CT O TJ IE& InT .A, Hi

OF THE

jLcrpI Mmtunltnxvil

EDITED BY

SAMUEL JENNINGS, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,

Assistant Secretary to the Society.

VOLUME V.

LONDON:

SMITH & EBBS, PRINTERS, TOWER HILL

1 S79 .

INDEX TO JOURNAL, VOL V.

ABTICEE.

PAGE.

I.

On the Course of the Sap, by Andrew Murray, F.L.S.

1

II.

Report on the Bedding Varieties of Zonal Pelargo¬

niums

14

III.

On the Best Means of Preserving from Extirpation
some of the Aboriginal Plants of St. Helena,

by T. Vernon Wollaston, F.L.S .

81

IY.

Report on Violas ...

83

V.

Report on Annuals — i. ClarTcia, ii. Iberis, iii. Vis-

caria , iv. Godetia ...

39

YI.

The “Elixir,” or Buffalo Horn Manure .

45

VII.

The late Andrew Murray, F.L.S.

46

VIII.

Report on Tomatos ... ... .

49

IX.

Report on Asters ...

56

X.

Report on Varieties of Turnips suitable for Garden

cultivation ...

60

XI.

On Fungoid Diseases of the Vine, by Dr. M. C. Cooke.

Parts I. and II.

68

XII.

On the Cyclamen, by Samuel Jennings, F.L.S.

76

XIII.

On the Culture of the Fig as a Standard in the Open

Air, by Col. R. Trevor Clarke ... .

88

XIY.

On Fungoid Diseases of the Vine, by Dr. M. C. Cooke.

Part III .

90

XY.

On Fern Sports, by T. Moore, F.L.S.

94

XVI.

Report on Filberts

100

XVII.

Report on Savoys

108

XVIII.

On Fungoid Diseases of the Vine, by Dr. M. C. Cooke.

Parts IV. and V. ...

115

XIX.

The Native Country of the Potato, by W. B. Hems-

ley, A.L.S .

123

XX.

On the Nomenclature of Garden Plants, by Dr. M. T.

Masters, F.R.S .

126

ARTICLE.

PAGE-,

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

Note on a Disease in the Ash, by W. Wilson Saunders,

F.R.S. ... ... ... ... ... ... 185

Report on Endives ... . ... ... 141

Report on Double-flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums 143
Report on Abutilons ... 1 ... ... ... ... 145

Report on Cabbages ... ... ... ... ... 150

Notes on a Diseased Acacia, by W. Wilson Saunders,

F.R.S . 169

Notes on Root-Hairs and Root Growth, by Dr. M. T.

Masters, F.R.S. ... ... ... ... ... 173

Report on Gloxinias ... . ... ... 187

Notes on the Genus Tulipa, by H. J. Elwes . 194

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF LOHDOK

I. On the course of the Sap. By Andrew Murray, F.L.S.

[First Paper, read to the Scientific Committee on 17th January, 1877.]

A great revolution has of late years taken place in the ideas of
vegetable physiologists regarding the course of the sap ; and, what
is very unusual, it has taken place silently, and with scarcely any
discussion. One regrettable consequence of this has been that those
who are out of the current of scientific unwritten opinion remain
in ignorance of the change that has been coming over men’s minds ;
and even those who are in the midst of it are sometimes in doubt
what the verdict of the scientific world is. That this is so will be
admitted by those who attended the Botanical Congress at Brussels
in May last, where this question formed one of the subjects selected
for discussion, and elicited much diversity of opinion ; and that a
like uncertainty still prevails here may be seen from the pages of
more than one of our horticultural periodicals.

The old theory, as every one knows, was that the plants had a
circulation similar to that of animals ; that in the course of this
the sap described two courses, an ascending and a descending one —
the ascending course to the leaves, where it was submitted to
certain influences which fitted it for the nutrition of the plant ; the
descending one from, the leaves, in a condition fitted for that pur¬
pose. The modern view, or, if I may not say that, at least
the view which has forced itself so strongly on my mind ever
since Mr. Herbert Spencer’s experiments that I have come to
believe that every one must be of the like opinion, is that
the sap describes only one course, viz., that from the root
to the leaves, being drawn up by the power of the sun and other
VOL. v. a

2

JOTJENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

concurrent influences. In its course it is like a great river, which,
while steadily flowing to the sea, turns to the right or left as
channels open for it until it reaches the delta near the termination
of its course, which may be compared to the arrival of the sap at
the leaves, when it flows in any direction, now dividing to the
right and to the left, and again even regurgitating and flowing in a
backward direction, but all these anastomosing together, and ending
by emptying into the ocean, which for the sap is the atmosphere,
into which its watery portion is drawn by evaporation from the
surface of the leaves.

It is ten years since the paper by Mr. Herbert Spencer to
which I refer, on circulation and formation of wood in plants (Lin-
nean Society’s Transactions, vol. xxv.), proved to demonstration
that the sap ascended in the branches, and that while of course
he could not prove a negative he at least showed that in none of
his experiments could he get the sap to descend ; he moreover gave
a simple explanation of the deposit of wood by the sap oozing
through the vessels on its way up, and depositing woody fibre
around them, A few years later Professor "W. R. MeHab repeated
and extended Mr. Herbert Spencer’s experiments, with the same
results, and showed that the sap ascended both by the vessels
appropriated to its ascent, and by those supposed to be appropriated
to its descent.

The grounds on which the descent of the sap has maintained
its place in the belief of men are of three kinds, viz. : Inferences
from, 1., Practical Horticultural Experiments; 2. from Physio¬
logical Experiments ; and 3. from Chemical Experiments.

As to the first, the experiments seem to me when properly
interpreted to be wholly opposed to the theory in whose favour they
are cited. The growth of a callus on the upper side of a cut has
been cited as one proof, but if it is tested it will be seen that while
the lower side of the cut is rapidly covered over, that on the upper
side takes years, and, what is more to the purpose, the callus
grows almost entirely from the sides. Then a very favourite
argument, which is usually supposed to be a knock-down
blow, is, that if we tie a ligature round a branch, the branch
swells above it as well as below it, but much more above than
below, and it is said that this shows that there is a descending
current which the ligature keeps back like a dam. Put it is
only a misapprehension of the phenomenon to liken it to a dam
keeping back a descending stream. It is the case of a stream ex¬
panding itself when it finds space after its passage through a narrow

MURRAY ON THE COURSE OF THE SAP.

3

channel. Any stream, after being released from a narrow gully,
behaves in this way, and the wide-spread waste of stones and
gravel radiating like a fan from the mouth of a gorge is one of the
most striking features of any landsoape where this occurs.

2. As to the Physiological Experiments, these are chiefly the
phenomena relied on by Sachs as warranting his conclusion that light
is essential to assimilation, and that this can only take place in
the leaves, and consequently that all assimilated products that are
found elsewhere must necessarily have descended from the leaves
in the form of elaborated sap. As to these, I would only say here
that neither his facts nor his reasoning seem to me to bear out his
conclusions.

3. As to the Chemical Experiments, it appears to me that it
will he found on examination that there are in them more pheno¬
mena than one mixed up together, and that what was referable
to the one has been applied to the other.

But it is not my object to attack these views on the present
occasion. 3dy immediate purpose is to ascertain, what according to
the best lights of science we are expected to believe on the subject.
I have thought that it might be desirable to elicit an expression of
opinion on the subject from a body like this committee, whose
competence to speak with authority on such matters is universally
recognised. I knowhow difficult it is to supplant old opinions — what,
an exertion of magnanimity is required to acknowledge that we have
been in the wrong. I remember, with sympathetic distress, the almost
piteous remonstrance of a learned Professor at the Congress at Brussels,
who, when interrupted in his argument about the descent of the,
sap by cries of “ 11 n’y a pas deseve descendants” exclaimed, “ There
must be a descent of the sap. I have been teaching it for thirty
years. What am I now to say to my students if there is no descent
of the sap ? ” But the greater the difficulty the more the necessity
for conquering such feelings, and putting the question on its right
basis.

I am not at all blind to the consequences of adopting the view
that I take. I know that if descent of the sap goes, the elaboration
of any sap by the leaves beyond Avhat is necessary for their own
needs must follow. If it is not to descend, of what use is it to,
elaborate it in them, and why elaborate it hy the leaves rather than
by the roots or any other part ? The nutrition of plants by free
carbon- dioxide takenfrom the atmosphere through theleaves will also,
have to go. The nutrition of carnivorous plants will become still more
difficult to comprehend, and other more remote corrections on received

a 2

4

JOURNAL ON THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ideas dependent on them must follow. I do not now concern
myself with these; my present subject is the descent of the sap,
and I respectfully suggest to the committee that they could not be
more usefully or appropriately employed than in giving an authori¬
tative expression of their opinion upon it. I do not ask, and
indeed I would rather deprecate, a hasty, off-hand judgment on the
spur of the moment, which in any view could only he regarded as
the expression of individual opinion. What I would like to get is
a deliberate, well-considered opinion after mutual consultation by
the most eminent physiologists of our body.

[2nd Paper. — Read 17th July, 1877.]

Before entering on the subject of this paper, it may be useful to
mention — not for this Committee, but for the benefit of the outside
world who may read the paper elsewhere — that they will find an
excellent account of the present state of scientific opinion
on the various questions connected with the sap, which I am
about to discuss, in a series of papers that were published by Dr.
Masters in the columns of the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle” in 1874.
On some he expresses himself with hesitation, on others with more
confidence, on none with dogmatism, but on all he gives the full
gist of the opinions generally received at the date of his writing.

"With this premise I would recall to the memory of the Com¬
mittee that at the beginning of this session I drew its attention
to the course of the sap, being of opinion that recent researches
rendered some modification in our views necessary on that subject.

The proposition that I submitted to the Committee was, pure and
simple, that there was no such thing as descent of the sap at all,
but that its course was always upwards. I obtained no collective
expression of opinion from the Committee, but from the individual
remarks of its members I gathered that they were quite in
accord with me, so far as regarded anything like circulation.
I think most of them, if not all, repudiated any belief in the
old theory of the ascent of the sap by the fibro-vascular bundles of
the wood and its descent by the cellular layers of the inner bark ;
but I found the majority still imbued by the theories of Sachs, and
holding with him, and on his grounds, that descent by some means
was absolutely necessary, in respect that assimilation could only
take place in the light, and consequently that the whole of that

MURRAY ON THE COURSE OF THE SAP.

5

function must be performed in the leaf, whence the assimilated
matter there produced must he transported in some way or other to
the other parts of the plant in which it is found ; and as these are
lower down, and some of them even underground, as in the case of
tubers, that it followed that there must be a descent in some way or
other, and the prevailing opinion seemed to be that this took place
by a slow swaying, or wandering motion, by means of endosmose and
exosmose, through the walls of the cells, which imperceptibly and
independent of the current of the sap mixed the whole up together,
or carried the different ingredients to where they were wanted.

Since I last spoke on the subject I have endeavoured to see if
actual experiment would throw any light upon it, and as a contri¬
bution to its elucidation I have now the honour to submit to the
Committee the particulars of one or two experiments that I have
made.

I made experiments with the Vine, the Fig, the Horse Chest¬
nut, and the Hyacinth, but as they all, so far as they went, tended
in the same direction, I shall speak principally from the Yine,
which was much more manageable, and more readily took up my
infusions than any of the others. Thanks to the experiments of
Professor KcHab and Professor Church, I knew of the virtues of
lithia as an easily absorbed agent, whose presence could be detected
anywhere by the spectroscope in however small a quantity it might
be present, and I had the advantage of Professor Church’s own kind
assistance in determining for me whether it was present or not.
As lithia, however, is colourless, I added to my infusions enough of
litmus to colour them deeply, so that their course might be
followed directly by the eye, and I am bound to record, as the
result of my experience, that the lithia told me nothing that
the litmus did not equally well. The combination of both, no
doubt, adds to the confidence with which I can trust to my ex¬
periments, but the litmus had one great advantage over the lithia
— that it might be easily handled, and dropped or spilt, without
interfering with the experiment; whereas with lithia we have
constantly to be on our guard against any careless dispersal of it—
as, for instance, by allowing a drop to spill on the bark, or by using
a knife that has been employed in cutting a portion of a branch
that has been lithiated to cut one that has not. The form and pro¬
portion in which I used the lithia were five grains of citrate of lithia
to each fluid ounce. To this I added a little glycerine, with the
view of equalising the specific gravity of the mixture with that of
the sap, and then as much as I found necessary of small lumps of

6

JOUEKAL OE THE EOVAL HOETICUtTHEAL SOCIETY.

litmus. I need not say that I did not evolve these chemical details
out of my own inner consciousness. I got them from my friend
Professor Church, of Cirencester, who is my tower of strength in
any chemical difficulty.

I may add, for the benefit of any outsider who wishes to repeat
my experiments or make similar ones, that I got the citrate of lithia
from Messrs. Hopkin and Williams, wholesale chemists, Cross Street,
Hatton Garden; that its price is Is. 6d. an ounce (480 grains), and
that litmus is 3d. per ounce. I note this because I rather object to
the kind of grandiose way we have got into of treating cost as too
inferior a matter to be worthy of note, whereas, when we have put
off our public robes, no one can dispute that cost is a vital eon-
sideration with us all. Whether a man has the income of an
emperor or of a beggar, he has still to ask himself whether he can
afford what he is about to do.

I then passed gutta-percha funnels over the shoots to be experi¬
mented on, and secured them as cups, with the shoots growing up
the middle, by means of cork and tallow. I tried waterproof cloth,
but it did not hold in — the gutta-percha funnels did perfectly.
My experiments were made in April and May, wheu the leaves
were beginning to open. I put one cup on the stem of the Yine.

MURRAY ON THE COURSE OR THE SAP.

7

It held perfectly, and no escape of the liquid took place. After the
cup was properly luted to the stem with tallow I cut a nick in the
stem a little above the fitting, and then filled the cup with the
lithiated litmus-mixture, so as to cover the nick. I then allowed
it to remain on for six weeks, constantly renewing the mixture
in the cup as it disappeared.

After the expiration of six weeks I took up the plant and
examined it ; and here let me see that the Committee and I are in
accord as to what I should have found had Sachs’ theory been well
founded. I imagine that on the ordinary principles of gravitation
I should have found the vessels below the nick filled with the in¬
fusion in consequence of its descent. So far as regarded that part
of the plant it was no longer a closed tube, and there could be no
ascent, but being, as it were, merely an open tube, whatever was
poured into it should simply find its way to the bottom. And so in
fact it did — the infusion below the nick descended to the very fibrils
of the roots. In like manner, the part above the nick being a
closed tube — closed by the liquid in the cup at the bottom and by
the leaves acting as a sucker at the top — we should expect that the
infusion would ascend : and so it did, just as it descended
below the nick. But how as regards the parts that were on the
opposite side from the nick ? According to Sachs’ theory, whether
you call it the result of metastasis or of endosmose and exosmose,
the infusion should have been found extravasated and infiltered
through that side, both above the nick and below the nick and up
the ascending branches, and everywhere a little ; but in point of
fact there was not the slightest extravasation nor a solitary par¬
ticle of lithia or litmus in any of these places. The depth of the
nick was the measure of the extent of the penetration of the in¬
fusion, and it was as sharply defined as a line could be ; and this is
just what I said should be the case.

I said that the rapidity of the current would prevent any inter¬
mingling of ingredients by endosmose or exosmose, just as a small
boat finds a difficulty in getting into the current of a heady river,
even with the external aid of oars, or a small stream pouring with
the force of gravitation into a more powerful one is shoved aside
and driven down the banks. A particle of sap has neither oars nor
gravity by which to force its way from one part of the ascending
current to another, and it must be content to go with the flow of
that part of which it is a component particle. At night there can
be no ascending current, for the force that produces it, the sun, is
withdrawn, but the tube is full and in equilibrium.

8

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To keep strictly within my experiences, I must explain that
this is the result of all my experiments as regards litmus, and of all
but that on the Yine as regards lithia. The experiment as to lithia
in the uncut side of the Yine could not he tested, because I sent
Professor Church the portions of the plant to be tested all cut up
transversely, asking him to cut certain specified ones longitudinally,
and then test the portions separately ; but he explained that that
would be a delusive test after the portions had travelled from
London to Cirencester, for the lithia would have had time to pass
by endosmose and exosmose from one side to the other, after the
plant was cut in pieces — which of course it would, for there was no
longer any current to prevent its infiltration ; but the distribution
of the litmus when the plant was newly cut showed clearly enough
what the result of a search for lithia would have been at that time.

To my mind this is conclusive on the question. Sachs must be
wrong ; and we must now re-examine his arguments, and see where
the flaw lies. If the Committee will allow me a few minutes, I do
not think we shall have very far to seek. His position is thus
stated in his “ Physiologie Yegetale ” : —

“ The absolute necessity (says he) of the intervention of light
for assimilation in plants with chlorophyll is proved directly by
their mode of development in darkness. "When we cause seeds to
germinate in such conditions, roots, internodes, and leaves are
developed generally in proportion to the mass of the seed. When
all the provision of elaborated principles contained in it are
exhausted, the development ceases. If up to that period the seed
is allowed to germinate in the light, and it is then removed into
darkness, the result is the same — the young leaves, although green,
assimilate nothing ; but if they are allowed to remain long enough
in the light to have assimilated a little, there will be developed in
darkness leaves and internodes until that new provision be exhausted
also.”

But there is one important fact that Sachs omits to keep in view
here. If the plant in darkness assimilates nothing, neither does it
take any food to assimilate. It is well known that plants do not
feed in the dark, and nothing is easier than to prove it by experi¬
ment. Let any one with a Hyacinth growing in water in a glass,
mark by a thread or narrow strip of paper glued to the glass the
height at which the water stands at night ; he will find it at the
same height to-morrow morning, but very different to-morrow
night. But the fact that they do not feed at night is universally
acknowledged.

MUEEAY ON THE COUESE OP THE SAP.

9

Now on what ground are we to hold that the reason why the
plant does not assimilate is the absence of light in preference to
the absence of food ? Either will account for it, and one will suit
Sachs’ theory, but the other not. No doubt the food is not taken
up during the absence of light, but not necessarily because of its
absence ; it may very well be, although it may be difficult, to show
it experimentally that if the plant were placed in such conditions
that it could take food generally, although secluded in darkness,
we should find that assimilation went on as well in the dark
as in the light; and this, in fact, is just what Nature does with
tubers. They are in darkness while the plant is in light, and its
feeding functions in full operation. They participate in the supply
of food, although themselves in the dark, and from that source, as
I view it, they receive and assimilate matter in as great abundance
as any Apple in the blaze of sunshine. Sachs would say that
the assimilated matter is drawn from the store produced by the
plant generally. Eut what is this but to give the thing to be proved
as part of the proof. He has to prove that assimilation cannot take
place except in light. I offer an instance of its apparently taking place
in darkness, and the reply is that that cannot be, because assimila¬
tion cannot take place in darkness. It is not that the fire will not
burn because it is dark, but that it stops burning when the coals
are consumed, because no more are supplied to it. During the day
the light and heat of the sun draw up the sap to all the terminal
parts of the plants, such as the axial extremities of the branches,
the buds, the leaves, the tubers (which are only subterranean buds),
where it is partly evaporated and partly assimilated — and as it is
used up the roots absorb a corresponding flow to supply the con¬
sumption ; but at night, when the motive-power is withdrawn, the
upward flow of sap ceases, the roots become inactive and cease to
feed, and assimilation ceases. At the same time there is nothing
to hinder growth going on — it may pile cell upon cell, whether the
machine is working or not, and it does so.

Allow me, however, further to cite a well-known fact in favour
of my views, which it reflects no credit upon us not to have sooner
so interpreted. Here am I narrating, and you listening to my
clumsy experiments, and yet we have all had before our eyes — and
our ancestors for ages have had them before theirs too — a constant
series of beautiful and conclusive experiments, proving much more
clearly than I have done what I have attempted to show. I allude
to what we see in the case of grafts. We know that the stock has
certain properties differing from those of the scion. We all know

10

JOUKNAL OF THE EOYAL HOHTfCULTUEAL SOCIETY.

that the properties of the stock affect the scion. They are carried
up into its system, hut those of the scion are not carried down into
the stock. If the theory of descent and wandering and mixing of
the sap were true, the qualities of the scion ought to descend just
as much as those of the stock ascend, but they do not. But some
one may say, “Oh, hut you are wrong; there are cases in which
the influence of the scion has made itself felt on the stock.” How
many ? I ask. Out of the myriads of grafts that are made every
year we hear perhaps once in a decade of some single plant where
there is a doubtful appearance of a scion having had some influence
on a stock, or, rather, on a shoot from one. How, if I disputed
the fact altogether of such an influence ever having been truly
Seen, I think I should have plenty of supporters, and I am not sure
that I should not be in the right, but I am not careful to do this
thing. I am willing to take it as possible that such a thing may
have, and that such a thing has occurred, but I add that it is still
capable of explanation in accordance with my interpretation of the
flow of the sap. It will be observed that such cases have never
been observed until after the lapse of a winter after the grafting,
and, in fact, it is nearly impossible that they should. How although
I maintain that there is no descent of the sap, I never did (and
could not) deny that there is a period (winter) when it no longer
flows at all. The liquid part of the sap is evaporated, the more
solid part is dried up, deposited or crystallised, or what is called
“ stored up ” for next year. I imagine that this takes place pretty
much simultaneously all through the plant, so that there is little
sinking of the column of sap in the vessels. But it is possible that
under conditions when there is an unusually large supply of sap in
the vessels at the approach of winter, or in plants whose vessels are
favourably constructed for it, there may be something like a
disturbance of equilibrium, which will allow the sap to ebb, so that
a portion of what properly belongs to the scion floating on the top
of the tide may fall below the graft, and, being there stored up until
redissolved and carried up next year, may give rise to the doubtful
phenomenon of which I speak ; but I take my stand, not upon
exceptions, but on the broad basis of an all but universal experience
throughout the whole world.

I meant to have stopped here, but I am in the position of a
man, who, having begun to take a rotten beam out of an old house,
finds a whole superstructure of dependencies, offsets, and rookeries
tumbling about his ears. The system of vegetable physiology now
in credence was built up on the faith of the existence of a circulation

MURRAY ON T3E COURSE OE THE SAP.

11

of the sap, and everything has by degrees been arranged to fit neatly
into it. That rotten beam was removed and its place supplied by
Sachs’ theory ; that, I think, I have shown to be rotten too, and in
removing it, without having any other prop to put in its place,
down must come the hypothesis that the plant derives all its carbon
from carbonic acid in the atmosphere, or its nitrogen from free
uncombined nitrogen through the leaves, and all power of taking
anything into the system through the leaves, and, of course, all
hypothesis of feeding, whether vegetarian or carnivorous, through
these organs must be given up too. The theories of circulation by
imbibition, diastasis, endosmose, and exosmose, for me are already
defunct. Six weeks unavailing effort to get the slightest indication
of any of these phenomena in the living plant seem enough for me.
The current is steadily upward, and not only permits nothing to
come down against it, but is too powerful to permit anything to
deviate from its own place, and force its way into another, even
by uniting with it on the way upwards. My position, therefore,
is that for a plant to absorb carbonic acid through the leaves for
the purpose of supplying it with that important element involves a
physical impossibility, and yet this is one of the best received
vegeto-physiological hypotheses. It has the advantage of giving a
glimmer of an explanation how plants may have first originated.
They consist of carbon, nitrogen, and mineral ingredients, besides
oxygen, which may be derived from the latter, and it is open to
say that plants derive their mineral constituents from the degrada¬
tion of rocks, and their carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere —
and I do not say that some plants (as lichens) do not. But whatever
laboratory experiments may say, if we test the hypothesis by the rules
of common sense and common experience, they tell us that you may
try to grow a plant in mineral ingredients and leave it to get its carbon
from the atmosphere as much as you like but it won’t grow. As far as
common people can see it will only thrive in humus, in other words,
where its roots can draw carbon from the organic matters already
elaborated in the soil by the long-continued accumulation of past
ages. But Sachs states the point very broadly. “ The fact is
unquestionable,” says he, “ partly established by direct researches
on vegetation, partly inferred from the circumstances under which
many plants live in a natural condition, that most plants which
contain chlorophyll (e.g.f our cereal crops, Beans, Tobacco,
Sunflower, many saxicolous lichens), Algae, and other water plants
obtain ” (through the leaves — he does not say so here — but it is
implied, and is of the essence of his theory) “the entire quantity

12

JOUENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICTJLTUEAL SOCIETY.

of their carbon by the decomposition of atmospheric carbon dioxide,
and require for their nutrition no other compound of carbon from
without.” (Sachs’ Text- Booh (Dyer’s Trans.), p. 620.)

ft ow in the first place one of the principal of the circumstances
to which he certainly above alludes must be the influence of light
on assimilation, his interpretation of which I have just endeavoured
to refute. If that is wrong the unquestionableness of his fact dis¬
appears. Next I may mention another phenomenon which seems
to me equally adverse to his views, viz., that the plants of which
we are speaking exhale oxygen during the day and carbon during
the night. If carbon in whatever form passes up from the root to
the leaves during the day, and a chemical decomposition takes
place whereby it or other ingredients are altered in its way oxygen
must he liberated, and after being carried on with the stream of
sap will be set free when it reaches the leaves, while the carbon
will be used up in the plant ; and this is just what takes place by
day. But at night, when no feeding or assimilation is going on,
no flow of matter on which chemical action can act takes place
either, hut the carbonic acid with which the sap is charged, or
which is one of its ingredients, escapes through the thin cuticle of
the leaf as from a vessel left open without any interchange of oxygen
at all.

As to the experiments referred to by Professor Sachs, I believe that
the principal one was made by De Saussure about the beginning of
this century (1805), hut unhappily I have been unable to see the
paper containing it. As recorded, Saussure’s experiment proved
that plants in sunlight increase in their amounts of carbon, hydro¬
gen, and oxygen at the expense of carbonic acid and water. But
there is no indication whether he attempted to determine whether
the carbon was taken up by the leaves or the roots ; and as that was
not what he was trying to find out, I am disposed to infer that no
precautions were taken to decide that point. He seems to have
been very careful in measuring the contents and constituents of the
air, the plant, and the earth ; but as it is plain, from that very fact,
that they were all three subjected to the same experiment at the
same time, I do not imagine that the experiment could touch our
point. The more recent experiments of Moll would require more
space for discussion than I can give, but properly interpretated, and
eliminating some which, I think, proceed on mistaken assump¬
tions, I do not consider them adverse to my views.

It must not be inferred that I dispute altogether the possibility
of the air supplying a portion of its carbon to the plant. Carbonic

MURRAY ON THE COURSE OF THE SAP.

13

acid may be carried down into the earth by showers, and there put
in a fit condition for the plant, which may then take it up by the
roots. All that I say is, that it does not enter free into the plant
through the leaves, and that the idea of its descending from them,
and supplying the plant with carbon for its structure, infers an
absolute impossibility.

With a glance at one other class of experiments which bear on
this point I have done. I do not know that Sachs has relied on it,
but other physiologists have. It has been maintained that not only
carbolic acid, but nitrogen free and uncombined, is taken up by the
plant through its leaves, and it is plain that if the one can be so taken
up there seems no very good reason why the other should not be also
— possibly not so readily — but still, taken up. Both are constituent
gaseous elements of the plant, and if it can take up the one by the
leaves, it might reasonably be expected that it should also be able
to take up the other. Now with nitrogen the question has been
fairly tried by many first-rate chemists and physiologists, and a
great multitude of experiments have been made, and although dis¬
crepancies have occurred on points which do not concern this ques¬
tion, I think I may say that, with one exception (De Villa, whose
authority is nothing equal in weight to that of most of those opposed
to him), the conclusion has been unanimous in the negative. It would
be tedious to mention all the experimenters, but when I name Bous-
singault as commencing the inquiry and Lawes and Gilbert ter¬
minating it, no question as to its efficiency can arise. The
concluding words of Mr. Lawes are “in view of the evidence
afforded of the non-assimilation of free nitrogen by plants under the
wide range of circumstances provided in the experiments it is
desirable that the several actual or possible sources of combined
nitrogen to plants should be more fully investigated both quanti-
tively and qualitatively.”

In conclusion, I trust that others will repeat my experiments
and weigh my arguments. It is a very self-confident thing for a
man to set himself up in opposition to views entertained by all the
heroes sciential of his own time, and although I own that I am not
generally much troubled by reverence for authority, I still feel that
I shall not be sure whether I have been wise or impudent in writing
this paper until I have my experiments repeated and confirmed by
independent workers.

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

II. Bepgrt on the Bedding Varieties of Zonal Pelargoniums

Grown at Chiswick by the Ploral Committee of the Boyal

Horticultural Society, 1876.

The collection grown this season was chiefly composed of the older
and approved varieties, it having been determined by the Com¬
mittee to prove all the new sorts in pots the first season, and to
bed them oi;t the following if worthy of retention, excepting the
variegated section and some few that were recommended solely as
bedding varieties. This arrangement enables the Committee to
discard many worthless and synonymous varieties the first season,
and to secure a requisite number of plants of good quality for
planting out, a difficulty having always been experienced in secur¬
ing the newer sorts sufficiently early in the season, or of sufficient
vigour, to give them a fair trial the first season.

The season was not a favourable one for the flowering varieties ;
but the foliaged or variegated section, on the contrary, grew most
satisfactorily.

The following is a list of the donors Bull, W., Chelsea ;
Bell and Thorpe, Stratford-on-Avon ; Carter & Co., High Holborn,
W.C. ; Clark, J., Cothelstone House, near Tantum, Somerset ;
Creed, J. J., Whittington House, Chesterfield ; Cocker & Son, J.,
Sunnypark Nurseries, Aberdeen; Cannell, H., Swanley Junction,
Kent; Chater, J. J., Gonville Nurseries, Cambridge; Denny, Dr.,
Stoke Newington; Dickson & Co., Edinburgh; Davis, S. The
Cemetery, Maidstone, Kent ; Dean, B., Ealing; Dodds, W.,
Bishopston, Bristol; Eraser, John, Lea Bridge Nurseries; Gara-
way & Co., J., Bristol ; George, J., Putney Heath ; Henderson &
Son, E. G., Wellington Nursery, N.W. ; Hodgson, J.,- Thomas
Street, Woolwich ; King, J., Allanbury Park, Binfield, Berks ;
Kinghorn, E. B., Sheen Nursery, Bichmond ; Kneller, N., Mal-
shanger Park, Basingstoke; Laing, John, Stanstead Park Nur¬
series ; Little, H., Cambridge Villa, Twickenham ; Lee, J. & C.,
Hammersmith ; Methven & Sons, Thomas, Edinburgh ; Miles, E.,
Bingham Bectory, Notts; Meus, — , Chiswick House ; Osborn & Son,
Eulham ; Pearson, J. B., Chilwell, Notts ; Paul & Son, W., Wal¬
tham Cross ; Porter, — , Sion Lodge, Isleworth ; Plestir, W., Elsenham
Hall Gardens, Bishop Storford ; Smith, G., Hedge Lane, Edmonton ;
Smith, E. and A., Dulwich ; Tipping, E. P., Sheendale Villas,
Bichmond ; Turner, C., Boyal Nurseries, Slough ; Veitch & Sons,

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

15

J., Chelsea; Wimsett, J., King’s Koad, Chelsea; "Wells, C., Selwyn

Court, Kichmond; Wehb, FL, Bedstone Manor, Bedhill.

*** Denote those that have been awarded First-class Certificates.

I. Flowers Scarlet.

. Hybrid Nosegay .

Leaves Zonate.

1. General Outram. Free spreading habit ; free flowering ; trusses,
large ; rich dark scarlet. Certificated 1874.

2. Wellington (Denny). Strong vigorous habit ; foliage pale
green, zonate; trusses large; flowers large, dark scarlet.-
Previously certificated.

3. H. M. Stanley (George). Bushy habit ; trusses large ; flowers
large, very bright scarlet, best of its class. Previously cer¬
tificated.

4. Bret Harte (Miles). Shy flowering ; inferior.

5. Bonfire (Paul). Straggling loose habit; very free flowering;
bright scarlet. Previously certificated.

6. Vesta (Paul). Yery similar to Bonfire.

7. Mrs. Mellow (Pearson). Shy flowering ; not desirable.

8. Murillo (Paul). Plant of erect habit ; trusses small and com¬
pact ; deep scarlet, shaded faintly with crimson.

9. Chatsworth Speed (Pearson). Loose straggling habit; trusses
medium sized, compact ; deep scarlet ; now superseded.

10. Terence (Paul). Good compact habit ; trusses large ; flowers
large ; freely produced ; bright scarlet.

11. Milton (Pearson). Spreading loose habit; trusses large and
very loose; inferior.

12. Goncord. Spreading habit; free flowering; trusses medium
sized; flower medium sized, bright scarlet.

13. Wm. Thomson (Pearson). Inferior.

14. Shakespeare. Dwarf-spreading habit; very free flowering;
trusses large ; the petals long and narrow, bright scarlet.

15. Lord Belper (Pearson). An inferior variety.

16. Bayard (Pearson). Similar to Lord Belper.

17. Rev. J. Wooley (Pearson). Spreading habit ; free flowering ;
trusses large ; flowers large, bright scarlet.

18. Duke of Bevonshire (Pearson). Plant of good dwarf habit ;
free flowering ; trusses medium sized ; flowers medium sized,
bright scarlet. Previously certificated.

19. Waltham Seedling (Paul). Dwarf- spreading habit ; very free

16

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowering ; trusses large ; the petals long and narrow. Pre¬
viously certificated, now confirmed.

20. Sheendale Nosegay (Tipping). ."Free spreading habit; shy flower¬
ing ; trusses large ; the petals narrow.

II. Flowers Pale Orange-Scarlet.

Leaves Zonate.

21. Chunder Sen. Plant of free vigorous habit; free flowering;
trusses medium sized ; flowers medium sized, bright orange-
scarlet. Previously certificated.

22. Soleil (Yeitch). Similar to Chunder Sen. Previously certi¬
ficated. Now confirmed.

23. Triomphe de Stella (Garaway). Dwarf compact habit ; free
flowering ; trusses small ; orange-scarlet. A first-rate bedder.
Previously certificated. Now confirmed.

24. Harry Hieover. Plant of exceedingly dwarf close habit ; free
flowering ; trusses small ; flowers small, pale scarlet. A fine
bedder for front edging. Previously certificated.

25. Anna Pfitzer (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of spreading
habit ; free flowering ; trusses large ; the petals narrow, pale
scarlet. Previously certificated.

26. Ouryer (Pearson). Free, rather spreading habit ; free flower¬
ing ; trusses large ; flowers medium sized, pale orange-scarlet.
Yery good.

27. Grand Puke (G. Smith). Plant of moderate compact habit ;
trusses large ; flowers large, of fine form, vermilion-scarlet,
shaded with lake. Previously certificated.

28. Orient (Miles). Plant of good compact habit ; trusses very
large ; flowers medium sized, orange-scarlet. Discarded.

29. Prince Arthur (Pearson). Plant of compact close habit ; the
stems marbled, and with very distinct zone in leaf ; trusses of
medium size ; flowers medium, bright orange-scarlet.

30. Congress (George). Plant of strong vigorous habit; free
flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, pale scarlet.

31. Mrs. J. George (George). Plant of free rather spreading
habit ; very free flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, of
fine form, pale orange-scarlet. Previously certificated.

III. Flowers Laee-Bose.

Leaves Zonate.

32- Arthur Pearson (Pearson), Plant of moderate growth ; free

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

17

flowering ; trusses medium sized ; flowers of medium size, rose
with a slight shade of magenta. Previously certificated.

33. Laurence Hey wood (Pearson). Plant of strong but compact
growth ; free flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, of fine
form, rose with a tinge of purple ; a very showy variety
Previously certificated.

34. Violet Hill Nosegay (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of fine
dwarf compact habit ; very free flowering ; trusses small ;
flowers large, rose coloured ; a splendid variety. Previously
certificated.

35. Lady Kirkland (Downie & Co.). Tree compact strong habit;
very free flowering ; trusses of immense size ; flowers large,
bright purplish-rose. Previously certificated.

IV. Elowers Scarlet shaded with Magenta.

Leaves Zonate.

36. Caxton (Pearson). Plant of moderate compact habit ; leaves
plain green ; trusses medium sized, compact and close ; flowers
medium sized, scarlet shaded with magenta. Previously
certificated.

37. Sparkler. Plant of good free-growing habit ; free flowering ;
trusses large and compact, well displayed ; scarlet shaded with
magenta. Previously certificated.

38. Mrs. Turner (Dickson). "Very similar to Caxton.

39. Argus *** (Paul). Plant of free spreading habit ; free flower¬
ing ; trusses large ; flowers large, of good form, with conspi¬
cuous white eye, scarlet shaded with magenta. Distinct and
good.

40. Atlios (Pearson). Plant of bushy habit ; leaves small, zonate,
and somewhat cupped ; free flowering ; trusses large and very
close ; flowers of medium size, scarlet shaded with magenta.

41. A. Rivers (Pearson). Plant of tall branching habit; very
free flowering ; trusses very large ; flowers of medium size,
scarlet shaded with magenta.

Y. Flowers Scarlet.

Leaves Zonate. *

42. Rosa Little (H. Little). A dwarf habited variety ; free
flowering ; trusses large, erect ; flowers large, of fine form,
deep scarlet with a small white eye. Certificated 1875.

43. Hark Twain (F. Miles). Plant of dwarf-growing compact

VOL, v, R

18

JOUEHAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

habit; leaves distinctly zonate ; very free flowering; trusses
large; flowers large, of fine form, deep opaque scarlet. A
splendid variety. Previously certificated.

44. Vesuvius (E. and A. Smith). A well-known variety.

45. Shakespeare (Denny). Inferior.

46. Tyrsal Rival (Laing). Dwarf compact growing variety ; free
flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, of fine form, rich
scarlet with a rather small white eye.

47. The Spencer. Loose habit ; free flowering ; trusses large ;
flowers large, bright scarlet. Discarded.

48. Tom Taylor. Very shy flowering. Inferior for bedding
purposes.

49. Rose of Summer ***. Plant of fine dwarf habit ; free flower¬
ing ; trusses large ; flowers of medium size, pale scarlet.

50. Corsair (Pearson). Habit strong and robust ; trusses medium
sized ; flowers large, of fine form, orange-scarlet. More suit¬
able for pot culture.

51. John West (King). Plant of free good habit ; free flowering ;
trusses large ; flowers large, orange-scarlet. A promising
variety.

52. Iago (Denny). Plant of free habit ; shy flowering ; trusses and
flowers of medium size. Unsuited for bedding.

53. John Watson (Pearson). Plant of free growing good habit 5
free flowering ; trusses very large ; flowers large, scarlet with
a shade of purple. Good.

54. Moxham (Denny). Tall branching habit; flowers large and
fine ; shy flowering. Inferior for bedding.

55. Wonderful (Smith). A semi-double Vesuvius possessing all
the qualities of that well-known variety.

56. Aurora (semi-double) (Laxton). Of the Tom Thumb type;
free flowering and good.

YI. Elowees Scaelet with White Eye.

Leaves Zonate.

57. A. F. Barron (George). Eine dwarf compact habit; free

flowering; trussesTarge ; flowers large, of fine form, scarlet with
white eye. A fine variety.

58. Harry King (E. G. Henderson & Son). Habit moderately
vigorous ; trusses of medium size, freely produced ; flowers of
fine form, scarlet with white eye. Previously certificated.

59. Empress of India (Porter). Tall loose habit. Inferior.

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

19

60. Richa/rd Dean (George). Free good habit ; free flowering ;
trusses large ; flowers large, scarlet with white eye. Pre¬
viously certificated.

61. Excelsior (Denny). Plant of spreading habit ; free flowering ;
trusses large ; flowers large, scarlet with white eye. Good for
pot culture.

62. Prince Arthur (Fraser). Resembles Harry King.

63. Don Giovanni. Inferior.

64. Grand Duchess. Inferior.

65. The General (Paul). Plant of loose branching habit ; free
flowering, scarlet with white eyeT; the petals quickly fall off.

66. Theocritus*** (Paul). Good habit; free flowering; trusses
and flowers large, deep scarlet, with conspicuous white eye.
Good.

67. Jean Sisley (Cannell). Good compact habit; free flowering,
but sheds its flowers quickly.

68. De Lesseps. Dwarf bushy habit; free flowering; trusses
medium sized ; flowers large, scarlet with white eye.

69. Archbishop of Paris. Good compact habit ; shy flowering.
Inferior for bedding.

70. Achilles (Denny). Good compact habit; free flowering ; trusses
of medium size ; flowers large, pale scarlet with distinct white
eye. Discarded.

71. Emily Moreland. Like Achilles. Discarded.

72. Prince Charlie. Shy flowering. Discarded.

73. Marechal MacMahon. Spreading habit; trusses and flowers
large. Now superseded.

74. Diana. Shy flowering. Discarded.

VII. Flowers Scarlet.

Leaves Plain Green.

75. Duke of Sutherland *** (F. and A. Smith). Free vigorous
habit ; free flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, bright
scarlet.

76. Warrior (G. Smith). Very similar to Duke of ’Sutherland ;
bettor habit. Previously certificated.

77. Dell (Pearson). Shy flowering. Inferior.

VIII. Flowers Pale Scarlet.

Leaves Plain Green.

78. Red King *** (Cocker & Son). Plant of very close compact

b 2

20

JOUENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

growth ; very free flowering ; trusses of medium size ; flowers
medium sized, pale scarlet. Good.

79. Col. Wright (Pearson). Plant of free spreading habit ; free
flowering trusses, and flowers of medium size, pale scarlet.
Previously certificated.

IX. Flowees Ceimson-Scaelet.

Leaves Plain Green.

80. Mrs. Vincent. Plant of good compact growth ; free flowering ;
trusses large ; flowers large, scarlet shaded with crimson. Pre¬
viously certificated, now confirmed.

81. Rev. F. F. Fenn (Pearson). Plant of medium vigour, rather
erect growth ; trusses large and full, well displayed ; very
free flowering ; flowers of medium size, the petals long and
narrow, rich crimson-scarlet. Previously certificated. A
splendid variety.

X. Flowees Ceeise and Bose.

Leaves Zonate.

82. Lucius. Plant of free vigorous growth ; very free flowering ;
leaves very daik green with distinct zone ; trusses and flowers
of medium size, cerise ; stands the weather well. Previously
certificated, now confirmed.

83. Princess of Wales (Mews). Plant of strong vigorous growth ;
trusses large and handsome ; of a paler shade than Lucius.
Previously certificated, and now confirmed.

84. Harvest Moon. Very similar to Princess of Wales.

85. Regalia (Turner). Plant of medium growth ; very free
flowering ; trusses large and somewhat loose. Previously
certificated.

86. Dr. Newham. Dwarf spreading habit; the stems marbled;
inferior.

87. Forester (Carter and Co.). Plant of strong vigorous growth ;
free flowering ; trusses small ; flowers of good form, pale
rose. Previously certificated.

88. Climax. Yery strong vigorous growth ; somewhat shy
flowering ; pale rose.

89. John Riddell (Cocker). Like Climax ; of more compact
habit.

90. Lady Selwyn (Wells). Tall branching habit ; shy flowering
inferior.

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

21

91. John Fraser. Plant of free good habit ; rather shy flowering
trusses and flowers of medium size ; deep rose.

92. Claude de la Meurthe (E. G. Henderson and Son). Plant of
moderately vigorous growth ; free flowering ; leaves cupped
and deeply serrated ; faintly zoned ; trusses of medium size ;
rose shaded with magenta, or a bright amaranth rose, a
colour very difficult to designate, being so very distinct.
Previously certificated. A first-rate variety.

93. Ianthe *** (Denny). A dwarf close habited variety ; free
flowering ; trusses and flowers of medium size ; rose shaded
with purple ; the best habited variety of the class.

94. JDr. Hill. Similar to Ianthe , but of stronger growth.

95. Mrs. Grover. . . . .

96. Rev. J. Downie. J ^^ese are inferior varieties.

XT. Flowers Pale Pine.

Leaves Plain Green.

97. Christine (Kinghorn). Very close habit; free flowering;
trusses and flowers of medium size ; very pale pink.

98. Christine Surpasse. Stronger growth than Christine , and
with larger flowers ; not so free flowering.

99. Bella (Pearson). Plant of rather tall habit; very free
flowering ; trusses of moderate size ; flowers medium sized,
pale rose-pink.

100. Margaret. Very inferior ; leaves zonate.

XII. Flowers Kose-Pine.

Leaves Plain Green.

101. Mrs. Augustus Miles (Pearson). Plant of slightly straggling
habit ; very free flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large,
bright rose-pink, upper petals distinctly marked with white.
Previously certificated.

102. Mrs. Holden (Pearson). Clear rose-pink; inferior for bed¬
ding purposes, but does well in pots.

103. Mrs. Tate (Pearson). Plant of dwarf spreading habit ; free
flowering ; trusses and flowers large ; deep rose-pink, dis¬
tinctly marked with white on the upper petals.

104. Mrs. Ffytche (Pearson). Similar to Mrs. Tate.

105. Mrs. Halliburton (Kinghorn). Plant of free bushy habit
very free flowering ; trusses of medium size ; flowers small
rose ; a good variety. Previously certificated.

22

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

106. Lady Emily (Pearson). Plant of thick bushy compact
habit ; somewhat shy flowering ; trusses very large ; flowers
large, clear rose-pink, the upper petals distinctly blotched
with white. Previously certificated.

107. Master Christine. Good bushy habit ; free flowering ; trusses
and flowers large ; rose-pink, upper petals distinctly marked
with white. Previously certificated.

108. Lady JBelper (Pearson). Plant of compact good habit;
free flowering ; trusses and flowers large ; clear rose-pink
slightly shaded with lilac. Yery fine.

109. Cleopatra (Barnett). Plant of moderately dwarf habit ; free
flowering. A splendid variety. Previously certificated.

110. Madam Barr e. Yery inferior.

XIII. Flowers Rose-Pink.

Leaves Zonate.

111. Rose of Allandale (Denny). Plant of free habit; free
flowering ; trusses medium sized ; flowers large and of good
form, well displayed, clear rose-pink, with white on top
petals. A fine variety.

112. Surpasse Beaute de Suresnes (Low). ) These three are all in-

113. Mrs. Kent. > ferior, being very shy

114. Charlie King. ) flowering.

XIY. Flowers Pink shared with Purple.

Leaves Plain Green.

115. Florence Durand (Pearson). Plant of vigorous habit; free
flowering ; trusses and flowers large, rose-pink shaded with
purple, the upper petals distinctly blotched with white. Pre¬
viously certificated.

116. Mrs. Turner (Pearson). Plant of strong vigorous growth;
very free flowering ; trusses very large ; flowers large, the
petals narrow, rose-pink shaded with purple. Previously cer¬
tificated.

117. Mrs. Gibbons (Pearson). Of stronger growth than Mrs.
Turner , but otherwise similar.

118. Amaranth (Pearson). Plant of free good habit ; free flower¬
ing ; trusses large and compact deep rose-pink ; with a shade
of purple. Previously certificated.

XY. Flowers Pink shaded with Purple.

Leaves Zonate.

119. Rink May Queen (Downie & Co.). Plant of remarkably

HE POET ON- PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

23

strong growth ; free flowering ; trusses very large; flowers of
good form, pink shaded with lilac. Previously certificated.

120. JECettie (Miles). Not so free flowering as Pink May Queen , but
otherwise similar.

121. Lucy (Pearson). Tolerably compact habit; free flowering ;
trusses of medium size ; flowers of medium size, bright rose-
pink with a slight tinge of purple.

122. Mrs. F. BarnabyA T „ . , ,, , ., ,

. 7, r / c Inferior to those described.

123. Mrs. Musters. )

XYI. Plowers Salmon.

Leaves Zonate.

124. Vanessa *** (F. Miles). Plant of moderately vigorous habit ;
free flowering ; trusses large and bold ; flowers large, of a
uniform salmon colour. Yery showy and distinct.

125. A. K. McJSfab (Laing). Yery similar to Vanessa.

126. Forest Hill Nosegay (Downie & Co.). Plant of dwarf and
compact habit ; free flowering trusses and flowers large, sal-
mony-cerise.

127. President Thiers. \

128. Salmon (Hodgson). r These are all shy flowering and

129. Beauty of Suffolk (Dodds), j inferior.

130. Fatinze. /

XYII. Flowers Oculate.

Leaves Zonate.

131. Lucretia (George). Plant of free-growing branching habit;
free flowering ; trusses and flowers of medium size ; white
shading to bright rose towards the eye.

132. Fugenie Mezard (Salter). Plant of dwarf compact habit ; very
free flowering ; white shading to salmon towards the eye.
Good. Previously certificated.

133. Mrs. Dodds. Plant of good bushy habit ; free flowering, and
good, but now superseded.

134. Princess Alice (E. Gr. Henderson & Son). Plant of good
habit ; free flowering, and good.

135. Belle Fsquemoise. ) . . .

136 . Madam Vendel. ] I^or varieties.

XYIII. Flowers White.

Leaves Zonate.

137. Snowdon*** (Denny). Plant of dwarf close habit; free

24

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowering ; trusses large ; flowers large, of fine form, white
faintly shaded with pink. A good white variety both for pot
culture and for bedding.

138. Purity (Bull). Plant of robust vigorous growth ; free
flowering ; trusses large ; flowers of medium size, of fine
form, almost pure white. Previously certificated.

139. White Clipper. Shy flowering, and inferior.

140. White Princess. Similar to White Clipper.

141. White Swan (D. Laird and Laing). A very stunted variety ;
very inferior.

XIX. Golden Tricolor Varieties.

These have been arranged into five distinct groups, the varieties
composing which are very similar.

Group I.

Leaves large, broad, with broad greenish-yellow margin, and

narrow bronzy-red zone. Plowers scarlet.

142. Mrs. Pollock ***. A fine free-growing variety, and still one
of the best. Previously certificated.

143. Amy Richards. Leaves large, flat, of a somewhat weak con¬
stitution.

144. Countess of Ashburnham (E. G. Henderson & Son). Avery
robust and strong-growing variety. By far the strongest
growing of all the tricolors, the leaves large and well-marked.
A splendid variety.

145. Fair Emily (F. and A. Smith). Of somewhat brighter colour
than Mrs. Pollock.

146. Louisa Smith. Of fine dwarf habit. A good variety.

147. Prince Arthur (E. G. Henderson & Son). ~)

148. Iron Duke (E. G. Henderson & Son). i ihese al'.e .fU

very similar

| to Mrs. Pol-

149. Leander (E. G. Henderson & Son).

150. Sophia Cussack.

151. Templar (E. P. Tipping).

j

lock.

Group II.

Leaves rather small, and frequently cupped ; narrow yellow
margin, with broad dark reddish zone. Plants of fine dwarf
compact growth.

152. Lady Cullum (Grieve). Plant of fine free growth. A very
useful variety either for pots or bedding. Previously certifi¬
cated.

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

25

153. Florence (Wills). This is identical with Lady Cullum.

154. Lady Sheffield (E. G.

Henderson & Son).

155. Easter 7i Prince.

}

These bear a gi
Lady Cullum.

resemblance to

Group 111.

Leaves small, round, of a pale green colour ; the margin narrow,
clear golden ; zone of a clear bronzy-red. Plants of very com¬
pact bushy habit. Flowers scarlet.

156. Sophia JDumaresque (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of
fine free-growing habit.

157. Bright Eyes (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of very
fine dwarf habit. This is a very pretty and attractive variety.

158. Plutarch (Paul). \ Previously certificated. These are

159. Mrs. Turner (Turner). / very similar to Sophia Dumaresyue.

Group IV.

Leaves large, broad, flat ; the margin clear golden ; zone very

broad and distinct, of a dark bronzy-red colour ; flowers scarlet.

160. Macbeth (Bell & Thorpe). Plant of very strong robust
growth ; foliage large and flat ; distinct dark zone. A splendid
variety. Previously certificated.

161. Col. Loyd Lindsay (E. G. Henderson and Son). Avery free
growing variety, with large flat leaves.

162. Home Influence (E. G. Henderson & Son). Leaves rather
smaller than the preceding ; zone very bright and clear. A
promising variety.

163. Peter Grieve. \

164. Angelina.

165. Beautiful Star. [>-

166. W. E. Gladsto7ie. I

i

167. Princess Mary. J

These are
Macbeth.

similar but inferior to

Group V.

Leaves small ; narrow golden margin ; zone broad, very clearly

defined, of a fiery-red. Flowers scarlet.

168. Queen of Spain. Plant of fine free habit ; somewhat narrow
golden margin, with very distinct and clear fiery-red zone.

1 69. Beautiful for Etier (E. G. Henderson & Son). This is very
similar to Queen of Spain , but with a clearer and more distinct
zone. Previously certificated.

170. Princess Louise. Similar to Queen of Spain.

26

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XX. Plain Golden Yariegated.

171. Golden Superb Nosegay (Sampson). Plant of fine dwarf
habit ; foliage bright yellow, with very pale zone ; flowers
large ; nosegay section ; very freely produced ; purplish-crim¬
son. A splendid variety. Previously certificated.

172. Glory of Ochenden. Plant of very dwarf bushy habit; leaves
yellow with narrow faint zone ; free flowering ; flowers of
medium size, pale scarlet.

173. Robert Fish (Wills). Plant of remarkably dwarf habit;
leaves very small, bright yellow ; very free flowering ;
flowers pale orange- scarlet. This is a very dwarf variety,
and is very suitable for edgings.

174. Golden Harry Hieover (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of
very dwarf spreading habit ; leaves small, yellow, with a
narrow distinct chocolate zone ; very free flowering. An
excellent variety, and very suitable for edgings. Previously
certificated.

175. Creed’s Seedling (Creed). Plant of free compact habit ; leaves
bright greenish-yellow ; free flowering ; trusses small, well
displayed ; flowers of good form, crimson coloured. A splen¬
did variety. Previously certificated.

176. Crystal Palace Gem. Plant of fine compact growth; leaves
medium sized, yellow with a dark green blotch near the base ;
free flowering ; flowers rosy-pink. One of the best bedders.
Previously certificated.

177. Golden Queen. Plant of dwarf- spreading habit; leaves of
medium size ; greenish-yellow ; shy flowering ; flowers rosy-
pink.

178. Golden Brilliantissima (Park). Plant of very dwarf compact
habit ; leaves of medium size, distinctly blotched with yellow
and white round the margin ; free flowering ; flowers bright
scarlet. Suitable for edgings.

179. Golden Harhaway . This is an inferior variety.

XXI. Silver Tricolors.

180. Lass O’Gowrie (Grieve). Plant of good compact habit ; mar¬
gin of leaves white, with a distinct bronzy-red narrow zone.
A good variety. Previously certificated.

181. Italia Unita (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of medium
vigorous growth ; leaves creamv-white, with distinct rosy-pink
zone ; flowers scarlet. Previously certificated.

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876. 27

182. Glen Eyre Beauty (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of
vigorous growth ; leaves somewhat crumpled, with creamy-
white margin and distinct broad red zone ; flowers scarlet.
Previously certificated.

183. Princess Beatrice (Chater). Plant of free vigorous growth ;
leaves large, with narrow bright zone. Good.

184. Prince Silver wings (Paul). Plant of moderately vigorous
habit ; leaves medium sized, with a straw-yellow margin, and
distinct rosy-red zone ; flowers scarlet. This is a very dis¬
tinct variety.

185. Mrs. J. Clutton. Leaves green, crimson zone, margin white ;
clear and distinct.

186. Fair Rosamond. \

187. The Graphic.

188. Sabella. \ Inferior to those described.

189. Knight of the Garter. I

190. Sunny Smile. '

XXII. Silver Variegated.

1. Margins pure white.

191. Little Trot (Davis). Plant of very fine dwarf habit ; leaves
large, with a broad distinct margin of pure white ; flowers
scarlet. This is the most distinct of any of the type, and is
altogether a splendid variety. Previously certificated.

192. Albion's Cliffs (Chater). Plant of remarkably strong vigorous
growth ; leaves large, with pure white margin ; flowers light
scarlet. This is the strongest growing variety. Previously
certificated.

193. Princess Alexandra (G. Smith). Plant of fine dwarf com¬
pact habit ; leaves large, with pure white margin ; flowers
scarlet. Previously certificated.

194. Miss Kingsbury. Plant of strong vigorous habit; leaves
broadly margined with pure white ; flowers scarlet. This is,
perhaps, the best white variegated variety for general bedding
purposes.

2. Margins creamy-white.

195. Flower of Spring (Turner). Plant of free compact growth ;
leaves medium sized, with broad creamy- white margin ;
flowers rosy-scarlet. Previously certificated.

196. Snowdrop (Carter & Co.). Plant of moderately vigorous
growth ; leaves of medium size, creamy- white margin ; flowers
bright scarlet. Previously certificated.

28

JOTJBNAL OF THE EOFAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

197. Brilliant Superb (Parsons). Plant of moderately vigorous
habit; leaves of medium size, very much crumpled, 'with
narrow creamy-white margin ; flowers scarlet. Previously
certificated.

198. Shottesham Pet. Tall erect growing variety. Now super¬
seded.

199. Silver Chain (E. G. Henderson). Plant of fine dwarf habit;
leaves large, very slightly zoned, broad creamy-white margin ;
flowers scarlet. An excellent variety. Previously certificated.

200. Laura (Pearson). Fine habit, similar to Silver Chain ;
flowers cerise and very pleasing.

XXIII. Beonze-Leaved Yaeieties.

1. Flowers Salmon.

201. The Czar*** (J. Laing). Plant of erect vigorous growth;
leaves large, with a very distinct, almost black zone, and
narrow yellow margin ; flowers pale salmon. This is by far
the darkest bronze of any.

202. Black Douglas (Downie & Co.). Plant of very fine dwarf
habit ; fine dark broad zone, with narrow yellow margin ;
free flowering ; pale salmon. A splendid variety. Previously
certificated.

203. Emperor of Brazil (Downie & Co.). Very similar to Black
Douglas. Previously certificated.

204. Cedo Nulli (E. G. Henderson & Son). Plant of strong robust
growth ; broad bright zone ; flowers pale salmon, with bright
eye.

205. Free-light (E. G. Henderson). ) T o • i. a-u j

„„„ ■ f-r ' >-Inferior to those described.

206. Marquis of Borne (J. Hodgson). J

2. Flowers Scarlet.

207. Marechal MacMahon (Downie & Co.). Plant of very robust
and compact habit ; leaves large and flat, with a very dark
broad even zone ; flowers scarlet. Still one of the best.
Previously certificated.

208. Beauty of Colder dale (Wills). Plant of strong growing
spreading habit ; distinct broad zone ; flowers pale scarlet.
Previously certificated.

209. James Richards (R. H. S.). Plant of vigorous growth ; leaves
of medium size, with dark zone ; flowers bright scarlet. Yery
freely produced. An improvement on Beauty of Calderdale.
Previously certificated.

EEPOET ON PELARGONIUMS GEOWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876.

29

210. King of Bronzes (Osborn). Plant of good compact habit;
leaves of medium size, with very bright uneven zone ; flowers
pale scarlet.

211. Rev . C. R. Peach (Downie & Co.). Plant of robust compact
growth ; foliage large, bright, with a broad dark zone ;
flowers pale scarlet. A good variety. Previously certificated.

212. Seine Victoria (Downie & Co.). Plant of free growth ;
leaves very large, yellow ground, with bright broad zone ;
flowers scarlet. Previously certificated.

213. TV. E. Gumbleton (Downie & Co.). Plant of fine dwarf
spreading habit ; leaves small ; very narrow yellowish- green
margin and broad well-defined chocolate zone; flowers scarlet.
An excellent variety. Previously certificated.

214. Black Prince (Downie & Co.). Plant of very free vigorous
growth ; leaves large, with bright distinct zone ; flowers
scarlet. Previously certificated.

215. Golden Button (E. G. Henderson & Son). Very similar to
Black Prince.

216. William Webb (J. King).

217. Crown Prince (Gr. Acton).

218. Gilt with Gold (E. G. Henderson).

219. Mrs. Pollard (J. Laing).

220. Robert Burns (Methven & Sons).

221. Mrs. H. Weir (Downie & Co.).

222. Mrs. J. Lee.

223. Napoleon III.

224. Princess of Wales (E. G. Henderson & Son).

A SELECT LIST OF THE BEST VARIETIES IN EACH CLASS.

The numbers refer to those on the report.

I. Flowers Scarlet , Nosegay Section.

2. Wellington. I 18. Duke of Devonshire.

3. H. M. Stanley. | 19. Waltham Seedling.

II. Flowers Pale Orange-Scarlet.

23. Triomphe de Stella. I 25. Grand Duke.

24. Golden Harry Hieover. | 31. Mrs. J. George.

III. Floicers Lake-Rose.

32. Arthur Pearson. I 34. Violet Hill Nosegay.

33. Lawrence Heywood. |

IV. Flowers Scarlet shaded with Magenta.

36. Caxton. j 41. A. Rivers.

39. Argus. j

Inferior to
r those de¬
scribed.

30

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Y. Flowers Scarlet , Leaves Zonate.

44. Vesuvius.

43. Mark Twain.

49. Rose of Summer.

53. John Watson.

55. Wonderful.

56. Aurora.

YI. Flowers Scarlet with White Eye.

57. A. F. Barron. I 60. Richard Dean.

58. Harry King. | 66. Theocritus.

VII. Flowers Scarlet, Leaves Plain Green.
75. Duke of Sutherland.

VIII. Flowers Pale Scarlet.

78. Red King. | 79. Col. Wright.

IK. Flowers Crimson-Scarlet.

80. Mrs. Vincent. | 81. Rev. F. F. Fenn.

X. Flowers Cerise and Rose.

82. Lucius. 1 92. Claude de la Meurthe.

83. Princess of Wales. | 93. Ianthe.

XI. Flowers Pale Pink.

97. Christine.

XII. Flowers Rose-Pink, Leaves Plain.

101. Mrs. Augusta Miles. I 109. Cleopatra.
105. Mrs. Halliburton.

XIII. Flowers Rose-Pink, Leaves Zonate.
111. Rose of Allandale.

XIV. Flowers Pink shaded with Purple.

116. Mrs. Turner. | 118. Amaranth.

124. Vanessa.

131. Lucretia.
137. Snowdon.

XVI. Flowers Salmon .

XVII. Flowers Oculate.

| 132. Eugenie Me'zard,

XVIII. Flowers White.

XIX. Golden Tricolors.

142. Mrs. Pollock.

144. Countess of Ashburnham.

145. Fair Emily.

152. Lady Cullum,

157. Bright Eyes.

160. Macbeth.

162. Home Influence.
169. Beautiful for Ever.

XX. Plain Golden Variegated.

171. Golden Superb Nosegay. 175. Creed’s Seedling.

173. Robert Fish. 176. Crystal Palace Gem.

174. Golden Harry Hieover.

XXI. Silver Tricolors.

180. Lass O’Gowrie. I 184. Prince Silverwings.

182. Glen Eyre Beauty.

ABORIGINAL PLANTS OF ST. HELENA.

31

XXII. Silver

191. Little Trot.

192. Albion’s Cliffs.

194. Miss Kingsbury.

Variegated.

193. Princess Alexandra,
199. Silver Chain.

XXIII. Bronzes.

201. The Czar. 209. James Richards.

202. Black Douglas. 213. W. E. Gumbleton.

207. Marechal MacMahon.

III. On the Best Means of preserving from extirpation some

of the Aboriginal Plants of St. Helena. By T. Yernon

Wollaston, E.L.S.

Considering the extreme interest of the various arborescent
Composite, peculiar to St. Helena, and the rapid rate at which many
of them are becoming extinct, it seems to me a great pity that mea¬
sures should not he taken to preserve, at any rate, a few of each
species before it is too late. The difficulty of getting their seeds to
germinate, even after a three-weeks’ passage to England, and although
transmitted perfectly fresh and in the best condition, is well known
to everybody who has endeavoured to introduce them into our
northern greenhouses ; and yet, in situ , every seed that is carried by
the wind and lodged within a crevice or on the face of an almost
perpendicular rock well-nigh denuded of soil, would seem to be¬
come a plant in an incredibly short time ; and were the island but
left alone (a “ consummation devoutly to be wished ”) for a couple
of generations, and the inhabitants prevented from tampering with
the small remaining portion of their aboriginal forests, the whole
of the central region would be again a jungle of Cabbage-trees,
Gumwoods, and Asters. But each year sees the latter more and
more cleared away ; and what with the ruthless axe of (so-calledl
“civilisation” and the eternal nibbling of goats, some of the most
remarkable members of the flora, such as the “ Redwood ” and
native “ Ebony ” (which, however, are not Composites), have
already disappeared for ever.

That the seeds, however, may occasionally be made to germinate
even in England is certain, for at any rate two of the species which
I transmitted to Sir J. Hooker, about a year and a half ago, from
St. Helena, he informs me have been reared at Kew. These are
the Com midendr on robustum , EC., or “ Gumwood,” and the ex¬
ceedingly rare Aster gummiferus , Hk. fil., or “Little Bastard

32

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gumwood.”* But that the difficulty of treating them successfully
is not overrated will be readily allowed, when I mentioned that I
carried a profusion of these seeds with me to Madeira, only a short
time after they were gathered ; and yet, with all the advantages of
one of the finest climates in the world (and that too an insular one) ,
and despite every possible attention, my friend Dr. Grabham, whose
success in cultivating shrubs from many quarters of the globe stands
unrivalled, was quite unable to make a single one of them ger¬
minate.

My own belief is, that the most successful way of transporting
these curious arborescent Composites will be found to be by striking
healthy cuttings of them on the spot, and sending them, properly
packed, in the same pots or boxes in which they have taken root.
The young self-sown plants will scarcely bear to be potted-off even
at St. Helena, and would probably perish the very first day at sea.
But cuttings made from the fresh wood strike readily, and become
vigorous plants in the course of a few months. I made the ex¬
periment of this myself, and had about fifteen of the most robust
little plants, well-rooted in a box, destined for Kew ; but an un¬
fortunate douche of sea water as we landed on the beach at Funchal
killed every one of them in less than twenty-four hours. This is
much to be regretted, for half of them belonged to the all-but ex¬
tinct Aster Burchellii , Hk. fil., of which there are only a very few
trees now remaining (Mr. Melliss says only “ one,” but I think
we demonstrated that there are certainly more than that) ; and the
other half to the less (though also extremely) rare Aster gummi -
ferus , or “Little Bastard Gumwood,” once abundant.

I would, therefore, recommend anybody who may happen to
have a sufficient length of time and leisure, at St. Helena, to devote
to that purpose, to try the experiment of growing healthy cuttings
from the young wood, and of sending them to England after they have
been properly rooted and established, taking every precaution against
sea-water and spray on the homeward route. But here lies one of
the greatest difficulties, for I should very much doubt their being
able to endure the close atmosphere of a Wardran case. Of one of
the most anomalous of these arborescent Composite , namely, the
j Psiadia rotundifolia (well-figured in Mr. Melliss’ late book on St.

* There are in all now growing at Kew five species reared from seeds
sent by Mr. Wollaston, viz., two plants of Commidendron robustum , DC. (not
too robust), two of an Aster named A. rugosum, DC. (in excellent health),
three of a Siam, two of a Sonchus , and one or two of a Phylica. — A. M.

REPORT ON" VIOLAS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876 AND 1877. 33

Helena), there is said to he hut a single tree now left, and that one
at Longwood ; therefore if this species he allowed to die out, it
will be another link lost and for ever from the Sy sterna Naturae.

T. Y. Wollaston.

[ Note. — It is unnecessary to add a word to stimulate the wish that
every one must feel to do something to preserve these most inte¬
resting plants from extinction.

Two things seem possible and fitting for the Fellows of the
Royal Horticultural Society to do. One, as a body, to address
Government, praying them to take steps to prevent the further
wanton destruction of the Aboriginal Floras, not only of this, but
also of other islands which are British Dependencies, and are in a
similar position, such as the Mauritius and Seychellus ; the other, a s
individuals, to avail themselves of the services of their friends
who may be passing and stopping at St. Helena for a longer
or shorter time. If their friends would exert themselves after
the manner pointed out by Mr. Wollaston, to bring home seeds,
plants, or cuttings, they might do much ; and those who feel dis¬
posed to try, need have no difficulty in getting guides, philosophers,
and friends in the island to point out where the plants are to be
had, &c., for the predilections of those who occupy themselves
with such studies soon become known all over the island, and
naturalists are always glad to help one another. — A. M.]

IV. Report on Violas Grown for Trial at the Society’s Gardens,
Chiswick, during the seasons 1876 and 1877.

*** Denotes those varieties having received First-class Certificates.
I. Flowers Yellow.

1. Bedfont Yellow (Dean). Has degenerated very much. For
description see Report of 1875.

2. Cliveden Yellow. Plant of somewhat spreading loose habit ;
free flowering ; flowers rich golden yellow.

3. Countess (Gray). Plant of dwarf - spreading habit ; free

vol. v, c

34

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowering; flowers large, sulphur yellow, with eye faintly
pencilled. Stands the dry weather well.

4. Corisande *** (Dean). Plant of very free vigorous growth;
free flowering; flowers of fair size, pale yellow. A very
early flowering variety continuing in bloom for several months.
Excellent.

5. Crown Jewel*** (Dean). Plant of free-spreading habit ; free
flowering ; flowers of medium size, of fine round form, clear
bright yellow. A good variety.

6. Grievei (Dickson & Co.). Plant of free-spreading habit ; free
flowering; flowers of fair size, pale yellow. Stands the
drought well.

7. Golden Gem (Dickson & Co.). See Eeport of 1875.

8. Golden Prince *** (Fromow, 1877). Plant of fine free habit ;
free flowering ; flowers of medium size, bright yellow, with
eye pencilled. Stands the dry weather well.

9. Lutea Grandiflora. A very early flowering variety, and con¬
tinues for a long time in bloom.

10. Primrose Queen (Dean). Plant of fine dwarf-spreading habit ;
moderately free flowering ; flowers large, clear pale yellow.

11. Pride of Ruff or d (Dean). Plant of fine dwarf compact growth ;
free flowering ; flowers of medium size, bright yellow, with
large dark eye.

12. Sovereign (Dickson & Co.). See Eeport of 1875.

13. Stricta Aurea (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine dwarf compact
habit ; very free flowering ; flowers small, pure bright golden
yellow. A promising and distinct variety.

14. The Primrose (Dickson & Co.). Similar to Corisande.

II. Flowers White.

15. Boule de Neige (Fromow). Plant of dwarf habit ; flowers of
fair size ; free flowering ; white, and faintly streaked towards
the eye, which is yellow.

16. Bridal Wreath (Dean). Plant of fine compact growth; free
flowering ; flowers white with yellow eye, the petals faintly
streaked. Yery useful white variety for early flowering.

17. Miss Maitland (Milligan & Kerr). See Eeport of 1875.

18. Miss Sutherland (Cocker & Son). Similar to Miss Maitland.

REPORT ON VIOLAS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876 AND 1877. 35

19. Vestal*** (Dean, 1877). Plant of fine compact habit; very
free flowering ; flowers of medium size, pure white, excellent.

20. Chiswick White (R.H.S.). Plant of compact growth; free
flowering ; flowers large white, hut liable to change colour in
some seasons.

21. Delicata (Dean). Plant of somewhat loose habit; shy flower¬
ing; flowers of medium size, white, apt to change colour.
Does not stand the drought well.

22. Ella Sheppard (W. Kerr). Plant of medium growth; free
flowering ; flowers white, mottled with pale blue.

23. Lady Susan Grant Suttie *** (Stuart). Plant of fine compact
habit ; free flowering ; flowers large, well displayed, and of
good form, of a bluish white. A good variety.

24. Lilly white Tom Thumb (Dean). See Report of 1875.

25. Miss Annie (Cocker & Son). An inferior variety.

26. Tilrig Park *** (Dickson & Co.). Plant of vigorous branch¬
ing habit ; very free and continuous flowering; blooms well
displayed, very large, pure white, with yellow eye.

27. Queen (Dickson & Co.). See Report of 1875.

28. Snowflake (Dickson & Co). See Report of 1875.

29. Snowflake (Dean). Plant of loose growth ; free blooming ;
flowers white with yellow eye, marked by a few faint lines
along the petals. Does not stand the dry weather well.

30. White Swan (Dean). See Report of 1875.

31. White Tedder (Dickson & Co.). Plant of compact growth;
free blooming ; flowers well displayed, creamy - white, with
distinct yellow eye. Good for bedding purposes.

32. White Perfection (Dickson & Co.). An inferior variety.

33. White Swan (Dean). See Report of 1875.

III. Plowers Lilac.

34. Azurea (Stuart). Plant of somewhat loose growing habit ;
free flowering ; flowers of fair size, of a pale lilac colour.
Does not stand the heat well.

35. Amahilis (Dickson & Co.). Plant of free vigorous growth ;
a very free and continuous bloomer ; flowers large, of fine
form, and well displayed lilac with distinct blotch on under
petals. A good variety.

36. Lilacina (Dean). See Report of 1875.

c 2

36

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

37. Multiflora (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine free habit ; very
free flowering ; flowers large, well displayed, pale lilac or
lavender, with yellow eye and distinct bronzy spot on under
petals. A very showy and effective variety.

38. Ormiston (Stuart). Plant of fine habit; free blooming;
flowers large, well thrown above the foliage, dark lilac striped
with purple. A very showy variety.

39. Princess of Tech (Dickson & Co.). See Deport of 1875.

40. Peach Blossom (Dickson & Co.). See Report of 1875.

41. Queen of Lilacs (Dickson & Co.). See Report of 1875.

42. Rubra Lilacina (Dickson & Co.). Plant of free dwarf
habit ; a profuse and continuous bloomer ; flowers large and of
good substance ; rich lilac, with distinct blotch on under
petals. Stands dry weather well. An excellent sort.

43. Rosalind (Stuart). Plant of dwarf-spreading habit ; very free
flowering ; flowers large, well thrown above the foliage, rosy-
lilac. A promising variety.

44. Spring Flower (Stuart). Very similar to Rosalind , but of
taller growth.

IV. Flowers Mauve-Purple.

45. Blue Bedder (Dean). Plant of dwarf-spreading habit; free
flowering ; flowers purplish-mauve, with yellow eye. Does
not stand the drought well.

46. Blue Bell *** (Dean). See Report of 1875.

47. Blue Gem Tom Thumb (Dean). Plant of free growth ; free
flowering ; blooms small, light mauve-purple, with pencilled
eye.

48. Cliveden Purple . Very similar to Blue Bedder.

49. Cliveden Blue, Inferior.

50. Concord (Cocker & Son). A very inferior variety.

51. Br. Stuart (Stuart). See Report of 1875.

52. Hillside Beauty *** (Stuart). Plant of fine vigorous growth;
very free flowering; flowers large, of a dark mauve-purple
colour. An excellent variety, and stands the dry weather
well.

53. King (Dickson & Co.). Plant of free-growing, somewhat
tall habit ; free flowering ; flowers dark mauve. Does not
stand the drought well.

REPORT ON VIOLAS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1876 AND 1877. 37

54. Profusa (Cocker ,& Son). An inferior variety.

55. Williams (Stuart). See Report of 1875.

56. Amcena Magnified*** (Dickson & Co.). Dwarf-spreading habit;
free flowering ; flowers small ; mauve, with distinct yellow
eye, and upper petals dark. A good variety.

57. Blue Perfection (Westland). See Report of 1875.

58. Purple Perfection (Westland). Same as Blue Perfection.

59. Magnificent (Dean). Mowers rather darker than Purple Per -
fection, but similar in habit of growth, &c.

60. Blue Beard (Dean). Plant of fine dense compact growth ;
free flowering ; flowers large ; well displayed, dark blue, with
yellow eye, and distinct bronzy spot on under petals. Good in
dry seasons.

61. Blue Jaclcet (Dean). Of looser habit than Blue Beard, but in
other respects similar.

62. Blue King *** (Dean). Plant of fine dwarf compact habit ;
free flowering ; blooms well displayed, lightish blue, with
distinct bronzy spot on under petals.

63. Lottie (Gray). Plant of dwarf- spreading habit ; free flower¬
ing ; flowers bright blue. Stands the weather well.

64. Major (Cocker & Son). Plant of dwarf-spreading habit ; free
flowering ; flowers lightish blue, with distinct blotch on under
petals.

65. Niclzie (Cocker & Son). Resembling Blue King.

66. Royal Blue (Dean). See Report of 1875.

67. Royal Blue (Paul). Same as Blue King.

V. Mowers Purple or Blue.

68. Alpha (Dickson & Co.). See Report of 1875.

69. Blue Goivn (Stuart). Plant of vigorous and somewhat tall
growth ; free blooming ; flowers rich purple. A showy
variety.

70. Chieftain (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine dwarf habit; free
and continuous blooming ; flowers large ; dark purple, with
tips of upper petals almost black. Second-class Certificate
in 1874.

71. Duke of Edinlurgh (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine dwarf¬

spreading habit ; free flowering ; flowers rich purple, with
yellow eye. A good variety in dry seasons.

38

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

72. Georgia *** (Stuart). Plant of very fine dwarf compact habit ;
very free and continuous flowering ; flowers well displayed,
of a purple flue. A good variety and lasting.

73. Holy rood*** (Dickson & Co.). . Plant of dwarf-branching
habit ; very free and continuous blooming flowers ; large
rich deep purple, with small yellow eye, and distinct blotch.
Stands the dry weather well. 1877.

74. Sunny Parle Rival (Cocker & Son). Plant of dwarf-spreading
habit ; free flowering ; flowers very large, dark purple, with
very distinct black blotch on under petal. A promising
variety.

75. In Memoriam (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine dwarf-spread¬
ing habit ; free and continuous blooming ; flowers rich dark
purple, with distinct yellow eye, and dark blotch on under
petals.

76. Lothair (Dean). See Deport of 1875.

77. Mullerry (Dean). See Deport of 187

78. Magpie (Dean). See Deport of 1875.

79. Mutilata (Dickson & Co.). Plant of fine compact habit ; free
and continuous blooming ; flowers large ; purple, with bright
yellow eye, and dark blotch on under petals. Stands the
drought well. A. good variety.

80. Mazarin Gem (Cocker & Son). Plant of free-growing spread¬
ing habit ; free flowering ; flowers of medium size, bluish-
purple, with very large yellow eye.

81. Novelty (Cocker & Son). See Deport of 1875.

82. Nina (Stuart). Similar to Blue Gown , but having rather
larger flowers.

83. Othello (Dean). Plant of vigorous and somewhat tall habit ;
free blooming ; flowers very dark purple, with distinct yellow
eye. Does not stand the dry weather well.

84. Purple King (Stuart). Plant of loose habit ; moderately free
flowering ; flowers dark purple.

85. Sutton Court Beauty *** (Fromow). Plant of fine dwarf¬
spreading habit ; very free and continuous blooming : flowers
large, of a fine rich purple colour. A splendid variety.

86. Tyrian Prince (Dean). See Deport of 1875.

87. The Tory (Dickson & Co.). See Deport of 1875.

88. Vanguard (Dickson & Co.). Plant of vigorous habit ; mode¬
rately free flowering ; flowers large, dark purple, with distinct

REPOET OK ANNEALS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1877. 39

yellow eye. Ah early flowering variety, but inferior in dry
seasons.

89. Waverley *** (Robertson and Galloway). Plant of free-grow¬
ing spreading habit ; very free and continuous blooming ?*
flowers large, [bluish-purple, with large yellow eye, and
distinct blotch on the under petals. A splendid variety.

VI. Flowers Dark Violet.

90. Distinction (Gray). Plant of somewhat loose straggling habit ;
moderately free flowering ; flowers large, of a dark violet
Stands well in a dry season.

91. Giant (Stuart). Plant of very loose growth ; moderately free
flowering ; flowers large, dark, streaked. Violet.

92. Lady Sophia (Gray). Very similar to Distinction.

93. Lady Diana*** (Gray). This is very similar to Distinction
and Lady Sophia , but is of more compact growth, and con¬
sequently was awarded the Certificate.

94. Montgomeriana (Gray). Bears a great resemblance to Lady
Sophia.

95. Mulberry King (Fromow). Larger flower than Distinction ,
but in other respects very similar.

96. The Shah (Cocker & Son). Plant of somewhat loose habit ;
free flowering ; flowers large, of a rich dark violet.

V. Report on Annuals grown at Chiswick, 1877.

I. Clarkia.

Clarkia pulchella. California ; stem branching at the base ;
height 18 to 20 inches; leaves lanceolate; flowers large and
showy, produced from the axils, of a light rose or purple colour,
calyx reflexed, corolla', of 4 petals, in the form of a cross, the limbs
deeply three-lobed. It is a somewhat variable plant, the numerous

40

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

varieties in cultivation differing from each other in the size, form,
or colouring of the flowers, or habit of the plant.

All the varieties of Clarhia are extremely elegant and showy
annuals of very easy culture.

1. Clarhia pulchella (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 15 to 18 inches;
flowers rosy-magenta. A good selection.

2. C . pulchella nana “ Tom Thumb ” (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height
7 inches ; very dwarf compact form of the preceding, and well
adapted for bedding. An excellent stock.

3. C. pulchella alba (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 15 to 18 inches;
a well-selected, white-flowered form of C. pulchella.

4. C. pulchella alba nana (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 9 inches
dwarf compact form of the preceding. A good strain.

5. C. pulchella (YilmorinJ et Cie.). A well-selected semi¬
double form of C. pulchella ; the flowers large and showy, and last
longer than the single variety.

6. C. pulchella marginata (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 18 inches ;
flowers large, the petals margined with white, giving it a very
showy appearance.

7. C, pulchella marginata (Yilmorin et Cie.). Semi-double form
of the preceding.

8. C. pulchella integripetala (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 12 to
15 inches. The flowers of this variety are large and very showy,
the petals broad, almost entire, i.e ., not lobed as in the type. A
fine selection.

9. C. pulchella integripetala white (Yilmorin et Cie.). A white -
flowered form of C. pulchella integripetala ; very showy. A good
selection.

10. C. pulchella pulcherrima (Yilmorin et Cie.). Mowers large,
beautiful clear rose, shaded with magenta, the petals deeply lobed ;
very distinct and pretty. A fine selection.

11. C. elegans. California; stem branching, the branches grow¬
ing erect or pyramidal, and flowering from the base upwards in
the form of a spike, from 2 to 2| feet high ; leaves of medium, size,
ovate, of a glaucous green colour ; flowers from 1 to H inches in
diameter, the petals rounded, those of the typical form rather nar¬
row, of a dull salmony colour. The pyramidal habit of C. elegans
gives it a very distinct appearance from C. pulchella .

KEPOKT ON ANNUALS GKOWN AT CHISWICK, 1877.

41

12. C. elegans rosea (Benary). Height 24 inches; flowers of
medium size ; salmon colour. Inferior.

13. C. elegans rosea fl. pleno (Benary). A semi-double flowering
form of the preceding. Good strain.

14. C. elegans rosea flore pleno v el neriiflora (Benary). This is
a fine selection from the foregoing ; the flowers large, showy, and
well displayed, rosy-salmon with brighter streaks along the centre
of each petal. Yery pretty and effective.

15. C. elegans “ Salmon Queen ” (Hardy). Height 30 inches;
very free flowering ; flowers very large, in some cases l\ inches in
diameter, of a distinct salmony-pink colour. This is a very fine
selected stock of the preceding and distinct. Previously cer¬
tificated.

16. C. elegans alba plena (Vilmorin et Cie.). A semi-double
white-flowered variety ; flowers small and inferior.

17. C. elegans “ Purple King ” (Hardy). Yery free flowering ;
flowers very large and double/ dark mauve. ^ Yery fine selected
stock. Previously certificated.

18. C. elegans , double purple (Benary). An inferior strain of
the preceding.

19. C. elegans rosea alba (Yilmorin et Cie.). 24 inches high;
flowers semi-double, white tinged with rose. A very novel, pretty,
and distinct variety.

II. Ibeeis ok Candytupt.

1. Iberis amara (Yilmorin et Cie.). Stem erect, from 12 to 15
inches high, branching, the branches growing close, and forming,
when in flower, a sort of large corymb ; leaves small, a little
toothed. The flowers are borne on the summit of the branches,
and are at first umbellate, becoming more elongated as they grow ;
small, white.

2. I. amara hesperidifolia (Yilmorin et Cie.). A dwarf-growing
form of Iberis amara with fully larger and finer flowers.

3. I. lagascana (Yilmorin et Cie.). Similar to 1. amara hesperi-
difolia.

4. 1. amara “ Tom Thumb ” (Yilmorin et Cie.). A very dwarf
form of I. amara; height 3 to 4 inches. Excellent for small
beds.

42

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. I. affinis (Vilmorin et Cie.). A dwarf form of I. amara , but
of more spreading habit.

6. I. odorata or jpinnata (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 12 inches.
This resembles I. amara, but with larger flowers, and which are
sweet-scented. It also flowers several days earlier than any other
variety.

7. I. umbellata (syns. Iberis corymbosa, I. coronata) (Vilmorin et
Cie.). Height 12 inches; flowers lilac or pale purple. This
plant is of the same form as I. amara, but with far larger and more
beautiful heads of flower.

8. I. umbellata lilacina (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 12 to 15
inches; umbels large; flowers rich lilac. Beautiful and very
effective. Very fine selection.

9. 1. umbellata nana lilacina (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 9
inches. A compact dwarf-growing form of the preceding.

10. I. umbellata flore violaceo (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 12
inches ; umbels large ; flowers rich purple.

11. /. umbellata atroyuryurea (Vilmorin et Cie.). Like the pre¬
ceding in colour of flower, but of somewhat dwarfer habit. A very
fine selection.

12. I. umbellata liybrida nana rosea *** (Vilmorin et Cie.).
Height 9 inches ; umbels very large and flat ; petals broad ; white
tinged with rosy-pink. A novel and very effective variety.

13. I. umbellata carnea (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 12 inches ;
umbels large ; flowers pale flesh colour. A good selection.

14. 1. umbellata dwarf flesh coloured (Vilmorin et Cie.). Same as
preceding, Ho. 13, but of rather dwarfer growth. Very good
stock.

15. I. umbellata hybrida nana alba *** (Vilmorin et Cie.).
Height 9 inches ; umbels large, the petals broad ; pure white. A
very showy, distinct, and splendid variety.

Those marked thus have been awarded First-class Certifi¬
cates.

III. Viscaeia or Lychnis.

1. Viscaria cardinalis (Haage & Schmidt). Stems much branched
from the base, spreading; height 15 to 18 inches, forming very
floriferous tufts ; flowers deep rosy-magenta ; very showy and
splendid. An excellent stock.

llEfOET 0$f ANNUALS OROWN AT CHISWICK, 1877. 43

2. V. cardinal is (Ben ary). Very much mixed with V.

splendens.

3. V. oculata rosea (Vilmorin et Cie.). Height 18 inches,
spreading ; flowers pale rosy-lilac.

4. V. hybrida splendens (Yilmorin et Cie.). Same as V. oculata
rosea.

5. V. oculata nana rosea (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 9 inches.
A dwarf compact-growing form of V. oculata rosea.

6. V. oculata ccerulea (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 15 to 18
inches ; flowers pale blue. Yery fine stock.

7. V. oculata alba (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 18 inches ;
flowers creamy-white, the petals deeply notched. A good
selection.

8. V. oculata pure white dwarf (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 9
inches ; of very close and compact growth.

9. V. oculata nana carnea (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 10 inches;
flowers very pale pink shaded with lilac. Inferior.

10. V. Dunnetti (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 9 [inches, of very
close compact growth ; flowers very pale lilac. Distinct and
pretty.

11. V. elegans picta (Yilmorin et Cie.). Height 15 to 18 inches ;
of spreading habit ; flowers pale with deep rosy disc. A good
strain.

12. V. elegans picta striata (Yilmorin et Cie.). A variety of V.
elegans picta , with band of deep rose along the centre of each petal.
Yery singular and distinct.

IY. Godetia.

1. Godetia rubicunda (Yilmorin et Cie.). California Plant pubes¬
cent, branching from the base ; branches spreading, then erect
from 18 inches to 2 feet high ; leaves lanceolate, of a dull green
colour; flowers produced in form of a spike, large, cup-shaped;
petals 4 in number, l\ inches long, the upper parts pale red,
the base rose coloured. Showy when in full flower on bright
days.

2. G. Lindleyana (Benary). Same as G. rubicunda (Yilmorin et
Cie.).

3. G. rubicunda splendens (Yilmorin et Cie.). Same as G. rubi-
cunda , with a deeper blotch of rose on the petals.

44

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4. G. rubicunda jlore pleno (Yilmorin et Cie.). A semi-double
flowering form of G. rubicunda , more showy, more lasting and
effective.

5. G. Lindley ana jlore pleno (Benary). Same as G. rubicunda
jlore pleno (Yilmorin et Cie.).

6. G. Lindley ana 11 Tom Thumb ” (Benary). A dwarf compact
growing form of G. Lindley ana.

7. G. amoena (Benary). Same habit as G. rubicunda; flowers of
a somewhat paler shade.

8. G. Schammini Nivertiana (Yilmorin et Cie.). Same habit of
growth as G. rubicunda ; flowers nearly white, the lower part of
the petals of a deep rose. Yery elegant.

9. G. rosea alba (Benary). Same as G. Schammini Nivertiana
(Yilmorin et Cie.).

10. G. rosea alba “ Tom Thumb." A dwarf compact growing
form of G. rosea alba.

11. G. amoena jlore albo (Benary). A very mixed stock.

12. G. “ The Bride ” (Dippe Bros., Benary). Blowers pale
pinkish-white, with large, bright, deep, rosy blotch on base of
petals.

13. G. Schammini (Yilmorin et Cie.). This is a pale-flowered
form of G. “ The Bride j with a smaller blotch.

14. G. Whitneyi (Dippe Bros., Benary). Height 12 inches;
plant of very compact bushy habit; leaves large and broad;
flowers large, well displayed above the foliage, of a rosy-lilac
colour, with a deep crimson blotch on base of petals. A fine
showy annual.

15. G. reptans alba (Benary). A dwarf compact growing form
of G. Whitneyi.

16. G. “ Lady Albemarle ’’ (Daniels Bros.). Same habit as G.
Whitneyi ; leaves narrow; flowers large, deep crimson-magenta,
extremely showy and attractive. Evidently a selection from G.
Whitneyi.

17. G. tenella (Benary). Height 8 to 10 inches; the flower
small, borne on top of spike, of a pale lilac colour, very early
flowering, but otherwise worthless.

18. G. Willdenowii (Benary). Height 12 inches, of compact
habit, and very free flowering, but not showy.

19. G. insignis (Benary). Same as G. Willdenowii.

20. G. reptans purpurea (Benary). Height 12 to 18 inches ;

THR “ ELIXIR,” OR BUFFALO HORN MANURE. 45

habit spreading, slender; flowers small, deep lilac with rosy blotch.
Showy.

21. G. Romanzovi (Benary). Height 12 inches; habit erect;
flowers bluish-purple. A very worthless variety.

YI. The “ Elixir,” or Buffalo Horn Manure.

In April, 1876, Messrs. Taylor and Hughes, of the Anglo-French
Horn Works, Grove Hoad, Clapham Junction, sent to the Boyal
Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, a small sample of
manure with the following communication: — “Dear Sir, — We
wish to draw your attention to this sample of pure Buffalo Horn
Dust, an article which is used largely in the vineyards of France
and Italy. It has also been tried here privately for this purpose,
and find it is an excellent fertiliser ; more particularly where mixed
with other matter.”

This material is simply the very fine shavings and scrapings
from the manufacture of horns. It is of extremely light compo-
nency, one bushel weighing about 30 lbs., and has somewhat the
appearance of chopped lichen.

It was in due course tried and tested in various ways, in com¬
parison with ordinary stable manure, guano, some patent chemical
manures, &c.

1 . By admixture with the soil for the potting of plants, and for
planting ; also as a top-dressing. 2. As a top-dressing by itself.

The subjects operated upon were vines planted out — vines in
pots ; Peaches and other fruit trees in pots ; Fuchsias, Pelargo¬
niums, &c. ; each of these subjects being treated in a corresponding
manner with the other manures. The soil used in each case was
the same — a pure, sandy loam, totally devoid of organic matters,
and so wretchedly poor that those plants treated without any of
the manures scarcely grew at all.

, The results as to growth in each example treated with this
manure were eminently satisfactory, the plants soon assuming a
very deep green hue of foliage, and growing most luxuriantly ;
more marked than in either of the others. Where used as top-

46

JOTTEtfAL OF THE EOTAL HOETICTJLTUEAL SOCIETY .

dressing, also, the roots very soon permeated through, and grew
most luxuriantly.

In my opinion — after two seasons’ trial of this manure — I con¬
sider it to he one of the most efficient, easy of application, sure and
certain in its results.

VII. The late Ahdbew Mubkay, E.L.S.

Death has deprived the Eoyal Horticultural Society of one of
its most accomplished and active supporters. Once Assistant-
Secretary, then Member of Council, and up to the very last
Scientific Director and Editor of this Journal, by the death of
Mr. Andrew Murray, on the 9th January, a vacancy has been
created in our ranks that will not be soon or easily filled. Those
who knew him best can most readily understand how seriously he
will be missed, though all who have come in contact with him will
regret the absence of his kindly manner and the readiness he
always exhibited to impart to others of the varied store of know¬
ledge he had accumulated during a long and active life devoted to
the pursuit of science. But it was in his capacity as a member of
the Scientific Committee that he rendered so much valuable service
in the interests of horticulture. Difficult questions regarding the
injurious operations of insects upon vegetation were always investi¬
gated by Mr. Murray with patience and intelligence, for it was as
an entomologist that he in an especial manner won his scientific
reputation.

A brief sketch of his life seems appropriate in closing this
number of the Journal, left unfinished by the death of its editor.
He was born in Edinburgh, in the year 1812 — the eldest son of
"William Murray, of Conland, Perthshire. Erom his earliest years
he evinced a remarkable inclination for the study of natural
history, and though he was intended to follow the legal profession,
and for some time indeed he was a Writer for the “ Signet,” yet
his passionate love of Nature never wavered, and his anxiety
to extend his knowledge led him to attend the Natural History
Lectures connected with the College in Edinburgh, and thus the
foundation was laid of the painstaking, patient, and exact habits of

THE LATE ANDEEW MTJKllAY.

47

observation which in after life contributed mainly to render him
valuable as an investigator, as his great talent for drawing made
him reliable as an exponent of the knowledge he had acquired.

In 1851 he published his first paper, which appeared in the
Transactions of the “ Societe Entomologigue de France ,” and since
then he has constantly communicated useful papers on various
subjects, entomological and botanical, to different learned societies.

In 1857 he was elected “President of the Botanical Society of
Edinburgh, and also of the Physical Society, and the same year he
wrote several valuable papers, which were published in the Trans¬
actions of the Botanical Society, on u Californian Trees,” on 11 The
Plants of Old Calabar,” on the Proceedings of the Oregon Committee,
in whose operations he took a deep interest, and to whom we
are indebted for the introduction of many of the noble trees now
so familiar — originally natives of Western North America — amongst
which may be named: Cupressus lawsoniaha , Finns Jeffreyii, Abies
Pattoniana, &c.

In 1861 Mr. Murray was elected Assistant Secretary to the
Boyal Horticultural Society, when he compiled and published an
elaborate volume, entitled “ The Book of the Boyal Horticultural
Society,” which, by permission of Her Majesty the Queen, he dedi¬
cated to the memory of the late Prince Consort. About this time
he was engaged on several botanical works, “ On the Pines and Eirs of
Japan,” and on the still unfinished work, “ Pinetum Brittanicum.”

It was at Mr. Murray’s suggestion that the Privy Council were
moved to take steps for the formation of a collection illustrative
of Economic Entomology, under the direction of the Science and
Art Department, with a view to disseminate useful knowledge
throughout the country as to the nature and habits of the insect
pests which destroy or damage the crops; and Mr. Murray was
entrusted with the arrangement of the collection thus initiated,
which is now under exhibition at the Bethnal Green Museum, a
work into which he threw the whole of his energies, sparing
himself no trouble so that his work should be absolutely reliable ;
the integrity of his purpose being manifested in his invariable
habit of recording his doubts wherever they occurred, so that there
should be no possibility of a mistake happening through any short¬
coming on his part. Would that all scientific investigators were
equally honest !

In 1869 Mr. Murray accompanied Sir Joseph Hooker and
Dr. Hogg as a delegate from the British Government to the

48

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Botanical Congress at St. Petersburg; and in 1873 be undertook a
journey to California for the purpose of scientific collection and
mining investigation. During his absence he wrote many letters
of a most deeply interesting nature, which it is hoped may some
day be made public, affording as they do much valuable infor¬
mation on the botany, entomology, and geology of the districts he
visited.

His last illness was short and severe ; his end was most
unexpected, and the sad news was received by the members of the
various Committees, which met on the 15th January, with a shock
of deep concern, for he had been present at the very last meeting,
to all appearance well and hearty, though evidently fagged with
hard work. Sir Joseph Hooker, on the part of the Scientific
Committee, undertook to write a letter of condolence to the
bereaved widow ; and a minute expressive of their sense of the
great loss they had sustained by the death of so valued and active
a member was recorded. The subject was also alluded to at the
Bellows’ Meeting on the same afternoon, when a resolution was
unanimously adopted recognising his services and marking the
Society’s deep sense of the loss of so esteemed a member.

REPORT ON TOMATOS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

49

VIII. Report on Tomatos Grown for Trial at the Society’s
Gardens, Chiswick, 1877. Ry A. E. Barron.

Of this now extremely popular and esteemed vegetable a
collection of fifty-two reputedly distinct varieties was received
from Messrs. Carter, Yeitch, Minier, Yilmorin (Paris), Senary
(Erfurt), Bliss (New York), Earley, Yick, Wheeler.

