UIA
3 2044 105 172 3;

il

73

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. VIII.

THE FROST REPORT

ON THE
EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE FROSTS ON VEGETATION DURING

THE WINTERS 1879-80 anv 1880-S1.

Gray Herbarium
xg Harvard University

INIVERRPQITV DUGDDPA DTI
UNIVERSIL Y HERBARIUM.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE
/

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WOR ACVLLL

ook FROST REPORT

ON THE
EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE FROSTS ON VEGETATION DURING

THE WINTERS 1879-80 anv 1880-Sl,

BY

REV. GEORGE HENSLOW, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

Hon. Sec. to the Scientifie Commitiee of the Royal Horticultural Society, $c., $c.

1887.

* ae i”
‘ah. ay cWRNY.
~ ie ko + ;
ln slntbt Si lear “ak te ee
si ORLA ee ry =e % ~~
Pte My af, 7 » Ravers <% me,
ie |

a re
—<_ a,
a

PREFACH.

Tue proposal to obtain information upon the injuries to and losses
amongst plants from the great cold of the severe winter 1879-80
was first made by Mr. Elwes at a meeting of the Scientific Com-
mittee of the Royal Horticultural Society, held on March 9th, 1880;
when a Sub-Committee was appointed to collect evidence upon “‘ the
effects of the severe frost on vegetation,’ consisting of Sir J. D.
Hooker, Mr. G. F. Wilson, Rev. H. H. Crewe, Dr. M. T. Masters,
and Col. F. Clarke, Dr. R. Hogg being Secretary, with power to
add to their number. Schedules were issued in April and again in
November. The returns of which form the first part of the Re-
ports of this Volume (pp. 1—192).

The winter of 1880-81 having been also exceptionally severe, it
was proposed to issue additional schedules; and in order to obtain
comparative results, the present writer drew up a list of plants
which had been very generally described in the previous schedules.
The list being approved by the Committee was issued in the sum-
mer of 1881. The reports received constitute the latter portion
of this volume. j

The extremely low temperatures having formed the particular
feature of these winters, I have procured a considerable number of
records in addition to those stated by the writers of the Reports;

and I endeavoured to verify the latter as far as possible by com-

PREFACE. >

paring each temperature with others recorded from the same place
or the neighbourhood of it. My main sources of information were
Mr. Marriott’s papers ‘“‘On the Frost of December, 1879, and of
January, 1881, over the British Isles,” as well as Reports from the
Meteorological Office, for which I am indebted to the kindness
of Mr. R. H. Scott.

In some cases in comparing the temperatures given by the authors
of the Reports with others prevailing in the immediate neighbour-
hood, I found considerable discrepancies, and have therefore inserted
a [?] indicating some doubt as to the correctness. If no tempe-
ratures were given I have added others from the nearest places,
giving the approximate distance in miles (measured from accurate
maps of the counties) as well as the altitudes, rainfall, &c. These
latter details, as well as the brief summaries of the Meteorological
Observations for each County are taken from Symons’ “ British
Rainfall.”

I would take this opportunity of calling attention to an article
which has lately appeared in the ‘‘ Annales Agronomiques,”’ tom Xii.,
p. 353 (Aug. 1886), by M. Mouillefert, entitled La température des
arbres et les effets du grand hiver de 1879-1880 a@ Grignon, in
which the author observes the effect of the frost of 1879-80, after
six years upon the trunks of trees. They exhibited three prin-
ciple degrees of injury with intermediate conditions; viz., some in
which the frost having penetrated down to and almost or quite
killed the cambium layer, the latter has been renewed by the
living medullary rays, the new tissues having united and formed
a continuous layer; secondly, where the injury has been more
severe, the restoration has only occurred in isolated places ;
~ lastly, where all the primitive cambium has been destroyed, as
well as all the fundamental tissue which might have been able to

recover it, then the tree has no longer vegetated.

- then gives a summary of the effects of frost on "

Deol and other interesting facts, concluding with an
Ay a of trees with details concerning their various powers

GEORGE HENSLOW.
- Drayton Hovsr,
EALING.

D ; + ; .
bah J ‘e a es :

oD A, URES ontop ening:

‘ @«
t. rt ye eur. ‘
114 soul * ff ae = Mi) or a° st
Fi 4 nk a’ ;
aarere “ Y -
- A t
os ’ 2 '
~ -
ais , *
; +
a i . ‘ 5 ti ] ah *
mht PARA Biysi rig,
= *
m2 & pire : } .
| - cal \ - z PP
4; i ~ » .
7: - ee
Re. .
sil
. .
4 >
+ t p
hd ’
’ - ‘
, °
-
“J -
- 3 :
7 . ‘ -
rst 4 :
+ ;
ee
‘
aS £ 475°
> 4

al

- = ,
3 “~ >. -
3 Ee .
’ ~ - “
>
y *
em
3
2
; . 4
] ; :
ve
’
L 2
.
‘ *
* : 5
’ . . . S <5
: A re ,
a
ad
aa
.
,
-
:
a ’
= sf
j ‘
:
.
‘
4 ~ j
aay
. ct é > -
ns .

CONTENTS

Page
Intrropuction (1) Epitome of the Characters of Severe

Winters from 1837 to 1881 : i
7 (2) The Distribution of Temperatures , Vill
= (3) The Grouping of Counties into Divisions, —_ 1x
= = (4)-The Bffect.of Soils . . . . xii

PS (5) Subterranean Frost and delayed Evidence
of Injuries ; ; X1V
. (6) Age and its Effects ; : : Xvi
Inpex to Counties : ; ’ F Xvl
,, to Min. Temperatures. : ; XViii
ae to Planis . , x

,, to Species, Varieties and Individuals, shewing different
degrees of Injury and Hardiness . Ixi
,, to Miscellaneous Matters , : ; Ixiii
ABBREVIATIONS used in the Reports . ; ' Ixv
ERRATA . ; : ; : ; Ixv
Reports, Winter, 1879-80 é ? : : 1

> Winter, 1880-81 go gs ° 193

1 * / iy agi foe ‘ns -{ + engi ity ny
; . = ay ‘ . A ch , % we” in
? Ee : ’ ‘ ‘ . . se uae re 7 . E
fe bie AS ick ait tan ae

Ln ats Ua . . . ‘ m7 \- ya ae '

: hy iy BP , Lahicgan, oa i ;
py

= 7 : : tale * ge a, i, ." 2 Uh
| P +d fad x”
‘ { i ut SS eee we. ae vie
"
. f J r
° *
:
4 -
\
. r r
K
?
é
’ *
. ‘
>
*
r
= :
’ ‘
'
4
i i
i
3
y
on) :
a
if f

_—_

‘INTRODUCTION.

SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTER OF THE WEATHER
PRECEDING AND DURING THE PRINCIPAL SEVERE WINTERS OF THE
LAST FIFTY YEARS, WITH THE RELATIVE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION.

1837-38. In consequence of an excessively cold spring, it was
not until the autumn of 1837 that vegetation made most of its
growth; but from want of sun, the wood could not well ripen;
the temp. of Oct. being 2°, and that of Nov., 3°, below the ay.
In the latter part of Dec. temp. was very high, the mean being
46°, so that young shoots were produced. The first week in Jan.
1838 was unusually warm, but after the 7th the weather increased
in severity till the 20th; e.g., temp. at Chiswick, -4°°5; at Becken-
ham, -139°°5 ; at Claremont, -12°. Hence, the greatest injuries were
endured by growths being imperfectly ripened.*

1840-41. The severity of this winter was less felt than that
of 1837-38 ; as the wood of trees and shrubs was well ripened, and
the long period of cold which preceded the severe weather of Jan.
1841 had prevented all tendency to premature growth. Temp. fell
to -7° at Bury St. Edmund’s; -4°:0 at Stowe, on Jan. 8th; but
only to 6° at Chiswick.t

1844.45. This winter was remarkable for its long continuance,
from the beginning of Dec. to the middle of March. In 1837-38,
the frost was sudden and the ground almost naked; but on this
occasion a series of dry winds prepared vegetation for the shock

‘and the ground was thickly covered with snow. No great amount

of injury appears to have been generally recorded, though the ©

_ market gardens suffered much around London; the min. temp. at

* Obs. upon the Effects produced on Plants by Frosts in 1837-8, by Dr. Lind-
ley. Trans. Hort. Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol. ii.,_p. 225. See also On the Hffects
of the severe Winter of 1837-8 on some Shrubberies and Gardens in Glamorgan-
shire, by L. D. Dillwyn, Esq., 1839.

+ Gard. Chron., 1841, p. 38:

é

li INTRODUCTION.

Isleworth being -5° on Feb. 12th. The excessively cold temps.,
both in 1837-38 and in 1844-45, having been in the 8. of England;
and the weather having been equally severe on the Continent in
the latter winter,—even Orange trees being killed at Marseilles,
while the min. temp. was -3° at Turin—it would seem that the
South of Eng. lay on the outskirts of a large anticyclonic area
over the W. of Europe. It appears to have been very cold at
Inverness, but ‘‘as the frost came on gradually plants became so
hardened as to endure it with impunity.’’*

1851-52. Subsequent to a short period of cold weather in Oct.
and Nov., the temp. on Nov. 4th being 22° near London, with no
injury to plants, there were two months of temp. 2° to 6° above
the av., the severest period not returning until April, with N. and
E. winds prevailing for three weeks. Previous to Nov. 1851 the
weather had been singularly dry with low temps. Hence the
tissues of plants were in a state approaching a winter torpor and
did not suffer. Much the same conditions prevailed a second time
until spring ; consequently even tender bushes were quite uninjured.
In March, temps. feli to 18°, 17°, 16° and lower, the weather
being dry, windy with Easterly winds and the temp. uniformly low.
“ The experience of this winter shows the small effect of English
cold upon exotic plants, provided they are dry, torpid and well
sheltered from sun and warmth.” :

1852-53. The June of 1852 was cold and wet; July being hot
» and dry, but Aug. and the remaining months were wet. The mean
temp. of Dec. was nearly 47°, and the earth temp. at 1 ft., 3°-5
above the av. Jan. 1853 was nearly 4° above the av., but Feb.,
with a min. temp. of 16° on the 18th, and the following months,
even to Sept., were below the av. Hence the cold spring following
on previously wet and mild seasons caused a considerable amount
of injury.

1859-60. Great heat and drought came in the summer of
1859; the ground temp. on Oct. 4th being 62°, and that of the air,

* Gard. Chron., 1845, p. 150. 1885-6. This winter resembled that of 1845
in being prolonged to the middle of March; but there were no very great
depressions of temperature as in 1879-80 and 1880-1, For accounts from
various parts of the British Isles, the reader is referred to the Journal of Hor-
ticulture, April lst, 1886, p. 254, and subsequent issues,

+ Gard. Chron., 1852, p. 147.

+ Gard: Chron., 1853, p: 659,

YS. e. ';

INTRODUCTION. lil

80°. Much rain followed from Aug. 20th; 5-7 ins. falling in 40
days. The consequence was that “it had the effect of a smart bot- .
tom heat” at the end of the year, stimulating vegetation most un-
naturally. On Oct. 21st the temp. suddenly fell to 23°, and on the
23rd to 17°, while the ground lost 10° in 5 days. This caused
immense damage, especially to succulent plants.*

1860-61. The year 1860 was almost unparallelled for its cold
and wet ; Dec. being the coldest month since 1789. The preceding
sunless and wet seasons prevented the ripening of wood and seeds.
The min. temp., Dec. 25th, -15° at Chatteris and Cheadle; of 180
obs., 87 were below 0°; 8 at 0°; 62 below 10°, and 23 above 10°.
“There was an almost entire absence of any piercing continuous
wind which inflicts such injury on plants.’”’+

1878-79. The mean temp. of 1878 was above the av. of 60 years
for 9 months (Blackheath). Hence conditions were exactly the
reverse of those of 1860. Vegetation was retarded in the spring,
while the root development was not stimulated in the aut., hence
the wood was well matured, and the whole energies of plant growth
brought so nearly to a dormant state that they were in the best
condition for resisting severe cold, which continued through Jan.
The mean temp. of the 3 winter months was 5° below the av. at
Bath ;. and that of the 3 spring months 2°-5 below the av. spring
mean. A marked feature of the winter was that the depression of
the max. temps. was greater, or more below the av. than the
depression of the min. temps. This explains, in part, the long
continuance of cold, without any such extremely low temps. as
have occurred in previous long winters.

1879-80. The temp. of every month of the whole of 1879 was
below the ay.; such not having been the case since 1776. There
was much rain and little sun. The total fall at Blackheath was
31:3 ins. Nov. was an exceedingly cold month with scarcely any
rain till after the 18th, It was not, however, a dry month, owing -
to mists. Dec. was remarkably cold, the temp. being lower than

* Gard. Chron., 1860, pp. 170, 335 and 585.

+ Gard. Chron., 1861, pp. 28, 73, 169. See Report on the unusual Intensity of
the Frost of Dec. 1860 and Jan. 1861 &c., by Duncan Forbes, Culloden.

t Gard. Chron,, 1879, I., pp. 112 and 143 ; See, Winter of 1878-9, in Bath,
and the Seasons following, by Rev. L. Blomefield.

iv INTRODUCTION.

in any Dec. in this century. It was characterised by dense and
very continuous fogs with a high barometer. The wnripened con-
dition of vegetation felt the severity extremely.

The winter of 1879-80 commenced in the latter part of Nov.,
min. temp. ranging from 20° to 24°. Scarcely any rain fell after
the 18th. The most severe periods, however, were from lst to
7th of Dec., the 11th and 19th. Less intense frosts prevailed
from 21st to 26th, and again at the end of Jan. 1880.

The barometric indications of the coming severity first appeared
on Nov. 30th in a well marked oval depression over the N. sea
(29-7 ins.) ; while anticyclonic conditions prevailed in Norway and
on the West of Great Britain. Temps. began to be lowered gene-
rally and snow fell over Scotland and the H. side of England on ©
Dec. 18th. The min. temps. on this day were at York, 23°; Not-
tingham, 22°; Cambridge, 23°; and London, 22°. On the 2nd the
cyclone dispersed, giving rise to a small subsidiary one, the centre
of which was at Shields, where the min. temp. was 17° ; though the
centre of the isotherm of 10° was near Nottingham, the min.
temp. at that place being 4°; that for all England, being at Coston,
viz., -4°°5. On the 3rd, pressure and temp. were very complicated.
Cyclones occurred over the Baltic, the coast of Holland and the Bay
of Biscay; while a centre of high pressure occurred in France,
and a second stood over Scandinavia. There were three centres
of very low temps. in Great Britain, viz., Kelso, 3°; Braemar,
-0°-8; South of Edinburgh, 0°; and also between York and Dur-
ham. On Dec. 4th temp. rose in 8.W., with a well defined cyclone,
and fell in the N. under a large anticyclonic area; the isotherm of
20°, now extending over the greater part of the whole of the
British Isles, running nearly parallel to the coast line throughout.
Min. temps. for the winter occurred, e.g. at Blackadder, -23°; Cor-
pridge-on-Tyne, -5°; Leaton, -11°-9; Aberystwith, 4°, &c. On
the 5th the min. temps. of the winter occurred chiefly in Ireland and
the S.W. extremity of England. The isotherm of 30° (which on
Dec. 4th excluded all England excepting the 8.W. corner) now ran
vertically from Plymouth to Aberdeen. The min. temps. of St.
Austell being 18°-2; Southbourne, 169-8; Ventnor, 22°; and in
Ireland, at Colebrooke Park, 9°. On the 6th, temp. rose several
degrees on the W. and 8.W.; the isotherm of 30° now extended
Westwards to W. coast of Scotland. The min. temps. of the winter

INTRODUCTION. Vv

occurring only at Drumlanreg, 1°; and Dumfries, 8° ; in Scotland ;
and at York, 0°; Northampton, 5°-2; and Trent College, -3°. The
max. temp., however, was much below 12° at many places, prepara-
tory to the great severity of Dec. 7th. This proved to be the intensest
period especially for counties bordering the N.E. and E. coast, as
well as the counties adjacent to these including Middlesex and
Hampshire. A single isotherm of 0° extended from near Man-
chester to Essex; while that of 10° reached from Edinburgh to
N. Hants, and from the E. coast to Birmingham; that for 20°
again occupying the greater part of central Ireland. The following
temperatures will show this severity :—Appleby, -4°°7 ; Worksop,
-5°°8; Buxton, -3°°8; Ketton (Rutland), -10°; Audley End, -5°°5 ;
Much Haddam, -3°; Enfield, 7°-9; Swarraton, 9°. On the 8th,
low temps. still occurred, the min. temps. for the winter being
recorded that day, at Nottingham, -2°; Loughborough (2nd and
8th), 195; Yarmouth (17th and 18th), 15°; Cambridge (7th and
8th), 0°; Watford (7th and 8th), 7°96; Oxford (7th and 8th),
12°. Milder weather followed until the 16th, when temp. once
more fell in consequence of a large anticyclone being over Germany,
but extending to Aberdeen, the isotherm of 30° passing up the
Channel. This, on the 17th, crossed over the S.E. of England and
extended as far N. as Yorkshire; consequently the min. temps. of
the winter now occurred along the 8.E. coast; e.g., Walmer, 15° ;
Folkestone, 11°-8; Eastbourne, 19°; Hurst Castle, 22°. Low
temps. prevailed at the end of Dec. and again at the end of Jan.,
but in no case did the min. temp. of the winter occur at this period
at any place in the British Isles.

1880-81. Until July 1880 there was no excessive rainfall; but
in that month it was above the av. in every meteorological station.
An excess occurred locally in Sept. and Oct. In Nov. and Dee. it
was of average amount. The severe weather did not begin till Jan.
6th, and then lasted till the 26th. The injuries to vegetation were
probably due to the frost being so prolonged, while considerable.
injury followed in the spring by the intensely cold H. winds acting
upon the already weakened vegetation. The winter was marked by
three excessively cold periods; viz., Jan. 7th to 9th, 12th to 18th,
20th to 26th. The min. temps. of the winter at all places recorded
in the British Isles occurred during the two latter. From the 6th
to 10th a well-marked anticyclone stood over. the British Isles, with

v1 INTRODUCTION. I

cold dry weather and Hasterly winds. On the 11th a depression was
formed in the N.E. of Scotland, which moved South-Eastwards on
the 12th. It then stood with its centre about York, causing snow in
N.E. of England. On the 13th it had passed to the coast of Holland
while an anticyclone formed in the W. North winds consequently
blew over the whole of the British Isles. Min. temps. for the winter
now began to occur in N. Scotland; e.g., Sumburgh Head and
Scourie, 19°. On this day the isotherm of 20° ran nearly parallel
with and close to the coast lines of the British Isles, avoiding the
N.E. of Scotland alone. There were nine distinct areas with min.
temps. of 10°, two being in Ireland. On the 14th, those in England
became merged into three large areas, one extending from N. Scot-
land to Manchester ; a second from near York to Cambridge ; and a
third, of triangular form, from Liverpool to Milford Haven and
Oxford; other small circles occurred N. of Plymouth, as well as
two in Ireland, around Belfast and Waterford, respectively. Min.
temps. for the winter, as recorded from Scotland only; e.g., Cullo-
den, 4°; Nairn, 5°; Stronvar, 4°. From the 15 to 17th these
districts became welded together, and now included, on 15th, six
smaller areas bounded by isotherms of 0°. Hence several places from
Edinburgh to the Midland counties had their min. temps. for the
winter; ¢.g., on 16th, at N.W. of England, especially Scaleby, -7° ;
Alston, -9°; St. Michaels-on-Wyre, -7°5 ; Chester, 0°-8; Corwen,
-8°; while on 17th temp. sank to extreme depths, eg. at Kelso,
-16° ; Stobo, -15°; and Melrose, -10°. Min. temps. for the winter
also occurred near London; e.g., Regent’s Park, 9°83; Kew, 4°7.
These temps. were accompanied by somewhat complicated barome-
‘trical conditions. An anticyclone stretching from N.W. to S.E.
(with a pressure of upwards of 29-8 ins.) lay over England on the
14th; but a depression stood over 8. Norway (29°4 ins.) causing
heavy snow in N. Scotland. Anticyclonic areas prevailed over
N.W. France and England as far North as Yorkshire ; and also over
Ireland (both with pressure of 29-8 ins.). The former caused the
min. temp. for the winter about London. The pressure on the West
gave way, on the 17th, indicating the approach of a deep depression,
which brought on the fearful storm on the 18th. This day will
ever be remembered for the terrific snow storm and strong Easterly
gales over the greater part of England, the N. alone being free
from it; as the centre of the cyclone stood over the North of the

INTRODUCTION. vil

Channel. Temperatures were not so low as on the preceding days ;
falling more decidedly over the N. of Scotland, Aconochie recording
-4° as the min. temp. of the winter on that day. At Nairn also, the
temp. was 5°, and at Stoko, -15°, for the second time. On the 19th
the cyclone passed slowly Eastwards, andtemps. generally rose. The
isotherm of 20° now corresponded with the coast line of Scotland and
central Ireland. On the 20th the same isotherm tallied with the
entire coast line of Great Britain and Ireland; while at several
isolated spots the temp. fell to 0° and lower. The region of greatest
cold having travelled Southwards; thus at Cardigan, the min. temp.
for the winter was -10°; at Ketton, -4°; Cheltenham, -3°-3; and
at a few places on the 8. coast; e.g., Plymouth, 17°; Babbacombe,
15°'3. On the 21st, the several areas, bounded by isotherms of 10°,
again became welded together, indicating increased cold; for two
anticyclones (isobar of 29-9 ins.) one to N. of Scotland, the other,
W. of Ireland, had extended over England from the N. and W.
Pressure now increased to 30-1 ins. It increased still more on the
22nd, when the isobar of 30-2 ins., included the whole of the Br.
Isles, while that of 30-4 was concentrated over Ireland. On the
24th, excepting N. Scotland and S8.W. Ireland, the oval shaped
isobar of 30-2 ins. included the whole of the Br. Isles, France and
Germany. Great cold and dense fogs prevailed on S.E. counties.
The isotherm of 20° nearly corresponded with this isobar. Several
detached isotherms of 10° occurred at inland places with that of
0° in Scotland. Skegness recorded min. temp. for the winter, 7° ;
and at the 8. of England, Southbourne, 12°:1; Woolston, 8°-4. The
24th was preparatory to the last severe period of the 25th and 26th,
in which the four isolated areas of 10° in the Midland counties of
England became united. Min. temps. for the winter occurring on
the 26th, as follows:—Haydon Bridge, -6°; Sorrel Sykes, -9°;
‘Scarborough, 7°97; Leeds, 12°; Cossey, 1°; Llandudno, 16°5;
Churchstoke, -1° ; St. David’s, 169-1; Ilfracombe, 20°; and Altar-
non, 3°. The isobar of 30°2 ins. of the three previous days now
fell to 30-0 ins., while dense fogs still prevailing indicating the
approaching break up of the winter, which took place on the 27th;
on which day the anticyclone moved off to the continent and
yielded its place to a succession of cyclones from the W., the bar.
rapidly falling from 29°2 ins. on 27th to 28-9 on 29th, with cor-
responding increase of temperatures.

wre

Vili INTRODUCTION.

- @

ON THE DISTRIBUTION oF TempERATuRES. A study of the iso.
therms of English winters and the distribution of corresponding
barometrical pressures, show that low temps. are due to radiation.
The isotherms of 30° and 20° usually run very nearly. parallel to
the coast, while those of lower temps. are generally surrounding
isolated “patches” or “spots”? which are included within the
former. A comparison of such positions with the physical features
of the land clearly shows how the form of these isolated areas cor-
respond with the more elevated tracts. Thus a “ spot’? appeared
on Dec. 3rd, 4th and 11th, 1879, immediately South of Edinburgh
with temps., 0°, -10°, and 10°, respectively, over the high land
between Lammermuir and Cheviot hills. It occurred again in the
winter of 1880-81. As an example of a “patch ” may be mentioned
one on Jan. 14th, 1881, extending from Chester to Milford Haven
and to Berks. This includes the high land of Wales, bounded on
the East by the Clen and Lickey Hills, and corresponds with the
Cotswold hills and the table land which extends Eastwards.

The close correspondence of higher isotherms (20° and 30°) with
the coast line points to the ameliorating iufluence of the proximity
to the sea, as vapour tends to arrest radiant heat; whereas it more
readily escapes from land, where the temp. of the air is correspond-
ingly lowered by radiation. Thus, the more inland and elevated
regions are, other things being equal, more subject to low temps.
than maritime.

When, however, we investigate the causes of locally low temps., in
contradistinction to those of more extended areas, we find the con-
verse to hold true; that-is to say, the temp. in a valley will be often
many degrees colder than that on the adjacent land, say from 100
to 200 ft. higher. Gilbert White was the first person who noticed
this fact in the severe winter of 1784, when his thermometer fell to
-1° on Dec. 10th; whereas at Newton at an elevation of “two
hundred feet or more,” it only fell to 17°; and as a consequence he
says, ‘‘ All my Laurustines, Bays, Ilexes, Arbutuses, Cypresses, and
even my Portugal Laurels, and what occasions more regret, my fine
sloping Laurel hedge were scortched up; while at Newton the same
trees have not lost a leaf.”” Numerous instances are recorded in the
following reports, and M. Duchartre records similar facts in France.*

* Journal de la Soc. Nat. et cent. d’Horticulture de Fr., 3 Ser. Tom. ii. (Nov.
1880), p. 678; Tom. iii. Féy. 1881. p. 89.

INTRODUCTION. ix

It is not very manifest at first sight why the temperature should
be lower in valleys; but the best interpretation of this fact seems
to be that the air is in a more rapid circulation over the exposed and
more elevated ground ; and that, as it cools by radiation, it becomes
heavier and glides down the sloping ground and is immediately
replaced by air of a warmer temperature. Hence the thermometer
does not indicate so low a temp. as in the valley below, which not
only receives the heavier and colder air from above, but, being less
subject to currents, radiation can proceed undisturbed, and its effects
accumulate, till the difference between the temp. in the valley and
that on the adjacent higher ground may be very considerable.
Moreover, as moisture prevails in lower ground, as long as evapo-
ration goes on, there must be an additional tendency to keep the
air in the valleys constantly at a lower temp. than in the higher
eround. When, then, the temp. falls below 32°, the preceding
causes are probably quite sufficient to account for the excess of
cold in the valleys.*

ON GROUPING THE CouNTIES INTO Divisions. In the Reports
I have followed the Divisions of Mr. Symons in his British Rain-
fall; but in order to ascertain the relative effects of the frost over
groups of counties, I have found it desirable to arrange them rather
differently and more in correspondence. with the prevailing iso-
therms, which, as already stated, are regulated by the physical fea-
tures of the land. The counties only partially agree with these
latter, hence the best possible arrangement cannot give more than
approximate values.t Again, in estimating the amount of losses

* As an illustration, Mr. Dines in a paper ‘‘ On the Temperatures of Hill and
Valley,” in the Jl. of the Met. Soc., 1872, pp. 100—102, compares Denbies near
Dorking, alt., 610 ft., with Cobham, 6 ms, dist. and 65 ft. above the sea. On the
morning of Dec. 31st, 1870, the min. temp. at Cobham was 1°-2, but at Denbies,
14°; and out of 43 occasions, when the temp. was below 25° at both places,
the av. upon the hill was 23°°3 against 18°‘9 in the valley. See corroborative
remarks by Mr. A. Buchan, in Trans. Bot. Edin. Vol. xii. pp. 51, 52.

- Regarding this fact from a practical point of view, besides the obvious con-
clusion of not planting the more tender shrubs in low-lying localities, it must be
borne in mind that radiant heat accumulates in valleys ; consequently vegeta-
tion is stimulated by the extra heat and moisture, and is therefore in a worse
condition for withstanding an excess of cold, than on higher and drier ground.

+ Thus Nottinghamshire, though on the Eastern plain, feels the effect of the
adjacent high land of Derbyshire ; while Lincolnshire should be divided into
a. warmer eastern, and a colder western half; &c,

C

x INTRODUCTION.

and injuries in the various groups of counties, the reports them-
selves are only roughly approximate; for the numbers of returns
from the different counties are very unequal, so that the averages
cannot but be approximate also; and in addition, there are local
differences in the character and position of the gardens. Lastly, the
number of plants included in the reports themselves depends upon
the cultivator ; some being excessively brief, others of great length.
These considerations, being borne in mind, the following are the
principal results as far as the reports enable me to ascertain them.

