of turf and the foliage of the specimens and masses of
shrubs by which this garden is surrounded. ‘To form an edging
for these beds which should be at once appropriate for such a
situation and of a character that would be readily kept in order
was an object of much solicitude at the time, inasmuch as the
edgings of box and other plants which I had hitherto seen em-
ployed in this description of garden had long appeared to me
exceedingly meagre in character and but ill suited for the pur-
pose for which they were employed. I therefore had recourse
to an edging of turf of very narrow dimensions, and than which
nothing can harmonize so well with the gardenesque character
of the scene I have just been describing, or form an edging more
pleasing or neat in appearance.

Turf, the herbage of which is composed of the finer grasses,
and of the description usually found on downs or sheep-walks, is
best for the purpose. It should be cut into strips precisely one
inch in width, and of such length as not to be inconvenient to
the operator in laying it down. A lath should be used in cutting
it to the proper width. Place it firmly on the turf, and cut on
either side with a strong sharp knife. Before laying down the
edgings care should be taken that the forms of the beds are
properly marked out on the ground. ‘The soil intended for the
edging should be of a sterile character, so as to insure a dwarf
growth; and on this condition being rigidly complied with will
depend much of the future neatness of the edging, added to
which, it will greatly abridge the amount of labour required to
keep it in proper order. The strips of turf are readily adjusted
to the forms of the beds; they should be slightly beaten down,
so as to encourage the roots to grow at once into the new soil—

CULTIVATION OF THE GENUS EPACRIS. 19]

a matter of some importance should the weather be dry at the time
of laying. ‘The only keeping such edgings require is clipping
with the garden shears, and this is effected by operating on either
side, so as to form an apex in the centre. When properly trim-
med the base and sides will form an equilateral triangle, each
side being an inch in length.

These edgings have now been down for thirteen years, and I
am so well satisfied with their utility and general appearance
that I would not substitute for them any other description of
living edging that I have yet seen employed in similar places.
Turf, whether in regard to its appropriate character, to the
situation it occupies, the neatness it displays, the readiness with
which it can be employed, the little trouble that is requisite to
keep it in perfect order, or the smallness of its dimensions
in affording but little shelter to insects--which every gardener
knows to be a matter of no mean importance——answers the pur-
pose admirably.

XIX.— Hints on the Cultivation of the Genus Hpacris. By
Robert Reid, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Mrs. Clarke, of Noble-
thorpe.

:, (Communicated November 10, 1848.)

Tus useful genus, which is yearly becoming more interesting
by the addition of new varieties, almost rivals heaths in beauty,
and must doubtless soon receive more extensive cultivation than
it has hitherto done; for Epacrises are much better adapted for
mixed collections than heaths, both on account of their more
robust habits and the certainty with which they can be brought
into flower at almost any given time, but more especially in the
winter season. The following hints therefore on their cultiva-
tion may be found to be deserving of attention :—

With respect to propagation and soil they require the same
treatment as heaths. I have tried a little loam with peat, but
find they always thrive best in sandy peat alone. The time for
shifting can hardly be fixed, but it should mostly be done betwixt
the months of January and May. My practice is always to shift
when the plant has done flowering, whatever time that may
happen to be. The first thing to be effected before shifting, is
to carefully cut down and thin out the small shoots, which
should be cut to various lengths and heights according to the
size and strength of the plant. The rule is to cut low enough
to cause the plant to break, down close to the surface of the soil,
so that every part may be fully clothed with a sufficiency of
young flowering shoots; for the main point to be considered in
pruning is to produce a regular crop of well-ripened young

192 CULTIVATION OF THE GENUS EPACRIS,

wood, on which depends the future display of blossoms. When
the plant is properly pruned and shifted it should be at once
placed in a warmer atmosphere, there to grow and ripen its wood.
During its growth stop the young shoots frequently, more par-
ticularly of the strong growing varieties, such as Grandiflora,
Impressa, &c. These should often be stopped, say at 6 or 8 inches,
for if allowed to grow too long they will be destitute of flower-
buds and will require support from sticks, which should be
avoided as much as possible. It will also be advisable, where the
shoots are too thick, to take them off close to the stem, so as to
prevent them from growing again.

Having no other convenience at this place, I grow my Epa-
crises in the pine-stove, where, although they do very well, yet
the hot sun is almost too strong for them ; for towards the middle
of summer it causes the young shoots to droop. <A pit where
they could be shaded, or a vinery, would, I should think, be more
suitable for them; but where none of these places can be had,
then they must occupy the warmest part of the greenhouse ; and
when this is so the plants should not be pruned so closely as
when heat can be had, for the young shoot will not in that case
grow so long, and will consequently ripen sooner. The plants
should never be turned out of doors at any time, except when
they have been grown in heat and the wood brought to maturity
early ; then a few weeks out of doors will be of benefit to them,
rendering them more hardy for the greenhouse in winter. ‘The
advantages of growing Epacrises in heat, consist in the certainty
of having every shoot covered with flowers; and by placing the
plants in heat at different times, a constant succession of flower-
ing plants during the winter and spring will be obtained.

By carefully attending to pruning and growing them in heat,
Epacrises may be kept handsome in appearance, and in good
health, for many years, and will never fail to produce a regular
crop of bloom indue season. It is well known, and perhaps still
believed by many, that E. grandiflora was considered a shy bloomer:
the reason of this is, that being always grown in the greenhouse
and the shoots allowed to attain any length without stopping,
they never got properly ripened, and the few flowers that did
expand were only on the smallest and shortest shoots, which ripen
early ; this shows the necessity of having a supply of these short
shoots on every part of the plant. The more weakly growing
kinds, such as Pulchella, will not require to be so severely
pruned as the stronger kinds; judicious stopping will mostly be
found sufficient for them. Watering should be carefully attended
to during their Season of growth; they require a good deal at
that time.

STUDS FOR TRAINING FRUIT-TREES ON WALLS. 193

XX.— On permanent Studs as a means of Training Fruit-
trees on Walls. By Mr. Fleming, C.M.H.S., gardener to
the Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., Trentham Hall, Stafford-
shire.

Havine been convinced that disadvantages attended the com-
mon method of training fruit-trees on walls, I tried the following
plan, which I have practised for these last six years, and which
I have found to answer perfectly.

The old method consisted in fastening the trees to the walls
by means of nails and shreds of cloth. ‘The nails are inserted
where they are most useful for the season, but they must be
removed every winter when the trees are pruned and fresh
trained. In the operation of unfastening a portion of the mortar
is loosened and brought away with the nails ; and as the old holes
seldom happen to be in the right place for the new arrangement
of the branches, the nails are inserted in fresh places every year.
The repetition of this process for a number of years causes the
walls to look like honeycombs, materially injures them, and
affords a permanent harbour for insects. The neat and conve-
nient training of the trees in future years is in a great measure
prevented, on account of the difficulty experienced in finding
mortar sufficient and sound enough to hold the nails. In flued
walls it not unfrequently happens that the nail-holes open a
communication with the interior, and allow the smoke to escape
amongst the leaves and fruit. In order to render the walls
more sightly, in some places they receive a coat of colouring
occasionally ; but this practice offers considerable annoyance to
the trainer, who may often rap his fingers twenty times before
he finds a place solid enough to insert a nail in. The difficulty
of fixing nails in the joints compels him to drive them into the
bricks, and this gives the walls a most unsightly appearance.
Another disadvantage connected with drawing cast-iron nails is
their liability to break; and if wrought-iron ones are used a
much greater expense is incurred.

Placing wire-trainers on walls has been recommended as a
substitute for nails and shreds, but there are several objections to
this plan; one is the inconvenience occurring from young shoots
getting behind the wires, and another is the distance at which
the trained shoots are kept from the wall, thereby depriving
them in a great measure of its warmth. Wiring walls is also
much more expensive than the system I am about to recommend,
not a whit more convenient for the trainer, and rather worse for
the trees, as the shoots, unless made objectionably fast, are
liable to become half-sawn through by rubbing continually

194 STUDS FOR TRAINING FRUIT-TREES ON WALLS.

against the wires. Wiring is, however, not only useful but
necessary against the lower flues in hot walls, where the heat is
occasionally liable to become so great as to make it dangerous to
have the shoots in immediate contact with the surface of the
bricks ; but this is the only place in which it can be employed
with advantage.

The plan which I have adopted, and which I beg to recom-
mend as superior to either of the above methods, is to drive
permanent studs into the wall, and to tie the shoots to or be-
tween them with bast. The studs I use for this purpose are
common cast-iron nails with square heads, and the expense of
furnishing the walls with these is little more than the cost of the
new nails required during a few years’ training in the ordinary
way. For fan-trained trees we place the studs 8 or 9 inches
apart in every course of bricks; but for pear-trees trained hori-
zontally, they are sufficiently close in alternate courses. The
studs are prepared by heating them till red hot upon an old
shovel, or some such appliance, and then precipitating them
into a can of boiled oil; in this way corrosion is prevented,
and durability ensured. As the whole of the wall is at once
supplied with studs, a little attention to inserting them in
straight lines and at regular distances gives a pleasing appear-
ance to those parts -of it to which the branches have not yet
extended themselves. The easiest way of proceeding is to pro-
cure a straight board, 44 inches wide, and as long as the wall is
high; after the first perpendicular row is inserted in the alter-
nate courses, one edge of the board is placed against them, and
a straight line drawn down the other edge as a guide by
which to drive the second row in quincunx order, and so on till
the work is completed. The upright lines should be proved
with the plumb-line once in 4 or 5 yards, in order to prevent
any deviation from the perpendicular.

By this method the walls are kept good, all harbour for in-
sects is avoided, and the trees are trained at much less expense
than they can be with nails and shreds; the cost of the shreds
nearly balances that of the bast required for tyeing, but the
labour of cutting them into suitable sizes is saved, as is also that
of straightening and pointing old nails, and after the first few
years the cost of the nails themselves is saved. A good work-
man will do twice as much tyeing as he would of nailing ; while
the appearance of a tree bandaged with rags of all colours is not
to be compared with that of one whose neatly trained shoots form
right lines at equally divided angles, and which exhibits no
ornaments save leaves and fruit.

The walls at Trentham had become so battered and disfigured
that it was necessary to repoint them, and to plaster up the

GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS. 195

holes in the bricks, in order to bring the whole to an even sur-
face. To conceal this patchwork the walls received a coat of
stone-colour, and by this means all insects are effectually smo-
thered ; this is repeated once in two or three years, taking care
not to let the material fall upon the branches. The proportions

of the ingredients used in forming the colour are as follows :— |
161b. umber, 41b. ochre, 1 lb. lampblack, and 4 quarts of coal )
tar ; these are boiled together in 30 gallons of water, and applied —

to the walls as hot as possible. ‘Te destroy any insects which™

are on the trees themselves, they are painted with a mixture ¢
composed of about 4 a lb. of soft soap, and 1} lb. of sulphur, to |»
8 gallons of water, with sufficient lime and soot to bring it to_)

the colour and consistency of darkish-coloured paint.
The following statement shows the difference in cost between
copper-wire, iron-wire, and plain studs :—

Cost per

sq. yard.
100 square yards of wall will require, on ‘fn. ia: Ss a:
The Stud system, 5000 ang cre wt.50 Ibs.\ 9 ¢ 93 0 08
at 13d. ey 4

The Wiriag system, “with iron ‘wire, 600 drilled
studs, 30s.; 1200 yds. iron wire (No. 12),112>) 3 2 8 ..0 7%
Ibs. at 31d., 52s. 8d.

With copper wire (No. 15), which is much a) 517 6 12
in appearance, but will cost ° ja

The preservation and improved appearance of the walls, and
the saving of labour effected by an outlay which is so soon re-
turned, should be sufficient to induce all who have walls for
fruit-trees to adopt the plan. I may add that many have already
done so, and the advantages connected with it have not fallen
short of their expectations.

XXI.—Some Observations on the Growth and Maturation of
the Wood of Plants. By George Lovell, Gardener to the
Marchioness of Hastings, F..S., at Efford House.

Tuat the fertility of any given plant in reference to the pro-
duction of flowers or fruit, or both, is in direct ratio to the de-
gree of perfection attained in the maturation of its branches, no
intelligent cultivator dreams of denying; but in the many
varieties* of structure in plants with which the gardener has to
deal, the phenomena attendant on, and constituting the develop-
ment and solidification of a branch are of so diversified a charac-
ter, that I presume the subject is not generally well understood.

* Of course the word is only used in the general sense, and not botani-
eally.

VOL. IV. EF

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196 GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS.

And when we take into consideration the importance of the
question, which is nothing less than the ground-work of the
science of plant-cultivation, the superstructure upon which alone
success can be raised, it will not, I think, be too much to oc-
cupy a page or two in the Journal of the Horticultural Society,
in which to give a few ideas drawn from the best of all sources
—personal observation.

When we investigate the principles of success in any instances
of extraordinary development, we shall perceive that though
those may appear fortuitous, though they may have arisen with-
out any recognized efforts towards an end by the cultivator,
yet those effects have not been produced without a cause. In
other words, that certain unintentional operations or circum-
stances have been afforded, and the results are such that if
similar circumstances were employed as a means towards a
desired end, like results must inevitably follow. A remarkably
fine specimen of any given plant is not produced miraculously,
even though the results produced may have arisen from causes
not understood. But as certainly as a complexity of calculations
are indispensable to the correct arrival at a mathematical solu-
tion, so is a certain series of processes necessary for the de-
velopment of the higher capabilities of vegetable life. For plant
cultivation in its most extended and scientific application is but
the science of development. We can create nothing; we can
only develop.

In common garden phraseology, plants are divided into two
great divisions ; hard and soft wooded. But these vague terms
must be considered as of a very arbitrary character, conveying
as they do but the mere outlines of a complicated series of de-
velopments—complicated, inasmuch as that a vast diversity of
character in the processes of elongation and solidification of a
shoot is observable in different genera, or perhaps more pro-
perly, different families of plants. In some, the growth and
subsequent maturation are two entirely distinct processes, each
process taking place at a period separate from the other. A
type of this character of growth is strikingly apparent in our
common Pinus sylvestris. In this tree the utmost extent of the
elongation of the current season’s branches is attained in a won-
derfully short peried of time. In favourable seasons a shoot of
12 or 14 inches in length will have been produced in as many
days; but, at the expiration of that period, little or no dis-
tinction of parts has been effected: the foliage is rudimentary,
and its perfect development is a subsequent process. Other
instances of an exotic nature are offered to us in Inga pulcherrima
and Rhododendron arboreum, and the reader will instantly
recall many others. Now before I proceed to other peculi-

GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS. 197

arities of growth, it will be as well to remark that this wonderful
rapidity of elongation is effected almost entirely (in many in-
stances quite so) without any root action. Upon examination it
will be found that the roots are as dormant as at mid-winter ;
but immediately on the completion of the process, and when
maturation commences, all the root resources of the tree are put
in motion to recruit its exhausted energies, to afford organizable
matter for the perfection of the current season's growth, and to
store up matter as a reservoir from which the growth of the
ensuing spring is to derive its substance. Other varieties of
erowth are presented to us in plants of the ‘* hard-wooded ” class ;
but unlike the instances just enumerated, the growth is com-
paratively slow, and both the processes, elongation and matura-
tion, are taking place at the same time and in the same shoot.
Pimelea, Erica, Epacris, and genera of a similar character are
familiar examples. Here is no extraordinary rapidity of growth,
no distinction of processes. The base of a shoot half a dozen
inches in length will give every character of development from
perfect maturity to simple cellular tissue which the pressure of
the finger would crush. Here we find a great distinction in the
phenomena of elongation. In the Rhododendron all the matter
forming the current season’s shoot had to be derived directly
from the past season’s growth. In the Erica the foliage ofa
shoot of the current summer, of a shoot still growing, is capable
of elaborating matter for the elongation of the growing point.
Another peculiarity of growth is observable in those numerous
plants of quick growth from which we obtain both wood and
flower in a comparatively short period, the production of such
having only an indirect relation as regards beauty or abundance
to the strength or vigour of the plant during the past season of -
growth, Of this class I may mention Geranium, Justicia, Poin-
settia, and all such plants as are pruned back to within a few
buds of the old wood, the aim of the cultivator being to pro-
duce an entire new growth for the production of foliage and
flowers.

Now it must be obvious to the most cursory observer, that the
phenomena of growth, and the organic development of each of
the three peculiarities of growth which I have instanced, must
differ widely ; or, in other words, that the constitution of each
must bear a totally different relation to the same external circum-
stances. Taking the growth of plants in its widest application,
three distinct processes are exhibited to us, viz., that of furnishing
matter for the current growth; recruiting the exhausted energies
of the plant, and furnishing materials for solidifying that grow rth ;
and storing up organizable matter available for a new growth i in
the ensuing spring or season of growth.

P 2

198 GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS.

Amongst the numerous favourites to be found exhibiting that
peculiarity of growth, a good type of which is afforded us in our
common Scotch fir, may be instanced the Camellia, and it
will furnish an excellent subject upon which to illustrate my
observations. All those who aspire to scientific cultivation
and its consequent results defer repotting this plant till after the
current growth is completed, and the flower-buds in process of
formation. ‘The reason assigned for this mode of treatment is
that by limiting the action of the root during the period of growth,
flower-buds are more readily formed and the young wood is less
luxuriant. Now I deny that the period of repotting the Ca-
mellia, or indeed any plant exhibiting a like peculiarity of
growth, has any effect whatever upon the extent of the current
growth, You may shift it before its wood-buds are fairly ex-
panded, and at the period when you can distinguish its bloom-
buds, and no material difference of quantity in its growth will be
effected, provided that in other respects the treatment is such as
to prevent a double growth. I need not say that Camellias may
be induced, and often are so, to make more than one growth ;
such is of course under the cultivator’s control: but when such
does take place, growth is not continuous; there is a period of
rest, even though no cessation of the stimulant to growth is
allowed. ‘he peculiarity of the mode of development of the
organization of the Camellia is such that a continuous growth is
impossible. It increases its stature not by a gradual progression,
but by a series of impulses, each impulse being in direct ratio
to the quantity of organizable matter stored up by the plant
subsequent to and during the growth immediately preceding.
The influence of the root upon the elongation ef the wood is
only indirect, and it does not affect in any direct way the extent
of that growth. If an extensive medium for the roots, with an
abundance of food, influenced the foliation and inflorescence, how
comes it that plants in the open borders of a conservatory ex-
hibit such masses of bloom? ‘The roots of plants are but ex-
tensions of that cellular mass from which all parts of a plant
take their origin, and root action is simultaneous with the
accumulation of that organic matter in the substance of the
plant, and no deposition of such organic matter takes place in
plants exhibiting such peculiarities of growth as those of which I
am writing, until subsequently to the cessation of growth. Good
illustrations of this are found in the phenomena attendant upon
the process of grafting plants of this description. Success in the
operation does not involve any amount of skill, but yet it often
occurs that many failures arise, and these failures originate from
unexplained causes.

Often those cases on which we have bestowed the greatest care

GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLAN'IS. 199

will prove failures. Let us inquire into these failures. The
success in grafting the walnut, recorded by that most acute ob-
server and profoundly scientific horticulturist, Mr. Knight, is, I
am inclined to imagine, to be attributed not so much to the
changes in the chemical composition of the sap in that tree at
particular periods, and in deferring the operation of grafting till
that period, as to the fact that the elaboration and accumulation
of organic matter is subsequent to the elongation of the current
growth. It is an axiom in the practice of grafting that the
“stock ” should be in advance of the scion. In ordinary cases,
such as the apple, pear, all our common fruits, and many other
instances, it is sufficient that this be the case only in a slight de-
gree. In the apple it is not necessary at all. Countrymen are
constantly in the habit of grafting the apple on crab-stocks by
their fire-sides, after their day’s work is finished, in early spring,
and transplanting them in their gardens at pleasure, and failures
are but slight exceptions to the general rule. The true prin-
ciple upon which this readiness to unite between stock and scion
is to be accounted for is, that the process of organic development
in the apple is of a nature to admit of such, its phenomena of
growth being totally opposite to a Scotch fir or a rhododendron.
Every gardener knows perfectly well that in grafting camellias,
or any of the Conifers, if the scion can be kept alive after
the operation till the stock has made its growth,* success is
certain. At that period the stock is beginning to increase its
bulk, and new matter is secreted to repair the wound made
to insert the scion, and an union is the inevitable result.

From this circumstance is inferred the advantage, the greater
probability of success, in deferring the operation of increasing many
plants by the various modifications of grafting and inarching till
the season’s wood is completed. Here is one of the many appli-
cations of scientific data, of theoretical reasoning, to ordinary prac-
tical operations. Every operation which we perform, guided by
practical experience, may be successfully calculated upon by

* Tam here speaking of grafting, without heading down the “stock,” a
mode adopted to preserve the “‘ stocks” for a successive operation in cases of
failure.

+ Here we see the true causes of almost invariable success in what is
technically termed “ bottle grafting.’’ The facts are simply these :—if the
scion is bound to the stock at a period when its condition is such as not to
allow of a sufficient deposition of organic matter to repair the wound and
effect an union of tissues, the chances are that the scion will perish before
that union can be attained, unless some provisions are made to obviate this
inconvenience and consequent failure. ‘The phial effects this, by affording
nourishment sufficient to prevent decay, and preserve vital energy in the
scion, till the scion and stock are, as regards the phenomena of life, one
individual.

200 GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS.

reasonings upon scientific data. Many other important results
arise from a knowledge of the peculiarity of the growth of plants,
Still speaking of the Camellia, if this plant is removed, suppose
it to be growing in the open ground and its roots mutilated in
the operation (and in moving such plants mutilation takes place
to a great extent from the nature of the root), the extent of the
current wood will be scanty in proportion to the extent of root to
be renewed. This arises from the fact that the organic matter
stored up in the tissues of the plant, and which under favourable
circumstances, 7. e. had the plant not been removed, would have
been employed in the formation of wood, is appropriated by the
plant to repair its sustained injuries, consequently it is recom-
mended to remove such plants when their growth is completed.
But the advice to repot Camellias, and in which operation no
mutilation will occur at such a period, will be productive of no
advantage, because repotting before growth takes place, if all
subsequent treatment is as it should be, will not be productive of
an extended growth.

Deductions, from these phenomena, of practical application to
the gardener, are numerous; this is however not the place to
apply them. I shall now offer some general observations in con-
nection with that character of growth as manifested to us in the
Erica and similar plants. These plants exhibit a mode of elonga-
tion and maturation which, although materially differing in
individuals of the same genera, yet as a whole evince peculiarities
decidedly opposite to those before described. Speaking of indi-
vidual peculiarities, I may mention as decided contrasts, Will-
morei superba and Aristata major, or Bergiana and Banksiana.
Willmorei will produce blooming shoots, 12 or 14 inches in
length, Aristata but a tenth of this, and yet the growth of each
will be perfect of its kind. It is not, however, of extent that I
am writing, but of the manner by which that extent is produced.
Strictly speaking, Heaths, and many other plants of a like cha-
racter, are never totally inert as regards growth, but both
processes, elongation and maturation, are carried on at the same
time. Now it is evident that such a mode of growth is quite
distinct from that of a Rhododendron; yet both are “hard
wooded” plants. And it is equally evident that to profit by a
knowledge of this peculiarity, a totally distinct line of treatment
must be afforded. In the Rhododendron (I merely select that as
a type), the wood for the season is made entirely at the expense
of shoots previously formed, and the great business of life in
such plants is to recruit that exhausted strength, and to prepare
for a future drain upon its resources; and this is only accom-
plished subsequently to the elongation of its wood. Now in the
Heath there is a constant elongation, except perhaps when the

GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS, 201

flowers are about to expand, and at the period of fitness for
fertilizing the embryo; and consequently there must be no long
period of cessation in the healthy action of the root. This is
why Heaths are, under an artificial course of treatment, so diffi-
cult of management; and why, when their roots are in any
way deranged, the foliage so soon bespeaks ill health; when also
in this state growth will not take place, and unless prompt means
are taken death must ensue. No plant has less cellular matter
in its structure thana Heath. As I have previously observed,
perfect organization will have taken place at the base of a shoot
but a couple of inches in length, and while its point will be in
the first stage of development ; and this circumstance accounts for
the feebleness with which a Heath “ breaks”? when pruned in the
shoots of more than one season’s growth. Itis deficient in cellular
matter, the primary form of all subsequent stages of a shoot.

In glancing at another peculiarity of growth, of which, per-
haps, a Pelargonium is as familiar an instance as could be selected,
we meet with a perfectly distinct mode of development. When
we cut back a plant of this character, however severely the
operation may be performed, we are confident that new shoots
will present themselves, even though no moisture be allowed to
the roots; and this circumstance arises from the great amount of
undeveloped organized matter which abounds in the whole sub-
stance of all plants of a like character. In such instances we know
that the perfect maturation of the shoots, from the bursting of
the young bud to the perfection of the seed, will take place ina
few months, and consequently we may be said to create a new
plant every season, because we know that in that brief space we
can attain our aim. Precisely a like routine of rapid organiza-
tion takes place in annual plants, a more prolonged one in bien-
nials, and the same end is only attained in the protracted
development ofan Aloe ora Palm. In fact, we must be aware that
every plant, before it can produce perfect flowers or fruit, must go
through a certain series of developments ; that different varieties
of plants have different degrees of perfection in that development
(taking the more protracted as types) to pass through, before the
great end of all organized beings, reproduction (or the organs of
such), is perfected.* And we can also infer that the several

* Mr. Knight was of opinion that accumulated matter of succeeding
seasons, not only that of the current growth, influenced the degree of per-
fection of a given crop of fruit or flowers. In this we must all concur; and
the acknowledgment of the principle involves much for serious considera-
tion, and much that bears directly upon plant culture. In an annual, the
present season, or more properly one circle of organic phenomena, is all that
is afforded to accomplish the great end of life. An Amaryllis, mutilated at
the season of vigour, requires three or four such circles of organic develop-
ment to enable it to perfect its flowers, and with the best treatment too.

202 GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE WOOD OF PLANTS.

stages of development may be performed, perfectly or imper-
fectly, accordingly as external cireumstances may influence. And
in attiving at this point we are bound to conclude that, supposing
in a ivi at which I have pointed out, to be based upon fact,
and that the cultivator is guided in his operations by inferences
drawn from reasonings upon such principles, then plant cultiva-
tion must be classed amongst the sciences.

With this rapid and imperfect sketch of some of the principles
upon which the growth of plants proceeds, I shall endeavour to
inquire how far some of our treatment, as regards temperature,
harmonizes therewith. We all know too well that the “ head”
of a plant may be over stimulated—that its branches may
be induced to extend themselves at the expense of their bulk.
No matter what description of growth the.plant may exhibit to
us, the principle holds good in all. A plant in such a condition
is derisively termed a “lanky” specimen, and indicates bad
gardening in many instances. One of the cultivator’s most
strenuous endeavours is to guard against such effects, and every
means is employed to combat them; yet it appears to me, that in
the face of such facts, we all practise—and the best gardeners in
England sanction and recommend it—that which is of all treat-
ment the most likely to bring about results that we profess to
abhor and to combat. The treatment I allude to is that of
shutting up plant-houses at an early hour in a sunny afternoon,
with a damp atmosphere and a thermometer 10° or 15° in advance
of a gradual and natural decrease. Ever since I have reasoned
upon the connection between cause and effect in garden
matters, this has appeared to me to be a monstrous innovation
upon those laws we are all so fond of acknowledging as the guid-
ing star of our operations—the laws of nature. I have reasoned
upon the practice often; I have brought what smattering of
physiological and practical knowledge I possess, to bear upon the
subject; and I must, in justice to myself, confess that I can de-
duce nothing in favour of the practice, but very much against it.
I will willingly change my opinion if I can read or hear a sound
argument to convince me that my opinions are wrong. But in
the present state of my researches and observations, I cannot
understand why the practice is recommended, or what are its good
results. I conceive it to be one of those time-honoured practices
which we still so fondly cling to, without fora moment consider-
ing the rationale of such proceeding ; but in the present advanc-
ing state of gardening, when every day enlists more of intelligence
and forethought in its service, the principle must be investigated
and retained, or condemned, as shall be decided.

If we discuss the subject upon purely scientific grounds—and
that we may safely do, for the most successful practice is but the

RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. 2038

elucidation of scientific deductions—I think we shall see that the
practice of early afternoon closing is detrimental to the proper
and perfect development of vegetable life. It may, and dies,
induce elongation, but that is no gain, as regards actual bulk of
organized matter in the plant. It is essentially a species of wire-
drawing, in which the same matter is lengthened and made to
assume a more extended bulk without such actually being the
case, and at the same time the original is weakened: it gives, as
it were, an impulse to growth at a season when a degree of
repose and solidification of pre-existing tissues should be going on:
it deranges the circle of organic phenomena, and consequently
depreciates the capabilities of the individual. For it must be
borne in mind that the tissues of a plant once advanced in the
scale of organization beyond the simple elementary form of cellular
tissue, can never retrograde: they may possibly remain stationary
or be imperfectly advanced, as is both the cause and effect of some
diseases; but if that advanced condition has taken place under
unfavourable circumstances, the ill effects of such must remain
indelibly fixed as a constitutional derangement, and as such will
ever after influence the perfect development of the individual.
It appears to me more and more forcibly, with every successive
inquiry I make in the subject, that horticulture as a science must
be based upon physiological facts, and that physiology must
consent to descend in some degree from the elevated position it
assumes, and condescend to deduce the basis, the foundation of
its theory, from investigations of the simplest forms of vegetable
life. The whole series of phenomena constituting the origin and
maturity of some of the lower forms of plants are but the first
steps of organization in some higher in the scale; but each is
perfect of its kind. And it is in its most simple form that we can
observe with advantage the phenomena of life. Itis here we must
study the connection between the constitution of vegetables and
the external circumstances to which they may be exposed, and
the results produced in subsequent stages of development. A
physiology based upon such principles can alone be of real worth
in its practical application to horticultural purposes.

XXII.— Contributions to a History of the Relation between
Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe.

No. 9.—Climate of Australind, Western Australia. An
Extract from a Letter to the Vice-Secretary from M.
Waller Clifton, Esq., dated 25 September, 1848.

WHEN I came out in charge of the expedition to found this
settlement (the success of which was almost at once destroyed
by the proceedings and failure at home of the Western Australia

204 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

Company), I brought with me a case of vines and figs, and some
seeds from the Society, as well as a large supply of fruit trees
and garden seeds which I procured from nurserymen and from
my own gardens; but, unfortunately, from their getting wetted
in landing and the difficulties incident on the formation of a first
settlement, I preserved only a limited part of them. I could
only plant and sow them in sand near the coast, and before we
had manure or could bring the fertile soil into cultivation ; and,
of course, under such circumstances, few of the fruit trees were
preserved. I soon, however, brought the sand of which my
first garden consisted into fine cultivation, and it is impossible
to describe too highly its productiveness and the superior
qualities of the vegetables it produces. I have since, at a farm
which I have formed on the banks of the Brunswick, a small
stream running from the Darling Range to Leschenault Inlet
(about five miles from hence), formed two other gardens, one in
alluvial soil on the flats of the river, and the other upon upland
of a loamy character above the flats, in which the vine, olive,
banana, and every European fruit tree and vegetable thrive with
the utmost luxuriance.

I should inform you that, although we are in 33° S. latitude,
the heat is not greater than in 45° N. latitude. Our climate
is perfection: in the summer, which I may say lasts from Oc-
tober to April, we have land and sea breezes, which entirely
temper the heat; the nights are scarcely ever hot, and even in
those months we are seldom more than three or four weeks
without beautiful soft rain. In the winter months the weather
between the intervals of gales and rain is most exquisite, and,
in fact, is never really bad for three days together. This year
we have had more rain than usual, but the season has been most
delightful for agricultural and horticultural purposes, (The
rain that has fallen in the present year amounts to 28 inches in
perpendicular depth to this time; I think about 25 may be the
average.) With such a climate, you may well suppose that
kitchen gardening may be carried to the utmost perfection ; and,
having all my life taken great delight in it, I here enjoy it to
the full. I regularly get two crops, and in some instances three
crops, off every inch of my gardens. My peas and lettuces,
turnips, carrots, and cabbages surpass what I ever saw in Eng-
land or France ; my onions last year weighed 17 oz. each, and
cucumbers, melons, water-melons, and vegetable-marrow I have
actually in cart-loads from December to April. We sow po-
tatoes in February and March, before the rains commence, dig
them in June, sow again (old seed) in July during the rains,
and dig in October and November, and sow again in swampy
land in November, December, and January, and dig in February
and March.

IN VARIOUS PARTS._OF THE GLOBE, 205

The growth of the vine and fig is here something wonderful.
I should tell you, that for the last seven years the cultivation
of the former, which was neglected in the early days of the
colony, has been much attended to at and about Perth, the
capital, where, though only 14° farther to the north than I am
here, the heat is much greater. Wine and raisins are now
making there in considerable quantities, and more might, I think,
have been done, had it not been for unacquaintance with
the culture and pruning. The short system of pruning there,
adopted recently, has nearly destroyed many of the vineyards
before they had reached perfection. In this district one other
gentleman and myself and sons are at present the only cultivators
of the vine, and it is only three years since I planted my first.
The prospect is so flattering, that I have now above an acre of
trenched vineyards, and have just planted out about 3000 more
plants. To give you an idea of the growth of the vine-here, I
need only mention that on the 6th of September, 1846, I planted
at my farm 400 2-year old vine-plants which I procured from
Perth, and which, 7 transitu, were two months out of ground,
and apparently dried up. Nearly allstruck. They were planted
in ground trenched 3 feet deep. In June, 1847, they were pruned
close down; in January, 1848, they produced a considerable
number of fine grapes; and when I pruned them in June last
(1848), I cut off from many shoots seven yards in length. At
this moment they are just bursting forth, and from the enormous
show of fruit I think there will be a ton of grapes upon them
in January. In my sand-garden here on the shore of the inlet
their growth is hardly less. ‘The fig is equally luxuriant and
prolific ; I shall have bushels and bushels on young trees only
planted four years, and now eight and ten feet high.

Of vines we have here the following kinds: Sweetwater,
Muscat of Alexandria, Red and White Constantia, White Ham-
burgh, Wortley Hall, Crystal, and some others not accurately
known ; but we are especially deficient in black grapes. In figs
I have White Marseilles, Brown Ischia, aud what is called here
the Turkey, but which is, I think, the Brunswick or Madonna.

Of potatoes we (the colony generally) only have a red sort (I
believe the Scotch Red), and I have a few Ash-leaved Kidneys
and Pink Eyes.

The peach, nectarine, and apricot thrive here wonderfully. I
am by degrees getting them, but generally the peaches are
inferior sorts raised here from seed, and bear the third year.
The black currant and raspberry might do here, though they
do not at Perth. |

Our melons, cucumbers, and vegetable marrow come here to a
perfection I never sawin Europe. I picked the Netted Romana
in my open sand-garden last year, weighing 19} lbs.

206 MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT-TREE BORDERS.

XXIITI.— Hints on the proper Management of Fruit- Tree Bor-
ders, having for their object the attainment of early and per-
manent productiveness. By Henry Bailey, Nuneham.

(Communicated February 16, 1849.)

In making a communication to the Society upon a subject of so
much interest to every lover of a garden, I may be allowed to say
that I do so with great deference to the opinions of others. In
treating the subject it will be my endeavour to advance nothing
in practice which cannot be accounted for by science, being well
assured that no dissertations, in this enlightened age, can be really
valuable to the community which do not unite theory with
practice.

The walls of a garden are amongst the largest items of expense
in its first formation, but we may travel long distances without
seeing (however complete in other respects gardens may be) these
expensive provisions adequately furnished with well-trained and
fructiferous trees, or if we see them now, in a few years they will
have vanished. How often do we see trees growing in the wildest
luxuriance during one season (perhaps a wet and sunless one),
doomed to perish the next from their crude and immatured con-
dition !

Various have been the suggestions of modern gardeners con-
versant with horticulture as a science, to control the vigour of
their trees within certain limits, and to establish that desirable
balance in them which, while they possess all reasonable strength
of growth, does not prevent their producing abundantly. In old
times it was said,

“He who plants pears,
Plants for his heirs ;”
but in these days, thanks to Mr. Rivers, root-pruning, shallow
planting, and the quince stock, where it flourishes, every lover
of this valuable fruit can now look for and have immediate
results.

Equally diverse have been the modes of planting trees on
walls. In former times, when the importance of drainage was
less understood—when the revivifying powers of atmospheric air
in penetrating soils were chemically unappreciated—deep exca-
vations were dug out, without provision for the water to escape,
and filled with soil; the trees were planted, and left uncontrolled,
save by the periodical prunings, till nature caused them to fruit,
which they generally did in the most sparing and uncertain man-
ner. It seems to have been an established principle in old times
that the roots should penetrate deeply into the earth, no one re-
flecting that from this cause proceed late and immature growths,
the sure preludes to decay and death.

MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT-TREE BORDERS. 207

It has been reserved for modern gardeners to appreciate the
importance of the temperature of the soil in connexion with the
erowth of plants. I mean of the temperature of the soil, being
in advance of that of the atmosphere. Mr. Reid, of Balcarres,
‘¢ found that in a cankered orchard the roots of the trees had
entered the earth to the depth of 3 feet ;” and he also ascertained
‘< that the average heat of the soil, at 6 inches below the surface,
was 61°, at 9 inches 57°, at 18 inches 50°, and at 3 feet 44°.”
Surely, then, when we take into account the manner in which
the earth’s surface is heated by the sun in the native countries of
the fruits which British gardeners cultivate, and when we under-
stand the advantages which the comparative bottom heat confers on
trees, in causing early and advanced root action, moderate growth,
and early maturity of the wood, at the same time endowing them
with protective properties by diffusing through their air-vessels
that temperature which the surface-roots absorb, it cannot but be
wise practice to adopt shallow platforms of good sound loam on
well-drained bottoms impervious to the descent of roots. Such
has been my practice—such the plan advocated by one of our most
skilful gardeners, Mr. Errington, gardener to Sir Philip de Grey
Egerton, Bart., M.P. By such means, in almost all situations,
fruit-trees may be made to flourish and yield fruit ‘ after their
kind.”

There is another advantage which these impervious bottoms
secure to us, viz. the most perfect command of the roots; and
I think there are few who in this age would hold this to be un-
important. For my own part I conceive that the roots of every
fruit-tree should be as much under control as the branches.

Of late years there has been practised by several very intelli-
gent mena system of covering the surfaces of borders with
concrete, thereby excluding the rain-water from percolating, and
preventing, to a great extent, the admission of air. I am quite
willing to admit that in certain places, where the situation is low,
the soil tenacious, and the locality subject to an amount of rain
exceeding the average, it may have been wise to make provision
to prevent the saturation of the border by excess of rain; but as
a general rule on light soils, or those of a medium quality, it does
not appear to me that such a proceeding is either warranted by
practice or supported by scientific theory.

If it be true that ‘‘ the water which plants obtain from the soil
contains those saline and gaseous matters which plants want,’’
surely it cannot be in accordance with the established data on
which the universally recognized improvements of modern horti-
culture and agriculture are founded, to exclude the rain-water
from penetrating the soil. The advantages derived from drain-
age (the basis of all cultivation) are due to the removal of the

208 MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT-TREE BORDERS.

excess of water, thereby admitting the air—‘“ Because,” says Mr.

Solly, “plants cannot derive the elements of organic matter from
the earthy constituents of the soil, nor from the organic matters
which it may contain, unless there is AIR present.” Again, the
same high authority says—‘“ The most abundant constituent of soils
is commonly silica, which frequently forms nearly nine-tenths of
their whole weight. Silica, or natural compounds containing silica,
in combination with several earthy and alkaline bases, are quite
insoluble in water, and are scarcely acted on by the strongest
acids, nevertheless they gradually decompose when exposed to the
AIR.”

Seeing, then, the very important functions which rain-water is
ordained to perform in percolating through the soil—water itself
being a large constituent of plants, containing also in its own body
a quantity of air, and in its course leaving cavities through which
the air of the atmosphere penetrates, rendering into soluble food
for plants those organic substances which without such agency
would be insoluble—I cannot but doubt the propriety of cover-
ing the surfaces of borders with an impervious substance like
concrete.

Dr. Lindley says, that ‘* hardy trees, on whose roots earth had
been heaped, or paving laid, are found to suffer much, or even
to die. In such cases the earth, in which the roots are grow-
ing, is constantly much cooler than the atmosphere, instead of
warmer.” Is there not on this account another great objection
to concrete surfaces ?

I have paid much attention to the management of fruit-tree
borders, and feel convinced that the great object which we should
have in view is to secure a shallow stratum of sound pure loam
ona dry and impervious bottom, to avoid mutilating the surface-
roots by cropping with vegetables, not to apply rank and stimu-
lating manures, and to endeavour to keep the mass of soil always
open, healthy, and permeable to the sun, the atmosphere, and the
rain, using especial precaution that excess of the latter is not per-
mitted to saturate the soil. Nothing in my opinion is more in-
jurious to wall-trees than the heavy cropping of the borders in
which they are planted. J would not do this if I were not
obliged. My opinion is, that in first-rate gardens the fruit-borders
should be set apart solely for the trees. If paled fences were
erected, running east and west over a division of such gardens,
northern and southern exposures for early and late cropping would
be secured, offering the advantages of shade and exposure to the
fullest extent, while the trifling additional expense would be
amply repaid by the permanently-improved condition of the trees,
and more abundant and highly-flavoured fruit.

CULTIVATION OF THE SCARLET PELARGONIUM IN POTS. 209

XXIV.—On the Cultivation of the Scarlet Pelargonium in
Pots. By Philip Conway, FEarl’s Court Nursery, Old
Brompton Road.

(Communicated January 31, 1849.)

Havine devoted a considerable portion of my time for these
last twelve years to the cultivation and improvement of Scarlet
Pelargoniums and with the best results, and having also been a
successful exhibitor in this class at Chiswick as early as the year
1839, I am induced to give the Society a plain statement of
my practice, which, if followed out, will be productive of a
splendid and continuous display of bloom in the conservatory
from May till November—surely a great desideratum.

About the middle of July select healthy plants, having from
two tu six shoots of young wood as close to the pot as can be
obtained, and set them ina sunny situation. Give them little
water for a fortnight ; at the expiration of that period cut them
down, leaving about two eyes of the old wood; set them in the
shade, and water sparingly until they have broken well, which
they will have done in about three weeks. Cease watering them
then for two or three days, and when thoroughly dry shake them
out of their pots, trim in any straggling roots, and re-pot into
as small pots as the roots will admit of, shaking the mould well
in among the fibres, When potted set them in the shade, and
give them a good watering to make the soil firm, afterwards water
sparingly until they shall have begun to grow freely, when they
will require a more liberal supply, especially in dry hot weather,
when they may be watered twice a day all over their leaves from
a fine rosed pot. In about a week or ten days’ time they should
be removed to a situation where they will be exposed to the full
influence of the sun during the greater part of the day. When
they have well filled their pots with roots, they should be shifted
into others two sizes larger than those they occupied, and in
these they should be flowered. About this stage of their growth
care must be especially taken to rub off all young shoots, except
one or two on each main branch, and these should be as equal in
size and strength as possible all over the plant, in order that
they may all flower at the same period, which they will do or
nearly so, provided too many be not left on the plants; and,
as large trusses of flowers are more attractive than small
ones, though there may be double the number of the latter, it is
necessary to encourage the strongest and healthiest shoots only.
I should say that for a plant in a 6-inch pot two shoots would
be sufficient to leave; for one in an 8-inch pot three or four ;
and for one in an 11-inch pot from four tosix. The grand point

210 CULTIVATION OF THE SCARLET PELARGONIUM IN POTS,

being, as before stated, to get all the shoots left on the plants to
bloom at the same time: the trusses will keep in perfection for a
month or six weeks. <A strong one-year old plant, with a single
stem, flowered Hydrangea-fashion, presents a superb appearance.

In staging the plants for the winter they should be placed as
near the glass as possible, and no more water should be given
them than what will merely keep them from flagging.

About the beginning of February they should be introduced
to the forcing-house, and placed where they can receive the
greatest amount of sun. They will now require an increased
supply of water; and when they shall have commenced growing
vigorously, and while throwing up their flower trusses, they like
a copious supply, in bright dry weather sometimes twice a-day,
gently syringing the foliage and flower-trusses with a fine rosed
syringe morning and evening. Liquid manure made from
sheep’s droppings, applied two or three times a-week, will add
much to the strength of the truss of bloom and to the beauty of
the foliage, but this should not be applied till the flower-trusses
have made their appearance. As soon as these can be plainly
distinguished from the points of the shoots, the latter must be
carefully nipped off immediately before them, the flower-stalk
will then take the lead and grow most vigorously. A stake will
be required for each shoot, but it should not show above the
foliage; the flower-stalk will be sufficiently strong to support
the truss. Soon after the shoots are stopped they will send out
laterals ; these should be picked out with the point of a knife
on their first appearance, in order that the whole energy of the
plant may be directed to the main shoots and flower-trusses.
By the middle or end of May plants treated as above will be in
excellent order for the conservatory, and when placed there it
is absolutely necessary to avoid all extremes in regard to water-
ing, or the consequence will be that the foliage will assume a
sickly hue and prematurely drop off, and the flowers will not be
so persistent or long-lived as if the soil were kept in the happy
medium between wet and dry. ‘These are facts borne out by
experience, and I am anxious to impress them on the minds of
my readers. |

When the beauty of the plants begins to fade they should be
turned out to harden off previous to their being cut back in
July, being intended for the first blooming in the following
May, and the conservatory should be replenished by a batch cut
down early in September. When the latter have broken, are shook
out and re-potted, they should be kept as dormant as possible
all winter. In April they must be shifted into large pots,
and at once introduced into the forcing- house, where they should
receive the same treatment as the former lot.

CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA. P11

The plants for the third succession must be selected from
those cut down in September ; they should be introduced into
the forcing-house in April along with the others; they should
not be shifted then, but stopped back, and when they have broken
they should be shifted, and afterwards treated in all respects as
the former lots.

The soil which I use for my plants consists of equal portions
of rich friable loam, leaf-mould, and well-decomposed cow-dung,
mixed with coarse silver sand and lime rubbish to the amount of
about one-eighth of the whole: these should be well incorporated
with a spade, but not sifted. For large plants especially ample
drainage is essential—say a few oyster-shells, and over these
an inch in thickness of the rough siftings of old lime rubbish,
then a layer of flaky hot-bed manure. I would here remark
that during their earlier stages of growth, the soil should not
be of so forcing or heavy a eharacter as for more advanced
plants; I mean it should contain more sand and less dung.

The stronger growing sorts of Pelargonium most suitable for
the above rotation are, the Shrubland Superb, Ibrahim Pacha,
Royalist, Tam O’Shanter, and Eclipse.

The best dwarfs are, Phenomenon, Brompton Hero, and Tom
Thumb ; the latter variety requires a much larger proportion
of cow-dung and leaf-mould, to grow it well, than any of the
other sorts, and it is the only one with which I am acquainted
that will bear forcing. They should be stopped once or twice
during their earlier stages of growth, which will cause them to
assume a more dwarf and bushy habit, but they must not be
stopped before their flowers, like the large growing sorts.

XXV.— Notes upon some newly-introduced Conifers collected
by Mr. Hartweg in Upper California. By George Gordon,
A.LS. |

Ir has been known for some years past, from dried specimens
and other memoranda brought home by the late Dr. Coulter,
that several very desirable firs were to be found growing on the
mountains of Upper California, some of which were of gigantic
stature and well suited for the climate of England; and as Mr.
Hartweg, when in the service of the Society as collector in that
country, succeeded in procuring good seeds and specimens of
most of them, which he brought with him on his return to
England in June, 1848; and as a large quantity of the same
have now been distributed to the Fellows of the Society, either
in seeds or young plants, some account of the different kinds
may be found serviceable, particularly as the names under which
VOL. Iv. Q

212 CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA,

some of them were distributed will require to be altered, in con-
sequence of their having previously had other names assigned
to them by the late Professor Don; but as Mr. Don’s materials
were very imperfect, so his descriptions were defective and in-
accurate, which led Mr. Hartweg into the error of giving new
names to kinds previously published. As Mr. Don’s names have
priority, I propose in the present instance to cancel such of Mr.
Hartweg’s names as require it, and to rectify Mr. Don’s de-
scriptions.

No. |. Prnus BentoamMiAna. Hartweg, in Hort. Soc. Journ.,
vol. ii. p. 189.

Leaves in threes, thickly set on the branches, dark green, and
resembling those of the Pinaster, but much longer, usually 11
inches in length, very stout, rather flat, with a slight elevated
rib running along their inner side. Sheaths partly persistent,
nearly an inch in length on those of the young shoots, slightly
shaggy, except at the extremity, where they are very ragged
or torn. Seed-leaves on the young plants from seven to eight
in number, and rather long. Branches rather numerous, very
stout, spreading, and rather irregular, with the bark rough.
Buds large, dark brown, much imbricated, and destitute of re-
sinous matter, or nearly so. Cones, in clusters of three or four
together, slightly pendulous, and quite straight, six inches in
length, and two and a half broad at the widest part, which is
rather below the middle; the base is unequal sided, owing to
the numerous very small scales there, curving to one side, and
forming a kind of hood round the base of the cone, which is
quite sessile. Scales largest at the widest part of the cone,
which is about one-third from the base, then diminishing gra-
dually towards the point, which is rather blunt; those scales
nearest the base are very small, particularly the first four or five
rows, and are more elevated in the centre, which is terminated
by a stout broad point ; the larger scales are rather thin and
nearly flat, # of an inch broad and 4} an inch deep, with a
slightly elevated ridge across the middle of each, which is ter-
minated in the centre by a very short stout spine, quite straight :
each cone has from thirteen to fifteen rows of scales. Male
flowers large, cylindrical, and in large compact clusters; each
scale contains within it two seeds, which are rather below the
middle size; but with wings rather more than an inch in length
and half an inch in breadth.

This noble Pine, which seems to be entirely a mountain spe-
cies, sometimes attains the height of 200 feet, with a stem 28
feet in circumference. Mr. Hartweg first met with it on the

CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA. 213

eng
palit
Y Mls

l/
i BS

/

Sed

i}

7

;

Gp

{Pinus Benthamiana.]

f&
bo

94 CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA.

mountains of Santa Cruz, a coast range running due north across
the bay from Monterey, and distant by water about 25 miles,
although 60 miles by land; afterwards he found it in the Sacra-
mento country, growing upon the ridge generally termed by
emigrants from the United States, the Californian Mountains.
Mr. Hartweg says, ‘after crossing the Chuba River you pass
the prairie, and enter the mountains near Bear Creek, where
you have to pass through an interminable wood of Pinus Sabini-
ana; and in ascending the gradual acclivity of the mountain you
lose the region of Pinus Sabiniana and enter that of Pinus
Benthamiana, which seems to be characteristic of the upper
region.” Some trees of this noble Pine attain an enormous
size; the largest which Mr. Hartweg measured in this locality
was 28 feet in circumference and 220 feet in height. It gene-
rally grows in masses or intermixed with a few solitary Pinus
Lambertiana, which is of equal dimensions in these regions. ‘The
lofty mountains surrounding Bear Valley are also well wooded
by Pinus Benthamiana.

It was named by Mr. Hartweg in compliment to George
Bentham, Esq., late Secretary to the Society. There is little
doubt but it will prove quite hardy, and a very valuable timber
in England.

No..2. Prynus rapiata. D. Don, in the Linnean Trans-
actions, vol. xvii. p. 442; and Lambert's Pinus, vol. iii. t.
80. Syn. Pinus insignis, variety with large Cones, Hart-
weg, Journal of the Hort. Soc., vol. iii. p. 226.

Leaves in threes, very slender, twisted, dark green, thickly
set on the branches, and from 34 to 4 inches in length upon
the wild specimens. Sheaths short, smooth, one-fourth of an
inch in length on the young leaves, very much shorter on the
older ones, and only partially persistent. ‘Seed-leaves on the
young plants from seven to eight in number, rather long and
slender. Branches compact, numerous, rather regular and
slender, particularly the lateral ones. Bark, light brown and
rather smooth. Buds small, numerous, imbricated, and full of
resinous matter. Cones, in clusters three or four together,
rather conical, very hard, slightly incurved, pendulous, and of a
glossy light ‘brown colour, 6 inches long, 34 broad near the
base, which is uneven as well as the sides, the outer side being
much the longest. Scales radiant, largest at the external base
and down three parts of the outer side of the cone, deeply
divided, much elevated, and prolonged into a blunt-pointed
nipple, + an inch in length and ? of an inch broad—those scales
nearest the base being bent backwards ; the others more or less

CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA. 915

tf

Y)
5 ei lly “ll
jj RSS
NWS

16

Ci

fallin i
i fi" WW
fl 9

[Pinus radiata. }

216 CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA.

convex, widest at the base, bluntly conical, slightly angular, and
terminated by a blunt point; the scales on the inner side of
the cone and for four or five rows round the point are very
much smaller, quadrangular, slightly elevated, with their points
quite flat or slightly depressed. Each cone contains from four-
teen to sixteen rows of scales, within each of which are two
small nearly black seeds, with a very rough shell and wings 1
inch long and # of an inch broad.

This beautiful pine resembles Pinus insignis in some respects,
but differs very much in foliage and cones; the leaves of P.
insignis are longer and stouter than those of Pinus radiata on
the wild specimens, while the cones of P. radiata are nearly three
times the size of those of P. insignis, with the scales very much
more elevated. It was first discovered by the late Dr. Coulter
in Upper California, in lat. 36°, near the level of the sea, and
almost close to the beach, growing singly, and attaining the
height of 100 feet, with a straight stem feathered to the ground
with branches. He says it affords excellent timber, which is
very.tough and admirably adapted for boat building, for which
purpose it is much used at Monterey. Mr. Hartweg met with
it on the descent towards the sea on the mountains of San
Antonio, 60 leagues south of Monterey, forming a small wood
extending along the beach, where the dark grass green of its
foliage formed a great contrast with the parched up vegetation
around it at the time.

It will be as hardy as Pinus insignis, and well adapted for
planting near the sea coast.

No. 3. Pinus muricaTa. DD. Don, in the Linnean Transac-
tions, vol. xvii. p. 441. Lambert's Pinus, vol. iii. t. 84.
Syn. Pinus Edgariana, Hartweg, in Journal of the Hort,
Soc., vol. iii. p. 217.

Leaves in twos, not very thickly set on the branches, from 33
to 4 inches in length on the wild specimens, very stiff, rather
broad, blunt pointed, hollow on the inner side, round on the
outer, and of a dull green colour. Sheaths very short, smooth,
not more than 3 an inch in length on the young leaves, and only
slightly persistent on the older ones. Seed-leaves on the young
plants in fives and rather short. Branches not very numerous,
but tolerably stout. Buds below the middle size, imbricated,
much pointed, and destitute of resinous matter. Cones in
clusters of from four to seven, reddish brown when young, but
changing to a gray or ash colour when old, pendulous and
nearly straight or very slightly incurved on the side next the
branch, 3 inches in length and 13 inch broad near the base,

CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA. 217

which is the widest part, and tapering to rather a blunt point ;
the base is slightly uneven, and the cone sessile or nearly so.
Scales largest on the outer side of the cone, particularly those
towards the base; they are conical, nearly straight or slightly
bent backwards near the base, much elongated, pointed, and +
an inch in length; the scales on the inner side of the cone and
at the point are much the smallest, quadrangular, and nearly flat,

[Pinus muricata.]

except those near the point, which are rather more elevated than
the others, with a slight ridge running across their middle, ter-
minated by a short, straight, broad prickle in the centre: each
cone contains from nine to ten rows of scales, within each of
which are two very small dark-brown seeds, with wings 4 an
inch long.