These represented almost every name to he found in commerce,
hut since then others have appeared. In America, where Toma¬
tos are most cultivated, a number of new varieties are sent out
almost every year, the result being a great multiplicity of names
having but slight distinctions of character. The entire collection
was grown in pots under glass — two plants of- each sort — and also
in the open ground, trained to stakes. Those in pots ripened an
excellent crop of fruit, and afforded a good opportunity of noting
their characteristic merits. Those growing in the open ground,
although they grew well and produced much fruit, yet — excepting
for the earlier varieties — the season proved too cold to properly
ripen them. This, however, proved their suitability or unsuita¬
bility for open-air cultivation.

The typical forms or varieties are described. Those given as
synonyms, if not exactly so, are so very similar as scarcely to be
distinguishable.

Those marked *** have received Eirst- class Certificates.

1. Eruit Red.

1. Red Currant.

Eruit small, round, bright red, of the size of red currants, borne
on slender racemes from 6 to 12 inches in length. Ripens early.
Plant of slender growth, profusely branching, and very productive.
Leaves small, deep green. A very ornamental plant when covered
with the ripe fruit, which last for a long time. They are very sweet
and pleasant to the taste, but too small for any general use.

2. Red Cherry.

Fruit round, red, of the size of ordinary cherries, borne on
short racemes very profusely. Ripens freely. Plant of free growth,
branching. Leaves of small size, even, deeply toothed, of deep green

D

50

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

colour. A very free fruiting, ornamental sort, but the fruit are
too small for ordinary use.

3. Round Red.

Fruit round, of somewhat larger size than the Red Cherry,
approaching that of a fair- sized plum, borne on large clusters.
Ripens freely. Plant of free growth. Leaves a little curled.

4. Little Gem (Bliss & Sons) ***.

Fruit similar to the Round Red , borne on large clusters very
profusely, the later fruit larger, more flattened, and obtusely
angular. Plant of dwarf but free growth, the leaves of a light
green. Ripens early. A profuse bearer and first-class hardy
sort.

5. Little Gem (Yeitch).

Fruit similar to Little Gem of Eliss. Plant of very slender
growth, leaves somewhat curled, and spare bearer, very early,
ripening some four or five days before any other variety.

6. Grape Shot (Bliss & Sons).

Fruit small, round, of a distinct carmine-red colour. Plant of
tall slender growth ; the leaves very small, pale green. A very
shy bearer, but very distinct.

7. Red Plum .

Fruit of small size, ovate-shaped, or like a small plum. Plant
of free growth. A great bearer, and ripens early.

8. General Grant (Carter),

Fruit of medium size, round, red, smooth, the later fruits more
flattened and obtusely angular. Plant of tall, vigorous growth.
Leaves very dark green. A profuse and free bearer.

9. Sim's Mammoth (Carter),

Similar to General Grant.

EEPOET ON TOMATOS GrBOWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

51

10. Pear Shaped.

Fruit from 2 to 2-J inches long, in exact shape like a pear,
smooth, deep red, the later fruits frequently smooth, ovate/and the
general tendency being to revert to this form. Plant of free
vigorous habit. A most profuse bearer, the fruit borne in clusters
of seven or eight together, and hang long after being ripe. A very
handsome variety for growing as an ornamental fruiting plant.

11. Criterion (Carter) ***.

Synonym. — New Improved (Yick).

Fruit of large size, ovate, perfectly smooth. Colour deep car¬
mine, of excellent quality and very distinct. Plant of strong
vigorous growth. Leaves slightly curled. A profuse bearing sort,
the fruit borne in large clusters. Ripens early and freely. A
novel and most distinct variety.

12. Keye's Prolific.

Fruit of medium size, flattened, and much ribbed or corrugated,
of a fine red colour. Plant of moderate growth. Leaves very large,
broad, flat, pale in colour, not nearly so much cut as others, very
distinct. Fruit borne in very large clusters most profusely. Ripens
early, and succeeds well out of doors, but is objectionable on account
of the deeply ribbed fruit .

13. Orangefield.

Synonyms. — New Early Dwarf Red (Yilmorin et Cie.) ; Early
Dwarf French (Yeitch) ; Hubbard’s Curled Leaf (Yeitch) ; Early
Large Red (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, flat, deeply-ribbed or
corrugated, of a deep red colour. Plant of very free dwarf growth,
seldom exceeding 12 inches. Leaves pale green, very much curled.
A moderate bearer. Ripens early, and is esteemed for its dwarf
habit.

14. Conqueror (Bliss & Sons).

Synonyms. — General Grant (Yeitch) (Minier & Co.) ; Triumph
(Bliss) ; Portsmouth (Yick).

Fruit above medium size, roundish, slightly ribbed or corrugated,

d 2

52

JOURNAL OP THE EOYA.L HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of a clear deep red colour. Plant of very free growth. Leaves deep
green, slightly curled. A great bearer, the fruit being borne in
very large clusters. Eipens freely. A very good sort.

15. Large Red (Yilmorin et Cie.) ###.

Fruit very large, broad, flattened, somewhat corrugated, of a
bright red colour. Plant of dwarf free growth. Leaves narrow,
slightly curled. A most profuse bearer, the fruit produced in very
large clusters. A larger and somewhat later form of Orangefield.
Excellent,

16. Large Red (Veitch) (Minier).

Synonyms. — Large Led Eibbed (Yilmorin) ; Large Italian Eed
(Yeitch) ; Hew York Market (Yeitch) ; Large Eed Smooth
(Carter) ; Eelle de Leuville (Yilmorin) ; Arlington (Yeitch) ;
Dwarf Eed (Wheeler) ; Crimson Cluster (Yeitch) ; Cedar Hill
(Yick) ; Mampuy’s Superior (Carter).

Fruit of medium size, flattened and much corrugated, especially
the later fruit. Plant of vigorous growth. Leaves pale green,
much curled. This may be termed the ordinary form of Tomato
as generally cultivated.

17. One Hundred Rays' (Bliss & Sons).

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a good deal corrugated, of fine
colour. Plants of very vigorous growth. Leaves deep green. A
most abundant bearer, the fruit borne in large clusters. Yery
early. An excellent, hardy, vigorous sort.

18. Hathaway' s Excelsior ***.

Synonyms. — Cook’s Favourite (Bliss & Sons) ; Eed Apple (Yil-
morin) ; Charter Oak (Yeitch).

Fruit large, round, quite smooth and even, or seldom corrugated.
Plant of remarkably free growth. Leaves deeply cut, deep green
in colour, and seldom curled, A free and most abundant bearer.
Mid season. One of the best of Tomatos grown.

19. Earley s Defiance (Earley).

Yery similar to Hathaway s Excelsior .

EEFOET ON TOMATOS GEO WN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

do

20, Sims Mammoth (Yeitch).

Synonym. — Yewburgh Prize (Yeitcb).

A large late variety of Hathaway's, with more corrugated
fruit. Inferior.

21. Trophy (Yeitch) (Carter) (Wheeler) ***.

Fruit very large, broad, flat, deeply ribbed or corrugated.
Plant of dwarf robust growth. Leaves deeply cut, dark green. A
wonderfully profuse bearer, but very late in ripening. A splendid
sort for cultivation in heat, but except in warm seasons worthless
in open air.

22. Ilepper's Goliath (Yeitch).

Synonym . — Hepper’s Sensation (Minier & Co.).

Fruit enormously large, broad, much corrugated, and seldom
ripening well. Plant of dwarf, very robust growth. Leaves light
green, slightly curled. Too coarse and late for general cultiva¬
tion.

23. Rose Apple (Yilmorin).

Synonyms. — Lester’s Perfection (Yeitch) ; Giant Rose (Yeitch).

Fruit very large, broad, flat, and corrugated, of a beautiful rosy-
crimson colour, very distinct. Plant of very strong growth. A shy
bearer. Ripens late.

24. New Proliferous (Yeitch).

Fruit small, irregular in size and form, much corrugated, the
first fruit bearing others on their surface in a most irregular
manner, hence called proliferous. Plant of very strong growth,
the fruit produced in very large clusters, very distinct, but utterly
worthless.

25. Striped Tomato (Yilmorin).

This is a variety of the ordinary form, having the fruit streaked
with pale orange. Of no value.

26. Re Rayes.

Synonyms.— -Upright ; or Tree Grenier.

Fruit very large, roundish, smooth, slightly corragated at base

54

J-OtmiUL 0# TUi; Hof AL mOETtCtttTtTEAL SOCIETY

of a beautiful deep red colour. Plant of strong robust growth,
perfectly distinct in character from any other Tomato. Leaves
deep green. A very shy cropper, and very late. The fruit will
ripen under glass, but in the open air they never do so. Worth¬
less.

II. Pettit Yellow.

27. Yellow Cherry.

Similar to the Red Cherry , the fruit pale yellow or orange.
Ornamental.

28. Yellow Plum (Yeitch).

Similar to Red Plum , the fruit yellow. Ornamental.

29. Large Yellow (Yilmorin) (Yeitch).

Pruit large, flat, much corrugated, of a dull orange-yellow
colour. Plant of strong growth. Leaves curled. A shy bearer,
and worthless variety.

30. Yellow Prolific (Bliss & Sons).

Pruit large, flat, somewhat corrugated, of a fine clear straw-
yellow colour. Plant of tall vigorous growth. Leaves small,
deeply cut. A free fruiting sort. Eipens early.

31. Green Gage (Carter & Co.) ***.

Pruit of medium size, roundish, of smooth even surface, not
corrugated, of a fine clear orange-yellow colour. Plant of free
growth. Leaves slightly curled. A very profuse bearer, the fruit
produced freely in large clusters. Eipens early. The best yellow
Tomato.

32. Golden Trophy (Bliss & Sons).

Synonym. — New Golden Trophy (Benary).

Pruit large, broad, flat, corrugated, the exposed portions of a
reddish-orange colour, the others pale orange. Plant of tall robust
growth. Leaves small, deeply cut, deep green. A spare bearer,
and late in ripening. Too coarse.

Strawberry Tomato (Carter).

This is the Physalis edulis, or Cape Gooseberry , not a Tomato.

REPORT Otf TOMATUs GROWN AT CHISWICK IX 1877,

INDEX TO TO MATOS.

Arlington. See Large Red, 16.

Belle de Leuville. See Large
Red, 16.

Cedar Hill. See Large Red, 16.

Charter Oak. See Hathaway’s
Excelsior, 18.

Conqueror , 14.

Cook’s Favourite. See Hatha¬
way’s Excelsior, 18.

Crimson Cluster. See Large Red,
16.

Criterion , 11.

Dwarf Red. See Large Red, 16.

De Layes , 26.

Earley's Defiance , 19.

Early Dwarf French. See
Orangefield, 13.

Early Large Red. See Orange-
field, 13.

General Grant , 8.

General Grant. See Conqueror,
14.

Giant Rose. See Rose Apple, 23.

Golden Trophy , 32.

Grape Shot, 6.

Green Gage , 31.

Grenier. See De Laye’s, 26.

Hathaway' s Excelsior , 18.

Pepper's Goliath , 22.

Hepper’s Sensation. See Hepper’s
Goliath, 22.

Hubbard’s Curled Leaf. See
Orangefield, 13.

Keye s Prolific , 12.

Large Italian Red. See Large
Red, 16.

Large Red, 15.

Large Red, 16.

Large Red Ribbed. See Large
Red, 16.

Large Red Smooth. See Large
Red, 16.

Large Yellow, 29.

Lester’s Perfection. See Rose
Apple, 23,

Little Gem, 4.

Little Gem, 5.

Mampuy’s Superior. See Large
Red, 16.

New Early Dwarf Red. See
Orangefield, 13.

New Improved. See Criterion, 1 1
Newburgh Prize. See Sim’s
Mammoth, 20.

New Golden Trophy. See Golden
Trophy, 32.

New York Market. See Large
Red, 16.

New Proliferous, 24.

One Hundred Days', 17.
Orangefield, 13.

Pear Shaped, 10.

Portsmouth. See Conqueror, 11.

Red Apple. See Hathaway’s Ex¬
celsior, 18.

Red Cherry, 2.

Red Currant, 1 .

Red Plum, 7.

Rose Apple, 23.

Round Red, 3.

Sim's Mammoth, 9.

Sim s Mammoth, 20.

Striped. 25,

Triumph. See Conqueror, 14.
Tree. See De Laye’s, 26.

Trophy , 21.

Upright. Se De Laye’s, 26.

Yellow Cherry, 27.

Yellow Plum, 28.

Yellow Prolific , 30.

56

JOUEXAL OF THE EOYAL HOETlCtfLTtJEAL SOCIETY,

IX. Bepoet on Asters Grown for Trial at the Society’s Gardens,
Chiswick, 1877. By A. F. Baebox.

Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining a proper supply of
seeds of many varieties, owing to a general failure of the crop of
the previous season, so that the trial may not have been quite
so satisfactory and complete as in any other season it might have
been. All the varieties were sown in pots and planted out ; the
season being moist was propitious for their growth, and the
flowers produced were in most instances of large size and fine
quality.

The object aimed at in the report is to point out the characters
of the various classes of Asters as now grown, whereby they may be
distinguished from each other. To particularise each colour sepa¬
rately would extend the report to undue length and for little
practical purpose, so a few only of the more prominent colours are
specified. It may be noted that the tendency in most cases to
multiply shades of colour seemed to promote a general inferiority ;
where a few bright colours only are selected and grown, the
result is infinitely more pleasing and effective.

A. 1, C HEY SAXTHEMUII AsTEES.

These are so named from having the flowers resembling those
of the ordinary Chrysanthemum. The flowers are mostly large,
often exceeding four inches in breadth. The petals broad,
generally lying fiat, but in the best flowers they are frequently
recurved so as to raise the centre of the flowers. The plants are
of compact growth, 9 to 12 inches high, slightly branching,
the flowers borne erect on strong stalks.

This section is, perhaps, the most effective for bedding or
general purposes.

1. Dwarf Chrysanthemum (Wheeler & Son). Comprising 12
colours, an especially good selection, particularly the dark blue
and white. Average height 10 inches.

2. Heine Marguerite pyramidale (Yilmorin). Comprising 10
colours. Height 10 to 12 inches, an inferior and irregular
stock.

3. Dwarf Chrysanthemum-flowered (Yilmorin). Flesh colour.
Yery poor.

4. Dwarf Chrysanthemum (Dippe Bros.). Fiery scarlet and

REPORT ON ASTERS GROWN AT CllISWlCK IN 1877.

57

coppery scarlet, very bright and novel colours. Plants very
dwarf.

5. Chrysanthemum-flowered Dwarf (Henderson & Son). Fiery
red, the same as fiery scarlet of Dippe’s. Very good.

A. 2. Victoria Asters.

This is a somewhat taller growing form of the Chrysanthemum
section.

6. Victoria (Dippe Bros). Of 6 distinct colours. Very

excellent.

7. Victoria (Haage & Schmidt). Of 12 colours. Somewhat
irregular in growth.

8. Victoria (Carter). Of 6 colours, a very fine selection.

9. Victoria (Dean). Of 5 colours. Fine flowers, plants of
taller growth than any of the other sorts.

9a. New Dwarf German. French vars. (Carter). Of 8

colours. A very good assortment.

10. Rose (Haage & Schmidt). Of 12 colours. Flowers very
large and good, the colours all very distinct, plants of some¬
what irregular growth.

11. Washington (E. G. Henderson). Of 2 colours, peach blossom
and white. Flowers very large and of fine form, of robust
growth. Excellent.

B. Emperor Asters.

The flowers of this section are very large, broad, and flat in
general character, like the Chrysanthemum. The plants are very
seldom branching, a single flower only being borne on the stem,
which is of very robust growth.

12. Giant or Emperor (Carter & Co.). Of 6 colours. Flowers
very large and fine. Plants from 16 to 18 inches high.

C. Paeony-elowered Asters.

The flowers of this section are large and full, the petals broad
and incurving ; the best flowers forming almost a round ball 3 to 4
inches in diameter. Plants of tallish growth, averaging from 18 to
24 inches, slightly branching and free flowering. The flowers erect
on strong stalks.

58

JOEEtfAL 03? THE EOYAL EOETICULTUEAt SOClETf.

13. Improved Pceony Perfection (Dippe Bros.). Of 16 distinct
colours. A very excellent strain.

14. Truffaut's Pceony -flowered Perfection (Wheeler & Son). Of
12 colours. A very even and excellent strain.

15. Large flowering Pceony Perfection (Haage & Schmidt). Of

12 colours. A very fair strain, of somewhat taller growth than
the others.

16. Cocardeau or Cockade (E. 0. Henderson & Son). Of 8
colours. A bi or two-coloured form of the Pseony-flowered,
the centre white, the outer petals of various colours, strikingly
beautiful.

D. Globe Astees.

A sort of intermediate form between the Chrysanthemum and
Paeony-flowered sections ; the flowers are large, but rather
rough and coarse, and droop somewhat ; very free flowering.
Height 15 to 18 inches.

17. Pceony -flowered Glole (Dippe Bros.). Of 12 colours. A
remarkably good selection of colours and of even growth.
Excellent for bedding.

E. Postpone Astees.

Plants of very compact neat branching habit, and very free
flowering. Height from 12 to 15 inches. Elowers of medium
size ; very neat and close ; the outer petals flat, the centre quilled ;
a very useful section for cut flowers.

18. Pompone (Dippe Bros.). Of 18 colours. A very excellent

selection ; the white especially fine.

19. Diamond (Haage & Schmidt). Of 10 colours. A very good
assortment ; the flowers somewhat larger than the ordinary
Pompone.

E. Bouquet Astees.

Plants of small close habit of growth ; from 6 to 9 inches in
height ; free flowering, the single plant forming a sort of miniature
bouquet. Elowers of medium size, from 2 to 2J inches in diameter.
A very inferior section.

20. New Improved Dwarf Pyramidal (E. G. Henderson & Son). A
mixed selection. Eair.

21. New Victoria Bouquet (E. G. Henderson & Son). Yiolet.
Inferior.

RETORT ON ASTERS GROWN AT CfilSiWICK IN l8?7.

69

22. New Improved Dwarf Pyramidal (Dippe Bros.)* Of 4 colours.
A good selection.

23. BoUze's Miniature Bouquet Pyramidal (Haage & Schmidt).
Of 12 colours. Inferior.

G. Shakespeare.

A very dwarf, very early dowering form of the Bouquet Aster ;
the plants from 4 to 6 inches in height, forming a mere tuft of
small flowers of no merit excepting earliness.

24. Shakespeare (E. G. Henderson & Son). Of 6 colours. Avery
good selection.

25. Shakespeare (Haage & Schmidt). Of 12 colours. Yery
inferior.

26. Reine Marguerite, very dwarf (Yilmorin). Of 6 colours.
Average.

H. Heine Marguerite Anemone (Yilmorin). 10 colours.

This proved a mixture of Chrysanthemum, Paeony-flowered, and
Quilled Aster. Yery inferior.

I. German Asters, new French varieties (Carter & Co.). 24 colours.

A very excellent mixture of Chrysanthemum and Paeony-
Howered.

J. Honeycomb.

Plants of medium growth ; flowers large, Hattish, the petal
tubular at base, but flat tipped, and resting quite close on each
other ; very distinct.

27. Victoria (E. G. Henderson & Son). Of 2 colours, carmine-
rose and crimson. Yery fine.

K. Heedle or Hedgehog.

Plants of medium growth; 15 to 18 inches; free flowering.
Flowers large, flat; the petals tubular and close pointed. Yery
distinct in appearance.

28. Victoria Hedgehog (Benary). Of 3 colours. Good.

29. Victoria Quilled (Wheeler & Son). Carmine-rose. Yery fine.

L. Quilled Asters.

Plants of rather tall straggling growth, from 2 to 2^ feet in

60

JOURNAL OE THE ROXAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

height ; late flowering. Flowers drooping, roundish, of very even
and regular form, from 2 to 3 inches in diameter ; the central
petals all very evenly and regularly quilled, with a broad flat
outer guard petal. The flowers in themselves are extremely neat
and handsome ; beautiful for cut flowers ; but owing to the loose
habit and the drooping flowers they are not so effectual for bedding
purposes as the other varieties.

30. Quilled (Wheeler & Son). Of 12 colours. Very inferior.

31. Benham's Brize (E. G. Henderson & Son). Of 18 colours, and
the following named varieties: — Firelight, Grand Duchess
Maria, Princess of Wales, Princess of the Fairies, Duke of
Edinburgh, Prince of Wales, Snowball — were of yery good
quality.

32. Betteridge's Exhibition Brize (Carter & Co.). Of 24 colours,
and the following named sorts, being a selection from the 24
colours : — Princess Alexandra, Blushing Bride, Bridegroom,
Prince Albert Victor, Prince of Novelties, Purple Prince,
Snowflake or Snowball— -were of very superior quality, and in
general of more compact growth. A superb strain.

X. Report on the Varieties of Turnips suitable for Garden Cultiva¬
tion Grown at Chiswick, 1877. By A. F. Barron.

The entire collection was sown on the 1st June for an early crop,
which proved successful, the crop growing freely and well, not
inj ured by the fly. This test proved the unsuitability of many of
the larger field varieties for early sowing, the hot weather utterly
destroying them before they were fully grown, whilst the others
continued quite good. A second sowing was made in August for a
late crop, which afforded an excellent test also. The report gives
the results as ascertained by the Fruit and Vegetable Committees.

Section I. Flesh White, Skin White.

1 . White Butch .

Synonym.— French Turnip (Carter).

Top of medium growth, spreading. Leaves much pinnate.
Bulb of medium size, from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, very broad,

REPORT ON TTJRNIP3 GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

61

rregularly flattened, and somewhat hollowed round the base, espe¬
cially noticeable in the larger specimens ; tap root of moderate size ;
skin white, the top or upper portion generally green. Flesh white.
This is one of the oldest of Turnips, and long considered to be the
earliest variety, but a true stock is now difficult to obtain. It is
best suited for early sowing, comes early into use, but soon grows
out of condition.

2. White Strapleaved.

Synonyms. — American Strapleaf; Strapleaved White Stone.

Top small, dwarf spreading habit. Leaves short, almost entire
or not pinnate as in the ordinary forms, and very distinct in appear¬
ance. Bulb of medium size, of even and regular form, a little
hollowed at the crown, broad and flat, the tap root small ; skin
white, flesh white. This is the earliest variety of Turnip, coming
into use a few days before any other sort, but soon becomes
pithy.

6. Red Strapleaved.

Synonyms. — American Strapleaved Bed ; Early Bed Strapleaved
American Stone.

This is the same as the White Strapleaf ’ excepting that the
upper portion of the bulb is red, or of a bright reddish-purple. It
is a very handsome variety.

4. Green Top Strapleaved (Carter). ■

This is a green topped form of the preceding.

5. Early White Stone.

Synonyms. — Early White Flat Dutch Garden (Vilmorin et
Cie.) ; Havet de Croissv (Leroy).

Top of medium size. Leaves much pinnate. Bulb medium
size, flattened, of flue regular form, with small tap root ; skin white.
This may be said to be the ordinary form of stone Turnip, of which
the Strapleaved is a variety.

6. Early Red Top.

Synonyms. — Bed Top Stone ; Early Bed Top Flat Garden
(Yilmorin et Cie.).

This is again the pinnate-leaved or ordinary form, of which

62 JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Red Strapleaved is the variety. These strapleaved and pinnate-
leaved varieties of stone Turnips are often intermixed, and require
great care in the saving of the seed. It may be noted that e
strapleaved forms are earlier than the others.

7. Snowball.

Synonyms. — Early Snowball (Wheeler) ; Improved Snowball
(Stuart & Mein) ; Ball of Snow (Minier) ; Silver Ball (Nutting) ;
Six Weeks (Nutting) ; Early Six Week (Minier) ; Improved Six
Weeks (Carter) ; Stone (Nutting) ; Early Stone or Stubble (Vil-
morin) ; Nonsuch (Nutting).

Top of moderate size and not spreading so much as the white
Dutch. Leaves much pinnate. Bulb of medium size, but grows
large, of a very regular globular or roundish ovate form. The tap
root small and slender ; skin pure white throughout, smooth and
handsome. Elesh pure white. This is the best autumn garden
Turnip, and the sort usually cultivated. The difference between
varieties arises through selections of seed, the tendency being to
become more pointed, the correct form being nearly round with
small tap root.

Taylor's Cream of Earlies (Taylor).

A variety of the Snowball, having a darker skin. In¬
ferior.

Early Round White Vertus (Vilmorin).

A mixed and inferior stock of Snowball.

Sablons Round White (Vilmorin).

A mixed and infetior stock of Snowball and Green Top Stone.

8. Green Top Stone (Nutting).

Synonyms. — Green Stone ; Green Top Six Weeks (Nutting).

This is a green topped variety of the Snoioball. The bulbs more
flat. Inferior.

9. White Globe.

Synonyms . — Improved White Globe (Carter) ; Large White
Globe.

EEPOET ON TUENirS GEOWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

63

Top large, leaves deeply cut. Bulb large, roundish, or globular.
A much larger, later, and somewhat coarser Turnip than the Snow¬
ball , which it otherwise resembles.

Pomeranian White Globe.

Coarse and inferior.

Rond des Vertus (Carter).

A late and coarse stock of White Globe.

10. Green Globe.

Synonyms.— Selected Green Globe (Wheeler) ; Improved Green
Globe (Carter) ; Green Top Stone (Carter).

A variety of the Globe, having the top or upper part of the
bulbs green.

11. Red Globe.

Synonyms — Yeitch’s Bed Globe ; Early Bed Top Auvergne
(Yilmorin).

Top of free vigorous growth. Bulb growing to a large size,
but useable in a small state ; roundish or globular in shape, with
small tap root ; skin clear white, the upper part of a beautiful
purplish-red, and extremely handsome. Elesh white, solid, of ex¬
cellent quality. ^One of the handsomest and best Turnips for late or
autumn use.

Improved Red Globe.

Inferior.

12. Long Vertus Pointed Rooted (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Top very small, leaves short. Bulb of roundish, elongated
form, like a Carrot, from 6 to 8 inches in length and 4 to 6 inches
in circumference, irregular, frequently twisted and tapering to a
blunt point. The greater portion of .the bulb is raised out of the
ground. Skin pure white. Elesh white, solid, and excellent.
This variety comes very early into use, and is well suited for
forcing or growing in frames for an early supply.

64

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

13. Navet do Clairfontaine.

Synonyms.— Long ? Early White Vertus; Loug Clairfontaine
(Carter) ; Long White Clairfontaine (Vilmorin).

Long White Meaux (Vilmorin).
Cow Horn (Carter).

Jersey Navet (Yeitch).

JDes Sablons (Carter),

Navet des Sablons Pyriforme
(Leroy).

These are all inferior va¬
rieties of the preceding, differ¬
ing somewhat in the size or
earliness of the bulb, or in the
colour of the top part, some
being green, others white.

14. Long Grey (Carter).

Synonym. — Long Green Tankard (Vilmorin).

Top medium. Bulb very long and narrow, twisted or crooked.
Skin white, the upper portion green. Flesh white. A useless
variety.

15. White Tankard.

Top large, leaves long. Bulb long, from 6 to 8 inches, and 7
or 8 inches in circumference, regularly tapering. Skin white.
Flesh white, but rather coarse.

16. Green Tankard.
A green topped variety of the preceding.

17. Long Red Tankard (Vilmorin et Cie.).

Synonym. — Bose du Palatinat (Carter) (Leroy).

Top of medium size. Leaves deeply cut. Bulb large, 12
inches long, rising out of the ground one-half its length, and from
12 to 18 inches in circumference. Skin clear white, the upper
portion pale purplish red and handsome. Flesh somewhat
coarse.

BEPOBT ON TUBNIPS GBOWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

65

Yellow Tankard (Wheeler & Son).

Dale's Hybrid (Minier & Co.).

Fosterton Dybrid (Minier & Co.).

Large White Globe (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Norfolk Large Green Round (Yilmorin et
Cie.).

Norfolk Large White Round (Yilmorin et
Cie.).

Norfolk Large Red Round (Yilmorin et
Cie.).

Hardy Green Round (Minier & Co.).

Large Purple Top (Carter).

Purple Top Mammoth (Carter).

Grey Stone (Carter).

Devonshire Grey Stone (Minier & Co.).

Mammoth Grey Stone (Minier & Co.).

Green Darrel (Carter). j

18. Grey Morigny (Carter).

Synonym. — Gris de Morigny (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Top small. Leaves short spreading, much cut or pinnatifid.
Bulb of medium size, long, regularly tapering, like a Beet. Skin
dark brown or grey, very rough. Flesh white, dry. Is of excel¬
lent quality for late winter use.

Section II. Flesh White, Skin Black.

19. Long Black.

Synonym. — Long Noir d’ Alsace (Leroy).

Top small spreading. Leaves much cut. Bulb medium size,
from 6 to 10 inches long, of regular tapering form, and about 4
inches in diameter. Skin very rough, almost black in colour.
Flesh white, solid, of excellent quality. A good winter sort.

20. Round Black.

Synonyms . — Chirk Castle ; Chirk Castle Black Stone.

Top small spreading, of a distinct appearance. Leaves small,
much cut. Bulb of medium size, quite round or globular in shape,

E

These are all
white Turnips of
large size, and too
coarse for garden
culture.

66

JOTJEHAL OF THE E0YAL HOETICIJLTT7EAL SOCIETY.

with a small tap root. Skin very rough, of a very dark brown,
almost black, colour. Flesh pure white, solid, and of fine quality.
An excellent sort for winter use, withstands frost well.

Section II. Eey Fleshed.

21. Freneuse (Vilmorin et Cie.). 1

Grey Luc (Yilmorin et Cie.). I

Saulier (Yilmorin et Cie.). I

Teltauer (Yilmorin et Cie.). j

Green Topped (Yilmorin et
Cie.). ]

These are small dry
fleshed Turnips not well
suited to this climate, hut
esteemed on the Continent.
Failed.

Section III. Flesh Yellow, Selh Yellow.

22. Yellow Finland.

Top very small, leaves short, spreading. Bulb small, from 4
to 6 inches in diameter, of a very even and regular roundish form,
somewhat hollowed at the base. Tap root exceedingly small and
fine. Skin very smooth, of a pale orange-yellow colour, the upper
part pale green. Flesh yellow, very solid and excellent. Yery
early. A good Turnip for summer or autumn use.

23. Malta.

This is very similar to the Finland , but of somewhat larger and
stronger growth.

24. Yellow Dutch.

Top dwarf spreading. Bulb of medium size, roundish, with
flat base. Skin rough, pale yellow, the upper portion deep
green. Inferior to Malta.

25. Golden Ball.

Synonyms. — -Improved Golden Ball ; Eobertson’s Golden Ball
Orange Jelly.

Top of free erect growth. Bulb roundish, even, and regular,
with small tap root. Skin deep orange throughout, smooth. Flesh
deep orange, solid, and of good qnality. An excellent Turnip for
autumn use.

REPORT ON TURNIPS GROWN AT CHISWICK IN 1877.

67

26. Golden Stone (Nutting & Son).

Synonym.— Scarisbrook.

Top of small size. Bulb of medium size, evenly formed,
roundish or globular. Skin pale straw -yellow, smooth. Flesh
pale yellow, firm and solid. An excellent sort.

27. Green Toy Scarisbrook (Nutting).

A variety of Golden Stone , with a green topped bulb.

28. Yellow Montmag my .

Synonyms . — Yellow Flat Bed Top Montmagmy ; Flat Bed Top
Yellow.

Top small. Bulb of medium size, of fine even form, roundish,
with small tap root. Skin yellow, the upper portion dull red.
Bipens off early in warm weather.

29. Long 'Yellow (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Top small spreading, dying off early. Bulb of medium size,
elongated, of regular tapering form like a Carrot. Skin yellow.
Flesh pale yellow, somewhat soft.

30. Bortfield (Benary).

Top small, close growing. Bulb small, from 9 to 12 inches
long, regularly tapering. Skin orange. Flesh orange-yellow.
Very hard and dry.

Yellow Altringham.

Yellow Scotch.

Green Top Scotch.

Purple Top Scotch.

Purple Top Yellow.

Yellow Green Top Aberdeen.

Warrington (Nutting).

Market Jew (Nutting & Son).

Paid s Hybrid Green Top Yellow (Wheeler).

Pales Hybrid (Minier & Co.).

Yellow Tankard.

Stratton Green Round (Minier & Co,).

Are all large
varieties, too
coarse for garden
cultivation.

68

JOUBHAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICITLTTTEAL SOCIETY.

XI. On Fungoid Diseases of the Vine. Part I. By Dr. M. C.

Cooke.

[Read at Meeting of Scientific Committee, loth January, 1378.]

The Vine is such an important object in the eyes of the horti¬
culturist that it scarcely needs any apology for offering to this
Committee consecutively at its meetings a summary of the
different species of Fungi which have at divers times and in
different countries been found living and thriving, sometimes
inflicting considerably injury, upon this valuable plant. By
doing this it is hoped that those who read from time to time the
proceedings of this Committee may he assisted to some information
which could not otherwise he very readily procured, whilst the
Committee itself will not he impatient of being reminded of many
things with which its members may individually be well cognisant
in furtherance of a public object.

Oidium Tuckeri , Berk. — Commencing with the well-known
Vine-Mildew, under its old name, it may be well to confess that
we can add nothing to what all European horticulturists have
acquired by a painful experience. So much has been written con¬
cerning the Oidium , that it will be almost sufficient to mention its
name, and pass on to other and less familiar parasites. Tech¬
nically, all we know of this Fungus is the condition of an Oidium ,
whilst we have no doubt whatever that, like the Hop-mildew
and the American Vine-mildew, this is only an imperfect or
conidial condition of some higher Fungus belonging to the genus
Erysiphe , or some allied genus. It seems to be extremely
probable that it is but the conidia of an Uncinula , of which the
mature or sporangial condition has not yet been observed. Our
reasons for referring it to this genus are based on the known
affinities which certain genera of parasites have for allied plants,
and since we know that two or three species of TJncinula are
developed in other countries upon species of Vitis, whilst but one
instance is known of a true species of Erysiphe or Sphcerotheca
being found even on a kindred order of Phanerogams, we assume
it to be a probability that the Vine-disease is a conidial condition
of a species of Uncinula. Add to this the fact that there is
scarcely any appreciable difference between the conidia of
Uncimda spiralis and the Vine-disease, and this supposition is
strengthened.

It is scarcely possible to refer to this subject on the premises of

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OP THE VINE.

G9

the Royal Horticultural Society, without recording the feeling of
gratitude with which we all revert to the labours of the Rev. M.
J. Berkeley in this and kindred subjects, but especially for his
untiring perseverance in the investigaton of the diseases of the
Vine, Hop, and Potato. In the earlier volumes of the Journal of
this Society, those memoirs of his will continue to testify to his great
services to horticulture, as they have forined the basis of all
subsequent researches.

Uncinula spiralis , Rerk. & Curt. — This is the American
representative of the European Yine-mildew, and was first noted
by Berkeley as a distinct species in his “Introduction to Crypto-
gamic Botany.” It appears first as an Oidium , scarcely, if at all,
differing from Oidium Tucheri , and afterwards freely produces con-
ceptacles, which the European Oidium does not. Recently Hr.
Earlow has given some interesting details of this species in the
“Bulletin” of the Bussey Institution, which may be reproduced
with advantage. “ Huring the past year,” he says, “ this Uncinula
was more common in Eastern Massachusetts than the year before,
but not, however, so common as Peronospora viticola. The two
Eungi were not unfrequently found growing together on the same
leaf. In the "West, however, the Uncinula seems to have caused
more trouble than in the East, and in California it prevailed to
such an extent as to have seriously injured the Yines. The
Eungus was so common that it was frequently exhibited at agri¬
cultural societies, where it seems to have generally been called
Oidium Tucheri) on the supposition that it was the Eungus to which
that name is applied in Europe.

“In midsummer and autumn the leaves and young stalks, of
both our cultivated and wild Grapes are covered with the white
spots of Uncinula spiralis , which look not unlike dust. The spots
are plainer on the upper than on the lower surface of the leaves
while the spots made by Peronospora viticola are principally on
the lower surface of the leaf, and look more like frost than dust.
The spots grow larger and larger until they cover the whole leaf, the
young stalks, and the berries themselves. A microscopic examina¬
tion made early in the season shows that the spots are composed of
white mycelial threads, which branch in various directions, and
are furnished at intervals with suckers, by means of which the
Eungus is attached to the epidermis of the leaf. The diameter of
the filaments is about *004 millimetres, and the transverse cell-
walls are numerous. The conidia are produced in the following

TO

JotjItXAL Of TfiE ROYAL HGRircTjLTOHAL SOCIETY.

manner Some of the branches of the mycelium rise up from the
surface of the leaf, either obliquely or at right angles. Fre¬
quent constrictions are formed, and transverse walls are produced
at the constrictions, thus forming a number of cells which are the
conidial spores. The uppermost cell grows larger than the rest
and drops off. The next cell then enlarges, and drops off in the
same way, and new cells are formed in the filament, so that a
succession of conidial spores is formed, which ripen and drop off.
The spores germinate at once by pushing out a germinating tube,
generally at one end, not by producing a number of zoospores as
in Peronospora.

“ Late in the autumn the perithecia and asci of the Fungus are
formed, and they are ripe about the last of October. As seen by
the naked eye the perithecia look like small black bodies. They
occur on both surfaces of the leaves, but are most easily distin¬
guished on the smooth upper surface, inasmuch as the under
surface of the leaves of most of our Grapes is covered with hair, by
which the perithecia are concealed. The central mass is an
opaque sac with a cellular wall, from which is given off a number
of appendages which are rolled up at the end. The perithecium
measures from ’07 to T2 millimetres in diameter. The appen¬
dages are from fifteen to thirty-two in number, generally very
numerous, and are from three to five times as long as the
diameter of the perithecium itself. There are several cross -
partitions in the appendages, and they occasionally branch. At
the base they are brownish-yellow, but grow lighter-coloured at
the top, which is quite hyaline. In removing the perithecia from
the leaf the appendages are frequently broken off in the middle, so
that it looks as though the Fungus were a species of Erysiphe
proper, rather than an TJncinula. Inside the perithecia are the
asci or sacs attached at the base, and containing the spores. The
asci vary from four to eight in number, but the more frequent
number is six. The spores also vary in number, the average
being six.

“ In short, the TJncinula spiralis appears in two phases : first, in
the form of a white flocculent mould on the leaves, stalks, and
grapes in midsummer ; and secondly, in the form of perithecia,
with rolled appendages, later in the season. Compared with
Peronospora viticola , it is more superficial, growing over the
epidermis ; but, on the other hand, is practically more dangerous,
as it attacks the fruit, which is not the case with the Peronospora.

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE VINE,

71

“ If there is any difference between the European Oidium
Tuclceri, and the conidial form of our own Uncinula spiralis, it lies
in the somewhat smaller size of the latter ; but that could hardly
be called a specific difference, since Mohl has called attention to
the fact that the spores of Oidium Tuclicri itself are variable in
size. What is called Oidium Tuclieri in this country is nothing
more than the conidia of Uncinula spiralis , and we have
repeatedly received specimens bearing the former name, which had
been exhibited at horticultural meetings, and learnedly explained,
without the slightest reference to the abundant perithecia which
clearly showed the species to be Uncinula spiralis .”

We can add but little to this excellent summary of the
history of the American mildew by Dr. Earlow, except to say that
the species was technically described by the Eev. M. I. Berkeley,
in “ Grevillea,” vol. iv., p. 159, and that it differs considerably from
the species of Uncinula which is common in Britain on Poplars and
Willows, although that species will convey a good idea of the
character of the genus to which the above species belongs. It
should be distinctly observed that Dr. Earlow has no hesitation
in declaring that the Uncinula spiralis is destructive in its
character.

Uncinula americana , Howe. — About the year 1872 Dr. Howe
described under this name a species of Uncinula found on the
leaves of Vitis in the United States, and which he regards as
different from the Uncinula spiralis. Having examined carefully
authentic specimens of both forms, it may ndt be out of place to
point out wherein they differ, and also wherein they agree, so as to
arrive at some conclusion on the disputed point.

In size the conceptacles are really identical. The fulcra are
about twice as long, and consequently more flexuose. The curved
tips are essentially the same. The mycelium and conidia present
no appreciable differences, and neither the number of sporangia in
each conceptacle, nor the number of sporidia in each ascus,
present any points of divergence. The whole difference resolves
itself into a question of length in the fulcra, for the average
number of fulcra produced by one conceptacle is about the same.
It must be conceded that the length of the fulcra in Uncinula spiralis
is by no means the same in all localities. Comparison of leaves
from three localities has satisfied us that the average length differs
in all, and doubtless an extended examination of a long series of
leaves from numerous localities, or collected in different years*

72

TOTTEN- AL OE THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

would show all stages intermediate between wbat are regarded as
the typical forms of Uncinula spiralis and U. americana. ’ Alto¬
gether there appears to he no greater difference between them
than such as may reasonably be attributed to the variability of a
single species.

Uncinula subfusca, B. & C. — This is another North American
species of Uncinula which occurs on the leaves of Ampelopsis
quinquefolia , although we have no evidence of its having occurred
on a true species of Vitis. The manuscript name of Uncinula
ampelopsidis has also been applied to this species, but it was not
published, in so far as we are aware, previous to the description by
Berkeley and Curtis. Compared together under the microscope,
there is a considerable difference between this and Uncinula
spiralis. The fulcra are shorter, more robust, fewer in number?
and rather more decidedly coloured. Perhaps the internal
structure does not differ to any appreciable extent. If any two of
these forms are to be regarded as distinct species, the third must also
be recognised as such, since the points of divergence are the same
in all. Por our own part we should prefer to regard them as
three varieties of the same species ; but it is exceedingly difficult
to induce botanists who confine their observations to their own
flora, to admit the extent to which variability in a single species
may be induced by a change in the external circumstances under
which it may be produced.*4 In this instance a different foster -
plant may make all the difference in the length of the fulcra,
which after all is the chief distinction.

None of the three forms have as yet been discovered beyond
the limits of North America.

Note. — Splicer otheca mors-unce^ Schwz.— This is the one solitary
instance of a species of Splicer otheca, having been found on Yines.
It was first described by Schweinitz nearly fifty years since as
occurring on Grapes in the United States, where it certainly seems
to be rare, since it is seldom mentioned by American mycologists.
Although described as a species of Erysiphe , the Eev. JI. J.
Berkeley has referred it to the genus Splicer otheca, but we have
never had the fortune to see a specimen, and therefore can add
very little beyond the name, which even had passed from our
memory when the above communication was made to the Scientific
Committee.

* Compare Uncinula adunca as developed on ’Willow with specimens
grown on Poplar for a confirmation of this.

OH EUHGOID DISEASES OE THE VINE.

73

On Fungoid Diseases of the Yine. Part II. By Dr. M. C. Cooke.

[Read at Meeting of Scientific Committee 19th February, 1877.]

Ik following up the series of communications which were promised
at the last meeting, it may be as well to allude at once to the
American Peronospora as a sequel to the American Yine diseases
noticed in the previous paper. As on that occasion, so in the pre¬
sent, we shall avail ourselves freely of the observations made on
the spot by Dr. Farlow,'vl since they must necessarily have been
made under much more favourable circumstances than it is possible
to achieve for ourselves, since we are compelled to study it from
dried specimens only.

Peronospora viticola , Berk. & Curt., is confined solely to the
United States, as far as we know, and there it attacks almost all
the species or varieties of Yine. It makes its appearance about
the 1st of August, and at any time from the middle of the month
until frosty weather sets in, one can be almost certain of finding
it- It developes first on the under surface of the leaves, most
abundantly on the veins near the petioles, and afterwards on spots
all over the under surface. It is most easily recognised on Vitis
cordifolia , where the under surface of the leaves is smooth, and
where the frost-like substance of the F ungus is in strong contrast
with the green leaf on which it grows. When growing on Vitis
Labrusca , Vitis eestivalis, or cultivated varieties of these species, it
appears in the form of spots, at first white, then rusty, slightly
raised above the level of the hairs of the lower surface. Some¬
times the Fungus invades the petioles of the younger leaves, which
swell considerably beyond their usual dimensions. As the disease
advances, the Fungus spreads over the whole of the lower surface
of the leaves, until not unfrequently scarcely a healthy leaf
remains ; red spots appear, which expand until the leaf becomes
dark-brown and shrivels up. During August the disease in the
region of Boston advances gradually, until, towards the middle of
September, almost every leaf is affected and hangs dead upon the
branches.

The mycelium is profuse throughout the cellular system of the
leaf, and the fructifying threads force their way through the
stomata, often several of them together, a portion of which seem to
grow faster than the rest and become fertile. The erect threads

* On the American Grape Yine Mildew, by W. G. Farlow, in Bulletin of
the Bussey Institution.

74

JOURNAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICTTLTtmil SOCIETY.

are branched in rather a compact manner, the tips of the ultimate
ramnli being mostly ternate, on which are borne the large oval
conidia. These latter are without papillae at the apex, which
occur in many species of Peronospora. In size they are variable
between '0125 x ’0083 mm. and *03 X ’017. The ramification
and general appearance is very different from that of the Potato-
mould, perhaps more nearly like that of Peronospora nivea , but
much larger.

The observations made by Dr. Parlow on the germination of
the conidia, or rather the production of zoospores, and their ultimate
germination, are so important and interesting that they must be
detailed somewhat in extenso. The experiments were made in the
beginning of October. Affected leaves were gathered in the after¬
noon and kept under a moistened bell-glass during the night. In
the morning the portions which had developed fresh conidia during
the night were cut out and the conidia shaken off into a little water
contained in watch-glasses. In order to test the conditions of
germination, some of the bell-glasses were placed in a light room
and others kept in the dark, and sowings were made also at diffe¬
rent periods of the day. The result was uniformly the same,
whether in the dark or the light. Sowings made at any period of
the day also germinated, but the conidia sown in the morning
generally germinated somewhat more quickly and more abundantly
than those sown in the afternoon. This is explained partly by the
fact that the conidia sown in the morning were in better condition,
the result of a growth of fourteen or fifteen hours, while those
sown in the afternoon were the conidia produced during only the
four or five hours of the forenoon. In all cases the germination
took place with a surprising rapidity and regularity. At the end
of an hour the conidia were swollen, and division of their contents
commenced. At the expiration of an hour and a quarter the
segments had resolved themselves into a number of oval bodies
collected towards one extremity of the conidia, and soon afterwards
the cell wall was ruptured and the oval bodies made their escape.

They passed out slowly, usually one at a time, pausing a little
in front of the opening. In a short time each moved more and
more actively, and finally darted off as a fully-developed zoospore
furnished with two cilia. Sometimes not more than three
emanated from one conidium, usually five or six, but in one
instance as many as seventeen were counted. The zoospores varied
in length from ’008 to *01 mm. They moved about for from fifteen

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE VINE.

75

to twenty minutes, the motion becoming. gradually slower ; at the
end of that time it ceased, the cilia dropped off, the zoospores
assumed a spherical shape, and in a quarter of an hour an out¬
growth appears at the side, which developes rapidly into the
mycelium of a new plant. Dr. Earlow states that he never saw the
direct production of hyphse from the conidium itself, hut always
from the zoospores.

As to the rapidity and regularity of this germination, he observes
that it was so regular that by properly arranging the time of sowing
he was able to be tolerably certain of a crop of zoospores for class
demonstration at any given hour. In about two hours from the time
of sowing the conidia the intermediate stages will have been passed,
and germination of the zoospores commenced. Time and time again
he has sat with his watch before him observing the changes, and
almost punctually to the minute the dischargejof zoospores hasbegun.

Oogonia have only been found by him on Vitis cestivalis , in
the latter part of September and October, in the shrivelled parts of
the leaves, and most abundantly just inside what are called the
palisade cells of the upper surface. They are spherical, '03 m. in
diameter, smooth, with a thick yellowish epispore, but hitherto he
has been unable to secure their germination. Perhaps he may not
have given them a sufficient period of rest.

In order to complete his investigations in all possible practical
directions, we find that Dr. Earlow pursued some successful ex¬
periments in inoculation. This was done by placing healthy
leaves upon infected leaves and covering with a moistened bell-
glass. In two cases the Eungus appeared on the healthy leaf at
the end of the second day. Again, germinating zoospores were
sown on healthy leaves of Vitis vinifera and of smooth-leaved
American species. The Eungus appeared on the leaves of Vitis
vinifera on the fifth day after sowing ; on American species a day
or two later. The Eungus grew luxuriantly on Vitis vinifera , and
soon covered the leaves. There is no reason to doubt, if once intro¬
duced into England, it would soon establish itself.

This parasite is very abundant on leaves of Vitis cestivalis ,
Vitis Zabrusca, and all their cultivated varieties ; on Vitis cordi-
folia , Vitis vulpina, and the cultivated Catawba Grape ; and in fact
on nearly all varieties of American Grapes, although it has not
been recorded on the Diana Grape. It is probably found through¬
out the whole United States east of the Rocky Mountains, but it
has not yet been reported from the west coast.

76

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is believed that it has no injurious effect upon the Grape
crop ; indeed, according to Dr. Earlow, it is perhaps beneficial, for
he says, “ Our native Vines have a luxuriant growth of leaves, and
the danger is that, in our short summers, the grapes will not be
sufficiently exposed to the sun to ripen ; ” he then proceeds to show
that the Peronospora arrives at the happiest moment, to shrivel up
the leaves so that the direct rays of the sun may reach the grapes.
Should the Eungus be introduced into Europe, however, he thinks
that the case might be different, and attacking the Vines earlier,
prove in a moister atmosphere as disastrous as the Phylloxera. At
any rate, we can assure him that we are by no means anxious to
try the experiment.

XII. On the Cyclamen. By the Editor.

[Bead at Society’s Meeting, 19th February, 1878.]

I have to-day to address you on the Cyclamen, a truly florist’s
flower, but at the same time one that has long been known and
appreciated, when by no means so attractive as it is in our day.,
as our Spring Shows abundantly testify.

Two of the hardy species, Cyclamen Coum and liedercefolium ,
are mentioned as having been in cultivation in Gerard’s garden so
long ago as 1596 ; so at least says Mr. Daydon Jackson in his
identification of Gerard’s species. C. persicum seems to have
been introduced by Sibthorp, in 1731, from the Isle of Cyprus.

In Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, which was commenced in 1790,
the fourth plate in the first volume is a very fair representation of
C. Coum, which is said to be found growing in woods and shady
places in Italy and Germany ; it is also noted that it is a very
early flowerer. The plate in Curtis represents a tiny little plant
with small rosy flowers on rosy peduncles, leaves round and
unvariegated. The original C. persicum, though more beautiful
with its pure delicate petals and graceful habit, is a long way
behind the magnificent specimens we have so often seen in recent
years, to which I shall allude presently.

As a genus, the Cyclamen is confined to the countries
bodering on the Mediterranean — S. Europe, W. Asia, and X.
Africa. It can scarcely be considered an English plant, though it

Gif THE CYCLAMEN.

77

may be found growing wild in some Kentish woods ; it is almost
certainly naturalised, the seed having been originally carried from
some garden, and thus it has established itself as in a state of
nature.

The Cyclamen is a very worthy member of the Natural Order
Primulacece , which contains so many popular favourites. Amongst
other distinctions the chief points of note in examining flowers
belonging to this Order are —

1st. That the corolla is invariably monopetalous — that is, the petals
are all united together in one piece in a tube, the extremity
of which is, however, usually divided into several lobes or
segments, usually five in number ; so that in speaking of the
petals of a Cyclamen we mean the separate segments of the
united corolla ; and

2nd. That the stamens are inserted upon the corolla, and
opposite to the several lobes.

There is also the capsuled many-seeded fruit.

In the genus Cyclamen the segments of the corolla are always
reflexed, or doubled back, and sometimes twisted.

There appears to be no little confusion in the determination of
some of the species, as there unquestionably is a misapprehension
amongst the trade, both here and abroad, on the subject of nomen¬
clature; even our best authorities differ. It is most desirable,
therefore, that a general understanding be arrived at, if possible,
whereby it shall be recognised what really are the points of
difference between the various species. With the kind aid of
several well-known Cyclamen growers, I have made an attempt
in this direction, which may perhaps be of some use until a better
arrangement can be supplied. Here at starting a serious difficulty
meets us : upon what are we to base our distinctions so that no
mistake can possible occur, so that when a plant is shown it may
be possible to say definitely, this is hedercefolium , or ibericum , or
vernum, as the case may be? The leaves furnish one of the main
distinctions, but only in conjunction with other features. Many
authorities lay great stress upon the colour of the upper and under
surfaces, but this is fallacious ; and not much less so with the
form of the leaf. Take hedercefolium for example ; you have ovate,
cordate, hastate, and sub-hastate leaves, and all may be produced
from the seed of a single plant. Leaves may therefore assist in
identification, but cannot alone determine it. We must look to other
points to assist us in our task.

78

JOURNAL or THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The corm is a very important feature, and one which deserves
consideration — its shape, its habit, the mode of issue of the fibre, a
careful examination of which will probably throw valuable light on
this vexed question ; for if we consult the authorities we shall
most certainly be led astray in many instances : for example, in the
Bot. Mag., plate 1001, is figured a jfiant under the name of Cyc.
liedercefolium , which on examination proves to be vernum. The
same plant is figured in Sweet’s El. G-arden as repandum, pi. 117 ;
and again the same writer, pi. 9, figures C. ibericwn, but calls it
vernum ; and later writers, copying from the earlier ones, have only
perpetuated these errors.

In all, though many more names have been given, for all
practical purposes the number of species of Cyclamen may be
reduced to six, viz. : —

C. Coum.

,, ibericum, incl. C. AtTcinsi.

„ vernum , syn. repandum.

,, europceum.

,, liedercefolium , with its geographical forms —

C. Africanum or macrophyllum, and
C. Grcecum or latifolium.

,, persicum.

There may be, I should say there are, other little-known
species to which at present I have not had access.

There is another point of distinction worthy of note, illustrating
as it does the fact that every season has its Cyclamen.

Persicum and vernum cheer us in the spring with their bright
vivid flowers.

Europceum comes on later, and may well be distinguished as
the summer-flowering species. In the autumn we have liederce¬
folium ; and when that is done, all through the winter the chain is
completed by the little Coum and ibericum , which are then in full
bloom. This is a very marked distinction, by the aid of which
closely resembling individuals may perhaps be determined with
certainty.

There seem to be four distinct habits of the conns or tubers, as
follows : —

Cor ms smooth, roots proceeding from

the centre of the under surface . Coum, ibericum , vernum.

Corms rough, roots proceeding from
the base of the tuber, but more
or less from all parts .

europceum.

ON THE CYCLAMEN,

79

Corns large, rough, fibrous, roots
' proceeding from all parts of the

tuber . persicum , hedercefolium.

There is a form of hedercefolium with a very distinct habit of
tuber. The roots proceed from one part of the under surface, a
little removed from the centre of the corm, whilst the growing
point on the upper surface starts from a corresponding point on the
opposite side of the centre, and this peculiarity is said to be constant.
I have examined specimens, hut my personal knowledge of this
variety is not yet sufficient to enable me to do more than allude to
it at present.

We now come to the leaves, of which there are four main
variations in form and habit.

I. — Round or reniform,

Not marbled .

Marbled on upper surface
Sometimes inclined to be cordate

II. — Cordate, crenulated on margin, upper
surface marbled ....

III. — Angular, toothed, broadly marbled
on upper surface, leaves rising
with the flowers.

IY. — Angular, lobed, marbled, leaves suc¬
ceeding the flowers

Coum.

ibericum.

europium.

persicum .

vernum.

hedercefolium.

Einally, as a less reliable guide, we have fragrance, but here
there does not seem to be any unchangeable or distinct habit.
Europceum , vernum , and persicum are said to be always fragrant.
So they are in nature, but in cultivation this very desirable quality
is in great measure lost, and in the large otherwise improved persi-
cums entirely so. C. Coum , ibericum , and hedercefolium are
always scentless, except the two forms of the last — Africanum
and Grcecum — which are sometimes fragrant.

We will now proceed to a closer examination of the six species
I have named.

I. — C. Coum .

A native of Italy and Germany.

Blooms from January to March. Colour bright rosy red, with a
white band more or less distinct round the corona. Leaves always
round, dark green on the upper surface, decided purple on the

80

JOUENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICULTITEAL SOCIETY.

reverse. No markings. Tubers round, compressed, smooth, roots
descending from the centre of the underside.

It is very hardy, and flowers freely in the open air. There is
but very little variation in this species, which can be easily recog¬
nised, for no other Cyclam.en has its small plain round leaf or short
little flower.

II. — C. ibericum.

A very near relation to the foregoing — so near indeed that but
for the difference in the leaf it might easily be mistaken. I have
a white variety of C. Courn in which the plant is unquestionably
Coum, but the flower is just as certainly C. Athinsi, a white
variety of ibericum to which I shall recur.

Leaves cordate, they are seldom round, always marbled with
lighter colour on the upper surface. The tuber is similar in habit
to C. Coum, but the whole plant, corm, [leaves, and flowers, is
bolder in habit.

Mr. Atkins, of Painswick, a gentleman who has spent many
years of his long life in horticultural pursuits, raised a very beauti¬
ful variety of this species with pure white flowers, which some
have said to be a hybrid between C. Coum and C. persicum. This
is not impossible, though there is a strong belief that the plant
known as Cyclamen Athinsi is no more than a white seedling of
ibericum ; the flowers are certainly finer in form than either C.
Coum or ibericum — a feature which doubtless gives weight to the
opinion that it is a hybrid ; but when it is remembered how great
has been the improvement effected in C. persicum during the last
few years, through careful selection and cultivation, it need
scarcely be a matter of surprise that the other species respond to
like care and develop e into much finer forms than any we
have yet seen, of which, with due deference, I believe C. Athinsi
to be an example, and not less an encouragement to cultivators to
direct their attention to these useful and hardy plants. I give
both opinions on this subject, and though I incline to the latter, I
desire to give the former due prominence. In some catalogues there
are named varieties of C. Aihinsi — as, for example, rubrum , roseum ,
&c. — but it is certain that the founder of the variety will not admit
them to be C. Athinsi at all. Mr. Tyerman says that a very inte¬
resting series of Iberian specimens of C. ibericum have lately
been added to .the Eoyal Herbarium at Kew, which quite confirm
the identity and variableness of this plant.

OX THE CYCLAMEN-.

81

III. — C. vernum.

As its names indicates, a spring-flowering species, in bloom
daring March and April. There is much controversy as to the
identity of this plant, arising from mistakes, afterwards corrected,
made by early authorities. So much so that in some catalogues a
distinction is drawn between the true vernum and the vernum of
Sweet, which, as I have already pointed out, is really ibericum ,
a winter-flowering species, and in support of this statement I quote
Mr. Atkins. Writing to me, he says : — •“ See Bot. Mag., 1. 1001,
figured as hedercefolium ; this is the true vernum , called repandum in
the Flower Garden, and various other names here and abroad. The
name repandum does not appear to have been used before Sib thorp,
who associated the plant he thus names with Clusius Cyclamen verno
tempore florens.”

On the other hand, Colonel Trevor Clarke, a botanist whose
opinion is entitled to the utmost respect, writes thus to me : —
t( The plant that occupied the name of vernum for many years was
scarcely distinguishable from Coum , except by the leaf. I think it
was a pity to disturb repandum , which was already muddled up
with the autumnal hedercefolium , whilst the latter was confused
with the summer-flowering europceum .”

The flowers of C. vernum are very fragrant, in colour bright
rosy purple, less frequently light rose, rarely white.

Leaves broad, angular, and deeply lobed, the upper surface
bright green, shining, and broadly marbled with silvery bands.

Corm smooth, dark yellow, the roots proceeding from the centre
of the underside of tuber.

Mr» Tyerman remarks: — “ This interesting species is quite
distinct from any other. The leaves and flowers somewhat
resemble those of hedercefolium , but the flowers are longer, more
slender, and destitute of the -teethlike projections formed by the
reflexed segments of the corolla.” The flowers and leaves are pro¬
duced at the same time. This species is a native of Greece and
Italy.

[Note. — Since writing the above, I have prosecuted my in¬
quiries amongst the great Cyclamen growers on the Continent,
who, while freely admitting the inaccurate nomenclature which
holds amongst them, explain that it would be almost impossible
to adopt the more strictly correct names, as the former are now so
generally used that the utmost confusion would ensue on any
attempt to effect a correction.

7

82

JOUENAL OF THE LlOYAL HOETICTLLTUEAL SOCIETY.

As regards “ repanclum” however, it would seem, that the
weight of Continental evidence is to the effect that the irregularity
of the growth of the root and leaves from the corni noticed by me
on p. 79, together with an irregularity in the form of the segments
of the corolla, are the distinctive features of this species, which I
am assured are constant. It this he so it would certainly justify
ispecific distinction between 'oernum and repandum.~\

I V. — C. europceum.

Figured in Sweet, p. 176. A summer-flowering species, bloom¬
ing from June to September, or even later. In cultivation this
plant is by no means a free bloomer, but it is valuable as one of the
most delightfully see nted of all the Cyclamens. It is very distinct,
both in form and habit, and there should be no great difficulty in
recognising it.

The flowers vary in colour from a pale pink to a deep carmine,
the mouth of the corona is wide and slightly angular.

Leaves orbicular or reniform, somewhat denticulate, marbled on
the upper surface.

The tubers are irregular in shape, and grow frequently to a
great size ; rough, dark in colour, compressed ; roots proceed mostly
from the under surface, but more or less from all parts of the
tuber.

In habit it differs from other Cyclamens in forming short gouty
stems, which produce leaves and flowers, these stems if cut and planted
will again strike root and produce plants. The growing shoots for
leaves and flowers have a way of stoling horizontally under ground
for some distance before seeking the surface and developing, a
habit likewise of hederafolium , so that in pots when the spring growth
is commencing the plant assumes the appearance of a nest of
shoots.

V.— C. hedercefolium.

This is the autumn flowering species, that to which I have
before alluded as found growing wild in some woods in Kent ; but
its native home is on the mountains of Switzerland, as well as in
Italy, Greece, the Ionian Isles, Algeria, and elsewhere. Under
this species should be classed a few others which have been de¬
scribed under different specific names, they are, however, only geo¬
graphical forms of the same species. C. Africanum or macrophyl -

ON THE CYCLAMEN o

83

lum , a large coarse growing variety, and C. gr mourn or latifolium is
another, so also is C. neapolitana , and on the Continent this speoies
is also known as C. autumnale.

There is considerable variety both in shape and hue of the
foliage as in the colour of the flowers, the former being sometimes
dark green* and almost free from marbling, and at other times
really beautiful with bright silvery bands and markings. In the
leaf this species most nearly approaches C. vernum, with more or
less prominent lobes. The flowers vary in colour from pure white
to the deepest rose, the reflexed sections of the corolla display at
each edge a tooth-like projection, giving to the corona of the flowers
a peculiarly diadem-like appearance.

The tubers are very large, sometimes as much as 12 inches in
diameter, round, compressed, dark brown, very rough, the roots
proceeding from all parts of the corm.

Regarding C. heder cofolium , the Hon. Rev. Mr. Roscawen writes
to me that he has had it planted in the open ground for the past
fifteen years, where it flourishes, so that we may say it is quite
hardy, having been unaffected by 20 degrees to 30 degrees of frost,

YX Ct persicum.

Of this well-known species it is unnecessary for me to say very
much ; it is the Cyclamen par excellence for fragrance, colour, and
display, and it is upon this plant that the cultivator has spent his
most earnest devotion. The finest specimens grown come to Covent
Garden Market, and so great is the demand that one firm alone
sends out from 15,000 to 20,000]plants annually ; but in proportion
as the flowers are improved in size, it appears certain that they lose
in fragrance, because in its natural condition C. persicum is so fra¬
grant that a single plant of it in bloom will fill a large room
with its scent.

Mr. Boscawen writes to me : c£ I have had C. persicum in the
open air for five years or longer, the plants are some of them under
slight shade, others exposed on a north bank ; they are, when in a
north aspect, evergreen. I send you leaves that are over a year
old. "When evergreen they do not blossom so well in winter, the
frost does not seem to injure them, the blossom sent stood 10 de¬
grees of frost last week. I do .not think since I have had persicum
out we have had over 16 degrees of frost, however there has been
skating within a few yards of the bank where they were growing.”

f 2

84

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is to this species that my remarks on the cultivation of the
Cyclamen mostly apply. All other species being hardy, or at least
half-hardy. There is one peculiarity which distinguishes persicum
from all the other species of Cyclamen. In ail the rest, as soon as
the flower has been fertilised, and the seed-pod formed, the peduncle
commences to assume a spiral form, and as the seed ripens it is thus
carried as on a contracting corkscrew down to the ground, and
eventually under the surface, where it may germinate ; persicum is
an exception to this rule.

Cultivation .

In the matter of cultivation a complete and utter change has of
late years been effected in the management of this plant, and with
startling results.

An eminent cultivator said to me the other day a lady once
called upon him some some eight or ten years ago, and said she
wished to grow C. persicum in a little glass frame, known as the
“ "Whiteman,” in a sitting-room, and hoped to do wonders with
them. He let her have some seed, and eight months after she wrote
to him, declaring that the plants raised from his seed were then in
flower. His reply was, “ Get a certificate from the clergyman of
your parish, and then I will believe you, hut not without.’’ The
thing was regarded as an impossibility, and my friend’s incredulity
was scarcely to he wondered at. That, however, struck the key¬
note. Eapidity of growth, no cruel drying process, by which the
very life-blood, as it were, of the plant was driven away. Best ;
hut with sufficient moisture to keep the corm plump, and the
foliage fresh, but no more, or injury will ensue ; it is the happy
medium that must he struck, that when the plant is ready for
flowering there must he no lost ground to recover, no exhausted
strength to recoup, the progress must be regular, onward, easy.

The soil most recommended for the Cyclamen is a compost of fine
loam and leaf mould, about equal parts, with sufficient silver sand to
keep it free. The seed should be sown in shallow pans, well drained ;
sow as soon as the seed is ripe, say August or September, though
some recommend waiting till November and December. Keep the
pans in a temperature of 50° until the seedlings appear, when they
should get as much light as possible, or they will become drawn
and weakly. When ready prick them out into 5 -inch pots, putting
six or eight into each pot, and in spring re-pot them singly into 60
size pots. As the sun Ibecomes more powerful they will need shade.

ON TIIE CYCLAMEN.

85

though still requiring all the light they can get, minus the direct
beams of the sun. In June they will have made good progress, and
will require shifting into larger pots, and placing in a favourable
position where they can enjoy plenty of light, not sunlight, except
in the early morning or afternoon, and regularity in watering,
especially in the matter of overhead syringing, which is most bene¬
ficial. As the days draw in the plants will want all the light they
can get, protect from early frosts, keeping the temperature to about
45°, and fresh air whenever practicable.

The earliest flowers always show the best colour, and they may
be looked for as early as Christmas, but they do not come into
general bloom till February and March. After blooming they will
need shade, and .the following summer the plants will cease to
put forth fresh leaves, then less water must be given until growth
is again started, and so the same plant will continue to bloom year
after year, though the usual practice is to throw away the tubers
after the third or fourth year, as the quality of the flowers deterio¬
rates with age.

The characteristics of the Cyclamen which it is desirable to
improve are

I. The plant ; its habit ; compactness of growth ; elegance
of form ; freedom in bloom.

II. The leaves ; variegation, or strength of colour.

III. The flower ; colour ; size ; fragrance.

The efforts of various of our well-known cultivators of this plant
have been directed into different channels. Mr. Little, of Hilling¬
don, has striven to produce the finest colour, the deepest crimsons
and purples, and his efforts have been duly recognised by this
•Society, who have awarded him First-Class Certificates for several
of his most successful examples, as for instance, Queen of Crimsons ,
Ruby , Purpureum , Prince of Purple, and Purple Gem , which would
be difficult to surpass in this his speciality — colour.

Again, Mr. Hook, of Bridgfield, is aiming at a combination of
good quality blooms, with silver margined foliage, in this, so far
as the foliage is concerned, Mr. Hook has succeeded in raising a
strain with beautifully distinct foliage, deep green in the centre,
margined with a distinctly lighter colour, but as yet there is much
room for improvement in the flowers.

Mr. Edmunds, of Hayes Nursery, another persevering culti-

86

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vator, has given his attention to size and form, and he and Mr.
"Williams and others have exhibited plants with flowers of great
size, combined with elegant habit and fair colour, but as yet there
seems to be a difficulty in raising a variety of large flowers coupled
with the great freedom of bloom of the smaller varieties. Then again
as to colour, none of the largest types are equal in intensity of
colour to Mr. Little’s best strains.

As regards the possibilities of the Cyclamen, the past few years
have seen great advances, but there is much yet remaining to be
accomplished which will take time and perseverance ; the wonders
effected by hybridisation are not always sudden in their achieve¬
ment ; year after year of patient crossing, each season bringing the
hybridist a little nearer his desired climax ; disappointment often
awaits him, sometimes failure ; accident may deprive him of the
fruits of many years of toil. Still, it is a labour of love, and well
is he repaid in the result accomplished, and the approbation of those
who are eagerly watching his experiments.

An important question here arises. Does the size and vigorous
habit of some plants arise invariably from a favourable combina¬
tion of qualities inherited from either parent ? Not always. It
will be remembered what a revolution has been effected in the
mode of cultivating the Cyclamen, to which I have already alluded.
Under the old drying method the bloom was small, and the habit
cramped. Now, however, the plants are expected to bloom the
first year, the seedlings have been helped forward vigorously, there
has never been the slightest check ; the surroundings, soil, tempe¬
rature, light, air have been regulated so as best to suit the plant’s
requirements, and, in consequence, fine succulent cornis have been
produced which have yielded the magnificent heads of stately
bloom, larger and stronger than have ever before been seen,
whilst astonishing profusion of bloom is achieved after a few years;
Mr. Little writes to me that upon one of his plants ten years old,
measuring 8 inches across, have been counted at one time as many
as 300 flowers ! A circumstance worthy of being recorded.

"What we wish to see is a combination of the largest size coupled
with the richest colour in the flowers, the compactest, neatest foliage,
emarginate, zoned or otherwise, the most graceful habit, and withal
the most vigorous and abundant bloom and definite fragrance.
Some day doubtless all this may be combined in a single plant, but
much remains to' be done first, for with the size of the flower gained,
freedom of bloom seems to be lost, probably on account of the

ON THE CYCLAMEN.

87

necessarily massive peduncles taking too much strength out of the
roots.

Striped and spotted varieties of a permanent type have not as
yet, I believe, been achieved, the variegation has been partial, not
decided, and it is not by any means the same in different seasons
and under different conditions; with a damp, close atmosphere, some
plants will spot more readily than others. It has also been ob¬
served that some plants bloom earlier in the season than others,
and this character appears to be permanently attached to them.

A few words in conclusion on the subject of the artificial fertilisa¬
tion of the flowers. For this delicate operation we must first have a
favourable day, not too early in the season, lest the pods damp off*
■which they are liable to do if the cross is effected earlier than
February. A bright sunny day is best, when the pollen seems to
possess more fertilising power, being doubtless affected by a more
or less humid state of the atmosphere. In Nature it is doubtful if
the fertilisation of Cyclamen is, as a rule, effected by bees or
insects, for there seems to be a natural tendency on dry days for
the pollen sheath to burst and scatter the minute particles in the
air, where they float with the breeze, and may easily be observed
if a plant be shaken in a darkened room into which a ray of sunlight
is admitted, and as the smallest particle of pollen coming into contact
with the stigma of the seed-bearing plant is quite sufficient to
secure fertilisation, it will readily be seen that when it is desired
to operate artificially, the seed-bearing plant must be moved away
from all the rest, the flower should not have been more than one
day open, as in spite of the utmost care insect visitors may possibly
have been before you, and spoilt all your nice calculations. It
is undesirable to fertilise more than six or eight flowers on any
one plant, the rest should be cut off so that the full vigour of the
plant may be concentrated upon the seeds, and in proportion, so
will they be plump and full, and afford fine vigorous young
seedlings.

Finally, I must just allude to nomenclature. Numerous beauti¬
ful seedlings, the results of patient experiments, are being brought
up from time to time to our spring shows, and we are delighted
at their appearance, but it is a pity that botanical names should
be attached to them as though they were new species. They
are nearly all varieties of C. persicum, and it would be far better
if such improved strains should receive florists’ names, which
are quite distinctive and do not confuse the student.

88

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Little, of
Hillingdon, to Mr. Tverman, to Mr. Atkins, and to Mr. Barr, who
have afforded me much valuable information which has been incor¬
porated in this paper.

There are still several points in connection with the specific
distinctions of the genus Cyclamen which have yet to be satis¬
factorily cleared up, these may form the subject of a further com¬
munication at some future date.

XIII. On the Culture of the Eig as a Standard in the Open Air.

By Colonel B. Trevor Clarke.

[Read at Society’s Meeting, 5th March, 1878 ]

The zone of culture for the Eig as a standard out of doors has been
hitherto mostly restricted toj the sea- coast, or otherwise to the
more southern parts of the island, but I have long had reason to
believe that it might be extended further northwards.

In order to gain some knowledge on this subject, I turned out
two of the hardiest kinds— viz., the Marseilles and Brown Turkey
— into the open ground, thejformer about five years ago, the latter
two years later. Boughly stated, our geographical position may be
considered as being nearly in the centre of England.

The Marseilles kind has ripened its figs regularly (thirty last
year), and makes a handsome, compact little tree. The Brown
Turkey has succeeded equally well.

Although I had some confidence in the experiment, I was not
prepared to find that the wood ripens itself as well, or even better,
than against the wall, and as regards the fruit, in good seasons
there is but little difference in the periods of maturation, and in
favourable ones, the crop seems neither better nor worse than that
on the walls.

I have lately added several sorts from the Chiswick collection,
and have purposely included several of the prolific or twice-bearing
Varieties. These latter do not bring to perfection either the winter
or summer crop here as wall trees, but I think it not unlikely that
they may hold their fruit in the open garden better than when
subject to the uneven excitement of a wall. These last-named

ON THE CULT EKE OF THE FIG.

89

plants are now furnished with well ripened wood, and are fully fur¬
nished with fruit buds. I think it right, however, to observe that
my trees are growing in a separate small, well- sheltered wall
garden.

I should not class our district as a warm one. The Myrtle re¬
quires protection, and Peach and Nectarine cultivation out of doors
has long been abandoned :'as hopeless. Our soil is a strong red
wheat loam, of good general qualities, resting on the inferior oolite
formation. In many parts our subsoil is a strong clay, my
trees, however, stand over the shell-hearing limestone.

I am aware that the Fig has been thus grown with "much suc¬
cess further north, but, unless I am mistaken, it has been in mari¬
time climates, where plants of a much tenderer constitution have
been found to flourish also. In my own case I attribute my results
to the steady and equable growth made by the plants, and the more
complete exposure to climatic influences during the growing
season. We are here, as I observed before, in the centre of Eng¬
land, and I should imagine that a fortiori in the London district
the experiment of a small Fig orchard would be well worth the
trial.

Our wall-trained Figs bear plentifully, and ripen well most
seasons, but a strong frost in May has sometimes destroyed greater
part of the young pushing fruits, while the less developed buds
upon the standards have escaped uninjured.

We train closely on the walls, and keep the wood very thin,
but allow the year’s growth to ramble untrained till towards the
end of the season. Greater part of the shoots are stopped before
midsummer, and the secondary resulting shoots have time to mature
themselves sufficiently to bear fruit in the succeeding year. We
also use Dr. Hogg’s method of pinching out terminal buds before the
leaves push, particularly when we desire to secure the crop from
long bare shoots previous to t cutting them entirely back at
the winter pruning. I have tried, too, Mr. Gilbert’s method of
letting the trees occasionally ramble at will for more than one
season, so as to take a crop from untrained wood. This plan,
which is a founded upon the old-fashioned, but very general, idea,
that a Fig-tree should never be pruned at all, has the sanction of
the above-mentioned very competent judge. The prune-not-at-all
system is much in use in Devon and Dorset. I do not approve of
it in its entirety, preferring upon the whole a stricter method of
training.

90

JOTJBXAL op the eoyal hosticultueal society.

My object, however, at present is not to go into the subject of
wall-tree systems, or to criticise their respective merits, but to
call attention to the fact that a wall tree upon the Devonshire
system, and a standard in the open, are growing very much under
the same conditions ; the wall tree has a slightly warmer berth, but
presents only one side or face to the light. In the standard the whole
is exposed to all the benefit of climatic action — that is, to sun, wind,
and rain, of which probably wind is not the least important. When
a wall-trained plant is allowed to grow free, the young shoots,
lengthy and pliable as they are in the case of the Dig, soon yield to
the weight of foliage at their extremities, bending outwards and
downwards, till at the end of the season they have taken a hori¬
zontal or even hanging condition ; the last inch or two of growth
being curved a little upwards from the effort to regain the natural
vertical position of normal plant growth.

The tree has been in fact training itself horizontally, and the
result is the production of strong, short- jointed, fruiting wood.

In conclusion, as I am merely recording an experiment, and not
nursing, so to speak, a hobby, I feel bound to note everything,
whether of the nature of success or of drawback. In cold un¬
favourable autumns the fruit of the Marseilles would drop off when
ripe after a cold night or too, and, though very sweet, would be
somewhat flaccid and watery. A few fine days, however, would put
a stop to this. Also, a few late-growing gross shoots will fail to
ripen their fruit-bearing extremities, which then perish in
the winter. Three years ago, however, root-pruning checked this
evil, and the process was repeated this last November.

NIY. On Fungoid Diseases of the Yine. Part III. By Dr. M.

C. Cooke.

[Read at Meeting of Scientific Committee, 19th March, 1378.]

Ix continuing the series of notes on the diseases of the Yine it is
proposed to limit the present communication to those classed by
mycologists under the genera JPhyllosticta , Septoria , and their imme¬
diate allies. It may be premised that the fungi of this type are
seldom really destructive in their influence, but exceptions to this

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE VINE.

91

may occasionally be found. They consist of small globose perithecia,
scarcely larger than the point of a pin, studded over the leaves in
which they are immersed ; often seated in clusters upon bleached
spots, which in many cases is surrounded by a definite discoloured
line or border. These small perithecia contain a large number of
minute, uncoloured spores, at first produced on the tips of short
delicate threads (sporophores), but soon becoming free, issuing in
tendrils from a pore at the apex of the perithecium. The
different genera are mainly constituted from the character
of the spores. The number of species on plants of all kinds is
exceedingly numerous, usually appearing’ as the vigour of the
leaves decline, and it is probable that the maj ority of the species
are but conditions of some higher fungi, principally of the
Sphceriacei. TJntil the species to which they belong are satis¬
factorily determined nothing remains for us but to treat them as
autonomous fungi, and recognise them under distinctive names.

Phyllosticta vitis , Sacc. Professor Saccardo, of Padua, has
proposed the limitation of the genus Phyllosticta to species with
ovoid or oblong simple spores ; that of Septoria to species with
linear or filiform spores, and that of Ascochyta to oblong uniseptate
spores. The species just named has been doubtfully attributed by
him to Puckel. It is uncertain whether Puckel has ever described
or published such a species. It occurs on the leaves of Vitis vini -
fera , in Italy, forming irregular bleached spots, with a brownish
margin. The spores resemble those so common in the genus Phoma ,
being elliptical, about *006-,007 X '003 mm., with a nucleus at
each extremity. It is found in the autumn, but probably is neither
common nor destructive.

Phyllosticta viticola , Sacc & Sp. Is another species which is found
also on the cultivated Yine, but on less fading green leaves, forming
smaller and more definite spots, which are whitish in the centre,
surrounded by a broad purplish margin. In this species the peri¬
thecia are scarcely more than half the size of those in the last-
named, and the spores are shorter *005 x '0025 mm., at length
having an olivaceous tinge. Even in external appearance the two
species are manifestly distinct, and may be distinguished from each
other by the unaided eye. This also is an autumnal species, and
there is no account of its being destructive. Under the name of
Phyllosticta vitis a species has been attributed to Desmazieres, but
of this we have no knowledge.

Septoria viticola , Berk. & Curt. This is a North American

92

J0URX1L OF TEIE 1LOYA.L IIORrtC CTLIU II V.L SOCIETY.

species, so named on the faith of specimens from the late Dr.
Curtis and from Mr. Bavenel, hut we have failed to meet with
any description. It forms brown spots on the leaves of Vitis vinifera ,
and perhaps of other species, on which the small brown perithecia
are scattered ; but the spores are globose with a reticulated surface,
about *01 mm. diameter. This, then, is clearly not a species of
Septoria or Phyllosticta , but belongs to the genus Sacidium, and
will henceforth have to be known by its more accurate name of
Sacidium viticolum. Specimens have been issued in Bavenei’s
“ Pungi Americani ” (no. 26) under the old name of Septoria viticola.

Septoria ampelina , Berk. & Curt. This is a true Septoria on
the leaves of V vulpina , and perhaps may be partly the S. vitis of
Curtis’s catalogue. It is described in “ Grevillea ” (under no. 440)
by the Bev. M. J. Berkeley, and consists of brownish or pale rufous
spots, in which the small and indistinct perithecia are immersed.
The spores are thread-like, straight or curved, mostly containing
several nuclei in a row, and measure from *04 to -05 mm. in length.
This species is also issued in Bavenel’s “Pungi Americani” (no.
29) from South Carolina.

Septoria vitis , Lev. Is a species described in the “Annales des
Sciences Baturelles ” for 1846, vol. v., p. 279. The perithecia
are very minute, gregarious in blackish spots. It occurs on leaves
of V. vinifera in the neighbourhood of Paris. By favour of the
Bev. M. J. Berkeley we have seen an original specimen, the ex¬
ternal appearance of which is certainly very distinct. The peri¬
thecia are closely packed together on the spots, which are thereby
quite blackened. Species of Septoria after dessication are most
unsatisfactory things to examine, and this is no exception ; but as
far as we could ascertain from the examination of a single cluster of
perithecia the spores are narrowly oblong, and less than *01 mm.
in length. Leveille describes them as curved and fusiform, with¬
out septa, but he gives no dimensions. According to the limitation of
genera above alluded to this cannot now be retained in Septoria
on account of the spores. It will therefore be relegated to Pliyllos-
ticta , with the name of P. leveillei , C., there being already a
P. vitis , from which this is undoubtedly distinct.

Septoria Badhami , B. & Br. Being in some doubt whether we had
accurately determined this species, of which specimens were dis¬
tributed in “ Pungi Britannici ” (series i., no. 206), the Bev. M.
I. Berkeley was again appealed to, and from his authentic speci¬
men the accuracy of our published specimens has been established.

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE VINE.

93

This species was described by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome in the
“ Annals of Natural History” (under no. 748) in the following
manner: — “ Forming little brownish specks on either side of the
leaf, consisting of a few subconglomerate perithecia. Spores oblong,
clavate, *002 inch (or *05 mm.) long, endochrome, sometimes re¬
tracted to one end, containing a few minute granules very rarely
there are one or two septa.” The typical specimens unfortunately
did not bear out this description, but it must be borne in mind that
we were not at liberty to do more than examine a minute fragment
of a borrowed specimen. Whether there are other perithecia to
be found containing the large spores described by Messrs. Berkeley
and Broome, it is impossible to affirm or deny ; all that we discovered
was a great profusion of very minute, almost linear, spores, exactly
like those of the specimens in “ Fungi Britannici,” no. 206, not
more than *006 mm. long, whereas those figured in the “ Annals ”
were stated to be nearly ten times as long. It is impossible to
explain this contradiction, except on the hypothesis that there are
perithecia mixed with, and undistinguishable from, the rest con¬
taining different fruit. In our own specimens collected at Shere
and at Highgate, we were never able to find any other than the
minute spores which occurred in profusion also in the typical
specimens. Neither form of spores belong to Septoria as now
limited. Those which we have found, and to which our published
specimens belong, would now be called Phyllosticta Badhami , C.,
whereas the description in the “ Annals,” but not the specimen, as
far as we could discover, belongs to the genus Ascochyta. Accepting
the limits of these genera as defined by Professor Saccardo in this
investigation, we examined the specimens published by Hr. Baben-
horst (no. 852), under the name of Septoria Badhami var. Fraxini ,
on ash leaves, and we were surprised to find it was not a Septoria at
all, but a species of mould ( Dematiei ) in dense tufts, without any
kind of a perithecium, and closely resembling Passalora lacilligera ,
Mont., with long, lanceolate, uniseptate spores, one cell much
broader than the other.

Septoria falx , Berk. & Curt. There is still another species of
Septoria on Yine found in North America, but in this instance in¬
habiting the twigs, to which the above name is given. It is de¬
scribed in “Grevillea” (vol. iff., p. 11) as consisting of rather large
erumpent perithecia, containing filiform spores, seated on pedicels of
equal length and resembling when in situ a reaping-hook. This
is a species which has never come under our notice.

94

J0TTBNAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICTJLTUEAL SOCIETY,

Baron Thuemen, in his enumeration of the Fungi of the Yine in
Austria, does not mention a single species of this group as
occurring on V. vinifera , and only Septoria vilicola , B. & C. (our
Sacidium viticolum), on leaves of the American Yine.

Ascochyta ampelina , Sacc. This species is described by Saccardo
in “Michelia,” part ii., p. 168, and Professor Saccardo has also
favoured us with specimens and drawings. It forms small whitish
spots on the leaves, and also on the twigs of V. vinifera in Italy.
The spots are surrounded by a broad purplish-brown margin, and
the perithecia are nearly of the same size as those of Phyllosticta
viti's, the spores are almost fusiform, rather obtuse at the extre¬
mities and uniseptate *01 -'012 x *003~'0035 mm., acquiring an
olivaceous tinge. When this species occurs on the twigs the
perithecia attain nearly double the dimensions of those on the
leaves, and the spores also are somewhat larger (-015 x *003 mm).
At present it has not been recorded out of Italy.

Ascochyta rufomaculans , Berk. This was described and figured
by the Bev. M. J. Berkeley, in the Gardener s Chronicle for 1854,
(p. 676), under the name of Septoria rufo maculans. It was said to
form orbicular spots of a sienna-brown, preserving constantly a
definite outline upon the berries and not upon the leaves. The
spot separates readily from the subjacent pulp, in consequence of a
copious crop of mycelium, the threads of which form radii of
a circle. The surface is rough with little raised orbicular reddish
perithecia arranged concentrically. The spores vary in size from
•02 mm. in length. In age the perithecia fall away leaving a
little aperture, the border of which is often stained black.

XY.—Pern Sports. By T. Mooee, F.L.S., Curator of the
Chelsea Botanic Garden,

The number of Fern sports now known in our gardens is amazing,
and though a considerable proportion of them have been produced
under the hand of the cultivator, yet a very large number have
been found in natural habitats, and have been produced in what
would be called a “wild” condition. This is especially true of
British Ferns, which are probably better known than those of most
other countries owing to the extensive taste for them which exists

FERX SPORTS.

95

and persists amongst us. Whether or not this amount of variation
is owing to our insular climate, as some botanists suppose, the fact
remains, and some recent experience rather goes to confirm the
supposition. Tim Messrs. Stansfield and Son, of Todmorden,
recently sent me fronds of several abnormal forms of a well-known
FTorth African species which they had received from the Azores,
namely, Pteris arguta , and these, with a few other curious forms
from other sources, were recently exhibited at a meeting of the
Scientific Committee. The most remarkable of the variations are
the following

Pteris arguta majuscula (M.). — Fronds normally leafy, penta¬
gonal, pedately-bipinnate, the lower pinnae with a strongly deve¬
loped semi-decurrent pinna on the posterior side ; apex of the
frond much elongated, the segments very large, those of the main
rachis 2 inches, those of the basal pinnae 1 J inch long ; pinnules
bluntish, slightly serrate, soriferous towards the base ; apices of the
pinnae caudate. This form is chiefly remarkable for the large size
of the segments, and the caudate apices of the pinnae.

Pteris arguta acuminatissima {M.\ — The fronds of this very
characteristic form, which are normally leafy, are smaller than in
the preceding ; they are about 1 foot long, pentangular, pedately-
bipinnate; the pinnules are rather distant, about an inch long,
linear or oblong falcate, tapered to a very sharp point, and occa¬
sionally drawn out to a very narrow point, as are all the pinnae ;
apical pinnules depauperated, so that the pinnae terminate in a
long slender tail-like apex.

Pteris arguta polydactyla ( M .). — Fronds normally leafy, pen¬
tangular, pedately-bipinnate ; the pinnules are oblong or oblong-
falcate, with serrated edges ; apices of the pinnae two, three, or
more times divided into slender tapering very much divaricate
lobes, which form a many-fingered margin to the frond. Of
spreading habit, and of very ornamental character, the furcation of
the tips of the lobes being well marked.

Pteris arguta rotundata (M.). —Fronds symmetrically depaupe¬
rated, pedately-bipinnate, pentangular, 2 feet high or more ; pinnae
in the lower half of the frond, with one or two larger pinnules
developed on the posterior side, on the upper half and in the apical
parts of the lower pinnae reduced to roundish or flabellate lobes,
bearing sori along the rounded edge. This is a most remarkable
form, the pinnules being almost entirely reduced to roundish lobes
such as appear in the curious variety of Lady Fern, Athyrium

96

JOURNAL OF TUE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PTRRIS ARGUTA POLYDACTYLA.

V' >

FERN SPORTS.

97

Filix-fcemina Frizellm, found in
Ireland some years ago by Miss
Frizell. The few linear-oblong
acute pinnae which occur on the
lower pinnae alone serve for the
specific identification of the plant,
which is of a very distinct and orna¬
mental character.

Fteris arguta Stansfieldii (M). —
Fronds symmetrically depauperated,
2 feet high, loosely bipinnate, with
a pedate base, triangular, the pinnae
narrow and distinct ; pinnules mostly
reduced to short subrotund lobes
slightly toothed at the tip, or with a
short projected toothed apex, here
and there developed into lobes, of
which a few are nearly or quite
normal ; apices variously divided
into long narrow forked divisions,
which are very unequally developed,
something in the way of Aihyrium
Filix-fcemina furcellatum. There are
two slightly differing forms of this,
the one more furcate than the other,
but probably, when reproduced from
spores, they will become merged in
one.

Another illustration of the sportive
character of Ferns — and this also an
island plant recently imported from
the South Seas by several of our
principal nurserymen, and which has
been exhibited and certificated at
some of the recent meetings of the
Society — is found in the beauti¬
fully-crested Microlepia hirta cris-
tata ( M ). This novelty has the
fronds of a rich deep green colour,
broadly ovate, tripinnate, 2 — 4 feet
long, gracefully pendent ; the pinnae

Gr

ROTUND ATA.

98

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PTERIS ARGUTA STAN SFIELDII .

FERN SPORTS.

99

JIICROLEPIA HIRTA CRIST AT A.

100

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lanceolate-oblong, broad at tbe base, somewhat narrowed near the
apex, which is multifidly-forked, forming a terminal tassel of
finely divided segments ; the pinnules linear- oblong, obtuse, about
an inch long, divided into several obovate decurrent segments ;
the rachis densely hairy, and the apex of the frond cristate-multifid.
This will be a very useful ornamental evergreen Eern, being free
in growth and graceful in habit. The spreading or arching fronds
are of herbaceous texture, and the drooping tassels which hang
from the apex of the frond itself, and from the ends of all the pinnae,
give it a very pleasing contour, so that it is well 'adapted both for
pot culture and also for suspending overhead in baskets. It is,
moreover, one of those Eerns which can be grown rapidly into an
effective size.

Other recent introductions which bear out the same idea of
insular variation occur in the genus Nephrolepis , of which N. daval -
lioides furcans (more intimate acquaintance with which rather indi¬
cates its being a variety of JST. exaltata than N. davallioides, to
which it was at first referred), which has forked pinnse, is from
the South Sea Islands ; and N. Duffii, which has the pinnse dwarfed
and developed in pairs, is from the Duke of York’s Island.

XVI, Report on Eilberts Grown in the Royal Horticultural
Society’s Garden, Chiswick. By A. E. Barroh.

Eilrerts have generally been divided into two Classes, viz. : —

1. Filberts.— Long-bearded — i.e., having the husks longer
than the nuts.

2. Nuts.— -Short-bearded — i.e.9 having the husks shorter

than the nuts. These distinctions , however , cannot be maintained.

Popularly they are pretty correctly classed as follow : —

1. Eilberts. — Varieties of oblong shape like that of the
finger nails, and generally remaining in the husks : —

Bond ; Barrs' Espagnole ; Barcelone de Loddiges ; Cosford ; A
Grappes ; A Grappes precoce ; Frizzled; Lambert's Har ting ton Pro¬
lific ; Lichtenstein's Zellernuss ; Siegel's Zellernuss ; Red Filbert;
White Filbert.

2. Cobs. — Varieties of short broad shape like that of the

REPORT ON FILBERTS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

101

thumbnail, rather large, and with thick shells ; generally falling
freely from the husk : —

Atlas ; Merveille de Bolwiller ;

Bur char dV s; Weismann' s Zellernuss.

3. Nuts. — All the smaller varieties ; without husks : —

Aveline de Provence ; Corylus arborescens ;

Corylus laciniatus ; a Fruits strikes ;

Small Cluster ; St. Grisier;

I. Atlas.

Synonyms. — Downton ; Corylus Algieriensis.

Husk hairy, about equal in length to the nut, generally
divided into two parts ; deeply toothed, and pressing closely to the
nut; of a dark brown colour. Nut large, broad, angular, with a
broad irregular base, parting freely from the husk when ripe ; shell
dark brown, very thick and hard ; kernel large ; full and of excellent
quality. Plant of strong growth ; fruits freely ; ripe mid¬
season.

A splendid nut oPthe Cob Class.

Aveline de Provence.

Husk hairy, a little longer than the nut, light coloured ; sharply
but not deeply toothed. Nut short, pointed, with a rather broad
base, of a light grey colour, and parting freely from the husk
when ripe ; shell very thick and hard ; kernel full. Plant of
moderate growth ; a great cropper, but late in ripening.

This appears to be the same as the light coloured variety of
the Barcelona Nuts of commerce.

Aveline Rouge.

See Red Filbert.

Barcelone Blanc .

See White Filbert.

Barcelone de Loddiges.

Husk very large, full, covered with short hairs, twice the
length of the nut, which in some cases it completely covers;
sharply serrated, light coloured. Nut of medium size, being
almost hidden in the large husk, angular, bluntly pointed at both

102

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ends, dark coloured ; shell very thick, hard ; kernel full. Grows
in clusters of five or six. Plant of very robust growth, with large
dark green leaves ; a moderate cropper ; fruit ripens early.

Yery distinct, but too small.

Barr's Espagnole .

Husk downy, short, about two-thirds the length of the nut*
Which it presses closely ; deeply and irregularly toothed, of a dull
grey colour. Hut much exposed, short, having a broad base, and
tapering very nearly to the apex; shell downy, but very hard, of
a dull grey colour* Grows in clusters of from four to six. Plant
of medium growth ; moderate cropper; ripens late.

Hot fruited.

Burr or Barn ,

Bizarre ,

Hot fruited,

Bond.

Husk downy, about one-third longer than the^nut ; very deeply
toothed, the segments very long and narrow. Hut exposed,
medium size, ovate, light coloured, very soft and downy ; shell
soft, may be pierced with the thumbnail ; kernel small. Grows in
clusters of froin’four to six. Plant of slender growth ; mid-season;
prolific ; does not keep well.

Cape Nut.

See Frizzled Filbert.

Burchardf s.

Husk downy, a little longer than the nut, deeply toothed, dark
boloured. Hut medium sized, very broad, the breadth exceeding
the height, angular, or nearly square, with a broad flat base, light
coloured ; shell thick ; kernel very large, full, of excellent flavour .
Plant of moderate growth ; late growing ; fruit ripens early.

Corylus laciniatus.

Husk very small, laciniated to the very base, and much re-
flexed. Hut quite exposed, small, short, somewhat flattened, but
Of even regular form, of a pale grey colour ; shell very thick and

REPORT OK FILBERTS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

103

hard. Grows in clusters of from three to five.. Plant of slender
growth ; leaves deeply cut or laciniated ; fruits freely.

This appears to be merely a cut leaved variety of the ordinary
Hazel ( Corylus avellana ). Ornamental.

Corylus algieriensis.

See Atlas.

Corylus arlorescens.

Husk small, downy, about the same length as the Hut, laciniated
to nearly the base; the segments long, linear, and reflexed. $ut
small, does not part freely from the husk, flattened and broadly
pointed, light coloured ; shell very thick and hard ; kernel full.
Grows in clusters of five or six. Plant of moderate growth. A
worthless variety.

C oxford.

Synonym. — Hiss Young’s ; Thin-shelled.

Husk downy, about equal in length to the nut, very close fit¬
ting ; toothed, light coloured. Hut large, oblong, rounded, remain¬
ing in the husk ; of a warm light colour; shell very thin, may be
easily broken between the thumb and fingers ; kernel large, full, of
excellent quality. Grows in clusters of from three to five. Plant of
moderate growth ; leaves pale green ; fruits freely ; ripe mid¬
season. One of the finest Filberts in cultivation.

Downton.

See Atlas.

Downton Large Square.

See Atlas .

Franche rouge.

See Red Filbert.

Frizzled.

Synonym.— Cape Nut.

Husk large, downy, somewhat exceeding the length of the nttt;
l>ale or dull coloured ; deeply laciniated dr toothed, and reflexed to
une-half its length, giving it a frilled or frizzled appearance, and
thus exposing the nut. Hut oblong, from 1 to li- inches, somewhat

104

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flattened and broadly pointed ; shell pale, thick ; kernel large full,
of fine flavour. Grows in clusters of four or five. Plant of moderate
growth; free fruiting; late in ripening. A very pretty and
distinct variety.

A Fruits strides.

Husk downy, longer than nut ; deeply toothed or laciniated,
and opening away or reflexing, thus exposing the nut when ripen¬
ing. Hut small, long, and narrow, with a flat point ; base [irregular,
pointed, lightly coloured ; shell thin, hard. Grows in clusters of
three to six. Plant moderately robust ; grows late ; free fruiting ;
ripens early. A very pretty nut, but too small.

A Grappes.

Husk hairy, about the same length as the nut, in two parts,
which spread out from the nut as it approaches ripeness ; sharply
serrated. Hut quite exposed, small, long, flattened, spoon shaped,
light coloured ; shell thick and hard ; kernel full. Grows in
clusters of from five to eight ; strong grower ; ripens late.