WintER, 1879-80.

Enatanp.—1l. E. Coast—This includes Northumberland, Dur-
ham, Yorks (N. and EH. Ridings), Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex,
Herts., Middlesex, Surrey, Kent and Sussex. The total number of
plants killed and injured. in the winter 1879-80 was 1168 at 65
places ; or nearly 18 at each place.

2. 8. Coast—This includes Sussex,* Hants, Isle of Wight, Dorset,
Wilts, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Total killed and injured,
602 at 34 places; or nearly 18 at each place.

3. 8. TasLe-LAND—This includes Berks., Bucks., Gloucestershire
and Oxfordshire. Total killed and injured, 860 at 13 places; or 66
at each place. ;

4, GREAT CENTRAL PLarn—This includes Beds., Cambs., Hunts.,
Leicester, Northampton, Rutland, Stafford and Warwickshire. Total
killed and injured, 731 at 26 places; or nearly 28 at each place.

5. VALLEY OF THE SEVERN—This includes Monmouth, Hereford,
Shropshire and Worcestershire. Total number killed and injured,
84 at 8 places; or 10°5 at each place.

6. CentrAL Hiau-Lanp — This includes Yorks. (W. Riding),
Derby and Nottingham. Total number killed and injured, 389 at
14 places; or nearly 28 at each place.

7. N. W. Coast—This includes Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lan-
cashire and Cheshire. Total killed and injured, 257 at 14 places ;
or about 18 at each place.

* Sussex is included in both E. and §. coasts, in accordance with the pre-
vailing distributions of isotherms.

+ This is perhaps too high, as the number of plants grown at two places was
exceptionally great.

INTRODUCTION. x1

Anatesra and Wates—Total killed and injured, 224 at 11
places; or about 20 at each place.

Scortanp.—1. 8. E. Higutanps—This includes Berwick, Dum-
fries, Edinburgh, Haddington, Peebles, Roxburgh and Selkirk. Total

killed and injured, 503 at 18 places; or 28 at each place.

2. W. Coast—This includes Kirkcudbright, Ayr, Lanark, Argyle,
Bute and Dumbarton. Total killed and injured, 97 at 11 places ;
or nearly 9 at each place.

3. CENTRAL HigH~tAnps — These include Aberdeen, Inverness,
Perth, Ross and Sterling. Total killed and injured, 139 at 10
places ; or 14 at each place.

4. HK. Coast—This includes Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Inver-
ness, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar and Fife.
Total killed and injured, 225 at 25 places; or 9 at each place.

TRELAND.—1. THE ENTIRE Coast—This includes Antrim, Clare,
Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Kildare, Louth, Wexford and Wicklow.
Total number killed and injured, 251 at 14 places; or 18 at each
place.

2. Intanp Counties—These consist of Armagh, Kilkenny, Meath,
Monaghan, Sligo and Tipperary. Total number killed and bili
292 at 9 places; or 32°5 at each place.

Winter, 1880-81.

Enetanp.—1. E. Coast — Total number of plants killed and
injured in the winter, 1880-81, was 1258 at 39 places; or about 32
at each place.

2. S. Coast—Do., 851 at 22 places, or nearly 39 at each place.

3. 8. TABLE-LAND—Do., 554 at 16 places, or 35 at each place.

4. The Great CentraL PLaAiIn—Do., 667 at 15 places, or about
445 at each place.

5. VALLEY OF THE SEvERN—Do., 247 at 6 places, or 41 at each
place.

6. CentRaAL Hiau-tanp—Do., 328 at 6 places, or nearly 55 at
each place. -

7. N. W. Coast—648 at 15 places, or about 43 at each place.

ANGLESEA and Wates—Do., 546. at 11 places, or nearly 50 at
each place.

Xli INTRODUCTION.

Scortanp.—1. 8. E. Hiantanps—Do., 423 at 8 places, or nearly
53 at each place.

2. W. Coast—Do., 325 at 6 places, or 54 at each place.

3. CENTRAL HigH~anps—Do., 292 at 9 places, or 32°5 at each
place. |

4, K. Coast—Do., 429 at 9 places, or nearly 48 at each place.

TRELAND.—1. EntrrE Coast—Do., 198 at 33 places, or 6 at each
place.

2. Intanp Counties—Do., 121 at 3 places, or about 40 at each
place.

The preceding results show, as might have been anticipated from
the arrangement of the isotherms, that the proximity of the sea has
a moderating influence, while inland counties and higher regions of
the land exhibit a preportionally greater amount of injuries to vege-
tation. In these general results, the minor differences amongst the
injuries to plants in consequence of their growing in valleys or on
relatively higher ground are lost sight of.

On THE Errect oF Sous. The general advantage of a light soil
with a gravelly subsoil, in comparison with a heavy retentive one
for certain kinds of trees and shrubs is very evident; unless arti-
ficial drainage can overcome the natural defects of the latter. Sir
J. D. Hooker in an article upon the losses and injuries sustained
at Kew after the severe winter of 1860-61, remarks as follows :—
‘‘Owing to the nature of the soil and climate, there are whole
groups of plants that do not at all succeed; as for instance the
majority of Spruce Firs, Larches, Ash, Elders, Clematis, many
Abies, Silver Firs (Webbiana, pectinata, &c.) very many kinds of
Roses and such plants generally as thrive on clay or other retentive
soils or that require a cool or rocky subsoil . . . . Nevertheless,
when it is considered that we have bad or indifferent specimens of
all such plants as do not thrive it is evident [from the compara-
tive smallness of the list appended] that the locality is a most
favourable one for a botanical collection in the most essential
respect of climate, that could be well selected. Within a few hun-
dred yards, on the opposite, clayey side of the Thames, the destruc-
tion has been ten times greater than at Kew; and whole groups of
plants, such as Araucarias, Deodars, Hollies, common Laurels, Rho-
dodendrons, &c., which have ‘been materially injured or killed in

INTRODUCTION. xlil

the neighbourhood of London, or elsewhere, are absolutely unscathed
at Kew.” *

Similarly Mr. A. H. Kent writing from Blechingley, Surrey, on
Feb. 23rd, 1861, descibes his locality as having “a soil, chiefly of
light dry sand with very little clay and loam. All kinds of Conifer
thrive well . . . as the soil prevents an accumulation of moisture at
the roots, notwithstanding the great rains of the past year (1860).
The oft repeated caution to have ground on which it is intended to
plant Coniferze and Evergreens well drained is a great fact, and not
to be disregarded with impunity.”+ As instances of slight injuries
following the severe winter of 1879-80, the reader is referred to
the Reports from Beds., p. 25, and Bucks., p. 27.

Twenty years ago Dr. Lindley drew attention to the importance
of drainage, if the soil was not naturally of a porous character, both
surface and underground—‘“ The means of surface drainage should
be at command when required; but by deepening the soil where it
is too thin and rendering it permeable to water with deep under
drainage to prevent stagnation, most of the summer rain that falls
can find its way through the soi], rendering it comparatively warm.
But where under drainage is neglected, the accumulated moisture
stagnates on the already saturated soil, cold in consequence of the
winter rains or melted snow having never been drawn off; that
moisture from its coldness is heavier than the summer rains; the
latter may run off the surface, and thus their warming effect on
the soil is lost, but they cannot displace the colder and heavier
water, which consequently retains possession of the soil for the
greater part of the growing season, and in that case the crops
cannot thrive as they otherwise would, and are, besides, rendered
late, so that in bad seasons they are in danger of being lost.’ f

As an instance of much injury accruing to trees on tenacious
clay, the reader is referred to the Report from Bucks, No. 4, p. 28,
while the contrary result followed from good drainage at Brickhill
Manor, Bucks., Rep. No. 2, p. 27, and at Impney Pk., Worcester,
Rep. No. 2, p. 73; while the Rep. from Headington Hill Hall, Ox-
ford, No. 3, p. 38, bears out Mr. Kent’s remarks on Coniferze

* Gard Chron. 1861, p. 830.
+ Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 16.
t Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 4,

XIV INTRODUCTION.

thriving on a light and well drained soil. Lastly, M. Duchartre
notices the same facts in France, M. Moreau having recorded that
trees and shrubs as well as fruit-trees remaining intact on dry
sandy ground, while others suffered severely, perishing even to the
ground in humid places. For particular remarks the reader is
referred to InpEx to Miscellaneous Matters, s. v. Soil.

SUBTERRANEAN FROST AND DELAYED EVIDENCE OF INJURIES. A cause
of serious injury which has been too little investigated is the inequality
of resistance to frost which the subterranean parts of plants possess ;
not only,as M. Duchartre observes for different species or varieties, but
also for different individuals of even the same species or variety.
Sometimes the roots have perished, at other times they and the sub-
terranean portion of the stem have alone survived, while the aerial
parts succumbed.

In our Reports, numerous cases are recorded of plants being ‘ killed
to the ground.”’ This is generally understood to mean that the roots
and rootstock have survived, as in many cases they are described as
shooting forth again on the return of warm weather. On the other
hand cases are recorded of trees apparently healthy in March, April
or May which have then more or less suddenly collapsed. This seems
to show that the whole tree received so severe a shock that it was
only existing for atime at the expense of the living tissues of the
aérial portion ; and when these were exhausted the plant perished.

An interesting case of the death of Peach trees in May, 1860, is
recorded in the Gardeners’ Chronicle (p. 481) for that year, upon
which the editor remarks (p. 501)—*“ The trees in question, &c., grew
onaS.W. wall; they must therefore, in so warm a place, have had
their sap rising after the ground, heated to 65°, had been soaked
with rain. Under such circumstances a sudden fall of temperature
to 17° or 15° below freezing could uot fail to give ashock to the
constitution of so tender a tree as the Peach, from which it would
never recover,” The writer adds the following case—‘‘ Two young
and vigorous Peach trees, of the double Chinese kinds, appeared to
have escaped the injury of October, their branches were plump and
healthy, except at the points. They received a winter pruning and
pushed as usual in the spring; but shortly afterwards the shoots be-
gan to droop and wither ; one is now dead to the ground and the
other following it. In this case, as it probably was in others, the sap
vessels of the stem were killed; and it was only when they were

INTRODUCTION. XV

called upon to feed the young leaves that their powerless condition
was made manifest.”

M. Duchartre, in his report of the winter of 1879-80, (p. 102) quotes
M. Voiron as testifying to this “ slow mortality ;’’ who writing in the
month of May, says that 15 trees which had apparently only suffered
slightly (compromis) in April, were then dead; and he adds that
a succession of deaths proceeded till the Autumn. M. Alf. Cottin, of
Sannois, corroborates the remark and states that it is not rare to see
Apple trees dying with their fruit formed or even in maturity.

It is well known to foresters and all planters that forest trees, such
as the Ash, frequently do not conspicuously show the full effect of in-
juries received till, it may be, several years afterwards.

Again, with reference to Ground Temperatures, Dr. Lindley re-

marks,* after the winter of 1837-38—‘“ Nothing seems more gene-
rally to have excited surprise, than that so many plants, apparently
killed, spring up again from the roots. Hence it has been generally
said, that many species which would have survived, if undisturbed,
were thrown away. . . . In all cases, the roots of trees suffer
from frost less than the stems, partly perhaps because the vitality of
aroot is greater than; that of a stem, as Mr. Knight long since
shewed: but more especially because they are so much less exposed
to cold. That the earth, being a bad conductor of heat, should re-
main in winter at a higher temperature than the superincumbent
atmosphere will excite no surprise; but probably few persons are
aware, to how small a degree the temperature of the earth is lowered
in this country, during even long continued and severe frost.
Thus, two thermometors have been buried in the earth, one at the
depth of 1 foot, the other at the depth of 2 ft., and their indications
have been noted daily. The ground was never frozen to the depth of
a foot in the Society’s garden, even while the temperature of the sur-
face was as low as -4°°5, and it did not fall to within 5° of freezing
at the depth of 2 feet during the same period.”

A few instances of ground temperatures are mentioned in the
following reports, but a large proportion of plants are recorded as
killed to the ground ; while many of these are described as shooting

* Report of Frost of Winter, 1837-38. Trans. Hort. Soc. 2nd Ser. Vol. ii.

xvi INTRODUCTION.

from the roots again; as examples, the reader is referred to p. 16,
an Arbutus stood the winter but began to flag in April when three-
fourths of the tree died ; p. 37, Lombardy Poplars shewed late evi-
dence of injury ; p. 87, Portugal Laurels shewed no visible sign of
injury till the foliage fell in spring;.p. 124, severe injuries only
detected by the effects of E. winds in spring. (See also pp. 26, 46,
47, 90.)

Acs. The age of plants as well as of parts of plants is often
an important factor in the power of resistance to frost. In some
cases the younger trees survived,* while the adult or aged trees of
the same kinds perished. M. Duchartre records from certain parts
of France that trees from 15 years of age and upwards perished, but
chiefly survived below that number; elsewhere trees below 10 years
of age appeared to be better able to resist frost ; ¢.g. amongst Plums
and Cider Apples. Trees planted but one or two years only escaped.
On the other hand M. Alf. Cottin observed that in the parts of the
plantations of Mont Trouillet near Paris, situated on low ground,
trees of 0, 30, 50 and even 100 years old succumbed ; while the very
few that survived were young and newly planted trees.

In the following reports young and old appear to have suffered
pretty equally. In some cases the younger, in others, the older of
the same species were injured ; as will be seen by referring to the

Index of Age.

INDEX TO COUNTIES.

Ena@Lanp and Wates. Anglesea, 115,117. Bedfordsh., 23, 25.
Berks., 3, 5, 195, 197. Bucks., 23, 27, 218, 219. Cambs., 23, 29,
218, 221. Cardigansh., 116, 122, 301. Carmarthen, 116, 121,
297, 301. Carnarvon, 115, 118, 298. Cheshire, 91, 92, 276, 277.
Cornwall,t 49, 50, 235, 237. Cumberland, 104, 105, 288, 289.
Denbighsh., 115, 119, 297, 298. Derby, 75, 76, 264,265. Devon,

* This also occurred near Ware in 1861. Gard. Chron, 1861, p. 95.
+ See J/. of Hort., 1880, June 17th.

INDEX TO COUNTIES. xvii

49, 52, 235, 239. Dorset,t 49, 54, 236, 240. Durham, 104, 109,
288, 292. Essex, 40, 41, 230,231. Flint., 115,297. Glamorgan,f
116, 122, 392. Gloucester, 61, 62, 247, 248. Hants., 3, 6, 195,
198.,, Hereford, 61; -68, 247, 257. Herts. 24, 31, 218, 223.
Hunts., 24, 34,218, 226. Isle of Wight, 3, 9,195, 201. Kent,§ 4,
11, 195, 202. Lancashire,f/ 91, 94, 276, 280. Leicestersh., 75,
81, 264, 268. Lincolnsh., 75, 85, 264, 273. Merionethsh., 115,
120, 300. Middlesex, 1, 2, 193, 194. Montgomery, 116, 120, 297,
300. Monmouthsh., 116, 298, 305. Norfolk, 40, 45, 230, 234.
Northamptonsh., 24, 36, 218, 227. Northumberland, 105, 112,
288, 293. .Nottinghamsh., 76, 88. Oxfordsh., 24, 38, 219. Pem-
brokesh., 116, 124, 297, 303. Rutland, 76, 90, 265, 274. Shropsh.,
61, 70, 247, 260. Somersetsh., 49, 58, 236, 243. Staffordsh., 61,
71, 247. Suffolk, 40, 47, 230, 233. Surrey,** 4, 15, 22,* 196,
205. Sussex, 4, 19, 196, 212. Warwicksh., 62, 71, 248, 261. West-
morland, 105, 113, 288, 295. Wilts, 50, 60, 236, 244. Worces-
tersh., 62, 73. Yorksh., H. Riding, 96, 99, 282, 285; N. Riding,tt
96, 102, 282, 287; W. Riding, 96, 97, 282, 283.

Scottanp—Aberdeen, 161, 162, 325. Argyle, 147, 148, 317,
318. Ayr, 144, 314. Banff, 161, 164, 325, 326. Berwick, 132,
133, 309. Bute, 147, 149. Caithness, 172. Dumbarton, 147, 149,
317, 319. Dumfriessh., 126, 127, 306. Edinburgh, 132, 135, 309,
811. Elgin, 161, 165, 325, 326. Fife, 153, 154, 320. Forfar, 153,
155, 320, 322. Haddingtonsh., 132, 140, 809, 312. Inverness, 169
327, 328. Kincardine, 162, 167. Kirkcudbright, 126, 128, 306,
307. Lanark, 144, 145, 314. Nairn, 162, 167. Peebles, 132, 142,
309, 313. Perth, 153, 157, 320, 322. Ross, 169, 170, 328. Rox-
burgh, 126, 128, 306, 308. Selkirk, 182, 142. Stirling, 147, 151,
317, 319. Sutherland, 172.

InELAND—Antrim, 188, 189, 335. Armagh, 188, 189, 336.
Clare, 174, 331. Connauaut, 186, 330, 334. Cork, 174, 175.
Donegal, 188, 191. Dublin, 177, 178, 332. Galway, 186. Kildare,
177, 178, 333. Kilkenny, 177, 179. Leinster, 177, 330, 332.
Louth, 177, 180. Mayo, 186. Meath, 177, 180. Monaghan, 188, 191,
337. Munster, 174, 330, 331. Sligo, 186, 334. Tipperary, 174,
176. Tyrone, 188. Utster, 188, 330, 335. Wexford, 177, 182,
333. Wicklow, 177, 183.

ft Jl. of Hort., 1880. May 27:h; t Do., Ap. 8th and May 20th; § Do.,

Ap. Ist and May 20th; 4 Do., May 13th; ** Do, May 27th; tt Do., April
— @

29th and May 20th.

XVlii INTRODUCTION.

INDEX TO MIN. TEMPERATURES.
The following Temps. include additional fractional parts.

Degrees, Fahenheit, are in black type ; the figures denoting pages
are in ordinary type.

ENGLAND and Wares. Winter 1879-80. .16°,105; -12°,105;
~11°,90,105; -10°?78,98,105,112,113; ~-9°103,105; -§°,104;
=7°?23,99 ; -6°,75,96,104; =5°,40,42,76 (bis.), 87,89,105,107,109,
111,219; -4°,42,75 (bis.), 96,98,104,105 ; -8°,24,25,75,76, 78,87,
219; -2°,71,76,97, 100,103,104, 105,112,209; «1° 29,41,45, 72,88, 104,
113,196,206,219 ; 0°,9,23,36,37,38,75 (ter.), 76,79,81,82,83,85,92,
96 (bis.), 102,105,195,196 (bis.), 206,218,220,228 ; 1°,31,35,41,62,
84,105 (bis.), 106,196,218,219 ; 2°,23,31,48 79,9697, 100,101,196
(bis.), 216,218 ; 3°,8,70,72,76,83,105,107,195 (bis.), 198,218,226 ;
4°,35,67,73,77,91 (bis.),96,104 (ter.), 105,193, 195,196, 197,214,217,
218; §°,29,32,40,46,62,79,80,91,98, 104,198,196 (ter.), 202,204,218
(ter.), 222,925,227; 6°,1,21,47,74,87,104,105 (bis.), 111,120,195
(bis.),199,205,218; '7°,1,12 (bis.), 13,24,27,71,96 (bis.), 101,105,
125,193,195,196,218,219 (bis.), 223,227; §°,5,8,21,37,38,55, 64,69,
86,91,104,105 (bis.),113,124,193 (bis.), 195,196,219 (bis.) ; 9°,3,20,
39,70,73,77,90,96,104 (bis.), 193,196 (bis.), 208,212,228; 10°,7,8,
16,17,23,36,39,44,48,49,50,60,67,70,74,76,83,91,193,195,196 (ter.),
202; 11°,17,23,38,53,61,67,70,105 (bis.), 116,193,195,196 (ter.);
12°, 2,16,24,50,60,61,91,121,193,195,224; 18°,3,5,9,11,14,16,17,22,
43,50,54,60,61,68 (bis.), 91,195 (bis.), 196; 14°,9,11,14,66,71,195,
196; 15°,9,10,15,21,27,52,54,56,68,76,91 (bis.), 195,196; 16°21,
62,91,107 (bis.), 196; 1'7°,9,11,20,21,49,52,62,104,116,118; 18°
10 (bis.), 11,27,49,55 (bis.), 57,104,116,119,196 ; 19°,20,47,57,58,
91,97,116,122 ; 20°,10,11,49 (bis.), 59,115,120,122,123; 21°54,
96,116,122; 22°52,54,59,62,91,105,115,118; 23°,52,59 69,115 ;
25°,8,96; 26°,6,51,116; 279,196 (bis.); 289,115; 29°62;
31°51.

ScorLanp. Winter 1879-80. -23°,132; -18°,126,129; -16°,
126 (bis.) ; -14°, 126 ; -18°,126 (bis.), 132,142 ; -12°,126 (quat.),
130; 119,134; -10°,143; -8°,134* ; -79,142; -6°,128,132,133,
143; -5°,126(bis.), 132; -4.°,126,130,134*,166; -3°,132,164; -2°
130,144,145; -1°,128,134*,141,144, 154,161; ©°,126,133,135,141,

* See Notes, pp. 184 and 143,

a

INDEX TO MIN. TEMPS. X1x

143,153,156; 1°,126,139,162; 29,140 (bis.), 160,163,167; 3°,
159,161; 4°,127 (bis.), 157,163,172 ; 59,150,159 ; 79,132 144,152,
158 (bis.), 164,171; §°,126,151,155,158; 9°,156,171; 10°,144
(bis.), 148,153; 119,161,169; 12°,148,153,159,169; 14°,126,
144,161 (bis.), 167; 15°,144,161,165,172; 16°,147,165,169 ;
179,170; 18°,147,148,162; 19°, 139,172. :

IRELAND, winter 1879-80. 2°,179; 6°,177,183,188,191; 8°,
179,188,190; 9°,177,191; 109,177,184; 12°,179,186,190,191 ;
13°,178,190; 14°,188 (bis.), 191; 159,174 (bis.), 175,176,183 ;
16°,175,177 (bis.), 181,186,188,191; 1'7°,188 ; 189,177,182 ; 19°,
#o0,168,191; 20°,190,191;. 21° 177,179; 23°,177;. 26°,174;
28°,186. .

ENGLAND and WALEs, winter 1880-81. -13°, 288,294 ; -11°, 288,294,
297,298 ; -10°,288, 290,297,303 ; -9°,230,232,283,288 (bis.), 289;
-8°, 288,297,300 ; -7°,288,290 ; -6°,282,288 (bis.), 290; -5°,247,
261,276,291; -4°,264,265,276 (bis.), 277; -38°,236,247,283; -2°,
247,264 (bis.), 266,282,283,288,293,297 (bis.), 801; 19,233,241,
247,260,265,282,283; -0°°'9,247; -0°°5,276; -0° 3,247; 0°,230,
247,249 251,258,273,276 (ter.), 288 (bis.), 293,297 (bis.); 1°,230
(5), 247,264 (bis.), 283 (bis.), 287 (bis.), 297,304 ; 2°,230,234, 237,
242,247,265 (bis.), 273,282,284,288,289,297; 3°,230,235 (bis.),
236,237, 240,244,248, 252,261,264,269,282,288,297 (bis.), 300; 4°,
230 (bis.), 233,247 (bis.), 248,262 (bis.), 265,276,288,292,297 ;
5°, 230,231, 237,266,264, 265,288,289,296 ; 6°,237,239,245, 264,276,
282,286,288,297,303; '7°,235,265,283,288 ; §°,230,235 (bis.), 236
(bis.), 247,259,276,280; 99,230 (bis.), 265 (bis.), 276,282,291 ;
10°, 230,235 (bis.), 282; 11°,235 (bis.), 243,298; 12°,230,236
(bis.), 237,239,274,282 ; 18°281; 14°,284,297,299 ; 15°,235 ;
ween; 19°.282; 21°.2385; 22°,2385 ; 24°,297.

ScoTLAND, winter 1880-81. -22°,3809; -17°,306; -16°,306 ;
-15°,309,313 ; -13°,313 ; -12°,309 (bis.), 310; -11°,309 ; -10°,
306,308 ; -8°,306,307,309,314; -7°,314,315 ; «69,313,329 .5°314, |
320,328; -4°,320,321,325,326 (bis.), 328; -3°,309,312,228 ; .2°
306,314,315,320,324 ; 19,306,309 ; -0° 5,328 ; 0°,317,319,320
(bis.), 323,325 ; 1°,314,317,319 ; 2°,309,310,320,322 ; 32,306,
309,310; 4°,320,321,323,325,328 (bis.) ; 5°,314,317,318,323 ; 7°
306,320 (bis.) ; 8°,814,317 ; 10°,317,318 ; 11°,3806,307; 189,
306; 15°,317.

IRELAND, winter, 1880-81. -6°,334; -2°.330; ~1°,330 ; 0°,
330,331 (bis.), 3386 ; 4°,330 (bis.), 331 (bis.), 337 ; 6°,830,331 ;

Xx INTRODUCTION,

7°,330; 8°, 330 (bis.); 9°,330 (bis.), 331 (bis.), 335,336 ;
10°,330 (bis.), 331,335; 11°,331; 12°,330,331,

‘ INDEX TO PLANTS.

Observations—When only one species is named in the Reports,
the generic name only is here given. Temp. printed thus 10°,18
signify that the plant was injured at that temp. (or was not hurt if
the prefix wninj. precedes it) and that a reference to it
will be found on p. 18. Numbers to pages without any
temp. preceding them indicate that the writer of the report
has not recorded any, or else that (as a rule) it was not
lower than 10°; for in many cases the range of temp. was
‘so great, and the number of records would have been so nu-
merous, that it would have been superfluous to have referred to
them all. In these cases, | have drawn up lists to show the num-
ber of times the plants were injured or uninjured, as the case may
be, thus :—(b. z—O°) 3 (1), 5 (2), 6 (8) &c. signifies that, from
below zero up to zero, specimens of the plants were recorded to have
been killed on three occasions (1), severely injured five times (2),
and slightly injured six times (3). Being somewhat limited in
space, I omitted from the later reports many plants which are thus
repeatedly mentioned ; but in all cases they were counted in these
enumerations last alluded to. ;

Occasional misspelt words are referred to by (m) attached to the
number of the page: the names being taken from the records as
sent, but verified as far as possible. Readers in consulting the In-
dex in search of a particular plant should look for the vernacular
name in cases where the plant is not entered under its scientific
name and vice versa.