This very distinct pine was first discovered by Dr. Coulter at

218 CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA.

San Luis Obispo, in Upper California, to the south of Monterey,
in lat. 385°, at an elevation of 3000 feet, and within ten miles of
the sea shore. It grows straight, but rather stunted, seldom
exceeding 40 feet in height. Mr. Hartweg found it growing on
the western declivity of the mountains near Monterey, and within
two miles of the sea shore, attaining a height of from 20 to 30
feet, and with a trunk 12 inches in diameter. In this locality
it was confined to a small wood 4a mile square, and intermixed
with and surrounded by Pinus insignis. Mr. Hartweg again
met with it a considerable distance to the south of Monterey, on
the ascent to the Mission of La Purissima, where the monotony
of the bare hills was only relieved by a small forest of it; the
trees, however, not attaining a larger size than those found
growing near Monterey.

This pine Mr. Hartweg supposed to be new, and accordingly
gave it the name of Pinus Edgariana; but, as it had previously
been named and described by Professor Don in the Linnean Trans-
actions, as above quoted, I am obliged to cancel Mr. Hartweg’s
name. It is the ‘‘ Obispo,” or Bishop Pine of the Californians ;
and no doubt will prove quite hardy.

No. 4. Pinus TuBERCULATA. WD. Don, in the Linnean Trans-
actions, vol. xvii. p. 442. Lambert's Pinus, vol. iii. t. 85.
Syn. Pinus californica, Hartweg, in the Journal of the Hort.
Soce., vol. ii. p. 189.

Leaves in threes, thickly set on the branches, bright green,
rather stiff, broad and flat, with an elevated rib running along
their middle on the inner side, 43 to 5 inches in length on the
wild specimens. Sheaths short, smooth, not more than half an
inch long on the young leaves, very much shorter on the older
ones, and only partially persistent. Seed-leaves on the young
plants from seven to eight in number, rather slender, and not
very long. Branches few, stout, and rather irregular, with a
roughish bark. Buds below the middle size, imbricated, and
not very resinous or pointed. Cones mostly in clusters of four,
but sometimes solitary or in pairs, and only produced on the
main stem, of a long conical shape, 5 inches in length and 2
broad, the outer surface curved, the inner straight, widest near
the base, and gradually tapering to the point, quite sessile, and
uneven-sided at the base, very hard, of a light brown colour or
silvery gray when old, very glossy and full of resinous matter ;
they stand off at nearly right angles when old, although rather
pendulous when young, and remain on the trees for years without
even opening or shedding their seeds. Scales largest and most
developed at the external base and down three parts of the outer

CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA, 919

Iii \\ Xs Xi, eH
! ‘ Ny

\\\y \\\s
»\ »
alt

Ty. t
! bi tu
i} Hi i pa
\ a i

re) Yas
ig

IRAN

=figk
att

eS S ame

[Pinus tuberculata.]

220 CONIFERS COLLECTED IN UPPER CALIFORNIA.

side of the cone, deeply divided, much elevated, horizontal, and
rather conical, particularly those near the base, the longest of
which is of an inch, terminated by a strong sharp prickle ; but
as they approach towards the point of the cone, they become
much less elevated, more quadrangular, and blunter pointed ; the
scales on the inner side of the cone and round the point are very
much smaller and quite flat, with a small dark brown prickle in
their centre ; each cone contains fifteen or sixteen rows of scales,
within each of which are two very small seeds, with wings 2 of
an inch in length.

This pine was first discovered by Dr. Coulter to the south of
Monterey, in lat. 36°, near the level of the sea, and growing
almost close to the beach, intermixed with Pinus radiata. Mr.
Hartweg found it growing on the Santa Cruz mountains, 60
miles to the north of Monterey by land. It is a tree of slow
growth, and seldom attains more than 25 or 30 feet in height,
with a trunk 8 or 10 inches in diameter. As hardy as Pinus
insignis.

(een)

NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S
GARDEN.

16. WisTARIA Sinensis: alba.

Mr. Fortune sent this from China.

According to Siebold the Chinese have many varieties of
the Wistaria (or Glycine) Sinensis. Of these a pure white one
has flowered in the Garden. It differs in no other respect from
the lilac kind, and is much less handsome; but when plentiful
it may produce a pretty effect by being inarched upon the branches
of the latter.

May 28, 1849.

17. Ca@LOGYNE ASPERATA.*
Received in flower from T. Twisden Hodges, Esq., May 30, 1849.

This, which is much the finest of all the Coelogynes, is a native
of Borneo, and flowered in the Garden of Hemsted Park in such
profusion that not fewer than 8 spikes were produced at the
same time. Each of these spikes is nearly a foot long, and
hanging downwards bears 12 or 14 magnificent white flowers,
full 3 inches in diameter when spread open. ‘They have a firm
- fleshy texture, are a pale cream colour, except the lip, which is
richly marked with brownish-yellow veins, springing from a
rugged bright orange central ridge. At the base of each
flower grows a brown concave dry bract 1} inch long, which, by
its dead colour, much enlivens and improves the delicate tints of
the flowers themselves.

It is nearly related to the Java C. speciosa, but is a very much
more striking species, on account of the whiteness of its noble

blossoms.
May 31, 1849.

* C. asperata ; racemis pendulis densé multifloris subpubescentibus, brac-
teis subrotundo-ovatis concavis duris siccis, floribus (maximis) resupinatis,
sepalis lanceolatis carinatis, petalis conformibus angustioribus ecarinatis,
labelli cucullati lobis lateralibus erectis ovatis obtusis intermedio oblongo
obtuso crispo: disco dense verrucoso costis 3 inequalibus levibus pone
basin,—J. L.

g22 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

18. Mimu.us Tricotor. Hartweg.*

Raised from seeds brought home by Mr. Hartweg, and said
to be collected on the plains of the Sacramento valley,
in California.

An annual, soft and covered with delicate glandular hairs.
Leaves pale green, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the base, here
and there toothed at the edge, those near the root of the same
form as the others. The flowers, which are about 2 inches long,
grow singly and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves; they
have a long narrow plaited unequal calyx, beyond which pro-
jects the very slender tube of the corolla, which then widens
into a funnel-shaped limb, with an oblique border. cut into 5
nearly equal rounded lobes. Its general colour is bright pink,
with a deep crimson spot at the base of each lobe, and a bright
yellow stain along the lower lip.

It is distinguished from Mimulus brevipes by the uniform shape
of the leaves, by the nearly sessile flowers with a long, narrow, by
no means ovate, calyx, and by the slender exserted tube of the
corolla.

As far as its cultivation is understood, it appears as if it would
be best to treat it as a half-hardy annual.

It is a delicate growing plant, with very neat party-coloured
flowers, well.repaying any care required for its cultivation.

June 2, 1849.

19. NurravuiA CERASIFORMIS. Torrey and Gray, in the
Botany of Beechey’s Voyage, p. 336, t. 82.

Reeeived from Mr. Hartweg in January 1848, from Cali-
fornia, said to be a deciduous shrub, 2 feet high, from |
the woods near Monterey.

A shrub, with a very thin half-transparent smooth deciduous
foliage. The leaves are obovate-lanceolate, or oblong, perfectly
smooth, pale-green, rather glaucous beneath. From the base of
the young shoots, opposite one of the earliest leaves, springs a
nodding raceme of ‘greenish-white flowers, furnished with broad,
reflexed, thin, very pale-green bracts. ‘There are five petals,
which soon fall off, and fifteen stamens inserted on the calyx ina
double row. ‘The aspect of the plant is something that of a bird-
cherry, but its fruit is said to consist of from one to five leathery
drupes, which finally dry up and split:

* M. tricolor ; annua, erecta, pubescens, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis subden-
tatis vix inequalibus, floribus subsessilibus, calyce angustissimo plicato
dentibus inzequalibus, corolle tubo gracili exserto in limbum obliquum
subeequaliter quinquefidum rotundatum dilatato.—J. L.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 993

A hardy, dwarf, neat-looking shrub; increased by suckers or
seeds, and growing freely in any good garden-soil. It flowers
before the leaves are produced, in February and March.

April 4, 1849.

20. EPIDENDRUM FRAGRANS, Swartz; var. megalanthum.

Presented to the Society by G. U. Skinner, Esq., in July,
1848, and said to be from Guatemala.

In all parts of tropical America this epiphyte seems common,
and many varieties are known to cultivators; but they are
generally too trifling to merit special names. In this instance,
however, a form has been received which is most remarkable

224 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

for its unusual dimensions. The flowers are full 4 inches in
diameter, of a pale clear greenish-white, and the lip is vividly
marked by clean stripes of very rich crimson. It is quite a giant
of its kind, for the pseudo-bulbs and leaves, taken together, are
sometimes 18 inches long.

It is best grown in the coolest part of the orchid-house, potted
in fibry peat, with half-decayed leaves, and liberally supplied
with moisture during the growing season. It is a very desirable
plant, with large fragrant flowers.

May 21, 1849.

21. Cortusa Marrnioui. Linneus.
Seeds received from the North of India from Capt. Munro.

Among many highly interesting plants raised from the seeds
sent to the Society by this officer was a Cortusa, which upon
flowering proved not to be distinguishable, even as a variety,
from the charming European alpine form.

The species having also been found in the birch-woods of the
Punjaub, near a fort called by Jacquemont ‘ Choupienne,”
must now be considered to extend over all the lofty mountain-
chains lying between Savoy and the Chinese frontier ; an unusually
wide distribution for such a plant.

A hardy perennial, requiring a rather dry situation, and well
suited for rock-work, growing freely in any good loamy soil
which is not over retentive of moisture. It is increased by divid-
ing the roots when the plants are in a state of rest. It is a well-
known neat little alpine species, deserving a place in any select
collection.

May 10, 1849.

22. PawontA Movuran: versicolor.

Received from Mr. Fortune in April, 1846, from the north
of China, and said to be the ‘‘ 'Tee-lok,” a greenish-
white kind.

Flowers large, semi-double, or probably quite double, with
large broad petals, very irregularly arranged and cut on the
edges, deep purple near the base, fading to a rosy lilac near the
outsides. Foliage narrow and pointed, like that of the old
P. papaveracea.

Requires the same kind of treatment as the other kinds of Tree-
peony. Very handsome, showy, and distinct.

May 18, 1849.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 295

23. Ponta Mouran: atrosanguinea.

Received from Mr. Fortune in May, 1846, marked “ dark-
purple,” from Hong Kong, and from Shanghae as
‘“‘ very dark, nearly black.”

Flowers, a good double, dark crimson ; outer petals large and
mostly entire; inner ones much smaller and lobed ; foliage like
that of the old P. papaveracea, but rather narrow and more
pointed.

This is a very handsome, deep-blood coloured variety, the

darkest in colour of all the Tree-pzonies yet in cultivation.
May 18, 1849.

24. Opurys vesrirerA. Willdenow, Species Plantarum, 4,
65; Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch., p. 372.

Purchased at the sale of the late Dean of Manchester’s
plants.

In this and the following species we have gained two of those
rare and curious kinds of terrestrial Orchids in which the lovers
of singular forms have always been much interested. Their
foliage has nothing that deserves special mention, but their
flowers are sufficiently remarkable.

The Wasp Ophrys was found by its late lamented possessor in
Corfu, and was brought in a living state to
England. It has a yellow lip, perfectly free
from hairiness, but marked with brown streaks
and spots, so as to resemble the body of the .
insect after which it is named ; especially when
the sepals and petals are curved down upon its
base, as is the case in its natural state. The
annexed cut shows the flower spread flat.

The species is so rare that it can scarcely
be said to exist in the herbaria of this country ; the plant called
O. vespifera by some, and which is usually mistaken for it, being
quite different, with large deep yellow flowers, having a broad
stripe of crimson wool. That plant, which is as common in the
south of Europe as this is rare, is the Ophrys lutea of Cavanilles
and other botanists.

Like other species of the genus, the true Ophrys vespifera
varies a little in the form of the lip, which is sometimes roundish
and sometimes obovate; but it appears always to have the
middle lobe emarginate.

226 NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN.

25. OpHrys MAMMOSA. Desfontaines, in the Annales du
Muséum, vol. 10, t. 15.

In the same collection as furnished the rarity just described
was obtained another Ophrys, which is
apparently the obscure plant hitherto only
known from a drawing by Aubriet, in the
Museum of Natural History of Paris, and
called mammosa because of its having two
prominent spaces on the side of its lip.
i." Here the flowers are much larger than in

the last: the petals have a rosy tinge, and
form, with the green sepals, a flat circle ;
the lip is a deep chocolate brown, downy,
nearly square in its outline, with a pair of
parallel bluish lines passing down the middle.

It is a very curious thing, nearly allied to O. ferrum equinum
(the Horse-shoe Ophrys) ; a species that, however, wants the two
mammee on the lip, which moreover is more lozenge-shaped and
irregularly wavy on its edge.

Both these plants are the subject of an experiment now in
progress in the cultivation of terrestrial Orchids, the result of
which will be communicated to the Society hereafter.

July 5, 1848.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

XXVI.— Contributions to a History of the Relation between
Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe.

No. 10.— The Vegetation of the Indian Archipelago. By Dr. C.
G. C. Reinwardt, Professor of Chemistry, Botany, and Natural
History at the University of Leyden.

(Freely translated and abridged from the German.)

THAT nothing determines the natural character of a country so
well as the vegetation which it produces, is an incontrovertible
fact. In it alone are the purely distinct and unadulterated fea-
tures of the country impressed. This, however, cannot be said
of all other natural productions. ‘The soil and subsoil, the mi-
nerals and mountains, are little dependent on any particular
country. ‘They may be the same in the most different parts of
the globe; and experience teaches us that this is really the case.
As little are animals fit to characterise climate; they are not
instantly met with and everywhere ; a great many fly from man-
kind and hide themselves. The residence, the departure, the
going to and fro of the animals from one country to another, and
their return, is influenced by a great variety of causes. The
pliancy of their nature accommodates itself to circumstances ;
and a number of influences produces in them at last a certain in-
constancy and loss of character. There is not a country, therefore,
which derives one single distinct and conspicuous feature from its
animals. The plants, on the contrary, are fixed in their localities ;
they are a purer production of the country and climate; no
foreign influence has operated upon them; they receive their
whole existence from the ground in which they grow, and from
the surrounding objects. The influence of these objects shows
itself in unvarying features of vegetation, and in their unchange-
able renewal.

' It is to be understood that these remarks can only be applied
to a country which is still in its primitive natural state. Europe
can hardly furnish an example of it. Man is found everywhere ;
in Europe there is not a place in which he has not given signs
of his existence and its influence. He has almost everywhere
changed the surface of the earth, and thus deprived it of its
original character. Corn-fields and meadows supply the places
of natural forests; in other parts they have been destroyed by
wars and conflagrations. ‘The rivers in consequence have lost
their origin and springs; many are dried up, and others have
had their course altered. The ground is broken up, and con-

VOL. IV. R

228 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

stantly changed by the plough, the axe, or the miner’s blasts.
Foreign vegetation is mixed with indigenous ; and plants which
the country formerly produced are destroyed, or have vanished.
We must go then to other parts of the world—to countries which
still retain their original aspect, and which have not yet been
under the influence of mankind—in order to establish the truth
of what has been said above.

I have been so fortunate as to see such a country, the greatest
part of which is still in its original state, such as it was when it
first went forth from the womb of the creation—where every
object displays its unaltered character—where, above all things,
the vegetable kingdom presents extraordinary vigour and a high
degree of the most varied development ; from which we may
infer that the most favourable circumstances have combined to
produce the most luxuriant vegetation.

While still in the distance, on arriving from the Indian Ocean
in the Straits of Sunda, and on passing the island of Java, the
sensation of joy at the near termination of a long sea voyage is
greatly heightened by the view of thickly-wooded land, which
presents itself on all sides, and particularly on the coast of Java.
Behind the lofty summits of palms, which appear at and near the
shore, a wide extent of plain shows itself rising gradually from
the sea, and upon which are spread dark green groups of timber
trees ; and farther on the horizon is bounded by the dark green
forests which cover the lofty mountains. ‘These views are the
more surprising, when the traveller calls to mind the sparing vege-
tation on the Canaries and the Cape-de-Verds, and on the bare
flat table-mountains of Africa. Once ashore, the muddy banks
are soon left behind ; although even there occur singularly strange
figures, which captivate the stranger’s attention. Rapidly pro-
ceeding through the palisade-like trunks of the Mangroves, and
the fans of Nipa Palms which hide their stems in mud, one can
only admire with a glance the gorgeous flowers of Barringtonias
and Sonneratias, and the balls of fruit hanging thickly from the
long-leaved Screw-pines. Hence the road leads for a long way
through inhabited and cultivated plains. Farther on the ground
gradually rises; but signs of industry are far from disappearing.
Rice-fields surround the bases of the mountains ; their terraced
squares, resembling the steps of a staircase, are packed one
above the other, and form innumerable cascades; after which
succeeds the dark green shining foliage of unknown bushes, which
join the upper forest, and form a slight transition from the culti-
vated ground to that where Nature is found in all her glory.

Before, however, entering the primitive forests, let us throw
back a glance upon the long slopes, and convince ourselves that
there is no bare ground to be seen—that from our elevated posi-

IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE. 2929

tion down to the very shore scarcely a spot exists which is not
covered with vegetation, except the red lines of roads and foot-
paths, and the foaming waters of the rivers, as they rush down-
wards to the ocean. Here and there places are to be seen which,
formerly inhabited and cultivated, are now left to themselves.
Even these spots have been covered with vegetation; which,
however, has this peculiarity, that it seems neither to belong to
the cultivated races nor to those which are indigenous to the soil.
Nature has here recovered her dominion only in part, and looks
as if unwilling to receive back the soil which was once her own.
High thickets of unvaried rush-like plants, belonging to the race
of sugar-canes, upon whose slender stems hang fluttering tufts of
foliage of a snowy whiteness, occupy the place that once belonged
to the natural forest or the corn-field, and mark the neglected
soil. ‘These places are monuments of the history of the country,
and companions of the fate which the inhabitants themselves have
suffered.

How different is everything when the traveller reaches the
primitive mountain forests, far away from human habitation, and
never or very rarely visited by man! Here the vegetable king-
dom shows itself in its original state, and for the first time enables
us to understand what really is the vigour of plants undisturbed
in their growth in a tropical climate, and supported by a com-
bination of the most favourable conditions. It is not possible for
me to convey an idea of the impression which the aspect of the
scene produced on me. ‘To give a faithful account of what
caused this impression, I should be obliged to detail the effect of
every single object. And yet the impression was not so much
caused by any particular object, as by their marvellous combina-
tion in the place where Nature fixed them. I must therefore
confine myself to a representation of general features, although it
will give but a feeble idea of the peculiar and magnificent vege-
tation of India.

What is it that stamps with characteristic marks this exuberant
growth? Is it the enormous quantity and extent of the vege-
tation? The plains of tlie island of Java are more than 2300
square miles in extent, and they are considerably enlarged by
the mountains, which are from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the
level of the sea. These mountains are almost everywhere
covered with dense forests, which may well be called lofty, for
there is scarcely a tree in them less than 100 feet in height. In
some places they are so dense that the traveller can scarcely
move a foot without having previously made a pathway with
the axe through the climbing plants and herbage which every-
where occupy the spaces between the stems of the trees; where
the ground is insufficient for the support of the luxuriant vege-

R2

230 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

tation, where plants grow péle-méle one upon the other, where
thousands of parasites are perpetually contending for the elabo-
‘rated sap of the patient trees, and developing on every side in
endless forms, where climbers and twiners are interwoven with
every branch. Not a sunbeam can pierce this shade.

If we look for individual magnitude, this too will not fail to
create astonishment: the very grasses and bamboos grow into
hollow trees, which are large enough to be made into vats,
casks, water-pipes, and timber; the long, straight stems of
Cyatheas and other ferns rise into the air like tall masts in
a pine forest; the twining plants, the canes (Calami), Uranias,
and Naucleas grow to the size of an arm or leg, and, like ser-
pents, surround the trees, and sportively impress deep furrows in
their trunks. Here nothing occurs to check the almost incessant
growth of vegetation ; forms, which we only know as summer
flowers, in these forests live and grow continually for centuries.
Many a tree, like the African Adansonia, produces stems pro-
digious for their thickness, height, and age. Immensely large
cotton trees (Bombax), and a hundred others, astonish us by
their magnitude and prodigious wide-spreading branches. In
vain do we search in the tops of the trees for the extremities
of the climbing plants; they throw themselves from tree to tree,
or, casting off all support, return to the ground, and there
renewing their growth, soon dart over to the tops of other trees.
In this way we see many a trunk connected with its neighbours
by the flexible arms of the Rattan (Calamus), not uncommonly
several hundred feet long. Invisible and unknown powers are
at work, in one direction driving onward the general mass of
vegetation, and in another enlarging and multiplying individuals.
One portion of the rushing sap rolls onward, thickening and
forming new parts, rising upwards or following a branched
direction ; another part distends the swelling bark, pierces the
branches, and stiffens in long rods, which either issue forth
along the main stems which they surround at acute angles like
so many stays, or rapidly descend from the upper branches,
strike fresh roots into the soil, and then give birth to other stems.
In like manner a thicket is often formed from a single tree, and
by their union the spaces in the forests are incessantly filled up.
I saw on the island of Semao a large forest, the trees of which
all originated from one fig-tree (Ficus Benjamina), and which
still retained their connection with each other.

Not alone do great masses and vast size mark this luxuriant
vegetation, but endless diversity in size and form gives it its pre-
dominant character. In India we have nothing of the everlasting
monotony of the moors and heaths in the north of Europe; or of
the scrubby bushes that clothe the salt plains of Siberia and Tar-

IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE. 231

tary, where a wretched sameness of form constantly attends the
traveller’s dreary progress. Here abound numerous families and
forms of plants, of which our indigenous vegetation affords no
example. A single Indian island frequently possesses almost
every variety of vegetation; the few which are not to be found
in the fertile soil of Java are merely such as require a dry sterile
soil, like succulents and the spiny forms of Africa, which live
mainly upon air and dew, and consequently can exist in a dry
sand. A single tree frequently displays an entire flower-garden,
raised upon a single stem into the air.

It is more especially to the different elevations of the land in
the Indian islands, and to the change of temperature which is
connected with it, as well as to the nature of the mountains
themselves, that so great a variety of forms is owing. ‘There is
perhaps no country in the world in which, upon so limited a
space, the floras of the most distant regions are thus assembled.
A few hours are often sufficient to see them all in their natural
localities, or even to experience a change of climate from the
heats of the Line to the rigour of the Polar regions. Nothing
can be more singular than the peculiar vegetation of the beach,
where the dissimilar forms grow crowded together in amity.
We there find the tall, stout, broad-leaved Calophyllum standing
among the branched A%giceras, while the straight and slender
stems of lofty palms dart upwards from among impenetrable
thickets, where entangled mangroves (Rhizophoras), grey
Tournefortias and Avicennias, varnished Dodoneas and Sonne-
ratias are all associated with the long drumsticks of Bruguieras
and the spherical fruits of the Screw-pine (Pandanus). Thence,
as the plain rises gradually, the cocoa-nut trees, fan-palms, and
others of that race become scarcer, and show how unwilling they
are to leave the shore. Passing through an endless variety of
shrubs on the foreground of low hills, the traveller soon reaches
the crowd of trees which cover the base of the mountains ; and
which, because of the predominating species found there, may be
called Fig forests. From what Professor Blume and myself
have observed, the number of figs in these forests may belong to
at least a hundred distinct species, of which the greater part is
confined to the lower region. Their general character is to give
a closeness and darkness to the air by their density and the lofti-
ness of their trunks. The damp atmosphere by which they are
surrounded, their immensely thick stems, and spreading branches,
their singularly rapid vegetation, and the soft spongy substance of
their wood, afford pasturage to an infinite variety of parasites and
twining plants, which derive their nourishment partly from the
trees, and partly from the deep loose moist decayed vegetable
soil. Numerous monkeys leap screaming over the higher

232 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

branches, and flocks of gay-coloured birds enliven the scene.
Only a few species of fig, chiefly of the yellow-leaved low-
growing kinds, rise high up the mountains, diminishing in size as
they ascend. But among the great mass of the species, innu-
merable other forms are mingled. Great numbers of Meliads,
Ebenads, Sterculias, Soap-berries, Caryotas, and Artocarpads re-
semble each other in the vigorous growth, height, and thickness
of their stems, in the intervals between which stand crowds of
herbaceous plants and shrubs, such as Ardisias, Grewias, Eleeo-
carps, Phyllanths, Saururi, Ruellias, Justicias, Dimocarps, Sa-
lanums, Scitamineous plants, Arads, aud Orchids; while the
great parasitical kinds of Aralia, Vines, Uranias, Peppers, Cyr-
tandras, Pothoses, and Loranths weave the whole together.

At a higher elevation, but within narrower limits, stands the
beautiful and conspicuous Rasamala forest, which is more espe-
cially remarkable in the western mountains of Java. It derives
its name from an indigenous tree which seems to belong to the
genus Liquidambar, and furnishes a Storax. Noronha described
it under the name of Altingia excelsa. Its beautiful tall,
straight, whitish trunk, less overgrown than those of the fig-
trees, and with a more regular head of light green foliage, marks
the wooded region, which receives its character from this useful
tree. ‘Thick thorny bushes, many kinds of Calamus, and a great
variety of Cinchonaceous plants, remarkable for their peculiar
and powerful exhalations, which are perceived at a distance, form
the copsewood of this aromatic forest.

At an elevation of 3000 feet we leave the Rasamala forest.
Here the Coniferous tribe appears in all its beauty in the
Kimarak, which is not only the most beautiful of Podocarps,
but is one of the finest trees which the southern hemisphere
produces, rising majestically to a considerable height, with its
straight stem towering above the other forest trees, which are
now beginning to appear of smaller stature. Its neighbour and
relative the Dammar Pine rises near it, requiring similar phy-
sical conditions under which to develope. These trees do not,
however, stand so bare and isolated as our own fir trees; on the
contrary, they allow other plants to grow near them, the spaces
between being occupied by beautiful Rhododendrons, and many
varieties of Fern. The singular Pitcher-plant here hangs down
from the lofty branches, and the broad and elegantly-divided
fronds of a beautiful Fern, the Dipteris, rise upon their slender
stems. This elevated situation is more particularly characterized
by the different kinds of Laurels, which here predominate.
Java is especially rich in Laurels, as well as in Figs; these,
with some Eugenias and other Myrtaceous plants, with a very
large Gardenia, perpetually in flower, cover everywhere the

IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE. 233

highest spots in the mountains of India, associated with tall
Melastomas, Rhododendrons, Magnolias, filling the air with
their fragrant perfume, and several sorts of Oak. Intermixed
with these Orchids constantly prevail, and in great variety.

It is only where the forest of Laurels ceases, and the summit
of the mountains becomes narrower and can no longer retain a
covering of vegetable mould, when the air becomes more rarefied
and colder, at an elevation of more than 7000 feet, that the
appearance of the forest trees changes; they then become
dwarfed and crooked, and their leaves become smaller, stiffer, and
harder; long-leaved Usneas hang from the mossy branches, and
every thing brings to recollection the colder regions of the Alps.
Certain kinds of Heathworts (Ericacez), such as Andromedas,
Vacciniums, Clethras, and low-growing Rhododendrons, together
with a species of Gale (Myrica), cover the highest tops. Other
tribes, never found in the lower parts of India—and which we
imagine to be, if not indigenous exclusively with us, at least
altogether ultratropical—surprise us on these elevations, and
bring to memory our, native land. Here grow Valerians,
Ranunculuses, Daisies, Hypericums, Honeysuckles, Gnapha-
liums, Swertias, and a pretty little Gentian, rooting in the dry
ashes of the lava; all these grow in high situations, but under
the Line, or near it. Not less striking are the humid elevated
valleys and the enclosed fields lying between the summits of
these volcanic mountains. In such places may be found Violets,
Elders, Mints, Potentillas, Centaureas, Spireeas, Sorrels; Iso-
pyrums, and even Carexes make their appearance. It is, how-
ever, to be noticed, that all these forms are peculiar to their
own soil, so that none can be identified with ours, unless it bea
few Cryptogamic plants which are thoroughly European. The
Turfmoss (Sphagnum), on a cushion of which one treads in these
Alpine forests, does not indicate the slightest difference.

These details show how much the Flora of the Indian Islands
is distinguished by its richness, luxuriance, variety, and novelty.
It is an archipelago whose Flora will long remain an inex-
haustible source of important discoveries; and we may assert
without hesitation that, in this respect, there is hardly another
part of the earth, or another group of tropical islands of similar
extent, which can compete with it. Africa and New Holland
are so behind in this respect that I need not bring them into
comparison. America only approaches it; yet on that continent
a luxuriant vegetation by no means occurs with the same uni-
formity; in America the summits of the lifeless granitic
mountains are quite naked; barren quartz-sand, which is
hardly known in the Indian Islands, is there abundant. In the
low-lands of America, often overflowed by mighty streams, or

234 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

in the bogs and marshes which are left behind, a most luxuriant
vegetation is certainly to be found. In America, however,
there is no harmony of masses, nor that equal distribution of
the powers which produce a lasting fruitfulness ; neither is there
the pure ethereal atmosphere which we meet with in the moun-
tain-forests of Java.

So remarkable a difference leads naturally to an inquiry into
the causes which produce such a universal and almost unex-
ampled exuberance of vegetation. I cannot venture myself just
now to enter into an explanation of all which might throw light
upon the subject ; I can only touch upon a few principal points
to which my observations and experience clearly point. ‘These
show that besides the generally favourable influence of the
tropics and mere elevation, there is a marked difference of
ground and a peculiar nature of the soil, to which the great
force of vegetation must be attributed. It is well known that
all these islands have been formed by former volcanic convul-
sions ; these, in comparison with what have occurred in other
parts of the earth, were evidently of a later origin, and the
subterraneous fires may still be in action; at all events, their
influence, whether earlier or later, manifests itself almost every-
where. This explains why volcanic rocks, particularly of 'Trachyte
and Dolerite, make their appearance everywhere, and form the
great bulk of the ground and mountains, with the exception of
the limestone, which is always produced in the sea. Nowhere
other or older rocks appear to be produced by the precipitation
of water. It is, therefore, evident that the ground—that soil
which excites our admiration by its inexhaustible fertility—can
have only been produced by different kinds of voleanic rocks.
The composition of these rocks is well known, as also the in-
fluence of the weather upon them ; but it is perhaps not so well
known how generally and constantly and quickly the decomposi-
tion of these rocks and their transformation to soil frequently take
place, notwithstanding their hardness. ‘The combined influence
of atmospheric air and water, and constant changes from heat to
cold, from dryness to moisture, upon a rock formed by sedi-
mentary deposit, and therefore highly susceptible of all external
influences, particularly of those of moisture—their granular
junctions, the openings and clefts in them,—all these things
facilitate the influence of every active agency. Water, sinking
down into such rocks, causes frequent slips; heavy rains,
swollen torrents, often tear the loose parts asunder, sweep
them away in their current, and, by an incessant wearing down,
gradually render them smaller and smaller. Volcanic action is
not less active in the process of destruction ; powerful liquids,
confined and elastic gases, sulphureous vapours, acids, salts, even

IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE, 935

vegetable mould, and the plants themselves, act continually upon
the hardest rock. Such circumstances taken together, in some
measure account for the constant change which takes place of
rocks into soil. ‘They are, however, not sufficient to explain all
the phenomena. ‘This, at least, is certain, that the disintegra-
tion of rocks does take place, and is an everlasting source of
fertility.

The fertility of soils in the neighbourhood of volcanos has
been long known, but perhaps nowhere shows itself in such
profusion as in the Indian islands. This arises from the intrinsic
nature of the soil, which is a very peculiar substance, and not to
be compared to any of the soils of our fields. All the ingre-
dients are-so intimately incorporated that they cannot be divided
by mechanical means, like other soils, nor is it possible to pro-
duce them by any artificial method. Many excellent pecu-
liarities, which we should in vain desire our native soil to
possess, distinguish that of the Indian Archipelago from all

thers. The size and coherence of its particles are in such pro-
portions that they neither fly away like sand nor become baked
like bricks by the influence of a strong heat, nor does it split or
crack, by which often the tender roots are destroyed. It re-
mains always open and loose to receive the influence of the
atmosphere ; it sucks up water readily, retains it sufficiently, and
is not dried up quickly ; moreover, it has these two capital
properties, which are the chief causes of its fertility : in the first
place, its particles are in a state of constant change, and are
highly susceptible of external influences, by which the alternate
action between itself and other matters is constantly maintained.
In the second place, it has the power of retaining vegetable
matter, and all other substances from which the plants derive
their nourishment, so that there is no exhausting its fertility.
It requires no manure; the elevated forests supply it always with
sufficient nutritious matter. An Indian hardly knows what
manure means; the plough and irrigation are sufficient to main-
tain that beneficial intermixture of the atmosphere and the soil
which supplies the latter with renewed power. In this manner
he has maintained for centuries in the same natural soil his rich
rice-fields; the soil alone gives the husbandman all the returns
he can desire. In addition to all these circumstances, we must
take into account the other favourable conditions of a tropical
climate. How much must the power of the soil be increased by
the constant warmth of an atmosphere which penetrates it, dis-
solving and rarefying all its nutritive qualities, and rendering it
sensible to every influence ; where it is moistened by the vapours
from a surrounding ocean, and is always supplied with fresh soil
and fertile substances from the copious rains in the mountain

236 CHINESE CULTIVATION.

forests! In addition, there is the daily revolution of the globe,
the change from day to night, and the consequent change of
temperature from warm to cold, which is more felt in the tropics
than beyond them. ‘The more ‘the vertical rays of the sun heat
and open the ground by day, the more it becomes susceptible of
all the ingredients of the atmosphere, which, with the night
breezes, flows over the rarefied air of the sea, descending upon
the land, and producing a sort of respiration in the soil, every
inhalation and exhalation of which tends to supply it with fresh
stimulating matters. ‘To this is owing the beneficial influence of
the daily land-air and sea-breezes, which are more prevalent near
the meridian than elsewhere, and which are not more wholesome
to the animal than beneficial to the vegetable kingdom.

Finally, as riches continually multiply themselves more and
more, so in like manner have a luxuriant vegetation and great
fertility a constant tendency to accumulate. Astonishingly
great as is the quantity of vegetable matter which is incessantly
produced and consumed in the country now referred to, still
greater is that which continually arises from the death of
animals, which raise the ground, mix with the soil, and render it
still more capable of producing an ever increasing luxuriance.
The dead mass never rests: decomposition on the one hand,
and new life on the other, attack it and bring about a new
circle of transformation and motion.

XXVII.— Chinese Cultivation. The Tchou-ma, or Chinese
Flax. Translated from the Chinese by M. Stanislas Julien,
and retranslated from the French.

[The following extract possesses much interest in addition to what
it derives from its Chinese origin, in consequence of its
being not impossible that attempts may be made to intro-
duce the cultivation of Tchou-ma into Great Britain. Its
delicate fibre forms the flax from which the finest of the
Chinese linen fabrics are manufactured. |

Amongst the products of Chinese industry which were ex-
hibited a few years ago in the Rue St. Laurent were some pieces
of a fine silky tissue, called by the Chinese Aza-pou or summer
cloth, and made of the fibres of the plant called by botanists
Urtica nivea. Some seeds of this plant were sent from Canton
in 1843 by M. Hébert, but they never arrived, and I was at
that time told that they would probably not grow in our climate.
I am sorry that I was not then able to translate the papers which

THE TCHOU-MA, OR CHINESE FLAX. 937

I now lay before the public. After reading the following ac-
count of the cultivation of the plant in question, it will be readily
seen, by those who are competent judges of the matter, that the
supposed want of success was owing to nothing but ignorance
of the care and delicate treatment which are necessary for the
culture of the plant now before us. The way in which its
valuable threads are peeled, steeped, and bleached, is, as will be
seen, described by the Chinese authors with a precision and
minuteness amply sufficient to enable any person to pursue this
new branch of industry in our own country. Untila new supply
of seeds is received from China, roots or young plants of the
Urtica nivea may be obtained from the Garden of Plants, and be
propagated in the way mentioned below, and thus may a sub-
stance be given to our manufacturers which will, in their hands,
be made into a tissue as soft as silk, and as fine as but stronger
and tougher than the best French cambric. :

Cultivation of the Tchou-ma ( Urtica nivea).
(Imperial Treatise of Chinese Agriculture, lib. xxviii. fol. 3.)

For the purpose of sowing the ¢chou-ma in the drd or 4th
month, a light sandy soil is preferred. The seeds are sown in a
garden, or where there is no garden, in a piece of ground near
a river or a well. The ground is dug once or twice, then beds
1 foot broad and 4 feet long are made; and after that the earth
is again dug. ‘The ground is then pressed down either with the
foot or the back of a spade; when it is a little firm, its surface
is raked smooth. The next night the beds are watered, and on
the following morning the earth is loosened with a small-toothed
rake, and then again levelled.

After that half a ching (4 pints and a half) of moist earth and
a ho (one pint) of seeds are taken and well mixed together.
One ho of seeds is enough for 6 or 7 beds. After having
sown the seeds it is not necessary that they should be covered
with earth ; indeed, if that were done, they would not germinate.

The next thing to be done is to procure 4 sticks, sharp at one
end, and to place them in the ground in a slanting position, 2 on
one side of the bed and 2 on the opposite side; they are for the
purpose of supporting a sort of little roof 2 or 3 feet high, and
covered with a thin mat. /

In the fifth or sixth month, when the rays of the sun are
powerful, this light mat is covered with a thick layer of straw.
If this precaution were not adopted, the young plants would be
destroyed by the heat.

Before the seed begins to germinate, or when the young leaves
first appear, the beds must not be watered. By means of a broom

238 CHINESE CULTIVATION.

dipped in water the roof of matting is wetted so as to keep the
ground underneath moist. At night the roof is removed in order
that the young plants may catch the dew.

As soon as the first leaves have appeared, if parasitical plants
appear they must be immediately pulled up. When the plant
is an inch or two high, the roof may be laid aside. If the
earth is rather dry, it must be slightly moistened to the depth of
about 3 inches.

A stiffer soil is now chosen and thrown into beds to which
the young plants are to be transferred. The following night
the first beds, in which the young plants are, are to be watered,
the next morning the new beds are to be watered also. The
young plants are then dug up with a spade, care being taken to
keep a small ball of earth round their roots, and are pricked
out at a distance of 4 inches the one from the other. The ground
is often hoed.

At the end of 3 or 5 days the earth must be watered, and
again at the end of 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days.

After the 10th month the plants must be covered with a foot
of fresh horse, ass, or cow dung.

Same subject.

(Extract from the General Treatise on Agriculture, intituled ‘ Nong-
tching-tsiouen-chou.’ )

When the tchou-ma is cultivated for the first time it is raised
from seed. The roots of the seedling plants give of themselves
new shoots. At the end of a few years the roots cross each
other and intertwine, when the stems must be separated and
replanted.

At the present day it is very common, in the countries of
’An-king and Kien-ning, to disentangle the roots with a knife,
and to replant them. ‘Those who cannot procure seeds follow
the plan adopted for obtaining young mulberry trees from layers.

This plan is a very quick one.

In those countries, however, where there are no roots of the
tchou-ma, and where it is not easy to procure them from other
places, the seed is had recourse to.

As soon as the young plants are a few inches high they are
watered with a mixture of equal quantities of water and liquid
manure. Immediately after the stems are cut the ground must
be watered, and this ought to be done at night or on a cloudy
day ; for if the plants were watered in the sunshine, they would
rust. Great care must be taken not to make use of pig’s dung.

The tchou-ma may be planted every month ; but it is necessary
that the ground be moist.

THE TCHOU-MA, OR CHINESE FLAX. 239

| Transplantation and Propagation of the Tchou-ma.

(Imperial Treatise on Agriculture, lib. Ixxviii. fol. 5.)

When the tufts of the tehou-ma are strong enough the earth
around is dug, and new stocks are detached and transplanted
elsewhere. The principal stock then grows more vigorously.
At the end of 4 or 5 years, the old stock becoming excessively
strong, they are divided and replanted in other beds.

Some persons are satisfied with bending the long stems down
and obtaining layers in the ordinary way.

When a bed becomes too crowded, another must be formed,
and then another and another. In this way the plants may be
propagated to any extent.

A. stiff soil that has been well worked in autumn is chosen
and manured with fine muck. In the following spring the
plants are transplanted. The best time for carrying on this
operation is when vegetation commences ; the next best is when
the new shoots appear; and the worst is when the stems have
attained a considerable size.

The new plants are placed a foot and a half from each other,
and when they have been well surrounded with earth they are
watered.

In summer as well as in autumn advantage must be taken of
the time when the earth has just been moistened by rain. The
offsets can be transplanted to places near at hand, but it is
essential to have a ball of earth around each plant.

Same subject.

To propagate the tchou-ma, portions of its roots 2 or 3 inches
long are detached by a knife, and are placed by twos and threes
in little trenches that are about a foot and a half from each other.
The roots are then surrounded with good earth and watered ;
the watering is renewed three or five days afterwards. When
the new stems have attained a certain height, the earth must be
often hoed.

If the earth is dry it must be watered. If the plants have to
be carried to a distance, their roots ought to be surrounded by
the soil in which they have been growing, well enveloped in
leaves of the reed. ‘They are placed, in addition to this, in a
mat folded so as to exclude them from air and light. They
may then be carried without danger to a distance of many hun-
dred miles. .

The first year, when the plants are a foot high, they are ga-
thered ; they are gathered again in the second year. The fibres
of the cut stems are fit for spinning.

240 CHINESE CULTIVATION.

In the tenth month of every year, before cutting the offsets
which pass beyond the roots, the earth is covered with a thick
layer of cow or horse dung. In the second month the manure
is raked off in order to allow the new plants to come up freely.
At the end of 3 years the roots become excessively strong; if
part of the plants which come up in close tufts were not removed,
the others would be smothered.

Gathering the Tchou-ma.

The tchou-ma may be gathered 3 times a-year. When the
stems are cut, the little shoots springing from the root-stock
should be about half an inch high. As soon as the large stems
are cut, the suckers spring up with more vigour, and soon
furnish a second crop. If the young shoots be too long, the
large stems ought not to be cut; but the ground shoots would
not become vigorous, and would be prejudicial to the develop-
ment of the larger stems.

The first crop is got in towards the commencement of the
fifth month; the second in the middle of the sixth, or at the
beginning of the seventh month ; and the third and last in the
middle of the eighth or the beginning of the ninth month. The
stems of the second crop grow much faster than the others, and
are by far the best.

After the crop, the stocks of tehou-ma are covered with ma-
nure and immediately watered.

Peeling the Fibres of the Tchou-ma.

When the stems are all got in they are split longitudinally
with knives of iron or of bamboo. ‘The bark is first removed ;
then the lower layer (which is white, and covered with a shrivelled
pellicle which comes off by itself) is scraped off with a knife.
The interior fibres are then seen; they are to be removed and
softened in boiling water. If the tehou-ma be peeled in winter,
the stems must be previously steeped in tepid water in order that
they may be the more easily split.

The first layer of tehou-ma is coarse and hard, and is only
good for making common materials; the second is a little more
supple and fine; the third, which is the best, is used for making
extremely fine light articles.

Steeping and bleaching the Tchou-ma.

The stems are tied up in little sheaves and placed on the roof
of a house, in order that they may be moistened by the dew at
night, and dried again by the sun in the day.

THE TCHOU-MA, OR CHINESE FLAX. 94)

In the course of from 5 to 7 days they become perfectly white.
If the weather be cloudy or rainy the stems are placed under
cover in a current of air. If they are wetted by the rain they
immediately turn black.

Another author says, after peeling the fibres they are tied in
skeins, arranged in a circle, and steeped for a night in a pan of
water; they are then spun on a wheel. This done, they are
again steeped in water containing the ashes of burnt mulberry
wood.

Having taken them from the pans they are divided into
packets of 5 oz. weight each; the packets are placed for a night
in a tub of a mixture consisting of a cup of pure water and an
equal quantity of powdered chalk to each packet.

The next day the chalk is got rid of, and the fibres are boiled
in water containing straw ashes, by which precess they become
white and supple. Being now dried in the sun they are again
boiled in pure water; they are then stirred about in more water,
which finishes the cleansing process, and lastly they are dried
in the sun.

This done, the fibres are joined end to end on the wheel so as
to make long threads, which form the warp and the woof, and
are manufactured into stuff in the usual way.

Another author says, after having spun the fibres of tehou-ma,
they are boiled in lime water, and when cool, carefully washed
in pure water. Then by means of a bamboo sieve, placed on
the surface of the water, they are spread out in equal layers in
order that they may be as it were half wetted below, and half
dried above. As night approaches, they are taken out, strained
and dried: the same process is repeated the next and following
days, until the threads are perfectly white. ‘They are then, but
not before, fit for being made up.

According to another process, the tehou-ma is first soaked,
then spun and made up, instead of being soaked after the spin-
ning.

Other persons again take the fresh fibres, expose them at night
to the dew, and in the day to the sun; then spin and weave,
bleaching last of all.

Others lastly, following those who employ the plant £o, cut
the stems, soften the fibres in the steam of boiling water, then
weave, and do not bleach at all. Fibres thus prepared give a
material that is more supple and fibrous.

Mode of Gathering the best Seeds of Tchou-ma.

When seeds of tehou-ma are wanted for the purpose of sowing,
those which are found on the main shoots are to be preferred.

249 ON THE PICKFORK.

In the ninth month, after the period choang-khiang (after the
2nd of October), the seeds are collected and dried in the sun ;
they are then mixed. with damp sand, and put in a bamboo
basket, carefully covered with straw. This precaution is needed,
for if the seeds are frozen they will not grow. The seeds of the
lateral shoots are not fit for sowing. Before sowing, the seeds
are thrown into water, and those that sink are used, while the
others are of no use.

Same work, fol. 4.

The seeds are sown before the first half of the first month.
The best seeds are those which are spotted black. After they
are sown they are covered with ashes. If they are sown thick
the plants coming from them will be weak and sickly; they will
be strong and healthy, on the contrary, if the seeds are thinly
sown. As soon as the leaves appear the plants are watered with
liquid.manure. In the seventh month the seeds are collected,
put on canvas, and hung in a strong current of air; this aids
and hastens germination.

XXVIII.— On the Pickfork. By R. Glendinning, F.H.S.
(Received August 10, 1849.)

Amonest the many implements lately brought into notice for the
purpose of cultivating the garden, the
one here represented is not likely so
soon to be cast aside as others of
greater pretensions. There is little
merit to claim in the invention of an
implement so simple, beyond its great
utility. For upwards of six years I
have had this toolin use in my grounds,
and so important has it become, that
in consequence of the peculiar nature
of our soil, which can only be acted
upon with any degree of success or
advantage when brought into condi-
l} tion by atmospheric influences, every
| favourable opportunity is seized to
bring it into full play; and I presume
it will be readily conceded that such an
implement in the hands of a stout,
athletic workman must produce other
and better results than the common hoe, so generally in use in our

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MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 243

gardens. ‘True, it has been considered good management to skim
the surface of the ground with the Dutch hoe, and scratch the
weeds off with the rake, leaving the surface half an inch down un-
broken, and hence a hard solid cake through which neither mois-
ture nor air can penetrate. Such gardening is now avoided even
by apprentices. Reason and common sense blush at such a prac-
tice. We therefore for once dispute the wisdom of our ancient
brethren, and strenuously recommend the Pickfork until a better
implement can be devised.

The soil of my nursery is principally a stiff loam on a bed of
gravel. If worked in wet weather its friability is completely de-
stroyed fora yearormore. It becomes, when dry, as hard nearly
as sandstone rock. ‘This cohesion of its parts is retained in spite
of any ordinary tool, how effectively soever it may be brought to
bear upon it. In fact, under such conditions common tools are
utterly and totally useless.

It was in this predicament that the Pickfork suggested itself
to me; I therefore described my wants to a common smith, and
detailed to him by a rough sketch the subject of the present re-
marks. It was at once found to be an implement all important
to us. If modified, it may advantageously be rendered an uni-
versal garden tool, in truth a ladies’ implement, eminently
fitted for flower-garden work. For cottage gardening and for
hand field-labour I know not its fellow. And one of the great
advantages attending it is, that any village smith, with very little
instruction, may easily manufacture it, making it heavy or light
according to the particular use to which it is to be applied.

It should be observed, that the best time to use the pickfork is
when the ground is between the wet and the dry. An astonish-
ing amount of labour may be advantageously got over when it is
in this condition ; and to incalculable advantage.

XXIX.— On some Moulds referred by Authors to Fumago, and
on certain allied or analogous Forms. By the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S., and J. B. H. J. Desmazieres,

To these names might be added with equal propriety that of
Dr. Montagne, since the most important matter in the memoir
is due to his observations. We had already examined the mate-
rials in our hands, and had satisfied ourselves as to their systematic
affinities, when an accidental communication from our esteemed
friend induced a complete revision, in which he has most
materially assisted, and the results of which it has fallen to our
share to communicate, simply from the circumstance of our
having been previously occupied with the subject.
VOL. iv. s

244 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

It is well known that the leaves of various trees are frequently
more or less covered with a black sooty or velvety stratum, to
the great detriment of their beauty, and frequently of their health
and productiveness, by choking up the stomates, and thereby
preventing the access of the atmospheric air to the tissue of the
leaves. A case of this kind, which occurred in Ceylon on coffee,
was a short time since noticed by one of us in this Journal ;
the orange trees in the Azores and Madeira have of late most
erievously suffered from a similar affection; and Dr. Montagne
has very recently given an account of an extensive disease of this
description amongst the olive trees in the neighbourhood of
Perpignan in 1829. Not only the leaves but the branches were
more or less covered, and the harvest was materially affected.
Similar growths are common on the leaves of plum, lime, hazel,
rose, &c., and on the different species and varieties of the genus
citrus in our conservatories. ‘They are often, if not always,
preceded by honey-dew, whether arising from aphides or from
a sugary excretion from the leaves themselves; frequently too
they are accompanied by some species of coccus, especially in
the genus citrus. However similar they may be in outward ap-
pearance, the parasites by which these diseases are produced differ
materially in structure; in some the characters are so singular,
that we have thought some account of the particular group by
which they are exhibited may not be uninteresting.

A portion of these plants consists of species of the genus
Antennaria, as that of the olive mentioned above, specimens of
which were gathered by Dr. Scouler in Portugal, in 1846.
Others occur commonly on heath, on different species of cistus,
on the Scotch fir, &c. One very highly developed form, rising an
inch or more from the surface, and investing whole plants with
a spongy mass, is found in the islands of the southern hemisphere
and in South America; another species frequently covers the
leaves of the ferns in Juan Fernandez; and one has been lately
sent by Mr. Curtis from South Carolina on the leaves of Kalmia
latifolia, which appears to be identical with an undescribed
species gathered by Mr. Broome in the west of England on the
leaves of the sycamore. Persoon distinguished these from other
analogous productions on leaves, as Link and Nees von Esen-
beck had done previously, but, without adopting their notions,
he referred them to the genus Torula. ‘The views, however, of
the German mycologists have been confirmed by more recent
observers, and the genus Anfennarza still holds its place.

Other forms were separated by Persoon under the generic
name Fumago, of which he made two sections. It is with the
second of these, distinguished by the name of Polycheton, that
we are principally concerned at present. The first consists in

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO, 245

ereat part of strata of the common Cladosporium herbarum,
or possibly of one or more distinct species, mixed up with
species of Mystrosporium, Triposporium, &c., but seldom iu a
very perfect state. The Cladosporium is commonly developed
on a dusty coat of honey-dew, and affords a convenient matrix for
the growth of other mucedinous fungi. This is the Cladosporium
Fumago, Fries and Link, and comprises possibly some species
even of Persoon’s second section. Fries, however, has erred in
including under it all species of that section, contenting himself
merely with the remark, ‘‘ The plant, as it occurs with us, has
delicate fibres ; but in the south of Europe, on the leaves of olive,
lemon, &c., it forms thicker spots and fibres.” To these we
shall have to advert presently. Specimens of Pumago vagans
on different leaves are published by Mougeot and Nestler,*
No. 690, in their work on the Cryptogams of the Vosges Moun-
tains; by Klotzsch, No. 68, under the name of Cladosporium
Fumago; and by one of us in the Plantes Cryptogames du Nord
de la France, Nos. 360, 361, 510, 601: but we are not aware
that any species of Persoon’s second section, Polycheton, has
been so published. Under No. 601 of the latter work there is
the following remark :—‘‘ Le Fumago vagans, décrit d’une
maniere incomplete par Persoon, est peut-étre un état imparfait
de la production que nous avons eu occasion d’observer sur les
feuilles du Chéne et du Noisetier, et qui constitue notre genre
Polycheton, dont Vorganisation singuliere et bien reconnue
sera décrite dans un mémoire particulier que nous publierons
incessamment.” The intention of publication was never put in
execution, though entertained so long ago as 18338, and was
revived only by the transmission by the late Mr. Lea from Ohio
of a species on the leaves of Uvaria triloba, evidently congeneric
with the plant of Persoon, and which we have reason to believe
is (in part) Dematium Fuligo, Schwein., No. 1831, and also
Gliotrichum Fuligo, Fr. This is referred by Schweinitz, in his
Synopsis of North American Fungi, to Cladosporium Fumago,
Lk.; but it belongs evidently to Persoon’s section Polycheton.
A specimen exists in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium, marked by
Schweinitz himself Cladosporium Fuligo, but, as it appears to

* It is given there under the name Fumago foliorum, Pers. in litt. This
was two years previous to the publication of ‘Mycologia Europea.’ Syn-
collesia foliorum, Agardh., Syst. Alg., p. 32, is evidently the same thing.
Chevallier figures, under the name of Torula Fumago, Chev., Fl. Par., vol. 1.
p. 34, tab. 3, fig. 4b, a portion possibly of some Antennaria, or of the genus
imdicated by Persoon in the sectional name Polycheton. The mycelium,
however, of Cladosporium herbarum varies greatly on different leaves. Dr.
Léveillé has kindly communicated a multitude of forms, out of which several
plausible species might be made from the different condition of the base
from which the fertile threads are given off.

S 2

246 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

us, not the species which he communicated to Fries. It is quite
evident from the account in the Systema Mycologicum that
Fries did not understand the structure of the species sent to him
by Schweinitz, nor indeed does his description agree with the
characters assigned by him to Eschweiler’s genus Glotrichum.
The genus, however, itself cannot stand, as it appears, from an
authentic specimen communicated by Dr. Montagne, that it is
in truth an Alga, and not different from Calothrix. A very
closely allied species from Assam on twigs and leaves of a Scepa
was at once pronounced by Mr. Thwaites, perhaps the very best
authority onsuch a question, to be certainly a Calothrix.