A Grappes precoce.

Husk large, very downy, about the same length as the nut ;
very deeply toothed and partly reflexed. Hut small, long, narrow,
and gradually flattened towards the apex like a wedge ; shell downy,
pale grey, thin. Grows in clusters of from six to eight. Plant of
slender growth ; prolific ; early.

Grosse precoce de Frauendorf.

See Fed Filbert.

Grosse ronde de Piedmont*

See White Filbert.

A Gros Fruits Noir.

Husk very dark coloured, hairy, nearly as long as the nut, in
two divisions, fitting very close to the nut, thereby giving it a bare
appearance. Nut of medium size, long ; the base narrow, widening
to the apex, dark or dull coloured ; shell very thick ; kernel
small ; a moderate grower ; prolific ; does not ripen well.

REPORT ON FILBERTS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

105

Hartington Prolific.

Husk hairy, one-third longer than nut ; the extending portion
deeply laciniated and reflexed. Nut small, long, narrow, and
pointed at both ends, irregular, light coloured ; shell thin ; kernel
full ; fine flavour. Grows in clusters of six or seven. Plant of
moderate growth ; very prolific and very early. The earliest nut
to ripen, but too small.

Jeeves' Seedling.
See Siegel’s Zellernuss.

Kentish Col.

See Lambert's Filbert.

Knight’s Small.

See White Filbert.

Lambert’s Filbert.

Synonyms. —’Kentish. Cob ; Filbert Cob ; Spanische Nut.

Husk downy, large, about one-third longer than the nut,
close fitting, and over the apex, of which it is occasionally con¬
tracted so as to enclose the nut ; very slightly toothed ; dull
coloured. Nut large, remaining in the husk; oblong, pointed;
somewhat furrowed and irregular, of a dull grey colour ; shell
thick ; kernel full. Grows in clusters of five or six. Plant of
medium growth ; a very great; and certain cropper ; fruit ripens
mid-season. One of the very best Filberts in cultivation ; very
largely grown in Kent under the name of Kentish Cob.

Lichtenstein’s Zellernuss.

Husk downy, large, a little longer than the nut ; bluntly
toothed, the segments slightly reflexed. Nut medium size, long*
pointed at both ends, of irregular angular shape, and nearly closed
in by the husk, of a dull grey colour ; shell very hard. Grows in
small clusters. Plant of strong, late growth ; ripens late.

$ee Cosford.

Miss Young’s.

106

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Merveille de Bolwiller.

Husk downy; about one-third longer than the nut in two
divisions; deeply and irregularly toothed, and pressing closely to
the nut. Nut large, rounded at base ; very broad, the breadth
nearly equal to the height, tapering to a broad point ; very regular
and uniform ; light coloured ; shell thick ; kernel large ; fine
flavour. Plant of strong growth ; grows late ; prolific ; fruit
ripens mid-season. A very handsome and excellent variety.

Purple Leaved .

This is merely a purple-leaved variety of the Red Filbert. A
Very ornamental plant.

Red Filbert.

Synonyms. — -Aveline rouge, Tranche rouge, Eouge d’ Algiers,
(xrosse precoce de Prauendorf.

Husk downy, of a reddish brown colour, nearly twice the
length of the nut, round the apex of which it is contracted, thereby
enclosing the nut. Nut remaining in the husk small, long, and
pointed at both ends ; shell thin but hard ; kernel very full, having
a red skin ; finely flavoured. Plant of slender growth ; very free
fruiting; ripe mid-season. A very excellent variety.

Rouge d? Algiers.

See Red Filbert.

Small Cluster.

Husk small, hairy, deeply divided into two parts of about the
same length as the nut ; toothed, and pressing closely to the nut.
Nut small, short, with a broad-pointed base ; light coloured j shell
thin but hard ; kernel full. Grows in clusters of from eight to
ten; slender growing; prolific, but too small. Worthless*

Siegel's Zeller muss.

Synonyms . — Sickler’s Zellernuss; Jeeves’ Seedling.

Husk, downy short, extending to three-quarters of the length
of the nut ; very deeply toothed and reflexed, the nut thereby
being almost entirely exposed. Nut large, oblong, with a broad
rounded base, becoming flattened tbwards the apfex, light

REPORT ON FILBERTS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

107

coloured ; shell thin; kernel large, full. Grows in small clusters J
moderate grower ; ripe mid- season.

Spanish Nut.

See Lambert's.

St. Grisier.

Husk downy, or having only short hairs ; a little longer than
the nut, which it presses closely ; sharply toothed. Hut of medium
size, short, roundish, with a broad base; of a dark brown or reddish
colour ; shell thick, but easily broken*; kernel large, full, of excel¬
lent flavour. Grows in clusters of three to six. Plant of slender
growth ; very prolific ; ripens early.

This appears to be the same as the reddish coloured Barcelona
nut of commerce ; perhaps the finest flavoured of all nuts.

Weismann' s Zellerenus.

This is very similar to Merveille de BolwiUer , but larger.

White Filbert.

Synonyms.— Knight’s Small ; Barcelone Blanc ; Grosse ronde
de Piedmont.

Husk hairy, light coloured ; nearly twice the length of the nut,
round the apex of which it is contracted, thereby enclosing it. It
frequently bursts a little on one side, whereby the nut is exposed.
Hut long, small, remaining in the husk, pointed at both ends ;
shell thin, very firm; kernel large fullj of fine quality. Grows
in clusters of from five to eight. Plant of slender growth ; a
very heavy and certain cropper ; fruit ripens mid-season,

Avery excellent and useful variety.

List of Select Huts for general Cultivation.

Atlas ; Merveille de BolwiUer j

Cosford ; Siegel's Zellernuss ;

Lambert's ; White Filbert.

108

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XVII. Report on Savoys Grown at Cliiswick by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee, 1877. By A. F. Barron.

The Savoy — Brassica oleracea hdlata major . — A species of Cabbage,
distinguished by having the leaves blistered or curled. It is
the Chou de Milan of the French, but differs from the Chou,
do Milan of the English.

A collection of all the known varieties was secured from the
following seedsmen, &e., viz. : — Messrs. Ernest Benary, Carter
& Co., Dippe Bros., Harrison & Sons, Andre Leroy, Minier & Co.,
Hutting & Sons, Stuart & Mein, Vilmorin et Cie., Veitch & Sons, and
Wheeler & Son, representing 53 distinct names. These on exami¬
nation by the committee were arranged into 3 classes as follows : —

I. Early or Autumn Savoys.

Early Dwarf Vienna-

Torn Thumb.
Tours.

Him.

Vienna.

Early Joulin.
King Koffee.
Little Pixie.

II. Second Early or Mid-Season.

Dwarf Green Curled.
Dwarf Early.

Golden Savoy.

Golden Yellow.
Green Globe.

Large Green Curled.
Sugar Loaf.

Golden Globe.

III. Late or Winter.

Cape.

Drumhead.
Des Vertus.

De Pontoise

Imperiale.

Limay.

Norwegian.

And the following

Bastard Varieties.

Chou de Milan Suisse

Feather Stemmed.

Sprouting Him.

The varieties named being considered distinct are here de-

ROPOPiT OX SAVOYS GROWH AT CHISWICK.

109

scribed, and correct photographs of most of them have been
secured for future comparison.

The variation in appearance of different stocks of the same
variety was in some cases very remarkable, and where very
decided these have been given as distinct. But very few of the
stocks received were so pure but that more than one variety could
have been selected. The classification arrived at was determined
by the average appearance.

Cape (Nutting and Sons ; Carter & Co.).

Plant of spreading habit, from 14 to 16 inches high, and from
2 to 2^- feet in diameter, with a short stem. Leaves rather small for
size of plant, of a bluish-green colour, faintly tinged with brown
on the outer edges, coarsely curled and leathery. Heart roundish,
from 6 to 7 inches in diameter, very firm and solid. A late and
very hardy sort, but of coarse and inferior quality.

Du Cap (Yilmorin et Cie.).

A very curled variety of the preceding.

Chou de Milan Suisse (Carter & Co.).

This is properly a Borecole of strong growth, forming no heart ;
leaves somewhat curled like the Savoy, very hardy, and useful in
severe winters.

Court Hdtif (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Plant dwarf, height 10 inches, the heads almost resting on the
ground, diameter from 22 to 24 inches. Leaves large, spreading,
rounded, of a light green colour, very curled near to the heart ;
hearts of medium size, flattened, from 6 to 8 inches in diameter ;
tolerably firm and solid, of a pale green colour. A very early sort
of the mid -season section, but soon decays. Inferior.

Common Savoy (Carter & Co.).

See Green Globe .

Chou tres fries du Cap (Leroy).

See Cape.

De Pontoise (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Similar to the Vertus , but much coarser and hardier.

110 JOUBNAIi OF TEE EOTAL EOETICULTTJEAI, SOCIETY.

Dwarf Ulm.

See Ulm.

Dwarf Early Drumhead V

See Court Hdtif

Dwarf Green Curled.

Plant from 12 to 14 inches high, with a short stem, and a
diameter of 24 inches. Leaves spreading, of medium size, finely
curled throughout, of a pale green colour. Hearts rounded, at
times a little pointed, from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, solid, very
finely curled, and of a beautiful light green colour. An exceed¬
ingly pretty Savoy, and stands the winter well, The best variety
for general use,

Des Vertus ,

Plant almost resting on the ground, from 12 to 15 inches high,
and from 2j to 3 feet across. Leaves spreading, large, rounded,
of a light glaucous green colour, coarsely curled. Heads flattened,
from 1 0 to 11 inches in diameter, very firm and solid, of a light
green colour, the outer edges of the leaves tinged with brown.
This variety hearts early, growing frequently to a large size, and
having few [ outer leaves, does not stand severe frost so well as
the ordinary Drumhead. Pine quality.

Drumhead ,

Plant almost resting on the ground, from 14 to 15 inches high,
and from 2 to 2J feet in diameter. Leaves large, broad, spreading,
coarsely and slightly curled, of a deep green colour, with faint
tinges of brown on some. Hearts large, from 8 to 10 or 12
inches in diameter, not much curled, very firm and solid. A very
fine Savoy for winter use ; very hardy.

Drumhead (Yeitch).

A very curled selection of finer quality, but not so hardy as
the ordinary form.

Dwarf Drumhead.

See Drumhead .

Early Divarf Ufn (Dippe Pros.).

See Ulm.

REPORT OH SAVOYS GROWHAT CHISWICK.

Ill

Early Dwarf Vienna .

See Vienna (Stuart & Mein).

Early Dwarf Vienna (Benary).

Plant of very small, close, . compact growth, smaller than the
TJlnriy with very finely curled leaves, of a very pale green colour.
Hearts small, roundish ovate, from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very
close and firm, fleshy, crisp, and tender. Comes early into use.
This is the finest and most curled variety of any.

Earliest Smallest Vienna (Benary),

See Little Pixie.

Early Joulin (Yilmorin et Cie.),

Plant small, of close, compact growth; height from 9 to 12
inches, with a short stem, and from 20 to 24 inches in diameter.
Leaves of a very deep green colour, and very coarsely curled,
giving it a very distinct appearance. Hearts small, roundish
ovate, much hut coarsely curled, very firm and solid, crisp and
fleshy. Comes early into use. Inferior.

Early Limay.

See Limay.

Early Vienna ,

See Vienna.

Feather Stemmed (Carter & Co.).

Plant partaking of the character of Brussels Sprouts, the stem
being covered with half open sprouts, and having a small head,
like a Savoy. Leaves much curled. Worthless.

Green Curled (Hutting & Sons).

See Dwarf Green Curled.

Green Globe (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Plant of low spreading growth, height 12 inches, with a
diameter of 24 inches. Leaves roundish, rather coarsely curled,
of a dark green colour. Hearts roundish or flattened, from 7 to 8
inches in diameter, very firm and solid. A. mid- season variety.
Good stock.

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Golden Savoy (Yilmorin et Cie.).

Plant from 20 to 24 indies h igh, and from 2 to 3 feet in dia¬
meter, somewhat spreading. The outer leaves pale green, much
curled. The hearts large, rather loose, conical, about 7 inches in
diameter, of a deep golden colour ; very handsome and ornamental,
of excellent quality.

Golden Globe (Nutting ; Carter ; Minier & Co.).

A dwarfer form of the preceding, forming round and more
solid hearts.

Golden Yellow (Benary).

A very fine dwarf form of the preceding. Leaves finely curled.
Hearts roundish ovate, about 6 inches in diameter ; very firm and
solid, of a beautiful golden yellow. This variety hearts early, and
then opens out in mild weather, becoming very ornamental.

lmperiale (Carter & Co.).

See Des Vertus.

King Koffee (Harrison and Sons).

A very finely curled selection of the Vienna. Larger than the
Early Dwarf Vienna of Benary.

Large Vertus Drumhead (Yilmorin et Cie.).

See Des Vertus.

Large Green Curled (Minier & Co.).

Plant from 17 to 18 inches high, with a stem of about 6 inches.
Hearts somewhat conical in shape, about 6 inches in diameter,
moderately firm and solid, and finely curled. This may be termed
a tall growing variety of the Dwarf Green Curled , and inferior.

Large Late Erfurt (Benary),

See Green Globe.

Large Late Vertus Drumhead (Yilmorin et Cie,).

See Des Vertus.

B.EPOB.T OX SAVOYS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

1 1 0

Large Terriers (Vilinorin et Ce.).

A large and very line variety of J)es Vertus.

Large Curled (Carter & C n).

See Des Vertus .

Large Vertus (Vilmorin et Cie.).

See Des Vertus.

Little Pixie (Carter & Co.).

A small and very finely curled selection of the Vienna , distinct
and good.

Late Curled (Carter & Co.).

See Le Pontoise.

Long Headed (Vilmorin et Cie.).

See Sugarloaf.

Limay (Vilmorin et Cie.).

Plant very distinct in character; height from 10 to 12 inches,
'with a short stem, and diameter of from 18 to 20 inches. Leaves
small spreading, very closely curled, of an intensely deep green
colour. Hearts very small or almost open, resembling a Borecole.
If sown late it is a variety that stands the winter well. Bather
coarse in quality.

Norwegian (Vilmorin et Cie.).

Plant spreading from 16 to 18 inches high, with a short stem,
and from 2J to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves large, strong, leathery,
and coarsely curled ; of a bronzy-green colour, partaking to that of
the Bed Cabbage. Hearts roundish, about 8 inches in diameter ;
exceedingly firm and solid. A very pretty Savoy, very hardy, and
is not injured in the severest seasons.

Pancalier Joulin (Vilmorin et Cie.).

See Early Joulin .

it

114

JOURNAL OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Small Early Ulm (Vilmorin).

See Ulm.

Small Fine Curled Limay (Carter & Co.).

See Limay.

Sprouting Ulm (Carter & Co.).

Plant from 15 to 18incli.es high, producing a small head resem¬
bling the Ulm ; stem covered with small sprouts resembling minia¬
ture Savoys. Peculiar, but not a desirable variety.

Sugarloaf (Nutting and Sons).

Plant from 17 to 18 inches high on a short stem, and from 14
to 15 inches in diameter. Leaves long pointed, of somewhat
erect growth, and coarsely curled ; of a shining glossy green
colour. Hearts of large conical form, about 10 inches high, and
from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. They never become very solid,
and soon open up in mild weather. Lather tender ; mid-season.

A Tete Longue (Carter & Co.).

See Sugarloaf.

Tours (Yilmorin et Cie.).

This is a much improved selection of the Early Joulin. Plant
Very dwarf, having scarcely any stem, almost resting on the ground ;
the outer leaves are large, broad, coarsely curled, of a dark green
colour. Hearts roundish, battened, from 5 to 6 inches in diameter,
dark green, very closely curled, solid, and of good substance.
A very pretty and distinct Savoy. Early, and stands frost well.

Tom Thumb (Sutton and Sons).

A very small compact growing Savoy of the Early Joulin type.
Hearts small, very solid, and of excellent quality.

Ulm.

Plant of small close compact growth ; height from 9 to
10 inches, with a short stem, about 20 inches in diameter. Leaves
light green, the outer nearly plain, becoming more and more curled

OX FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE TINE.

115

the nearer to the heart, and of a paler colour. Hearts small, of a
roundish oval shape, from 4 to 5 inches in diameter, very firm, and
solid, yet crisp, fleshy, and tender. This variety forms hearts very
early in autumu, and is early fit for use. In mild weather they
soon burst and open out. Excellent for early autumn use, but not
sufficiently hardy for winter.

The stocks of the Ulm Savoy vary exceedingly.

Vienna (Stuart and Mein).

Plant resembling the Ulm. Loaves very plain, or but slightly
curled. Hearts of medium size, roundish, very firm and solid. A
very early sort, but not sufficiently curled to be valued as a Savoy.

Victoria (Stuart & Mein) (Vilmorin) (Carter & C . .

See Dwarf Green Curled l.

Victoria Very Curled.

See Victoria.

Yellow Savoy (Yeitch).

See Golden Globe.

XVIII. — On Fungoid Diseases of the Vine. Part IV.

By He. M. C. Cooxe.

[Read at Meeting of Scientific Committee, 16th April, 1878.]

When it was first proposed to submit to the Committee a series of
short communications on this subject there was no summary, not
even a list at all complete, of the Fungi affecting the Vine. Since
the last of these papers was read we have received information of
the publication of two elaborate monographs' — one in Italy, the
other in Austria — on Vine Fungi. The Austrian monograph,
by Baron Thuemen, contains in all 224 species, and forms
an octavo volume of upwards of 200 pages. It must not be
taken for granted that all the species which the Baron has
enumerated in order to swell his work and its importance

ii 2

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

really deserve such an honour. In this category must
he placed such universal fungi as Cladosporium herb arum , Asper¬
gillus glaucus, Eurotium herbariorum , and several others. If such
species also as Merulius corium , Lycoperdon giganteum , Agaricus
melleus , &c., are excluded there will still remain at least 150
species of Yine Fungi. Then again the number of these may be
considerably diminished by excluding those which manifestly can
have no influence on growing vines, since these fungi only make
their appearance upon dead and decaying stems. For horticultural
purposes only veritable Yine diseases , in the strict acceptation of the
word, possess any interest, and to these our observations must be
chiefly confined. Perhaps now, with two monographs in existence,
there will be less excuse than ever for exceeding such a limit, and
it may be worthy of consideration whether it is advisable to con¬
tinue these communications under the new circumstances.

Capnodium elongatum , B. and D. — This is one of the species
omitted in the Austrian monograph, and probably also in the
Italian. It nevertheless has been sent to us from the Depart¬
ment of Agriculture for the United States as having made its
appearance on Yines and Fig trees to their detriment. In one of
the early volumes of the Journal of this Society the Eev. M. J.
Berkeley contributed a valuable paper “ On some Moulds referred
by Authors to Fumago,” and in the course of this communication
he demonstrated that the so-called species of Fumago , although at
first appearing as a Cladosporium , afterwards became mixed with
Macrosporium and other forms, and ultimately developed the
elongated peculiar perithecia of Capnodium. The older authors
confounded together under the name of Cladosporium fumago or
Fumago vagans several distinct species of Capnodium , which were
first separated and characterised in that paper. Undoubtedly
Capnodium elongatum is one of the mature and complete conditions
of Cladosporium fumago.

These fungi cover the living leaves and young twigs with a
thick black velvety or sooty stratum often seen in an imperfect and
modified condition on the leaves of the Lime, and is found more
perfectly developed on Orange, Willow, and now on Yine and Fig.
These parasites consist of a dense mycelium of moniliform threads,
usually brown, and from these arise large elongated, sometimes
branched, perithecia, which contain the sporidia. The details of
structure and development are so admirably set forth in the paper
already alluded to that they need not be repeated here, except to

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE TINE.

117

say that the perithecia are very long, often curved and branched,
narrowed upwards, terminating at the apex in a fringed orifice,
and that the sporidia are triseptate and ultimately brown.

In the specimens on Yine leaves we also found other smaller
perithecia, which are pear-shaped, without apparent orifice, and
containing a profusion of minute hyaline elliptic spores, scarce
*005 mm. long. These are probably of the nature of spermogonia
or pycnidia. It is very probable that similar bodies may be found,
if sought after, in other species.

There is, however, one point which is alluded to by Mr.
Berkeley in his paper deserving of confirmation. He says, “ The
Cladosporium is commonly developed on a dusty coat of honey-dew,
and affords a convenient matrix for the growth of other mucedi-
nous fungi.” The Lime is peculiar in its profuse honey-dew, and
this is one of the commonest Jialitats for the Cladosporium fumago.
Some Willows are similarly affected, and these again furnish a home
for the Cladosporium. Dr. W. Gr. Earlow, in one of his recent
papers on parasitic fungi, alludes to this association of Fumago , or
rather of Capnodium , with insects, and his remarks may well be
embodied here. Dr. Earlow contends that the various species of
Capnodium are developed upon the remains and exudations of
insects, and not directly on the bark and leaves of trees. He says
that “ during the month of October, 1876, he had a good opportu¬
nity to observe how closely Capnodium elongatum followed the
presence of certain insects. He observed a bluish-grey mass which,
in the distance, seemed like the plasmodium of some species of
Myxomycetes , judging from the colour and the manner in which
it spread over everything with which it came in contact, entirely
regardless of its nature, whether vegetable or mineral. A closer
examination showed that the Alder bushes on or near which
the fungus was growing were covered with insects of a white
colour, covered with a woolly substance and producing a copious
oily exudation. These insects were determined as a species
of Eriosoma. Wherever the exudation fell, whether on other
insects, on the ground, on dead sticks, ferns, or any other substance
the fungus at once made its appearance. In some cases where
the exudation dropped upon other insects they were covered by
the bluish-black fungus while still alive. All this, he says, serves
to strengthen the view previously maintained that the fungi of this
group grow upon the exudation of insects rather than directly upon
the bark and leaves of plants.”

118

JOURNAL OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Here again we may revert to the observations by tbe Rev
M. J. Berkeley, in tbe fourth volume of tbe Journal, where be
says that these and similar growths “ are often, if not always, pre¬
ceded by honey-dew, whether arising from Aphides or from a
sugary secretion from the leaves themselves ; frequently, too, they
are accompanied by some species of Coccus , especially in the genus
Citrus .” And when describing the parasite further on he remarks
that “there is generally a cellular pellicle spreading over the
surface of the leaf, from which the mycelium springs immediately,
hut which sometimes arises from the rooting base of its threads.”
This would favour the view that the early stages of the fungus at
least are confined to a parasitism upon the honey-dew. It is.
peculiarly the case with Capnodium that the black mass separates
easily and flakes off from the leaf, exhibiting no trace of pene¬
trating or attaching itself to the stomata. In some allied genera
a similar circumstance has been observed. Whether the Capno -
dium is a true parasite of the leaf or is only an inhabitant of some
excretion, its action in choking up the stomata, and checking the
healthy action of the plant, will be the same. A year or two since
some Oranges and Lemons in a conservatory in the south of Eng¬
land were infested with Capnodium citri in a perfect condition, but
as yet we have heard of no instance in which Capnodium elongatum
has made its appearance on Yines or Figs in this country, although
a small species is not uncommon on Cherry-Laurel.

Part Y.

[Bead at Meeting of the Scientific Committee, 2nd July, 1578.]

It will be remembered in this Committee that some six months
ago I directed its attention to the occurrence of a supposed new
form of Yine Disease which had appeared in France, particulars of
which I then promised to present as soon as these were communi¬
cated to me by Mons. Maxime Cornu, the learned French
Mycologist, who had investigated the subject. I am now enabled
to state his views as published in the “Bulletin de la Societe
Botanique de France.” Two different parasites are alluded to in
this paper, the first “ Anthracnose,’! or “canker” (chancre), the
other Cladosporium. The first of these he describes as follows : —
“ The vineyards of the Harbonne district have been attacked

ON FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE VINE.

119

this year by a new disease caused by a special fungus, which I
believe, with Monsieur Planchon, to be identical with the Phoma
uvcecola. This disease, which has received the name of Anthrac-
nose, is characterised by its peculiar effects on the boughs and
leaves, and on the grapes. This parasite produces on the grapes a
circular spot, black as if burnt, in the middle of which a smaller
white circle is seen formed by the development of the conidiferous
form of the fungus.

“ On the stem these black spots become depressed circles; the
stem appears corroded, and burnt through to the woody tissue,
sometimes to the pith. It is this peculiar effect whichlhas caused
the disease to be sometimes designated by the characteristic name
of canker {chancre).

11 On the leaves spots of different sizes are seen, more or less
confluent, formed by the dried up tissue which has been affected
by the influence of the parasite.”

This is all the information which the said communication
contains with regard to this new disease. It was stated at one of
the meetings of the Mycological session last autumn, that the
disease was a threatening one and likely to assume considerable
importance. Specimens were at the time exhibited, and a portion
of these was placed in my hands showing the scorched spots of the
branches, and also some shrivelled grapes. I have examined both
in vain to find spores of the Phoma. There are distinct appearances
on the stems of the perithecia of a Phoma , b*ut without spores. In
my mind Dr. Cornu has not established the identity of this disease
with Phoma uvcecola , B. and C., at all satisfactorily. Hone 'of the
evidence is given in the foregoing extract.

Phoma uvcecola , B. and C., is a Horth American species which
occurs on grapes, and I believe upon the fruit only, in Horth
America, where it is not regarded with much dread, or considered
any great pest. Specimens from South Carolina have recently
been distributed in Bavenel’s “ Eungi Americani ” (Ho. 17). The
perithecia are quite distinct on the dried berries, and the minute
spores may be obtained from them in profusion. In the original
description there is no mention of burnt spots, and the dried
specimens of grapes from the Harbonne district and from South
Carolina have not the appearance of identity. Again, the American
Phoma does not attack the leaves or the stems, and hence is much
more superficial, which must be taken into account in such simple
forms of fungi. Einally, the scorched spots on the stems and

120

JOUENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICT7LTUEAL SOCIETY.

leaves have not the appearance of being caused by a Phoma. There
is a Phoma on the stems in company with the scorched spots, hut
it is outside of them, and may only have followed the disease,
becoming established' on the dying tissue which surrounds the scars.
Only the examination of recent specimens can set the question at
rest ; but my own opinion is that the disease is not identical with
with the Phoma uvcecola , B, and C., of the United States, and that
insufficient evidence is afforded to enable us to decide whether it is
the mycelium of a Phoma which causes the scorched spots.

Professor Saccarao has sent me from Italy a disease on grapes
which is called Gleosporium ampelophagum, Sacc. ( Ramularia
ampelophaga , Pass.), the spores of which are similar to those of the
Phoma , but there are no perithecia. A very similar appearance is
certainly to be observed in the dried specimens and some of the
dried grapes from the Uarbonne, but I should not assume that they
are identical.

The second disease was described by lions. Cornu in the
following terms

“ I have received from Mons. Blavet, President of the Society
of Agriculture of Etampes, leaves and bunches of grapes, showing
a disease which had alarmed the vine growers of that district. The
grapes, scarcely ripe, showed circular black spots, which appeared
to radiate from the point of attachment of the grape ; the leaves^
partially dried up, were covered in some places rather abundantly
with a brown mould.

“ The anatomical examination of a single grape showed an
abundant mycelium, spreading through the whole of the substance
of the tissue, and frequently ramifying. The peripheral portions of
the grape contained the earlier stages of the mycelium.

“This mycelium is relatively large and black i'n colour, the
septa are numerous, and the articulations are filled with minute
oleaginous globules, it presents in places a felted appearance, the
early state of a second form of fructification which has not arrived
at maturity. These peculiarities of structure and appearance are
those of a Pleospora or Cladosporium. The leaves showed on
their lower surface numerous conidiferous tufts of a fungus
belonging to the last genus, the nature of which I was able to
ascertain. A transverse section of the leaf shows that the
filaments proceed from the stomata and escape in order to form
their spores. The filaments are dark brown, septate, ramifying
but little, and produce at their extremities small spores either

ON THE FTJNGOID DISEASES OF THE TINE.

121

simple or multilocular. The spores are oval, and variable in form
and diameter; they are frequently elongated, and acuminate at
their point of insertion.

The form, the dimensions, the nature of the spores and of the
mycelium, the diameter of which in all parts is ten times greater
, than that of the corresponding parts of the parasite which causes
the Anthracnose, prevents the supposition that these two diseases
of the Yine can have any relation to each other. The grapes are
not attacked by the Anthracnose in any definite spot, but it is near
the point of attachment this new disease first appears. By this
peculiarity alone we are enabled at a first glance to distinguish
between the two diseases.

“ It is probable that the Yine disease of Etampes ought to be
referred to the Cladosporium , which developes itself at the expense
of the living plant in the same manner as that species which pro¬
duces the speckled appearance on pears, and which has lately been
studied by M. Prillieux. Our species appears to be identical with
Cladosporium viticolum, Ces. (B-abh. Eung. Ex., No. 1877). This
species does not appear to be of rare occurrence in our vineyards. I
have met with it several times both in the plain of Montpellier and at
Cognac during the numerous excursions I have made through the
Yine district when engaged in my researches on the Phylloxera.

“ The Yines cultivated in these districts have general cottony
leaves, and the parasite, which is found on the lower surface of
the leaf, always covered with a thick down, forms greyish spots ;
these spots are caused by the abundant spores mixed with the
hairs twisted together. The presence of these grey spots is
perhaps the only character indicating the existence of this fungus,
of which the bad effects appear to be easily overlooked. I have
never observed any bunch of grapes attacked and blackened like
those I received from Mons. Blavet. Perhaps the development of
the Cladosrporiuminx\<\. of the Anthracnose, maybe attributed to the
unusual rainful of this year, and which may make these species
formidable in wet seasons.

“ I do not hesitate to consider the development of the Clado¬
sporium as the cause and not as the effect of the disease. This
last hypothesis will not stand examination. The Cladosporium is
developed on plants in perfect health, and on portions which are
not in the least decayed. The same is the case with Cladosporium
dendriticum , which attacks Pear trees, and which may serve to
corroborate what I have just stated.

122

J0TJENAL OP THE EOYAL HOETICUITUEAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Cornu afterwards proceeds to the description of another
Cladosporium found by him on leaves of Vincetoxicum , and con¬
cludes thus : — “ These species deserve to he studied carefully, as
it would be interesting to know the form and nature of their other
modes of reproduction. The genus Cladosporium includes plants
varying much from each other, and which all belong to the
Ascomycetes.”

Assuming that this second form of disease has been accurately
determined as identical with the specimens published by Rabenhorst
in his “Exsiccati” (1854, IN'o. 1877), there are some points of interest
as to the distribution as well as the synonymy of this mould. It
certainly has the merit of bearing many names. Thus it is the
Cladosporium, viticolum of Cesati. It is also the Cladosporium
ampelinum of Passerini, by which name it is known in Thuemen’s
“Pilze des Weinstockes.” Under the name of Ceroospora vitis,
Saccardo distributed specimens in his “MycothecaYeneta” (Nos. 284,
363). Pirotta has also published a memoir of the species in Italy
under the name of Helminthosporium vitis, Pir. Before all,
specimens were distributed many years since from the United
States by Dr. Curtis, under the manuscript name of Graphium
clavisporum , Berk, and Curt., and under this name it was described
by the Rev. M. I. Berkeley, in “ Grevillea ” (vol. iii., p. 100). This
mould has therefore been referred to four different genera, and has
had at least five names. This is not the place or time to discuss
which is the genus for which it has the strongest affinity, but it
certainly appears to me most closely related to Helminthosporium ,
the bundles of hyphse being densely crowded, but not united as in
Graphium, and in fact closely resembling Helminthosporium Petersii ,
Berk, and Curt., on leaves of Smilax. It is a gather aberrant form
of Helminthosporium . (See also “ Grevillea,” vol. vi., p. 149.)

As to the distribution of this mould, it is curious that this also
should be known in the United States, as well as in Italy, Prance,
and Austria. It only proves how important it is that we should
acquaint ourselves with the parasitic fungi of the United States so
many of which appear to be common to the New and Old World.
Here are two presumed instances of the occurrence of North
American Yine fungi in Europe. Who shall say that we may not
even yet have the Peronospora ?

In conclusion I may be permitted to record a protest against
the last words of Mons. Cornu’s communication. Because one or
two species of Cladosporium are believed, on rather strong evidence,

THE NATIVE COUNTRY 01' THE POTATO.

123

to constitute a condition, or stage of existence, of certain species
of 8 phceria, it is most unreasonable and most unphilosophical to
affirm in such strong and positive language that “the genus
Cladosporium includes plants which all belong to the Ascomy eetes”
This has not been proved ; in the majority of cases there is not
the slightest evidence of its truth,' and it is contrary to the interests
of science to make such sweeping and positive assumptions simply
and solely on the faith of affinities and analogies.

XIX.— The Xative Country of the Potato.

By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.

[Read at Meeting of the Scientific Committee, 4th June, 1878.]

This subject has recently been revived by M. Andre in the “ Illus¬
tration Horticole,” where he states that during his travels in South
America he discovered Solanun tuberosum in a wild state, and appa¬
rently indigenous, both in Peru and Columbia. M. Andre seems
to be under the impression that he was the first “to prove ” that
Humboldt was wrong in his assertion that the Potato was not a
native of these countries ; but in this he is wrong, having over¬
looked more than one record in English publications. To these
records I shall briefly refer, and add some of the more interesting
localities of the specimens in Kew Herbarium. Aylmer Bourke
Lambeit (“Journal of Science and the Arts,” x., p. 25) states, on
the authority of Buiz and Pavon, that they had found it near Lima
and in the forests near Santa Fe de Bogota. In 1822 Joseph
Sabine, at that time secretary to this Society, read a paper before
the Society on the native country of the Potato, which was pub¬
lished in the “Transactions,” vol. v., p. 249. This paper is
illustrated by a plain figure of Solanum Commersonii and a coloured
figure of a presumed variety of 8. tuberosum , raised in the Society’s
garden from tubers received from Chili, and the author’s object is
to show that S. tuberosum is wild in Chili, and that the wild
Potato of the eastern side of the continent is a different species—
namely, 8. Commersonii. In, 1847 our President, Sir Joseph Hooker
(“ Flora Antarctica,” vol. ii., p. 329), classified the wild specimens
of Potato plants then existing in the Hookerian Herbarium under
Solanum tuberosum and 8. Commersonii , with remarks on their dis¬
tribution and the difficulty of determining whether they should be
referred to one or more species. He also hints at the possibility

124

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of 8. Commersonii being the original wild type from which the
cultivated varieties of Potato have sprung. Dr. Lindley read a
paper on the same subject before this Society in 1848; this was
published in the ‘‘Journal,” vol. iii., p. 65. The author treats
more particularly of several varieties of Potato raised in the
Society’s garden from wild Mexican tubers, communicated by
Uhde, and expresses the opinion that S. tuberosum grows wild in
Mexico. He regards 8. verrucosum of Schlechtendahl, collected by
Galeotti on the Peak of Orizaba ; at an elevation of 10-12,000 feet,
as a variety of 8. tuberosum , as also 8. stoloniferum. Amongst the
very numerous species of Solanum inhabiting America, from
Mexico southwards on the western side of the country to South
Chili and across the continent to Uruguay, etc., there are several
which produce tubers, and some of them are very distinct from
any variety of Potato, whilst other forms which have been
described as species so closely resemble some of the varieties of
Potato that experienced botanists and gardeners have regarded
them as such. It has been objected that the plant found by Euiz
and Pavon in Peru and Hew Granada was 8. immite , but Duval,
the author of it, says, “An 8. tuber osi mera varietas ? ” "What
I have seen under this name was collected in Peru by Matthews,
who called it 8. tuberosum , and it is Hooker’s variety, multijugum
of tuberosum. It is a distinct looking form, though not more so
than many cultivated varieties of the true Potato. A fordi common
about Yalparaiso, said to have bitter tubers, invariably white
flowers, and a long, exserted style has been described as a distinct
species under the name of 8. Maglia. The plant figured by Sabine
in the “Transactions,” vol. v., p. 11, agrees exactly with 8.
Maglia. After examining the numerous specimens at Hew of 8.
tuberosum and its allies and a large number of cultivated varieties
of the true Potato, I think it possible that more than one wild
form or species has been concerned in the production of the latter.
The cultivated varieties exhibit quite as wide a range of variation
in the lobing and degree of hairiness of the leaves, in the shape
and size of the calyx-lobes, in the colour and size of the flowers,
in the relative length of style, and in the size, shape, and colour of
the berries as the difference between 8. tuberosum (whatever this
maybe), S. Maglia , and some of the others, and these extreme varie¬
ties would be dubbed species if they existed in a wild state. It
may be that both the cultivated varieties and several of the wild
forms described as species have descended from one common type,

ON THE NATIVE COUNTRY OE THE TOTATO.

125

or the former may be the progeny of more than one of the latter.
In determining the native country of the Potato it seems to me we
must adopt the same standard for our species, whether wild or
cultivated, and admit the same extent of variation, otherwise we
cannot speak of the Potato, which comprises all these varieties, as
being wild in any particular locality or district. Admitting a
certain amount of variation in the wild plant, there is no doubt
that the Potato is now wild from Mexico to Chili, and across the
continent to Uruguay and Puenos Ayres, but scarcely any two
specimens are alike. Sir Joseph Hooker, in the place referred to,
enumerates six varieties of S. tuberosum land five of Commersonii ,
independently of some other forms which he mentions hut does not
include under either of these. At the present time there are
upwards of a dozen additional equally distinct wild forms in the
collection at Kew. Jameson collected one at Lloa, at an elevation
of 8000 feet, in places where the forest had been cleared with the
object of cultivating the soil ; Hartweg a totally different one
in Mount Picacho, Agnas Calientes, Central Mexico ; McLean
another in Huamantango, Peru, at 10,000 feet; and Mandon
one near Lorata, in Bolivia, at 11,656 feet; Spruce collected a
Sacha papa , or wild potato, in the Andes of Quito, at an elevation
of 12,000 feet. This is of dwarf, dense habit, and the tubers and
berries are said to be edible, the former reaching the size of a
pigeon’s egg. There is also a specimen at Hew from Venezuela,
collected by Pendler, without any precise locality, and Bourgeau
sent a Solanum from Mexico, “with tubers like the Potato.” I
have already given the habitats of some of the wild forms which
have been described as species, and shown generally the distri¬
bution of the tuberous Solani of close affinity with S. verrucosum, S.
Maglia , etc. Seeing that the Potato was first imported into this
country from Virginia, it is impossible, in my opinion, to fix upon
any particular wild form to the exclusion of others as its progeni¬
tor, thereby limiting or defining its native country. "With regard
to the bitterness, acridity, or even poisonous properties attributed
to the tubers of some of the wild forms, we know that tubers of
cultivated varieties become unwholesome from exposure to full
light. Gibert, who collected typical S. Commersonii at Monte
Video, says the tuber “ a absolument le gout de la pomme de terre
ordinaire, ’’whilst Tweedie says it is poisonous.

126

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XX.-— On the Nomenclature of Garden Plants.

Py Dr. M. T. Masters, P.R.S.

[Read at the Scientific Committee, 19th. November, 1878.]

The nomenclature of garden plants — that is, of plants cultivated in
gardens — is admitted on all hands to he in a very unsatisfactory
condition. A glance into the first nursery catalogue that comes to
hand will suffice to prove the truth of this assertion. It is proposed
in the following remarks to consider some of the reasons for this
confusion, and to bring forward certain points for discussion and
consideration, in the hope that eventually some steps may he
taken to remedy the inconvenience, or at least to check its further
increase.

The confusion alluded to arises from various causes, some
attributable to the botanist, others to the gardener. Among
these causes may be mentioned the misapplication of names.
A name, correct enough it may be in point of form, is given to a
plant by mistake or carelessness, or the name originally correct
may become perverted and distorted by misspelling, as when the
pear Josephine de Malines becomes in the vernacular “ Joseph on the
palings.” The misuse of synonyms is another fertile source of
confusion. Misstatements, accidental or wilful, add to the disorder,
while the application of names, often absurd or cumbrous, by
incompetent or unqualified persons, botanical or horticultural, is
the most prolific cause of perplexity.

In proceeding to discuss these various sources of mischief, we
may arrange them into two heads, Botanical and Horticultural. We
shall touch but lightly on the botanical aspect of the question, be¬
cause botanists have a code of their own, which they obey more or less
loyally, and whose regulations can at least be appealed to in cases
of dispute or difficulty. The horticulturists have no such code,
and the important point for us to consider is whether it would be
desirable they should have such a code, whether the botanical
code could or could not be adapted to their requirements, and
whether, suppose such a one framed, they would obey its pro¬
visions. We know unfortunately that the uniformity of practice
among botanists is not so complete as might be desirable, and Wo
think we may add of horticulturists that “ where they do agree
their unanimity is wonderful.”

Adverting now to the share of the botanist in the disarrange¬
ment and misarrangement of names, it may be said that the evil

ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF GARDEN PLANTS.

127

arises for tlie most part from the imperfection of the materials at
his disposal. On the principle of recognising Hercules from his
foot, or a lion by his claw, a botanist is too often expected to
recognise some miserable scrap of a specimen, smashed it may be
beyond hope of certain recognition in its transit through the
post, and rendered unrecognisable by the stupid practice of enve¬
loping the “ specimen” in cotton wool.

Should the temper of the botanist under these circumstances be
sufficiently unruffled to enable him to give a coherent answer at
all, it is, to say the least, not at all unlikely that the name he
assigns to the bruised and maimed fragment is wrong— that the
foot is not that of Hercules, the claw not that of a lion.
Imperfect specimens then, often unavoidably imperfect, engender
faulty nomenclature.

Eut the specimen may be a good one, while the means
of comparison and identification may be defective. Even
the rich herbarium at Hew, admirably arranged as it is
for purposes of research, is not, cannot be complete. The means
and facilities at that establishment transcend those offered by any
like institution at home or abroad, and the willing help and hearty
co-operation there afforded to anyone engaged in serious research
demand the most cordial and grateful acknowledgment. Still it
is possible to take a good specimen to the Kew herbarium, to
avail oneself of all the resources of that unrivalled establishment,
to profit by the kindly aid of the staff, and yet to make mistakes —
mistakes of identification sometimes arising from the fault or defect
of the inquirer himself, or mistakes arising from the fact that a
particular species, known to science, is not represented in the
herbarium, or that a particular book in which that species is
described or figured is wanting from the shelves of the library. Of
mistaken identifications we say but little ; how they may arise is but
too obvious. The only consolation is, that those wiser and more
experienced than ourselves occasionally lapse into similar errors.

Turning now to the horticulturist proper as a creator of
confusion in nomenclature, it must be admitted that he is too
often guilty, as Mrs. Malaprop would say, of a “ great derangement
of epitaphs.” With little botanical knowledge he is necessarily
unfamiliar with botanical usage, and so, if he ventures to act as
sponsor, as he sometimes does, the result is not satisfactory.

In the case of newly-imported plants the general practice — and it
is one which cannot be too much commended—is to seek the assist-

128

JOUENAL OF THE EOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

ance of the authorities at Kew, or of those botanists who have
made a special study of the order to which the new plant belongs,
or is supposed to belong. In this manner not only is horticulture
benefited, hut botany also, as by this means a knowledge of many
new forms and a better acquaintance with old ones is obtained.
Moreover it is impossible to over-estimate the value of the know¬
ledge which many of our nurserymen and their assistants have
acquired from long experience, and from having constantly under
their eyes particular sets of plants. What professed botanist would
not envy the knowledge of plants possessed by a Yeitch, a Dominy,
a Bull, a Williams, to name only a few among many ?

On the other hand, when care like that above alluded to is not
practised, or where a knowledge of plants is defective, all sorts of
errors in nomenclature creep in ; tallies, once rightly affixed, get
shifted and cannot be properly replaced ; other tallies suffer from
faulty copying. Errors of spelling creep in, and having crept
in, spread with a vigour more surprising than satisfactory. In
this manner perversions of Latin, or it may he of Erench or
German, names become only too common, to the bewilderment of
the amateur, the distress of the botanist, and the utter mystifica¬
tion of the poor gardener.

In what has just been said we have had in view nomenclature
and perversions of nomenclature applied in all good faith. There
may he instances where changes of nomenclature or an improper
application of names are made wilfully for the sake of some sup¬
posed advantage. If such exist it is needless to advert to them here,
as everyone would reprobate them, and in the end the sin would
surely bring its own punishment.

Another of the many difficulties which beset the question of
the Nomenclature of Garden Plants is that arising from the
changes which botanists, with good or had reason, make. Ought
these changes to he followed by gardeners or nurserymen
or should they ignore them ? When followed partially
endless confusion arises, as it is not practicable, so far as we
can see, to enforce universal compliance, and so the same plant in
one nursery hears one name while in another it is called something
else. To take an instance : few, if any, botanists now accept
Weigela as a genus. By Bentham and Hooker, Karl Koch and
most later authorities, Weigela , or Weigelia (for it is spelt in both
ways), is merged in Diervilla. This being so, are we in gardens
to say Diervilla japonica and Diervilla rosea , or Weigela japonica

ox ih:h tfoMEXCLvrffRE oe guides' plaxts.

12J

and Weigela rosea ? Are we to call our Gloxinias by the name of
Ligeria , with Decaisne, or by that of Sinningia , with Bentham ?
What ought to be done in such cases for strictly botanical pur¬
poses is not doubtful. There is the canon law obeyed, as we have
said, more or less loyally by all botanists. The question is,
whether the usage most common (we wish we could say universal)
among botanists should be also adopted in gardens ? The answer
to that question, we think, depends upon the use to which the
name is to be put. If the name is to be used as a sign or indica¬
tion of a scientific fact, or as a distinctive label for scientific
purposes, then botanical usage should of course be followed.
But in the vast majority of gardens no such scientific aim
exists. The nurseryman labels and catalogues his plants for
commercial purposes only. The ordinary gardener only wants a
name, as it were as a label, and it does not much signify to him
what the form of the label maybe, provided it be distinct from others.
Should gardeners or nurserymen attempt to follow the changes in
botanical science or the fluctuations of individual opinion they might
be altering their names every month in the year, and would thus
give rise not only to inevitable confusion, but possibly also to
imputations of a very unpleasant character.

Bor purely commercial purposes, then, we think that as a
general rule, subject to exception, garden names once established
should not suddenly be altered. To fall back on our illustration
Weigela rosea should be Weigela rosea still for garden purposes.
Bor botanical purposes it should at once be called Diervilla rosea.
Gloxinias in gardens should remain Gloxinias still, while in
botanical establishments they should be ranged as Sinningias.
The phrases 11 subject to exception” and “ once established ” leave
a loophole and may be criticised accordingly. Be it so. The
naturalist, who knows the impossibility of framing a definition
that shall be universally applicable, will not quarrel with these loop¬
holes. Names and definitions, so called, in natural history must
of necessity be more or less arbitrary, and their usage must be more
or less elastic. And so the rule must have many exceptions, and
the expression “ once established ” may serve as one. Weigela rosea
is no longer botanically correct, or at any rate it is not so correct
as Diervilla rosea , but the former appellation is now established in
gardens and for garden purposes. The advantages to be derived from
changing it would be outweighed by the inevitable confusion that
would be begot. The very moderate success that has attended the

130

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

attempt to substitute the more correct word Pelargonium for
Geranium among the general run of gardeners is not an
encouragement to proceed far in this direction. But sup¬
pose Weigela were a name of only quite recent applica¬
tion, and one not generally known in gardens, or applied to a plant
not yet in trade lists, then most decidedly the more correct
botanical name should be employed.

In a public botanical garden the botanical name should be the
one preferred, but the garden name should be given also, as a
synonym, on the tally. The gardener or the amateur would then
see at a glance both the correct and the provisional name, and
gradually the more correct appellation would be adopted and the
less correct one would fade out of usage. But that this would be a
very slow process is proved, as has just been said, by the still fre¬
quent employment of “ Geranium ” where Pelargonium is meant.

In the herbarium, as a matter of course, the botanical usage
would be strictly followed. In the proposed “ Hortus Europseus ”
both names correct and conventional should be used, precedence
being given to the former. The case of the gardening journals
presents a difficulty as considerations of time and space would often
prevent both names from being used. To employ the scientific
nomenclature alone would be to use names not known to
the majority of their readers. On the other hand, if the journalists
confined themselves simply to garden nomenclature, they would be
open to the reproach of failing in one of their most important
duties — the dissemination of correct information. It would seem
clear, then, that the proper course to follow, wherever space or other
circumstances permit, would be to cite both names thus : Diervilla
( Weigela) rosea.

"Where, as often happens, a provisional or a garden name has but a
short existence, or does not become established, then, of course, the
sooner it is burked the better. The correct name should be adopted
as soon as possible, and the temporary appellation be no more
heard of in any shape or form. Unfortunately this consummation
devoutly to be wished is only likely to be realised in a very
small proportion of cases. Eor the other much more numerous
instances we see no better general rule to be adopted than the one
we have laid down, but we shall be glad to receive the opinions of
the Committee on the subject.

It may be well to add that these remarks apply exclusively
to species or reputed species. Natural varieties, seedlings, and

ON THE NOMENCLATURE OE CAREEN EL ANTS.

131

sports or bud-variations, open up other points which .we
cannot consider now. Bat in passing we must earnestly pro¬
test against the practice of stringing a long array, jumble
rather, of Latin or Greek adjectives, often irrespective of gram¬
matical propriety, cumbersome to speak, laborious and troublesome
to write. Such names should find no place in the garden, scientific
or otherwise; they should not encumber the pages of any catalogue
nor any journal. Unfortunately once launched, the journals are
obliged to use them, but we own for our own part to a feeling of
repugnance when we are obliged to write such terms as Osmanthus
Aquifolium variegatus nanus , Ilex Aquifolium myrtifolia aureo-
marginata • or Ilex Aquifolium parvi folia conspicua argenteo-mar-
ginata, and such like. Scientific nomenclature had become an
intolerable burden when Linnaaus swept it all away and sub¬
stituted the simple binomial nomenclature, the surname and baptis¬
mal name, as it were, for the descriptions which, prior to his time,
served the purpose of names. Would that some Linnceus would
arise and make a clean sweep of the incongruous jumble of names
given to varieties of Ivies, Hollies, Eerns, and many other plants.
Ear be it from us to deny the right of these varieties to distinctive
appellation. Eor garden purposes the varieties in question are
quite as important, often more so, than the species itself, or what
botanists agree to consider the species. For scientific purposes
these variations are also all important. If there was a time when
they were held in relatively light esteem by some botanists, that
period vanished when Darwin published his “ Origin of Species.”
Darwin taught the botanists the true value and significance of these
heretofore little regarded forms, and taught the naturalists (as
Peter was taught not to call any man common or unclean) that
the most apparently insignificant of these varieties may perchance
furnish a clue to some of the deeper mysteries of Creation.

Lastly, there remains the question of the proper nomenclature
for hybrid or crossed seedliugs artificially raised by the gardener
himself, having, so far as we know, no counterpart in Nature —
unless perchance moth or bee may unwittingly have done what
the hybridiser with set purpose has effected. Here again, for
strictly botanical purposes, the botanist has rules to follow, and
which he obeys rather less well than other parts of the canon, but
it will hardly be thought desirable to introduce into mere garden
catalogues the phraseology which botanists have invented, not merely
to denote the nature of these productions, but at the same time to in-

132

JOURNAL OF THS EQUAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIUTU.

dicate their parentage. We may think this attempt to kill two birds
with one stone as injudicious as the combination of nomenclature
and description in the case of the Ivies and Hollies we
have just now alluded to, but that is a matter for the botanists.
We prefer here to treat the question chiefly from the gardeners’
point of view, and from that standpoint we think it will be
admitted that the adoption of strict scientific rule would in
this case be objectionable.

For botanical or physiological purposes a scientific nomen¬
clature is essential, and every botanist knows where to
seek or how to frame it. For garden purposes, where no
such lofty purpose is aimed at, a vernacular nomenclature for the
infinite number of garden varieties seems to us to be preferable.
Waterer’s Holly, Williams’ Croton, Yeitch’s Dracaena, Paul’s
Crataegus seem to us preferable to Ilex Aquifolium , var. Watereri,
and so forth. And so, for the ever-increasing hosts of new
varieties of Camellias, of Hoses, of Pelargoniums, of Carnations,
of florists’ flowers generally, English or vernacular appellatives
should be used, and such as should not be likely to cause con¬
fusion. To call a Pelargonium which is perhaps the offspring or
representative of fifty or a hundred artificial crosses, by such names
as carneum , roseum, longifolium is to run the risk of creating confu¬
sion between the very mongrel product of the gardener’s art and
the relatively purely bred species.

There is one objection to the use of vernacular names that must
not be passed over — the difficulty which foreigners have in spelling
and pronouncing them. In this country the greatest difficulty is
experienced in spelling and pronouncing Eussian, Polish, Hun¬
garian, or even names so little separate from us geographically
and linguistically as the Flemish. In how many cases nowadays,
when Eussian enterprise is adding so many gems to our store, are
we not perplexed by

“ A name which you all know by sight very well,

But which no one can speak and no one can spell.’ ’

How seldom can the possessor of such a name rank himself,
out of his native country, among those of one of whom it has been
said —

“ Thrice happy he whose name ha3 been well spelt.”

Put so long as nationalities and languages exist, so long will this
difficulty remain. It has been proposed in this case also to us the
Latin language exclusively, but while this would be most desirable

OK. THE tfOHENCLlttfllE OE QARBEK MAtfTS.

133

for scientific purposes ; in gardens the difficulties of pronunciation
and spelling would not be overcome by tlie conversion of a
Eussian into a bastard Latin name.

It must not be thought that the adoption of a ver¬
nacular name need indicate any lower commercial value
or any lower social position, if we may so say, for these
products of art, or these illustrations of the infinite diversity
of natural forms. Ear from it. If the variations, the
seedlings, the sports which Nature herself produces, be worthy of
our admiration and study, so undoubtedly are also those which owe
their origin to the intelligent purpose and skill of the hybridiser.

Which is the man who benefits his race the most — he who
finds and describes a new form of Rose in a hedge-bank, or he who
“ raised ” Gloire de Dijon Eose ? We need not enter too closely
into the motives of the two men. We know, or we will assume,
that the motives were excellent in both cases, but still the fact
remains that for present practical purposes the “raiser” has the
pre-eminence. How proper then that in such cases the raiser’s
name should be attached to his production, or that the labours of
such men as Anderson Henry, of Knight, of Eivers, of Standish, of
Marshall Wilder, of Dominy, of Seden should be attached to such
productions. How improper, on the other hand, or at least how dis¬
tasteful and inappropriate, such appellations as Dusty Bob, Stump
the World, Try me oh ! and a variety of similar names, better suited
for the music hall than for the garden.

In order that these somewhat discursive remarks may tend to
some practical end, we would now venture to offer a few sugges¬
tions as to the best means of remedying the inconveniences we all of
us more or less experience, and of hinting at what might be done by
our Committee and by the Society. It must be remembered that
these suggestions are offered with becoming diffidence, and with
the view of eliciting the opinions of others, so that the matter may
be fairly discussed upon its merits.

In the first place, an authoritative garden catalogue is a
crying want of our times. Were a new edition of the “ Hortus
Kewensis ” prepared, or a “Hortus Europaeus,” such as has been
talked about at various congresses, we should at once have
as complete a list of authentically named plants as would be
possible. It is foreign to our present purpose to discuss this
matter now. Suffice it to say that much progress has already been
made in the accumulation of material for this purpose; that the last

134

JOUBHAL OP THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Annual Report of the Royal Gardens, Kew, contained a catalogue of
one important Natural Order ; and we trust that others may in due
time be forthcoming. Indeed, so much has been done in the case
of several of the Orders that but little more is required beyond con¬
densation and revision so as to secure uniformity of treatment.

In the next place, our Society might do more than it does to
discourage haphazard nomenclature, and to promote a more accurate
system. In the case of a newly-introduced plant no name should
be officially recognised till evidence is afforded that proper care has
been taken to secure correct nomenclature. In those cases where,
owing to the plant not being in flower, or where from any other
cause the correct name cannot be given, a provisional name must
be ’employed, but the certificate — if the plant should be awarded
one — should be provisional also, and should be replaced by a
permanent award when the name of the plant is correctly ascer¬
tained. This would involve a periodical investigation of the pro¬
visional certificates, a matter which would not entail any very
great labour, but of which the results, if properly carried out,
would be most advantageous alike to horticulture and to botanical
science.

Rut if, as we fear would be the case, this scheme be not
practicable, the Scientific Committee, or a sub-committee of that
body, might appropriately be told off to supervise the names of
plants exhibited as new, or of those whose identification seemed
doubtful — a duty which, with the assistance to be had at Kew
would not be a very irksome one.

With reference to the nomenclature of florists’ flowers,
garden hybrids, the endless varieties of Crotons and Dracaenas, the
interminable series of new or so-called new Peas, and other
fruits and vegetables — the Floral and Fruit Committees might very
appropriately exercise some control. They might do much
towards insuring accuracy, regulating uncouth or absurd appella¬
tions, deleting useless synonyms, and the like — tasks all the more
easily carried out with the assistance of the experimental ground
at Chiswick.

We do not of course suppose that the Society could enforce any
code, but its example would be very powerful, and the refusal to
give permanent certificates till the nomenclature of the object
exhibited had been properly settled would greatly tend to the
reform of garden nomenclature.

As Rotany, together with Zoology— the science of living beings

NOTE ON A DISEASE IN THE ASH.

135

must rank of right amongst the highest of human studies, so
should its nomenclature be correspondingly distinctive and accurate
— fit instrument for a lofty purpose. And as gardening is one
of the purest and most beneficial of human pursuits, ministering
to our needs, enhancing our pleasures, and revealing to those who
have eyes to see no small number of the marvels of created Nature
—no mere passing glance into the working of her machinery —
so should its nomenclature be not only adapted to its utilitarian
purposes, but also be made consistent with good taste, refinement
and elevation of spirit.

XXI.— Note on a Disease in the Ash. By W. Wilson-
Saunders, Esq., E.B.S.

[Bead at Meeting of Scientific Committee, 16th April, 1878.]

Some little time since I brought tor the notice of the Boyal
Horticultural Society a peculiar disease affecting a species of
Poplar in the neighbourhood of "Worthing, and which sooner or
later was fatal to the life of the tree.

I beg now to offer some remarks on another disease in which I
found two Ash trees suffering from near Torquay — a disease which,
although it does not appear to cause the death of the tree, is one of a
very serious character, eating its way to the very centre of the wood,
and swelling and breaking up the bark in a very remarkable manner.

One of the diseased trees grows near the roadside at Watcombe,
and the other in a garden at Warberry Hill, [removed some
three miles or so from each other. I examined many other
Ash trees in the vicinity of Torquay, but found the disease only
on the two trees I have mentioned. Several other Ash trees
showed signs of stunted growth, either from being subject to the
winds off the sea, or being in situations as regards soil where a
healthy growth could not be expected. The disease which I am
about to describe and illustrate by drawings seemed to prevail
more or less all over the trees, from the youngest branches to the
main stems. It first appears as an irregular crack in the bark,
with a raised rufescent margin. This crack soon assumes an open
gaping aspect, widening and enlarging until it often surrounds the
branch, although the branch be several inches in diameter.
Within the gaping margin the bark is seen of a dark brown colour,

V3‘d

JOURNAL 01? THE HOYAf, HOUTlOELTEfiAL SOCIETY..

and is very rugged and4irregular, rising into all manners of shapes,
and where solid of a greatly increased thickness. The wood under
the diseased bark is eaten away as it were, and cavities are formed
leading to the very centre of the stem in advanced stages of the
disorder. These cavities are generally lined with the discoloured
diseased bark, and are well defined, and have the adjoining wood
of a healthy character to all appearance. The drawings, which I
have made with much care, will better illustrate the character of
the disease than any description I can give ; but it will be well to
refer to them more particularly, and make some further observa¬
tions on the facts they show.

Tig. 1 is a young branch from the 'Watcombe tree of about

Fia. 1.— Natural size. Fig. 2. — Natural size.

tfOTH OX A DISEASE IN’ THE ASH,

137

three years’ growth, on which a wide open expanded wound appears,
encircling about one half of the circumference and situated on the
apex of the three-years-old portion of the branch. This severe
wound, it will be observed, has not hindered apparently healthy
although stunted growth on the two-years-old portion of the branch
beyond it.

Tig. 2 and section, fig. 3, show a wound surrounding a young
branch from the Warberry Hill tree. Although the branch,
which had about four years’ growth, was entirely encircled with

Fig. 3. — Twice natural size.

the wound, and the bark remarkably swollen and distorted, yet
the prolongation of the branch was showing strong signs of
vitality, and was apparently in a healthy condition both as
regards the wood and the bark. The diseased bark, which as I have
observed is much swollen, has assumed a corky nature where
solid, and has expanded very irregularly. Here, it will be
observed, the disease is gradually entering the wood (fig. 3),
and has gone through the wood of the last -year’s growth.

Fig. 4 and the section, fig. 5, show states of the disease
occurring on branches of sixteen to eighteen years’ growth.

Fig. 4 is a patch of the disease of rather long standing,
widely gaping, and exhibiting the rugose bark well filling up

x

138 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the wound, which penetrates the wood in two places, each of a
triangular form, the apex pointing directly to the centre of the

Fig. 4. — Natural size.

Fig. 5.— Horizontal section of Fig. 4.

branch, towards which point they have penetrated at least half¬
way.

Fig. 7 pourtrays a portion of a branch of fourteen or fifteen
years’ growth, on which the disease is of an extensive and
advanced character, covering many superficial inches of the sur-

NOTE ON A DISEASE IN TiiE ASH.

139

face, and very dr eply seated in the wood, as shown in the section,
fig. 6.

This branch was bearing many branchlets, all showing more

Fig. 6.

or less the disease, but still having much life in them, as they
were forming healthy-looking young shoots and leaves well deve¬
loped. It is difficult to describe the character of the disease in
this advanced state, but the drawing will show that one long, irre¬
gular, gaping opening runs through the whole length of the
wound, and near the upper and lower ends there are transverse
openings of the same nature encircling more than one half of the
circumference. These gaping openings into the wound are mar¬
gined by the much diseased bark rising into various nodulous
shapes and spreading some distance on either side. On the left
side of the longitudinal wound the bark of the branch for some
five inches in length, and two to three in width, has lost its
vitality, and assumed a rufescent tint, and has a considerably-sized
open wound on the centre of the rufescent space.

Tig. 6, which is a horizontal section of the branch a little

140

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

below the lower trans¬
verse wound, shows that
the disease has penetrated
to the very heart of the
wood and is there spread-
ing itself. It will he well
to observe that the
yearly growth of the
wood between the centre
and that portion of the
circumference where the
bark is swollen and dis¬
eased is very different
from that on the other
side of the stem. In the
former the zones are
much diminished in
width and irregular,
while in the latter the
zones appear regular and
of an usual character.

I may mention that I
have carefully looked for
any insect action while
examining the specimens
from which the draw¬
ings were made, and I
do not perceive that there
is any trace of insects
having had anything to
do in causing the disease
which I have attempted
to describe.

[Note. — All the draw¬
ings are from the tree
on Warberry Hill, ex¬
cept Fig. 1, from the
'VVatcombe tree.]

Fig. 7. — Half natural size.

REPORT ON ENDIVES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

141

XXII. — Report on Endives Grown for Trial by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee, at the Society’s Gardens, Chiswick,
1878. By A. F. Barron.

Endives are divided into two great classes.

1. Curled Endive. The Chicoree frisee of the French. Leaves
deeply cut or laciniated and curled.

2. Batavian , or Broad-leaved. La Scarole of the French.
Leaves broad, resembling lettuce.

The collection was sown on July 1st, and treated in the usual

manner for an early autumn supply. The season being favor¬
able, the autumn fine and open, they succeeded well, so that the

trial was in every respect satisfactory.

1. Curled Endives.

1. Ever White Curled (Vilmorin). See White Curled.

2. Fine Curled Moss (Vilmorin). See Moss Curled. A fine
selection.

3. Fine Curled Picpus. See Picpus.

4. Fine de Rouen. See Stagshorn.

5. Gloria Mundi (Minier & Co.). See Green Curled.

6. Green very fine Curled Summer (Vilmorin). Leaves about 6
inches long, resting close on the ground, with a broad
fleshy midrib, the edges toothed and much curled; of a
deep green colour. Forms very large, full hearts, which
blanch readily and early without much tying. Crisp,
fleshy and excellent.

7. Green Curled (Minier & Co.). Leaves from 7 to 8 inches
long, lying flat on the ground; very deeply cut and
toothed; of a bright green colour. Forms large, full
hearts, which blanch readily on being tied; somewhat
liable to rot in wet weather.

8. Green fine Curled Winter (Vilmorin). A good selection of
Green Curled.

9. Green Curled Ruffec (Vilmorin). A very good selection of
Green Curled.

10. Imperial Curled (Vilmorin). A variety of the White Curled,
with broader leaves and not quite so much cut. Good.

11. Laciniated Louviei's (Carter) (Vilmorin). Leaves short, very

K

142

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

deeply cut and laciniated in a singular manner ; of a dull
glaucous green colour. Forms close, full hearts of excellent
quality, which blanch naturally to a good extent. This
variety will not tie up ; requires covering up to blanch
thoroughly ; very hardy.

12. Large Ruffec (Watkins & Simpson). See Green Curled.

13. Louviers. See Laciniated Louviers.

14. Moss Curled (Carter) (Minier). Leaves very short, very
finely cut and curled like moss ; of a bright green colour.
Forms small, compact, full hearts of very fine quality. This
variety is too small to tie up ; requires to be covered up to
blanch thoroughly. Fine for garnishing and for early use,
but very liable to rot in moist weather, and is rather tender.

15. Picpus (Vilmorin). Leaves long, lying flat on the ground
like the Green Curled. Of a very deep green colour ;
deeply cut and finely curled, thick and fleshy. Forms very
large, full hearts of fine quality. A very fine vigorous
growing variety ; one of the best types of Curled Endive.
First-class Certificate.

16. Rouen. See Stagshom.

17. Ruffec. See Green Curled.

18. Stagshom (Vilmorin). Leaves very short, very deeply cut ;
like the Louviers but somewhat smaller than that variety ;
very hardy.

19. Selected Green Curled (Veitch). A good selection of Green
Curled.

20. Wrench's Moss Curled (Wrench). See Moss Curled.

21. White Curled (Carter) (Minier) (Veitch). Leaves from 7 to
8 inches long, hung flat on the ground, deeply, cut and
finely curled; of a very pale green colour, hence called
white. Forms fan- sized hearts, but requires tying up to
blanch thoroughly ; a very distinct variety in appearance,
and hardy. First-class Certificate.

2. Batavian or Broad-leaved.

22. Broad-leaved (Vilmorin). See Round-leaved.

23. Broad-leaved Winter (Vilmorin). Leaves long, broad; deep
green, slightly toothed and wavy in outline; requires
tying up to form hearts. A good, hardy, late variety.

REPORT ON PELARGONIUMS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

148

24. Fraser's Broad-leaved (Minier) (Yeitch). See Broad-leaved
Winter, No. 23.

25. Green Batavian (Carter). Leaves very long, narrow; form¬
ing small hearts. Worthless.

26. Bound-leaved (Carter) (Minier) (Yeitch). Leaves from 10 to
12 inches long, broad, light green, toothed and wavy in
outline, the outer lying flat on the soil, the inner incurving
from the points and thus forming a close heart, which
blanches naturally to some extent. When tied up, a close,
firm heart is formed, as white as ivory and of excellent
quality. This is by far the best Batavian Endive.

27. White Batavian (Carter) (Minier) (Yeitch). Leaves long,
resting flat on the ground ; of a pale green colour. Forms-
small hearts, which require tying up. Yery apt to decay in
moist weather. Worthless.

XXIII. — Report on Double Flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums
Grown for Trial at the Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, 1878.
By A. F. Barron.

The introduction of M. Liehmann’s double-flowered form of the
Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, “ Konig Albert," some few years ago, was
a pleasant surprize, being the commencement of a new class of
highly ornamental plants which are exceedingly suitable for the
decoration of the Conservatory and also for cut flowers. The
elegant and chaste forms of the single-flowered varieties of the
Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums bear no comparison in point of
appearance with the new double-flowered varieties for which we
are mostly indebted to that very skilful hybridist M. Lemoine,
of Nancy.

These new double-flowered varieties all belong to the true
peltatum or trailing species, and are of various shades of colour,
from almost pure white to dark lilac.

*** denote First-class Certificates.

A. F. Barron*** (Lemoine). Flowers large and very double,
of a pale rosy lilac colour, with dark veins on the upper petals ;
forms a large truss. A very fine variety. Flowers of the largest
and finest forms.

k 2

144 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Elfrida *** (Ebert). Flowers large; dark lilac, shaded with
purple; of fine form. Trusses of medium size. Very free
flowering. A pleasing lively coloured variety, the darkest shade.

Konig Albert (Liebmann). Flowers of medium size, purplish
lilac, very free flowering.

Lucie Lemoine *** (Lemoine). Flowers large, rather loose ;
of a very pale lilac colour, with dark veins on the upper petals.
Free flowering.

La Fiancee (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, of a pale
lilac colour ; somewhat darker than A. F. Barron, but inferior.
Bather shy flowering.

Madame Emille Galle (Lemoine). Very similar to Sarah
Bernhardt.

Madame Perle (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, very full
and compact, of a dark lilac colour. Trusses compact. Fine
compact habit and free flowering.

Mademoiselle Adrienne Bar at *** (Lemoine). Flowers large
and very double, pale lilac. Very free flowering and fine habit.

Renoncle (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, very double,
very pale lilac.

Sarah Bernhardt *** (Lemoine). Flowers almost white, the
upper petals veined and tinged with lilac. Free flowering.
Bobust growth.

Viscountess Cranbrook*** (Lemoine). Flowers large and full;
white, shaded with rosy lilac colour. A pretty variety. Free
flowering.

Classification of Varieties according to Colour.

Flowers White or very Pale Lilac.

Lucie Lemoine. I Sarah Bernhardt.

Madame Emille Galle. \ Renoncle.

Viscountess Cranbrook.

Flowers Pale Lilac.

A. F. Barron. | La Fiancee.

Mademoiselle Adrienne Bar at.

Flowers Dark Lilac.

Elfrida. | Madame Perle.

Konig Albert •

REPORT ON ABUTILONS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

146

XXIY. — Report on Abutilons Grown for Trial by the Floral
Committee, at Chiswick, 1878. By A. F. Barron.

The following varieties, submitted for trial, were presented to
the Society by Messrs. Bull, Fraser, Williams, Yan Houtte and
Yeitch, those from M. Lemoine being purchased. They were
all propagated from cuttings in early spring, and grown
and flowered in pots in a cool greenhouse. For this pur¬
pose few plants can be more highly recommended, or are better
adapted for the autumn decoration of the conservatory.
Good plants planted out early in June will grow and flower
well, and are very suitable for the sub-tropical garden.

Classification as to Colour of Flowers, dc.

Flowers White.

Boule de Neige.

Flowers Yellow.

Lemoinei. | Perle d’Or.

Heine d'Or.

Flowers Lilac.

Anna Crozy. lilacea alba.

Comtessa de Medici Spada. Louis Marignac.

Souvenir de Maximillian .

Flowers Bose.

Alphonse Karr.
Darwini robustum .
Le Grelot.

Le Pr ogres,
rosceflorum.
roseum floribundum .
Simon Delaux.

Flowers Orange.

Darwini. Darwini magus.

Darwini compactum. Darwini tessellatum.

Darwini grandifiorum. , La Lorraine.

Prince of Orange.

Flowers Purple.

insigne. j Louis van Houtte.

Souvenir de St. Maurice.

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flowers Striated, Yellow.

Ber anger.
Montgolfier,
niveum marmoratum.

striatum.

striatum variegatum.
Thompsoni.

Flowers Yellow, Calyx Coloured.

Megapotamicum.
Megapotamicum variegatum.

Megapotamicum venosum*
vexillarium.

Varieties. With Variegated Leaves.

Danvini tessellatum.
niveum marmoratum.
Megapotamicum variegatum.

Sellowianum marmoratum.
striatum variegatum.
vexillarium.

1. Anna Crozy (Bull). Plant of robust, vigorous growth ; fine
habit ; flowering freely late in the season ; good for. winter
flowering. Leaves large, broad. Flowers large, and of finely
cupped form ; pale lilac, with dark veinings. Very pretty.

2. Alphonse Karr (Lemoine). Plant of tall, free growth, and
fine branching hahit. Leaves small, deeply cut. Flowers
small, of fine rounded form, borne on long slender stalks;
colour reddish- orange, with dark veinings. Free flowering.

8. Beranger (Van Houtte). Plant of tall, erect habit of
growth ; not branching. Leaves large, deeply cut..
Flowers very large and elongated, of a clear pale orange
colour, beautifully streaked with dark brown. Very showy,
but somewhat shy flowering.

4. Boule de Beige. Plant of fine free branching habit.
Leaves of medium size, somewhat pointed. Flowers of
medium size, of finely cupped form ; pure white. Very
free flowering. Excellent.

5. Comtessa de Medici Spada (Van Houtte). Plant of strong,
robust growth. Leaves large, woolly. Flowers of medium
size ; pale lilac. Very shy flowering. Worthless.

6. Darwini (Lemoine) (Fraser). Plant of free, vigorous growth.

REPOET ON ABUTILONS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

147

Leaves large, broad. Flowers bright orange, with darker
veinings ; fine cupped form. Not free flowering.

7. Darwini com, pactum (Lemoine). A compact growing, free
flowering variety. Flowers reddish-orange. Inferior.

8. Darwini grandiflofum (Bull). Plant of fine habit. Leaves
large. Flowers very large, of longish form, of a pale
orange colour, with dark veins. Free flowering and good.

9. Darwini magus (Lemoine) (Bull). Plant of smaller growth,
but in other respects very similar to D. grandiflorum.

10. Darwini robustum (Lemoine). Plant of fine, compact habit.
Free flowering. Flowers orange, shaded with rose ; of fine
form. Distinct and good.

11. Darwini tesseliatum (Yeitch). Plant of fine, robust habit.
Very free flowering. Flowers bright orange, similar to
Darwini. Leaves large, broad; beautifully variegated, or
marbled; light green and yellow. A very ornamental plant,
whether in or out of flower.

12. Due de Malakoff (Fraser). Plant tall ; free growing. Not
flowered.

18. insigne (Williams) sign, igneum. Plant of tall, free growth.
Leaves large, heart shaped ; very thick and rugose ; deep
green ; stem covered with short brown hairs. Flowers
borne on long and slender panicles ; the petals short, broad,
much reflexed, of a dark purplish-crimson colour, with dark
venations. A late Autumn or Winter flowering species.
Very distinct and beautiful.

14. La Lorraine (Bull). Very similar to Darwini grandiflorum.

15. Le Progres (Bull). Very similar to roseum floribundum.

16. Le Grelot (Bull). Plant of fine, compact habit. Free
flowering. Flowers large, and rather long ; finely cupped ;
of a pale rose colour, with dark venation. A very
beautiful variety.

17. Lemoinei. Plant of fine, free habit. Leaves large, some¬
what pointed and toothed. Free flowering. Flowers large;

148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pale yellow ; of finely cupped form, borne on short stalks.
A very fine variety.

18. Lemoinei (Van Houtte). Same as Due de Malakoff, of
Fraser.

19. lilacea alba (Bull). Plant of vigorous growth. Flowers
large, of a pale lilac colour ; finely cupped form. Very
pretty, but considered inferior to Louis Marignac.

20. Louis Marignac*** (Bull) (Lemoine). Plant of fine habit.
Very free flowering. Flowers large, of finely rounded
cupped form ; clear pale lilac colour, with slight venations.
Very pretty. Distinct. One of the best.

21. Louis van Houtte (Bull). Plant of compact habit of growth.
Free flowering. Flowers large, of fine cupped form, but
somewhat rough ; dark purple colour, with white throat.
Distinct and beautiful.

22. Montgolfier (Van Houtte). Plant of tall, free growth.
Leaves large, deeply cut and pointed. Free flowering.
Flowers large, much expanded, of loose form ; of a dull
pale yellow colour. Worthless.

23. Megapotamicum (Van Houtte). Plant of slender, spreading
habit. Leaves small and pointed. Flowers small, bell¬
shaped, and singularly beautiful, the calyx being dark red,
the corolla pale yellow, and the stamens dark brown, in
very pleasing contrast.

24. Megapotamicum variegatum (Van Houtte). A variegated-
leaved form of the preceding.

25. Megapotamicum venosum (Van Houtte). A very tall, strong
growing variety of Megapotamicum.

26. Niveum marmoratum. Plant of free growth. Leaves large,
broad, downy, beautifully marbled pale green and yellow.
Flowers of medium size and loose form ; yellow, streaked
with dark orange. Valuable as a handsome foliage plant,
and very suitable for bedding.

27. Perle d'Or (Bull). Fine dwarf growing habit. Free
flowering. Flowers of fine rounded cupped form ; of a
pale primrose colour. Very pretty. A good variety.

REPORT ON ABUTILONS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

149

28. Prince of Orange (Williams). Plant of compact growth.
Leaves dark green. Very free flowering. Flowers of fine
form ; bright orange colour. A very good variety.

29. Peine d’Or*** (Yeitch). Plant of tall, robust growth. Leaves
very large ; deep green. Flowers of a bright golden yellow
colour, large, long, .somewhat crumpled, and borne on long
stalks. Very beautiful.

80. rosceflorum (Williams). Plant of fine compact branching
habit. Very free flowering. Flowers small, rounded, and
of even form ; bright rosy orange colour.

31 . roseumfloribundum (Van Houtte). Plant of fine, dwarf compact
habit. Free flowering. Flowers small ; pale rosy orange.

32. riibrum multiflorum (Yan Houtte). Plant of tall, strong
growth. Leaves large. Y ot flowered.

33. Souvenir de St. Maurice (Lemoine). Plant of fine, compact
dwarf habit. Leaves small. Free flowering. Flowers of
medium size, of finely cupped form ; dark purplish colour.
Excellent. Yery similar to Louis van Houtte.

34. Souvenir de Maximilian (Yan Houtte). Plant of strong,
vigorous growth. Leaves large, broad, not lobed. Shy
flowering. Flowers very large ; pale lilac, veined. Distinct.

35. Souvenir de Couchy (Yan Houtte). Plant of dwarf, compact
habit. Distinct in appearance. Not flowered.

36. Simon Delaux (Bull). Plant of tall, growing habit; branch¬
ing. Flowers small; pale rose. Inferior to Le Grelot,
which it greatly resembles.

37. Sellowianum marmoratum (Yeitch). Plant of fine habit,
robust growth. Leaves large, from 6 to 7 inches in
diameter, very downy, and beautifully marbled pale
yellow and green. A very handsome, ornamental foliaged
plant. Requires stove treatment.

38. striatum. Plant of tall, erect growth, not inclined to
branch. Leaves large, deeply lobed, smooth. Flowers of
medium size, very beautifully streaked yellow and orange.

39. striatum variegatum. A variegated leaved variety of the
preceding. Useful for bedding.

40. Thompsoni. Same as Striatum variegatum.

41. vexillarium. Yery similar to Megapotamicum variegatum.
Makes a fine ornamental plant grafted on stems from
1 to 2 feet in height.

L

150

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XXV. — Report on Cabbages Grown for Trial by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society,
at Chiswick, in 1877 — 78. By A. F. Barron.

The number of truly distinct or typical varieties of Cabbages
is not very extended, but their variability of character and
appearance has led at all times to an almost endless multipli¬
cation of names, which are most confusing and misleading.
The necessity for some arrangement and classification of the
numerous names of Cabbages found in trade catalogues
which has long been apparent, induced the Fruit Committee
to institute a most comprehensive trial under the same con¬
ditions of all the varieties and supposed varieties that could be
procured.

The collections under trial, numbering 187 distinct samples
and no less than 150 different names or synonymes, were received
from the following seedsmen, &c. : — Messrs. Barr and Sugden,
Messrs. Carter and Co., Messrs. Minier, Nash and Nash,
Messrs. Nutting and Son, and Messrs. Veitch, of London ;
Messrs. Harrison, of Leicester; Messrs. Stuart and Mein, of
Kelso ; Messrs. Wheeler, of Gloucester ; and W. J. Ellam,
MM. Vilmorin, of Paris ; M. Leroy, of Angers ; Herr Benary, of
Erfurt ; and Herr Dippe, of Quedlinburg, Germany.

Two trials or examinations were made. Firstly , from
seed sown early in March, the Cabbages coming in for use in
autumn. This formed the most comprehensive trial, the most
of the varieties showing their peculiar characteristics to great
advantage at this season, the cool moist autumn weather being
extremely favorable to their proper development. At this trial
the greater part of the synonymes, &c., were determined, and
their adaptability or otherwise for autumn use noted. Secondly ,
from seed sown in July, the Cabbages coming in for use the
early part of the following summer. In this trial the
synonymes previously determined were not included, the
typical or distinct sorts chiefly being tested, including all those
of doubtful character which were not satisfactorily arranged at
the autumn examination. In this way the whole of the typical
varieties were tested twice, both as summer and autumn
Cabbages, and their proper seasons noted.

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

151

For convenience and simplification the whole of the Cabbages
have been arranged in three general classes, as follows, which
are fairly well defined : —

1. Garden Cabbages, or varieties suitable for garden

culture. This is the principal class, and includes all
the smaller and finer forms of the Cabbage which
mostly form their hearts quickly, and are of good quality.
Those that are cultivated for the leaf stalks chiefly
are distinct species, the flowers being white instead of
yellow.

2. Field Cabbages, or varieties suitable for growing in
fields for cattle. This class includes all the large growing
and coarser varieties, generally termed Dutch or Drumhead.
In a horticultural sense these are of inferior importance to
the garden varieties, and need not have been tested at all
excepting for the purpose of classification. Their peculiar
merits cannot be determined by garden cultivation, although
some of them in certain stages and seasons may be very
serviceable.

3. Red or Pickling Cabbages. This class is sufficiently well
defined to require no explanation. Being of a red or
purplish colour, they are, on that account, preferred for
pickling to the green varieties.

From these three general classes the various types or typical
varieties — that is, such varieties as appeared to possess suffi¬
ciently distinct features of a permanent character — have been
selected and carefully described ; photographs were also taken of
the entire number for future reference, the oldest and most
generally adopted name being in all cases preferred. Varieties
under other names which were considered identical are given as
synonymes, and those varying somewhat, either as to size or
season, &c., but possessing the same general characters, are given
as selections or varieties. Thus, in the Early York type, the
Tom Thumb Early Dwarf is but a finer selection, and in the
Nonpareil type, although there is a decided difference in the
general appearance of the finer forms of Carter’s Heartwell and
Wheeler’s Cocoa Nut, for all practical purposes they are properly
classed as varieties of the Nonpareil.

152

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In this way the whole of the varieties of Cabbages have been
reduced to the comparatively small number of

Garden Cabbages . 21 Typical Varieties.

Field Cabbages . 16 „ „

Bed or Pickling Cabbages 2 „ „

The great tendency of the whole of the Cabbage tribe to
variation of character is pretty well understood by most good
cultivators and seed-growers. It is a matter of selection, good
or bad stocks, early or late forms, large or small, &c., &c., being
readily produced according to the attention bestowed in the
saving of the seed. True or pure stocks are only maintained
by the most careful and constant selection of the particular
form desired, and the saving of the seed. Seasons, however,
and soils also, alter the appearance of Cabbages very much ;
also the periods of sowing and of planting. The produce, for
example, from the same bag of seed may one season be very
true, whilst in the next they appear mixed — some late — some
early, &c., &c. Some of these variations being considered
improved forms, are selected, a new name is given, and so
new (?) varieties are introduced.

CLASSIFICATION OF CABBAGES.

Class I.

Garden Cabbages, or Varieties suitable for Garden Culture .

1. Atkins’s Matchless.

2. Bacalan.

Variety.

Late Bacalan.

8.

Early Boulogne.

Synonym.

Prefin de Boulogne.

4.

Early York.

Synonym.

Small Oxheart.

Varieties

or

Selections.

( Superfine Early.

Tom Thumb Early Dwarf.
1 Early Dwarf York.

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

158

5.

Varieties

or

Selections.

Ditto

Ditto

6.

Synonym.

7.

Synonym.

Varieties

or

Selections.

8.

Synonyms.

Varieties

or

Selections.

Enfield Market.
Division 1, Early Stocks.

Sprotboro.

■ Raymeadow.
k Improved Cabbage.

Division 2, Large Late Stocks.

r Daniel’s Defiance.

Early Battersea.

Wright’s Market.
Harrison’s Victoria.
Victoria.
k Plaw.

Division 8, Ordinary Stocks.

/ Blenheim.

East Ham.

David’s No. 1.

Myatt’s Early.

J Large Nonpareil.

| McEwen’s Early.

Kemp’s Incomparable.
Early Rainham.

Cattell’s Reliance.
k Vanack.

Jersey Wakefield.

Hardy Green Colewort.
Large Green Colewort.

Large York.

Oxheart Large.

Coenr de Boeuf gros hatif.
Early Large York.

- Large York.

Oxheart.

Little Pixie.

Oxheart Early.

Coenr de Boeuf petit.
Normandy.

Early Normandy.

Louviers.

Precoce de Louviers.

154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9.

Varieties

or

Selections.

Nonpareil.

Division 1 , Early Stocks.

Dwarf Early.

Carter’s Heartwell.
Heartwell.

Wheeler’s Imperial.

Division 2, Smooth Leaved Stocks.

I Cocoa Nut.

Wheeler’s Cocoa Nut.
Monarch.

Oliver’s Monarch.

10. Prompt de St. Malo.

11.

Synonym.

12.

Pomeranian.

Fielder.

Pomme d’ Orion.

13.

14.

Synonym.

15.

Synonyms.

Varieties

or

Selections.

16.

Tourlaville.

Early Ingreville.

Ingreville.

Rosette Cole wort.

Rose Colewort.

St. John’s Day.

St. John’s Day Drumhead.

St. John’s Day Early Drumhead.
Chou Joann et.

St. John’s Day Late Drumhead.
St. John’s Day Early.

Large St. John’s Day.

Drumhead Early Dutch.

Sugar Loaf.

17.

Winnigstadt.

Synonym. Early Winnigstadt.

A. — Varieties cultivated for their Leafstalks or Midribs .

18. Couve Tronchuda.

Synonyms.

Tronchuda.
Portugal.
Braganza.
Couve Pucco.

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

155

19.

Curled Tronchuda.

20.

Couve Murciana.

21.

Cornish.

Synonym. Paington.

Class II.

Field Cabbages , or Varieties suitable for Cattle or Field Culture.

1.

Synonym.

Bleichfield Giant.
Early Bleichfield.

2.

Brunswick.

Varieties

or

Selections.

Large Brunswick Short Stemmed.
Large Late Flat Brunswick.
Fottler’s Brunswick.

Silver Leaf Drumhead.

3.

Synonym.

4.

5.

Synonym.

Dax Drumhead.
De Dax.

Erfurt Drumhead.
Fumel.
Femelle.

6.

Habas Drumhead.

7.

Late Flat Dutch, or Drumhead.

Varieties

or

Selections.

f American Early.

Early American.

Erfurt Large White.

Erfurt Small White.

Gibson’s Drumhead.

Henderson’s Early.

< Large White Brunswick.

Large White Solid Magdeburg.
Late Purple Flat Pall.

Marbled Headed Mammoth.
Premium Flat Dutch.

Robinson’s Champion Drumhead.
v Van Winkler’s Flat Dutch.
Marbled Burgundy.

Glen Dwarf Drumhead.

8.

Synonym.

Monk’s Cabbage.
Large Erappe Drumhead.
Erappe Drumhead.

156

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9.

Synonym.

10.

Mortagne.

Large Mortagne Drumhead.

Quintal.

Synonyms.

Flat Dutch Drumhead.

Carter’s Improved Drumhead.

Strasburg Quintal.

Dwarf Drumhead.

11.

ScHWEINFURTH.

Synonyms, j

I Schweinfiirth Early Drumhead.

Schweinfiirth Quintal.
k Large White Schweinfiirth.

12.

Synonym.

18.

St. Denis.

St. Denis Large Drumhead.

Vaugirard.

B. — Varieties 'partaking of the Borecole character, producing but

little heart.

14.

Fearnought.

15.

Thick Leaved.

16.

Synonym.

Green Glazed American.

Glazed Cabbage.

1.

Varieties

or

Selections. 1

Class III.

Bed or Pickling Cabbage.

Dark Eed Dutch.

( Dark Eed Erfurt.

Early Dark Eed Erfurt.

[ Erfurt Blood Eed.

Small Eed.

2.

Varieties 1
or

Selections. |

Eed Dutch.

Drumhead Eed.

Large Eed Drumhead.
k Large Eed.

1. Atkins’s Matchless (Nutting and Sons ; Minier and^Co. ;
Veitch and Sons). Plant of a dwarf, compact habit of
growth. About 9 inches high. Leaves, the outer about
18 inches broad, spreading, somewhat crumpled ; of a very

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

157

dark green colour. Heart small, broad at base, tapering
to a sharp point, very firm and solid. This is a very
distinct variety of a deep green colour, varied only by
slight shading of red on the edges of the outer leaves at
times. An excellent small early Cabbage for autumn use.

2. American Early. See Early American.

3. Blenheim (Nutting and Sons). See Enfield Market. Good
stock.

4. Bacalan (Carter and Co. ; Yilmorin). Plant of tall, strong
but compact growth ; from 16 to 18 inches high, with long
stem. Leaves broad, thick, incurving, with the edges
reflexed, and wavy in outline. Hearts large, obovate in
shape ; from 6 to 8 inches in diameter ; very solid and
excellent. A very handsome and distinct Cabbage.
Succeeds either for autumn or spring sowing.

•5. Bacalan, late (Carter ; Yilmorin). A somewhat later form
of the preceding.

■6. Battersea. See Enfield Market.

7. Bleiclifield Giant (Benary). Plant dwarf, resting on the
ground. Leaves large spreading, having a bright green
shining appearance. Hearts large, flat, and solid, like
St. John’s Hay; very tender and excellent. A very fine
early variety of the Drumhead, suitable for autumn use.
Sow in spring.

8. Bloomsdale Early (Carter). This sample contained a
mixture of several varieties.

9. Brunswick (Dipp6 Bros.) Inferior stock. See Large
Brunswick.

10. Braganza. See Couve Tronchuda.

11. Carter's Heartivell. See Heartwell or Nonpareil.

12. Cattell's Reliance (Yeitch and Sons). See Enfield Market.

13. Chou Joannet (Vilmorin). See St. John’s Day.

14. Cocoa Nut, Wheeler’s (Carter; Nutting; Minier). See
Nonpareil. This is a very fine smooth rounded leaved
selection of the Nonpareil, of fine regular conical form.

15. Cornish (Nutting). Plant tall, having a stout stem of
about 8 inches. Leaves large, spreading with wavy
serrated outlines ; light green in colour. The inner leaves
much crumpled and serrated, forming a loose heart.
This is a variety of Cabbage much cultivated and esteemed

158

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in Cornwall for its thick fleshy midribs, hut it is much
inferior in this respect to the Couve Tronchuda.

16. Cceur de Been/ petit (Leroy). See Little Pixie.

17. Cceur de Bceuf gros hdtif (Leroy). See Large York.

18. Couve Tronchuda (Carter; Vilmorin). Plant of medium
size, on short thick stem. Leaves, the outer large, broad,
with short very thick fleshy stalks and midribs ; the colour
pale green, with the ribs pure white ; hearts very irregularly
formed, hut sometimes very solid. This is a variety of
Cabbage largely grown about Braganza in Portugal, and is
of excellent and distinct quality. The fleshy midribs of
the leaves are the only parts eaten, being cooked like
seakale. It is somewhat tender; requires to be sown
early in spring for use in autumn. Flowers white.

19. Couve Murciana (Barr and Sugden). Plant tall, loose
growing ; leaves large, deep green, with thick fleshy mid¬
ribs ; forms a loose heart. This is allied to C. Tronchuda,
hut much inferior.

20. Couve Pucco (Barr and Sugden). See Couve Tronchuda.

21. Curled Tronchuda (Vilmorin). Plant of tall robust growth.
Leaves spreading on long thick stalks ; much cut and
feathered down the stalk, waved and curled along the
edges, which are deep green, with the palm flat, and
almost white ; very thick and fleshy. This is very distinct
from the Couve Tronchuda, and much inferior, but is often
substituted for it.

22. Daniel's Defiance (Nutting and Son). See Enfield Market.
Fine selection.

23. David's No. 1 (Nutting and Son). See Enfield Market.

24. Dwarf Drumhead (Nutting; Veitch). See Quintal Drumhead.

25. Dwarf Early (J. Ellam). See Nonpareil. A very fine
selection.

26. De Tourlaville (Vilmorin ; Carter k Co.) Plant of tall
robust growth, on long stem. Leaves medium sized,
roundish, on long stalks ; deep green. Forms large hearts
quickly, which are about 7 inches in diameter, of ohovate
form, very firm and solid. A distinct variety. Stock not
very pure.

27. De Mortagne (Carter & Co.) Plant dwarf on very short
stem. Leaves spreading, the outer broad, flat and smooth,

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

159

the inner somewhat cupped or closing over the hearts;:
of a pale glaucous green colour, faintly tinged with purple.
Hearts large, 8 inches in diameter, flat, very firm and solid ;
forms early, and keeps long in good condition. Allied ta
the Drumhead section.

28. Dark Red Dutch ( Yilmorin). A very early variety of Eed
Cabbage ; hearts small, deep purplish red, fleshy, crisp
and excellent. Sow in spring for autumn.

29. Dark Red Erfurt (Yilmorin). Similar to Dark Red Dutch.
Fine variety.

80. Dax Drumhead (Carter ; Yilmorin). Plant very dwarf, resting^
on the soil. Leaves very large, broad, spreading, somewhat
crumpled and cockled; of a light green colour; hearts
formed quickly, very broad and quite flat, not very solid ;
very crisp and tender. Yerv much resembles Habas
Drumhead.

81. Drumhead. See Late Flat Dutch.

32. Drumhead Early Dutch (Yilmorin). See St. John’s Day
Late.

33. Drumhead Red (Nutting & Son). See Red Dutch.

34. East Ham (Carter ; Minier ; Nutting). See Enfield Market.

35. Earliest French (Carter). This sample contained a mixture
of several varieties.

36. Early American (Yeitch). A large and very early variety
of the Drumhead section. Hearts somewhat more pointed
than the ordinary form. Excellent.

37. Early Battersea (Minier). See Enfield Market.

38. Early Boulogne (Carter & Co.) Plant of small, compact
growth; height 10 inches. Leaves small, rounded, spreading
and curving backwards from the heart, which. thus appears
to stand very bare. The leaves are thick, with longitudinal
white, fleshy veinings ; hearts small, of conical shape,
with broad base ; very firm, crisp and tender. This is the
earliest of all the Cabbages, but soon bursts, and is inferior
to others which are a little later.

39. Early Bleichfield Giant (Benary). See Bleichfield Giant.

40. Early Dutch Drumhead (Yilmorin). See St. John’s Day
Late.

41. Early Dark Red Erfurt (Yilmorin). A small but early
variety of Dark Red Dutch.

160

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

42. Early Ingreville (Carter). See Be Tourlaville.

43. Early Dwarf York (Minier). See Early York. A very fine
selection.

44. Early York (Carter; Nutting; Veitch ; Vilmorin). Plant
of small compact growth on a short slender stem ; height
averaging from 10 to 12 inches. Leaves few, erect, of
rounded form, and slighty cupped ; very smooth and even ; of
a deep green colour, with a thick coating of bloom and a
few white venations. Hearts small, formed very quickly,
of an ovate form with a rounded top ; very firm and solid.
A very distinct type of Cabbage of very excellent quality.
Summer and autumn use. To be sown in spring.

45. Early Large York (Minier). See Large York, of which
this is an early selection, and having the leaves glossy.

46. Early Normandy (Carter). See Little Pixie.

47. Early Wynan (Carter). A mixed stock.

48. Early Bainham (Minier). See Enfield Market.

49. Early Jersey Wakefield (Veitch). See Jersey Wakefield.

50. Early Winnigstadt (Veitch). See Winnigstadt.

51. Enfield Market (Carter; Minier; Veitch). Plant large on
short stem. Leaves large, broad, frequently much cockled,
and with thick fleshy ribs ; bright green in colour. Hearts
large, broadly obovate and irregularly pointed ; very solid,
crisp and tender. This is the great London market
Cabbage, and the one most generally cultivated throughout
the country under many names, which differ only in pro¬
portion to the purity of stock and early or late selections.
Formerly it was better known as Vanack, subsequently
Fulham or Battersea, but at the present time Enfield Market
is the best known ; hence its adoption.

52. Erfurt Blood Bed Earliest (Benary). See Bark Bed
Butch. A small and fine selection ; very early.

53. Erfurt Large White (Benary). A large and fine late variety
of the Brumhead.

54. Erfurt Small White (Benary). A mixed and inferior stock
of Brumhead or Brunswicks.

55. Erappe Drumhead (Vilmorin). See Monk’s Cabbage.

56. Fearnought (Carter). Plant of strong robust growth, about
two feet in height, spreading. Leaves on long stalks;
narrow, much waved and irregular in outline like Broccoli ;

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

161

of a deep green colour, the ribs reddish. Hearts small,
very loosely formed. A very hardy sort, but very coarse
and worthless.

57. Fielder (Benary). See Pomeranian.

58. Flat Dutch Drumhead (Minier). See Quintal.

59. Fottle's Brunsivick (Carter ; Stuart and Mein). See Large
Brunswick.

60. Fumel or Femelle (Yilmorin ; Carter). Plant rather short,
spreading. Leaves large, rounded, on long stalks : much
crumpled ; of a very pale green colour, and very soft in
texture. Hearts very large, broad, flat like the Drumhead;
very loose. This is a very peculiar and distinct Cabbage.
Hearts form very early, but soon open out again and run
to seed.