ABELIA floribunda, wninj., 10; A. rupestris, 10°,17, 206,211;
uninj., 181,210; A. triflora, 62,206 ; wninj., 109,18, 211; A. uni-
flora, 10°,18 ; wnin7., 22,181. Axis (see also Picea) Albertiana
and Obs., 89,5; A. Alcoquiana, uninj., 10°,97; A. bracteata, 1°
139; A. canadensis, 0°,250, 10°,97; unin, 109,389; A. Dou-
glasii, »2°,266, 0°,37, 2°,234, (b.z—O°), 1 (2), 9 (3), (1°—10°)

a a
‘

-
.
,

INDEX TO PLANTS. Xxl

1 (1), 3 (2), 7 (8); uniny., -18°,295, -7°,290, -5°8,89, -5°?,44,
19,233, 2°,216,284, 5°,203,22*,200; (b. z—O°) 6 (1°—10°), 13 ;
(11°—20°) 10; as timber, 145; A. Engelmanni, uninj., 10° 297 ;
A. excelsa, 189 ; umnj., 22*, 69 ; var. Clanbrassiliana, wninj., 10°,39 ;
A. glauca, wninj., 18°,295; A. Hookeriana, uninj., 10°97; A.
Kempferi, wninj., 10°,202; A. Menziesii, wninj., 109797; A. Mo-
rinda, -'79,99, -4°,98,278, -2°,266, -1°,284, 0°,273, 2°,101,284
322; (b. z. —O°) 3 (1), 3 (2), 2 (3), (1°—10°) 6 (2), 5 (3); wn-
inj., -18°,295, 19,233, 29,216, 3°,270, 22* ; (b. 2—O°) 2 (19—
10°) 6; spring frosts, effect of, 39 ; A. orientalis, 6°,47; Obs. on,
uninj., 109,39 ; A. polita, 0°,249 ; wnin7., 97. AxBuTILON, 10 ; wn-
inj., 8. AcAotA affinis, 175; A. armata, 10; A. dealbata, 10, 202;

_A. longifolia, 10; A. melanoxylon, uninj., 149; A. monophylla,

5°,203; A. Nemu, wninj., 202; A. nervosa, uninj., 6°,3803; A.
(Rosina ?) wninj., -6°,89. AcANTHOPANAX, 63. AcANTHUS, 6°,
21; uninj., 6. AcER ampelopsifolium, 255; A. Negundo, varieg.,
-8°,135, 6°,21; wninj., -6°,89, 173; A. palmatum, 50; A. palma-
tifidum, 5°,203; A. polymorphum, -18°,294, and EH. winds, 50 ;
uninj., 7°,12, and vars., 256; A. Pseudo-Platanus, -18°,129 ; A. ru-
brum, 55. ; (see also Negundo.) Acrinip1A, 63. ADONIS pyrenaica,
28; A. vernalis, 2°,242. Maxx, 63. Alscutus (Pavia) indica,
uninj., 10°,48; AR. macrostachya, wnin7., 10°48; Ad. laciniata,
7°,27. AirnHionremAa, 10°,18. AcapantuHus Moorei, 8°,64; A.
umbellatus, -1°5,141, 29,140, 10,62,122,190 ; uniny., 8. AGATH™A,
181. AGAveE, (ALOE) 123,331. Aganostus, 10. AILANTHUs, O°,
249, 195,106, 79,27. Asuea, 108. AxeBia, 50, 206; wnins.,
3°,270, 10°,18, 15°,21, 208. ALaTEeRNus, 0°,185. ALMonpD, (AMYG-
DALUS, see also PEAcH), -2°,301, 09,273, '7°,27 ; uninj., -138°,295,
-5°'8,89, -2°,316, 0°°254, 2°284, 9°,209, 210. ALoE (AaaAvsE),
123, 331. AtoysiA, -11°,90, -10°,303, -5°'8,89, -2°,301, 0°,278,
1°,304, 2°.216, 3°,198, 226,241,269, 49,197, 5°,203,141; (b. z—
O°) 6 (1), 2 (2), 2 (8), (19—1 0°) 16 (1), 4 (2), 5 (38), (11°—
20°) 8 (1), 2 (2), 3 (2); wninj., 159,200. ALSTR@MERIA, 2°,242 ;
A. aurea, 10°,18; A. chilensis, 10°,18; A peruviana, 10°,18 ;
ALTERNANTHERA, 9. AuTHaa (Hrsiscus) frutex (See H. syriacus) ;
A. rosea, 10°,16; wninj., 10°, 17. Atyssum, uninj., 10°,18.
AMARYLLIS, 33,55. AmicIA, 8°,64,62,206, (m) 220. Ammosium,
10°,18. Amorpua augustifolia, A. crocea and A. glabra, uwniny.,
16°,181; A. croceo-lanata, 13°,178. Amprxopsis, 0°?102; A,

XX11 INTRODUCTION.

bipinnata, 80; A. hederacea, -18°,129, 5°,136,203 ; uninj., =18°,
295, -9°,232, .2°,316, 29,284, 5°,203, 92.209, 254; A. japonica,
(Veitchii) -~6°,329, -5°-8,89, -2°,266, -1°,284, 0,°135,273, 1°,
304, 3°,198, 5°,136,220,318, 69,199, 9°,228,265, 10°, 83,148, (b. z.
—0°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 7 (3), (19—10°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 11 (8); uninj.,
18,130, -2°,316, 19,233, 2°,216,284, 32,270, 5°,222, 10°?718,108,
(b.z.—O°) 3, (19—10°) 10, (11°—15°), Obs. on, 80; A. Royleii,
10°,18. Amyepatus, see ALMonD. ANCHUSA capensis, wninj., 10°,
18; A. italica, 2°,242. ANDRoMEDA arborea, 10°,18,211; A. flori-
bunda, wninj., 10°,84, 181, A. japonica and A. pulverulenta, wnins.,
109,18, 22*,59. ANDRosACE lanuginosa and A. sarmentosa, 10°, 18.
ANEMONE japonica, 2°,242; wninj., 108; A. narcissiflora, 28; “A.
Pulsatilla, 2°,242 ; A. vitifolia, 28; A., roots kd., 15. Anona, 181.
ANOMOTHECA, 183. ANTHYLLIS, 10°,18. ANTIRRHINUM, 84, 128 ;
uninj., 108. APHYLLANTHES, 10°,18, 62. AponogrTon distachyon,
3°,241, 52,55,181; wninj., 3°,241, 22; A. spathaceum, 10°,19.

Apprus * -18°,129, -19°,129, -12°,131,142, -11°,134, -10°,112,
o8°,185, -5°,110, -8°,25, -2°,112,266, -1°45,154, 0°,37,81,273.
(b. z.—O°) 8 (1), 11 (2), 8 (38); (19—20°) 8 (1), 12 (2), 28,
(3), (11°—20°) (1), 9 (2), 1 (8); Age, effects of, 46, 93, 95,
190, 336. Canker in, 31; Do., due to frost, 93, 142, 151, 279.
Crop, 1880, av., 41; def.,5 (bis), 9, 46, 51, 55,58, 68, 69, 70,
106, 130, 150, 151, 160, 163; good, 79, 128; none, 37, 48, 67, 121,
156, 168, 189, 190: Crop, 1881, def., 197, 258. Frost, slow recovery
from, 46, 112. Soil, stiff, effects of, 154; Do. dry and wet, 86, 190,
336. Wood unripened, &c., 51, 55, 84, 1380, 150, 266, 272. Vars.
&c., injured, Adam’s Pearmain, 67; Alfriston, 67, 266; Blenheim
Orange, 60, 93, 279; Burgess’ Fame, 60; Calville blanche d’hiver,
279; Court Pendu Plat, 60; Cox’s Orange Pippin, 279; Dessert,
111 ; Dumelow’s seedling, 42, 43; D. T. Fish, 278 ; Dutch codlin,
279; Harly Julien, 266; Hspaliers, 44; Golden Harvey, 226 ;
Golden Pippin, 190, 336; Keswick codlin, 111, 266 (bis); Late
sorts, 84; Lord Burleigh, 278 ; Lord Suffield, 111, 266, 278 ; Manx
codlin, 266 ; Norfolk Pippin, 60; Northern Spy, 279 ; Old Haw-
thornden, 25; Pitmaston’s Pine, 60; Reine blanche, 60; Reinette
du Canada, 60; Ribston Pippin, 60, 190, 226, 278, 336; Royal
Pearmain, 60; Tender, 112 ; Wellington, 232: Vars. wninjured,
Braddick’s Nonpareil, 33; Codlins, 67, Cox’s Golden Drop, and

* Gard Chron., May 29th, 1880, p. 692.

7 a

INDEX TO PLANTS. Xxili

Pomona, 33; Duchess of Oldenburgh, 33; Dutch Mignonne, 120;
Early, 74; Fillbasket, 296; Gansels’ Bergamot, 120; Glou Mor-
ceau, 120; Hardier, 110, 111, 151; Keswick codlin, 296; King
of Pippins, 151; Late sorts, 74; Lord Suffield, 120, 151; Louise
bonne, 120; Mannington’s Pearmain, 120; Marie Louise, 120;
Ribston Pippin, 120, 336 ; Sturmer Pippin, 33, 120, Z'ender sorts,
112 ; uninj., 3°,270, 5°,203, 9°,209, 33,84,200. (b. z—O°), 4;
(1°—10°)14; (11°—20°)7. Obs. on, 46, 67, 110, 111, 151, 154,
155.

Apricots, -18°,129, .13°,129, ~12°,131, -]]1°,90,134, ."7°,99,
=~6°,89,329, -4°,130, -2°,266, -1°-5,141, -0°,81,156; (b. z—O°)
8 (1), 11 (2), 10 (3); (1°10) 4 (1), 12 (2), 13 (8); (Ie—
20°), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (8); uninj., (b. z2—O2) 2,(1°—10%) 12, (11°
—20°) 10. Age, effects of, 68, 80, 266, 278; Bark ruptured, 262 ;
Crop, 1880, av. or fair, 41; def., 68, 79, 120; good, 67; none, 5,
155 ; Frost, recovering from, 155; Vars., Moorpark, -4°,278; Si-

-berian and vulgaris, -13°,294 ; Wet, effects of, 68, 80. AQuimLEal,

108. AraBis, 108. Arata chinensis, syn. A. mandshurica, (Dimor-
phanthus m.) 1°°5,106; A. heterophylla, 51; A. intermedia, 181; A.
neriifolia, 183; A. pentaphylla, 208; A. Sieboldii, syn. A. japonica
and Fatsia japonica,t -2°,301, 1°,304, 2°?7106,216, 3°,252,269,
5°,222, 7°,27,125,227, 10°,18,34; (b. z—O) 2 (1), (1°—10°)
10 (1), 3 (2), 3(3), (11°—20°2), 3 (1), 5 (8); wninj., 19.30, 8°,
270, 5°?, 208, 8°,65, 189,10, 20°,173; Do. varieg., 15°, 53; A.
spinosa, 2°,31, 8,34,119,206 ; wnin7., 8°,65. ARAucARIA Cookii,
15°,10 ; A. excelsa, 175; A. imbricata, -18°,129, -18°,129, -14°,
131,142, -11°,134, -10°,303, -9°,232,289, .8°, 300, -6°,89,329,
=5°110, -3°,164, 0°,79,82,102,273, 1°,139,304, 2°,101,167, 3°,
166,226,269, 4°,73,127, 5°,98,203; (b. z.—O®) 15 (1), 17 (2), 6
(3), (1S—10°) 4 (1), 15 (2), 25 (3), (L11S—20O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 3
(3); uniny., 0°,82, 2°,216, 3°,270, 5°,222, '7°,125, 9°,209, 10°,
39, 22*,118,121; (b. z—O°) 5 (1°—10°) 12, (1l°—20°) 15.
Obs., Elevated ground, 82 ; Growth of, 191; Soil, dry, 82, 101; Do.,.
wet, 82. Arspurus, -6°,89,143, -4°? 41,166, -2°103, 19,154, O°,
37,38,79, 1°,31,35, 2°,141, 79,18, 8°, 124, 10°,7,8,9,16,34; un-
inj., 2°,141, 109,117; A. Andrachne, -11°,90, -10°,303, -2°,201,
0°,302, 29,322, 3°,269,300, 4°,197, 5°,204, 6°,199, 223; uning.,

+ Acc. to Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Plan. ; see also Hemsley’s Handbook of

hardy trees, &c., p. 214; but almost invariably known to the Authors of the
Reports as A Sieboldii.

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

10°,19, 22*, 208,210,211; A. Croomii, 10°,74; A. hyb., -1°,30, 208 ;
A. procera, 3°,269, 4°,197,321, 106,211,237; wninj., 10°,19,
210; A. quercifolia, 10°,19, 212; A. rubra, 5°,150; A. Unedo,
-11°,90, -8°,25, -1°°5,141, -1°,30, 0°,220,273, 1°,139, 2°,216, 3°,
226,241,269, 4°,73,197,217, 5°,29,136,203,231, A. V. var, tomen-
tosa, 178; (b. z—O°) 13 (1), 8 (2), 3 (8), (1°—10°) 29 (1), 29
(2), 8 (3) (11°—20°) 9 (1), 20 (2), 3 (3); wninj., 19,233, 109,48,
15°, 21,200; (b. z—O?) 0, (1°—10°) 3, (11°—20°) 8; Obs., 9,
16,141, 150, 273. Arpista, -18°,294; unin7., 162,63. Ariseema,
8°,65. ArRisToLocHi altissima, 5°?206; A. Kempferi, 10°,19; A.
rotunda, 16°°4,63; A. sempervirens, 10°,318, 12°,148; A. Sipho,
o11°,134, -9°,232, -6°,89, 2°,216, 4°,323; uninj., -138°,295, -38°?
254, -2°,316, 3°, 270, 9°,209, 15°,200, 22*, (1°—10°) 5. Aris-
TOTELIA Macqui, -1°,30, 5°?207, 18°,178; wninj., 16°,181; A.
racemosa, 5°?207. ARMERIA, 242. ARontA, 16°,181. AnticHoKE,
globe, (b. z.—O°) 16 (1), 15 (2), 2 (3), (1°—10°) 15 (1), 43 (2),
13 (3), (11°—20°) 4 (1), 5 (2); wniny., (1S—10°) 2, (11°—202)
4. Arum, 64, ARUNDINARIA, (m) 109. ARuNDO conspicua, «18°,
129, -10°,303, -2°,301, 0°,82,273, (b. z—O°) 3 (1), 2 (2), (1°
—10°) 3 (1), 3 (2), 1 (8), (1°—20°) 1 (1), 1 (2), 3 (3);
uninj., (1°—10°), 3; A. Donax, -2°,301, -1°,30, (b. z—O°) 3
(1), 2 (2), @*—10°) 3 (1), 3 (2), 1 (3), (11S—20~) 1 (1), 1
(2), 3 (8); uninj., (19—10°) 2, (11°—20°), 2. Asarum, 10°,
19, AscLEPIAS, 10°,18. Asu, -18°,129, 37. Asmimna, -1°,30. As-
PARAGUS, =-15°,314, -'7°,99, -6°,89. -2°,266, 0°,81,82,228, 280, (b,
z.—O°) 16 (1), 15 (2), 2 (3), (1°—10°) 15 (1), 43 (2), 18 (3),
(11l°—20°) 4 (1), 5 (2); uninj., -9°,232, 59,222, 9°,209, 200,
203,254; (b. z.—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 12, (11°—20°) 6; A. acuti-
folius, 10°, 19; A. racemosus, 8°, 65; A. tenuifolius, 10°,19.
AsPHODELUS, 10°,18, 6. AsprpiumM, 149. AspLeniuM, 149. AsTER
argophyllus, 51; A. grandiflorus, 28; A. sericeus, 28; A. sikhi-
mensis, 220. AstTILBE 10°,19. Astraaatus, 10°,19. ATHRoTAxis f
imbricata, (m) =13°,295; A. selaginoides, 212. ATRIPLEX, 207.
AvBRIETIA, (m) 108. AvucuBa himalaiica, 4°,73; A. japonica, and
vars., -18°,129, -13°,129,134, -11°,90, -10°,98, -'7°, 99, -6°,89,
=5°,107,109,110, -4°,42,98, 39,25, -2°,103,112, -1°,41,45,141,
154, 0°,79,81,82,83,135,156,221,228, (b. z—O°) 15 (1), 47 (2),
14 (3,, (l°—10°) 19 (1), 46 (2), 39 (3), (11°S—20O°) 4 (1), 9 (2),

+ Usually but erroneously spelt Arthrotaxis.

INDEX TO PLANTS. XXV

12 (3); uninj., 0°82, 1°,233, 14,22*,117,200,210,254. AZALEA
ameena, -2°,301, 2°,216, 3°,198,269, 5°,136, 6°,286, 18°, 95,178,
22°,201; wniny., -138°,295, 4°,215, 14°.299, 15,53,200, 22,*181,
212 ; Hybs. of,214; (1°—10°) 4, (11°—20°7; Amer. types, 214;
A. indica, -4°,278, 0°,302, 3°,198,269, 4°,214, 5°,231, 59,60,117,
178 ; uninj., -'7°,290, 9°,209, 10°,84, 6,59,117, and vars. 181,200,
213,214, (b. z—O°) 2, (1S—10°) 4, (11°—20°) 6; A. mollis,
214; <A. pontica, 214; Obs. on, 214. Azana crassifolia, -18°,
294; A. dentata, -138°,294; A. Gilliesii, .13°,294, 18°,178; wn-
inj., 149,299; A. integrifolia, 19,189; uninj., 16°,181; A. micro-
phylla, b. z. [?] 255, 02,82, 1°,304, 2°,31, 3°,252, 211,246,294;
uninj., O°,82, 79,125, 18°,22, 12°,117; A. parviflora, 10°,18.

Bacowaris, 22. Batsamrra, 18°,10. Bampusa, 2°,31, 191; B.
edulis, 10°,18; B. Fortunei, -2°,301, -1°,284, 2°.216, $°,198,
241, 5°,136,203, 129,117,191, 117; $°,270, 12° 200,237, 14°,
299, 15°,200; B. gracilis, 5°,318, 15°,54; B. Kumasasa, wninj.,
63; B. Metake, 0°,82; wnin7., 5°,318, 15°,56, 16°,63, 18°,57, 9;
B. nigra, 10°,18; 15°,54; B. tessellata, 16°°4,62. Banxsta australis,
15°,10. Barparea, 28. Beans, scarl. run., 0°,38. Bron, -18°,
129, B:, copper, 2°,179. Bunt, 1°,106,162. Braonta, 18°,183.
Bettis ccerulescens, 10°,19; B. minima, ? 6°,303; B. perennis
(Daisy), 2°,79, '7°,12, 108,122; B. p. var. coerulea, 9°°6,334 ; B.
sylvestris, 10°,18. Bztiivum, wnin7., 6°,303, 10°,19. BentHamia,
=1°°5,141, 19,139,238, '7°,27, 10°,18,202, 18°,22, 178, 22*,175,
176,211,223; uninj., 3°,270, 12°,237. BerBeripopsis, O°,302,
3°,252, 4°,217, 5°,203,318, '7°,12, 12°,?123, 21°,50, 223,255;
uninj., 3°,270, 10°,202, 12°,117,237, 138°,22, 15°,200.

Berperis (including ManontA), -8°,135, -9°,103, uninz., 18°,
22,59; B. acanthifolia, 10°,318; 8B. actinacantha, 10°,19; B.
(American), 8°,113; 3B. angulosa, 207; 3B. aquifolia, 9°,212
(Mau.),108; wninj., O°,250; B. aristata, 5°,2038, 256; wniny.,
10°,19 ; B. asiatica, 207,285; wninj., 10°,19; B. Bealii, 5°,136, -
(Mag.), '7°,125, 159,176; wninj., 16°,181; B. concinna, 207; B.
coriacea, 207 ; B. Darwinii, -18°,129, -13°,129, -11°,90, -10°,113,
~7°,99, -6°,89, -2°,103,266, -1°,30,45, 0°,82,135,221, 14,109,
249, (b. z.—O°), 14 (1), 20: (2), 5 (3) (110°), 13 (1),
33 (2), 14 (3), (A1°—20°) 2 (1), 9 (2), 5 (3); uning., 9°,209,
10°,39, 12°,237, 18°,22, 16°,181, 210, (1°—10°) 7, (11°—202)

é

XXVi INTRODUCTION.

10. B. dulcis, -18°, 129, 10°,83; wninj., 16°,181, 285; B.
empetrifolia, 16°,181, 285; B. fascicularis, 256 ; B. fuchsioides,
207; B. glauca, 207; B. glaucescens, 207; B. glumacea (nervosa),
256; B. ilicifolia, 5°,207, wninj., 5°,203; B. Jamesoni, 3°,166,
10°'5,60, 187; B. japonica, «49,278, -2°,266, -1°,284, O°,102,
302, 19,304, 2°,216,284, 39,241, 4°35, §°,222, 69,286, 12,109,
(b. 2—O°), 1 (1), 2(2), 4 (3), (210°), 1 (1), 4 (2), 6 (3);
uninj., 4°,215, 3°,270, 12°,238, 22*, 200,212,299, (19—10°) 6,
(11°—20°) 8; B. Knightii, 64,207; B. Lycium, 207; B. macro.
phylla, 305 ; B. nepalensis, 299 ; B. Neuberti, hyb., 3°,166; B. pur-
purea, 181; Bb. Simonsii and vars.,-13°,129; B. stenophylla, -79,
99, «6°,89, 102; wninj., 19,305, 79,125, 16°,181; B. stolonifera,
232; B. virgata, 207; B. vulgaris, -11°,134, 2°2,273, '7°,125;
uniny., -9°,232, 19,233, 3°,270, 49,215, §°,222, 9°,209,22*,200,
210,212,285, (19—10°) 10; (11°—20°) 7; B. Wallichii, 0°?102,
207 ; wninj., 149,299, 169,181.

Beruta (Birch), '7°,27. Bignonia, 109,184, 129,123; B. cap-
reolata, 169,62; wniny., 208; B. grandiflora, 19,31, 12°,148; wn-
inj., 181; B. radicans, Q0°?7102. Brora (see Tuusa) Meldensis,
0°,249; B. occidentalis, 6°,303. 3B. orientalis, -4°,278, -2°,
266, «1°,45, 0°?102,273,302, 3°,300, 6°,286, 65,240, 6°9,
245, 10°,39, 129,191, 106; B. o. vars., antarctica, 60; aurea, O°,
38,102, '7°,101, 8°,37, 10°,83, 23°,69 ; elegantissima, 0°?7102, 3°,
246; falcata, 10°5,60; incurvata, 10°5,60; semperaurescens,
013°,294; wniny., 79,290, 19,233, 29,284, 3°,270, 49,215, 5°,222,
9°,209,213, 22*,121,200,246,254,299 ; vars., aurea, 22*; elegantis.
sima, 17, &c., 39. Biackperry (see Rusus), Amer., 9°,95, (Bram-
ble) varieg., 129. Booconta, 10°,19. Boehmeria, 22*,62. Bot.
TONIA, 16°,181. Bomarega acutifolia, 5°,203; B. Salsilla, 8°,65,
BorEOOLE, var., -15°,314, -11°,90, -10°,303, -2°,266, 0°,221,2738,
1°,219, 3°,198,269, 4°(vars.),127,197, 5°,222, '7°,227, 53,122,254,
(b. z.—O°) 14 (1), 10 (2), 1 (8), (1-102) 15 (1),15 (2), 8 (3) ;
uninj., -2° (vars.) 301, 2°,216, 9°,209, 59,200, vars., of merit, 70,
301. Borya, 211. Boussingaultia, 10°,63, 10; wniny., 149,299.
Bouvardia, 18°,10. Box (see Buxus semp.). Boyxinta, 10°,19.
Bravoa, 10°,18. Brine@esia (Ero), 207 ; uniny., (m) 109,19,
16°,181. Brodiwa, 8°,64. Brovussonetia Kempferi, 19; B. papy-
rifera, 16°,187, 22*,109,212,223. Brua@MAnsiA lutea, 28; B. san-
guinea, 0°,273,302, 8°,64, 28,220,254 wuninj., 14°,299, 189,10.

INDEX TO PLANTS. xxvii

BRUssELs sPROvTS, -15°,314, -12°,142, -11°,90, -10°,304, -8°,135,
300, -6°,89, -5§°,291, vars., 323, -2°,266, -1°,45, 0°,221,273, 1°
[?],106, 19,162, 29,216,273, $°,198, 4°,127,233, 5°,222,227; (b.
z.—0°) 19 (1), 9 (2), 3 (3), (I—10°) 19 (1), 17 (2), 13 ©),
(11°—20°) 3 (1); 4 (2), 1 (3); uninj, 2°,301, -1°-5,142, 29,
141, 160, 3°,270, 4°,215, 5°,203,222. 9°209, 59,238 (1°—10°)
12, (11°—20°) 3; var. Roseberry’s, 66. Bryanruus, 207. Bup-
DLEIA curvifolia, 207 ; B. globosa, -1°,30;285, 1°,106(bis.), 2°,216,
B°,, 241, 49,214,217, 5°,80,159,203,222 297, 6°.47, '7°,27, (b. z.
—0O°) 7 (1), 2 (2), (1°—10°) 19 (1), 6 (2), 2 (3); uninj., 10°?
2,19, 14°,299, 22*,117; B. intermedia, 207; 3B. Lindleyana, 3°,
241, 5°,204, 10°?2,18,318, 21,207,211,223. Buprevrum, 1°-5?106,
3°,244, 10°5, 60, 211,223,246; wninjg., 10°19, 149,299, 22%.
Buxus balearica, -1°,30, 0°,302, 2°,179, 3°,198, 5°,203,222, 7°,
12, 34,106,201,223; wninj., -2°,316, 2°,284, 3°,270, 49,215, 22*,
208,212; B. japonica, 295; B. sempervirens (Box), -18°,129,
=13°,129, -12°,131, -ll°,134, -9°,232, -8°,135, -7°,99, -6°,89,
-5°,110, -3°,25, -2°,266, -1°,154, 0°,92, 3°,198, var. golden &e.
102, (b. z—O°) 10 (1), 1 (2), 6 (3), (IS—10°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 4
(3); uminj., -2°,316, 1°,233, 3°,270, 4°,215, 5°,203, '7°,245,
9°,209, 22*,59,200,210,212,248,254; (b. z—O°) 7, (1S—10°) 9,
(10°—20°) 8; Obs., exposed and sheltered, -'7°,99.

Broccoui,t Adam’s Dalmeny, 302; A.’s early white, «1°, 88,241,
3°,241, 15°,54,298. Backhouse’s late, -15°,314, 9°°4,336, 4°,263,
(m.) 190 ; B.’s Winter White, 2°,284, 5°,318, 897229; uniny., 49,
321. Burleigh Champion, 262. Carter’s Champion, -3°?257, 3°,
241 ; uninj., 10°,335 ; C.’s Early Spring and Summer, -10°-5,290 ;
C.’s Late White, 19,219, 4°,263. Cattell’s Eclipse, -5°,291, -1°,88,
0°,319,337, 3°,241,269, 5°,204, 6°,286, 15°54; uninj., -8°-5,313,
2]°5,141, 3°,252, 5°,203,231, 79,152, 10°?335, 12°F275, 17°52.
Champion late white, 4°,333. Chapel’s cream, 3°,241, 159,54.
Deal white, 5°,204. Dickson’s late, 23°,70. Dilcock’s bride, -8°
5,313, -2°,324, 3°,252, 49,262, 5°,318, 6°,286, 8°,229, 1597298
uninj., 5°,231. Draummond’s late white, 336. Early vars., 8°,37,
15°,54. Elletson’s Mammoth, -2°,324, 897229, 14°,66, 159,54.
Frogmore protecting, 0°,337, 3°,269. Gilbert’s Excelsior, 262.
Gordon’s, -15°,314. Goschen, late white, 313. Grange’s autumn,

+ See Ji. of Hort., 1880, pp. 269, 330, 370, 888: Gard. Chron., 1889.

XXVlli INTRODUCTION.

4°,333. Handsworth’s white, 2°,284. Hill’s June, 2°,284. Knight’s
protecting, -6°,334, -5°,291, -1°,88, 0°?271,337, 3°,241, 5°,231,
14°,66, 23°,70 ; K.’s variegated, -8°,135. Lander’s Goshen, -15°,
314, 4°,263, 5°,318, 12°,224; wninj., 3°,252, 5°,231; 1.’s pro-
tecting white, -2°,324. Lang’s Late white, 4°,321. Late vars.,
1°,163, 8°,37. Late white, 5°,204. Leamington, -8°-5,313, -]°,
88, 1°,219, 3°,252,269, 4°,262,263, 5°,80,204, 6°,286, $°,179,229,
10°?337, 15°°298 ; wuninj., 17°,52. Mackey’s, 4°,333. May
Queen, 4°,321. Mliller’s dwf., 5°,204. Model, 0°,337, 4°,263,
6°,286, 10°,337; uninj., -3°°5,313, 0°,228, 3°,252, 52,231. Ni-
cholson’s, 9°?232. Osborne’s dwf., 12°,275; 0O.’s white, -6°,290,
0°?271. Penzance early, -2°,324, .1°°241, 19,219, 3°,241,252,
269, 5°,204,231; P. white, 0°,337. Purple, '7°,12, 14°,66; P.
Early sprouting, -6°,334, -8°,257, 3°,241, 6°,286, 8°?,229, 9°P
232. Snow’s Early, 3°,269; S.’s Superb White, 5°°204,318, 6°,
286; S.’s Winter White, -10°,290, -6°,334, 0°,337,271, 2°,284,
3°,241,252, 4°,263,333, 5°,231, 8°,179, 10°?337, 12°,224, 14°,
66, 179,190. Spring, 0°,337, 119,38. Surprise, -4°?7278. Sut-
ton’s late Green (Queen ?), 5°,80,204, (m) 14°,66, -5°,261, 9°4,
336 ; S.’s Perfection, 0°?271, 5°?204,318, 10°,335 ; 8.’s Protecting,
14°,66; S.’s Reading Giant, 14°,66. Veitch’s Aut., -38°7257, 0°,
337, 3°,269, 10°,327, 119738; V.’s Self-Protecting, -6°,290, 4°,
262, 5°,80,318, 6°,286, 9°,265, 12°,239; wninj., 99°20; V.’s
Spring White, -8°-5,313, 1°,219, 4°,263, 6°,286, 10°?337, 12°,
239 ; V.’s Welcome, 15°,56 ; wninj., -1°°242. Walcheren, -6°,334,
0°?302, 1'7°,190, Watts’ Excelsior, 262. Wilcock’s, -38°,257.
Wilcove white, 14°,66, 15°?298. Williams’ Alexandra, 0°,319,
9°,171. Winter, 11°,38. ——(b. z—O°), 42 (1), 6 (2), 1 @),
(1°—10°), 90 (1), 21 (2), 3 (3), (11°—20°), 21 (1), 11 (@), 4
(3). Vars. unnamed, wninj., -6°,143, -2°,301, 59,188, 18°,22,
52,121.