Turpin figured a species of Persoon’s section Polycheton in a
treatise on vegetable nosology in Mém. de Sav. Etrang., tom.
vi. p. 236, tab. 2, without characters, indeed, or observations,
but showing very clearly that it had no affinity with the common
Fumago. Of this, as we believe, we have a specimen from Dr.
Léveillé. We have indeed received from Dr. Montagne a species
supposed to be identical with Fumago citri, Pers., belonging to
the same category as those of his first section; but it is probable
that Persoon had also in his eye the species figured by Turpin,
who gives us no information as to its origin. Dr. Harvey, about
four years since, communicated a curious fungus on laurel-leaves
under the name of Microxiphium Footii, agreeing in general
structure with the plant of Turpin. At present the true fruit has
not been discovered, though the species has proved to be common
on the leaves of various evergreens, and is found occasionally on
those of deciduous plants and even of herbs. Persoon, indeed, had
before found the same thing on beech. It is his Fumago fagi.

No notice of Fumago, Pers., much less of the peculiar species
with which we are occupied, is to be found either in the alpha-
betical arrangement of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Dictionnaire,’ or Léveillé’s
article ‘ Mycologie,’ as far as we can perceive; nor in Mougeot’s
copious list in the statistic account of the department of Vosges,
is there any new information.

The affinity of these curious productions to Scorias was at
once evident, though that genus was not properly understood by
Fries, who founded it; nor, indeed, could we boast ourselves of
anything like complete information. Neither in the species of
Persoon’s section Polycheton, nor in Scorias, had we discovered
the true fruit, though we had a more correct notion of the
general structure of these bodies than existed in books, and were
therefore desirous of laying such information as we did possess,
respecting a very interesting group, before the public. Matters
were in this position when the casual communication of a new
genus which Dr. Montagne had lately discovered in a plant found
by M. Durieu near Paris, made without any knowledge of our

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 247

being occupied with these forms, led, as said above, to a com-
plete revision of our materials, and we have great pleasure in
acknowledging our obligations to our excellent friend. This
genus has been published, under the name of Capnodium, in the
‘ Annals of Natural History’ for the present year; and though
perhaps we should have preferred the retention of Persoon’s
name, we cheerfully adopt that which has been proposed by Dr.
Montagne, which is altogether unobjectionable.

These plants, then, consist of a creeping thallus or mycelium
composed of moniliform threads resembling those of Antennaria,
or, as in that genus, occasionally to a greater or less extent
mixed with filaments not at all constricted at the articulations.
For the most part they are of a more or less bright brown, when
seen by transmitted light; but sometimes portions are found
nearly colourless, even when care is taken to distinguish my-
celia of other fungi, which frequently occur amongst the dark
threads. There is generally a cellular pellicle spreading over
the surface of the leaf, from which the mycelium springs imme-
diately, but which sometimes arises from the rooting base of its
threads. A similar structure exists in many epiphytous fungi, as
in Asterina, and even occasionally in Cladosportwm—in such
cases the pellicle being often readily separable from the cuticle of
the matrix. The mycelium gives off numerous perithecia, which
are vertical, and frequently more or less branched. ‘They con-
sist at first, it is believed, of a simple membrane, though possibly
a layer of cells is deposited in the course of their development
on the walls. In all cases, however, threads run up from the
mycelium, either subsequently or contemporaneously with their
first origin, partially covering the inner sac, and more or less
closely crowded, their apices frequently extending beyond them,
and forming a fringe, the cilia of which are more or less di-
vergent, consisting of such loosely-connected joints that the ulti-
mate articulations frequently fall off, and form doubtless one
mode of propagation. These investing threads are precisely ana-
logous to the coating in Mr. Thwaites’s curious genus Cystocoleus,
in which also the apices of the threads are free. In Rhizonema,
an alga which is also invested with cells, the cellular coat,
from the creeping habit of the genus, gives out rootlets, and the
threads of which it is composed are sometimes distinctly separate
from one another at the apex of the series of endochromes, which
they surround. The structure is well illustrated by what takes
place constantly in Batrachospermum, and some species of Cal-
lithamnion, where a descending stratum of cellular threads is
given off at the base of the lower articulations of the branchlets,
investing the main divisions of the plant, and increasing them in
thickness. ‘The peridia, or perithecia, whichever it may be

248 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

thought best to call them, are sometimes simple, but frequently
more or less branched, obtuse, or strongly acuminated, and con-
tain rather large delicate asci, which are doubtless, in many
cases, absorbed at an early period of growth, for the sporidia are
frequently abundant where there is scarcely a trace of asci, and
that even before they have arrived at their full growth. In all
such cases, as in Lycoperdon, Scleroderma, &c., there is little
doubt that the sporidia are perfected after the delicate sac in
which they were at first produced is entirely absorbed. Though
necessary for them at an early stage of growth, there is no reason
why they should not be absorbed when the sporidia have arrived
at such a state as to be capable of increasing in size and develop-
ment, as well amongst the general contents of the common peri-
dium as in the individual ascus. Perfect fruit has not been
found in all the species, and not a trace of true sporidia in the
species which we have placed in the third section, though it is
undoubtedly propagated by the upper articulations of the threads
of the’mycelium, which fall off in great abundance. It is indeed
possible that some of the species may not contain asci at all, but
produce their spores on sporophores, as in the genus Spheero-
nema, for on pressure a cloud of very minute sporelike bodies is
given out from the peridia. Should this prove eventually to be
the case, the name Polycheton could be retained for such species,
which would form a genus amongst sporophorous fungi exactly
parallel to Capnodium amongst the Ascospori. For the present,
however, we must consider all as agreeing in essential structure,
as indicated by the precise similarity of outward characters.
Scorias in which Dr. Montagne has observed the asci (fig. 1)
differs principally from Capnodium in the gelatinous coat which
binds the threads of the mycelium together, which are indeed
far more profusely developed; but a modification of this exists
in what we have called Capnodium Fuligo. ‘The threads of
Zricharia, which resemble in habit and frequently in their
place of growth. those of Harvey’s Microxiphium, certainly
have a compound structure, and are probably rather of the
nature of perithecia than flocci. Dr. Montagne has observed
bipartite bodies in them; and though there is no mycelium,
it is possible that the genus may not be far distant from
Capnodium, unless indeed the crust be considered as a com-
ponent part, which is at least doubtful. Dr. Montagne has
once seen a body attached to one of the bristle-like processes
resembling the fruit of an Helminthosporium ; but he is him-
self doubtful whether it may not be extraneous. ‘There is
a sort of external resemblance between some Capnodia and
Synalyssa, which it may be observed has lately been found
in great perfection near Bristol by Mr. Thwaites. ‘The resem-

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 249

blance, however, is but external, the whole structure of the
supports of the Apothecia and their investing coat being entirely
different, resembling in point of fact that of Palmella rather
than of any fungi. Asterina and Meliola, though provided with
an abundant mycelium, have no investing coat to the peridia,
though in the latter rigid hairs spring from it. Melanospora,
Corda, approaches perhaps the nearest as well in form as in
essential structure, the ciliated orifice indicating the threads of
which the peridium is either composed or with which it is coated,
a structure, be it observed, pointed out many years since by one
of us in a strictly analogeus production in another series, viz.,
Spheronema blepharistoma, Berk., and which is indicated also
by the fringed orifice of Spheronema subulatum. Finally, it
may be mentioned as a mere matter of analogy that hairs occur
amongst Melastomads, bearing a striking resemblance to the
perithecia of Capnodium when unbranched. Sometimes they seem
to be built up of a central articulated thread, with an exterior
coating of cells; sometimes the interior thread appears to be
entirely deficient except at the summit; but opportunity has
been wanting for considering this analogy more minutely. This
structure, as far as we can ascertain (after a very imperfect in-
quiry indeed), has not been noticed before.* It exists in the
hairs on the leaves of species of Pleroma, Melastoma, Hetero-
trichum, and Heterocentron, and even the delicate hairs on the
under surface of leaves of Pleroma heteromallum are of a similar
though somewhat modified structure.

The characters of the genus cannot be given better than in
the words of Dr. Montagne, which are, however, very slightly
modified, in consequence of our having had more objects for
comparison :—

Peridium crassiusculum polymorphun, lageniforme clavatum
aut ceranoideum, simplex aut ramosum, é duplici strato formatum,
exteriori scilicet @€ mycelii floccis adscendente compacto cellu-
loso, cellulis deorsum penta-hexagonis, sursum parallelogrammis
linearibusque, floccorum apicibus seepe liberis ciliaribus, interiori
mucilagineo subhyalino fere anhisto, apice irregulariter rumpens
interdum ore fimbriatum. Nucleus gelatinosus. Sporidia oblonga
varie septata fuscescentia ascis late. obovoideis vel clavatis mox
diffluenti-resorptis inclusa.

Mycelium superficiale libere evolutum nigrescens € floccis
brevibus ramosis moniliformibus aut cylindricis articulatis fuscis
densé intricatis compositum.

Hab. In Australia, America boreali a Provincia Ohiensi ad

* Except, indeed, the hairs of Melastomads be considered as sete. A
similarly constructed seta is figured by Schleiden (Grundziige, vol. i. p. 268),
from the stem of Dipsacus Fullonum,

250 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

Carolinam Inferiorem, Gallia, Britannia atque Hibernia. Scorize
maximé affinis,

* Flocci more or less connected by their transparent coat.

1. Capnodium Fuligo, Berk. and Desm. Mycelio crassiusculo
compacto a matrice secernibili; peridiis floccis processibusque
ostioliformibus exasperatis; sporidiis minoribus. Glotrichum
Fuligo, Fr., Syst. Myc., vol. iii. p. 379. Dematium Fuligo,
Schwein., pro parte.

On leaves of varia triloba, principally on the upper surface.
Ohio; T. G. Lea, Esq. On leaves of various plants, Pennsylvania;
L. v. Schweinitz. (Fig. 2.)

Forming cloth-like scattered patches which at a certain period
of growth are separable from the surface of the leaf on which
they grow. Flocci connected with one another by their thick
transparent subgelatinous coat, running here and there as in all
the species into a continuous cellular stratum, where closely
pressed to the matrix. Peridia mostly simple, but sometimes forked
or even trifid, lageniform, more or less pointed, rough all over
with the free ends of the flocci, which are often very thick where
they spring from their surface, and with ostioliform processes
which are in fact abortive peridia. Sporidia minute, elliptic,
with an occasional septum. Possibly perfectly developed sporidia
may not have been seen. ‘This species approaches so near to
Scorias in structure that we have placed it in a separate section.
It is thicker than the others, and more gelatinous, though look-
ing very different from the intricate highly developed Scorias,
which is sometimes an inch or more in thickness,

* * Flocci distinct, peridia more or less branched.

2. C. Schweinitzii, Berk. and Desm. Velutinum; floccis sub-
cylindricis ; peridiis subsimplicibus elongatis levibus; speridiis
obovatis cellulosis ; cellulis vix constrictis. Dematium Fuligo,
Schwein., Car. p. 128 (in part). Cladosporium Fuligo, Schwein.,
in Hook. Herb. Cladosporium Fumago, Schwein., North Am.
Fung. No. 2593 (in part).

On leaves of herbs. Pennsylvania. LL. v. Schweinitz.

The authentic specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium is in
a very bad state, but it seems to be quite different from the plant
sent by the late Mr. Lea, which is evidently the species of Fries
from his description: ‘‘ Fibras monstravit rudes atras subreticu-
latas e pluribus conglutinatis, ut videbatur, formatas.” The
peridia are not rough with flocci or processes, and as far as has
been seen are simple, though doubtless occasionally branched
(fig. 3). The flocci, too, are far more cylindrical. The spori-
dia are different from those of the three following species, which

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 251

come nearest to it in habit and characters. We do not doubt
that we shall soon obtain better specimens from Mr. Curtis, now
his attention has been called to the genus. Schweinitz’s Dema-
tium Fuligo comprised probably several species ; in his later and
larger list he considered it the same with Cladosporium Fumago,
Lk., which is clearly a mistake, and shows that he had not any
definite notions as to his species.

3. C. salicinum, Mont. Velutinum; peridiis hic illic parce
furcatis, brevibus ; sporidiis oblongis septatis articulis constrictis,
longitudinaliter divisis. Mont. in Ann. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series,
vol. iii. p. 520.

On leaves of Willows-of the section Cinerella. Switzerland,
Roffavier. Paris, Durieu de Maisonneuve. We have it also,
but in a barren state, from Dr. Léveilld.

Forming a thin, even, velvety black stratum, which even under
a lens appears but slightly bristly. Mycelium moniliform, the
articulations containing a single nucleus.* Peridia rather short,
often obtuse, but sometimes lageniform and acuminate, sparingly
forked, sometimes fringed (fig. 4). Asci broad, obtuse. Sporidia
oblong, very slightly curved or oblique, oblong, triseptate, with
one or two longitudinal septa constricted at the articulations.
Occasionally the sporidia are obovate.

This is distinguished from the following species by its less
elongated peridia, in consequence of which the stratum is velvety,
and not distinctly bristly to the naked eye.

4. C.elongatum, Berk. and Desm. Setosum ; peridiis elongatis
acuminatis utplurimum simplicibus fimbriatisque sporidiis 2-3
septatis articulis demum constrictis quandoque longitudinaliter
divisis. Curt. No. 1634.

On Populus angulata. Santee River, South Carolina. 4H.
W. Ravenel, Esq. (Fig. 5.)

Forming a scattered setose black stratum ; mycelium monili-
form. Peridia very much elongated, acuminate, generally
simple; orifice mostly fimbriated. Sporidia at first oblong bi-
triseptate, at length broader, with the articulations constricted
and the central one longitudinally septate. Intermediate between
the foregoing species and that which follows, agreeing with the
former in its more simple peridia, with the latter in its setose
stratum.

5. C. Persoonii, Berk. and Desm. Setosum; peridiis con-
fertis, subramosis quandoque irregularibus ; mycelio moniliforme ;
articulis seepe oblongis uniseptatis. Polycheton Avellane, Desm.

* Mr. Broome has observed two curious appearances in the filaments. In
one case a few filaments were subulate with a central cavity, two-thirds of
which was filled with short moniliform endochromes: in the other, the
outer coat was very delicate, loose, and transversely striate,

252 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

in Herb. Polycheton Persooni, Desm. MSS. Curt. No.
2051.

On Hazel. J.B. H. J. Desmazieres. (Fig. 6.)

Stratum distinctly setose; mycelium moniliform ; joints often
oblong and uniseptate ; peridia crowded, oblong, or lageniform,
slightly branched occasionally, but by no means constantly,
rough with free filaments; orifice sometimes fimbriated. Spori-
dia imperfectly known.

6. C. Citri, Berk. and Desm. Sparsum, setosum; peridiis
elongatis ; mycelio ramoso moniliformi pulcherrime reticulato ;
sporidiis oblongis minutis. wmago Citri, Pers., Myc. Eur.,
vol. i. p. 10; Turpin, l.c.

On leaves of different species of Citrus. France. Persoon,
Léveillé.

Stratum thin. Peridia elongated, mostly acuminate, conical,
or lageniform. Mycelium consisting of beautifully reticulate
branched moniliform threads. Sporidia minute, oblong ; some-
times aftached end to end, as observed in C. Fuligo, by Mr.
Broome.

In this species, C. Fuligo, C. elongatum, and C, Persoonii,
the sporidia start forth on pressure from the tip of the peridium.
Asci have not been observed, but the sporidia are attached to
each other, at least in two of the species, exactly as in many
Spherie of the subgenus Hypocrea.

7. C. quercinum, Berk. and Desm. Valdé compactum
crassum ; peridiis fasciculatis ramosis, strato exteriori transverse
fragili; mycelio parco, articulis vix constrictis. Fumago
(Polycheton) quercinum. Pers., Myc. Eur., vol.i. p. 9.

On the upper side of oak leaves. Persoon.

Stratum thick, closely compacted, easily separable from the
matrix. Peridia fasciculate, lageniform, often branched, espe-
cially towards their apices, the outer coat cracking transversely.
Mycelium sparing, consisting of continuous scarcely constricted
threads. Sporidia unknown.

A very remarkable species, differing very much in its thick
stratum, which rises half a line from the matrix, and might be
compared to a little wool-comb. Persoon had this species more
especially in view when he proposed his sectional name. The
ticket attached to the original specimen is as follows :—‘‘ Poly-
chetum. Fumago quercina. Mycol. Eur.1. Treés-rare. Differe
beaucoup des autres espéces, et appartient ou a un autre genre
ou en fait un particulier.”

8. C. Caroliniense, Berk. and Desm. Sparsum, setosum ;
mycelio parco; peridiis laxis ramosis, lateralibus elongatis la-
geniformibus; sporidiis oblongis bi-triseptatis.

On the under side of leaves of Quercus obtusiloba, South
Carolina, Rev. M. A. Curtis.

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 253

Stratum thinly planted, but rising considerably from the matrix,
so that the branched peridia are evident to the naked eye;
mycelium thin; articulations elliptic, slightly constricted ;
peridia elongated, loosely branched, the lateral divisions equalling
the main divisions in length, and, like them, lageniform (fig. 7).
Sporidia oblong-elliptic, bi-triseptate, hyaline, possibly immature.
Capnodium Caroliniense differs from the others in having the
lateral peridia quite as strongly developed as the main ones from
whence they spring. In this and C. Persoonit young germinat-
ing plants, whether from sporidia or germs is doubtful, present
a triangular or tricuspidate outline, the angles at length being
elongated into filaments.

9. C. expansum, Berk. and Desm. Late expansum velutinum ;
peridiis conicis brevibus connatis szepe filamentis brevibus liberis
moniliformibus obsitis; sporidiis tri-septatis oblongis curvulis.
Lea, No. 248.

Extremely common in Ohio, on the bark of Acer nigrum,
which it clothes with a velvety stratum, rendering the trunks black.
T. G. Lea, Esq. “From the ‘ Herbarium’ of Sir W. J. Hooker.

Stratum widely expanded, continuous, velvety. Mycelium
consisting of branched moniliform threads; articulations almost
globose. Peridia conical, rather obtuse, crowded, connate,
short, scarcely branched, rough from the free ends of the
moniliform threads which enter into the structure of their outer
coat. Sporidia oblong, slightly curved, 3-4 septate. (Fig. 8.)

Remarkable for its widely expanded stratum and short crowded
conical peridia. The sporidia possibly have not been seen
mature. In this species a joint of the mycelium sometimes
swells exactly as in Antennaria.

10. C. australe, Mont. Ambiens, velutinum ; peridiis subdi-
chotomis utplurimum obtusis; mycelio ramoso moniliformi,
articulis diametro brevioribus ; sporidiis ellipticis fenestratis.—
Drumm., No. 192.

Surrounding the branches of Conifere. Swan River. Mr.
Drummond. From the ‘ Herbarium’ of Sir W. J. Hooker.

Fig. 9.—Stratum thick, velvety. Mycelium branched, com-
posed of moniliform threads, the articulations of which are
broader than long, strongly constricted, and containing a single
nucleus. Peridia more or less dichotomous, obtuse, sometimes
swelling at the apex and depressed, sometimes lageniform. <Asci
broad, obovate, containing eight elliptic sporidia, which have four
or five transverse and several longitudinal septa.

Distinguished from the other species by its peculiar peridia,
and from all except C. Schweinitzii in its elliptic fenestrate
sporidia, which are not constricted at the sutures. With C.
expansum it agrees in habit, but differs in every essential cha-
racter.

254 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

*** (Microxiphium) Harv. Peridia simple, subulate.

11. C. Footiit, Berk. and Desm. Maculeforme setulosum ;
peridiis subulatis simplicibus ; mycelio subhyalino subgelatinoso.
Fumago Fagi, Pers., Myce. Eur., vol. i. p. 10. Microxiphium
Footii, Harv. MSS.

Extremely common on the leaves of evergreens, when it is
often accompanied by Strigula Babingtonii, and also on the
leaves of deciduous trees, as the Beech, and even on herbaceous
plants, as Mercurialis perennis (Figs. 10 and 10*).

Forming little, generally, orbicular thin patches, which under
a microscope are setulose. Mycelium subgelatinous, readily
imbibing water, subhyaline, when young subcontinuous, when
old distinctly moniliform ; the articulations elliptic, with one or
two nuclei. Peridia dark, setiform, outer coat hyaline, the
threads at first cylindrical, at length moniliform, hyaline, the
ultimate joints breaking off; in some states the peridia are quite
naked. They frequently, but not universally, spring from a
little bulbous base.

The fruit has not been observed in this species. Its discovery
may warrant the formation of the genus Microxiphium, Harv.
It is scarcely probable that the asci in so narrow a space should
be of the same nature as in the other species. It occurs so fre-
quently with Strigula Babingtonii that it has been suggested that
it bears the same relation to that species that Tricharia does to
certain epiphyllous lichens. It is, however, found without any
trace of the lichen, and the lichen occurs equally free from the
bristly threads. In theabsence of all information respecting the
sporidia it is impossible to come to any certain conclusion : it is,
however, highly probable that both in Tricharia and our present
species a great similarity may exist in this respect. The speci-
men on Mercurialis was at first thought distinct, but there are
no sufficient characters to warrant its being kept apart at
present.

We can scarcely suppose that all the species proposed above
will be retained. The first and three last are, at any rate, good
species; it is, perhaps, more doubtful whether all the interme-
diate species are equaily good, though the differences are suffi-
ciently striking. Were the fruit of all perfectly known, we
might speak more confidently.

We conclude our memoir with the notice of a new genus,
which is abundantly produced in certain situations in South Ca-
rolina, though the fructification is of rare occurrence. It is
generally, if not always, accompanied by a new species of
Myriangium, but has not the slightest connexion with it. The
threads are cylindrical, inarticulate, fasciculate, creeping widely

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO. 256

over the matrix of a shining black; giving off branches from the
fascicles, which are themselves fasciculate, and often confluent
with one another. ‘These are at times contained in a common
sheath, exactly as in the genus Microcoleus. They are for the
most part barren, but occasionally fructification is produced on
the edge of the fascicles, on the free-branched apices of the
threads. It consists of large, globose, dark spores, which contain
a single nucleus; from which circumstance we have called it
Glenospora. It is analogous to Acremonium, but that belongs
to the group of Mucedinee, while this belongs to Dematia—
resembling closely the mucedinous genus Brachycarphium,
Berk., discovered in amber by Dr. Thomas, and figured in the
‘ Annals of Natural History’ for December, 1848.

GuLenosPoraA, Berk. and Desm.

Hyphasma repens late expansum, floccis fasciculatis supra arti-
culatis communi membrana vestitis ramosis, prope apices é fasci-
culis liberatos fructificantibus contextum. Spore ample globose,
seepe bine colorate, nucleo globoso. Analogon Acremonii quoad
fructum, Brachycarphit quoad Hyphasma et apices filamentorum
liberatos fructificantes. Vix ulli Dematiearum arcte affinis.

Hab. in corticem Nysse aquatice, Aceris rubri, et Prini
verticillati, frequens in sylvis humidis et paludibus Caroline
Inferioris, Myriangii seepissime si non semper socius.

Glenospora Curtisti, Berk. and Desm. Curt. No. 1442,
1021. (Fig. 11.) On the bark of Nyssa aquatica, Prinos verti-
cillata, and Acer rubrum. Extremely common in South Caro-
lina.—Rev. M. A. Curtis.

It may be remarked, that Mr. Thwaites found a very similar
production, only with hyaline threads, mixed up with Coccochloris
Brebissonii, growing in dripping places near Bristol. The fruc-
tification and the whole structure are very similar. At present
it has not been found by itself, so as to enable him to ascertain its
habit and colour when freely developed. The spores are dark-
brown, and have a pretty effect on the colourless filaments. This
may be called Glenospora Thwaitesii, but we have not thought
it necessary to give specific characters, as we have scarcely suffi-
cient information for this purpose. .The spores of G. Curtisiz,
it may be observed, when viewed by transmitted light, have a
lilac tinge, as have also the threads in portions of the stratum,
but not constantly.

256 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

Description of the Engravings.

Fig. 1. Asci and sporidia of Scorias spongiosa, Fr., magnified 600 dia-
meters. From a sketch by Dr. Montagne.

Fig. 2. Capnodium Fuligo, B. and D. Peridia, mycelium, and sporidia
highly magnified. From a sketch by Mr. Broome. The threads of the
mycelium to the right of the figure are evidently connected by their
gelatinous integument.

Fig. 3. Capnodium Schweinitzii, B. and D. Flocci of mycelium and spo-
ridia, both highly magnified.

Fig. 4. Capnodium salicinum, Mont. Asci with immature sporidia, and
mature sporidia from the absorbed asci, magnified 380 diameters.
From a sketch by Dr. Montagne.

Fig. 5. Capnodium elongatum, B. and D., with young and mature sporidia
more or less highly magnified. From a sketch by Mr. Broome.

Fig. 6. Capnodium Persoonii, B.and D. The peridium is in this case ruptured
horizontally, but this is by no means constant. The endochrome of the
joints of the mycelium is frequently bipartite. Portions of the mycelium
which have been accidentally detached are growing on the hairs of the
matrix. From a sketch by Mr. Broome.

Fig. 7. Capnodium Caroliniense, B. and D. Outline of group of peridia and
sporidia highly magnified.

Fig. 8. Capnodium expansum, B. and D. Sporidia highly magnified. From
a sketch by Mr. Broome.

Fig. 9. Capnodium australe, Mont. Outline of branched peridia; a single
peridium crushed and discharging its asci; young ascus, mature ascus
with sporidia, and portion of mycelium, all more or less highly mag-
nified,

Fig. 10. Capnodium Footii, B. and D. Peridia and mature mycelium, from
Mercurialis perennis. Sketched by Mr. Broome.
Fig. 10*. Immature mycelium, from the same species growing on laurel.

Fig. 11. Glenospora Curtisii, B. and D. Portion of plant, showing the
fascicles of threads with their fructifying branches; a portion of the
fructifying threads separated from the fascicles, and a single spore, more
or less highly magnified.

HIM

Pe,
, se

258 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.
af

MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO., 259

VOL. IV. + Wy

260 MOULDS REFERRED BY AUTHORS TO FUMAGO.

5

LY) Wa,
Sh

Fig. 11.

NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS. 261

XX X.—Memoranda concerning some new Plants recently in-
troduced into gardens otherwise than through the Horticul-
tural Society. No.1. By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S.,
Vice-Secretary.

(Communicated Sept. 12, 1849.)

[In addition to the plants described in this Journal from the
Society’s Garden, I believe it will be useful to the Fellows of
the Society to be made acquainted from time to time with others
which appear in the various important private collections of this
country and the North of Europe. Such plants are now too
frequently thrown into cultivation with names which have been
applied upon no known authority, which are often found
erroneous, and which consequently require to be changed, to the
inconvenience of their possessors. Occasional notices of the
following nature will, it is hoped, tend to obviate so serious an
evil. |

1. Listantuus Princeps.

L. Princeps ; caule fruticoso tereti ramulis compressis, foliis
petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis glabris, floribus soli-
tariis pedunculo flexuoso filiformi pendulis, calyce campanu-
lato pentagono lobis brevibus ovatis obtusis, corolla longis-
sima ventricosa basi cylindracea laciniis ovatis acutis,
staminibus inclusis.

Native country, New Grenada.

Some idea may be formed of the beauty of this plant from the
following dimensions of one of its flowers. The cup of the
calyx is 3 an inch deep ; the corolla is 5 inches long, and rather
more than an inch wide in the thickest part. ‘These flowers
hang on long terete stalks singly from the axils of the leaves,
which are ovate, acute, deep green, and perfectly smooth.
M. Linden, of the Luxembourg Nursery, has raised it from seed,
but it has not yet flowered with him. ‘To me it is only known
in a dried state, when the colours cannot be ascertained; but
they appear to have been either orange or crimson. It belongs
to the section called Calolisianthus, and is undoubtedly one of
the finest things in cultivation.

2. WAILESIA picta.
Wailesia. Genus ex ordine Orchidacearum, Vande affine.

Sepala et petala eequalia, patentia; lateralibus basi subobli-
T2

262 NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS,

quis. Labellum selleforme, cum columna_ parallelum,
ezeque basi saccato adnatum, medio villosum basi biden-
tatum ; saccus inappendiculatus. Columna brevis, truncata,
semicylindracea. Anthera bilocularis. Pollinia 2, globosa,
dorso excavata; caudiculis 2, linearibus, divergentibus, glan-
dule ovate alligatis—Herba epiphyta, caulescens; foliis
distichis coriaceis; pedunculis multifloris, lateralibus,
erectis.

Native country, Java.

This remarkable and very handsome plant has long been
known to me in a dried state, as a Java species, found in that
island by Mr. Veitch’s collector Lobb, and bearing a near rela-
tion to the epiphytes cailed Trichoglottis by Dr. Blume. Alive
I have had the pleasure of receiving it in great beauty from
Chatsworth, where it has flowered in the course of the summer.
Mr. Paxton bought it at a sale of new Orchids as “‘an unknown
plant from Malacca.”

It has the habit of a Vanda or Angreecum, with long chan-
nelled three-ribbed leaves, of rather tough texture, terminating
in an acute nearly oblique point. The flower-spike rises from
the side of the stem erect, to nearly a foot in height; it is deep
purple, and bears from 9 to 12 flowers, each about an inch and
a half in diameter; externally they are brightly spotted with
crimson on a pale yellow ground; inside the spots only just
show through. The sepals and petals are spreading, narrowly
oblong, blunt, very nearly alike in size, form, and texture, except
that the 2 lateral sepals are slightly oblique at the base. The lip
is oblong, saddleshaped, blunt, and coarsely woolly at the upper
end, shaggy along the middle; at the sides it is smooth, and
streaked with crimson; at the base it is flattened and downy,
united by the edges to the column, so as to form a small sac, but
destitute of any appendage within the sac, except a small rounded
callosity ; above the sac, on either side, it has an obtuse linear
smooth tooth. The column is a short stiff truncated body, deep
yellow at the end, rounded at back, and plain in front, where it
is moreover hollowed out near the base, and closely covered
with a soft felt. The stigma is a small transverse oval space
near the summit of the column. The anther is whitish, placed
obliquely in rear of the stigma, with an ovate point, and
2-celled. The pollen masses are 2, globular, partially 2-lobed,
each attached to a long narrow diverging caudicle, holding fast
to a common ovate gland.

This plant is evidently very near the genus Trichoglottis, which

NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS. 263

is distinguished by having a distinct appendage within the sac ot
the labellum, and only a single caudicle for its two pollen masses ;
in addition to which the flowers appear always to grow in short
lateral spikes, not in long erect racemes. ‘The name which it
bears is that of George Wailes, Esq., of Newcastle-on-Tyne, a
gentleman who has for many years occupied himself with the
cultivation and scientific study of Orchids, and to whom such a
compliment has been long due from botanists.

38. STANHOPEA tricornis.

S. tricornis; ovariis bracteis multo longioribus, petalis carnosis
ovalibus convexis oblique ovatis acutis (in icone roseis rectis
nec revolutis, an semper?); hypochilio subrotundo sub-
depresso intus glanduloso cornubus 2 rectis labello breviore,
mesochilio nullo, epichilio lineari-oblongo concavo truncato
sub-3-dentato margine membranaceo dorso valde gibboso
basi supra cornu recto aucto.

Native country, Western Coast of Peru.

A very remarkable species, sent to Mr. Skinner by Mr. Warc-
siewitz, at one of whose sales it has been dispersed. ‘The figure
of the lip is most remarkable, there being a third horn at the
base of the middle lobe of the lip in addition to the two always
present at the side. Ina figure sent home by Mr. Warcsiewitz
the petals are represented to be pink and the rest of the flower
white ; the petals moreover are very fleshy, firm, and apparently
incapable of rolling back as in the rest of the genus.

4, Ancracum Pescatoreanum.

A. Pescatoreanum ; foliis angustis canaliculatis obliqué obtusis
(lobo altero obsoleto), spicis brevibus densissimis cylin-
draceis, floribus extus nigro-pilosis, labello cuneato truncato
trilobo caleare curvo clavato obtuso laminze longitudine.

Native country, the Island of Bourbon.

For this I am indebted to M. Pescatore, an eminent banker at
Paris, and the possessor of the finest collection of Orchids in
France. The flowers are small, seem to have been white, and
appear in short dense cylindrical spikes ; the leaves are nearly
a foot long, distichous like other Angreks, with a very oblique
blunt end. The 2 pollen masses have each a separate caudicle
and common gland.

264 NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS.

5. AERIDES suavissimum.

A. suavissimum ; racemo oblongo horizontali (12-floro), bracteis
nanis ovatis scariosis, sepalis petalisque ovalibus obtusis
patentissimis, labello cornuto ascendente columnez adpresso
trilobo, laciniis lateralibus oblongis denticulatis intermedia
lineari bifida sublongiore.

Native country, Straits of Malacca.

Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges, with whom it flowered in
June, 1849. In general appearance it is similar to A. odoratum ;
in fragrance more balsamic and delicious. The sepals and petals
are white, with a lilac tip ; the lip is pale nankin colour, with a
lilac streak along the centre of the middle lobe. It differs from
A. odoratum in the middle lobe of its lip being emarginate and
much longer than the laterals, which are distinctly notched ;
and from A. guinquevulnera in its not being at all serrated as
well as in its greater length.

6. CLEISOSTOMA lanatum.

C. lanatum; foliis latis obtuse bilobis, racemo denso ramoso
foliis multo longiore, bracteis ovatis concavis reflexis, rachi
et ovario lanatis, sepalis carinatis, labelli didymi scroti-
formis glaberrimi lobis lateralibus erectis acutis intermedio
ovato concavo apice bisetoso, caudiculé cuneata bifida
elongata.

Native country, the Continent of India.

Introduced by George Wailes, Esq., of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
with whom it flowered in July, 1849. It has distichous broad
blunt leaves, and a dense branched woolly raceme much longer
than the leaves. The flowers are very small, like those of some
Bolbophylls, and pale yellow with purple stripes. It has no
beauty, but is an interesting species to botanists.

7. WaARREA Wailesiana.

W. Wailesiana; scapo unifloro? sub flore bractea duplici acuta
cucullata ancto, ovario subpubescente, sepalis petalisque
ovatis acutis patentissimis, labello subrotundo leevi, appen-
dice 5-radiato libero.

Native country, Brazil, in the neighbourhood of the river
Parahyba.

NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS, 265

A fresh flower of this pretty species las been sent me from
George Wailes, Esq., of Newcastle-on-Tyne, who received it
from the late Mr. Gardner, it having been found by that la-
mented botanist in an excursion to the river Parahyba in search
of Huntleya Meleagris. It appears, like that plant, to have a
one-flowered scape, and is not a species of much beauty. The
flowers, which smell of sweet-peas, are cream-coloured, and about
as large as those of Warrea cyanea. ‘The sepals are all some-
what reflexed, the lateral not being straighter than the rest ;
the petals are also bent back, so that no arch can be formed
over the column. ‘The lip is tinted with delicate violet along
the middle, is roundish, concave, wedge-shaped at the base, not at
all lobed, but so turned upwards at the edges as to look as if it
was furnished with basal auricles. Its appendage consists of
five slender radiating violet fingers, which are perfectly free from
the lip except at their origin; at their sides the edge of the lip
is also furnished with a thin, linear, inflexed membrane. The
column and pollen masses are those of W. discolor.

8. WARREA discolor.

W. discolor ; scapo unifloro? apice bracteis 2 ineequalibus ovario
proximis quarum altera linearis, sepalis oblongis lateralibus
rectis deflexis canaliculatis supremo erecto apice revoluto,
petalis erectis oblongis apice revolutis, labello subrotundo
obsolete trilobo emarginato concavo appendice adnato sub-
rotundo-oblongo pectinato.

Native country, Costa Rica. (Purchased by R. S. Holford,
Ksq., at a sale of plants collected by Mr. Warcsiewitz.)

A very distinct species, apparently one-flowered, the leaves,
&e., of which I have not seen. [Mr. Bassett, the gardener to
Mr. Holford, states that the habit is that of Huntleya violacea,
the leaves however being only about 5 inches long and 1 inch
wide.|_ The sepals, which are 1¢ inch long, are straw-co-
loured, the lower straight, concave, and deflexed, the upper
erect, rolled back at the point, pressed close to the petals,
and with them forming an arch over the column and lip. The
petals are straw-colonred at the base, dull purple at the upper
part. ‘The lip has a uearly circular outline, but is so con-
cave as not to present that form until flattened; it is slightly
3-lobed, of a deep, dull, velvety purple colour, with, at the base,
a roundish oblong yellow appendage, which adheres to the lip,
and is divided at the edge into strong diverging teeth, five of
which terminate so many distinct ribs. ‘The column is yellow,

266 NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS. |

shagey in front, with an anther sloping forward, and a subulate
rostel. The pollen masses are four, plano-convex, in pairs at the
end of a broad, flat, thin caudicle, furnished on either side with
a lateral tooth. (A singular monstrosity here occurred in the
two posterior pollen masses, which had grown together into one
by a narrow neck.)

A remarkable species, the single flowers of which resemble a
Lycaste, but their pollen-apparatus and lip-appendage are exactly
those of Warrea. Upon this point it may be useful to explain
that in Lycaste the caudicle is subulate, and the lip-appendage a
truncate plate near the middle lobe of the lip, while in Warrea
the caudicle is broad and flat, and the lip appendage ribbed,
fringed, and stationed at the very base of the lip.

9. CyrRTroropiuM cardiochilum.

C. cardiochilum; racemo multifloro, bracteis ovato-oblongis
membranaceis unicoloribus, sepalis petalisque oblongis
obtusiusculis his (immaculatis) basi angustatis, Iabelli sessilis
cordati trilobi lobo intermedio cordato rotundato margine
tenui subplicato lateralibus acinaciformibus erectis, crista
pulvinata serie quintuplici verrucosa,

Native country, ;

This beautiful plant exists in gardens as a variety of either
C. Andersonii or punctatum, from both of which it is perfectly
distinct. The flowers are large and yellow like the first, and
they are slightly speckled with crimson like the second; but there
the resemblance ends. At the base of the lip is to be found a
convex warted crest unknown in C. Andersonii, and at the end
of the lip there is no trace of the tubercles so conspicuous on
the edge. of C. punctatum. ‘The specimen from whieh the fore-
going definition has been prepared was sent me by R. Hanbury,
Esq., in August, 1847.

10. ONcIDIUM sarcodes.

O. sarcodes ; panicula racemosa angusta, sepalis liberis obovatis
planiusculis, petalis majoribus unguiculatis obovato-
spathulatis repandis, labelli lobis lateralibus nanis serru-
latis intermedio maximo undulato repando emarginato,
crista lineari apice biloba tuberculosa pubescente, columnee
pubescentis clinandrio anguste marginato alis carnosis trun-
eatis glabris.

Native country, Brazil.

NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS. 267

Received in April, 1849, from Mr. P. N. Don. The habit
of this species is entirely that of O. pubes and O. amictum.
The flowers are large, bright yellow, blotched with brown-red ;
the column white, with blood-red fleshy truncated wings. In
structure it approaches nearer to O. ampliatum and excavatum,
from which its downy column, serrated side lobes of the lip,
and peculiar two-lobed hairy crest abundantly distinguish it.

11. Oncerprum panchrysum.

O. panchrysum; foliis brevibus ensiformibus obtusis strictis
panicule patule pedunculo equalibus, sepalis ovatis acutis

planis liberis, petalis conformibus subundulatis, labelli
trilobi lobis lateralibus rotundatis crispis basi pubescentibus
intermedio bilobo rotundato fere eequilatis, cristé plana

268 NEW PLANTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO GARDENS,

apice subquadrilobaé verruculis quibusdam sparsis utrin-
que, columna aptera.

Native country, New Grenada, in the province of Socorro,
according to M. Linden’s ‘ Herbarium,’ No. 1432.

A small species, with an erect branching panicle of pure
yellow flowers. From the roots to the top of the panicle is not
much more than a foot, even in the wild specimens. The leaves
are about 6 inches long, erect, obtuse, and as high as the stalk
of the panicle. Among the peculiarities of the plant is the
presence of two little patches of fine down at the very base of
the lip where it comes in contact with the column. I have
received flowers from various anonymous correspondents. It
belongs to a group of which the well-known O. pulvinatum
may be taken as the representative.

12. DIGNATHE pygmea.

Dignathe. Pseudobulbus squamatus monophyllus. Flos soli-
tarius resupinatus carnosus. Sepala et petala patentia
zequalia. Labellum planum recurvum basi subsaccatum et
per lamellas 2 carnosas columne adnatum. Columna nana,
acuta, semiconica, clinandrio dorsali immarginato. Anthera?
Pollinia 2, caudicula lineari, glandula parva ovali.
Genus Pilumne et Aspasie affine; columnad nanéa,
clinandrio dorsali immarginato et habitu quodam valde
diversum.

Native country, Mexico.

Messrs. Loddiges have introduced this novelty, which is
among the most inconspicuous of Orchids. The whole plant is
barely two inches high, and forms little tufts like an Alamania
or Dinema. ‘The pseudo-bulbs are oblong, and buried in
leathery acute scales. ‘The leaves are solitary, oval, stalked,
3-toothed at the point. ‘The peduncle is solitary from the base
of the pseudo-bulb, one-flowered, and about as long as the short
keeled petiole. A keeled acuminate membranous bract is larger
than the ovary. The tiny flower is green, fleshy, with a few
yellowish spots upon its disk and the two succulent plates that
unite it to the column. Both plates and column are downy.

13. CycnocuEs barbatum.

C. barbatum; racemo ascendente longissimo (bipedali) mul-
tifloro (50-80), labelli trilobi basi barbati Jaciniis la-

PEAS GROWN IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN IN 1849. 269

teralibus erectis triangularibus acuminatis inzequilateris
intermedia rhombeo-lanceolata acuminata, ovario hirsuto,

Native country, New G'renada.

The first information I had concerning this very pretty plant
was from M. Linden, of the Luxembourg Nursery, who, in
May, 1849, sent me a specimen, with the intimation that he had
obtained it from New Grenada, and that its long graceful
drooping racemes bear in that country from fifty to eighty
flowers. In the Exhibition of the Society, a small specimen
excited universal admiration for the delicacy of its texture,
its curious form, and its graceful habit. I have also received
it from J. J. Blandy, Esq., of Reading. I understand that it
has the psendo-bulb of a Gongora rather than the taper stem
of a Cycnoches. Its flowers are of a soft delicate flesh-colour,
spotted with deeper red; the whole of the parts are so thin as
almost to deserve the name of membranous; and in the middle
of the 3-lobed stalked lip is a broad tuft of long half-transparent
hairs.

14. ErrpeEnDRUM vandifolium.

K. (Amphiglottium) vandifolium; foliis longis angustis dis-
tichis _recurvis basi canaliculatis; racemo brevi cernuo
subsessili, labelli tripartiti lobis lateralibus semicircularibus
intermedio lineari retuso lineis tribus parallelis lucidis
elevatis callisque 2 elongatis intra basim.

Native country, Mexico.

Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges, from whom I received it in
April, 1849. It is nearly related to H. fuscatum, but its
leaves are long, narrow, distichous, and recurved like those of
some Vanda. ‘The flowers are sweet-scented, dull purple, some-
what freckled.

XXXI.— Notes on some Varieties of Peas grown in the Garden
of the Horticultural Society in 1849. By Robert Thompson,
Superintendent. of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden Depart-

ment.
(Communicated Sept. 1, 1849.)

Tue names of many new varieties of Peas having lately appeared
in seed-lists, it was considered desirable to grow as many of
these varieties in the Society’s garden as could be collected in
the present season, in order to ascertain their respective merits.

270 VARIETIES OF PEAS GROWN IN THE GARDEN
Accordingly, about forty packets, including some of the old
sorts for the purpose of comparison, were sown on the same day,
March 21st. Abundance of rain fell in April and May, and the
plants in consequence made a fair healthy growth, but their
podding of course was later than would be the case in hotter and
drier seasons. They were sown rather thinly than otherwise,
and the pods were generally well filled. On the whole, the cir-
cumstances were favourable for correctly estimating the properties
of the different sorts.

Bishop's New Long-pod.—This was presented to the Society
by Mr. John Ronalds, of Brentford; sown March 21st; fit for
use June 28th; about 2 feet high; pods nearly straight, almost
cylindrical, containing 6 to 7 peas. An excellent prolific early
dwarf white pea; far superior to Bishop’s Early Dwarf, which,
doubtless, it will soon entirely supersede.

Thompson's Early Dwarf.—Received from Messrs. Sutton
and Sons, Reading; sown March 21st; fit for use June 28th ;
about 2 feet high ; pods small, round, containing 4 to 5 medium-
sized white peas. A tolerably prolific variety, but not equal to
the preceding.

Prince Albert.—Received from Mr. Kernan, Covent Garden ;
sown March 21st; fit for use June 20th; about 38 feet high ;
this and the Early Kent appear to be varieties of the Early
Frame. They are, however, not quite so tall as it, and they
ripen at least a week earlier. Valuable for its earliness.

Early Warwick and Early Race-horse.—These proved to be,
generally, the Early Frame.

Early Hero.—Presented by Mr. Glendinning; sown March
2lst; fit for use July 6th; height 5 to 54 feet. This is nota
very early pea; it is, however, a good bearer; pods slightly
curved, a little flattened, containing 6 to 7 medium-sized white
peas of good quality.

Doigt de Dame (Lady’s Finger).—Received from M. Vil-
morin, of Paris; sown March 21st; fit for use July 4th; from
54 to 6 feet high; pods long, cylindrical, containing 6 to 7
_ white peas. A good pea, but does not bear so abundantly as
some others.

Shilling’s Grotto.—Received from Mr. Kernan, Covent
Garden ; sown March 2\st; fit for use June 27th; grows to the
height of 44 or 5 feet; pods short, thick, but badly filled, con-
taining 4 to 6 white peas. A bad bearer this season.

Grimstone’s Egyptian Pea.—FPresented by Mr. Grimstone,
Uerbary, Highgate, accompanied with a pamphlet in which it

~

OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1849. yy E |

was stated that the peas under the above name were part of the
product of one of three peas that were found amongst the dust
on opening a vase presented by Sir Gardner Wilkinson to the
British Museum ; the characters on this vase proved it to be
2844 years old, or upwards, during which period it had lain
buried in a mummy pit. A few of the peas received at the
Garden were sown in 1848; but they did not thrive well, owing
to the very dry weather in the early part of the season. Their
habit of growth so much resembled that of the Dwarf Branching
Marrow, that it was this year thought advisable to sow both side
by side. With every advantage of comparison thus afforded by
the proximity of the plants, no difference could be observed be-
tween Grimstone’s Egyptian Pea and the Dwarf Branching
Marrow. The growth of the plants, their foliage, flowers, pods,
and seeds exhibited precisely the same characteristics.

Dwarf Branching Marrow, Syn. New Dwarf Branching
Marrow.—Received from Mr. Glendinning; sown March 21st;
fit for use July 2nd; about 2 feet high; stems strong, with
short joints; leaflets broad; flowers large, rather tufted, on
short peduncles, cream-coloured ; pods nearly straight, flattish,
containing about 6 middle-sized white peas. Only a moderate
bearer.

Queen of Dwarfs.—Received from Mr. Kernan ; sown March
2ist; fit for use July 20th; about 18 inches high; pods large
and flat, containing only 4 to 6 large white peas. A moderate
bearer.

Bellamy’s Early Green Marrow.—Received from Messrs.
Sutton and Sons; sown March 21st; fit for use June 30th; from
44 to 5 feet high; pods long, straight, cylindrical, containing
6 to 7 peas, some of which when ripe and dry are white; others
are olive-green. A good bearer, and on the whole an excellent
early pea.

Sutton’s Superb Green Marrow.—¥rom Messrs. Sutton and
Sons ; sown March 2lst; fit for use July 14th; from 53 to 6
feet high ; pods flattish, nearly straight, containing about 6 large
peas: olive-green when dry ; bears tolerably ; but the peas, in
a young state, are not sufficiently sugary ; on the contrary, they
have a little of the harshness peculiar to the wild or grey pea.
It is therefore not to be recommended.

New Indented Green Marrow.—Presented by Mr. Glen-
dinning ; sown March 21st ; fit for use July 18th; about 5 feet
high. A good pea, resembling Knight’s Green Marrow; but
the peas, when green, are not so sugary, and when dry they are
less indented.

272 PEAS GROWN IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN IN 1849.
Victoria Marrow.—Received from Mr. Kernan; sown March ~
21st; fit for use July 24th; height 6 to 6% feet; pods nearly 4
inches in length, generally in pairs, straight, roundish, contain-
ing 6, 7, or 8 large peas of good quality ; olive-green when dry,
and slightly indented. ‘This variety bears some resemblance to
Knight’s Tall Marrow; but the pods are larger and remarkably
long and well filled; like all others it is less sugary than
Knight’s ; still the quality is very good. It is a most abundant
bearer ; and when we take into consideration the length of pods,
the number and size of the peas they contain, it must be admitted
that this is a remarkable sort, highly deserving of cultivation.

Flack’s New Large Victorva.—Presented by Mr. Glen-
dinning ; sown March 21st; fit for use July 2nd; height 24 to
3 feet ; pods middle-sized, flattish, nearly straight ; peas gene-
rally 6 in a pod, large, compressed, blue when dry and some
partly white. A very good prolific dwarf variety.

Bedman’s Imperial.—Received from Mr. Glendinning and
from Mr. Kernan; sown March 21st; fit for use July 14th;
from 24 to 3 feet high; pods somewhat curved, roundish, con-
taining generally 6 to 7 large blue peas of good quality. An ex-
cellent bearer ; a variety well deserving of recommendation.

New Imperial.—Sown March 21st; fit for use June 30th;
height 34 feet; pods small, cylindrical; peas blue. On the
whole, this variety is inferior to many others.

Maclean’s Seedling.—Presented by Dr. Maclean, of Col-
chester; sown March 21st; fit for use July 3rd; height 2 feet ;
pods large, nearly straight, a little flattened; peas very large,
compressed, of excellent quality, indented when dry, and of a
bluish colour. <A valuable prolific dwarf variety.

British Queen.—Received from Mr. Kernan; sown March
21st; fit for use July 23rd; about 5 feet high; pods large,
straight, nearly round, containing generally 7 very large peas,
nearly the size of small beans, indented when dry, and of a light
olive-green colour. A good bearer. This bears considerable
resemblance to Knight’s Marrow; but differs in the peas being
larger, somewhat thicker in the skin, and scarcely so sugary :
it is, however, a valuable sort for those who prefer large peas.

Gros Vert Normand.—Received from M. Vilmorin, of Paris ;
sown March 21st; fit for use July 20th; height about 6 feet ;
pods slightly curved, rather flat, containing 5 to 7 large peas, of
a bluish-green colour when dry. A tolerably good bearer, and
might prove useful as a late pea.

Fairbeard’s Champion of England.—Received from Mr.
Glendinning; sown March 21st; fit for use June 30th; about

CULTIVATION OF BRUNSVIGIA JOSEPHIN. 273

5 feet high; pods long, somewhat curved, and slightly flattened,
containing 7 to 8 large peas of very sugary quality, indented, and
of a bluish colour when dry. An abundant bearer, highly de-
serving of cultivation.

XXXII.— On the Cultivation of Brunsvigia Josephine. By
Charles Leach, King’s Road, Clapham Park.

(Communicated September 4, along with a beautiful exhibition of Brunsvigia
Josephine and other Cape bulbs, for which a Banksian Medal was
awarded.)

In sending to-day two or three specimens of Brunsvigia Jose-

phine, it may perhaps further the objects of the Society if I

accompany them with a short description of the treatment by

which I have now, for three or four years, succeeded in blooming
them.

In March, 1844, I received three fine bulbs, among various
others, of Brunsvigia Josephine from the Cape. They were at
once potted in good fresh turfy loam, and in a month the leaves
appeared. They did not, however, grow finely; and in No-
vember, beginning to turn yellow, water was withheld, but
resumed in December, new leaves again showing themselves.
The pots were also plunged in water for a few hours, to ensure
the ball of earth being fully saturated; the top mould was also
taken off, and replaced with leaf-mould. During the winter
they were kept in a warm green-house, in a temperature often
down as low as 35°, and making leaf well. Im May they were
placed in a pit, kept dry, and exposed to the sun, the lights being
kept closed. In the September ensuing one of the bulbs flowered,
and, the treatment being precisely similar, another flowered in
1846. The first again fowered in 1847, and the second in 1848,
appearing thus to require a year to recover their exhausted
strength. This year forms, however, an exception, all three
being now in flower, one of which is that now exhibited; and
although at first the largest bulb, and always producing the
finest foliage, is blooming only for the first time.

I cut the flower-stems always off as soon as the last flower
begins to wither, in order that strength may not be exhausted
in perfecting seed, and I then place the pots out of doors, and
keep them there as late into the autumn as possible, and until
the leaves are grown so long as to make them liable to injury
from strong winds or heavy rain.

I have only further to add that the three bulbs have never
been re-potted since I first planted them, but that liquid manure
is occasionally given them when the leaves are approaching

274 “ JOSLING'S ST. ALBAN’S” GRAPE,

and have attained maturity. Under similar treatment I have
twice bloomed the Buphane ciliaris, and last year 1 had also
two or three other Brunsvigias in flower. There is, therefore,
not so much difficulty in blooming these plants as has hitherto
been thought.

XXXITI.— Note respecting the ‘‘ Josling’s St. Alban’s” Grape.
By Robert Thompson.

(Received August 31, 1849.)

A NoTICE of a grape sent to the Society by Mr. Josling, as a
seedling raised by him, and named Josling’s St. Alban’s, was
published in vol. i. p. 296 of this Journal. The bunches sent
had not the usual character of any known grape; and, after
various inquiries as to when and how it was raised, it was con-
cluded to be distinct. Having found its quality excellent in two
seasons in which I had an opportunity of tasting it, I endeavoured
to do justice to its merits. When obtained in full perfection it
is generally acknowledged to stand unrivalled in point of flavour.
But considerable doubts have lately arisen with regard to its being
distinct from the Chasselas musqué. I have been favoured with
communications from various parties to whom application had
been made for their candid opinions on the subject. ‘The matter,
however, was still left in doubt; and if I could not immediatel
clear it up, I considered it necessary to obtain and state all the
particulars I could respecting the grape in question.

With this object in view, it was thought advisable to go and
inspect the situation of the original vine; compare its fruit and
leaves with those of the Chasselas musqué grown in the Society’s
garden ; and ascertain under what circumstances and by what
mode of culture the vine under Mr. Josling’s care produced fruit
free from cracking, a liability to which is the only fault ascribed
to the Chasselas musqué.

The vine is growing in the garden of A. M. Timperon, Esq.,
New Barns, near St. Alban’s. This garden has been under Mr.
Josling’s management for many years. It lies low, near the
river Ver, or Muse, and damps arising from the river are said
to be prevalent: perhaps they are unfavourable to the red spider.
The vine border has, however, a dry, gravelly bottom, and is,
moreover, well raised above the general level of the garden ; it
was made two-and-a-half feet deep, of good turfy soil, leaves,
and some lime rubbish. I consider it worthy of being well
remarked, that sheep were penned on the turfy soil after it was
dug up, and before it was introduced into the vine border. The

* JOSLING’S ST. ALBAN’S” GRAPE. ye 5

vines are planted outside. The house is 80 feet in length, but
is divided in the middle, so as to form two compartments; the
width is 15 feet; the height of the back wall about 13 feet; the
upright sashes in front 3 feet. The rafters are straight: these
and the sash-frames are all iron. ‘There is no wood-work in the
roof, front, or ends; consequently the temperature of the house
is not easily kept up. The heating is by means of flues, the
arrangement of which is not the best that might have been
adopted ; for one runs across by the partition in the middle of
the house, then along the front; but without traversing the cold
farther end it returns, the return portion being closely bedded
on the other, so that the air of the house does not come in
contact with the upper surface of the hottest flue. Another flue
runs across on the other side of the middle partition, and in a
similarly imperfect manner heats the other compartment. It
will be understood from this arrangement that two flues, nearest
the fire, run parallel across the middle of the house, whilst the
two iron and glass ends have no flue to counteract their cooling
effects. Altogether the house is not adapted for early forcing.
A vine is trained up each rafter; and each established vine has
generally a seedling of some sort alongside. One seedling, I
observed, has variegated white and green foliage.