61. Glazed Cabbage (Carter). See Green Glazed American.

62. Gibson's Drumhead (Nutting). See Large Brunswick.

63. Glen Dwarf Drumhead (Nutting). See Drumhead.

64. Green Glazed American (Yilmorin). Plant tall, on long
stem. Leaves few, medium sized, rounded, of a shining
deep green colour. Forms very small hearts. Can scarcely
be termed a Cabbage, more properly a Borecole. Much
appreciated in America, where it is almost exclusively
grown.

65. Heartwell (Carter). A very fine close growing selection of the
Nonpareil.

66. Habas Drumhead (Carter ; Yilmorin). Plant very dwarf,
resting on the soil. Leaves large, about 2^ feet in diameter,
lying flat, much crumpled, of a very pale green colour,
and very thin and tender. Hearts form quickly, very broad
and flat, frequently 10 to 12 inches, and not more than
2 inches in thickness. Yery soft and rather tender. A
very pretty and distinct early flat Cabbage.

67. Hardy Green Colewort (Carter; Yeitch). Plant of compact
growth; about 12 inches in height. Leaves of medium
size, of a very deep green colour, with a tinge of red.
Hearts formed very slowly, and late, medium size, of a
broad conical form. An excellent variety for late autumn
use ; very hardy. It is generally sown in May, planted
out thickly for use in autumn and winter, as Coleworts or
Greens. Yery fine quality.

162

JOURNAL, OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

68. Henderson's Early (Carter). A variety of tile Drumhead.
Inferior.

69. Improved (Stuart and Mein). An early selection of Enfield
Market ; very good.

70. Improved Drumhead ^Carter). See Quintal.

71. Ingreville (Yilmorin). See De Tourlaville.

72. Jersey Wakefield (Carter ; Veitch). A large strong growing
form of the Enfield Market type, but much coarser and
inferior.

78. Kemp's Incomparable (Carter & Co.) See Enfield Market.

74. Large Brunswick Short Stemmed (Vilmorin). Plant very
dwarf, almost resting on the ground. Leaves very large,
broad, lying flat on the surface, very thick and smooth ;
of very pretty pale glaucous green. Hearts large, flat, aver¬
aging about 10 inches in diameter. Very smooth, even, and
regularly formed, and very firm. Hearts form early, and
keep long in good condition. A very good variety of the
Drumhead type.

75. Large Late Flat Brunswick (Vilmorin). See large Bruns¬
wick Short Stemmed.

76. Large White Brunswick (Benary). See Late Flat Dutch.

77. Large Erappe Drumhead. See Monk’s Cabbage.

78. Laipe Green Colewort (Minier). See Hardy Green Colewort.

79. Large Mortagne Drumhead (Vilmorin). See De Mortagne.

80. Large Oxlieart (Vilmorin). See Large York.

81. Large St. John's Day (Carter). See St. John’s Day Late.

82. Large White Solid Magdeburg (Benary). A good selection of
Drumhead or Flat Dutch.

83. Large White Schweinfurtli (Benary). See Schweinfiirth.

84. Large Bed Drumhead (Vilmorin). See Bed Dutch.

85. Large Pied (Carter). See Bed Dutch.

86. Large Nonpareil (Nutting). See Enfield Market.

87. Large York (Carter ; Vilmorin). A large tall growing form
of the York Cabbage, of exactly similar appearance to the
Early York, but growing to more than twice its size. Very
excellent. This is the large Oxheart of the French.

88. Large York (Veitch ; Nutting). An early hearting form
of Large York, having the leaves glossy or shining and
destitute of the usual bloom.

89. Late Bacalan (Carter ; Vilmorin). See Bacalan.

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

168

90. Late Flat Dutch (Vilmorin) . Very large, and strong growing.
Heads very large, solid ; pale green. This is the ordinary
Drumhead Cabbage, much grown in fields for cattle.

91. Late Purple Flat Poll (Nutting). A large and late variety
of Drumhead.

92. Little Pixie (Carter; Nutting; Yeitch). Plant of very small,
close compact growth, averaging about 8 inches in height.
Leaves short, rounded, smooth; of a light green colour.
Hearts large for size of plant, of conical form, with a broad
base and rounded points. Hearts form very early, and are
of excellent quality. Good for late summer and autumn
use. Sow in spring; may be planted 15 inches apart.
This is the same as the small Oxheart of the French.

93. Louviers (Vilmorin). A larger form and very fine selection
of Little Pixie. Very good.

94. Marble Headed Mammoth (Carter). See Late Flat Dutch.

95. Marbled Burgundy Drumhead (Vilmorin). See Late Flat
Dutch.

96. McEwen’s Early (Nutting). See Enfield Market.

97. Monarch (Nutting). See Nonpareil.

98. Monk's Cabbage (Carter). Plant large, spreading on a short
stem. Leaves, the outer broad flat, the inner much cupped
and somewhat reflexed ; very thick and of deep glaucous
green colour. Hearts large, roundish, flattened, from 7 to 8
inches in diameter ; very deep green, tinged with red ; very
solid yet crisp and tender. A fine and handsome late
Cabbage, Drumhead type.

99. Wyatt’s Early (Nutting). See Enfield Market.

100. Nonpareil (Carter ; Minier; Nutting ; Veitch). Plant dwarf
seldom exceeding 12 inches in height; of close compact
growth. Leaves light green, of medium size, rounded at
the point, somewhat cockled and crumpled. Hearts of
broad conical form, from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, formed
very early, very firm and solid, and of excellent quality.
One of the most esteemed of Cabbages for general use. Not
quite so large as Enfield Market, but of much the same
character. The larger forms of the one may pass for the
other, and vice versa.

101. Normandy . See Little Pixie.

102. Oxheart Early (Vilmorin) See Little Pixie.

164

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

103. Oxheart (Carter). See Large York (Veitch).

104. Oxheart Large (Vilmorin). See Large York.

105. Oliver's Monarch (Stuart and Mein). See Nonpareil.

106. Paignton (Nutting). See Cornisli.

107. Plate (Nutting and Son). See Enfield Market.

108. Pomeranian (Carter ; Vilmorin). Plant tall, averaging from
2 to 2£ feet, on long stem. Leaves large, of long pointed
form and of a pale glassy green colour. Heads of long
conical form, sharply pointed, averaging from 14 to 16 inches,
and from 6 to 8 inches in diameter ; very solid and of good
quality. A very distinct variety, the long pointed heads
being very remarkable. Sown in autumn, becomes fit for
use the following summer. An excellent sort in dry seasons.

109. Pomme d' Orion (Leroy). Plant large, spreading, on short
stem. Leaves large, broad, spreading, with a wavy outline,
and somewhat reflexed, thus exposing and showing the
heart rather conspicuously ; hearts of medium size, obovate
pointed, very fleshy, tender, crisp and moderately solid.
A distinct variety but not of much merit.

110. Portugal (Barr & Sugden). See Couve Tronchuda.

111. Prefin de Boulogne (Leroy). See Early Boulogne.

112. Precoce de Louviers (Vilmorin). See Louviers.

113. Premium Flat Dutch (Carter). See Late Flat Butch. A
large late variety.

114. Prompt de St. Malo (Leroy; Vilmorin). Plant tall and
rather thin. Leaves long, narrow ; hearts large, of obovate
pointed shape and of a light green colour ; the ribs very
prominent and fleshy ; very solid, crisp and tender. An
early Cabbage but stock very inferior.

115. Quintal or Civt. Drumhead (Carter; Vilmorin). Plant
very dwarf, almost resting on the ground. Outer leaves
large, broad, rounded, with wavy outline, those approaching
the heart prettily reflexed along the edges, giving the plant
a very distinct and handsome appearance. It is of a
uniform light glaucous green colour ; the ribs white and
very prominent ; hearts large, flat, averaging from 8 to 10
inches in diameter and from 2 to 3 inches in thickness ;
very solid yet tender and excellent ; hearts form rapidly
and keep well. One of the very best of the Drumhead
section for garden cultivation.

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

165

116. Raymeadow (Wheeler). An early and fine selection of
Enfield market.

117. Red Dutch (Minier ; Nutting; Veitcli). Plant tall, of
strong vigorous growth. Leaves large, rounded, of a dull
purplish red colour, very thickly covered with a greyish
blue bloom ; hearts large, very solid ; of a very deep red
colour. Excellent. This is the ordinary Red Cabbage.

118. Robinson's Champion Drumhead (Nutting). See late Flat
Dutch.

119. Rosette Colewort (Carter; Minier; Yeitch). Plant of a
very distinct style of growth, small, compact. Leaves
small, rounded, short,. cupped or incurved and hooding over
heart, thus forming a perfectly flat or square top ; of a deep
green colour tipped with rose ; hearts small but becoming
very firm if sown at the proper season. It should be sown
in May and planted out about 15 inches apart for use in
autumn as Coleworts or small Cabbages. If sown at other
seasons it grows very differently and is much inferior.
Much cultivated in the market gardens round London, and
deservedly esteemed.

120. Schweinfiirth Quintal (Vilmorin). Plant large and spreading,
from 18 to 20 inches in height, on a short stem. Leaves
thin, very large, broad, the outer flat and spreading, the
others gradually becoming more cupped the nearer to the
heart; colour pale green, shining or destitute of the
usual bloom, the outer edges of the leaves tinged with
dull red ; hearts large or very large, roundish or obovate
in shape, and seldom becoming very solid ; may be easily
crushed with the hands like a lettuce. This is a very
early variety of the Drumhead section, but unsuited for
gardens.

121. Schweinfurth Early Drumhead (Minier). See Schweinfiirth
Quintal.

122. Silver Leaf Drumhead (Carter and Co.) Plant dwarf, like
Short stemmed Brunswick ; heads large, flat. Leaves light
green, tinged on the outer edges with dull red. Coarse.

128. Small very Early Erfurt Drumhead (Yilmorin). Plant
dwarf, almost resting on the ground ; greatly resembling
St. John’s Day, but inferior in texture and quality. Leaves
small, rounded, smooth ; hearts of medium size, flat, very

M

166

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

smooth, evenly formed and very solid. A small early
and very pretty variety of Drumhead.

124. Sprotboro (Nutting and Son ; Minier). See Enfield Market.

125. Small Red (Carter). See Dark Red Dutch.

126. Small Oxlieart (Carter and Co.) See Early York.

127. St. Denis (Carter). Plant dwarf, on a short stem, spreading.
Leaves very large, thick, rounded, lying flat ; of a deep
green colour, with a very thick blue bloom. Hearts large,
roundish, very firm and solid, some having a tinge of
brown, but generally of a uniform deep green. Forms
early and keeps long in good condition. A very pretty
Cabbage.

128. St. Denis Large Drumhead (Vilmorin). See St. Denis.

129. St. John's Day (Carter; Nutting). Plant very dwarf,
entirely resting on the ground, seldom exceeding 6 or 7
inches in height, and about 18 or 20 inches in breadth.
Leaves spreading broad, very compactly placed ; of a deep
green colour. Hearts large, broad, flat, from 6 to 8 inches
in diameter ; very firm, solid, yet crisp, tender and fleshy.
Forms early, and is of excellent quality. One of the very best
Cabbages for autumn use. Sow in April and plant out
15 inches apart.

130. St. John's Day Early (Minier). See St. John’s Day Late.

131. St. John's Day Drumhead (Yeitch). See St. John’s Day.

132. St. John's Day Early Drumhead (Vilmorin). See St.
John’s Day.

133. St. John's Day Late Drumhead (Vilmorin). A larger and
later form of St. John’s Day.

134. Strasburg Quintal (Denary). See Quintal.

135. Sugar Loaf (Carter ; Nutting ; Veitch ; Vilmorin). Plant
of a very distinct character, of rather tall growth. Leaves
long, erect, spoon-shaped, and much cupped ; of a very
pale green colour, but covered with a thick bloom,
and leathery texture. Hearts of long ovate shape, formed
very loosely, the leaves merely hooding over in the manner
of a loose Cos Lettuce, so may be easily unfolded. Forms
early, but of poor quality, not worthy of cultivation.

136. Superfine Early (Vilmorin). See Early York. A very fine
selection.

137. Thick-leaved (Carter; Vilmorin). Plant of tall vigorous

REPORT ON CABBAGES GROWN AT CHISWICK.

167

growth, on long stem. Leaves large, spreading, very thick
and leathery ; of a pale green colour, with very prominent
broad white midribs and veinings, giving the plant a very
white appearance. The edges or borderings much waved
in outline, and recurving over the heart very prettily.
Hearts medium size, broad, very solid, but is apt to burst
open rather quickly. A very distinct but coarse and un¬
certain variety.

138. Tom Thumb Early Dwarf (Minier). See Early York. A
very fine selection,

139. Tourlaville (Yilmorin). See De Tourlaville.

140. Tronchuda. See Couve Tronchuda.

141. Vanack. See Enfield Market. Yanack is the old and
original name of the Cabbage, now generally known as
Enfield Market.

142. Van Winkler's Flat Dutch (Carter). See Drumhead or
Flat Dutch.

143. Vaugirard (Carter; Leroy). Plant of medium height on
short stem. Leaves large, broad, flat and smooth, very
thick and fleshy, of a very deep green colour, with a thick
heavy bloom, those near the heart somewhat waved and
tinged with purple, like the red Cabbage. Hearts large,
roundish, moderately firm and solid, but somewhat coarse.

144. Vaugirard Winter Drumhead (Yilmorin). See Yaugirard.

145. Victoria , Harrison's (Harrison). See Enfield Market.

146. Wheeler's Cocoa Nut (Wheeler). See Cocoa Nut or
Nonpareil.

147. Wheeler's Imperial (Nutting ; Yeitch). See Nonpareil. A
fine early selection.

148. Winningstadt (Benary; Carter; Nutting; Yeitch; Yilmorin).
Plant of medium size on short thick stem. Leaves, the outer
large, spreading, smooth ; of a deep green colour, with a
heavy bloom, and very thick and fleshy. Hearts very
large, broad, conical and sharply pointed, the point fre¬
quently twisted somewhat on one side ; very solid, and of
excellent quality. A very distinct and excellent Cabbage
for late summer and autumn use ; should be sown in
August, or very early in Spring.

149. Winnigstadt Sugar Loaf (Benary). See Winnigstadt.

150. Wright's Market (Minier). See Enfield Market.

m 2

168

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Garden Cabbages arranged according to tbeir seasons, represent¬
ing all tbe types or typical varieties in cultivation : —

Early Varieties .

1. Atkins’s Matchless.

2. Early Boulogne.

3. Early York.

4. Little Pixie.

5. Nonpareil.

6. St. John’s Bay.

7. Sugar Loaf.

Mid or General Season Varieties .

8. Enfield Market.

9. Large York.

10. Prompt de St. Malo.

11. Tourlaville

12. Rosette Colewort.

18. Winnigstadt.

Late Varieties.

14. Bacalan.

15. Hardy Green Colewort.

16. Pomme d’Orion,

17. Pomeranian.

Selection of Cabbages, best adapted for sowing in spring, for
an autumn supply, those marked * being most recommended : — ■
Atkins’s Matchless.

* Early York.

Hardy Green Colewort.

Little Pixie.

* Nonpareil.

* Rosette Colewort.

* St. John’s Bay.

* C ouve Tronchuda.

Selection of Cabbages best suited for sowing in autumn , for a
spring and summer supply : —

Little Pixie.

Enfield Market.

Nonpareil.

Winnigstadt.

NOTES ON A DISEASED ACACIA.

169

XXVI. — Notes on a Diseased Acacia ( Robinia p>seudo- acacia).

By W. Wilson Saunders, F.R.S. (Read at meeting of

Scientific Committee, 11th March, 1879h

When at Torquay, a short time since, my attention was called
hy my friend E. Vivian, Esq., of that place, to a very remarkable
diseased trunk and branches of an Acacia (Robinia pseudo-
acacia), which he had planted in his grounds about the year
1842, on the north side of a wall 8 feet high, in clayey loam, with
a subsoil of shale. The tree was cut down in 1870, on account
of the disease stopping its growth and rendering it unsightly.
I carefully examined the remains of this tree, and was furnished
by Mr. Vivian, who is an excellent draughtsman, with a sketch
of the trunk, and I was allowed to take branches of the tree for
more rigid examination. I beg now to offer to the Scientific
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society carefully executed
drawings of this diseased Acacia, with sections of the stem and
branches, which will show the character of the disease, and to
describe at the same time its peculiar features. So far as I was
enabled to see the nature of the disease on the stem and
branches preserved by Mr. Vivian, it appeared as a very regular
eruptive growth of numerous more or less rounded nodulous
excrescences, commencing at the very base of the main stem and
extending to the very extremity of the branches. These
excrescences were very unequal in size, very variable in outline,
and very rough and nodulous. They often touched each other,
and in places formed elongated somewhat transversely ribbed
masses. Some of the more developed excrescences on the
main stem protruded nearly two inches from the general line of
the stem, while others on the branches were like large rough
warts, with an elevation of only a quarter of an inch.

Referring now to the Drawings which accompany this, No. 1
shows a horizontal section of the main stem near the base,
opening up two of the excrescences and showing others in profile.
Here it will be perceived that the bark is thick, very rough
externally except where it covers the excrescences, and there it is
much reduced in thickness, being scarcely one-eighth of an inch
through. The sap wood is well marked and runs into the

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

excrescences, where it is crossed by some obsolete lines
radiating towards the circumference. The heart wood exhibits
the centre of growth to be very eccentric, and the zones of
growth very unequal and much disturbed on the side A by the
excrescence there, and a second centre of growth which has been
formed between the original centre and the circumference. The
excrescence B is much more elevated than the one at A, and has
the appearance of the heart wood penetrating it by two conical
projections.

B

No. 1. — One quarter the natural size.

In drawing No. 2 the disease is well shown on the branches
of the tree, and is drawn to half the natural size. It will be
observed that the excrescences have now become very irregular in
shape and size, in some places forming long confluent masses,
which are transversely ribbed, and, although so various in size
yet the excrescences are well distributed over the whole.

NOTES ON A DISEASED ACACIA.

171

Drawing No. 3 is a section on the line A B, Drawing No. 2,
and is the size of nature. Here a thick hark surrounds
the wood, but
there is no appear¬
ance of sap wood.

The wood pene¬
trates the bark in
several places by
conical projec¬
tions, showing
abortive attempts
to reach the
surface and for¬
cing the bark out¬
wards. The centre
of the section
shows a congrega¬
tion of knotty
points, around
which, on the side
A, are three differ¬
ent centres of
growth, with cor¬
responding zones
of growth, while
on the side B
there is a mass
of very irregularly
grown wood, from
which arise five
of the conical
projections I have No. 2. — Half the natural size,

before mentioned.

Drawing No. 4 gives the termination of a branch of the
natural size, showing the indescribable character of these
terminal excrescences and the contortions and undulations of
the bark which covers them. It will be observed here that
several attempts to form further growth have been made from
the excrescences, one at A remaining, others at B, C, D having
been broken off. It may be worth mentioning that the heart

172 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wood, both of the stem and branches, as far as I have an
opportunity of examining it, appeared firm, in good condition, and
without any indications of decay* The nature of the numerous
excrescences on this Acacia tree, causing all growth eventually to

No. 3. — Natural size.

be stopped, is that of the well known knaur or burrs, commonly so
called. They are thus referred to in Dr. Masters’ “ Vegetable
Teratology,” page 419, and my examinations seem entirely to
confirm what is there stated.

“ They are covered with bark, and consist in the interior of
very hard layers of wood, disposed irregularly so as to form
objects of beauty for cabinet makers’ purposes. From the
frequent presence of small atrophied leaf buds on their surface,
it would seem as if the structures in question were shortened
branches on which the woody layers have become inordinately
developed as if by compensation for the curtailment in length.”

Other excrescences on trees sometimes of considerable size

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

173

occur, not unfrequently caused
by friction, but these I have
found to be of a different cha¬
racter to the knaur and have
no tendency to produce adventi¬
tious buds. I do not venture to
give an opinion on the cause or
causes which form the knaur,
so little is known on the subject,
and it seems very desirable to
obtain more information on this
interesting peculiarity of vege¬
table growth. I should wish it
to be well understood that the
drawings were made from the
stem and branches of the tree
long after the tree had been cut
down. It would have been
much more satisfactory if I
could have examined it in the
living state. I cannot but here
thank E. Vivian, Esq., for the
kind assistance he has given
me as regards the diseased
Acacia I have described.

B

No. 4.

XXVII. — Notes on Root-Hairs and Root Growth.

By Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R.S.

[Bead at a Meeting of the Scientific Committee, 22nd April, 1879.]
The hairs which are observed on the younger and finer roots
seem hardly to have received the attention at the hands of
cultivators that their importance demands. With a view of
directing attention to them, and of inducing others with more
convenience and leisure than fall to my own lot, to observe and
experiment upon them, I lay before the Committee the following
notes which, though of a fragmentary and incomplete character,
:may yet be of some service.

The appearance of these root-hairs is familiar enough to

174

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivators in certain cases, though it is strange that their
absence in other instances should have escaped comment, if not
observation. In a Vine border for instance, it is remarkable to
see how the roots will lay hold of a fragment of any nutritive
substance, invest it with a dense cobweb-like network of fine
fibrils from whose surface protrude the minute hairs known
as “root-hairs.” The substances with which the roots come
into contact are often insoluble in water, a piece of bone, for
example, and we must therefore admit from that, as well as
from other evidence, not necessary to be detailed here, that the
root-fibrils and root-hairs have the power of secreting some
liquid which acts as a solvent of the mineral matters of the soil,
the solution so formed being absorbed into the tissue of the plant.

Grasparrini was one of the first to draw attention to the root-
hairs.* This author describes and figures many illustrations
as seen under the microscope ; he points out inter alia that the
root-hairs are always unicellular ; he further asserts that they
sometimes exude a mucilaginous and granular matter, and he
even states that in Poa annua the root-hairs burst or open at
the extremities by means of a little flap or valve and so liberate
their contents, but these statements are open to doubt.

Chatin (Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, 1856, p. 5) noted
the production of these hairs when the roots come in contact
with any obstacle, the contact with which he considered as
sufficient to account for their formation. The thin film of
moisture, however, which is apt to collect around such a body
is more likely to be a determining cause than mere pressure.
Mer, in alluding to this subject (Comptes Eendus, March 24,
1879), also attributes the production of root-hairs to arrest of
growth caused by some obstacle. In such a case, he says, the
nutritive fluids are diverted from the growing tip of the root to
the adjoining tissues and especially to the epidermal cells, and
hence the production of hairs. But that such explanations do not
hold good in all cases, I produced evidence to show before the
committee while this paper was passing through the press, in
the shape of a Badish which had penetrated a piece of soft
wood. This had offered sufficient obstruction to constrict and
distort the root but without inducing the formation of hairs.

* Gasparrini, Ricerche sulla natura dei succiatori e la escrezione
delle radice. Napoli, 1856.

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

175

It seems probable that some plants rarely if ever possess,
root-hairs, that in certain other cases they are formed only under
certain conditions, and that they are caducous, so that they may
be found at certain times and seasons, while in others they
may not come under notice. So far as my own observations
go, plants whose roots are wholly immersed in water are
frequently, but by no means universally, destitute of con¬
spicuous root- hairs — e.g., Callitriche, Nymphcea, Nasturtium.
Plants with thick fleshy and woody roots still more rarely
produce these outgrowths ; thus, in the case of the roots
descending from the corms of a Crocus, the bulbs of a Tulip
or a Hyacinth, or of the fleshy root fibres of Ranunculus
Ficaria, &c., there are no conspicuous root-hairs. I might
cite other cases, such as the fleshy roots of Sonchus arvensis,
the roots of Taraxacum , of Prunella vulgaris , and very many
more, but these illustrations are sufficient for my present
purpose, which is simply to show that these root-hairs aro
poorly developed if not entirely absent in certain categories of
plants, and relatively abundant in other plants and under
other circumstances. On some future occasion I hope to
enter more fully into this subject, but, at present, I confine
myself to these statements as preliminary to the record of
some experiments made by me with a view to the investiga¬
tion of the circumstances which give some plants the advantage
over others when growing together, as in a pasture.

It is obvious that root development and the power of
turning to account varying conditions, physical and chemical,
of the soil, must be important factors in the competition and
struggle for existence among plants. So far as absorption
of nutritive matter is concerned it is the minutest
fibrils and the root-hairs (when present) that we have to
consider. We know, in a general way, that their number is
much greater in the same species of plant under some circum¬
stances than under others, that if they are growing in rich,
moist, well aerated and well drained soil, the production of
feeding roots is greater than under opposite circumstances.
Under such favorable conditions the root fibrils are short and
densely matted, whereas in sterile soil they are elongated and
produce but few fibrils. The dense leash of feeding roots made
by trees whose roots have access to water is familiar to all wha

176

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

liave wandered by a river’s bank, as also the net work formed
around any food-yielding substance, such as a piece of leather
or of bone as above alluded to.

With reference to the varying degrees of development of the
roots according to the nature of the soil they traverse, the
following extract from Knight’s ‘‘Horticultural Papers” may
appropriately be cited : —

“ A trench which was twenty feet long, six wide, and about
two deep, was prepared in my garden, in the bottom of which
trench was placed a layer, about six inches deep, of very rich
mould, incorporated with much fresh vegetable matter. This
was covered, eighteen inches deep, with light and poor loam,
and upon the bed thus formed, seeds of the common Carrot
(Daucus Carota) and Parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa) were sowed.
The plants grew feebly till near the end of the summer, when
they assumed a very luxuriant growth, grew rapidly till late in
the autumn, and till their leaves were injured by frost. The
roots were then examined, and were found of an extraordinary
length, and in form almost perfectly cylindrical, having scarcely
emitted any lateral fibrous roots into the poor soil, whilst the
rich soil beneath was filled with them.

“In another experiment of the same season, the preceding
process was reversed, the rich soil being placed upon the surface
and the poor beneath. The plants here grew very luxuriantly,
and acquired a considerable size early in the summer; and
when the roots were taken up in the autumn, they were
found to have assumed very different forms. The greater part
had divided into two or more unequal ramifications, very near
the surface of the ground, and those which were not thus
divided tapered rapidly to a point at the surface of the poor soil,
into which few of their fibrous roots had entered.” — Knight’s
“ Horticultural Papers ,” XII., On the Origin and Formation of
Foots , p. 159.

The most accurate investigations, however, as to the effect of
the medium in which they are growing, on the production of
root fibrils, are those of Nobbe, summarised in “ How Crops
Grow,” (English Edition, p. 231). It is there shown, as a
result of well devised experiments, that where the fertilising
material was thoroughly mixed with the soil, the root-fibrils
were evenly dispersed throughout, but where the fertiliser

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

177

was placed in layers at different depths, then the root-fibrils
were most abundant in those layers, and relatively few were
present in the intervening less nutritions portions. The experi¬
ments were varied in different manners, but the results, in all
cases, showed that the principal development of the roots
occurred in the immediate vicinity of the material which was
likely to furnish them with nutriment.

On the general question of root-growth and root-absorption,
however, the most -important recent paper is that of Sachs-
in the “ Landw., Versuchstat.,” 1859, cap. iv., a summary of
which is given in the French translation of Sachs’ ‘ 4 Physiologie
Vegetale,” by Micheli. It is therein shown (p. 208, figs. 16 — 20)
that the root fibrils insinuate themselves between the minutest
particles of soil, that each particle of soil is invested like the fibril
itself with a thin film of water which passes by diffusion into the
root. In that work the observations of Liebig, Peters, Knop, and
others are summarised. Sachs also alludes to some extremely
fine thread-like protrusions from the root-hairs, which it would
he interesting to compare with the protoplasmic outgrowths
lately observed in leaves of the Teazel, by Dr. Francis Darwin.

M. Moeller, whose researches are abstracted in the Bulletin
of the Botanical Society of France (1878, t. xxv., Rev. Bibl.),*
is stated to have sown seeds of Pinus Laricio in fifteen different
soils. His general conclusions are that the length of the root is
not in proportion to the total development of the plants. The
length of the root depends upon the facility with which it
penetrates the soil. In general, soils rich in humus produce
thick roots ; pure mineral ones, slender ones. Lime produces
little better roots than pure sand, while lime in combination is
very serviceable to root development. Some varieties of soil
favour the development of the cortex, others of the woody
cylinder. Heathy soil produces the greatest quantity of wood.
While in the root the diameter of the woody cylinder augments,
in proportion with the growth of that organ, it is not so in the
case of the stem, where it is the hark that predominates. It is
in heathy soil that the woody portion of the plant is absolutely
most developed. A limestone soil favours the wood at the
expense of the bark.

* Ueber den einflnss der Bodenbeschaffenheit anf die erste
Entwickelung der Schwarzfobre (Pinus Laricio).

178 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eoot development was also made a subject of special inquiry
in the experiments undertaken under the auspices of this
Committee at Chiswick, by Dr. Gilbert and myself. In those
•experiments, which extended over two years, twelve different
plants were grown under six different conditions of manuring,
and the results, including the notes on root development, were
published in the Journal of this Society, 1870 (Yol. III., page
19 and page 195).

It stands to reason that a large production of root-fibrils and
root-hairs exhausts the soil in their immediate neighbourhood
sooner and more thoroughly than a more limited development
does. But, on the other hand, it must be remembered that
long, deeply rooting plants, or plants with thick root-branches
penetrating downwards to a considerable depth, may, in the
•aggregate, produce quite as many or more^feeding roots, though
they may be more widely diffused and not so apparent to the
eye. These differences are, in a vague general sense, denoted
by the ordinary terms of “ surface -rooting ” or “ deep -rooting ”
plants. The surface-rooting plants have usually finely branched
root-fibres in great numbers, not penetrating very deeply and
liable to be injured by drought or by frost. The more deeply
rooting plants are usually plants of longer duration, with
ooarser, stronger, less branched but much more deeply pene¬
trating roots. Such plants therefore are better able to withstand
drought, first because they are not so much affected by surface
evaporation, and next because they can obtain supplies of
moisture from a greater depth.

It is, however, not my purpose to allude in further detail
to these subjects here, but, in reference to the changes in
roots produced by different circumstances, I may, in passing,
allude to a remarkable change which I have more than once
observed when growing seeds of oak, filbert, and chesnut
in bottles of water. In such cases, especially when, owing
to the non-removal of the cork, the air in the bottle becomes
somewhat stagnant, I have observed the production of very
numerous flat, flaky excrescences, spongy in texture, and
whitish in colour, from the sides of the root and of the stem.
Under the microscope these excrescences are seen to consist
of large oblong cells, loosely aggregated, and confined within
a thin epidermal layer. These outgrowths suggest a resem-

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

179

Glance to the warty outgrowths met with on the leaves of vines,
and which I have lately seen on the foliage of forced potatos,
and they call to mind the spongy investment of the aerial
roots of Orchids and Arads, and the similar hut firmer
.growths which invest the roots of Cycads when they are
thrust up above ground. These points seem all significant,
but, for want of fuller information, I pass them by with
the mere mention, and proceed to narrate the details of
some experiments made with a view of obtaining informa¬
tion as to the production of root-hairs.

The experiments were carried out in the following manner : —
Seeds of Mustard ( Sinapis alba) , and of Cress (Lepidium sativum )
were sown on the same day in 6-in. (top diameter) flower pots,
£lled with soils of various characters, thus : —

(1.) Two pots were filled with stiff yellow clay, rammed in
hard.

(2.) Two with washed gravel pebbles, varying in size from
that of a pea to that of a hazel nut.

(8.) Two with lumps of “ballast” or burnt clay, varying
in size from the dimensions of a filbert to those of
a walnut.

(4.) Two with rich garden mould.

(5.) Two with layers of flannel.

(6.) Two with compact layers of half-rotten leaves.

(7.) Two with road scrapings.

These substances were chosen as affording varying degrees
of permeability ; thus, Nos. 1 and 6 were likely to be penetrated
with difficulty by the radicles; Nos. 2, 3, and 7 might be
expected to be readily, and Nos. 4 and 5 moderately, traversed
by the roots. The capacities for holding water, admitting air,
and of furnishing nourishment may also be presumed to have
varied in each case.

The seeds were chosen by reason of their ready and speedy
germinating power, and because while the Mustard produces
a large quantity of root-hairs, the Cress produces, under the
same circumstances, so few, that a lens is usually requisite
to see them at all.

The seeds were sown on the 22nd of January, 1878, one
half of each pot being occupied with Mustard,] the other half

180

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with Cress. The seeds were laid on the surface of the soil
and just covered with a thin layer of the same soil, or in the
case of the rammed clay, the pebbles, and the burnt clay with
a thin covering of damp sand, which, as subsequent experience
showed, would have been better omitted. The pots were
placed in an open frame in the garden.

On the same day seeds of Mustard and of Cress were
sown on plates of charcoal (8), and on slabs of glass (9), the
seeds being covered in the latter case with cotton-wool kept
moist. The three last-mentioned sets of seeds were placed in
a cupboard in a room warmed in the daytime by a fire.

On the 3rd of February, the seeds on the charcoal and
on the glass were examined, with the following results : —

(8) Charcoal. Mustard seedlings, February 3rd, average height
of seedlings 10 centimetres, of tigellum 74 — 8, of radicle 2 — 3
centimetres (a few root-hairs). Cress seedlings, average height
7 — 8 centimetres, of tigellum 5, of radicle 2 — 3 centimetres.

(9) Glass. Mustard, average height 4 — 5 centimetres, of tigellum
2 — 3, of radicle — 2 centimetres. (Eoot-hairs extremely
abundant and very fine, forming a dense cobweb-like leash or
net work.) Cress, average height 3 — 4 centimetres, of tigellum
1-| — 2, of radicle 2 — 2% centimetres. (Root-hairs of the same
general character as in the case of the Mustard but less dense.)

The seedlings in one set of pots were examined on
February 16th, and the following appearances noted; the
measurements being taken from the seedlings near the centre
of each pot and in such a way as to give a fair average of the
entire height, of the height of the tigellum and of that of the
radicle. The measurements must, however, be looked on as
approximative only : —

(1.) Rammed Clay. Mustard, average height 8 — 9, length of
tigellum 3 — 4, of radicle 4 — 5 centimetres. Cress, average height
3, length of tigellum 1, of radicle 2 centimetres.

In neither case were there many root-hairs, all the time
the radicles remained in contact with the soil. Despite the
thickness and tenacity of the clay, the radicles penetrated it to
reach the sides of the pot ; having done so, they produced
an abundance of root-hairs.

In the subsequent paragraphs, in order to save repetition, the
words tigellum and radicle are omitted ; but it will be under-

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

181

stood that the first brace of figures refers to the total average
height, the second to the length of the tigellum,the third to that
of the radicle.

(2.) Pebbles. — Mustard, 7 — 8, 2£, 5 — 6 centimetres. Cress,
4 — 6, 1J, 4 centimetres.

The Mustard, produced, numerous root-hairs when the radicles
penetrated the smaller interstices between the stones. The
Cress under the same circumstances produced very few.

(3.) Ballast.— -Mustard, 9 — 10, 2 — 8, and 6 — 7 centimetres.
Cress, 5 — 6, 1| — 2, and 2£ — 3J centimetres.

In the Mustard dense root-hairs were observed where the roots
came into contact with the sand by which the lumps of ballast
were covered ; in the Cress they were much less abundant.

(4.) Garden Soil. — Mustard, 10 — 12, 3 — 4, and 7 — 9 cen¬
timetres. Cress, 5 — 6, — 2, and 4 — 4£ centimetres.

In this instance the roots descended vertically into the soil.
In the case of the Mustard there was a production of a dense
mass of root-hairs to which the soil adhered, while in the case
of the Cress the hairs were very much less numerous.

(5.) Flannel. — Mustard, 6 — 7, 2-J-, and 4 — 5 centimetres.
Cress, 3, 1, and 2 centimetres.

The flannel was covered with a thin layer of sand, in passing
through which the radicles of the Mustard developed a few
root-hairs, while none, or only a few and those very small,
were formed while the roots were traversing the flannel. Very
few hairs were produced on the roots of the Cress.

(6.) Decayed Leaves.— -Mustard, 9 — 10, 4, and 5 centimetres.
Cress, 5, 2 — 3, and 3 centimetres.

In the case of the Mustard the radicles were very densely
clothed with root-hairs all the way up from near the apex.
The Cress had comparatively few hairs.

(7.) Road Sand. — Mustard, 9 — 10, 2J — 3, and6— 7 centimetres.
Cress 6, 2, and 4 centimetres.

Upper end of radicle of Mustard covered with a dense mass
of hairs to which the soil was adherent ; tip nude. The Cress
presented like appearances but less in degree.

On the 3rd of March the second set of seedlings were examined
and the following notes taken : —

(1.) Bammed Clay.

N

182

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In both plants the heights were too unequal to allow of a fair
average being arrived at. The radicles that penetrated the clay
and reached the sides of the pot were very luxuriant and
produced an abundance of root-hairs. Those that were in the
middle of the clay, and which were, by reason of their position,
debarred from reaching the sides of the pot so speedily, were
stunted in growth and had but few hairs.

(2.) Pebbles. — Mustard, average height 15 — 16, length of
tigellum 4 — 6, length of radicle 8—10 centimetres. Cress,
8 — 9, 2, 6 — 7 centimetres.

In this case some of the sand that had been scattered over
the surface was washed down between the pebbles. The root
fibrils of the Mustard were directed obliquely downwards, and
had but few root-hairs. The Cress also had few hairs.

(3.) Ballast. — Mustard, 15, 5 — 6, 10 — 12 centimetres.
Cress, 7—9, 3 — 4, 5 — 6 centimetres.

The radicles of the Mustard were straight, unbranched and
with few root-hairs ; those of the Cress were directed more
obliquely, were somewhat more branched, and had very few hairs
except where they came into contact with the sides of the pot.

(4.) G-arden Soil. — Mustard, 12 — 13, 6, 6 — 7 centimetres.
Cress, 13 — 14, 4, 9 — 10 centimetres.

The radicles of the Mustard were slightly branched, the fibrils
spreading horizontally, but with few root-hairs. The radicles
of the Cress were perfectly straight and unbranched, with few
root-hairs except near the sides of the pot.

(5.) Flannel. — Mustard, 4 — 5, 3 — 4, 1 — 2 centimetres.
Cress, 3 — 4, 2 — 3, 1 — 2 centimetres.

In the centre of the pot where the flannel had become dry,
the radicles shrivelled and died from below upwards. Near the
sides of the pots, however, the vigour of the seedlings was greater
and the number of root-hairs larger.

(6.) Decayed Leaves. — Mustard, 12, 8 — 9, 3 — 4 centimetres.
Cress, 8, 4—5, 3 — 4 centimetres.

In this pot the great proportionate length of the tigella or
caulicles was remarkable. The downward growth of the radicle
was impeded by the layers of tough leaves. At the sides of the
pots the radicles and root-hairs were most abundant, and on the
surface of the leaves themselves the hairs were relatively very
numerous.

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

183

(7.) Road Sand. — Mustard, 14 — 15,5— 6, and 8 — 9 centimetres.
Cress, 12 — 13, 4 — 5, and 7 — 8 centimetres.

The radicles of the Mustard were quite straight, with a few
horizontal branches. The root-hairs were cobwebby, and very
abundant ; less so in the case of the Cress.

The subjoined diagrams will show in brief and approximately
some of the chief results of the experiments in the case of the
Mustard and of the Cress respectively.

MUSTARD

1 2 S 4- <5 6 7

N 2

184

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Each horizontal space is supposed to correspond to a centi¬
metre. The vertical spaces 1 — 7 correspond to the respective
pots. The dots, circles, and asterisks represent the condition of
the seedlings on February 16th ; the lines, that in the duplicate
set examined on March 3rd. The average total height of the
seedlings (Mustard or Cress) is shown by black dots or thick
lines respectively, the average height of the tigellum is shown
by circles 0 or by thin lines, the average length of the radicle by
asterisks * or by wavy lines.

NOTES ON ROOT-HAIRS AND ROOT GROWTH.

185

On the whole, the results of the four sets of observations (two
for the Mustard, two for the Cress) are quite as uniform, if not
more so, than is ordinarily the case in similar experiments.

In the case of No. 1, the relatively impenetrable character of
the clay is well shown in the table ; the strongest seedlings did
indeed manage to thrust their radicles through it, and to reach
the sides of the pot, and then, and not till then, did they pro¬
duce any root-hairs; so that the mere presence of a solid
obstacle is not of itself sufficient, as stated by Chatin, to
account for the presence of the hairs.

The general result was so irregular that, on the second
examination, it was found impracticable to get any fair average ;
some of the seedlings were dead, many were weakly, a very few
had managed to penetrate the clay to any distance. The
relative barrenness of stiff clays in this way receives some
illustration.

In the case of Nos. 2 and 8 (pebbles and ballast), the con¬
ditions were nearly the same ; water and air could be admitted
freely, and the roots could easily penetrate the interstices of the
stones, and avail themselves of the thin films of water adhering
to the stones. The result is shown in the high average vigour
of the seedlings, and in the length of the radicles. It was
noticeable also that root-hairs were plentifully produced under
the lea of the stones.

In 4 (garden soil) a high average degree of vigour was
observed in both the Mustard and the Cress ; but in the former
the relative proportions of tigellum and radicle were more
uniform than in the case of the Cress. The roots of the Cress
were more highly developed as to size in this pot than in any
other of the Cress series. In the case of the Mustard, it will be
observed that the roots in No. 4 appear in the diagram to have
been longer in February than they were in the corresponding
pot examined a fortnight later ; but this appearance is false, and
arises from the fact that the dot is accidently placed too low in
the column and the asterisk too high.

In number 5 (flannel) we have a similar discrepancy, the
total length of the Mustard seedlings and of their radicles being
noted as greater in the first batch than in the second. No such
discrepancy is observable in the case of the Cress grown in the
same pot. The seedlings of the Mustard were very much

186

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

stunted and withered, so that it is to be presumed that they did
not get then’ fair share of moisture, which by some accident was
concentrated on that half containing the Cress.

In number 6 (rotten leaves), the conditions were very favour¬
able except in the matter of penetration, the tough leaves
offering a considerable obstacle. Still, the moisture and the
decaying vegetable matter furnished a relative abundance of
food, as is seen by the high average vigour. The length of root
was relatively small, but the proportion of root-hairs was large.

In No. 7 (road scrapings) the conditions were also favourable,
the soil was readily permeable to water and air, readily laid hold
of by the roots, and no doubt contained available plant food. The
general result was an even growth, and a high average develop¬
ment of all parts of the seedling plant.

With reference to the production of root-hairs, some further
remarks may be made arising out of these experiments. The
length of the radicle offers no guide to the number of root-hairs.
If the food is within a short distance there is no need for the
roots to travel far, and they throw out their feeders where the
food is to be obtained. Wherever the soil is light and porous,
there the root-hairs may be expected to be most abundant, and
wherever there is a thin film of water investing a stone, or the
side of a porous flower pot, or a plate of glass, there the root
hairs abound. Where the opposite conditions prevail, there the
production of root-hairs is relatively small.

The variations in the total length of the seedlings and of the
radicle are easily explained by the circumstances of growth.
On the other hand, the comparative uniformity in the height of
the tigellum may perhaps be explained by the fact that the
office of this part of the plant is simply to uplift the seed leaves
above the surface, and this done, there is no further need for it
to elongate. Koot-hairs are never, I believe, produced from it.
The great length of the tigellum in pot No. 6 (rotten leaves),
both absolutely and relatively, is noteworthy. It occurred in
the Mustard seedlings as well as in the Cress, but I am not able
to suggest an explanation of the phenomenon.

REPORT ON GLOXINIAS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

187

XXVI. — Report on Gloxinias, Grown at Chiswick for Trial by
Floral Committee. 1878. By A. F. Barron.

The enormous increase in the number of varieties and the
wondrous development of beauty and novelty amongst
Gloxinias during the past few years suggested the desirability
of forming a collection of them in the Gardens, and nothing
could have proved much more attractive or interesting. The
varieties here described were chiefly received from Messrs.
Veitch and Sons, and the celebrated collection of M. Duval,
of Versailles ; Lemoine, of Nancy, and Chantrier Freres.

The Gloxinias, originally of one class only, having the
flowers drooping; now, owing to hybridization, are of two
very distinct classes, viz. : —

1. Flowers erect. By far the most attractive and numerous.

2. Flowers drooping.

*** denote First-class Certificates.

Erect Flowering Varieties.

1. Ami Thibaut (Veitch and Sons). Flowers medium, white,
covered with rather large reddish spots, the throat shaded
with magenta. A very pretty and distinct variety.

2. Alsace (Veitch and Sons). Flowers of medium size; very
bright rose, shaded with crimson. Very pretty colour.

8. Aida (Duval). Flowers of medium size; pale rose, the
throat shaded and speckled with crimson.

4. Aline (Lemoine). Flowers large, of good form; dark blue,
the throat regularly streaked with pale blue, the lobes
speckled and margined with very pale purple. Very telling.

5. Boule de Feu *** (Duval). Flowers large, of very fine
form; very deep scarlet, the lobes margined with pale rose;
strong vigorous growth, the foliage dark green. Splendid.
First-class Certificate.

6. Boule de Neige (Veitch and Sons). Flowers medium size;
pure white, close compact growth, free flowering and good.

7. Brilliant (Veitch and Sons). The flowers somewhat small;
bright crimson, the throat shaded with magenta.

8. Buisson ardent (Chantrier). Flowers very erect, small;
bright crimson, the lobes margined with rose; dwarf habit.

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9. Belle Jeannette (Duval). Flowers large and of good form;
white, the throat and lobes speckled and shaded with pale
bine ; very free flowering.

10. Coupe d’Hebe (Veitch and Sons). Flowers semi-erect, large,
and of good form; rosy crimson, the throat white, speckled
with clear magenta, the lobes margined with white.
Distinct and good.

11. Cardinal de Richelieu (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size;
white, irregularly speckled with violet. Inferior.

12. Charme de Lutece (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, of
very fine form ; white, regularly speckled with bluish lilac.
Very fine dwarf habit, and free flowering. A beautifully
marked and pleasing variety.

18. Comtesse de Barral (Veitch and Sons). Flowers pink, the
throat very closely streaked and speckled with pale pink,
the lobes margined with white. A distinct pale coloured

variety.

14. Coquette d' Asnieres (Veitch and Sons). Flowers small ; pale
purplish lilac, with speckled throat. Inferior.

15. Duchess of Tech (Veitch and Sons). Flowers large, of fine
form ; dark purplish scarlet, the lobes margined and shaded
with beautiful magenta. Very handsome.

16. Domenico Scassi (Lemoine). Flowers small, roundish ; pale
blue or mauve, the throat pure white. A very delicate
coloured and charming variety. Distinct.

17. Derniere Mode (Veitch and Sons). Very similar to Charme de
Lutece.

18. Dr. Demarquay (Veitch and Sons). Flowers large, of fine
form ; rosy crimson, the throat pure white, with streaks of
purplish crimson, the lobes having a very distinct pure
white margin. Good.

19. Fanfaron (Veitch and Sons). Flowers large, roundish ; white,
faintly speckled, the lobes violet purple, with clear blue
margin, Free vigorous habit. Distinct and good.

20. Flamboyant (Veitch and Sons). Flowers very large ; rosy
crimson, the throat streaked and speckled with rose. Strong-
vigorous growth.

21. Fusilier (Kinghorn). Flowers small; pale crimson, with
purplish throat. Inferior.

REPORT ON GLOXINIAS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

189

22. Gcimbetta (Veitch and Sons). Flowers very large, of fine form ;
clear rosy crimson, the throat pure white, the lobes margined
and shaded with crimson. Very strong vigorous growth. A
showy variety.

23. Henry Fleche (Duval). Flowers very large, of good form ;
very bright rose, the throat crimson shaded with magenta,
the lobes distinctly margined with white. New and good.

24. Henry Minger (Lemoine). Like Domenico Scassi.

25. Irene (Kinghorn). Flowers small; rosy crimson, the throat
white, spotted with pale purple. Inferior.

26. Jules Pirlot (Veitch and Sons). Flowers of medium size ;
white, the throat very regularly streaked and speckled with
pale rose, the lobes distinctly shaded with dark magenta.

27. John Gray (Chantrier). Flowers very large, roundish;
beautiful dark purple, the throat shaded with violet, the
lobes margined with dark blue. Strong vigorous growth.
The darkest-flowered variety. Very distinct and beautiful.

28. Lina Boutarcl (Chantrier). Flowers small, covered with
very minute violet- coloured speckles. Inferior.

29. Lord Derby (Veitch and Sons). Flowers very large and of
fine form; purple, the throat pure white, the lobes purple,
shaded with violet and margined with pale blue. Very
showy and striking.

30. La Hosier e (Veitch and Sons). Flowers large and flimsy ;
crimson, throat pure white, slightly shaded with crimson.
Inferior.

31. Madame Furtado (Veitch and Sons). Flowers small; bright

crimson, with pure white margin. Inferior.

32. Madame Boutard (Lemoine). Very similar to Jules Pirlot.

33. Madame de Stdel (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size,
semi-erect ; pale rose, shaded with delicate lilac, the throat
covered with very small dark lilac spots. Good.

34. Madame Courant (Veitch and Sons). Like Aline.

35. Madame Scliaye (Chantrier). Flowers large and of good
form ; purplish crimson, the throat slightly speckled with
rose, the lobes margined with pale rose.

36. Madame A. Truffaut (Duval). Flowers large, roundish ; rosy
white, the throat pure white, the lobes having a very distinct
broad margin of bright rose. Very distinct and good.

37. Mont Blanc *** (Duval). Flowers very large, of very

o

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fine form; beautiful pure white; strong robust growth. The
best white variety.

38. Marguerite d’ElJcingen (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large; deep
bluish purple, the throat white, covered with small speckles
extending into each lobe and forming a star. Very distinct
and showy.

■39. Mon Caprice (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers of medium size;
rosy magenta, shaded with crimson ; the throat very con¬
spicuous, pure white, the lobes regularly speckled with
small crimson spots. Very free growth. A pleasing variety.

40. MacMakon (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large, of good form,
very freely produced ; of a beautiful magenta shade, the
throat pure white, the lobes having a creamy white
margin. Strong vigorous growth. Yery good.

41. M. A. Truffaut (Duval). Flowers very large, of fine form;
very rich dark crimson, the lobes beautifully shaded with
magenta. A showy variety.

42. M. Pigmy (Duval). Flowers large and of fine form ; beau¬
tiful dark crimson, the throat shaded with magenta, the
lobes distinctly margined with rosy crimson. Strong
vigorous growth. Showy and good.

43. Orbiculaire (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers pale rose, the lobes
margined with white. Inferior.

44. Olhos d'Agua (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, bright
rose, the throat and lobes shaded with magenta. Fine
vigorous habit. Yery showy.

45. Oswald de Kerchove (Lemoine). Flowers of medium^ size,
violet purple, the throat regularly speckled with blue, the
lobes having a very distinct rich blue margin. Good.

46. Papillon (Lemoine). Flowers small ; blue, streaked and
margined with a darker shade of blue.

47. President Grevy (Lemoine). Flowers large ; very freely
produced, pale blue, shaded with violet when expanding,
the throat pure white. Yery distinct and pretty.

48. Paracatu (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size, pale
rose, the throat and part of lobes shaded with magenta,
and covered with very minute specks of a darker hue.

49. j Richard Thornton (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers small, irregu¬
larly formed ; white, shaded with pale blue and covered with
small violet specks. Inferior.

EE PORT ON GLOXINIAS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

.191

50. Robe Etoilee (Chantrier). Very similar to Cliarme de Lutece.

51. Roi cles France (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size ; very
bright crimson, the throat speckled with bright magenta, the
lobes having a very evenly defined margin of pure white.
Very fine dwarf growth. A distinct and beautiful variety.

52. Richard Wallace (Veitch and Sons). Very similar to Olhos
d’Agua.

53. Sir Stafford Northcote (Veitch and Sons). Flowers very large,
freely produced ; deep crimson scarlet, the lobes of fine
form, having a very broad rose coloured margin. Strong
vigorous habit, large deep green leaves. Very fine.

54. Suavis (Veitch and Sons). Of a lighter shade, but very
similar in every other respect to Madame de Stael.

55. Sunshine (Veitch and Sons). Flowers small, very much
reflexed ; pale rose, with greenish white throat. Very
inferior.

56. San Joas del Rey (Lemoine). Flowers small, very freely
produced ; rose coloured, deeply shaded with magenta, the
throat very closely streaked with dark magenta extending
into the lobes.

57. Skeltonii (Veitch and Sons). Flowers very small ; pale rose,
with white margin. A very inferior variety.

58. Theophile Gautier (Lemoine). Flowers white, faintly speckled
with pink. Worthless.

59. Triomplie (Lemoine). Flowers large and of fine form; rosy
crimson, the throat pure white, with distinct purplish
crimson band and pure white margin. Fine vigorous
habit. A fine, showy variety.

Drooping Flowered Varieties.

60. Alice (Veitch and Sons). Flowers large and of good form;
dark blue, the throat creamy white, lower half of lobes
shaded with violet. Fine dwarf habit. Good.

61. B. S. Williams (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size; bright
rosy crimson, the throat crimson, distinctly shaded with
magenta, the lobes margined with rose. Very showy.

62. Charles Dickens (Veitch and Sons). Flowers of medium
size ; dark blue, with a pure white blotch in the throat. Of
very dwarf, compact growth.

>63. Etna (Lemoine). Flowers very freely produced, large, of

o 2

192

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

very fine form ; beautiful rich crimson, the tliroat clear
purplish crimson, the lobes having a distinct broad margin
of rose. Fine vigorous habit. A beautiful variety.

64. Gamos (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large ; pale rose, with
distinct crimson blotch hi the throat.

65. Georges Sand (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size; very
pale rose, with distinct white blotch in the throat, the
lower part of throat slightly shaded with crimson.

66. Gloria Mundi (Lemoine). Flowers large and of fine form;
very bright rose, with creamy white blotch in the throat,
the lower part of the lobes bright crimson. Very fine.

67. Madame Patti (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers of medium size,,
pale rose, the throat and lower part of lobes shaded with
crimson. A somewhat coarse growing variety.

68. Marquis of Lome (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large, sparely
produced ; very pale rose, the lobes distinctly blotched with
pure white. Free -growing.

69. Miss Hannah de Rothschild (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large,
on very short footstalks ; white, faintly tinged with mauve,
with a distinct chocolate coloured blotch in the throat..
Yery free vigorous growth.

70. Mr. Haines (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers large and of fine
form ; very dark red, the throat rich crimson, the lobes
bright crimson, margined with pale rose. Showy and good.

71. Mammouth (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size ; the throat
and upper part of lobes dark brownish purple, the 'lower
lobes shaded with crimson.

72. Prince Arthur (Yeitch and Sons; Kinghorn). Flowers very
large, of good form ; very dark blue, the throat dark purple
shaded with violet, the lobes margined with purple. Yery
strong vigorous habit ; leaves large, very dark green. A
splendid variety.

73. Prince Leopold (Kinghorn). Flowers small and flimsy ;
bright rose, with white blotch in throat. Inferior.

74. Rev. A. H. Bridges (Yeitch and Sons). Flowers medium
sized ; pale rose, the throat and lobes very regularly streaked
and speckled with bright rose. Loose habit.

75. Tricolore (Lemoine). Flowers of medium size ; rose, shaded
with magenta, the lobes having a very conspicuous white
band along the centre. Yery close dwarf habit. Good.

REPORT ON GLOXINIAS GROWN AT CHISWICK.

193

76. Washington (Chantrier). Flowers of medium size ; dark red
or crimson, the throat and lobes distinctly shaded with
magenta. Dwarf habit.

Classification as to Colour of Flowers.

ERECT FLOWERING VARIETIES.

Flowers Pure White.

Boule de Neige. \ *** Mont Blanc.

Flowers Punctated or Spotted.

Belle Jeannette.
Charme de Lutece.

* Derniere Mode.
Robe Etoilee.

Flowers Speckled and Streaked.

Ami Thibaut.
Cardinal de Richelieu.
Comtesse de Barral.
Coquette de Asnieres.
Jules Pirlot.

Lina Boutard.

Theophile Gautier.

* Madame Thibaut.
Madame Boutard.

* Madam de Stciel.
Paracatu.

Suavis.

San Joas del Reg.

Flowers Crimson and Eose. with White Throat.

Coupe d'Hebe.

Dr. Demarquay.
Flamboyant.

* Gambetta.

* Henry Fleche.
Irene.

La Rosiere.
Madame Furtado.

* MacMahon.

* Mon Caprice.

* Madame Schaye.
Madame A. Truffaut,
Orbiculaire.

Roi des France.
Skeltonii.

Sunshine.

* Triomphe.

Flowers Rose and Rosy Crimson.

Alsace.

Aida.

Buisson Ardent.

Fusilier.

Olhos d'Agua.
Richard Wallace.

Flowers Dark Crimson and Scarlet.

*** Boule de Feu.
Brilliant.

* Duchess of Tech.

* M. Pigmy.

M. A. Truffaut.

* Sir Stafford Northcote .

Flowers Blue and Purple, with White Throat.

Aline.

* Domenico Scassi.
Fanfaron.

Henry Minger.

* Lord Derby.

Madam Courant.

* Marguerite d' Elkingen.
Oswald de Ker chore.

* President Grevy.
Papillon.

Flowers Dark Purple.
* John Gray.

194

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DROOPING- FLOWERED VARIETIES.
Flowers Rose and Rosy Crimson.

* B. S. Williams.
Ganios.

Madame Patti.
Prince Leopold.

Piev. A. H. Bridges.

* Gloria Mundi.
Georges Sand.

* Tricolore.

* Etna.

Flowers Dark Red and Crimson.

J * Mr. Haines.
Washington.

Flowers Blue and Purple.

* Alice.

Charles Dickens.
Marquis of Lome.

Mammouth.

* Prince Arthur.

* Miss Hannah de Rothschild.

N.B. — Three asterisks denote First-class Certificates ; one asterisk
denotes a selection of the best varieties in their respective classes.

XXIX. — Notes oh the Genus Tulipa.
By H. J. Elwes.

Though the Tulips are among tlie earliest flowers that have
attracted the notice of gardeners, and though the mass of
literature concerning them is so large that it would be almost
impossible to go through it, yet our knowledge of many species
in a wild state is still very imperfect. I much doubt whether
it would be possible to trace many of our garden varieties to
them origin ; and even if I was able to do so, it would -be of
little advantage, as the number of garden varieties is so large,
and many of them are so very similar to each other, that they
are better treated as florist flowers ; and as such they will no
doubt always maintain a leading position among garden plants.

As, however, during the last few years two of our most
eminent botanists, Dr. Regel, Director of the Imperial Botanic
Gardens at St. Petersburg,* and Mr. Baker, of the Royal
Herbarium, Kew,f have revised and described the genus, I will
endeavour to supplement these revisions by some notes on the
species which have come under my observation in a living state,,
as well as those which are not yet introduced to cultivation.

* Descriptiones Plantarum, etc. Fasciculus I., pp. 37 — 57. St.
Petersburg, July, 1873. E. Regel.

f Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae. J. G. Baker. Journal
of Linnean Society Bot., Vol. XIV., 1874, pp. 275 — 96.

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

195

The genus includes, according to Mr. Baker’s revision, about
fifty, and according to Dr. Begel’s, about thirty 'species, to which
he has since added ten or twelve more, and extends from Great
Britain, through Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor
and Central Asia, to Japan, though the majority of the species,
are natives of Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and Turkestan.

I have endeavoured, without success, to find some natural
and at the same time simple manner in which to divide the
genus into sections, as I have been unable to follow out the
sections formed by Mr. Baker and Dr. Begel, which are founded
on the character of the bulb tunics, and on the pubescence of
the peduncle and filaments.

None of these characters seem to me sufficiently well marked
or uniform to be trusted implicitly in naming plants in this
genus, and it would be even more unsafe to rely on characters
drawn from the leaves, colour, or shape of the perianth, or from
the stigma or anthers.

The genus is without doubt an extremely natural and homo¬
geneous one, and, with the exception of three little-known
species from Asia and Japan which I have not seen, and which
are included under the subgenus Orithyia (Don) by Mr. Baker,,
it contains no plants which could not be recognized at a glance
as Tulips by the most casual observer. Under these circum¬
stances it seems to me better to leave it in its natural undivided
state, than to try by artificial means to cut it up into sections.

The numerous Tulips recently discovered in Central Asia by
Col. Korolkow, M. A. Begel, and other Bussian Botanists, are
fully described in the first part of a work recently published by
Dr. Begel on the Flora of Turkestan, containing the Primulaceae
and Liliaceas. As, however, this work is in Bussian, it is.
practically useless to all but a very few botanists. From what
I have seen of the Turkestan Tulips in a living state, and from
the descriptions and figures published in the “ Garten Flora,”'
and in the “ Descriptions Plantarum Novarum,” I am inclined
to think that some of them will prove when better known
to be local forms or varieties of species found in other parts of
Asia.

The same observations will apply to the various Levantine
Tulips described by Boissier and others ; but it seems to me very
difficult, if not impossible, to understand the characters and

196

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

affinities of these numerous forms, without having seen and
compared the plants in a living state.

The influence of soil and climate upon them is very great, so
much so that it is almost impossible to recognize the wild plants
after a few years of cultivation, and in the arid soil and hot
climate of Asia Minor and Turkestan, Tulips assume characters
which are soon lost under more favourable conditions of life.

This question hears very forcibly on the origin of species, and
proves to my mind that the herbarum work of the botanist, at
any rate in connection with Liliaceous, Amaryllidaceous, and
Iridaceous plants, the only ones which I have minutely studied,
must he tested and supplemented by the work of the garden
before anything like an accurate knowledge can be obtained.

I have in most cases refrained from describing the bulbs of
the species I have seen, because, with few exceptions, I am
unable to recognize them with certainty, and though they are
often of some value in deciding the affinity of a plant, yet I
do not think they can be relied on with the same certainty as in
the genus Crocus or Lilium.

I have marked with a (*) those species which I have seen in
a living state, most of which have been cultivated for two or
three years in my garden.

I have found that all, or nearly all, are hardy in respect of their
endurance of cold, hut many of them will not long endure our
wet winters and cold springs without protection. It is .there¬
fore better to plant them in a dry situation under the shelter
of a frame, which, while exposing them to the full sun, will
throw off the rain dining their resting season from June or
July to November.

Many of the European and some of the Asiatic species
succeed perfectly in the open border, hut it is best to lift and
replant the bulbs every year or two. The only mode by which
many of the species can be propagated is by seed, as offsets are
produced very sparingly, and it seems in some cases hardly
ever; the seed if sown when ripe germinates in spring, and
produces full sized bulbs in six or seven years.

* Tulijm oculis solis, St. Amand, Red. Lil. , t. 219 ; Sweet’s
‘‘Brit. Flow. Gard.,” ser. 11, t. 102. This fine Tulip is the
type of a group characterised by the woolly down with which
their bulb coats are lined. So nearly allied to it, that I see no

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

197

good characters by which to separate them, are T. prcecox, of
Tenore, “Bot. Reg./’ t. 204, 380, 1143; T. Racldii and T.
nutleolens, Reboul, “Bot. Reg.,” 1839, t. 66; and some Eastern
forms which are distinguished by Mr. Baker as var. Lycica and
var. Aleppica.

The form most commonly known in cultivation is T. prcecox, and
I am not aware whether living specimens of the true Oculis solis,
supposing that it is to be distinguished, are now in England.

As, however, it is found in several localities in the South of
France — as Lattes, near Montpellier, Agen, Cavaillion, Cassis,
near Marseilles (this variety has been distinguished as Lorteti)
— there ought to be no difficulty in clearing up the matter. The
points of distinction principally relied on, which seem to be the
narrower more pointed perianth segments and larger eye of
Oculis solis, may be constant ; though I am inclined to doubt it.

T. prcecox is one of the earliest flowering Tulips, being usually
out by the end of March or beginning of April, and grows to
nearly two feet high. The form called Maleolens, which is
found near Florence and Lucca, is dwarfer, and has an un¬
pleasant smell. I have never seen it alive, but Mr. Strangways,
who cultivated it, as well as the Eastern form from the
Euphrates, considered them both to be forms of Oculis solis.

T. montana, Lindl., “ Bot. Reg.,” 1106. This is a species
which, though widely distributed through Western Asia, from
Armenia to Afghanistan, does not appear to be now in cultiva¬
tion. The colour is bright crimson in the plant figured by Lindley,
but the principal character by which it may be distinguished
from other Oriental Tulips is the dense wool which covers the
interior of the bulb coats. These in wild specimens are very
often produced into a long neck, and are much more con¬
spicuous than they would be in cultivation. I have often
noticed in the imported bulbs of Tulips, Croci, Watsonias, and
other plants which are natives of countries subject to long and
severe droughts, that the annually formed coats of the bulbs do
not decay for many years, and by their great thickness no doubt
protect the bulbs which they cover from the effect of drought.
In cultivation, however, they are not nearly so highly developed
or conspicuous, so that one would hardly recognize the plump
thin-skinned bulb which is produced under good cultivation.

T. clirysantha, Boiss. This appears to be a very distinct

198

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

species, though allied to tlie last by its -woolly bulb coats..
It is known by its smallish yellow flowers, dwarf stem and
sharply undulated leaves, with cartilaginous margins, and has
not, as far as I know, been brought into cultivation. It is a
native of Northern Persia, Bokhara, Afghanistan, and Beloo-
chistan, where it is very abundant in the Brahui hills at five
thousand to six thousand feet. According to Stocks, the
bulbs are collected and used for food, resembling chestnuts in
flavour.

T. Lehmanniana, Mercl., seems very near, if not identical,
with it, though it is kept separate by Dr. Regel in his “ Flora
Turkestanica.”

* T. Clusiana, Vent., “Red. Lib,” t. 87; “ Bot. Mag.,” t. 1390.
This, the well known Lady Tulip of the South of France, is one
of the most distinct and beautiful of the genus. Its flowers are
small, of a rose colour outside and white inside, with a large
deep purple eye, yellowish ovary, black filaments and anthers.
It is abundant on the Riviera, flowering in April, and produces
numerous small bulbs, though few strong enough to flower.
It is said to be found also in Greece and the Levant, though
I have not seen authentic specimens from thence.

Very nearly allied to it, though, as I should say, distinct,
is * T. stellata, Hook, “Bot. Mag.,” t. 2762; a Tulip of a
very similar form and habit to the last, but having a whitish
or yellowish flower without the distinct purple eye, and yellow
filaments and anthers. It is found in Kashmir, Kumaon and
other districts of the North West Himalaya, where it flowers
very early in the year, at five thousand to eight thousand feet
elevation. Imported bulbs bloomed in my garden soon after
Christmas, 1877, but in the following year not till April or May.
Like the last species, it produces small off-sets at the end of
stolons, and seems, like all other Tulips, perfectly hardy.

T. sogdiana, Bunge. This is a very little known and doubtful
species from the deserts near Bokhara, which is described by
Regel as having the eye and habit of T. biflora , but differs in its
leaves and in its woolly coated bulbs.

* T. Gesneriana, L., “Bot. Reg.,” xxiv., t. 46. It is
extremely difficult to say what plant can be rightly considered
as the type of T. gesneriana , the species being very variable,,
and having a wide range from Italy through Greece, South.

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

199

Russia, Asia Minor, and probably Central Asia, but the very fine
plant figured in the plate above referred to, which comes from
Florence and grows wild in other parts of Italy, is one of the
finest and most distinct. It is usually grown in Holland as
T. fulgens, and though Mr. Baker separates it as a distinct species,
I am unable to see sufficient reason for so doing. He includes
under T. Gesneriana the following supposed species : T. amrnena ,
Boiss. “Diagn.,” ser. 2, iv. 99, Armenia; T. spathulata, Bert.,
from Florence, probably the same as the garden Fulgens.

* T. Schrenki, Regel, “Enum.” 52, from Soongaria and
Turkestan. Under the name of T. Gesneriana var. Schrenki,
I have received from Dr. Regel a Tulip which appears to
be identical with, and probably the origin of, the spring
bedding tulip, well known and commonly grown under
the name of Scarlet van Thol. Except in its very early
flowering habit it seems to me to have no connection with the
common Van Thol, T. suaveolens , Roth., “ Bot. Mag.,” 889,
and still less with the Italian T. Gesneriana.

T. Gesneriana fulgens, as it would be best to call the variety
now under consideration, may be known with ease, by its great
height, about two feet, its very large full and bright crimson
flower, with deep blue-black eye, large yellow capitate stigma, and
long black anthers and very short filaments. A very near ally
to Gesneriana, and, in my opinion, only a variety of it, is

* T. platystigma, Jord,, “leones,” 8, t. 16, which, as far as I
know, is found wild only at Guillestre, in the department of the
Hautes Alpes. The plants which I received through the
kindness of my friend, Herr Max Leichtlin, from the Imperial
Botanic Gardens of Vienna, and which were pronounced by
Mr. Baker to be T. platystigma, are similar in habit and time
of flowering to Gesneriana fulgens, only a little less in height and
size of flower and with similar stigma and anthers. They may,
however, be recognized by the magenta or pale purple colour
and pale blueish eye, margined with whitish. This species (?)
is not recognized in Grenier and Godron’s “ Flore de la France.”
the Guillestre plant being referred to T. didieri.

T. bithynica, Baker ex Grisebacli, J. L. S., 1874, xiv., p, 282.
This Tulip, which according to Mr. Baker is Grisebach’s
bithynica, seems to occur in most parts of Asia Minor, as I
have myself found it in Lycia, and have received bulbs from

200

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Broussa from Mr. G. Maw, from the Taurus, collected by Mrs.
Danford, and from Erzeroum. It is a very pretty dwarf species
not exceeding 6 to 9 inches high, and usually shorter, and may
generally he recognized by its four leaves, which extend at right
angles from the stem in the form of a cross . The lower leaf is
broad, the others becoming much narrower, and all are deeply
channelled and waved at the edges. The colour is bright cherry
red, rather duller on the outside, with a black eye margined
with yellow. The inner perianth segments are obtuse, nearly
half an inch shorter than the outer ones, which are pointed.
A plant of this species from the Taurus, which I sent to M.
Boissier, was, he thought, the same as his T. undulatifolia.
If this is correct, the plant I have treated of as undulatifolia ,
which is distinct, must have another name. Grisebach’s plant,
which I have seen in the Kew Herbarium, appears to me very
doubtful, and unless better specimens exist, it is not possible to
identify it certainly. The Tulip under notice seems to me
extremely near, if not identical with

T. Alberti , Begel, “Garten Flora,” t. 912, from Turkestan.
A bulb of this species, for which I am indebted to Dr. Kegel’ s
kindness, flowered with me this year, and except that the
segments were longer, more pointed, and subequal (in which
I notice it does not agree with the figure in “ Garten
Flora,” which has the inner segments much blunted and
more notched than in my plant), it corresponded precisely
with T. bithynica. I observed, however, that the anthers
are yellow, on very short black filaments, while in T. bithynica
the anthers were blackish or olive green.

T. undulatifolia, Boiss., Diag. v., 57; “Bot. Mag,,” 6308.
This handsome species was not known in a living state till I
found it on the Bozdagh Mountains, 50 miles east of Smyrna,
at an elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet, and brought it to England
in May, 1874. It is characterized by the closely undulated edges
of the leaves, which however, is much more conspicuous in a wild
state than in cultivation ; and by the pointed perianth segments,
which are bright crimson, with a black eye and yellow border
inside, and dull greenish crimson on the outside.

A plant found by Mr. G. Maw near Smyrna comes near to
my plant, but has a yellow eye showing also on the outside of
the flower, and flatter leaves. The plant seems nearly related

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

201

to T. Eiclileri , and as I have already mentioned may not be
identical with Boissier’s T. undulatifolia.

T. bceotica, Boiss. and Held., Diagn., ser. ii. — iv., 99. This
species I have never seen in a living state, and do not know
that it is now in cultivation. It was discovered by Dr. Heldreich
in Euboea and Boeotia flowering at the end of March, and is said
by Mr. Baker to hold an intermediate place between T. oculis
solis and T. strangulata. The leaves of some specimens which
I have seen are very short, and if constant in form would be a
good distinguishing character.

* T. Didieri, Jord., Fragm., i. 36, t. 5, fig. a. This pretty
plant seems to be very little known either to horticulturists or
botanists, since no figure of it has been published except by
Jordan. There are several varieties differing in colour, all of
which are found in the valleys of Savoy, especially at St. Jean
de Maurienne, which is a little way on the French side of the
Mont Cenis Tunnel ; also at Clapet, near Chambery, and else¬
where. According to Mr. Baker, the Florentine T. Fransonianci ,
Pari., is probably identical with it ; but I have not been able to
procure living specimens for comparison. The stem is about
1J feet high, glabrous, the flowers crimson, with a large black
blue eye, margined yellowish white ; or in the variety Billetiana,
yellow ; or in another variety yellow, closely freckled and flamed
with red. The segments are all cuspidate, the stigma capitate
yellowish, and the anthers and filaments blackish. I can see
no character by which this plant can be distinguished from

* T. Eiclileri , Regel, “ Garten Flora,” t. 799 ; “ Bot. Mag.,”
t. 6191, which, though coming from so distant a locality as
Baku, on the west shore of the Caspian Sea, is in every im¬
portant external character identical with one variety of Didieri,
though perhaps in size and colour somewhat finer.

T. Julia, Koch, Linn, xxii., 23. This I have never seen
either a specimen or figure of ; but according to Baker it is a
variety of T . montana, and the description shows that it is not
very dissimilar from Eiclileri. It comes from Transcaucasia
and Turkestan.

* T. Greigi, Regel, “ Bot. Mag.,” t. 6177. This is, without doubt,
one of the finest, if not the very finest, of the genus, and
most distinct. It is from a foot to eighteen inches high
with three or four large leaves of a pale green, richly spotted

202

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with oblong purplish blotches. The upper leaves are usually
sharply waved at the edges, and much narrower than the lower
ones. The perianth segments are very blunt, of a deep fiery
scarlet, marked at the base with a triangular black blotch,
edged with yellow. The flower attains a size of six inches in
diameter, and when fully expanded in the sun is almost flat.
The ovary is very large and capitate, the filaments blackish,
and anthers smah in proportion.

I have a variety of yellowish red colour, with the blotches on
the leaves almost obsolete, and another with yellow flowers and
a reddish eye. This noble plant is a native of various parts of
Turkestan, and was found by Col. Korolkow, on the Boroldai
mountain at 2000 to 6000 feet elevation. It is perfectly hardy
with us, and blooms in April or May.

T. Boissieri, Regel. This is a plant discovered by Dr. Roth
near Ramleh, in Palestine, which I have never seen in a living
state. It may not be a distinct species, but is described as
having a purple flower with black eye and linear leaves.

T. Borscowi, Regel, is another obscure plant from the deserts
of Lake Aral and Tashkend, which may possibly be only a
form of Oculis soils or Didieri It is described as having yellow
or orange flowers, but, as far as I am aware, has not yet been
introduced into cultivation.

* T. Kaufmannicma, Regel, “ Fasc.,” v., 1877, p. 49 ; “ Garten
Flora,” 906. This very lovely Tulip is one of the earliest in flower
and at the same time one of the most beautiful of its section.
The flower is developed in advance of the leaves, which at the
time of flowering are quite short, and pale glaucous green.
The colour is bright carmine outside, deepest on the outer
segments, which are bordered with white. The inside is pearly
white, with a bright yellow centre and a band of carmine above
this. The flower opens nearly flat in the sun, and is about three
inches in diameter. A Tulip resembling this in all but colour
flowered at the same time, and is probably a variety of it.
It is deep primrose yellow, with golden centre and anthers,
and if not already named by Dr. Regel may be called after him.

* T. Haageri, Held., “ Garten Flora,” t. 720; “ Bot. Mag.,”
6242. This resembles T. Orphanidesi in some respects, but is dull
cherry red instead of orange, has a shorter stigma and longer
anthers, and the filaments without pubescence. It has the

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

208

stem nine inches to a foot high, and in my plants which were
•collected by myself in Asia Minor, and also found by Mr. George
Maw on the Tahtalu Dagh, near Smyrna, the stem is decidedly
pubescent, whilst in the Greek specimens which I received
from Messrs. Haage and Schmidt it is perfectly glabrous. In
the Greek plants also I observe a decided pubescence at the
base of the filaments. The variability which we find in these
characters in the same species seems to me to prove that they
are not of sufficient value or constancy to be relied on in
•classifying the Tulips.

* T. Altaica, Pall, 1 1 Garten Flora,” t. 942. This species, though
long known to science, has only lately been introduced to
cultivation by Dr. Regel, and is figured by him in a recent
number of the “ Garten Flora.” It has a carmine red flower of
moderate size, with yellow eye, stamens and ovary. I am unable
do say in what its distinctive characters lie, as the only plant
which I have seen in a living state was not perfectly developed.
It is a native of the Altai Mountains, at 1000 to 6000 feet.

T. Euncinthice, Orph. in Boiss. Diagn., ser. 2, iv., 100. Of
this Tulip I know nothing definite. It was discovered by M.
Orphanides on Mount Malevo in Laconia, and is described as
having a flower very similar to that of Eichleri. It may be
probably a form of that species.

* T. Kolpakowskyana, Regel, “ Garten Flora,” t. 951. This
pretty little species has been lately discovered in Turkestan,
from whence it was introduced and liberally distributed by Dr.
Regel. It appears very variable in colour, the three bulbs
which I have flowered being all different. It is about 8 to 10
inches high, with glabrous stem, equal cuspidate segments, and a
slightly capitate stigma, leaves deeply channelled. The colour
is either bright cherry red, with a black eye, purplish black
anthers and filaments ; or yellow, flamed reddish on the back of
the three outer segments ; or pure yellow, with blackish eye and
yellow anthers and filaments.

T. Korolkowi, Regel, “ Descr. Fasc.,” III., 1875. This species,
which I have never seen, is described as being allied to T.
Eichleri , but smaller and distinguished from it by the shape of
the outer segments, and glabrous leaves and stem. It is a
native of the deserts between Khiva and Tashkend, near Tarisch.

T. Kesselringi, Regel, “ Garten Flora,” t. 964, is described

204

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as allied to Gesneriana and KolpaJcowskyana , but tbe characters
which are relied on to distinguish it do not appear to me well
marked. As figured in the “ Garten Flora,” it has narrow
glaucous channelled leaves, a pale yellow veined flower, flamed
reddish on the hack of the outer segments, a nearly simple
stigma, minute anthers and very short ovate filaments. It was
discovered by Herr A. Eegel in Turkestan.

* T. sylvestris, L., “ English Botany,” t. 63; “ Bot. Mag,”
1202. This, the only Tulip indigenous to Great Britain, has
an extremely wide range through Europe and Asia, and is the
type of a section of the genus distinguished by then’ usually
yellow flowers, often two or three in number, by the simple
ovary, and by the bulbs being often stoloniferous. The species
or varieties allied to it are

* T. Biebersteiniana, Schultes, a small form of Sylvestris , found
in South Russia, Greece, Turkestan, and perhaps in Asia Minor.

T. turkestanica, Begel, is perhaps a variety of this.

* T. tricolor , Led, “ B. M.,” 8887. T. patens, Agardh. A
form distinguished by its colour, which is pink, white, and
yellow. It is found in the Aral and Altai Mountains, and
other districts of West Siberia. It is rare in cultivation, but was
sent me in flower this season by M. Vander Swaelmen, of Ghent.

* T. fragrans, Munby, Bull. Bot. Soc. France, xiii., 256. A
small form discovered in the province of Oran, North Africa, by
the late Mr. Munby. It has a decided though not powerful scent,
and resembles T. sylvestns very closely in everything but* size.

* T. biflora, L., “Bot. Reg.,” 535. This, the smallest of all
the genus excepting the Orythias , has white flowers about one
inch in diameter, with a yellow eye. It is not more than four to
six inches in height and seems somewhat delicate, as, though I
have had it four or five years in cultivation, it has never
flowered. It seems to be a perfectly distinct species, and is a
native of the plains of South East Russia, about Sarepta and
the shores of the Caspian Sea.

T. cretica, Boiss. et Heldr., “ Diagn.” xiii. 19; “Garten
Flora,” 1862, p. 211. This very dwarf species is found on the
mountains of Crete, and also according to Regel in the province
of Azerbijan in the Eastern Caucasus. It has a stem only two
or three inches high, and small rose coloured flowers.

* T. pulchella, Fenzl., “ Bot. Mag.,” 6304. This pretty but

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

205

very dwarf Tulip was discovered by Kotschy in the Cilician
Taurus, and brought by him to the Botanic Gardens of Vienna,
from whence it has come into cultivation in England. It has the
filaments hairy at the base, as in T. saxatilis, but is very distinct
from that species ; and though Begel makes it a sub-species
of Sylvestris , I think it is better considered as distinct. Like
all the Sylvestris group it has a perfectly simple stigma.
The flowers are pale purplish, the leaves narrow and channelled,
and the stem not more than two inches high.

* T. Orphanidesi, Bois., T. Minerva, Orpli., “ Bot. Mag.,” 6310.
Found at Oropo in Bceotia, and on Mt. Malevo in Laconia by
Prof. Orphanides, and introduced to cultivation three or four
years ago. This is a strong growing species of the sylvestris
group, with yellowish red flowers tinged with greenish on the
outside, and a dark eye, black blue anthers, and olive pollen.
It is about 18 inches high, and though nearly allied to sylvestris
and treated by Regel as a variety only, seems to me to be
distinct enough to merit specific rank.

T. Loivnei, Baker. This is a small two-flowered plant found
on the top of Mt. Hermon. The only specimens I have seen
are in the Kew Herbarium, and are not sufficient to decide
whether the species is distinct. It seems very near T. cretica.

* T. saxatilis, Sieber, “Bot. Mag.,” 6374. This very distinct
and beautiful species appears to belong to the sylvestris section,
but is easily distinguished from any other Tulip by its colour,
which is pale magenta with a deep yellow centre. The leaves,
which are usually three in number, are of a very bright shining
green, unlike those of any other species known to me. The
flowers are two or three in number, and the base of the yellow
filaments are clothed with hairs. It is a native of Crete, where
it grows at Cape Maleca, near the sea shore. Bulbs of this
lovely plant were sent to Mr. Maw by Consul Sandwith in
1877, and have flowered in my garden and elsewhere.

T. violacea, Boiss. et Buhse, “Reise Trans. Cauc.,” 211. I
know nothing of this plant except from the description in the
work cited above. It is said to resemble T. Clusiana, but to
differ in the smaller flowers, narrower leaves, and especially in
the absence of any woolly lining to the bulb coats. It was found
on the Talysch Mountains, in North Persia.

* T. australis, Link.; T. Celsiana , “Redouts Lil. ,” t. 38;

p

206 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

T. Breyniana, “ Bot. Mag.,” t. 717. This well known species
is common in the South of France and North Italy, and is also
found in Spain and Portugal. It is easily distinguished from
T. sylvestris by its dwarf habit, star shaped flowers, and broad
somewhat reflexed leaves. It is commonly known as the
Persian Tulip in gardens.

T. transtagana, Brot., from Portugal, and T» alpestris, lord.,
from Dauphine, seem to be varieties of this species. There
are two or three species or varieties nearly allied to it, namely,
* T. gallica, Lois, “Gren. Flore de la France,” III., 178, a
doubtful species which seems very near the last. A living plant
which I received from the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, was
identical with it, whilst specimens in the Gay Herbarium at
Kew are marked by him as hardly separable from T. sylvestris ,
which, indeed, they resemble much more nearly than australis.
It is found at Draguignan, Le War, and Hyeres in the South of
France.

There is another form of Tulip differing from T. australis
remarkably in its leaves, which are straight, linear and deeply
channelled, though the flowers are quite similar to those of
australis. I am ignorant of the origin of the plant, which has
flowered three years in my garden, and shows no signs of
losing the distinctive character of its foliage.

There is also a very minute Tulip which may possibly be a
local form of australis , which was gathered at El Kantara, on
the borders of the Sahara, by Mr. Hammond, of St. Alban’s
Court, Kent. The flower seems pinkish, and the leaves are very
small and narrow. I am indebted to Mr. Hammond for a living
plant of this form, which does not appear to have been noticed
by any botanist.

* T. triphylla, Regel, u Garten Flora,” t. 942. This species,
recently introduced from Turkestan, seems to me very nearly
allied to australis, and even if distinct* the name is not appro¬
priate, as among the plants which I received through the
kindness of Dr. Regel, one had four leaves ; and the number is
variable in almost all the species. The peduncle is reflexed when
in bud, as in T. australis, and the flower is greenish yellow.

T. crispatula, Boiss. and Buhse, “ Reise Trans. Cauc.,” p. 211.
This is another obscure form, said to be allied to T. Biebersteniana ,
but differing in the wider leaves with undulated margins, in the

NOTES ON THE GENUS TULIPA.

207

reddish flower, and the less woolly coat of the bulb. It was
found by Bubse between Damgan and Rischm, in Transcaucasia.

T. hmnilis. Herb., “ Bot. Reg./’ 80 ; Misc. 80. T. Buhseana,
Boiss. This is considered by Regel as only a variety of T.
biflora , but I have never seen specimens which would enable
me to form an opinion as to its validity. It is found on the
mountains of North Persia at 5000 to 7000 feet elevation. The
flowers are said to be pale yellow marked with reddish on the
backs of the outer segments.

T. microgyria, Baker. A small plant found on Mount Ida, in
Asia Minor, by Ancher Eloy, having a yellow flower tinged
reddish outside, and a very minute ovary, only two and a-half
lines long in the specimens examined.

T. tetraphylla, Regel, “Descrip. Fasc.,” HI., 1875. A small
plant found in the valley of Kotschkura, in Turkestan, by
Baron Kaulbars. It is said by Regel to be distinct from the
sylvestris group.

Besides the Tulips which I have recognized as species, there
are several others holding that position in Mr. Baker’s revision ;
but as they are either known only in gardens, or as I think
without good distinctive characters, I should at present be dis¬
inclined to allow their specific rank. They are—

T. campsopetala, Delaunay. ll Bon. Jard.,” 269, 1813. A red
and yellow form of Gesneriana, only known as a garden plant.

T. elegans, Baker. A garden form, supposed by Mr. Baker to
be a hybrid between acuminata and suaveolens.

* T. pubescens, Willd, Sweet’s “Brit. Flow. Gard.,” t. 78.
Another form to which many of the garden varieties seem to
be akin ; perhaps it may be a hybrid between gesneriana and
suaveolens, but its origin is extremely doubtful.

* T. suaveolens, Roth., “B. M.,” 839. This, the common
early red and orange Van Thol Tulip, though treated as a
species by Mr. Baker, %who refers it to plants gathered by Pallas
and Steven on the shores of the Caspian Sea, appears to me
doubtful. It must not be confounded with the scarlet Van Thol
which I have already alluded to, and is not recognized by Dr.
Regel as a Russian plant.

* T. acuminata, Yahl., T. cornuta, D.C., “Bot. Reg.,” 127.
T. turcica, Kunth and Regel. This species, usually known as T.
turcica in gardens, is of uncertain origin, no wild plant at all like

p 2

208

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it being known ; for though Mr. Baker suggests that it may
have sprung from T. bithynica, I must say I see no resemblance
whatever between the plants. It may easily be known by its
long narrow-pointed perianth segments, and varies with red,
yellow, and speckled flowers.

T. retroflexa , Baker. This is another form well known in
gardens of which the origin is unknown. It is, however, as
Mr. Baker suggests, very probably a hybrid between T. acuminata
and T. gesneriana. It flowers late like the last two, attains
about two feet in height, and varies with pure yellow, and red
flowers with a yellow eye.

T. strangulata. Reboul, “ Bot. Reg.,” 1990, fig. 8. This is
one of several supposed species which seem to be confined to the
environs of Florence, and in my opinion are not worthy of
specific rank, if indeed they are indigenous plants. Mr. Joad
informs me on the authority of Mr. Groves, of Florence, that in
an old work on the botany of that town, published 100 years ago,
the only Tulip given as a wild plant is T. sylvestris, and it
certainly seems almost incredible that two or three distinct
species should be so restricted in them range as these appear to
be. It is more probable that these are garden varieties which
have escaped from cultivation, and become naturalized in the
neighbourhood of the town.

The other Florentine species are T. Fransoniana , Park,
“ Flor. Ital ” II., 892; T. variopicta, Reboul, Select Sp. Tulip
7, “Bot. Reg.,” t., 1990, fig. 1 ; T. Bonarotiana, Reboul, “ Bot.
Reg.,” 1990, fig. 2 ; T. neglecta, Reboul, Select Sp. 7 ; T.
serotina, Reboul, Select Sp. 6. Another garden Tulip which
seems to me worthy of notice is one well known to Dutch
florists as T. Purple van Bol, which flowers extremely early, and
is said never to produce off-sets. It is about a foot high, with
blunt acuminate segments of a purplish claret colour, with
yellow eye, yellow anthers and filaments, and a capitate stigma.
I am inclined to think that this may be a wild species of which
the origin is lost, but in any case it is a distinct plant.

P.S. I have just received from Dr. Regel two tulips not
mentioned in this paper, viz. : —

T. iliensis, from Turkestan, of which I have not yet seen a
description, and Orythia uniflora Don, “ Sweet Brit. Flow,
Gard.,” ser. II., t. 836.

INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS

ntolttimiie v.

LONDON:

SMITH <fe EBBS, PRINTERS, TOWER HILL,

J879,

INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS.-VOL. V.

Meetings of the Society .-

—Annual General—

-12 Feb., 1878 ...

PAGE.

iv.

jj

11 „ 1879 ...

civ.

>>

Ordinary, and of
Committees—

-15 Jan., 1878 ...

i.

9?

19 Feb.

xviii.

,,

99

5 March

99

xxxiv.

5 5

99

19

99

xxxix.

55

99

2 April

99 •• •

xliv.

55

99

16 „

99

xlvii.

55

99

7 May

99

li.

55

99

21 „

99

lv.

55

99

4 June

99 * * #

lxii.

55

99

18 „

99

lxvii.

5}

99

2 July

J9

lxix.

55

99

28 „

99

lxxiii.

55

99

6 Aug.

99 •••

lxxvii.

55

99

20 „

99

lxxix.

55

99

17 Sept.

99

lxxix.

55

99

15 Oct.

99 •••

lxxxi.

55

99

19 Nov.

99 •••

lxxxiii.

55

99

17 Dec.

99 •••

lxxxvii.

55

99

14 Jan., 1879 ...

c.

5)

99

11 Feb.

99

cxvii.

55

99

11 March

99 •••

cxx.

55

99

25 „

99

cxxvii.

55

>9

8 April

99

cxxix.

55

99

22 „

59

cxxxvii.

55

99

13 May

95

cxl.

55

99

27 „

59 •••

ch.

55

99

10 June

59 •••

chx.

55

99

24 „

5)

clxi.

55

99

8 July

99 •• •

clxiii.

„

99

22 „

95 •• •

clxviii.

}5

99

12 Aug.

55

clxxi.

55

26 „

55

clxxii.

Shows — Great Summer Show, May, 1878

lvii.

55 55

May, 1879

cxlvi.

4

INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS.

Shows — Whit-Monday Show, 1878 .

page.

lxv.

„ „ 1879 .

clvii.

,, Provincial Show at Preston, 1878 ...

...

lxxii.

Visit of the King of the Belgians .

...

cxxvii.

Conversazione, 28th May, 1879 .

clvi.

Evening Fete, 9th July, 1879 .

clxvi.

Certificated Fruits and Vegetables in 1877 ...

...

xxvii.

» „ „ 1878 ...

...

...

xciv.

, , New Flowers and V egetables at Chiswick, 1877 .. .

xxvii.

JJ 55 55

1878 xciv.,

xcix.

„ New Plants in 1877 .

...

xxix.

„ „ in 1878 .

xcv.

Donors of Plants in 1877 .

...

xxii.

,, in 1878 .

xc.

Annual Report of Council for the year 1877

...

xi.

„ „ 1878

cvii.

Notes on International Exhibition at Ghent, by S. Jennings

xlviii.

„ Epacris ,,

j?

xxxix.

,, Tuberous Begonias „

...

lxxvii.

,, Hellebores „

...

cxxx.

5, Primulas „

5>

...

cxli.

,, Narcissus ,,

>>

...

cxlii.

Scientific Committee : —

Abies Nomiandiana .

...

...

xxi.

Acarus on Planes .

xli.

Acer, Schwendleri

...

lxx.

,, Variegations in .

...

lx.

Agaricus furfuraceus

...

xxxvii.

Alocasia, Hybrid .

...

lii.

Amarylhd, Insect on .

...

xxxix.

Amaryllis, Hybrid .

...

...

1.

Apples, Twin .

...

xxxvi.

Aroid, New .

...

cxxxiii.

Ash, Disease of the ... 4 .

xlix.,

cxviii.

Aspidistra

...

ii.

Auricula Leaves, Meal on .

... cxliv.,

chi.

Bamboo Borer . ..

...

lxxxv.

,, Insects in

...

cxxxviii.

Bananas, Dried . .

...

...

lxxxviii.

Bark, Exudations from ...

...

Hi.

Beech, Varieties of .

...

...

XX.

Beetle in Ascension .

...

lxxxviii.

„ on Cocoa Nuts .

ci.,

cxvn.

Begonia, Double ...

...

clxx.

INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS. 6

Scientific Committee, continued : —

Bulbs, Diseased ... ... .

xli.,

PAGE.

xlv.

Csesalpinia ferrea .

CXXV.

Calceolaria Pavonii .

...

XXXV.

Camellia, Double Leaf of .

...

ci.

Carbolic acid, Action on Plants .

lxxxvi.

Cardamine pratensis, gemmiferous .

...

xliv.

„ „ Petalody of Ovules

...

lxiv.

Catalpa Wood . .

xliv.,

cxxviii.

Cecidomy, A Botularia . .

...

lxiii.

Cedar, Gnaur on .

...

lxxv.

Cercis siliquastrum, Curved Twigs of .

...

cliv.

Change of Sex in Plants .

clx.

Chionodoxa Forbesii .

...

XXXV.

„ Luciliae .

...

cxxxiii.

Cinchona, Insects injurious to .

...

clxv.

Coccus on Bose .

lv.,

lxiii.

Cocoa Palm, Beetle on .

ci.,

cxvii.

Coffee Borer of Zanzibar .

• • •

xliv.

„ Disease .

...

cxxxviii.

Colletia cruciata . .

...

ii.

„ Staminody in

xlv.

Coloured Liquids, Diffusion of, in Plants

...

clxii.

Conophallus Titanum . .

...

lxxxviii.

Corbularia monophylla .

...

xix.

Crocus, Species of .

.. .

xviii.

Cryptotype

...

ii.

Cucumber Disease ... ... ...cxviii.,

cxliv.,

clxii.

Cycads in open air .

...

xli.

Cypripedium, Hybrid .

...

xlix.

Dendrobium formosum giganteum .

...

clxix.

Dimorphism in Cynipidae .

...

lii.

Dionsea muscipula, Slug-eating .

ii.,

xhv.

Dry rot (?) .

...

cxxxix.

Echeveria carunculata ...

clxix.

Electric Light and Vegetation ...

...

ehv.

Elisena, Hybrid .

...

xix.

Encephalartos lanuginosus

...

xlix.

Erineum .

...

clxv.

Erythronium, sp.

...

xliii.

„ grandiflorum .

XXXV.

Eucharis Candida . . .

xlvi.

Eupomatia Laurina ...

...

cxviii.

Eurotium on Cocoa Husk .

clxii.

6

INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS.

Scientific Committee, continued: —
Fischeria, Fruit of
Flints and Lichens
Frost, Action on Clay

,, Injury to Fruit Blossoms

Fuchsia, sp. .

„ Monstrous

Fungi, Fossil .

„ on Vines
,, Abnormal ...

Fungus Spores .

,, on Flower Bed ...

,, on Lilies .

PAGE.

... ... CXXY.

... ... lxx.

. cxxv.

... cxliv., clii.

. xx.

. lii.

— ... ii.

... ii., xxii., xlii., xlix., lxx.

... ... ... ... xxxvii.

... ... ... ... cxliii.

. . cxliv.

. clix., clxi.

Galanthus, sp .

Galls on Leaves of Galium

„ on Oak .

„ on Rhododendrons

„ on Willow .

Geranium, Hybrid
Gooseberries, Diseased ...
Grapes from Old Wood ...
Gumming in Orange Trees

... xx., xxxix., cxvn.

cxxviii.
lii.
clxx.

XX.

cxxxiii.
xxxvi.
clxv.
cxxiii.

xlv.

xx.

cxxxiii.
xXxv.

xxi.

XX.

xlix.

XXXV.
clxix.
cxxxiii.
cxxxv.

Hakea adnata .

Hazel, sp* . .

„ Tortuous .

Helleborus Caucasicus .

Hexacentris coccinea

Hornbeam, sp .

Horsechestnut, Distorted Branches
,, Malformed Shoot

Horseradish, Polyandrous

Hyacinthus Orientalis .

Hymenocallis macroetephana ...

... xlii,

Iberis, Hybrid .

Iris, Hybrid . .

„ Insects Injurious to ...

„ Monstrous .

Ivory, Vegetable .

lii.

lii.

ci.

xlix.

cxliv.

Japanese Plants ...

clxix.

Laburnum, Monstrous ...
Lachenalia hyacinthina ...
Larch, Disease of .

xlvi.

cxxxiii.

lxxxv.

INDEX TO PEOCEEDINGS.

7

Scientific Committee, continued :■
Lathyrus Drummondii ...
Lightning, Trees affected by
Lilium, Hybrid

„ Parryi .

„ testacenm, injured

,, Washingtonianum

,, Seed Pods of

lxx.,

Mimulus maculatus, Monstrous
Mistleto, Fasciated
„ Androgynous
,, Roots of
Mokurrus Resin ...

Moth, Arrested Growth in Wing of
Mucuna Bennetti ...

Murray, Andrew ...

Narcissus monophyllus
,, rupicoa

„ tazetta, v. Aureus

Orchids, Leaves Diseased

Orchis hircina .

,, latifolia, Pollinia of

lxxxviii.,

... xliii.,

Passiflora quadrangularis, Hypertrophy ...cxviii.,

Peach Roots, Deformed .

Pears, Insects injurious to .

Peas, Hybrid . .