CABBAGE, -12°,142, -11°,90, -10°,304, -8°,135, -6°,89,329,
24°42, -1°,41,45,141,250, O0°,81,274, 1°,106,162, 164,304, 3°,
198,226, 4°,35,197, 5°,225,227, 6°,199, '7°,165, 8°,190, 9°,265,
10°,7,43; (b. z—O°), 19 (1), 10 (2), 6 (8), (4°—10°), 22 (1),
29 (2), 15 (3); wninj., vars., -2°,301, 3°,270, 4°,215, 59,203, 43,
59,121. Greens, 19,162; Do. German, -8°,159, 1°,164; Do. Ma-
jor, -0°3?,250; Do. winter, -12°,142, -1°,41. Pickling, 9°,265 ;

Syede

INDEX TO PLANTS. Xxix

uninj., 43. Savoys, -12°,142, -8°,135, -1°,45, 1°,162, 4°,35, '79,
101, 99,265; uninj., 29,160; Vars. named, -12°,142, -8°,135,
=4° 42, 1°,162,164,304, 9°,265, 43,250 ; wnin7., -2°,301. CacciniA,
19. CaALANDRINIA, 2°,242. CatcroLariA, 51; OC. chelidonioides,
181; ©. crenatiflora, 65; C. violacea, 202. Caxuisremon, 1°,
139; wuninj., (m) 120. CaLocHortus, 8°,64; wninj., 8°,65,
18°,10. Catopogon, 7°,12. Calycanthus floridus, (see Camo-
NANTHUS) 8°,179, 10°,18, 4; C. grandiflorus, 176. Camellia,
3°, 198,241,269, 4°,214, 6°,205,303,'7°,125, 10°,145, 148, 178,
200, (l—10°) 1 (1), 4 (2), 8 (8), (11°—20°) 3 (1), 3
(2), 9 (8); wninj., 19,305, "79,125, 10°,202, 8,10,22*,53,
vars., 57 and 149, 210,238, (1°—10°) 4, (11°—20°) 10. Obs.,
on high and low ground, &c., 14, 57, 152; shy bloom, 51, 57.
CAMPANULA pulla, 10; C. pyramidalis, 28. CampHorosma, 208.
Canna, 8°,64, 63. CanpDrIANDRA, (m) 211; wninj., 102,19. Can-
TuA dependens, 8°,64, 10,63 ; wninj., 10. CAPPARIS, 63 ; uniny., 181.
CaRAGANA, 181. CARNATIONS, -15°,314, -6°,89, 22,284, 4°,73, 59,
204,227, 6°,199, 10°,202, 12°,191, 223; vars., 202; uninz., 4°,

' 215, 5°,203, 200,248. CARPENTERIA, 212. Carrot, 69. Cassia

bifoliata, 212 ; C. corymbosa, 10; C. marilandica, 10°,18, 63. Cas-
ssinrA fulvida, wninj., 5°?208, 10°,19 ; C. leptophylla, 178. Casranga
vesca (SPANISH CHESNUT) -18°,129, -18°,294, -12°,131, -1]°,134,
10°,84; wninj., -2°,316, 4°,215, 52,203,222, 9°,209, 22*; Do.
var., chrysophylla, 3°,252, 181; Do. varieg., -13°,294. CAsTILLEJA,
181. CAsvARINA quadrivalvis,149 ; C. tenuifolia, 56. Caraupa bigno-
nioides, 17; C. Keempferi, -138°,294, 34; C. syringeefolia, -13°,294,
=6°,89, 2°,216, 3°,269, 4°,73, 5°,136,203,222, 227,231, '7°,12,22,
27, 9°,209, 11°,94,106,187,215, (b. z—O°) 1 (1), 2 (2), 1(3), (19
—10°) 5 (1), 7 (2), 3 (8); Do. var. aurea, -13°,294, 2°,216, 79,
22,27, 9°,228; 10°,202, 201; unin7., -4°,215, 59,222, 22* 200,212,
299, (1°—10°) 3, (10°—20°) 14; Ods. on, 94,209,222. CarTan-
ANCHE, 181. CAULIFLOWER, -6°,89, =-2°,266, 0°,79,274, 39,198,
4°,214,233, 6°,199, 201,215,223 ; wniny., -2°,142, 2°,284, 3°,270 ;
vars., Autumn Giant (Veitch’s), 204,299; Dwarf Erfurt, -15°,314,
-8°,324,327; Early Dwarf (Veitch’s), 204; E. D. Mammoth
(Veitch’s), -3°°5,313 ; Late, (Veitch’s), 257; Early London, -15°,
314, -8°,324, -3°°5,313, 275,299,327,331 ; Lenormand’s, 327;
Stadholder, -8°,324,; Walcheren, 299.

CEANOTHUS, -7°,142, -1°°5,141, 0°,38, en 12°,117, 109 ;

KAXX INTRODUCTION,

Obs., 158; C. americanus, -2°,301, -1°,285, 0°,302, 3°,198, 4°,
321, §°,80, 223,237; uninj., 3°,270, 169,181; C. azureus, -4°,
278, -2°,266, -1°,285, 09736, 19,106,139, $°,166,198,269, 4°,217,
321, 5°,318, 89755, 9°P20, 10°,60,148, 11°94, 18°,95, 15°,56,
119,211,223 ; (b.z—O°) 4 (1), 5 (2), (1°—10°) 13 (1), 7 (2),
4 (3 , (11°—20°) 38 (1), 3 (2), 4 (8); uning., 189,22, 169,181,
(11°—20°) 5; C. dentatus, 0°,302, 3°,198,269, 4°,73,321, 5°,
80, C. d., var., superbus, 8, 123,200,211,223,237 ; (1°-—10°) 9 (4),
6 (2), (11°—20°) 3 (1). 3 (2), 4 (8); C. divaricatus, 13°,
22, 15°,21, 211; wninj., 181 ;C. floribundus, 15°,176 ; C. grandiflo-
rus, 3°,198, 12°,237, 15°,200,223 ; wninj., 8°,270 ; 181; C. hybridus,
10°'5, 60; C. integerrimus, 5°,318 ; C. ovatus, 211; C. thyrsiflorus,
10°,18; C. Veitchii, 119; C. velutinus, 212. CrproneLia, 10°,18.

‘Ceprus Atlantica, -11°,134, -10°,304, -9°,289, -8°,300, -6°,
329, -4°,278, -2°,266, -1°,30, 12,304, 3°,198, 4°,73,197, 5°,204,
6°,303, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 1 (8), (1S—102) 1 (1), 1 (2),
10 (3); uming., 1°,233, 3°,72,270, 4°,215, 5°,222, 79,125. C.
Deodara, -18°,129, -13°,129, -12°,131, -11°,90,134, -10°,98,304,
=9°,103,289, -8°,135,300, -'79,99, -6°,89, -5°,109,110, -4.9,42,278,
~3°, 25,164, -2°,266, -1°,30,41,45, 0°,36,38,79,81,82,92,274; Obs.,
30; vars., 19,31; (b. z—O°) 19 (1), 28 (2), 9 (8), (is—10°)
15 (1), 31 (2), 25 (8), (11°—20°) 2 (1), 7 (2), 4 (8); uninj.,
-5°'8,89, 0°,82,92, 19,233, 29284, 3°,160, 49,215, §°,222, 79,
125, 8°,179, 9°,209, 10°,48, 109,121,200,299; wninj, (b. x
—O°) 6, (1°—10°) 16, (11S—20°) 11; Obs., degrees of inj.,
30; high and low sites, 14, 30, 34, 82; loss of foliage, 258, 263 ;
sheltered, 92; soil dry, 92; do. wet, 81; C. Libani, -11°,90,134,
=4.°,278, 0°,82,228,274, 19,304, 2°234, 3°,198,269, 4°,73,127,
6°.47, 8°,5, 10737, 6,16,191,237, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 7 (8),
(1°—10°) 1 (1), 6 (2). 11 (8), (11°—20°) 7 (2), 4 (8); uninz.,
1°,233, 2°,284, 49,215, J°,125, 10°,48, 299,212, (1°—10°) 9,
(11:—20°) 5 ; Obs., foliage, lost, 16,78,258 ; sheltered, 82 ; soil, cold
and wet, 269. CrLastrus, 181. CELERY, -15°,314, -12°,142, -11°,
90, 0°,38,43,81,221,228,274, (b. z—O°) 13 (1), 11 (2), 3 (3);
(1°—10°) 12 (1), 20 (2), 7 (8), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 5 (2), 2 (8);
uninj., =9°,232, 5°,138, 9°,209, 209; vars., Laing’s Mammoth,
Manchester, -15°,314; Leicester red, wninj., -5°,323. Crxris, 19.
CENTAUREA, 117; C. gymnocarpa, 181; wninj., 43. CEPHALAN-
THUs, 34. CEPHALOTAXUS, 0°,102,326, '79,27, 119,191,211 ; uninj.,

INDEX TO PLANTS. XXxi

3°,270, 5°,222, 6°,47, 10°,39, 11°,94, 200,254,299; Obs., shel-
tered, 280. Czrasus, 21; uninj., 299. CrRatontA, 207. Crrcl-
DIPHYLLUM, 208. Cxrrcis canadensis, 8; OC. siliquastrum (Judas
tree), -2°,112, O°,37,82, 2°,216, 39,269, 49214 5°29 203 229.
72,27, 17,20,106,123,201 ; wninj., 181,212,218; Obs., 33. CrrR-
COCARPUS, uninj., 10°,19.

CHAMABATIA, 1°,139. CHAMm@oyPARIS, glauca, 7°27, 97; OC.
spheeroidea, 0°,326; wning., -18°,295, 3°,270. CHama@rops chi-
nensis, 18°,178; C. excelsa, 0°79, 5°,222,22* 59; uninj., 10°,
19, 12°,118, 149,191,299, 15°,184; C. Fortunei, -1°,30, 0°?9,
8°,269, 9°,212, 12°,123, 18°,178, 20,(m)51,210,211,223, 285 ;
uninj., 4°,321, 10°,202,334, 12°,238, 15°,200, 16°,181; C.
humilis, 10°,18, 15°,175; CuwHerantuus, 28. CHELONE, 12.
Curry, -3°,25, -2°,266, 3°,226, 4°,35, 9°,156, 179,52;
Morello, -12°,1381, -'7°,99, 2°,141, 5°,159; other vars., 1°,219,
5°,231 ; (wild), 2°,101; wniny., 8°,270, 5°,203, 9°,209, 10°,84,
vars., 17°,52, 80,121,200; Crop, 1880, av., 120,121; good, 41,
48,81,128,302; none, 5,128; graft ineffectual, 26; wood injured,
52; obs., 231. CuimoNANTHUS fragrans, (see CALYCANTHUS) =-4°,
278, 0°?254,274, 19,233, 49,323, 7°.27,165, 9°,212, 10°,16,18,
57,80,106,17,211,224, (b. z—O°) 1 (1). 4 (3), (1°—10°), 4 (1),
3 (2), 6 (3); uniny., -12°,310, 2°,284, 3°,270, 5°,203, 9°,209,
108,181,200,238; (1°—10°) 7, (11°—20°) 5; C. virginiaca, 181.
Cuoisya ternata, 10°18, 18°,178, 211, 223; wninj., 3°,252,
6°°5,240, 10°,202, 129,118,238, 63,210,299. CHRYSANTHEMUM,
13,15,54, 108; summer flowvars., 2°,242. CoHRysoBAcTRON, 8°, 65.

CineraRiA, 13; C. acanthifolia, 12°,117; C. argophylla
15°,175 ; C. maritima, 12°,117. Cissus, 10°,18. Cuisrus albi-
dus, 56; CC. Algarvensis, 210; O. Bertholletianus, 207; OC.
Clusii, 19; C. creticus, 19; C. crispus, 210; CC. formosus, 10°,
74, 210; uninj., 56; C. “Gum,” -11°,90, 5°,80, 12°.2; C.
incanus, 210; C. ladaniferus, -4.°,9, -1°,45, 0°,82,221,302, 1°,31,
287, 3°,269, 5°,29, '7°,27, 10°,84; uning., «19,30, 19,305, 5°, 222,
7°,101,125,245, 8°65, 10°,19, 56,200,210,212,238,248, ©. lati-
folius, 207; OC. laurifolius, 0°?102; C. lusitanicus, 210; C. popu-
lifolius, 19; ©. purpureus, 56, 210; C. sp., -18°,129, 8°,64, 10°,
18, 28,63; C. salvieefolius, 56; C. villosus, 56; C. sp. wninj., 10°,
19, 152,56. Crrrus, 0°,302, 10°,202, 223.

CLEMATIS, -12°,131, -10°,113, -8°,185, 14°?°189; C. balearica,

XXXli INTRODUCTION.

2; C. calycina, 16°,181; ©. Colensoi, 334; C. flammula, 194; C.
graveolens, 19 ; C. hybs., 95; C. indivisa, 10; C. Jackmanni, -18°,
129, -8°,300, -4°,278, -1°,285, 0O°,38,274, 2°,79,273, 39,198,
226,261, 5°,231, 69,199, 99,212, 43,194,254; (b. z—O°) 4 (1),
12 (2), 4 (3), (1°—10°) 3 (1), 10 (2), 6 (8), (119—20°) 2 (2);
uninj., 2°,216,284, 5°,137, 9°,209, 10°,334, 12°,238, 15°,200,
22*,108,210,212,248, (1°—1O°) 8, (11°—20°) 11; C. lanuginosa,
5°,136, '7°,12; C. montana, -8°,300, -1°,285, 0°,83, 1°,304, 39,
241, 34,220,255; uning., -189,295, 2°,216, 3°,270, 5°,222, 22*,
108,200,210,212,238,248; C. patens,10°,18; C. tubulosa, 10°,
18; OC. viticella, -18°,129; C. var., Albert Victor, 0°,388; Obs.,
tribes, 137. Clerodendron, 10°,18, 16°,63. Clethra, alnifolia, 181 ;
©. arborea, 15°,10. CiryEra, 256; wninj, 10°,19. CLIANTHUS,
#13°,294, -2°,266, 02,274,326, 9$°,198, 4°,321, 12°,117,123,
10 (bis), 22*,58,175,254,299.

. Coccotopa, 149. CoccuLus, 334. CottETIA Bictoniensis,
8°,64, 138°,22, 15°54, 16°,63, 22*; C. cruciata, 3°,241, 49,
217, 10°?,2, 15°,175, 194,211,223; umn, 10°,19; C. fe-
rox, 19,30, 3°,241, 5°,222, '7°,27,211,293,254; uminj, 8°,
270, 4°,217, 10°,202, 22*; ©. horrida, 10°,318; «nan,
10°,19, 51; OC. serratifolia, 208; ©. spinosa, 10°, 318,34.
CotuTeaA, 16°,63; unin7., -18°,295, 22*,212. CoMMELYNA,
16°,63,181. Compronia, 212. ConzrFERS -1°,30, 0°,228, 122,
58, 15°,15,68, 150,246; wninj, O°,156, 5° (esp. Jap.), 187,
8°,179, 12°,58,121, 68,69,80,97,109,111,121, 125, 157, 159,190,191.
ConvoLvuLus althzeoides, 220; wninj., 10°,19 ; C. cantabricus ; wn-
inj., 10°,19 ; C. Cneorum, 8°,64, 211; C. sericeus, 10. Coprosma,
20. CoRrBULARIA, 8°,63. _CorcHorus, 108. Corpia, 211. Cor-
DYLINE australis, 1°,139, 169,187, 149; wnin7., 18°,183, 20°,120 ;
©. Banksii, 18°,178; ©. gracilis, 169,187; C. indivisa, 18°,178,
15°,183, 81°,149 ; C. Veitchii, 81°,149. Corrarta, -1,30, 10°,18.
Cornus (CoRNEL,) 10°,145 ; wninj., -6°,89,108,181. CoRONILLA
Emerus, 181; C. glauca, -9°,232, 0°,274,302, 3°,198,241, 9°,265,
12°,117,123, 215,327; uninj., 9°,209, 15°,53,200, 8,22*. Corrusa,
10. CorypPHA, wninj., 53,63. COoTroNEASTER acuminata, 0°?102;
C. affinis, 181; ©. buxifolia, -4°,167; OC. congesta, 19; C.
frigida, 181; OC. japonica, -2°,103; ©. microphylla, -11°,90,
«8°,135, -6°,89,329, -4°,(m)167, -2°,112,266, 0°,135,221, 5°,
922, 9°,265, 1871,90 (b. z.—O°) 13 (1), 13 (2), 4 (8), (LO—

INDEX TO PLANTS. XXxili

10°), 8 (1), 6 (2), 6 (8), (11°—20°) 3 (1), 5 (2), 11 (3);
uninj., 2°,216,284, 3°,270, 5°,203, '7°,245, 9°,209, 22*,171,181,
200,212,238, (b. z—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 11, (11°—20°)9; ©.
rotundifolia, -1°,45; C. Sieboldii, &c., 108; CC. Simonsii, ~]119,
90, -6°,329, -1°,285, 0°?102, 4°,35, 5°,204, 9°,265, 10°,39,
84, (b. Z.—Q°) 6 (2), 3 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 7 (3), 8 (3) ;
uninj., 2°,216,284, 3°,270, 49,215, 5°,203, 10°,19, 22*, 212,238,
254,285, (b. z—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 10, (11°—20°) 9.

Crataaus, “ Evergreen Thorn,” -18°,129 ; C. oxyacantha, fl. pl.,
-18°,129, 19,219; (b.z—O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 1 (3), (1°—10°) 3
(3); uninj., -2°,316, 3°,270, 5°,203,222, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), (1o—
10°) 10; Obs., 232; C. Pyracantha, -13°,129, -11°,90, -'7°,142,
-5°,110, var. cuneata, -2°,112, -1°,285, 1°,219,304, 2°,216, 4°,
127, 5°,227, (b. z—O°) 4 (1), 4. (2), 4 (3), (19—10°) 0 (1), 4
(2), 6 (38); wninj., -2°,316, 2°,284, 3°,270, 4°,215, 5°,203,222,
(b. z—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 10, (11°—20°) 6; C. vars., -11°,134;
uninj., 181. Crocosmia, 19. Crinum, wnin7., 248, 334. CrypromE-
RIA elegans, -'7°,99, -5°,110, -4°,98, -2°,266, -1°,285, 0°,38,135,
- 228,274, 1°,219, 2°,216,284, 3°, 198, 49,198,214, 6°,47,199, 10°,
36, (b. z—O°) 4 (1), 9 (2), 7 (8), (1°—10°) 1 (1), 5 (2), 15 (3);
uninj., -6°,89, 02,156, 3°,270, 9°,213, 20,121,200,238,254,299 ;
C. japonica, -6°,89, -4°,278, -3°,87, 0°,135,228,274, 2°,101,216,
3°,166,198,226, 4°,127,214, 6°,199, 102,191,211, (b. z—O%) 2
(2), 11 (3), (1S—10°) 3 (1), 3 (2), 12 (8); wninj., 0°,156,249,
1°,233, 2°,284, 3°,270, 5°,222, 79,125, 10°,39, 69,200,210,238,
254, (b. z.—O°) 6 (1), (1S—10°) 10, (11°—20°) 5; C. j. var.
Lobbii, 3°,166, 97,191.

CUNNINGHAMIA, =2°,301, 10°,18, 211; wninj., 149,299. CuPrEs-
sus borealis, 0°,302; uniny., -18°,295, -10°,290, 2°,284, 3°,270,
4°,215, 238,299; C. Corneyana, 1°,31, 97; C. excelsa, -1°,30;
©. fragrans, -1°,30; C. funebris, -1°,30, 299; ©. Goveniana, and
vars., 19,31, '7°,27, 10°,48; uninz., 254; C. Knightiana, 1°,31,
$°,241, 54; ©. Lambertiana, -2°,315, -1°,285, 1°°5,106, 4°,
214, 6°,303, 254; wninj., 3°,270, '7°,125, 238,299; C. Law-
soniana, -12°,142, -11°,134, -6°,89, -5°,110, -1,30, 0°,250, vars.,
1°,31, 4°,73, 5°,204, 6°,47,240, '7°,227, 8°,113, 10°,36,84, vars.,
22, 201, (b. z—O2) 4 (1,) 2 (2), 1 (8), (1°—10°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 10
(3); wninj., -13°,295, -'7°,290, O°, 156, and vars., 249, 2°,284, 8°,72,
270, 49,215, 59,203,222, '7°,125, 8°,151, 99,209,213, 10°,39,

9

XXX1V INTRODUCTION.

22*, vars., 69,109,111,200,210,254,299 ; wninj., (b. z—O°) 8, (1°
—10°) 20, (11°—20°) 8; ©. macrocarpa, -11°,90, -'7°,99, -6°,
89, -4°,278, -1°,30,285, O°,37,221, 1°,31,139, 2°,31, 5°,29, 6°,
47,205,303, '7°,27, 99,228, (b. z—O°)7 (1), 2 (8), (19—10°) 7
(1), 6 (5), 5 (3); wninj., 2°,284, 3°,72,270, 4°,215,238, 17,109,
200,299, (I—10°) 8, (11°—20) 7; C. Nutkaensis (see THusopsis
borealis) ; C. sempervirens, =1°,30, 0°,302, 1°,233, 2°,284, 39,198,
300, 5°,222, 6°,303, 7°,27; vars., 10°,48; wninj., 09,156, 3°,
270, 9°,209, 200,238,299, (1°-—1LO°) 6, (11°—20°) 5; C. thuri-
fera, 253; C. torulosa, 0°,274, 2°,3822, 3°,166, 5°,318, 10°,318,
176,223,237,254; C. Woolgariana, 253. CurRRANT, crop, (1880),
av. or fair, 121,164,168; def. (black only), 79,128; good, 9,13,35,
4.1 ,46,48,70,106, 138,158,160, 164,166,189, -10°,118; wnin7., -12°,
310, -9°,232, 8°,113, (b. z—O°) 5, (1S—10°) 13, (11°—20°) 8.

CyaTHEA, 149. CycLAMEN, 2°,242, 4°35, 53,108. CyYDoNIA
japonica, O°?,102; C. sorts, -13°,294; uninj., 181; C. vulgaris
(see QuINCE). CyNARA, 1° (m. Synara), 140. Cyprnya, '7°,(m)12.
Cypripepium, 210. Cyrvisus albus (see Genisra alba), 3°,166, vars.,
4°,73, 9°,79, 10°,84; C. bracteatus, 18°,178; C. carolina, 9°,291 ;
C. Laburnum, -18°,129, -12°,131, -11°,134, golden, 6°.47, '7°,59;
uninj., =9°,232, (b. z.—O°) 4, (1L°-—10°) 13, (11°—20°) 11; Obs.,
exposed, -18°,129,130; great inj., 7; much blossom, 139; young
trees, 7; CO. purpureus, -18°,130; Obs., wet, 78; C. ramosus, 12°,
123; C. scoparius (Broom), -10°,113, -5°,110,328, -4.°,98, 2°,164,
5°,136, 10°,7,84, (b. z—O°) 5 (1), 4 (2), 2 (8), (1°—1092) 3
(1), 3 (2), 1 (8); uninj., 3°,270, 59,222, 79,245, 212, (ls—10°)
6, 11°—20°) 6; Obs., -5°,110; C. tomentosus, 18°,178.

DacryDIUM cupressinum, =-13°,294; D. Franklinii, 19,139; wninj.,
208; D. sp., 2°31. Dauntia glabrata, 16°,63; D. variabilis, 3°,
198, '7°,13, 46,176,223,299 ; uninj., 2°,284, '7°,13, 9°-6,334, 183.
Daisy (see Betis). Darune Blagayana, (m) 181; D. Cneorum, «5%
8, 89, 097102, 207; D. collina, 0°,302, 19,304, 2°,242, 4°, 198, 10°,
18; wninj., -18°,295, 3°,270, 79,125, 22*,212; D. Fioniana, 299;
D. indica, 0°,302, 63,223; uninj., 2°,284, 3°,270, 10,22*,212; D.
Laureola, -7°,99, 9°,213, 18°,60; wninj., -9°,232, -2°,316, 19,
233, 2°,217, 3°,270, 22*,209, (1S—10°) 9; D. Mazelii, 207; D.
Mezereum, -4°,98, -1°,285, 0°?254, 8°,156, 9°,95,156; wninj.,
-12°,310, -9°,232, -2°,316, 1°,233, 2°,217, 3°,270, 22*,209,212,

—_ =

INDEX TO PLANTS. XXXV

(1°—10°) 9, (11°—20°) 7; D. oleifolia, 211; D. oleoides, 19;
D. pontica, 5°,136; D. salicifolia (caucasica), 19; D. Van Houttei,
207. Dasyxirion, 63.

Derciuous trees; 5°,29, 8°,86, 15°15; wninj., 8°,86, 15°,
68, 14,44,111; Obs., foliage abundant, 69; low situation, 74;
timber, 70; wet, -11°,134, 5°,29, 1'7°,11; winds, 15°,15, 17°,
11; wood unripened, 7°,123; do. well ripened, 216. DeErin-
q@iA, 63. Dertpxinium, 19. DeEsronrainnA, -13°,129, -2°,112,
301, 2°,164,216, 9°,213, 21,56,94,108,119,200,201,211,223, (b.
Z—O°) 4 (1), (1S—10°) 4 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8), 41°—20°) 4 (1),
2 (2), 4 (8); wninj., 10°,19,202, 12°,118,238, (1°—10°) 3, (11°
—20°) 15. Desmopium, 207; uninj., 6°,3803, 10°,202, 16°,181.
Dervurzia canadensis, 181; D. candidissima, 181; D. crenata, 181;
D. Fortunei, 181; D. gracilis, -4°,98, 59,136, 9°,213, 102; uninj.,
16°,181; D. rosea, 60; D. scabra, -18°,130, -6°,329, -1°,285, O°,
274, 19,304, 2°,322, 5°,203, 69,303, (1°—10°) 2 (2), 10 (8);
uninj., =2°,316, 1°,233, 29,217,284, 3°,270, 4°,215, 5°,222, 9°,
213 333, 22*,108,181,210,212, (1°—10°) 11, (11°—20°) 7; D.
stamina, 181.

DianTHUs (see CARNATION). DicKsonrA antarctica, 149; D. squar-
rosa, 149. Dioramnus, 220. Dreres, 64. DimoRPHANTHUS (see
Aras). Dionama, 334. Diospyros Kaki, 10°18; D. Lotus, D.
Mazelli and D. virginicus, -18°,294. Dzioris, 10. Drpnacus, 63.
Diptopaprus, 64. Discaria longispina, 207; D. Toumatou, 208.

Doponma, 120.

Dracmna, =2°,266,301, -1°,30, 0°,274, 3°,198,241, 5°,222,
6°,240, 10°,202, 200,223,237,239,254, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 1 (2),
(1°—10°) 5 (1), 5 (2), (11°—20°2) 4 (2), 1 (8); win, 81°,
51. DracocerpHatum, 181. Drimys, 63,178. Droszra, 334.

Duvava, -1°, (m)30, 211.

EcHEVERIA metallica, -4°,278, -2°,266, -1°,285, 0°,274,302,
(1°—10°) 11 (1); E. secunda, 10; wniny., '7°,18, 108. Eccrz-—
MOCARPUS, 222.