The vine which was the object of my visit (August 24) was
erowing about the middle of one of the divisions of the house.
It was stated in the notice of it in the Journal, that it had been
planted by the side of a Black Hamburgh, which was afterwards
cut down: the stump is still to be seen. On comparing the
fruit and leaves of the “ Josling’s St. Alban’s” with those of the
Chasselas musqué xo difference could be observed. Mr. Josling
himself agreed that no decided difference could be seen; but he
was certain his vine was a seedling raised by himself. He had
cut part of the crop: some good bunches, with berries free from
cracking, still remained, and the quality was excellent. The
bunches, however, had not such very long shoulders as those
from which the description was made in 1846, probably in con-
sequence of the border becoming partly exhausted of that nourish-
ment which its soil derived from the sheep-pens.

That some fruits are more liable to crack than others is well
known; and unfortunately the grape in question, according to
various accounts, is one of those with this. disposition. But
under favourable circumstances grapes do not exhibit this defect.
This fact cannot be disputed; and it leads to the question
whether it is more advisable to study, and endeavour to command
these circumstances, or hopelessly throw away some of the
richest varieties of grapes? Rather than adopt the latter alter-
native, I have no doubt some gentlemen would go to the expense

VOL, IV. U

276 MANAGEMENT OF FOREST-TREES

‘of building a house, or large pit, expressly for the purpose of
growing these kind of grapes, should other means fail.

Too much moisture, either at the root or in the atmosphere,
and more especially after too much dryness, appears to me to be
the principal cause of the evil. Mr. Josling merely keeps the
inside of his vinery as dry as possible after the period when
cracking is to be apprehended. ‘The construction of his houses
renders early forcing inexpedient ; and this being the case, long-.
continued watering to keep down the red spider is not so
necessary.

XXXIV.— On the Management of Forest-trees considered in
relation to the Durability of Timber. By George Lovell,
Gardener to the Marchioness of Hastings, F.H.S., at Efford
House.

(Communicated August 27, 1849.)

-REcENT appeals to the experience of those interested in the
durability of timber have shown that little sound knowledge
obtains on this subject. To arrive at anything satisfactory in
the matter an extensive series of experiments must be set afoot,
and the men who may put the machinery in operation must
leave the results of its action to be gathered by a future genera-
tion, We are, however, not prone to undertake investigations,
the results of which can never be known to us. However disin-
terested we may profess to be in pursuits involving the interests
of others, there is ever a self-interest or self-gratification lurking
at the bottom and acting as a mainspring to our exertions. It
is the necessarily protracted nature of such inquiries as the
present one, that renders real practical knowledge in connexion
therewith of so scanty a nature; and it is because such results
are so protracted that so few investigations of important bearing
on the subject are ever instituted.

But it appears to me that there are many points connected
with the question which may be treated physiologically, and
from which we may gather useful results.

With the management of the wood after the tree is felled I
have nothing to do; there are no doubt many chemical processes
by which a greater immediate solidity may be induced, but such
means ever appear to me, like constantly physicking the human
subject, affording as it does unnatural stimuli for the time being,
but each successive dose only lays the foundation for an increased
rapidity of reaction—a speedy dissolution when it once sets in.

That the constitution of modern grown timber is very far
inferior to that which we frequently find in ancient edifices, and

IN RELATION TO THE DURABILITY OF TIMBER. eit |

‘after it has stood the tooth of time for centuries, is a notorious
fact, and much conjecture has originated as to the causes of such
marked contrast. Now it appears to me that a great amount of
the causes of such inferiority in the durability of modern grown
timber may be traced to the defective modes in raising, trans-
planting, pruning, and general management of plantation-grown
timber.

As I shall treat the subject as a purely physiological one, it
will, I think, be well to preface the observations which I intend
to make on each head with some general remarks upon the phy-
siology of vegetable life, keeping as near to the direct question
as possible, and with the utmost brevity consistent with a clear
exposition of my ideas.

To the theory of Dr. Darwin, at least to such an extent as to
look upon a perfect plant as a distinct individual, I am a
decided disciple. It is losing sight of this truthful and beau-
tiful idea that has caused so much diversity of opinion amongst
physiologists, and has ever been a stumbling-block to the prac-
tical application of their views. It is a fatality attending the
birth of great truths that they should be treated harshly, and
often with ridicule, even with neglect, and the theory of Dr.
Darwin formed no exception to the rule. Half a century has
scarcely enabled it to run alone ; ‘ yet it cannot now be doubted
that the analogy that he laboured to demonstrate between plants
and animals, is every day becoming more and more certain.”*

That a plant} is a distinct organized being as a whole, and that
each part is but a part, bearing certain organic relations to every
other part, may, I think, be rendered evident ; and I conceive it
to be equally clear of demonstration, that if such an individual
is by the operations of the propagator made to assume the
appearance of several individuals, the grqunds of the argument
remain the same, and that each part, though it performs a
separate existence, has imperfect functions, and is not a perfect
individual. This is not apparent in all cases, but it is in many:
I shall proceed to exemplify a few. The majority of individuals
comprising the great family of Pines have each a uniform
character, any deviation from which is easily detected. In many
instances the loss of a branch would be as readily detected by
the most casual observer as that of a limb from a quadruped.
Recall the characters of Pinus Webbiana, or of Araucaria
imbricata, and the truth of the argument is evident. In most
of the Pinuses and analogous genera their true character is only
witnessed in seedling specimens. From cuttings and grafts they

* Penny Cyclopedia.
t+ I mean a perfect plant, one raised from a seed.
u 2

278 MANAGEMENT OF FOREST-TREES }

are only abortions in figure, and have a premature decay. When
the beautiful Deodar was a rarity, how was the too confiding
public robbed of their money (innocently, perhaps) by pieces of
trees (2. e. rooted cuttings) instead of whole ones ; but how soon
was the ‘‘ murder out!”” Branches grafted upon the Larch were
no better; and in such cases the fault was all heaped upon the
poor Larch, because, forsooth, it was not an evergreen.* And
again, how many imperfect specimens of Pinus Webbiana have
been fostered with anxious attention, and the results have only,
as it were, mocked the labours bestowed upon them and the
care with which they had been attended! A cutting from such
a tree can never, or at least but seldom,{ become anything
more than a rooted branch, and as a natural consequence only
exhibits that character. It is, 1 believe, become an established
fact that plants produced from cuttings of Pimelea spectabilis
seldom survive any lengthened period of time, and it is now
a common practice to graft it upon seedlings of another species.
The large plants exhibited at the metropolitan floral fétes are,
I believe, ‘“‘ worked” upon P. decussata. Mr. Knight found
that the vitality of the apple could not be retained beyond a
given period by cuttings or grafts, and that constitutional defects,
as cankers, still clung to such offspring, proving the individuality
and definite existence of a plant beyond all doubt.

The somewhat modernly reeognised branch of vegetable
physiology—morphology—is based in purpose, if not in intention,
entirely upon views that would give to each perfect plant an
individual existence. If we examine a seed, do we not find it
composed of separate organs, each acting in concert? and the
merest tyro in the science is aware that mutilation in any one
part affects, and in many cases completely neutralizes, perfect
organic development. Who has ever seen a healthy plant pro-
duced from a seed with one of its cotyledons (supposing it to be
a dicotyledonous plant) defective? And if the several organs of
a seed are necessary to produce a perfect individual, upon what
grounds can we assert that such one individual can be divided
into several perfect plants at a subsequent period of its existence ?

Now as plants produce a variety of substances employed by

* Query: How comes it that the Glastonbury thorn produces flowers and
leaves at Christmas, when “ worked” upon the common white-thorn ?

+ The laws of organic development in the vegetable kingdom render it
possible for a perfect plant to spring from such a cutting, but the exception
only establishes the rule. Involving, as it does, a point in the physiology
of plants of no practical importance in the present inquiry, I think it best
not to take the subject into discussion at present. In a future paper, and in
which the subject will have a practical bearing, I hope to elucidate my
views in this somewhat interesting branch of inquiry.

IN RELATION TO THE DURABILITY OF TIMBER, 29

man, some solidity of substance for timber, others colouring
matters, more secreting products for luxury or medicine, it is but
fair to infer that a mutilated portion of a tree cannot produce
either of these substances in such abundance as a perfectly-
developed individual.

It is an axiom considered to be worthy of attentive observance
in the animal economy, that careful attention during infancy is
met by a corresponding rapidity and healthfulness of develop-
ment in subsequent stages of existence, and vice versd. And if
this be true of an animal, why should it not be true of a vege-
table? The period of germination is the plant’s infancy, and
the artificial method of planting, or rather sowing, appears to
me calculated to afford everything but facility to growth. If
we take the oak as an example (and it is the tree to which L
shall most particularly refer), we find that no provision is made
to lift the cotyledons above any extraneous matter that might
from accident or design press around them. ‘The importance of
their healthy action in the economy of the young plant is pre-
sumed to be well understood. When an acorn falls and germi-
nates, sown by Nature’s own hand, how beautiful and healthy
are the expanded cotyledons, wisely screened from a too excessive
action of light and heat by a few decaying leaves, and with what
vigour the young plant springs into life! But quite the opposite
of this is the practice and results in the nursery. The earth is
excavated, the acorns are thrown in, and soil is heaped over them
to the depth of several inches. No atmospheric influences are
calculated on. Oxygen for nourishment and for the liberation
of carbon is only to be obtained by its presence in water. In
this state, crowded in masses, the young trees spring into life,
sorry representatives, mere ghosts of what they should have been.
In this ‘* nursery bed” they pass their first and often second and
third years. Now the bedding-out abomination follows: by
some means or other they are rooted out with a foot or two of
‘* tap root,” which the pruning knife quickly disposes of, and
each plant shorn of its roots enjoys three inches of breathing
room for another year or two, as the case may be. While this
system is going on, some nobleman’s forester is preparing a
plantation for oaks by placing Scotch firs in parallel rows to
shelter the young oaks intended to be placed between them, and
in this position in due time the oaks are planted. Every pre-
caution is taken to afford shelter to the young plants, in order
‘“‘ that the winds of heaven visit them not too rudely.” Pam-
pered into rapid growth by such precautions, over-crowded by
their own kindred, and pressed upon by their nurses, the firs, no
wonder that, instead of sturdy healthiness, of which the true cha-
racter of the oak is ever recognised as the type, they are but

280 MANAGEMENT OF FOREST-TREES

elongated striplings, scarcely able to sustain their own weight.
And now a thinning commences, but, it must be observed, not
till the trees are of sufficient size to repay by the bark, and by
their own substance as poles, the outlay for the process. As the
trees increase in stature many of the firs are removed, and the
trees begin to breathe; but the tormentor has not yet relin-
quished his office. ‘The forest pruner, guided by no better prin-
ciples of practice than uniformity of distance and symmetry of
form, commences his operations; with ill-directed labour the
very life-giving organs of the tree are torn away, or at least the
branches by which those organs, the leaves, are to be produced
and borne. As you ramble through such a plantation the eye is
wearied by the ever occurring semblance of ghost-like trees—
stereotyped editions of effeminacy, if such a term can be applied
to the vegetable world. Here, with imperfect organs of the
respiratory and digestive processes, unduly excited in an elevated
‘temperature, scarcely agitated by the gales of heaven,* a most
important auxiliary, be it observed, in the healthy economy of
vegetable life, no wonder that an imperfect stability of constitu-
tion should be the result, and that, when the timber is applied to
the several purposes for which it would seem to be adapted, dis-
appointment and vexation should follow. And if such timber is
employed in situations where a free circulation of air cannot
constantly play around it, decay is doubly rapid, from circum-
stances that I shall attempt to explain. In a horizontal section
of an oak of considerable age, the concentric layers of wood
forming its substance can readily be separated by the eye into
two distinct portions, the brown centre or duramen, termed by
workmen the spive ; and the external layers or alburnum, or sap-
wood. As far as vitality is concerned, either in its own substance
or by contributing to the other portions of the tree, the duramen
may be said to be inert. Various secreted deposits, peculiar to
its substance, have stopped all circulation of fluids, and rendered

* J cannot here refrain from illustrating by a case in point, and one that
has frequently come under my own notice, the bad effects of securely
strapping up to a stake the whole length of a young tree. A lady, who is
evidently anxious to form an avenue of elms in the approach to her
mausion, has been at great unnecessary labour to supply every tree with a
huge pole, to which the tiny elm is securely bound even to the very top of
its leader. I need not say that every year witnesses many deaths, and I
think I shall escape the imputation of exaggeration when I add, that at
the present rate of progress, supposing the present trees to survive, which
is very doubtful, several lifetimes must be consumed ere anything like a
tree can be produced. Negative evidence of a forcible character, as illus-
trating the baneful effects of such a system, is furnished by the fact that
several vacancies have been filled up with trees of considerable stature, and
in which the strapping process has not been deemed necessary, and which
appear to be progressing favourably.

IN RELATION TO THE DURABILITY OF TIMBER. I81

it a compact mass. ‘The respiratory and digestive process of
the tree does not exert any influence upon it, it is out of the pale
of circulation. But all its imperfectly organized tissues, bloated
as they are by the accumulation of undigested and watery fluids,
remain mixed up with it ; for the centre of the tree is composed
of the first-formed layers of wood, when it experienced the
worst management, and when modern scientific pruning unspa-
ringly robbed it of its most essential organs, its leaves. It may
possibly be urged, that as pruning takes place in the winter
season, the circle of wood of the preceding summer’s growth is
complete, and that no detrimental effects can be experienced by
the tree in consequence. But it must be urged, in opposition to
this, that each layer of wood, while in the condition of alburnum,
is vital, and performs vital functions ; that each year it is under-
going a solidifying process; and that each separate layer of
alburnum bears a certain relation to each other layer, and all to
the leaves. With such facts as these, we have a forcible ex-
ample of the utility of leaves. And even if pruning young
plantation timber were not so prevalent as it is, the crowded
manner in which the trees are placed, and the, to a great extent,
unnecessary shelter by which they are surrounded, render the
tissues of the leaves and, as a necessary consequence, their func-
tions, of a very imperfect character ; for it is a universally esta-
blished rule in the whole of Nature’s operations, that she possesses
nothing that is superfluous. Does a plant become feeble or lack
the means of growth? the organs by which such means would be
used become diminished also. Are the facilities of respiration
scanty? so are the means. Is an abundance of food to be pro-
cured? the modes of applying it are rapidly increased. The
relations between cause and effect are ever preserved in their true
balance.

Now I imagine that there is little fear of being accused of
dogmatism, in asserting that the trees from which the timber
used in some of our ancient edifices, and which has withstood the
action of time for centuries, were the production of naturally
sown timber, of trees which had never known the attentions of
man. In feudal times men were too much occupied in warfare,
in political and religious antagonism, to turn their attention to
the peaceful arts, to planting for the good of posterity. Isolated
cases would probably be found, but not to any extent. There is,
I believe, no good evidence to prove that the ‘‘ New Forest,” in
Hampshire, was originally planted by man. The Norman king
probably set apart the extensive domain (60,000 acres) for the
gratification of his hunting propensities; but that he ‘‘ depopu-
lated thirty-six villages” to form the space on which to plant
the forest may, I think, be set down as a traditionary romance.

282 MANAGEMENT OF FOREST-TREES.

Indeed, I have met with a writer somewhere in my reading who
positively asserts, from authenticated evidence, that it was ori-
ginally set apart as a wild tract of land merely for the diversion
of Rufus, and that he left it as he found it.

There can be little question that the practice of over-crowding
trees in plantations while young is excessively prejudicial, when
we take solidity of tissue into consideration. ‘To convince one
of this, it is only necessary to examine trees from both open and
sheltered situations. In plantations, the true character of the
tree is never developed. ‘Tall and weakly in stature, with pale
looking, elongated branches, they are like drawing-room guests,
well suited for the position in which they are placed, but unfit
to baffle with the storms and buffetings of ‘every-day life. But
look at a tree springing from a “ self-sown” acorn, exposed to
all the benefits of atmospheric and solar influence; how sturdy is
it even in its infancy, how quickly does its true character deve-
lop itself! There is the indication of coming strength even in
its childhood. Its sturdy arms branch out, the trunk rapidly
increases, and when maturity has ripened its limbs, decay is not
an ingredient in their composition.

If you cut across two trees of similar age, one from a close
plantation, the other from an opposite locality, the amount of
duramen will preponderate in favour of the latter, and the texture
of all the wood be much firmer.

To the manner of sowing for timber-trees I would urge par-
ticular attention, because I feel confident that any amount of
injury to an organized individual in the infant state is detrimental
to its good progress. Surely the cotyledons of a large seed,
deprived in a great measure of the agents by which its functions
are to be performed, must act detrimentally to the young plant’s
development? And to indiscriminate pruning much important
injury, both in progress and solidity, is due. The manner by
which the branches are mechanically, as well as organically,
connected with the trunk, when viewed in connexion with phy-
siological principles, powerfully supports the argument. ‘To
enter fully into that inquiry would carry me to too great a
length in the present paper. Certain it is that good physiolo-
gical views would, if brought to bear upon forest planting and
management, work wonders. Every man thinks he can manage
forest ‘trees, because it is deemed nothing more than a branch
of simple labour. The days of empiricism, of dogmatism, in
theory as well as practice, are on the wane. It may be that
years must roll by ere much change will be perceptible as a
whole, but the tide of improvement has set in, and as nothing in
the present state of things is stationary, its progress is certain ;
all we can do to aid the cause is to join the spirit of the age, and
with every effort at command to urge it onward.

MARL HEXAGONS: A NEW MATERIAL FOR GARDEN WALKS. 283

XXXV.—On Marl Hexagons, a new material for Garden
Walks, with Slabs of the same for Edging. By Alexander
Forsyth, C.M.H.S.

(Communicated Sept. 10, 1849.)

Ten or twelve years ago I was at some pains te make calcula-
tions regarding the expense of gravel for garden walks as com-
pared with slab slate pavement, and I found that at the distance
of ten miles from the Kensington gravel-pits, or, in other words,
in the suburbs of London, the cost of a highly-kept gravel-
walk exceeded that of a slate-pavement, and yet the gravel
never was at any time so clean to walk upon nor so rich to look
upon as the slate, for whilst the slate showed a clean, hard face,
comfortable in all weathers, the gravel was unfit for traffic of
any kind for nearly one-fourth of the whole year.

I calculated the first cost of the gravel and the keeping of it
for 20 years, and balanced the first cost of the slate at the
wharf at Isleworth, and the cost of materials and labour in
laying it down, and I found that the great depth of gravel re-
quired made the cartage an enormous sum in the first instance,
and the traffic over the gravel injured so much of it that it
required an annual supply to make up for that which had been
soiled or swept off, whereas the cost of keeping the pavement for
the 20 years was nothing.

These statements may appear startling, but a reference to
figures will easily settle the matter ; and the gentleman who has
had his lawn mowed and swept carefully, and has had his hall
paved with marble, will no doubt feel startled to find that not
only his gravel-walk, but even the highly-kept grass-plat, be-
comes in the course of years more costly than a marble pave-
ment, and what is still more annoying, the grass and gravel are
of no value at last, after all the labour bestowed upon them,
whereas good pavement is little deteriorated in value by age or
usage. I mention these things in order to show the meanness of
the materials generally used in the great bulk of modern gar-
dening, and I would propose the following test by which to try
the value of a garden. Suppose you were to take away the
grass and just see what you would have left. You will find that
this mantle has hid the nakedness and poverty of the garden, and
given it a name for riches and extent which it never deserved,
for the few beds of showy summer flowers scattered over acres
would be easily and abundantly accommodated in the garden of
the village blacksmith ; by referring to actual measurement, as
J have done, you will find that not one-cighth part of an acre
of real flower-beds, such as scarlet geraniums or verbenas, is

284 MARL HEXAGONS:

to be found in many gardens that have no small pretensions to
floriculture, and the gravel-walks and terraces, when soberly
examined, are found to be composed of materials that would not
suit a London artisan. Gravel will not do for him; he must
have his pathway paved with something better, hewn stone, or,
at the very least, a kerb of stone and the rest pebbles. This
familiar example may serve to show that we are not so far ad-
vanced in this department of gardening as we would fain
believe ; and although our weeds be closely wedged together,
and form a matted surface which by courtesy we call grass
(although in reality it is no such thing), and although the rough
pebbles and smooth dirt mixed may be called a walk, the real
character of the article in question is in foul weather anything
but a place to walk upon. The great bulk of a grass and
gravel flower-garden is composed of weeds more or less shorn
to an even stubble, and of muddy pebbles more or less dry, as
the state of the weather and the drainage may be at the time
you make your examination. I know of only one exception to
this, and that is where the proprietor has a gravel-walk in-doors,
thereby insuring its condition in all weathers.

Now what I would argue from all this is, that on account of
the immense bulk now occupied by coarse articles in our gar-
dens, there is no room left for really good things, and proprie-
tors will scarcely credit what an immense variety of rare and
beautiful plants can be cultivated ina very limited space when
that space is devoted solely to plants, still less would it be
credited that the great expense of the labour so loudly com-
plained of in gardens is for the high keeping of grass and gravel,
neither of which are necessary.

My attention was first drawn to the expense of grass edgings
by observing that where ten men mowed a certain compartment
in a morning of two-and-a-half hours, it took one man five hours.
to do the edging with the grass shears. In front of the principal
range of hot-houses at Alton Towers there is a terrace-walk
paved with hewn stone and edged with quadrant-shaped kerbing
of hewn stone: now the grass abutting upon this walk required
no grass shears to edge it, for the level action of the scythe or
of the mowing-machine left the edge quite smooth and clean.
Now if all the garden had been similarly edged, one-fifth of the
labour of grass-cutting would have been saved, and a garden
similarly paved would answer many important purposes which
gravel cannot serve, such as giving a clean, healthy promenade
in the few sunny hours of a winter’s day, after the snow has been
swept off, when half-an-hour’s exercise on a dry walk is no
unimportant matter. If walks were reduced in extent and im-
proved in quality, and if flower-plats showed less gross bulk and

A NEW MATERIAL FOR GARDEN WALKS, 285

more richness in their design and management, we should ere
long see different requirements for horticulture.

This is no Utopian affair. I have seen the articles about
which I am writing already made and highly finished, and could
name the places where you can see the work done; but this is
not a disputed point, and I hasten to the marl hexagon and marl
edging slabs—articles that ere long must find their way into our
gardens. Our ancestors had floors with a wisp of straw under
foot; from that refinement has reached its present high pinnacle
in-doors, and now we see encaustic tiles, with beautiful heraldic
devices; and I would fain improve that part of our gardens
which lies in the immediate vicinity of our houses, by having
beautiful smooth, clean, hard pavement, well edged with the
same, in place of dirty gravel and grass edging, and that for the
reasons above stated. I have had samples of marl hexagon laid
down, to try their effect, strength, and durability, and I have the
written testimony before me of respectable parties who have made
a similar trial of them. I have counted the cost, and beg leave
to lay before the Society the following statement respecting them.
The size of the hexagon is 44 inches across—that is to say, the
diameter of the circle within which the hexagon is inscribed is

4 inches; the size of the edging-slabs 9 inches, . They are
capable of resisting the most intense frosts, are of a fine straw-
colour, and next to the nether millstone in hardness. The cost
of a fine terrace paved and edged with this elegant article
amounts to a mere trifle when compared with hewn stone. I
measured a handsome hewn stone terrace that had been very
much admired, as forming an important feature in the garden
where it was constructed, and found that if it had been laid with
these it would have cost about 70/., or something under the cost
of a labourer’s cottage ; and just mark the dimensions, and think
of a promenade 300 feet long, 7 feet 6 inches wide, of a fine
warm tone of colour, and fit for traffic of any kind, and in all
weathers.

The cost of gravel in certain localities is very great, a ton of
the best coal and a ton of gravel being the same price at the
water’s edge, and when carted are seldom under a guinea. Now
a gravel walk 300 feet long, 74 feet wide, and nine inches deep,
would cost at this rate about 65/. for the gravel outside the
garden door, and the wheeling in and laying down of 621 tons
of gravel are serious items to be added to the 65/. All the
expenses attendant upon gravel form such an enormous tax upon
the garden, that nothing but the evidence of figures will con-
vince any one that such a robber is about his premises. After a
good night’s rain I have found the gravel from the sloping walks
and from the higher levels far away from the paths where I had

286 CULTIVATION OF VINES IN GREENHOUSES,

left it over night, doing passive duty, having been conveyed
by water from its moorings, and anchored in the fishpond beyond
all recovery, deep in mud; and, independent of the heavy cost
entailed by an unforeseen affair like this, the inconvenience and
confusion caused by such a heavy job falling out, perhaps, in the
middle of summer, where a limited number of hands were hardly
able to make head against the current of other routine labour
that comes before them, call loudly for some reform in this de-
partment. ‘The inaccuracies in the formation of walks are
beyond all bearing; when cut once or twice a year by a handy
labourer according to the rule of thumb, they outrage all lines,
levels, and parallels: look at the curves and gradients of any of
the tramways from a coal-pit or a slate-quarry, and compare
their engineering with ours in the science of road-making. The
colour, too, is so important that our best landscape gardeners are
at their wits’ end to find hard, bulky articles of the right hue to
make up the shades of the picture, and thus we see yellow grit
and pounded brick and crystal spar employed as road-stuff,
whereas the potter who has power over the clay can not only
mould and fashion it to any shape, but also to any shade of co-
lour. I have now before me a list of prices of marl hexagons,*
which I dare not exhibit lest it might deter from any reform in
this affair, for it is hardly to be expected that we can step from
the present mud and pebble walk to the encaustic tile of various
colours at one bound, and therefore I would beg leave to defer
this part of the subject until I see what kind of reception this
innovation upon ancient usage may receive at the hands of those
who have the means to mend their ways.

St. Mary’s Church, Torquay, Sept. 8, 1849.

XXX VI.— On the Cultivation of Vines in Greenhouses. By
James Hutchison, Gardener to Colonel Scudamore, Kent
Church Court, Herefordshire.

(Received July 20, 1849.)

Tue vine has been successfully cultivated in pine-stoves and
vine-houses in Britain for many years, but its culture in the
greenhouse has not been attended with equal suceess. This
may proceed from various causes, such as the condition of the
vine-border, improper temperature, aération, &c. If the border
be imperfectly drained, or the soil exhausted, the first thing to
do is to remove the earth of the border to the depth of three feet,

* From Messrs. Minton and Co., Stoke-upon-Trent, Staftordshire.

CULTIVATION OF VINES IN GREENHOUSES. 287

if on a sloping surface, but if flat two feet will be quite sufficient.
It should not be less than fifteen feet wide.

It is impossible to lay down an invariable rule as to the depth
of soil which ought to be removed in every case, but I wish it to
be distinctly understood that it is not necessary to dig a deep pit,
as some do, for the purpose of filling it up with a mass of
materials through which the sun’s heat will never penetrate ; for
although such a border may be made of the best composition, it
cannot be called a good border.

When the old soil is cleaned out, a good drain should be made
along the front of the border.

In forming the new border the bottom part should have a
good slope, and should be covered about ten inches deep with
rough stones. Over the stones place a covering of furze, with
the bushy side uppermost and the woody part under. A row
of turf should be placed upon the furze, with the grassy side
downward. This will form an effectual and a permanent
drainage to every part of the border.

The new border should be composed of fibrous turf, leaf soil,
and horsedung, which should be filled in to the depth of four
feet, as it will finally subside to about three feet. It is un-
necessary to prescribe the proportions to be used of the above
ingredients, as that must depend on circumstances. Leaf soil is
generally a scarce substance; and therefore, should the loam be
of a strong quality, it should be mixed with light soil, as much of
a vegetable nature as possible, keeping in view the principle that
the composition should be sufficiently porous.

If the old vines have been growing in a wet soil, or a great
portion of their roots decayed or rotten, I would recommend in
planting them to lay a portion of the stem across the border and
peg it down with strong pegs about six inches deep. As to
what length ought to be laid down in this manner, that will
depend on the state of the old vine. The lower part of neglected
vines is generally bare of young wood, perhaps half-way up the
main stem. Some of the spurs beyond that may even be ex-
hausted. I would therefore plant so as to have a good fresh
shoot at the entrance of the vine into the house, or at least at the
foot of the rafter. This shoot should be cut down to two or
three eyes, and if all go on well it will grow from twenty to
thirty feet the first season. If young vines are required for
planting, good strong vines should be procured from a respect-
able nursery and planted about the beginning of March. The
roots should be well spread out, and three feet of the stem laid
down horizontally six inches deep in the ground.

The sorts most suitable for a greenhouse are,

288 CULTIVATION OF VINES IN GREENHOUSES. ~

Black Hamburgh,

Black Prince,

Black Prince, Hamburgh,
White Sweetwater.

Temperature of the Border.

In No. 112 of Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine I have directed
the vine border to be covered a fortnight previous to the com-
mencement of forcing with horsedung of the best quality to the
depth of ten or twelve inches. I would still recommend the
same method or something similar in every case in which the
border has been uncovered or insufficiently covered during
winter. Butas the successful cultivation ofall plants, especially
exotics, depends so much on terrestrial climate, I now prefer to
have the border covered in the autumn, so as to prevent the
escape of the heat contained in it at that season. It fortunately
happens that I have now sound data to proceed upon in giving
directions in this matter. The following returns are taken from
Mr. Thompson’s Tables of Ground Temperature at Chiswick,
which will apply with little variation to the greater part of
Britain and Ireland :—

One foot deep. Two feet deep.

August : . : 62°37 61°95
September . ° . 58°35 59°04
October 3 : 5 52°38 53°74
November . . ° 46°79 48°09

I would advise, therefore, that the border should be covered
with a light covering of dry leaves about the end of September,
for the temperature of the border will fall considerably in
October, as will be seen from the above table. A covering of
waterproof canvas should also be applied to carry off heavy
rains. As soon as a sufficient quantity of leaves can be collected,
they should be laid on about eighteen inches thick. Where
leaves cannot be had sufficiently long, dung or fern might be
used instead. But whatever material is applied, it must not be
forgotten that protection from the rain is indispensable, or the
heat of the border will be exceedingly variable.

The covering should be removed about the middle of May,
when the border should be forked over. It should be frequently
stirred with the Dutch hoe during summer, but especially after
heavy rains. If the border is managed in this manner, it will
seldom require any watering if situated in the western part of
Britain or Ireland. In the eastern part of this island the
watering of the border should be attended to when necessary,
but especially at the commencement of the last swelling of the

CULTIVATION OF VINES IN GREENHOUSES. 289

grapes. The water should have been warmed by exposure to

the air.
Temperature of the house.

If the house were covered with waterproof canvas at night
during frosty weather, very little fire heat would be requisite,
and vines and all plants kept in the greenhouse much benefited.
In winter the thermometer should never exceed 40° when the
assistance of artificial heat is required. About the beginning of
March, when the buds of the vines are well swelled, the heat
should be raised to 50° if dull weather, and 60° or 65° during
the day if clear weather. This temperature will be advan-
tageous to geraniums, fuchsias, &c., at this season. When the
mornings are frosty in this month the thermometer in the green-
house is generally down to 45° or 46° with me. I have had it
as low as this even when the grapes were in flower, and I have
never observed that they sustained any injury by this low tem-
perature. As the season advances, of course the heat ought to
be increased to 55° or 60° at night, and to 70°, 75°, or 80°
during the day. 50° and 55° at night may be safely taken as a
general rule for the first and second month’s growth. Air will
be required both night and day at all times when fire heat is
necessary. In mild weather, in winter, I give plenty of air
during the day, and a small portion at night also.

No front air will be required in the early part of the season
unless the weather is very mild. In summer, when the nights are
warm, a small portion of air should be left on all night at two
lights. Ifthe temperature be low in the morning, shut the house
and give no air till eight o’clock. It might be sooner or later
according to the situation of the house. It is impossible to lay
down rules as to the time when air ought to be given, or the quan-
tity requisite at all times, nor is it necessary, for this department
of the business is sure to be best performed by the person who
keeps general principles constantly in view, and not by him who
is entirely guided by written directions. It should always be
remembered that heat should accompany light, and coolness
darkness.

Pruning.

I formerly recommended the long system of pruning vines as
best adapted to late vineries; but as the vines must be confined
to the rafters in a greenhouse, in this case I would advise the
adoption of the spur system. A chief objection to this mode of
pruning is, that in the course of time the spurs get long and
ragged ; but if the border is in tolerably good condition and
covered as I have directed, the vines will push vigorously from
various parts of the old wood of the spur, which may therefore

290 CULTIVATION OF VINES IN GREENHOUSES. :
be shortened as opportunities offer. It is unnecessary to enter
further into this department of the subject, as the summer pruning
and the preparation of young vines for different plans of training
are generally understood by gardeners.

Thinning and Pruning the Grapes.

Thinning should commence as soon as the grapes are the size of
peas. They should be thinned so as not to press too much against
each other when ripe. If not sufficiently thinned they will not
swell properly, and many of them will rot, especially if a damp
season. ‘The great secret in preserving grapes is to keep the house
thoroughly dry and as cool as possible, so that frost is excluded ;
therefore give air abundantly. In no case should artificial heat
be applied when the house is shut, unless during severe frost and
the roof of the house unprotected. It is evident that the more
heat is introduced to the house the more rapid is the ascent of
moisture from the lower to the upper parts of the house; and as
heat and moisture are the chief agents in decomposition, the
common method of applying artificial heat when the house is shut
for the purpose of preserving grapes only hastens their decay.

It is not to be expected that so large a crop of grapes can be
obtained from a greenhouse as from a late vinehouse pruned on
the long system; but if the system is pursued which I have re-
commended, the produce of grapes in a greenhouse will be supe-
rior to a vinehouse of the same extent whose management is
conducted without regard to the recent improvements in horti-
cultural science.

( 291 )

NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S
GARDEN.

296. AZALEA RAMENTACEA.™

Received from Mr. Fortune, May 8, 1846, and said to be
from Hong Kone.

This has something the aspect of the common white Chinese
Azalea, with smaller flowers, but it appears to be in reality a very
distinct species. ‘The leaves are often nearly round, and at the

* A. ramentacea; foliis pilosis planis subrotundis oblongisque obtu-
sissimis, umbellis paucifloris ebracteatis, pedicellis ovariisque ramentaceis,
floribus subcampanulatis pentandris, sepalis brevibus lineari-oblongis dorso
nudis apice fimbriato-ramentaceis.— J. L.

vol. 1V. x

292 NEW PLANTS, ETC.,

most are only oblong. The flowers have but five stamens; the
sepals are very short, and bordered with long ramentaceous hairs
at the edge, although they are naked on the back. There are no
glands or setze on either calyx or flower-stalks.

It is a dwarf evergreen shrub, requiring the same kind of
treatment as other species of Chinese Azalea, and easily increased
by cuttings in the usual way. It is very pretty and distinct, and
deserves general cultivation.

March 20, 1849.

27. ECHEVERIA LAXA.*

Sent from woods near Monterey in California, in 1847,
by Hartweg. |

A succulent plant, with fleshy, concave, taper-pointed leaves,
which when young are very giaucous, but become yellowish-
green with age, and are collected ina sessile rosette. Stem weak,
dull purple, about two feet long, bearing a few sessile, trian-
gular, somewhat cordate scales. Flowers yellow, like those of
Sempervivum arboreum in appearance, arranged loosely on one
side of the long drooping arms of a racemose panicle. The sepals
are short, triangular, glaucous, not more than one-third the
length of the corolla. Instead of hypogynous scales, this species
has very short truncate glands, with a concave secreting end.

The species is near EK. cespitosa, from which its acuminate
leaves, and stalked, not sessile, flowers distinguish it.

It grows freely in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould, and
is easily increased either from seeds or by cuttings. It grows
best when fully exposed, and kept rather dry in a cool green-
house.

A very distinct-looking kind, but not one that is handsome.

July 31, 1849.

28. EcHEVERIA FARINOSA.+
Rocks near Carmel Bay in California; Hartweg.

This has short succulent stems, bearing on the end a tuft of
leaves as white as if they had been powdered with flour. The
stem-leaves are fleshy, triangular, concave, sessile, and sagittate,

* E. laza; cespitosa, foliis rosulatis ovatis acuminatis concayis juniori-
bus glaucis, floribus (luteis) laxé paniculato-racemosis secundis peduncu-
latis.—J. L.

E. farinosa; caulescens, nana, foliis linguiformibus acutis planis
candidis adultis viridibus, caule decumbente, racemis secundis corymboso-
paniculatis, floribus pedunculatis.—J. L.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 293

with the basal lobes turned upwards so as to rub against the
stem just above the origin of the leaf. The flowers are pale
lemon-yellow, with five short, truncate, concave glands.

The remarkable whiteness of the leaves, and pale lemon-colour
of the flowers, are two marks which clearly limit this species.

A sufficiently hardy kind to live in a cold pit or frame from
which frost is excluded, and easily increased either from seeds or
cuttings. It grows freely ina mixture of sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould, and requires to be kept rather dry at all times, and
fully exposed to the light.

It is one of the less ornamental kinds.

July 31, 1849.

29. Pinus Fremontiana. Endlicher, Synopsis Coniferarum,
p. 1838, No. 112. Pinus Monophylla, or Nut Pine. Torrey
and Fremont. P. Liaveana, with a thin-shelled seed. Hart-
weg, in Hort. Soc. Journal.

Found in California by Hartweg.

Leaves generally in threes, but not unfrequently in pairs or
even solitary, from 13 to 3 inches in length ; of a glaucous green,
more or less curved, very stout, rigid, and ending in a spiny
point, sheaths very short and rolled backwards on the older
leaves. Seedleaves from eight to ten but mostly nine in number,
rather long and very stout. Branches numerous, the principal
ones round the stem in a whorl; bark smooth and of a light
brown colour. Buds small, cylindrical, ¢ of an inch in length.
Cones of a light glossy brown colour, 23 inches long and 12
broad in the widest part, which is near the middle: each cone
contains from six to seven rows of scales. Scales very thick,
largest near the middle, bluntly pyramidal, slightly angular, and
more or less recurved downwards, particularly the smaller ones
nearest the base ; they are also without any points. Seeds wing-
less, oblong or egg-shaped, half an inch in length, bright yellow
more or less stained with dark brown, and the shell so thin that
it is very easily broken between the finger and thumb. Kernel
very pleasant in flavour and also nutritious, as it constitutes the
principal subsistence of the Indians who live in the mountains
where it grows, for nine months out of the twelve.

It was first discovered by Captain Fremont, during his ‘ Ex-
ploring Expedition’ when crossing the Sierra Nevada, or Great
Californian Mountains, growing upon both sides, and extending
over the top of the great Snowy Chain for a distance of 300
miles. The tree seldom attains a height of more than 20 feet, or
8 or 10 inches in diameter, but is very branching, and has a

x2

294 NEW PLANTS, ETC., ~

peculiar but pleasant odour when bruised. It is perfectly hardy,
for Captain Fremont frequently found the thermometer at 2°
below zero at night, and 4 feet of snow, where it grew. The
cones are produced in great abundance. The seeds are ga-
thered by the Indians for their principal winter and spring sub-
sistence, and are either taken out and kept dry in their huts or
left in their natural storehouse, the cones, in heaps under the
trees, where they remain tolerably dry until wanted for use;
the Indians are said to live upon them alone for months and
months without any other kind of food.

Cone of Pinus Fremontiana: a, a pair of leaves; b, a seed.

Dr. Torrey first gave the name of “ monophylla” to this Pine
from a supposition that the leaves were mostly solitary ; but
Professor Endlicher, who afterwards examined more perfect
specimens, found that the leaves were in twos and threes, and
that the solitary leaves arose from Dr. Torrey’s specimens being
gathered from stunted plants; he consequently altered Dr.
Torrey’s name of monophylla to that of Fremontiana, in com-
pliment to Captain Fremont, its first discoverer.

Shortly before leaving California for England, Mr. Hartweg
was informed by persons at Monterey that seeds of the Nut
Pine might still be obtained from the Indians in the mountains,
who at the proper season bring them down to the coast for sale.
Upon this information, Mr. Hartweg made a journey into the
mountains and found a few seeds still remaining at one of the
Indian huts, and two cones which he purchased from the in-
habitant. The seeds being in tolerably good condition at the

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 295

time, soon came up after being received at the Gardens, and a
portion was distributed under the name of “ Pinus Llaveana,
with a thin-shelled seed.”

This Pine will be found a very desirable plant, although not one
for timber, but for its beautiful almond-flavoured nuts, which may
be grown in England, in the same way as the Stone-pine is in
the South of Europe.

30. Cupressus GovEeNnIANA. Gordon.
Raised from Californian seeds collected by Mr. Hartweg.

Leaves imbricated, blunt, thickly set in four rows and bright
green on the old plants ; expanded, awl-shaped, very distant, more
or less reflexed, sharp pointed and rather slender on the young
plants. Branches very irregular on the main stem, some being

{Cupressus Goveniana

opposite, others alternate, very numerous, slender and rather
pendent ; lateral branches spiral, frequently opposite, very dense,
and of a beautiful bright-green colour. Cones in large clusters,
globular, 4 an inch in diameter, each having from six to eight

296 NEW PLANTS, ETC, ¥

scales, which are nearly all four-sided and elevated in the centre
to a blunt point. Seeds numerous to each scale, rather small,
dark brown, without vitte, irregularly angular, and membranous
at the edges. Seedleaves mostly in threes, seldom in fours.

This fine Cypress was first discovered by Mr. Hartweg, on
the western declivity’ of the mountains of Monterey in Upper
California, within two miles of the sea shore, in company with
Pinus muricata, forming a dense bush from 6 to 10 feet in
height. It is at once distinguished from the other Californian
species by its very much smaller cones and more spreading,
slender, somewhat pendulous branches. It has the same
beautiful bright green colour, both in its foliage and branches,
as Cupressus macrocarpa, and is a most desirable evergreen, which
will prove quite hardy.

It has been named in compliment to James Robert Gowen,
Ksq., the Society’s present Secretary.

G. G.—Sept. 12, 1849.

31. Cupressus MAcROCARPA: Hartweg,im Journal of Hort.
Soce., vol. ii. p. 187. C. Lambertiana of the gardens.

Found in California by Mr. Hartweg.

Leaves ovate, imbricated, in four rows, bright grass green
and closely set upon the old plants; they are expanded, awl-
shaped, sharp pointed, and thickly set, upon the young plants.
Branches irregularly spiral, but sometimes alternate or opposite,
younger ones and laterals opposite, dense, and quite green, older
branches dark brown and nearly horizontal from the main stem.
Cones in clusters of three or four together, oblong, 14 inch long
and 1 inch broad, with ten scales, the larger of which are in the
middle and generally six sided. Seeds large dark brown, and
more or less angular. Seed-leaves in fours, but sometimes only
in threes.

In the year 1838 the late Mr. Lambert gave the Society a
few seeds of this Cypress without any name or indication of
whence he had obtained the seeds; from these plants were
raised, which, when large enough, were at once seen to be very
distinct from any previously known. ‘The name of C. Lam-
bertiana was applied to them, both in compliment to Mr. Lam-
bert, and also to mark from whence they were first obtained ;
and as the plant was very easily increased by cuttings, it was soon
to be found in all good collections under that name. Nothing,
however, was ascertained concerning the country from whence
it came until some two or three years afterwards, when I ob-
served, on visiting Mr. Low’s nursery, at Clapton, a plant of the

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN. 297

same kind which they had received from Dr. Fischer, of St. Peters-
burg, as a new species of Cupressus from California. At a later
period, Mr. Hartweg, when in Upper California, discovered it,
and finding it had very large fruit, gave it the name of C.
macrocarpa, which, having been published in the Society’s
Journal, takes precedence of the unpublished though general
name of C, Lambertiana.

[Cupressus Lambertiana.]

It is one of the finest plants yet introduced as an evergreen
tree, not only on account of its beautiful bright green aspect, but
for its great size and hardiness. Mr. Hartweg found it forming
a tree 60 feet high, with a stem 9 feet in circumference, on the
wooded heights near Monterey in Upper California, and with
far-spreading branches flat at top, like a full-grown Cedar of
Lebanon, which it very much resembles when old. It is per-
fectly hardy, and will grow in almost any kind of soil which is
not very poor.

G. G.—Sept. 1849.

998 NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN.

32. VAGARIA PARVIFLORA. Herbert, Amaryllid., p. 226.
Pancratium parviflorum. Redouté, Liliacées, vol. viii. t. 471.

Received from Bogota by C. B. Warner, Esq., and by him
presented to the Society in October, 1847.

A bulbous plant, with oblong, somewhat plaited, fleshy, dark-
green leaves, tapering into a distinct petiole, about 8 inches
long and 2} broad, when full grown, pale green beneath, but
not at all glaucous. ‘The scape, which bears an umbel of about
five flowers, is the same height as the leaves, a little compressed,
and solid. ‘The flowers are small, firm, white, with a greenish
tube, and a roundish, bluntly three-cornered three-celled ovary,
with two ovules suspended side by side to the middle of the axis
of each cell; they have a weak agreeable odour, like that of new
hay; their stalks are about an inch long. ‘The spathes are
narrow, withered, brown membranes. Stamens erect, with a
broad acutely trifid filament; anthers linear, attached by the
middle ; style straight ; stigma bluntly three-lobed.

The flowers of this very rare plant have been well figured by
Redouté, but the leaves which he has represented do not belong
to it; they are very like those of an unknown bulb, also from
Bogota, and received from Mr. Warner at the same time as
this. The leaves of V. parviflora are similar to those of a
Griffinia. Dean Herbert’s conjecture that the species is a native
of Spain or Egypt is not confirmed by the discovery of its New
Grenada origin; but at the same time the French report of its
being an Australian plant is contradicted. Whether or not it
may be referable to some one of the South American Pancra-
tioid forms of Amaryllids is not quite certain; it, however,
appears to be different, and therefore Dr. Herbert’s name is
retained. Certainly it is no Pancratium, for the filaments are
not joined into a cup. It is very near Eurycles, from which the
flower differs in nothing except in the anthers being fixed by the
middle instead of by the base. The fruit is at present unknown.

A tender bulb, needing the protection of the greenhouse, and
requiring the same kind of treatment as Amaryllis. It is best
grown in a mixture of sandy loam and a little rotten dung, and
s increased in the usual way.

A neat, but not a very showy plant.

Aug. 1849.

END OF VOL. IV.

London: Printed by Wiitram Crowes and Sons, Stamford Street.

INDEX

TO THE

FIRST FOUR VOLUMES OF THE JOURNAL OF THE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Abelia floribunda, notice of, ITI. xliii.

——- rupestris, Zindl., described, I. 63 ;
mentioned, I. 211

Abies Douglasii, habits of, IT. 124

—- excelsa, D. C., description of, III.
121

pectinata, D. C., description of,
Tit. 122

Abronia umbellata, Lamarck, described
and figured, IV. 81, 82

Abutilon rufinerve, A. de St. Hilaire,
described, I. 306

Acacia ixiophylla, Benth., described,
III. 244

Acajou tree, noticed, II. 150

Aceras anthropophora, R. Br., cultiva-
tion of, III. 40

Achimenes atrosanguinea, Zindl., de-
scribed and figured, III. 318

candida, JLindl,, described

and figured, III. 317

heterophylla, mentioned, I.

ee

181

— misera, Lindl., described, III.
319

———- new species, IT. 293

patens, Benth., described, I.

233

—_——_—_——- described and figured,
257, t. 2

mentioned, I. 181
picta, account of, I. xxx.

————— pyropea, described and fi-
gured, II. 294, t. 4

Skinneri, described and fi-
gured, II. 293, t. 4

Achras mammosa, noticed, II. 149

sapota, noticed, II. 149

“Acineta Humboldtii, treatment of, IV. 28

Pye autumnale, Lindl., described,

77

Adamia versicolor, Zindl., described, I.

298

a

remarks on, III. lii.
oe nee new matchless Pea, described,
- 160

VOL, IV.

Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, described,
IV. 95

———— cuneatum, described, IV. 96

————. curvatum, described, IV. 95

———— hispidulum, described, IV. 96

—_+=—_ lucidum, described, TV. 95

——— macrophyllum, described, IV.
95

eee

pubescens, described, LV. 95
————. setulosum, described, 1V. 95
trapeziforme, described, IV.

95
Aérides crispum, treatment of, IV. 29
— odoratum, treatment of, IV. 29
—suavissimum, described, IV.

264
ZEschynanthus, species of, described,

If. 129

——-— Paxtoni, Lindl., de-
scribed and figured, IV. 79
speciosus, exhibited, IIT.

wexit, '
Agalmyla staminea, figured, III. xxi.
Akebia quinata, Decaisne, described, I.
160
Alagoas and Rio de San Francisco,
vegetation of, I. 293
Amaranth, white stemmed, described,
I. 156
Amaranthus albus, figured, I. 157
oleraceus, Zinn., I. 72
Amaryllis natalensis, cultivated by Mr.
Moore, account of, II], 1
on the treatment of, I. 178
American mode of propagating dwarf
Pear-trees, I. 188
Amomum vitellinum, Zindl., described,
II. 245
Amphirox longifolia, Spreng., described,
I. 198
Amygdalus persica, double crimson
peach, described and figured, ITI. 246,
313
Anacardium occidentale, IT. 150
Anemia phyllitidis, described, 1V. 104
tenella, described, 1V. 99
b's

300

Anemone japonica, Siebold, described,
I. 61

__

301

—-- cultivation of, II.

— mentioned, I. 213
Angelonia angustifolia, Benth., described
and figured, III. 243
— hirta, mentioned, I. 286
Angrecum Pescatoreanum, Lindl., de-
scribed, 1V. 263
Anona muricata, noticed, IT. 149
reticulata, noticed, II. 148
~——~ squamosa, noticed, II. 148
Ansellia africana, treatment of, 1V. 28
Aphelandra cristata, noticed, III. ix.
longiscapa, described, III.

237

Apios tuberosa, equivalent for potato, II.
144; figured, II. 166

Apple, conch, noticed, IT. 151

—- custard, noticed, II. 148

—- dwarf, of Armenia, noticed, III.
116

—-- golden, noticed, II. 148

——- Malacca, noticed, II. 150

——- Pitmaston golden described,,I.143

— seedling, some account of, 1V.

smooth star, noticed, IT. 149

——~- Stoke Park, described, I. 148

——- sugar, noticed, IT. 148

—- three new varieties of, I. 142

——- trees, canker in, I. 241

——- true golden, described, I. 143

Apples, distributed, II]. xxxi.,

Apricot, Shuker Para, noticed, III. 115

— new Syrian, IV. i89
tree, fruit of an, III. 228

Aquilegia leptoceras, Fisch. and Meyer,
described, II. 314

Arbutus procera, mentioned, Ii. 125

Aristolochia brevipes, mentioned, I. 182

Arpophyllum giganteum, noticed, III.
XXXVIli.

Arrangement of gardens and pleasure-
grounds in the Elizabethan Age, IIT. 1

Arthrostemma fragile, Zindl., described
and figured, III. 74, 75

Artificial climate, remarks on, IV. 85

Artocarpus incisa, noticed, II. 151

—-=— integrifolia, noticed, I. 287;
IT. 151

Artotrogus hydnosporus, Mont., de-
scribed, I. 33; figured, I. 34, t. 4

Arum divaricatum, noticed, IT. 153

macrorhizum, noticed, II. 152

Arundina sinensis, mentioned, I, 210°

INDEX

~

Ash, mountain, useful in preserves, I.
247

Asparagus, cultivation of, II. 39; by Mr.
Craggs, II. xlviii.; Mr. Errington,
IJ. xlviiL. ; Mr. Ingram, I. xxxiii.

—- effect of manure on, I. 264

Asphalted flower-stakes, I. 79

Asplenium Adiantum nigrum, described,
IV. 97

-—— auritum, described, IV. 97

———_—- canariense, described, IV. 98

— cicutarium, described, IV. 98
diversifolium, described, IV.

98

- elongatum, described, IV. 97
— fragrans, described, 1V. 97
formosum, described, 1V. 97
—~—- lucidum, described, 1V. 96
— marinum, described, IV. 97
monanthemum, described,

IV. 97
premorsum, described, IV.

98
Athyrium Filix-femina, described, IV.
102

a crispum, de-
scribed, IV. 102

Atropa acuminata, Royle, described, i.
306

Australia, Western, climate of, IV. 203

Avigato, noticed, II. 150

Avocado, noticed, II. 150

Ayres, W. P., on managing Erica hie-
malis, I. 131

Azalea obtusa, Lindl., described, I. 152

ovata, Lindl., described, I. 149;

and figured, II. 126, t. 2; mentioned,

i205

ramentacea, Lindl., described

and figured, IV. 291

squamata, Lindl., described, I.
152; mentioned, I. 215

Azaleas, hybrid, account of, II. x.

B.

Bahamas, pine-apple soil of, I, 126

Bahia and Pernambuco, the vegetation
of, I. 286

Baily, H., on the management of fruit-
tree borders, IV. 206

— on pruning Pear-trees, II. 125

Bananas, for the table, IJ. 187

Banisteria mucronata, De Cand., de-
scribed, I. 299

Barkeria spectabilis, treatment of, 1V.23

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES,

Barker, John, his account of the fruit of
an Apricot-tree, IIT. 228

a new Syrian Apricot in-
troduced by, IV. 189

——_—_———— on Syrian fruits, ITI. 115

Barnes, J., on the growth of the Pine-
apple, I. 260

— on the propagation of fruit-
trees from cuttings, II. 142

Batatas Jalapa, De Cand., described, I.
308

Bay grape-tree, noticed, IT. 150

Bean, dwarf, crimson-seeded, IV. 76

Shilling’s new French, noticed,
IV. 76

Beans, kidney, a notice of, IIT. xxx.

Beet, Barrott’s new crimson, noticed,
IV. 76

Castelnaudary, the effect of manure
on, I. 267

Begonias, grown under Hartley’s rough
plate-glass, LV. xiii.

— notes upon various species, I.

132

Belle apple, noticed, IT. 151

Berberis Aquifolium, useful in preserves,
I. 248

—— Fortuni, LZindl., described, I.
231; and figured, I. 300

———hypoleuca, JLindl., described
and figured, II. 246

parviflora, Lindl.,

and figured, II]. 243, 244

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., his observations on
the Potato murrain, I. 9

on mildew in

described

Onions, III. 91
on the mould at-
tacking the coffee plantations in Cey-
lon, 1V. 7

on moulds. re-
ferred by authors to Fumago, IV. 243
on the propaga-
tion of bunt, II. 107

on the scab in

potatoes, III. 37

——- on the white rust
of cabbages, IIT. 266

Bickes, F. H., his experiments with
seeds, II. 35

Black pine-beetle (Hylurgus piniperda),
to destroy, I. 79

Blakea quinquenervia, noticed, IT. 154

Blechnum australe, described, IV. 102

— gracile, described, 1V. 96

— polypodioides, described, LV.