Pelargonium, “ White Vesuvius.” Sport .

Pentlandia miniata .

Phyllody of Calyx ... . .

Phylloxera . ... .

Physianthus albens ... ... .

Phytoptus tiliae .

Picea Pinsapo .

Pines, Injury to ... .

Plants exhibited ... xlvi., liii., lxiii., lxviii., lxxxix.,
cxxvi., cxxviii., cxxxix., cxliii., cliv., clxii., clxv.,
Ploughing, Ancient

Polyporus dryadens .

,, sulphurens .

Potato, Composition of . .

,, Leaves marked with Warts .

„ Diseased . .

PAGE.

clxv.

lxxxv.

lxxv.

XXXV.

clxii.

xlvi.

lxxxv.

lxxv.

xlix.

cxxii.

lxiii.

lxxxviii.

clx.

lxiii.

ii.

xix.

xlvi.

ci.

lxxv.

lxxxv.

clix.

cxxxii.

ii.

cxliv.

xix.

lxxvi.

cxvii.

xxxiv.

cxxviii.

lxxxiv.

lxviii.

1.

lxxiv.

cii.,

clxviii.

lxxxiv.

lxxiv.

lxvii.

xxxvi.

lxviii.

lxxv.

8

INDEX TO PEOCEEDINGS.

Scientific Committee, continued : —

Potato, Native Country of

Primula, Himalayan
,, Monstrous

,, Propagation of .

,, “ Scott Wilson ” .

„ Seedling . .

Pteris arguta. Sports .

Pyrethrum, Monstrous .

PAGE.

... lxiv.

... xix.
cxliv., cli., clxii.

... lxix.

... XX.

. 1.

. xli.

. clxii.

Revolving movement of Shoots

Robinia pseudo Acacia, Disease of

Root Growth

Rose, Monstrous ...

,, Willow .

Ruscus, Fasciated .

. xxi.

. cxxv.

cxxxix., cliv.

... ... lxxv.

... xlii.

... cxxviii.

Salep cxliii.

Salvia elegans . xxi.

Savoy, Subterranean Buds on ... xxxv.

Scilla italica ... ... ... ... ... ... xlvi.

Sequoia sempervirens, Excrescence from stem of ... cxxiv.

Skeleton Leaves . . . lxiv.

Sugar-cane Disease ... . lxii., lxvii., lxxiv.

Tea Disease .

Torenia Bailloni ...

Tritoma, Rate of Growth

Trichomanes alatum .

Tulipa gesneriana
„ Van Bol

Turkestan, Flora of .

... lxx., lxxiii.

... ... lxxv.

. $xi.

... ... cxxxiii.

...xxxiv., xlvi.

. xli.

. xli.

Vanda suavis, Terminal Inflorescens ...
Vegetable Marrow, Monstrous ...

,, Remains in River Gravel

Victoria, Photographs of Scenery in

Vines from Peru, Insects in

Virginian Creeper ...

Vitality of Seed . .

. cxxv.

... lxxxviii.
cii., cxxiii.

... cxxvi.

... ... cxxxviii.

... ... lxxiv.

. lxxi.

Welwitschia, Insects in ... .

... ... cxxxviii.

Xephion Caucasicum

. xliii.

Yew, Diseased .

... xxi.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

January 15, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Henry 'Webb, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting having been read and confirmed —
Mr. Wooster observed that the bye-law requiring the Eellows’
nomination papers to be suspended in the Council Room had not
been put in force for some time.

Mr. Haughton said that it was several years since the mode of
procedure prescribed by the bye-laws had been observed in this
particular. As a formality the omission was doubtless improper, but
attention having been drawn to it, care would be taken in future to
conduct elections strictly according to the bye-laws.

Elections. — W. S. Amies, Mrs. Carew, Mrs. W. Earle-Leigh, H.
C. Erettingham, E. Gallop, Colin Lindsay Herford, Carl Jay,
Major Wm. Kennedy, J. T. D. Llewelyn, Hon. Mrs. Chas. Spring
Rice, Lieut.-Col. C. Salkeld, Martin J. Sutton.

Dr. Hogg commented upon the several subjects brought under
the notice of the Emit Committee ; and the Assistant- Secretary,

a

11

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mr. Samuel Jennings, dealt with those that were submitted to the
Moral Committee.

Mr. David Wooster, alluding to the death of Mr. Andrew
Murray, made a proposition, which Mr. Colebrooke seconded, to
the effect that it he recorded in the Minutes of the Meeting that
the Fellows present, keenly feeling the great loss which the Society
had sustained by the death of Mr. Murray, resolved that a letter
of condolence be sent to his widow and family.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir. J. D. Hooker, C.B., Pres. E.S., in the Chair.

Peach-roots . — Dr. Masters showed specimens of deformed
Peach-roots, already brought under the notice [of the Committee,
which had been kept in a damp place and had thrown out adventi¬
tious shoots. Mr. Worthington Smith showed similar speci¬
mens.

Colletia crueiata. — Dr. Masters showed a specimen from Sig.
Fenzi, of Florence, in which from a shoot of C. crueiata a branch
with many of the characteristics of C. spinosa had sprung.

Carnivorous Plants. — Sir George Macleay sent a leaf of Bioncea
muscijpula on which a slug was placed on December 4th, and a
fragment of leaf of Aspidistra on which another slug was placed a
few days later. In the case of the Dioncea the body of the slug
became reduced to pulp, hut was not attacked by mildew. On the
Aspidistra the body of the slug became covered with mildew, and
ultimately dried up. No fungus was observed on the leaf of the
Aspidistra. Yarious specimens of rare Bauhinias and other plants
were sent from the same garden.

Fungi of the Vine. — Dr. M. C. Cooke read a paper on this
subject, which will be found in the Society’s Journal.

Fossil Fungus. — Mr. Worthington Smith showed specimens of
the Fossil Fungus Allied to the Potato Fungus, and showing the
jointed threads, the oospores with zoospores in situ.

Eccentric Growth of Timber. — Sir Walter Trevelyan sent,
through Mr. Wooster, a remarkable specimen.

Cryptotype. — Mr. Worthington Smith showed a portrait of the
President photographed direct on to the wood by his new process,
and remarked that the specimen of wood above referred to was

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS,

111

photographed on to the wood in the same way, and directly en¬
graved from the photograph for the Gardeners Chronicle , without
any pencil drawing on the wood being made.

The late Mr. Andrew Murray.-— At the[suggestion of Sir Joseph
Hooker, a letter of condolence with the widow and family of the
late Mr. Andrew Murray was directed to he sent, the President
undertaking, on the part of the Committee, to carry out its wishes
in the matter. It was further [resolved that a Minute he made
in the record of the Proceedings of the Committee expressive of
their sense of the great loss they have sustained by the death of so
valued and active a member.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates awarded to Mr. B. S. Williams, for Den-
drobium superbiens and Mierolepia hirta cristata ; and to Mr. W.
Bull, for Zamia corrugata and Z. lucida. Botanical Commendation
awarded to Mr. B. S.Williams, for PterostylisBaptistii. Vote of thanks
awarded to Mr. W. Bull, for collection of new and rare Cycadaceous
plants ; to Messrs. James Yeitch & Sons, for collection of Orchids,
&c. ; to Mr. B. S. Williams, 'for collection of Orchids, &c. ; to Messrs.
J. Wills, for collection of Orchids and F'oliage Plants ; to Mr. H.
Cannell, for cut blooms of Pelargonium ; to Mr. W. Wildsmith,
gardener to Lord Eversley, Heckfield Place, for cut Poinsettias ;
and to Mr. J. Ollerhead, gardener to Sir H. W. Peek, M.P., Wim¬
bledon House, for Odontoglossum cirrhosum3 var.

FRTJIT COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificate awarded to Messrs. Rivers & Sons,
Sawbridgeworth, for fruit of Long Orange. Cultural Com¬
mendation Certificate awarded to Messrs. Rivers & Sons, for
collection of ten varieties of Dessert Oranges ; and to Mr.
Atkins, gardener to Col. Loyd Lindsay, M.P., Lockinge Park,
Wantage, for four bunches of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, and
one of Black Alicante Grapes. Votes of thanks were awarded to
Mr. Miller, gardener to the Earl of Craven, Coombe Abbey, for six
bunches of Gros Guillaume Grapes, weighing 26 lbs ; and to Mr.

a 2

IV

PROCEEDINGS OP THE EOYAE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

L. A. Killick, Langley, Maidstone, for a very fine collection of
Apples.

February 12, 1878.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.

The Bight Hon. Lord Aberdare, President, in the Chair.

The Members of the Council present were Lord Alfred S.
Churchill, Major B. Trevor Clarke, Major Mason, Dr.
Denny, Mr. W. B. Kellock, Mr. William Haughton, Mr. Henry
Webb (Treasurer), and Dr. Hogg (Secretary). Amongst the Fellows
present were Mr. A. Grote, Mr. G. F. Wilson, F.B.S., Mr. Wills,
Mr. Guedalla, Mr. Bateman, F.B.S., Sir Trevor Lawrence, &c.

Mr. S. Jennings, the Assistant Secretary, read the minutes of
the last Annual General Meeting, which, upon _the proposition of the
President, were confirmed.

The President said the next business before the meeting was
the nomination of the Expenses Committeemen and of the Auditors.
The names were in the list which was in the hands of the Fellows.
The Expenses Committeemen proposed were Mr. F. Campion, Mr.
Henry Webb, and Mr. William Haughton ; but, unfortunately,
Mr. Campion had sent in his resignation, and was therefore dis¬
qualified from filling the office, and the Council asked that the
name of Lord Alfred S. Churchill should be substituted. One of
the Auditors, Mr. Charles Edmonds, had removed into the country,
and was consequently unable to perform the duties of an auditor,
and hence the Council proposed the name of Mr. B. A. Aspinall,
who had kindly consented to undertake the duties of an auditor.
This was agreed to.

The President said the next business was to appoint scrutineers
for the ballot, and he had to submit the names of Messrs. Lee and
Bull. This was also agreed to.

The President.— -The next duty I have to discharge is to pro¬
pose that the report of the Council should be read ; but probably

EXTRACTS OE PROCEEDINGS.

V

it will be on this occasion, as it usually is, the desire of the meeting
that the report he taken as read, inasmuch it has been for some
time in the hands of Fellows (hear, hear). That being so, I hope
the Fellows will agree with me and my colleagues that the report
is an encouraging and cheering one (hear, hear) ; that it exhibits
signs, not of disappointed hopes almost brought to the verge of
despair, which was the case in some of the preceding reports of the
Council of this Society, but that it is one full of animation and of
the promise of a healthy life (hear, hear). We met last year under
many advantages, but still many discouragements. These were the
falling-off of a considerable number of the Fellows, caused to a
very large extent by the great disunion which existed up to that time
in the Society. The number of Fellows up to the last two years
had been steadily decreasing, and that decrease went on at an
accelerating ratio ; and the result is, that although during the last
year we may be considered to have very much recovered ourselves,
the whole number of Fellows is less at this moment than it was at
the commencement of 1876. Still, the accession of numbers last
year has been very considerable (hear, hear) ; and great a sign as
this is, we have also other signs that there is a returning confidence
of the public towards this Society. The report • shows you that
while during 'the past year seventy-nine Fellows resigned and
sixty Fellows died, we have had an accession of no less than 255 new
Fellows, and 231 guinea members, so that you see, in point of fact,
the increase of numbers was very great (hear, hear). That is
really a fact which ought to be steadily borne in mind when the
prospects of the Society are taken into consideration. But this
is only one symptom of reviving confidence in the Society.
Another cause of encouragement is, that the disputes which unfor¬
tunately hitherto existed in our meetings, and which undoubtedly-
produced a very bad effect in the minds of the public, have en¬
tirely disappeared. That, too, I consider is a gratifying announce¬
ment to be able to make (hear, hear). The Society determined
to avail themselves of this new feeling of confidence by great exer¬
tions on their part ; and these exertions, I am happy to say, have
been successful. It will be agreed, I am sure, on all hands that
the fortnightly shows which the Society has held were not only
equal but much superior to those of former years, whether as re¬
garded their value in a scientific point of view, in one of horticultural
interest, or their external beauty (cheers). In no year have we
had any more magnificent shows (hear, hear). Then, again

vi PROCEEDINGS OE THE EOYAt. H OETICtTlTUE AL SOCIETY.

beyond that we have the very best practical proof, in the shape of
our very large receipts, of the increased prosperity of our shows
and of their increased popularity, when we were able for the first
time to invite Her Majesty to these gardens, and also the Prince
and the Princess of Wales. I say for the “first time,” because I,
as President of the Society, steadily refused to invite Her Majesty
here until the unhappy dissensions in thelSociety had disappeared
— until there was some sort of general concord amongst its mem¬
bers, and a reasonable hope that harmony was established (hear).
We have had the advantage of the presence of the Queen, accom¬
panied by some of the Princesses, and afterwards of the presence
of the Prince and Princess of Wales, as well of the Duke of Teck,
the President of, not the rival, but the sister Society — the Bota¬
nical Society — accompanied by the Duchess. The result of all this
is, that while in 1875 we received from our exhibitions only £222,
and in 1876 only £223, we actually received in 1877 from our
exhibitions £812 (cheers). The daily admissions rose last year
to £484, while in the preceding year they only amounted to £245.
Then as regards our garden produce, while we sold it to the
amount of £340 in 1876, last year it realised £577. All these
things show a very great advance on the part of the Society, an
improved condition of things in most important points (hear, hear).
There is one other little matter which I think I should bring under
your notice before I sit down, and that is the disappearance from
the accounts of the £1700 which was placed to the credit of our
provincial shows. The provincial shows of the Society had been
highly successful, and the existing Council of the day — as they had
a perfect right to do — placed the balance of receipts or surplus
arising from those shows to a separate account, which was to form
a guarantee fund for provincial shows in the future, as they
were found to be of great advantage to the Society. But, in other
times, another Council which was appointed found themselves in
embarrassments and difficulties, and they appropriated this sum of
£1700, so specially set aside for a special purpose, to supply the
general necessities of the Society. I have no doubt they had a
legal right to do so. It may have been unfortunate that they did
so, but I think they had as much right to get the money for the
general wants of the Society, as the previous Council had to say
the £1700 was to be specially devoted to provincial shows. The
Council thought and felt they had an equal right to say, “ It was
all very well to set it aside, but now we will apply it to the general

EXTRACTS 03/ RRoCEEDJtKaS.

vii

Wants of the Society.’’ At any rate, whether my view is right or
not — and I am bound to say it was confirmed by the opinion of an
eminent counsel — the omission of that item from our balance-sheet
was actually forced upon us by the auditors, who refused to sign
our accounts so long as that item of £1700 appeared in them as
a fictitious one. We have, as to our future provincial shows,
entered into a contract with those who will assist us that, with
respect to any surplus to be (set aside, neither the Council
nor any other body shall have power to lay their hands upon it for
any other purpose than that intended by the trustees (hear, hear).
I assure you, therefore, that during the last year we have shown
very considerable symptoms of reviving prosperity. We have
had a large increase in the number of Fellows, and I have every
ground for hoping that the returning flood of prosperity will con¬
tinue during the present year (cheers). The only way we can
increase our revenue, having tried every other means, is by
showing the public we are exerting ourselves to do our best, by
showing horticulturists we are doing our utmost to advance the
interests of horticultural science, and by showing those who live
in this neighbourhood that the Council are making the attractions
of these gardens as great as possible (hear, hear). I mention this
because a gentleman — and I am not aware whether he is present in
the room or not — has written to me to say he should move for the
appointment of a committee of Fellows, who should institute an
inquiry to see what can be done to promote the interests of the
Society. Well, I think we had quite enough of these committees of
inquiry (hear, hear). I know very well that in many cases of con¬
tingency and emergency there is a very great advantage in the
appointment of such a committee of inquiry, but at the present
time the appointment of such a committee would only show the
existence of differences which do not exist (hear, hear, and cheers).
I may say without presumption the Council does possess the confi¬
dence of the Fellows, and we are all convinced that anything like a
suggestion of disunion must, at the present stage of our history, be
of a very injurious character (cheers). A friend of mine who
always says wise things and often witty ones, speaking a short time
since of the visit of the Queen to the show, and then talking of the
services of my friend on my right (Dr. Hogg) in the science of
pomology, remarked that besides promoting the cultivation of
Apples, the Council had been successful in expelling the apple of
discord (cheers and laughter). I hope it has been thoroughly ex-

Viii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tirpated, and therefore I am very anxious that nothing should he
done to show the appearance of want of harmony in the Council
(hear, hear). "We are giving the strongest outward visible signs to
the public of our existence and of our capacity for usefulness. Last
year, from all the information I have received, our shows were not
—could not be — surpassed in usefulness and brilliancy ; but I
believe they will even be surpassed by the shows of this year. "We
have made arrangements for an exhibition in May extending over
four days ; and we have made preparations for holding a show at
Preston which will also last four days, and I hope it will be an
accession not only of revenue but of credit (hear, hear). The only
cloud hanging over our fortunes is the existence of the arrangement
entered into with Her Majesty’s Commissioners as to the ter¬
mination of our agreement with them in case that at the end of
December this year we should not have an income of £10,000.
Well, our income last year amounted to about £5780, which is a
long way from £10,000; but considering the great depression
which had existed in the country, as well as the general desire of
people to diminish their expenditure and not to increase it, that
was not a year in which we should expect to do what we pledged
ourselves to do our best to accomplish. At the same time I know
Her Majesty’s Commissioners are watching our proceedings with
an attentive eye. I know they are aware we are doing our best to
attain the object for which we were incorporated, and that all of
them will have the justice to see the difficulty under these adverse
circumstances of bringing together within the limit of time stipu¬
lated such an income as that of £10,000. TJnder these circum¬
stances I am strongly inclined to hope — I speak my own opinion —
that Her Majesty’s Commissioners will extend the period, so as to
give us the advantages of the improvements we may not unreason¬
ably look for in those better times when people will be more in¬
clined to become Pellows of the Society than they were during
1877 (hear, hear). Taking all the circumstances together, we may
consider that the report which I ask you to adopt presents a hope¬
ful view of our situation, and therefore it is with confidence that I
beg to move it be adopted.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill seconded the motion.

Mr. Guedalla took the same view of the situation as their
noble President did. TJnder his able presidency they were slowly
mending for the better, and he felt sure that if some arrangement
with the Commissioners could be made the Society would be able

EXTRACTS Otf PROCEEDINGS. ix

in the course of a few years to increase their income to £10,000.
"When he looked at the great mansions in that neighbourhood he
could not hut think of the serious injury which would accrue if
the gardens were built upon, and it was to his perfect astonish¬
ment that all round about in the neighbourhood did not endeavour
to keep up the gardens (hear, hear). No doubt horticultural
science could be carried on elsewhere than in South Kensington,
but was not the latter the place in which the late illustrious
Prince Consort, whom they all lamented, initiated the gardens ?
(Hear, hear.) He should be very pleased if the Commissioners
would come down to £7000 income for next year, and that if the
income of the Society were so increased the Commissioners would
not adopt the strict letter of law. tie did not wish to say this in
the way of a menace or threat, but the Commissioners must know
the Society was not going to surrender without an effort. The
Society had done a good deal ; there were the debenture-holders’
and other interests to be looked to, and he should be very glad in
this matter to take the word of their noble chairman that the
Council would do their best. With extraordinary aids a forced
income might be got together. Above all things he thought it
desirable that the Commissioners and the Council should work in
harmony together. With these observations he supported the
motion for the adoption of the report (hear, hear).

Mr. George E. Wilson was sorry to hear the £1700 was put
out of chance of recovery. He spoke feelingly, as he was on the
Council when the first provincial show took place. When it was
proposed to hold the show, the Commissioners of the Exhibition
of 1851 said they could not sanction the expenditure, as it was
not for the purposes of the South Kensington estate ; but the
Council took the responsibility on themselves. He thought it
was very hard, that being the case, that the money should go for
the general purposes of the Society. It was distinctly said that
any money earned by that show should be devoted to horticultural
and not to general purposes (hear, hear). He wished to say he
should have liked all the guinea members should have votes, and
he had reason to know if that were the case there would be a
great accession of members. However, it was distinctly said
when the guinea members were accepted they should have all the
privileges of membership except the vote, and yet he was sorry
to find that when the great show was held in June — and one-
guinea members took the greatest interest in the shows — an

N PROCEEDIN' GS GE THE ROYAE HORTICUETtJRAE SOCIETY.

announcement was made by tbe Council to the effect that the
Fellows and debenture-holders were to be admitted at twelve
o’clock, while the guinea members and the public were to be
admitted at one o’clock. Now it was, he repeated, distinctly said
that the guinea members were to have every privilege with the
exception of that of voting. He hoped that would be put right
this year (hear. hear). As to the last paragraph in the report, in
which the Council “ earnestly urge upon the Fellows the impera¬
tive necessity of using every effort to increase their numbers so
as to comply with the condition imposed by the last agreement
with Her Majesty’s Commissioners, and secure their tenure of the
South "Kensington Gardens and the emancipation of the Society
from its difficulties,” he, for one, hoped that would be the only
tenure by which the gardens would be held.

The President said he strongly agreed with Mr. Wilson
that no distinction as to the admission of guinea members
should be made. He now put the motion — “That the report be
adopted.”

The motion was carried unanimously.

The following officers were unanimously elected : — President,
Pight Hon. Lord Aberdare ; Treasurer, Henry Webb ; Secretary,
llobert Hogg ; Expenses Committeemen, Lord A. Churchill, Henry
Webb, and William Haughton ; Auditors, 11. A. Aspinall, John
Lee, and James F. West. The names of vacating Members of
Council were F. Campion, W. P. Kellock, F.L.S., and T. M.
Shuttleworth. The following were elected to fill the above-
mentioned ordinary vacancies : — C. J. Freake ; Sir Trevor Law¬
rence, Part., M.P. ; and J. T. L. Llewelyn.

Mr. Wills asked whether any preparations for the show at
Preston were going on, and if so if they were progressing satis¬
factorily.

The President replied that a local committee of influential
gentlemen had been appointed, and they were acting with the
Council. There was every reason to expect that the show would
be a good one, and up to the present moment all the preparations
were going on satisfactorily (hear, hear).

Elections. — It. H. Peattie, Mrs. Arthur Plair, Miss Charlotte
Powden, Capt. J. D. Pradley, Hon. Olivia Calthorpe, Pev. W. H.
Cariss, James Cawley, Edwin Cooling, Mrs. Lancer, Edmund S.
Hanbury, Arthur C. Curtis Hayward, F. Manuelle, Mrs. Mulhol-
land, Maurice Powell, Miss Louisa E. Ramsden, Joseph Pawley, C.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

xi

Hobson, Mrs. Shad well, H. T. Smith, W. L. Sutton, S. Webb, S.
Woolf, Mrs. Wright.

The meeting then separated.

REPORT OE THE COUNCIL TO THE ANNUAL GENERAL
MEETING OF 12th FEBRUARY, 1878.

The operations of the Society have, during the past year, been
carried on with a completeness and efficiency which the Council
did not venture to hope for at the time of the last Annual Meeting.
The Scientific, Fruit, and Floral Committees were most assiduous
in the performance of the duties which they have undertaken
respectively, and the results of their valuable labours, and of
many of the practical trials and experiments made at Chiswick,
the Council hoped would have been made public in the Journal of
the Society, which they attempted to recommence. Unfortunately
the illness which terminated in the lamented death of Mr.
Andrew Murray, whom they appointed to be its editor, prevented
this expectation being realised. They have recently obtained
the services of Mr. Samuel Jennings in the double capacity of
assistant secretary and editor of the Journal, which they trust
will shortly re-appear in a form worthy of the Society.

The plants, flowers, and fruit shown at the ordinary meetings
of the Society always present objects of great interest from their
rarity or unusual excellence in point of cultivation, but the
limited space available for their exhibition in the Council chamber
necessarily restricted their numbers and interfered with their
effective display. To remedy this inconvenience to some extent,
and to enable Fellows to enjoy with more comfort to themselves
the beauty of these exhibitions, the Council held them in the
conservatory during the past season. The experiment proved
successful beyond expectation ; the cordial co-operation of the
chief exhibitors rendered these unpretending meetings worthy of
being classed as regular shows. The Council have the gratifica¬
tion of knowing that they afforded much pleasure to the Fellows,
and they will resume them in March next. Fellows’ tickets and
small book orders will admit as on ordinary days. Cards giving

Xii PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

full information as to the dates of the shows and meetings for this
year will he ready for distribution as soon after the Annual Meeting
as they can he printed.

The magnificent shows which 'were honoured by the presence of
Her Majesty and the Prince and Princess of •’Wales, and the show
of Covent Garden produce, in which the Duke and Duchess of
Tech showed a lively interest, were in every respect worthy of
the Society. The Council hope that the two former will be quite
equalled, if not exceeded, in extent and beauty by the four days’
show which will be held in May next.

The Council have during the last two years wished to organise
a provincial show on a grand scale ; but the practical extinction
of the fund formerly set apart for this purpose by the appropria¬
tion of £1700 to other uses (which they have been advised cannot
be recovered, and which, therefore, does not app ear in the balance-
sheet), and the failure of their attempts to obtain sufficient local
support, have hitherto prevented the accomplishment of their
wish. How, however, a guarantee fund has been raised and
arrangements made at Preston which justify the show which
has been announced being held there. The form of guarantee
provides for the future security from misappropriation of the
profits specified in it, and the Secretary will be happy to receive
the names of those willing to become guarantors.

At Chiswick many valuable experiments have been made, the
results of which will shortly be published in the Society’s Journal.
The state of the garden is most satisfactory. The great vinery,
probably the finest of its kind in the world, the vines in which
are twenty years old, produced an abundant crop, which, at the
reduced prices at which the grapes were sold to Pellows, realised
£320. The vines planted against the glazed wall for identifica¬
tion and description have been removed, and their places will be
filled by others bearing fruit of greater value. The vines removed
are retained in the garden for distribution to Fellows. Full descrip¬
tions of them have been drawn up and will be published. The
Peach trees trained as single “ cordons” are well worthy of inspec¬
tion ; their crop was good and of high quality. Trials 'have been
made of 77 varieties of Tomatos (some grown in pots, some
in the open ground) ; of 153 samples of Turnips, sown at diffe¬
rent seasons ; of 67 samples of Savoys, and 183 samples of
Cabbages, of all of which except the last reports are ready. The
last, which have been tested as to their value for summer and

EXTRACTS OP PROCEEDINGS.

xiii

autumn use, have been again planted to ascertain their value for
use in spring. Of most of the typical kinds photographs have been
taken. In the present year collections of Peas, Lettuces, Beets,
and Leeks will be subjected to critical examination, and experi¬
ments will be made on the comparative value of artificial manures.
The collection of herbaceous plants has been rearranged and largely
added to. The Council have also procured collections of some of
the more ornamental kinds of these plants and florists’ flowers,
including Delphiniums, Poeonias, Pyrethrums, Iris, Eanunculus,
Crocus, &c., which have been separately planted. A rockery,
for the stone of which the Council are indebted to their Treasurer,
Mr. Henry Webb, has been formed opposite the entrance to the
great vinery, and planted with rock plants, many of which of great
interest were presented by the Eoyal Gardens, Kew ; the Boyal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh ; Mr. G. E. Wilson, Mr. George Maw,
and others. Trials have been made of various kinds of Zonal Pelar¬
goniums (which were successfully grown, both in pots and planted
out in the open border), also of varieties of Canna, Begonia, Epacris,
China Asters, Stocks, and various sorts of hardy annuals, of all of
which full reports have been prepared.

The liberality of Mr. Elwes, a Member of Council, who has pro¬
cured the seeds of many plants from the Sikkim Himalayas, will
enable the Council to distribute some of these, which are of great
beauty and rarity, among the Fellows in the course of this year.

The Council are desirous of opening up correspondence with
persons residing in the Colonies and abroad who would send home
seeds and plants, and they hope that all who can facilitate their
efforts in the introduction of new plants will communicate with the
Assistant Secretary to that effect.

520 packets of cuttings of fruit-trees, 1695 plants, 195 packets
of cuttings of plants, and 15,850 packets of seeds have been distri¬
buted among Fellows during the past year.

The mode of heating the glass houses has been altered, and on
economy in the consumption of fuel thereby effected.

A new carriage entrance to the garden has been opened.

At South Kensington repairs to a considerable extent have been
carried out, but much remains to be done in this respect.

The Saturday promenades recommenced on the 19th January
last.

The ordinary receipts for the year have exceeded the expenditure
by £11 17s. 2d., to which must be added the sum of £336 19s. 7d.,

xiv PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

levied upon and paid by the Society in past years in respect of
rates, which should have been paid by Her Majesty’s Commissioners,
and which they have repaid to the Society.

The Council hope to be able to continue and extend the opera¬
tion of the arrangement with the debenture-holders referred to in
their recent circular.

During the past year 255 new Fellows and 231 guinea Members
were elected ; 79 Fellows resigned, and 60 Fellows died.

In conclusion the Council earnestly urge upon the Fellows the
imperative necessity of using every effort to increase their numbers,
so as to comply with the condition imposed by the last agreement
with Her Majesty’s Commissioners, and secure their tenure of the
South Kensington Gardens and the emancipation of the Society from
its difficulties.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS,

XV

>-

H

UJ

O

o ^

CO £

■J I

< §

oc «

o

D g

h H

co

D
O

h-

QC

O

I

<

>-

O

cc

Eh

FA

FA

H

CZ2

A

O

(A

fA

OS i-<
O

««

O GO
^ CD
CO CO

O : :

r, m
A ^

-

rP
P 1 ■

EH H

M 0_,

9 s ^

|@sg

Eg'T

Mg IP

H5|

C^Ila

H/h OQ

gs

A^hO

<!P

0<H

t>» -
PQ ~

w
A

_ ©H

H q-

•OQ

' Eh
Jz;
A

A

m

i— i

EH

A

o ©

r. O ■ ■

w 20

k, cjP3

£Jp

n

PO A
P g
QQ A

rg'S’S

‘A § §
Woo

:<!-p-p

M«’g §
S&J §*5

d<!o5

. w d a
HccOO
<
o

o

<N

CO

I ^ I

A w
A 52

A

ArS

p g

H£
p .

A Hi
pq .
A A

A

A

Hi

o

rd 2

2 ©
O o

g.2
a -*-*

o -^>

go

O J-i

o © s

O >> p
<3 -g M

©T*

A ‘S2 d

© S

A Eh

A

P

53

A

i>

A

- 8
W s
£».>§
Of o

5N

XVI

PROCEEDINGS OE IKE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROYAL HORTSCUL

De. REVENUE ACCOUNT FROM 1st

£

s.

. d.

£ 8.

d.

To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES—

Salaries ...

299

8

8

Wages

189

14

7

Printing, Stationery, and Cards

176

0

11

Postages ..

96

18

9

Miscellaneous

76

11

1

Gas

... 15

9

11

Library ...

7 10

0

861 13

11

,, SPECIAL EXPENSES in relation to Horticulture —

Journal ...

69

1

3

Fruit and Floral Committees

91

16

1

Scientific Director ...

87

10

0

248 7

4

„ CHISWICK GARDEN EXPENSES—

Rent, Rates, Taxes, and Insurance ...

315

0

7

Labour

932

12

2

Implements, Manure, Coals, and Coke

248

5

8

Repairs

85

1

6

Trees, Plants, Seeds, &c.

31

11

2

Miscellaneous

134

4

6

Superintendent’s Salary

150

0

0

Water

13

5

4

1910 0

11

„ KENSINGTON GARDEN EXPENSES—

Rates, Taxes, and Insurance

581

8

2

Superintendent’s Salary

100

0

0

Labour

528

5

6

Repairs ...

318

9

7

Coke and Manure ...

45

8

9

Implements

34

3

3

Water

38

8

11

Miscellaneous

109

6

7

Reading Room

19

10

11

Bands

65

0

0

1810 1

8

„ EXHIBITIONS—

Advertising

288

15

0

Prizes and Medals ...

208

2

0

Bands

162

9

6

Sundries ...

230

3

5

Superintendent of Flower Shows

25

0

O

Judge’s Fees

4

4

0

918 13

11

,, SUSPENSE ACCOUNT—

Cash on Deposit

340 0

0

„ Balance

..

747 5

11

£6866 3 8

February 5th , 1878,

EEYTNUE ACCOUNT.

XYU

TURAL SOCIETY.

JANUARY TO 31st DEC., 1877. Ch.

By 1/15 LIFE COMPOSITIONS as at 1st January ...
„ AMOUNT RECEIVED from Her Majesty’s Com-
missioners in Re-payment of Rates on Annexes
„ DEPOSIT INTEREST on same .

„ ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS .

„ EXHIBITIONS .

„ PROMENADES .

„ DAILY ADMISSIONS .

,, GARDEN PRODUCE .

„ PACKING CHARGES .

„ MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS .

£ s. d. £ s. d.

737 16 0

336 19 7

3 0 5

- 340 0 0

3942 4 6

812 7 9

77 2 3
407 1 1
517 19 5
6 6 0
25 6 8

iWa ha?e examined the ahoy® Esrenu© Account with the Books and Vouchers, and
find fch® same correct, JOHN LEE,

JAS, F* WEST,

h

Xviii PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

February 19, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed. The
Assistant Secretary announced the awards of the Committees.

'Elections. — Douglas Arden, E. Albert Rosanquet, Lt.-Col.
Oswald R. Eeilden, Miss C. Godson, Otto Goldschmidt, Charles
Haycock, Reginald R, Lempriere. Henry Nixon, T. M. Shad well.

One Guinea Members Admitted . — Miss M. A. Adams, Mrs.
Cockburn, Miss E. Haines, H. Hollingworth, J. Huish, H. Leah,
W. H. Maturin, Miss Moorsom, Miss E. M. Piper, Col. T. H.
Sale, J. Smith, Dr. Tulk, Mrs. Tulk.

Mr. S. Jennings read a paper on the Cyclamen, which will be
found in another part of the Society’s Journal.

After some remarks by G. E. "Wilson, Esq., E.R.S., and Colonel
R. Trevor Clarke, the Meeting adjourned.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.R., President R.S., in the Chair.

Crocus.— Some very interesting forms of Crocus were exhibited
by the Rev. Harpur Crewe, Colonel Trevor Clarke, and Mr. H. J.
Elwes, amongst which were some apparently quite new. One, a
very dark Crocus with slender leaves, was certainly a novelty, and
was referred to Kew for further investigation. Mr. Crewe showed
a large and very beautiful Crocus allied to C. Imperati from the
mountains near Ravello, where it flowers a month or five weeks
later than C. Imperati , from which it differs in its much larger
size, the deeper mauve of the inner side of the petals, and the
stripes on the outer side, which in C. Imperati are broad and
feathered, and reach nearly the whole length of the petal, but in
the Ravello form are narrow and scarcely feathered at all, and only
exist at the base of the petal. It was found by his friend, Mr.
Nevile Reid, of Amalfi, who is of opinion that it is a distinct species,
Colonel Trevor Clarke remarked that C. insularis flowered a month

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS*

XIX

later than C. Imperati , from which it was very distinct ; but that
between C. Imperati and C. suaveolens there was but little distinction,
except by the scent. He showed a new seedling which had appeared
amongst a lot of C. biflorus — a very unusual form ; it was certainly
not the Barton Park biflorus , which was a very old one, nor the
Weldeni form of the same, but appeared to be intermediate.

Hybrid Peas. — Colonel Clarke next exhibited some crossed
Peas; there was the old-fashioned Woodford Marrow and Knight’s
Dwarf Marrowfat. He had crossed the two, and now showed the
hybrid, together with the parent, so that the difference could be
easily observed.

Hybrid Elisena.— The Colonel next reminded the Committee
how he had raised a mule plant by crossing Elisena with Ismene ;
he now showed a great curiosity. The mule had proved fertile, it
has produced a perfect seed, and he now exhibited the bulb pro¬
duced from it, which he handed over to Sir Joseph Hooker for
Kew. The blossom had been set by its own pollen.

Narcissus ( Corbularia ) monophyllus . — Mr. Elwes exhibited a
potful of this Algerian Narcissus in full bloom, not less than 50
to 60 flowers being out or in bud at one time. I It had been
sent to him by Mr. Hammond, of St. Albans Court, Wingham,
Kent, and was a most remarkable instance of successful culti¬
vation, as this plant had always been found very difficult to
manage, Mr. Hammond informed him that he had brought the
bulbs ten years previously from the Atlas, where they grew under
the Cedars, at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 feet, in a reddish gritty
soil. They had received no special culture, being kept in pots in
a cold frame, and dried off in summer, being repotted every two or
three years. This plant has not been found to succeed out of doors,
where it gets injured by frost and slugs, and had never flowered
with Mr. Elwes planted out in a frame. It appears therefore that
pot cultivation is necessary for the plant, though as a rule not ad¬
vantageous to hardy or half-hardy bulbs.

Himalayan Primroses . — Attention was next directed by Mr.
Elwes to four forms of Himalayan Primulas — P. erosa, P. denticulata ,
P. purpurea ■, and a supposed hybrid raised by Mr. Anderson
Henry between the two latter, which was perfectly glabrous, and
free from the yellow mealy deposit which was characteristic of the
two forms. P. erosa, though very nearly related, and perhaps from
a botanical point of view, was not distinct. He thought it was a
well marked variety, easily distinguished by the mealy down which

b 2

XX

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

covered its floral items being white instead of yellow. All these
plants seemed hardy in England, but owing to their very early
flowering habit, were best treated as pot plants, or protected by a
hand light in spring.

Snowdrops. — Mr. Elwes also showed flowers of GalantJius El-
wesii (Hooker fill, to show the characters by which it differed from
GalantJius imperati and other forms. He thought there could be
no doubt that it was a perfectly distinct species.

Varieties of Hornbeam, Hazel, Beech . — Dr. Hogg exhibited two
forms of each of these. He had been unable to trace any mention of
this interesting fact being noticed either by botanists or in any
book on forestry, but practical men who are accustomed to work
in the woods say that they find a very marked distinction between
them. There was a white and a black Hazel, a white and a black
Birch, a white and a black Hornbeam, distinguished by the
colour of the bark. There was considerable difference between the
two kinds of each of these, not only in the colour of the bark,
but also in the different character of the wood. All three are
very much used for withes for tying up faggots, but the wood
of the black varieties is not nearly so tough as the white,
and the woodmen never use the black Hornbeam for
this purpose, as it is quite brittle and useless. The white
Hornbeam is as tough as a willow. The difference in character was
clearly constitutional ; the twigs exhibited were all cut the same
day. It is to be hoped that these different forms will be more
closely examined when they come into flower. The black Hazel is
much rarer than the white. In the Weald of Sussex the Horn¬
beam is called the Beech, and the black variety the Husbeech.

Gall's on Willow. — Dr. Hogg also showed some "Willow twigs
upon which were Galls, which were pronounced to be those of
Cecidomyia , containing Dipterous larvae.

Seedling Primrose. — Mr. G. E. Wilson showed a new seedling
Primrose which he had raised, the colour of which was a rich
Tyrean purple. There were several of the principal Primrose
growers at the Eloral Committee, who all said it was of a perfectly
new colour. The name “ Scott Wilson ” was given to it.

Fuchsias , Sfc. — Mr. Green, gardener to Sir George Macleay,
introduced by Mr. Elwes, showed two species of Euchsia which
had often been confounded— id splendens and F. cordifolia. The
latter is exceedingly rare ; Sir J. Hooker remarked that they had
not got it at 3£ew. There are no Fuchsias found north of the

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

XXI

Tropics in Mexico. Mowers of JLexacentris coccinea and Salvia
clegans were also shown.

Diseased, Yew . — Dr. M. T. Masters, oh the part of the Hon. and
Ilev. J. T. Boscawen, submitted a twig of Yew of which some of
the leaves were affected with a Fungus. Dr. Cook described it
as a species of Sphcerella , giving them quite an ornamental ap¬
pearance.

Lycoperdon giganteum. — Dr. Masters exhibited, on the part of
Miss Ormerod, specimens of this Fungus, with the following
letter : —

11 Miss E. Ormerod begs to forward two unusually large speci¬
mens of Lycoperdon giganteum , Smith, found yesterday beneath
the floor in Spring Grove Church. The spot was apparently in
good order, and the specimens are said to have been growing only
on ‘ dry rubbish,’ but they are of such large size they may possibly
be of interest. The largest of the two, much resembling a mass of
half-baked dough fallen into a flattened oval form from its own
weight, is 3 feet 5 inches in circumference, 3 feet 3 inches longest
vertical ditto, 3 feet shortest ditto ; 10 inches in height.”

Revolving Movement in the Leading Shoot of Abies JYordman-
niana. — Dr. Masters showed a diagram indicating the revolution of
the leading shoot of this plant as observed in July last during the
period of growth from hour to hour during twelve hours. The
shoot made a swoop round, keeping its point to the east from 9 a.m.
till 3 p.in., from which time till 7 p.m. it was directed vertically
at 8 p.m. the tip of the shoot pointed to the north, and at 9 p.m.
to the north-west.

Growth of Flower-stem of Tritoma .« — Dr. Masters showed a
diagram representing the rate and direction of growth in the flower-
stem of this plant. "When originally measured the total length
from the groundTo the base of the inflorescence was 5 J inches. This
space was marked out with compass points into spaces one-eighth
of an inch apart, there being forty-two in all. "When growth in
length had apparently ceased for some days the intervals between
the marks were measured, and showed extraordinary variations.
In some cases little or no growth had taken place, the marks re¬
maining one-eighth of an inch apart ; in others great growth had
taken place, in one case to as much as 1§ inch. On the whole,
the greatest growth was in the upper one-third of the stem. The
mean growth of the entire number of species was between five-
eighths and six-eighths of an inch.

xxil PROCEEDINGS or TEE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fungoid Diseases of the Vine . — Dr. M. C. Cooke read the
second part of his valuable paper on this subject, which is printed
in extenso in the present number of the Society’s Journal.

ELOEAL COMMITTEE.

Medals awarded. — Silver-gilt Banksian Medal to Messrs. J.
Yeitch & Sons, for groups of Orchids and Cyclamen. Silver Eanksian
Medals, to Mr. E. S. Williams, for group of plants ; and to Messrs.
Osborn & Sons, for group of plants. Bronze Medals, to Mr. James,
gardener to W. E. Watson, Esq., for group of Cinerarias, which were
highly commended ; to Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, for cut blooms of
Camellia ; to Mr. C. Edmonds, for group of Cyclamen ; andto Messrs.
J. Standish & Co., for group of plants. Eirst-Class Certificates were
awarded to M. B. S. Williams, for Frimula sinensis fimbriata coccinea ;
to Mr. W. Bull, for Hcemanthus rupestris ; to Mr. H. B. Smith,
Ealing, for Cyclamen “ Rosy Morn ” ; to Mr. James, gardener to W.
E. Watson, Esq., Isleworth, for Cyclamen u White Beauty ” ; and to
Mr. Edmonds, of Hayes Nursery, for Cyclamen persicum roseum
grandijlorum. Botanical Commendation* awarded to Messrs. J. Yeitch
& Sons, for Aerides vandarum , and to Messrs. Eollisson & Sons, for
Saccolabium calceolare. Cultural Commendations awarded to Mr. B.
Johnstone, gardener toT. T. Clarke, Esq., Uxbridge, for fine examples
of Daphne indica rubra ; and to W. 0. Hammond, Esq., of St.
Albans Court, for well-fiowered potful of Narcissus ( Corbularia
monophyllus) . Yotes of Thanks awarded to the Hon. Eev. J. T.
Boscawen, for plant of Amaryllis “ Temeraire ” ; to Mr. Wills,
for his group of decorative plants and Orchids ; to the Duke of
Portland, for cut blooms of hardy Azaleas; to Mr. H. B. Smith,
Ealing, for group of Cyclamens ; and to Mr. Winn, of Wood
Street, Birmingham, for Odontoglossum Alexandres, var. Winnii.

LIST OE DONOES OE PLANTS, k c., 1877.

Amies, Mr. W. S., 284, Liverpool Eoad, N. Manure 1 ton.
Backhouse, Messrs. James & Son, the Nurseries, York. 44 varieties
herbaceous and alpine plants, vegetable seeds.

LIST 03? D0X0K8 OF PLANTS, &C.

xxiii

Rallard, Mrs., 48, Addison Road. 1 Cycad, Melon seeds.

Barr & Sugden, Messrs., 12, Ring Street, Coyent Garden, W.C.
Iris barlata (115 varieties).

Renary, Ernest, Erfurt, Prussia. Collections of garden annual
seeds.

Rennett, Mr. E., the Nurseries, Rabley. Strawberry runners.

Rland, Mr. E., the Gardens, Cranbourne Court, Winkfield. Vege¬
table seeds.

Rliss & Sons, Messrs. R. K., New York. Herbaceous plants (seeds),
6 varieties Potatos, 1 1 varieties vegetable seeds.

Ronsall, Mr. E., the Gardens, Campsmount, Doncaster. Vegetable
seeds.

Cannell, Mr. Henry, the Nurseries, Swanley Junction. Pelargo
niums zonal (2 varieties).

Carter & Co., Messrs. J., 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.
Vegetable seeds (114 varieties).

Churchill, Lord Alfred S., 16, Rutland Gate, S.W. Greenhouse
plants, Clematis, bulbs, herbaceous plants.

Clarke, Col. R. T., Welton Place, Daventry. Melon seeds,
plants.

Clay, Mr., 174, High Street, Homerton, E. 1 bag manure.

Cocker, Messrs. J., & Sons, Sunnypark Nurseries, Aberdeen.
Pansies.

Culv.erwell, Mr. W., the Gardens, Thorpe Perrow. Vegetable
seeds.

Cutbush & Sons, Messrs., the Nurseries, Highgate. Epacris (16
varieties).

Dancer, Mr. E. N., Little Sutton, Turnham Green. 200 Clove Car¬
nations.

Daniels Rros., Messrs., Norwich. Elower and vegetable seeds (5
varieties).

Dean, Mr. R. Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W. Violas, flower and
vegetable seeds.

Denning, Mr. W., the Gardens, Londesborough Lodge, Surrey.
Strawberry runners.

Denny, Dr., High Street, Stoke Newington. Pelargoniums zonal
(14 varieties).

Dickson, Messrs. F. & A., 106, Eastgate Street, Chester. Vege¬
table seeds.

Dippe, Rros., Quedlinburg, Germany. Flower seeds and garden
annuals (160 varieties).

XXIV

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dodds, Mr. E., the Gardens, Herrings well House, Suffolk. Pelar¬
goniums zonal (4 varieties).

Dyer, Mr. W. T., Eoyal Gardens, Hew. Melon Aeeds (6 varieties
from Xashgaria).

Earley, Mr. M., the Yalentines, Ilford, E. Vegetable seeds.

Ellam, Mr. J., the Gardens, Bodorgan, Anglesea. Yegetahle
seeds.

Elwes, Mr. H. J., Preston, Cirencester. 230 packets Himalayan
seeds, 14 .varieties bulbs, Orchids; Australian Pines (seeds),
Palm seeds, American shrubs (15 varieties).

Earquhar, Mr. R., the Gardens, Eyvie Castle, N.B. Herbaceous
plants (seeds), 6 varieties vegetable seeds.

Eraser & Son, Messrs. John, the Nurseries, Lea Bridge. Epacris
(37 varieties), Verbenas (18 varieties).

Gray, Mr. John, Eglington Castle Gardens, Ayrshire. Yegetahle
seeds.

Green & Sons, Messrs. Thomas, Leeds. 1 verge-cutter.

Gregory, Mr. J. H., seed-grower, Marble Head, TJ.S. America.
Potatos (5 varieties).

Gibson, Mr. John, Superintendent, Hyde Park. Cannas (12
sorts).

Guisan, Mr. J., officer S.S. Menzalet. Eern (. Drynaria qiierci-
folia ) (16 plants).

Hardy, Mr. H. J., Stour Valley, Seed Grounds, Bures, Essex.
Pelargonium zonal (6 varieties), garden annuals (3 varieties),
vegetable seeds.

Harrison & Sons, Messrs., seed merchant, Leicester. Vegetable
seeds (6 varieties) Mimulus moschatus Harrisoni (6 plants).

Haughton, Mr. W., E.I.IJ.S. Club, 14, St. James’s Square, S.W.
Radish seeds (3 varieties).

Hayes, Messrs. J. & J., florists, Edmonton. Double Primulas
(48), flower seeds.

Herbst, Mr. H., Hew Nursery, Richmond. Palms, shrubs and
Conifer, double Primulas, Eerns.

Hooker, Sir J. D., the Royal Gardens, Hew. Seed of Cabbage from
Yezd, Persia.

Hope, Miss J., Wardie Lodge, near Edinburgh. Pelargoniums
Cape (13 varieties), herbaceous and alpine plants (21
varieties).

Howe, Mr. G., Daventry. Vegetable seeds.

Hooper & Co., Messrs., Covent Garden. Vegetable seeds.

LIST OF DONORS OP PLANTS, &C. XXV

Jackson & Son, Messrs. T., the Nurseries, Kingston. Epacris (8

* varieties).

Kew Boyal Gardens. Herbaceous and alpine plants (200
varieties), Cape Pelargoniums (50 varieties).

Lane & Son, Messrs. J. E., Great Berkhampstead. Celery, “ Sey¬
mour’s White” (seeds).

Lawson Seed Company, Edinburgh. Strawberry plants, “Duke
of Edinburgh” (12 plants).

Lee, Messrs. Charles & William, Hammersmith, W. Epacris
(20 varieties), Potatos.

Leichtlin, Max, Baden-Baden. Canna iridifolia hybrida, two
plants.

Lemoine, Mons. Y., 67, Hue de l’Etang, Nancy. Pelargoniums
zonal, double, ivy-leaved (30 varieties).

Little & Ballantyne, Messrs., Carlisle. Alpine and herbaceous
plants (35 varieties).

Low & Co., Messrs. Hugh, the Nurseries, Clapton. Epacris (12
varieties).

McLean, Mr. M., the Gardens, Linton Park. Stocks, East Lothian
(2 varieties).

McNab, Mr. A. K., Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. 33 herbaceous
and alpine plants.

Maw, Mr. G., Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop. 180 herbaceous
and alpine plants.

Miles, Mr. E., Bingham, Notts. Pelargoniums zonal.

Minier & Co., 60, Strand, W.C. Yegetable seeds (54 varieties).

Murray, Mr. A., 67, Bedford Gardens, S.W. Australian seeds.

Nutting & Sons, Messrs. W. J., 60, Barbican, E.C. Yegetable
seeds (51 varieties).

Osborn & Sons, Messrs., the Nurseries, Eulham; Epacris (4
varieties).

Parker, Mr. B., the Nurseries, Tooting. Delphiniums (24 varieties),
Pmonies (27 varieties), Potentillas (17 varieties), Pyrethrums
(36 varieties), Ivies (4 varieties), Campanulas, spring flower¬
ing plants.

Paul & Sod, Messrs. William, Waltham Cross. Bed Currants (6
plants).

Perry, Mr. P. J., Banbury. Yegetable seed.

Pottle, Mr. 3., the Gardens, Sudborne Hall, Wickham Market.
Yegetable seeds.

Bogers, Mr. A., Battersea Park. Cannas (43 varieties).

Bollison & Sons, Messrs. William. Epacris (17 varieties).

xxvi proceedings or the royal horticultural society.

Ross, Mr. C., the Gardens, Welford Park, Newbury. Potato,
“ Criterion.’*

Smith, Messrs* P. A., Dulwich. Collection of Balsam seed.

Smith & Sons, Messrs. W., seedsmen, Aberdeen, N.B. Potatos
(6 varieties).

Strickland, Sir C. W., Hildenley, Malton. Hedychium Gardneria-
num (30 plants), Panicum sulcatum (40 plants).

Stuart & Mein, Messrs., nurserymen, Kelso, N.B. Yegetable and
flower seeds (20 varieties).

Taylor, Mr. J., the Gardens, Hardwick Grange, near Shrewsbury.
Yegetable seeds.

Taylor, Mr. Thomas, Market Place, Hinckley. Yegetable

seeds.

Thomson, Mr. George, superintendent, Crystal Palace. Primula
Jajponica (100 plants), Perns.

Thorpe, Mr. R. J., Railway Tavern, Peltham. Yegetable

seeds.

Turner, Mr. C., the Royal Nurseries, Slough. Yegetable

seeds.

Tyerman, Mr. J., Penlee, Tregoney, Cornwall. Yegetable

seeds.

Yeitch & Sons, Messrs. J., Chelsea. Gloxinias (55 varieties), Begonias
(6 varieties), Epacris (4 varieties), Pelargoniums (zonal) (13
varieties), new plants (19 varieties) vegetable seeds (66
varieties).

Yilmorin et Cie, Messrs., 4, Quai dela Megissene, Paris. Yegetable
seeds (115 varieties), garden annuals (160 varieties).

Waite, Burnell, Huggins, & Co, Messrs., 79, Southwark Street, S.E.
2 lawn mowing machines.

Wheeler & Son, Messrs. J. C., Gloucester. Yegetable seeds (20
varieties), flower seeds (13 varieties).

White, Mr. John, 9, Ladymead, Bath. Potatos (2 varieties).

Williams, Mr. B. S., the Nurseries, Tipper Holloway, N. Epacris
(12 varieties), Crotons (7 varieties), Palms (3 varieties), fruit
trees (2 varieties).

Wills, Mr. John, Royal Exotic Nursery, Onslow Crescent, South
Kensington. Begonias (10 varieties), Dracaenas (6 varieties),
Gloxinias (6 varieties), Perns (2 varieties).

Wilson, Mr. G. P., Heatherbank, Weybridge. 31 herbaceous and
alpine plants.

NEW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CERTIFICATED.

xxvii

NEW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CERTIFICATED BY
THE FRUIT COMMITTEE. 1877.

[F.C., First-class Certificate.]

Apple, Loddington Seedling (Stone’s), Lewis Killick, October 2,
F.C.

Brocoli, Yeitch’s Self-Protecting, J. Veitch & Sons, December 4th.
F.C.

Melon, “ Cream Pine,” J. Carter & Co., October 10. F.C.

,, “ Exquisite,” C. Tyler, November 6. F.C.

Nectarine, “ Lord Napier,” T. Rivers & Son, August 28. F.C.
Pine Apple, Lord Carrington’s, G. T. Miles, January 17. F.C.
Sea-Kale, Lilly white, Stuart & Mein, April 4th. F.C.

„ ,, H. F. Jones, April 4th. F.C.

Tomato, Little Gem, Bliss & Sons, August 28. F.C.

,, Criterion (New Improved), J. Vick, August 28. F.C.

,, Large Red, Vilmorin et Cie., August 28. F.C.

,, Trophy, Carter & Co., August 28. F.C.

,, ,, Veitch & Sons, August 28. F.C.

,, ,, Wheeler & Sons, August 28. F.C.

NEW FLOWERS CERTIFICATED BY THE FLORAL COM¬
MITTEE AT THE CHISWICK TRIALS. 1877.

[F.C., First-class Certificate.]

Begonia, Mrs. Barron, R.H.S., July 25. F.C.

Dianthus chinensis flore-pleno, Benary, August 27. F.C.

,, Heddewigii, Benary, August 27. F.C.

,, ,, hybridus atropurpureus, Benary, August

27. F.C.

?> „ j, flore-pleno, Benary, August 27.

F.C.

„ ,, laciniatus, Benary, August 27. F.C.

,, „ plenissimus splendens, Haage & Schmidt,

August 27. F.C.

,, Imperialis flore-pleno, Bernary, August 27. F.C.
Fuchsia, Lord Beaconsfield, Laing, July 25. F. C.

XXY111 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Iberis coronata hybrid a nan a alba, Vilmorin, July 25. E.C.
,, ,, ,, ,, rosea, Yilmorin, July 25. E.C.

Pelargoniums.

As Bedding Yarieties.

Athos, Pearson, July 25. E.C.

Beauty of Surrey, George, July 25. E.C.

Charles Smith, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Excelsior, Denny, August 27. E.C.

John Eraser, Cocker, July 25.. E.C.

Lais, Denny, August 27. F.C.

Lord Giffard, George, August 27. E.C.

Mabel Eden, Pearson, August 27. E.C.
kfrs. Holden, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Mrs. Huish, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Mrs. J. George, George, July, 25. E.C.

Mrs. Lancaster, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Portia, Denny, August 27. E.C.

Bey. A. Atkinson, Pearson, July 25. E.C.

Grown in Pots under Glass.

Blanche Gordon, Pearson, July 25. E.C.

Lady Eva Campbell, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Lord Mayo, George, July 25. F.C.

Louis, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Louisa, Pearson, July 25. E.C.

Lustrous, George, August 27. E.C.

Miss Wakefield, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Mrs. Pearson, Pearson, August 27. E.C.

Bebecca, Pearson, July 25. E.C,

Pelargoniums double-flowered.

Depute Aneelon, Lemoine, August 27. E.C.

Le Eord Est, Lemoine, August 27. E.C.

Yerbena Carl Sieglig, Eraser, July 25. E.C.

Yiola Golden Prince, Eromow, July 25. E.C.

,, Holyrood, Dickson, July 25. E.C.

„ Yestal, Dean, July 25. F.C.

NEW PLANTS, &C-, CERTIFICATED.

XXIX

NEW PLANTS, &c., CERTIEICATED BY THE FLORAL
COMMITTEE, 1877.

[F.C., First-class Certificate; S.C., Second-class Certificate; H.C., Highly
Commended; B.C., Botanical Commendation.]

Abutilon Lemoinei, R.H.S., August 21. F.C.

Adiantum Williamsii, Williams, May 2. F.C.

Aerides crassifolium, Yeitch, July 3. F.C.

Agave schidigera princeps, Rellock, May 2. F.C.

Alocasia Thibautiaua, Yeitch, July 3. F.C.

Alsopbila pycnocarpa, Yeitch, April 4. F.C.

Amaryllis Princess of Teck, Yeitch, February 14. F.C.

Anthurium Brownii, Yeitch, May 2. F.C.

,, Scherzerianum Wardii, Yeitch, April 4. F.C.

,, Yeitchii, Yeitch, June 19, F.C.

,, Warocquianum, Yeitch, June 19. F.C.

Aquilegia hybrida californica, Douglas, June 5. F.C.

,, hybrida coerulea, Douglas, June 5. F.C.

Aralia filicifolia, Williams, May 2. F.C.

Auricula (alpine) Florence, Douglas, May 2. F.C.

„ ,, John Ball, Turner, May 2. F.C.

,, ,, Prince, Douglas, May 2. F.C.

,, (show) Sarah, Turner, May 2. F.C.

Azalea (mollis) Couleur de Paille, Yeitch, May 15. F.C.

,, (amoena) Mrs. Carmichael (as a decorative plant) Williams,
March 7. F.C.

Balsams (for strain) Reeves, July 17. H.C.

Begonia Empress of India, Perkins, August 21. F.C.

,, Monarch, Yeitch, July 17. F.C.

,, Mrs. Charles Scorer, Yeitch, July 17. F.C.

,, Oriflamme, Laing, June 19. F.C.

,, Queen of Whites, Yeitch, August 21. F.C.

,, (double) Gloire de Nancy, Laing, June 5. F.C.

Calanthe vestita oculata rubra var. gigantea, Lawrence, Feb. 14.
F.C.

Carnation (Clove) Mrs. Matthews, Turner, July 17. F.C.

,, ,, Tom Thumb scarlet, Yeitch, June 19. F.C.

,, (Tree) A Alegatiere, Turner, December 4. F.C.

,, ,, Guelder Rose, Turner, March 7. F.C.

,, ,, Osman Pacha, Turner, October 2, F.C.

,» „ Perfection, Turner, March 7, F.C.

XXX

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Catasetum scurra, Lawrence, February 14. B.C.

Cattleya Skinnerii alba, Yeitcb, June 5. F.C.

Chrysanthemum (Japanese) Fulton, Jackson ; Moorman, Dec. 4.
F.C.

,, (show) Golden Empress of India, Henderson,

December 4. F.C.

Cibotium pruniatum, Bull, December 4. F.C.

Cineraria Mary, James, March 7. F.C.

,, Mrs. Beck, James, May 2. F.C.

,, Thomas “Winter, James, March 7. F.C.

Cinerarias (for strain) James, March 7. H.C.

Clematis Aurora, Noble, April 4. F.C.

,, Madame Grange, B. Smith, June 19. F.C.

Coelogyne corrugata, Green, August 21. S.C.

Coleus multicolor, Yeitch, May 2. F.C.

Colorado Menziesii, A. Waterer, August 21. F.C.

Croton Earl of Derby, Yeitch, March 21. F.C.

, , Macarthurii, Y eitch, March 21. F . Q .

,, Mortii, Bull, February 14. F.C.

,, picturatus, Bull, December 4. F.C.

,, Prince of Wales, Williams, June 19. F.C.

,, Queen Yictoria, Williams, July 17. F.C.

Cycas media latissima, Bull, February 14. F.C.

Cyclamen (persicum) Brilliant, Clarke, April 4. F.C.

,, ,, compactum magnificum, Edmonds, Feb. 14.

F.C.

,, ,, Buby, Little, March 21. F.C.

Cypripedium albo-purpureum, Yeitch, July 3. F.C.

,, Druryii, Yeitch, April 4. B.C.

,, occidental, Elwes, May 15. F.C.

Dahlia Bessie Ford, Beynes, September 4. F.C.

,, Charles Wyatt, Beynes, September 4. F.C.

,, Henry Bond, Beynes, September 4. F.C.

„ James Willing, Bawlings, October 2. F.C.

,, Louisa Neate, Beynes, September 4. F.C.

,, Mrs. Shirley Hibberd, Bawlings, October 2. F.C.

,, The Countess, Beynes, September 4. F.C.

Dendrobium, barbatulum grandiflorum, Lawrence, April 4. F.C.

,, crassinode Barberianum, Lawrence, March 7. F.C.

,, Lindleyanum, Lawrence, January 17. S.C.

,, sculptum, Lawrence, April 4, F.C.

,, suavissimum, Williams, August 7. F.C.

NEW PLANTS, &C., CERTIFICATED.

xxxi

Dennstsedtia davallioides Youngii, Yeitch, March 7. E.C.
Dicksonia Berteroana, Yeitch, November 6. E.C.

Dracsena Bauseii, "Williams, August 7. E.C.

,, Mrs. Bause, Wills, May 2. E.C.

,, Bobinsoniana, Yeitch, May 5. E.C.

,, terminalis alba, Wills, March 7. F.C.

Echinocactus grandicornis, Croucher, July 17. E.C.
Eschscholtzia flore-pleno, Carter, July 3. E.C.

,, Mandarin, Carter, July 3. E.C.

Eulophia guineensis, Lawrence, August 7. E.C.

Eurycles australasica, Yeitch, March 7. E.C.

Fritillaria sp. ex. California, Elwes, April 18. B.C.

G-eonoma princeps, Bull, December 4. E.C.

Gladiolus, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Kelway, August 21. E.C.
,, Charles Noble, Kelway, August 21. E.C.

,, Cymbeline, Kelway, August 2 1 . E.C.

,, Prince George, Kelway, August 21. E.C.

., Bhamnes, Kelway, October 2. E.Q.

,, The Odalisque, Kelway, August 21. E.C.

Gloxinia Paragon, Kinghorn, June 5. E.C.

Gymnogramma Muelleii, Yeitch, June 19. S.C.

Houlletia Lowiana, Lawrence, May 15. B.C.

Hydrangea, Thomas Hogg, Yeitch, July 17. E.C.

Iris Ksempferi, var. alba grandissima, Barr, July 3. E.C.

,, ,, Mrs. Barr, Barr, July 3. E.C.

,, ,, Robert Parker, Barr, July 3. F.C.

,, Xiphium junceum, Elwes, July 3. B.C.

Ixora formosa, Eraser, August 21. E.C.

Juniperus virginianus albo spicatus, Holmes, June 19. E.C.
Lselia Dayana, Lawrence, January 17. E.C.

Lathyrus latifolius splendens, Parker, July 17. E.C.

Lilium croceum var. Chaixii, Maw, July 3. E.C.

,, elegans var. Alice Wilson, Wilson, July 19. E.C.

,, ,, Mawii, Maw, July 3. E.C.

Lomaria discolor bipinnatifida, Yeitch, May 2. F.C.
Masdevallia macrura, Denning, February 14. B.C.

,, triaristella, Yeitch, July 3. B.C.

,, Wallisii (Chimsera), Yeitch, February 14. E.C.
Narcissus calathinus, Blanchard, April 4. B.C.

,, rupicola, Elwes, April 4. B.C.

Nepenthes Courtii, Yeitch, October, 2. E.C.

XXXU PROCEEDINGS OF TEE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nepenthes hybrida maculata elongata, Veitch, October 2. F.C.

,, rubro maculata, Yeitch, October 2. F.C.

Nephrolepis Duffii, Yeitch, April 4. F.C.

Odontoglossum Alexandrse roseum, Ollerhead, June 5. F.C.

,, Cervantesii var. decorum, Lawrence, February 14.

F.C.

,, coronarium miniatum, Mill, July 17. F.C .

Oncidium crispum marginatum grandiflorum, Lawrence, Mav 1-5.

F.C.

metallicum, Lawrence, May 15. B.C.
prsetextum, Yeitch, August 21. F.C.

Osmunda palustris, Yeitch, March 7. F.C.

Pavonia YYiotii, Yeitch, June 19. B.C.

Pelargonium (decorative), Dr. Masters, Williams, June 19. F.C.

,, ,, Duchess of Bedford, Beckwith, April 18.

F.C.

,, ,, Empress of India, Sweet, May 2. F.C.

„ (zonal) New Life, Cannell, September 4. F.C.

,, „ Yenus, Turner, June 5. F.C.

,, (double) Lafayette, Lemoine, August' 21. F.C.

,, ,, Littre, Lemoine, August 21. F.C.

,, (echinatum), Spotted Gem, Canned, August 7. F.C.
,, (fancy), Mr. King, Turner, June 5. F.C.

,, ,, jrMrs. Pope, Turner, June 19. F.C.

(show), Eloquence, Turner, June 5. F.C.

,, „ Fortitude, Foster, June 19. F.C.

,, ,, Invincible, Foster, June 19. F.C.

,, ,, Yirgin Queen, Turner, June 5. F.C.

,, (zonal) Dr. J. Denny, Canned, September 4. H.C.

,, „ Tom Bowling, Burley, June 5. F.C.

„ ,, White Yesuvius, Canned, December 4. F.C.

Phaius Dodgsoni, Williams, August 21. F.C.

Poinsettia pulcherrima plenissima, Yeitch, March 21. F.C.
Polyanthus, Duke of Wellington, G. Smith, April 18. F.C.
Primrose, Brilliant, Dean, April 4. F.C.

Primula capitata, R.H.S., November, 6. F.C.

,, cortusoides var. coerulea, Dean, April 18. F.C.

,, maxima, Dean, April 18. F.C.

,, ,, purpurea, Dean, April 18. F.C.

{To he continued.)

NEW PLANTS, &C., CEliTIFICATED . XXxiii

Primula sinensis double, Marchioness of Exeter, Gilbert, March

21. E.C.

,, ,, ,, Mrs. Barron, Gilbert, October 2. E.C.

,, ,, ,, Princess, Gilbert, October 2. F.C.

,, ,, ,, White Lady, Gilbert, October 2. E.C.

,, ,, veris purpurea, Dean, March 21. E.C.

,, ,, ,, robusta alba, Dean, April 18. E.C.

,, ,, ,, sp. (Sikhim) Henry, August 21. B.C.

Pultenaea rosea, Rollisson, April 4. E.C.

Pyrus japonica alba, Yeitch, February 14. E.C.

Rhododendron, Countess of Derby, Yeitch, July 3. E.C.

„ Taylori, Yeitch, March 7. E.C.

Rose (H.P.), Duchesse de Yallambrosa, Bennett, March 21. E.C.
,, Emily Laxton, Paul & Son, May 2. E.C.

,, Marchioness of Exeter, Paul & Son, July 3. E. C.

,, Marquis of Salisbury, Paul & Son, August 7. E.C.

,, May Quennell, Y/illiam Paul & Son, July 3. E.C.
Sarcochilus Eitzgeraldii, Yeitch, April 4. B.C.

Sarracenia Chelsoni, Yeitch, November, 6. F.C.

Schlimia trifida, Lawrence, January 17. B.C.

Spathoglottis Lobbii, Lawrence, February 14. B.C.

Streptocarpus Greenii var. delicata, Green, August 21. E.C.
Thrinax gracillima, Williams, June 19. E.C.

Tillandsia sp. (Jamaica), Green, March 21. B.C.

Torenia Eournieri, R.H.S., August 21. F.C.

Tropseolum (climbing) Perfection, Dean, December 4. F.C.

Tulipa Greigii, Elwes, April 18. F.C.

Yanda Parishii, Yeitch, July 3. S.C.

Zamia Lindeni, Bull, May 2. E.C.

„ obliqua, Bull, May 2. E.C.

,, Roezlii, Bull, May 2. E.C.

Zygopetalum Clayii, Clay, May 2. S.C.

XXxiV PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 5, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections.— Right Hon. Acton S. Ayrton, Lady Beauchamp,
Hon. Isabel Calthorpe, Harold L. Coffin, Lt.-Gen. Rudolph de Salis,
C.B., H. G.Guy Elliott, Bartle G. Goldsmid, Philip Capel Hanbury,
James Henry, Mrs. Huggins, William Gerard Lysley, Lieut.-Gen. Sir
Thomas McMahon, Mrs. Nangle, Mrs. Simpson, Sir Julius Vogel,
K.C.M.G, Rev. B. Winthrop.

One Guinea Members Admitted.— Miss Florence Williams, J.
Rose,

The Awards of the Floral Committee were announced, and
remarks were made by the Assistant Secretary, explanatory of some
of the most interesting plants exhibited.

Colonel R. Trevor Clarke read a paper on the Cultivation of
the Fig as a Standard in the open air. This paper is published in
the Journal of the Society.

The Meeting adjourned,

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D, Hooker, K.C.S J., C.B., Pres. R.S., in the Chair,

Phyllody of Calyx. —Dr. M. C. Cooke exhibited a remarkable
specimen of the common Primrose, which had been found growing
wild in the neighbourhood of Highgate, in which the calyx was
completely leafy. It was found growing in a clay soil, and Sir
Joseph Hooker remarked that whenever such specimens were
discovered they were almost invariably found in a clay soil. The
plant had been sent to Dr. Cooke by Mr. Coomber, of Highgate.

Tulip a Gesneriana, var. Schrenhii. — Mr. Elwes showed flowers
of this very early blooming species from Russia. The bulbs were
not planted till November, so that it may be considered very much
the earliest flowering of all Tulips. Also T. stellata , from the

EXTRACTS OP PROCEEDINGS,

XXXV

Horth-West Himalayas, In a house this Tulip would flower as
early as Christmas.

Chionodoxa Forhesii, another curiosity showed by Mr. Elwes-—
a Scilla-like plant from Asia Minor, with flowers six-parted, the
segments linear lanceolate, spreading, and of a sky-blue colour. A
most interesting plant, seen now for the first time in this country ;
it would probably be in finer bloom next year. This plant comes
from the mountains above Smyrna.

Erythronium grandiflorum.—k species with much longer petals
than the yellow species from California. It also is a native of
America, but from a district a good deal further north.

Helleborus Caucasicus , var. guttatus . — The very finest of all the
garden Hellebores. There are disputes as to whether it is a good
species or only a variety. It is a very handsome plant, stands up
well, and of very good habit.

Calceolaria Pavonii.—kn interesting plant, concerning which
the Rev. George Henslow remarked that it was a fact not gene¬
rally known that the stamens had the same lever-like oscillatory
movement as in the well-known case of Salvia.

Lilium Parryi. — Mr. Elwes showed a drawing of this new
Lily, which is a native of California, and has not yet been intro¬
duced into this country though in cultivation in America. It
apparently belongs to the Washingtonia group. There was so
great a distinction in the structure and mode of growth of
American and European Lilies respectively that the mere inspec¬
tion of the bulbs was quite sufficient to determine whether a Lily
bulb came from America or not.

Malformed Horse Chestnut.— Dr. Masters showed, on the part of
J. Prior, Esq., a shoot of Horse Chestnut, in which the base of the
leaf-stalk had contracted an adhesion to the stem and was still
living, the upper free portion being withered by frost.

Subterranean Buds on Roots of Savoy. — Dr. Hogg showed roots
of Savoy with subterranean buds, as in the specimen of Brussels
Sprout submitted to the Committee some years since by Mr. W. W.
Saunders.

Diseased Bulbs, fyc.—D r. Masters read the following letter
addressed to him, and exhibited specimens of the diseased plants
forwarded by Mr. Atkins

“ It is not the first time I have suffered in like manner, but
never to the extent of the present. I send specimens of Cycla¬
mens, Iris reticulata , Crocus, and some others. They are all

c 2

XXXvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, .

attacked in like manner. Until within the last two 'or three weeks
all were looking healthy and well, but just when the Cyclamens
and Iris reticulata (which are now going off by hundreds) com¬
menced flowering they showed the disease. With the former the
leaves in many cases appear healthy, but on the slightest touch sepa¬
rate with a portion of the foot-stalks just below the surface of the
ground. They very soon flag and decay, whilst the corm and fibres
look in most instances white, clear, and healthy ; just so with Iris
reticulata ; the upper portion of the leaf appears healthy, but decay
takes place at and just below the surface ; the bulb and fibres
appear sound. Crocuses are much the same, and Tulips and
Hyacinths fail in the same manner when three or four inches above
ground. The Cyclamens are in cold pits planted out, where I
have grown them many years, and some of the plants in the same
pits, and close to the diseased ones, are as vigorous and healthy as
could be desired. The soil for the Iris bed was renewed this last
autumn, consisting of virgin loam (well-decayed turf), sand, or
road-grit, with some well-decayed stable manure ; in this they
have formerly thriven well. In the open garden Cyclamens and
Iris reticulata appear perfectly vigorous and healthy at present,
but Crocuses and Tulips are bad. The progress of the disease is
very rapid. I have failed to discover any mycelium or fungus ;
though on my soil, wherever a bit of stick or wood is decaying, it
is very common. Vegetable matter in my Cyclamen pits has been
carefully excluded for years. I have applied soot in some cases,
but find no benefit. — James Atkins.”

At the suggestion of Dr. Masters the specimens were referred
for examination and report to a sub-committee, consisting of Eev.
M. J. Berkeley, Dr. M. C. Cooke, W. G. Smith, and Dr. Masters.

Diseased Gooseberries.— Dr . Masters showed, on the part of the
Bev. H. H. D’Ombrain, shoots of Gooseberries, in which the buds
at the lower part of the shoot were dry and shrivelled, those above
being healthy and vigorous.

Dr. Hogg remarked that there was no disease in this Gooseberry,
but that the blindness was evidently caused by the vigour of the
plant having gone off in the young shoot. It is a frequent occur¬
rence in old Gooseberry bushes ; the buds are not dead, but there is
not sufficient root action to develop them. The remedy was simply to
give manure, and so stimulate the roots, when the shoots and buds
will develop in due course.

Twin Apples. — Dr. Hogg showed a singular specimen from Mr,

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

XXXVll

Woolman, of Bedford. The tree which produces these double
apples is fifteen or sixteen years old, and has always produced the
same peculiarly formed fruit, the entire crop being thus affected.

Abnormal Fungi. — Mr. W. G. Smith exhibited specimens of
Agaricus furfur aceus, with the exact external aspect of a Morel.
The fungi were found under an Oak in a field at Henbury, Bristol,
by Mr. Cecil H. S. Perceval. The plants were growing upon the
ground and upon chips, and were at first supposed to be small
Morels. They, however, grew in company with Agaricus furfura-
ceusy and every intermediate form was found between the normal
and abnormal forms of the Agaric. Cases of this nature are some¬
times referred to mimicry or protective resemblance, but although
the resemblance to a fungus totally different from itself is precise in
this instance it is difficult to see what end, if any, could be served
by such mimicry.

Composition of Potatos.—Dx. Gilbert made some very interesting
remarks on the subject. He said that Mr. Lawes and himself had
been for two years experimenting on the effects of different manures
on the Potato, and they had obtained a variation in the amount of
produce from something over three tons without manure to nearly
nine tons with the highest manure. Samples of the different crops
had been analysed in the usual way ; and a great difference in the
composition of the tubers was found. There was a difference of
several units per cent, in the amount of dry or solid matter ; there
was about one and a third time as much mineral matter in some as
in others ; and there was nearly twice as much nitrogen in some
as in others.

It occurred to them that it would be interesting also to examine
the tubers somewhat in the way adopted in the case of some root
crops, such as sugar beet ; that is, to express, and determine the
composition of the juice.

It was found that by far the largest proportion of both the
mineral matter and the nitrogen of the tuber existed in the
clear filtered juice; and there was as striking a variation in the
per-centage of these in the juice as in the whole tubers, depending
on the character of the manure, and on the amount of crop.
It was remarkable, too, that some of the largest crops, which,
judging from the withered condition of the tops, must be con¬
sidered fairly ripe, nevertheless contained a juice relatively very
rich in nitrogen.

His special object in referring to these experiments was, how-

SXXviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE EOTAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCEETT.

ever, to call the attention of the committee to some results
which they had obtained with diseased potatos. Already the
Hey. J. H. Jellett* had examined the juice, or rather the
extract, of sound potatos, of the apparently sound part of
diseased potatos, and of the discoloured part of diseased potatos,
Ee had found a considerable development of sugar in the white
part of the diseased tubers. He also determined the amount of nitro¬
gen in the dry matter of similar specimens, and found it to be greater
in that of the apparently sound part of diseased potatos than in
that of sound potatos, and also greater in the diseased part, but
not so great as in the apparently sound part.

At ftothamsted they had experimented rather differently.
They had determined the nitrogen, and the mineral matter, in the
soun'd whole tubers, and in the diseased whole tubers ; in the juice
of the sound potatos, in that of the white part of the diseased
potatos, and in that of the black part of the diseased potatos.
They had also determined them in the washed or exhausted solid
matter, or “mark” of the white part, and of the black part, of
diseased tubers.

In accordance with Prof. Jellett’s results they found a higher
per-centage of nitrogen in the dry substance of the diseased than of,
the sound potatos ; but, calculating the quantity upon the fresh
tubers, they did not find evidence that there was an actually
greater amount of nitrogen in the diseased potatos.

The most interesting point in their results was, however, that
whilst the juice of the white portion of the diseased potatos con¬
tained, approximately, the same amount of nitrogen as that of corre¬
sponding sound potatos, the juice of the diseased portion contained
very much less ; in fact, only about one -half or two- thirds as
much. On the other hand, the washed or exhausted “mark” of
the white portion contained a very small amount of nitrogen,
whilst that of the black or diseased portion contained very much
more ; in some cases four or five or more times as much as the
“ mark ” of the white portion. It was also found that the amount
of mineral matter was much higher in the juice of the white than
in that of the diseased portion; but much lower in the “mark”
of the white than in that of the discoloured portion. It was obvious,
from these facts, that the juice had suffered exhaustion of much of
both its nitrogen and its mineral matter in the development of

* Proceedings of the Boyal Irish Academy, May 22nd, 1876,

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

KXX1X

the fungus. The sugar, itself the result of diseased action, probably
also contributed to the same end.

Insect on Amaryllid. — Mr. Wilson Saunders sent the grub, pro¬
bably of some Dipterous insect, which had damaged the bulbs of
Amaryllis. The specimen was referred to Mr. M ‘Lachlan for
examination.

Snoivdrops. — Mr. Melville, Dunrobin, sent some additional
specimens, including' a dwarf form, in w^hich the whole flower was
tetramerous, its parts being in fours.

March 19* 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Colonel R. Trevor Clarke, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed, and
the Assistant Secretary announced the awards of the Committees.

Elections.-— Mrs. Bourne. Mrs. Brooker, Rev. Theophilus Carroll,
M. A., William Caudwell, Mrs. Chalmers, Miss Cole, Alexander
Courthupe, Mrs. J. H. Dobree, Walter Drummond, Samuel
Eliott, jun., Percival Poster, Colonel R. Temple Godman, Matthew
Hedley, Mrs. Staveley Hill, Mrs. Seton Karr, Colonel S r Henry
Atwell Lake, K.C.B., James Levesley, Captain R. C. Mayne,
R.N., C.B., William James Nutting, Denis M. O’Conor, M.P.,
W. W. Rust, Mrs. Streatfield, G. M. Tagore, John. Tennant,
H. Payne Townshend, Dr. John A. Tulk, Robert Arthur Valpy,
J. Sidney White.

One Guinea Members Admitted.— George T. Whish, Mrs. George
T. Whish, Miss Reeve, M. McLean.

Mr. S. Jennings read a paper on the Epacris. He remarked
the points of resemblance and distinction between the two natural
orders E i acece anti Epacridacece , and the singular fact that in
geographical distribution the two genera Erica and Epacris are
scarcely ever found together, the former being natives of South

xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Africa, and the latter of Australasia, where very few
Ericacece are to be found. Hr. Jennings next described the
situations in which the Epacris is usually found growing, and
deduced what kind of soil and treatment would naturally
he the most suitable in cultivation, the main points of which
were : — Soil , free and fibrous. Light , plenty without scorching.
Air, free circulation without draught. Pruning , vigorous.
Water , in moderation. The Epacris has become so thoroughly
crossed and intercrossed in cultivation, that it is now almost
impossible to arrange the garden forms into clearly defined species,
and, worse than' all, botanical names had been given to these
hybrids so that the utmost confusion existed, and the task of arrang¬
ing the genus into anything like order seemed almost impossible.
Professor Bentham in his “Flora Australiensis ” describes twenty-
two species of Epacris as indigenous to Australia, and a few more
are found in New Zealand ; but only two or three species are common
to both those countries. The chief points of distinction between
the species are the comparative lengths of the calyx and the corolla-
tube, and the lobes of the corolla. The four species distinguished
by the large size of their flowers are : — E. longiflora, E. reclinata ,
E. impressa, and E. sparsa , of which, however, only the first and
third are in cultivation. Under E. longiflora are arranged many of
the garden varieties — E. Lowii, E. multiflora , E. Devoniensis,
E. carminata , as well as E. grandiflora and E. miniata. Under
E. impressa are grouped : — E. variabilis, E. campanulata , E.
ruscifolia, E. nivalis , E. cerceflora , the whole of which
have been described in distinct species. "With reference
to the collection at Chiswick, Mr. Jennings said it was
was probably the largest and most interesting that had ever been
brought together, and he hoped to be able to prepare a more
detailed statement of the different varieties for publication, and in
order to illustrate the value of the reports which from time to time
are issued by the Chiswick Board as the result of their protracted
labours, he mentioned that one firm is sending out an Epacris under
the name of Devoniensis ; another sends out the same plant calling
it Carminata , and a third calls it Lucifer , all three being identical,
whilst the Devoniensis of different firms vary most considerably.
Synonyms might be detected almost throughout the collection.
Nothing could be gained by thus multiplying names which only
proved vexatious ; and it was greatly to the credit of the London
nurserymen that they so cordially assisted the Chiswick Committee

EXTRACTS OE PROCEEDINGS.

xl

in their efforts to bring order out of what otherwise would be such
confusion.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., Pres. B.S., in the Chair.

Van Bol Tulip. — Mr. Elwes exhibited a specimen of the purple
Van Bol Tulip, the peculiarity of which was that it appeared
never to increase by offsets. A well-known Dutch horticulturist
had given him three plants taken from his nursery where he had
had two rows of them as long as he could remember — never more
—they command no sale. He thought it was probably a Persian
Tulip.

Diseased Bulbs.— The following communications were read, re¬
lating to the bulbs forwarded by Mr. Atkins on a former occasion:—

“ The affection on the bulbs of Tulip and corms of Crocus is, as
far as I am aware, undescribed, It is caused by one of the nume¬
rous forms of Sclerotium, but at present it is quite impossible to
say what may be the perfect form. The Sclerotium resembles
externally S. complanatum , but the structure is quite different, as
is also that of Bhizoctonia crocerum, of which at first sight it
seemed possible that it might be a form. The external tissue con¬
sists of irregular darker cells, beneath which are threads, more or
less branched, resembling those of a mucor, mixed with hyaline
cells much larger than the former. I have myself been able to
trace to its perfect form the little gunpowder-like Sclerotium which
is so destructive to Onions ( Journ . B. Hort. Soc. iii., p. 98, f. 1-5.)
Much information on the subject will be. found in Leveille’s memoir
in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles , October, 1843. I have
placed the specimens on damp sand under a bell-glass, and should
further development take place I will not fail to report it. — M. T
Berkeley

“I received for examination bulbs of Crocus, Snowdrop, and
Cyclamen. In none could I find fungoid disease to account for the
premature decay. In Snowdrop and Crocus there are one or two
small black flattened Sclerotia, but these only on the outer coats.
In Snowdrop one of the bulbs had the external fleshy coat per¬
meated everywhere by mycelium, which on being kept moist and
covered developed threads of Penicillium glaucum , the consequence
and not the cause of decay. The decayed leaves of Cyclamen

Xlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

produced no evidence of a parasite. The bulbs were sound. As
far as these specimens are concerned I am of opinion that no disease
of a fungoid nature exists in the bulbs to account for the decay,
and that the cause must be sought in some external circumstances
of soil or cultivation, and not in the bulbs themselves. 1 do not
think that Sclerotia on the dried outer fibrous coats, and without
any mycelium, have any connection with decay of ‘the leaves.—
M. Cooke , March 18.”

Distorted Branches of Morse Chestnut. — Sir J. Hooker showed
some young branches of Horse Chestnut distorted in a peculiar
manner. He observed it for the first time this year at Kew, where
it had appeared in two or three places. The twig was abruptly
curved out of its normal line of growth. He had carefully ex¬
amined the branches for signs of injury by insects, but could detect
nothing ; nor had the shoot been pecked at by birds ; nor was there
any indications of fungoid growth to account for the distortion.

Acarus on Blanes. — Sir Joseph Hooker also showed specimens
of a minute scarlet Acarus, which had been found under the fiaky
outer bark, where it joins the living tissue of some plane trees,
which had got out of health. They had not been seen in any
other part of the gardens, though they had been searched for. It
was considered that the insects were the consequence and not the
cause of the ill-health of the trees. They were referred to Mr.
McLachlan for report.

Flora and Fauna Turkestan.— Mr. McLachlan gave some par¬
ticulars as to the great publication now taking place by various
naturalists, Russians and others, illustrative of the natural history
of Turkestan.

Rose Willow , fyc.— Hr. Masters showed specimens from Mr.
Parker of the formation known as Rose "Willow, a tuft of leaves or
scales increased in size from the attack of a Cecidomyia. A speci¬
men of a fungus found growing on Japanese acorns was also exhi¬
bited, which was identified by Lr. Cooke as Schhojohy llum commune.

Sports of Pteris arguta.—'Kr. Moore showed specimens of this
Fern from the" Azores, presenting remarkable variations, particulars
of which, together with some further information on this subject,
will be found in a paper contributed by Mr. Moore to the Journal
of the Society.

Fungoid Diseases of the Vine.— Dr. Cooke read the third part of
his communication upon this subject, which is published in the
present number of the Society’s Journal.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

xliii

Xiphion caucasicum . — Mr. Elwes showed a specimen of this
singular green-flowered Iris with closely set two ranked leaves,
common near Tiflis.

JErythronium sp. from Colorado, flowered this year for the first
time ; it flowers erect, in which respect it differed from any other,
it has been known in California for two or three years.

Narcissus rupicola from the Sierra de Guadarama near Madrid,
allied to N. juncifolius , but distinct and better than any variety of
that plant at present known.

ELORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals awarded.~$\\vev‘g]lt Elora to Messrs. Jas. Veitch and
Sons, for groups -of Hyacinths, Tulips, &c. ; Small Gold Banksian
to Messrs. Osborne and Sons, for group of plants ; Silver Elora to
Messrs. Cutbush and Son, for group of Hyacinths ; Bronze Elora
to Messrs. Jas. Carter and Co., for group of Hyacinths ; Silver
Elora to Mr. B. S. Williams, for group of plants ; Silver Banksian
to Mr. J. Aldous, and also to Mr. J. Wills, for group of
plants; Bronze Elora to Mr. R. Dean, for group of hardy spring
flowers. Eirst-class certificates were awarded to Messrs. James
Yeitch, for Hyacinth “ King of Blacks” for Magnolia Halleana, and
for Bollia Patinii ; to Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, for Hyacinth
“ Grand Master to Messrs. Barr and Sugden, for Narcissus in -
comparabilis aureotinctus Leedsii ; to Mr. Mill, gardener to Lord
Rendlesham, for Odontoglossum pardinum. Certificate of Botanical
Commendation was awarded to the Society’s gardens at Chiswick
for JDendrobium linguceforme. Votes of thanks were passed to Mr. H.
Parr, for Begonia glaucifolioj ; to Mr. W. Caudwell, for cut flowers
of Polyanthus ; to Mr. Mill, for cut bloom of Cattleya Shinneri ;
to G. E. Wilson, Esq., E.R.S., for Brythronium grandiflorum ; to Mr.
H. Cannell, for cut blooms of Pelargonium ; and to Messrs. Barr
and Sugden, for cut blooms of Iris stylosa and persicum .

ERT3TT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendation was awarded to Mr. Iggulden, gar¬
dener to R. B. Wingfield Baker, Esq., of Orsett Hall, Romford,
for a dish of fine Tomatos, across between Sim’s Mammoth and
Hathaway’s Excelsior.

xliv

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

April 2, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Sir Charles W. Strickland, Bart., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections. — W. Ince Anderton, Gough Arbuthnot, Re?. W.
Covington, M.A., J. Croucher, E. T. Davis, Mrs. G. Eenwick, Mrs.
Eraser, G. H. Gordon, W. H. Gordon, G-. M. Hicks, Mrs. Howse,
D. Kemp, Mrs. E. Makins, Miss M. E. Makins, Sir T. Mosley,
Bart., Miss M. C. J. Munro, E. Parry, Mrs. Parry, Mrs. Travers,
the Hon. J. "Welsh.

One Guinea Member Admitted. — Mrs. Desvasux.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., President R.S., in the Chair.

Zanzibar Coffee Borer. — The Chairman showed specimens of
branches of Coffee shrub from Zanzibar, the whole of the pith of
which was bored vertically by the lava of some large beetle, pro¬
bably one of the Buprestidae (according to Mr. McLachlan). The
bark and wood were also perforated in a very peculiar manner with
funnel-like holes, the broad end of the aperture being inside. He
was of opinion that the boring into the wood had nothing to do
with the boring inside.

Slug-Eating Bioncea. — Erom Mr. Green, gardener to Sir George
MacLeay, came a specimen of Dionaea in bad condition. It was
supposed that the plant’s ill-health might have arisen from too free
indulgence in slugs.

Cat alp a Wood. — Dr. Masters showed from Professor Sargent, of
Cambridge, H.S., a piece of Catalpa wood cut from the lower end
of a post after it had stood in the ground for seventy-five years.
The wood was still firm and hard, much more so than is the case
with Catalpa grown in this country.

Gemmiferous Cardamime .— Erom Mr. Wilson Saunders came a
drawing and note relating to the production of buds on the leaves
of Cardamime pratensis (which he has been cultivating, as it showed
in the wild state a tendency to produce double flowers) and
which during the winter had made some young plants from the

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS,

xlv

axils of a leaf happening to get into a position flat and some¬
what pressed into the soil. This particular growth was shown to
the natural size on the sketch. The leaf was an old one, and the
midrib retained still much vitality, even to the terminal leaflet,
while the leaflets themselves gain vitality the more they approach
the leaf base. It is worth notice that the young plants spring from
the leaflets on the right side of the leaf, except the terminal one.
A minute ball-like enlargement is observable at the base of each
young plant, round which a number of fine hair-like pellucid roots
are given out.

Staminody in Colletia. — Mr. Wilson Saunders also sent a draw¬
ing and note relating to the occurrence of a stamen on the pistil of
C. spinosa : —

“ Making a drawing last spring of a species of Colletia which I
raised from seeds received from Chili, I was surprised to find that
in one of the flowers the pistil was deeply lobed at the apex, and
that a very complete stamen and anther had sprung up between two
of the lobes.” The Colletia is, I believe, the species which is named
horrida , an old inhabitant of our gardens.

Hakea adnata.— Mr. Saunders likewise sent specimens of this
plant, together with the following communication : —

Cl The plant of Hakea adnata , E. Er., from which the accompany¬
ing specimens were taken, is trained against a wall facing south in
a sheltered situation. I raised it from seeds sent from Australia,
and the plant is now much branched, and about four feet high. It
is at present one mass of primrose-coloured flowers, which, although
small, from their great number, produce a very pleasing effect.
The plant has been in its present situation three years, and only
received protection from frost during the first winter it was placed
in the ground. I had thought the plant was Hakea pugioniformis
Cav., but I am informed from very high authority that it is the
Hakea adnata , E. Er. I may mention that the plant is growing
in a rich light loamy soil. It was covered with snow this morning.
W. W. Saunders, Eaystead, Worthing, April 1.”

Diseased Bulls , Sfc. — With reference to the reports laid before
the Committee at its last meeting, Dr. Cooke made the following
remarks: —

“ Dr. Cooke explained, with reference to the reports made to
the last meeting of the Committee, that each person reported on
the material before him, and that it was not accurate to assume
that there was any difference of opinion between Mr. Berkeley and
himself on the subject. Since he had seen the Key. M. J. Berke?

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ley’s report he had examined again the specimens which had been
assigned to him, every atom of which had still been kept, and he
could affirm that on the two Snowdrop and three Crocus bulbs there
were no affected leaves on which the Sclerotium could be
found which had been alluded to by Mr. Berkeley, only two
or three small flattened black Sclerotia upon the outer diy
coats of the bulbs. This explanation was necessary, as a wrong
impression seemed to have obtained currency. Each person could
report only upon the material before him, and in his case there
seemed to be no diseased leaves present except of Cyclamen, of
which he had several, and two bulbs, none of which were in Mr.
Berkeley’s portion, but on these no Sclerotia of any kind could be
found. Hence each person might be equally accurate, and equally
justified in the conclusion at which he had arrived.1’

Monstrous Laburnum.— Miss Ormerod sent a branch of Ldbur -
num in which the main shoot was pendulous, and gave off near its
extremity numerous thick branches which resumed the upright
direction. The whole appearance was thus not unlike that of a
candelabrum.

Plants Exhibited.— Mr. Elwes showed flowers of Tulipa Ges-
neriana var. Schrenlcii , which he thought to be the origin of the
Scarlet Yon Thol. He also showed a lovely Tulip from Crete, where
it was collected by Mr. Maw. The colour is pale lilac, with a yellow
eye. The specimen was referred to Mr. Baker for identification.
Elowers of Narcissus rupicola and Eucharis Candida were also
shown— -the last a beautiful plant, which is very hardy (from the
Western Andes), and when better known will surely supersede the
favourite Amazonica ; a very free flowering plant in a cool house.

Mr. Harpur-Crewe showed, two forms of S cilia italica , one with
erect leaves, flowering early, and one with reflexed leaves, flower¬
ing relatively late.

Mr. (x. E. Wilson showed, on the part of Miss Kingsley, a
Primrose gathered by her at Murren, Switzerland, and which was
referred to Mr. Baker for identification.

Mr. Elwes showed a drawing of Lilium Washingtonianum from
a superb specimen flowered in Mrs. Bateman’s garden at Kensing¬
ton, in which seemingly unlikely situation Pancratium maritimum
also flowers.

ELORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded.— Silver Banksian to Messrs. Osborn and Son,
for group of plants ; to Mr. J. Aldous, for ditto ; to Mr. H. Heims,

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xlvii

for group of orchids. Small Gold Banksian to Messrs, das. Veitch
and Sons, for groups of Orchids, Roses, and Amaryllis. Bronze
Banksian to Mr. J. Levesley, for groups of Cinerarias, Cycla¬
men, and Polyanthus. Silver Flora to Mr. B. S. "Williams, for
group of plants. Bronze Flora to Messrs. Barr and Sugden, for group
of Daffodils. First-class Certificates were awarded to H. Little,
Esq., for Amaryllis “ Crimson Banner ” ; to Mr. R. Dean, for Brim-
rose “ Prince Charming .” Certificate of Botanical Commendation
to Mr. B. S. Williams, for 1 Tasdevallia radiosa ; and votes of thanks
were passed to Sir Charles Strickland, -Bart., for Crinum cam -
panulatum ; to Mr. R. Dean, for Primula intermedia and seedling
varieties, and to Mr. C. Green, gardener to Sir G. Macleay, for
Crinum pendunculatum.

In the competition for the prizes offered by an Amateur for the
best dark seedling Amaryllis the first prize was awarded to H.
Little, Esq., for “ Crimson Banner” and the second prize to Mr.
B. S. Williams, for 61 Dr. Hogg,” The prizes for light seedlings
were withheld,

FRUIT COMMITTEE,

Votes of thanks were awarded to Mr. J. Atkins, gardener to Col,
Loyd-Lindsay, M.P., for bunches of Black Alicante Grape, and to
Mr. M. McLean, Linton Park, Maidstone, for variegated Kales. Mr,
J. Pink, gardener, Lee’s Court, Faversham, contributed a seedling
Apple, Baron Leibig, said to be a cross between King of the Pippins
and Ribston Pippin, though not so good as either.

April, 16, 1878,

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING,

Lord Alfeed S. Churchill in the Chair,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed, and
the Assistant Secretary announced the awards of the Fruit and
Floral Committees.

Xlvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Elections . — James T. Chance, J.P., Major-General W. A.
Eyers, J. S. Hansom, Mrs. M. Holroyd, His Highness Prince
Ibrahim Hilmy of Egypt, Herbert G. H. Norman.

Guinea Members. — Col. Cockburn Hood, Miss M. Howse, Miss
M. Hutton, Sutton Abbott, A. Hurst, Hey. John G. Nelson.