Epwarpsia grandiflora, 8°,64, 10°,18; wninz., 89,65, 10°,
202, 149; HE. MacNabiana, 211; E. microphylla, 19,139, 8°,64,
63,178,194,207; wninj., 2. Eximaenus angustifolia, 181; LE. ar-
gentea, 6°,47, 10°,74,202, 50; wninj., 8°,270, 22*,200,299; E

_ japonica, 149; KE. longipes, 22; wuninj., -18°,295; EH. pungens,

XXXvVi INTRODUCTION,

50,194,223; uninj., 299; E. reflexa, -18°,294, 21,136; E. vars.,
uninj., 4°,217, 9.

Ewper, vars., -18°,130, 59. Eto, -8°,135, .'7°,99, 2°,101, 15 ;
uninj., 22*,212,222,245; Obs., exposed and sheltered, ='7°,99. Ex
SHOLTZIA 207.

Emporurium, 50,175,202,207,223,237 ; wninj., 51,181.

Enpive (b. z.—O°), 13 (1), 3 (2), (1°—102) 21 (1), 5 (2),
(1l°—20°) 5 (1), 1 (2). Enkianthus, 10°,19, (m) 208, 212.

EPHEDRA distachya, -1°,30; E. lomatolepis and E. monosta-
chya, 19. Epmeprom, 2°,242.

Eremourvs, 12. HEroma (see Bripgesta). Erica alba, 190; EH.
arborea, 1°,139, 18°,178; HE. australis, 190; E. carnea, 3°,198;
uninj., 299; var., 334; H. ciliaris, 334; E. codonodes, 1°,139, 207 ;
uninj., 21,238; HE. herbacea, 5°,318; wninj., -12°,310; E. Mawi-
ana, 334; EH. mediterranea, 19,139, 3°, (stems split) 269, 5°,318,
54,187,207, (b. z—O°) 1 (1), 5 (2), 2 (8), (19—10°) 4 (1), 10
(2), 3 (3), (11°—20°) 4 (1), 2 (2), 2 (8); H. multiflora, 207;
E. scoparia, 207; E. vulgaris, vars., 334; EH. sp., -18°,294, -6°,329,
3°,160, 49,198,214, 73,109. Eriopotrya, -13°,294, -1°, (m) 30,
1°,287, 10°,18,60,117,211,223,299 ; wninj., 2°,284, 3°,270, 22*.
Eropium, 28. Erynarum bromeliefolium, 8°,64; E. eburneum, 10 ;
HE. Lasseauxii, 10°,(m)18; EH. pandanifolium, 0°,82, 8°,64, 299;
uninj., 120; H.sp., 2. HEryrarina, 11,58. Eryrarocnare, 10°,
(m) 19.

EscattoniA Balfourii, 187; E. coquimbensis, 211; E. grandi-
flora, 10; E. illinita, 10°,18, 22; EH. Ingrami, -13°,294, -11°,90,
3°,166,269, 5°,222, 6°,199, 22*,34,60,223, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 2
(2), (1S—10°) 5 (1), 6 (2), 1 (3); wniny., 181,299; HE. macrantha,
=18°,130, -13°,129, -11°,90,134, -8°,135, .7°,142, -6°,89, -4°,
98, -2°,266, -19°5,141, 0°,81,82,156, (b. z—O°) 11 (1), 12 (2),
1 (3), (1°—10°) 20 (1), 25 (2), 8 (8), (11°—20°) 5 (1), 8 (2),
6 (3); uninj., (b. z—O°) 0, (1°—10°) 3, (11°—20°) 11; E.
macrophylla, 29,179, 34; EH. montevidensis, -13°,294, 2°,216, 10°,
74, 8,10,22,22* 50,53,202 ; uninj., 3°,270, 22; EH. Organensis,
10°,18 ; E. Philippiana, 212 ; E. pterocladon, (m)148,318; EH. pul-
verulenta, 10; E. rubra, -13°,294, -8°,300, 0°,302, 3°,166, 4°,
321 (bis), 5°,222, 69,199,303, 7°,27,125, 2,117,178,194,201,223,
299,304; uninj., 8°,270, 181,200; EH. serrata, 181; E. sp., 11,
53. EscoHscHOLTziA, 54.

INDEX TO PLANTS. XXXViL

Evcatyptus coccifera, 208,223,299; E. coriaceus, 120; E. glo-.
bulus (b. z—O°) 6 (1), 1(2), (18—10°) 30 (1), 1 (2), (119°—
20°) 18 (1), 3 (2); wninj., 31°,51, 189; Obs., sheltered, 213 ; E.
Gunnii, 207; wninj., 120; H. resiniferus, 10. Evcomis, 65. Ev-.
GENIA apiculata, -13°,294, 10°,148, 22,63,106 ; wninj., 10°,202,
(120; HE. Ugni (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 1 (8), (19°—10°) 6 (1), 2 (2), 1
(3), (11°—20°) 3 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8); wninj., 224,118,200. Evta-
LIA, 10°,18; wninj., 3°,252, 22,51,63,210. Evonymus atropur-.
pureus, 181; HE. fimbriatus, 10°,18, 63; E. europzeus, (b. z.—O°),
1 (1), 2 (2), (1°—10°) 2 (1), 3 (2), 2 (8); uwninj., -9°,232, -2°,.
316, (b. z—O°) 2, (19°—10°), 7, (11°—20°) 4; EH. japonicus,,
(b. z.—O°) 8 (1), 9 (2), 1 (8), (A9—10°) 23 (1), 16 (2), 3 (3),
(11°—20°) 8 (1), 14 (2), 5 (3), (219—B2°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3);
uninj., 10°,7,48, 109,118,181,256, (11°—20°) 6; E. jap., vars.,
(b. z.—0°), 2 (1), (1—10°) 7 (1), 8 (2), 7 (3), (119—20°)
1 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3); Obs., wet, 117; E. pungens, 207; E. radi-
cans, -2°,266,301, 0°,82,135,302, 1°,304, 2°,164,216, 3°,198,241,
269, 49214, 6°,47,240,303, 92,213, 10°,18; Do. varieg., 5°,98,
84, (b. z2—O°) 5 (2), 1 (3), (19—10°) 5 (1), 9 (2), 10 (8); un
inj., -13°,295, 9°,209, 200,222, 248,299,334, (19—10°) 4; E. tin.
gens, 10°,18. Evparorium, 16°,181. Evpnorsia, 64,65. Eurya,
5°,136, 10°,18, 50; wninj., 118. Evurysia argophylla, 4°,321,
323, 106 ; E. Gunniana, 19,139, 10°,318 ; wninj., 10°,19, 169,181 ;
E. ilicifolia, 19,139, 4°,321,323, 10°,18,318, 54,211; wniny., 21,
22+,181; E. latifolia, 4°,323; E. tomentosa, -138°,294; E. Tra-.
versii, 19,139. EverGrReEns, various, Obs., -4°,278, 0°274,
1°'9,273 ; lost foliage, 26,101,216,258,263,279 ; sheltered, 99,154 ;
wet, effects of, 11,84,85,111, 134,140 ; wood, well ripened, 308,312.

ExocnorpA, 10°'5,60, 28; wnin7., 5°,203.

FABIANA, -13°,294, 0°,274, 8°,64, 22*,51,64,106,175,207,211,
223; uninj., 10°,19, 51,109,120,181,183,334. Fagus (see BrEcH)...
Farrucium, 117,181. FarstA japonica (see Arata Sieboldii) ;
F. papyrifera [jap., ?] 51.

Festuca, 19.

Fie, (b. z—O°) 4 (1), 6 (2), (1°—10°) 10 (1), 13 (2), 1
(3), (11°—20°) 5 (2), 1 (8) ; wninj., (1°—10°) 3, (11°—20°) 4;
vars. kd., 179. Frrzroya, -13°,294, 0°,324, 1°,31,139, 8°,166,
119,237,246 ; uninj., 2°,284, 49,217, 10°,19, 22,212.

h

XXXVili INTRODUCTION.

FontarinestA, 10°,18, 207. Forsyruta Fortunei. wninj., 10°,19 ;
F. elegans, -18°,294, -10°,304, -4°,278, 2°,216, 4°,127, 59,204;
uninj., 2°,284, 3°,270, 49,215,217, 224,212,238 ; F. suspensa,
=13°,294; uninj., 10°,19, 169,181; F. viridissima, -13°,294, -2°,
301, -1°,72,285, 1°,287, 3°,226, 5°,203,204, 9°,213,228, 187;
uninj., 1°,233, - 2°,284, 3°,270, 4°,215, '7°,245, 227,118,181,
200,212. Fourcroya, 51,237.

-FRaGraria indica, wninj., 10°,19, 183. Francoa, 8°,64, 176.-
FRAXINELLA, 5°,80. Fraxinus excelsior (see Aso); F. mandshu-
viensis and F. Ornus, 285; F. xanthoxyloides, 6°,47.

Freesia4, 10. Fremontt, -13°,294, 12, 22; uning., 10,19,118,
120,202,270.

FRITILLARIA Forbesii, 65; F. recurva, 10. Fruit Trees, Obs., -
46,51,55; canker, 93; crops (1880), deficient, 6,9,70,86,88,130,
138,141,150,156,158 ; good, 13,14,74, vars., 111,120; none, 6,15,
114,121,138 ; crops (1881), geod, 197,272,301,307,325 ; Flowering,
late, 216,325; Frost, effects of, 6,34,41,86,111,114; Pith, browned,
26; Roots, slow action of, 46,47; Slight inj. or uninjured, 55,74,
84,138,252; Wet, injury by, 86,131,150,151,164; Winds, effects
of, 5,11,15,16; Wood, unripened, 6,13,35,55,84,130,131,148,166 ;
Wood, well-ripened, 310,312,322,323,325,329.

Fucust4 alpestris, 63; F. carolina, 200; F. coccinea, (1°—10°)
2 (1), 6 (2), 2 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 42 (2); wniny., 83°,(m)270,
4°,217, 8°,65, (1S—10°) 6, (11°—20°) 3; F. conica, 63; F.
curallina, wninj., 10°,19, 200; F. coronata, 60; F. discolor, 149,
299; uninj., 109,19; F. excorticata, 14°,299 ; wninj., 10°,19, F.
gracilis, -1°,30, 3°,241, 5°,222, 54,60,211,298 ; wuninj., 3°,270,
5°,203, 10°,19,108,200,299, (1°—10°) 5, (11°—20°) 4; F.
lycioides, 63; F. macrostemma, wninj., 3°,270, 16°,63; F. “ Ma-
dame Cornelissen,” (m) 299; F. minima, uninj., 183,334; F.
procumbens, &c., 64; wumninj., 183; F. pumila, 19; F. radicans,
14°,299; F. Riccartoni, (b. z—O°) 10 (1), 8 (2), 2 (38), (l9—
10°) 14 (1), 16 (23,9 (3), (11°—20°) 2 (1), 1 (2); uninz., (L°—
10°) 5, (11°—20°) 4; F. sanguinea, 334; F. Thompsonii, wninj.,
10°,19, 211; F. variegata, 211; F. [m. ?] virginata, 19. Furze
(ULex europea), (b. z—O°) 10 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3), (19—10°) 14
(1), 16 (2), 9 (3), (1I—20°) 9 (1), 2 (2), 1(3); FA pl, (b.
z.—O°) 5 (1), 1 (2), (19—10°) 5 (1), 18 (2), (11°—20°) 2 (1),
1 (2); Obs., 15; wet, 125, ;

INDEX TO PLANTS. : XXx1X

GAILLARDIA, 28. Ganax, 2°,242. GarryA (b. z—O°) 14 (1),
9 (2), 3 (8), (1S—10°) 10 (1), 27 (2), 11 (8), (11l°—20°) 1 (1),

A (2), 3 (3); uninj., (b. z—O°) 2, (1°—10°) 3, (11°—20°2) 6.

GAULTHERIA nummularia, 207; G. procumbens, 108,181; G. Shal-
lon, -"7°,142, '7°,27. GaurRa, 220.

-Genista alba (see Cytisus albus) 17,22; G. cinerea, 0°?102,
18°,178; G. laburnoides, 18°, 178; G. monosperma, 207; G.
preecox, 13°,178 ; wninj., 169,181; G. racemosa, 3°,241; wninj.,
2° ,284, 3°,270; G. sagittalis, 181. GentTiaNA, 7,242. Geum, 5°,
159, 8° (m “Greens”’) 113. GILLENIA, 28.

GuaproLus, -10°,304, -1°-5,141, 3°,198, 5°,225, 8°,(vars. 64,
10°,16, 129,191; wninj., 2°,284, 3°,270, 5°,222, 227,65,200,
299. Gueprrscuta horrida, 19,304, 49,321, '7°,27; wniny., 5°,222,
224,212; G. inermis, 7°,27 ; unin7., 5°,222, 22+; G. triacanthos,
7°,125, 21,254; wninj., 5°,222, 182. Guiyprosrrosus, 10°,18.

GOOSEBERRY, 0°,228, 2°,216, 4°,198, 10°84; wninj., -12°,
310, -2°,316, 3°,270, 8°,113; Crop (1880), av. or fair, 138,
168 ; good, 9,13,35,41,46,48, 70,79, 106,121,128,158, 160,164, 166,189.
GorponiA, 10°18, 212.

GRABOWSEIA, 207. GREVILLEA, 49,321, 18°,178, 223, (1S—10°),
2 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3). GRisELiniA, -13°,294, 0°,221, 1°,304, 2°,216,
A°,321, 5°,29,203, 10°,18, (b. z—O%) 1 (1), (IS—10°) 6 (1), 5
(2), 4 (8); wninj., '7°,125, 10°,19, 299; G. macrophylla, 149.

GUNNERA manicata, 10°,18,(m)256; G. scabra, 3°,241, 5°,222,
119,181,237,239, (b. z—O”)} 1 (1), (19—10°2) 1 (1), 1 (2), 3 (3),
(11°—20°) 1 (1), 3 (2); wning., 224,210,212,299.,

GYNERIUM argenteum (see PAmpas Grass); G. jubatum, 10°,18.

Haprantuvs, 10,64. HaprorHamnus. 3°,252, 10°,202, 176,
211,223,321,327; wninj., 10,58. Hamametis, 19. Hatzsia dip-
tera, -13°,294; wninj., 182; H. tetraptera, -13°,294, 3°,244, 106 ;
uninj., 3°,270, 5°,203, 10°,48, 22},233. Harroara, 5°,136, 10°,
318. |

HeartTsEase, 108. Hepera (seeIvy); H. algeriensis, 148,207 ;
canariensis, 5°,136; H. Helix; H. himalaica, 207; H. maculata,
207; H. minor, 207; H. Reegneriana, 5°,(m)136,203; H. rhom-
bea, 207. Hxrpycuium, 8°,64; H. coronarium, 210; H. flavum,
51; H. Gardnerianum, 63. HELIANTHEMUM halimifolium, 207;
H. roseum, -10°,113; H. sp., 63. Hx ranrnus, 182. Hetwin-

xb ty INTRODUCTION.

GIA ruscifolia, 10°,18,(m)211. Hersacrovus plants, various, 65;
bloom in 1880, 7; bulbous, 37,65,86; fine, 281; snow, protected
by, 164; wninj., 69,141,145,164,281; frost or wet, effects of, 12,
38,46,86,142. Husprris, 2°,242.

Hisiscus grandiflorus, 63; H. syriacus, -18°,294, -2°301, 0°,
221, 6°,303, 97,109,123 ; wnin7., 2°,284, 3°,270, 7,224,299. Hrr-
POPHAE, 7°,27; wuninj., 10°,39.

Ho.Béuis, 3°,241,(m)208. Hotty, (b. z—O°) 11 (1), 31 (2),
12 (3), (lS—10°) 6 (1), 27 (2), 16-(3); wniny., (b. z—O°) 9,
(1S—10°) 12, (11°—20°) 8; Obs., dry situation, O°,92 ; exposed,
-3°,25,99,112 ; fruit of, 155,160; individuals inj., -4°-5,85, 9°,
77; lost foliage, 26; sheltered, -'7°,99, -8°,88, 9°,266, 77,86,131;
thickly planted, 2°,79 ; vars., -10°?78, -5°,110, 4°,73,263 ; wet,
88; wind, 25,273; H. variegated, (b. z—QO°) 5 (1), 14 (2), 4 (3),
(1°—10°) 6 (1), 9 (2), 16 (8); uninz., (b. z2—O°) 4, (1°—10°)
5, (11°—20°) 5. HottyHock, 46,191. Honrysuckiz, (LoNICERA
Periclymenum) -13°,295, -10°,113, -'7°,99, -1°,285, 0°,83, 43;
unin). 4°,215, 5°,203, 227,212. Horenounn, -'7°,99. Houss-
LEEK (SEMPERVIVUM), 6°,329. :

Hyactnruvs candicans, 8°,64, 16°, 63 [m ?] candidus, 220 ; uniny.,
19; H. sp., 37,86; wninj., -12°,310, -9°,232, -2°,316, 3°,270, 4°,
215, 22,200. 209,238,248,299,334. HypRrANaea arborescens, -13°,
294, -10°,304, -2°,301, 3°,198,252,269, 6°,303, 22*; uninj., «19,
30, 5°,222; H. grandiflora, 182; H. Hortensia (hortensis), ‘‘ Hy-
drangeas,” (b. z—O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), (19—10°) 7 (1), 4 (2), 5
(3), (11°—20°;, 3 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3); wninj., (1°—10°) 3, (11°
=20°) 2; H. japonica, -13°,294, -1°,285, 0°,274, 19,139, 32,198,
252, 6°,303, 8°,124,227, 10°, 185, 22*,55,200 ; uninj., 8°,270, 248 ;
H. nivea, 102,18; wninj., 169,182; H. Otaksa, -13°,294, 3°,198,
10°,18, 22*,50 ; H. paniculata, 246; H. quercifolia, 10°,18 ; wninj.,
«1°,30. HyMENANTHERA, 8°,252; wninj., 63. Hypericum baleari-
cum, $°,198,252, 16°,63; wninj., -2°,316, 2°,284, 3°,270, 227;
H. Calycinum, (b. z—O°) 6 (2), 1 (8), (19--10°) 8 (2), 9 (8);
uninj., -2°,316, B°,270, 4°,215, 224,245,248; Obs., dry, 27 ; wet,
27; H. canariense, 10; H. Kalmianum, 182; H. nepalense, 5°,
29, 10°,148 ; H. oblongifolium, 12°72,178, 15°,56, 16°,187; H.
patulum, 18°,178 ; H. punctatum, 182; H. quadrangulare, 182; H.
shrubby, sp., 2; H. Wallichianum, 241. Hyssopus, 19.

——_" °

INDEX TO PLANTS. xli

Iperis coriifolia, 2°,(m)242; I. gibraltarica, 1°,139,(m)194,
220 ; uninj., 51 ; I. sempervirens, 19139, 108 ; I. Tenoreana, 194.

Ipesta, 10°,18, 211,246; wnin7., 182,208.

Inex, 0°,36; “I. Azevinho, Lowe (canariensis, Poiret) 207; I.
balearica, 256; I. cassine, 207; I. cornuta, 176,207; wninj., 10°,
19; I. crenata and vars., 208; I. dipyrena, 10°,139, 207,211;
1. elliptica, 211; I. furcata, 178; I. japonica, 9°,213; I. latifolia,
21; (m) J. maderensis, 256; I. opaca, 208; I. Perado, -1°,30.
Inuictum, 182; I. anisatum, 207; 1. floridanum, 10°,18,(m)207,
211; I. religiosum, (m) 207,299; wninj., 212.

InpicorERA Dosua, 10°,18, 63,178,246; wninj., 182; I. flori-
bunda, 0°?102; I. Roylei, 8°,64; wninj., 8°,65.

Iris, uninj., -2°,316, 8°,270, 79,245, 224,200,203,254 ; I. Amer.
sp., 8°,64; I. chameiris, 299; I. cretensis, 8°,64; I. cristata, 210,
334; I. fimbriata, '7°,12; I. foetidissima, 334; I. germanica, 299 ;
J. Guldenstcedtii, 299 ; I. Hartwegii, 189,10; I. sp. Himal., 8°64;
I. Histrio, 299; I. jap. sp., 8°,64; I. Kempferi, 5°,203,210,299 ;
I. Notha, 210; I. nudiflora, 210; I. persica, 299; I. pseudacorus,
334; I. pumila, 334, vars., (m) 299; I. reticulata, 210; I. setosa,
210; I. tenax, 210; I. tuberosa, 299.

ITEA virginica, wninj., 16°,182.

Ivy (Hepera Helix), (b. z—O°) 4 (1), 13 (2), 10 (3), (1L9—
10°) 4 (1), 11 (2), 15 (3); wniny., (b. z—O°) 5, (1°—10°) 9,
(1l°—20°) 7; Obs., exposed, 79,99; sheltered, .7°,99; I.
variegated, (b. z—O°) 5 (1), 4 (2), 2 (8), (19—10°) 2 (4), 3
(2), 4 (8); wning., (b. z—O°) 2, (1S—10°) 1, (11°—20°) 5.

JAMESIA, 212. Jasminum, 207; J. fruticosum, 299; J. multi-
florum, 190; J. nudiflorum -18°,130, -10°,304, -2°,266, -1°,285,
(b. z.—O°) 3 (1), 4 (2), 6 (3), (19—10°) 1 (1), 4 (2), 12 (3);
uninj., =9°,232, 2°,284, 3°,270,(b. z—O2) 3, (1°—10°) 10, (11°
—20°) 8; J. officinale (Jasmine), (b. z—O°) 5 (1), 7 (2), 3 (8),
(1°—10°) 5 (1), 16 (2), 6 (3) ; wninj., (b.z—O2) 1, (1°—10°) 3,
(11°—20°) 3; J. Reevesii, 119; J. revolutum, -1°,30, 63,187.

Jupas tree (see CERCIS). JUGLANS (see WALNUT), 34. JUNI-
pERvs aurea, 249; J. Bedfordiana, 125; J. chinensis, -10°?78, 5°,
203,318, 12°,191; uniny., 6°,47, '7°,125, 10,39 ; J. chin. aurea, 249;
Obs., 250 ; J. chin. glauca, -13°,295 ; J. communis (Juniper), 108,
213; J. c. hibernica, 6; J. drupacea, 97; J. excelsa, -18°,295;

a

xlii -. INTRODUCTION.

J. Henryi, -18°,295; J. japonica, -18°,295; J. j. aurea, uninj.,
0°,249,250; J. oblonga pendula, -18°,295; J. occidentalis, 97; J.
Perkinsii, O°,228; J. phcenicea, -13°,295, 11°,60; wninj., 97; J.
prostrata, 191; J. recurva, -'7°,99; uninj., 44; J. rigida, -18°,
295; J. Sabina, 39; J. sp. ? (sweet scented cedar), -4°,41; J.
thurifera, 11°,60 ; J. virginiana, wniny., 10,39,97 ; J. var., weeping,
-10,304, 124.

Kapsura4, 10°,18. Kats, (b. z—O°) 8 (1), 9 (2), 1(8, (1°
—10°) 17 (1), 9 (2), 4 (3), (A1°—20°) 4 (1), 1 (2), 2 (8); uniny.,
(1°—10°) 5; K. scotch, 66; K. sea, 6°,199, 10°,7, 5,54. Kat.
MIA glauca, 182; K. latifolia, -18°,295, ~-11°,90, -8°,300,
~2°,301, 0°,302, 19,220, 2°,243, 3°,241, 4°,214, 6°,199; wniny.,
2°284, 3°,270, 10°,84, 200,210,212,213, 238,254.

KeErRIA japonica, uninj., 16°,182.

_ Kyienorta (see Triroma) caulescens, 8°,64; wninj., 8°,65, 63;
K. MacOweni, 8°,64, 63 ; K. Quartiniana, 8°,64, 28; K. sarmen-
tosa, 10°,18; K. Saundersi, 8°,64.

K@LREUTERIA paniculata, -13°,295, 34,106 ; uninj., 2°,217, 8°,
270, 8°,65, (m)19,(m) 182,212,213.

LABURNUM (see Cytisus L.). LAcHENALIA, 53. LAGERSTREMIA,
63. LapAGERIA, 3°,252, 10°,202, 159,10; wninj7., 12°,121, 18°,
10; Obs., 121. LarpizaBata, 10°,18, 207. Larix europea
(Larcw), 19,304, 5°,204, '7°,125, 6,7,66,102,125; wninj., (b. z.
—O°) 2, (1S—10°) 13, (11°—20°) 6; Obs., 66,206,251; L. japo-
nica, uninj., 13°,295 ; L. Kempferi, -13°,295 ; L. pendula, 39; L.
sikkimensis, 65. Larania, 8. LAruyrus latifolius, 28. Laurus cam-
phora, 15°,176 ; wninj., 10°,202; L. nobilis (Bay Laurel), (b. 2
—O°) 36 (1), 27 (2), 2 (8), (19—10°) 51 (1), 56 (2), 18 (8),
(11°—20°) 8 (1), 17 (2), 12 (8); uninj., (b. z—O°) 2, A°—
10°) 2, (11°—20°) 8; Obs., dry, -8°,26; exposed, 82; wet,
82; wind, 20; L. regalis, 18°,178; L. salicifolia, 137. Lavurgt,
common, (Prunus Laurocerasus) (b. z—Q°) 25 (1), 47 (2), 4 (8),
(1°—10°) 21 (1), 66 (2), 33 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 12 (2), 8
(3); wning., (b. z—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 4, (11°—20°) 8; Obs.,
exposed, 93,228; sheltered, 41,228; wet, 36,42,84,85 ; wind, 79;
vars., broad-leaved,102; caucasica, -6°,89, -2°,267, 0°,221, 4°,73,
5°,222, 9°,209, 10°, 84,274; uninj., 3°,270, 149,299 ; colchica, -1°,

INDEX TO PLANTS, xliii

285, 0°,221,302, 2°,164, 4°-5,292, 5°,222, 99,209, 274; uniny., 8°,.
270, 10°,17,299 ; intermedia, 207 ; Jeffreyi,207 ; narrow-leaved,102 ;
round-leaved, 0°?102, 4°73,292, 9°,209, 274 ; uninj., 3°,270, 10°,
17,84,299; L. Portugal, (b. z—O°) 23 (1), 38 (2), 11 (8),
(1°—10°) 7 (1), 36 (2), 29 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 6 (2), 3 (3);
uninj., (b. z—O°) 6, (1°—10°) 6, (11°—20°) 5; vars., Azorica,
102; myrtle-leaved, 102. Laurustinus, (VisurNum Tinus) (b. z.—
O°) 32 (1), 18 (2), 1 (8), (1°—10°) 38 (1), 65 (2), 14 (8), (l1ls—
20°) 8 (1), 16 (2), 11 (8); uninz., (b. z2—O°) 1, (1°—102) 1,
(11°—-20) 11; Obs., dry, 82; exposed, 82,121; sheltered, 121; wet,
36. LAvENDER, (b. z.—O°) 11 (1), 10 (2), 2 (3), (1S—10°) 20 (1),
19 (2), 6 (3), (11°—202) 2 (1), 1 (2); uninj., (b. z—O°) 2, (19—
10°) 3, (11°—20°) 5.

Lepum, 0°?102; wninj., 169,182. LeexK, -8°,135, 1°, 162, '7°,
165. Lxeprospermum, lanigerum, 6°,47, 10°,202,318, 12°,148,
223; uninj., 3°,270, 119,94, 22+; L. scoparium, 19,139, 10°,318,
14°,299, 223; uninj., 8°,270, 120. LEsPEDEZA, -13°,(m)295. Lxer-
TUCE, (b. z.—O°)14 (1), 4 (2), 2 (8), (19°—10°) 22 (1), 11 (2), 6
(3), (11S—20°) 3 (1), 3 (2); uniny., (b. z—O°) 4, (1°—10°)
5, (11°—20°) 4; vars., All the year round, 9°4,336,11°,308 ;
Brown Dutch, wninj., -6°,313, 321; Daniel’s Giant white, 327;
Daniel’s green winter, 327; Drumhead, 12°,331, 321; Hardy Bath
Cos, 4°,333; wninj., 2°,284; Hardy green, -9°,289, 11°,308 ;
Hammersmith, Hardy or Lee's, 5°,318; Do. green or green-ribbed,
$°,241, 327 ; wning., -6°,313 ; -2°,301; 0°,259 ; Hicks’ hardy white,
5°,318 ; uninj., -6°,313; Moor park, 205; Stanstead Park, 10°,
337; Tennis ball, 327 ; Wheeler’s Tom Thumb, 271,327,331. Lruco-
cRINUM, 220. Lxucopogon, 10. Lxrucopuyta, 10°,18. Leryczs-
TERIA, (b. z.—O°) 3 (1), 5 (2), 1 (8), (1S—10°) 11 (1), 11 (2),
11 (8), (119°—20°) 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3); wninj., 9°,209, 10°,
202; 20,51,117.