301

Blechnum Spicant, described, IV. 102

Bletia Gebina, Lindl., described, II. 307

Blighia sapida, mentioned, If. 138

Bloom, production of, in Inga pulcher-
rima, II]. 34

Boiler, tubular, action of, I. 262

Bonny-pepper, noticed, IT. 153

Borders, on the management of fruit-
tree, I. 176; IV. 206

— vine, the formation of, III. 260

Borneo, species of Rhododendron in-
habiting, III. 81

Boronia triphylla, some account of, by
Mr. Ayres, IV. xli.

Botrytis arborescens, Berki., described,
I. 31; figured, I. 34, t. 4

Arenarie, Berkl., described, I.

31; figured, I. 54, t. 4

Bassiana, figured, I. 32, 34, t. 4

devastatrix, Lib., figured, I. 30

fallax, Desm., I. 30

ganglioniformis, Berkl., de-

scribed, I. 31; figured, I. 34, t. 4

infestans, /ont., described, I.

30; figured, I. t.3; mentioned, IT.

108

parasitica, Pers., figured, I. 34,

t. 4

Vicie, Berkl., described, I. 81;
figured, I. 34, t. 4

Boulogne-sur-Seine, seat of Baron Roths-
child, noticed, If. 211

Bouvardia Cavanillesii, De Cand., de-
scribed and figured, III. 246

splendens, mentioned, I. 182

Bowmannia verbascifolia, Gardn., men-
tioned, I. 285

Bowood, aération of vineries at, IV.
49

Branches and cuttings, propagation of
fruit-trees from, II. 142

Brassia macrostachya, treatment of, IV.
24

Brassica chinensis, Zinn., described, I.
67

Bread-nut, noticed, IT. 151

Brocoli, Snow’s superb, white winter,
I. 310

Walcheren, I. 309

Brodiza californica, ZLindl., described
and figured, IV. s4

Browallia Jamesoni, notice of, IT. xlviii.

Brunsvigia Josephine, cultivation of, IV.
273

Buddlea Lindleyana, Fortune, described,
I. 62 ; mentioned, I, 215

Bug, coffee, some account of, IV. 1

¥2

302

Bulbs from India, transmission of, I.

79

Bully-berry, noticed, II. 149

Bully-tree or balatre, noticed, II. 149

Bumelia nigra, noticed, II. 149

Bunt, communicable by rubbing sound
grain with the spores of a fungus, I.
27; propagation of, II. 107; spores
figured, II. 113

Burnettized linen, I. 80

By-laws of the Horticultural Society,
Ly. am.

C.

Cabbage, Shantung, some account of,
III. 168
Cabbages, white rust of, III. 265
Cajanus indicus, noticed, II, 152
Calabrian raisin, described, I. 154
Caladium nymphezifolium, noticed, II.
153
sagittifolium, noticed, II. 152
Calanthe vestita, a notice of, figured,
IV. viii.
Calceolaria cuneiformis, Ruiz and Pavon,
described, III. 242
Calendar of natural history at Foo-
chow-foo, I. 119
California, journal of a mission to, I.
180; II. 121, 187; III. 217
Callistemon brachyandrum, Zindl., de-
scribed and figured, IV. 113
Calystegia pubescens, Lindl., described
and figured, I. 70
Camellia hexangularis, mentioned, I.
211
rosea Sasanqua, treatment of,
1V,/xi.

— Storyii, noticed, III. xxx.
yellow, mentioned, I. 214
Cameron, David, on British Orchids,

III, 28

—- on hardy Heaths, III.
113

Campanula grandiflora, mentioned, I,
2d

—— nobilis, Zindl., described, I.
232

Canker in apple-trees, [. 241

Canna Achiras, noticed, II. 158

Cantaloupe melon, grown by Mr. Fish,
ox:

Cantua bicolor, noticed, III. xxxvii.

Capnodium, its species described, IV.
250

INDEX —~

Capnodium australe, figured, IV. 259
—— caroliniense, figured, IV.

258

ee

elongatum, figured, IV. 258
———_——— expansum, figured, IV. 258
————— Footii, figured, IV. 260

Fuligo, figured, IV. 257

Persoonii, figured, IV. 259
salicinum, figured, IV. 257
Schweinitzii, figured, IV.

SenaenEEnniEaE

257
Caprification, discussion on, III. 192
of the fig, III. 185
opinions against, III. 191
Capsicum annuum, noticed, II. 153
baccatum, noticed, II. 153
——— conoideum, noticed, II. 153
—- frutescens, noticed, II. 153
— grossum, noticed, II. 153
longum, noticed, II. 153
tetragonum, noticed, IT. 153
Cardon Puvis, noticed, IV. 75
Caryophyllus aromaticus, account of,
II. xviii.
Cases, Ward’s, I. 240
——- glazed, II. 117
Cashew-tree, noticed, II. 150
Castanea chrysophylla, habits of, II.
124
Castelnaudary beet, the effect of manure
on, I. 267
Cattleya crispa, treatment of, IV. 22
maxima, Lindl., described, I.

64
Mossie, treatment of, IV. 21
— Skinneri, treatment of, 1V. 21 »
Cauliflower, black Sicilian, noticed, IV.
76

—— early Leyden, noticed, IV.

75

largest Asiatic, noticed,-
IV. 75

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, mentioned, II.
123

Cedrati, remarks on, IV. iv.

Celery, cultivation of, III. 297; 1V. 55

Cels, gardens of M., noticed, II. 207

Cephalauthera ensifolia, Rich., cultiva-
tion of, III. 32

grandiflora,

cultivation
of, III. 32

rubra, habits of, I. 44

Cephalotus follicularis, habits of, II. 72

Cerasus japonica, described, IT. 158

Ceylon, vegetation of, TV. 31

Chamomile, for destroying the scale in-
sect on plants, J. 77

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES.

Chandelier training, II. 232
Cheilanthes micromera, remarks on,

IV .98
—— microphylla, remarks on,
IV. 93
micropteris, remarks on,
IV. 92
se spectabilis, remarks on, IV.
92
tenuifolia, remarks on, IV.
92

Chemical observations on the potato
murrain, I. 35

Chereeze noticed, II. 151

Cherry, Barbadoes, noticed, II. 150

smooth-leaved Barbadoes, no-

ticed, IT. 150

tree, red, noticed, ITI. 150

Cherries, Chinese, cultivated by Mr.
Ewing, II. xxxix.

Chesnuts, sweet, described, IT. xxx.

China, a visit to, in search of plants, I.
208

China or India, packing of seeds for,
III. 41

Chinese cultivation, IV. 236

flax or tchou-ma, cultivation of,

IV. 236

primula, flowered in the open
ground, IV. xlii.

Chirita sinensis, mentioned, I. 210

Choco-vine, noticed, II. 152

Cholwell pear, described, I. 154.

Chou du Brésil, noticed, II. 152

Christophine, noticed, II. 152

Chrysanthemum, cultivation of, II. 127

Chrysobalanus Icaco, noticed, II. 150

Chrysophyllum Cainito, noticed, IT. 149

— glabrum, noticed, II.

149
—__—_———_~ monopyrenum, IT. 149
Chusan Han-Tsi, described and figured,
B72, 48
Chysis bractescens, treatment of, IV. 28
Cineraria, described, III. xxx.
— seedling, cultivation of, IV.
xiii.
Cinerarias, experiments with, I. v.
— memoranda concerning, IV.
lii.
Citron, fingered, mentioned, I. 211
Citrosma obovatum, G‘ardn., mentioned,
I. 285
Citrus japonica, Thunb., described and
figured, III. 239, 240
ladosporium Fuligo, described, IV.
250

3038

Cladosporium Fumago, described, IV.
250

Cleisostoma lanatum, described, IV.264

Clematis Grahami, Benth., described and
figured, II. 315

—— graveolens, Lindl., described

and figured, 1. 307

— hexapetala, Forst., described,

I, 239

hexasepala, De Cand., de-

scribed, I. 239

tubulosa, Turczaninow, de-
scribed and figured, III. 78, 79

Clerodendron splendens, noticed, III.
Xxil.

Climate, artificial, remarks on, IV. 85

——-of Australind, Western Aus-
tralia, IV. 203

— and vegetation, relation be-
tween, I. 191, 273, 286; III. 141, 249;
1V. 31, 203, 227

Cloth, for covering greenhouses, noticed,
EV... 4

Clove-tree, notice of, IT. xvii.

Clumping out flowers, III. 304

Cobzea scandens, mentioned, I. 181

Coburgia stylosa, Zindl., described, IT.
310

Cocco, scratch, noticed, II. 152

Coccoloba nivea, noticed, II. 150

uvifera, noticed, II. 150

Coccomier, garden of M., noticed, II.
242

Cocco-plum, fat pork-tree, noticed, II.
150

Cochlearia acaulis, Desfont., described,
I. 146

—————- pusilla, Brotero, described,
I. 76

————— saxifragefolia, D. C., I. 76

Cochlospermum serratifolium, D. C.,
mentioned, I. 292

Cocoa-nut, dwarf, of Ceylon, III. 258

Celia macrostachya, Lindl., described
and figured, IV. 115

Celogyne asperata, Zindl., described,
EV: 221

——_———-- cristata, treatment of, IV. 24

Wallichiana, treatment of,

IV. 24

Coffee-blight of Ceylon, IV. 1

bug, some account of, IV. 1

mildew, some account of, IV. 1,

plantations, mould attacking the

Cole, W., on the cultivation of celery,
IV. 55

304

Composition, for destroying scale in-
sect on pines, I. 79

Conifers, collected by Mr. Hartweg in
California, IV. 211

Coniferous plants of Italy, IIT. 116

Conway, P., on the cultivation of scarlet
pelargoniums in pots, IV. 209

Corbeil, cultivation of pears at, II. 239

Corbett, T., on the culture and habits of
Cephalotus follicularis, II. 72

Corethrostylis bracteata, account of,
II.-v.

Cornwall, meteorological observations
in, II. 74

Corrosive sublimate, for destroying in-
sects, I. 77

Cortusa matthioli, Zinn., described, LV.
224

Coryanthes Feildingii, described and
figured, III. 15; front view of, III.
16; back view of, III. 17

—— macrantha, treatment of, IV.

27

speciosa, mentioned, I. 287

Cotoneaster microphylla, useful in pre-
serves, I, 201

Council, report from the, to May 1, 1846,
L AGL

———— to May 1, 1847,

II. 161
— to May 1, 1848,
III. 169
= to May 1, 1849,
EV..173

Covering and ventilation of hot-houses,
II. 28 .

Covering for plants, figured, IT. 30

Craggs, W., on the cultivation of aspa-
ragus at Killerton, II. 39

Crocus, history of the species of, IT. 249

— speciosus, habits of, I. 47

——— variegatus, habits of, I. 46

Cryptomeria japonica, account of, I.
57, 213; figured, I. 58

Cucumbers, exhibited, II. Ixiv.

grown for market, II. 184

Cucumis Anguria, noticed, II. 153

Cultivation of Achimenes patens. I. 257

—— of asparagus at Killerton,

II. 39

——- of British orchids, III. 28

of Brunsvigia Josephine,

IV. 273
—— of celery, III. 297; IV. 55
—— of the Chrysanthemum, II.

127
— of Erica hiemalis, I. 131

INDEX

~

Cultivation of the genus Auschynan-
thus, II. 129
—— of the genus Epacris, IV.

191

—— of hardy heaths, III. 113
of Ipomeea ficifolia, IV. 60
of Lisianthus russellianus,

pe

III. 308

of the Mango, by Mr. A.

Scott, I. 54

of melons, I. 42

of the Naras fruit, I. 199

of the pine-apple, I. 144

—— of roses, II. 294

————— of scarlet Pelargoniums in
pots, IV. 209

—— of the Starry Dysophy]l, I. 56

of tropical fruits, II. 136

of the vine, I. 50

of wheat, experiments on
the, III. 18

Culture, pot, of the genus Gladiolus,
III. 259

Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, described
and figured, IV. 295

—— Lambertiana, described and

figured, IV. 297

— macrocarpa, Hartweg, de-
scribed and figured, IV. 296, 297

——-—— sempervirens, Linn., habits of,
ITI, 128

Cuseuta californica, Choisy, described,
III. 167

Cuthill, J., on growing cucumbers for
market, II. 184

Cutting, root, II. 191

Cuttings, propagation of fruit trees from,
II. 142

Cycas revoluta, remarks on, IV. vii.

Cyclobothra monophylla, Jindl., de-
scribed and figured, [V. 81

Cycnoches barbatum, described, IV. 268

————-~ Loddigesii, treatment of, IV.
30

Cymbidium Mastersii, treatment of, IV.
29

ree

a

—_—__——

Cypripedium Calceolus, L., cultivation
of, III. 32; habits of, I. 45
Cyrtoceras reflexum, noticed, III...
XXXIill.

Cyrtochilum Karwinskii, Bot. Register,
described, IV. 83

Cyrtopodium cardiochilum, described,
IV. 266

Cystopus candidus, figured, III. 266

—— mycelium, figured,

III, 270

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES.

D.

Dactylium tenuissimum, Berk., figured,
I. 34, t. 4

Damascen, the, noticed, IT. 149

Dancer’s monastery Pea, described, I.
160

Daphne Fortuni, Zindl., described, I.
147; and figured, IT. 34, t. 1

Davallia canariensis, deseribed, IV.
99

— elegans, described, IV. 104

Dematium fuligo, described, IV. 250

Dendrobium chrysanthum, treatment of,
IV. 27

—— cucullatum, treatment of,

IV. 27
Dalhousieanum, treatment
of, IV. 27
formosum, treatment of,
IV. 26
—— pulchellum, treatment of,
IV. 26
— secundum, mentioned, I.
209
—— speciosum, account of, I.
/ maxai,

—— Wallichianum, IV. 26

Destruction of insects, I. 77

Deutzia staminea, Wall., described, I.
228

Diclidanthera laurifolia, Mart., de-
scribed, I. 198

Dielytra spectabilis, De Cand., de-
scribed, I. 233

a notice of, and

figured, IT. 178, t. 3

Diervilla and Weigela, their distinction,
I. 190

Dignathe pygmea, described, IV.
268

Diseased and sound potato tubers, II,
45

Donald, J., his notes upon Begonias, I.
132

Doodia Kunthiana, described, IV. 102

Dulac’s forcing establishment, noticed,
II. 241

Duncan, J., on the cultivation of Ipo-
mea ficifolia, IV. 60

on forcing sea-kale, rhu-

barb, blanching winter salads, and

protecting late vegetables, III. 302

on the pot culture of the

genus Gladiolus, III. 259

—— on turf as a substitute for

box-edgings, IV. 190

°

305

Dupuy Jamin, his nursery, noticed, II.
205
Dwarf cocoa-nut of Ceylon, III, 258

E.

Earthenware pipes, for putting round
plants, IV. xvi.

Earth, temperature of, in the Society's
Garden, III. 99

Echeveria farinosa, Zindl., described,
IV. 292

—laxa, Lindl., described, IV.

292
retusa, Zindl., described, II.

306

Eddoes, roasting, noticed, IT. 152

scratching, noticed, II. 152

Edgeworthia chrysantha, JZzndl., de-
scribed, I. 148

Edging for garden walk, marl hexa-
gons, IV. 283

Edgings, turf, as asubstitute for box,
IV. 190

Electricity, influence of, on vegetation,
I. 81; II. 42

Engines, patent garden, noticed, ITI. xliii.

Enkianthus reticulatus, mentioned, I.
215

Epacris, cultivation of the genus, IV.
191

nivalis and impressa, cultivation
of, by Mr. W. P. Ayres, I. i.

Epidendrum fragrans, Swartz, de-
scribed, IV. 223
gravidum, Lindl., de-

scribed, IV. 114

lacertinum, JZindl., de-
scribed and figured, II. 309

— macrochilum roseum, treat-
ment of, 1V. 30

——— Stamfordianum, IV. 30
—— vandifolium, described, IV.

269

Epipactis latifolia, Al/., cultivation of,
WEE; "32

———— purpurata, Sm., cultivation of,
fA Deets

palustris, Sm., cultivation of,

III. 32
Epiphyllum truncatum, the culture of,
I. 130
Epiphytal orchids, treatment of, IV. 9
Epiphyte house, Mr. Llewelyn’s, I. 5
Eranthemum coccineum, Lemaire, de-
scribed, III. 237

306

Eria, described and figured, III. xv. and
Xvi.

Erica hiemalis, on the cultivation of, I.
131

Eriostemon buxifolius, account of, I. iv.

Errington, R., on annual root-cutting,
II. 191

on canker in apple-trees,
I. 241

on clumping out of
304
on the cultivation of
celery, III. 297

on forcing sea-kale, III.

flowers, IIT.

oe

109

on the pear as regards its
stock, IV. 52
on potatoes for 1849, III.

277

on the Vine, I. 50

Escallonia organensis, Gardn., men-
tioned, I. 285

Eschweilera, sp. n., mentioned, I. 292

Eugenia Jambos, deser ibed, IL. 138

Euonymus fimbriatus, account of, III.
XXXVi.

Evergreen hedge for shelter, described
and figured, I. 251

Evergreens, transplanting of large, IV.
41

Expenditure and receipts between 1st of
April, 1843, and 31st of March, 1844,
am.

—— between Ist of
April, 1844, and 31st of March, 1845,
I. xxxix.

Experiments on plants made in 1843-44

by Mr. Pepys, IV. 57
—— in planting, III. 33

on the potato disease, II.

—

179

——— on the potato disease, by
Mr. Thompson, IV. 62

with reference to the po-
tato disease, IIT. 46

with seeds prepared by
Mr. Bickes, II. 35

r.

Farm road and walls, a ground plan of,
I. 254

Fat-pork tree, noticed, II. 150

Feilding’s Coryanth, an account of, ITI.
15

Fence, stone, figured, I. 252

INDEX

he

Fences and game preserves, I, 201
244

Ferns, atmospheric conditions required,
IV. 110

——- as decorative objects, IV. 90

— insects that attack, IV. 111

propagation of, IV. 106

——-~ soil and potting of, IV. 109

structures for, IV. 105

Ficus virgata, Rozb., described, I. 63

Fig, caprification of the, III. 185

Dottato, noticed, III. 195

Lardaro, observations on, III. 196

Turkey, account of, III. 230

Fingered citron, mentioned, I. 211

Fleming, G., on studs for training fruit-
trees on walls, IV. 193
—_——__—_—,, on vine-borders, III. 260

Flowers, clumping out of, ILI. 304

— cut, as specimens of flowers in
the open eround at Abbotsbury, IV.
xlii.

Fontainebleau and Thomery, gardens
at, noticed, II. 233

Foo- -chow-f00, natural history calendar
at; I..100 33

Forcing-houses, ventilation of early, I.
110

Forcing pit at Basing Park, figured, III.
303

of sea-kale, III. 109

Forest trees, management of, IV. 276

Forsythia viridissima, Zindl., described,
I. 226; II. 157

Forsyth, A., on the cultivation of roses,
II. 294

on game-preserves and
fences, I. 201, 244
on marl hexagons for edg-
- ing garden-walks, IV. 283
Fortune’s Camellias, account of, III.
237
Peonies, account of, III. 236
Fortune, R., a note upon Azalea ovata,
by, 11. 126
—— his visit to China, I. 208
—— oon the Daphne Fortuni,
figured, II. 34, t. 1
—— a notice on Dielytra spec-
tabilis, 178
—— on the packing of seeds for
India or China, III, 41
—— on the transmission of plants
by sea, II. 115
—— on Tein-ching, or Chinese
indigo, I. 269 ;
————— on Weigela rosea, I. 189

_

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES.

Fortunza chinensis, Zindl., described
and figured, I. 150, 151

Fruit of an apricot tree, III. 228

and kitchen-plants proved in the
Society’s Gardens in 1848, IV. 75

—— gardens near Paris,

II. 195

Fruiting-house, described and figured,
II. 223, 224

Fruit-tree borders, on the management
of, I. 176; IV. 206

Fruit-trees, propagation of, from cut-
tings, II. 142

Fruits, Syrian, IIT. 115

West Indian, II. 148

Fuchsia floribunda, experiments with,
I. xxviii.

serratifolia, account of, II.

XXVlii.

- spectabilis, description of, ITI.

XXXIV.

— tetradactyla, Zindl., described,
I. 304

Fuchsias cultivated by Mr. Veitch, ac-
count of, III. lviii.

———— experiments upon, I. xx.

Fumago Citri, described, IV. 252

——— Fagi, described, IV. 254
quercinum, described, IV. 253

- moulds referred by authors to,
IV. 243

Fumaria spectabilis, Zinn., described, I.
233

Fusisporum inosculans, described, II.
114; figured, IT. 113

G.

Gallimato tree, noticed, IT. 149

Game preserves and fences, I. 201, 244

Garden, ancient, plan of, III. 6; figured,
III. 10

engine, noticed, III. xxx.

Gardeners, tables of temperature for the
use of, IV. 117

Gardenia florida, Zindl., described, I.
226

Gardens and pleasure-grounds in the
Elizabethan Age, III, 1

Gardner, G., on the coffee blight of Cey-
lon, IV. 1

his history of the relation
between climate and vegetation, I.
191, 273, 286

—— on the vegetation of Alagoas
and Rio de San Francisco, I. 293

307

Gardner, G., on the vegetation of Bahia
and Pernambuco, I. 268
on the vegetation of Cear4,
in Brazil, III. 144
on the vegetation of Ceylon,
LV. 31

—— on the vegetation of Piauhy,
in Brazil, ITI. 153

————— on the vegetation of Rio
Preto, III. 153

on the vegetation of Goyaz,

in Brazil, III. 157

on the vegetation of Rio
Janeiro, I. 191

Garuga macrophylla, mentioned, I. 181

Gasparrini, on the caprification of the
fig, III. 185

Gastronema sanguineum, Jindl., de-
scribed and figured, III. 315

Gaultheria Shallon, useful in preserves,
I. 202

Genipa Meriane, noticed, II. 154

Gentiana verna, habits of, I. 45

Gesnera breviflora, Zindl., described,
III. 165

Giberne, Capt., on Orchids in India,
I. 60

Gilia elongata, De Cand., described,
II. 311

—— pharnaceoides, Benth., described,
Ill. 73

pungens, Hook., described, II. 316

Glass, Hartley’s rough plate, plants
grown under, [V. xlii.

pot, experiments with plants made
in, IV. 58

Glazed cases, II. 117 ;

Glendinning, R., on the pickfork, IV.
242

——-——— on transplanting large
shrubs and evergreens, IV. 41

Gleichenia microphylla, described, IV.
104

Glenospora Curtisii, described, IV. 255,
260

Gliotrichum Fuligo, described, IV. 250

Glycine sinensis, mentioned, I. 215

Golden pippin, grafted on the Siberian
crab, a notice of, III. 232

Gomphia Fieldingiana, Gardn., men-
tioned, I. 293

Goodyera repens, R. Br., cultivation
of, BLE, 31

Gooseberry, Barbadoes, noticed, II. 151

—— shrub, noticed, II. 151

Gordon, George, his account of Achi-
menes patens, I. 257

308

Gordon, George, his account of Cryp-
tomeria japonica, I. 57

—on conifers collected

by Mr. Hartweg, IV. 211

on the Japan anemone,

II. 301
on the treatment of
Epiphytal Orchids, IV. 9
Gorse, useful in preserves, I.

Gourd, chesnut, noticed, IIT. xiii.

Goutier’s garden, noticed, IT. 206

Gower, A. L., Esq., of Castle Malgwyn,
his vinery, II. 303

Graellsia saxifrageefolia, Boissier, de-
scribed, I. 76

Granadillas, for the table, II. 137

Grape, Black Prince Hamburgh, ac-
count of, III. 44

——- Blussard Noir, described, III.
308

—-~— Cannon Hall Muscat, III. 26

—- Chigny, noticed, II. 150

—- Gros Gromier du Cantal, de-
scribed, III. 308

— Josling’s St. Alban’s, I. 296; IV.

274

— Oliver, described, III. 307

—— the Queen Muscat, description of,
IV. 75

Reeves’ Muscadine,

307

Sahibee, described, III. 307

Sea-side, noticed, IT. 150

——- Verdal, described, III. 307

——-~, Black Hamburg, account of, ITT.
xxiv.; exhibited, II. xxxi.; noticed,
Il], xiv, xvili.; cultivated by Mr.
Chapman, IIT. lix.; cultivated by Mr.
Crawshay, I.i.; cultivated by Mr.
Davy, I. xxix.; cultivated by Mr.
Hewitt, II. lxiii.; cultivated by Mr.
Wilmot, IV. xlvi.

and White Barbarossa,
remarks on, IV. xv.

cultivated by Mr. Ayres, ITI. ix.

— os —- by Mr. Roberts, re-

marks on, IV. x.

204

described,

——- —

Iil.

—_—_———

~—_—— Muscat escholata, noticed, III. |

viii.
—— notes on, III. 307
___—- two varieties of, II]. 264
_—__—— West’s St. Peter’s, I. 52; cul-
tivated by Mr. Paxton, I. xxxi.
Grass, Para, correspondence relating to,
IV. 44 : ;
Greenhouses, cultivation of vines in,

IV. 286

INDEX

Ss

Green, J., on the culture of Epiphyllum
truncatum, I. 130

—— on the culture of Lisianthus
Russellianus, IT]. 308

Ground-plan of farm road and walls,
figured, I. 254

Growth of the wood of plants, IV. 195

Guano, the effect of, on asparagus, I, 265

Guava, noticed, II. 148

Guavas, for the table, II. 137

Gymnadenia albida, Rich., cultivation
of, III. 30

conopsea, FR. Br., cultiva-
tion of, III. 30

——__———-- sulphurea, cultivation of,
IV. 101

——— tartarea,
IV. 101

Gymnogramma calomelanos, described,
IV. 101

—_——_———-. cherophylla, described,
IV. 101

—— ————-. chrysophy]la, deseribed,
IV. 101

cultivation of,

H.

Habenaria bifolia, Bab., cultivation of,
III. 30

— chlorautha, Bab., cultivation

of, III. 50

viridis, R. Br., cultivation
of, IIT. 30

Habits of Cephalotus follicularis, II, 72

Hancornia speciosa, Gomez, mentioned,
I. 292

Haricot d’Espagne,
IV. 76

Hartweg, T., his journal of a mission to
California, I. 180; II. 121, 187; III.
217Z

hybrid, noticed,

Conifers collected by, IV. 211

Heaths, hardy, cultivation of, III. 113

Heating, Polmaise, II. 49

— tank system, in the cultivation
of pine-apples, IT. 138

Hedge, evergreen, for shelter, described
and figured, I. 251

Herber, or arbour, described and figured,
III. 4.

Herbert, W., on hybridization amongst
vegetables, I]. 1, 81

his history of the species of

Crocus, II. 249

on the local habitation of

plants, I. 44

wa

ee

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES,

Herbert, W., on Saxifraga mutata, II.
155

Hereman’s Dilutium for destroying
Mealy-bug, &c., I. 78

Herminium Monorchis, #&. Br., cultiva-
tion of, III. 31

Hibiscus esculentus, noticed, IT. 152

— Sabdariffa, noticed, II. 152

Hoare’s Vine Columns, I. 80

Hoe, crane-necked, figured, I. 262

Hollbollia acuminata, Lindl., described,
II, 318

Hoo-sung, or Oo-sung, described and
figured, I. 228, 229

- mode of preserving, I. 230

Hot-houses, Polmaise method of heat-
ing, II. 49; plan of, II. 58

ventilation and covering,

II. 28

House for vines, figured, IT. 305

Hugelia elongata, Benth., described, II.
311; figured, II. 312

——- lanata, Lindl., described, III.73

Hutchinson, J., on the cultivation of
vines in greenhouses, IV. 286

Hyacinth bulb, experiment with, I. xlv.

Hyacinths, contrivance for supporting,
LV. iv.

Hybridization amongst vegetables, II.
1, 81

Hybrid melons, some account of, III. 299

Hydrangeas, manure for, I. 160

Hygrometer, Simmons’s patent, I. 127

Hylurgus piniperda (Black pine-beetle),
to destroy, I. 79

i.

Indented marrow pea, described, I. 160

India, or China, packing of seeds for,
III. 41

Indian Archipelago, vegetation of, IV.
227

—-- corn, upon the wild state of, I.
114

Indigo, Chinese or Tein-ching, described
and figured, I. 269, 271

Indigofera decora, Zindl., described,
I. 68

Influence of electricity on vegetation, I.
81; II. 42

Inga pulcherrima, cultivation of, III.
34

Insects, corrosive sublimate for destroy-
ing, I. 77
experiments to destroy, I. 78

309

Insects, Kyle’s Liquid for destroying, I.
Fits,

Meyer’s composition for de-

stroying, I. 78

Shore’s remedy for destroying,

| Oa iy

sulphuretted hydrogen gas for
destroying, I. 78

that attack ferns, [V. 111
Ipomeea ficifolia, cultivation of, 1V. 60
—melena, Lindl., described, II.

310
Iris reticulata, Bieberstein, described

and figured, III. 165, 166

J.

Jacca, noticed, II. 150

Jack-fruit, noticed, IT. 151

Jacquemontia canescens, Benth., de-
scribed, I. 298

Jambosa alba, noticed, II. 150

— vulgaris, noticed, II. 149; IV.

Kl,

Jamin et Durand’s nursery noticed, II.
214

Japan anemone, cultivation of, IT. 501

— cedar, account of, I. 57

Jasminum nudiflorum, Zindl., described,
i, 155

Jefferson plum, by Mr. Robt. Thomp-
son, I. 117

Josling’s St. Alban’s, a new grape, I. 296

Josseaume’s market-garden, noticed, II.
241

Justicia ecarnea, noticed, III. ix.

longiracemosa, described, III.

237
Juniperus communis, ZLinn., habits of,
TE. 1238
— hemispherica, Prest., habits
of, III. 124
macrocarpa, Sibth., habits of,

IIT. 125
— nana, Linn., habits of, III.

124
- oxycedrus, habits of, III. 124
———— pheenicea, Nouveau Duhamel,
habits of, III. 125
Sabina, Zinn., habits of, III.
125

K.

Kaisha, a new Syrian apricot, LV. 189
Kale, Indian, noticed, II. 155

310

Kale, smaller Indian, noticed, IT. 158

Keteleér’s nursery, noticed, II. 205

Killerton, cultivation of asparagus at,
II. 39

Kitchen-garden crops, the effect of ma-
nure upon, I. 264

Kitchen-gardens near Paris, II. 195

Kitchen-plants and fruit proved in the
Society’s Garden in 1848, IV. 75

Kyle’s Liquid for destroying mealy-bug
and insects, I. 79

L.

Lady’s finger, noticed, IT. 153

Lelia anceps, treatment of, IV. 24
—- Perrinii, treatment of, [V. 24

— superbiens, treatment of, IV. 23
— account of, I. ii.
Laffay’s nursery, noticed, II. 211
Lamourouxia cordata, mentioned, I. 182
— multifida, mentioned, I.

182

Larix europea, Nouveau Duhamel, ha-
bits of, III. 122

Lastrea decurrens, described, IV. 103

rigida, described, IV. 103

Laurel, useful in preserves, I. 204

Laurus Camphora, mentioned, I. 216

Lavoisiera imbricata, D. C., mentioned,
I. 285

Lay, G. J., his Natural History Calen-
dar at Foo-chow-foo, I. 119

Leach, C., on the cultivation of Bruns-
vigia Josephine, IV. 273

Leek, large Rouen, noticed, IV. 76

Lees, J. C., on the pine-apple soil of
the Bahamas, I. 126

Lepere, his cultivation of peaches at
Montreuil, II, 228

Leptotes bicolor, treatment of, IV. 29

Lettuces, the effect of manure on, I.
268

Lilium lancifolium rubrum, cultivated
by Mr. Groom, ITI. viii.

Lime, effect of, on potatoes, II. 181

— superphosphate of, the effect of,
on asparagus, I. 266

Limnanthes alba, Hartwey, described,

TV. 112
— rosea, Benth., described
and figured, IV. 78
Lindley, John, memoranda concerning
new plants introduced into gardens,
IV. 261

oad

on the wild potato, III. 65

INDEX

Linen, Burnettized, I. 80

Liparis Loeselii, Rich., cultivation of,
III. 32

Lisianthus princeps, described, IV. 261

— Russellianus, cultivation of,
III. 308

Listera cordata, &. Br., cultivation of,
IIT. 32

ovata, R. Br., cultivation of, III.

32

Litchi, cultivated by Mr. Carton, ac-
count of, IT. xii.

Littea geminiflora, mentioned, I. 183

Llewelyn, J. D., Esq., his Orchideous
house described, I. 5

Lobelia laxiflora, mentioned, I. 182

Local habitation and wants of plants, I.
At

Loddiges, George, memoranda of, I. 224

Lonicera angustifolia, Wall., described
and figured, III. 238

Lophospermum scandens, mentioned, I.
181

Lovell, G., on the growth of the wood
of plants, IV. 195

— on the management of forest-
trees in relation to the durability of
timber, IV. 277

Love in a mist, noticed, II. 151

Lupines, experiments with, I. xxxii.

Lupinus affinis, Agardh., described, ITI.
312

Luxembourg, gardens of the, noticed,
IL. 207

Lycaste cruenta, treatment of, IV. 28

Skinneri, treatment of, IV. 23

Lycoris straminea, Lindl., described,
III. 76

Lygodium scandens, described, IV. 104

Lysimachia candida, Zindl., described,
I. 301

M.

Mackenzie, G. S., his account of some
hybrid melons, III. 299
, P., his experiment on plant-

ing, III. 33

Macromeria exserta, mentioned, I. 182
Maize, a note upon the wild state of, I.
114; figured, I. 116
Malacca sharnbu, noticed, II. 150
Malpighia glabra, noticed, II. 150
~—_———— punicifolia, noticed, II. 151
Mammea americana, noticed, II. 150
Mammee Sapota, noticed, II. 149

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES.

Mammee tree, noticed, IT. 150

Mammillaria pulchra, treated as an
aquatic, I. 240

Management of fruit-tree borders, I.176

Mandarin orange, mentioned, I. 211

Mangifera indica, noticed, II. 150

Mango, noticed, II. 150

cultivation of, by Mr. A. Scott,

I. 54
Mangos, for the table, II. 136
Manure, the effect of, on Castelnaudary
beet, I. 267
the effect of, on kitchen-garden
erops, I. 264
the effect of, on lettuces, I. 268
the effect of, on potatoes, I. 268
for hydrangeas, I. 160
phosphates, I. 159
for rhododendrons, I. 159
superphosphate of lime, I. 309
Manures, experiments with, III. 168
—— several sorts of, I. 309
Market, cucumbers grown for, II. 184
Marl hexagons, for edging walks, IV.
283
Marmalade-box, noticed, II. 154
Mealy-bug, to destroy, I. 78
Hereman’s Dilutium for de-
stroying, I. 78
Medinilla speciosa, figured, III. xxii.
Medlar of Guiana, noticed, II. 154
Meek, D. B., on Polmaise heating, II. 49
Melon, account of, IT. xi.
Cantaloupe, grown by Mr. Fish,

|

i. =

Cabul, account of, I. xxx.
Melons, cultivation of, I. 42

cultivated by Mr. Chapman,
account of, ITI. vii.

cultivated by Mr. Monro, no-
ticed, IV. Ixxii.

cultivated by: Mr. Williams, ITI.

271

exhibited, IT. ]xiii.
hybrid, some account of, III.

299

steam-vault for, figured, I. 43

Meteorological observations in Corn-
wall, Il. 74

Metrosideros robusta, Cunn., described
and figured, IIT. 311

Metternichia principis, Mzk., described,
I. 198

Meudon, Royal Gardens at, noticed, II.
222

Mexican Habrothamnus
account of, I. xxxy.

fasciculatus,

311

Meyer’s composition for destroying in-
sects, I. 78

Microxiphium Footii, described, IV. 254

Mignonette, winter culture of, I. 256

Mild winter, on the late, I. 186

Mildew in coffee, some account of, IV. 1

— onions, III. 91

Miltonia candida, var. grandiflora, treat-
ment of, IV. 22

— Karwinskii, described and fi-

gured, IV. 83

—— spectabilis, treatment of, IV.

22

Mimulus tricolor, Hartweg, described,
LV 222

Mission to California, I. 180; II. 121,
1873) EEE. 217

Missel, noticed, II. 154

Mohria thurifraga, described, IV. 104

Monardella undulata, Benth., described,
III. 312

Montreuil, gardens at, noticed, IT. 227

Moore, T., on the cultivation of Starry
Dysophyl, I. 56

— on ferns as decorative objects,

IV. 90

— on the ventilation and cover-
ing of hothouses, II. 28

on the ventilation of early

forcing-houses, I. 110

Moreau, gardens of M., noticed, II.
242

Morelle de Guinée, account of, IV. v.

Mormodes luxatum, treatment of, IY.
29

Mould attacking the coffee plantations
in Ceylon, IV. 7

Moulds referred by authors to Fumago,
IV. 243

Mountain-ash, useful in
247

Moupee, noticed, II. 148

Mucor, mycelium of, figured, III. 98

——- species of, figured, III. 98

——- subtilissimus, x. sp., described,
III. 98

Mulberry, white, of Iran, noticed, III.
115

Musa chinensis, cultivated by Mr. Hamp,
IV. xii.

Mushrooms, account of, I. xxxvi.

Musseenda macrophylla, Wall., described
and figured, III. 247, 248

Mycelium, traversing diseased tissue,
figured, II. 111

Myrrhinium atropurpyreum, Schott, de-
scribed, I. 198

preserves, I.

312

N.

Naphtha, remedy for the scale insect,
1 i]

Naposanthus braziliensis, Gardn., men-
tioned, I. 285

Naras fruit, account of, I. 199

Navarretia atractyloides, Hook. and Arn.,
described, III. 316

cotulefolia, Hook. and Arn.,

described, IV. 111

pubescens, Hook, and Arn.,

described, IV. 111

— squarrosa, Hook. and Arn.,
described, II. 316

Nectarine, Stanwick, a description of, I.
272

Nectarines and peaches, cultivated by
Mr. Hutchinson, I. lxvi.

violet hative, remarks on, III.

xhii.
Neeseberry, noticed, II. 149
Nemophila maculata, Lindl., described
and figured, III. 319, 320
Nephrolepis exaltata, described, IV. 103
Neottia Nidus avis, Rich., cultivation of,
III. 32
New Holland, temperature of, IIT. 282
New plants introduced into gardens, IV.
261
Nitrate of soda, the effect of, on aspara-
gus, I. 266
Norantea, sp., mentioned, I. 293
Notholena hirta, remarks on, 1V. 92
—-— lendigera, remarks on, 1V.91
——-——-— nivea, remarks on, IV. 92
— tomentosa, remarks on, IV.

92

Nurseries of the Petit Trianon, noticed,
IT. 226

Nut, conch, noticed, II. 151

eddoes, noticed. II. 152

Nutmegs, noticed, IV. ii.

Nuttallia cerasiformis, Yorr. and Gray,
described and figured, LV. 222, 223

0.

Observations, chemical, on the potato
murrain, I. 35

Ochro, noticed, II. 152

Odontoglossum citrosmum, treatment of,
IV. 31

grande, cultivation of,

TV 2k
Oil, a remedy for the scale insect, I. 77

|
t

INDEX | A

Oncidium guttatum, treatment of, 1V.22

— Karwinskii, described, 1V. 83

——_——. Lanceanum, treatment of, II.
22

— panchrysum, described and

figured, LV. 267

— Pinellianum, described and

figured, III. xvii.

-— sarcodes, described, IV. 260

——_—-- sphacelatum majus, described,
IV. 22

— tenue, Lindl., described and

figured, III. 76, 77

— unguiculatum, Jindl., de-
scribed and figured, I. 303

Onion-water, noticed, II. 151

Onions, mildew in, III. 91

remarks on, 1V. 76

Onychium lucidum, deseribed, IV. 96

Oo-sung, or Hoo-sung, described and
figured, I. 228, 229

Ophiopogon prolifer, Zindl., described,
I. 76

Ophrys apifera, Huds., cultivation of,
III. 80

aranifera, Huds., cultivation of,

Hoohk.,

330

— var. fucifera,
cultivation of, III. 31
mammosa, Desf., described and
figured, IV. 226

muscifera, Huds., described, III.

31

vespifera. Willd., described and
figured, IV. 225

Orange, Mandarin, mentioned, I. 211

Orchideous house, Mr. Llewelyn, I. 5

Orchid-house, description of, IV. 10

Orchids, British, cultivation of, III. 28

—- epiphytal, treatment of, IV. 9.

— on the propagation of, in India,
I. 60 .

Orchis fusca, Jacq., cultivation of, III.
29

- hircina, Scop., cultivation of, III.
30

— latifolia, habits of, I. 45, 48; cul-
tivation of, III. 30

— maculata, Z., habits of, III. 29
mascula, Z., cultivation of, III.

29
—v-~- militaris, habits of, I. 46
—- Monorchis, habits of, I. 46
—- Morio, Z., cultivation of, III. 29
——- pyramidalis, Z., cultivation of,
ITI. 30

os

ustulata, Z., cultivation of, III.29

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES.

Organ mountains, the, vegetation of, I.
273

Osmunda regalis, described, IV. 104

Oxalis Deppei, account of, II. xxxiii.

cultivation of, by Mr.

Cockburn, I. v.

Peruvian, cultivated by Mr.

Veitch, remarks on, IV. 1xxiii.

P.

Packing plants fora voyage, II. 115
— seeds for India or China, III.

41
Peonia Moutan, picta, described, II.
308 ; remarks on, III. 236
— atropurpurea, some ac-
count of, III. 236
— atrosanguinea, de-
scribed, IV. 225
Banksii, remarks on,

III. 236
— globosa, remarks on,

III. 236
— lilacina, remarks on,

III. 237
— parviflora, remarks on,

III. 236
_ salmonea, remarks on,

IIL 236
_— versicolor, described,

IV. 224

Peonies. tree, mentioned, I. 219

Pancratium parviflorum, Redoute, de-
scribed, IV. 298

Pandanus odoratissimus, mentioned, I.
210

Panicum jumentorum, Humd., account
of, IV. 45

Para grass, correspondence relating to,
IV. 44

Pare du Fromont, garden at, noticed, II.
241

Passiflora czerulea, mentioned, IT. 9

— edulis, for the table, II. 137

— feetida, noticed, II. 151

— laurifolia, notieed, IT. 151

— for the table, II.

137
—maliformis, for the table, II.
137
noticed, IT. 151
— quadrangularis, for the table,
II. 137
—————— noticed, II.
151

313

Passiflora speciosa, Gardn., mentioned, I.
285

Pavia californica, described, II. 123

Pea, Adamson’s new matchless, de-
scribed, I. 160

Dancer’s monastery, described, I.

160

new indented marrow, described,
I. 160

Peach, double white, described, II. 311

sweet-kernelled, noticed, III.

iS

Peaches, Bellegarde, remarks on, III.
xiii.

— and nectarines, cultivated by
Mr. Hutchinson, I. Ixvi.

Peach-trees, management of, II. 228;
figured, II. 229

Pear, alligator, noticed, II. 150

Angola, noticed, II. 152

as regards its stock, IV. 52

Cholwell, described, I. 154

Pears, distributed, III. xxviii. xxxi.

= March bergamot, described, II.
XXXVI.

Pear-trees, American mode of propagat-
ing dwarf, I. 188

— Glout morcean, grafted on the

Chinese, account of, III. 332

— pruning, IT. 125

— pyramidal, IT. 202
training of, described and
figured, II. 240

Peas grown in the Society’s Gardens in
1849, IV. 269

Bedman’s imperial, described, IV.

272

Bellmay’s early green marrow.
RV L2G : aa {

—— Bishop’s new long-pod, IV. 270

British Queen, IV. 272

a de dame (lady’s fingers), IV

7

—— dwarf branching marrow, IV. 271

early hero, described, IV. 270

came Warwick, mentioned, IV.

race-horse. mentioned, IV. 270
Fairbeard’s Champion of England,
described, IV. 272

Flack’s new large Victoria, de-
scribed, IV. 272
Grimstone’s Egyptian, described,
IV. 270

gros vert Normand, IV. 272

-—— Maclean’s seedling, IV. 272

new imperial, IV. 272

314

Peas, new indented green marrow, IV.
271

— Prince Albert, described, IV. 270

— queen of dwarfs, IV. 271

—— Shilling’s grotto, [V. 270

——— Sutton’s superb green marrow, IV.
271

-— Thompson’s early dwarf, described,
IV. 270

Victoria marrow, IV. 272

Pelargoniums, account of, III. xxviii.

from Mr. Kendal’s Pol-

maise-house, III. xxv.

scarlet, cultivation of, in
pots, [V. 209

Penicillium candidum, figured, III. 97

Peperomia pallescens, Miguel, described,
III. 76

Pepper, bell, noticed, II. 153

bird, noticed, II. 153

bonnet, noticed, IT. 153

long-fruited, noticed, II. 153

negro, noticed, II. 153

spur, noticed, II. 153

turbilo, noticed, II. 153

Pepys, W. H., his experiments on plants,
made in 1843-44, IV. 57

Pereskia aculeata, noticed, II. 151

Peristeria elata, treatment of, IV. 29

Pernambuco and Bahia, the vegetation
of, I. 286

Persea gratissima, noticed, II. 150

Phajus Wallichii, treatment of, IV. 26

Phalenopsis amabilis, mentioned, I.
221; IV. 21

Pholidota chinensis, Lind/., described,
II. 308

Phosphates, as manure, I. 159

Phytolacca icosandra, described, III.
316

Pickfork, on the, IV. 242

Pigeon, noticed, II. 152

Pine-apple, black Jamaica, cultivated by
Mr. Davies, IV. xiv.

cultivation of, I. 144
cultivated by Mr. Mills, I.

XXVIii.
—— on the growth of, I. 260
—— soil of the Bahamas, I.

126

Pine-apples cultivated by Mr. Barnes,
account of, III. iii.

— as cultivated by M. Gabriel

Pelvilain, II. 222

as cultivated by M. de Gon-
tier, II. 206

—_—_—— green, exhibited, II. lxii.

INDEX

~

Pine-apples grown by Mr. Wilmot, II.
XXVli.
—— tank system of heating, II.

138

Pine, Providence, cultivated by Mr.
Belton, I. xxvi.

Pinus Benthamiana, Hartweg, described
and figured, IV. 212, 213

brutia, Tenore, habits of, III."121

californica, account of, II. 189

—- Cembra, Zinn., III. 121

Cembroides, Zucc., described and

figured, I. 236

-Fremontiana, Endl., described and

figured, IV. 293, 294

Gordoniana, Hartweg, described

and figured, II. 79, 80

Grenville, Gordon, described, II.

77; figured, II. 78

halepensis, Lambert, III. 120

——-~ insignis, habits of, II. 123

— Laricio, nouveau Duhamel, de-

scription of, III. 118

Llaveana, mentioned, I. 181

described, IV. 293

—~ magellensis, description of, III.
118

——- monophylla, Zorr. and Fremont,
described, IV. 293

Montezume, Lambert, described

and figured, I. 234, 235

muricata, D. Don, described and

figured, IV. 216, 217

Orizabe, JLindl., described and

figured, I. 237, 238

Pinaster, Lambert, description of,

III. 119

Pinea, Lambert, habits of, III. 120

pseudo-strobus, mentioned, I. 181

—- pumilio, Hinke, habits of,- III.
116

radiata, D.Don, described and
figured, IV. 214, 215

——— sinensis, mentioned, I. 210

sylvestris, Zinn., description of,

III. 116

tuberculata, D. Don, described
and figured, IV. 218, 219

——- Wincesteriana, G'ordon, described
and figured, II. 158, 159

Pitmaston golden pippin described, I.
143

notice of a visit to, III. 229,
pil
Pittosporum glabratum, JZindl., de-
scribed, I. 230
Planting, experiments in, III. 33

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES,

Planting of potatoes, II. 181
Plants, coniferous, of Italy, III. 116
covering for, figured, II. 30

Pepys, IV. 57

new, introduced into gardens,

IV. 261

shipping of, IT. 118

transmission of, by sea, II. 115

temperature to which they are

exposed in New Holland, III. 282

treatment of, during a voyage,
II. 119

Platycerium grande, cultivated by Mr.
Carton, II. v.

Platycodon grandiflorus, Zindl., de-
scribed and figured, I. 305

Pleasure-grounds and gardens in the
Elizabethan age, III. 1

Pleurothallis Smithiana, JZindl., de-
scribed and figured, II. 247

Plum, Aloo Bokhara, noticed, IIT. 113

—- Damascen, noticed, II. 148

gully, noticed, IT. 148

hog, noticed, II. 148

—- Jefferson, figured, I. 5

star, noticed, II. 149

——- tree, Jamaica, noticed, IT. 148

the Java, noticed, II. 148

Plumbago Larpente, notice of, IV.
Ixxiv.

—— zeylanica, described, I. 146

Pogogyne multiflora, Benth., described,
Lr: 78

Pois 4 Cosse Jaune, described, I. 160

Polmaise heating, II. 49

plan of a hot-house heated by,

figured, II. 58, 59

Polycheton Avellanz, described, IV.
251

————— Persoonii, IV. 252

Polygala vulgaris, habits of, I. 48

Polygonum Brunonis, Waill., described,
IV. 116

vacciniifolium, Wall., de-
scribed, IV. 80

Polypodium effusum, described, IV. 100

———— Plumula, remarks on, IV.
92

described, IV. 100

aristatum, described, IV. 99

Pomegranate of Tabriz, noticed, [II. 115

Pot culture of the genus Gladiolus, III.
259

—-~ French watering, described, I. xv.
VOL. IV.

experiments made on, by Mr. |

vulgare, var. cambricum, |
| ——~ palmata, remarks on, IV. 94
Polystichum angulare, described, IV.103 |
| + —- sagittata, remarks on, IV. 93

515

| Pots, cultivation of vines in, IT. 183

Potato, its condition in 1847, III. 22
disease, IT. 31
experiments on, ITI. 179 ;

III. 46

diseased, figured, I. 33, t. 1
murrain, Mr. Berkeley’s observa-
tions on, I. 9

— chemical observations
on the cause of, I. 35

Saa-gaa-ban, equivalent for, II.
144; figured, II. 146

wild, notes on, III. 65

tubers, diseased and sound, II.

45
Potatoes for 1849, III. 277
—ash-leaved kidney, account of,
Ti. 278 0V. xvi. ly:

cultivation of, III. xix.
— effect of lime on, II. 181
— the effect of manure on, I.

268

— exhibited, IIT. xii.

———— Jersey blue, experiments on,
TE, 55

— planting of, II. 181

— scab in, IIT. 37

Povey, J., on the culture of the pine-
apple, I. 144

Prepusa connata, Gardn., I. 285

— Hookeriana, Gardn.,
tioned, I. 285

Primula altaica, account of, by Mr.

’ Darbishire, IV. xl.

— farinosa, habits of, I. 45

Propagation of bunt, IT. 107

—————- of fruit-trees from cuttings,

men-

II. 142

of orchids in India, I. 60

—— of vines in pots, II. 183

Protector, plant and seed, notice of, III.
xliv.

Pruning pear-trees, IT. 125

Psidium Cattleyanam, mentioned, II.
137

— pyriferum, mentioned, II. 137,
148

Pteris cretica, described, IV. 102

— faleata, described, IV. 102

hastata, described, IV. 101

——- pedata, remarks on, IV. 93

sagittifolia, remarks on, IV.

94

serrulata, remarks on, IV. 94

| ——— ternifolia, remarks on, IV. 93

Z

316

Pterostigma grandiflorum, Benth., de-
scribed, I. 66
Pyramidal pear-trees, II. 202

Q.

Quercus californica, mentioned, II. 123
Quince, noticed, III. 115

R.

Raisin, Calabrian, described, I. 154

Raphiolepis indica, Zindl., described,
II. 306

Raspberries, monthly, account of, ITI.
XVI.

Reid, R., on the cultivation of the genus
Epacris, IV. 191

on the management of fruit-tree

borders, I. 176

— on the tank system of heating in
the culture of pine-apples, II. 138 ©

Reinwardt, C. G.C., on the vegetation of
the Indian Archipelago, IV. 227

Renanthera coccinea, account of, II.
XXX.

Report from the Council to May 1, 1846,
I. 161

to May 1, 1847,

Lf. 161
——___—_—_———. to May l, 1848,
III. 169
— to May 1, 1849,
IV. 178

Restrepia vittata, Zindl., described and
figured, IIT. 314

Rhododendron barbatum, noticed and
figured, III. xxxv.

~ Brookeanum, described

and figured, III. 82, 83

gracile, described and

figured, III. 85

javanicum, notice of, II.

xlviii.

longiflorum, described
and figured, III. 89
verticillatum, described
and figured, III. 87
species of, from Borneo,

Ill. 81
cultivated by Mr. Iveson,
IV. li.
manure for, I. 159
-—_—_—-———— useful in preserves, I.
203

INDEX =

Rhubarb, forcing of, III. 302

Rhynchospermum jasminoides, Lindl,
described and figured, I. 74

Rio Janeiro, vegetation of, I. 191

Rio de San Francisco, and Alagoas, ve-
getation of, I. 293

Root-cutting, ii. 191

Rosa anemoneflora, described, II. 316

rugosa, Thunb., described, III.

Rose apple, described, II. 138
Roses, cultivation of, ii, 294

~ training of, II. 294
Rouen, botanic garden at, II. 197

S.

Saa-gaa-ban, equivalent for potato, II.
144; figured, II. 146

Saccolabium guttatam, treatment of, IV.
23

Salpixantha coccinea, Hort., described,
III. 237

Salt, the effect of, on asparagus, I. 265

Salvia Benthamiana, Gardn., men-
tioned, I. 285

rivularis, Gardn., mentioned, I.

285
Sapodilla, or Mese berry, noticed, II.
149
Saxifraga mutata, habits of, I. 49
described and figured,

II. 155, 156

Scab in potatoes, III., 37; form of,
figured, III. 40

Scale insect, chamomile for destroying,
I. 77

—— a composition for destroy-~
ing, I. 79
—— naphtha a remedy for, I. 77
—————. oil a remedy for, I. 77

on pines, account of, III.

XXVi.
—— spirit of wine a remedy for,
I. 78

—— whisky a remedy for, I. 77

Schomburgk, Sir R., on West Indian
fruits, II. 148

Sclerotium, figured, III. 97

Scorias spongiosa, figured, IV. 257

Scott, A., on artificial climate, IV. 85

on the cultivation of the

Mango, I. 54

— on tropical fruits, II. 136

Scuticaria Steelii, treatment of, IV. 25

Sea, transmission of plants by, II. 115

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES,

Sea-kale, forcing of, III. 109, 302

Sechium edule, noticed, II. 152

Sedum kamtchaticum, Fischer
Meyer, described, I. 75

Seeds, packing of, for India or China,
III. 41

— prepared by Mr. Bickes, II. 35

Selago distans, remarks on, IV. ix.

Sericographis ghiesbreghtiana, De

Cand., described and figured, III.