Mr. S. Jennings delivered an address on the subject of the
International Horticultural Exhibition at Ghent, which he- had
attended as a delegate from the Society. He remarked that
these quinquennial shows, which are of so attractive a nature,
should have a peculiar interest to the Eellows of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society, because it was from visiting the shows of
this Society at the commencement of the present century that the
notion was carried by a Belgian horticulturist to Ghent, leading to
the formation of the Societe Royale d' Agriculture et de Bot unique,
under whose auspices these international gatherings were first
instituted in 1809. After describing the preparations for the
arrangement and judging of the show, Mr. Jennings proceeded to
remark upon its principal features, the new and interesting plants,
and the effect of the general display ; and, in alluding to the
genial cordiality with which the Belgians had entertained their
foreign visitors, Mr. Jennings suggested that, as no international
horticultural exhibition had been held in this country since 1866,
it was now time that steps should be taken to make the necessary
arrangements for holding such a meeting in the course of next year
or the year following.

Dr. Masters, E.B.S., in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr,
Jennings for his lecture, expressed his concurrence in the opinion
that the time had now come when the Council of the Society should
make a definite move and call a meeting to consider the feasibility
of the proposition.

Mr. B. S. Williams and G. E. Wilson, E.R.S., both expressed
their opinion that such an international exhibition was not only desir¬
able but possible, and that, should it be determined upon, every
effort would certainly be made to render it a finer exhibition even
than that of 1866.

Lord Alfred Churchill said, on the part of the Council, that the
subject was one in which they were greatly interested, and pro¬
mised that the suggestions now made should receive attentive
consideration.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

xlix

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., President P.S., in the Chair.

Fungoid Diseases of the Vine . — Dr. M. C. Cooke read a farther
communication on this subject, which will appear in the present
number of the Journal.

Encephalartos lanuginosus. — From Mr. Tillett, Sprowston
Lodge, Norwich, came a noble cone of this species, weighing 29-^ lbs.,
also a leaf of the same. The cone first became conspicuous in
July, 1876. Mr. Tillett finds the plant succeeds admirably out of
doors in the summer weather.

Sir Joseph Hooker remarked that if these plants are exposed
in the open air, without protection even in summer, and there
happened to be a cold or stormy month, they are so severely injured
that years may elapse before they get into condition again. For
this reason they had quite given up putting them out at Kew.
He was afraid that the seeds in the cone were not likely to be
fertile.

Hybrid Cypripedium. — Dr. Masters showed, on the part of Mr.
Douglas, a hybrid raised between Cypripedium villosum as the
male parent, and C. barbatum as the female parent. The result
was much more like villosum than barbatum , but if the cross
be made in the opposite direction, the offspring more nearly re¬
sembles the last-named ; thus showing that the pollen parent in
this case exercises the more potent influence.

Fasciated Mistleto. — Dr. Masters also showed, from Mr. Cor-
deroy, a specimen of Mistleto with very numerous contracted
branches, forming a tufted growth of peculiar appearance, which is
said by Mr. Corderoy to be constant.

Curved Branches of Horse Chestnut. — Adverting to some speci¬
mens lately exhibited by the President, Dr. Masters showed a
branch wherein the buds on one side of the stem were greatly
reduced in size, those on the opposite side being of the ordinary
size. In consequence of this a curvature had taken place along
the free growing side.

Monstrous Iris. — Mr. M. P. Edgeworth showed a drawing of a
monstrous Iris, in which the sepals were like the petals in appear¬
ance, and in which a fourth anther was present.

Disease in Ash. — Mr. Wilson- Saunders contributed a paper,
accompanied by beautiful drawings, illustrative of a peculiar ulper-
ation or canker in the bark of the common Ash.

d

1

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Picea Pinsapo. — A specimen of this was- exhibited, showing a
peculiar tufted form analogous to the Clanbrassil Fir.

Seedling Primrose. — Mr. G. E. Wilson exhibited a seedling
Primrose, the colour of which showed an approximation to that of
the Chinese species.

Hybrid Amaryllis.— Colonel Clarke showed flowers of an
Amaryllis , the result of crossing A. pardina and A. aulica.

Yarious plants of interest were exhibited, some of which were
sent up as subjects of interest from the Ploral Committee, while
others were submitted merely for the purpose of obtaining their
names. A discussion arose as to the desirability of the Com¬
mittee, as such, undertaking the naming of plants, but no formal
conclusion was arrived at.

ELOEAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Gold Banksians to Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., M.P., for his magnificent group of Orchids ; to Mr. John
Wills, Mr. B. S. Williams, and Messrs. W. Eollisson and Sons,
for groups of plants ; to Messrs. Barr and Sugden, for collection
of Daffodils ; and to Messrs. Jas. Yeitch and Sons, for group of
Clematises, Eoses, and Amaryllis. Silver-gilt Banksian to Messrs
W. Cutbush and Son, for group of plants; Silver Banksian to
Mr. J. Aldous, for group of plants.

Eirst-class Certificates were awarded to Mr. W. Bull, for
Adiantum tetraphyllum gracile , also for Davallia fijiensis ; to Messrs.
Eollisson and Sons, for Grevillea robust a var . filicifolia ; to Mr. B.Wm.
Parker, for Caltha palustris fi. pi. minor , and Megaseci ( Saxifraga )
purpurascens ; to Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for Crinum bractea-
tum ; to Mr. B. S. Williams, for Wallichia zebrina and Amaryllis
“ F. Pilgrim ; ” to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir G. Macleay), for
Diotis Huttoni . Botanical Commendation was awarded to Mr.
Bull, for Alocasia Johnstoni. Cultural Commendation (with votes
of thanks) to Mr. J. Walker, Messrs. H. Lane and Sons, and Mr.
J. Scott, for their respective collections of Eoses (cut blooms).
Yotes of thanks ‘Were awarded to Messrs. E. and A. Smith, for cut
blooms of Cineraria ; to Mr. W. Bull, for Odontoglossums ; to Mr. G.
Ambler (gardener to Mrs. Jennings), for his basket of Alpine
Primulas ; toMr. E. Dean, for hardy spring flowers ; to Mr. H.
Hooper, for cut blooms of Pansies ; to the Hon. and Eev. J. T.
Boscawen, for Amaryllis “ Beauty of Cornwall ; ” to Mr. G. F. Wilson,
for new seedling primrose or Polyanthus, Alice Wilson ; to Mr. Wt

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

li

IT. Tillett, for cone of Encephalartos ; to Lord Rendlesham, for a
plant of Cattlcyci Skinneri ; and to Sir G. Macleay, for a group of
Terrestrial Orchids.

ERTJIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendation to Mr. W. Wildsmith (gardener to
Yiscount Eversley), for dish of Strawberries. Yotcs of Thanks
were passed to Mr. J. Woodb ridge (gardener to the Duke of
Northumberland), for Purple Sea Kale, and to Mr. J. H. Goodacre
(gardener to the Earl of Harrington) for dish of Onions.

May 7, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting having been read and signed,
the awards of the Eruit and Eloral Committees were announced.

Elections .■ — Thomas Renskin, Mrs. Rolton, Mrs. Euchanan, J.
Scarlett Campbell, David Carnegie, Lady Emily Cavendish,
Admiral The Hon. Sir James Drummond, Lady Augustus Eitz-
Clarence, Captain Thomas Gardner, Charles Clayton Glyn, 'Wil¬
liam Grogan, William Hurst, R. R. Plyatt, Major The Hon. C. J.
Keith-Ealconer, Hon. Mrs. Locke-King, John Jekyll Kingsford,
Robert A. Laing, George Murray Lang, Major Lawrie, James
Ebenezer Saunders, E.L.S., Mrs. Arthur Tower, Lady Turing,
Lady Westburv, Charles K. Wild, Arthur J. Wright.

One Guinea Members Admitted . — Miss Desvoeux, William
Beddoe, Miss Kate Jurgensen, Henry Armstrong.

The Chairman then announced that His Majesty the King of
the Belgians, whose deep personal interest in the’ science of Horti¬
culture was well known, had been graciously pleased to accept the
nomination of the Council as an Honorary Eellow of the Society.
He now asked the meeting to confirm the election in the usual
way. His Majesty was accordingly elected an honorary member
of the Society.

Mr. H. J. Elwes, a member of the Council, delivered a lecture

d 2

lii PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on “ Tulips” illustrated by a large number of specimens and
plates. The greater portion of the lecture will be published in
the next number of the Journal. At the conclusion of the lecture
the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe made a few observations, and proposed
a vote of thanks to Mr. Elwes, which was carried unanimously.

Lord Alfred Churchill stated that the Council has called a
meeting of all horticulturists interested in the proposed Inter¬
national Exhibition of Horticulture, which he hoped would lead
to the formation of a committee for the purpose of carrying out
the suggestion.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., President Royal Society, in the

Chair.

Exudation from Birch Bar-h, Sfc. — Dr. M. C. Cooke showed
specimens of the bark of the Birch with a whitish exudation,
which was supposed to be of a sugary nature, but which chemical
analysis proved to be gummy. He also showed specimens of
'Wheat from the north-west provinces of India of so fine a quality
as to be worth nearly as much as the Australian Wheat in the
market.

Hybrid Plants. — Rev. H. H. Crewe showed an accidental
hybrid between Iberis Garrexiana and I. ciliata , also leaves of a
hybrid between two species of Symphytum. Dr. Masters showed,
on the part of Messrs. Yeitch, leaves of a hybrid between a species
of Alocasia and Caladium Chantinii. Mr. Elwes showed a remark¬
able hybrid Iris raised by Mr. Max Leichtlin between I. susiana
and I. iberica , with the habit of the former and the flower of the
latter, named il I. Van HoutteP

Monstrous Fuchsia. — Dr. Masters showed from Mr. Harrison
Weir flowers of a Fuchsia, in which the petals were either wholly
or in part absent, while the stamens had their anthers dilated into
petaloid, spoon-shaped processes, resembling the petals of Lopezia.
From the same gentleman came flowers of a Polyanthus, with the
margins of the petals rolled inwards, with the outer surface of the
petals as deeply coloured as the inner, and with the stamens and
pistils both short and of about equal length.

Galls of Oalc. — Mr. MacLachlan alluded to some recent re¬
searches on the dimorphism and alternations of generations in
sundry Cynipidcc. Not only do the insects exist under two

EXTRACTS OE PEOCEEDIXGS.

liii

different forms, different enough to warrant their being placed in
distinct genera (as they had been) if their origin were not known,
but the gall produced by the same insect in its different stages is
also different. Dr. Adler, of Schleswig, had recently asserted that
the following species should be so associated, viz. : —

Neuroterm lenticularis with Spaihog aster baccarum
,, fumipennis ,, ,,

,, numismatis :

Dryophanta scutellaris
,, longiventris

Aphilothrix radicis

,, albipes.

,, vesicatrix.

Trigonaspis megaptera.
Spathogaster taschenbergi.
Andrieus noduli.

These statements at first met with considerable incredulity, and
even ridicule, but their truth — at any rate, so far as the associa¬
tion of N. lenticularis (the Oak-spangle) with S. baccarum (the
Currant-gall), and of N. numismatis with S. vesicatrix — had been
abundantly confirmed by three independent observers, viz., Mr.
Dietcher, of "Worcester ; 'Mr. Cameron, of Glasgow ; and Mon¬
sieur Lichtenstein, of Montpellier.

Plants Exhibited. — Mr. Elwes showed Ismcnc viridiflora ; Bo-
mar ea Caldasi, the flowers of which were produced in about
eighteen months from the seedling state ; two species of Zygadenus
in flower, also a beautiful Camassia, a form of esculenta ; Primula
mollis , from Bhotan and Sikkim ; and, in reply to an inquiry, Mr.
Elwes stated that he did not know that any Primrose had ever
been found in Tropical America. Hcemanthus hirsutus , from
Messsr. Yeitch; and H. pubes ccns, the leaves and spathe of which
are covered with short silvery hairs ; Pceonia corallina , one of the
very earliest to flower, quite hardy out of doors ; Fritillaria
Messanensis (2 sp.), and F. ( Amblirion ) Forbesii , Baker ;
also from Sir G. Macleay, a specimen of Orchis tephrosanthes
from Pome. Mr. Wilson Saunders sent flowers of Grevillea
juniperina var. sulphurea , a proteaceous shrub, raised from Aus¬
tralian seeds, and grown against a south wall in loam and peat — it
was stated to be a very pleasing plant — and of a Collctia ; both of
which are quite hardy at Worthing.

ELOPAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded.—LnxgQ Gold Banksians to Messrs. Jae. Yeitch
and Sons, for group of plants, and to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
M.P., for group of Orchids. Small Gold Banksians to Mr. J.

liv PHoCBfiOljSGta O*1 ME EOYAL UoETlCtf LTDBAL SOGlEl'tf.

"Wills and to Messrs. W. Rollisson and Sons, for groups of plants.
Silver-gilt Elora to Mr. C. Turner, for group of plants. Silver-
gilt Banksians to Messrs. H. Lane and Son, for group of Boses in
pots, and to Mr. B. S. Williams, for group of plants. Silver
Elora to Messrs. W. Paul and Son, for Boses in pots and cut
blooms. Silver Banksian to Messrs. Paul and Son, for cut blooms
of Boses ; to Mr. J. Aldous and to Messrs. Osborn and Sons, for
groups of plants. Bronze Banksians to E. Winn, Esq., for specimen
plant of Odontoglossum cirrhosum ; and to Messrs. Mayo and Son?
for cut blooms of Bose “ Marechal Kiel Eirst-class Certificates
were awarded to J. Atkins, Esq., for Saxifraga calyciflora \ to
Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons, for Coleus 11 George Bunyard ,”
Rhipidopteris peltata gracillima , Adiantum lawsonianum , Primula
acaulis sulphur ea major, and Azalea “ Madame E. Eechhaute ” ; to
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Anemidictyon phy llit ides tesselata, Adiantum
Lawsonianum and Coleus “ Kentish Fire ” ; to Mr. J. Wills, for
Gloxinia “ Beauty of Anerley” ; to Mr. J. Douglas (gardener to
F. Whitbourn, Esq.), for Alpine Auricula “ Silvia ” ; to Mr. B.
Dean, for Aguilegia alpina superb, a ; to Mr. W. Bull, for Marica
pacifica ; to H. J. Elwes, Esq., for .Iris Leichtlinii and Camassia
Brownii (?); to Bev. EL B. Ellacombe, for Bomarea Caldasi. Second-
class Certificate to Messrs. J. Yeitcb and Sons, for Azalea “ Kaiser
Wilhelm.” Botanical Commendations to J. Atkins, Esq., for
Androsace sarmentosa ; to Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for JDioscorea
retusa ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir G. Macleay), for Iochroma
elegans. Cultural Commendation to Mr. C. Green, for Houstonia
coerulea. Yotes of Thanks were passed to J. Day, Esq., for
Cypvipedium Stonei var. ; to Messrs. Barr and Sugden, for cut
blooms of Anemones , &c. ; to Bobert Warner, Esq., for Masdevallias,
cut flowers ; to Bev. A. Bawson, for Celsia cretica ; to Mr. B.
Parker, for group of hardy herbaceous plants ; to Mr. W.
Iggulden (gardener toB. B. W. Baker, Esq.), for basket of Boses;
to Mr. J. H. Goodacre (gardener to the Earl of Harrington), for cut
flowers of Bougainvillea and Stephanotis ; and to J. J. Whible, Esq.,
lor Bhododendrons, cut blooms.

EBTJIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendations to Mr. B. Gilbert (gardener to the
Marquis of Exeter), for collection of Yegetables; to Mr. G. T.
Miles (gardener to Lord Carington), for two dishes of Cherries.

EXTRACTS OR PROCEEDINGS.

lv

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. W. Iggulden (gardener to
E. B. W. Baker, Esq.), for collection of Forced Fruit ; and to L. A.
Killick, Esq., for five dishes of Apples.

May 21, 1878.

OBDINAEY GENEBAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections. — Captain W. de W. Abney, E.E., F.B.S., Mrs.
Gough Arbuthnot, Eev. W. M. Banks, Wm. Fulford Brown, Lieut. -
Col. Henry Thomas Butler, Eight Hon. Sir Henry Cotton, John
Foy, W. H. Hoiroyd, Thomas Tipping Lawden, William Lee,
Mrs. Loch, Mrs. J. Fletcher Moulton, William H. Parry Okeden
Admiral Eight Hon. Lord Clarence Paget, XCB., Joseph
Eowlands, H. E. Sperling, David Syme, Acton Tindal, Arthur
Powys Vaughan, Goorge Crosbie Wylie.

Guinea Members Admitted. — Messrs. A. D. Mackay and J. H.
Bainbrigge.

The awards of the Committees were announced, and the
Assistant Secretary made some remarks upon the more interesting
plants exhibited.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., Pres. E.S., in the Chair.

Variegated Acer. — Specimens of the leaves of an Acer which
had sported into a scarlet variegation were shown, by the President
on the part of Sir Philip Egerton, Bart., together with a letter in
which he stated that this sport was first seen by Messrs. Hook and
Yeats, of Chester, who said that a month ago the colour was most
brilliant ; they have succeeded in fixing and propagating the sport,
and have now several plants. This tree, if constant, would be a
great gain for landscape gardeners.

Coccus on Rose. — Mr. Hiern exhibited twigs of a Marechal Niel
Eose infested with a gigantic coccus, from a plant growing on an

lvi PROCESDISSS OP I LLE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

east wall in a garden in Devonshire. The tree is an old one, and
for the last three or four years had not flowered so well as formerly,
hut no disease had been observed previously to this year. He was
anxious to know what treatment should be observed to prevent
extension of the malady. The Chairman did not think that there
was any effectual remedy except by burning the parts affected.
Petroleum and soft soap might be tried. Hr. Moore stated that he
had observed a similar, if not identical, coccus on a plant of Ribes
Menziesii in the Chelsea garden, and that these had been named
Coceiis Oxyacanthcc by Mr. "Westwood. He was not aware, how¬
ever, that it had ever before been seen on a ltose.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals awarded. — Small gold Ranksian to Mr. J. "Wills, for
group of plants.1. Silver-gilt Banksian to Messrs. W. Rollisson and
Sons, for group of plants. Bronze Flora to Mr. J. Aldous, for
group of plants. First-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs.
J". Yeitch and Sons, for Hcemantlius Kalbreyeri\ to Mr. B. S.
"Williams, for Adiantum Neoguineense, Ptychosperma rupicola , Cycas
media, Sadleria cyathioides, and Alsophila plumosa ; to Mons. Duval,
for Gloxinias “ Mont Blanc” and u Boule de Feu ” ; to Mons. Y.
Lemoine, for ivy-leaved double Pelargonium 11 A. F. Barron
to Messrs. J. Laing and Co., for Begonia “President Burelli ” ; to
Gr. F. Wilson, Esq., F.L.S., for Lilium tenuifolium. Botanical
Commendation to Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for Liparis
elegantissima. Yotes of Thanks were passed to H. J. Buchan, Esq.,
for Cymbidium tigrinum ; to Mr. H. Cannell, for Pelargoniums,
cut blooms ; to Mr. J. Douglas (gardener to F. Whitbourn, Esq.),
for cut blooms of Aqidlegia hybrida ccerulea ; and to J. J. Wheble,
Esq., for cut blooms of Azaleas.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Shirley Hibberd,
Esq., for four pans of Erfurt Sweet Cress ; and a Yote of Thanks was
passed to Mr. W. Divers (gardener to W. Moore, Esq.) for seven
dishes of Apples.

EXTEACTS OF PE OCEEDIXG 3.

lvii

May 28, 1878.

THE GEEAT SHOW.

This great Summer Exhibition was acknowledged by all to
have been the most magnificent horticultural display that has
been seen in this country since the great International Show in
1866. The Society was honoured at the opening by the presence
of H.E.H. the Princess of Wales, also of their Imperial Highnesses
the Crown Prince and Princess of Germany, and H.E.H. Prince
Waldemar of Denmark, who were received by the President of the
Society, Lord Aberdare, and the Members of the Council, by
whom the royal visitors were conducted through the extensive
Exhibition. H.E.H. the Prince of Wales was prevented by
slight indisposition from being present.

The Council Eoom was devoted to a display of table decora¬
tions from Messrs. Mortlock, of Oxford Street, and Mr. J. Aldous ;
and a most interesting collection of skeletonised leaves and pods
by Mrs. Cussons, of Southport, to whom the Gold Eanksian Medal
of the Society was awarded.

The long tent leading from the steps of the Council Eoom to
the covered way to the entrance of the large marquee was devoted
on the one side, to cut flowers, fruit, vegetables, and on the other
to Cacti, Orchids, and new plants, and collections of hardy Alpine
shrubs. Erom the end of this long tent, and extending in a north¬
erly direction, was another extensive tent, filled with a variety of
miscellaneous plants of great beauty and rarity, and groups of
pelargoniums and miniature succulents.

The coup d'ceil of the large marquee was very magnificent, and
as regards the extraordinary hank of Eoses exhibited by Mr. C .
Turner, of Slough, qnite unprecedented. Such a display is
scarcely likely to be seen again from a single exhibitor for some
time. The central group, arranged by Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons,
was a masterpiece of skill in effective disposition of form and
colour. The central palm, a splendid specimen of Kentia Foster-
iana , was surrounded by graceful foliage, brilliant spathed Anthu-
riums, rare and costly Orchids, curious and interesting Nepenthes,
and other tropical gems, whilst masses of Eerns, Gloxinias, and
Eegonias completed a most tastefully-arranged group, to which a
Gold Medal was awarded.

The arrangement of Mr. J. Wills’s fine group of plants was

Mil

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

characteristic and very effective, contrasting wonderfully with
Messrs. Yeitch and Sons’, and yet in its way quite as successful.
Opposite to Mr. Wills’s group was that arranged by Mr. J. Aldous
— winning the Second Prize— to Mr. Wills’ lead, these two groups
completely contrasting with each other : the former in charming
imitation of Nature — Orchids, Gloxinias, Amaryllis, &c., nestling
in mossy banks, under the shade of overspreading foliage, as
though they had always grown there ; the latter rich in variety
and contrast of straight lines of harmonious colour, tier upon tier,
producing a very striking effect.

Mr. Bull’s valuable group of Orchids, Palms, Tree Ferns, and
new and rare plants presented a most effective appearance. Such
dense masses of Odontoglossums, including 0. Alexandres, 0. vexil-
larium , 0. Pescatorei , &c., had seldom before been seen, and were
especially noticed by the Princess, to whom the first-named species
was dedicated upon the occasion of her Boyal Highness’s first
visit to the Society.

Other groups and banks of floral beauty occupied striking
positions under the great marquee, the whole contributing to
render the great Show of 1878 one of the finest that has ever been
brought together.

The number of visitors on each day of the Show, exclusive of
Fellows of the Society and holders of complimentary and free
tickets, was as follows : —

On May 28 . 1945

,, 29 . 3012

,, 30 . 3409

„ 31 . 4835

Total number of visitors

13,201

The following is the official list of the awards given on this
occasion : — •

AWAED OF THE JUDGES.

Class 1.— 12 STOVE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Open.)

1st. J. F. Greswold Williams, Esq.,
Hen wick Grange, Worcester (E.
Tudgey, Gr.), £20.

2nd. Messrs. T. Jackson & Son, The
Nurseries, Kingston-on-Thames,
£15.

3rd. Mr. J. Peed, Roupell Park Nur¬
series, Norwood Road, S.E., £10
Class 2.-8 STOVE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Nurserymen.)

1st. Messrs. T. Jackson & Son, £10.
2nd. Mr. B. S. Williams, Victoria and
Paradise Nursery, Upper Hollo¬
way, £7.

3rd. Mr. J. Peed, £5.

EKTRAdlS OF TJlOCEEfctNGS'i

lix

Class 3.-8 STOVE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Amateurs.)

1st. Mrs. Torr, Garbrand Hall, Ewell,
Surrey (J. Child, Gr.), £10.

2nd. J.F. Greswold Williams, Esq. (E.
Tudgey, Gr.), £7.

3rd. Mr. G. Wheeler, Gardener, St.
John’s Lodge, Regent’s Park, N.W.,
£5.

Class 4.— 15 ORCHIDS, distinct.

(Amateurs.)

1st. His Grace the Duke of Richmond
and Gordon, Goodwood (F. Rut¬
land, Gr.), £20.

2nd. F. Whitbourne, Esq., Loxford
Hall, Ilford, Essex (J. Douglas,
Gr.), £15.

Class 5.— 15 ORCHIDS, distinct.

(Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. B. S. Williams. £15.

2nd. Messrs. T. Jackson and Son, £10.

Class 6. — 10 ORCHIDS, distinct.

(Amateurs.)

1st. Mrs. Torr (J. Child, Gr.), £12.

Class 7. — 6 ORCHIDS, distinct.

(Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. B. S. Williams, £6.

2nd. Messrs. T. Jackson and Son, £4.

3rd. Mr. Henry James, Castle Nursery,
Lower Norwood, £2.

Class 8.-9 NEW PLANTS, not in
commerce, in or out of flower.
(Open.)

1st. Mr. W. Bull, King’s Road, Chelsea,
S.W., £6.

2nd. Mr. B. S. Williams, £4.

Class 9.— 12 NEW PLANTS, sent
out in the years 1875, 1876, aud 1877.
(Open.)

1st. Mr. W. Bull, £8.

2nd. Mr. B. S. Williams, £6.

Class 10.— 8 GREENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, distinct. (Nurserymen.)

1st. Withheld.

2nd. Mr. C. Turner, Royal Nurseries,
Slough, £7.

3rd. Messrs. T. Jackson and Son, £5.

Class 11.— 8 GREENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)

1st. R. Thornton, Esq., The Hoo,
Sydenham Hill, S.E. (A. Ratty,
Gr.), £12. J

2nd. Mrs. Torr (J. Child, Gr.), £9.

3rd. D. Martineau, Esq., Clapham Park,
S.W. (James Weston, Gr.), £7.

Class 12.— 15 GREENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, in pots not exceeding 12
inches in diameter. (Open.)

1st. R. Thornton, Esq. (A. Ratty, Gr.),

£8.

2nd. Mr. C. Turner, £6.

Class 13. — 8 ERICAS, distinct.

(Nurserymen.)

1st. Messrs. T. Jackson and Son, £10.

2nd. Mr. J. Peed, £7.

Class 14. — 8 ERICAS, distinct.

(Amateurs.)

1st. J. F. Greswold Williams, Esq. (E.
Tudgey, Gr.), £10.

2nd. D. Martineau, Esq. (J. Weston
Gr.), £7.

3rd. Mr. G. Wheeler, £5.

Class 15. — 8 FINE-FOLIAGED
PLANTS. (Amateurs.)

1st. J. Warren, Esq. (C. Rann, Gr.),
Handcross Park, Sussex, £12.

2nd. J. F. G. Williams, Esq. (E. Tud¬
gey, Gr.), £8.

3rd. Rev. Canon Bridges, Beddington,
Surrey (T. Penfold, Gr.), £5.

Class 16. — 8 FINE-FOLIAGED
PLANTS. (Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. B. S. Williams, £10.

2nd. Messrs. Hooper and Co., Covent
Garden, W.C., £7.

Class 17. — 15 FINE-FOLIAGED
PLANTS in pots not exceeding 12
inches in diameter. (Open.)

1st. Mr. W. Bull, £8.

2nd. Mr. B. S. Williams, £6.

3rd. Messrs. Hooper and Co., £4.

Class 18. — GROUP of MISCEL¬
LANEOUS PLANTS, arranged for
effect, and occupying a space not ex¬
ceeding 300 square feet.

1st. Mr. J. Wills, Onslow Crescent,
South Kensington, S.W., £10.

2nd. Mr. J. Aldous, Florist, Gloucester
Road, South Kensington, S. W., £7.

Class 19. — 9 SHOW PELARGO¬
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding 8 inches in diameter. (Nur¬
serymen.)

1st. Mr. C. Turner, £9.

Class 20. — 9 SHOW PELARGO¬
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding 8 inches in diameter. (Ama¬
teurs.)

1st. W. F. Watson, Esq., Redlees, Isle-
worth (J. James, Gr.), £9.

2nd. Mrs. Hodgson, The Elms, Hamp¬
stead (J. Weir, Gr.), £6.

PROCEEDINGS OE THE EOYAL HOETICELTUEAX SOCIETY.

lx

Class 21.— 9 FANCY PELARGO¬
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding 8 inches in diameter. (Nur¬
serymen.)

1st. Mr. C. Turner, £7.

Class 22.-9 FANCY PELARGO-
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding 8 inches in diameter. (Ama¬
teurs.)

1st. W.F. Watson, Esq. (J. James, Gr.),
£1.

2nd. Mrs. Hodgson (J. Weir, Gr.), £5.

Class 23.-6 STOVE or GREEN¬
HOUSE FERNS, large specimens,
distinct. (Amateurs.)

1st. Mrs. Torr (J. Child, Gr.), £9.

2nd. J. F. Greswold Williams, Esq.
(E. Tudgey, Gr.), £6.

3rd. F. Whitbourne, Esq., Loxford
Hall, Ilford (J. Douglas, Gr.), £4.

Class 24.-6 STOVE or GREEN¬
HOUSE FERNS, lai’ge specimens,
distinct. (Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. B. S. Williams, £6.

Class 25.-2 TREE FERNS, with
stems not less than 5 feet high.
(Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. W. Bull, £3.

2nd. Mr. B. S. Williams, £2.

Class 26.-2 TREE FERNS, with
stems not less than 5 feet high.
(Amateurs.)

1st. Withheld.

2nd. Mr. G. Wheeler, £2.

Class 27.-6 LARGE PALMS, dis¬
tinct. (Open.)

1st. J. Warren, Esq. (C. Raun, Gr.),
£10.

2nd. Mr. John H. Ley, Royal Nursery,
Croydon, £7.

Class 28. — 20 ROSES, distinct, in pots.

(Open.)

1st. Mr. C. Turner, £10.

Class 29.-9 ROSES, distinct, in pots.
(Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. C. Turner, £15.

2nd. Messrs. Paul and Son, The Nur¬
sery, Cheshunt, £10.

Class 31. — COLLECTION OF
FRUIT, consisting of 8 distinct
hinds. (Open.)

1st. Lord Carington, Wycombe Abbey,
High Wycombe (G. T. Miles, Gr.),
£10.

2nd. Lord Bagot, Blithefield, Rugeley !
(T. Bannerman, Gi'.), £7. j

Class 32.-2 PINE-APPLES
(Open.)

1st. Her Majesty the Queen, Frogmore,
Windsor (T. Jones, Gr.), £2.

I 2nd. His Grace the Duke of Richmond
and Gordon. Goodwood (F. Rut¬
land, Gr.), £1 10s.

Class 33. — 1 PINE-APPLE. (Open.)

1st. His Grace the Duke of Richmond
and Gordon, Goodwood (F. Rut¬
land, Gr.), £1.

Class 34. — 2 Bunches of BLACK
GRAPES. (Open.)

1st. Lord Bagot (T. Bannerman, Gr.),

£2.

2nd. Mrs. Tristram, Fowley, Liphook,
Hants (P. Edwards, Gr.), £l 10s.

3rd. Earl of Crawford and Balcarres,
Haigh Hall, Wigan, Lancashire
(A. Jamieson, Gr.), £1.

Class 35. — 2 Bunches of WHITE
GRAPES. (Open.)

1st. Mrs. Tristram (P. Edwards, Gr.),

£2.

2nd. Lord Bagot (T. Bannerman, Gr.),
£1 10s.

3rd. Earl of Macclesfield, Shirburn
Castle, Tetsworth, Oxon (R. Sowei'-
by, Gr.), £1.

Class 36 — 6 PEACHES, any one
kind. (Open.)

1st. L. J. Baker, Esq., Haydon Hall,
Eastcote (Jas. Fry, Gr.), £1 10s.

2nd. C. Allhusen, Esq., Stoke Court
(J. Maher, Gr.), £1.

3rd. J. L. Lovibond, Esq., Start’s Hill,
Farnborough, Hants (J. Horwood,
Gi\), 15s.

Class 37. — 6 NECTARINES, any one
kind. (Open.)

1st. J. L. Lovibond, Esq. (J. Hoi'wood,
Gr.), £1 10s.

2nd. Earl of Macclesfield (R. Sowerby,
Gr.), £1.

3rd. W. R. Winch, Esq., North Mymus
Park, Hatfield, Herts (J. T. Sey¬
mour, Gr.), 15s.

Class 38.-2 Dishes of CHERRIES,
distinct. (Open.)

1st. Her Majesty the Queen (T. Jones,
Gr.), £1.

Class 39. — 3 Dishes of STRAW¬
BERRIES, distinct. (Open.)

1st. A. Moss, Esq., Chadwell Heath,
Essex (J. Worthing, Gr.), £1 10s.

EXTRACTS OE PROCEEDINGS.

Ixi

Class 40. — 1 Dish of STRAW¬
BERRIES. (Open.)

1st. The Marquis of Salisbury, Hatfield
House, Herts (G. Norman, Gr.),
15s.

2nd. G. Wythes, Esq., Bickley Park,
Kent (J. Neighbour, Gr.),10s.

3rd. W. Spottiswoode, Esq., Coombe
Bank, Sevenoaks (J. Bolton, Gr.),
7s.

Class 41.— 1 MELON. (Open.)

1st. Mr. J. Chilton, The Gardens,
Aston Rowant House, Tetsworth,
Oxon, £1.

Prizes offered by W.

Glass A. — No Competition.

Class B. — 12 NEW PLANTS, intro¬
duced and sent out for the first time
since the commencement of 1875 by
Mr. William Bull. (Nurserymen.)

1st. Mr. B. S. Williams, a Silver Cup,
value £15 15s.

Class C.— 12 NEW PLANTS, intro¬
duced and sent out for the first time

2nd. Lord Carington (G. T. Miles, Gr.),
15s.

3rd. Mr. W. Pepper, the Lodge, Brom¬
ley Common, Kent, 10s.

Class 42.— Collection of VEGETA¬
BLES, consisting of 10 kinds.

1st. Lord Carington (G. T. Miles, Gr.),

£6.

2nd. R. B. W. Baker, Esq., Orsett Hall,
Romford (W. Iggulden, Gr.), £4.

3rd. G. D. W. Digby, Esq., Sherborne
Castle. Dorset (W. G. Pragnall,
Gr.), £2.

Bull, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.

since the commencement of 1875 by
Mr. William Bull. (Private Grow¬
ers.)

1st. Mr. C. Rann, a Silver Cup, value
£15 15s., and £10.

2nd. Mr. T. N. Penfold, a Silver Cup,
value £10 10s., and £7.

3rd. Mr. E. Tudgey, a Silver Cup,
value £6 6s., and £5.

Class D. — No Competition.

Prizes offered by Mr. F. Gallop,

Seedsman and Florist, Brighton, for “Miles’s” New Hybrid Spiral Mignonette.

1st. Charles Armstrong, Esq., Woods-
lee, Witlidean, Brighton (E. Mea-
chin, Gr.), £10.

1 2nd. A. Chancellor, Esq., The Retreat
Richmond, £7.

3rd. Messrs. Vigor Bros., Withdean
Nursery, Brighton, £5.

Special Prize given by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.

For the Best Specimen Orchid, not a I Shirehampton, near Bristol (W
made-up plant, J. W. Miles, Esq., | Perry, Gr.), £10.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS, Plants and Flowers.

Messrs. Osborn and Sons, Fulham,
S.W., for Stove and Greenhouse
Plants and Hardy Herbaceous Plants,
Silver Medal.

Mr. H. Boiler, 73, South Row, Kensal
New Town, N.W.,for Cacti, Agaves,
Aloes, &c., Bronze Medal.

Mi*. W. Bull, Chelsea, S.W., for Group
of Plants, Gold Medal.

Messrs. Lane and Son, Great Berk-
hampstead, for Rhododendrons and
Specimen Ivies, Goid Medal.

Messrs. Rollisson and Sons, Tooting,
S.W., for Group of Plants; Collec¬
tion of Sempervivums, Echeverias,
and Pvrethrums, Gold Medal.

Messrs. Barr and Sugden, 12, King St.,
Co vent Garden, W.C., for Assort¬
ment of Alpine Plants ; Collections of
Sedums, Sempervivums, Saxifrages,
Iris, Pyrethrums ; Ixias, Sparaxis,
Babianas ; Cut Flowers of Paeonies,
Hemerocallis, Alliums, and Lilies ;
Silver Flora Medal.

Messrs. Veitch and Sons, Chelsea,
S.W., for a Group of Plants, Gold
Medal ; for a Collection of Ixias,
Bronze Medal.

Messrs. Cutbush and Sons, Highgate
N., for a Group of New Holland
Plants, Silver Medal.

lxii

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. Downie and Laird, 17, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh, for Pan¬
sies, Silver Banksian Medal.

Mr. F. Gallop, Brighton, for Miles’s
New Hybrid Spiral Mignonette,
Bronze Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Laing and Co., Forest Hill, for
a Group of Plants, Silver Flora
Medal.

Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Holloway,
N., for a Group of Plants, Silver
Flora Medal.

Mr. C. Turner, Eoyal Nurseries,
Slough, for 50 pots of Boses, Special
Award of the Gold Medal.

Messrs. Carter and Co., for a Group of
Ornamental Foliage and FloweriDg
Plants, Silver Banksian Medal.

Mr. J. Croucher (Gr. to J. T. Peacock,
Esq.), Sudbury House, Hammer¬
smith, W., for a Collection of Succu¬
lents, Silver Banksian Medal.

Her Majesty the Queen, Frogmore (T
Jones, Gr.), for a Collection of
Apples, Silver Medal.

Miscellaneous Subjects Connected with Horticulture.

Mrs. J. H. Cussons, Southport, for Ske- Messrs. Badclyffe and Co., 129, High
leton Leaves and Flowers, Gold Holborn, W.C., for Bock-work
Medal. Fernery, Silver Medal.

The following Certificates were awarded by the Eloral
Committee at the Great Show : —

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Eirst-class Certificates were awarded to Mr. W. Eisher
(gardener to E. Williams, Esq.), for Gloxinia Berhshirei ; to
Messrs. G. Jackman and Son, for Clematis (double) “ Buhe of
Connaught v ; to Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium (show)
“Fortitude") to Mr. W. Bull, for Kentia rupicola and Braccena
“ Bijou." Yotes of Thanks were passed to Mr. T. S. Ware, for cut
blooms of Pinks, &c., and to G. E. Wilson, Esq., E.R.S., for cut
blooms of Liliums.

June 4? 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last meeting having been read and con¬
firmed, the following candidates for fellowship were duly elected :
— Victor Buckley, Lawrence Trent Cave, George P, Craven, Joseph

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxiii

Davis, Charles Dorman, John Downie, Samuel Edwards, Mrs.
Eraser, Charles Godson, William H. Hilton, Lady Huntingfield,
Col. F. H. Eich, E.E., J. Eimington, Mrs. Duncan Eoberts, Mrs.
L. V. Swaine, C. G. Wilkinson, Mrs. Wyman.

Guinea Members.— J . E. Hale and Mrs. Hale.

The awards of the Fruit and Floral Committees were
announced, and the Assistant Secretary directed attention to the
most interesting plants exhibited.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Sir Joseph D. Hooker C.B., Pres. E.S., in the Chair.

Sugar Cane Disease. — The Chairman, in exhibiting a cane
which had been sent to him from Porto Eico, said that the
communications he had received from various localities on the
subject of the Sugar Cane disease were becoming so numerous
that scarcely a week passed without fresh correspondence coming
to hand on some new or old form of this disease. The present case
was being carefully investigated, and a further report would be
made hereafter. He added that the specimens sent afforded but
little information on this difficult subject.

Mistleto. — Mr. Blenkins exhibited a section of the trunk of a
tree showing the roots of Mistleto adhering to the wood. It was
observed that none of the roots entered into the wood. Some
discussion followed on the best mode of growing this parasite. Mr.
Eenny observed that a healthy young oak should be selected and
the seed placed on the underneath surface of the branches.

Coccus on Rose, 8fc. — Mr. McLachlan reported that the coccus
on the specimen submitted to him for report was Lecanium
rosarum. It is noticed as especially infesting “ Espalier” roses.
He had never seen it on “ Standards, ” nor on roses on their own
roots. The only remedy is to pick off the affected shoots and burn
them. Mr. McLachlan also showed specimens of a gall on the
Ash, produced by Cecidomya botularia. They were elongated,
and in shape and appearance not unlike small sausages. He had
never seen them before.

Mucuna Bennetti. — Dr. Bennett showed Specimens of this from
the Ely Eiver, New Guinea.

Plants Exhibited.— My. Elwes showed flowers of Phytolacca
icosandra , Qmnera manicata from Peru ; Xeronema Moorei, from

1X17 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE EOYAL H 0 ETICTJLTT7E AL SOCIETY.

Hew Caledonia ; Pleione Hookeri a species which he found on the
Sikkim Himalayas, at an elevation of 10,000 — 11,000 feet, buried
in long moss, which was crammed with pseudo bulbs ; it was grow¬
ing on the horizontal branches of a species of Bhododendron.

Skeleton Leaves. — -Three cases of “ skeletonised ” leaves were
shown by Mrs. Cussons, of Southport, with the following note : —

“For the dissection of leaves I find the process of maceration
too long and tedious, to say nothing of the uncertainty as to the
results. I have therefore adopted the use of alkali in saturated
solution, the specimens to be introduced while the liquid is heated
to boiling point. The time of immersion to be regulated by the
character of the various leaves, and the nature of the epidermis to
be removed. When the specimen is freed from epidermis and
cellular tissue, ib must be subjected to the action of chlorine to
destroy the colouring matter. The introduction of peroxide of
hydrogen serves not only to render the lace-like specimen purer in
colour, but preserves it also. In destroying the colouring matter in
Ferns this likewise is invaluable ; added to the chlorine it gives a
solidity to the bleached fronds, and appears to equalise the action of
the chlorine. For skeletonising capsules the slow process of macera¬
tion by steeping in rain-water is alone available — a moderate heat
may be applied to hasten the process, but alkali is useless.

“ Skeletonised leaves and capsules appear to gain in the process
a toughness and durability not possessed by them in their natural
state.”

Petalody of the Ovules of Cardamine pratensis. — Bev. Geo.
ITenslow showed specimens in which several of the lower fruits had
assumed a globular or ovoid form, and were elevated upon a long
gynophore, produced by an elongation of the floral axis above the
point of insertion of the other floral whorls. Several had burst on
one side, whence issued a mass of small pink petals. On dissecting
some of these abnormal ovaries, it was found that the false
dissepiment was wanting, but that a large mass of petals had taken
the position of the ovules, generally in one chief cluster, forming a
miniature “ double ” flower at the point of attachment to the
placenta.

Ihe Native Country of the Potato. — Mr. Hemslev contributed a
paper on this subject, pointing out some errors into which M.
Andre had fallen in a recent communication to the Illustration
Horticole. This communication is published in the Society’s
Journal.

EXTEACTS OF PEOCEEDINGS.

Ixv

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons, for Adiantum cyclosorum , Platy cerium Hilli , and Xeronema
Hoorei ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir. G. Macleay), for
Gunner a manicata and Lathyrus Hrummondii ; to Mr. It. Dean, for
Lathy rus Hrummondii. Yotes of Thanks were passed to Mr. H.
Boiler, for Othonna crassifolia ; to G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., and
to Mr. C. Green, for cut flowers.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Mr. W. Allen, for
bundle of Asparagus. Commended, Tebbs’ Universal travelling
pot, from Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie.

WHIT-MONDAY SHOW.
June 10, 1S78.

This Exhibition took its rise from a desire on the part of the
Council of the Society to provide the poorer classes of the
metropolis with a flower show that should be as thoroughly good
as it was possible to get together on a Bank Holiday. A liberal
schedule, which had been subscribed privately, brought together
many creditable exhibits from Covent Garden nurserymen,
and some of the regular Exhibitors at the Society’s meetings very
generously contributed of their floral wealth and artistic skill to
afford a display exceeding in value and extent the highest hopes
of the promoters. When it is recorded that fine groups were
staged by Mr. Wills, Mr. Williams, Messrs. Osborn, Laing,
Rollisson, and Lane, it will be understood how rich a treat was
provided for the poor people to whom such a sight must have been
a real enjoyment. And not the less does it redound to the credit of
those gentlemen who so cordially encouraged and supported this
popular movement. The number of visitors, at an entrance-fee of
twopence, was 15,558.

The Lady Mayoress, who was accompanied by the Rt. Hon. the
Lord Mayor, and Mr. Alderman and Sheriff Nottage, visited the
Exhibition, and afterwards distributed the prizes to the successful
competitors, as follows : —

e

lxvi PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AWAPuDS OP THE JUDGES.

Class 1.— GROUP of PLANTS ar¬
ranged effectively, occupying a space
not exceeding 800 sq. ft.

1st prize £10; Mr. John Reeves,
Florist, Acton.

2nd prize £7 ; Messrs. J. and J. Hayes,
Florists, Edmonton.

Class 3.— GROUP of 100 SHOW
PELARGONIUMS.

1st prize £5 ; Mr. Wm. Brown, Florist,
Hendon.

2nd prize £3 ; Mr. E. Sawyer, Florist,
Edmonton.

Class 4.— GROUP of 100 ZONAL
PELARGONIUMS.

1st prize £4 ; Messrs. J. and J. Hayes,
Edmonton.

Class 5.— GROUP of 100 FUCHSIAS-

1st prize £4; Messrs. J- and J. Hayes,
Edmonton.

2nd prize £2 ; Mr. Wm. Brown, Hendon.

Class 6.— FIFTY POTS of MUSK

3rd prize 10s. ; Mr. J. Reeves.

AMATEUR A

Class A. — Best Exhibition of PLANTS
grown in the City of London.

1st prize, £2, and the Society’s Silver
Medal ; Mr. R. Oastler, 17, Sun
Street, Finsbury.

2nd prize, £1, and the Society’s Bronze
Medal; Miss M, J. White, 25, Earl
Street, Finsbury Square.

3rd prize 10s. ; Mr. J. F. Jarvis,
Guildhall.

Class B. — Best Exhibitionof PLANTS
grown within a Radius of General
Post-Office.

1st prize, £2, and the Society’s Silver
Medal ; Mr. T. Smart, 41, Arthur
Street, Chelsea.

2nd prize, £1, and the Society’s Bronze
Medal; Miss D. Harroway, 34,
Arthur Street, Chelsea.

3rd prize 10s.; Mr. J. Onslow, 6,
Charles Street, Kensington.

Extra prize 5s. ; Mrs. Linington, 20,
King Street, Chelsea.

Class C.— Best SINGLE WINDOW
PLANT grown for more than twelve
months, within a radius of five miles
of General Post-Office.

1st prize, £1, and the Society’s Silver
Medal; Mr. W. Morgan, 1, Omega
Terrace, King’s Road, Chelsea.

2nd prize, 10s., and the Society’s Bronze

Class 7.— FIFTY POTS of MIGNO¬
NETTE.

1st prize £2 ; Mr. J. Reeves.

Class 9.— FIFTY BUNCHES of
CUT FLOWERS, to be shown in
pots, vases, or glasses.

1st prize £2 ; Mr. J. Reeves.

Class 11.— Best filled WINDOW BOX
of PLANTS.

1st prize £1 ; Mr. J. Reeves.

3rd „ 10s. ; Messrs. Dick Radclyffe,
and Co.

Class 12.— Six WINDOW PLANTS
distinct, best suited for London.

2nd prize 15s. ; Mr. J. Reeves.

Extra prize to Messrs. Dick Radclyffe,
and Co., for effectively arranged
flower stand.

Silver Flora Medals to —

Mr. E. Sawyer, Edmonton.

Mr. J. Reeves, Acton.

Messrs. Dick Radclyffe, and Co.,
High Holborn.

Bronze Banksian Medals to —

Mr. W. Bromage, 6, Charles Street,
Kensington.

Mr. J. Cornish, Great Tower Street.

EtTISANS, &c.

Medal ; Mr. J. Sharpe, 13, Marlboro
Street, Chelsea.

3rd prize 5s. ; Mr. J. Stanley, 29, Gale
Street, Chelsea.

Class D. — Best Collection of WILD
FLOWERS, to be shown in separate
bunches, to be .'competed for by
Children attending the various Public
and Elementary Schools.

1st prize, £1, and the Society’s Silver
Medal; Mr. C. Schlee, 93, Alex¬
andra Cottage, Penge.

Class E. — Best Bunch of WILD
FLOWERS, to be competed for by
Children attending the various Public
and Elementary Schools.

1st prize, £1, and the Society’s Silver
Medal ; Mr. A. M. Brown, Haw¬
thorn Cottage, Hendon.

2nd prize, 10s., and the Society’s Bronze
Medal ; Mr. H. Schlee, 93, Alex¬
andra Cottages, Penge.

Class F. — Best arranged Vase or Stand
of WILD FLOWERS.

1st prize, £1, and the Society’s Silver
Medal; Mr. A. J. Squire, 8
Merton Road, Kensington.

2nd prize, 10s., and the Society’s Bronze
Medal ; Miss Fanny Schlee, 93
Alexandra Cottages, Penge.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxvii

Offered by Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Beading.

Class G.— Best Collection 'of VEGETABLES.

1st prize £1 Is.; Mr. T. Smart, 41, Arthur Street, Chelsea

MISCELLANEOUS.

Extra

Mr. J. Wills, South Kensington ; Group
of Plants ; Gold Medal.

Messrs. W. Bollisson and Sons, Tooting ;
Group of Plants ; Silver Banksian
Medal.

Messrs. Osborn and Sons, Fulham ;
Group of Plants; Silver Banksian
Medal.

Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Holloway ;
Group of Plants ; Silver Banksian
Medal.

Prizes.

Messrs. John Laing and Co.,. Forest
Hill ; Group of Plants ; Silver Bank¬
sian Medal.

Mr. H. Boiler, Kensal Hew Town
Collecaon of Agaves and Miniature
Succulents ; Bronze Banksian Medal.
Messrs. F. and A. Smith, Dulwich;
Group of Plants ; Bronze Banksian
Medal.

Mrs. Brown, Hendon ; Specimen Fern;
Bronze Banksian Medal.

June 18, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and signed.

_ Elections . — James M. Erancis and II. Pearks.

The Assistant Secretary announced the awards of the
Committees, and referred to some of the principal objects of interest
in the Show.

TJpon this occasion was held the Annual] Exhibition of the
Pelargonium Society, which brought together a most brilliant
display. The Society’s Exhibition of Cut Roses held this day was
also very successful.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., Pres. R.S., in the Chair.

Sugar Cane Disease. — Mr. Renny stated that he had examined
the specimens of diseased sugar cane shown at the last meeting, and
had been unable to find any trace of fungus.

Polyporus sulphur eus.—Dv. M. F. Masters, F.R.S., on behalf
of Mr. Miles, The Gardens, Wycombe Abbey, showed a fine
specimen. Dr. Cook remarked that crystals of oxalate of lime

lxviii PROCEEDINGS OE THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were found in abundance upon this fungus and appeared on tbe
surface as a greyish incrustation.

Potato leaves marked with warts.— Dr. Masters showed from Mr.
A. Dean leaves of Potatos the under surfaces of which were
marked with warts similar to those which occur on Yine leaves
when grown in too close and moist an atmosphere. The conditions
under which the Potatos were grown were such as would be
likely to produce the growths in question.

Phytoptus tilice. — Mr. McLachlan showed specimens of the
nail or horn-like galls produced by Phytoptus tilice.

Miscellaneous Exhibits. — Dr. Masters showed a specimen of
Ophrys fucif era from Polkestone, in which the perianth and ovary
were normal, but the column was represented by three superposed
segments, each with indications of an anther on its margins. Dr.
Masters also showed specimens of Orobanche caryophyllacea,
O.picridis, Silene nutans , and other rare species, from the Polke¬
stone cliffs.

Ponations to the Lindley Library. — The Assistant Secretary
announced the presentation to the Lindley Library of the tenth
volume of Baron Yon Muller’s “ Pragmenta ” by the Government of
Yictoria, and of the third edition of Henfrey’s “ Elementary
Course of Botany,” by Dr. Masters.

PLOBAL COMMITTEE.

Pirst-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs. J. Laing and Co.,
for Begonia “ Calypso v ; to Messrs. T. Cripps and Sons, for Clematis
viticella “ Earl Beaconsfield” ; to Mr. W. Bull, for Braccena
vivicans ; to Messrs. W. Paul and Son, for Bose (H.P.) “ Countess of
Rosebery ” ; to Mr. H. Cannel], for Dactylis elegantissima aurea ; to
Dr. J. Denny, fo” Zonal Pelargoniums, “ Manfred” “ Sunbeam, ’’
“Madonna” and “ Titania ” ; to Messrs. W. Bollissonand Sons, for
Erica obbata expolita ; to Mr. C. Noble, for Rhododendron 11 The
Tocsin” ; to G. P. Wilson Esq., P.B.S., for Lilium PTansoni ; to Mr.
C. Turner, for Pancy Pelargoniums, “ Placida” “ Insulaire” and
“Janette” ; and Show Pelargoniums, “ Bertie” and “Amethyst
to E. B. Poster, Esq., for Show Pelargoniums, “ Marmion”
“ Invincible “ Symmetry ” “ B auntless” and “ Criterion;” to
Mr. J. Catlin (gardener to Mrs. Lermitte), for Zonal Pelargonium
^ Fanny Catlin ; ” to Messrs. E. and J. Perkins, for Potentilla
“ Prince Arthur.” Highly Commended, Cypripedium spectabile,

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxix

from Bev. A. Bawson. Commended (for strains), Canterbury Bells,
from Mr. B. Dean ; and Striped Petunias from Mr. J. Marchant.
Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. B. Dean, for cut blooms of
Canterbury Bells ; to Mr. C. Noble, for cut blooms of Bose “ Queen
of Bedders ” ; to Bev. A. Bawson, for cut blooms of Lilies and
Irises ; and to Sir W. C. Trevelyan, for Carnation “ Souvenir de la
Malmaison .”

PBBIT COMMITTEE.

A Eirst-class Certificate was awarded to Messrs. Thos. Bivers
and Son, for Peach “Hale's Early,” and a Cultural Commendation
for a fine Collection of Emit Trees in bearing. Votes of Thanks were
passed to Mr. G. Lee and Mr. J. Lane (gardener to Lieut. -General
Eytche), for dishes of Strawberries ; also to Mr. W. Hind
(gardener to Sir T. Edwards-Moss), for Strawberries and Tomatos ;
and to Messrs. T. Bivers and Son, for dishes of Peaches.

July 2, 1878.

OBDINABY GENEEAL MEETING.

"William Haughton, Esq., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections. — H. Boiler, T. Bowley Hill, M.P., Henry G. S.
Williams.

Guinea Member Admitted .— A. E. Godward.

The Awards of the Committees were announced.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., Pres. B.S., in the Chair.

Propagation of Primroses. — The following letter from Mr. I.
Anderson Henry was read : — “ I have observed a very singular
means by which Primulas may easily be propagated to any extent,
and it strikes me that if it be unknown it might be worth commu¬
nicating. I had raised from seeds sent me from Ladak and Kash¬
mir a great many of the tribe, and as I could not accommodate
them under glass, I caused them to be planted out in beds of the
P. denticulata type, and principally I believe they were true P.

lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purpurea. Having stood the winter, and having occasion for the
beds last spring, I caused them to be dug up and removed. I
filled up their space with other more prized things, and amongst
these I now find the Primulas were coming up like weeds. I
find in digging them up that fibrous roots had been cut off, and
from these have sprung the numerous progeny I now have to
remove as weeds. Is not this an unmistakable hint how to propa¬
gate the tribe by the million for the million ? ”

Tea Disease in Sikkim. — Leaves of the Tea plant affected with
some insect supposed to be red spider were sent from Darjiling
— where the prospects of the crop are seriously injured — through
Mr. Caird, C.B., with a request for information. Opinions were
expressed to the effect that the damage in question was not caused
by a spider at all, but appeared to be a species of fungus life. The
specimens were referred to Mr. McLachlan for investigation and
report.

Diseases of the Vine. — Dr. M. C. Cooke read a fifth communica¬
tion on Yine diseases, which will appear in extenso in the Journal
of the Society.

Acer Schwedleri. — Dr. Masters showed leaves of this,
commenting on its beauty as an ornamental tree, and pointing out
the singular inclination of the petiole to the blade of the leaf.

Flints and Lichens. — Mr. W. G. Smith exhibited a series of
worked implements and flakes of flint from the Sussex Downs. In
every instance where the original crust of the flint had been left
untouched there was on that spot a growth of lichens, principally
Lecanora pallida , but wherever a flake had been struck off by the
pre-historic makers the worked face and the detached flake were
alike perfectly plain or only showed rudimentary vegetation. Mr.
Smith said that in damp situations under trees, or when flints were
embedded in abundant mortar, the lichens might temporarily creep
over a worked surface, but they could not maintain their position
or perfect themselves as they invariably did on the old natural
crust. To show the almost indestructible character of flint Mr.
Smith exhibited a Palaeolithic celt from the drift gravel, which
showed a large thick snowy- white patch of the original crust on
the butt-end just as it was left ages ago by the maker, the worked
portion of the flint showing its original black colour where no
decomposition whatever had place.

Hybrid Lilies. — Mr. G. P. Wilson showed on behalf of Mr.
Mangles, of Haslemere, a noble Lily, like croceum in general aspect

EXTEACTS OP PROCEEDINGS.

lxxi

— the anthers were quite barren ; also a supposed hybrid variety of
L. philadelpliicum or of pulehellum , from. Messrs. Yeitch. Two
varieties of L. pardalinum were shown, var. Robinsoni with large
flowers, and var. Californicum with small flowers somewhat glaucous
in the centre.

Vitality of Seed.— Bev. G. Henslow showed some seeds of Guil-
andinia Bonducella , they were twenty years old. He had taken
some to Hendon, and having been sown, some of them germinated,
and a plant now in Messrs. Henderson’s Nursery is 3 feet in
height. Conversation ensued on the vitality of seeds, in the
course of which Dr. Masters mentioned that he had found
seeds upon the Cornish coast actually germinating in the salt water.
The Chairman remarked that many trees and plants had been
introduced from one island to another by means of seed which had
drifted on the surface of the ocean.

The Assistant Secretary announced that the following donations
had been received for the Lindley Library, viz. : — “ Life of Alfred
Smee,” by the Authoress ; “ Forest Flora of British Burmah ”
(Kurz), from the Government of India ; “ Flora Australiensis,”
vol. vii. (Prof. Bentham), from the Author ; “ Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society,” vol. xvii., No. 100 ; “ Beport
of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel,” by the
Engineers’ Dept., TJ.S. Army (vol. iv.).

FLOBAL COMMITTEE.

First-Class Certificates were awarded to Mr. C. Turner, for
H. P. Boses, “ Penelope Mayo ” and “ Dr. Sewell” ; to the New
Plant and Bulb Company, for Freesia refracta , var. alba ; to Messrs.
Wm. Paul and Son, for Bose (H. P.) “ Duchess of Bedford ’’ ; to
Mons. Y. Lemoine, for Pelargoniums (ivy-leaved) “ Elf rida” and
“ Lucie LemoineR Highly Commended : Cape Pelargoniums, from
Mr. I. Pearson. Commended (for Strains) : Petunias, from Mr.
G. Smith ; Sweet "Williams, from Mr. B. Dean. Cultural
Commendation to Mr. H. Heims (gardener to F. A. Philbrick, Esq.,
Q,.C.), for Cattleya gig as. Yotes of Thanks were passed to G. F.
W"ilson, Esq., F.B.S., for cut blooms of Lilies ; and to Mr. H.
Cannell, for cut blooms of Yerbenas.

FBUIT COMMITTEE.

First-Class Certificates were awarded to Mr. J. Dell, for Melon
il Bell’s Hybrid ” ; to Mr. B. Gilbert (gardener to the Marquis

]xxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of Exeter), for Melon “ Netted Victory .” A Yote of Thanks was
passed to Mr. H. A. Mann (gardener to Mrs. Hornsby), for Melons
and Nectarines.

July 10th, 1878.

PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION AT PRESTON.

After an interval of five years, daring which period no Horti¬
cultural Exhibition had been held under the Society’s patronage
in the provinces — the last having been at Bath in 1873 — a show
upon an extensive scale was organised to be held at Preston in
Lancashire. A local committee, presided over by the Mayor of
Preston, was formed, and Mr. T. M. Shuttle worth, late a member
of the Council of the Society, undertook the duties of honorary
secretary.

The occurrence of the operatives strike in the early part of
the year exercised, unfortunately, a somewhat unfavourable
influence upon the exertions of the local Committee, and consider¬
able difficulty was experienced in raising an adequate subscription
list, and at one period the feeling was general in London that the
most prudent course would be to postpone the Exhibition for the
present. The earnest representations of the local Committee, who
sent a deputation of their own body to London to urge their
wishes upon the Council, were, however, pressed upon the Society
not to abandon the Show, and the arrangements were allowed to
proceed, and the Exhibition was accordingly held on the 10th July
and the following days. The inauguration ceremony was attended
by the Right Hon. Lord Aberdare, the President of the Society,
and several members of the Council, rthe ^Mayor and Town
Council of Preston receiving them as visitors. Unfortunately the
weather was not favourable, and the attendance was only
limited.

The display of valuable plants was extensive, and the groups
of stove and greenhouse plants were amongst the best that had
ever been seen in this country. Orchids and ornamental foliage
plants were well represented, and of specimen Eerns several highly
interesting collections were exhibited. The entire Show was on a
scale, and of a quality that fully sustained the reputation of the
Society’s provincial exhibitions.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxiii

The entries for fruit were tolerably good, especially in compe¬
tition for Messrs. Jas. Yeitch and Sons special prizes. Some
remarkably fine Peaches, Nectarines, and Strawberries were
shown.

Of vegetables, there was a good display, both in the Open and
in the Cottagers and Artisans Classes.

The exhibition of horticultural buildings and appliances was
very complete and extensive, and manifested considerable advance
in elegance of design and lightness of structure, combined with
many valuable practical improvements.

Prom a horticultural point of view the Preston Exhibition will
rank amongst the best that have ever been held under the auspices
of the Society.

July 23, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Colonel R. Teevoe Clarke, Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Elections . — Mrs. Thomas Dent, Charles J. Dimond, Mrs. Eolton
King.

The Awards of the Eruit and Ploral Committees were
announced, and the Assistant Secretary addressed the Pellows
present on the subject of Carnations and Picotees, and other inter¬
esting plants shown. Upon this occasion was held the Annual
Show of the Carnation and Picotee Society, which added con¬
siderable attraction to the Meeting.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, E.R.S., Y.P., in the Chair.

Tea-Leaf Disease. — Mr. McLachlan reported that he had
examined the leaves which had been referred to him at a previons
meeting. They had evidently been put into a book, pressed and
dried ; they appeared to have been punctured by some insect, but
it was impossible to say by what. It might be the red spider, but

/

lxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it was almost useless to send specimens in sucli a condition. As a
remedy, some preparation of sulphur might be tried.

Injury to Pines — Mr. McLachlan showed specimens of Pines
( P. sylvestris ), the young shoots of which were matted and felted
together by a white web, the work of a species of Tortrix.
The injury was spread over so large an area that hand-picking
and other means of combating the evil were ineffectual. Mr.
McLachlan also exhibited a moth which he had bred from one of
these larvae. It was a variety of Pcedisca occultana.

Sugar-cane Disease. — Specimens were again shown from Porto
Pico, in which the cane was bored by some insect ; hut in the total
absence of all history of the invasion, and in the absence of
specimens of the insect, no more definite opinion could he given.
The cane had been split in every direction in the hope of finding
some beetle, but without success. The larvae of some species allied
to the Cockchafer had been found in the tubs, but it was impos¬
sible that the beetle from this larva could emerge from the small
holes in the cane.

Virginian Creeper.— PsLr. "W. G. Smith exhibited a drawing of a
bottle containing water and a. plant in the grasp of a tendril of Ampe -
lopsis hederacea. Mr. Smith said that on one’of the walls of his house
he had a large Yirginian Creeper' growing, and a week or two ago he
noticed, when the hanging branches were disturbed by the wind,
that there was a jingling noise against the wall near one of the
first floor windows. On going to the spot to discover the cause of
the noise, he found a bottle tightly grasped round the neck by a
tendril of the Ampelopsis. The bottle, which contained water and
a specimen of Phyteuma orbiculare , weighed just over three ounces.
It had been taken by the Creeper off the sill of a window above,
and lowered (as the branches grew downward) several feet, nearly
to the level of the window below.

Juice distilled by Polyporus dryadeus. — Mr. Smith showed a
phial containing the juice naturally distilled by this woody Fungus
from the trunk of the Oak. P. dryadeus is a not uncommon
parasite of the Oak, and it is invariably studded with large drops of
moisture near the margin of its pileus. The moisture is derived
from the tree on which the Fungus grows. The juice, which was
obtained by Dr. Pull of Hereford, was, said Mr. Smith, sweet to
the taste, and probably devoid of tannin ; on a microscopical
examination it displayed a number of germinating spores, a few
crystals, some cells belonging to' the Fungus; and a number of

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxv

exceedingly minute revolving bodies, which might be referred to
Sphcero-bacteria, though the nature of these latter bodies might
possibly be of a very different character from Bacteria.

Potato Disease. — Eev. G. Henslow exhibited specimens showing
the carbonising effect of the Fungus on the leaves.

Hybrid Lilies. — Mr. Gr. F. "Wilson showed specimens of hybrid
Lilies raised by Mr. Mangles. The flowers were in the way of those
of L. croceum, with large bell-shaped flowers, lanceolate recurved
segments, tapering at tbe base into a stalk, and of a buff-yellow
colour spotted with purple spots. jS~o anthers were formed.

Gnaw on Cedar.— Mr. Wilson also showed a good specimen of
these productions, which are usually considered to be abortive
branches.

Monstrous Forms of Mimulus maculatus. — Specimens were sent
by Mr. Clapham, which were referred to Dr. Masters for examina¬
tion and report. The chief peculiarity in these flowers was the
existence of three, four, and five separate carpels in place of the two
combined ones usually formed. Assuming the typical number to be
five these specimens exhibited a reversion to the type.

Diseased Orchid Leaves. — Dr. Masters showed, on behalf of the
Marquis Corsi-Salviati, leaves of Aerides odoratum, &c., with a
corky development of the epidermis, the result of some injury to the
leaves. As sundry Cocci or scale insects were present, the presump¬
tion was that the insects in question were the cause of the malady.
The specimens were referred to Mr. McLachlan for further report.

Monstrous Bose. — Dr. Masters showed a specimen, obtained
from the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, of a Eose, in which the shoot was
flattened, curved, and bore flowers on one side only, one above
another in continuous series. The specimen was remarkable as
affording an excellent illustration of the growth and union of
secondary axes, one to the other, in a continuous line, as in the
so-called “ sympodesP An excellent sketch of the shoot in ques¬
tion was exhibited by Mr. Worthington Smith.

Torenia Bailloni. — Dr. Masters called attention to this remark¬
able novelty from Cochin China. It has the habit of T. asiatica
and of T. Fournieri , but the flowers are bright yellow with a dark
purplish-brown tube. The specimen was exhibited by Messrs.
Yeitch before the Floral Committee, but as the plants were small
and out of condition, no notice was taken by that body of what is
a very interesting novelty and one which ultimately is sure, in all
probability, to find favour with Cultivators. Some conversation
ensued as to the desirability of the Scientific Committee taking

Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

steps to adjudicate on novelties and plants of botanical interest
likely to be passed over by the other committees, either because
not adapted for decorative or commercial gardening, or because
they are not exhibited in a condition to justify any notice being
taken of them on the grounds of cultivation. Numbers of inter¬
esting plants, and some, like the present one, pretty certain to
secure the favour of cultivators in general, might be sent if they
were not likely to be ignored by the Eloral Committee. A
“botanical certificate” given by that body is naturally as little
valued as a “ first-class certificate ” awarded to a florist’s flower
by the Scientific Committee would be.

Specimens Exhibited . — Mr. W. W. Saunders sent from Worthing,
as illustrating the mild winter climate of that locality, Colletia
spinosa in fruit, Hdkea adnata in fruit, Verbena Melindres , and
Cnicus altissimus, a noble Thistle, 1 1 feet high, 7 feet through at
4 feet from the ground. The whole plant has a pyramidal habit
like that of a Cypress, and is very ornamental. A plant of
Pelargonium “ Vesuvius ,” in which the white sport had reverted to
its original red, the white and the sc arlet flowers being produced
on the same stem, was shown by Mr. Cannell.

Lindley Library. — Donations were announced from Messrs.
Yeitch of a copy of the original edition of Gerarde’s “Herbal”
(1633), and of Le Blond’s “ La Theorie et la Pratique duJardinage,”
1715. Mr. Ellacombe’s work on the “ Plants of Shakespeare” has
been added by purchase.

PLOEAL COMMITTEE.

A Eirst-Class Certificate was awarded to Mr. C. Turner, for
H. P. Eose, “ Harrison Weir.,} Cultural Commendation to Mr. T.
Speed (gardener to the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.), for Lisa
grandijiora. Yotes of Thanks were passed to Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons, for Celosia pyramidalis and Olearia Haastii ; to Messrs. E.
and A. Smith, for a Collection of Balsams ; to Sir W. Marriott, for
Lisa grandijiora superba ; to Lady Dorothy Nevil, for Cockscombs ;
to G. E. Wilson, Esq., E.E.S., for Lilium superbum; and to Mr.
C. Smith, for Sparaxis pulcherrima.

EETTIT COMMITTEE.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Messrs. T. Eivers
and Sons, for Peaches, Nectarines, and Cherries. Yotes of Thanks
were passed to Mr. J. Clark, for a Collection of Melons ; and to
Messrs. C. Lee and Sen, for “Lawton” Blackberry.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxvii

August 6, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

William Haughton, Esq., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Elections. — James Derham, Sir Henry W. Gordon, K.C.B.,
Charles Kilmister, John Southgate.

The Assistant Secretary announced the Awards of the Fruit
and Floral Committees, and called attention to a few of the
more prominent objects of interest exhibited. The special
feature of that day’s Meeting having been Tuberous Begonias,
of which several important collections were shown, Mr.
Jennings remarked upon the history and wonderfully rapid
development of this now favorite plant. He said that till
within the last dozen years Begonias had been popularly known
as ornamental-leaved plants, of which B. Rex was the most
familiar type; there were several species in cultivation, but
none were remarkable for their flowers until Messrs. Yeitch and
Sons received from their traveller, Mr. Pearce, the brilliant
B. Veitcliii, a native of Bolivia, in South America, a low-
growing, stemless species, but throwing its conspicuous scarlet
flowers well above the little tuft of roundish leaves. This was
followed by B. rosceflora, specifically almost identical with the
former, but having white flowers, deepening sometimes into
pale rose. The discovery of B. boliviensis furnished a new
feature, for in addition to its bright scarlet flowers, this species
has a fine erect habit, branching stems, and graceful foliage.
A novelty in colour had been found in B. Pearcei, with its clear
yellow flowers, and all these new species being natives of the
high mountainous regions of Peru and Bolivia, were soon proved
to be almost hardy.

With the above materials the hybridists had had a grateful
task, and innumerable garden varieties had been raised, exhibit¬
ing every possible shade and combination of tint between scarlet,
yellow, and white.

M. Lemoine, of Nancy, had raised many interesting hybrids,
and amongst them some with partly double flowers ; that was
of course a monstrosity, in which the stamens had developed

9

Ixxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

into petals more or less perfectly. Tlie true form of Begonia
is recognised in staminate flowers with four petals, and in
pistillate flowers with five, though this is by no means constant.

Tuberous Begonias were best raised from seed sown early in
the year ; the seedlings wTould with care he flowering in the
month of June or July, and would continue in bloom well on
into the cold weather. If grown in the open border they should
be lifted in September and transferred to pots, where they will
continue to bloom indoors. A few varieties have been known
to retain their vitality out of doors all the winter. The tubers
are very small, and being just the color of the earth are very
likely to be lost. The soil that suits them best is a light, friable
sandy loam ; they are impatient of damp, but will stand heavy
rain and powerful sunshine better than Scarlet Pelargoniums.
He believed that the popularity of this charming genus would
greatly increase when its useful and ornamental qualities
become better known.

FLOEAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Small Cold Banksian Medals to Messrs.
J. Yeitch and Sons, for their group of plants ; to Messrs. J. Laing
and Co., for group of Begonias; to Messrs. Kelway and Sons,
for collection of Gladioli. Silver Banksian Medals to Mr. B. S.
Williams and Messrs. Hooper and Co., for their groups of plants.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs. J. Laing and
Co., for Begonia 11 Mrs. Dr. Todd") to Messrs. Kelway and Co.,
for Gladioli “ Herois ,” “ Gorgonius ,” and “ Telamon" ; and to
Begonia “ Chiswick Blush," raised at the Society’s gardens at
Chiswick. Botanical Commendations were awarded to uTorrenia
Bailloni," from Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, and to “ Dendrobium
D'Albertisii " from Mr. B. S. Williams. A vote of thanks was
accorded to Mr. H. Cannell for cut blooms of Pelargoniums and
Yerbenas.

FEUIT COMMITTEE.

Medal Awarded. — Silver Knightian to Mr. S. Ford (gardener
to W. E. Hubbard, Esq.), for collection of Potatos.

Cultural Commendation to Mr. W. Thomson, of Clovenfords,
for a remarkable bunch of “ Duke of Buccleuch " Grape ; also

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxix

to a large collection of Cabbages from the Society’s Garden at
Chiswick. Votes of thanks were passed to Messrs. C. Lee and Son,
for the “ Lawton ” Blackberry, and to Mr. S. Ford for collection
of Potatos.

August 20, 1878.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Mr. B. S. Williams,
for Croton Williamsii ; to Mr. C. Turner, for Dahlias “ Helen
Macgregor ’ ’ and ‘ £ Prince Bismarck ” ; to Messrs . J. V eitch and Sons ,
for Cattleya Veitchiana ; to Mr. Mitchell (gardener to Dr .Ainsworth) ,
for Cattleya Mitchelli. A Botanical Certificate to Mr. H. J.
Clayton, for Blechnum interruptum. Cultural Commendation was
voted to Mr. B. Johnson (gardener to T. T. Clarke, Esq.), for
seedling Vallotas in flower ; and Votes of Thanks were passed
to Mr. R. S. Yates, for a magnificent spike oiLilium auratum ; to
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., for specimens of Odontoglossum
Paichenlieimii and Dendrobium MacCarthice superba ; to Mr. H.
Cannell, for cut Verbenas ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir
George Macleay), for cut flowers ; and to G. F. Wilson, Esq.,
for cut flowers of Lilium Lishmanni and Lilium speciosum
rub ram.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Mr. F. N. Dancer,
for Plum “ Paver's Sultan ,” and Votes of Thanks to Mr. Dancer,
for a collection of Plums, and to Messrs. W. Paul and Son, for a
collection of early Apples.

September 17, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

John Denny, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The Assistant Secretary announced the Awards of the Fruit
and Floral Committees, and commented upon several of the

9 2

lxXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

interesting plants shown. Mr. H. J. Elwes remarked upon a
group of Lilium neilgherren.se, exhibited by Mr. Bull, and directed
attention to the fine sample of Vanilla pods grown at Syon
House.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Mr. J. Keynes, for
Dahlia “Aurora”; to Mr. Bull, for Macrozamia cylindriea ; to
Messrs. Rawlings Brothers, for Dahlia “ Clara ; ” to Mr. C.
Turner, for Dahlia 11 Joseph Ashby ” ; to Messrs. Hooper and Co.r
for Begonia (double) 11 Louis Thibaut ” ; to Messrs. J. Laing and Co.,
for “ Eulalia japonic a zebrina ” ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to
Sir Geo. Macleay), for Nelumbium lutewrn as a fine foliaged plant ;
to Mr. H. Cannell, for Dahlias (single) lutea and “ Paragon ” as
decorative flowers ; also to Begonia “ Nellie May," raised in the
Society's Garden at Chiswick. A Second-class Certificate was
awarded to Mr. J. Keynes, for Dahlia “ Gaiety." Votes of
Thanks were passed to Mr. W. Bull, for a group of Lilium
neilgherrense ; to Messrs. Rawlings Bros., Mr. Geo. Smith and
Mr. J. Keynes, for cut blooms of Dahlias ; to Mr. C. Noble, for
Gynerium argenteum pumilum and cut blooms of Rose “ Queen of
Bedders" ; to Messrs. Hooper and Co., for a group of double
Begonias; to Mr. C. Green, for Brunsvigia JosepJwue, Costus-
speciosus and Gloxinia maculata \ to Mr. H. Cannell, for cut
blooms of Verbenas, Marigolds and Dahlias ; and to Mr. J. F.
Mould, for cut blooms of Verbenas.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Messrs. T. Rivers and
Son, for Pear “ Dr. Hogg," and Cultural Commendation to Mr.
J. Walker, for Onions ; and to Mr. J. Woodbridge (gardener to
the Duke of Northumberland), for Vanilla planifolia. Votes of
Thanks were passed to Messrs. T. Rivers and Son, for a collection
of Fruit ; and to Mr. D. Abbott (gardener to C. H. Firth, Esq.),
for Peas and Tomatos.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxxi

October 15, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Colonel R. Trevor Clarke, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and signed.

Elections. — W. Bradley, A. Campbell, J. Cocker, Mrs.
Cockerell, L. B. Lamb, E. J. Laumonier, R. J. Maxwell, Mr.
T. J. Mills, E. J. Poynter, R.A., and R. Sturgis.

The Assistant Secretary read the awards of the Fruit and
Floral Committees and directed attention to the splendid collec¬
tion of dwarf hardy ornamental evergreens displayed by Messrs.
James Veitch and Sons, in the Vestibule, embracing nearly
a hundred varieties — the most complete exhibition of the kind
that had ever been seen. Mr. Jennings also alluded to the fine
specimen of Vanda ccerulea, bearing 87 flowers upon five spikes,
shown by Mr. W. Smith (gardener to C. Lane, Esq.), and said
that he had met with this Orchid on the Khassia Hills, at an
altitude of about 4,000 feet, where it seems to delight in full
exposure to the sun ; it is very local, and is often found growing
on the decaying stumps of dead trees. V. ccerulea , together
with V. cristata and V. Cathcartii, will take cooler treatment than
the Vandas of the Straits and Java. He also remarked upon
the fine collections of Orchids exhibited by Messrs. Bull, Veitch,
and Williams, amongst which were several new and interesting
specimens, Phalcenopsis esmeralda , from Cochin China, quite
unlike any other species, with an upright spike of pretty rosy
.flowers. P. violacea, exhibited for the first time in flower ;
the spike was at present a small one, but doubtless when
the plant had become established, it would prove a valuable
acquisition.

Alluding to the labours of Messrs. Dominy, Seden, and others,
whose experiments in effecting the hybridization of Orchids
were now giving such wonderful results, Mr. Jennings said,
that at this meeting there were no less than four new
hybrid Orchids, Cypripedium vexillarium, with a very broad
and noble upper sepal — a cross between C. Farreanum and
C. barbatmn ; Cypripedium albo purpurea , between x C. Dominii
and C. Schlimii; Cypripedium marmarophyllum , between
C. Hookeri and C. bdrbatum, with very handsome foliage ;
and Cattleya Mastersonii, a cross between a seedling and

lxxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. labiata. There were also in the room three or four very
distinct varieties of the North Australian Dendrobium bigibbum ;
some flowers were very deep purple in colour, others pale rosy
with a white streak in the labellum, and Mr. Williams’ charm¬
ing D. bigibbum album, a striking novelty, was pure white.

Mr. Elwes made a few observations on a specimen of Bomarea
Jacquineana, shown by Mr. Green, bearing forty- eight flowers on
one panicle, a perfect floral chandelier. He said it should be
grown in strong loam, well manured, and kept cool it would
flower all the summer.

FLOEAL COMMITTEE.

Large Gold Banksian Medals were awarded to Messrs.
James Yeitch and Sons, for a group of dwarf ornamental Shrubs
for winter bedding, &c. ; and to Mr. B. S. Williams, for a group
of fine foliage and flowering Plants ; a small Gold Banksian to
Mr. W. Bull, for group of Orchids and new and rare Plants ;
a Silver Banksian to Messrs. Osborn and Sons, for group of fine
foliage and flowering plants- ; Silver Flora Medals to Mr. E.
Parker, for a collection of cut flowers of hardy plants; and to
Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son, for cut Eoses and cut sprays of pic¬
torial trees and shrubs, illustrating the beauty of autumnal tints.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs. James
Yeitch and Sons, for Anthurium Scherzerianum album and Lastrea
aristata variegata ; to Mr. L. T. Davis, for Pernettya mucronata
lilacina ; to Mr. W. Bull, for Bomarea Carderii ; Aspidium crinitum
and Lastrea aristata variegata ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir
G. Macleay), for Bomarea Carderii ; and to Mr. H. Boiler for
Mamillaria spliacelata.

Botanical Commendations were awarded to Messrs. J. Yeitch
and Sons, for Phalcenopsis violacea ; and to Mr. W. Bull, for
Masdevallia velifera.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to Hemsley’s “Im¬
proved Giant Hybrid ” Mignonette, from the Society’s Gardens,
Chiswick ; and to Mr. C. Green, for Bomarea Carderii.

Yotes of thanks were passed to Thos. Moore, Esq., E.L.S.,
for cut blooms of Single Dahlias ; to Mr. C. Green, for Aster
Brummondii, Pyrethrum uliginosum and Helianthus orgyalis ; to
MissE. Eegel, for Dra whigs of plants ; to Messrs. Hooper and Co.,
for group of Gesnerias, &c. ; and to Messrs. J. Laing and Co.,
for group of Begonias.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxxiii

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A small Gold Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrs. H.
Lane and Son, for a collection of Grapes ; Silver Knightians to
Mr. G. T. Miles (gardener to Lord Carington), for specimens of
Pine Apple “ Lord Carington ,” and to Mr. G. Goldsmith
(gardener to P. Hardwicke, Esq.), for collection of Pears.

Silver Flora to Mr. G. Sage (gardener to Earl Brownlow), for
a pot Vine grown for table decoration.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Apple “ Baumann's
red Winter Pearmain ,” from the Society’s Gardens, Chiswick.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to Mr. J. H. Goodacre
(gardener to the Earl of Harrington), for 6 Bunches of Grape
“ Lady Downed"-, to Mr. B. Dean, for collection of Potatos ;
to Harrison Weir, Esq., for Grape “ Champion Muscat ” ; to G
F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., for Pear “ Doyenne du Comice ,” from
a pot-tree ; to Mr. J. Maulden (gardener to J. S. Budgett, Esq.),
for two “ Smooth Cayenne” Pine Apples; and a collection of
Grapes, from the Society’s Gardens, Chiswick.

Votes of thanks were passed to Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son
(Waltham Cross), for collections of Apples and Pears; to
Messrs. Paul and Son (Cheshunt), for collections of Apples and
Pears ; to Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, for collection of
Apples ; to Messrs. H. Lane and Son, for collection of Apples
and Pears ; to Messrs. T. Rivers and Son, for collection of Fruit,
viz., Apples, Pears and Plums ; and to Messrs. Maule and Sons,
for Fruit and Preserves of Pyrus Maulei.

Novembee 19, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections. — F. 0. Barnes, A. F. Godward, Charles Green,
Mrs. D. Maitland, Alfred Sabine, J. A. Swanston, Theophilus
Thompson, Rev. H. Tindal, John J. Wilson, and Lieut.-Col.
A. Wynch.

The following gentlemen were, upon the nomination of the
Council, elected Honorary Corresponding Members of the
Society : — The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. ;
M. Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden ; Professor Charles S. Sargent,

Ixxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cambridge, Mass. ; Mr. Charles Moore, Botanic Garden,
Sydney, New South Wales; Chevalier E. Eenzi, Florence; M.
Duchartre, Paris ; Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, Melbourne ;
Dr. R. Scliomburgk, Adelaide, South Australia ; and Dr.
George King, Calcutta.

The Assistant Secretary announced the Awards of the Fruit
and Floral Committees, and made some observations on the
principal objects of interest exhibited. The fine groups of
Chrysanthemums contributed by Messrs. C. Turner and J.
Veitch and Sons, were carefully selected assortments, and com¬
prised many remarkably good specimens. Mr. Wills showed
the new Anthurium Gnstavii, having prominently ribbed, cordate
leaves, 19 inches long, 15 inches broad ; it was procured through
the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden. From Messrs. Yeitch
and Son came another fine hybrid Orchid. Calanthe Sedeni,
a cross between C. vestita and x C. Veitchii, regarding which
Mr. Jennings observed that the new hybrid was certainly finer
in colour than its parent, C. Veitcliii, which was raised by Mr.
Dominy by crossing C. vestita with Limatodes rosea, the former
being white, with a deep crimson spot, and the latter rosy ;
the offspring of this union had since been again crossed with the
former, and the result was before the Meeting — not a lighter
colour such as might have been expected — but a much darker
purple than any of its relations, caused, probably, by the greater
development of the crimson spot in C. vestita, the colour
becoming diffused all over the flower. Another fine plant,
exhibited by the same firm, was Cypripedium Lawrenceanum ,
introduced from Borneo by Mr. F. W. Burbidge, with a very
large, well-marked upper sepal, and handsome variegated
foliage in the way of C. Hookeri .

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE .

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair.

This, the first meeting since the recess, was well attended,
and the objects brought before the committee were numerous
and varied.

Ancient Ploughing. — Mr. Worthington Smith exhibited water¬
colour sketches of ancient ploughing on Bryn-Glas.

Physianthus albens as a Moth-trap. — Mr. MacLachlan alluded
to the manner in which this plant retains moths which alight

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxXXY

on the flower and only escape with the loss of their proboscis,
as was seen in the specimen exhibited. Mr. Hemsley called
attention to the circumstance that this curious faculty was
described and illustrated in the Belgique Horticole and in the
Flore des Serves , tom xvii., p. 137.

Bamboo penetrated by Borer. — Mr. MacLachlan, alluding to
the attempts to utilise the Bamboo for paper-making in this
country by Mr. Routledge, of Sunderland, showed specimens of
Bamboo received from Demerara perforated by some wood-boring
beetle belonging to the Bostricliidae. Some conversation ensued
as to the u“se of the Bamboo for paper-making.

Orchis hircina. — The Rev. H. Harpur-Crewe showed a dried
flowering stem of this plant, from his garden, measuring between
4 and 5 feet.

Plants Exhibited. — Mr. Elwes showed cut specimens in bloom
of a Bomarea which was so hardy as to resist 9° of frost with
impunity. Specimens of Senecio pulcher flowering for the second
time this season were exhibited, as also specimens of Hedychium
heteromallum and Gladiolus hirsutus, which flowers, like the
Colchicums, before the leaves are developed.

A Botanical Certificate was awarded to Mr. C. Green, gardener
to Sir Geo. Macleay, for Hoplophytum calyculatum, and a vote of
thanks was also awarded to the same gentleman for a fruiting
plant of Nidularium triste.

Pods of Lilium. — Mr. S. Jennings showed pods of L. auratum
and of L. giganteum, to show how the valves of the pods were, as
it were, tied together for some time after opening, in order that
the seeds might mature.

Trees Affected by Lightning. — A communication was read from
Mr. T. H. Lewis with reference to the notion that certain trees
are more affected than others by lightning, Cedar of Lebanon
and Beech being rarely struck, while Oaks, Yews, and Lombardy
Poplars are frequently so. Numerous instances were cited by
various members of injury done to trees by lightning without
disruption, the leaves being completely scorched. Dr. Bennett,
of Sydney, mentioned a similar occurrence as having come under
his observation at Sydney in the case of Araucaria imbricata.

Larch Disease. — Mr. Elwes drew attention to this disease, and
to the difficulty of growing the tree on soil and in localities
similar to those in which years ago the trees used to thrive.

IxXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The effects of frost, canker, aphis, fungus, &c., were alluded to,
but no definite conclusion was arrived at as to the real cause of
the disease.

Action of Carbolic Acid on Plants. — Mr. MacLachlan alluded to
some experiments of Miss E. Ormerod on the action of “ Sub-
Phenyl ” in killing the larvse of Psila rosse, the Carrot-fly, which
feeds on Carrots. Not only were the larvae destroyed, but the
growth of the plant, so far as foliage was concerned, was much
promoted.

Nomenclature of Garden Plants. — Dr. Masters read a paper on
this subject, pointing out the chief difficulties and sources of
confusion, botanical as well as horticultural, and suggesting
certain means of remedying the evils, as by the construction of
an authoritative standard catalogue of garden plants ; by proper
supervision and control exercised by the Scientific, Fruit, and
Floral Committees respectively, &c.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Silver Gilt Flora Medals were awarded to Messrs. J. Yeitch
and Sons, for groups of dwarf hardy ornamental Shrubs and
Chrysanthemums ; and to Mr. C. Turner, for group of Chrysan¬
themums. Small Gold Banksian to Mr. W. Bull, for group of
Orchids and new and rare plants. Silver Banksians to Mr. J.
Wills, for group of Dracaenas; and to Messrs. Hooper and Co., for
groups of Cyclamens and Begonias. Bronze Banksian to Mr. J.
Smith, gardener to Miss Sulivan, for 12 Chrysanthemums.
First Class Certificates were awarded to Messrs. T. Jackson
and Son, for Chrysanthemum (Japanese) “ M. Crousse " ; to
Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for Calanthe Sedeni; to Mr. A. Waterer,
for Golden Ilex scotica ; to Mr. J. Jaques, gardener to J. Perrin,
Esq., for Odontoglossum Alexandra var. P err ini \ and to Mr. H.
B. Smith, for Cyclamen “ Mont Blanc." A Second Class
Certificate to Mr. W. Bull, for Odontoglossum madrense. A
Botanical Commendation to Mr. C. Green, gardener to Sir G.
Macleay, for Hoplophytum calyculatum. A Cultural Commenda¬
tion to Sir C. W. Strickland, Bart., for Coburgia trichroma (in
flower). Yotes of thanks were passed to Mr. S. Ford, gardener
to W. E. Hubbard, Esq., for Cones of Conifers and Fruits of
Shrubs, also for cut sprays of Cedrus deodara ; to Mr. C. Noble,
for Rose u Queen of Bedders," Thujopsis borealis aureo-variegata ,

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxxvii

and Gynerium argenteum pumilum ; to Mr. H. Cannell, for group
of Pelargoniums ; to Mr. J. Atkins, gardener to Colonel Loyd
Lindsay, for cut blooms of Chrysanthemums ; to Mr. H. B. Smith,
for group of Cyclamens ; and to Mr. T. Rowley, gardener to
W. H. Covington, Esq., for group of Standard Heliotropes.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Silver Knightian Medal was awarded to Mr. S. Ford,
gardener to W. E. Hubbard, Esq., for a collection of Apples.
Cultural Commendations to Mr. C. Howe, for 6 bunches of
Grape “ Black Alicante ” ; to Mr. W. Wood, gardener to Lady
Augusta Mostyn, for 14 bunches of Grape “ Gros Colman ” ; to
Mr. J. Atkins, gardener to Colonel Loyd Lindsay, for 6 bunches
of Grape “ Muscat of Alexandria ” ; and to Harrison Weir, Esq.,
for Grape “ Champion Muscat Votes of thanks were passed to
Mr. R. Gilbert, Gardener to the Marquis of Exeter, for Fruit
and Vegetables ; and to Mr. C. Ross, gardener to C. Eyre, Esq.,
for 9 smooth Cayenne Pine Apples.

December 17, 1878.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

SR Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Elections. — The Earl of Abingdon, Tlios. Baines, H. Ker
Colville, John Mares, Mrs. Mares, S. .Wharton Simpson, General
Sir Charles Staveley, K.C.B.

The Awards of the Fruit and Floral Committees were read by
the Assistant Secretary. The chief feature of this Meeting was
an extensive display of Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, arranged
for decorative effect by Messrs. C. Lee and Son, of Hammersmith,
and completely filling the entrance vestibule, a most admirable
lesson in the use of such material in the winter months for the
enlivenment of open borders or conservatories which are not
furnished with heating apparatus. Mr. W. Bull exhibited for
the first time Lcelia anceps alba, a very fine new introduction,
well meriting its name, being pure white and of great beauty.

XXXV111 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R,S., in the Chair.

Nomenclature of Garden Plants. — Some conversation took place
as to Dr. Masters’ paper on this subject, read at the last meeting ;
but it was decided to postpone the discussion until the paper was
printed and in the hands of the Fellows.

Monstrous Vegetable Marrow. — Dr. Masters showed, on the part
of Mr. Hepper, The Elms, Acton, a dried fruit of a Vegetable
Marrow, raised on a long stalk, such as that which supports the
male flower. As the specimen was now dry and detached from
the vine, it was not possible to give the correct explanation of
this singular specimen.

Conopliallus ? Titanum. — Dr. Masters read a letter from
Cav. Fenzi, of Florence, giving further details as to this
gigantic Aroid.

Mistleto. — Dr. Masters contributed on the part of Mr. Corderoy,
of Blewbury, Didcot, specimens of male and female Mistleto,
supposed by the sender to he parasitic the one upon the other ;
the female branches are shorter and closer in habit than the
male, which are long and whip-like. The specimens were
referred to Rev. Geo. Henslow for examination and report.
At one of the meetings of the committee in 1869 similar
specimens were shown, which were considered to be illustrations
of moncecism.*

Dried Bananas. — Mr. G. F. Wilson exhibited specimens of
Banana fruits, peeled and dried in the sun. The Hon. and Rev.
J. T. Boscawen remarked that Musa Cavendishi is very nearly
hardy.

Beetle in Ascension. — Mr. MacLachlan reported that the beetle
which causes great injury to the vines imported from the Cape
of Good Hope into the Island of Ascension, was Siderodactylus
ornatus (Pascoe), a beetle allied to Sitones. The best remedy
was to dust the leaves with sulphur or Paris green, or putting
a sheet or cloth around the tree and jerking the insects out
of it.

MoJcurrus Besin. — Dr. M. C. Cooke showed specimens of a
substance used in India as an astringent, the source of which
had hitherto been a subject of dispute. It has, however, been

(See Masters’ Vegetable Teratology , p. 509.)

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

lxxxix

recently ascertained by Mr. Baden Powell to be the produce of
Bombax malabaricum. The nature of the substance is still
doubtful, as there are no traces of insect-puncture, nor is the
substance produced as a result of artificial injury to the tree.

Plants Exhibited. — From Mr. Low, of Clapton, came the
singular little Masdevallia triglochin , a small-flowered species,
with flowers of a yellowish brown, with long antenna-like tails.
From Sir Geo. Macleay’s garden (Mr. Green, gardener,) came
Billbergia nutans, an elegant Bromeliaceous plant, with a
nodding spike beset with pink bracts and greenish flowers, with
blue segments edged with white ; Grevillea fasciculata, a nearly
hardy Grevillea, with orange -red flowers, smaller than those of
G. rosmarinifolia ; and PEchmea Weilbachii, a Tillandsia-like
plant, with a branched spike of coral-red bracts and violet-
purple flowers.

Addition to the Lindley Library. — Mr. Jennings reported that
he had received from Dr. Masters, “ Memoirs of the Botanic
Garden at Chelsea.”

FLOBAL COMMITTEE.

A Gold Flora Medal was awarded to Messrs. Charles Lee and
Son, for an extensive collection of hardy evergreen and variegated
plants. First-Class Certificates were awarded to Mr R. Gilbert,,
gardener to the Marquis of Exeter, for Primula (double) “ Earl
■of Beaconsfield ” ; and to Mr. W. Bull, for Lcdia anceps alba.
Botanical Commendations to Mr. C. Green, gardener to Sir G.
Macleay, for Billbergia nutans and Grevillea fasciculata ; and to
Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., for Masdevallia triglochin. Cultural
Commendation to Mr. H. Heims, gardener to F. A. Philbrick,
Esq., Q.C., for specimen of Sophronitis grand, flora (in flower).
Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. R. Gilbert, for plants in
flower of Double Primulas ; to Mr. H. Cannell, for cut blooms
of Pelargoniums ; to Mr. Butters, gardener to Mrs. Gerard Leigh,
for fruit of Pandanus reflexus ; and to Mr. H. B. Smith, for a
group of Cyclamens in flower.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Silver Knightian Medal was awarded to Mr. W. Gardiner,
gardener to E. P. Shirley, Esq., for a collection of Apples and
Pears. First-Class Certificates were awarded to Mr. S. Ford,,
gardener to W. E. Hubbard, Esq., for Apple “Dr. Hogg”;

XC PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and to Mr. R. Gilbert,, gardener to the Marquis of Exeter, for
Cabbage Broccoli. Highly Commended — Apple “King William
from L. A. Killick, Esq. Cultural Commendations to Mr. D.
Wilson, for smooth-leaved Cayenne Pine Apples; to Mr. R.
Gilbert, for Cucumber “Despatch" ; to L. A. Killick, Esq., for
collection of Apples. Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr.
F. N. Dancer, for 2 varieties of Apples ; to Mr. S. Ford, for 6
varieties of Apples ; to Mr. J. Douglas, gardener to F. Whitbourn,
Esq., for 2 varieties of Grapes ; to Messrs. Ross, Coats and Co.,
for Evaporated Apples ; and to Mr. W. Iggulden, gardener to
R. B. W. Baker, Esq., for Tomato “Trophy.”

LIST OF DONORS 0F PLANTS, &c., TO THE SOCIETY’S
GARDENS, CHISWICK, 1878.

Abbott, David, Mr., Riverdale, Sheffield. Vegetable seeds.

Amies Chemical Manure Company, 79, Mark Lane, E.C. \ ton
manure.

Barr & Sugden, Messrs., 12, King Street, Covent Garden.
Cabbage seed (5 varieties).

Benary, Ernest, Erfurt, Prussia. Flower seeds (250 varieties),
vegetable seeds (44 varieties).

Bull, William, Mr., King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W. Stove and
green-house plants (16 varieties).

Cutbush & Son, William, Messrs., The Nurseries, Highgate, N.
Vegetable seeds (5 varieties).

Carter & Co., James, Messrs., 237 & 238, High Holborn, W.C.
Flower seeds (88 varieties), vegetable seeds (30 varieties).

Clarke, R. T., Col., Welton Place, Daventry. Vegetable seeds
(9 varieties), plants (4 varieties), palm seeds.