LipertiA formosa, 1°,140, 8°,65; L. fruticosa, 10°,318; L.
grandiflora, 63; wninj., 183; L. ixioides, 63,220. Libocedrus
chilensis, -18°,295, 0°,274, 21 ; uninj., 3°,270, 22+ 300 ; L. de-
currens, -18°,130, -13°,295, -8°,1385, 7°,152; wninj., 3°,270,
10°,39, 224,254,300; L. Doniana, 15°,21; L. viridis, -13°,295 ;
uniny., 8°,270, 22+. Lisonta, 20. Ligustrum coriaceum, 5°,29, 6°,
47,10°,60,207 ; L. japonicum, -6°,89, ©9°,185, (b.z—O*) 5d
(2), “2 (3), (19—10°) 3 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3); uniny., 1°,3805, 182,

xliv INTRODUCTION,

(var. latifolium), -2°,103, 0°?256; L. lucidum, -4°,278, -2°,267,
=1°,285, 0°,256,302, 267, (b. z—O°), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3), (les—
10°), 7 (1), 7 (2), 4 (8); wning., 29,284, 3°,270, '7°,245, 22t,
212,300,334; L. ovalifolium, '7°,125,194,207; L. robustum, 256;
L. sinense, 207; wninyj., 182,212; L. vulgare (Priver), (b. z.—O°)
5 (1), 9 (2), 8 (3), (19—10°) 2 (1), 13 (2), 5 (8); uninj., =2°,
316, (b. z.—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 8, (1I—20°) 8. Laac, -8°,135,
5°,204; unin7., =-12°,310, -99,232, -2°,316, 3°,270. Liim
auratum, =1°,285, 5°,159,204, 9°,213, 159,15; wninj., 18°,10,
25°,8, 14, 22+,200,210,238,334; L. Brownii, 10; lL. candidum,
5°,80, 109,16; L. californicum, 281; L. excelsum, -1°,285 ; wninj.,
9°,213, 22+; L. giganteum, wnin7., 18°,10, 319,51; L. krameri,
220; L. lancifolium, [speciosum ?] -1°,285, 5°,203,204, 43,248,
254; uninj., 8,10, 227,200,213, 238,334; L. pardalinum, 65; L.
sp., American and Japanese, 8°,65, 86; Obs., fine, 281. Liwz, -10°,
113. lLionta (Crrrvs), wninj., 10°,19,212. Limontastrum, 63.
LIQuIDAMBAR chinensis, 207; L. styraciflua, -18°,295, -2°,112, O°?
254,256, 6°,47, 50,187 ; wninj., 1°,233, 3°,270, 5°,203, 200,212,
222,238. LiRIoDENDRON, -1°,41, 5°,231, 9,13,59,97; wninj., -6°,
89, 10°,84. Liraosrermum fruticosum, 0°,92, 16°,63; L. petreeum,
10; L. prostratum, 0°,82, 8°,65. Lirarea (Ravs), (m) 211.

Lose.iA cardinalis, 2°,243, 15°,176, 1'7°,190; uninj., 3°,270;
L. repens, 183,334 ; L.syphilitica,2°,243, '7°?°28. Lomar14,31°, 149.
LomatiA, 15°,10. Lonicrra brachypoda, var., aureo-retic., -4°,99,
4°,127,217, 5°,137, 8°,124, 10°,145, 132,95, 179,190 ; wninz., 232 ;
L. flexuosa, -13°,295, 2°,141, 4°,217, 10°,185; L. fragrantis-
sima,, -13°,295, -6°,89, -1°,285, 0°,82,274,302, (b. z—O°) 4 (1),
5 (2), 3 (3), (19°—10°) 5 (1), 4 (2), 3 (3); wniny., 2°,284, 5°,
208, 9°,209, 182,212,300; L. grata, -138°,295, L. japonica, -13°,
295, -10°,304, -6°,89, -2°,301, 0°,274, (b. z—O°) 5 (2), 2 (3),
(1°—10°) 3 (1), 4 (8), 3 (8), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 1 (2); wniny.,
3°,270, 22+,248,300,334, (b. z—O*) 2, (1°—10°) 4, (11°—20°)
4; IL. Ledebourii, 182; lL. Periclymenum (see Honrysuckte), L.
reticulata, 2°,48 ; L. sempervirens (ever-green), -18°,130, 29,179,
34; uninj., 16°,182; L. tartarica, 182.

Lupinus arboreus, 10°,18.

Lycunis, 220. lLycrum barbarum, 19; L. purpureum, 63.

Mactura, -18°,295, 5°,29,203,222 ; uninj., 10°,19,22+. Maa-

INDEX TO PLANTS. xlv

NOLIA acuminata, 203; M. conspicua, 15°,54; wninj., 208; M.
ferruginea, 60; M. glauca, 7; M. gracilis, 207; M. grandiflora,
«138°,129, -6°,89, -5°,110, -3°,25, -2°,112, 0°,82,274, (b. z.
—0°) 4 (1), 7 (2), 1 (3), (1102) 16 (4), 25 (2), 17 (1), Ce
—20°) 1 (1), 7 (2), 6 (8); uninj., (b. z—O°) 1, (1°—10°) 3,
(11°—20°) 9; Obs., 82,165,225 ; Do., var. Exmouth, (Oxoniensis),
=13°,295, 2°,234, 3°,199,269, (m)20,201,223; wuninj., 200; M.
obovata, 208; M. stellata, 19; M. Soulangeana, 2; M. Thomsonii,
19. Manonra (see BeRBERIS) angulosa, 207; M. aquifolia, 108;
M. Bealeii, 79,125; wninj., 256; M. fascicularis, 8°,65; uniny.,
8°,65; M. Fortunei, 65; M. intermedia, 256; M. japonica, 256 ;
M. nepalensis, 8°,65; M. pallida, 207; M. trifoliata, 63; M. sp.,
59,182. Matva, sp., 28. Manprvinia, 8°?,22, 18°57, 63,241;
uninj., 18°,10,58. Mareyricarpus, 63. Maricoip, 54. MarruBrom
(Horesounn), 5°,80,187. Mavranpi, 51.

Meconopsis aculeata, 8°,65, 10; M. nepalensis, 65; M. Walli-
chii, 65. Meptar, 3°,269; -wninj., (b. z—O°) 2, (1°—10°) 10,
(1l°—20°) 2. Metianruus, 8°,65, 10°,202, 54. Mrnispermum,
182. Menrua Pulegium, 80. Menzies1a globularis, 207; M. poli-
folia, -18°,295, -10°,113, -8°,135, 10°,318, 246; Do. var. alba,
108; wninj., 2°,316, 3°,270, 996,334, 227,182. Mersempry-
ANTHEMUM crystallinum, 51; M. uncinatum, 63,140. MErTRosIDERos
floribunda 10; M. robusta, 63.

Mrxant, 18. Mrtza, 8°,65, 18°,10. Mroutus alatus, 28; M.
moschatus, 12. Mrrasiuis, 220. Mirraria coccinea, 5°,(m)150,
8°,65, 10,318, 12°,148; uninj., 184,220.

Monrsretia, uninj., 9°°6,334, 10°,19,63. Morus constantin-
opolitana, -13°,295; M. hispanica, -13°,295; M. nigra (Mul-
berry), -9°,232, -7°,99, -5°-8,89, -2°,301, (b. z—O°) 2 (1),
‘1 (2), 5 (8), (19—10°) 1 (1), 3 (2), 5 (8); uninj., (b. z—O?)
5, (19°—10°) 4, (11°—20°) 3; Obs., fruit, none, 33; wood
killed, 45; young tree killed, 84. ,

Mvestenseceis, 183; M. adpressa, 207; M. complexa, 10°,18,
13°,178; M. sagittifolia,(m)18; M. varians,(m)63. Musa Ensete,
51. Murista Clematis, 18; M. decurrens, 10.

Myosotis, 108. Myrica, 56. Myrstng, 178. MyrsipHyiium,
63. Myerus apiculata, 50; M. communis (Myrrue), (b. z.
—O°) 8 (1), 3 (2), (110°) 20 (1), 18 (2), 4 (3),

(11°—20°) 7 (1), 10 (2), 7 (3); unin7., 8°-5,95, 12°,118, var.
. k

xlvi INTRODUCTION.

double, 149; Ods., dry, 117,118; exposed, 95; situation low and
wet, 117.

Nanpina, 10°,18, 50,207,211,223 ; uninj., 22},51,63. Narcissus
albidus, 334; N. Bazelman major, 337; N. bicolor, 334; N. Bul-
bocodium, 300,334; N. Burbidgei, 334; N. cernuus, 334; N.
citrina, 300; N. crystallinus, 330,334; N. elegans, 65; N. Graelsii,
300; Grand Monarque, 337; N. Horsfieldii, 334; N. Humei, 334 ;
N. juncifolius, 65; wninyj., 300; N. minor (nanus), 334; N. odorus,
334; N. pachybolbos, 65; N. pallidulus, 300; N. Pearl, 337; N.
polyanthus, 269; N. Queen Victoria, 337; N. Soleil d'or, 337; N.
tortuosus, 334; N. triandrus, 65 ; N. sp., uning., 2°,284, 3°,270, 52,
203, 9°,209, 22+,201,254.

NectarInE, (b. z—O°) 1 (1), 7 (2), 8 (3), (1°9—10°) 4 (1),
10 (2), 10 (3), (11°—20) 1 (1), 5 (2), 2 (3); wninj., (b. z—O°)
3, (1°—10°) 7, (11°—20°) 3; vars., Downton, 267; Elruge,
267; Do. vars., uninj., 257; El., Stanwick, 226; Hardwick’s
Seedling, 226; Impératrice, 226 Lord Napier, 226; Newington,
257; Pine Apple, 226 ; Victoria, 331; Violette Hative, 226; Obs.,
crop (1880), deficient, 58; good, 41; none, 13,48,120,138; “ curl,”
70; injuries, 46,112; wet, effects of, 9; wood unripened, 13,70,
175; young and old, 41. Neraunpo, -13°,295, 6°,286, 106,211,
285; uning., 19,233, 3°,270, 5°,203,222, 9°209, 221,285.
Nera, 18. Nering, -]1°,30. Nertera, 183,334.

Not, 46. Nurrannia, wninj., -18°,295, 169,182.

Nyssa multiflora, 10°,18.

Oak (see QuERCUS Robur).

CENoTHERA anisoloba, 28; Q&. macrocarpa, 122,181,220; i.
taraxacifolia, 28.

OLeA buxifolia, 15°,176; O. europxza, 10°,18,202, 63; O. ex-
celsa, 176; O. fragrans, 65; O. ilicifolia (see Osmantuus) ; O. syl-
vatica, 54. Oxnearia Haastii, 19,140,304, 29,216, 3°,269, 5°,231,
8°65, 21,187,201,223,256 ; wninj., -=138°,295, 6°°5,240, '7°,125,
10°,19,202, 22+,63,208, 212,240,300 ; O. myrsinoides, 207.

Onions, winter, (b. z—O°) 5 (1), 12 (2), 3 (8), (1°—10°) 16
(1), 7 (2), 10 (3), (Al°—20°) 3 (1), 1 (2); wniny., (b. z2—O°)
2, (1°—10°) 5, (11°—20°) 4.

Opniopogon Jaburan, 12; O. spicatum,/m)82. Opuntia, 2038.

INDEX TO PLANTS. xlvil

Orcuis, foliosa, wninj., 10°,19, 220; O. sambucina, 220. Orzo-
DAPHNE, -13°,295, 63. OriGANuM, 220. OroBus, 2 sp., 28.

OsMANTHUS aquifolius, -13°,295, 0°,324, 2°,216, 107,187; 5°,
29; wninj., 3°,270, 49,217, 221,212,238; O. argenteus, 187; O.
ilicifolius (OxEa ilic.), -18°,129,295, -49°,278, 0,324, 1°,140, 29,
5°,318, var. varieg., 0°?102, 6°,47; uninj., 8°,270, 5°,203, 6°,
47, 10°,19, 21,22+, 97,118,182,201,238 ; O. sp., 135 ; uninj., 9,256.

OTHERA japonica, 256. Orsonna cheirifolia, 18, (m)63.

OvrRISIA coccinea, 8°,65 ; wninj., 10°,19.

OxALis, sp., 63; O. Deppei, 28; O. floribunda, 183; O. lasiandra,
28; QO. tropeoloides, 108.

OzoTHAMNUS rosmarinifolius, 13°,178; uninj., 16°,182; O. thyr-
soides, (m)50,176.

Pacuystiema, 19. Ponta (Pony), -18°,130, -5°:8,89. Pat-
URUS, =-13°,295, -8°,244, 1°?734, 12°,123; uninz., 22,208,212.
Pampas grass, (GYNERIUM) (b. z.—O°) 13 (1), 9 (2), (1°—10°) 21
(1). 25 (2), 9 (3), (11°—20°) 11 (1), 10 (2), 4& (8) ; wninz., (b. z.
—O°) 2, (1S—10°) 1, (11° —20°) 6; Obs., alts. different, 45 ;
dry, 82; wet, 55,68. Pansy, 4°,73; wninj., 43. PARANEPHELIUS,
65. Paris, 181. Parocuertus, 181. Parszey, (b. z—O°) 6 (1), 9
(2), 5 (8), (1°—10°) 10 (1), 18 (2), 10 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (4),
2 (2), 1 (8); wuninj., (b. z—O°) 2, (1°—10°) 9, (11—20) 5.
Parrotia 19,202. Parsnip, 43. PassiFLora ccerulea, (b. z.—O°)
2 (1), (19—10°) 9 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3), (119°—202) 4 (1), 2 (2);
uninj., (11°—20°) 3; P. lutea, 63. Pastinaca lucida, 28. Pav-
LowniA, (1°—10°) 7 (1), 4 (2), 5 (8); wninj., -18°,295, 3°,270,
4°,215, '7°,17, 10°,48,22+,238 ; Obs., sheltered, 16. Pavia, sp.,
9; P. macrostachya, 65,212.

Pra, 38. Peacs, (b. z—O°) 6 (1), 11 (2), 7 (3), (1S—10°)
11 (1), 18 (2), 13 (8), (11—20) 4 (1), 12 (2), 6 (8); uninz.,
(b. z.—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 7, (11— 20°) 3; Vars., Albatross, 12°,
331; Albert, 12°,331; Alexandra, -4°,278, 9$°,226, '7°,33,
12°,331, 257; Alice, 7°,33; Barrington, 3°,226; uninj., 8°,
270, 257; Bellegarde, -2°,267; wninj., 3°,270; Dagmar, -4°,278 ;
Diamond, (m) -4°,278, '7°,33; Dr. Hogg, -4°,278, 3°,72, '7°,33;
Early Beatrice, -4°,278; Early Alfred, 257; Galande (m, “ Bell-
garre””) 270; Goshawk, 33; Grosse Mignonne, (m)257; Hales’
Early, 270 ; Hative (see VioterTE) ; Late Admirable, 267, (m)289 ;

xlviii INTRODUCTION.

Lord Palmerston, 33,278; Malta, Noblesse, -9°,289, -4°278,
3°,226, '7°,33,257, -9°,331; Prince of Wales, 33; Princess of
Wales, 226; Red Magdalen, 267; Royal George, 267; uninj., 257,
270, 289; South Hampstead, 270; Stirling Castle, 33; Victoria,
33; Violette Hative,(m)33, 331; Walburton Admirable, 226;
vars., 72; uninj., 289; Obs., crop (1880), av. or fair, 51,112;
def., 35,55,58 ; good, 41, (1881) 321; none, 6,13,35,48,52,68,79,
120,138,155,160 ; foliage late, 52 ; renewal of, 51; pith black, 52 ; re-
covering, 46,112,155 ; wet, 29,41; wood unripened, 13,23.35,43,52,
55,68,70,170,175. Prar, (b. z—O°) 3 (1), 8 (2), 10 (3), (e—
10°) 3 (1), 10 (2), 12 (8), (119—20°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 3 (38);
uninj., (b. z—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 12, (11°—20°) 6; vars., Beurré
d’Amanlis, -1'7°,307; B. Diel,/mJ151; B. de 1’Assumption, -3°,
25; Bon Chrétien, 296; Chaumontel, -1'7°,307; Doyenné du
Comice, -4°°279; Duchesse d’Anjou, 151; Jargonelle, -]'7°,307,
=4°°279 ; Marie Louise, 296; Swan’s Egg, -17°,307; Obs., bark
split, 41. Crop (1880), def., 9,55,67,69,70,130,163,197 ; (1881) 302;
good, 51,68,74,138,151 ; none, 5,48,68,81,120,121,124, 128 138, (Har-
dier sorts) 151,156,168,189,190; pith browned, 26; wet, effects
of, 26,68,86,164; wood unripened, 55,130. PELARGoNIUM, 51.
PENSTEMON, (b. z.—-O°) 6 (1), 3 (8), (L9—10°) 20 (1), 1 (2), 3
(3), (119—20°) 3 (1), 1 (2); uninj., 2°,284, 254; P. 3 sp., 300;
P. 4 sp., 334, Prrapaytitum, 10°18; wninj., 212. Prrrpioca,
uninj., 10°,19, 210. Pernerrya angustifolia, wninj., -18°,295, 16°,
182; P. floribunda, 295; P. mucronata, -18°,130, -13°,295, -8°
135, 16°°'7,190; P. pilosa, 207; wninj., 182; P. speciosa; uninz.,
152,56, 182; P. sp., 59,80, '79P102,119. Pxrratostemon, 10°,19.

PHILADELPHUS, =]11°,134; wninj., 59; P. Gordonii, 232; P.
grandiflorus, 182; P. mexicanus, 19; P. speciosissimus, (m)182 ;
P. triflorus, 19. Painesta, 10°,74; wninj., 9°°6,334, 10,202. Put-
LIPPODENDRON, 211. PuHintyrea, -1°,45, 0°,221, 6°47, 19734; P.
angustifolia, -13°,295, -1°,30, 0°,274, 2°,284, 3°,199,300, 5°,203,
222,318; uninj., 3°,270, 4°,215, 9°,209, 22+,182,201,210,212 ;
P. latifolia, 148; wninj., 182; P. ligustrifolia, 60; P. media, -]°,
30, 0°,274, 5°,222, 207,272; uninj., 8°,270, 22,212, (m)215;
Do. var. buxifolia, 207,256; P. olezfolia, -138°,(m)295, 256; P.
Vilmoriniana, 208,256. Patomis, 208. PHormrum tenax, (b. z.—O°)
3 (1), 1 (2), (910°) 15 (1), 9 (2), 1 (3), (11°20) 3 (1), 5
(2), 5 (8); uninj., 189,22, 20°,173, 27°,8; var. Colensoi, 50,

INDEX TO PLANTS. xlix

179; Do., var. variegatum, 51; wninj , 184,238; var. Veitchii, 51.
Puorini4 glabra, -13°,295, 107,223; wninj., 3°,270; P. serrulata,
-13°,295, 1°,31, 3°,244, 5°,203, 79,12, (b. z—O°) 2 (1), Ae—

10°) 1 (1), 4 (2), 3 (8); uninj., 3°,270, 119,94, 15°,21, 19°,149,
- 20°,120. Puyextrus, 194; wniny., 19,22F.

Picea (see also Apres) amabilis, -1°,30, 8°,300, 62,286 ; wning.,
=13°,295, 3°,270, 5°,222, 224,97,109, 201,256 ; P. baborensis,/m)97 ;
P. balsamea, 80; P. bifida, wninj., -18°,295; P. bracteata, -13°,
295, (b. z.?)256, 1°,31, 3°,166, 4°,35,73, 119; P. cephalonica,
-4°,278, -2°,267, 3°,166, (m, var.) 48; Obs., 267,303; uninj.,
-18°,295, 3°,270, §°,151, 15°,56, 22+,97,201,254,256; P. con-
color, wninj., -13°,295; P. excelsa, 189; P. firma, 1°,31; P. gran-
dis, -4°,278, 3°.166,199,226, 429,198,214, 5°,318, 62,205, 19°,
59; uninj., -138°,295, 3°,270, 22T,97,201,256; P. lasiocarpa, (see
also Lowiana) -4°,278, -1°,285, $°,226,269, 4°,73,163, 5°,318,
6°, 205,286,303, 9°,228, 12°,192, 149,14, (b. z—O°) 4 (3), (1°
—10°) 1 (1), 4 (2), 7 (8), (119—20°) 3 (8); uninj., -18°,
295, 0°,156,249, 1°,233, 10°,39, 22+,97,109,201,254,256, (b. z—
O°) 5, (le—10°) 4, (11°—20°) 6; P. Lowiana, (see also Lasio-
carpa) -6°,329, -4°,278, 6°,286, 14°,14; uninj., 8°,270, 4°.35,
22},201; P. magnifica, wninj., -18°,295, 97; P. nobilis, uniny.,
-5°-8,89, 0°,156,249, "79,125, §8°,151, 10°,39, 54,97,109; P.
Nordmanniana, -6°,329, -1°,285, 1°,287, 4°,329, 6°,303, 109,
39; uninj., -18°,295, -'7°,290, -5°-8,89, 0°,156,249, 19,233, 2°,
284, 3°,270, 4.°,35,215, 5°,208,222, 8°,151, 9°,209,213, 224,97,
111,201,254; P. numidica, 1°,31; P. pectinata, 2°,216, 53; un-
inj., -13°,295, 2°,284, 3°,270, 4°,35,48, 22+; P. Pichta, uniny.,
6°,(m)156; P. Pindrow, -13°,295, -1°,30, 2°,216, 5°,292, 10°,
39, 22*; unin7., 3°,270; Obs., 30,39,292; P. Pinsapo, -18°,130,
-13°,295, -11°,134, -10°,304, -8°,300, -'7°99, -5°°8,89, -2°,267,
301, -1°,45,285, 0°,36,92; (b.z—O°) 3 (1), 7 (2), 11 (3), (13
—10°) 2 (1), 12 (2), 14 (8), (11°—20°) 2 (2), 4 (3); uniny., 19,
233 3°,270, 5°,222, 10°,48, 15°,21, 20,22+,44,97.201,254; (b. z.
—O°) 2, (1°—10°) 9, (11°—20°) 4; var. variegata, 19,31 ; Obs.,
exposed and sheltered, 79 ; P. religiosa, 176; P. Veitchii, 295; P.
Webbiana, 3°,166, 4°,73, 119, 5°,292.

Pink (see CARNATION), 108. Pinus, Obs., 140,308 ; P. amecaensis,
(P. Hartwegi) 1°,(m)140; P. argentea (see P. sylvestris), 3°,166 ;
P. ausiriaca, 0°,37, 15°,15 ; uning., 10°,39 ; P. Benthamiana, 1°,31 ;

i

l INTRODUCTION.

P. Brutea, 19,31; P. Cembra, 2°,101; wniny., -5° 8.89, 10°,39 ;
Obs., (m),39 ; P. devoniana, 19,140, 29,32 ; uniny., 0°,250; P. Don
Pedri, 19,31; P. excelsa, -18°,295, -6°,329, -2°,267, -1°,285, O°,
302, 19,31, 5°,204,318, 9°,95,266, 10°,(m)34,39,185 ; uniny., O°,
92, 1°.233, 3°.270, 5°,203,222, 9°,213, 22+,109,201,254 ; P. Gerar-
diana, 10°,39; P. halepensis, -1°,30, 19,31, 254; wninj., 3°,270,
22t; P. Hartwegi, 19,31 (see P. amecaensis); P. insignis, -13°,295,
22°,267, -1°,30,285, O°.37, 1°,31,35, 3°,32,216,284, 3°,199,226,
300, 4°,35,198,214, 5°,29,204, (b. z—O°) 7 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3), (19
—10°) 9 (1), 8 (2), 6 (3), (11°—20°) 9 (1), 5 (2), 6 (3) ; uniny.,
0°,38, 3°,270, 49,215, 9°,209, 18°,22, 159755, (Obs. of growth)
0°,109,202,254,258, (b. z—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 7, (11°—20°) 8;
Bark burst, 239; P. koraiensis, 256; P. Lambertiana, 1°,31;
uninj., 10°,39, 109; P. Laricio, -138°,295, -5°,110, -4°,278, 5°,
204,318, 15°,15; wninj., -'7°,290, 2°,284, 39,270, 49,215, 5°,
222, 9°,213, 10°,39, 22,201,254, (b. z.—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 11,
(11°—20°) 2; P. Liaveana, 123; P. macrocarpa, 34,254; P.
macrophylla, -'7°,99; P. monticola, wniny., 8°,151; P. Parryana,
uning., 0°,250; P. patula, 19,140; wniny., 129,238 ; P. pinaster,
10°,39; P. pinea, -13°,295, -4°?41, -1°,30, 19,233, 6°,303, 12°
2123, 254; uninj., 3°,270, 221,201,256 ; P. ponderosa, 39; P.
Sabiniana, 39 ; P. Sinclairii, 1°,31; P. sylvestris, -4°,278, 5°,204,
15; uninj., 19,233, 8°,270, 49,215, 5°,203,222, 9°,213, 254, (b.
z—OQ°) 3, (1°—10°) 12, (11l°—20°) 4. Prieranruus, -13°,295,
1°,140, 9°,213, 10°,318, 107,223,254; wniny., 10°,19, 22,108,
212. Pisracra vera, 63; P. Lentiscus, 63. Prrrosporum Bucha-
nani, 211; P. revolutum, 178; P. tenuifolium, 208,299; wninj.,
20°,120; P. Tobira, -13°,295, -2°,301, 29,216, $9,241, 10°,202,
12°7123,237, 15°,176,200, 22*,50,208; P. T. variegatum, 50.
PLAGIANTHUS, 208. PLANERA, 18. Puaranvs occidentalis, 107;
uninj., 22+; P. orientalis (Plane), 29,382, 5°,204, 13°,5, 159,15,
13,17; Obs., 46; uning., -12°,310, -2°,316, 19,233, 3°,270, 5°,203,
222, 1297123, 22},201,212,254. Pxiarycopon, 181. PLaryoraTER,
10°,18; wninj., 69,303. Prum (b. z—O°), 1 (2), 5 (8), (LO—
10°) 4 (2), 3 (8); wniny., (b. 2—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 10, 41l°—
20°) 6; vars., all but Golden. Drop, wninj., 8°,270; Black Per-
drigon, (m)313; Bullace, 313; Damson, wninj., 8°,151, 109,70 ;
Golden drop, 3°,270,269, 99,77; wninj., 313, 18°,5; Greengage,
uninj., 313, 13°,5 ; Ickworth Impératrice, 313; Jefferson, 3°,226,

it el ———-s 7 ;

INDEX TO PLANTS. li

279; Orleans, 5; Prince of Wales, 226; Reine Claude de Bavay,
3°,(m)226 ; uning., -6°,313; Victoria, 3°,226; uninj., -6°,313;
Washington, 99,77; wninj., -6°,313 ; White magnum bonum, 313 ;
Obs., crop (1880), av. or fair, 41,48,69, (Damsons) 70,138,151
def., 70,79,120,128,130,151,156,302; good, 58,79,81; none, (Or-
leans) 5,128,160,189,197; wet, effects of, on, 86; wood unripened,
130. PxiumpBago, 181.

Popocarpus alpina, 32; P. andina (see Prumnopitys), -13°,
295, O°,221,319, 1°,31, 2°,’m)32,216, 5°,29,318, 10°,18,21,211,
246; uninj., 4°,217, 22+; P. chinensis, 5°,319, 15°,21,(m)63,
254; uninj., 3°,270, 49,215, 15°,21; P. koraiana, (m)223. Po-
Docytisus, 211. Porserria, 9. PotEmonium, 80. PoLyanruus,
95. Potygonum, 65. Poputus angulata, 5°,203, '7°,(m)12 ;
nigra (Black Poplar), 87; P. pyramidalis (Lombardy P.§) -11°,

-1°,45, 0°7102, 10°?37, 17,37,246,286; Obs., 37,46,286.
Potato, 0°,38, 10°?38, 20; wuninj., -5°P42. Porentinia, 182.