245

Sevres, gardens at, noticed, II. 211

Shanghai Han Tsi, described, I. 72

Ships and shipping plants, IT. 118

Shore’s remedy for destroying insects, I.
77

Shrubs, transplanting of large, IV. 41

Silene Schafta, S. G. Gmelin, described
and figured, I. 69

Simaba glandulifera, Gardn., described,
I, 198

Simmons’s patent hygrometer, described
and figured, I. 127, 129

Siphocampylus duploserratus, Po/l.,
mentioned, I. 285

Smith, W., on the American mode of
propagating dwarf pear-trees, I. 188

Snow’s superb white winter brocoli, I.
310

Sobralia macrantha, treatment of, IV.
27

Soda, nitrate of, the effect of, on aspara-
gus, I. 266

Soil, for packing plants, II. 117

pine-apple, of the Bahamas, I. 126

Solanum cardiophyllum, described and
figured, III. 71

— demissum,
figured, III. 69

Solly, Edward, chemical observations on
the potato murrain, I. 35

his experiments on wheat,

and

described and

III. 18

on the influence of elec-
tricity on vegetation, I. 81; II. 42

a note upon pine-apple

soil, I. 126
Sophronitis grandiflora, treatment of,
IV. 30
Sorrel,’ noticed, II. 152
Souchet, gardens of M., noticed, II. 222
Sour sop, noticed, II. 149
Spathoglottis Fortuni, mentioned, I. 210
Spencer, John, on the aération of vine-
ries at Bowood, IV. 49
on the treatment of the
Amaryllis, I. 178

3

17

Spigelia scabriuscula, mentioned, I. 182

Spiranthes autumnalis, Mich., cultiva-
tion of, III. 32

gemmipara, Lindl., III. 32

Spirzea expansa, Wall., described, III.
73

prunifolia flore pleno, Sveb. and
Zucc., described, II. 307
pubescens, Bunge, described, II.

157

Spirit of wine, to destroy scale, mealy
bug, &c., I. 78

in the form of vapour, to
destroy scale insects, I. 79

Spondias dulcis, noticed, II. 148

—— lutea, noticed, IJ. 148

Mombin, noticed, II. 148

— species, noticed, IT., 148

Spores of bunt, figured, II. 113

Uredo, figured, II. 113

Stanhopea grandiflora, treatment of, IV.
25

oe

or

tigrina, treatment of, IV. 25

tricornis, described, IV. 261

Stanwick Nectarine, a description of, I.
272

Starry Dysophyl, cultivation of, I. 56

Statice Fortuni, Lindl., described, I. 70

mentioned, I. 211

Steam-vault, described and figured, I.
43

Stenanthium frigidum, Kunth., described
and figured, I, 302

Stiftia chrysantha, Mik., described, I.
198

Stigmaphyllon mucronatum, A. de
Juss., described, I. 299

Stillingia sebifera, mentioned, I. 216

Stoke Park pippin, described, I, 143

Stone-fence, figured, I. 252

Stones round a clump of Rhododendrons,
figured, I. 255

Stove, onthe Polmaise principle, figured,
II. 66

Strawberries, Alice Maude, grown in a
Polmaise stove, IT, xxxviii.

cultivated by Mr. Wil-
liams, III. 233

Studs for training fruit-trees on walls,
IV. 193

Sulphate of magnesia, the effect of, on
asparagus, I. 265

Sulphur to destroy the Hylurgus, I. 79

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, for destroy-
ing insects, I. 78

Superphosphate of lime, the effect of, on
asparagus, I, 266

79

a4 ued

318

Swammerdamia antennifera, De Cand.,
described and figured, IV. 77
Syrian fruits, III. 115

i

Tacsonia mollissima, Humb., described
and figured, II. 248

Taniers, noticed, II. 152

Tank system of heating in the cultiva-
tion of pine-apples, II, 138

Talauma fragrantissima, Hook., men-
tioned, I. 285

Taxus baccata, Linn., habits of, III.
126

Tchou-ma, or Chinese flax, cultivation
of, IV. 236

Tein-ching, or Chinese indigo, described
and figured, I. 269, 271

Temperature of the earth in the Society’s
Garden, III. 99

———- tables of, for the use of
gardeners, IV. 117

Thea viridis, mentioned, I. 216

Theobroma Cacao, fruit of, II. xxxiv.

Theory of caprification of Cavolini, IIT.
189

of Gallesio, III. 190

Thomery soil, analysis of, II. 238

Thompson, R., his account of the Jef-
ferson Plum, I. 117

on the action of a tubu-
lar boiler, I. 262

aaa! a description of the Stan-
wick Nectarine by, I. 272

—on diseased and sound

potato-tubers, II. 45

on the effect of manure

on kitchen-garden crops, I. 264

his experiments on the
potato disease, 11. 179; III. 46; IV.
62

————-——- on fruit and kitchen gar-
dens near Paris, II. 195

——_——— on fruit and kitchen
plants proved in the garden of the
Society, 1848, IV. 75

on grapes fruited in the

Society’s Garden, ITI. 307

on a new grape called

Josling’s St. Alban’s, I. 296

———— a note on Josling’s St.

Alban’s Grape, by, IV. 274

tables of temperature for

the use of gardeners, IV. 117

———— on the temperature of the

earth in the Society’s Garden, III. 99

a ee

ee

INDEX *

Thompson, R., on peas grown in the So-
ciety’s Garden in 1849, IV. 269

——— on a visit to Pitmaston,
ITI. 229, 274

Thyrsacanthus Lemaireanus, ees v.
Esenbeck, described, III. 237

—— strictus, De Cand., de-
scribed, III. 237

Tiles, for putting round plants, [V. xvi.

Tilia mexicana, mentioned, I. 181

Timber, management of forest-trees in
relation to the durability of, IV. 277

Torenia asiatica, noticed, IV. xii.

Towers, George, on the potato in 1847,
IIL. 22

——-— J., on the potato disease, II. 31

Toy, on the propagation and cultivation
of vines in pots, II. 183

Training, chandelier, II. 232

fruit-trees, II. 216

— studs for, IV. 193

of pear-trees, described and

figured, II. 240

of roses, II. 294

——— of a thickset hedge, figured,
I. 205

Transmission of bulbs from India, I. 79

—~—— of plants, IT. 15

Transplanting large evergreens and
shrubs, [V. 41

Treatment of the genus Amaryllis for
Autumnal blooming, I. 178

Tree ponies, mentioned, I. 219

Trellis, for vines, figured, II. 236

Trichopilia tortilis, treatment of, IV.
30

Triposporium Gardneri, mycelium, fi-
gured, IV. 8

Tropeolum edule, a notice of, II. xliii.

Tropical fruits, cultivation of, II. 136

True Golden Pippin, described, I. 143

Truffaut’s market-garden, Versailles,
noticed, II, 220

Tubercinia Scabies, Berkl., figured, I.
34, t. 4

Tubular boiler, action of, I. 262

Turf edgings, as a substitute for box,
&c., 1V. 190

Turnera trioniflora, mentioned, I. 287

a

U.

Uredo Amaranthi, mycelium of, figured,
III. 270
——- spores of, figured, II. 113

OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES,

V.

Vagaria parviflora, Herbert, described,
LV. 298

Valeriana Mikaniz, Zindl., described,
IIT. 316

Vanda suavis, described and figured, ITI.
xxii.

—- teres, treatment of, IV. 25

Vegetable-marrow, noticed, II. 150

Vegetables, hybridization amongst, IT.
1, 81

protecting late, III. 302

Vegetation of Alagoas and Rio de San
Francisco, I. 293

——-——- of Bahia and Pernambuco,
I. 286

——~—— of Ceara in Brazil, III. 144

——-—— of Ceylon, IV. 31

-— and climate, relation be-

tween, I. 191, 273, 286 ; III. 144, 249;

IV. 31, 203, 227

— of the diamond and gold dis-

tricts in Brazil, III. 249

of Goyaz in Brazil, III. 157

—-of the Indian Archipelago,

TV. 227

— influence of electricity on, I.
81; II. 42

————— of Minas Geraes in Brazil,
III. 249

—of the Organ Mountains, I.

”

——.

273
———- of Piauhy in Brazil, 111.153
———§—- of Rio Janeiro, I. 191
—- of Rio Preto, IIT. 153.
Ventilation and covering of hothouses,
II. 28

~ of early forcing-houses, I. 110
—- of forcing-houses, figured, I.
113
Veratrum frigidum, described, I. 302
Versailles, gardens of, noticed, II. 215
Viburnum dilatatum, Thunb., described,
III. 247
— macrocephalum, Fortune, de-
scribed, IJ. 244

II. 243
Vine-borders, formation of, III. 260
border, plan of, figured, III. 262,

263

columns, Mr. Hoare’s, I. 80
cultivation, main points of, I. 50
granadilla, noticed, II. 151

leaf, from Mr. Wilmot, some ac-
count of, IV. xvi.

plicatum, Thunberg, described, |

319

Vine, wild cucumber, noticed, II. 153

Vines, cultivation of, in greenhouses,
IV. 286

— cultivation of, in France, II. 212

——- in pots, cultivation of, II. 183

Vineries, aération of, at Bowood, IV. 49

Vinery at Bowood, section of, figured,
TV dl

at Castle Malgwyn, II. 303

——~— plan of, figured, II. 305

Visit to China by Mr. R. Fortune, I.
208

Voyage, treatment of plants during a,
II. 119

Ww.

Wailesia picta, ZLindl., described, IV.
261

Walcheren brocoli, I. 309

Wants of plants, I. 44

Ward’s Cases in miniature, I. 240

Warrea discolor, Lindl., described, IV.
265

Wailesiana, Lindl., described,
IV. 264

Watering-pot, described, I. xv.

—— from Mr. Bowers, III.

XXIV.

Water-lemon, wild, noticed, II. 151

yee he and Diervilla, their distinction,

; £90

- rosea, Lindl., described, I. 65;
and figured, I. 189, t. 6

West Indian fruits, II. 148

West's St. Peter’s Grape, I. 52

Wheat, experiments on the cultivation
of, ILE. 18

Whisky, a remedy for the scale insect,
177

White-stemmed amaranthus, described
and figured, I. 156, 157

White-rust of cabbages, III. 265

Whitfieldia lateritia, noticed, IIT. xxv.

ee J. B., on the chrysanthemum,

« ay

on the winter culture of
the mignonette, I. 256

Williams, John, on the Black Prince
Hamburgh Grape, IIT. 44

—on the cultivation of

melons, I. 42

on the late mild winter,

| ———- —_——-— notice on two varieties

of grapes, III. 264

320

Williams, John, on three new varieties
of apple, I. 143

Williams’s peach-house, III. 271

Williams, Mr., his vinery, III. 233

Willow, useful in preserves, I. 249

Wilson, A., on the Cannon Hall Muscat
Grape, III. 26

Winter culture of the mignonette, I,
256

on the late mild, I. 136

-——— salads, blanching of, III, 302

Wistaria sinensis alba, noticed, IV.
221

Wood of plants, on the growth of, IV.
195

—— W., on the Genus Eschynanthus,
II, 129

on Inga pulcherrima, III,

bt

INDEX OF THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES. >

Wulfenia Ambherstiana, Benth., de-

seribed, IT. 314

‘is

Yellow Camellia, mentioned, I. 214

Z.

Zauschneria californica, Presl., de-
scribed and figured, III. 241

Zingiber amaricans, Blume, described,
II. 311

Zygopetalum brachypetalum, figured,
IV. xi.; account of, IV. xii.

——— Mackayi, treatment of,

IV, 28

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PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF THE
SOCIETY,

—_———_ —_.

September 5, 1848. (REGENT STREET.)

Erections, Lord Rokeby, Hazlewood, Watford; J. G. Lye,
Esq., Holly Lodge, Turnham Green; J. Vere, Esq.,
United University Club; J. S. Bedford, Esq., Pendree,
Penzance, Cornwall.

Awarps. Knightian Medals: To Mr. Mylam, gardener to
S. Rucker, Esq., F.H.S., for a well-flowered plant of
Phalenopsis grandiflora. To Mr. Groom, F.H.S., for
specimens of Lilium lancifolium album and speciosum from
his fine collection at Clapham.

Banksian Medals: To C. Webb, Esq., F.H.S., for a plant of
the variety of Stanhopea graveolens called venusta. 'To
Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dowager of Northum-
berland, F.H.S., for ripe fruit of the Allspice (Myrtus
pimenta) and two ripe Nutmegs (Myristica moschata) ; the
latter had both split and showed the beautiful red interior—
one, the smaller, into two halves, the other into four valves
or quarters, a circumstance unusual with this fruit, which
seldom divides itself more than once.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. Bunney, of Stratford, for
Dendrobium formosum. ‘To Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting,
for the brilliant red-blossomed Cape Heath called Cerin-
thoides coronata. ‘To Messrs. Garaway, Mayes, and Co.,
of Bristol, for a variety of Miltonia spectabilis from the
Organ Mountains, in which the light petals of the species
were exchanged for purple ones, rendering the blossom
self-coloured. ‘To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir EK. Antrobus,
Bart., F.H.S., for a finely- blossomed specimen of Dipladenia
crassinoda. To Mr. Wilmot, F.H.S., for a well-grown
fruit of the Prickly-leaved variety of Cayenne Pine-apple,
weighing Slbs. 40z. To Mr. Bray, gardener to E.
Lousada, Esq., Peak House, Sidmouth, Devon, for a Black
Antigua Pine, weighing 5lbs.120z. ‘To Mr. Middleton,
gardener to the Hon. and Rev. J. Norton, of Chertsey, for
a bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes weighing 2 lbs. 1 oz.

VOL. IV. b

iv PROCEEDINGS.

MIscELLANEOUS SuBJECTS OF ExuipiTion. Miltonia candida
with thirteen flower spikes, Dendrobium formosum, and the
curious Oncidium macranthum, pretty, but not so much so
as the species was expected to prove, from Mr. Mylam;
Dendrobium triadenium, a variety of Saccolabium Blumei
from Moulmein, and a specimen of their Java Rhododen-
dron, together with a coloured drawing of its yellow variety
called Aureum, from Messrs. Veitch; various Allamandas,
and Stanhopea Wardii and graveolens, from Messrs. Rol-
lisson; Leschenaultia splendens and Mr. Backhouse’s
Achimenes venusta, from Mr. Green; Cyclamen Neapoli-
tanum, from Mr. Cuthill, of Camberwell ; Gladiolus Brench-
leyensis, a brilliant red variety, from Mr. Charlwood, of
Covent Garden; Echites Franciscea, a purple, white-eyed,
Brazilian species, from Mr, Ivison; a smooth-leaved Cay-
enne Pine-apple, weighing 4 lbs. 15 0z., from Mr. Wilmot ;
three large obovate orange-coloured Cedrati, with thick,
wrinkled, spongy rinds, which are sometimes made into a
preserve, from Mr. Bray ; the latter are the Median apples
of the ancients, and are cultivated in the southern parts of
Enrope, where they are esteemed for their fragrance and
beauty, and for the essential oil which they produce ; speci-
mens of a Seedling Apple, gritty and deficient in flavour,
came from Mr. Camden, of Hounslow ; a dish of Figs from
the open wall from Mr. Silverlock, of Chichester; a con-
trivance for supporting Hyacinths, consisting of pierced
rings through which wires were passed upwards to support
the tops and downwards into the glasses to keep the appa-
ratus steady, from Mr. Hamilton, of Cheapside; samples of
cloth (waterproofed by some oily or resinous substance),
which was stated to be better adapted for covering green-
houses and frames in winter than Russian mats, from Mr.
Yexley, of Merton; and finally, a Palm-leaf, exhibiting a
bad case of burning, occasioned by the employment of
British sheet-glass in his conservatory, from J. H. Barchard,
Esq., of Putney Heath.

NovELTIES FROM THE SOCIETY’s GARDEN. The new Mexican
Miltonia Karwinskii, figured in p. 83; Achimenes can-
dida; Nemophila (speciosa) maculata, described at p. 320,
vol. iii.; a pink-flowered Anemone, a hybrid between
A. japonica and vitifolia; and a trayful of the small, round,
black fruit and leaves of the Morelle de Guinée, a name
under which seeds were sent to the Garden by M. Vilmorin,
of Paris, last spring, and from which the specimens
exhibited were raised. The common Morelle of the French

PROCEEDINGS, Vv

is the Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), which is
generally considered to be poisonous. ‘The Morelle de
Guinée differs from the common Morelle in having much
larger leaves, even when grown in the same kind of soil.
The leaves of both sorts, it appears from the following
extract from ‘Le Bon Jardinier’ of 1846, may be eaten
like Spinach :—“ The Morelle (Solanum nigrum) is an
annual, growing naturally in Europe and America. It has
hitherto been considered a dangerous plant in France,
where, consequently, it has been treated as a noxious weed ;
but it appears that the leaves may be used as Spinach.

- Although it belongs to the Solanum tribe, it is, perhaps,
not unwholesome. It is extensively used in the Mauritius
under the name of Bréde, and likewise in the West Indies
under that of Laman. Many of the Creoles who came to
France searched for the plant and ate it without experienc-
ing the least inconvenience. This plant may therefore
afford to horticulturists another resource for the summer
season, and can be easily increased by seeds, sown where the
plants are intended to be grown, in any open space in
March, April, and May.” Notwithstanding, however, this
favourable account of a plant which has always been re-
garded as a poison, due caution was advised in testing its
qualities.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea and its Neighbourhood. By L. W.
Dillwyn, F.R.S. From the Author.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Vol. IX., Part 1. From the
Society.

Review of the Agricultural Statistics of France. By the Right Hon. the Earl of
Lovelace. From the Author.

Flora Batava. Nos. CLII. and CLIII, From His Majesty the King of Holland.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. No. XV. From the Society.

Ricerche intorno ad alcune Specie di Aceri. By the Cavalier Michele Tenore.
From the Author.

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. IV., Nos. X. and XI.
From the Society.

Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, tome 26, and Tables des
Comptes Rendus, &c., tome 25. From the Society.
The Atheneum for August. From the Editor.

October 3, 1848. (REGENT STREET.)

Exections. O.C. Lane, Esq., Clifton, Bristol; M. Ricardo,
Esq., Kiddington, Oxfordshire.

Awarps. Banksian Medals: To Messrs. Loddiges, of Hack-
ney, for a collection of Orchids; more especially for
Oncidium oblongatum, a somewhat scarce species, and a
specimen of the self-coloured variety of Miltonia spectabilis.
To Messrs, Rollisson, of Tooting, also for a collection of

b 2

Vi PROCEEDINGS.

Orchids in which were well-flowered plants of Epidendrum
vitellinum and Phalenopsis grandiflora. ‘To Mr. Hender-
son, gardener to Sir George Beaumont, Bart., of Colorton
Hall, for a Queen Pine-apple, well ripened and handsomely
grown, weighing 6 lbs. 24 0z. To F. Gye, Esq., of Spring-
field, Surrey, for a basket of Black Hamburgh Grapes,
eleven bunches of which, together with the basket, weighed
17 lbs. They were well swelled and coloured, and remark-
able as being the produce of vines planted on the 15th of
May last. ‘They had been grown on Mr. Crawshay’s plan,
without the aid of fire-heat, except so much as was required
to keep out damp. .

Certificates of Merit: To Messrs. Veitch, for Oncidium
onustum, a dwarf, yellow-flowered Peruvian species, new
to gardens. To Mr. Glendinning, F.H.8., for an unnamed
Angelonia, remarkable for its strong odour of Musk. To
Mr. Povey, gardener to the Rev. J. Thornycroft, Congle-
ton, Cheshire, for a Providence Pine-apple, from a plant
twenty-one months old, weighing 9 lbs. 4 oz.

MiscELLANEOUsS SuBsects OF Exurpeition. Gloxinia fim-
briata, a French variety, with the habit of an Achimenes,
and white flowers spotted in the throat with yellow and
purple, and two plants of a new yellow-fruited Peruvian
Capsicum, less pungent than the common Capsicum, from
Messrs. Veitch; Impatiens repens, a new Ceylon kind of
Balsam, with a trailing habit and bright-yellow flowers,
from Messrs. Jackson, of Kingston ; two trays of Autumnal
Roses, consisting of—Hybrid Perpetual: Lady Sefton,
lilac blush; Lady A. Peel, rosy carmine; Louis Bordillon,
rose; Jacques Laffitte, cherry crimson, edges pale; Mrs.
Elliot, rosy purple; Comtesse Duchatel, rose; La Reine,
pink tinged with lilac; Dr. Marx, carmine ; Marquisa Boc-
cella, pink, blush edges; William Jesse, crimson, tinged
with lilac; Madame Laffay, rosy crimson; Edward Jesse,
crimson, shaded dark purple; Baronne Prevost, pale rose ;
Duchess of Sutherland, ditto; Lawrence de Montmorency,
rosy pink, tinged with lilac; Du Roi, or crimson; Mogador;
Madame Aimé, pale flesh, nearly white. Bourbon: Aci-
dalie, blush white; Amarantine, purplish rose; Comte
d’Eu; Madame Desprez, rosy lilac ; Celiméne, clear blush ;
Trina; Armosa, bright pink; Comice de Seine et Marne,
crimson; Queen, fawn-coloured rose; Pierre de St. Cyr,
pale rose; Vicomte de Cassey, lively red; Le Grenadier,
light crimson; Duc de Chartres, deep rose; Souchet, deep
crimson purple. Yea: Caroline, blush pink, centre rose ;

PROCEEDINGS. vil

Comte de Paris, light crimson, tinged with lilac. China:
Mrs. Bosanquet, pale flesh; Cramoisie supérieure, velvety
crimson, from Messrs. Paul, of Cheshunt; a bunch of
Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, weighing 2 lbs. 8% 0z.,
though it had lost nearly 1 1b. from berries having dropped
off, and from its having been cut and sent to London a week
before the meeting took place, from Mr. Hutchison,
gardener to A. L. Gower, Esq., of Castle Malgwyn, Pem-
broke. This and a bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes
weighing 4 lbs. was the produce of vines grown on a
border constructed as deseribed at p. 303, vol. ii. J. All-
nutt, Esq., of Clapham, sent Grapes in which it was
stated mildew had been cured by means of free ventilation
and occasional fire-heat at night. Branches of his New
Monthly fruited Raspberry, profusely loaded with ripe
fruit, were produced by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth ;
and from J. Penn, Esq., of Lewisham, came the fruit or
seeds of Cycas revoluta, being round, flattened, reddish-
coloured nuts, which may be eaten like hazel nuts, and
which are produced on the edges of small buff-coloured
woolly leaves. It was stated that a kind of Arrowroot pre-
pared from similar plants was used as food by the natives
about Vera Cruz and other parts of Mexico.

NOVELTIES FROM THE Socrety’s GARDEN. A new Callistemon
(brachyandrum) from §. Australia, having numerous tufts
of crimson stamens, surmounted by yellow anthers, the one
contrasting well with the other; Cestrum viridiflorum, a
highly fragrant species ; and Satyrium Herschelli, a variety
nearly related to S. erectum. In consequence of the sup-
posed difficulty of cultivating this and other kinds of ter-
restrial Orchids, which comprise some of the most beautiful
herbaceous plants in existence, it was mentioned that the
Society had taken some pains to obtain a collection, with
the view to ascertain whether they are cultivable or not,
and the plant in question was produced as one result of the
experiment, which it was stated had as yet proved suc-
cessful. The plant shown, though far from the prettiest of
its race, exhibited the best of health.

Books PRESENTED.

Essai sur la Végétation de l’Archipel des Férde; comparee a celle des Shetland et de
VIslande Meéridionale. By Ch. Martins. From the Author.

Note sur l’Accroissement en Diamétre de quelques Souches d’Arbres résineux, aprés
la suppression de leur tige, addressée 4 l’'Académie des Sciences; quelques Notes
sur l Accroissement des Arbres Exogénes 3 et Projet de Décret relatif a 1 Enseigne-
ment de l’Horticulture, présenté au Ministre de l’Agriculture et du Commerce, le
ler Aout, 1848. By M. A. du Brenil. From the Author.

The Athenzum for September. From the Editor.

Annales de la Societe d’Horticulture de la Gironde, 2me. Année, 6me, Numéro.
From the Society.

Vili PROCEEDINGS. 7

November 7, 1848. (REGENT STREET.)

Various alterations in the by-laws were read for the first
time by order of the Council, as directed by the Charter,
and then suspended in the meeting-room.

Awarvos. Large Silver Medal: To Messrs. Veitch, for
Calanthe vestita, a most beautiful new species from Moul-
mein, having fine spikes of large white flowers stained in
their centres with crimson. Among the many Orchids
which have been imported of late years to our gardens, this
is one of the most handsome and striking.

Calanthe vestita.

Banksian Medals: To Mr. Henderson, gardener to Sir
George Beaumont, Bart., of Colorton Hall, for a Queen
Pine-apple, ripe and well formed, weighing 5lbs. 1402.
With this came another Queen Pine, weighing 6 lbs. 1 oz. ;
but the latter was not sufficiently ripened. To J. G. Nash,
Esq., of Bishop’s Stortford, for a basket of Grapes, con-
taining beautiful bunches of Black Hamburgh, Cannon
Hall Muscat, and Muscat of Alexandria. These were from
the same vines which produced such a heavy and fine crop
last year, and concerning which some account has been
given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1847, p. xiv.

PROCEEDINGS. 1x

Certificates of Merit : To Mr. Jones, gardener to E. J. Hutchins,
Esq., of Dowlais House, Glamorganshire, for a Queen
Pine-apple, weighing 5 lbs. 20z. To Mr. Bray, gardener
to E. Lousada, Esq., Peak House, Sidmouth, Devon, for a
Queen Pine of similar weight. To Mr. Davis, of Oak
Hill, East Barnet, also for a Queen Pine, weighing 5 lbs.
To the same, for a basket of well-ripened Muscat of Alex-
andria Grapes.

MiscELLANEous SuBJEcTS OF ExuiBiTion. Adschynanthus
speciosus, a Java species, the most brilliant of the genus,
from Messrs. Veitch ; a sweet-scented Burlingtonia, perhaps
Cumanensis, and Solenidium racemosum, a useful though
not handsome Orchid, from Mr. Beck, of Isleworth; Lelia
furfuracea and two other Orchids, from Mrs. Lawrence, of
Ealing Park; a Queen Pine-apple, weighing 4 lbs. 8 oz.,
from Mr. Jones, gardener to KE. J. Hutchins, Esq. ; three
fruit of the same variety of Pine-apple, weighing 3 lbs. 13 0z.,
4 lbs. 7 oz., and 4 lbs. 12 0z., from Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill;
a Providence Pine, weighing 6 lbs. 15 0z., from Mr. Bray,
gardener to EK. Lousada, Esq.; specimens of Brussels
Sprouts, from Mr. Appleby, market-gardener, Burton-
upon-Trent; and a large ripe Vegetable-Marrow, from
Mr. Cuthill, of Camberwell.

NOVELTIES FROM THE SociIETY’s GARDEN. Epidendum cerar-
tistes, and Selago distans—the latter a very pretty hardy
greenhouse autumn-flowering Cape shrub, which no small
collection should be without. ‘The latter, although very
soft-wooded, in full growth, and covered with its delicate
blossoms, had been exposed to the temperature of 29° in the
large conservatory without sustaining the smallest injury.

The fruit from the Garden consisted of some handsome
Beurré Diel Pears from a wall, and of the Mere de Ménage
Apple, a kitchen fruit which attains in rich soils as much
as 14 inches in circumference. It is an excellent keeping
sort, and, the tree being a great bearer, it deserves exten-
sive cultivation; also Claygate Pearmain, a rich dessert
Apple; Traveller, a tender-fleshed variety, which, like the
preceding, has a Ribston Pippin flavour; Syke House
Russet ; Coe’s Golden Drop, a small brisk, rich, dessert
variety, worthy of being grown where quality and not
quantity is the object; Court of Wick, one of the best
dessert Apples; and Hubbard’s Pearmain, a capital dessert
variety, which, this season, is thickly russeted; but which,
in fine summers, comes almost quite smooth.

PROCEEDINGS,

Books PRESENTED.

Journal of the Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society. No. XI. From the Society.

The Horticultural Magazine, and Gardener and Practical Florist. Part XLVII.
From the Publisher.

The Athenzeum for October. From the Editor.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. V., No. 40. From the
Society.

A Hand. book of British Ferns; intended as a guide and companion in Fern Culture,
&c. By Thomas Moore. From the Author.

Dritter Jahresbericht und Mittheilungen des Gartenbau Vereins fir Neuvorpom-
mern und Rigen. From the Society.

December 5, 1848. (REGENT STREET.)

Various alterations in the by-laws were read for the
second time by order of the Council, as directed by the
Charter, and then suspended in the meeting-room.

Evections. The Marquess of Ormonde, and Joseph H. Bar-

chard, Esq., of Putney Heath.

Awarps. Banksian Medal: 'To Mr. Roberts, gardener to the

Duke of Cleveland, at Raby Castle, Durham, for an exhi-
bition of Grapes, consisting of two bunches of West’s St.
Peter, beautifully coloured, weighing respectively 1 Ib.
103 oz., and 1 lb, 120z.; a bunch of the Syrian, weighing
2 lbs. 6 0z.; one of Escheolata Muscat, 1 lb. 3.0z. ; and one
of Cannon Hall Muscat, weighing 140z. These were
stated by Mr. Roberts to have been sent, not as superior
specimens of cultivation, but as samples of good table-fruit.
‘‘ The two bunches of Black Grapes,” he added, “ are the
true West’s St. Peter, from the first year’s wood of my
young vines grown under ‘the detestable’ British sheet-
glass. The White Grapes are not half so well coloured as
they were last season, which is owing to the long dull
autumn we have just passed over. ‘The Eschcolata Muscat,
which resembles the Syrian, has no properties to recommend
it, except such as belong to the Syrian, viz., that it will
carry any weight of fruit, and that it hangs well and
late.”

Certificates of Merit: To the Gardener of E. J. Cooper,

Esq., for a collection of Citrus Fruit, from the Orangery at
Markree Castle, in the county of Sligo. ‘The varieties
were as follows:—1. Citrus Rissoi, a new variety, disco-
vered by the late M. Risso, of Nice Maritime; this fruit
has been grown in the Orangery, at Markree, to the size of
233 inches in circumference. 2. Citrus Gordon, named
by the same botanist in compliment to the present Earl of
Aberdeen, also a new variety; this is an average specimen
as to size. 8. C. Bigaradia longifiora, the largest fruit

PROCEEDINGS. xi

hitherto grown on this plant. 4. C. Aurantium hiero-
chunticum, average sized fruit. 5. C. Aurantium Niccense,
the common sweet Orange of the province of Nice; average
size. 6. C. Bigaradia duplex, average size. 7. C. Li-
metta, the only fruit that has yet come to perfection on this
tree. 8. C. Mellarosa, under the average size; this is the
most valuable of the varieties, it being highly perfumed,
and making a most delicious preserve. ‘There are, in the
Orangery at Markree Castle, twenty-five varieties of
Oranges, Lemons, and Citrons, which were selected and
named by the late M. Risso for Mr. Cooper, and were im-
ported by him from Nice a few years ago. The trees are
all planted in beds, and are in the most flourishing condi-
tion. ‘To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dowager of
Northumberland, for fruit of Jambosa vulgaris, the Yellow
Rose Apple, gathered from a plant in the Conservatory at
Syon House, which was stated to have at one time on it not
fewer than 100 fruit. This is a small, oblong, pale yellow
fruit, containing two large round seeds, and having the
flavour of one of the Alberge Apricots, with an addition of
Roses. To the same, for fruit of a plant, the seeds of
which were received from Captain Herbert in 1840, and
marked ‘ Tree Tomato, of Chili, a valuable fruiting shrub,
excellent for Jellies.” The fruit was the size and form of
a pigeon’s egg, of a rich brownish red colour, filled with
a purplish subacid pulp, very agreeable to the taste. The
leaves are large, broad, heart-shaped, downy, and emitted a

ie

\

|

i

Zygopetalum brachypetalum.

xii PROCEEDINGS.

very heavy unpleasant smell. The plant is some Solanum,
allied to S. betaceum, if not the same. To Mr. Bassett,
gardener to R. S. Holford, Esq., F.H.S., for one of the best
of the many varieties of Vanda suavis. 'To M. de Jonghe,
of Brussels, for Zygopetalum brachypetalum. ‘T’his species
was originally brought into notice by Mr. Waterhouse, of
Halifax, in the year "1840, and is little known. It is one of
the handsomest of the species, having brownish sepals and
petals, a little marbled with green, and a deep bluish-violet
lip veined with white. The crest of the lip is clearly
striped with blue, and the column is streaked with dull
dark purple. M. de Jonghe stated that it had been found
by his collector Libon, in 1847, on the Peak of Itabiri, in
the province of Minas, in Brazil. To Mr. Dobson, gar-
dener to Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for a small collection of Orchids,
especially for an Oncidium unguiculatum. To Mr. Cole,
gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford, Kent, for a bundle
of Cole’s Superb Red Solid Celery, six heads of which
weighed each 6 lbs. 80z.; and for an excellent paper, ex-
plaining his mode of management, which is published in
the present volume of the Journal.

MiscELLANEOvUS SuBJECTS OF ExuiBiTion. Cut specimens, in
a pot, of Fuchsia spectabilis, from Messrs. Veitch, who
stated that ‘‘ they were taken from a plant which is growing
most luxuriantly in the border of their Conservatory, where
it has been in full flower for these last three months, having
on it from twenty to thirty bunches of blossom, and being
the admiration of all who have seen it.” Mr. Spall, gar-
dener to W. Carbonell, Esq., of Westbourne Green,
Harrow Road, sent a plant of the White Persian Cyclamen
(C. Persicum album). Mr. Kendall, of Stoke Newington,
a small collection of plants from his Polmaise Stove.
Among these were two specimens of 'Torenia asiatica, which
has been stated by some to be a greenhouse plant. Mr.
Kendall, however, considers that it can only be safely
wintered in a stove. He says that if it is treated as “‘a
greenhouse plant during the winter months, in nine cases
out of ten it will prove a source of disappointment. It is
extremely susceptible of cold, particularly if accompanied
by damp dull weather. Last winter I lost every plant, and
such is already the case this year with all those treated as
ereenhouse plants; and my case is not an isolated one, for
I have many complaints of a similar kind. The two plants
exhibited were struck late in the spring, and were treated as
greenhouse plants during the summer, blooming continu-

PROCEEDINGS. Xlil

ously. Early in October they were placed in my Polmaise
Stove, where they have continued to flower freely, and pro-
mise fair to do so throughout the winter.” With this came
a, Seedling Cineraria, named ‘ Queen of the Isles,’ concern-
ing which Mr. Kendall stated that the plant shown was a
Cutting from a Seedling of the present year, and that it had
never been out of doors at all, but kept in his Polmaise
Stove. Early in October it was subjected to a high tempe-
rature, being placed side by side with the Torenias in a
minimum heat of 76° by day, and 60° by night, proving
beyond a doubt that the Cineraria may be successfully
forced into as fine a bloom at the present season as Nature
herself can display during the more favourable months of
spring. The Rev. C. Mackie, Rector of Quarley, Hants,
communicated specimens of a Seedling Apple, which had
been raised by Mr. Collins, Blacksmith, Upper Chatford, in
the same county, in the year 1832. He (Mr. Mackie)
stated that ‘‘ the tree bore this year ten gallons of Apples,
almost the whole of which were equal to, and many, I am
told, much superior to those I have sent, as he selected the
best to present to a gentleman in the neighbourhood, whose
admiration had been raised by seeing so much beautiful
fruit upon so small a tree. These Mr. Collins had parted
with before I had an opportunity of suggesting to him the
sending specimens for the Society’s inspection. Having
put it to the test, I can vouch for its being a very valuable
fruit for baking, exceedingly well flavoured, and of a beau-
tiful colour when dressed.’’ It is a Pearmain-shaped Apple,
resembling the Herefordshire Pearmain. Finally, from
Mr. Smith, Enameller, Berkeley Street, Clerkenwell, came
samples of Enamelled Garden Labels. ‘They were light
and very neat looking, but had the appearance of being
brittle.

NovELTIES FROM THE Society’s GARDEN. Whitfieldia late-
ritia, and Clerodendron Hugelii, the latter forming a small
tree covered with clusters of whitish flowers. It is a dis-
tinct looking species, possessing little merit beyond novelty.
The following Apples were exhibited from the Garden :-—

1. Bedfordshire Foundling, one of the best kitchen apples,
or it may be used for dessert; the tree is vigorous,
bears abundantly when old, but to make it bear when
young it requires summer-pruning.

2. Boston Russet, an excellent dessert-fruit ; the best of
all the American varieties for this climate.

XiV PROCEEDINGS.

3. Braddick’s Nonpareil, a great bearer, far exceeding the
Old Nonpareil in this respect, and approaching it in
flavour.

4, Pearson’s Plate: in a good season this is richly
coloured, and is one of the handsomest dessert-apples ;
excellent in quality.

5. Cockle Pippin, an abundant bearer, and a good late
dessert-fruit.

6. Screveton Golden Pippin: the fruit of this is more
russeted than that of the Old Golden Pippin, to
which, in quality, it is similar. ‘Those who esteem
the Old Golden Pippin—it may be asked, who does
not ?—and have an opportunity of cultivating apples,

: should substitute the Secreveton Golden Pippin, because
the tree is more healthy and a better bearer than the
old variety.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Flora Batava. Nos. CLIV. and CLV, From His Majesty the King of Holland.
The Athenzum for November. From the Editor.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. No. XVI. From the Society.
The Florist. Vol. 1. From Mr, Beck.

PROCEEDINGS. Xiil

ously. Early in October they were placed in my Polmaise
Stove, where they have continued to flower freely, and pro-
mise fair to do so throughout the winter.” With this came
a Seedling Cineraria, named ‘Queen of the Isles,’ concern-
ing which Mr. Kendall stated that the plant shown was a
Cutting from a Seedling of the present year, and that it had
never been out of doors at all, but kept in his Polmaise
Stove. Early in October it was subjected to a high tempe-
rature, being placed side by side with the Torenias in a
minimum heat of 76° by day, and 60° by night, proving
beyond a doubt that the Cineraria may be successfully
forced into as fine a bloom at the present season as Nature
herself can display during the more favourable months of
spring. The Rev. C. Mackie, Rector of Quarley, Hants,
communicated specimens of a Seedling Apple, which had
been raised by Mr. Collins, Blacksmith, Upper Chatford, in
the same county, in the year 1832. He (Mr. Mackie)
stated that “ the tree bore this year ten gallons of Apples,
almost the whole of which were equal to, and many, I am
told, much superior to those I have sent, as he selected the
best to present to a gentleman in the neighbourhood, whose
admiration had been raised by seeing so much beautiful
fruit upon so small a tree. These Mr. Collins had parted
with before I had an opportunity of suggesting to him the
sending specimens for the Society’s inspection. Having
put it to the test, I can vouch for its being a very valuable
fruit for baking, exceedingly well flavoured, and of a beau-
tiful colour when dressed.’’ It is a Pearmain-shaped Apple,
resembling the Herefordshire Pearmain. Finally, from
Mr. Smith, Enameller, Berkeley Street, Clerkenwell, came
samples of Enamelled Garden Labels. They were light
and very neat looking, but had the appearance of being
brittle.

NovELTIES FROM THE Socrety’s GARDEN. Whitfieldia late-
ritia, and Clerodendron Hugelii, the latter forming a small
tree covered with clusters of whitish flowers. It is a dis-
tinct looking species, possessing little merit beyond novelty.
The following Apples were exhibited from the Garden :—

1. Bedfordshire Foundling, one of the best kitchen apples,
or it may be used for dessert; the tree is vigorous,
bears abundantly when old, but to make it bear when
young it requires summer-pruning.

2. Boston Russet, an excellent dessert-fruit ; the best of
all the American varieties for this climate.
VOL. IV. e

X1V PROCEEDINGS. y

3. Braddick’s Nonpareil, a great bearer, far exceeding the
Old Nonpareil in this respect, and approaching it in
flavour.

4. Pearson’s Plate: in a good season this is richly
coloured, and is one of the handsomest dessert-apples ;
excellent in quality.

5. Cockle Pippin, an abundant bearer, and a good late
dessert-fruit.

6. Screveton Golden Pippin: the fruit of this is more
russeted than that of the Old Golden Pippin, to
which, in quality, it is similar. Those who esteem
the Old Golden Pippin—it may be asked, who does
not ?—and have an opportunity of cultivating apples,
should substitute the Screveton Golden Pippin, because
the tree is more healthy and a better bearer than the
old variety.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Flora Batava. Nos. CLIV. and CLV. From His Majesty the King of Holland.
The Athenzum for November. From the Editor.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. No. XVI. From the Society.
The Florist. Vol. 1. From Mr. Beck.

January 16, 1849, (REGENT STREET.)

The new by-laws, which had been read at two previous meet-
ings, and suspended in the meeting-room, were again read.
The meeting then proceeded to ballot for the repeal of the old
by-laws. ‘The Vice-President, in the chair, announced the
repeal to be carried unanimously. A ballot then took place
for the new by-laws, which were carried unanimously. The
Vice-President then declared them to be passed according to
the provisions of the Charter, and to be the future laws of the
Society.

Exections. George Beauchamp Cole, Esq., Heatham Lodge,
Twickenham; and George Thomas Davy, Esq., Sussex
Square, Hyde Park.

Awarps. Knightian Medal.—To Mr. Davies, gardener to
Lord Bridport, for a plant in a pot of Black Jamaica Pine-
apple, bearing three suckers, each ripening off a fruit which
could not have weighed less than between 3 and 4 Ibs. It
was stated that Mr. Davies grows his pines on the Hamil-
tonian system; but that instead of planting them out in the
bed of the pine pit, as Mr. Hamilton mostly does, he culti-
vates them in pots, which obviates the principal objection
to the system, that of having the fruit all ripe at one time.

PROCEEDINGS, XV

Two ripe fruit had been cut on the 28th of February, 1848,
from the plant exhibited ; one of these weighed 4 lbs. 8 oz.,
the other 4lbs. 100z. ‘The old stem was then cut down,
and the suckers which the plant had thrown out produced
the fruit shown ; the plant had not been shifted for a period
of two years.

Banksian Medals: To Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill, East Barnet,
for a dish of West’s St. Peter’s Grapes, not large either in
bunch or berry, but perfectly ripened and_ beautifully
coloured. To Mr. Tucker, gardener to J. Moorman, Esq.,
of Clapham Road, for a collection of Pears, consisting of
Glout Morceau, Beurré d’Aremberg, Winter Nelis, Na-
poleon, Easter Beurré, Beurré Diel, and Ne Plus Meuris,
all in a most excellent state of preservation, The published
reports of the Society’s meetings show that Mr. Moorman
has for years past sent a similar collection of fruit about the
same season, and always in the same condition—plump and
sound as when removed from the trees. His mode of
keeping his fruit, however, remains a mystery.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. Bevington, gardener to Mark
Philips, Esq., F.H.S., for two sorts of unknown Grapes,
called Black and White Barbarossa. They had been
received from the Continent along with other kinds, all of
which proved worthless except those exhibited. The Black
sort was large both in bunch and berry; it weighed 2 lbs.
9oz.; it was stated to be a good bearer, and to surpass
anything in the part of the country from which it came for
keeping on the vines without losing flavour or sinking in
the size of the berry. It, however, proved inferior in
flavour to the West’s St. Peter’s, towhich Mr. Philips con-
siders it superior in keeping qualities. ‘The White variety
looked like a Muscat, but it had none of the Muscat
flavour; it weighed 1440z. To Mr. Glendinning, F.H.S.,
Chiswick Nursery, for cut specimens of forcing Pelar-
goniums, exhibiting some improvement in point of colour on
the kinds usually employed for that purpose. Among them
was a scarlet, very bright, and stated to stand heat without
shedding its flowers. ‘To C. Rankin, Esq., F.H.S8., Dulwich,
for three handsomely swelled Citrons from a greenhouse.

MIscELLANEOUS SuBsEecTs OF Exuisirion. <A_ plant of
Sericographis Ghiesbreghtiana, figured at p. 245, vol. iii.
part iii., from Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-apple Place. A
Cayenne Pine-apple weighing 4 lbs., the produce of a plant
twenty months from the Gill, from Mr. Wright, gardener
to Mrs. Rushout, F.H.S., Wanstead. A box of Ash-leaf

e2

Xvi

PROCEEDINGS.

kidney Potatoes, sprung and ready for planting, from Mr.
Cuthill, of Camberwell. These latter were sent to prove
by the strength of their shoots the fallacy of the opinion
entertained by some, that small potatoes will not produce
so good acrop as large tubers. Mr. Cuthill is of opinion
that they will, and in this, it was mentioned, he is borne
out by a series of experiments which had been tried in the
Society’s Garden some sixteen years ago, the result of which
was that the small sets yielded as good a crop as large
ones. Mr. Wilmot, F.H.S., Isleworth, sent an impression
of a Vine-leaf measuring 21 inches the one way and 18
inches the other. ‘The history of the vines which produced
the leaves, of which this impression was an example, is as
follows. From time to time Mr. Wilmot had collected a
great number of what were given out as varieties of Black
Hamburgh, and, in order to prove them without loss of time,
he planted them, two years ago last June, at the back of two
of his low pine-houses, extracting a brick out of the wall for
each vine, and introducing their points into the houses. Two
houses 90 feet long were so planted on the same day, and
under precisely the same circumstances ; in fact both houses
were planted in less than two hours. The object Mr.
Wilmot had in view being merely to get a bunch or two off
each vine, in order to ascertain their relative merits,
instead of an expensive border being prepared, a hole was
dug with a mattock and spade barely sufficient to receive
the ball when turned out of the pot. This hole was made
in the hard beaten path, which is composed principally of
clinkers, cinders, and gravel. The vines grew away im-
mediately, and fruited well the following year in the tem-
perature of the pine-stove, all proving, as was expected, to
be one and the same kind of Hamburgh. Last October one
of the pits began to break. The other (January 9) is now
in about the same stage of forwardness as the other was in
October. The foliage is generally of the size mentioned, and
the vines are altogether very vigorous, bearing a capital crop,
half swelled, and which will ripen by the end of February.
When the manner of planting the vines, the quality of the
border, and the season at which such foliage has been
developed, are taken into account, the whole matter proved
inexplicable to Mr. Wilmot, who, with all his experience,
was unable to account for it. From Mr. Roberts, of East-
cheap, came some wire guards, or flower supporters, and
specimens of earthenware pipes split in two, which fitted
into sockets also split, for putting round plants, more
especially strawberries, with a view to keeping their fruit
clean.

PROCEEDINGS. Xvil

‘Hitherto,’ says Mr. Roberts, ‘‘it has been a com-
plaint with all gardeners that they cannot keep the
fruit free from dirt in wet weather; I purpose by my
method to prevent complaints in future, and at the same
time to succour the plants and improve the quality of the
fruit, by means of my Double Tile and Socket, which,
when placed around the plant, will keep it free from dirt,
shade the surrounding earth from the sun, thereby causing
it to require less water, and preventing the growth of weeds.
The heat absorbed by day will nourish the plant at night,
and tend to produce fruit much finer and earlier. ‘The
tiles are placed on feet to allow the wet to run under them ;
and should the plants grow so large as to overhang the tiles,
they can be kept in their places by means of a small socket.
The expense is so trivial, compared with the durability and
saving of labour, that I am induced to hope that every
grower of strawberries who wishes to have fine clean fruit
will avail himself of the tiles.

‘*¢ Celery can be grown in the highest state of perfection by
means of the tiles and sockets, which sockets are made from
4 inches to 2 feet high; the celery by the same means,
therefore, will require no earthing up, and will be quite
free from dirt, and beautifully white. Lettuce, likewise, is
much improved in size and quality with less labour than
usual. Plants also, which have a tendency to ramble, can
be confined within the required limits, and the different
kinds much improved by means of tiles suitably made ; and
such flowers and plants as grow high, and require to be tied
up, can be more readily supported, and more economically
attended to, by my improved flower supporter, than any
other means (durability and labour considered). The im-
provement consists in the supporter being divided into two
halves or parts, enabling the gardener to place it round a
flower instead of over it, thereby preventing breakage. The
same kind of supporter is adapted for hyacinths ; it can be
applied at any stage of growth, and the hyacinth can be
removed from the glass without injury.”

NOVELTIES FROM THE SOCIETY’Ss GARDEN. A pale variety of
Gesnera Douglasii, and a healthy well-flowered specimen of
Sericographis Ghiesbreghtiana. This latter promises fair
to become one of our very handsomest winter flowering
stove plants, the deep green leaves setting off the bright
scarlet flowers, which remain long in perfection, to advan-
tage.

XVill PROCEEDINGS.

The Chairman (J. J. Blandy, Esq.) drew attention to
the great loss which the Society had sustained by the death
of the Earl of Auckland, who had for many years been a
most active member of the Council, and he announced that
the next meeting would be made special for the purpose of
electing a successor to his Lordship. Mr. Hutton, on the
part of the Council, expressed their deep sense of the valu-
able services which had been rendered to the Society by the
deceased nobleman, who might be truly described as one of
the most able, useful, and sincere friends which Horti-
culture had ever possessed.

Booxs PRESENTED.

The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Vol. IX., Part 2. From
the Society.

The Athenzum for December. From the Editor.

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XVIII., Part 2, From the
Society.

Le Bon Jardinier, Almanach pour 1849. From M. Vilmorin.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London : for the year 1846, Parts
2, 3, and 4; for the year 1847, Parts 1 and 2; for the year 1848, Part 1. Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Society, Nos. 62 to 70 inclusive. Address of the President
read on the 9th of June, 1848, and a List of the Fellows. From the Royal
Society.

The By-laws passed on this oecasion are printed in the fol-
lowing pages.

mix) )

BY-LAWS

OF THE

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

As confirmed at a General Meeting of the Society
held on the 16th of January, 1849.

CHAPTER I.

By-Laws.

Tue Council may from time to time vary, alter, or revoke
By-Laws, and make such other By-Laws as they may think
useful and expedient ; but in order to be valid, such By-Laws
must have been hung up in the common meeting-room and been
read by the President (or any one of the Vice-Presidents) at
two successive general meetings, and been confirmed by ballot
by the Fellows at the general meeting next after two such suc-
cessive general meetings, two-thirds of the Fellows present
voting for the same.

CHAPTER II.
Election and Admission of Fellows.

ArticLE I. Every candidate for admission into the Society,
as a Fellow, must be proposed by three or more Fellows, who
must sign a certificate in recommendation of him.

Art. II. The certificate must set forth the names, descrip-
tion, and place of residence of the candidate, and state that he
is desirous of becoming a Fellow.

XX BY-LAWS OF THE

~

Art. III. The proposer whose name stands first upon the cer-
tificate must have personal knowledge of the candidate, or his
writings, and must certify to that effect upon the certificate.

Art. IV. The certificate, when duly filled up, must be
delivered at the house of the Society, addressed to the Secre-
tary. It shall be read at the two next ordinary general meet-
ings, and suspended in one of the rooms of the Society during
the intervals between those meetings, and the person therein
recommended shall be balloted for at the next ordinary general
meeting ; and to constitute a valid election, not less than seven
Fellows must be present, and not less than two-thirds of those
present must vote in favour of the candidate proposed.

Art. V. Royal Personages, Peers of Great Britain, Scot-
land, or Ireland, Privy Councillors, Peeresses in their own
right, and the eldest sons, wives, widows, and daughters of
Peers, may be balloted for and elected Fellows of the Society
at the same ordinary general meeting at which they are pro-
posed, and on the recommendation of a single Fellow.

Art. VI. Persons whose certificates shall have been signed
by the Chairman of the Council, on the part of the Council,
may also be balloted for and elected Fellows at the same gene-
ral meeting at which they are proposed.

Art. VII. The Secretary shall address to every person
elected a Fellow, on the day after his election, a printed copy
of the letter (No. I. in the Appendix) and of the obligation
(No. IIL. in the Appendix).

Art. VIII. As soon as the person so elected shall have paid
his admission fee and shall have returned the obligation, signed
by himself, and addressed to the Secretary at the house of the
Society, he shall then be entitled to exercise all the privileges
of a Fellow ; and his name shall be entered in the lists of the
Society.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX1

CHAPTER III.
Withdrawing, Removal, and Re-admission of Fellows.

Art. I. Any Fellow, or Member, or Associate, may with-
draw from the Society by signifying his wish to do so, by
letter, under his own hand, addressed to the President at the
house of the Society: provided always that such Fellow, or
Member, or Associate, shall be liable to the contribution of
the whole year wherein he signifies his wish to withdraw ;
and that he shall continue liable to the annual contribution
until he shall have discharged all sums, if any, due from him
to the Society, and shall have returned all books, or other pro-
perty, if any, borrowed by him of the Society; or shall have
made full compensation for the same, if lost or not forth-
coming.

Art. IT. Whenever written notice of a motion to be sub-
mitted to a general meeting, for removing any Fellow, or Mem-
ber, or Associate, from the Society, signed by the Chairman,
for the time being, of the Council, on the part of the Council,
or by any five or more Fellows, shall have been delivered to
the Secretary, such notice shall be read from the chair at the
two successive ordinary general meetings next following the
delivery thereof ; and at the next ordinary general meeting such
motion shall be taken into consideration, and decided by me-
thod of ballot ; whereat if seven or more Fellows shall ballot,
and two-thirds of the Fellows balloting shall vote that such Fel-
low be removed, he shall be removed from the Society.

Art. III. The Fellow so withdrawn or removed shall not
be entitled to exercise any of the privileges of a Fellow from
the day of his withdrawal or removal.

Art. IV. The Council shall, at any time after the resigna-
tion of any Fellow, have the power upon special cause to them
shown to order the re-admission of such Fellow into the
Society.

Art. V. The Fellow so re-admitted shall again sign the

XXll BY-LAWS OF THE

aforesaid obligation, and shall thenceforth be entitled to all the
privileges of a Fellow without the payment of any other admis-
sion fee.

Art. VI. In case of any Fellow going to reside abroad for
any number of years, and giving due notice of such his inten-
tion in a letter addressed to the Secretary at the house of the
Society, the Council shall have power to release him from all
payments to the Society accruing due during the time of his
residence abroad, provided that during such absence he enjoy
none of the rights and privileges of a Fellow.

CHAPTER IV.
Payments to be made by the Fellows.

Art. I. The admission fee to be paid by each Fellow shall
be six guineas.

Art. IT. The annual contributions to be paid by the Fellows
shall be four guineas; with the exception of those elected
before the 1st of October, 1818, who shall pay two guineas ;
and of those after the 1st of October, 1818, and before the 1st
of May, 1822, who shall pay three guineas.

Art. II. Each Fellow elected before the 1st of May, 1822,
who has become an annual subscriber of one guinea to the
Garden, shall continue to be liable to the payment of such
annual subscription so long as he shall continue a Fellow of
the Society.

Art. IV. Ifthe Council shall hereafter think fit to create a
class of Associates with fewer privileges than Fellows, the
Council is empowered to fix for such Associates such admis-
sion fee and privileges and annual subscription as the Council
may think expedient ; such Associates to be elected in the same
manner as Fellows.

Art. V. All annual contributions shall become due and
payable on the day of the anniversary meeting in each year
for the year preceding.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXill

Arr. VI. Every newly elected Fellow, if elected in the
months of May or June, shall be subject to the annual contri-
bution for the current year; but if elected im any subsequent
month, he shall be subject to a part only of such contribution,
to be computed from the day of his election to the Ist of May
next ensuing, at the rate of one guinea for every three months.

Art. VII. Every person who shall cease to be a Fellow or
Associate of the Society, or whose payments shall have been
suspended as herein provided, after the lst day of May in any
year, shall be liable to the payment of his subscription for that
year.

Arr. VIII. Every Fellow may at any time compound for
all his future annual contributions by paying ten times the
amount of his annual subscription.

Art. IX. All arrears of subscriptions and payments which
shall not have been paid within six months after they become
due shall be reported from time to time by the Treasurer to
the Council, and the names of all Fellows in arrear more than
twelve months, with the amount of each arrear, shall be hung
up in the library, and upon every day of meeting in the general
meeting-room of the Society, and the Treasurer shall take such
measures as may by the Council be deemed expedient and

necessary for the recovery thereof.