Constable, John, Rev., Agricultural College, Cirencester. 23
varieties seeds (Himalayas).

Carmichael, William, Mr., The Gardens, Nowton Court, Bury
St. Edmond’s. Vegetable seeds, Sandringham White
Celery.

Chambers, J., Mr., Isleworth. Plants (2 varieties).

Clapham, A., Esq., Ramsdale Bank, Scarborough. Mimulus
seed (4 varities).

Churchill, Lord A. S., 16, Rutland Gate, S.W., Hardy Ferns
(25 varieties).

LIST OF DONORS OF PLANTS, &C. X d

Cooling, George, Mr., Seedsman, Bath. Vegetable seeds
(2 varieties).

Denny, John, Dr., Zonal Pelargoniums (llvar.), Begonia seed.

Downie & Laird, Messrs., Nurserymen, Edinburgh. Penstemons
(30 varieties).

Dean, B., Mr., Ranelagh Road, Ealing. Primula amoena
(7 varieties) flower seeds.

Drury, G. D., Mrs., 4, Garway Road, Leicester Square. Conifer
seeds.

Dancer, F. N., Mr., Little Sutton, Turnham Green. Roses
(250 plants).

Dicksons & Co., Messrs., Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Violas
(29 varieties), Phloxes (27 varieties), Saxifraga Wallacei.

Douglas, James, Mr., The Gardens, Laxford Hall, Ilford, E.
Strawberry “ Laxford hall seedling” (12 plants).

Daniels Bros., Messrs., Seedsmen, Norwich. Vegetable seeds.

Dopplet, Herr Von, Erfurt, Prussia. Vegetable seeds (20
varieties), flower seeds (21 varieties).

Elwes, H. J., Esq., Preston House, Cirencester. Himalayan
seeds (80 varieties).

Fraser & Son, John, Messrs., Lea Bridge, Leyton, E. Plants
(10 varieties).

Fromon, William, Mr., Sutton Court, Turnham Green. Violas
(12 varieties).

Frisby, C., Mr., The Gardens, Blankney Hall, Sleaford. “Frisby’s
Excelsior Beet” (seed).

Gallop, F., Mr., Nurseryman, Brighton. Flower and vegetable
seeds.

Gumbleton, W. E., Esq., Belgrove, Queenstown, Ireland.
Tuberous Begonias (12 varieties).

Harvard Botanic University, America. 27 varieties seed.

Haughton, William, E. I. U. S. Club, 14, St. James Square,
S.W. Tacsonia mollissima (cuttings).

Hope, Miss, Wardie Lodge, near Edinburgh. Herbaceous
plants (20 varieties).

Hurst & Son, Messrs., Seedsmen, Leadenhall Street. Vegetable
seeds (16 varieties).

Huss, H. J. L., Mr., 21, Millman’s Row, Chelsea, S.W.
Asparagus Argenteuil (24 plants).

Hardy, H. J., Mr., Seed Grounds, Bures, Essex. Vegetable seeds.

XC11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Henderson & Son, E. G., Messrs., Pine Apple Nurseries,
Vegetable seeds (2 varieties).

Hewett, H., Esq., The Cottage, Staplegrove, Taunton. Seedling
potatos.

Hutchison, Mr., Cilgerron, South Wales. Vegetable seeds.

Jeffries & Son, Messrs., Nurserymen, Cirencester. Abies
(3 varieties) (6 plants).

Killick, Lewis, A., Mr., Mount Pleasant, Maidstone. Fruit
trees (6 plants).

Kittoe, E. H., Rev., Boldmere Vicarage, Birmingham. Seedling
potatos.

Kew Royal Gardens. Herb and rock plants (97 varieties), seeds,
herb plants (153 varieties).

King, W. E., Esq., Belgrave Villa, Bournemouth. Seeds of
Tao Bean from China.

Kinghorn, F. R., Mr., Sheen Nursery, Richmond. Gloxinias (18
varieties), Roses 90 plants in 12 sorts.

Lawson Seed Company, Edinburgh. Hardyplants (18 varieties).
Begonias (2 varieties).

Laing & Co., Messrs. John, The Nurseries, Stanstead Park,
London, S.E. 112 Palms in 2 sorts.

Lemoine, Mons. V., 67, Rue de l’Etang, Nancy. 6. varieties
Pelargoniums (fancy), 11 varieties Pelargoniums (double),
4 varieties Pelargoniums (single), 3 varieties Pelargoniums
(ivy-leaved).

Lempriere, R. R., Esq., Royal Manor, Jersey. Ferns.

Mason, Major F., The Firs, Warwick. Pelargoniums zonal.

McIntyre, A., Victoria Park. Hardy plants (3 varieties).

Mueller, Baron von, Melbourne, per Dr. Masters. 13 var. seeds.

Macleay, Sir George, Pendell Court, Bletchingley. 14 varieties
seeds from Africa.

Minier & Co., Messrs., 60, Strand, W.C. Vegetable seeds (45 var.)

McLean, M., The Gardens, Vintners’ Park, Maidstone. Primroses
(4 varieties).

Matthews, John, Mr., The Potteries, Weston-super-Mare.
Seedling potatos.

Maher, Mr., Stoke Court, near Windsor. Pea “Queen.”

Pearson, J. R., Mr., The Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts. 12 zonal
Pelargoniums (2 varieties).

Porter, W., Mr., Isleworth. Pelargoniums zonal (11 varieties).

LIST OF DONORS OF PLANTS, &C.

XC111

Porter, W., Mr., Oldmeldrnm, N.B. Turnip seeds (2 varieties).

Parker, Robert, Mr., The Nurseries, Tooting. 16 aquatic plants
(12 varieties).

Parker , Lady , Stawell House, Richmond. Crinum species (6 bulbs) .

Rumsey, William, Mr., Joyning’s Nursery, Waltham Cross.
Vegetable seeds (3 varieties).

Rutherford, George, Esq., Printonan, Coldstream. Seedling
potatos.

Ransom, George, Esq., 32, Denbigh Street, Belgrave Road.
Seeds of creepers (3 varieties).

Ross, George, Mr., Laurence Kirk, N.B. 12 plants Violas.

Roger, McCelland & Co., Messrs., Nurserymen, Newry. 1 Begonia
primulina.

Sandbach, H. R., Esq., Hafodunos, Abergele, N. Wales. Hardy
plants (3 varieties).

Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq., Raystead, Worthing. Sedum
sempervivimus (20 varieties), Pelargoniums Cape (12
varieties), Fuchsias (13 species).

Strickland, Sir C. W., Hildenley, Malton. Doryanthes
Palmeri (9 plants.)

Sime, A., Mr., The Gardens, Lytham Hall, Near Preston >
Anemone “Honorine Jobert ” (30 plants).

Sisley, Mons. Jean, Montplaisir, Lyons, France. Pelargoniums
(2 varieties).

Surnan, H., Mr., florist, Witney. Pelargoniums double (3var.)

Smith, G., Mr., Hedge Lane, Edmonton. Zonal Pelargoniums.

Thompson, David, Mr., The Gardens, Drumlanrig, N.B. Celosia
seed 2 packets.

Turner, Charles, Mr., Royal Nurseries, Slough. Vegetable seeds
(2 varieties).

Veitch & Sons, Messrs. James, The Nurseries, Chelsea. Plants
(6 varieties), vegetable seeds (22 varieties).

Vilmorin et Cie, M.M., 4, Quai de la Megassene, Paris. Flower
seeds (64 varieties), vegetable seeds (63 varieties).

Watkins & Simpson, Messrs., 1, Savoy Hill, Strand. Vegetable
seeds (11 varieties).

Wrench & Sons, Messrs. Jacob, London Bridge, E.C. Vegetable
seeds (11 varieties).

Williams, B. S., Mr., Victoria Nurseries, Upper Holloway. Fruit
trees (3 varieties), Plants (3 varieties).

h

XCiY PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Watts, John, J., Esq., Devizes. Seeds of a creeper.

Weir, Harrison, Esq., Weirleigh, Brenchley, Kent. Gloxinias
(19 varieties).

AWARDS OF FRUIT COMMITTEE
AT THE CHISWICK TRIALS, 1878.

[F.C., First-class Certificate.]

Endive, Fine curled Picpus, Vilmorin & Co., October 11. F.C.
,, Round-leaved Batavian, Carter & Co., October 11. F.C.
,, ,, ,, Minier & Co., October 11. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Yeitcb & Sons, October 11. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Vilmorin & Co., October 11. F.C.

„ White curled, Carter & Co., October 11. F.C.

,, ,, Minier & Co., October 11. F.C.

,, ,, Veitcb & Sons, October 11. F.C.

,, „ Vilmorin & Co., October 11. F.C.

Pea, Telephone, Carter & Co., June 27. F.C.

NEW FRUITS, &c., CERTIFICATED BY THE FRUIT
COMMITTEE, 1878.

[F.C., First-class Certificate ; H. C., Highly Commended ; C., Commended.]

Apple, Baumann’s red Winter Pearmain, R.H.S., Oct. 15. F.C.
„ Dr. Hogg, Ford, December 17. F.C.

„ King William, Killick, December 17. H.C.

Broccoli (cabbage), Gilbert, December 17. F.C.

Melon, Dell’s Hybrid, Dell, July 2. F.C.

,, Netted Victory, Gilbert, July 2. F.C.

Orange (long), Rivers, January 15. F.C.

Peach, Hale’s Early, Rivers, June 18. F.C.

Pear, Dr. Hogg, Rivers, September 17. F.C.

Plum, River’s Sultan, Dancer, August 20. F.C.

Universal travelling pot (Tebb’s), Blake & Mackenzie, June 4. C.

NEW PLANTS, &C., CERTIFICATED.

xcv

NJEW PLANTS, &o., CERTIFICATED BY THE FLORAL
COMMITTEE, 1878.

[F.C., First-class Certificate; S.C., Second-Class Certificate; B.C.,
Botanical Commendation ; H.C., Highly Commended; C., Commended.]

Adiantum cyclosorum, Yeitch, June 4. F.C.

,, Lawsonianum, Yeitch, Williams, May 7. F.C.

,, neoguineense, Williams, May 21. F.C.

,, tetraphyllum gracile, Bull, April 16. F.C.

Aerides vandarum, Yeitch, February 15. B.C.

Alocasia Johnstonii, Bull, April 16. B.C.

Alsophila plumosa, Williams, May 21. F.C.

Amaryllis Crimson Banner, Little, April 2. F.C.

,, E. Pilgrim, Williams, April 16. F.C.

,, Mrs. Rawson, Williams, March 5. F.C.
Anemidictyon phyllitides tesselata, Williams, May 7. F.C.
Androsace sarmentosa, Atkins, May 7. B C.

Anthurium Scherzerianum album, Yeitch, October 15. F.C.
Aquilegia alpina superha, Dean, May 7. F C.

Aspiclium crinitum, Bull, October 15. F.C.

Auricula (alpine) Silvia, Douglas, May 7. F.C.

Azalea Kaiser Wilhelm, Yeitch, May 7. S.C.

,, Madame E. Eeckhaute, Yeitch, May 7. F.C.

,, Wm. Carmichael, Williams, March 5. F.C.

Begonia Calypso, Laing, June 18. F.C.

,, Chiswick Blush, R.H.S., August 6. F.C.

,, Louis Thibaut, Hooper, September 17. F.C.

,, Mrs. Dr. Todd, Laing, August 6. F.C.

,, Nellie May, R.H.S., September 17. F.C.

Billbergia nutans, Green, December 17. B.C:

Blechnum interruptum, Clayton, August 20. B.C.

,, President Burelle, Laing, May 21. F.C.

Bollea Patinii, Yeitch, March 19. • F.C.

Bomarea Caldasi, Ellacombe, May 7. F.C.

,, Carderii, Bull, Green, October 15. F.C.

Calanthe Sedeni, Yeitch, November 19. F.C.

Caltha palustris fl. pi. minor, Parker, April 16. F.C.

Camassia Brownii (?), Elwes, May 7. F.C.

Campanulas (for strain), Dean, June 18. C.

Cattleya Mitchellii, Mitchell, August 20. F.C.

k 2

XCV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cattleya Yeitchiana, Yeitch, August 20. F.C.

Chrysanthemum (Japanese), M. Crousse- Jackson, Nov. 19. F.C*
Cinerarias (for strain), James, February 15. H.C.

Clematis (double), Duke of Connaught, Jackman, May 28. F.C,
,, Viticella, Earl Beaconsfield, Cripps, June 18. F.C.
Coleus George Bunyard, Yeitch, May 7. F.C.

,, Kentish Fire, Williams, May 7. F.C.

Crinum bracteatum, Yeitch, April 16. F.C.

Croton Williamsii, Williams, August 20. F.C.

Cycas media, Williams, May 21. F.C.

Cyclamen per sicum, Mont Blanc, H. B. Smith, Nov. 19. F.C.

,, ,, roseumgrandiflorum, Edmonds, Feb. 15. F.C.

,, ,, Rosy Morn, H. B. Smith, Feb. 15. F.C.

,, ,, White Beauty, James, February 15. F.C.

Cypripedium spectabile, Rawson, June 18. H.C.

Dactylis elegantissima aurea, Cannell, June 18. F.C.

Dahlia Aurora, Keynes, September 17. F.C.

,, Clara, Rawlings, September 17. F.C.

,, Gaiety, Keynes, September 17. S.C.

„ Helen Macgregor, Turner, August 20. F.C.

,, Joseph Ashby, Turner, September 17. F.C.

,, Prince Bismarck, Turner, August 20. F.C.

,, lutea (single), as a decorative flower, Cannell, Sep. 17. F.C.
,, Paragon (single), as a decorative flower, Cannell, Sep. 17.
F.C.

Davallia fijiensis, Bull, April 16. F.C.

Dendrobium D’Albertisii, Williams, August 6. B.C.

,, linguseforme, R.H.S., March 19. B.C.

,, superbiens, Williams, January 15. F.C.

Dietes Huttoni, Green, April 16. F.C.

Dioscorea retusa, Yeitch, May 7. B.C.

Dracaena Bijou, Bull, May 28. F.C.

,, vivicans, Bull, June 18. F.C.

Epidendrum Wallisii, Yeitch, March 5. B.C.

Erica obbata expolita, Rollisson, June 18. F.C.

Eulalia japonica zebrina, Laing, September 17. F.C.

Freesia refracta var. alba, New Plant and Bulb Company,
July 2. F.C.

Gladiolus Gorgonius, Kelway, August 6. F.C.

,, Herois, Kelway, August 6. F.C.

NEW PLANTS, &C., CERTIFICATED.

XCY11

Gladiolus Telamon, Kelway, August 6. F.C.

Gloxinia, Beauty of Anerly, Wills, May 7. F.C.

,, Berkshirei, Fisher, May 28. F.C.

,, Boule de Feu, Duval, May 21. F.C.

,, Mont Blanc, Duval, May 21. F.C.

Grevillea robusta var. filicifolia, Bollison, April 16. F.C.
Grevillea fasciculata, Green, December 17. B.C.

Gunnera manicata, Green, June 4. F.C.

.Haemanthus Kalbreyerii, Yeitcb, May 21. F.C.

,, rupestris, Bull, February 15. F.C.

Hoplopbytum calyculatum, Green, November 19. B.C.
Hyacinth Grand Master, Cutbusb, March 19. F.C.

,, King of Blacks, Yeitch, March 19. F.C.

Ilex Scotica (golden), Waterer, November 19. F.C.

Iochroma elegans, Green, May 7. B.C.

Iris Leichtlinii, Elwes, May 7. F.C.

Kentia rupicola, Bull, May 28. F.C.

Laslia anceps alba, Bull, December 17. F.C.

Lastrea aristata variegata, Bull, Yeitch, October 15. F.C.
Lathyrus Drummondii, Dean, Green, June 4. F.C.

Lilium Hansoni, Wilson, June 18. F.C.

„ tenuifolium, Wilson, May 21. F.C.

Liparis elegantissima, Yeitch, May 21. B.C.

Macrozamia cylindrica, Bull, September 17. F.C.

Magnolia Halleana, Yeitch, March 19. F.C.

Mamillaria sphacelata, Boiler, October 15. F.C.

Marica pacifica, Bull, May 7. F.C.

Masdevallia radiosa, Williams, April 2. B.C.

,, triglochin, Low, December 17. B.C.

,, velifera, Bull, October 15. B.C.

Megasea purpurascens, Parker, April 16. F.C.

Microlepia hirta cristata, Williams, January 15. F.C.

Narcissus incomp arabilis aureo tinctus Leedsii, Barr, March 19.
F.C.

Nelumbium luteum (as a fine-fohaged plant), Green, Sep. 17. F.C.
Odontoglossum Alexandras var. Perrinii, Jaques, Nov. 19. F.C.
,, madrense, Bull, November 19. S.C.

,, pardinum, Mill, March 19. F.C.

Pelargoniums (Cape), 8 varieties, Pearson, July 2. H.C.

,, (echinatum), Ariel, Pearson, July 10. F.C.

XCVL11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pelargoniums (echinatum) Beauty, Pearson, July 10. F.C.

,, ,, Pixie, Pearson, July 10. F.C.

„ (fancy), Insulaire, Turner, June 18. F.C.

,, „ Janette, Turner, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Placida, Turner, June 18. F.C.

(ivy-leaved double), A. F. Barron, Lemoine, May
21. F.C.

„ (ivy- leaved) Elfrida, Lemoine, July 2. F.C.

,, ,, Lucie Lemoine, Lemoine, July 2. F.C.

,, (show), Amethyst, Turner, June 18. F.C.

,, „ Bertie, Turner, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Criterion, Foster, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Dauntless, Foster, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Fortitude, Turner, May 28. F.C.

,, ,, Invincible, Foster, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Marmion, Foster, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Symmetry, Foster, June 18. F.C.

,, (zonal) Fanny Catlin, Catlin, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Madonna, Denny, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Manfred, Denny, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Sunbeam, Denny, June 18. F.C.

,, ,, Titania, Denny, June 18. F.C.

Pernettya mucronata lilacina, Davis, October 15. F.C.
Petunias (for strain), 0. Smith, July 2. C.

,, (striped) for strain, Marcham, June 18. C.
Phalaenopsis violacea, Veitch, October 15. B.C.

Platycerium Hillii, Veitch, June 4. F.C.

Potentilla Prince Arthur, Perkins, June 18. F.C.

Primrose Ealing Crimson, Dean, March 5. F.C.

,, Octoroon, Dean, March 5. F.C.

,, Prince Charming, Dean, April 2. F.C.

,, Scott Wilson, Wilson, March 5. F.C.

Primula acaulis sulphurea major, Veitch, May 7. F.C.

,, sinensis fimbriata coccinea, Williams, Feb. 15. F.C.

,, double, “Earl of Beaconsfield,” Gilbert, Dec. 17. F.C.

Pterostylis Baptistii, Williams, January 15. F.C.
Ptychosperma rupicola, Williams, May 21. F.C.

Rhipidopteris peltata gracillima, Veitch, May 7. F.C.
Rhododendron, The Tocsin, Noble, June 18. F.C.

Rose (H. P.) Countess of Rosebery, W. Paul & Son, June 18. F.C.

NEW PLANTS, &C., CEKTIFICATED.

XC1X

Rose (H.P.) Dr. Sewell, Turner, July 2. F.C.

,, ,, Duchess of Bedford, W. Paul & Son. July2. F.C.

„ ,, Harrison Weir, Turner, July 23. F.C.

,, ,, Penelope Mayo, Turner, July 2. F.C.

Saccolabium calceolare, Rollisson, February 15. B.C.

Sadleria cyathioides, Williams, May 21. F,C. ^

Saxifraga calyciflora, Atkins, May 7. F.C.

Sweet Williams (for strain), Dean, July 2. C.

Torenia Bailloni, Yeitch, August 6. B.C.

Wallichia zebrina, Williams, April 16. F.C,

Xeronema Moorei, Yeitch, June 4. F.C.

Zamia corrugata, Bull, January 15. F.C.

,, lucida. Bull, January 15. F.C.

NEW FLOWERS CERTIFICATED BY THE FLORAL
COMMITTEE AT THE CHISWICK TRIALS, 1878.

[F.C., First-class Certificate.]

Abutilon Louis Marignac, Bull, Lemoine, August 16. F.C.

,, Reine d’or, Yeitch, August 16. F.C.

Pelargonium (Double- flowered), Delobel, Lemoine, Aug. 16. F.C.
,, ,, ,, Ernest Lauth, Lemoine, Aug.

16. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Jean Dolfus, Lemoine, August

16. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Nymphe, Lemoine, Aug. 16. F.C.

,, (Ivy-leaved), Madlle. Adrienne Barat, Lemoine,

August 16. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Sarah Bernhardt, Lemoine, August

16. F.C.

,, ,, ,, Viscountess Cranbrook, Lemoine,

August 16. F.C.

,, (Zonal), Dr. John Denny, Sisley, August 16.

,, ,, Jeanne d’Arc, Lemoine, August 16.

F.C.

,, ,, (Ethe, Denny, August 16. F.C.

,, ,, Sophie Birkin, Pearson, August 16.

F.C.

Verbena, Mrs. iEmelie Hulter, Fraser, August 16. F.C.

C PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

January 14th, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

H. J. Elwes, Esq., in tlie Chair.

Notwithstanding the very unfavourable weather, there was a
most interesting collection of plants exhibited. Two important
groups of more than ordinary interest were displayed. That
which had completely filled the entrance vestibule since the
middle of December, contributed by Messrs. Charles Lee and Son,
of Hammersmith, had apparently not suffered in the least from
the severe frost and sudden thaw, showed how much may be
done in the way of conservatory decoration with handsome
evergreen foliage plants only, which require no artificial heat
at all. Messrs. Lee’s collection consisted of varieties of Cupressus,
Juniperus, Abies, Thuja, Biota, Taxus, Retinospora, Euony-
mus, Ligustrum, Osmanthus, &c., &c., amongst the more
striking of which may he named Taxodium alba spica, with
graceful branches, each of which is tipped with white ; Taxus
fastigiata aurea (Standish), with bright golden foliage ; Retinospora
obtusa aurea and R. pisifera aurea , both with graceful habit and
golden foliage, and quite hardy ; some plants of Osmanthus ilici-
folia, grown as standards grafted on the common privet, and
of Euonymus, and variegated Ligustrums, as standards, were
much noticed. The object of Messrs. Yeitch and Son’s group, on
the other hand, was to show how much beauty and fragrance
might he afforded by forcing some of our well known hardy
flowering shrubs, the White Lilac for example. Staphylea
colchica, a well known hardy shrub, was now made to appear in
a new, interesting, and highly satisfactory character as a forced
plant covered with bloom. There were also in this collection
some fine specimens of Daphne indica in flower, Primula sinensis
and Lily of the Valley. Messrs. Osborn and Sons exhibited a
group of Aucuhas, in very fine berry. Mr. Cannell, of Swanley,
showed some cut blooms of Pelargoniums, almost superior in
colour, size and form to anything that had been seen during
the summer ; Mr. Cannell’ s success in flowering Pelargoniums
in the winter is remarkable. Mr. Williams showed a few
Orchids, one of which, Cymbidium affine, is quite new ; it has
the habit of C. Parishii, which indeed it was taken to he before

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

Cl

it flowered. The flower spike is somewhat similar to C. Mastersii ,
the inflorescence is white, the lip being slightly dotted with
purple ; it is fragrant. A plant of Odontoglossum Rossii grandi-
florum of an unusally fine type and a well grown mass of
Sophronites grandiflora. A very fine collection of Primula sinense
was staged by Messrs. Sutton and Sons, of Eeading, for one of
which P. “ Ruby King," a First-Class Certificate was awarded, a
like distinction being won by the beautiful Cyclamen “Reading
Gem," also exhibited by the same firm. From the Society’s
Gardens at Chiswick came an interesting lot of Primula sinense,
including the original species in both colours.

Medals Awarded. — Silver-gilt Flora to Messrs. James Yeitch
and Sons, for group of flowering plants. Silver Banksians to
Messrs. Sutton and Sons, for group of Primulas; and to Mr. W.
Brown, for ditto.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Arthur Grote, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Double Leaf of Camellia. — Dr. Masters showed a curious
example in which the leaf was split into two. There were two
distinct mid ribs ; it was not a fusion of two leaves.

Insect Injurious to Iris, dc. — Mr. S. Webb showed a moth,
Nonagria Sparganii, the larva of which on the Continent is
known to feed on Typha and Sparganium, hut which in this
country is found to prey on the stems of Irises, especially
I. pumila. The bisect is of recent introduction to this country.

Beetle Injurious to Cocoa Palms. — Mr. Thiselton Dyer showed
a large beetle, sent by Dr. Kirk from Zanzibar, where it has
proved exceedingly injurious to the Cocoa-nut Palms. Its
ravages had not assumed any importance till after the hurricane
of a few years since, after which it multiplied rapidly at the
expense of the fallen and rotting trunks, and it now attacked
the living plants. Some had been saved by following its track
in the stem and cutting it out. The specimen was referred to
Mr. MacLachlan for identification.

Narcissus Tazetta var. aureus. — Mr. W. W. Saunders sent
flowers of an autumn flowering, pale yellow flowered, sweet
scented Narcissus, which has the valuable property of flowering
in the late autumn and of withstanding at least 11° of frost with-

CH PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

out injury. It had been identified by Mr. Baker as N. Tazetta
var. aureus, and is well figured in the late Mr. Moggridge’s Flora
of Mentone. The Rev. H. H. Crewe observed that the Tazetta
group was imperfectly understood. Precocity of inflorescence
might arise from change of habit without any distinction of
species. He had a single bulb of a white flowering Tazetta with
yellow cup, received from Malta, which bloomed two successive
years in October, and a Galanthus, gathered by Lord Walsing-
ham either in Greece or Albania, which had for three seasons
running bloomed in October. Mr. Baker pronounced the
Narcissus, as far as he was able to decide, to be patulus, Lois,
(Hermione patula, Haw,) but said this was a late vernal species.
He also said that he could see nothing in the Galanthus which
differed from the ordinary G. nivale.

Vegetable Remains from Ancient River Gravels. — Mr. Worthington
G. Smith exhibited under the microscope a series of preparations
of vegetable and other remains he had found in situ associated
with Palaeolithic implements in the drift gravels of the Lea and
Axe. The Lea remains were 12 and the Axe remains 80 feet
beneath the surface. Under the microscope the minute struc¬
ture of the plant-remains was clearly seen, the fragments of
cellular tissue, epidermis, &c., in some specimens being very
perfect. One slide with a piece of human hair, stained and
corroded by the gravelly matrix from which it was taken,
attracted considerable attention. Mr. Smith’s collection of
microscopic objects of Palaeolithic age included fragments of
leaves and roots of plants, a seed or two, hairs belonging to
various mammalia, a portion of a feather, and several objects of
unknown nature. The- gravel from which the remains were
derived was dug by Mr. Smith himself.

Plants Exhibited.— From Mr. B S. Williams came a specimen
of a plant supposed to be the Pandanophyllum humile of Haskarl,
a Pandanus-like plant of tufted habit, with triangular stock and
sheathing, strap-shaped leaves, tapering into a long point. The
flowers are inconspicuous, and borne in close spikes raised on a
terete peduncle. The plant is of much botanical interest, being
allied to Pandanacese and Cyperacese. It has lately been
referred to the genus Hypolytrum, and is a native of Java. It
has been cultivated at Kew for several years. A Botanical
Certificate was awarded on the ground of botanical interest.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cm

From Mr. G. F. Wilson came a plant of Oncidium Widgreni, of
Lindley ( Folia Orchidacea, vol. i., p. 17, n. 50), a Brazilian
species, with small pseudobulb, solitary oblong lanceolate leaf,
8 to 4 inches long, and a raceme of about a dozen yellowish
flowers, barred and spotted with brown, and the stalk of the
lip marked with two rows of small tooth-like processes. A
Botanical Certificate was awarded on the ground of rarity. A
Bulbophyllum, shown by Mr. Douglas, gardener to F. Whit-
bourn, Esq., Loxford Hall, was referred to the authorities at
Kew for identification, a certificate being withheld until the
name of the species is authoritatively determined. It was sup¬
posed to be B. anricomum.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Silver Banksians to Messrs. Sutton and Sons
and Mr. W. Brown, for groups of Primulas ; Silver- gilt Flora
to Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for a miscellaneous collection of
early Spring-flowering Plants. First-class Certificates were
awarded to Stajihylea colchica (as a forcing plant), from Messrs.
J. Yeitch and Sons; to Primula ‘ 4 Ruby King,'" and Cyclamen
“ Reading Gem," from Messrs. Sutton and Sons ; and to Amaryllis
“ Dr. Masters ,” from Mr. B. S. Williams. Cultural Commen¬
dation to cut blooms of Pelargonium, from Mr. H. Cannell.
Yotes of Thanks were passed to G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S.,
for Oncidium Widgreni (in flower) ; to Mr. E. Spary, for cut
flowers of Seedling Poinsettias ; to Mr. H. Cannell, for group of
Primulas ; to Mr. G. Thomson, for Crassula lactea (in flower) ;
and to Messrs. Osborn and Sons, for a group of Plants.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendation to Mr. W. Pratt, The Gardens,
Hawkstone, for Mushrooms. Letters of Thanks to Mr. J. Muir,
The Gardens, Margam Park, for Apples. To Messrs. J.
Yeitch and Sons, for two varieties of Sea Kale.

Civ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

February llj 1879.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Et. Hon. Lord Aberdare, President, in the Chair.

The members of the Council present were Lord Alfred S.
Churchill, Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., Major E. Trevor
Clarke, Major Mason, Mr. William Haughton, Dr. Denny, Henry
Webb, Esq. (Treasurer), and Dr. Hogg (Secretary). There was
an unusually large attendance of Fellows, the Council -room
being nearly filled.

Mr. S. Jennings, the Assistant Secretary, read the minutes of
the last general meeting, which, upon the proposition of the
Chairman, were confirmed. The names of newly elected Fellows
having heen read, the President then briefly alluded to the
objects of the meeting, and stated that the first business was
the appointment of scrutineers — Mr. John Lee and Mr. West.

Mr. Shirley Hibberd stated that, as the proposer of Mr. W.

B. Kellock as a member of the Council, he assumed he had the
right of proposing a scrutineer either in the place of one of the
two gentlemen named, or as an addition to them.

Mr. Haughton submitted that they had no power to make an
addition, and the appointment resting with the Chairman the
business proceeded.

The President then proposed that the report of the Council
be taken as read, which was agreed to ; but on commencing to
move its adoption he was reminded that it would be opportune
to refer to the nomination of the gentlemen to the Council, two of
whom he found were opposed. The Council’s nomination to fill
the vacancies caused by the retirement of Messrs. W. Haughton,

C. J. Freake, and Philip W. S. Miles, were A. Grote, F.L.S.,
Col. W. Makins, M.P., and E. A. Aspinall. In the place
of the two latter gentlemen the names of Lord Skelmersdale
and Mr. Kellock had been submitted. In reference to the
former the Chairman observed that Lord Skelmersdale was not
a member of the Society at the time of then* nomination ; but
immediately it was known that his lordship intended joining
the Society and was willing to take part in its management,
Mr. Aspinall in the most handsome manner withdrew in his
favour (cheers). In respect to Mr. Kellock that gentleman had
had an experience of five years on the Council, and was a most
valuable member of the Society — one who had always discharged

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CV

his duties well ; and having been* absent from the Council for twelve
months he was undoubtedly eligible for re-election; but while
admitting Mr. Kellock’s fitness the Council could not overlook the
importance of having fresh blood, hence they had nominated a
gentleman who it was hoped might bring them new ideas — a
gentleman of broad views, great intelligence, and one who he was
sure took real interest in the welfare of the Society. While, there¬
fore, they had nominated Col. Makins it was not because they had
any objection to Mr. Kellock; and if that gentleman was elected
they would be quite ready to accept him, and proud to take him
by the hand : therefore the question was entirely in the hands of
the meeting. On the votes being collected the Chairman an¬
nounced that the following gentlemen had been elected by a large
majority — Mr. Grote, Col. Makins, and Lord Skelmersdale, and
that the Officers of the Society had been re-elected nem. con.

The President, on proceeding to remark on the report, said
his observations would be brief. He referred to the general
confidence that existed, to the great excellence of the meetings,
and to the magnificence of the shows of last year, and would have
been glad if the meeting could have heard the warm marks of
approval of the Princess of Wales, the Crown Princess of Germany,
and other members of the Eoyal Family respecting the fine
displays that they visited. The next question was the present
position of the Society. In consequence of having failed to
raise the sum of £10,000 as required by the time stipulated
(25th December, 1878) their legal term of occupancy ceased. In
reference to the future the Commissioners had not yet arrived at
any decision as to the gardens, but a letter from General Scott
stated that a meeting would be shortly held on the subject. He
(the Chairman) believed the deliberations of the Commissioners
need not disturb the Fellows. The Commissioners he was sure
were willing to do all in their power for the Society, and it might
be taken for granted that no arrangements will be arrived at to
injure it as a scientific body. As to the space occupied by the
gardens that was another matter, and it was possible that the
Commissioners would feel themselves justified in employing at
least a portion of that space in a more profitable manner ; but
at present nothing on that point was settled.

Lord Alfred Churchill seconded the adoption of the report,
which was carried unanimously.

CVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Shirley Hibberd said: We appear to be in a very
distressing way with regard to the debenture debt, and our
position appears to be this — that we have no legal right to the
ground on which we tread ; we may enjoy it for a time, but the
Commissioners may turn us out at any moment, and he thought
it would be better to be turned out at once than to endure the
present uncertainty. Under any circumstances if we occupy
these grounds we ought to pay a rent. Hitherto these gardens
have been a security for the debenture debt, but now the security
ceases, and responsibility is being incurred by somebody, possibly
by the Council. On such an occasion as this he thought we
ought to know something more clear on this point than is stated
in the report.

The President assured the meeting that the Council did not
incur any responsibility in regard to that debt, the conditions of
which were satisfactorily explained.

Dr. Masters expressed his regret that the report was not
circulated several days prior to the meeting ; he had only had
time to glance hurriedly through it, but so far as he could see it
was in many respects satisfactory ; yet he was disappointed at
not finding any allusion to the financial result of the Preston
Show, and he requested information on that point.

The President briefly replied that the Society was not
responsible for the finances referred to, and at the same time
regretted that the weather and other circumstances militated so
seriously against the success financially of that gathering.

A Fellow then asked on whom the responsibility of the loss
fell if not upon the Society ; to which his lordship replied, that
although that was no doubt an interesting matter, he was not
quite in a position to answer the question.

A question was then asked respecting the closing of the north¬
west gate of the gardens, and it was explained that as a matter
of economy the gate was kept closed in the winter when access
was not wanted by it, and it would no doubt be opened again in
the summer as usual.

After Col. Makins had thanked the meeting for electing him
on the Council, Mr. Harry Yeitch proposed a vote of thanks to
the Chairman and the Council for then services, briefly alluding
to the great increase of the Fellows of the Society and the
distribution of plants, and the meeting terminated.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CY11

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL TO THE ANNUAL GENERAL
MEETING OF 11th FEBRUARY, 1879.

In presenting to the Fellows their Report of the operations of
the Society during the past year, the Council are gratified to
record a continuance of the improved interest in its proceedings,
as evinced by the success of the various Shows and Meetings
which, during the year now closed, have been remarkable for
the spirit which has animated the Committees, and the unvarying
energy displayed by all classes of Exhibitors.

At no period of the Society’s history have the meetings been
so well attended, or such important and interesting groups of
plants and collections of fruit displayed; so that these ordinary
meetings have in variety and beauty fallen little short of the
greater Flower Shows.

The meetings of the Scientific, Fruit and Floral Committees
have been numerously attended ; and the members have been
most diligent in the discharge of their honorary duties. The
usual high standard of excellence both as to fruit and plants has
been maintained; a complete list of the Certificates awarded
will be published in the next number of the Society’s Journal.
The Council have much satisfaction in recognising the valuable
work that has thus been accomplished.

In order to increase the general interest of the meetings of the
Committees during the current year, and to give some direction
to their work, it has been determined to award Medals for special
exhibitions of plants, &c., in the groups designated for each
successive meeting.

Four parts of Yol. Y. of the Society’s Journal have been
published during the year, the first of which, issued in January,
was under the editorship of the late Mr. Andrew Murray.

The contributed papers comprise Dr. M. C. Cooke’s exhaustive
treatises “On the Fungoid Diseases of the Yine ” ; a lecture
delivered by the Assistant Secretary on the “ Cyclamen ” ; a
paper by Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., “ On the Nomenclature of
Garden Plants ” ; notes by Col. R. Trevor Clarke “ On the
Culture of the Fig as a Standard in the Open Ah* ” ; “On Fern
Sports,” by T. Moore, F.L.S. ; “ On the Native Country of the
Potato,” by W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. ; and “ On a Disease in the
Ash,” by W. W. Saunders, F.R.S.

CVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Eeports of Chiswick trials include Violas, Clarkia, Iberis,
Viscaria, Godetia, Tomatos, Asters, Turnips, Filberts and Savoys.

Records of the proceedings of all the meetings of the Society
as well as of the Scientific, Fruit and Floral Committees from
the beginning of the year, up to and including the meetings of
the 28rd July, will also be found in the numbers of the Journal
published. Matters of considerable interest resulting from the
deliberations of the Scientific Committee are also fully reported.

The Fruit Catalogue which was published in the Society’s
Journal several years ago is now under revision and will be
corrected up to date. It is intended to re-print this most
valuable work in the form of an appendix to the Journal.

The annual exhibition of the Society, which was honored with
the presence of Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, of the
Crown Prince and Princess of Germany, and other members of the
Royal Family, is acknowledged to have been one of the most
successful that has been held in this country since the great Inter¬
national Exhibition of 1866, and their Royal Highnesses were
pleased to express their admiration of the magnificent display.
The Council have every reason to anticipate that the arrange¬
ments they have made for the great Show, to be held in May next,
will ensure an equally successfulExhibition. The Rose Show, with
which was associated the Annual Exhibition of the Pelargonium
Society, was also a most extensive and beautiful display.

With a view to carry out one of the principal objects of the
Society in popularising Horticulture, the Council resolved to
attempt an Exhibition for the benefit of the poorer classes of the
Metropolis. Whit-Monday was selected for the experiment, and
the low charge of twopence was fixed for admission. Thanks to
several Fellows of the Society, and a few of the City Companies,
a liberal schedule was provided by private subscription ; and
several of the leading Exhibitors at the Society’s Ordinary
Meetings generously contributed splendid groups of plants. The
results were highly satisfactory ; nearly 16,000 persons availed
themselves of the privilege, and perfect order prevailed. H. R. H.
the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lome, had graciously con¬
sented to distribute the Prizes upon this occasion, but in conse¬
quence of a recent domestic bereavement, was unable to be
present ; and that duty was kindly performed by the Lady
Mayoress, who was accompanied by the Lord Mayor and the

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

C1X

Sheriffs of London. It is intended to organize a similar Show
next Whit -Monday.

After an interval of five years, arrangements were made for
holding a Provincial Show at Preston, under the auspices of the
Society. The success of this magnificent Exhibition, which was
held in July last, was, from a horticultural point of view,
complete.

In the present depressed state of trade, your Council have not
felt themselves justified in accepting any of the invitations which
they have hitherto received to organize a Provincial Show for the
coming season.

The condition of the Garden at Chiswick is satisfactory. The
Rockery formed at the commencement of 1877, has proved a
most interesting attraction ; the season having been favourable,,
the plants have succeeded remarkably well. Considerable
additions have been made to the collection of hardy herbaceous
and alpine plants, which will be gradually propagated for dis¬
tribution to Fellows.

The severe frost which has prevailed during the present winter,,
has done to the out-door plants at Chiswick serious damage, the
full extent of which cannot be ascertained as yet. The lowest
temperature registered at Chiswick has been 12 20° of frost,

The crop of Grapes in the great vinery has been good ; the
fruit has been sold to Fellows at reduced rates, a privilege which
has been greatly appreciated. A wonderful crop of fruit has been
produced on the cordon Peach trees on the wall ; an experiment
which has proved instructive as a means of comparing the
different varieties.

Collections of the most approved varieties of Figs have been
planted out as standards in the old Orchard House, which has
been entirely devoted to the trial of their adaptability for this
mode of culture.

The Vines newly planted under the glass wall have done well.

Owing to the late spring frosts the out-door fruit crop proved
almost a failure.

All necessary repairs to the hot-houses have been carried on
as usual, the alterations effected last year in the heating apparatus
have proved entirely satisfactory.

The following trials have been carried out by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committees : — Cabbages , in continuation of the 1877

i

CX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trials. Peas, 110 varieties. Lettuces, 115 varieties. Endives,
30 varieties. Beet, 60 varieties. Strawberries in pots, 150
varieties. Of these, the trial of Peas owing to the peculiar
season was not satisfactory, they will therefore he tried again.
A second trial of Lettuces, Radishes and Leeks will also he
made.

Full Reports by the Superintendent on Cabbages, Endives
and Beet will be published in early numbers of the Journal.

Trials by the Floral Committee have been carried out of —
Gloxinias, 80 varieties ; Abutilons, 38 varieties ; Bouvardias, 19
varieties; Cannas, 150 varieties ; Tuberous Begonias, 72 varieties.
Several charming new varieties of these last have been raised
in the Garden, which, when propagated, will he distributed.

Trials have also been made of double ivy-leaved Pelargoniums
and double-flowered zonal Pelargoniums in pots ; and as
bedding plants, of Verbenas, Tropceolums, and many varieties
of Annuals, conspicuous among which may he named the
varieties of the Chinese Pink. On all these subjects full reports
will he published in the Journal.

The thanks of the Society are due to the numerous donors of
plants and seeds, a full list of which is appended ; and especially
to the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew ; to H. J. Elwes,
Esq., and W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., Col. R. Trevor Clarke,
Baron von Mueller, of Melbourne, and Professor Sergeant, of
the Harvard University, Boston, U.S.A.

The Council have great pleasure in announcing the encou¬
raging fact that during the past year the distribution of plants,
cuttings, and seeds, has been considerably in excess of that of any
former year; many valuable plants, &c., some of which are new
to cultivation, have been distributed Rom Chiswick to almost
every part of the United Kingdom.

The following is a summary of the distributions of 1878, as
-compared with those of 1877 : —

Distributed Distributed
in 1878. in 1877.

Plants . 5,250 1,695

Cuttings of Plants, Fruit, &c. 2,054 bundles. 715 bundles.

Strawberry Runners . . . 2, 500

Packets of Seed . 22,500 15,850

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXI

In order to meet the wishes expressed by many of the F ellows
of the Society, it has been arranged to include seeds of useful
vegetables not ordinarily found in Trade Catalogues in the dis¬
tributions of the coming season.

The Council again express their desire to open correspondence
with foreign and colonial Horticulturists with a view to the
exchange of plants and seeds, and they trust that the Fellows of
the Society will assist them in carrying out so desirable an
arrangement. Letters on this subject should he addressed to
the Assistant Secretary, South Kensington.

At South Kensington several improvements have been effected
in the Gardens. It has been necessary to supply new boilers
both to the Palm House at Chiswick, and to- the Conservatory
at South Kensington.

The Fellows of the Society are aware that the last agreement
entered into between H.M. Commissioners and themselves, with
respect to the occupation of the South Kensington Gardens,
terminated at Christmas last. Under this agreement H.M.
Commissioners waived their right of re-entry until the close of
the original term of occupancy, viz., June, 1892, provided the
Society could, in the three years ending the 25th December, 1878,
raise its annual income from subscriptions to £10,000. The efforts
of the Council to fulfil this condition have failed ; and the Commis¬
sioners have therefore the right to exercise their power of re-entry.
No intimation has as yet been received from them that any sub¬
stantial alteration in the occupation of the Gardens is at present
intended ; and the Council venture to hope that arrangements
may he made by which the connection of the Society with these
Gardens, in all those respects in which that connection lias
been beneficial to the best interests of the Society, may still be
maintained. But whatever may be the ultimate decision of the
Commissioners, the Council is convinced that no measure
which they may resolve upon in the discharge of their trust
as managers of the estate of which the Gardens form part, will
he adopted without the utmost consideration to the fair claims
of the Society and its position as a scientific association of
established usefulness and eminence.

During the past year 197 free monthly tickets have been issued
to Students in the Science and Art Schools, to enable them to
pursue theff studies from nature in the Gardens and Con-

i 2

CX11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

servatory. The same privilege has always been accorded to
properly accredited Artists.

The number of new Fellows elected in 1878 was 215, and
of One Guinea Members, 36. There have been 97 resignations
and 69 deaths ; amongst the last the Society has to mourn the
loss of the lamented Princess Alice, Grand Duchess. of Hesse.

The number of resignations appears to he somewhat larger
than usual; the list, however, includes many Fellows who had
neither paid their subscriptions for 1876 and 1877, nor resigned,
and who have since paid tlieh* arrears and removed then names.
Several of these have since rejoined the Society.

The Society’s list of Honorary Fellows has been strengthened
by the election of His Majesty the King of the Belgians, K.G.,
who has most graciously accepted the honour, claiming to be
not only a lover of Horticulture, but a practical Horticulturist.
Several distinguished Foreign and Colonial Horticulturists have
been elected Corresponding Members.

The Council feel the desirability, in the interests of Horti¬
culture, of the closer co-operation of the various kindred
associations throughout the country, and they will be glad to
receive suggestions from Local Secretaries and others interested
as to the best means of carrying out this object.

A legacy of One Hundred Pounds has been left to the Society
by the will of the late Miss Parry, of Ham, for many years a
Fellow. This amount has been invested in Consols, and placed
in trust under the same conditions as those regulating the Davis
Bequest.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

co

oo

&

W

PQ

s

w

o

w

Q

H

W

W

03

W

o

£

<

<

ffl

««

j OS o

. <M
5 i-H

i—l i—l

CO
CO

OS CO
OS ^

d

O :

I

m

izj

O :

H |

& CO

fi fi «

O o o

co

g fi^

gH‘

no 00

CO
CO TH

-s 8 B.

9 -43 £

g a o

§

I o
EH O

fit! fi S

g-8

P

CO

I

CO

fi*S
H °

W 8*

Pft

d

fiO

EH

<1

w

m

<1

o

t>s £

M

a •
a

o

o

&g

°8

° g

CO ^

fi £

O O

as
«
p
p

o

>H
fi
fi
p

g

fi

o o

o

co o
CO o

i—l ©
CM «3

t- o

CO o
1—1

os o

no OS
00

. s*»

^ eh

C5

fi

& 1 a

p ^

o ©

o -e

g S "

p g a

jj

caTS »«

S.g rtf

>”1 M ©

fi a .g

a 5

© ©
_ 31 £

I— ( P c3 PH

Eh ^ la P

h Mm <

fi P
fi fi fi
<U5 fi

fi

Jr.

ROYAL HORTICUL

ANNUAL REVENUE ACCOUNT for

To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES—

Salaries .

Wages .

Printing, Stationery and Cards

Postages .

G-as .

Library .

Miscellaneous .

SPECIAL EXPENSES in relation to Horticulture -

Journal .

Fruit and Floral Committees .

Editor of the Journal . .

CHISWICK GARDEN EXPENSES—
Rent, Rates, Taxes, and Insurance ...

Labour .

Implements, Manure, Coals, and Coke

Repairs .

Trees, Plants, Seeds, &e. .

Superintendent’s Salary .

Water .

Miscellaneous .

KENSINGTON GARDEN EXPENSE S-
Rates, Taxes, and Insurance
Superintendent’s Salary
Labour
Repairs

Coke and Manure
Implements
Water

Reading Room
Bands

Miscellaneous

EXHIBITIONS—

Advertising .

Prizes and Medals .

Bands .

Superintendent of Flower Shows

Judges’ Fees .

Sundries .

£. s. a. £.

a.

577 17

0

231

0

1

168 18

2

73

13

4

17

12

0

4

3

5

95

8

1

141

12

2

86

16

4

100

0

0

254

2

8

974

6

8

335

1

3

108

1

2

30 15

0

150

0

0

14 16

0

79

6

5

416 13

1

100

0

0

421

0

6

112

2

3

24

9

0

1

0

6

40

7

5

24

5

2

162

13

9

91

19

0

279 10

5

734

1

0

129

12

0

25

0

0

13

13

0

167

15

7

1.168 12 1

328 8 6

1,946 19 2

1,394 10 6

1,349 12 0

6,187 12 5
660 15 8

£6,848 8 1

„ BALANCE to GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT

TURAL SOCIETY.

the YEAR ended 31st DECEMBER, 1878

By 1/15 LIFE COMPOSITIONS as at 1st January .

„ ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS .

„ EXHIBITIONS .

PROMENADES .

„ DAILY ADMISSIONS . . .

„ GARDEN PRODUCE .

„ PACKING CHARGES . .

„ MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS .

„ “DAYIS BEQUEST.” — Interest appropriated under pro- )
visions of Trust towards Prize Medals . '

£. s. d.
676 18 0

4,065 12 0

1,071 18 3

69 5 0

358 18 0

424 8 8

20 1 7

60 15 10

89 16 4

INTEREST on BANK DEPOSIT ACCOUNT . 10 19 4

SAME. JENNINGS, "

Assistant Secretary.

We have examined the above Revenue Account with the Books and Vouchers, and find
the same correct,

R. A. ASPINALL, )

JOHN LEE, \ Auditors.

January 2,1st, 1879. JAS. F. WEST, j

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

oo

oo

w

cS

w

DQ

s

W

o

w

p

4-*

CO

H

CO

P

P

O

o

o

<

p

p

2

w

>

w

&

P

<

&

W

P

w

o

3->

fiib

§ g

hi

rv,

O tH

O §

5 £

^ o

W

p

31

ga

<1

•

Eh o
JZ5 ,3
P 02

O CD

O 2

o g
^ 1
P W

02 u

P ft

s 3

02 ^

P

CQ

*g O
£ §

c3 O
O > .

*?2 :

•S o

o '*H

r£! 02

o 1 :

J ! a
3 a 8
a §
3 6 ^

1^1
«§ w ■§

S a

g g rd

c3 O r-j
?H ^ §

-+3 6+H Ci

a 2

a n3
o ,-S
o ©

<i ^

_ c3
£ rd

◄ -s

I *

§!
H c
Ph .9

l-H 03

@ I

§ £

co |

- £ :

_o CO

•i p-
® *0 02

o S §

gap

.H 43 ■§

0 ^ g

a ^ a

8 ® m

CD TS

HQ .2 -g

r a o

2 2 o

P ^ -+3

° s S

►> 1 cj

a cs ©
T ra ra

ra *fl

p 2

a a

O O

H °

n 0

g a

p a
<j «2

3 I

PQ <a

« i

a

c3

CQ <2

gg

si

g-S

s

p

H

P

<tj

02

P EH

P 02

Ssg

^Pczi

.0<1

Ph-sha

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXV11

February 11, 1879.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Rev. M. J. Berkeley in the Chair.

Cocoa-nut Beetle. — Mr. MacLachlan reported on the beetle
■which had been referred to him 'for examination at the last
meeting, as having caused so much damage to the Cocoa-nut
Palms in Zanzibar by eating and destroying the terminal hud
or cabbage, and consequently killing the tree. The beetle in
question is Oryctes monoceras. Dr. Kirk, who sent the
specimen, stated that the insect appeared in Zanzibar after a
hurricane, which is the more interesting, as the species has been
found in Reunion by Dr. Coquerel, where, he says, it was so
common at one time that fears were entertained that they
would destroy every cocoa-nut palm on the island. Dr. Kirk
said that this beetle only fed upon living vegetable matter,
consequently if the trees affected were cut down at once the
insect would die ; there was, however, one small species of the
same genus in this country which feeds on dead vegetable
matter, 0. nasicoris , being found in tan pits. Mr. MacLachlan
recommended that the trees which appeared to he affected
should be cut down and burnt. It was not difficult to tell
them, for when the leaves unfold they are invariably imperfect..
He did not know any means of getting the grub out of the tree.

Pentlandia miniata. — Col. Trevor Clarke exhibited bulbs of
this plant which showed flower. They had been grown in the
open ground beneath a light, and then dug up and removed to
a greenhouse. He had found that the bulbs would not flower
in the open border, but if dug up, as just stated, they then,
flowered freely.

Snowdrops. — Dr. Masters showed a flower of the Dunrobin
Seedling, raised by Mr. Melville ; also an early flowering form,
and some of the ordinary kind for comparison. All were
planted, some in the open border, others in a cold frame, on
September 17th. The early flowering variety was found in bloom
on February 3rd, when the snow and ice melted away, so that
the plants had been in flower for some time beneath the snow.
The Dunrobin Seedling flowered on February 9th, while a dwarf

k

CXV1H PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

late variety planted on the same day is not yet in flower.
Further remarks on these plants will he given on a subsequent
occasion.

Eiqiomatia laurina. — A flower of this interesting shrub was
exhibited by Mr. W. Bull.

Cucumber Disease. — Specimens from Earlswood of this
mysterious disease were exhibited. Mr. MacLachlan thought
there had been insects at the root. Col. Trevor Clarke said
that change of soil was sometimes found to be efficient. He
thought a sandy loam was the best soil for cucumbers. The
Chairman said there had been much advice on the subject, hut
nothing yet that he knew of was sufficient to prevent or cure
the disease.

Outgrowth from Stem of Passiflora quadrangularis. — A singular
hypertrophied condition of the stem of this plant was exhibited,
and referred to Rev. M. J. Berkeley for further examination
and report.

Disease in Asli. — Mr. Sydney Webb remarked upon the paper
contributed to the last number of the Society’s Journal by
Mr. W. W. Saunders, on the canker in Ash trees, so commonly
met with. He thought that further light could be thrown upon
the subject ; he believed that the disease was to be attributed in
the first instance to injuries inflicted by the larva of a moth,
Prays Curtisellus. Mr. Saunders had only looked for cancer
or cankerous external growth, and of course found no traces
of insect action in shoots of the third year’s growth ; but
had he looked for insect action in the younger growth he
would have found it. It was well known that trees with
smooth bark were very tender and easily eaten into ; he had
noticed many instances of the kind in which canker had set up
where there had been traces of the moth ; he thought that the
insect track killing the portion down which it ran caused a gap
in the bark letting in damp, and that other influences such as
uxudation of sap, insects, American blight, &c., .supervened
until the cankerous wound hid the original cause from view.
He instanced cases of canker in the Apple and Peach traceable
to injuries effected by insects in support of his argument.
Mr. McLachlan thought it had been generally considered that
the larva named by mining down the pith of the young shoot
destroyed it in its entirety, causing it first to droop and then to

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CX1X

die. Mr. S. Webb did not allege that such was not the case in
certain instances, but he asserted that Prays Curtisellus was not
exclusively a miner down the centre of the shoot, but frequently
down one or other flat side under the bark, that these shoots
were those that by rapid growth either entirely or partially shook
off the insect action, but showed the results of it in after life.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Silver Floras to Messrs. Osborn and
Sons, for a group of Flowering Plants ; to Mr. J. Wills, for a
miscellaneous collection of Foliage and Flowering Plants ; and
to Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons, for a group of Forced Shrubs,
etc., in flower. Small Gold Banksian to Mr. W. Bull, for a
group of Orchids and new and rare plants. Silver Banksian
to Mr. B. S. Williams, for a group of plants (Primulas, etc.)

First-class Certificates were awarded to Rubus rosifolius, var.
coronarius, from Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir George Macleay),
and to Cyphokentia maerocarpa, from Mr. W. Bull.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. C. Green for cut flowers
of Dahlia Maximilliana and Sparmannia afrieana; to Mr. H.
Parr, for cut flowers of Poinsettiapulcherrwia, Seedling Abutilons,
and Begonia glaucifolia ; to Mr. J. George (gardener to Miss
Nicholson), for cut flowers of Seedling Abutilons; and to Mr.
H. Cannell, for cut blooms of Pelargoniums.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Silver Gilt Knightian Medal was awarded to Mr. C.
Haycock (gardener to R. Leigh, Esq.), for a collection of Apples
and Pears.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Lewis A. Killick, Esq., for a
collection of Apples ; and to Messrs. T. Rivers and Son, for a
collection of Apples (49 varieties).

THE LATE PRINCESS ALICE,

Grand Duchess of Hesse Darmstadt.

In accordance with a resolution of the Council, the following
address of condolence was sent to Her Majesty the Queen by
Lord Aberdare, the President of the Society.

k 2

CXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Her most gracious Majesty the Queen —

We, the President, Vice-President, and Members of the Council
of the Eoyal Horticultural Society, beg to approach your Majesty
with the offering of our loyal and heart-felt sympathy in the
painful bereavement recently suffered by your Majesty and the
Eoyal Family by the death of your beloved Daughter the
Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse Darmstadt, who had
endeared herself to all your Majesty’s subjects by her noble
qualities and genuine devotion to the good of all around her.

We are deeply sensible how little words can do to lighten the
bitterness of such a loss, hut your Majesty’s sorrow touches
the heart of every one of your devoted subjects, and the Society
we represent has received so many proofs of your Majesty’s
favour and interest that we cannot refrain from expressing our
profound sympathy with an affliction which many circumstances,
have concurred to render especially poignant and trying.

On behalf of the Council,

(Signed) Aberdare.

Duffryn , Aberdare, President .

22 nd January , 1879.

The following acknowledgment was received from General
Ponsonby, dated Osborne, 25th January, 1879 : —

Dear Lord Aberdare,

I am commanded by the Queen to request that you will
return to the Vice-President and Members of the Council of the
Eoyal Horticultural Society, and to accept yourself Her Majesty’s
sincere thanks for the kind and feeling expressions of sympathy
with the Queen in her sorrow contained in the address you
have transmitted to Her Majesty.

(Signed) Henry F. Ponsonby.

March 11, 1879.

OEDINAEY GENEEAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, V.P., in the Chair.

Fellows Elected.— Messrs. Bassett, C. Brown, W. J. Browne,
C. J. A. Coote, F. Douglas, J. Groom, F. G. Heath, A. Larke,
W. See, H. M. Pollett, J. Eobinson, F. W. Wood, and Mrs.
Wyllie.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXX1

Medals Awarded. — Large gold Banksian to Mr. H. B. Smith,
for a group of Cyclamens. Silver-gilt Banksians to Mr.

C. Edmonds, for group of Cyclamens ; and to Mr. W. Bull,
for group of new and rare plants. Silver Banksians to
Mr. B. Clarke, for group of Cyclamens ; to Mr. B. S. Williams,
for groups of Primulas and Cyclamens ; and to Messrs. Osborn
and Sons, for a miscellaneous group of plants. Silver Floras
to Mr. H. Benbam, gardener to tbe Earl of Stradbroke, for four
Pbalsenopsis Scbilleriana ; and to Messrs. W. Paul and Son,
for a collection of Camellias, cut blooms. Small Gold Banksian
to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., for a group of Orchids.
Silver Knightian to Mr. S. Ford, gardener to W. E. Hubbard,
Esq., for a collection of Apples and Pears.

On this occasion a fine display of Orchids and Cyclamens
completely filled tbe large conservatory, and attracted a large
attendance of Fellows and visitors. Mr. Jennings, in addressing
tbe Meeting, alluded to tbe interesting circumstance that tbe
value of tbe certificates accorded by tbe Society was being
recognised by some of tbe foreign nurserymen. Mr. Van Geert,
of Ghent, bad submitted a beautiful semi-double Azalea indica ,
named “ Empress of India ” ; and Messrs. Hovey and Co., of
Boston, U.S.A., exhibited some charming cut Camellias,
remarkable for tbe almost entire absence of tbe notch at tbe
point of the petals which usually detracts from perfection of
form in most other varieties. This welLknown Boston firm
also showed a specimen of Azalea ( amcena ) Hoveyi, a rosy lilac
variety from Japan, noted for its hardness and for tbe earliness
and profusion of its bloom.

Sir Trevor Lawrence staged a magnificent group of Orchids,
in which every specimen was a picture of health and beauty,
and every species shown in its best variety, notably some
grand examples of Dendrobium Wardianum , Dendrobium luteolum ,
from Burmah, with pale creamy flowers ; D. crassinode and

D. nobile cceruleseens, covered with bloom ; Cymbidium eburneum,
bearing eight pure white flowers ; Lcelia harpojAiylla, with its
remarkably bright orange scarlet spikes, a rare specimen ; and
many fine examples of Odontoglossums, Coelogynes, Cypri-
pediums and Phakenopses.

From Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons came a choice collection of
Primulas, Cyclamens and Orchids, amongst the last a plant of

CXXU PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lcelia Veitchii, a cross between Cattleya labiata and C. crisp a
Messrs. Hugh Low and Co. showed the grand new Cymbidium
Lowianum, which had been imported as C. giganteum , which it
closely resembles when out of bloom ; it bears, however, a long
spike of green flowers with faint brownish lines ; the labellum is
richly blotched with purple. A very fine specimen of Phalcenopsis
Schilleriana was exhibited by the Earl of Stradbrook.

Referring to a cut flower of Vanda Catlicartii shown by
Mr. Green, gardener to Sir George Macleay, Mr. Jennings
mentioned that several years ago, when this fine Yanda was first
discovered, it was described as found in the dense shade of the
Sikkim forests, where but little sunlight penetrated. Its growth
was noticed to be weak and its stems almost succulent, and it
proved a very bad traveller. Some years after its discovery,
when it became necessary to clear these thick forests for Cinchona
cultivation, it was found that masses of V. Catlicartii were
growing on the tree tops exposed to the full sunlight. These
plants were of quite a different habit from the miserable
specimens previously introduced, which had evidently been
growing under disadvantages, and this noble Orchid is now
comparatively plentiful and quite as hardy as any of the
Himalayan Yandas.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph Hooker, C.B., &c., in the Chair.

Androgynous Mistleto. — Rev. George Henslow reported on a
monoecious specimen of Mistleto, received from Mr. Corderoy, of
Didcot, as follows : — One of the specimens of Mistleto sent is a
branch from a female plant. The central shoot is elongated,
nearly leafless, and with half ripe berries. From the base
proceed two tufts of much shorter branches, the smaller of
the two being exclusively male, the larger exclusively female.
The few berries on the latter are riper than those on the main
whip-like extremity. A careful section through the point of
junction with microscopical examination clearly proves the plant
to be in an androgynous condition, for the section shews the
central woody fibres penetrating down directly into the main
stem. At one point the new wood bulged out, giving a deceptive
appearance of parasitism, but a further section proved this to

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXX111

be merely local. The clean sharp line of demarcation seen in
ordinary parasitic Mistleto on apple or other wood is entirely
wanting.

The plant from which the above branch was cut is, I understand
from Mr. Corderoy, about twenty years old, and of three to four
feet in diameter. It grows on an apple tree, and is the sole
instance of such androgynism on that tree, which, however, bears
several other Mistleto plants.

Mr. Corderoy states that the other specimens sent were
female shoots which appeared on male plants ; but as the
specimens handed to me had been unfortunately mutilated, I
cannot add further details.

It is perhaps worth noticing that the character of the above
described specimen is exactly the reverse of one mentioned by
Dr. Masters, in his Vegetable Teratology , p. 509, of which he
says : — “ The plant was of the male sex, with numerous long
slender whip-like branches, with large broad yellowish leaver
and fully developed male flowers at the end.” From the base
of this, he says, proceeded a tuft of short female branches.

In the example sent by Mr. Corderoy the whip-like branches
are female, but no distinction of leaf is to be seen ; nor is any
difference to be relied upon between the foliage of the male
and that of the female plants of Viscum album generally.

In the case he has described, Dr. Masters has also concluded
that it was due to androgynism and not to parasitism.

Gumming in Orange Trees. — Dr. M. C. Cooke exhibited twigs
of Orange trees from Florida covered with a resinous exudation,
which it was supposed might be analogous to the gumming of
fruit trees.

Vegetable Remains from Ancient River Gravels. — Mr. Worthing¬
ton Gr. Smith returned to this subject. He stated that he had
obtained results from the Valley of the Lark, near Bury
St. Edmunds, similar to the remains previously found by him
in the gravels of the Lea and Axe ; they consisted of leaf
fragments, seeds, rootlets, hairs, and fragments of bone.
Exactly similar results had followed his minute examination of
breccia from the bone- cave near the village of Les Eyzies, in
the Valley of Vezere, Dordogne. This breccia afforded frag¬
ments of plant- stems (grasses), minute splinters of wood and
bone, and numerous hairs. Mr. Smith exhibited the wood,

CXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Excrescence from Stem of
1 Sequoia sempeeyieens.”

bone, and hairs under
the microscope ; the
cells and vessels were
distinct in the wood, and
the lacunas with their
canaliculi in the bone.
Some of the hairs be¬
longed to rodents,
others were unknown.
From the same breccia
Mr. Smith exhibited a
broken fossil lateral-
incisor human milk-
tooth, belonging to a
subject of about seven
years of age.

Excrescence from Stem
of Sequoia sempervirens.
— Dr. Masters showed
from Mr. Sim, of Foot’s
Cray, some huge woody
dilatations of the lower
part of the stem of this
plant, regarding which
the following letter was
read: — “The Sequoia
sempervirens sent were, I
find, planted as cuttings
in the autumn of 1867.
I have had a further
batch of them lifted,
and find that there are
some straight well-
formed trees similarly
malformed at the root.
It appears that about
half of the batch,
including well-formed
trees, are in like condi¬
tion. Some of the tallest

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXY

normal-rooted trees are 8 feet to 9 feet high. I have measured
the root-ball of one straight tree of 6 feet in height, and find it
(the ball) 16 inches in circumference. The soil of the spot is a
poor light loam on gravel. Some years ago, in transplanting a
large bed of seedling Cupressus Lawsoniana, one was noticed —
and it is preserved here — with a similar protuberance at what
nurserymen call the collar. In this example there is a clear
space between the roots and the swelling. I will have one of
these Sequoias planted again to see, if I am spared, whether this
bulbous development will increase, and whether the tree will
continue as it is, comparatively fibreless in proportion to its
size and age.” No information was forthcoming from the
Committee on the subject. A wood-cut of this singular deformity
is annexed.

Fruit of Fischerici. — Dr. Masters also showed a large four¬
winged downy follicle containing numerous seeds surmounted
by a tuft of silky hairs. The fruit was collected in New
Granada, and was sent to Mr. Alfred Borwick. The fruit was
evidently that of an Asclepiad allied to Fischeria, but in the
absence of further evidence the exact genus could not with
certainty be determined.

Pods of the Ironwood of Brazil. — Sir J. Hooker showed
legumes of Ccesalpinia ferrea, the tree said to produce the very
hard and little known Ironwood of Brazil.

Disease in Stem of Bobinia. — Mr. Wilson Saunders sent
some beautiful drawings and a manuscript description of a
peculiar disease in the stem of Bobinia pseudo- acacia, which
uppears, with illustrations, in this number of the Journal.*'

Va?ida suavis. — Mr. Jennings called attention to a plant of
this species shown in the conservatory, and in which the
inflorescence was terminal, instead of axiliary, as usual.

Action of Frost on Clay. — Mr. Jennings made some remarks
on the peculiar cleavage shown by clay when subjected to frost,
the clay breaking up into more or less cubical masses, to the
great detriment of the roots of the plants growing in it. Sir
Joseph Hooker remarked that the action of frost on different
soils was a complicated matter, and that on it depended to a
large extent the amount of injury inflicted on plants by frost.
Thus in some parts of the garden at Kew in 1866 the ground

See page 169.

CXXvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at some distance beneath the surface continued frozen up to
June, so that the plants had their roots in frozen earth while
their tops were burnt with the sun, to the great destruction of
the plants. At Sion, the effects of the same frost were very
different, mainly owing to the different character of the soil.

Photographs of Victorian Scenery. — Mr. Jennings exhibited,
on the part of Mr. R. Roskilly, some beautiful photographs
representing scenes in the forests of Victoria, and showing the
immense size to which not only the Eucalypti grow, but also
the Tree Ferns.

Plants , Sc., Exhibited. — Rev. Harpur-Crewe showed flowers
of Botryanthes alpestris, Scilla sibirica , Crocus Imperati , C. corsicus
and C. minimus. Mr. Elwes sent Hyacinthus Elwesii (?),
Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati , G. plicatus and G. nivalis. From
Mr. Ware came some new forms of Himalayan primrose, P. rosea,
Kashmir. A singular Japanese Azalea, A. macrosepalum, of
Maximovicz, was shown, remarkable for its calyx lobes nearly
equalling its corolla, and for its white flowers with pink
stamens; Anomatheca cruenta, Sarchochilus sp., Dendrobium sp.,
and other 'plants were also shown.

FLORAL COMMITTEE*

First Class Certificates were awarded to Amaryllis ‘ ‘ Virgil, ’ ’ from
Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons ; to Ipsea speciosa, from Mr. H. Heims
(gardener to E. A. Philbrick, Esq., Q.C.) ; to Azalea (indica)
“ Empress of India f from Mr. A. van Geert ; to Cymbidium
Lowianum,, from Messrs. H. Low and Co. ; and to Cyclamens
( persicum) picturatum, and “ Crimson King from Mr. H. B. Smith-

Cultural Commendation to Primula ■“ Mrs. Holland,” from
Mr. W. Tidy.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. H. Heims, for Odonto-
glossum Andersonianum ; to Mr. J. James (gardener to W. F.
Watson, Esq.), for Cinerarias, cut blooms ; to Mr. C. Green
(gardener to Sir G. Macleay), for cut flowers of Vanda Cathcartii,
Odontoglossum crispum, var. Macleayi ; and Stiftia chrysantha ; to
H. J. Buchan, Esq., for cut flowers of Orchids ; to Messrs. J.
Veitch and Sons, for miscellaneous group of plants ; to Mr. H-
Cannell, for cut blooms of Pelargoniums and Fuchsia cor difolia
splendens, cut specimen.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXY1I

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. McRobie, for Seedling
Apple ; to L. A. Killick, Esq., for collection of Potatos (24
■varieties) ; and to Mr. S. Ford, for collection of Apples
and Pears.

March 25, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Elections. — Hon. H. Brougham, J. C. Brown, M.P.,.
G. H. Browning, Mrs. E. MacMorland, C. E. G. Phillips,
W. Radford, Mrs. A. Spencer, and Mrs. E. S. Young.

Medals Aivarded. — Large Gold Banksians to Messrs. J. Veitch
and Sons for collection of Hyacinths, and to Mr. J. Wills and
Mr. W. Bull for groups of plants. Small Gold Banksians to
Mr. J. W. Moorman (gardener to the Misses Christy) for group
of Hyacinths, Tulips', &c. ; and to Mr. J. Wills for group of
plants arranged for effects. Silver-gilt Banksians to Messrs.
Osborn and Sons for collection of Hyacinths ; to Mr. B. S.
Williams for group of plants, to Messrs. Paul and Son for
group of Roses in pots, and to Mr. J. Roberts (gardener to
Baron L. de Rothschild) for group of Orchids and Amaryllis.
Silver Banksians to Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son for group
of Hyacinths and Tulips ; to Messrs. Osborn and Sons for group
of plants ; to Mr. R. Dean for group of spring-flowering plants ;
to Messrs, W. Paul and Son for collection of Camellias, cut
blooms ; to Messrs. C. Lee and Son for group of plants, and to
Mr. J. Aldous for group of plants.

Upon this occasion the Society was honoured by the presence
of His Majesty the King of the Belgians, who was received at
the north-west entrance by Lord Aberdare and the Members
of the Council. His Majesty spent more than an hour in
examining the various groups and objects of interest, and
expressed himself greatly pleased at the beautiful exhibition
which, in spite of the inclemency of the weather, had been
gathered together.

Amongst the most remarkable groups staged were Messrs.
J. Veitch and Sons’ extensive display of Hyacinths, 300 in

CXXVU1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in number, including about 80 new varieties ; to some fine
examples of which the Floral Committee awarded First Class
Certificates. Mr. Smith’s splendid bank of Cyclamens was a
noticeable feature ; also another fine collection sent by Mr.
Edmonds. Groups of miscellaneous plants were exhibited by
Mr. W. Bull, Mr. Wills, Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt,
Messrs. Cutbush and Son, Mr. R. Dean, of Ealing, Messrs. C.
Lee and Son, B. S. Williams, Osborn and Sons, and Jas.
Carter and Co. Mr. Aldous exhibited a very elegant example
of floral dinner-table decoration, and Mr. R. Parker an in¬
teresting group of early spring flowering plants.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., in the Chair.

Plants Shown. — Mr. Elwes showed specimens of Ariscema
nepenthoides from Sikkim, with a curiously mottled and three-
lobed spathe ; also a Tulip from Turkestan, resembling T.
Eaufmanni (Regel), except in the colour of the flower- segments,
which in the present case were primrose-yellow externally, rich
golden within ; it was stated to be very early. Tulipa triphylla,
Chionodoxa Forbesii, and two forms of Erythronium , the smaller
being E. purpurascens and the other true E. americanum.

Fasciated Ruscus. — Dr. Masters called attention to a very
interesting specimen of fasciation in the stem of this plant, the
-changes extending even to the phyllodes. The specimen was
sent by Mr. Thomson, of the Crystal Palace Gardens, and will
be presented to the Museum at Kew.

Galls on Leaves of Galium sp. — Dr. Masters showed from
Baron Yon Mueller some curious cylindrical larva cases, or
galls, on the leaves of an Australian species of Galium , or
Asperula. The leaves were replaced by cylindrical, blackish,
thick- walled tubes, covered with stout hooked bristles, the
unaffected leaves being all but destitute of such appendage.
The specimen was referred to Mr. MacLachlan.

Miscellanea. — Specimens of Vine roots affected with Phyl¬
loxera were shown. A pamphlet of Professor Sarjents’ on the
desirability of planting the Catalpa as a timber tree was alluded
to, but it was pointed out that in this country the wood did not
ripen sufficiently to admit of its having the valuable qualities
assigned to it in America. Sir J. Hooker did not think it would

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXX1X

pay to grow it here, it would be cheaper to import it. Mr.
Clapham sent specimens of Trichomanes in various stages, and
which were referred to Dr. Masters for examination and report.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-Class Certificates were awarded to Primula rosea , from
Mr. Ware ; to Galanthus nivalis , var. Melvillei, from Mr. D.
Melville (gardener to the Duke of Sutherland) ; to Rose (Tea)
“ Madame Alexandre Bernaix ," from Mr. C. Turner ; to
Davidsonia pruriens, from Mr. W. Bull ; to Camellias, “ Mrs. A.
M. Hovey " and “ C. M. Hovey ,” from Messrs. Hovey & Co. ; to
Hyacinths, Salmon King, King of Reds, Leviathan, and The
Sultan ; and Amaryllis “ Mrs. Baker," from Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons ; to Azalea “ Duke of Connaught," from Mr. B. S. Williams ;
and to Cyclamen “ Queen of the Belgians," from Mr. H. B. Smith.
Cultural Commendation to Lycaste Skinneri cerina, from Mr.
W. Bull. Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. G. Thomson,
for a fasciated specimen of Ruscus androgynus ; to Mr. Z. Stevens
(gardener to the Duke of Sutherland), for Odontoglossum Ander-
sonianum var. ; to G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R. S., for Primula concolor,
and to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir G. Macleay), for cut of
flowers Salvia albo coerulea, S. elegans, and Prostanthera lasianthos.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Vote of Thanks was passed to L. A. Killick, Esq., for 60
varieties of Apples.

April 8, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Colonel R. Trevor Clarke in the Chair.
Elections. — John Barton, Richard F. Fisher, Mrs. E. Foster,
Hon. Mary Grant, D. Guilineuf, Lt.-Col. Hatton, E. Kennedy,
Miss Kennedy, Col. G. H. Moncrieff, F. A. Philbrick, Q.C.,
W. A, Soames, Hon. Mrs. Toler, R. G, Wylde.

Medals Awarded. — Large Gold Banksians to Messrs. J.
Veitch and Sons, for collection of Amaryllis, &c., and to Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., for a group of Orchids. Small
Gold Banksian to Mr. B. S. Williams for group of plants.
Silver Banksians to Messrs. Paul and Son, for Roses in pots and
cut blooms of Roses ; and to Mr. W. Bull, for group of plants ;

CXXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to Messrs. Barr and Sugden, for collection of Daffodils; and
to Mr. J. Woodbridge, gardener to tlie Duke of Northumberland,
for specimen in flower of Cyrtopodium punctatum.

The Exhibition upon this occasion was of more than ordinary
interest ; perhaps never before had so extensive a collection of
Amaryllis been got together ; from Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons
came a group of three hundred unnamed seedlings ; and
from Mr. Williams a smaller collection of choice varieties.
The Prizes offered by an Amateur for the best new light and
dark seedlings were for competition, but did not produce any
novelties ; the only specimen considered worthy of a prize
was a variety named u Thomas Speed” raised at Chats worth ;
a rich scarlet, medium size, fine form, and with six flowers
to the truss, with a white instead of the usual green centre,
and a crimson ring round the base of the stamens. Mr. Little
also exhibited six very choice seedling Amaryllis.

Orchids were verj^ strong. Sir Trevor Lawrence sending a
splendid group, which included a grand specimen of Masdevallia
Harry ana ; also Phalcenopsis Schilleriana , Dendrobiums,Devonianum ,
Jamesianum , thyrsiflorum and crassinode , Oncidium concolor ,
Cymbidium Lowianum, and many others.

In Mr. Bull’s group were several very fine Cypripediums,
Odontoglossums, and Masdevallias ; Cymbidium eburneum , JDendro-
bium Falconeri.

Mr. Veitch showed the new Dendrobium Brymerianum, from
Burmah, &c., with its remarkably fine fringed labellum, and
Mr. Williams some very large plants of Vandas tricolor ,
insignes and suavis.

Mr. Jennings, in addressing the Meeting, directed attention
to a most complete group of cut Hellebores, exhibited by Mr.
Barr, comprising examples of nearly all the varieties in the
second section of Mr. Baker’s monograph of Helleborus, viz.,
those without leaves below the inflorescence, called by him
“ Acaules,” and consisting of three distinct species, viz., H.
niger, H. viridis , and H. orientalis. The first of these, the well
known Christmas rose, was not then in bloom, but of the other
two species there were innumerable varieties which so blend
into each other that identification is rendered most difficult.
H. viridis was a most interesting species, but none of its
varieties were valued for gardening purposes, the flowers not

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXX1

being conspicuous ; still, as they continue in bloom all through
the spring at a time when there is scarcely anything else, when
variety in form and hue is doubly valuable, they were worthy of
being better known. The foliage of H. viridis is more delicate
than that of II. orientalis, which will survive the winter.
The best of the viridis section is H. laxus, a native of
Carinthia, in Austria ; this and II. dumetorum , H. gracilis ,
H Bocconi , which last is an Italian variety, have drooping
sea-green cup-like flowers. H. graveolens is found all the way
from Vienna to Trieste ; the exterior of the sepals is slightly
tinged with purple. H. erubescens is somewhat similar.

In H. purpurascenSj a native of Hungary, the sepals are of
a deep dove colour outside and a paler tint within ; roundish
and beautifully imbricated, forming the main difference between
this variety and H. cupreus , which is not imbricated. A
third variety is H. intermedius , which differs from H. purpurascens
in the colour of the inside of the sepals, which is rich sea
green.

The more important species for decorative purposes was
II. orientalis , the flowers of which were larger, showier, and more
attractive. Many seedlings had been raised abroad, and bore
fancy names, though they differ but slightly in character. Some
of the Berlin seedlings bore very high sounding names, such as
a Hofgarten Inspector Hartwig ” u Frau Irene Heinemann,” &c., &c.

Amongst the varieties of H. orientalis might be named the
following : — U. abchasicus, a plant described and figured by Regel
in the “ Garten Flora,” but which has not been recognized by
Mr. Baker, nor is it known to Mr. Barr, though many varieties
are sold under this name which do not agree with the figure ;
H. atroroseus, H. atrorubens , similar, only of a darker shade ;
H. colchicus, a mottled variety ; H. fulvens, H. lividescens, H.
rubellus, H. rubidus, in which the petals are also purple, and
H. ruber. All the above have purple sepals.

Of the white flowering section, H . antiquorum , in which the
flowers die off green ; H. olympicus , the sepals of which are
bright green outside and pure white within ; H. guttatus , a
perfectly white form of H. olympicus , and H. pallidus, quite
distinct, with elongated sepals.

H. cyclophyllus, a green flowered variety, is classed by Mr.
Baker under H. viridis, but Mr. Moore, in a recent note on the

CXXX11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hellebores, pronounces it to be a form of H . orientalis on account
of the enduring character of its foliage. Specimens of most of
the above varieties were shown by Mr. Jennings during the-
course of his remarks.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., in the Chair.

Excrescence from Passiflora . — The Eev. M. J. Berkeley reported
on a curious excrescence on the stem of Passiflora quadr angular is r
which was sent to the Committee on February 11. It consisted
of a very rough tuberculated mass, six inches in diameter, and
about five inches long, occupying three-fourths of the stem,
evidently bursting through the bark and pushing it on one side.
Delicate thread-like rootlets were here and there developed from
the tubercles, and two decided roots, one of which was affected
exactly in the same way as the stem. Above the mass was an
elliptic disc about inch long, swelling out from the stem, and
clearly the origin of a new mass. On an examination- first, of
one of the minute tubercles on the above-mentioned root, and
afterwards of one of the larger tubercles, they were found to
consist of large irregular cells mixed with scattered or fascicled
tubes with very thick walls, consisting of concentric layers and
pierced with narrow passages, the larger cells filled with starch
granules, which become very dark in colour when treated with
a solution of iodine. On examination of the younger portions of
the bark the same structure was observed, and the same abund¬
ance of starch granules. A section through the disc showed a
similar mass, mixed with deep red spots, in which either the
cells themselves or the intercellular passages were gorged with
coloured matter, which, however, did not wear exactly the
appearance which is so common in diseased tissues when change
has been produced by the presence of fungoid threads. The
wood itself consists of a mass of large tubes with intermediate
cellular tissues, but the tubes have not the same structure as
the young bark, or it may be the Alburnum, so far as can be
judged from the specimen before us. It is, however, so con¬
tinuous with the bark, that it seems rather to belong to it than
the wood. Whichever it may belong to, the mass is beyond
doubt an over-development or hypertrophy of this part of the
stem, and is certainly one of the most curious instances we have

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXX111

met with. It calls to mind the excrescences which are not
uncommon at the base of the stem of Pelargoniums ; but we do
not mean to assert that their nature is precisely the same.

Trichoman.es alatum. — Dr. Masters reported that he had examined
the specimens sent by Mr. Clapham, and found that the fronds
produced small viviparous bulbs (he saw no reason why, under
certain conditions, any fern should not produce them), which in
an early stage presented much of the appearance of prothallia, but
on a microscopic examination of these no trace of sexual organs,
antheridia and archegonia, could be found.

Insect Pests. — The Chairman showed specimens of Vines from
Mr. Nation, grown in Peru, and which were said to be attacked
by a beetle. Also specimens of a bug found in imported
specimens of Welwitschia. Both specimens were referred to
Mr. MacLachlan for report.

Hyacintlius orientalis , Sfc. — Mr. Elwes showed specimens of the
wild form of the common Hyacinth from the Taurus, and which
was interesting as showing the great advance that had been
made by the art of the gardener.

Lachenalia hyacintliina (?) — Mr. Elwes also showed a peculiar
blue-flowered Lachenalia (?) with a somewhat two-lipped flowTer
and declinate stamens. The specimen was referred to Kew for
identification.

Tortuous Hazel. — Mr. W. G. Smith showed a remarkable
specimen, in which the branches had anastomosed one with
another, so as to form a series of loops.

Hybrid Geranium, .- — Mr. Grieve sent specimens of a plant with
the foliage of Geranium pratense but more divided than usual
and with a yellowish tinge. It was supposed to be the result
of the influence of the pollen of a Pelargonium on Geranium
pratense , but the evidence as to the cross is incomplete.

Neiv Avoid. — Mr. Bull sent a remarkable Aroid with the
foliage of an Amorphophallus , from New Grenada. The
specimen was referred to Kew for identification.

Chionodoxa Lucilice. — Fine specimens of this, grown in the
open ground, were sent by Mr. Maw, the introducer of the plant,
together with the following letter: —

“ As the collector and introducer of this plant, and having
been the first to flower it in cultivation, I think a few lines
from my own pen may give more information about it than is at

l

CXXxiY PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

present known. I must first correct an error of nomenclature,
having distributed some bulbs under the name of C. Forbesii.
Dried specimens of nearly allied species, especially of bulbous
plants, are often difficult to determine, and those submitted to
Mr. Baker were badly dried and shrivelled, roughly pressed at
the time of collecting in a pocket-book ; hence it is that the
Lycian species, C. Forbesii , has been confounded with the
western Anatolian C. Lucilice, from the mountains of the east of
Smyrna. I have also a second species from Crete, for which I
am indebted to Mr. Sandwith, H.M.’s Consul, of less beauty
than the Anatolian plants. These I believe are the only two
species that have ever been in cultivation. Chionodoxa
Lucilice I first gathered out of flower on the flanks of the Taktalie
Dagh, at a height of from 2,500 to 4,000 feet, and I could
not at the time distinguish it from one of the numerous species
of Scilla which abound in Levant. T obtained with it out of
flower, Scilla bifolia. On my second day’s excursion from the
little Turkish village of Taktalie, which I had made my head¬
quarters for the examination of the interesting range of
mountains, including the Taktalie and Nymph Dagh, I ascended
to the summit of the latter mountain, and just as we were
returning, my Greek and Turkish attendants became botanically
excited and beckoned me to a spot a little way off at an altitude
of about 4,300 feet — a bank-side thickly covered with Chionodoxa
Lucilice , the most brilliant floral display I ever beheld — a bright
mass of blue and white, resembling Nemophila insignis in
colour, but even more intense in effect, and round about it was
a complete garden of bulbous plants, including a small yellow
Fritillary, Colchicum bulbocodoides, two or three species of
Tulips, some yellow Gages, Croci, and great tufts of Galanthus
Elwesii , with leaves half a yard long. Of Chionodoxa Lucilice
as a highly decorative and perfectly hardy plant I can speak
with great confidence. The roots dug up in 1877 flowered but
sparingly last year, but notwithstanding the late severe winter
the patches out of doors have fully recovered their transplanta¬
tion, and are flowering as well as in their native habitat,
forming the most brilliant tufts, in which the foliage is almost
hidden by the masses of flowers, which tell out as bright spots
in the spring garden, some of the scapes bearing from eight to
ten flowers one inch in diameter. I have had it in flower for

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXXV

nearly a month in the cold frame, where it attains a higher
stature, though not quite so rich in colour as the flowers
produced in the open air. For pot culture and forcing I believe
it will be very useful, and take a prominent place amongst early
decorative plants. It produces seed very freely, and will,
therefore, he capable of ready multiplication. I obtained with
the typical blue form a few bulbs of a pretty pure white variety.
I send herewith some specimens flowered in the open air from
bulbs collected in 1877, which have been in the open ground
the last two winters. George Maw , F.L.S.”

Hymenocallis macrostephana. — The following note from
Mr. Woodbridge was read by Dr. Masters : —

“I was very pleased to see a description of this plant by
Mr. Baker in the Gardeners ’ Chronicle of last week (p. 430).
Having grown it for several years I can fully endorse Mr.
Baker’s statement that ‘it forms a valuable accession to our stock
of cultivated stove Pancratiece .’ And I am decidedly of opinion
that when it becomes more generally known it will be as exten¬
sively cultivated as the Eucharis amazonica , to which perhaps,
from a gardener’s point of view, it may most readily be compared.
I think in some respects and for some purposes it will prove even
more valuable than that well-known and highly- appreciated
plant. The scent I fancy is sweeter, and the form of the flower
more elegant, while it is equal if not superior in the delicate
pureness of its colour. It is also a continual blooming plant.
We have it in flower here almost every month in the year, but
more especially in the winter months, when white flowers are
most valuable- Mr. Baker says that ‘it flowers in February
and March,’ and probably that is its most natural time of
flowering, but mode of the treatment may account for its flower¬
ing at other times of the year. The bulbs readily throw out
offsets, and these if not separated from but grown with the
parent bulb, and shifted into larger pots as required, give
flowers at different times of the year according to their various
sizes, so that with a few well filled pots of the various sized
bulbs a succession of blooms is easily obtained. The same
result may possibly be obtained by separating and growing
them singly ; but this I have not proved. They grew well in
the same house and under the same treatment as the Eucharis.
John Woodbridge, Syon House Gardens, Brentford .”

CXXXvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Chairman remarked that he had received this plant
from two or three places lately.

A Botanical Certificate was awarded to Mr. Woodbridge.

In reference to the two last-mentioned plants a discussion
arose as to the propriety of more systematically and thoroughly
carrying out a plan for awarding certificates to plants and
specimens which the rules of the Floral Committee preclude
under existing circumstances from receiving an award. It was
suggested that a sub -committee might be appointed to take
into consideration such cases, so as to prevent the anomaly of
really interesting plants being passed over because not shown
according to the rules laid down for the guidance of the Floral
Committee and to prevent the seeming unfairness to amateurs
and introducers of new, rare or interesting plants. Considerable
discussion ensued, but no definite action was taken.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Dendrobium
Brymerianum and Amaryllis “ Duke of Connaught,” from Messrs.
J. Veitch and Sons; to Chionodoxa Lucilice , from G-. Maw, Esq.,
and Messrs. Barr and Sugden ; to Ccdogyne oceliata maxima ,
from Mr. B. S. Williams ; to Masdevallia bella and Dendrobium
crassinode album from Sir T. Lawrence, Bart., M.P. Cultural
Commendations to Mackaya bella, cut specimens, in flower,
from Mr. C . Green, gardener to Sir George Macleay ; to
Cyrtopodium punctatum, in flower, from Mr. J. Woodbridge ; and
to Echinocactus myriostigma , from Mr. H. Boiler. Votes of
thanks were passed to Hon. and Rev. J. T. Boscawen, for cut
trusses of Rhododendrons; to J. T. D. Llewelyn, Esq., for
Seedling Primula ; to Mr. C. Green, for Dendrobium suavissimum ;
to Mr. H. Heims, gardener to F. A. Philbrick, Esq., Q.C., for
cut flowers of Odontoglossum nebulosum pardinum superbum ; to
Mr. H. Boiler, for Pilocereus senilis ; to G. F. Wilson, Esq,, F.R.S.,
for cut flowers of Primroses ; to Mr, R. Parker, for group of
Hardy Plants ; to Mr. J. Wiggins, gardener to H. Little, Esq.,
for collection of Cinerarias; to Messrs. C. Lee and Son, for
group of Plants ; to Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, for cut
blooms of Camellias and Epacrises ; to Messrs. Osborn and Son,
for group of Plants ; to Mr, R. Dean, for group of Spring¬
flowering Plants : and to Mr. J. Aldous, for group of Plants.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXXY11

Apbil 22, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Elections. — Robert N. Batt, H. J. W .Cox, Miss F. E. Fawcett,
T. W. Lewis, Henry Merryweather, Mrs. Merryweather, Miss
Ratliff, Mrs. C. Scholefield, Charles St. Barbe, Mrs. C. Ernest
Tritton, and Robert Wigram.

Medals Awarded. — Large Gold Banksians to Mr. W. Bull, for
a group of New and Rare Plants, and to Messrs. Paul and Son,
for a group of Roses in pots. Small Gold Banksian to Mr. B.
S. Williams, for a group of Plants. Silver Gilt Floras to
Messrs. William Paul and Son, for Cut Roses, and to Messrs.
James Veitch and Sons, for a group of Roses in pots, &c. Silver
Floras to Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, for a group of Plants,
and to Messrs. Charles Lee and Son, for a group of Plants.
Bronze Banksian to Captain Pittern, for a group of Hyacinths
and Tulips.

An extensive and interesting display of plants was made on
this occasion in the conservatory, Mr. William Bull’s group
of Cycads, Palms, and Orchids being greatly appreciated.
Messrs. Paul and Son, of Cheshunt, sent a fine group of Pot
Roses, each specimen being in remarkably fine condition.
Messrs. William Paul and Son also staged a fine collection of
Pot Roses. Orchids were exhibited by Messrs. Veitch and Sons
and Mr. B. S. Williams. Mr. Barr’s cut blooms of Narcissi
were quite a feature.

The attractions of this meeting were enhanced by the
Annual Show of the National Auricula Society (Southern
Section), which was held upon this occasion, and furnished the
main subject of Mr. Jennings’ remarks. The Assistant
Secretary also directed attention to several new and interesting
plants shown in the groups, amongst which may be named
Asparagus plumosus, from South Africa, an elegant climbing
plant, with delicate fern-like foliage, and Hibiscus rosa sinensis
schizopetalus, with singular deeply fringed petals.

m

CXXXV111 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., in the Chair.

Insects in Welwitschia. — Mr. MacLachlan reported that the
insect found in the Welwitschia had been submitted by him
to a specialist, who pronounced it to he Oclontopus sexpunctatus ;
its nearest ally in this country was Pyrrhocoris apt era, a plant¬
feeding hug, occasionally found in Devonshire, hut in profusion
over the Continent. It was a singular circumstance that the
English specimens but seldom develop wings. Mr. Edgeworth
remarked that bugs of this character are very common in India,
especially on species of Asclepias, which are very poisonous to
other creatures.

Insects in Grape Vines from Peru. — Mr. MacLachlan reported
that, after cutting up the pieces of Vine wood, his opinion was
confirmed that the insects found were the results rather than
the cause of the disaster. There were two species, both members
of the order Bostrichidee, the larger one being a Bostrichus, the
smaller a Bhizopertha ; he exhibited specimens which were still
alive ; he had also found some of the larvae alive in the wood.
Both these insects fed upon dead vegetable matter rather than
living. They are found in this country feeding upon dead wood,
and it was more than doubtful if the insects were therefore the
cause of the damage.

Insects in Bamboo. — Mr. MacLachlan stated that the larvae
attacking Bamboos in India, as forwarded by Mr. Routledge,
were those of a boring beetle belonging to the Bostricliidce. He
had sent them to the British Museum, but had not been
able to ascertain the species. Mr. MacLachlan received the
thanks of the Committee for the valuable information he had
afforded.

The Coffee Disease. — Dr. M. C. Cooke alluded to the measures
taken in Ceylon to destroy the fungus (Hemileia vastatrix), and
which promised to he successful. Dr. Cooke had recommended
the use of sulphur, as used in the case of the Vine and Hop
mildew, and stated his belief that its use in this case would soon
entirely destroy the fungus. He also recommended, with the use
of sulphur, a thorough cleansing of the ground beneath. Dr.
Masters thought that this information was most interesting to

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

CXXX1X

the Committee, for it would show how valuable was the work
done by them.

Plants Exhibited. — From Mr. Bull came an Orchid, Liparis (?),
which will be referred to Professor Beichenbach for indentifica-
tion. Messrs. Veitch showed a Ly caste, named by Professor
Beichenbach L. Locusta. From Messrs. Yeitch also came a
very remarkable form of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, called schizo-
petalus, with deeply fringed petals like those of a Clarlda. The
Chairman remarked on the analogy between these petals and the
“ compound ” stamens of Mallows. Mr. 0. F. Wilson showed
a Primula under the name of P. ciliata , and which was referred
to Dr. Masters for further report. The Hon. and Bev. J. T.
Boscawen sent flowers of a fine variety of Cattleya Skinneri ;
and Mr. Jennings showed flowers of Cypripedium humile, a
native of North America.

Spores of Dry Rot (?). — Mr. MacLachlan showed specimens of
a fine dust covering woodwork, crockery, &c., and which
appeared to be the spores of some fungus. Beferred to
Dr. Cooke for examination and report.

Root Growth. — Dr. Masters laid before the Committee the
results of some experiments made by him on the development
of roots and root-hairs on plants grown under varying condi¬
tions of soil, &c., and made some comments thereon. The paper
is published in the Journal of the Society.'* A vote of thanks
was passed to Dr. Masters for his valuable communication.

FLOBAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Primula platipetala
plena, Leelia flammea, Asparagus plumosus, Hibiscus rosa sinensis
schizopetalus, and Glonerajasminiflora, from Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons; to Primula platipitala plena, from Messrs. Paul and Son and
Mr. B. Dean; to Lilac alba grandiflora, from Mr. W. Denning
(gardener to Lord Londesborough) ; to Gloxinia a Mrs. Pause,"
from Mr. J. Wills; to Primula ciliata var. purpurata, from
G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.B.S.; to Hymenocallis macrostephana,
from Mr. J. Woodbndge (gardener to the Duke of Northumber¬
land); and to Narcissus incomp ar abilis albidus expansus (Leeds) f
from Messrs. Barr and Sugden.

m 2

See page 173.

Cxi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. 0. Green (gardener to
Sir George Macleay), for Echium Decaisneanum ; and to Messrs..
Hooper and Co., for a collection of Pansies.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to Black Alicante
Grapes, from Mr. J. Atkins (gardener to Col. Loyd Lindsay) ; to
Mr. W. Ravenhill (gardener to Alderman F. Sidney), and to
Mr. W. Messon (gardener to A. Meadows, Esq.), for Straw¬
berries “ President

A Vote of Thanks was passed to Mr. L. A. Kellick, for
Apples “ Sturmer Pippin."

May 18, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Arthur Grote, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Elections. — C. J. Bethell, Mrs. Bowman, U. J. Burke,,
E. Edwards, E. Fountain, E. R. Gray, Lieut. -Col. C. Ives,,
Hon. Mrs. C. Ives, W. H. Mare, T. W. C. Master, Jun., M.P.,
W. Napier, F. W. Procter, Lieut. -Gen. C. C. Shute, M.P.,
Mrs. Thomas, and A. C. Trevor.

Medals Awarded. — Silver Gilt Flora to Messrs. J. Veitch and
Sons, for a group of Plants. Silver Floras to Mr. B. S..
Williams, for a group of Plants, and to Messrs. H. Lane and
Son, for a group of Rhododendrons. Silver Banksians to Mr.
J. Wills, for a group of Plants ; to Messrs. C. Lee and Son, for
a group of Plants ; to Messrs. Paul and Son, for Cut Roses ;
to Messrs. W. Paul and Son, for Cut Roses; to Mr. R. Dean,
for Spring Flowers ; to Messrs. J. and J. Hayes, for a group of
Pelargoniums ; and to Messrs. Hawkins and Bennett, for a
group of Pelargoniums, &c.