PrimvLa acaulis, 12; P. amena, 2°,243; P. capitata, 65; P.
cashmeriana, 2°,243, 16°,181; P. cortusoides, 2°,243,304; P. den-
ticulata, 2°,243; P. japonica, 2°,243, 26°51; wninz., -10°,304;
P. purpurea, 181; P. rosea, 2°,243, 169,181; P. sikkimensis, 10;
P. vulgaris (Primrose), 108. Priver (see Liaustrum vulgare).
Prumnopitys (see Popocarpus andina), 97,102,119,160. Prunus
ilicifolius, 19,140; P. laurocerasus (see LAUREL, common); P. si-
nensis, 0°r102; P. triloba, 10°,18.

PsoRALEA bituminosa, 13°,178.

PTrEROCARYA caucasica, 182; P. stenophylla, (hyb.) 208. Prz-
ROSTYRAX hispidulum, 63.

PunicaA Granatum (PoMEGRANATE), =1°,30,41, 8°?722, 12°, (fl.
pl.) 123, 18°,178, 15°,176, 187; wninj., 69,182. Pursnta, 19.

PyreTurum, 43. Pyroia, 181. Pyrus Aucuparia, -11°,134; P.
floribunda, -13°,295; P. japonica, -13°,295, -11°,134, -8°,300,
=4.°,278, 2°,284, 6°, 303; uninj., =-13°,295, -'7°,290, (b. oT
4, (19°—10°) 12, (11°—20°) 9; P. vestita, 19,140.

QuERcusS austriaca, 0°,81,102, 10°79, 14°,299; Q. Buergerii,

10°,(m)18, 256; Q. cerris, -11°,134, 9,97; Q. c. var. Lucombeana,

§ See Gard. Chron. July, 1881, p. 178. There was great destruction among
Lombardy Poplars in Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire and Yorks, and also to a less

extent near London, in Jan 1881.

li INTRODUCTION.

33,(m)97, (m, “succirubra’’?) 100,201; wning., -2°,101, 10°,39,
15°,53 ; Q. c. var. variegata, 0°?102 ; Q. coccifera, 208 ; Q. coccinea,
102; Q. Concordia, 33; Q. crassifolia, 208; Q. Daimio, 212; Q.
Fordii, 9; Q. glabra, 3°,300, 5°,319, 119,94, 63,119,176,178,280 ;
uninj., =2°,316, 2°,284, 3°,270, 53,94,208; Obs., exposed, 94,280 ;
Q. Gramuntia, 208; Q. Ilex, -10,304, -'79,142, -5°-8,89; wninj.,
#4.°,42,99, =2°,112,267, ~1°-5,141, -1°,30, 0°, 79,81,92,221,274;
vars. agrifolia &c., 208, (b. z—O°) 10 (1), 14 (2), 6 (3), (1°—
10°) 7 (1), 30 (2), 17 (3); Obs., diff. ages, 125,267; exposed, 125;
sheltered, 125; wmniny., =2°,316, '7°,125, 10°,48, 15°,53, 221,44,59,
212, (b. z—O°) 3, (19—10°) 6, (11°—20°) 4; Q. Mirbeckii,
256; Q. pseudococcifera, -1°,30; wninj., 208; Q. Robur (Oak),
-18°,130, -13°,129, -12°,131, -11°,134, -10°,113, -'7°,99, -5°'8,
89, -§°,110, 0°,274, 2°,100,101,273, 4°,214, 14,286; wniny., «2°,
816, 3°,270, 22¢,53,100,212,245,286; var., Willow, 53; Obs.,
acorns, 5,44; bark split,§ -11°,134; exposed, 99; low, 130; shel-
tered, -'7°,99, 7°,125; wet, 68; Q. rugosa, 256; Q. Suber, O°,
274, 1°,31,233, 5,9,22*,200; uninj., -2°,316, 3°,270, 15°,53,
149,210,212; Q. Thomasii, -]°,30.

RANUNCULUS, 239. RAPHIOLEPIS japonica, 63; R. ovata, -13°,129,
1°,304, 2°32, 3°,241, 5°,29, 6°,303, 79,125, 107,210,223,246;
uniny., 8°,271, 12°,123, 227,210. Raspperry, 8°:5,95, 12°,123;
uninj., 8°,113, 10°,84, 13; crop (1880), av. or fair, 160,168;
good, 13,41,46,70,79,106,138,158 ; none (Rivers’ perpetual), 162.

REINECKIA, =1°,30. Retinospora, (b. z.—O°) 2 (1), 3 (2), 1
(3), (1°—10°) 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (8); wninj., (b. z—O°) 4, (1°—
10°) 15, (11°—20°) 8; R. ericoides, -2°,267, 1°,31, 3°,160,
9°,213 ; uninj., 22+,97,201,334; R. filicoides, 97 ; R. juniperoides,
1°,31; uninj., 22+; R. lycopodioides, 79,102; wning., 22+; R. ob-
tusa, 10°°5,60, 12°,192 ; wninj., -2°,316, 69,47, 79,125, 20,97; R.
ob. aurea, 69,47; R. pisifera, wninj., -2°,316, 69,47, 15°,201, 20,
97; R. pi.(m) alba spica, -2°,267 ; R. pi. aurea, 5°,319, 21°50; wn-
inj., 8°,151, 9°,213 ; R. plumosa, uning., 69,47, '7°,125, 8°,151, 97,
201; R. pl. argentea, wniny., 9°°6,334; R. pl. aurea, 0°,135; wn-

§ See a paper on The Mechanical Injury to trees by cold, by Prof. T. J. Burrill,
Bot. Gaz., vol. x., 1885, p. 884; quoted in The J/. Roy. Met. Soc., 1885, Ser.
IL., vol. v., pl. 6, p. 1029.

INDEX TO PLANTS. liii

4nj., 9°°6,334, 97; R. squarrosa, 0°?102; wninj., '7°,125, 97,201.

Ruamnvs, 59; R. Alaternus, 1°,140, 107 ; uninj., 182 ; R. alpinus,
182; R. Clusii, 208; R. hybridus, 6°,(mJ47; R. lanceolatus, 208 ;
(m)R. utilis, 208.- Rurnoprtatum, 8°,65. (m)Ruopocistus Berthelo-
tianus, 1'7°,178 ; RuopopENpDRoN (b. z.—O*°) 12 (1), 13 (2), 9
(3), (19—10°) 5 (1), 18 (2), 21 (3), (11°—20°) 1 (1), 3 (2),
6 (3); uninz., (b.z—O°) 3, (1°—10°) 10, (11°—20°) 10;
R. anthopogon, 334; R. arboreum, 13°,178,238; wninj., 9°°6,
334; R. argenteum, 213; R. barbatum, 138°,178; uninj., 214; R.
blandfordizeflorum, 214; R. blatieum (m) -2°,267; R. calophyllum,
213; R: campylocarpum, 214; R. catawbiense, -2°,316; R. cat.
Everestianum, -2°,267; R. celebrandum, -2°,267; R. chamecistus,
9°-6, 334; R. ciliatum, 213; wniny., 9°-6,334, 183; R. cinnabari-
num, 214; R. Countess of Haddington, 5°,319; R. dahuricum, 214 ;
R. Edgeworthii, 213 ; R. Elfrida, -2°,267; R. Falconeri, 5°,319, 18°,
178,213; R. ferrugineum, 214,334; R. Fortunei, 213; R. glaucum,
213; R. hirsutum, 214,334; R. John Spencer, 201 ; R. lepidotum, 208,
214,334; RK. maximum, 213,(m)214; R. Mrs. Heneage, 201; R.
niveum, 213; R. Nobleanum, -5°,323, 3°,269 ; R. ponticum, -138°,
129, -11°,134, -10,113, -5°,3823, -2°,103,112, 0°,3808, (Obs.) 337,
2°,164, 49,128, 213; wninz., (hybs.) 214; R. preecox, 18°,178; R.
pre. superbum, 3°,269; R. Queen of the West, -2°,267; R. (scar-
lets), 8°,335; R. setosum, 214; R. (Sikkim), 2°,322, 5°,137,
213; uninj., 10°,202, 208,214; RB. Smithii, 3°,199; R. Thom.
soni, 213,214; R. triflorum, 214; R. Venus, -2°,267; R. Victoria,
201; R. virgatum, 208; R. (Waterer’s hybs.), 302; R. Woolleri,
=-2°,267; Obs., 9,43,122 (bis), 218,214; flowers, few, 122,130,138,
163,164,165 ; flowers, late, 307 ; wood, unripened, 122. Ruoporypus,
182. Ruupars, 43. Ruvs copallina, 212; R. Cotinus and vars.,
102,182; R. glabra, 5°,222, 69,286; uninj., 22+,201,238,271; R.
gl. laciniata, -13°,295, 5°,203, 69,47, 303, 21°,50; wniny., (m)182 ;
R. japonica Osbeckii, 212; R. sylvestris, 212; R. typhina, 2°,216,
79,27, 129,148 ; wning., -18°,295, 5°,223, 8°,271, 224,212. Rayn-
COSPERMUM, 8,10,22*; wninj., 64.

RicHarpia ethiopica, 8,51; wninj., 69,3803, 138°,(m)22; R. albo-
maculata, wninj., 8°,65, 16°,64; R. melanoleuca, 8°,65. Ripss,
5°,204; wning., 8°,271, 49,215, 59,203, 9°,209, 59,201; R. alpi-
num, 295; R. aureum, (m)182,245 ; R. aur. preecox, 295; R. fuch-
sioides, 19; R. misouriense, 295; R. nigrum, varieg., 295; R. pen-

m

liv INTRODUCTION.

dulum, 295; R. rubrum, 245; R. sanguineum, -18°,130, -11° (m)
134; uniny., 9°,(m)291, (m)182,334; R. sang. fl. pl., 295; R.
serotinum, 295; RB. speciosum, -13°,295, -1°,30, 5°,222,208; wn-
inj., 182. |
Rosrnta hispida, 56; R. Pseud-Acacia, 1°,140, 5°,137, '7°,27;
R. pyramidalis, 189,178 ; R. umbraculifera, 6°,47. Ropaxrrsta, 63,
243. Romanzorria, 8°,65. Rosemary, (b. z—O°) 15 (1), 5 (2),
1 (3), (1°—10°) 22 (1), 12 (2), 3 (3); uniny., (b. z2—O°) 3, (1°
—10°)3, (11°S—20°) 3. Ross § (Dwfs.), (b. z.—O°) 10 (1), 14
(2), 5 (3), (19—10°) 4 (1), 10 (2), 18 (8), (11°—20°) 3 (1),
2 (2), 3 (8); wniny., (b. 2—O°) 2, (19°—10°) 6, (11°—20°)
3; (H. P.’s) (b. z—O°) 6 (1), 19 (2), 1 (3), (1S—10°) 14 (1),
19 (2), 14 (3), (11°—202) 1 (1), 5 (2), 2 (8); uning., (b. 2—
Os) 0, (1S—10°) 5, (Al°—20°) 3; (Standards), (b. z—Q°) 31
(1), 17 (2), 1 (8), (19—10°) 25 (1), 24 (2), 12 (3), (11e—20°)
6 (1), 1 (2), 1 (8); wning., (b. z2—O°) 0, (A°—10°) 3, (119°—
20°) 1; (Tea) (b. z—O°) 14 (1), 8 (2), 0 (3), (19—LO°) 29 (1),
24 (2), 6 (3), (11°—20°) 6 (1), 1 (2), 1 (8); wniny., (b. z—O°)
0, (1S—10°) 5, (11°— 20°} 4; (sorts) (b. z—O°), 8 (1), 8 (2),
3 (3), (1S—10°) 21 (1), 31 (2), 10 (3), (11S—20°) 9 (1), 10
(2), 9 (8); (sp. and vars.), A. K. Williams, 124; A. de Diesbach,
331; Archiduchesse, 331; Alfred Colomb, 280; Annie Laxton, 66;
Ayrshire, fl. pl., 29,100, '7°,165; Banksian, 0°,37, 2°,141, 49,217,
5°,137, 6°°4,22, 183,208,220; wniny., 15°,56, yellow, 334; B.
Gonella, 331; Baroness Rothschild, 194,280,331; wniny., -8°,26,
33; Beauty of Waltham, 331; Belle Lyonnaise, -8°,26, 2°,32;
Bessie Johnson, 331; Blanche d’hiver, 93; Boule d’or, 331;
Bouquet d’or, -8°,26, 4°,67 ; Bourbon, 4°,73, '79,165; R. bracteata,
18°, 63,208; wning., 15°,56; Brunonis,(m)208,220; Calvile, 93;
Capt. Christy, 280; Cardinal Wolsey, 66; Catherine Mermet, -39,
26; Céline Forestier, -3°,26, 182,194; wninj., $3°,199; Ch.
Forestier, 331; Ch. Lawson, 331; Ch. Lefebvre, 280; Ch. Margot-
tin, 331; C. Verdier, 331; China, 4°,73, 5°,187, 9°.77,156, 95,
187; Cloth of Gold, -8°,26,257,331 ; Comte de Paris, 331; Com-
tesse de Chabrillante, 331 ; Countess of Oxford, 331; Countess of
Roseberry, 124; Cristata, -8°,266; Devoniensis, -5°'8,89, 0°,37,
2°,32, 4°,73, 194; uniny., 81,171; Dog, -8°, 26, 17; Dr.

§ See Jl. of Hort. 1880, pp. 255, 398, 895, 410, 411.

_ INDEX TO PLANTS. lv

Hooker, 66; Duchess of Bedford, 124; Duke of Edinburgh, 194;
uninj., 9°,291; Duke of Wellington, 331; Dundee Rambler, -18°9,
130; Ed. Morren, 331; wninj., -8°,26; Ed. Verdier, 331; Elie
Morel, 66; Eliza Boll, 194; Emily Laxton, 26 ; Etienne Levet, 280 ;
Fortune’s White, 26; Fortune’s Yellow, 26; Francois Michelon,
280; Gén. Jacqueminot, 280,331; Gloire de Dijon, -18°,130, -122,
131, -5°°8,89, -3°,26, -0°'5,87, 0°,83, 2°,32,167,322, 9°,77,171,
47,67,262,331; wninj., ="7°,315, -38°°5,313, -1°°5,141, 2°,322, 3°,
262, 5°,32, 9°,291, 47,110,171,183; Homére, -8°,26; Horace
Vernet, 280; R. indica, 194; Jaune Desprez, 2°,100; Jean Ducher,
2°,32; Jean Lambert, 66; John Hopper, 280; unin7., -8°,26, 9°,
291; Jules Margottin, ~-8°,(m)26,194; La France, 194,280,331 ;
Lamarque, 2°,32; La Reine, 2°,32; Louis Van Houtte, 280; Ma-
cartney, 0°,37, 42,185,208 ; R. macrocarpa, 208 ; Madame Berard,
-3°,26; Mad. de Vatry, -8°,26 ; Mad. Ducher, (m)331; Mad. Falcot,
67; Mad. H. Jamain, -3°,(m)26,331; Mad. Lacharme, 194; Mad.
Loine Giesson, 66; Mad. Margottin, -3°,26, 29,82; Mad. V. Ver-
dier, 331; M. Willermoz, 2°,32,(m)182; Magnolia, 183; Maréchal
Bugeaud, -3°,26; Maréchal Niel, -8°,26,249, 0°,38,83, 2°,32, 5°,
137, 7°33, 2,34,47,182,257,271 ; wninj., 8°,199, 5°2,32, 15°,56,
18°,183, 47,56,110 ; Marie Baumann, 194,280; Marie Guillot, -8°,
26; Marie van Houtte, -3°,26, 2°,32; Marquise de Castellaine,
280; R. microphylla, 208; R. moschata (moss), -1°°5,141, 220;
Mrs. Baker, 67 ; Niphetos, -3°,26, 0°,83 ; Noisette, 2°,100,160, 49,
73; KR. rubiginosa, -4°,99; Ruga, 2°,100; Pierre Notting, 194;
President, 182; Réve d’or, -5°'8,89, 0°,83, 67; R. Hole,(m)331 ;
R. rugosa, 10°,19,208 ; Senateur Vaisse, 280; R. sericea, 220; Sol-
faterre, 182,183; Souvenir d’Elise, -8°,26; Souvenir de la Mal-
maison, -38°,26,194; Souvenir de Paul Neyron, -8°,26; Souvenir
d’un ami, -3°,26; Souvenir de V. Verdier, 124; Summer, -3°,26 ;
Triomphe de Rennes, -3°,26, 39,199, 182; Victor Verdier, 2°,32 ;
Village Maid, -8°,26; Xavier Olibo, 194. Obs., Ages, 258,262;
Alt., 79,80. Briars, 26,83,182. Named Stocks, 53,72,79,82,89,90,
166,199,239. Climbing, 81,165. Light soil, 15. Frost, Obs. on
effects of, 15,26,47,52,67,103, 127,216,251, 252,255 ; on Dwfs., 15,66,
133; on H. P.’s, 26; on Teas, 22,52,67; Pith black, 26,52; Snow
and water, 81; Wood, strong, 167; unripened, 157.

Busvus (see BuackBerry); R. australis, 16°,63, 31°,149; un-
imj., 189,10; RK. biflorus, 19; R. deliciosus, 19; R. roseefolius, 19,

lvi INTRODUCTION.

63. RupBEcKIA atrosanguinea, 181; R. pulcherrima, 181; R. pur-
purea, 243. Rura (Rue), -'7°,99,194. Rusovus aculeatus, -18°,130,
-10°,113, -1°,46, 2°,284, 3°,244, 52,203,222, 6°,303, 10°,185,
187; uning., «9°,232, 3°,271, 4°,215, 79,245, 22+,212,233,250 ;
R. racemosus, 5°,137.

SALisBuRIA (GINGKO), -18°,295, -5°°8,89, -4°,278, 18°,95,
107,119; wniny., (b. z—O°) 2, (19—10°) 14, (11°—20°) 5; Do.
variegata, -13°,295. Sazix babylonica (Weeping Wittow), 107,
123. Sausiry,(m)44. Satvra fulgens, -19°-5,141; 8. Marshalli,
-1°°5,141; S. officinalis (Sage), 49,35, §°,113, 53,122,187; S. pa-
tens, 15°,176; wniny., 7,183. Sampucus nigra (ELDER), var. aurea,
182; S. racemosa, 59,137. Sanronina chamecyparissus, -13°,129,
24°,278, -1°,285, 19,220, 1°-5,107, 29,216, 5°,231 ; uniny., 8°,271,
9°°6,334, 224,212, (b. z—O°) 4, (1°—10°) 8; 8. ch. incana, -6°,
89. Sarracenia Drummondi, 183,334; 8. D. alba, 334; S. flava,
334 ; S. purpurea, 334. Sauromatum, 64. SaxeacorHmaA, 211. Saxi-
FRAGA, 12; 8. Fortunei, 334; S. japonica, 334; S. purpurascens,
5°,203; wniny., '7°,12; S. sarmentosa, 42; wninj., 183,334.

ScHIZANDRA, 208. ScuizopHRAGMA, 8°,66; uninj., 10°,19. Soxt-
ZOSTYLIS, §°,80, '7°,33, 15°,176, 16°,181.. Sotaporrrys, 19., Scrta
campauulata, 2°,243; 8S. undulata, 189,10.

SeEAFORTHIA, 5°,204, 51. Sxrpum carneum, 183; S. Sieboldii,
194; wniny., 12°,123. SeLAGINELLA denticulata, wning., 49,35, 12°,
123; 8S. Kraussiana, wninj., -1°,30, 6°,303. SENneEcIo argenteus,
13°,178; 8S. macroglossus, 18°,178; S. mikanioides, 183; 8. pul-
cher, 5°,203, 210; wniny., '7°,22, 8°,65, 169,64. Szquora (WEL-
LINGTONIA) gigantea, (b. z.—O°) 9 (1), 18 (2), 14 (8), (1°—102)
13 (1), 13 (2), 20 (3); wniny., (b. z—O°) 8, (1°—10°) 9, (11°
—20°) 9; Obs. on, -11°,90; 8S. (Taxoprum) sempervirens, -'7°,99,
~4.°,99, -2°,267, O°,92,102,249,274, (b. z2—O°) 2 (1), 4 (2), 2
(3), (19—10°) 1 (1), 5 (2), 5 (8); uwnin7., 09,156, 3°,271, 5°,
223, 227,109; S. semp. alba spica, 73,246.

SHEPHERDIA argentea, wniny., 16°,182. Stpatcea, 2°,243. SI-
LENE, 54. SISYRINCHIUM, 63.

Sxrmmyia (b. z.—O°) 1 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3), (1°—10°) 1 (2), 4 (2),
5 (3); uning., (b. z—O°) 3, (1S—10°) 7, (11°—20) 6.

SmiLax aspera, 13°,178; 8S. ovata, -1°,30.

Sonanum, 58; S. azureum, 178; S. glaucophyllum, 63; S. jas-

INDEX TO PLANTS. lvii

minoides, 8°,65, 12°,117, 63,181,208. Sonartra, 8°,65. SopHora
japonica, 5°,137, 10°,16, 1382; Obs., 16; S. pendula, 187. Sov-
THERNWOOD, -4°,99.

SpaRAxis, 0°,82, 8°,65, 18°,10. Spartium, -13°,295, -1°,30,
(1°—10°) 3 (1), 4 (2), 4 (8); wniny., (b. z—O°) 1, (1°—10°) 3,
(11;-—20°) 2. Sprnacn, 19,106, 5°,150, 38,46,122; wniny.,
-1°'5,142, 59. Sprraa, -13°,295; wninj., 10°,19; S. arizfolia,
182; S. bella, 182; S. callosa, 182; S. cantoniensis, 60; S.
Douglasii, 182; 8. levigata, 182 ; 8. Lindleyana, 5°,137,203 ; wniny..
10°,232, 16°,182; S. palmata, 2°.243; S. prunifolia, 59,137; S.
Reevesiana, 5°,137; Thunbergii, 5°,137,182; S. trilobata, 182;
S. ulmifolia, 182. Spruces, 80.

SracHys, 181. SrapHyrza, 202. SraticeE latifolia, 122,128.
Sraunton1a hexaphylla, 10°,18; 8. latifolia, '7°,12, 10°18, 11°,
94, 15°21, 246; wninj., 202. Srewartia, 10°18. Srocks,
-9°,232, 0°,274, 3°,241,269, 4°,214, 5°,203,204,220, 55,122,
224; uninj., 201. Sropma, 210. Sroxest4, 8°,65,16°,63. Srraw-
BERRY, (b. z.—O°) 2 (1), 6 (2), 8 (3), (1°—102) 4 (1), 5 (2), 12
(3); uninj., (b. z—O2) 3, (1°—10°) 7, (11°—20°) 4; vars.,
British Queen, 226; Carolina, 242; Dr. Hogg, 3°,226, 5°,319, 7°,
152, 242; Eleanor, 209,242; Eliza (seedling), 209,242; Frogmore
Late Pine, 269; Garibaldi, 319; Green’s scarlet, 313; Grosseur
sucrée, 269; Helena Gloede, 313; J. Veitch, 313; Keen’s seed-
ling, 3°,226, 5°,319, 197; Loxford Hall, 313; Lucas, 313; Mare-
chal McMahon, 152; Pioneer, 313; President, 3°,226, 5°,319,
197; uninj., -6°,313, 9°,209, 242; Sir Ch. Napier, 242; Sir J.
Paxton, 5°,319; uninj., 9°,209; Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury,
0°(m)82, 3°,(m)269, 5°,319; uninj., 9°,209, 242; Wizard of the
North, 319; Obs., crop 1880, av. or fair, 46,138; deficient, 92;
good, 13,14,35,41,48,70,79,106,166,189 ; situation exposed, 92,138;
wind. effects of, 127. Sryrax, 8°,65,208; wniny., 10°,19.

SWAMMERDAMIA, 63. SweErtIA4, 8°,65.

SympLocos, 208, Syrinea (Lilac), 6°,47, 13; uniny., 10°,19, 59.

Taceres, 181. Tamarrx, -5°-8,89, 10°,145, 107. Taxacem, 159.
Taxopium distichum, -18°,295, -10,304, -6°,329, 0°, 102,221,228,
3°,166,269, 5°,222, 6°,286,303, 18°,5, 15°,(m)176; uniny., 9°,
213, 12°,238, 14°,54, 15°,201, 7,22+; T. mexicanum, 4°,73 ; T.
sempervirens (see SEQUOIA).

lvili INTRODUCTION.

Tecoma amabilis, 63; T. grandiflora, 68; T. radicans, 210.
TEecopHit#a, (m) 65. Trucrtum Arduini, 28; T. aureum, 30;
T. fruticans, 63.

THAMNocALAMUS Falconeri,(m)176, 22. THamnopreris, 149.
THEA Bohea, 50; T. viridis, 19,140, 63. Tusa, -11°,134, -10°,
304, -1°,154, 2°,179, 89,107, 8°,155, 54,246 ; uning., 97,111,179 ;
Obs. on, 250; T. (see Brora) aurea, -5°-8,89; T. gigantea, 201;
uninj., =§°°8,89, 8°,151, 22+,109,286; T. Lobbii, -11°,134, 17;
uninj., 10°,39, 15°,56; T. occidentalis aurea, 56; T. sempervirens,
35; T. sibirica, 39; T. Verveeneana, 246,(m)286. THusopsis bo-
realis (Cupressus Nutkaensis), -1°,46, 5°,203; wninj., -5°-8,89,
3°,72, 4°,35, 10°39, 13°,69, 97; T. dolabrata, wning., -1°,30,
4°,35, 6°,47, 8°,55, 17,22T,97,286; T. letevirens, 6°,47,60;
uninj., 69,47; T. Standishii, 6°47. Tuyme, -10,113, 0°,82,
4°35, 10°,7, 16°,187, 17°,11, 219,53.

Topea, 319,149. Tomaro, 0°,38. Torreya, 107.

TRACHELOSPERMUM, 10°,202. TricHonrMa,28. Tritiium, 2°,
243. Tripsacum, 63. Tristanta, 63. Trrroma (KNIPHOPHIA)
aurea, 63,181; wninj., 18°,10; T. caulescens, 10,210; T. MacOweni,
10; T. pumila, 334; T. Uvaria, (b. z—O°) 10 (1), 3 (2), 3 (8),
(1°—10°) 13 (1), 14 (2), 7 (3), (11S—20°) 2 (1), 4 (2); uninj.,
(1°—10°) 6, (11°—20°) 7. Trocuostiema, 210. Tropmotum, 65.

Tunes, wninj., 8°, 65.

ULex europeeus (see Furze); U. strictus, 178. Unmus (see Exo) ;
U. stricta, 272.

Vaccinium, 208. VALERIANA, 2°,243. Vatiota, 15°,53, 182
(m),10. VEGETABLES,§ =]12°,131,142, -7°,99, 4°,128,163, 89,37,
6°,111, '5°,121,250,251,268 ; uniny., 79,142, -1°°5,142, 2°14],
5°,138, 79,125, 9°,74, 108,121; growth, peculiar, 81; seeds not
matured, 52; snow, protection by, -5°,135 ; wet, effects of, 1,6,13,
52,58,80,91,111,148,151,166; winds, effect of, 121.

VELLA, 10°,18; wninj., 16°,64. VERBENA, 108. VeERonicA,
10°, 145,185, 12°,2,117, 8,11,28,54,73,95,121,122,179,190 ; wniny.,
4°,.217, 109; V. Andersoni, -2°,301, -1°,285, 0°,274,302, 1°,140,
3°199,241,269, 4°,198, 5°,204, 6°,303, (b. z—O°)%9 (1), 1 (2),

§ See Journal of Hort. 1880, pp. 269, 330, 370, 588.

INDEX TO PLANTS. lix

1 (8), (1s—10°) 18 (1), 2 (2). 3 (3), (11°—20°) 8 (1), 5
(2), 2 (3); uninj., (19—10°) 3, (11°—20°) 1; V. angustifolia,
182; V.carnosula, 208; V. decussata, 63; wuninj.,10°,19; VV.
devoniensis, 8°,65 ;+ wninj., 8°,65; V. Hulkeana, (m) 334 ; V. pingul-
folia, 8°,65, 63,208 ; wnin7., 8°,65, 10°,19, 208 ; V. salicifolia, -4°,
278, =2°,301, 19,140, 3°,199,241, 49,214, 5°,222, 6°,199,303, (b.
z.—0°) 6 (1), 1 (2), (110°) 14'(1), 2 (2), 2 (3), (11°—20°)
3 (1), 3 (2); uninz., 8°,271, 18°,22, 169,182, 118; V. speciosa,
55; V. Traversi, -2°,301, 1°,140, $3°,269, 8°,65, 10°-5,60, 129,
239, 15°,200, 187,208,211,220; wnin7., 227,65,202,210.