CHAPTER V.
Funds and Property of the Society.

The funds and property, and all accretions of and additions
to the same, shall be exclusively employed, under the direction
of the Council, in promoting the objects and purposes for which
the Society was incorporated ; and no dividend, gift, division,
or bonus in money or otherwise shall under any circumstances
whatever be made unto or between any of its Fellows or

Members.

XXIV | BY-LAWS OF THE |

CHAPTER VI.

Rights and Privileges of Fellows.

Art. I. The Fellows of the Society shall be entitled to the
following rights and privileges :

To be present and vote at all general meetings.

To introduce visitors at the ordinary general meetings
of the Society.

To have personal access to the library and other public
rooms of the Society, and there to consult the printed
books, plates, and drawings belonging to the Society.

To have personal admission, and to introduce personally
or by order visitors to the Garden of the Society.

To receive gratis the publications of the Society which
may appear during the time they continue to be Fellows.

To purchase the publications or Journal of the Society
at reduced prices.

To participate in the Society’s distributions of seeds,
cuttings, and plants.

To purchase at a reduced price tickets for the Exhibi-
tions in the Garden, with such limitations or under such
regulations as the Council may from time to time direct.

To recommend young men for employment in the
Society’s Garden.

Art. II. Any Fellow of the Society may at any time inspect
the books of account of the Society, on giving one full day’s
notice of his intention so to do to the Secretary or to the
Accountant at the house of the Society.

Art. III. The wife or sister of a Fellow shall have the privi-
lege of free admission to the meetings of the Society in Regent
Street, personally and with friends; and also to the Garden,
when open, except on days of exhibition, or the day imme-
diately preceding such days.

Art. IV. No Fellow who is more than one year in arrear of
his annual contributions shall be entitled to vote at any elec-

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

tion or meeting of the Society, or to exercise any of the rights
or privileges of a Fellow.

Art. V. The exercise of theSe and all other privileges shall
be subject to such regulations as the Council may from time to
time deem expedient to make.

CHAPTER VII.
Ladies Fellows of the Society.

Art. I. Ladies may be admitted as Fellows of the Society.
They shall be elected and admitted in the same manner, entitled
to the same rights and privileges, and subject to the same pay-
ments, obligations, and other regulations as the ordinary Fellows
of the Society.

Art. II. Every lady, Fellow of the Society, may appoint
any gentleman, being a Fellow of the Society, to vote for her
at the general meetings of the Society, upon the production of
a proxy written in the form given in the Appendix No. V.,
which proxy shall not be changed more than once in each year.

Art. ILI. If any lady, Fellow of the Society, shall be the
wife of any person not a Fellow of the Society, he shall not be
entitled in her right to any of the rights or privileges of a
Fellow, but she shall, so long as she continues to conform to the
regulations of the Society, continue to enjoy all her rights and
privileges as a Fellow of the Society.

Art. IV. The exercise of these and all other privileges shall
be subject to such regulations as the Council may from time to
time deem expedient to make.

CHAPTER VIII.
Honorary Members.

Arr. L. The number of honorary members shall not at any
time exceed five.

XXV1 BY-LAWS OF THE

Art. II. When the number of honorary members shall not
be full, the Council shall have power to nominate a candidate,
who shall be balloted for at the next ensuing ordinary general
meeting.

Art. III. Honorary members shall be exempted from the
payment of any admission fee or annual contribution.

Art. IV. Honorary members shall be required to sign the
obligation, and shall thereupon become entitled to all the pri-
vileges of the ordinary Fellows.

Art. V. They shall also be subject to the same obligations
and other regulations as the ordinary Fellows, except as herein
expressly provided.

CHAPTER TX,

foreign Members.

Art. I. The number of foreign members shall not at any
time exceed twenty.

Art. II. They shall consist of persons distinguished for
having rendered important service in promoting the progress of
Horticultural knowledge.

Art. III. When the number of foreign members shall not
be full, the Council shall have power to nominate a candidate,
(on stating the services he has rendered to the Society or to
Horticultural science,) who shall be balloted for at the next
ensuing ordinary general meeting.

Art. IV. Foreign members shall be exempted from the
payment of any admission fee or annual contribution.

Art. V. There shall be transmitted to each foreign member,
as soon as may be after his election, a diploma. of his appointment
in the Latin language, under the common seal of the Society.

Art. VI. Upon receiving such diploma, the foreign member
shall become entitled to the following rights and privileges :

To be present at all general meetings.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXVIL

To have personal access to the library and other public
rooms of the Society, and there to consult the printed
books, plates, and drawings belonging to the Society.

To have personal admission to the Garden of the So-
ciety, and to issue orders for the admission of others.

To receive the Transactions of the Society published
during the time he continues to be a member.

Art. VII. Foreign members shall not be entitled to pro-
pose candidates, or to vote at general meetings, or to fill any
office in the Society.

Art. VIII. The exercise of these and all other privileges
shall be subject to such regulations as the Council may from
time to time deem expedient to make.

CHAPTER X.
Corresponding Members.

Art. I. The Council shall have power to recommend such
persons as they think fit (if likely to render the Society efficient
services) to be corresponding members of the Society, who may
be balloted for at the same ordinary general meeting at which
they are so recommended.

Art. II. Corresponding members shall be exempted from
the payment of any admission fee or annual contribution to the
Society.

Art. III. There shall be transmitted to each corresponding
member, as soon as may be after his election, a diploma of his
appointment m the English language, under the common seal
of the Society.

Art. IV. Upon the receipt of such diploma, the correspond-
ing member shall be entitled te be present at general meetings,
and to have personal admission to the Garden, but to no other
rights or privileges.

Art. V. The exercise of these and all other privileges

XXVIll BY-LAWS OF THE

~

shall be subject to such regulations as the Council may from
time to time deem expedient to make.

CHAPTER (XE

General Meetings.

Art. I. No general meeting of the Fellows shall be com-
petent to conclude any business unless seven or more Fellows
be present.

Art. II. The President shall be the chairman at all general
meetings ; or in case of his absence, one of the Vice-Presidents ;
or in case of their absence, one of the members of the Council ;
or in ease of the absence of all the members of the Council, a
Fellow to be appointed for the occasion.

Art. III. The ordinary method of voting shall be by show
of hands, but a ballot shall be taken in cases prescribed by the
charter or by-laws, or when demanded by any Fellow present.

Art. IV. The decision of the majority of the Fellows voting
at a meeting shall be considered as the decision of such meet-
ing; and an absolute majority shall suffice, except in cases
specially designated by the charter or by-laws.

Art. V. When the votes on either side shall be equal, ex-
cept in cases specially designated by the charter or by-laws,
the chairman shall give a casting vote.

Art. VI. Ifthe adjournment of any question has been put
and carried, an adjournment may be made of any general
meeting ; but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned
meeting, other than such as was proposed to have been trans-
acted at the meeting from which the adjournment was made.

Art. VII. Minutes of the proceedings of every general
meeting shall be taken during their progress by one of the
Secretaries ; or in case of the absence of the Secretaries, by
some Fellow whom the chairman of the meeting shall appoint
for the occasion. The minutes shall afterwards be fairly

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX1X

copied into a minute-book, and at the next meeting shall be
read aloud by one of the Secretaries for confirmation, and, if
confirmed, such confirmation shall be certified by the chairman
affixing his signature thereto.

Art. VIII. The general meetings to be held by the Society
shall be of three kinds: Ist. The anniversary meeting; 2nd.
Special; and 3rd. Ordinary meetings.

CHAPTER ATT
Anniversary Meeting.

Art. I. The anniversary meeting for the election of mem-
bers of Council and officers shall be held on the 1st of May,
or if that day be Sunday, on the day following, and shall consist
of eleven or more Fellows.

Art. II. Notice of the meeting shall be sent by post to
every Fellow residing within the limits of the Metropolitan
post delivery for the time being, whose place of residence is
known, and shall be inserted in two or more public newspapers,
one week at least before the day of meeting.

Art. III. The Council for the time being shall, before the
day of election, cause to be prepared a sufficient number of
printed balloting lists, according to the forms in the Appendix ;
one of which (No. 5) is to contain the names of such persons
as they shall recommend to be removed from, and elected into,
the Council ; and the other (No. 4) is to contain the names of
such persons as they shall recommend to fill the offices of
President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Auditors for the ensuing
year.

Art. IV. On the day of election the chairman shall take
the chair precisely at one o’clock p.m., and shall, as soon after
that hour as eleven or more members shall be present, open
the business of the day, by naming and appointing two of the

members present as Scrutineers, to superintend the ballot for
VOL. IV. d

XXX BY-LAWS OF THE

choosing the above-mentioned Council and officers, and to
report to him the result of the ballot. A Report of the Coun- —
cil on the proceedings of the Society during the year imme-
diately preceding shall then be read, as also the Auditors’
Report for the preceding year. After such Reports shall have
been read and considered, other business, if any, may be pro-
ceeded with. ‘The ballot for the choice of the Council and
officers shall commence, at the latest, one hour after the
chair shall have been taken, and shall be continued after-
wards for as long a time as the chairman shall deem sufficient
to afford to the members present at the meeting the opportu-
nity of voting. During the ballot the meeting may proceed
with the other business, if any, which may remain to be trans-
acted. As soon after the closing of the ballot as the Scruti-
neers shall be prepared to report, all other business whatsoever
shall be suspended ; whereupon they shall first declare to the
meeting the result of the ballot for the Council, and after-
wards the result of that for the officers. After such declara-
tion the meeting may proceed with other business.

Arr. V. If any list shall contain more than the proper
number of names, or if any list for officers should imclude the
name of any person who is not a member of the Council, such
list shall be deemed void, and not taken any account of by the
Scrutineers in casting up the number of votes.

Art. VI. In case there shall be an equal number of votes
for the removal from the Council, or for the election into the
Council or to any of the respective offices, of two or more per-
sons, the order of preference shall be decided by the casting
vote of the Chairman.

Arr. VII. If at the time of closing the ballot for the elec-
tion of the members of the Council it shall appear that eleven
Fellows have not balloted, the anniversary meeting shall be
adjourned to some other day not less than a week nor more
than two weeks after such original meeting.

Art. VIII. Notice of such adjourned meeting shall be given,

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXX1

and the business shall be transacted in the manner prescribed in
the preceding articles of this chapter ; and the Council and officers
elected on the preceding anniversary shall continue to conduct
the affairs of the Society until their successors are elected.

CHAPTER XIII.
Special General Meetings.

Art. I. Special general meetings of the Fellows may be
held from time to time, as there may be occasion, for the pur-
pose of taking special matters, relating to the business of the
Society, into consideration.

Art. II. A week’s notice, at least, of the time when, and
the object for which, every special meeting is to be holden,
shall be given to every Fellow living within the limits of the
metropolitan post delivery.

ArT. III. No other business than that of which notice has
been given in the summons for convening the meeting shall be
entered upon or discussed at such meeting.

Art. IV. A special general meeting shall be convened
within a reasonable time after a requisition to that effect, spe-
cifying the business for which the meeting is to be convened,
and signed by the chairman of the Council on the part of the
Council, or by any five or more Fellows, shall have been de-
livered, addressed to the Secretary at the house of the Society.
Provided that no special general meeting shall be held during
the recess of Parliament, unless at the desire of the Council.

Art. V. In case of the death or resignation of any of the
officers of the Society, or of any other member of the Council,
in the interval between any two successive anniversary meetings,
a special general meeting shall be held within two months next
after such death or resignation, or as near thereto as con-
veniently may be, for the purpose of filling up the vacancy :
and the summons for such meeting and the proceedings thereat

d 2

XXX BY-LAWS OF THE

shall, as far as circumstances will admit, be after the manner
directed for the anniversary meeting.

Art. VI. A special general meeting, convened as herein
provided, may be holden on any one of the days appointed for
the ordinary general meetings, in which case the special
business shall be entered upon immediately after the ordinary
business of the day is closed.

CHAPTER XIV.
Ordinary General Meetings.

Art. I. The ordinary general meetings shall be held on
such days of such months as the Council may determine
from time to time. Notice of the days of such meetings for
the ensuing year to be sent by post to all Fellows on or before
the Ist of November in each year.

Art. II. Persons not belonging to the Society, if er
by Fellows or foreign members, may be present at the ordinary
general meetings. ‘Their names shall be inserted in a book,
with the names of the persons who introduced them.

Art. III. At the ordinary general meetings the order of
business shall be as follows :

1. The minutes of the last meeting shall be read, and,
if confirmed by the meeting, signed by the chairman.

2. The presents made to the Society, since their last
meeting, shall be announced and exhibited.

3. Candidates for admission into the Society shall be
balloted for.

4, Papers and communications shall be read.

5. Fruits, flowers, &c. shall be exhibited.

6. Recommendations of candidates for ballot shall be read.

Art. IV. No motion relating to the government of the
Society, its by-laws, the management of its concerns, or the
election, appointment, or removal of its officers and servants,
shall be made at any ordinary general meeting: nor shall any

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIl1

business relating thereto be transacted at any such meeting,
except in so far as the charter or by-laws may expressly enjoin
or permit.

reaA rT F wh 4 Y:
Council and Officers.

Art. I. The Council shall consist of fifteen members elected
from amongst the Fellows. The officers, viz. the President,
four Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Secretary, shall be chosen
from amongst the Council.

Arr. II. The President, Secretary, or any three members of
the Council, may at any time call a meeting of the Council.

Art. III. When a meeting of the Council is to be holden,
every member of the Council shall be summoned by letter; and
such meeting, having been duly summoned, shall be competent
to carry into execution all the powers intrusted to it by the
charter and by-laws.

Art. IV. No meeting of the members of the Council shall
be competent to conclude any business (except alterations in
by-laws, when three are sufficient), unless five or more members
be present.

Art. V. The President shall be the chairman of all meet-
ings of the Council ; or in case of his absence, one of the Vice-
Presidents ; or in case of their absence, the senior member of
the Council.

Art. VI. The ordinary method of voting at the Council shall
be by show of hands ; but a ballot shall be taken in cases pre-
scribed by any regulations of the Council, or when demanded
by any member present.

Art. VII. The decision of the majority of members voting at
a meeting shall be considered as the decision of the meeting,
and the chairman shall be entitled to vote, and if the votes on
either side be equal he shall give a casting vote.

Art. VIII. Minutes of the proceedings of every meeting of

XXXIV BY-LAWS OF THE i

the Council shall be taken during their progress by the Secre-
tary, or, in case of his absence, by some member present, whom
the chairman shall appoint for the occasion: the minutes shall
afterwards be copied fairly into a minute-book to be kept for
that purpose, and read and signed by the chairman at the next
meeting of the Council.

Art. IX. The government of the Society, and the direction,
management, and execution of its concerns, are intrusted to the
Council, subject to no other restrictions than are and may be
imposed by the charter and by-laws, and to no other inter-
ference than may arise from the acts of the Fellows in general
or special meeting assembled.

Art. X. The accounts of the Society shall be regularly
audited.

Art. XI. The Council shall present and cause to be read to
the anniversary meeting a report on the general concerns of
the Society for the preceding year ; the report shall state the
income and expenditure, the receipts and disbursements, the
balance in hand, the debts and assets, and the increase or dimi-
nution of the property of the Society during that year.

Art. XII. The Council may appoint Committees to examine
into, and report to them on, any special matters, scientific or
otherwise, relating to the objects or concerns of the Society,
and may require such Committees to report, and may dissolve
such Committees, whensoever they shall think proper.

Art. XIII. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer,

To sign all drafts to be paid by the banker, and all
receipts for the contributions of Fellows.

To see that the accounts of all receipts and payments
made by or on account of the Society are regularly kept
in such manner as to afford the means of ascertaining at
any time the state of the affairs of the Society.

Arr. XIV. The Treasurer shall not issue any draft for any
sum above 5/. without the previous authority of the Council,
excepting that he shall have power to issue drafts for the pay-

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. KXXV

ments of all rents, rates, taxes, insurances, and salaries, as
and when they shall become due, without the express authority
of the Council for each payment, provided that the respective
amounts of such payments, and the times of payments, shall
have been previously fixed by the Council.

Arr. XV. It shall be the duty of the Secretary,

To take down the minutes of the proceedings of the
Council.

To transmit the orders of the Council to the salaried
officers.

To conduct the correspondence of the Society.

Art. XVI. The offices of President, Vice-President, Trea-
surer, and Secretary shall be honorary.

Art. XVII. No person shall at the same time hold any two
of the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretary.

Art. XVIII. The Council shall from time to time deter-
mine the number, duties, and salaries of all salaried officers,
gardeners, clerks, and other persons necessary for transacting
the business of the Society.

CHAPTER XVI.
Publications of the Society.

Art. I. Every paper communicated to the Society for publi-
cation shall be deemed the property of the Society from the
time of its being delivered at the house of the Society, unless
any previous engagement to the contrary has been made with
the author.

Art. IJ. The consideration of the papers to be selected for
publication, and of the form in which, and the time when, they
shall be published, shall be decided by the Council.

a

XXXVI BY-LAWS OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CHAPTER XVII.
Common Seal and Deeds.

Art. I. The charter, the common seal, and the deeds of the
Society, shall be deposited in an iron chest, to be kept at the
house of the Society.

Arr. II. Every deed or writing to which the common seal is
to be affixed shall be sealed at a meeting of the Council, and
signed by the Chairman and four or more other members of
the Council.

APPENDIX I. AND II. XXXVil

APPENDIX No. I.

Form of Letter to be written upon the Election of a Fellow.

Horticultural Society, 21, Regent Street.

[ Sr, |

I have the honour of acquainting you that you have
been this day elected a Fellow of the Horticultural Society of
London, and that upon your returning to me the enclosed obli-
gation, signed by yourself, and paying your admission fee of
six guineas, your name will be inserted in the list of the
Society, and you will be entitled to exercise all the rights and
privileges of a Fellow.

I have the honour to be,
[ Sir, |

Your most obedient Servant,

Secretary.

The yearly contribution is four guineas, payable by you on
the 1st of May in each year for the year preceding. If you
should choose to compound for all annual payments, the money
now to be paid by you will be—

Admission fee F abu’: : Lo 6.0
Composition in lieu of annual payments . 42 0 0O
£48 6 0

APPENDIX No. II.

Form of Obligation to be subscribed by Fellows.
I [we] who have hereunto subscribed my name [our names],
do hereby [severally] promise, that I [we] will endeavour to
promote the interests of the Horticultural Society, and the

XXXVill BY-LAWS OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

object for which the same was founded; and that I [we] will
duly pay , observe the by-laws of the Society,
and the rules and regulations which may from time to time be
established under the authority of the same, for the govern-
ment of the Society, as long as I [we] continue a Fellow
[Fellows] thereof.

Dated this day of , 18

APPENDIX No. ITI.

Form of Balloting List for the Council.

Three members of the present Council recommended to be
removed from the said Council at the Election on the
of Am te)

A.B. |
C.D. |) aah i‘

Three members recommended to be elected in the Council.
L. M. |
N. O. 43
P.Q. |

Any member who disapproves of any of the names recom-
mended above is requested to strike out with his pen such
names as he does not approve, and to write opposite to each
name so struck out the name of the person for whom he
chooses to give his vote.

APPENDIX 1V. AND V. XXXIK

APPENDIX No. IV.

Form of Balloting List for Officers.

A List of the persons recommended by the Council to be
appointed to the offices of President, Treasurer, Secretary, and

Auditors of the Society, at the Election on the of
, 18
President, A. B. | President.
Treasurer, CoD | Treasurer.
Secretary, E. F. | Secretary.
GH. |
Auditors, (ee
L. M. |

Any member who disapproves of any of the names recom-
mended above is requested to strike out with his pen such
names as he does not approve, and to write opposite to each
name so struck out the name of the person for whom he
chooses to give his vote.

a

APPENDIX No. V.
Form of Proxy to be signed by Ladies, Fellows of the Society.

I, A. B., do hereby, on this day of A + aa
appoint C. D. to appear and vote for me at any meeting of
the Horticultural Society at which Fellows are qualified to
vote.

xl PROCEEDINGS,

February 20, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Awarps. Knightian Medal: To C. J. Darbishire, Esq., of
Rivington, near Bolton, for a finely-flowered specimen in a
pot of the Primula altaica of the Russian botanists, a scape-
less species with beautiful orange-eyed purple flowers. - It
was stated by the Vice-Secretary to be quite new to gar-
dens ; and the account which Mr. Darbishire gives of its
introduction is as follows. He says, “‘ My friend Mr. Beck,
of Isleworth, will place upon the table for exhibition to-day
a specimen plant of what I believe to be an entirely new
and beautiful variety of Primula, which I found on a late visit
to Constantinople. It was growing on grassy land, which had
recently been cleared of the brushwood, in the neighbourhood
of Karak, a quarantine station on the Asiatic side of the Bos-
phorus near the mouth of the Black Sea. As it was Mid-
summer when I met with it, and being of course out of bloom,
I had no reason to suppose it to be anything more than our
common yellow primrose until it flowered in the following
spring. I have since found it to be perfectly hardy, stand-
ing our winters well out of doors; but as it appears to have
a disposition to flower very early, when we have only cold
and wet weather (this season I have had a successive bloom
from the end of October), I prefer taking the roots into the
house at the latter end of the year; they then form a beau- ~
tiful and useful ornament to the conservatory during a dark
and dull season. Its rich and delicate colour, however, is
not fully displayed except in the sunshine. When grown
freely its foliage is very large and robust, it is a most pro-
fuse bloomer and possesses a slight but delicious fragrance.”

Banksian Medals: To J. Allnutt, Esq., of Clapham, for a fine
specimen of Camellia rosea Sasanqua, about 10 feet high and
well flowered. To its appearance as a plant, it added
another feature of interest. It is well known that when
large masses of soil like that in which Camellias are grown
get dry, it is difficult to water them all through on account
of the water passing off speedily by the sides of the pots.
To prevent this Mr. Allnutt inserts into the surface of the
ball, some two or three inches from the side of the pot
or tub, a hoop of zine or other metal, which retains the
water within its circumference, and compels it to pass down
through the mass of soil instead of escaping by its side. It
was stated that he practises this plan with all his large
specimens, and with advantage not only to the plant, but
with regard to saving time and labour. To Mr. Hamp,

PROCEEDINGS. xli

gardener to James Thorne, Esq., of Mawbey House, South
Lambeth, for a very fine bunch, perfectly ripe, of either
Musa Chinensis or Cavendishii ; but from its pale colour it
was thought to be the Chinese variety. It weighed when
cut 13 lbs. 100z. It was stated to be the produce of a plant
two years old at the time it showed fruit, which was in August
last. It had been ripened in a stove the temperature of which
ranged between 50° and 60° Fahrenheit, for these last four
months. The plant was grown in a tub, in soil com-
posed of three-fourths sandy loam, and one fourth rotten
dung, with plenty of drainage; the roots, however, pro-
truded through the bottom and over the sides of the tub,
and were permitted to range freely into the bark bed in
which it was plunged; it occasionally received liquid
manure during the summer.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. W. P. Ayres, of Brooklands
Nursery, Blackheath, for a nice specimen, about two feet
high, of Boronia triphylla. ‘I exhibit,” writes Mr.
Ayres, ‘‘ to-day a small specimen of Boronia triphylla,
which I think may be very justly described as one of the
most beautiful of early blooming greenhouse plants. This
plant is one of two years’ growth from a three-inch pot ; it
has been grown from February to October in each year in
a strong moist stove heat, and has been wintered in an
intermediate house. It will be perceived that the leaves
are less curled than they are generally seen on this plant,
and I think this may in some measure be the effect of the
free treatment it has received. ‘This would seem to teach
us the necessity of resorting to experiment in order to
determine the proper treatment of certain plants belonging
to the same genus, and it also shows what very different
management plants from the same country require to grow
them in perfection. The soil it is growing in is Wimbledon
peat, sand, and potsherds.” To Mr. Dobson, gardener to
Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for a nice collection of Orchids, consist-
ing of a purple variety of Dendrobium pulchellum ; Cyrto-
chilum maculatum, Oncidium lacerum, and Odontoglossum
pulchellum. ‘To Mr. Henderson, gardener to Sir George
Beaumont, Bart., Coleorton Hall, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, for a
handsomely grown Antigua Pine-apple, weighing 5 lbs. 6 oz.
To Mr. Butcher, gardener to W. Leaf, Esq., F.H.S., for
three bunches of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes of last year’s
growth in good condition.

MiscELLANEOUS SuBJECTs OF ExuiBition. Two Enville
Pine-apples, weighing respectively 3lbs. 130z. and 4 lbs.

xiii

PROCEEDINGS. ~

40z., from Mr. Taylor, gardener to J. Coster, Esq., of
Streatham. Cut specimens of a Scarlet Pelargonium, called
“* Conway’s Royalist,” a variety which has been found to
force well, from Mr. Conway, of Earl’s Court Nursery,
Brompton Road. A specimen of -Adschynanthus speciosus,
and a small well-flowered plant without leaves of Fuchsia
macrantha, from Messrs. Veitch. The latter was sent to
show that itis not a shy bloomer, as has been stated by some.
It had been wintered under a cool greenhouse stage, and
was stated to dislike heat. Mr. Silver, gardener to the
Rey. H. Pole, Maidenhead, sent cut specimens in flower of
Deutzia scabra and Weigela rosea, in order to show the
comparative merits of the two plants for early forcing.
They were introduced into heat at the same time, and the
Weigela was greatly in advance of the other. From Mr.
Grey, gardener, Beaufront, Northumberland, came a spe-
cimen of Chinese Primula, which, together with several
others, had been flowered in the open ground at Beaufront.
They were stated to have stood the winter without pro-
tection, although on the 3rd of January the thermometer
had fallen to 14° Fahrenheit, and the ponds were covered
with ice from three to four inches in thickness, ‘The plants
turned out were seedlings in the autumn of 1847, and, after
contributing to the gaiety of the conservatory in the spring of
1848, they were transferred to the open border in May, where
they bloomed beautifully through the summer and autumn ;
and it was stated that they are now (February 20) again un-
folding their blossoms. ‘The Hon. W. Fox Strangways sent
a collection of cut specimens of plants in flower in the open
ground at Abbotsbury, as examples of the mildness of the
climate of the south of Dorsetshire. It consisted of three
sorts of Indian Rhododendron, which had received no pro-
tection whatever; three of Camellia, but not sent as
examples of the climate ; the Tree Heath (Erica arborea),
which is reported to quite scent the air of the south of
Europe with its fragrance ; two of the more tender Helle-
bores (H. argutifolius and olympicus) ; the sweet-smelling
Italian Laurustinus ; a beautiful Florence Tulip (T. Rad-
diana) ; a red variety of the Nepaul Saxifraga ligulata ; and
some spring bulbs. Among the latter was the large-
flowered Snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus). This was not sent
as an instance of mildness of climate, but to exhibit its
superiority in size over the common snowdrop. It is quite
as hardy as the latter, much larger, and therefore more
desirable. ‘The above were all from the open garden, in
which it was mentioned many other things were also in

PROCEEDINGS. xlili

flower, and along with them came a branch of Juniperus
pheenicea, female, with fruit, and producing also young
flowers. ‘‘ The old catkins,” Mr. Strangways writes, ‘‘ are
fallen from the male, and will not reappear for some
months, The plants stand 100 yards apart, with many trees,
cypress and others, between them, yet they fertilize. ‘They
are 12 or 14 feet high, about 20 years old, from seed from
the south of Naples, where I have seen them growing on
barren calcareous hills and rocks overlooking the rich plain
of Taranto. It is certainly a handsome evergreen.” Mr.
Mills, of Gunnersbury, sent a brace of the Browston
Hybrid Cucumber, a variety stated to be quiteas early as the
Jewess and old Southgate varieties. One was the produce of
a cutting struck in September last; the other of a plant
raised from seed sown at the same time. ‘They were stated
to have been grown in a pit heated by dung linings. Mr.
Mitchell, of Enfield, produced samples of his Royal Albert
Rhubarb ; and two sorts of Sea-kale were contributed by
Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. ‘The French, it was stated,
distinguish varieties of this vegetable, and, according to
them, the different kinds possess very different properties.
Of the two sorts sent, one was the common Violet Sea-
kale, the other a pale variety, stated to be ten days earlier
than the former and less bitter. Specimens of his material
for protecting fruit tree blossoms from early spring frosts
were exhibited by Mr. Yexley, of Merton, Surrey ; and
Messrs. Dietrichsen and Hannay, of Oxford Street, showed
one of their Patent Garden Engines, which pour water
against the plant or tree in one continued stream by the
upward and downward stroke of the handle. Mr. Mont-
gomry, of the Saw Mills, Brentford, exhibited various forms
of rafters, sash bars, &c., made well and at a cheap rate by
a contrivance for the purpose which he has attached to his
saw mill,

NovELTIES FROM THE SocieTy’s GARDEN. Acacia celastri-
folia, a pretty species in the way of the myrtle-leaved
Acacia; and a nice plant of Adschynanthus pulcher.

A collection of Begonias, and other plants of soft-wooded
character, which had been grown under Hartley’s patent
rolled or rough plate glass, with a view to determine its
value for gardening purposes, was brought under the no-
tice of the meeting, together with a sample of the glass, by
the Vice-Secretary, whose observations on the subject were
to the following effect :—

xliv

PROCEEDINGS. s

‘‘ Tt is now six months since the fitness of Rolled
Rough Plate Glass to supersede the common sheet was
suggested. ‘The impossibility of obtaining the latter, with
any certainty that it will not burn the leaves beneath it, had
become notorious, and cheap rough plate was suggested as
a substitute. This kind of glass is made of the same mate-
rials as sheet, but by a very different process. Instead of
being in the first instance blown into the form of a cylinder,
or ‘ muff,’ then slit and flattened—a difficult process, inca-
pable of making it level or free from large irregular lenses—
rough plate is at once rolled into plates, and left with an
irregular granulated surface, which breaks and bends and
separates the rays of light as they pass through it, thus
rendering their concentration, and the burning consequent
upon it, impossible. But it was objected, by those whose
opinion in all practical matters has deservedly the greatest
weight, that, although this rough glass might be suitable
for glazed structures in the summer, it could not be safely
employed in winter ‘ because of the small quantity of light
that was able to pass through it ;’ and that, therefore, any
advantage that might attend it in one season would be
counterbalanced at another. This was entirely at variance
with my own opinion; I saw no difference in the quantity
of light that passed through: on the contrary, the amount
appeared to be the same in both cases, the difference being
that, by rough plate, light was dispersed, and by common
sheet concentrated, or at least not interfered with by dis-
persion. It was, however, felt that the objections taken to
the former would be better answered by an experiment than
by any man’s opinion; and therefore the Garden Committee
directed it to be tried in the Garden.

‘‘ For this purpose a small pit, unventilated except by
sliding the sashes, and heated by hot-water pipes, was
selected. In the last week of August this pit was filled
with soft-wooded plants, which can only be kept in health
in the presence of a large quantity of light, among which
were the following, viz.: the Begonias odorata, undulata,
areyrostigma, and dichotoma, ‘Torenia asiatica, Pentas
earnea, Adamia sylvatica, Calostylis aurantiaca, and Achi-
menes picta. The four Begonias, Calostylis, Adamia, and
Pentas had been cut close back, and were leafless, ‘Torenia
was a cutting just struck, and of Achimenes the dry tubers
were employed. The experiment was thus set in action,
without any special care having been taken to make it
succeed ; on the contrary, everything was against success.

PROCEEDINGS. xlv

“Tt is needless to say that the months of October,
November, and December, 1848, were more than usually
gloomy, and that ‘neither January nor February offered
any advantage over those months in ordinary years. In
addition to this, it was often necessary to leave the plants in
the dark all day long, in consequence of the sashes being
covered with frozen mats, which could not be removed.
Nevertheless, and notwithstanding these impediments, the
experiment was perfectly successful.

‘*Mr. Gordon, to whom the experiment was confided,
produced the plants above named in the most beautiful
health, with firm short wood, broad, thick, clean, bright-
green leaves, and, in the case of the Gesnera and Pentas,
flowers perfect in colour, size, and form. In short, it may
be said without the least exaggeration, that more perfect
examples of high cultivation were never seen, and few so
perfect. It was clear that there had been no deficiency of
any element or condition which is required for the most
perfect health.

‘¢ This conclusive proof of the excellence of rough plate
glass possesses the highest horticultural interest. It shows
that gardeners are now secured effectually from the scorch-
ing effects of the sun during summer, and that all the costly
as well as inconvenient contrivances for shading may be in
future dispensed with. A gentleman of my acquaintance
has lately been called upon to pay for shading a single span-
roofed house no less a sum than 60/., which is little less
than the whole cost of the glass roof; had the value of
rough plate glass been known only nine months ago, this
vexatious outlay might have been avoided. Such glass does
all that a screen can do, and no light is intercepted.”

Cuttings of the following three Pears and Cherry were
distributed to such Fellows as wished to receive them :—

1. Beurré d’Amanlis, a large obovate pear ripening in
September, superior to the Brown Beurré in quality,
and so much hardier that it bears well as a standard,
whereas the Brown Beurré will not succeed as such.

2. Eyewood, one of the late Mr. Knight’s valuable hardy
pears, ripe in October. Fruit of it from a standard is
as large as that of Gonsel’s Bergamot; rich and
excellent.

3. March Bergamot, also raised by Mr. Knight. The
fruit is about the size of that of the Autumn Bergamot,
and like it in shape. It will keep till March, or even

later. Mr. Knight stated that it would be found very
VOL. IV. e

xlvi

PROCEEDINGS.

valuable in cold and unfavourable situations in which
the French and Belgian varieties would not succeed.

The shoots of this, as well as those of the Eyewood,
are very thorny when the trees are young; but fewer
are produced as they get older, and fruit-spurs are then
formed in their place.

4, Werder’s Early Heart Cherry, a black fruit, of German
origin, rich, and much earlier than the May Duke.

Booxs PRESENTED.

The Seventeenth Annual Report of the Royal Horticultural Society of Cornwall.
From the Society.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. No. XVII. From the Society.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. XVI., Part 4; and Proceed-
ings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. II., Nos. 31 and 32. From the
Society.

The Miiondund for January. From the Editor.

On Climate in Connection with Husbandry, with reference to a work entitled Cours
d’ Agriculture, par le Comte de Gasparin, by the Right Hon. the Earl of Lovelace.
From the Author.

SpecIAL GENERAL Meetine. The Society then resolved

itself into a special general meeting, which had been pre-
viously summoned by post, according to the by-laws, for the
purpose of electing a new member of Council, in the room
of the Earl of Auckland, deceased. The chairman (the
Duke of Northumberland, Vice-President) announced that
the Council had recommended as a fit and proper successor
the Right Hon. Lord Ashburton; this nomination having
been supported by Mr. Hutton and Dr. Daniel, the ballot
took place. At its close, his Grace named, as scrutineers,
P. Pole, Esq., C. Devon, Esq., and Mr. C. Loddiges, who
reported that the Right Hon. Lord Ashburton had been
elected unanimously, and that 18 Fellows had voted.

March 6, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Exvections. Mr. George Paul, of Cheshunt; and Mr. Charles

Turner, of Slough.

Awarps. Knightian Medal: To Mr. Wilmot, F.H.S., for a dish

of Black Hamburgh Grapes, from his Vines grown in the
remarkable manner described in Proceedings, p. xvi.

The Vice-Secretary having afterwards personally examined the

place where these Vines grew, published the following ac-
count of the case in the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle.’

“Tn July, 1846, Mr. Wilmot planted in the footpath, at
the back of some Pine pits, a number of young Black Ham-

PROCEEDINGS. xl vii

burgh Vines, and introduced them into the houses by knock-
ing a brick out of the back wall next the ground. These
Vines, planted in a footpath, made of materials to walk
upon, on the north side of a Pine stove, grew the first year
20 feet long. On the 16th of January of the present year
a leaf from one of them, measuring 21 inches the one way,
and 18 inches the other, was exhibited to the Horticultural
Society, and on the 6th of March (present meeting) a dish
of ripe Grapes from a part of these Vines obtained a Silver
Knightian Medal. ‘The bunches were small, as all Mr.
Wilmot’s are, heavy bunches of Grapes, not answering
the purpose of growers for market; but they were well
swelled, covered with bloom, and perfectly well coloured.

‘¢ When the Vines were planted, holes were made in the
footpath with a pickaxe, and about a couple of quarts of
soil in which Pine-apples had been grown was added to each
hole, the crocks having been first sifted out. This was done
for the purpose of forming a bed in which the young roots
might lie, the soil of the footpath being too rough and coarse
for them.

‘‘ As to the footpath itself, in order that there might be
no mistake upon that point, we have examined it, and we
can state that the soil of which it is composed becomes, when
dry, as hard as the high road. This is owing to the pre-
sence of a large quantity of red brick earth, of which Mr.
Wilmot’s market garden naturally consisted; with this is
mixed a large quantity of pounded clinkers from the stoke-
holes where coke or coal is burnt, some loam, and a quan-
tity of the ordinary well tilled soil of the garden. Next
the walk where the Vines grow, whose leaves have been
just described, there is, within four feet, the trench of a
Macphail pit filled with long litter, for heating a Pine bed.
The other footpath, where similar Vines are growing, is a
mere space lying between two Pine houses. In both
cases these borders or footpaths are, as has been already
stated, on the north side of the wall of the Pine house,
and can receive no direct heat from the sun, even in sum-
mer.

“To what cause, then, may we assign this extraordinary
erowth, so wholly unexpected by everybody? It cannot
be to the marvellous richness of soil; that is evident. It
cannot be to high temperature; for although the footpath
in one case was on the edge ofa trench for dung, yet Mr.
Wilmot states that that trench was not worked till long
after the Vines had made their first growth.

“* But although a very high temperature of the soi! can

e2

xl viii PROCEEDINGS.

hardly be taken as the cause, we are by no means sure that
temperature may not have something to do with this unusual
growth. The Vines were planted in July; and in gardens
so much worked, and so much inclosed, and so traversed by
hothouses in all directions as Mr. Wilmot’s is, the heat of
the soil may have been higher than is imagined, even al-
though the sun could not directly shine upon it. But there
was another cause in operation. ‘The Pine-houses in
question should rather be called pits; for they are sunk
from 2 to 3 feet below the level of the soil; being almost
constantly heated by hot water pipes, the warm air of the
pit must communicate some part of its heat to the sur-
rounding soil—to what extent we have no means of ascer-
taining.

‘‘The soil too is by no means poor; the path in which
erew the Vines with large leaves must be greatly enriched
with the soakage from the Macphail pits; and although it
becomes as hard as a brick, it is not, therefore, compact ; on
the contrary, the fragments of clinkers maintain its porosity
effectually, and permit a ready passage to any heat that may
be communicated to it.”

Banksian Medals: To Messrs. Knight and Perry for a nice
specimen of Dielytra spectabilis, a handsome Fumewort
sent to the Society from the North of China by Mr. For-
tune. It is described and figured in vol. ii. t. 3. To Mr.
Mylam, gardener to S. Rucker, Esq., F'.H.S., for a finely
blossomed plant of Phalenopsis amabilis.

Certificates of Merit: To Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-Apple
Place, for a specimen of Billbergia zebrina. ‘To Mr. Hen-
derson, Wellington Road, St. John’s Wood, for a seedling
Cineraria named Delicata, a cupped flower, white, mar-
gined with violet, small, but striking.

MIscELLANEOUS SUBJECTS OF ExHIBITION. Six unnamed
Seedling Cinerarias from Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith; a
Seedling Pelargonium named Woodlands, well coloured, a
good trusser, and reported to be suitable for early forcing,
from Mr. Lane, of Great Berkhampsted; Portlandia
grandiflora, from Messrs. Henderson ; Odontoglossum stel-
latum, from Messrs. Jackson, of Kingston; and two fruit
of what were called Vegetable Marrows, from St. Michael’s,
from Mr. Charlwood, F.H.S., Covent Garden. The Vice-
Secretary stated that the latter were not Vegetable Mar-
rows at all ; but the pale-coloured, obovate, wrinkled, citron-
like fruit of Sechium edule or Choco, plants of which were

tried

PROCEEDINGS. xlix

some years ago in the Society’s Garden, and proved too

tender for our climate.

NovELTIES FROM THE SocIETY’s GARDEN. Thea assamica or
Assam Tea, a robust growing large-leaved species, as un-
like the Green Tea as the latter is to the tea from the south
of China, which is of an inferior kind. Also a well-flowered
specimen of Inga pulcherrima, This, though proverbially
a shy flowering plant, has been found to blossom well in the
garden, the essential point of success consisting in en-
couraging it to make wood early in order that the latter

may

be well ripened before winter.

The following cuttings of Pears were distributed to such
Fellows as wished to receive them :—

if

Shobden Court, a middle-sized obovate fruit of yel-
lowish-russet colour, and rich sugary flavour ; ripe in
January and February. It is amongst the latest raised
of the race of hardy pears introduced by the late Mr.
Knight.

. Knight’s Monarch, also raised by Mr. Knight. The

true sort cannot be too generally cultivated. In va-
rious parts of the country where it has been tried it
has invariably proved excellent. Ripe in December,
January, and February.

- Broom Park, a remarkably sugary pear, middle-

sized, roundish, with a flavour partaking of those of the
Melon and Pine Apple. Ripe in December and Ja-
nuary.

. Comte de Lamy, middle-sized, roundish, sugary and

rich; ripe in October. The tree has an upright mode
of growth, and bears abundantly.

These are all hardy pears of excellent quality ; and better
from standards or dwarfs than from walls.

Book PRESENTED.
The Atheneum for February. From the Editor.

March 20, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Exections. The Rev. W. B. L. Hawkins, M.A., Lewell,
Dorsetshire ; and Frederick Ashby, Esq., Staines.

AWARDS.

Knightian Medal: To Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for

a collection of Stove and Greenhouse plants.

] PROCEEDINGS.

Banksian Medals: 'To Mr. Rivers, gardener to R. W. Eyles,
Esq., F.H.S., for the same. To Mr. Iveson, gardener to
the Duchess Dowager of Northumberland, for ripe fruit of
the Vanilla (V. planifolia), and for a hardy hybrid Rhodo-
dendron, with large compact heads of handsome white
flowers. ‘To Mr. Bunney, of Stratford, for a pretty brown
and yellow-flowered Oncidium, apparently new to gardens ;
and to Messrs. Henderson, of Pine Apple Place, for the
following collection of Hyacinths :— Blues : Emicus ; Prince
Van Saxe Weimar, double; L’ Ami Ceeur, Vulcan, Richard
Coeur de Lion, Le plus Noir, Graaf Van Nassau, Tubal
Cain, Charles Dickens, William the First. Pale blue:
with lighter tubes, Laurens Koster, double; Grande Vi-
dette (one of the best); A la Mode, double; Orandates ;
Passe tout; Prince Frederic, double. White : La Candeur,
Madame Talleyrand, Virgo, States General, Helene, Vic-
toria Regine, Grande Vidette. Red: Van Speyke, L’ Eclair,
Appellius, Panorama, La Dame du Lac, Talma, Lord Wel-
lington, Waterloo, double; Norma. Black, or nearly so:
Prince Albert. Plum-coloured: La Unique, a desirable
variety on account of its colour, which is new to Hya-
cinths.

Certificates of Merit: To Messrs. Fairbairn, of Clapham,
for a beautifully-grown plant of the late Mr. McNab’s
variety of Erica aristata major. ‘To Messrs. Veitch for a
Dendrobium from Moulmein, blush-coloured, with a yellow
blotch in the lip.

MiscELLANEOUS SUBJECTS OF EXHIBITION. Messrs. Veitch
sent Camellia Storyi, a variety in the way of Imbricata,
pretty, and stated to be constant in character; also their
hardy Yellow Violet from Patagonia. Mr. Henderson, of
Wellington Nursery, St. John’s Wood, contributed Azalea
obtusa and various Cinerarias. Messrs. Kendal], Towns-
end, and Gaines also showed seedlings of the same useful
genus. Mr. Drummond, gardener to C. H. Leigh, Esq.,
Pontypool Park, produced a Ripley Queen Pine Apple,
weighing 2 lb. 124 0z.: it was stated to have been grown
in turf, broken bricks, and rough charcoal.

NovELTIES FROM THE SocrETy’s GARDEN. Mr. Fortune’s
double-flowered White Chinese Peach, a handsome hardy
addition to our shrubberies; and a very dwarf compact
white-flowered Azalea from the North of China, differing
from the common White Chinese Azalea not only in having

PROCEEDINGS, li

but five stamens instead of ten, but also in other important
particulars.

Book PRESENTED.

Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society of Lons
don, 1849, by William Spence, Esq., President. From the Author.

April 3, 1849. (REGENT STREET. )

Exvection. The Rev. J. Heyworth, Bristol.

Awarps. Knightian Medals: 'To Mr. Iveson, gardener to the
Duchess Dowager of Northumberland, for an exhibition of
cut flowers of light-coloured Rhododendrons. ‘These had
compact heads of flowers as large as those of the Red ‘l'ree
Rhododendron, and of the most delicate colours imaginable.
‘There were five sorts, three of which were named as fol-
lows :—Clivianum, Syonense, and Percyanum; the other
two were less remarkable. ‘The two first-named kinds were
delicate pink, with the upper petals of each flower richly
covered with deep crimson spots. Percyanum was some-
what smaller than its associates, and free from spots, but
veined with deeper pink, and _ beautifully transparent.
They have been obtained, it is believed, by crossing Cataw-
biense, or the White Pontic Rhododendron, with the White
Indian arborescent kind. They were stated to be quite
hardy, and to have been growing in the open border until
the flower-buds were about to open, when they were lifted,
and flowered under glass. This practice, or that of cover-
ing the plants where they grow so as to give shelter to the
flowers, which are apt to be injured by the weather, was
recommended in all cases where fine blooms are required.
To Messrs. Henderson, of Pine Apple Place, for a collec-
tion of Stove and Greenhouse plants, among which was a
pretty specimen of their new Eriostemon intermedium, also
for a collection of Hyacinths, whose names were as fol-
lows:—-The double ones are marked with D, the single
ones with 8. Pink: Prince of Wales, D; Monsieur de
Taesch, S; Acteur, D ; Comtesse de la Coste, D; Bouquet
Royal, D; Perruque Royal, D; Triumph Blandina, D;
Professor Lindley, D; Duchess de Parma, D. White:
Minerva, D; La Vestale, D (one of the best whites); Ne
Plus Ultra, D; Grande Blanche Imperiale, S ; Don Gra-
tuit, D. Red: Sans Souci, D; Mars, 8S. Dark blue:
Alfred the Great, D; Quentin Durward, S; Bouquet

hi

PROCEEDINGS.

Pourpre, D. Pale blue: Grand Sultan, D; Globe Ter-
restre, D; Oscar, S$; Robinson, S; Bloxburgh, D; Par-
menio, D; King of the Netherlands, D; Paartboots, D;
Mignonette de Dryfhout, D; Comtesse de St. Proust, D.
Cream: Groot Voorst, D. Yellow : Herman Sange, D.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. Turner, F.H.S., for an exhi-

bition of Heartsease, consisting of ‘Thomson’s Constellation,
Hooper’s Mary Jane, Nasmyth’s Mrs. M. Hamilton,
Hooper’s Brutus, Bell’s Lord John Russell and Duke of
Norfolk, Turner’s Charmer and Commodore, Bell’s Cli-
max, Turner’s Miss Edwards, Bell’s Aurora, Youell’s Su-
preme, Turner’s Surplice and Mrs. Beck, Oswold’s Undine,
Hooper’s Attila, Thomson’s Duchess of Rutland, Hooper’s
Wonderful, Turner’s Caroline, Bell’s Duchess of Norfolk,
Backhouse’s Dr. Wolff, Collison’s Perseus, Hooper’s Milo,
Turner’s Optimus. To Mr. Toy, Oatlands Palace Gar-
dens, Weybridge, for a well swelled and beautifully co-
loured dish of Keens’ Seedling Strawberry.

MisceELLANEOUS SuBJECTS OF Exurpition. Mr. Craggs, gar-

dener to Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P., sent flowers raised
from the seed of the Highclere Rhododendron altaclerense.
These were inferior to that variety, and served to confirm
the fact that when hybrids do seed, the seedlings raised
from them are almost certain to return sooner or later to
the state of their parents. Mr. Henderson, of Wellington
Nursery, St. John’s Wood, contributed a collection of Cine-
rarias, among which Cerito was the best. A tray of Ca-
mellia blooms, from plants growing in the open garden at
Abbotsbury in Dorsetshire, was exhibited by the Hon. W.
F. Strangways, who furnished the following memoranda
respecting them :—

‘*'The specimens exhibited are from a number of standard
bushes of Camellias growing intermixed with other shrubs
in the middle of the garden, totally unprotected by any
wall or other shelter, though partially shaded by taller
trees. They are of various sorts, taken without much se-
lection, and seem all to thrive equally well: they have
been planted some as long as ten, none less than three or
four years. They are but little pruned, and are left to
their natural habit, which, it is interesting to observe in
plants left to themselves, varies much in the different varie-
ties. Some grow into round bushes, some take a fastigiate
or aspiring shape, some spread widely near the ground, and
others have a loose, almost pendulous habit of growth. .

PROCEEDINGS. hiii

Until ten years ago the Camellias planted out at Abbots-
bury were placed in the warmest and most sunny spots in
the garden, planted in the natural soil, a rich red ferru-
ginous loam, in which it was found they never flowered,
produced few and yellow leaves, and dwindled away to a
naked and unsightly stick, and generally died after a few
years. It then occurred to the gardener to treat them as
far as possible on an opposite system, and to plant them in
the shade not of a wall, but of trees, in a black, nearly pure,
peat soil, not too wet, in a low cool part of the garden
sloping to the north. ‘This treatment has succeeded so well
that it is recommended to all gardeners possessing peat soils
to plant out all their spare Camellias as freely as their
Rhododendrons, and to treat them nearly in the same man-
ner. All the varieties hitherto tried seem to do equally
well; seed has been sometimes formed: the quantity of
flower is very great, and, though put forth early in the
winter, comes forward so slowly, even in the mildest season,
as to secure the flowering from being prematurely hastened
in the spring. So great an acquisition to hardy gardening
as the culture in the open ground of the numerous varieties
of one of our choicest flowering shrubs, and certainly one of
the finest evergreens, and which with little trouble may be
had in profusion, seems worthy of more extended observa-
tion and experiment. Peat and shade,—in a word, the
usual treatment of American plants, seem to be all that is
requisite for the attainment of this object, to which it will
be a great satisfaction to have practically pointed out the
way.”

NovELTIES FROM THE SocieTy’s GARDEN. A plant of Be-
gonia dichotoma, which had been grown under rough plate
glass. It exhibited the best possible health, its large glossy
leaves being of the deepest green.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Syllabus of a complete Course of Lectures on Chemistry. By Professor E. Solly.
From the Author.

The Athenzum for March. From the Editor.

Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences. Tome XXVII. From the
Academy.

liv PROCEEDINGS.

April 17, 1849. (RecENT STREET.)

Exections. Col. Hall, M.P.; H. Tuke, Esq., Manor
House, Chiswick; and Mr. B. T. B. Gibbs, Half Moon
Street, Piccadilly.

Awarps. Banksian Medals: 'To Mr. Jones, gardener to
K. Hutchings, Esq., Dowlais House, Glamorganshire, for
four Queen Pine Apples, nicely swelled for the season.
They weighed respectively 3 lbs. 10 0z., 3 Ibs. 8 oz., and
two 3lbs. 7 oz. To Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill, East Barnet,
for a handsomely grown Providence Pine, weighing 7 Ibs.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. Drummond, gardener to C. H.
Leigh, Esq., Pontypool Park, for a good specimen of the
smooth-leaved variety of Cayenne Pine Apple, weighing
4 lbs. 4 oz. To Mr. Myatt, of Deptford, for a remarkably
fine specimen of Cyclamen persicum, forming a mass of
flowers 18 inches across, and this from a single root in a
12-inch pot. To Mr. Pond, of Bath, for eleven Seedling
Cinerarias. Among these the most striking were Bride,
pale lilac, with a light centre; and Bridesmaid, a large
flower, white, tipped with purplish lilac.

MIscELLANEOUs SUBJECTS OF ExniBiTion. Mr. Smith, gar-
dener to G. Anderson, Esq., of Regent’s Park, sent Ron-
deletia thyrsoidea, a plant new to gardens, which had been
obtained by sowing the soil which was found adhering to
the roots of some plants imported from Guatemala. Mr.
Henderson, of Wellington Nursery, St. John’s Wood,
showed a group of Seedling Cinerarias, the best of which
were Mdlle. Rosati, white with a dark disc, and edged with
bluish lilac, a fine flower, but rather small; Mdlle. Perodi,
in the way of Kendall’s Beauty of Newington; Flora
M‘Ivor, intense crimson purple; Nymph, white with a
purple centre; Fanny Ellsler, white; and Bessy, a deep
velvety purple, which contrasted well with the yellow pollen
masses of the disc. Mr. Salter, Versailles Nursery, Ham-
mersmith, sent a seedling Cineraria named Incomparable.
Several cut specimens of crimson and delicate pink Rho-
dodendrons, together with a bunch of the yellow Chinese
Azalea, were exhibited by Mr. Cox, gardener to W. Wells,
Esq., of Redleaf. Mr. Frost, of Dropmore, sent flowers of
two seedling Azaleas, named Frostii and Andersonii; and
along with them a cut specimen of the red-flowered Heeman-
thus multiflorus, a poisonous plant from the tropical parts
of Africa. Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill, showed Sweetwater

PROCEEDINGS. lv

Grapes, good bunches, but hardly ripe. Mr. Toy again
sent specimens of Keens’ seedling Strawberry, and along
with them a plant of the same in fruit. A clean-looking
sample of Ash-leaved Kidney Potatoes, perfectly free from
disease, was exhibited by Mr. Torbron, gardener to J. Lane,
Esq., of Leyton. They were stated to have been produced
thus :—In December the tubers were set vertically in pots,
in rich soil, and placed in a vinery. When the young
erowths had advanced from 4 to 6 inches in length, and
had presented the leaves to the light, they were removed
to a greenhouse and placed along the pathway. larly in
February a leaf-pit was prepared for them, having no flues
or linings. ‘The plants were turned out of the pots and
planted in rows 18 inches apart, in the soil which was
placed above the dead leaves. They were watered, to
settle the soil about their balls, and were stated to have
received no water since, it being apprehended that, as
there was no command of artificial heat, if water was
given them they might become dropsical and diseased.
They produced young potatoes fit for table in the third
week in March. Air was admitted on all favourable occa-
sions by partially removing the lights. In this way it was
stated that by turning the dead leaves so as to create a
little heat, two crops might be obtained in the year. Mr.
Warner, of Jewin Street, sent one of his Patent Garden
Engines, the chief novelty of which consists in the fulcrum
on which the handle rests being fixed outside the water-
pipe. By this means no part of the handle is connected
with the water-tube, and a sound joint at the axis of the
handle is maintained.

NovELTIES FROM THE SociETYy’s GARDEN. Erica zinzi-
nella, a variety adding the flowers of hiemalis to the habit
of propendens, and a plant of Nemophila maculata, con-
cerning which it was mentioned that in some of the plants
the violet spotting is more disposed to run into the white
ground colour than in others. There is also a difference in
different plants as regards the size of the flowers. Packets

_ of Potato seed from New Zealand, presented to the Society
by Earl Grey, were distributed among the Fellows.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Nova Acta Academie Nature Curiosorum. Volume XXII., Part I.; and the Sup-
plement to Vol. XXI. From the Academy at Breslau.