Fine groups of Clematis, Azalea mollis, Rhododendrons, and
Orchids, from Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons ; and a remarkable
group of new Dracaenas from Mr. B. S. Williams, contributed

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cxli

to render the display in the Conservatory most attractive.
There were also several other interesting collections of new and
rare plants. Mr. R, Dean showed a fine group of varieties of
Primula amcena. Messrs. Paul and Son and William Paul and
Son displayed some splendid blooms of Roses ; and Messrs.
Barr and Sugden’s show of cut Narcissi attracted much
attention ; decorative groups were also staged by Messrs.
C. Lee and Son, Mr. J. Wills, Messrs. Hayes and Co., Messrs.
Hawkins and Bennett, Messrs. Osborn and Sons, and Mr.
J. Aldous.

The Assistant Secretary, in addressing the meeting, remarked
that few plants were easier to grow and more satisfactory in
their results than the several species of Primula, which had all
been greatly improved during the last few years. From the
common Primrose, P. vulgaris , and the old crimson variety,
P. v. auriculceflora, had sprung numerous beautiful forms ; so
also from P. veris, the Cowslip, had been derived the Oxlip
Primrose and the varieties of Polyanthus. On the last
occasion had been seen the advances made in the cultivation
of P. auricula, and now we were shown the progress which had
been effected with the Oriental species from China and Japan.
Many of the new species recently introduced by Mr. Elwes,
from the Himalayas, were under distribution to Fellows from
Chiswick. He showed a plant of P. sikkimensis, as a type of
the Indian species. The parent of the many forms of Japanese
Primulas exhibited by Mr. Dean was P. amcena, which had been
introduced some fifteen or sixteen years before by Mr. J. G.
Yeitch, but there had always been considerable difficulty in
raising seedlings from it ; the pods would form, but never ripen ;
but a few years ago success was achieved simultaneously by
three cultivators, Mr. Dean, Mr. Allan, and M. Lemoine ;
almost the entire stock of the two former gentlemen was
exhibited at this meeting, and M. Lemoine’ s were very similar.
P. amcena never affords seed, but the white variety, P. amcena
• alba does, hence the varieties. The plants are perfectly hardy,
but if grown out of doors, lose their foliage in Winter and bloom
later in the Spring. If it is desired to propagate them the
soil should be shaken away from the roots when the foliage dies
down, and the crowns separated ; but if left quite undisturbed
the plants will throw up grander heads of bloom. Out ol a

Cxlff PEOCEEDINGS OF THE EOYAJL HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

hundred seedlings, ninety-nine will probably be “pin-eyed,”
in the flowers of which the pollen is so hidden as to he almost
inaccessible ; very few indeed turn out “ thrum-eyed.” Crossing
between P. veris and P. vulgaris ( acaulis ) had often been
successfully accomplished; he was not aware that P. vulgaris
and P. auricula had ever been crossed. There were many
natural hybrids which had sometimes been incorrectly intro¬
duced as new species ; for example : P. variabilis, which would
appear to be a cross between P. officinalis and P. grandiflora ;
so also the Himalayan forms, which varied considerably.

Regarding the collection of Narcissi, Mr. Jennings remarked
that there were about twenty species, all of them European;
they also were so closely intermixed that it had become most
difficult to determine species. This had been easily proved by
experiment.

Dean Herbert had stated that N. pseudo Narcissus crossed
with N. poeticus would produce a variety of N. incomp arabilis ;
this again crossed with N. poeticus would produce the variety
now known as N. Barri, a decided step towards the true
“ pheasant eye.” Successive similar crossings would bring the
true N. poeticus back again. N. poeticus had two groups of
distinct habit : the one early flowering, the other not coming
into bloom till a month later. The learned Dean seemed to
have worked mainly with the former section ; but amongst the
many followers who devoted themselves to the improvement of
the Narcissus, two gentlemen made their mark upon the
genus, viz., Mr. Backhouse, of Weirsdale, and Mr. Leeds, of
Manchester, whose crossings produced the intermediate group
already alluded to, N. Barri and subsequently N. Burbidgei,
a closer approach to N. poeticus, but flowering a fortnight earlier,
and N. incomp arabilis ( ivhite ) crossed with N. montanus afforded
N. Leedsi. N. Maclei had never been collected, but it is so
very distinct that it was difficult to imagine it other than a true
species. Dean Herbert maintains that N. Sabini is a natural
variety, but Mr. Barr says that it is a garden hybrid, which
has been produced both in England and on the Continent by
crossing N. Maclei with IV. bicolor ; but the same cross will
also produce N. Nelsoni, which is a compromise of N. Sabini.
Mr. Jennings’ remarks were illustrated by flowering specimens
of nearly every variety alluded to.

EXTRACTS OP PROCEEDINGS.

cxliii

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., in the Chair.

Fungus Spores. — Dr. Cooke reported that the specimens
referred to him at the last meeting, and which were deposited
as dnst over household utensils, were not the spores of the dry
rot, hut of some unknown fungus.

Salep. — Dr. Cooke exhibited a series of specimens of tubers
of various species of Orchid used as salep in India and Turkey,
and imported without any further information by which the
identity of the species could be determined. Mr. Elwes
remarked that when he was in Asia Minor, he had sent out
Turks to gather similar tubers, and he had seen two large baskets
full collected in a couple of hours.

Eurotium on Cocoa Husk. — Mr. Schofield showed Cocoa husk
with a species of Eurotium growing thereon.

Plants Exhibited. — -By Sir George Macleay (gardener, Mr.
Green) : A plant of Bowicea volubilis, an Asparagus-like plant,
with a bulb from which only one or two true leaves are formed ;
the rare purple- spotted Australian Orchis, Dipodium punctatum,.
By Mr. Elwes : The yellow Viola biflora ; the Portuguese Iris
subbiflora , concerning which it was noted that, while in its
native country the plant flowers in autumn, and it did so here
also the first year, yet the plant exhibited, which was a seedling
grown in this country, was flowering in spring ; Tulipa saxatilis,
a lovely Cretan species, with flowers of a pale lilac colour with
a rich yellow centre ; Arnebia echioides, a showy herbaceous
boragineous plant, with pale primrose yellow flowers, marked
in the sinuses between the petals with purple spots, which are
very conspicuous when the flowers first open, but which
disappear subsequently ; in the morning they are bright, by
noon they fade, and next day they are scarcely visible. It was
remarked that this was contrary to the ordinary course of
things, the sun and light being the usual source of colour.
Fritillaria olympica , F. Elirhartii , or F. macrandia, from Syria ;
Streptopus roseus, from North America ; Muscari conicum, the
most free flowering of the species ; Corydalis bracteata, a fine
species, with leafy bracts, and large pale yellow flowers, in
aspect like those of a Linaria ; and lastly, three species of
Ariscema from Sikkim, singular Aroids, one of .which had a

cxliv

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

solitary, long-stalked, ternately divided leaf, a purple-striped
spathe, and a spadix prolonged at the tip into a very long,
terminal, thread-like process. This thread-like process is, in
the young state, according to Mr. Elwes, enclosed within the
central segment of the leaf which is rolled round it ; hence, if
any injury befall the leaf-segment before it is expanded, this
thread-like process is liable to be injured also.

Monstrous Primroses. — Dr. Masters showed various specimens,
upon which he proposed to report more fully at the following
meeting ; the most remarkable was a hose-in-hose form,
fasciated, from Mr. Cannell.

Fruit Blossoms Injured by Frost. — Dr. Masters showed from
Mr. Earley specimens of fruit blossoms, including Apple, injured
by frost, on which a further report was promised.

Vegetable Ivory. — Mr. MacLachlan showed fruits of a Palm
from the Friendly Isles, Sagus amicarum , the nuts of which are
used as vegetable ivory, but are not so highly valued as those of
the Phytelephas.

Insects Injurious to Pears. — Dr. Denny showed specimens of
a small dipterous insect supposed to he injurious to Pear
blossom, and which were referred to Mr. MacLachlan for
identification.

Fungus on Flower Bed. — Arthur Grote, Esq., exhibited a
specimen of a fungus from a flower-bed. Mr. Worthington
Smith pronounced this to be the Xylaria vapor aria of Berkeley,
which he had illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1871, p.
482, under the name of X. pedunculata, Fr.

Cucumber Disease. — Specimens of this well known but little
understood pest were exhibited.

Awards to Plants of Botanical Interest. — A communication
was read from Mr. Wilson Saunders in reference to plants
worthy of recognition by the Society, but which, as not being
in commerce, or likely to become commercially important, were
apt to be overlooked. Mr. Saunders’ suggestion was to the
effect that a small sub-committee, selected from the members
of the Floral and Scientific Committees, might be appointed to
deal with this subject. Dr. Denny remarked that substantially
this course was already followed.

Meal on Auricula Leaves. — Mr. Jennings asked if anything

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cxlv

was known as to the nature and purport of this exudation ; he
observed that plants covered with this Meal if submerged, did
not retain any water upon them, and suggested that its
economic value was perhaps to prevent an accumulation of
moisture, or possibly, to protect the plant from excessive
radiation. Mr. Elwes remarked that the wild Auricula had
it.

FLORAL COMMITTEE .

First-class Certificates were awarded to Croton “ Princess of
Wales," Ranunculus Lyalli, Azalea (pontica) narcissiflora, and
Azalea ( mollis ) “ Comte de Corner, " from Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons; to Primula u Golden Gem," from Messrs. Osborn and
Sons ; to Cupania elegantissima, Draceena superba, and Amaryllis
“Mrs. Morgan ," from Mr. B. S. Williams; to Begonia (double)
“ Comtesse H. de Choiseul ,” from Messrs. J. Laing and Co. ; to
Polyanthus (duplex) “ Prince of Orange ," from Mr. R. Dean ;
to Selaginella Kraussiana aurea, from Mr. Donaldson ; and to
Arnebia echioides , from H. J. Elwes, Esq.

A Botanical Commendation was awarded to H. J. Elwes, Esq.,
for Ariscema speciosa.

Highly Commended: Mammillarias fiif ler a and formosa, from
Mr. H. Boiler.

Cultural Commendation to Odontoglossum vexillarium, from
Mr. W. Reeves (gardener to C. Hart, Esq.)

Yotes of thanks were passed to Mr. W. Reeves, for cut
flowers of Orchids ; to Mr. C. Green (gardener to Sir G.
Macleay), for Terrestrial Orchids and cut flowers; to Messrs.
Barr and Sugden, for cut flowers of Narcissi ; and to Messrs.
Osborn and Sons, for a group of Plants,

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Eirst-class Certificate was awarded to a Melon, “ Devonshire
Early," from J. Jaques (gardener to J. D. Perrins, Esq.)

Cultural Commendation to Figs “ Brown Turkey ” and Grosse
Monstrueuse de Lipari, from Mr. W. Pratt (gardener to Yiscount
Hill).

CXlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 27, 1879.

THE GREAT SUMMER SHOW.

Tlie Annual Exhibition of the Society was upon this occasion
a decided advance, both as to extent and general character, upon
all former shows. Never before had such Roses been seen at any
Flower Show. The sensation created by Mr. Chas. Turner,
of Slough, last year, had evidently spurred the leading
rose growers to extraordinary efforts, and the chief prizes were
most vigorously contested.

The Exhibition was visited during the day by several members
of the Royal Family. Her Royal Highness the Princess of
Wales, who was accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark,
was received by Lord Aberdare, the President of the Society,
and the Members of the Council, and by them conducted through
the tents. The Royal party was subsequently joined by their
Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the
Crown Prince of Sweden, the Count and Countess of Flanders,
and the Duke of Teck,

In the great tent was, as usual, a remarkable display. The
Roses of Mr. Turner, Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, Messrs.
H. Lane and Son, Great Berkhampstead, and Messrs. James
Yeitch and Sons, were magnificent. A novel effect was pro¬
duced by the last named firm, whose group of Roses was most
artistically interspersed with Maples of various shades of foliage.
Messrs. Jackman’s group of Clematis comprised about fifty of
the finest specimens ever exhibited, and well merited the Gold
Medal awarded to it. Several very fine decorative displays were
made, that of Mr. Wills earning the first prize, Mr. Aldous,
Messrs. J. Laing and Co., and Messrs. J. Peed and Sons also
exhibiting most effective groups. Messrs. Ivery and Son’s group
of Indian Azaleas was exceedingly fine ; so also were Mr. Rann’s
Ferns. A splendid bank of Odontoglossums from Mr. W. Bull
deserves special mention, and Mr. B. S. Williams’s group of
rare plants and exotic ferns attracted considerable interest.

The long tent was well filled with miscellaneous collections
— Azaleas from Mrs. Torr, Mr. R. Thornton, and Mr. D.
Martineau ; Rhododendrons from Messrs. H. Lane and Son ;
new plants from Mr. Bull, Mr. Williams, and Mr. Wills ;

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cxlvii

Orchids from Mrs. Torr, Mr. Whitbourn, Mr. H. James, and
Messrs. T. Jackson and Son ; Cacti from Mr. Boiler ; Pelar¬
goniums from Messrs. Turner and Watson ; and cut Boses from
Messrs. W. Paul and Son.

The show of fruit and vegetables was moderate in extent,
but, considering the unfavourable season, exceedingly good in
quality, the Strawberries being especially good. There was also
a very good show of garden implements and appliances.

The weather was most unfavourable, heavy rain falling during
the whole period. The number of visitors on each day, exclusive
of Fellows, holders of Fellows’ tickets, and complimentary cards,
was as follows : —

May 27
28
„ 29
„ 30

1,466

4,223

3,460

4,565

Total number of visitors . 13,714

The following is the official list of awards made : —

AWARDS OF

Class 1.— 12 STOYE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son, The
Nurseries, Kingston-on-Thames,
£15.

2nd, Messrs. J. Peed and Sons, Roupell
Park Nurseries, Norwood Road,
S.E., £10.

Class 2.-8 STOYE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Nurserymen.)

1st, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son,
Kingston-on-Thames, £10.

2nd, Messrs. J. Peed and Sons, Nor¬
wood, £7.

Class 3.-8 STOYE or GREEN¬
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower, dis¬
tinct. (Amateurs.)

1st, Mrs. Torr, Garbrand Hall, Ewell
(J. Child, Gr.), £10.

2nd, D. Martineau, Esq., South Road,
Clapham Park (J Weston, Gr.),
£7.

THE JUDGES.

Class 4. — 15 ORCHIDS, distinct.
(Open.)

1 st , F . Whitbourn , E sq . , L oxford Hall ,
Ilford (J. Douglas, Gr.), £20.

2nd, Mr. H. James, Castle Nursery,
Lower Norwood, £15.

3rd, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son,
Kingston-on-Thames, £10.

Class 5. — 10 ORCHIDS, distinct.
(Amateurs.)

1st, Mrs. Torr, Ewell (J. Child, Gr.),.

£10.

2nd, F. Whitbourn, Esq., Ilford (J.
Douglas, Gr.), £7.

Class 6. — 10 ORCHIDS, distinct.
(Nurserymen.)

1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, The Nur¬
series, Upper Holloway, N., £8.
2nd, Mr. H. James, Lower Norwood,
£6.

Class 7.- GROUP of ODONTO-
GLOSSUMS. (Open.)

1st, Mr. W. Bull, King’s Road, Chel¬
sea, S.W., £6.

Cxlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 8.— 12 NEW PLANTS intro¬
duced since the year 1876. (Open.)

1st, Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea, £8.

2nd, Mr. J. Wills, South Kensington,
S.W., £6.

3rd, Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Hol¬
loway, N., £4.

Class 9.— 8 GBEENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, distinct. (Nurserymen.)

1st, Mr. C. Turner, Boyal Nursery,
Slough, £10.

2nd, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son,
Kingston-on-Thames, £7.

3rd, Mr. J. Wills, South Kensington,
S.W., £5.

Class 10.— 8 GBEENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)

1st, Mrs. Torr, Ewell (J. Child, Gr.),

£12.

2nd, B. Thornton, Esq., The Hoo,
Sydenham Hill, S. (A. Batty, Gr.),
£9.

3rd, D. Martineau, Esq., Clapham
Boad, S.W. (J. Weston, Gr.), £7.

Class 11.— 15 GBEENHOUSE AZA¬
LEAS, in pots not exceeding 12
inches in diameter. (Open.)

1st, B. Thornton, Esq., Sydenham, S.
(A. Batty, Gr.), £8.

2nd, Messrs. J. Ivery and Son, Dork¬
ing, £6.

3rd, Mr. C. Turner, Slough, £4.

Class 12. — 8 EBICAS, distinct.

(Open.)

1st, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son,
Kingston-on-Thames, £10.

3rd, Messrs. B. Peed and Son, Nor-
bury Nurseries, Lower Streatham,
£7.

Class 13.-8 FINE - EOLIAGED
PLANTS. (Amateurs.)

1st, J. Warren, Esq., Handcross Park,
Sussex (C. Bann, Gr.), £10.

2nd, Bey. Canon Bridges, Beddington
House, Beddington (T. N. Pen¬
fold, Gr.), £7.

3rd, J. G. Megaw, Esq., Windermere
House, Upper Norwood (J. Ford,
Gr.), £5.

Class 14.-GBOUPof FINE-FOLI-
AGED PLANTS, arranged in a
space not exceeding 300 square feet.
(Open.)

1st, J. Warren, Esq., Handcross, Sus¬
sex (C. Bann, Gr.), £12.

2nd, Messrs. Hooper and Co., Covent
Garden, W.C., £8.

Class 15.— GBOUP of MISCELLA¬
NEOUS PLANTS in bloom, ar¬
ranged in a space not exceeding 300
square feet. (Open.)

1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Hol¬
loway, N., £12.

Class 16. -GBOUP of MISCELLA¬
NEOUS PLANTS, arranged for
effect, and occupying a space not
exceeding 300 square feet. (Open.)

1st, Mr. J. Wills, South Kensington,
W., £15.

2nd, Messrs. J. Laing and Co., The
Nurseries, Forest Hill, S.E., £10.

3rd, Messrs. J. Peed and Sons, Nor¬
wood, £7.

Extra, Mr. J. Aldous, Florist, Glouces¬
ter Boad, S.W., £10.

Class 17.— 9 SHOW PELABGO-
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding eight inches in diameter.
(Open.)

1st, W. F. Watson, Esq., Bedlees,
Isleworth (J. James, Gr.), £9.

2nd, Mr. C. Turner, Slough, £6.

Class 18.— 9 FANCY PELABGO-
NIUMS, distinct, in pots not ex¬
ceeding eight inches in diameter.
(Open.)

1st, W. F. Watson, Esq., Isleworth
(J. James, Gr.), £8.

Class 19. — GBOUP of not less than
30 GLOXINIAS in pots. (Open.)

1st, Mr. John Wills, South Kensing¬
ton, W., £4.

2nd, C. Hart, Esq., Beaufort House,
Lee (W. Beeves, Gr.), £3.

Class 20. — GBOUP of not less than
20 TUBEBOUS BEGONIAS, in
pots. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. J. Laing and Co., Forest
Hill, S.E., £6.

2nd, Messrs. Hooper and Co., Covent
Garden, W.C., £4.

3rd, Messrs. T. Jackson and Son,
Kingston-on-Thames, £2.

Class 21.— 6 STOYE or GBEEN¬
HOUSE FEBNS, distinct. (Ama¬
teurs.)

1st, Mrs. Torr, Ewell (J. Child, Gr.),

£8.

2nd, J. Warren, Esq., Handcross,
Sussex (C. Bann, Gr.), £6.

3rd, F. Whitbourn, Esq., Ilford (J.
Douglas, Gr.), £4.

Class 22. — 6 STOYE and GBEEN¬
HOUSE FEBNS, distinct. (Nur¬
serymen.)

1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Hol¬
loway, N., £6.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cxlix

Class 23. — 20 EOSES, distinct, in
pots. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt,
£15.

2nd, Mr. C. Turner, Slough, £10.

3rd, Messrs. H. Lane and Son, G-reat
Berkhamstead, £7.

Class 24. — 9 EOSES, distinct, in
pots. (Nurserymen.)

1st, Mr. C. Turner, Slough, £15.

2nd, Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt,
£10.

Class 25. — 6 EOSES, distinct, in
pots. (Amateurs.)

1st, Miss Christy, Kingston-on-Thames
(J. W. Moorman, Or.), £6.

2nd, Mr. J. Tranter, Henley-on-
Thames , £4.

3rd, W. F. Watson, Esq., Isleworth
(J. James, Or.), £2.

Class 27. — OEOUP of not less than
30 EHODODENDEONS.

1st, Messrs. H. Lane and Son, Great
Berkhamstead, £10.

Class 28.— GEOTJP of not less than
30 HAEDY HEEBACEOUS
PLANTS, in pots, distinct. (Open.)

1st, Mr. Eohert Parker, Tooting, £8.

Class 30.— GEOUP of HAEDY
FLOWEES, cut blooms, arranged
in separate bunches. (Open.)

1st, Mr. Eobert Parker, Tooting, £2.

2nd, Messrs. Hooper and Co., Covent
Garden, W.C., £1.

Class 31. — CUT BLOOMS of not
less than 24 PANSIES, distinct.
(Open.)

1st, Mr. H. Hooper, Yine Nursery,
Widcomb Hill, Bath, £2.

2nd, Mr. H. Catley, Claverton Buil¬
dings, Bath, £1.

Class 32.-2 PINE APPLES.

(Open.)

2nd, The Duke of Eichmond and Gor¬
don, Goodwood (F. Eutland, Gr.) ,
£1 10s.

3rd, Mrs. Torr, Ewell (J. Child, Gr.),
15s

1st, Withheld.

Class 33.— 1PINE APPLE, “Queen.”

(Open.)

1st, The Duke of Eichmond and Gor¬
don, Goodwood (F. Eutland, Gr.),
£1.

3rd, Mrs. Torr, Ewell (J. Child, Gr.),
10s.

2nd, Withheld.

Class 34.— 1 PINE APPLE, “Smooth
Cayenne.” (Open.)

1st, Lord Carington, Wycombe Abbey,
Bucks (G. T. Miles, Gr.), £1.

Class 35. — 1 PINE APPLE, any
other variety. (Open.)

1st, The Duke of Eichmond and Gor¬
don, Goodwood (F. Eutland, Gr.),
£1.

Class 36.-3 BUNCHES of BLACK
HAMBUEGH GEAPES. (Open.)

1st, Mrs. Tristram, Fowley, Liphook
(P. Edwards, Gr.), £3.

2nd, Marchioness of Camden, Bay-
ham Abbey, Lamberhurst (W.
Johnstone, Gr.), £2.

3rd, D. McIntosh, Esq., Havering
Eoad, Eomford (W. Bones, Gr.),
£1 10s.

Class 38.-3 BUNCHES of WHITE
MUSCAT of ALEX AND El A
GEAPES. (Open.)

1st, C. Allhusen, Esq., Stoke Court,.
Slough (J. Maher, Gr.), £3.

Class 39. -3 BUNCHES of WHITE
GEAPE S , any other variety. (Open.)

1st, Col. Loyd Lindsay, Wantage (J.
Atkins, Gr.), £2.

2nd, Mrs. Tristram, Liphook (P. Ed¬
wards, Gr.), £1 10s.

Class 40. — 6 PEACHES, any one
kind. (Open.)

1st, C. Allhusen, Esq., Slough (J.
Maher, Gr.), £2.

Class 41.-6 NECTAEINES, any
one kind. (Open.)

1st, C. Allhusen, Esq., Slough (J.

Maher, Gr.), £1 10s.

2nd, Dr. Fuller, New Shoreham, (J.
Nash, Gr.), £1.

Class 42.-2 DISHES of CHEE-
EIES, distinct. (Open.)

1st, Lord Carington, High Wycombe
(G. T. Miles, Gr.), £2.

Class 43.— 1 DISH of CHEEEIES.
(Open.)

1st, Lord Carington, High Wycombe
(G. T. Miles, Gr.), £1.

Class 44.-3 DISHES of STEAW-
BEEEIES, distinct. (Open.)

1st, The Marquis of Salisbury, Hat¬
field (G. Norman, Gr.), £2.

2nd, T. Somers Cocks, Esq., Marlow
(A. G. Bridgeman, Gr.), £1 10s.

cl

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 45.-1 DISH of STBAW-
BEBEIES. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. Barnwell and Tilbury,
The G-raperies, Worthing, £1.

2nd, The Marquis of Salisbury (G.
Norman, Gr.), 15s.

3rd, The Duke of Bichmond and Gor¬
don, Goodwood (F.Butland, Gr.),
10s.

Class 46.— 1 MELON. (Open.)

1st, Col. the Hon. C. B. D. Hay, Sun¬
ning Hill (C. Deavin, Gr.), £1.

2nd, T. Taylor. Esq., Tetsworth, Oxon
(J. Chilton, Gr.), 15s.

3rd, Mr. G. Goldsmith, Tonbridge, I
10s.

Class 47.-1 DISH TOMATOS.

(Open.)

1st, B. B. W. Baker, Esq., Bomford
(W. Iggulden, Gr.), £1.

2nd, Lord Carington, High Wycombe
(G. T. Miles, Gr.), 15s.

3rd, The Duke of Bichmond and Gor¬
don, Goodwood (F. Butland, Gr.),
10s.

Class 48. COLLECTION of YE-
GE TABLE S , consisting of 10 kinds.

1st, Lord Carington, High Wycombe
(G. T. Miles, Gr.), £6.

| 2nd, B. B. W. Baker, Esq., Bomford,
(W. Iggulden, Gr.), £4.

Special Prizes offered by Mr. W. Bull.

Class A. -12 NEW PLANTS, intro¬
duced and sent out for the first time
since the commencement of 1876 by
Mr. W. Bull. (Private Growers.)

1st, J. Warren, Esq., Handcross, Sus¬
sex (C. B,ann, Gr.), a Silver Cup, I
value £15 15s.

2nd, Bev. Canon Bridges, Beddington
(T. N. Penfold, Gr.) , a Silver Cup,
value £10 10s.

3rd, Sir Wilfred Lawson, Bart., M.P., I

. Brayton, Carlisle (J. Hammond,
Gr.) , a Silver Cup, value £6 6s.

Class B.— 12 NEW PLANTS, intro¬
duced and sent out for the first time
since the commencement of 1876 by
Mr. W. Bull. (Nurserymen.)

1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Hol¬
loway, N., a Silver Cup, value
£15 15s.

2nd, Mr. J. Wills, ^outh Kensington,
S.W.,a Silver Cup, value £10 10s.

Prizes offered by Messrs. Sutton and Sons.

Class F.-For COLLECTIONS.—
Three sorts of Melons and three
sorts of Cucumbers, and specimen
of Melon and one brace of Cucum¬
bers, to include Sutton’s “ Earl of
Beaconsfield” Melon and Sutton’s
“Duke of Connaught” Cucumber.

1st, Lord O. Fitzgerald, Windsor (T.
Lockie, Gr.), Gold Medal and
£3 3s.

2nd, Col. Loyd Lindsay, Wantage (J.
Atkins, Gr.), Silver Medal and
£2 2s.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS — Plants, Cut Flowers, Fruit, &c.,

PLANTS.

Messrs. James Yeitch and Sons, Chel¬
sea, S.W.. for Groups of Boses and
Maples, Gold Banksian Medal,
and for Group of New and Bare
Plants, Gold Banksian Medal.

Mr. B. S. Williams, Upper Holloway,
N., for Group of Plants, Silver
Banksian Medal.

Messrs. J. Ivery and Son, Dorking,
for Collection of Azaleas, Silver
Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, N.,
for Collection of Boses, Silver-
gilt Flora.

Messrs. G. Jackman and Son, Woking,
for Groups of Specimen Clema¬
tises and Window Boxes with
Clematises, Gold Banksian Medal.

Messrs. H. Lane and Son, Great
Berkhamstead, for Collection of
Boses, Silver-gilt Flora.

Messrs. Dick Badclyffe and Co., High
Holborn, W.C., forBockery. with
Plants arranged for effect, Silver
Banksian Medal.

J. G. Megaw, Esq. (J. Ford, Gr.),
for 12 Calceolarias, Silver Bank¬
sian Medal.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cli

CUT FLOWERS.

Messrs. William Paul and Son, Wal¬
tham Cross, N., for Roses, Eight
Boxes, Cut Blooms, Silver Bank-
sian Medal.

Mr. A. Parmley, Park Side, S.W., for
Bridal and Ball Bouquets, Silver
Banksian Medal.

Mr. J. Aldous, Gloucester Road, S.W.,
for Dinner-table Decorations, Sil¬
ver Banksian Medal.

Horticultural Structures, Impli

Messrs. J. H. Critchley and Co.,
Grosvenor Works, Cheltenham,
for Patent Heat Regulators,
Silver Banksian Medal.

Messrs. John Crowley and Co., Shef¬
field, for Invincible Mowing Ma¬
chines (Edwards’s Patent), Com¬
mended.

Messrs. Foster and Pearson, Horticul¬
tural Builders, Beeston, Notts,
for Samples of Patent Slot
Throttle Yalve, a Silver Bank¬
sian Medal awarded, and Com¬
mended for simplicity.

Mr. J. Matthews, Royal Pottery,
W eston - super - Mare, for Terra

FRUIT, &c.

Lord Ebury, Rickmansworth (J. C.
Mundell, Gr.), for 18 varieties of
Apples, Bronze Knightian.

Mrs. K. B. Cussons, Southport, for
Collection of Skeletonised Leaves,
Silver Flora.

Mrs. M. Hodgkins, 85, Hyde Grove,
Manchester, for Collection of
Skeletonised Leaves, Silver Flora.

Rents, Garden Appliances, &c.

Cotta Vases and Flower Pots,
Silver Banksian Medal.

Messrs. J. J. Thomas and Co., Edg-
ware Road, W., for Wirework
and Garden Furniture, a Silver
Banksian Medal.

Messrs. W. Richardson and Co., Dar¬
lington, for Greenhouse, Ventila¬
tors, &c., Silver Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Doulton and Co., Lambeth,
for Vases and Flower Pots, Silver
Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Joseph, Davis and Co., New¬
ington Butts, Collection of Baro¬
meters, &c., Silver Banksian
Medal.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., E.R.S., in the Chair.

Monstrous Primroses. — Dr. Masters commented briefly on
several Primroses which had been referred to him at the pre¬
vious meeting, and which admitted of being grouped under the
following heads : — 1. Simple calycanthemy or petaloid condition
of the calyx : short- styled or thrum-eyed ; a common condition
and very suitable for the herbaceous border. 2. Calyx normal.
Corolla partially or completely separated into its component
petals ; petals bright yellow on the upper surface, and with two
purple spots on either side the medium line ; rich chestnut-
brown on the under surface, short- styled — a remarkable form,
not so common as the foregoing. 3. Calyx normal. Corolla
normal ; lobes reddish brown on the under surface ; edges in¬
volute or rolled on to the upper surface so as to show the
oolour ; long-styled or pin-eyed. The distribution of the colour
is here very remarkable. The specimens were received from
Mr. Webb. 4. Fusion of three flowers. Calyx petaloid, of
eighteen sepals free for about half their length, forming a

Clii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cup beneath, of a rich chestnut-brown colour edged with yellow
on both surfaces. Within the calyx are three corollas, two
fused together, one separate normal in form, but each six-lobed ;
short styled. A form of most remarkable construction, sent
by Mr. Cannell, and said to be permanent under cultivation.
From the fact of a truss of three flowers being enclosed within
one large petaloid calyx, this variety may be recommended not
only to the curious but also to the lover of ornamental plants.

Fruit Blossoms and the Frost. — Dr. Masters showed specimens
of fruit blossoms from Mr, Earley. In the Cherry blossoms
the petals and stamens were uninjured, but the pistil was com¬
pletely blackened and killed. In the case of the Apple blossoms
the petals were arrested in their growth and distorted, the
stamens and pistils were uninjured. Mr. Earley, however,
found the stamens to be injured in some cases, which is re¬
markable in so hardy a flower as the Apple.

Meal on Auricula Leaves. — Dr. M. C. Cooke remarked that
the nature of the mealy substance which is found so freely on
the leaves of certain kinds of Auricula having been alluded to
at the previous meeting, he obtained some of these leaves
through the courtesy of Mr. Dean, of Ealing, and examined
them, with the view of ascertaining the nature of the meal.
Under a low power of the microscope these leaves are seen to
be regularly sprinkled, at equal distances, all over the surface,
with uniform white clusters of a mealy looking substance,
except that all around the margin of the leaf the number of
these clusters is largely increased, so that in that portion they
are closely crowded together. The uniformity in size of the
clusters and their uniform distribution over the surface is very
marked in character.

In order to ascertain the nature of this meal, he removed a
portion and submitted it to examination under a quarter inch
objective, with a magnifying power of about 400 diameters, and
found it to consist of short broken needle shaped crystals,
mixed with small granules ; the addition of ordinary spirits of
wine did not dissolve them, but they were soluble in benzine.
He did not then endeavour to ascertain if the crystals were
reformed on the evaporation of the benzine. In the next place
he removed a strip of the cuticle of the leaf with the mealy
clusters in situ, and examined this with the same quarter inch

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

cliii

power, by means of which he found that, although the clusters
were very uniform in size and equal in distribution, they
appeared to have no relationship with the stomata, were not
collected at these openings, and evidently were in no sense to
be attributed to exudation from the stomata. Further manipu¬
lation and dissolving away the crystals demonstrated that each
of the clusters had a nucleus in the form of a globose glandular
hair, with a very short stem. These glands occupied the centre
of each cluster of meal, were quite empty and collapsed, with
the broken crystals adhering to the surface covering them, and
converting them into the appearance of clusters of meal. Thus
far, then, the examination showed that the regularity of the
disposition of the meal was due to the presence of globose
glandular hairs, around which the meal was collected in the
form of broken needle shaped crystals; and it may fairly be
assumed that this meal is at first contained as a secretion
within the glands, ultimately escaping and crystallizing upon
the surface.

In order to ascertain the chemical characteristics of this
substance, he forwarded the small quantity which remained to
him, after his experiments, to one of the expert chemists in the
Laboratory of the Inland Revenue, and he thus reports the
result of his investigation: “The meal on the auricula leaves
consists of crystals which appear to be coated with a waxy
matter. On removing the meal and treating it with alcohol,
strength 50 o.p., all dissolve; but on evaporating the alcohol,
beautiful acicular crystals rearrange themselves in a stellate
manner. I believe the meal to be an alkaloid of some kind ;
the crystals are very fine. It is soluble in ether, soluble also
in weak hydrochloric acid on heating, but precipitated on cool¬
ing. With a better supply of leaves, and more time allowed
to me for the examination, I could probably have added to this
report, which may be resumed with a better supply of material.”

This, therefore, was the whole of the result of his present
investigation, that the mealy substance is a secretion from
certain globose glandular hairs, which is transuded and crystal¬
lizes in clusters on the surface of the leaves. That it is ap¬
parently an alkoloid, the precise nature of which has not been
determined on account of insufficiency of material, but what are
its uses or functions in the economy of the plant no conjecture

n

Cliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can at present be offered. The thanks of the Committee were
unanimously accorded to Dr. Cooke for his interesting remarks.

Root-Hairs. — Dr. Masters, in continuation of some previous
remarks on this subject, and in allusion to the views of some
French physiologists, who consider that pressure or hindrance
to growth is a determining cause of the production of these
hairs, exhibited a Eadish which had in course of its growth
penetrated and made its way through a piece of rotten wood
some £ inch in depth. In spite of the manifest obstruction, no
root-hairs were produced, or, if any, only few and very minute,
as is generally the case in fleshy roots.

Curved Twigs of Cercis Siliquastrum. — Dr. Masters showed
from Mr. Piffard specimens of twigs singularly bent and con¬
torted, owing to growth having been more vigorous on one side
than on the other, but to what cause the appearance was due
was not apparent, no trace of insect or fungus being visible.

Plants Exhibited. — By the Hon. and Eev. J. T. Boscawen,
Lister a nidus -avis, from Cornwall ; by the Eev. H. Harpur-Crewe,
various specimens of Narcissus, from Spain, including N.
calathinus (?) ; N. Bulbocodium , sulphur- coloured variety, found
in wet places near Ovideo ; N. minimus, from dry rocks near
Panorbo. If the Narcissus be really found on more careful
examination to be N. calathinus, the fact will be especially
interesting, as, up to this time, it has only been recorded from
an islet off the Brittany Coast. Mwscari dubia and armeniaca ,
Tulipa Orphanides, and other plants, were also exhibited by
Mr. Crewe. Mr. Elwes showed specimens of Cypripedium
pubescens, to show how greatly they varied in size, and exhibited
specimens of species of Tulip which under cultivation attained
within a very short time four times the size of the wild forms,
and varied also in colour and markings. Tulipa Kolpakowskyana
was also shown to illustrate the great range of variation in
colour of this species. Habranthus fulgens (?), a species with
hairy leaves and umbels of white flowers, was also shown.

The Electric Light and Vegetation . — Mr. Jennings called attern
tion to the circumstance that it was intended to illuminate the
Great Show by means of the Electric Light; he thought that
it would be most interesting if experiments could be made
with a view to ascertain what effect would be produced upon
flowers which close at night. He also alluded to the dis-

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

civ

advantages under which tropical plants were grown in this
country in the winter months ; it was possible to furnish them
with the required temperature by artificial heat, but hitherto
they could not supply that other necessity, light, which they
enjoyed in their native forests, and which was so essential for
ripening the wood. He suggested that valuable results might
be obtained from a series of experiments with the Electric
Light.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Gold Medals to Messrs. J. Yeitch and
Sons, for a group of Maples and Roses; to Messrs. J. Yeitch
and Sons, for a group of New and Rare Plants; and to Messrs.

G. Jackman and Son, for a group of Clematis. Silver-gilt
Floras to Messrs. Paul and Son (Cheshunt), for a collection of
Pot Roses, and to Messrs. Lane and Sons, for a collection of
Pot Roses. Silver Floras to Mrs. K. B. Cussons, for a collec¬
tion of Skeletonized Leaves, and to Mrs. M. Hodgkins, for
a collection of Skeletonized Leaves. Silver Banksians to
Messrs. Win. Cutbush and Son, for a group of New Holland
Plants; to Mr. H. Boiler, for a collection of Agaves, Cacti, &c._;
to Messrs. Osborne and Sons, for a group of Stove and Green¬
house Plants, and a collection of Herbaceous Plants in pots ;
to Mr. B. S. Williams, for a group of Plants; to Messrs. Dick
Radclyffe and Co., for Rockery; to Messrs. J. Ivery and Son,
for a group of Azaleas; to Mr. J. Aldous, for Dinner Table
Decorations; to Mr. James Ford, for a group of Calceolarias;
to Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son (Waltham), for cut blooms of
Roses; and to Mr. A. Parmley, for Bridal and Ball Bouquets.

First Class Certificates were awarded to Gloxinia “ Duchess of
Connaught Croton Evansianus and Azalea (mollis) u Arthur de
Wardlesf from Messrs. J. Yeitch and Sons; to Azalea (indica)
“ Madeleine ,” from Mr. C. Turner; to Polyanthus superba (as a
decorative plant) and Primula sikkimensis , from Mr. R. Dean ;
to Fntillaria recurva and Cypripedium pubescens major , from

H. J. Elwes, Esq.

Second Class Certificate to Amaryllis “ Lady Louisa Egerton
from Mr. J. Speed (gardener to the Duke of Devonshire).

Highly Commended. — Meconopsis nepalensis, from the Society*g
Gardens, Chiswick.

n 2

Clvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. J. Hodges (gardener to
E. Wright, Esq.), for cut flowers of Orchids, and to Mr. H.
Cannel, for cut blooms of Pelargoniums.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Bronze Knightian Medal was awarded to Mr. J. C. Mundell,
for a collection of Apples.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to “ Read’s Scarlet-
flesh ” Melon, from Mr. G. Goldsmith.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. L; A. Kellick, for a
collection of Apples, and to Mr. M. Domaille, for five baskets
of Kidney Potatos.

May 28, 1879.

THE CONVERSAZIONE.

A Conversazione was held on the evening of the 28th May,
which, in spite of the pouring rain, was attended by a very
large number of Fellows and their friends. The great attrac¬
tion was undoubtedly the exhibition of the show under electric
light. The large tent was illuminated by the British Electric
Light Company. The long tent (500 feet) was divided between
the Jablockoff patent of the Societe G6n6rale d’Electricite, of
Paris, and Wilde’s patent of the Electric Lighting Company.
The conservatory was very brilliantly lighted by three of Messrs.
Siemens Brothers’ powerful electric lamps, worked by the
Society’s steam engine, another lamp from the same firm being
suspended in the entrance vestibule, worked by the same motive
power. The upper east quadrant was well filled by about fifty
members of the Queckett Microscopical Club, who had kindly
accepted the Society’s invitation to contribute them instruments
and presence to the general interest of the evening. The
thanks of the Council were most cordially passed to those
gentlemen, and especially to Mr. Ingpen, their Honorary
Secretary, for their efforts to add to the success of the occasion.

The band of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue), under the
direction of Mr. Charles Godfrey, performed a selection of
music during the evening.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clvii

June 2, 1879.

WHIT-MONDAY POPULAR SHOW.

Utterly wretched weather completely marred the success of
the Second Annual Whit-Monday Show, which was in other
respects a considerable improvement upon the exhibition of a
similar description last year. Such a magnificent display of
floral beauty, such enormous banks of colour, such grand
decorative groups, had never before been arranged for so trifling
an entrance fee as twopence. Several of the principal groups
from the Great Show were, by the kindness of the Exhibitors,
permitted to remain for this show, amongst which were Messrs.
Turner’s, Yeitch’s, and Paul’s Roses, Messrs. Jackman’s
Clematises, Messrs. Lane’s Rhododendrons, Mr. Warren’s fine
foliage plants. Messrs. Williams, Laing, Cutbush and Osborne,
all permitted their miscellaneous groups to form part of this
popular exhibition, and not for competition. The growers for
Covent Garden supplied large quantities of brilliant flowering
plants, which, arranged in masses in the Great Tent, lacked but
one element to have created a gorgeous effect, but unfortunately
that was entirely wanting, namely, bright sunshine. The
character of these market plants was exceedingly good — Pelar¬
goniums, Heaths, Fuchsias, Hydrangeas, Spiraeas, Bouvardias,
Musk, Heliotropes, Stocks and Mignonette, all being shown in
considerable quantity, as well as of first-rate quality. The Cottage
Garden Prizes were better contested than last year, the number
of exhibitors from the Artisan and Working classes having
considerably increased, but the exhibits were by no means up
to the mark. The unfavourable season is perhaps the best reason
for this, but there was clearly plenty of room for improvement,
and should this show be repeated in future years, the Society
will expect to see a great change for the better in the quality of
home-grown vegetables and flowers.

In the course of the afternoon the prizes were gracefully
presented to the winners by the Misses Churchill, daughters of
Lord Alfred Churchill, who was also present on the occasion.

The number of visitors during the day was 8,071.

o

civ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AWARDS OF THE JUDGES.

Class 1.- GROUP of DECORA¬
TIVE PLANTS, in or out of
flower, effectively arranged.

1st, Mr. John Wills, South Kensing¬
ton, Silver cup, value £10 10s.

2nd, Messrs. Hooper and Co., Covent
Garden, £7 7s.

3rd, Mr. J. Aldous, South Kensington,
£5 5s.

Class 2. - GROUP of PLANTS, in j
flower.

1st, Messrs. J. and J. Hayes, Lower !
Edmonton, £8.

2nd, Mr. J. Reeves, Acton, £6.

3rd, Mr. E. Sawyer, Edmonton, £4. j

Class 3.— GROUP of FINE FO- i
LIAGED PLANTS, including
Ferns and Palms.

1st, Messrs. Hooper and Co., £6.

2nd, Mr. J. Reeves, £5.

Class 4. -GROUP of 100 SHOW
PELARGONIUMS.

1st, Messrs. J. and J. Hayes, £5.

2nd, Mr. J. Reeves, £3.

3rd, Mr. W. Brown, Hendon, £2.

Class 5.— GROUP of 100 ZONAL
PELARGONIUMS.

1st, Messrs. J . and J. Hayes, £4.

Class 6.- GROUP OF 100 FUCH¬
SIAS.

1st, Messrs. J. and J. Hayes, £4.

2nd, Mr. W. Brown, £3.

Class 7.— 50 POTS OF MUSK.
1st, Messrs. J. and J. Hayes, £2.

2nd, Mr. G. Tibbutt, Chelsea, £1.

3rd, Mr. W. Brown, 10s.

Class 8.— 50 POTS OF MIGNO¬
NETTE.

1st, Mr. J. Reeves, £2.

Class 9.— 50 POTS OF STOCKS.
1st, Mr. J. Reeves, £2.

Class 10. — 2 BOUQUETS (Ball¬
room) .

1st, Messrs. Ponsford and Son,Brixton,

£2.

Class 11. — 2 BOU QUE T S — ( Bridal.)
1st, Messrs. Ponsford and Son, £2.

Class 12. — MISCELLANEOUS.
Messrs. Dick Radclyffe and Co.,
Holbom, Fountain with Plants,
Silver Medal.

Mr. G. Tibbutt, Lily of Valley, Bronze
Medal.

Mr. J. Seabrook, Ponders End, Group
new Pelargoniums, Commended.

Class A. — GROUP or COLLEC¬
TION of PLANTS, grown in
London, within a radius of 3 miles
of General Post Office.

1st, Mr. R. Oastler, 17, Sun Street,
Finsbury Square, £1 5s. and Silver
Medal.

2nd, Miss J. F. Jarvis, Guildhall, £1
and Bronze Medal.

3rd, Miss M. J. White, 25, Earl Street,
Finsbury Square, 15s.

Class B.— SPECIMEN PLANT,
grown in London, within a radius
of 3 miles of General Post Office.
1st, Mr. R. Oastler, 15s. and Silver
Medal.

2nd, Miss J. F. Jarvis, 10s. and
Bronze Medal.

Class C.— GROUP or COLLEC¬
TION of PLANTS, grown within a
radius of 8 miles of Charing Cross.
1st, Mr. E. Hammutt, 1, Blizzard
Cottages, Fulham Road, £1 10s.
and Silver Medal.

2nd, Mr. J. J. Linington, 20, King
Street, Chelsea, £1 and Bronze
Medal.

3rd, J. Smart, 41, Arthur Street,
Chelsea, 15s.

Class D.— WINDOW PLANT,
grown for more than 12 months by
the exhibitor, within a radius of 8
miles of Charing Cross.

1st, Mr. J. Sharp, 13, Marlboro’
Street, Chelsea, 15s. and Silver
Medal.

2nd, Mr. W. Morgan, 1, Omega
Terrace, Blenheim Road, W.,
10s. and Bronze Medal.

3rd, Mrs. Hunt, 19, Yeoman’s Row,
Brompton Road, S.W., 7s. 6d.

Class E.— GENERAL COLLEC¬
TION of GARDEN PRODUCE,
PLANTS, FLOWERS, and
VEGETABLES, grown by the
exhibitor within a radius of 8 miles
of Charing Cross.

1st, Mr. E. Cane, 3, Steven’s Build¬
ings, Ealing Dean, £2 and Silver
Medal.

2nd, J. Smart, £1 5s. and Bronze
Medal.

Class F.— STAND or VASE of
GARDEN FLOWERS, grown by
the exhibitor within a radius of 8
miles of Charing Cross.

1st and 2nd withheld.

I 3rd, 7s. 6d.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clix

Class G.-BUNCH of WILD
FLOWERS, to be competed for
by Children attending the various
Public and Elementary Schools
within a radius of 8 miles of
Charing Cross.

1st, A. Choat, 3, Herbert Cottages,
Paxton Road, Chiswick, 10s. and
Silver Medal.

2nd, A. Brown, Hawthorn Cottage,
Hendon, 7s. 6d. and Bronze
Medal.

3rd, W. Richardson, 66, Paxton Road,
Chiswick, 5s.

3rd, G. Tibbutt, King’s Road, Chel¬
sea, 5s.

Class H.— MISCELLANEOUS.

Miss E. Tringham, 25, King Street,
Chelsea, for Ferns, Bronze Medal.

Mr. J. Sharpe, Fountain, Aquarium,
&c., Bronze Medal.

Mr. J. Cornish, 40, Great Tower
Street, E.C., Case of Ferns,
Bronze Medal.

June 10, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., Y.P., in the Chair.

Elections. — Mrs. Elizabeth Allix, The Right Honourable Lord
Annaly, Mrs. Maria Baker, Mrs. Edith Bamher, Frederic
Brindley, M. A., Mrs. Fitzroy Campbell, Colonel Crossman, R.E.,
Thomas T. Hodgson, S. King Church, John E. Lane, Mrs. C.
A. Las Casas, John Patterson, Mrs. Arthur Peto, Edward
R. Wingfield.

Medal Awarded. — To Messrs. Yeitch and Sons, a Silver Flora
for a group of Orchids and other plants.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., E.R.S., in the Chair.

Fungoid Growth upon Lilies. — Specimens of an iEcidium
attacking Lilies in the garden of Mr. Elwes, which was referred
to Mr. Berkeley, were shown ; also x Gesnera Chelsoni, a hybrid
between Gesnera macrantha and Dolichodeira tubiflora and
Choretis glauca.

Pollinia of Orchis latifolia. — Rev. George Henslow exhibited
flowers of Orchis latifolia sub sp. incarnata, and stated that the
pollinia when removed on a pencil-point do not become depressed
slowly, as is the case with 0. maculata, &c., but drop down
suddenly, the caudicle being too slender to support the weight
of the pollen-mass. The highly elastic caudicle is flattened
transversely to the line of falling, and slightly concave just above
the viscid disk, which is firmly fixed by the gummy cement with
great rapidity.

o 2

dx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Change of Sex in Plants. — Key. G. Henslow exhibited drawings
of —(1) Abnormal flowers of Ranunculus auricomus, in which the
tendency to produce male structures had affected the carpels on
the one hand and the petals on the other. Some of the carpels
were open with extruded ovules, but others bore two anther- cells
but no ovules. The petals presented various degrees of
“staminody,” hearing imperfect anther-cells on their margins.
Some petals were sepaloid in being green with a yellow border,
while on the other hand the sepals were partially petaloid.
(2) Pistils of Salix , mostly open and with one or two anther- cells
in place of ovules, which latter were rarely present and then
only single, and in an abortive state. (3) Parts of flowers of a
double but polypetalous polyanthus. One pistil was open,
partially petaloid and antheriferous at the same time. Another
exhibited a prolongation at the base which bore ovules, and
seemed to confirm Van Tighem’s view that the free-central
placenta of Primula is constructed out of “heel-like” projections
from the carpels, and is therefore probably carpellary0

Arrest of Growth in the Wing of a Moth. — Mr. Webb showed a
moth hatched by him in which one of the wings remained limp
after death, owing to the disunion of the upper and lower surfaces
of the wing, and the intervention of a thin layer of fluid which
shifted in position as the wing was moved, producing, in fact, a
dropsical condition of the wing.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Pelargoniums (deco¬
rative) “ Maid of Kent ” and 11 Nellie Hayes," from Messrs. J.
and J. Hayes; to Gloxinia “ Yakoob Khan" ; Cattleya Mac
Morelandii , and Begonia “ Mrs. Arthur Potts," from Messrs. J.
Yeitch and Sons ; to Imantophyllum concinnum, and Oclina
multiflora (as a decorative plant), from Mr. B. S. Williams ;
to Begonias “ J. H. Laing,” “ Marie Bouchet," and “ Clovis ,”
from Messrs. J. Laing and Co. ; to Saxifraga Wallacei, from
Messrs. Dicksons and Co., and to Begonia “ Souvenir de Gand ,”
from Messrs. Osborn and Sons.

Cultural Commendations to Dendrobium Falconeri, from Mr. W.
Fisher (gardener to F. Williams, Esq.), and to Seedling Pansies,
from Mr. L. J. Fleming. Votes of Thanks to Mr. J. Burnett
(gardener to Mrs. Hope), for Choretis glauca ; to Mr. W. Fisher

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxi

-(gardener to F, Williams, Esq.), for Saccolabium retusum ; to
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium “ Illuminator ,” and to Royal
Horticultural Society, for a group of Pelargoniums from the
Society’s gardens, Chiswick.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Melon (green fleshed),
“ William Tillery ,” from Mr. J. Miller (gardener to the Duke of
Newcastle).

June 24, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Elections.—- H. A. W. Bisshop, Henry Cockburn, Mrs. Clayton
East, Clement Hoey, William Bulkeley Hughes, M.P., David
B. Lees, M.D., Arthur Parmley, Sarah De Coursey Parish,
Lady Caroline Turnor.

Medals Awarded.— Gold Medal to Mr. C. Turner, for a group
of Pelargoniums, and to Mr. W. Fisher (gardener to F.
Williams, Esq.), for a group of Gloxinias.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Arthur Grote, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Fungoid growth upon Lilies. — The Rev. M. J. Berkeley reported
on the fungoid growth submitted to him from Mr. Elwes*
garden, as follows: —

“The parasite on lAlium columbianum appears to be Uredo
Prostii, Duby, which scarcely differs from Uredo Aspho deli, D.O.,
of which Duhy, as far as I find, takes no notice. It does not
agree with Uredo Alliorum, D.C. ; Uredo Lilii differs altogether
in its dark colored spores. Uredo Asphodeli, D.C., is given by
Link as a synonym of Uredo Ornithogali, but it agrees neither
with the characters, nor the specimen of Schmidt and Kunze,
Duhy’s description exactly accords with young specimens, and the
spores are globose, oblong, and pyriform as he describes them.
The only question is whether it may not be an exaggerated
form of U. Alliorum, a matter of some importance, as that is
extremely common, while the plant of Decandolle and Duby

Clxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is very rare. In the latter case, it may be stamped out by
burning every affected stem ; in the former this will not avail,,
as almost every onion bed might propagate the evil. It would
be better on the whole to assume that U. Prostii is rare, and so
strive to get rid of what may prove a serious pest. This is
certainly a TJredo , and not a Trichobasis. There is no pedicol,
and I have seen the spores inclosed in the parent cell.”

History of the Genus Tulipa. — Mr. Elwes communicated an
elaborate paper on this subject, which is printed in full in the
Society’s Journal.

Difusion of Coloured Liquids in Flowei's. — A pamphlet on this
subject, by Dr. Saccardo, was laid on the table.

Cucumber Disease. — Messrs. Smith, of Dulwich, sent clubbed
roots of Cucumber, the swelling being apparently due to the
presence of vibrios.

Lilies Injured by Insects. — Mr. Jennings showed bulbs of
Dilium testaceum , damaged by insects, which were referred to
Mr. McLachlan for report.

Monstrous Pyrethrum and Primrose. — Dr. Masters showed,
from Mr. Parker, a flower-head of a Pyrethrum , the florets on
one half of which were long and strap- shaped, while on the
other half they were tubular, as in the Anemone-flowered race.-
Dr. Masters also showed, from Mr. Douglas, a remarkable form
of the common Primrose, which will be examined and reported
on at a future time.

Plants Exhibited. — By the Bev. Harpur- Crewe, Vida armena ,
a charming hardy Vetch with large lilac flowers. By G. F.
Wilson, Esq., a cut spike of Xerophyllum asphodeloides. By Dr*.
Masters : a spray of cut leaved Hornbeam, from Mr. Morrell,.
Oxford; and a bloom of Cereus, referred to Mr. Croucher. From
Messrs. Veitch : Cyrtopodium sp., curious for the circumstance
that each flower was subtended by a bract marked with bars
and spots like the sepals ; also a hybrid Dendrobium between
D. Huttoni and D. sanguinolentum ; and Ledebouria pendula, a
Eucomis-like plant, with greenish flowers.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Coleus “ Eva," from
Mr. J. King (gardener to G. Simpson, Esq.) ; to Begonia “ Royal
Standard" from Mr. J. Chambers ; to Davallia fijiensis major,.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxiii

from Messrs. J. Veitch and Son ; and to Xerophyllum asphodeloides,
from G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S.

Cultural Commendation to Cypripedium barbatum super bum y
from Mr. A. Boxall.

A Vote of Thanks was passed to Messrs. Barr and Sugden
for cut blooms of Pyrethrums and Irises.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to Strawberry “ Due
de Magenta ,” from Mr. J. Douglas (gardener to F. Whitbourn,
Esq.), and to two dishes of Tomatos, from Mr. R. Gilbert
(gardener to the Marquis of Exeter).

July 8, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Major F. Mason in the Chair.

Elections. — Mrs. Delvin Fremantle, H. M. Grimsdale, Thos.
Wilde Powell, Miss Wade.

Medals Awarded. — Gold Medals to Mr. B. S. Williams, for a
group of Plants; to Mr. J. Wills, for a group of Plants; to
Messrs. John Laing and Co., for a group of Plants; and to
Mrs. M. Hodgkins, for a collection of Skeletonized Leaves.
A Silver-gilt Knightian to Messrs. T. Rivers and Son, for a
collection of fruit trees in pots. A Silver Flora to Messrs. Barr
and Sugden, for cut Pyrethrums, Ixias, &c. Silver Banksians
to Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, for a group of Plants ; to
Mr. R. Parker, for miscellaneous Plants and Cut Flowers ; to
Messrs. Osborn and Sons, for a group of Plants ; to Messrs.
Hooper and Co., for a collection of Succulents ; to Messrs.
Hawkins and Bennett, for a group of Pelargoniums and Maiden
Hair Ferns ; to Messrs. F. and A. Smith, for a group of Plants ;
and to Mr. H. Hooper, for Cut Flowers of Pyrethrums, Pansies,
&c. Bronze Banksians to Mr. H. Boiler, for a collection of Cacti,
and to Mr. J. Marcham, for Single Petunias.

Upon this occasion was held the Society’s Show of Cut Roses,
which, considering the weather and the lateness of the season,
was fairly successful. The Annual Exhibition of the Pelar¬
gonium Society was also held in conjunction with the present
Meeting.

clxiv

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AWARDS OF THE JUDGES.

Class 1.— 48 Distinct Single Trusses.

(Nurserymen. )

1st, Messrs. Uurtis, Sanford and Co.,
The Nurseries. Torquay, £5.

2nd, Messrs. Paul and Son, Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt, £3.

3rd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co. , The
Nurseries, Salisbury, £2.

Commended, Mr. B. B. Cant, The
Nurseries, Colchester.

Class 2.-24 Distinct, Three Trusses
of each. (Nurserymen.)

1st, Messrs. Curtis. Sanford and Co., £5.

2nd, Messrs. Paul and Son, £3.

3rd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co., £2.

Class 3. — 24 Distinct Single Trusses.

(Nurserymen.)

1st, Messrs. J. Laing and Co., The
Nurseries, Forest Hill, £3.

2nd, Messrs. Curtis , Sanford andCo . , £2 .

3rd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co., £1.

Class 4. — 12 Distinct Single Trusses.

(Nurserymen.)

1st, Messrs. Curtis, Sanford and Co.,
£1. 10s.

2nd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co., £1.

3rd, Messrs. J. Laing and Co., 15s.

Class 5. — 24 Distinct Single Trusses,
(Amateurs.)

1st, P. N. G. Baker, Esq., Heavitree,
Exeter. £4.

2nd, J. Holling worth, Esq., Turkey
Court, Maidstone, £3.

3rd, Mr. J. Davis, The Square, Wilton,
Wilts, £2.

I Class 6. — 12 Distinct, Three Trusses
of each. (Amateurs.)

1st, B. N. G. Baker Esq., £4.

2nd, J. Hollingworth, Esq., £3.

3rd, Mr. J. Davis, £2.

Class 7. — 12 Distinct Single Trusses.
(Amateurs.)

1st, G. P. Hawtrey, Esq., Langley
Place, Slough, £2.

2nd, B. N. G. Baker, Esq., £1.

3rd, Mr. J. Davis, 15s.

Class 8. — 12 Distinct TEA or
NOISETTE. (Open.)

I 1st, G. P. Hawtrey, Esq., £1.

2nd, J. H. Pemberton, Esq., Bomford,
15s.

3rd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co., 10s.

Class 9. — 6 of any one sort of
HYBBID PEBPETUAL. (Open.)
1st, B. N. G. Baker, Esq., 15s.

2nd, Mr. B. B. Cant, 10s.

3rd, W. Farren, Esq., Cambridge, 5s.

Class 10. — 6 of any one sort of TEA
or NOISETTE. (Open.)

1st, G. P. Hawtrey, Esq., 15s.

2nd, Mr. J. Davis, 10s.

3rd, W. Farren. Esq., 5s.

Class 11. — 6 Distinct NEW BOSES
of 1877 and 1878. (Open.)

1st, Messrs.Curtis,SanfordandCo.,15s.
2nd, Messrs. Paul and Son, 10s.

3rd, Messrs. J. Keynes and Co., 5s.

Special Prizes offered by Messrs. John Laing and Co.
Class A.— 9 TUBEBOUS BEGONIAS, Distinct. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. J. Tong, Gr. to J. S. Law, Esq., Southgate, £3.

2nd, Mr. A. Luff, Gr. to B. B. Hyatt, Esq., Streatham, £2,

Classes B. and C., offered by Messrs. James Carter and Co.

Class B.-COLLECTION OF VEGETABLES. (Amateurs.)

1st, Mr. G. T. Miles, Gr. to Lord Carington, High Wycombe, £7.
2nd, Mr. W. Iggulden, Gr. to B. B. W. Baker, Esq., Bomford, £5.
3rd, Mr. B. Phillips, Gr. to Capt. Jackson, Gravesend, £3.

4th, Mr. S. Haines, Gr. to the Earl of Badnor, Highworth, £1. 10s.

Class C.— 4 DISHES OF PEAS.

1st, Mr. J. Bichardson, Boston, Lincolnshire, £3. 3s.

Offered by Messrs. Hooper and Co.

Class D.— COLLECTION OF VEGETABLES.
1st, Mr. W. Iggulden, £5. 5s.

Offered by Messrs. Sutton and Sons.

Class E.— 6 DISHES OF PEAS.

1st, Mr. W. Iggulden, Silver Medal and £2 2s.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxv

MISCELLANEOUS.

Highly Commended.

Mrs. Bishopp, Esher, for Wax Flowers.

Commended.

Messrs. Smith and Larke, Kensington, for Bouquets and Flowers for
Table Decoration.

Messrs. Dick Radclyffe and Co., High Holborn, for Fountain.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Monstrous Primrose. — Dr. Masters reported on the specimen
exhibited by Mr. Douglas at the last meeting. The main flower-
stalk, instead of bearing a single flower, bore a tuft of leaves,
intermixed with which were a number of extremely deformed
flowers, presenting many and complex changes, the most
important of which consisted in the presence of anthers as well
as of ovules on the margins of the same carpellary leaf.

Insects Injurious to Cinchona in Ceylon. — The Rev. M. J. Berkeley
sent a pupa of a large moth, possibly one of the Sphingidce,
the larva of which feeds on the leaves of Cinchona succirubra
in Ceylon. The specimen was not sufficient for identification.

Lathyrus Drummondii. — The Rev. H. Harpur-Crewe submitted
flowers of this, to show that there was no difference between the
plant so named in gardens and L. rotundifolius.

Grapes from the Old Wood. — The Rev. G. Henslow showed a
specimen of a bunch of Grapes produced from the old wood — a
state of things occasionally hut rarely met with.

Erineum. — Dr. Masters showed from Mr. Earley, leaves of a
Vine with thickened epidermis and dense hairs, arising, not
from a fungus, hut from an over development of the skin of
the leaf.

Plants Shown. — From Mr. McIntosh: Fusion of two flowers
of Lilium longiflorum. From Mr. Laing : Double Begonia, with
a very long stout flower-stalk, the leaf-shoots adjacent being
proportionately diminished in size. From Colonel Clarke :
Watsonia spicata (Micranthus fistulosus, Klatt), W. plantaginea
(M. p lantagineus , E j us d em) , and Ismene pedunculata, Herbert. From
Messrs. Dickson and Turnbull, Perth, splendid spikes of Orchis
maculata var. superba. From Mr. W. Heale, a new scented¬
leaved Pelargonium, and a bunch of 11 Little Gem ” Yiola, a
very pretty flower with the colour of a Primrose.

Clxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Begonia “ Beine
Blanche ,” from Messrs. J. Laing and Co. ; to Begonia “ Constance
Veitch ,” and Rhododendron “ Duchess of Tech ” from Messrs. J.
Veitch and Sons ; to Coleus “ Maude,” from Mr. J. King
(gardener to G. Simpson, Esq.); to Pelargonium (tricolor)
“ Mr. Henry Cox,” from Mr. C. Edmonds; to Pelargonium
(decorative) “ Princess of Wales,” from Messrs. J. and J. Hayes;
to Rose (H. P.), “ Duke of Tech,” from Messrs. Paul and Son ;
to Begonia 11 Edward Morren ,” from Mr. H. Cannell ; and to
Pelargonium (decorative) “ Volonte Rationale ” from Mr. F.
Perkins.

Cultural Commendation to a group of Orchids, from Mr. W.
Reeves (gardener to C* Hart, Esq.)

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. H. Heims (gardener
to F. A. Philhrick, Esq., Q.C.), for Dendrobium filiforme.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A Silver-gilt Knightian Medal was awarded to Messrs.
T. Rivers and Son, for a collection of Fruit Trees in pots.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to thirteen fruits of
Melon “ Earl of Beaconsfield,” from Mr. H. Wildsmith
(gardener to Viscount Eversley) ; and to Pineapple “ Provi¬
dence,” from Mr. Perkins (gardener to C. Kieser, Esq.)

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. R. Gilbert (gardener to
the Marquis of Exeter), for Melons; to Mr. Jarvis (gardener to
G. Edwards, Esq.), for a dish of Peaches ; to Mr. Coomber
(gardener to Colonel Wilkinson), for Twin Cucumber; and to
Mr. Spavin, for Peaches and Nectarines.

July 9, 1879.

THE EVENING FETE.

The Evening Fete of the Society, held on the 9th July, was
attended by a large number of Fellows and their friends.
The gardens were brilliantly illuminated. Four of Messrs.
Siemens Brothers powerful electric lights rendered all the
upper terraces as bright as in tropical moonlight, and in
the lower garden the walks were festooned with small lamps.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxvii

In the arcades were exhibited many novel scientific inventions
and objects of interest, amongst which should he recorded the
following : — Edison’s loud- speaking Telephone, lent by the
Eight Hon. E. P. Bouverie and Colonel Gourand, exhibited by
Mr. Arnold White ; the Phonograph, or talking and singing
machine, lent by the London Stereoscopic Company ; Edison’s
Electric Pen, exhibited by Mr. Thomas Butler ; Telegraphic
apparatus, various, lent by the Post-Master General ; Praxino-
scope and diagrams, Microscopes, Singing Water Hammer,
Graphoscopes and Stereoscopes, exhibited by Messrs. Murray
and Heath ; Models of tropical fruits, specimens of Indian
vegetable productions, and diagrams of Indian plants and trees,
lent by the Director of the Indian Museum ; Devolving stereo¬
scope and “ Grip,” Charles Dickens’ favourite raven, alluded to
in “ Barnahy Budge,” lent by the London Stereoscopic Company ;
Microscopes, with objects, lent by Messrs. Boss and Co. ; Three-
shutter telephone line indicator complete, six- shutter electric
bell and telephone indicator combined, for domestic purposes,
and automatic switch call bell for single line, with telephones,
exhibited by the Telephone Company ; Steam engines by P.
Brotherhood, working two of Siemens Brothers’ electric lights,
lent by the inventor. Large Automatic Spectroscope, with a dis¬
persive power of twenty-four dense flint glass prisms, showing the
spectra of silver and gold ; new forms of Stephenson’s binocular
microscopes, displaying a new set of crystals derived from coal
tar, prepared by A. C. Cole, Esq. ; and Micro- Spectroscope, with
the absorption spectra of colouring matters from leaves and
juices of plants, lent by Mr. John Browning. Phonoscope, an
apparatus for rendering visible by electricity musical sounds,
apparatus for showing the effects of the human voice on a gas
jet, apparatus for showing the nodal points of a vibrating cord,
Ladd’s dynamo-magneto machine, Gramme-machine for labora¬
tory use, microscopes and polariscopes, lent by Messrs. W. Ladd
and Co. Collection of economic and medicinal plants, com¬
prising specimens of the trees and plants which produce the
spices and condiments in daily use, tropical fruits, valuable
woods, gums, medicines and poisons ; collection of interesting
carnivorous plants ; and collection of plants which may not
inappropriately be called “ botanical jewelry,” lent by Mr.
William Bull. Collection of Japanese books and other Japanese

Clxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

articles, cones from California, musical instruments from Borneo
and Madagascar, cloth fibre of the Kopeh, cups and bowls taken
from the graves of Indians in Peru, ornaments from the South
Sea Islands, and nickel silver ore, lent by Messrs. J. Yeitch
and Sons. Lighting in the conservatory and upper gardens by
Messrs. Siemens Brothers ; in the rose garden and the great
exhibition tent by the Anglo-American Electric Light Company
with the Wallace light; the “Eclipse” gas engine, exhibited
by Messrs. Louis Simon and Son, Nottingham, working Electric
Light in the vestibule.

The bands of the 1st Life Guards and the Boyal Horse
Guards (Blue) performed selections of music in the gardens,
and part songs were given by the members of the Lombard
Amateur Musical Society under the direction of Mr. Prendergast.

July 22, 1879.

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.

Lord Alfred S. Churchill , Vice-President, in the Chair.

Elections. — Selim Bustros, George Procter Hawtrey, Herman
James Sillem.

Medals Awarded. — Silver Banksian to Messrs. James Veitch
and Sons, for a collection of cut blooms of Roses.

The Assistant Secretary made a few remarks upon some of
the interesting plants in the room, and Mr. Elwes commented
upon the new varieties of Iris Kcempferi.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, E.R.S., in the Chair.

The chief business of the Meeting on this occasion consisted
in the exhibition of various specimens of rare or interesting
plants.

Plants, dec.. Exhibited. — Mr. Elwes showed specimens of the
following : — Polygonatum giganteum, a very tall-growing Solomon’s
Seal, with greenish, elongated, bell-shaped flowers ; Bomarea
Salsilla(acutifolia of gardens), a very pretty Alstromeria-like plant,
with clusters of pink bell- shaped flowers. It is an old inhabi¬
tant of our greenhouses, but it is not generally known that it is

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxix

hardy out-of-doors. Milla longipes, with umbellate, erect, funnel-
shaped, brownish flowers ; M. Murray ana, with umbels of blue
flowers ; M. laxa, with flowers of similar character, but larger
and paler ; Calliprora lutea, a yellow-flowered Milla-like plant ;
Brodicea congesta, Allium Palmeri, Tricoccum Murrayanum, Scilla
peruviana, various species of Gladiolus, with rich scarlet or
crimson flowers, with a large white spot in the centre of the
three upper petals.

Polyandrous Horse Radish. — The Rev. George Hen slow
showed flowers of Horse Radish, with an unusual number of
stamens, on which he promised a further report.

Echeveria earunculata. — From Mr. Bull came a plant of
this singular form, wherein the leaf is hypertrophied, and
produces a warted, lobed fleshy mass on its upper surface,
similar to what may occasionally be seen in the Cabbage. The
same exhibitor also sent a specimen of Acacia, splicer ocephala,
showing the stout thorns which serve as a nest for ants, and
the curious glandular processes on the leaves which furnish
food for the said ants, who repay the shelter and food provided
for them by driving off the leaf- eating ants and other noxious
intruders.

Denclrobium formosum giganteum. — Mr Jennings called atten¬
tion to the peculiar mode of flowering of a specimen of this plant.
Usually the flowers appear at the extremity of the elongated
pseudobulbs at the end of the growing season, but in this case
the flowers appeared to come from the base of the pseudobulbs,
or rather, in reality, from very shortened arrested bulbs.

Japanese Plants, dc. — Dr. Masters gave an account of a visit
he had lately paid to Messrs Yeitch’s nursery at Combe Wood,
and showed specimens of various hardy Japanese, Chilian and
New Zealand plants, which he had gathered there, among which
may be mentioned the very elegant quite hardy evergreen
Quercus cuspidata and its variegated varieties, Daphne Genkwa ,
Rhus semi-alata, Sterculia platani folia, various forms of Vitis
hetemphylla, Elceagnusmacropliylla, a splendid evergreen Elceagnus,.
with broad ovate acute leaves, shining on the upper, silvery on
the lower surface ; Pratia angulata , a pretty little creeping plant
from New Zealand, with the foliage of Wahlenbergia hederacea ,
and white flowers like those of a Lobelia — admirably adapted
for rockeries ; Styrax obassia, a norble Japanese shrub, with large

dxX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

downy palmate leaves and racemes of drooping fragrant white
flowers ; C or ylopsis pauci flora fol. var., an elegant semi-scandent
shrub, with leaves like those of a Lime, but beautifully variegated
with pink and cream colour ; Acer nikoense, a Maple new to
gardens, with ternately compound leaves and red hairy stems :
Veronica Traversii, a New Zealand species, which proves quite
hardy at Combe Wood, and which bears London smoke better
than most plants ; Boldoa fragrans, a Chilian plant, with aromatic
leaves, generally grown as a greenhouse plant, but which is quite
hardy at Combe Wood; Dracocephalum Ruyschiana var. japonicum,
the Japanese form of a common European plant, very beautiful
as a hardy herbaceous perennial; Eucryplvia pinnatifiolia , a
remarkable Chilian shrub, with pinnate leaves and large white
flowers ; Conanclron ramondioides, a very remarkable plant, allied
to Ramondia pyrenaica, intermediate in some respects between
Gesneracece, Solanacece, and Scropliulariacece , with a single leaf and
a scape of white flowers, marked with yellow spots and with the
anthers combined into a tube ; Actinidia kolomickta , a semi-
scandent shrub, with ovate, acuminate, serrate leaves and white
flowers, like those of a Philadelphus ; Abies bifida, the plant
generally grown as A. firma ; Grevillea rosmarinifolia and G.
sulphur ea, both hardy in this locality ; Escallonia Philippiana, a
very pretty evergreen species, with a profusion of small white
starry blossoms ; Nandma domestica, Xanthoceras sorbifolia,
Staphylea colchica, ELymenanthera crassifolia, Azara microphylla ,
Maackia amurensis , with foliage like that of a Wistaria ; Drimys
Winteri, Abies canadensis var. parvifolia, a curious variety of the
Hemlock Spruce, with short leaves and long spreading branches ;
a dwarf variety of Retinospora filifera, Acacia Nemu, Viburnum
Sieboldi, &c. All the plants above mentioned have proved hardy
at Combe Wood.

Gall on Rhododendrons. — Specimens of small apple-like galls
on the leaves and shoots of X Rhododendron Wilsoni were shown
by Dr. Masters, and referred to Dr. Cooke, who reports that
the fungus which causes the gall is Eaobasidium Rhododendri.

Double Begonia. — Dr. Masters showed flowers of a double
Begonia X B. Veitchii, in which the petals assumed more or less
of the aspect of open carpels, bearing ovules on their margins,
and terminating above in coiled stigmas. — This was the last
meeting of the present session.

EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

clxxi

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Tradescantia multicolor ,
Sarracenia atrosanguinea, and Colens “ James Barnshaw ," from
Mr. W. Bull; to Coleus “Dr. Brushfield," from Mr. R. Lloyd;
to Pescatorea Klabochiana, from Mr. J. C. Spyers (gardener to
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.); to Bromelia Binotii, from
Mr. B. S. Williams; and to Iris Kcempferi, var., from H. J.
Elwes, Esq. -

Second-class Certificates were awarded to Rose (H. P.),
“ Isabella Ward," from Mr. R. Ward ; and to Tree Carnation
“ The Queen" from Mr. C. Turner.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Mr. J. C. Spyers,
for Odontoglossum coronarium.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. H. Cannell for cut
blooms of Begonias, Sweet Williams, &c. ; to Messrs. Barr and
Sugden, for cut blooms of Irises ; and to Mr. H. Hooper for cut
flowers of Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Cultural Commendations were awarded to Fruit of the
Vanilla, from Mr. S. A. Woods (gardener to G. S. Foljambe,
Esq.; and to Nectarine “ Albert Victor" (twelve fruits), from
Mr. J. Atkins (gardener to Colonel Loyd Lindsay).

August 12, 1879.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Silver Floras to Messrs. W. Paul and Son,
for Cut Roses ; and to Messrs. J. Laing and Co., for groups of
Begonias and Phloxes. Silver Banksians to Messrs. Paul and
Son and to Mr. C. Turner, for Cut Roses. Bronze Banksians
to Messrs. C. Lee and Son, for a group of Begonias, and to
Mr. H. Boiler, for a group of Cacti.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Begonia “ Stanstead
Rival," from Messrs. J. Laing and Co. ; to Coleus “ Tricolor,"
from Mr. H. Cannell ; to Sarracenia formosa. Nepenthes Vieillardii,
Iris Kcempferi, “ Sir S. Northcote," “The Jersey Belle," and
“ Charles Maries," from Messrs. J. Veitcb and Sons ; to Gladiolus
hybridus Lemoineus, fromMons. V.Lemoine; to Fuchsia “Eclipse,"
from Mr. Gr. Smith.

Clxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Botanical Commendation to Conandron ramondioides, from
Messrs. J. Veitck and Sons.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Messrs. Osborn and Sons, for
a group of Plants ; to Messrs. F. and A. Smith, for a group of
Balsams ; to Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons, for a group of Orchids ;
to Mr.H. Cannell, for cut blooms of Pelargoniums, Verbenas, &c.;
to Mr. J. Tong (gardener to J. S. Law, Esq.), for Begonias ; to
G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.B.S., for Eryngium giganteum ; and to
Mr. J. Wills, for Hydrangea paniculata grandifiora.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Melon “ Victory of
Bristol fi from Mr. W. Carmichael (gardener to H. P. Oakes, Esq.)

August 26, 1879.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

Medals Awarded. — Gold Medals to Messrs. J. Kelwayand Son,
for a collection of Gladioli (cut spikes) ; and to Mr. H. Cannell,
for cut blooms of Verbenas, Phloxes, and Hollyhocks. Silver
Banksian to Messrs. T. Perkins and Sons, for cut blooms of Roses.

First class Certificates were awarded to Encephalartos Fredericii
Guilielmi, Agapanthus umbellatus albus, Kentia Wendlandvi , and
Carludovica Drudei, from Mr. W. Bull ; to Gladioli “ Duchess of
Connaught ,” “ Duke of Connaught ,” “ S. Jennings ,” “ Electr a ,” and
“ T.S. Ware from Messrs. Kelway and Son; to Picotees *• Princess
Beatrice ,” “ Lady Roseberry,” and “ Sultana ,” from Mr. C. Turner.

Highly Commended : Strain of Picotees from Mr. C. Turner.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Mr. R. Lloyd, for Seedling
Coleuses; to Messrs. F. and A. Smith, for a collection of
Balsams ; and to Mr. W. Bull, for pan of Tigridia grandifiora.

FRUIT COMMITTEE.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Bean “ New Mammoth
Negro f from Messrs. Hurst and Son.

Cultural Commendation, to Apples “ Strawberry Pippin ” and
“ Kerry Pippin ,” from Mr. J. Douglas (gardener to F. Whit-
bourn, Esq.)

Commended (for its fine appearance as an exhibition pea),
Autumn Marrow Pea, from Mr. W. Culverwell.

LIST OF FELLOWS, &c., TO WHOM PLANTS AND
SEEDS HAYE BEEN SUPPLIED FBOM THE
SOCIETY’S GARDENS, CHISWICK, NOT INCLUDING
THOSE SUPPLIED FROM KENSINGTON.

Adams, Mrs. G. W. Plants, 21.

Aiton, Mrs. Plants, 28 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Aldridge, Mrs. John. Plants, 15.

Allbutt, Thos. Clifford. Plants, 15.

Alston, Mrs. Crewe. Plants, 15 ; Strawberries, 3 varieties of 50
each ; Raspberries, 25 of 1 variety.

Allen, Charles John. Plants, 15.

Ames, Edward. Plants, 20.

Ashmore, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Atkins, T. H. Plants, 16.

Aylesford, Dowager Countess of. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Baillie, Lieut. -Col., Duncan. Plants, 18.

Ballard, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Barretto, Baron. Plants, 15.

Barron, William & Sons. Apples, 8 varieties (grafts) ; Pears,
7 ditto ; Plums, 4 ditto.

Bartleet, H. S. Seeds, 4 packets; Plants, 13.

Bartlett, John Edward. Plants, 12; Gloxinias, 6 varieties
(leaves).

Batten, Mrs. Chisholm. Plants, 14.

Bayley, Robert. Plants 15 ; Pelargonium (zonal), 8 varieties
(cuttmgs) ; ditto (fancy), 6 varieties (cuttings) ; Apples,
2 varieties (grafts).

Beale, Lionel. Plants, 14.

Buckingham Hort. Society. Seeds, 15 packets of 25 each.

Beale, E. J. Vines, 8 varieties (cuttings) ; Apples, 15 varieties
(cuttings) ; Pears, 2 varieties (cuttings) ; Cherries, 4
varieties ; (cuttings) ; Figs, 5 varieties (cuttings).

Beauchamp, Lady. Plants, 20.

Benham, Mrs. Seeds, 2 packets of 20 each.

Berners, Mrs. Hugh. Plants, 15.

Best, Major Mawdestley. Plants, 15.

Bird, Augustus. Plants 12 ; Phloxes, 12 varieties. Seeds,
2 packets of 25 each.

Bird, P. Hinckes. Plants, 22.

Bishop, Major-General W. D. Plants, 27.

Blaauw, Thomas St. Leger. Plants, 14.

Blenkins, George E. Plants, 15 ; Pelargoniums (zonal), 5
varieties (cuttings).

Blenkinsop, B. Plants, 19 ; Raspberries, 100 ; Rhubarb,
6 crowns.

Bragg, T. Plants, 9.

Brooker, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Buckley, Mrs. Plants, 26.

Burkinyoung, Mrs. J. A. Plants, 17.

Burnaby, Mrs. H. F. Plants, 27.

Burton, Decimus. Plants, 15.

Bury, Rt. Hon. Viscount. Plants, 24.

Butler, Mrs. C. Plants, 16.

Crewe, Rev. H. Harpur. Plants, 20.

Caltliorpe, Lord. Plants, 16 ; Eucalyptus, 4 varieties (8 plants),
Seeds, 8 varieties ; Pelargoniums (Cape), 7 varieties.
Canned, Henry. Plants, 4.

Cave, Mrs. S. Plants, 25.

Cawley, James. Plants, 20.

Chambers, Montagu. Plants, 14 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25
each.

Chaplin, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Chapman, D. B. Plants, 12.

Childers, John Walbanke. Plants 26.

Churchill, Lord A. S. Plants, 2 (Cryptomeria elegans).

Clarke, Col. R. T. Currants, 6 varieties (cuttings); Goose¬
berries, 11 varieties (cuttings) ; Pelargoniums, 9 varieties ;
Canna, 1 variety.

Climenson, Rev. John. Plants, 23.

Clowes, George. Plants, 15.

Cobbold, Henry C. Plants, 15.

Cocks, Reginald T. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Cole, Mrs. John. Plants, 15.

Colebrook, John. Plants, 15.

Coltman, Mrs. F. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Cook, Mrs. E. J. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Cooper, Robert. Plants, 26.

Cooper, W. S. Plants, 20.

Cocker, James. Plants, 13 varieties ; Pelargonium, double,
4 ; Begonias, 2 varieties.

Cox, John. Pears, 2 varieties (cuttings) ; Begonia, 1 variety
Crofton, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Cumming, J. Plants, 14.

Cutbush, James. Vines, 14 varieties (cuttings) ; Fig, 1 variety,
(cuttings).

Daniel, Miss. Plants, 28.

Darbishire, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Dauney, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Deacon, Miss J. B. Plants, 25.

Dent, William. Plants, 14.

Dickson, William Alfred. Plants, 23 ; Vines, 23 varieties (cut¬
tings); Figs, 4 varieties (cuttings).

Dolman, James. Plants, 19; Pelargoniums (zonal), 9 varieties;

Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Donnelly, Lt.-Col. Plants, 20.

Downie, John Pelargoniums (zonal) ; 6 varieties (cuttings) ;

Begonia ; 1 variety (2 plants). Fuchsia, 1 variety.
Drummond, Hon. F. Plants, 20.

Drummond, Hon. Mrs. Hay. Plants, 12.

Drummond, Walter. Plants, 30.

Du Cane, Hon. Lady. Plants, 15.

Duckworth, Mrs. Dyce. Plants 29 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 26 each.
Duncombe, G. T. Plants, 25.

Durant, H. W. Plants, 13.

Denny, John. Plant, 1 variety, Ivy-leaved Geranium.

Easton, Dr. J. Plants, 15.

Easton, James, Junr. Plants, 27.

Easton, Miss. H. M. Plants, 14.

Edwardes, Thomas D., Junr. Eucalyptus globulus (1 plant) ;
Gloxinias, 8 varieties (leaves).

Eland, G. F. Plants, 28 ; Gooseberries, 6 varieties (cuttings) ;

Currants, 9 varieties (cuttings).

Eliott, S., Junr. Plants, 14.

Elliott, H. G. Guy. Plants, 27 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Elwes, H. J. Plants (Himalayan), 70 varieties ; Saxifraga
Nepalensis (6 plants) ; Plants, 44 ; Seeds, 4 varieties.
Emerton, William. Plants, 6 ; Pelargoniums (zonal), 12
varieties; (double), 8 varieties.

Erskine, Miss. Plants, 20.

Evelyn, Mrs. Col. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Eyre, Thomas J. Plants, 30 ; Lonicera, 2 varieties (cuttings).
Feilden, Rev. John. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Fellowes, Mrs. C. J. Plants, 17.

Fenwick, Mrs. C. R. Plants, 14.

Fenwick, Mrs. Henry. Plants, 27 ; Currants, 4 varieties
(cuttings) ; Pears, 6 varieties (cuttings) ; Apples, 8 varieties
(cuttings); Gooseberries, 6 varieties (cuttings) ; Strawberries,
3 varieties (cuttings).

Field, John. Pelargoniums (zonal), 6 varieties.

Filmer, The Dowager Lady. Plants, 20.

Finzel, Conrad William. Plants, 16.

Fisher, John. Plants, 15.

Fraser, John. Vines, 15 varieties (cuttings); Figs, 2 varieties
(cuttings) ; Currants, 1 variety (cuttings).

Friend, Henry S. Plants, 14,

Fryer, W. R. Plants, 18.

Gardner, Capt. Thomas. Plants, 20.

Gatliff, W. Hoey. Plants, 24.

Geary, Lady. Plants, 12.

Gebhardt, Mrs. Plants, 15; Strawberries, 1 variety (100).
Gladwin, Mrs. H. F. Plants, 15.

Glentworth, Viscountess. Plants, 20.

Goddard, Ambrose L. Plants, 18 ; Fuchsia, 3 varieties (cuttings).
Goding, Mrs. H. Plants, 14.

Gordon, Mrs. Plants, 27.

Gordon, William Hamilton. Plants, 15.

Gossett, J. J. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Gower, Robert F. Plants, 12 ; Pelargoniums, 6 varieties ;

Pears, 7 varieties (cuttings); Apples, 7 varieties (cuttings).
Graham, Mrs. Plants, 30.

Gray, James. Seeds, 2 packets of 20 each.

Grimshaw, J. S. Plants, 20.

Grover, Captain G. E. Plants, 24.

Guedalla, Henry. Plants, 15.

Gumbleton, W. E. Abutilons, 2 varieties.

Hamilton, Mrs. Plants, 18 ; Seeds, 1 packet Dianthus ;

Geraniums, 6 varieties (cuttings) .

Hanbury, Robert. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Harcourt, Col. F. V. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Hardcastle, J. A. Plants, 25.

Harradine, Tlios, Plants, 20.

Harrington, Elizabeth, Countess of. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.
Harrington, Mrs. Plants, 12.

Harrison, Matthew. Plants, 10.

Harrison, Wm. Plants, 26.

Haughton, William, Plants, 18.

Hope, Miss. Cape Pelargonium, 3 varieties ; Plants, herbaceous,
3 varieties ; Pelargoniums, 6 varieties (cuttings).

Hawkins, Rev. R. M. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Haywood, T. B. Plants, 20. Apples, 12 varieties (cuttings) ;
Pears, 5 varieties (cuttings); Strawberries, 5 varieties, 50
each ; Violas, 12 varieties.

Heath, Rev. J. M. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Herford, C. Lindsay. Plants, 16 ; Violas, 6 varieties ; Straw¬
berries, 4 varieties (50).

Hill, T. D, Plants, 23.

Hogg, Robert. Plants, herbaceous, 32 varieties; Saxifragas,
12 varieties.

Holford, Mrs. R. S. Plants, 12 varieties.

Holt, Jas. Maden. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Holt, Mrs. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Hornby, Mrs. Plants, 17 ; Strawberries, 4 varieties (50).

Houghton, Mrs. C. G-. G. Plants, 80.

Howard, Lady (of Glossop). Plants, 80.

Hubert, Samuel Morton. Plants, 15.

Hudson, J. G. Plants, 15.

Huggins, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Huntingfield, Lady. Plants, 12.

Jacob, W. H. Plants, 22.

Jefferies, W. J. Eucalyptus globulus, 2; Cupressus Lawsoniana
argentea, 1.

Jervis, Hon. Caroline M. E. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.
Jersey Horticultural Society. Plants, 48 Seeds, 20 packets
of 25 each.

Jones, J. Pateshall. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Jones, Mrs. Charles. Plants, 18.

Kelso, C. G. L. Seeds, 2 packets of 20 each.

Kemp, Rev. George. Plants, 11 ; Plants, herbaceous, 6 varieties ;
Pelargoniums, 18 varieties (cuttings) ; Seeds, 2 packets of
25 each.

Kennedy, Major William. Plants, 2 (Virginian creepers).
Kilvington, Mrs. F. Plants, 25.

King, John. Plants, 20.

King, J. H. Plants, 15.

Knigbtley, Lady. Plants, 15.

Kingborn, F. R. Vines, 7 varieties (cuttings).

Laing, John. Vines, 13 varieties (cuttings).

Laing, Mrs. Seton. Plants, 25.

Lambert, Major-General. Plants, 11.

Lancaster, Benjamin. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 1 packet of 25.
Lang, George Murray. Plants, 25.

Law, J. S. Plants, 29.

Lawden, Thomas Tipping. Plants, 15.

Lawrence, SR Trevor, Bart., M.P. Dendrobium linguoeforme,
1 plant ; Begonia Moonlight, 2.

Leaf, C. J. Plants, 19.

Lee, Charles. Vines, 17 varieties (cuttings).

Legb, William John. Plants, 27.

Leinster, The Duke of. Plants, 30.

Lempriere, R. R. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each ; Plants, 25.
Lewin, Mrs. Plants, 26.

Lloyd, Edward. Plants, 26 ; Violas, 6 varieties ; Strawberries,
3 varieties (50).

Longford, Earl of. Plants, 37.

Ludlow, Tbos. Vincent. Plants, 15,

Lyon, Thomas. Plants, 16.

Macleay, Sir George, K.C.M.G, Plants, herbaceous, 12
varieties ; Iris, 5 varieties ; Cannas, 8 varieties.

Maitland, Mrs. Plants, 15,

Manby, Charles. Plants, 19.

Mason, Major. Plants, 13 ; Pelargoniums, 11 varieties.
Matthews, John. Plants, 15.

Mellor, Mrs. J. R. Plants, 27.

Midlane, Mrs. Henry. Plants, 16.

Montagu, I. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Montgomery, Sir Robert. Plants, 30.

Moore, Mrs. Wm. F. Plants, 12.

Morley, John. Plants, 30.

Mosse, G. Staley. Plants, 27.

Nicholl, Rev. E. P. Plants, 14.

Nottingham Hort. Society. Seeds, 20 packets (25).

Nutter, Mrs. Plants, 28.

Nevill, Lady D. Plants, 2.

Oakes, H. Porteous. Plants, 14 ; Strawberries, 4 varieties (25).
Okeden, W. H. P. Plants, 13.

Oliverson, R. Plants, 27.

Osborne, Sir C. Stanley. Seeds, 1 packet.

O’Shaughnessy, R. Plants, 15.

Paget, Rt. Hon. Lord C. Plants, 23.

Paget, Mrs. Frederick. Plants, 15 ; Seeds, 1 packet of 25.
Paine, William D. Plants, 19.

Palmer, Edward Howley. Plants, 23.

Parker, Lady. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Parry, Mrs. Plants, 23.

Pasley, Colonel G. Plants, 17.

Paul, George. Nectarine (grafts).

Payne, Wilham. Plants, 21.

Parker, R. Plants, 8; Fig, 1.

Pearson, C. E. Plants, 4; Strawberries, 5 varieties, 100 of each.
Peto, Lady. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Portman, The Lord. Plants, 23.

Potter, Mrs. Richard. Plants, 25.

Pyke, Thomas. Plants, 30.

Ranken, Mrs. Bayne. Plants, 14.

Rashleigh, J. Plants, 27.

Read, W. H. Rudstone. Plants, 13.

Robb, Mrs. Plants, herbaceous, 40 varieties ; Phloxes, 8
varieties ; Plants, Himalayan, 4 varieties.

Roger, A. Plants, 14.

Rosher, Edward. Plants, 14.

Rowland, Miss Sophia. Plants, 15.

Rushout, Miss. Plants, 17.

Sandbach, H. R. Plants, 24 ; Pelargoniums (zonal), 6 varieties.
Saunders, T. B. Seeds, 2 packets of 25 each.

Saunders, W. Wilson. Pelargoniums, Cape, 15 varieties ;
Fuchsias, 8 packets (cuttings).

Scotland, Sir Colley. Plants, 13.

Sendall, James. Plants, 13.

Sewell, Frederic. Plants, 15.

Slieddon, Thomas. Plants, 23.

Simpson, George. Plants, 15.

Smith, F. T. Yines, 15 varieties (cuttings).

Smith, George. Pelargoniums, 6 varieties.

Smith, Henry E. Plants, 14.

Smith, Matthew. Plants, 13.

Snook, Miss A. L. Plants, 12.

Spalding Horticultural Society. Seeds, 15 packets of 25 each.
St. Ann’s Horticultural Society. Plants, 48.

Somes, Mrs. Plants, 29.

Speed, Thomas. Asters, 30 varieties ; Begonia, 2 plants.
Spicer, W. R. Plants, 28.

Stanley, Miss Sloane. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Stewart, H. G. Murray. Plants, 24.

Stewart, Miss E. Plants, 13.

Streatfield, Mrs. Plants, 15.

Strickland, Sir C. W., Bart. Plants, 13.

Stuart, Charles Pole. Plants, 23.

Sutton, William Lloyd. Plants, 25 ; Yines, 16 varieties
(cuttings); Currants, 6 varieties (cuttings); Gooseberries,
6 varieties (cuttings); Figs, 2 varieties; Strawberries,
4 varieties (25).

Sword, Alexander. Plants, 15.

Syme, David. Yines, 20 varieties (cuttings).

Symmons, W. Plants, 22.

Tappen, G. C. W. Plants, 12.

Teesdale, Mrs. F. S. Plants, 15.

Templeton, Archibald. Plants, 26.

Templetown, Viscountess. Plants, 15.

Tenison, The Lady. Plants, 27.

Thomson, J. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Treeby, J. W. Plants, 14.

Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart. Plants, 24.

Tulk, Dr. John. Plants, 15.

Turnbull, Henry B. Plants, 17.

Turner, Charles. Yines, 5 varieties (cuttings); Plants, 100
Carnations.

Ullathorne, Alexander. Plants, 18.

Yalpy, Mrs. Plants, 21.

Yeitch, H. J. Plants, 100 Carnations; Gooseberries, 36 varieties
(cuttings).

Vertegans, R. H. Plants, 18.

Yerulam, The Earl. Plants, 25.

Wade, John. Seeds, 2 packets of 20 each.

Waggett, Dr. Plants, 26.

Walford, Cornelius. Seeds, 2 packets of 20 each.

Walker, Mrs. Edward. Plants, 17.

Walker, Thos. E. Plants, 24.

Walter, Jacob. Plants, 15.

Walton, Charles. Plants, 15.

Warner, Robert. Apples, 2 varieties (cuttings) ; Pears, 2 varieties
(cuttings) ; Plums, 5 varieties (cuttings) ; Plants, 9.

Warre, Chas. N. C. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Waterlow, W. B. Abutilons, 2 varieties (cuttings) ; Pelargoniums,
11 varieties (cuttings) ; Succulents, 2 varieties.

Watson, J. P. Plants, 27.

Webb, E . A. Plants, 15 ; Chrysanthemums, 6 varieties (cuttings).
Webb, Henry. Phloxes, 16 varieties ; Plants, herbaceous, 7
varieties ; Pelargoniums (zonal), 21 varieties ; Gooseberry,
1 variety (cuttings).

Webber, Charles. Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Weir, Harrison. Shrubs, 40 varieties Himalayan species; Vines,
1 variety (cuttings) ; Apple, 1 variety (cuttings) ; Gloxinias,
8 varieties (leaves).

Weston, Alexander A. Plants, 15.

Whitmore, John. Plants, 21.

Whitmore, Mrs. C. S. Plants, 25.

Whittingstall, Miss. Plants, 13.

Williams, C. Henry. Plants, 14.

Willing, James. Plants, 15.

Wills, John. Plants, 200 Carnations.

Wilson, G. E. Plants, 29 ; Eucalyptus, 3 varieties, 9 plants ;
Primula, 3 varieties, 6 plants ; Currants, 13 varieties ;
Raspberries, 100.

Wilson, Mrs. Plants,^! 2.

Woodhouse, Mrs. C. M. Plants, 15.

Woolf, Sidney. Plants, 24.

Woolloton, Charles. Plants, 15.

Wrench, Robert. Strawberries, 500 ; Raspberries, 100.
Wyndham, Henry. Plants, 25 ; Seeds, 1 packet of 25.

Wynn, Sir W. W., Bart. Plants, 26.

Yeld, Mrs. G. Anson. Plants, 22.