Glenny’s Hand-Book to the Flower Garden, Shrubbery, and Greenhouse. Part II.
From the Author.

lvi PROCEEDINGS.

May 1, 1849. (Recent StREET—ANNIVERSARY. )

The following Fellows of the Society, viz. :—

The Bishop of Winchester,
Col. Challoner,
Dr. Jackson,

were elected new Members of the Council, in the room of

Sir George Staunton, Bart.,
J. H. Schréder, Esq.,
C. B. Warner, Esq.

The following Fellows of the Society were elected officers for
the ensuing year, viz. :—

The Duke of Devonshire, President ;
Robert Hutton, Esq., Treasurer ;
J. R. Gowen, Esq., Secretary.

The Annual Report from the Council and Auditors was read
(see the body of this volume).

It was moved by Mr. John Glenny, seconded by Peter Pole,
Esq., and carried unanimously, that the Report now read be
adopted.

The following notice was suspended in the meeting-room :—

“ Lectures on Horticulture, 1849.—Dr. Lindley having con-
sented to deliver Six Lectures on Horticulture to the Fellows of
the Society during the months of May, June, and July, the
Council have appointed the following Tuesdays for this purpose,
at three o’clock, P.M., viz. :—

May—15th and 22nd ;

June—12th and 26th;

July—3rd and 17th;
and in order to facilitate the dispatch of other business, these
lectures have been also appointed Ordinary General Meetings,
at which Fellows of the Society may be elected, and objects of
exhibition received.

‘<The subjects of the lectures will be :—

May 15th.—The materials from which plants derive their FOOD.
5, 22nd.—The ROOT, its means of obtaining food, and its other
roperties.
June 12th.—The LEAVES and their importance in the general
economy of the plant.
» 26th.—The STEM, whether regarded as timber or as a means
of propagation: together with the circumstances

which hasten or defer its destruction by decay.
July 3rd.—The FLOWER and FRUIT of plants, the circum-

PROCEEDINGS. lvii

stances which most contribute to their perfection
or imperfection.

July 17th.—The DISEASES to which plants are liable, and the
mode of alleviating them ; so far as existing know-
ledge offers the means of forming any judgment.

‘* These lectures will be illustrated by specimens, explaining
the subjects under consideration ; and persons who have any re-
markable objects which bear upon the questions of the day, are
invited to send them to Regent Street. It must, however, be
clearly understood that such objects cannot be received one
moment later than twelve o’clock on the day of lecture.”

May 5, 1849. (GARDEN EXHIBITION.)

The day of this exhibition was ushered in by a warm and
brilliant morning. Up to half-past one everything was fair and
favourable; but at that time a thunder-storm came up, driving
to the tents the part of the visitors already in the garden, and home
again those who were still on the road. After an hour or so the
rain ceased, the air cleared, and the temperature rose, shortly after
which the bands were playing and the visitors promenading.
The number of the latter was, however, much curtailed by the
storm ; the total number being 2054, exclusive of exhibitors and
persons officially employed. As regards the exhibition itself,
it equalled generally, and in many particulars surpassed, any
May show of former years. Azaleas were produced in great
abundance and in unusual splendour; and the same remark ap-
plies to Orchids and Roses in pots. The latter, indeed, whose
cultivation under such circumstances was once deemed hopeless,
were the admiration of everybody.

The AwArRp was as follows :—

The Certificate of Honour: To Mr. May, gardener to
Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for a collection of thirty Stove
and Greenhouse Plants.

The Large Gold Medal: 1. To Mr. Cole, gardener to H.
Colyer, Esq., of Dartford, for a collection of thirty Stove
and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Williams, gardener to
C. B. Warner, Esq., F.H.S., for twenty species of Exotic
Orchids.

The Gold Knightian Medal: 1. To Mr. Taylor, gardener to
J. Coster, Esq., of Streatham, for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Mylam, gar-
dener to S. Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for twenty species

lviii

PROCEEDINGS.

of Exotic Orchids. 38. To Mr. Carson, gardener to
W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., F.H.S., for ten species of the
same. 4. To Mr. Smith, gardener to W. Quilter, Esq., of
Norwood, for fifteen varieties of Cape Heath. 5. To
Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting, for the same.

The Gold Banksian Medal: 1.'To Mr. Carson, gardener to

W.F. G. Farmer, Esq., F.H.S., for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Messrs. Veitch and
Son, of Exeter, for twenty species of Exotic Orchids. 3.
To Mr. Plant, gardener to J. H. Schroder, Esq., F-1.S.,
for ten species of the same. 4. To Mr. Mylam, gardener
to S. Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for fifteen varieties of
Cape Heath. 5. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for the same.
6. To Messrs. Paul, of Cheshunt, for twelve varieties of Roses
in pots. 7. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus,
Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of Greenhouse Azaleas, in
twelve varieties.

The Large Silver Gilt Medal: 1. To Mr. Green, gardener

to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Jack, gardener
to R. G. Loraine, Esq., of Wallington, Surrey, for a col-
lection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 38. To Mr.
Dobson, gardener to Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for ten species of
Exotic Orchids. 4. To Mr. Jack, for six species of the
same. 5. To Mr. Hamp, gardener to J. Thorne, Esq., of
South Lambeth, for a collection of Amaryllids. 6. To
Mr. Cock, F.H.S., for six new varieties of Pelargonium, in
8-inch pots. 7. To Mr. Dobson, for the same. 8. To
Mr. Parker, gardener to J. H. Oughton, Esq., of Roe-
hampton, for six varieties of Pelargonium, in 11-inch pots.
9. '[o Mr. Dobson, for the same. 10. To Mr. Gaines,
F.H.S., for six fancy Pelargoniums. 11. To Mr. Slowe,
gardener to W. R. Baker, Esq., F.H.S., for twelve varie-
ties of Roses in pots. 12. To Messrs. Lane and Son,
Great Berkhampstead, for the same. 13. To Mr. Cole,
gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., of Dartford, for fifteen varie-
ties of Cape Heath. 14. To Messrs. Pamplin, Lea Bridge
Road, Essex, for the same. 15. To Mr. Taylor, gardener
to J. Coster, Esq., for nine varieties of the same. 16. To
Mr. May, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for a col-
lection of Greenhouse Azaleas, in twelve varieties. 17.
To Mr. Carson, gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Hsq.,
F.H.S., for the same in six varieties. 18. To Mr. Green,
gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for Tall Cacti
in flower. 19. To Mr. Parker, gardener to J. H. Oughton,

PROCEEDINGS. lix

Esq., for six dastinct species of Pelargonium, exhibiting
superior cultivation.

The Certificate of Excellence: 1.'To Mr. Gerrie, gardener to
Sir John Catheart, Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Slowe, gardener
to W. R. Baker, Esq., F.H.S., for a collection of six Stove
and Greenhouse Plants. 38. To Mr. Gaines, F.H.S., for six
new varieties of Pelargonium, in 8-inch pots. 4. To the
same, for six varieties of Pelargonium, in 11-inch pots.
5. To Mr. Francis, of Hertford, for twelve varieties of
Roses, in pots. 6. To Messrs. Frazer, Lea Bridge Road,
Essex, for a collection of Greenhouse Azaleas, in twelve
varieties. 7. To Mr. Gerrie, for the same, in six varieties.
8. To Mr. May, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for
Pimelea spectabilis.

The Large Silver Medal: 1. To Mr. Pawley, of Bromley,
Kent, for a collection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse
Plants. 2. To Mr. Bruce, gardener to Boyd Miller, Esq.,
of Tooting, for a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse
Plants. 38. To Mr. May, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence,
F.H.S., for ten species of Exotic Orchids. 4. To Mr.
Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dowager of Northumber-
land, F.H.S., for Dendrobium Wallichianum. 5. To Messrs.
Fairbairn, of Clapham, for Erica Cavendishii. 6. To
Messrs. Rollisson, for Epacris miniata. 7. To Messrs.
Veitch and Son, for Boronia spathulata. 8. To the same,
for a new shrubby Calceolaria, from Peru. 9. To Mr.
Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., for
a bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes, weighing 2 lbs.
5 oz. 10. To Mr. Davis, gardener to Lord Boston, F.H.S.,
for three Providence Pineapples.

The Silver Knightian Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Malyon, gardener
to T. Brandram, Esq., of Lea Grove, Blackheath, for a
collection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To
Mr. Stanly, gardener to H. Berens, Esq., F.H.S., for a
collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 3. To Mr.
Glendinning, F.H.S., for the same. 4. To Mr. Bruce,
gardener to Boyd Miller, Esq., for Dendrobium fimbriatum.
5. To the same, for Erica mutabilis. 6. To Messrs. Veitch
and Son, for A&schynanthus speciosus. 7. To Mr. Slowe,
gardener to W. R. Baker, Esq., F.H.S., for Tremandra
verticillata. 8. To Mr. Jackson, F.H.S., for Rhododen-
dron campanulatum superbum. 9. To Mr. Green, gar-
dener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for Erica Hart-
nelli. 10. To Mr. E. G. Henderson, of the Wellington

lx

PROCEEDINGS.

Nursery, St. John’s Wood, for Boronia tetrandra. 11. To
Messrs. Rollisson, for the best-named collection of Plants
(no error in fifteen). 12. To Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill, East
Barnet, for a basket of Black Hamburgh Grapes. 13. To
the same, for four Providence Pineapples.

The Silver Banksian Medal: 1. To Mr. Campbell, gardener

to Thos. Huggins, Esq., of Norwood, for a collection of
fifteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Hamp,
gardener to J. Thorne, Esq., of South Lambeth, for a
collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 3. To A.
Rowland, Esq., F.H.S., for twelve varieties of Roses, in
pots. 4. To Mr. Ivery, of Peckham, for a collection of
Cinerarias, in twelve varieties. 5. To Messrs. Rollisson,
for a new Hoya, from Java. 6. To Mr. Cole, gardener to
H. Colyer, Esq., for the second best-named collection of
Plants (two errors in thirty).

The Certificate of Merit: 1.'To Mr. E. G. Henderson, for a

collection of Cinerarias, in twelve varieties. 2. To Mr.
Carson, gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., F.H.S., for
Azalea lateritia. 3. To Messrs. Rollisson, for Talauma
mutabilis. 4. To Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner,
Esq., F.H.S., for the third best-named collection of Plants
(two errors in twenty). 5. To Mr. Mylam, gardener to S.
Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for the third best-named col-
lection of Plants (two errors in twenty). N.B. These two
collections were named with equal accuracy.

May 15, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Evections. The Earl of Shelburne; J. F. Fletcher, Esq.,

Peel Hall, Bolton; J. G. Sheppard, Esq., Campsey Ash,
Suffolk ; A. Cuthill, Esq., Clapham Park; T. Fortescue,
Esq., Ravensdale Park, Dundalk ; H. Harms, Esq., Vassal
House, Brixton Road; J. Edwards, Esq., Wace Cottage,
Holloway; G. Reed, Esq., Manor House, Burnham, near
Bridgewater ; and Mr. H. Hart, 26, Pall-Mall.

Lecture. Dr. Lindley then delivered the first of the six

Lectures on Horticulture, announced in a previous page.
The subject was the “‘ Food of Plants.” With the assist-
ance of apparatus, furnished by the Royal College of
Chemistry, a series of beautiful experiments was skilfully
performed by Mr. Medlock in illustration of the composition
of plants, and of their food. Among these, the decom-

PROCEEDINGS, Ixi

position of carbonic acid, and the consequent separation of
its charcoal; of olefiant gas, with the same result; the
conversion of the most delicate flowers into charcoal; the
production of ammonia from coffee leaves; the conversion
of starch, gum, and sugar into charcoal, by the removal of
their water; and the formation of phosphoric acid, were
particularly striking.

May 22,1849. (RecEenT STREET.)

Lecture. Dr. Lindley delivered the second of his six Lectures
on Horticulture. The subject was ‘ The Root; its Means
of obtaining Food, and its other Properties.” On this occa-
sion the manner in which roots are formed, and the means
by which they feed, together with a variety of questions
connected with growth, drainage, transplantation, potting,
watering, manuring, foreing, &c., were illustrated by ex-
amples.

Specimens were also sent from the Society’s Garden of the
following plants :—Hoya imperialis (Messrs. Veitch’s small-
leaved variety), Lemonia spectabilis, Cyrtoceras multiflorum,
a Parsonia from New Zealand, Lilium pyrenaicum, Nemo-
phila maculata, Tropzeolum edule, Erica Cavendishii, and
Dillwynia clavata.

June 9, 1849. (GARDEN EXHIBITION.)

Than on this occasion a more delightful day, and a more
glorious collection of flowers, have perhaps never been combined ;
the softness of the turf, the freshness of the foliage—here ma-
tured, there coloured with the peculiar tints of spring, banks of
Rhododendrons in blossom, tents filled with an endless profusion
of the most admirably varied flowers, together with a crowd of
gay costumes, graceful forms, and happy faces, constituted a
scene which has often been witnessed in these gardens and rarely
elsewhere. The number of visitors present was 8839, exclusive
of exhibitors and persons officially employed.

The AwaArp was as follows :—

The Certificate of Honour: To Mr. May, gardener to Mrs.
Lawrence, F.H.S., for a collection of thirty Stove and
Greenhouse Plants.

The Large Gold Medal: 1. To Mr. Cole, gardener to H.
Colyer, Esq., of Dartford, for a collection of thirty Stove
VOL. Iv. -

[xii PROCEEDINGS.

and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Mylam, gardener to
S. Rucker, Esq., F.H.S., for twenty species of Exotic
Orchids.

The Gold Knightian Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Green, gardener to
Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Messrs. Veitch and
Son, of Exeter, for twenty species of Exotic Orchids. 3. To
Mr. Plant, gardener to J. H. Schréder, Esq., F.H.S., for
ten species of the same. 4. To Mr. Mylam, for fifteen
varieties of Cape Heath. 5. 'To Messrs. Fairbairn, Clapham,
for the same.

The Gold Banksian Medal: 1. To Mr. Taylor, gardener to
J. Coster, Esq., of Streatham, for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Williams, gar-
dener to C. B. Warner, Esq., F.H.S., for twenty species
of Exotic Orchids. 38. To Mr. Dobson, gardener to Mr.
Beck, F.H.S., for ten species of the same. 4. To Messrs.
Lane and Son, Great Berkhampstead, for twelve varieties
of Roses in pots. 5. To Mr. Smith, gardener to W. Quilter,
Esq., Norwood, for fifteen varieties of Cape Heath. 6. To
Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting, for the same. 7. To Mr.
Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for
Tali Cacti in flower.

The Large Silver Gilt Medal: 1. To Mr. Carson, gardener
to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., F.H.S., for a collection of
fifteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. King-
horn, gardener to the Earl of Kilmorey, Twickenham, for
a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 3. To
Mr. Rae, gardener to J. J. Blandy, Esq., F.H.S., for
twenty species of Exotic Orchids. 4. To Mr. Smith,
gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for ten species of the
same. 5. To Mr. Kinghorn, for six species of the same.
6 To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dowager of
Northumberland, for a collection of Amaryllids. 7. To
Mr. Roser, gardener to J. Bradbury, Esq., of Streatham,
for twelve varieties of Roses in pots. 8. To Messrs. Paul,
Cheshunt, for the same. 9. To Mr. Gerrie, gardener to
Sir John Cathcart, Bart., F.H.S., for fifteen varieties of
Cape Heath. 10. To Messrs. Veitch, Exeter, for the same.
11. To Mr. May, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for
nine varieties of thesame. 12. To Mr. Stanly, gardener
to H. Berens, Esq., F.H.S., for six species of Cape Pelar-
gonium. 13. To Mr. Cock, F.HL.S., for six new varieties

PROCEEDINGS. )xiii

of Pelargonium in 8-inch pots. 14. To Mr. Dobson, gar-
dener to Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for the same. 15. To Mr.
Parker, gardener to J. H. Oughton, Esq., Roehampton,
for six varieties of old Pelargonium in 11-inch pots.
16. To Mr. Dobson, for the same. 17. To Mr. Ambrose,
Battersea, fora collection of Fancy Pelargoniums. 18. To
Mr. Falconer, gardener to A. Palmer, Esq., Cheam, for
Tall Cacti in flower. 19. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for
Escallonia macrantha.

The Certificate of Excellence: 1.'To Mr. Bruce, gardener to
Boyd Miller, Esq., ‘Tooting, for a collection of six Stove
and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Messrs. Loddiges, Hackney,
for twenty species of Exotic Orchids. 3. To Mr. Carson,
gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., F'.H.S., for ten species
of the same. 4. To Mr. Gerrie, gardener to Sir John
Cathcart, Bart., F.H.S., for six species of the same. 5. To
Mr. Dobson, gardener to Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for a collection
of Achimenes. 6. To Mr. Francis, of Hertford, for twelve
varieties of Roses in pots. 7. To Messrs. Pamplin and
Son, Lea Bridge Road, Essex, for fifteen varieties of Cape
Heath. 8. To Mr. Cole, gardener to H. Colyer, Esq.,
Dartford, for nine varieties of the same. 9. 'To Mr. Parker,
gardener to J. H. Oughton, Esq., for six species of Pelar-
gonium. 10. To Mr. Gaines, F.H.S., for a collection of
Fancy Pelargoniums. 11. To Mr. Robinson, gardener to
J. Simpson, Esq., Thames Bank, Pimlico, for six new
varieties of Pelargonium in 8-inch pots. 12. To Mr.
Gaines, for the same. 13. To Mr. Cock, F.H.S., for six
varieties of Pelargonium in 11-inch pots. 14. To Mr.
Gaines, for the same. 15. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir
E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of Greenhouse
Azaleas, in six varieties. 16. To Mr. Cole, for Aphelexis
purpurea. 17. To Mr. Bruce, for the same. 18. To
Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Lisianthus pulcher.

The Large Silver Medal: 1. To Messrs. Pamplin, for a col-
lection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To
Mr. Clark, gardener to W. Block, Esq., Muswell Hill,
for a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants.
3. To Mr. Jack, gardener to R. G. Loraine, Esq., Walling-
ford, for six species of Exotic Orchids. 4. To Mr. May,
gardener to E. Goodhart, Esq., Langley Park, Beckenham,
for nine varieties of Cape Heath. 5. To Mr. May, gar-
dener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for Erica vestita coccinea.
6. To Mr. Stains, of Middlesex Place, New Road, for six
species of Pelargonium. 7. ‘To the same, for six new va-

f2

Ixiv

PROCEEDINGS.

rieties of the same in 8-inch pots. 8. To Mr. Wiggins,
gardener to S. Sanders, Esq., Staines, for six varieties of
the same in 1]]-inch pots. 9. To Mr. Gaines, F.H.S., for
a collection of Calceolarias. 10. To Mr. Robinson, for a
collection of Fancy Pelargoniums. 11. To Mr. Glen-
dinning, F.H.S., for a collection of Statices. 12. To
Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Mirbelia dilatata. 13. To Mr.
May, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for Portlandia
grandiflora. 14. To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess
Dowager of Northumberland, F.H.S., for Curcuma Ros-
eoeana. 15. To Mr. Davis, Oak Hill, East Barnet, for
Noblesse Peaches. 16. To J. Bailey, Esq., Glanusk Park,
for Queen Pine-Apples.

The Silver Knightian Medal: 1. To Mr. Pawley, of Bromley,

Kent, for a collection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse
Plants. 2. To Mr. Jack, gardener to R. G. Loraine, Esq.,
for a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 3. To
Mr. Malyon, gardener to T. Brandram, Esq., for the same.
4. To Mr. Bruce, gardener to Boyd Miller, Esq., for Onci-
dium flexuosum. 5. To Mr. Knott, gardener to the Rey.
C. Pritchard, F.H.S., for a collection of Achimenes. 6.
To Mr. Taylor, gardener to J. Coster, Esq., of Streatham,
for nine species of Cape Heath. 7. To Mr. Stains, fora
collection of Fancy Pelargoniums. 8. To Mr. May, gar-
dener to E. Goodhart, Esq., for Erica ventricosa alba. 9.
To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dowager of Nor-
thumberland, F.H.S., for Echium fruticosum. 10. To
Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Tetratheca verticillata. 11.
To Mr. Smith, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for a
collection of Nepenthes. 12. ‘To Messrs. Henderson, Pine-
Apple Place, for a collection of Calceolarias. 13. To Mr.
Jack, for Posoqueria longiflora. 14. To Mr. Graham, gar-
dener to Mrs. Smith, Bersted Lodge, Bognor, for Violet
Hative Nectarines. 15. To Mr. Stent, gardener to W.
Herbert, Esq., Clapham Common, for Black Hamburgh
Grapes. 16. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for the best-
named collection of Plants (no error in twenty).

The Silver Banksian Medal: 1. To Mr. Glendinning, F.H.S.,

for a collection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2.
To Mr. Stanly, gardener to H. Berens, Esq., F.H.S., for a
collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 3. To A.
Rowland, Esq., F.H.S., for twelve varieties of Roses in
pots. 4. To Mr. Roser, gardener to J. Bradbury, Esq.,
Streatham, for nine varieties of Cape Heath. 5. To Messrs.
Henderson, Pine-Apple Place, for Pimelea Hendersonii.

PROCEEDINGS. Ixv

6. To Mr. Epps, F.H.S., for Aphelexis purpurea grandi-
flora. 7. To Mr. Tyso, Wallingford, for a collection of
Ranunculus. 8. To Mr. Glendinning, F.H.S., for Hoya
imperialis. 9. To Mr. Cowell, gardener to F. R. Bedwell,
Esq., Walthamstow, for Black Hamburgh Grapes. 10. To
Mr. Foggo, gardener to the Marquis of Abercorn, for Figs.
11. To Messrs. Rollisson, for the second best-named collec-
tion of Plants (no errors in fifteen).

The Certificate of Merit: 1. To A. Rowland, Esq., F.H.LS.,
for a collection of Roses, in twenty-five varieties. 2. To
Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S.,
for nine varieties of Cape Heath. 3. To Mr. Malyon,
gardener to T. Brandram, Esq., for Erica ventricosa
superba. 4. To Mr. Epps, F.H.S., for Erica propendens.
5. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Hoya bella. 6. 'To Mr.
Costar, Benson, Oxon, for a collection of Ranunculus. 7.
To Mr. Gad, gardener to T. J. Lenox, Esq., Stamford Brook
Lodge, New Road, for two Seedling Petunias, ‘‘ Enchan-
tress” and “‘ Prince of Wales.” 8. To Mr. Mylam, gar-
dener to G. Rucker, Esq., F.H.S., for a New Odontoglossum.
9. To the same, for Phalzenopsis rosea. 10. To the same,
for the third best-named collection of Plants (one error in
twenty).

June 12, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Lecture. Dr. Lindley delivered his third Lecture on “ Leaves
and their Importance in the General Economy of a Plant”
this day. The principal topics discussed on this occasion
were, the nature of leaves, their anatomy, vitality, and
varied forms; the processes of vegetation carried on in
them by exhaustion, absorption, assimilation, and nutrition ;
the rationale of ventilation, and the application of the facts
thus explained to the various operations in gardening.

Specimens of the following plants were sent from the
Society’s Garden .—Statice mucronata, Abronia umbellata,
Philadelphus Mexicanus, Mahornia incisa, Wulfenia Am-
herstize, and Pentstemon azureus,

June 26, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Exections. Sir J. W. Ramsden, Bart., Buckden, Skipton,
Yorkshire, and 6, Upper Brook Street; G. Harcourt, Esq.,
M.P., 5, Carlton Terrace; Rk. B. Byass, Esq., Westwood
Cottage, Sydenham; W. W. Saunders, Esq., East Hill,
Wandsworth ; and Mr. Hurst, Leadenhall Street.

lxvi PROCEEDINGS.

Lecrurre. Dr. Lindley delivered a Lecture on ‘*‘ The Stem,
whether regarded as Timber or as a Means of Propagation ;
together with the circumstances which hasten or defer its
Destruction by Decay.” The importance of the stem as a
source of food to the young organs, and as the seat of buds
through whose agency alone propagation by the stem can
be effected, was discussed. The true principles of propaga-
tion were also explained, together with a variety of questions
relating to. the decay of timber, and the proper season for
felling it. Numerous instructive specimens in illustration
of the effects upon timber of barbarous pruning were placed
before the meeting.

July 11, 1849, (GARDEN EXHIBITION.)

The day was beautifully fine, the Gardens at Chiswick House,
which through the liberality of the Duke of Devonshire were
again thrown open to the visitors, were delicious, and the exhi-
bition of Fruit and Flowers one of the best which has yet been
seen in July. The fruit growers vindicated their claim to rank
with the cultivators of flowers; very little was of inferior quality,
a great deal was excellent, and some was admirable. As to the
Strawberries from the Speaker’s Garden at Heckfield, it was
admitted by the best judges that no such British Queens and
Eleanors had ever been seen before. The number of visitors,
exclusive of exhibitors, was 7338.

The AwARD was as follows :—

The Certificate of Honour: To Mr. May, gardener to
Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for a collection of thirty Stove
and Greenhouse Plants.

The Large Gold Medal: 1. To Mr. Cole, gardener to H.
Colyer, Esq., of Dartford, for a collection of thirty Stove
and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Mylam, gardener toS.
Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for twenty species of Exotic
Orchids. 3. ‘To Mr. Dobson, gardener to Mr. Beck,
F.H.S., for six new varieties of Pelargonium, in 8-inch
pots.

The Gold Knightian Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Green, gardener to
Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Williams, gar-
dener to C. B. Warner, Esq., F.H.S., for twenty species
of Exotic Orchids. 38. To Mr. Plant, gardener to J. H.
Schréder, Esq., F.H.S., for ten species of the same. 4.

PROCEEDINGS. Ixvil

To Mr. Mylam, gardener to S. Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S.,
for fifteen varieties of Cape Heath. 5. To Mr. Epps,
F.H.S., for the same.

The Gold Banksian Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Taylor, gardener to
J. Coster, Esq., of Streatham, for a collection of fifteen
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Dobson, gar-
dener to Mr. Beck, F.H.S., for ten species of Exotic
Orchids. 3.'To Mr. Smith, gardener to W. Quilter, Esq.,
Norwood, for fifteen varieties of Cape Heath. 4. To
Messrs. Fairbairn, Clapham, for the same.

The Large Silver Gilt Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Pawley, Bromley,
Kent, for a collection of fifteen Stove and Greenhouse
Plants. 2. To Mr. Jack, gardener to R. G. Loraine, Esq.,
of Wallington, Surrey, for a collection of six Stove and
Greenhouse Plants. 38. To Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting,
for ten species of Exotic Orchids. 4. To Mr. Jack, for
six varieties of Exotic Orchids. 5. To Mr. Cole, gar-
dener to H. Colyer, Esq., for fifteen varieties of Cape
Heath. 6. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus,
Bart., F.H.S., for nine varieties of the same. 7. To Mr.
Stanly, gardener to H. Berens, Esq., F.H.S., for six dis-
tinct species of Pelargonium, exhibiting superior cultiva-
tion. 8. To the same, for Tall Cacti in flower. 9. To
Mr. Stains, of Middlesex Place, New Road, for six new
varieties of Pelargonium, in 8-inch pots. 10. To Mr.
Parker, gardener to J. H. Oughton, Esq., of Roehampton,
for six varieties of Pelargonium, in 1l-inch pots. 11. To
Mr. Gaines, F.H.S.,‘for thesame. 12. To the same, for six
fancy Pelargoniums. 13. To Messrs. Veitch, Exeter, for
Cycnoches barbatum. 14. To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the
Duchess Dowager of Northumberland, F.H.S., for a col-
lection of Uncommon Tropical Fruits.

The Certificate of Excellence: 1. To Mr. Bruce, gardener
to Boyd Miller, Esq., Tooting, for a collection of six Stove
- and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To the same, for six species of
Exotic Orchids. 3. To Mr. Dobson, gardener to Mr.
Beck, F.H.S., for a collection of Achimenes. 4. To
Messrs. Lane and Son, Great Berkhampstead, for a col-
lection of Roses, in fifty varieties. 5. To Mr. Taylor,
gardener to J. Coster, Esq., for nine varieties of Cape
Heath. 6. To Mr. Stains, of Middlesex Place, New Road,
for six distinet species of Pelargonium, exhibiting superior
cultivation. 7. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. An-
trobus, Bart., F.H.S., for Tall Cacti, in flower. 8. To

lxviii PROCEEDINGS.

Mr. Ivison, gardener “to the Duchess Dowager of North
umberland, F.H.S., for Leschenaultia splendens. 9. To
Mr. Robinson, gardener to J. Simpson, Esq., Thames-
bank, Pimlico, for six new varieties of Pelargonium, in
8-inch pots. 10. To Mr. Bragg, Slough, for the same.
11. To Mr. Riddell, gardener to F. Ashby, Esq., Staines,
for six varieties of Pelargonium, in 11l-inch pots. 12. To
Mr. Stains, for six Fancy Pelargoniums. 13. To Messrs.
Rollisson, Tooting, for Metrosideros polymorpha. 14. To
Mr. Elliott, gardener to J. B. Boothby, Esq., F.H.S., for
a Plant of the Musa Cavendishii.

The Large Silver Medal: 1. To Mr. Glendinning, F.H.S.,
for a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. 2.
To Messrs. Henderson, Pine-apple Place, Edgeware Road,
for ten species of Exotic Orchids. 3. To Mr. Knott,
gardener to the Rev. C. Pritchard, F.H.S., for a collection
of Achimenes. 4. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Sacco-
labium Blumei. 5. To Mr. Parker, gardener to J. H.
Oughton, Esq., for six distinct species of Pelargonium,
exhibiting superior cultivation. 6. To Mr. May, gardener
to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for Fuchsia Corallina. 7.
To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for a collection of Roses in
fifty varieties. 8. To Mr. Parsons, gardener to A. George,
Esq., Enfield, for the same in twenty-five varieties. 9. To
Mr. May, gardener to E. Goodhart, Esq., of Beckenham,
for nine species of Cape Heath. 10. To Mr. Gaines,
F.H.S., for six new varieties of Pelargonium, in 8-inch
pots. 11. To Mr. Robinson, gardener to J. Simpson, Esq.,
for six Fancy Pelargoniums. 12. To Mr. Glendinning,
F.H.S., for a collection of Statices. 13. To Mr. May,
gardener to E. Goodhart, Esq., for Roella ciliata. 14. To
Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esg., F.H.S.,
for a collection of Ferns. 15. To Messrs. Veitch and
Son, Exeter, for a variety of Cypripedium barbatum. 16.
To the same, for a collection of Conifers. 17. To Mr.
Jones, gardener to Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., F.H.S., for a
Queen Pine-Apple. 18. To Mr. Fleming, gardener to his
Grace the Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., for a Providence
Pine-Apple, weighing 10 lbs. 440z. 19. To Mr. Smith,
gardener to S. Ricardo, Esq., Titness Park, Sunning Hill,
for Grapes in pots. 20. To Mr. G. Hayward, gardener to
G. Goodman, Esq., Roundhay, near Leeds, for Black
Hamburgh Grapes. 21. To Mr. Chapman, South Lam-
beth, for the same. 22..To Mr. Fleming, for Muscat
Grapes. 23. To Mr. Toy, Oatlands Palace Gardens,

PROCEEDINGS. ‘xix

Weybridge, forthe same. 24. To Mr. Drummond, gardener
to C. H. Leigh, Esq., of Pontypool Park, Monmouth-
shire, for a Rough-leaved Cayenne Pine-Apple, weighing
7 lbs. 3 oz.

The Silver Knightian Medal: 1. 'To Messrs. Pamplin, of
Walthamstow, for a collection of six Stove and Greenhouse
Plants. 2. To Mr. Stanly, gardener to H. Berens, Esq.,
F.H.S., for the same. 38. To Mr. Smith, gardener to Mrs.
Lawrence, F.H.S., for ten species of Exotic Orchids. 4.
To Mr. Francis, of Hertford, for a collection of Roses in
fifty varieties. 5. To Mr. Terry, gardener to Lady Puller,
Youngsbury, Herts, for the same, in twenty-five varieties.
6. To the same, for a collection of Yellow Roses. 7. To
Messrs. Lane, for the same. 8. To Messrs. Veitch and Son,
for fifteen varieties of Cape Heath. 9. To W. Gregory,
Esq., F.H.S., for a Fuchsia grafted with fifteen different
sorts. 10. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus,
Bart., F.H.S., for Leschenaultia formosa. 11. To Messrs.
Veitch and Son, for Nepenthes sanguinea. 12. To Mr.
Taylor, gardener to J. Coster, Esq., for a collection of
Ferns. 138. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for a new species
of Ruellia from Peru. 14. To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the
Duchess Dowager of Northumberland, for Oncidium luri-
dum. 15. To Messrs. Henderson, for Kalosanthes nitida.
16. To Mr. Ward, Woolwich, for a collection of Carna-
tions. 17. To Mr. Norman, of the same place, for a col-
lection of Picotees. 18. To Mr. Riddell, gardener to F.
Ashby, Esq., of Staines, for a collection of Achimenes.
19. To Mr. Cole, gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., for the best-
named collection of Plants (no error in fifteen). 20. To
Mr. Spencer, gardener to the Marquis of Lansdowne, F.H.S.,
fora Queen Pine-Apple. 21. To the same, for a Providence

'Pine-Apple, weighing 9lbs. 90z. 22. To Mr. Turnbull,
gardener to his Grace the Duke of Marlborough, F.H.S.,
for a bunch of West’s St. Peter’s Grapes, weighing 4 lbs.
7%0z. 23. To Mr. Toy, of Oatlands Palace Gardens, Wey-
bridge, for a bunch of Muscat of AlexandriaGrapes, weighing
1lb. 60z. 24. To Mr. Holmes, gardener to S. Garrard,
Esq., Putney Heath, for Black Hamburgh Grapes. 25. To
Mr. Toy, for the same. 26. To Mr. Rust, gardener to J.
Maclaren, Esq., F.H.S., for Muscat Grapes. 27. To Mr.
Turnbull, for West’s St. Peter’s Grapes. 28. To Mr.
Snow, gardener to the Earl de Grey, F.H.S., for Violette
Hative Peaches. 29. To Mr. Parker, gardener to J. H.
Oughton, Esq., Roehampton, for Nectarines. 30. To Mr.

1xx

PROCEEDINGS.

Monro, gardener to Mrs. Oddie, for the heaviest Melon,
‘‘ Hatfield Green-flesh,” weighing 72lbs. 31. To Mr.
Gadd, of Betchworth Castle, for the second heaviest Melon,
** Cantaloup,” weighing 3}]bs. 32. To Mr. Bundy, gar-
dener to Lord Dynevor, for the best-flavoured Melon,
‘¢ Bromham Hall.”’

The Silver Banksian Medal: 1. 'To Mr. Williams, gardener to

C. B. Warner, Esq., F.H.S., for a collection of six Stove
and Greenhouse Plants. 2. To Mr. Hamp, gardener to J.
Thorne, Esq., South Lambeth, for the same. 3. To Mr.
Foster, Edgeware, for a collection of Roses, in fifty varie-
ties. 4. To Mr. Woods, gardener to F. Wigg, Esq., St.
Alban’s, for the same, in twenty-five varieties. 5. To Mr.
Tivey, gardener to R. Wiguelin, Esq., of Golding, Herts,
for the same. 6. To Mr. Francis, Hertford, for a collec-
tion of Yellow Roses. 7. To Mr. Robinson, gardener to J.
Simpson, Esq., for a Fuchsia, ‘“ Sir Robert Peel.” 8. To
Mr. E. G. Henderson, F.H.S., for six distinet species of
Pelargonium, exhibiting superior cultivation. 9. To Mr.
W. Ambrose, of Battersea, for new Hybrid Pelargoniums.
10. To Mr. Norman, of Woolwich, for a collection of Car-
nations. 11. To Mr. Ward, of the same place, for a collec-
tion of Picotees. 12. To Mr. Norman, for a collection of
Pinks. 13. To Mr. Wooley, gardener to H. B. Ker, Esq.,
Cheshunt, for Oncidium leucochilum. 14. To Mr. Green,
gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for Aérides
odoratum. 15. To Messrs. Lane, for a collection of Achi-
menes. 16. To Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duchess Dow-
ager of Northumberland, F.H.S., for Espeletia argentea.
17. To thesame, for Balsamina repens. 18. To Mr. 'Thom-
son, of Hammersmith, for three specimens of Kalosanthes
coccinea. 19. To Messrs. Veitch and Son, for a new
Cryptomeria. 20. To Mr. Masters, F.H.S., for a collection
of Ferns, 21. To Mr. Smith, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence,
F.H.S., for the second best-named collection of Plants (no
error in fifteen). 22. To Mr. Ogle, gardener to the Earl
of Abergavenny, for a Queen Pine-apple. 23. To Mr.
Jones, gardener to Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., F.H.S., fora Pro-

‘vidence Pine-apple, weighing 7lbs. l4oz. 24. To Mr.

Dytch, gardener to James Taylor, Esq., F.H.S., for Black
Hamburgh Grapes. 25. To Mr. Lushey, gardener to J.
Hill, Esq., Streatham, for Black Prince Grapes. 26. To
Mr. Turnbull, gardener to the Duke of Marlborough, F.H.S.,
for Muscat Grapes. 27. To Mr. Spencer, gardener to the
Marquis of Lansdowne, F.H.S., for Peaches. 28. To Mr.

PROCEEDINGS, ]xxi

Ferguson, of Aylesbury, for the same. 29. To Mr. Turn-
bull, for Nectarines. 30. To Mr. Ferguson, of Aylesbury,
for the same. 381. To Mr. Snow, gardener to the Earl de
Grey, F.H.S., for Black Tartarian Cherries. 32. To the
same, for Elton Cherries. 33. To Mr. Meyers, of Brent-
ford, for Black Circassian Cherries. 34. To the same, for
Bigarreau Cherries. 385. To Mr. Elphinstone, gardener to
the Right Hon. the Speaker, for British Queen and Eleanor
Strawberries. 36. To Mr. Lydiard, of Batheaston, for the
same. 37. To Mr. Bruce, gardener to Boyd Miller, Esq.,
for the second best-flavoured Melon, ‘‘ Cuthill’s improved
Scarlet-fleshed.”

The Certificate of Merit: 1. To Mr. Herman, Denham,
Bucks, for a collection of Roses, in fifty varieties. 2. To
Mr. Slowe, gardener to W. R. Baker, Esq., F.H.S., for the
same, in twenty-five varieties. 3. ‘lo Messrs. Paul, for a
collection of Yellow Roses. 4. To Mr. Bruce, gardener to
Boyd Miller, Esq., of Tooting, for Erica depressa. 5. To
Mr. Bragg, of Slough, for a collection of Carnations. 6.
To the same, for a collection of Picotees. 7. To Mr. E. G.
Henderson, F.H.S., for Abronia umbellata. 8. 'To Messrs.
Veitch and Son, for Cephalotus follicularis. 9. To Messrs.
Henderson, for Achimenes Ghiesbreghtiana. 10. To Mr.
Glendinning, F.H.S., for Gloxinia Wortleyana. 11. To
Messrs. Veitch and Son, for Mitraria coccinea. 12. To
Messrs. Henderson, for a collection of Petunias. 13. To
Mr. Salter, F.H.S., for a Fuchsia, ‘‘ Corymbiflora alba.”
14. To Mr. Epps, F.H.S., for the third best-named collec-
tion of Plants (no error in fifteen). 15. To Mr. Taylor,
gardener to J. Coster, Esq., for Black Hamburgh Grapes.
16. To Mr. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland,
F.H.S., for the same. 17. To Mr. Bassett, gardener to

' 'T. B. Herring, Esq., Finchley, for the same. 18. To Mr.
Turnbull, gardener to the Duke of Marlborough, F.H.S.,
for Peaches. 19. ‘To Mr. Monro, gardener to Mrs. Oddie,
for Nectarines. 20. To Mr. Whiting, gardener to H. T.
Hope, Esq., F.H.S., for Black Tartarian Cherries. 21. To
Mr. Woods, gardener to F. Wigg, Esq., for British Queen
Strawberries, 22. To Mr. Shepherd, of Deptford, for
Myatt’s Eleanor Strawberries. 23. To Mr. Whiting, for
the third best-flavoured Melon, “* Kgyptian Green-fleshed.”

*_* A prize of the value of Ten Pounds was awarded to Mr.
Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., for the
finest collection of Fruit.

Ixxii PROCEEDINGS.

July 3, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Lecture. Dr. Lindley’s Lecture to-day, the fifth of the series,
was principally confined to the structure and use of the
organs which constitute the flower, and to the circumstances
which are most favourable or unfavourable to its complete
formation, its alteration, its colour, and the production of
fruit, which production is the great end of the existence of
a flower. The cause of fruit being blind, of grapes not
setting, of flowers falling from the branches, and of similar
accidents, together with the history of monstrous or double
fruits, were among the questions discussed on this occasion.

Specimens of Acropera Batemanni and another species
of the genus were exhibited by Mr, Lane, jun.

July 17, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Evrction. J. Brown, Esq., Rossington, near Doncaster,
Yorkshire.

Awarps. Banksian Medal: To Mr. Jones, gardener to Sir
J.J. Guest, Bart., of Dowlais House, Glamorganshire, for
four Queen Pine Apples, nicely swelled, well-grown fruit,
whose weights were respectively 4lbs. 50z., 41bs. 8 0z.,
4 lbs. 9 oz., and 4 lbs. 12 oz.

Dr. Lindley delivered his concluding Lecture ‘ on the
Diseases of Plants, the nature of Vegetable A ffections, their
Causes, whether constitutional or local, and the Remedies
which experience had pointed out, or that reason suggested.”
The nature and mode of action of Mildew plants, by which
so much injury is committed, was also explained by drawings
and diagrams.

August 7, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Awarps. Sanksian Medals: To Messrs. Fairbairn, of Clap-
ham, for a collection of large and finely-cultivated Cape
Heaths, consisting of three varieties of E. ampullacea,
Irbyana, Lee’s tricolor, and infundibuliformis. To Mr.
Jones, gardener to Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., of Dowlais House,
Glamorganshire, for a Queen Pine Apple, beautifully
swelled and handsome, weighing Slbs. 50z. To Mr.
Monro, gardener to Mrs. Oddie, of Colney House, St.
Alban’s, for eighteen fine-looking fruit of his hybrid Egyp-
tian green-fleshed Melon ; the average weight of these fruit
was about Slbs., but one weighed 9 lbs. 340z. It was
stated that 28 fruit had been cut from under 5 lights;

PROCEEDINGS. Ixxili

they had been produced ina brick pit with the remains of
dung and leaves which had formed a hotbed for early pota-
toes. On one of the fruit being cut it proved not to be
first-rate in flavour. To Mr. Davis, gardener to the Karl
of Tyrconnel, at Kiplin, for a bunch of black Hamburgh
Grapes, finely swelled and perfectly ripe, but insufficiently
coloured, and much spoiled by travelling ; it weighed 4 lbs.
Another accompanying it weighed 2 lbs. 1 oz.

Certificates of Merit: To Mr. Turnbull, gardener to the
Duke of Marlborough, at Blenheim, for a box of black
Hamburgh Grapes, medium sized bunches, well-coloured
and covered with bloom. To Messrs. Veitch, for a new
Peruvian Oxalis, concerning which Dr. Lindley has given
the following account :—‘‘ This plant, the O. elegans of
Humboldt, had been exhibited on several previous occa-
sions without exciting much attention. It was regarded as
a pretty plant, but not as one of striking merit. It has
now, however, quadrupled the size of its foliage, doubled
that of its flowers, and acquired a brilliancy of colour which
places it in the first rank among border flowers. This
change is the effect of cultivation. Cramped in a flower-
pot, and coddled ina frame, it was puny and worthless ;
planted in the open border, and fed abundantly with air and
dew, it has become a gem of the purest water. Mr. Veitch
believes the species to be hardy ; he has grown it for two
years in the open ground in his nursery at Exeter, and he
received it from the mountains behind Loxa in Peru, where
his collector, W. Lobb, obtained it. We takeit to be about
as hardy as O. Bowiei. ‘The leaflets are firm, fleshy, of a
dark rich green, and stained with purple on the under side.
From the centre of these rises a stalk about 9 inches high,
bearing a truss of 5 or 6 deep rose-coloured flowers, with
a rich dark purple eye. In general effect they are not un-
like Viscaria oculata, only much handsomer. ‘Till expe-
rience shall have been obtained of the real habits of this
species, it will be prudent to give it some slight shelter in
the winter. We believe, however, that dryness will be
more important to it than warmth at that season. Asa rock
plant it promises to be extremely useful ; for a gay bed ina
summer garden it will be invaluable. Nor are these its
only merits, for it stands well in a dry drawing-room when
cut and mixed with other flowers, and will open perfectly
with no more light than that of an ordinary day.” To
Messrs. Wrench, for two well-managed Fuchsias, from a
little greenhouse on the top of their warehouse at London

]xxiv PROCEEDINGS.

Bridge. To Mr. Turner, of Slough, for two boxes of
most beautiful Carnations and Picotees.

MisceLLaNngeous Sussecrs or Exuipition. From Mr.
Moore, Apothecaries’ Garden, Chelsea, Plumbago Lar-
pentee, a blue-flowered Leadwort, which has excited much
interest during the past year in consequence of its not hav-
ing fulfilled the expectations which had been formed of it.
It was suggested that as it was discovered growing on the
walls of Shanghae, whose winters are more severe than
ours, it might be found to succeed better planted out of
doors on the shelves of rockwork, or in some well-drained
warm border, where it would receive some shelter. Messrs.
Henderson, of the Wellington Road Nursery, sent a plant
of the New Californian Pentstemon cordifolius, and a col-
lection of Verbena flowers. An exhibition of Verbenas
was also contributed by Mr. Harrison, of Richmond. Mr.
Turner sent a pan of Heartsease. A dish of Brunswick
Figs was communicated by Mr. Turnbull, and Mr. Jones
had three Queen Pine Apples, weighing respectively 4 Ibs.,
4 lbs. 8 0z., and 4 lbs. 13 oz.

NovELTIES FROM THE SocieTy’s GARDEN. Aérides quinque-
vulnera, well flowered ; the small-leaved variety of Hoya
imperialis ; the pretty apricot-coloured Cafferland Tritonia
aurea; Abronia umbellata; a white and a yellow Portu-
laca; Vilmorin’s pale variety of Thunbergia alata; Pent-
stemon cordifolius, a brownish orange-flowered shrub, which
promises to prove an acquisition; two plants of the beau-
tiful red-flowered Zauschneria californica, which is expected
to be hardy ; and a small plant of Mimulus tricolor, not a
true Mimulus, but so called : its flowers are pretty, but it is
too delicate and difficult to cultivate to become a general
favourite. It may however prove useful in the hands of
the hybridist.

Booxs PRESENTED.

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIX., Part 1. From the
Society.

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. II., Part 1, and Vol. XII., Part 1.
From the Society.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, No. 18. From the Society.

Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. III., Part 6. Proceedings
of the Society, Nos. 182 to 189 inclusive, and Report of the Council and Auditors,
April 29, 1848. From the Society.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. V., No. 41, From the
Society.

The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, Vol. X., Part 1. From the Society.

Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences a Paris, ‘ome XXVIII. and
Tome XXIX., No. 1, and Tables des Comptes Rendus, Tome XXVII. From the
Academy.

PROCEEDINGS. lxxv

Verhandlungen der k.k. Landwirthschafts Gesellschaft in Wien, Vol. V., Parts 1
and 2, From the Agricultural Society of Vienna.

The Atheneum for April, May, June, and July. From the Editor.

The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine; also Character and Habits
of the Strawberry Plant. By N. Longworth. From the Author.

Report on the Progress of the Culture of the China Tea Plant in the Himalayas. By
Dr. Royle. From the Author.

Meteorologische Beobachtungen Angestellt auf Veranstaltung der Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft in Ziirich, 1837 to 1846, and January to December, 1848. Denkschrift
zur Feier des hundertjahrigen Stiftungfestes der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in
Zurich, a.m. 30 November, 1846. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
in Zurich, Part I., Nos. 1 to 13, and Part XIV., Nos. 14 to 26. From the Physical
and Natural History Society of Ziirich.

Archives du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Tome IV. From the Museum.

Bulletins du Cercle pratique d’Horticulture et de Botanique du Département de la
Seine Inférieure, Tomes I., II., 1II., and IV. From the Horticultural Society of
Rouen.

September 4, 1849. (REGENT STREET.)

Awarps. Knightian Medal: To Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-
apple Place, for Pleroma elegans, an exceedingly hand-
some, cool Greenhouse plant. In this instance it was
clothed with large, round, bright violet blossoms, which,
unlike those of most Melastomads, remain a long time in
beauty ; also for the pretty New Holland shrub Babingtonia
Camphorosme; a new orange scarlet flowered Begonia,
from Bolivia, called cinnabarina, one of the handsomest of
all Begonias; and the larger variety of Nerine Fother-
gillii, a plant nearly related to the Guernsey Lily, and for
which the Guernsey people would do well to substitute it,
for it is much more beautiful than the Guernsey Lily, and
would succeed under the same kind of treatment.

Banksian Medal: To Mr. Leach, gardener to S. Rucker,
Esq., F.H.S., for a well-flowered Statice imbricata, and for
a nice plant of Erica Irbyana, grown in a small pot and in
an easy, graceful manner, almost without stakes. To Mr.
Mackay, gardener to C. Leach, Esq., of King’s Road,
Clapham Park, for beautifully flowered plants of Bruns-
vigia Josephine, together with Amaryllis blanda, and two
species of Heemanthus. An account of the manner in which
these were cultivated will be found in another page. To
Mr, Plant, gardener to J. H. Schriéder, Esq., F.H.S., for a
nice specimen of Miltonia candida, and for two plants of
4Eschynanthus Lobbianus in wire baskets, in which they
appear to better advantage than in pots. To Mr. Bundy,
gardener to Lord Dynevor, Dynevor Castle, Llandillo, for
a fruit of the Bromham Hall Melon, weighing 2 lbs. 4 oz.
This is a netted, round, medium-sized, green-fleshed Melon
of the very best flavour, for which it received the first prize
at the last exhibition in the Garden of the Society in July,
1849.

Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS.

Certificates of Merit : To Mr. Ogle, Gardener to the Earl of
Abergavenny, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells, for a fruit
of the Dampsha Melon, weighing 4 Ibs. 11 oz. This is
a netted, oval, green-fleshed Winter Melon, well flavoured,
and remarkable for its keeping properties after it is cut.
Some account of it appeared in the Transactions of the
Society, at p. 211, Vol. IV. To Mr. Chapman, Gar-
dener to J. B. Glegg, Esq., F.H.S., for a Black Jamaica
Pine-apple, exhibited under the name of ‘ Montserrat,”
weighing 4 lbs. 7 oz. To Mr. Ogle, for a handsomely
swelled Ripley Queen Pine, weighing 4 lbs. 85 oz. To
Mr. Slowe, Gardener to R. W. Baker, Esq., F.H.S., for
two bunches of Grapes, weighing respectively 3 lbs. 12 oz.
and 4 lbs., but ill coloured and unequally swelled ; they
were the produce of Vines planted in 1847. To Mr.
Turner, F.H.S., of the Royal Nursery, Slough, for
twenty-four varieties of Fancy Dahlias, whose names are
as follows :—M. Chereau, Vicomte de Ressequier, iillet
Parfait, Conspicua, Belle de Nogent, Picotee, Herminia,
Miss Jane, M. Affre, Striata perfecta, Keepsake, Comte de
Flandres, De Bureau, General Cavaignac, Empereur de
Maroc, Jenny Lind, Nonsuch, Sunbeam, Madame Eberth,
Rainbow, Miss Stevens, Roi de Points, Picotee, and Mrs.
Labouchere.

MIscELLANEOUS SUBJECTS OF ExuiBITION. From Messrs.
Henderson, of Pine-apple Place, the little-known white-
flowered Ipomzea pandurata, a North American species,
almost, if not quite hardy; and a tall Acacia, called olez-
folia elegans. From Messrs. Veitch, two specimens of their
new Gesnera picta, a luxuriant growing species with orange
scarlet blossoms, not particularly striking. Also a seedling
Heath raised by Mr. Story, with pale green flowers tinged
with pink. From Mr. Leach, gardener to $. Rucker, Esq.,
/Eschynanthus Lobbianus; Hoya campanulata, a free flow-
ering species, and fragrant at night ; and Erica infundibuli-
formis and Shannoni. From Messrs. Fairbairn, of Clapham,
large and well-managed plants of Erica retorta major, mu-
tabilis, Vernonii superba, and cut specimens of their large-
flowered variety of E. mammosa. From Mr. Jones, gardener
to Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., F.H.S., for four Ripley Queen
Pine-apples, all handsomely swelled, and weighing respec-
tively 4 lbs. 30z., 4 lbs. 123 0z., 4]bs. 13 0z., and 5 Ibs. 23
oz. No medal was awarded to these, Mr. Jones having
been recently rewarded for fruit of the same kind of ex-
cellence. From Mr. Willcox, gardener to the Earl of

PROCEEDINGS. lxxvii

Stamford, a seedling Pine, weighing 4 lbs. 3 oz., notwith-
standing that it had been cut a fortnight or three weeks.
In appearance it was something like an Enville. From
Mr. Judson, of Richmond Villa, Brighton, a boxful of a
seedling Grape called “the Richmond Villa Black Ham-
burgh.” The bunches were small, well coloured and bloomed,
and like the Hamburgh, except that the berries were more
oval than those of that variety. From Mr. Burrow, gar-
dener, Brough Hall, Yorkshire, some specimens of Royal
George Peaches and Elruge Nectarines. From Mr. Monro,
gardener to Lord Clarendon, at Grove Park, Watford, a
beautiful dish of Figs, apparently the Brunswick. From Mr.
Chapman, gardener to J. B. Glegg, Esq., F.H.S., a hybrid
Melon between the Ispahan and the Hoosainee, a white-
fleshed oblong fruit, weighing 11 lbs. 40z. It was inferior
in flavour to both its parents. Also a green-fleshed Cabul
Melon, weighing 10lbs. 130z. And finally, from Mr.
Culverwell, gardener to the Lady Augusta Milbank, Thorpe
Perrow, an unripe Beechwood Melon, well grown, and
weighing 4 lbs. 4.0z. Also a new Cucumber called ‘‘ Thorpe
Perrow Cucumber,” a seedling from the Sion House, stated
to be three weeks earlier than that variety.

NOVELTIES FROM THE SocIETY’s GARDEN. A hybrid variety
of Anemone japonica, produced between that sort and the
white Indian A. vitifolia. The result was an improvement
in the shape of the flowers, but they were much paler than
those of the Japan Anemone. Also the beautiful lilac-
flowered Abronia umbellata, which is scented in the evening ;
Pentstemon heterophyllus, a Californian species, with narrow
leaves and pretty lilac pink blossoms; Begonia Fuchsioides
and acuminata, grown in a cool greenhouse, where they
flower profusely and acquire a degree of colour and beauty
far beyond what they obtain when nursed in a warm stove.

The same establishment also furnished fruit of the Impe-
ratrice and Downton Nectarines.

Booxs PRESENTED.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume the First, and Reports of the
Smithsonian Institution. From the Institution.

Ampélographie Universelle, ou Traité des Cépages les plus estimés dans tous les
Vignobles de quelque renom, par le Comte Odart. From the Author.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Number 19. From the Society.

The Atheneum for August. From the Editor.

VOL. IV. g

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