Visurnum Awafurki, 246; wninj., 15°,56; V.macrocephalum,
60; V. lucidum, 22; V. Opulus, 38; V. plicatum, wninz., 5°,203,
102,19 ; V.Sieboldi (see Laurustinus), 176. Vuinoa, -14°,42, 12,
33. Vioxa gracilis, 28; V. Munbyana, 10; V. odorata (VioLer),
5,319, 8°:5,95, 13,122; V Rothomagensis, 28. Virama, 182.
VITEX incisa, wninj., 1°,30, 63; V. agnus-castus, -1°,30, 208. Vitis
heterophylla, 63,102; V. vinifera (VinE), -13°,129, 39,199, 12°,123,
17°,11,46, 227,284; vars. Black cluster, 270; Hamburgh, 201,
270; Muscadine, 270; Purple-leaved, 80; Sweet-water, 9°,209,
15°,201. -Virrapin1a triloba (ERIGERON mucronatum), uniny., 9°6,
(m)334, 18°°6,183.

WALLFLOWER, (b. z.—O°) 15 (1), 7 (2), 3 (8), (1°—10°) 14
(1), 24 (2), 11 (8); wninj., (b. z—O2) 2, (19—10°) 8, (119°—
20°) 5; Obs., great inj. 43. Watnur (Juaians), -18°,129,295,
-10°,113, -5°-8,89, 0°,81, 5°,137, 545,46; uninj., 10°,84, 22+,
212; Obs., buds killed, 209; fruit, none, 197; stem split, 292.
Warsonia, 65.

WEIGELA alba, 89; W. rosea, -18°,130, -13°,295, -1°,285, 2°,
216, 5°,203,204, 62,199; wnin7., -18°,295, -2°,316, 2°,284, 8°,
271, 4°,215, 5°,223, '7°,245, 9°,209,213, 22},182,201,212.

Wueat, -4°,42, 8°,65, 251.

Wipprinetonia, 246, Wistarta, -18°,130, -10°,304, -8°,300,
=5°°8,89, -4°,99, -2°,267, 0°,102,228,. 274, 19,304, 29,284, 3°,199,
267, (b. z—O°) 1 (1), 4 (2), 4.8), (l9S—10°) 3 (1), 6 (3), 3 (8);
uninj., (b. z2—O°) 2, (1°—10°) 12, (11°—20°) 9.

Woopwappia radicans, 16°°4,63.

XANTHOCERAS, 246; wninj., 10°,19, 64,202. XanTHOXYLON

lx INTRODUCTION,

alatum, 2; X. Bungei, 208; X. planispinum, 211; X. schinifolium,
212.
XIPHION, several sp., 8°,65.

Yew (Taxus baccata), (b. z—O°) 8 (1), 18 (2), 15 (3), (e—
10°) 3 (1), 7 (2), 14 (3); wninj., (b. z—O°) 8, (1°—10°) 11,
(11°—20°) 7; Obs., soil, dry and wet, 82; var. Irish, (b. z—O°)
3 (1), 1 (2), 4 (8), (19—10°) 1 (2), 4 (8); wning., (b. z—O°) 3,
(1S—10°) 7, (11°—20°) 10; vars., -10°,308; soil, dry, 82;
wet, 16,34,82.

Yucca, 0°,38, 19,35, 2°,32, 8°,124; Y. aloifolia, -10°,304, O°,
274,302, 29,216, 3°,199,241, 42,198, 2,63,199,211; uninj., -19,
30, 2°,284, 3°.271, 9°,209,213, 12°,238; Y. angustifolia, 63; Y.
baccata, 18; Y. filamentosa, 1°,304, 39,199, 49,214, 5°,80, 69,
303, 9°,266, 16°,181,187, 18,63,211; wninj, 2°,217, 3°,271, 5°,
223, 22t,118,201,238; Y. flaccida, 286; Y. gloriosa, 3°,199, 6°,
308, 10°18, 12°,123, 15°,176, 211; wninj., 2°,217, 8°,271, 5°,
223, 10°,7, 12°,123,238, 15°,56, 118,201,210; Y. recurva, 4°,73,
5°,319, 15°,55, 16°,(m)181,187; wninj., 15°,56; Y. rupicola,
10,18; Y. stenophylla, -1°,41; Y. Whipplei, 63,178.

ZAUSCHNERIA, 4°,(m)35, 5°,159; uning, 18°°6,183.

ZEPHYRANTHES, 16°,181. ZeEnopia floribunda, 19; Z. speciosa,
10°,19,210.

ZIZYPHUS sativus, 107.

Ixi

INDEX TO SPECIES, VARIETIES AND INDIVIDUALS
SHOWING DIFFERENT DEGREES OF INJURY AND
HARDINESS (See also INDEX TO PLANTS).

ABELIA, 211. Abres, 39,102,109,203,211,253§-254,284,315. Aca-
cia, 202. AcE, 100,255-256. AtoysiA, 183. ALtiaa, 16-17.
AMPELOPSIS, 129,135,136,203,208-209,294-295. ANDROMEDA, 18.
Appte, 60,67,84,110,111,151. Apricot, 294. Arata, 51,123,
181.206-208,294,332. ArRatcaRiA, 10-11. ARgsurus, 18-19, 22*,
66,74, 206 208,210,211-212,223,292. ArisTroLocHia, 18-19,62-63.
ARISTOLELIA, 206-208. ARTICHOKE (globe), 108. AruNnpbd, 22,123,
332,334. AucuBA, $5,101,166,214-215,254,281,336. AzaLgea, 213:
214,311. °

Bampusa, 62:63,318. Berrtis; 18-19. Berperis, 18-19,83,
89,100,102,125,129(bis.), 166,203,207, 212, 214-215, 216, 222, 256,
266,267,299, 304-305,308,310,315,334. Brora (see Tuusa), 17,60,
Broccont, 52,54,80,135, 141, 190,203,228 241 252,261,262,269,271,
275,313. Brussets Sprouts, 222. Buppiea, 18-19.

CABBAGE, 43,135,162,222. CAMELLIA, 57. CARNATION, 202;
Carya, 100. CasTANEA, 294-295. CaTALPA, 216,222,294. Cta-
NoTHuS, 60,68,200,211-212,269-270,321. CrpRus, 31(bis.),73,89,
90,125,198.203,211-212,222,223, 257, 263,266,269.270, 272,274,277,
278, 283,284, 294,303,304(bis.),308,324. CELERY, 323. CHAMe-
rops, 18-19. CHERRY, 52,141,228. Cisrus, 18-19.64-65,210.
OLeMAtis, 38,137,194,271,285,294-295,315-316. Cotimtra, 241.
Conutea, 294-295. Contrerm, 39,78,250,305,333. CoRDYLINE,
178. CoronrastTeR, 329. CrypromERIA, 89,97,135,166,274,278,
283,302. Cupkessus, 17,27,30,31,47,78, 100,180,205, 213,222,240,
253,254,263,277,283,284,285,294-295, 299,303,315,327,329,332.Cur-?*
RANT, 79,128. Cytisus, 73,78,84

Ԥ Numbers joined by hyphens signify the same Report.
O

wt Oo ee
Ixii INDEX TO HARDINESS. ae

Danuta, 13,183,333-334 Dapuye, 18-19,180 211-212,204.995., SE
Devurzia. 213. Dicksonta, 149.
Epwarpsta, 64-65. Erica, 139,190,207,333-334. Hichnndae

202,205, 211-212,216,222 223 252 269.270, 292 299,312,318,321 (bis),
326,327,332. Eucatyprus, 149 ,180,202,207-208. Evaenta, 50.

Evonymvus, 7,45,81,98,102,209,214-215, 222, 256, 259-260,269-270, -
278, 293,303,312,315-316,321,332. Eurypta, 18-19. ah,

Forsytara, 294. Fucusta, 18-19,58,60,63,64-65,198,292,299,
313,333-334. Furzr, 214-215.
’ Garrya, 34. GrEuM (m “ Greens”). 113.

Hepera, 207. Houty, 45,88,110,143,227,263,310. Hypran-
GEA, 30,222,269-270,286,292,303. Hyprricum, 56,198.

Inex, 207-208. I zicrom, 18-19,211-212. Iris, 203,210. Ivy,
45,77,89,110,198,259.

JASMINUM, 89,187,198,232,258,262,273,307. Juniperus, 39,78,
- 97,191,250,295

Kate, 7,99,305. KnipHoria, 18-19, 63. .

LAUREL, COMMON, Vars., 17.73,78,84,89,102,209,221,222,249,263,
269-270,281,290,292,305,312. Laure, sp., 30,37,38,39,48, 67.78,
81,83,84,85,87,89,93,98,99,119, 198, 203, 204,209.220,221, 234, 248,
263,272,273, 287,290, 292, 304, 305, 311, 316, 319, 323, 329(bis)335. ;
Laurus, 202. Laurustinus, 179. Leprospermum, 318. Lert-
TucE, 321. Lisocrprus, 295. Ligusrrum, 102,200.207,285. Li-
LiuM, 65,213,281. Lonicera, 203,285,295.

MaGno.uia, 203,207-208, 211-212,269,326. Manonta, 65. Mo-
Rus, 137.

NECTARINE, 226.

Ores, 18-19. OsManruts, 47.

Pampas Grass, 6. PrEacneEs, 33,130,226,267. Pars, 110,151.

Pernettya, 295. Picea, 22%*-22+,31,35,39,73,79,89, 119,166,205,
214-215, 254,256,263, 267.278, 284,285,286, 294 295,303 316,327. Pr-

NUS, 22*-227,31,39, 78, 109, 192, 200-201, 204,214-215,233,254,284,
295,303,316,332. Pistacta, 63. Prrrosporum, 50. PLaneg, 71.
Pium, 226. Popnar, 246.

Quercus, 33,39,88,97, 100, 102,200-201, 203,208,256,258, 259,269.
270,312,332.

RHOpODENDRON, 112, 133,151,178,202,208,213-214,238,292.294,
315,316,319. Roprnta, 27. Rose, 32,37,73,77,83,89,93,110,119,137,
141,182, 183,194,208, 280,281,284. 3

INDEX TO HARDINESS. lyili

SEQuora, 39,89,99,205,258,285,335. Spmaa, 137. STRAWBERRY,
82,226,242. 313.

Taxopium, 73,166. Tusa, 250. Topra, 14).

VERONICA, 8,28,54,65,122,202,208,269-271,302,323,332-333.

_WEIGELA, 295.

Yew 263. Yucca, 216-217,303,321.

INDEX TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

AGE, relative effects of. AtrHaa, 16-17. AppLE, 46,93,95,190,

336. Apricot, 68,80,266,278. ArsuTus, 21. BERBERIS, 256.
CABBAGE, 141. CrprRUs, 16,89,258,322. CLEMATIS, 95. CUPRESSUS,
17. Evonymus, 44. Forest Tress, 86. Frurr Trees, 6. Fucus,
241. Furze, 125. Hotty, 110.258. Ivy, 110,258. ‘Larcn, 7,125.
LaureEL, Bay, 29. LaureL, common, 34,73,258. Lerruce, 141.
Moiperry, 42. Necrarine, 41. Pracu, 41,270. Pinus insignis,
29,256. Quercus glabra, 94. Q. Ilex, 29,125,267. Ross, 258.
(Gloire de Dijon) 262. Sraquora, 89,90. SopHora, 16. Srraw-
BERRY, 315.
* AurirupE, Qbs. on effects of, 25,28,34,36,43,77,79-80,210,82,117,
210,311,313,323. Frost in valleys (see p. viil.), 34,308. Temps. at
different alts., 294. Plants inj. or uninj. at different alts., 74,109,
117,154. © AravucarRiA; 82,323. AucuBA, 82,117. AzarRa, 82.
Broom, 110. Camera, 14. CErANoruus, 36. CrEpRUs Deodara,
14-15,34,73,82,322. ConueTiaA, 176. Cupressus, 14,323. Derur-
zIA, 34. Escauionia, 36. HEvonymus, 118. Fies, 11. Fucnsta,
165. Hotty, 25. Lauren Bay, 26,42,82. Laurer, Common, 36,
42.43.44. L., Portugal, 112. Laurusrinus, 32,36,165,269. Mut-
BERRY, 45. Oak, 130. Pampas Grass, 36,45. Pinus insignis,
109. QwveErcus glabra, 94. Rosrs, 292; R. Gloire de Dijon, 322;
R. Tra, 36. RxuopopENDRON, 323, © SEQUOIA gigantea, 39,209.
Yew, 34.

lxiv INDEX TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

CiimatrE, (sée MrrroroLogicaL Opservations for each County
respectively, under INDEX To CounTTEs).

DRAINAGE, 28,39,74,190.

Insury, delayed appearance of, and Obs. on, &c. Frurr Treks,
46. Furze, fl. pl., 16. Lauren, Portugal, 87. Popiar, 37. Rosxs,
16,26, 124.

Sea, Obs. on proximity to, 8,15,108,111,118,120,124-125, 148,
151,152,173; 286.

Srruations, Obs. on, dry, 27,28,36,58,82,92,100-101,112,117-
118; exposed, 22,25,138,152; Apricot, 11. Box, 99. Broom,
110. CrEANorTHUS, 22. CHorsyA. 210. ContreRs, 39,79,80,121,125.
Cytisus, 130. Eryrurina, 11. Evera@rerens, 74,82,99,117,125,
131,141. Fia@s,11. Garrya, 74. Hoty, 79. Lauret, Bay, 74.
LAUREL, common, 93. Laurustinus, 11,74. Pworrta, 210. Ra-
PHIOLEPIS, 210. VEGETABLES, 121. Veronica, 210: low, ArButus,
74. Broom, 1386. Cameiia, 14. Cupressus, 14. EvErGREENS
&e., 1384. Oak, 130. Puttesta, 74: sheltered, Anpurus, 141,154,
Creprus, 92,95 CrPpHALoTAxus. 280. . CHama@rops, 20. Em, 99.
Hotty, 77,78,131. Ivy, 99. LaAuret, Bay, 154, 269. Lauren,
common, 41; L., Portugal, 78. Picea, 79. RAPHIOLEPIs, 210 :
wet, Obs., 13,28,84-85,88,117,221 ; Aratta, 8. BERBERIS, 190.
OCytisus, 78. Dapune, 136. Furze, 125. HrERBAcrous PLANts,
38. Hypericum, 27. LaAureL, Bay, 82. LaAvrEL, common, 36,
246. Laurustinus, 36,190,246,269. L&ycrsrerra, 190,246. Pam.
pas Grass. 6. PrrnerryaA, 190. Puimesta, 74. RetinosporaA,
79. Roses, 81. Yew, 16.

Snow, drifting of, 279,312; imjury by, 206,225; protection by,
135,140,157 ; Crprus, 89. HeERrsaceous plants, 129,164. Rosks,
133,301. VEGETABLES, 134,146.

Sor, character and effects of, 13,28,99,141, 190,336.

Winp, effects of, 5,11,15,16,20,25,50,79,94,114,121, 124,127,249,

256.

lxv
ABBREVIATIONS.

, Alt., altitude. Asp., aspect. Av., average. Bar., barometer.
Def., deficient. Diam., diameter. Dist., distance. Dwf., dwarf.
Esp., especially. Exp., exposure. FI. pl., flore pleno. Fs. or firs.,
flowers. Fld. or fird., flowered. Frt., fruit. Ft., foot. Gen.,
general. Grd., ground. H. P., Hybrid Perpetual. Ht., height.
Hyb., hybrid. Inj., injured or injury. Ins., inches. Jap., japa-
nese or japonicus. Kd., killed. (m), misprint. Ms., miles. Max.,
maximum. Meteor., meteorclogical. Min., minimum. Months and
seasons are indicated by first syllables. Obs., observations. Pt.,
point. Qr., quarter. Rep., report. Seasons (see months), Stand.,
standard. Sp., species. Temp., temperature. Therm., thermome-
ter. Uninj., uninjured. Var., variety. Varieg., variegated or
variegatus. Veg., vegetable. Yrs., years.

(1), killed; (2), severely injured; (3), slightly injured.

ERRATA.

Page 5, line 1, read Enborne; p. 24, 1. 15, read 40 (1), 60 (2), 23
(3); p. 24, 1. 25, read 38 (1), 45 (2), 16 (3); p. 30, 1. 11, read
Duvaua; p. 32,1. 2, read P. andina (for Andersoni); p. 39, 1. 7
(fr. bot.), read P. Cembra (for Ambra); p. 51, 1. 19, read For-
tunei (for oxyacantha); p. 63, 1.9 (fr. bot.), read Vitex incisa ;
p. 66, 1. 9 (fr. bot.), read Queen (for Green); p. 82, 1. 20, read
spicatum; do. 1. 23, read Hericart; p. 94, 1.6 (fr. bot.), read
yards; p. 100, 1. 21, read Lucombe (for succirubra); p. 110,
1. 23, read Byton; p. 113, ls. 1 and 8 (fr. bot.), read Geum (for
Greens); p. 134, (bot. line), read Dec. 3rd, -4°; 4th, -8°; Sth, -1°
(see Note, p. 143); p. 144, ls. 4 and 5 (fr. bot.), dele alt., 13 ft. ;
' p. 151, 1. 8 (fr. bot.), read Beurré Diel; p. 177, 1. 14 (fr. bot.),
read 49 (for 55); p. 182, 1. 8, read Ozothamnus (for QO); p.
188, 1. 10 (fr. bot.), read Plants injured (Donegal), none ; p. 220,
16 (fr. bot.), read Amicia ; p. 237, 1. 6, read at 3 places; p. 239,
1. 7 (fr. bot.), read Jan.; p. 270, 1. 7 (fr. bot.), read Galande (for
Bellgarre); p. 278, 1. 6, read Euonymus (for E.); p. 289, 1. 5
(fr. bot.), read Late (for Lord); p. 299, 1. 2 (fr. bot.), read
pumila (for punica); p. 334, 1. 22, read Hulkeana.

Missprints are referred to in the INpEx To Puanrs by (m).

P

i ‘ous ne ci Sw ty be . ia o.) “AL Ras fy u#
' ’ =f . . - : : =A. A “
tt aay Fi 2 ‘ -
rt ae
, at a &: : se + Pal hak ‘eo ®. ue wh r a

>»
~
_
-
J
_
»
5
-
.
ra!
ia |
1
|
= iA.

t f
= _ . - ry
m > rhe } 4 c. } / Ved) iv
.. * ¥ i « ® a . > “
a f a ie mr ‘ a 7
ae Pw bil F shite 3 ; i4 ix
m! ’ . ‘ 7 ms.
as a 7 ’ ~ .
* : vo ws a te
% > 3
: ’ ¥ [¢ 4 ‘
oh, > ry rise * > ‘a
: a ’ ey Z . 3 i - if ( . 4 -
2 ut 4 > ’ é ,
. . at ‘ A : a. *
" ' ; 4 0 4
' is 5 j ; aL if ee ia ;
ee SO le »e
. ‘ ie ‘er
- x = eS
4 ? “le ‘ 7
‘ * j ] ‘ 4 4 ; ‘ r .
- . . ‘1
° f Ges
i } ,
~ via i »,'5 ' . Z
‘™
} ‘ 3 a
ay : *
‘ 7} : ‘
. ’ 4
c 5 i
‘ :
- 4
t +. :
| , i pata b)
7 7
. J ane
# ’
7 a ‘
+ i \ Wi 4 [ i 1
~ ‘ ’
. ’ .
4 a j pa iF. ‘
i) t4
. ¥ ' y yd “4 7}
rt . mil?
- 1) t "% val ay 4 sc a ts
/
:
a fue .¥ Baron ee . (itil, Miele) itt wes if
¢ r E *
4 res <4e »
: panto tt Wu JEN aes, oe CA iy a
> ‘ ’ ,

> rm i pavaatt of Zeocal aah gat «} ont Bue

REPORTS.

‘

DIVISION I.—MIDDLESEX.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM
MIpDLESEX.*

A year of unusual amount of bad and inclement weather, with
absence of sunshine, a prevalence of fog, a low temperature, and, for
the first three quarters, a low barometer (Isleworth). The last
three months were very dry (Enfield). There were only 92 days
on which the sun shone for more than two hours. There was a
very marked absence of wind from the middle of September till the
last three days of December. The average temperature of every
month during the year was below the monthly average of 10 pre-
vious years, and the mean temp. of the year was 4°°7 below the ay.
of 10 years (Uxbridge, Harefield). The autumn was exceptionally
and continuously cold, extremely dry and rather dull, with a calm
and humid atmosphere. Fogs frequent, with a prevalence of N.
Easterly winds; bar. high. Few things ripened ; apples and pears being
about one-fourth of an ordinary crop; many vegetables, such as toma-
toes and vegetable marrows, would not ripen at all. Potatoes, nearly
all rotten. Throughout the summer the air was very damp. Great
floods were in the valley of the Thames; the hay was inferior and
difficult to save (Hanworth). A year of culminating disaster to
agriculture and garden crops; of luxuriant growth in fruit trees but
of weak and unripened wood (Isleworth). Rainfall, 4°94 ins.
above the av. of 7 previous years, rain fell on 204 days (Muswell
Hill) ; 2:39 ins. above the ay. of 5 years (Enfield). Min. rainfall,
Westminster, alt.,t 95 ft.; ht..t 66 ft. 4 ims.; 27-18 ins., on 155
days: max., Mill Hill School, alt., 400 ft.; ht. 7 ins.; 36-27 ins.
Min. Temps., Enfield, Dec. 7th, 1879, 79-9 ; Colney Hatch, 6°-8.§

* Observers’ notes on the year 1879, Symons’s ‘‘ British Rainfall”; and
‘*The Weather of 1879,’’ by Ed. Mawley.

+ Alt. refers to the altitude above the sea level.

t Ht. refers to the height of the guage above the ground.

§ On the Frost of December 1879, over the British Isles, by W. Marriott.
B

2 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

REPORTS.

1. Cutswick. Royal Hort. Gardens.—Mr. A. F. Barron.

Amount of Rainfall, 1879—[Kew Obs., alt., 19 ft.; ht., 1ft. 9
ins.; 33:08 ins.].

Minimum Temperature—12°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 1 (2)—Cistus, scarlet gum, 1.
Eryngium, 1. Escallonia macrantha, on walls, 1. Eucalyptus glo-
bulus, 30 ft., 6 yrs. old, 1. Euonymus, gold and silver, all in nur-
sery beds, 1. Hypericum, shrubby, 1. Laurel, common, 2. Lau-
rustinus, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Primula abyssinica, 1. Vero-
nica, shrubby, 1.

Observations—The full effects are not yet apparent (Jan 30th,
1880) but many valuable plants lately planted on the rockery are
killed. The frost has been particularly severe on the golden Euo-
nymus, all plants being killed in every part of the garden.

2. Eatine, Castle Bar—Dr. M. T, Masters.

‘General Character of Soil—Stiff London clay.

Altitude and Hxposure—250 ft.; N. W.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Clair Lodge, alt., 200 (?) ft.; ht., 10 ims. ; 30°89
ins. ].

Min. Temp.—[ Probably above 10°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 3 (2), 14 (3)—Abies Nordman-
niana, lately moved, 3. Aucuba japonica, 3. Buddlea globosa,
scarcely more than usual, 3. 3B. Lindleyana, 1. Cistus, gum, 1.
Colletia cruciata, 2. _Escallonia rubra, 3. Euonymus japonicus,
2. Hypericum calycinum, 3. H. oblongifolium, 3. Ivy, standards
lately removed, 3. Jasminum officinale, 3. Magnolia Soulangeana,
3. Peaches, 3. Quercus humilis, 3. Roses, Celine Forestiére, 2 ;
Maréchai Niel, 3. Rosemary, 1. Veronica, hyb, 1. Wallflowers,
3. Xanthoxylum alatum, 1. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

Plants uninjured, Buddiea globosa, Clematis balearica, Edward-
sia microphylla.

DIVISION I1.—S. E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, FROM
BERKSHIRE, Hampsuire, Istz-or-Wicut, Kent, Surrey
AND SUSSEX.

Berks. A very exceptional year; very little sun (Purley).
Very wet summer ; three last months of the year unusually dry:
Rainfall 6-5 ins. above av. (Long Wittenham). Min. rainfall (Wal-
lingford), alt., 175 ft.; ht., 9 ins.; 28-96 ins., on 117 days: Max.,
Reading [alt. ?] 38-39 ins., on 166 days.— Min. Temp., Newbury,
Dec. 7th, 13°-0.—Saturated clay caused failure of growth (Hast-
hampstead). Trees in rich foliage in consequence of rain till end
of Oct. (Twyford &c.).

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 11 (2), 8 (3), total at three places.

Hants. Rainfall, Aprilto Sept., 26-76 ins.; from Jan. to March
and Oct. to Dec., only 12-19 ins., (Ovington). Rainfall of year very
little above ay., more than half the fall being from May to August,
(Tylney Hall). 7-95 ins. above av. of 19 years (Southampton).
Mean temp. of year 5° below av.: Rainfall below av. of 10 yrs.
(Mudeford). Min. Rainfall, Mudeford, alt., 15 ft.; ht. 3 ins;
26-14 ins., on 193 days: Max., Petersfield, alt., 216 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.;
43°48 ins., on 170 days. Wheat crop an almost unprecedented
failure; Hay generally abundant but very bad. No orchard or
wall fruit ripened properly, nor has the wood apparently for next
year (Hast Tisted, Basing Park, Farnborough Grange). Min.
Temp., Swarraton, alt., 310 ft.; Dec. 7th, 99-0.

Plants injured, 1879-80—43 (1), 36 (2), 30 (8), total at 8
places. ;

I. or Wieut. Rainfall above average, but not particularly so;_
temp. below the average (Newport), Min. rainfall, Osborne, alt.,
172 ft.; ht., 8 ins.; 30-76 ins., on 154 days. Max., Newport, alt.,
57 ft.; ht., 12 ft. 9ins.; 37-48 ins, on 186 days. Min. Temp.,
Osborne, Dec. 7th, 18°°2.

Plants injured, 1879-80—36 (1), 7 (2),9 (3), total at 2 places.

4 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Kent. Very cold, not one warm week; snow fell in 8 months.
Very wet Feb., April, May, June and Aug. ; Oct., Nov., and Dec., very
dry (Ramsgate, Bromley, and Tenterden). Rainfall, during 2nd and
3rd quarters nearly double the average (Erith). Min. Rainfall,
Sittingbourne, alt., 38 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 1 in. ; 22-43 ins.: max., Hythe,
alt., 608 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 43°67 ins. Greenwich Obs., alt., 155 ft.;
ht., 5 ins.; 31°36 ins., on 185 days; or 6°20 ins. above mean.
of 30 yrs., 25°06 ins, Harvest, especially pea crop, spoilt by wet
in August (Benenden). Corn crops, hay, and wall-fruit all very
bad (Selling). Fruits small and deficient in flavour (Canterbury).
Potato crop spoiled, but grass land extraordinarily productive
(Ramsgate). Shrubs short of fruit from the non-ripening of the
wood (Sandwich, Southwood, &c.). Temp. of every month was below
the av. of 60 yrs. ; Dec. being 79-4 below it. Min. Temp., Eltham,
alt., 80 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 7°°7. The period of very severe cold weather,
which set in on Nov. 20, continued till Dec. 27th (38 days). The
mean temp. was 31°1, being 9°-7 below the mean of 60 yrs. (Black-
heath).*

Plants injured, 1879-80—51 (1), 60 (2), 20 (8), total at 9 places.

Surrey. Rainfall, remarkable for extreme variations; March
and Oct. had smallest for 20 yrs.; 3rd quarter of the year
had highest for 20 years, and the last quarter, the lowest (Croydon).
Min. rainfall, Croydon, [alt., ?]; ht., 3 ft.; 28°39 ins., on 179 days ;
max., Titsey, alt., 870 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 46-28 ins., on 166 days. Min.
temp., Isleworth, alt., 68 ft. ; Dec. 7th, 119-5.

Plants injured, 1879-80—77 (1), 51,(2), 61 (8), total at 7 places.

Sussex. Rainfall. The wet weather lasted from the end of
March to the end of August, 108 days, with 19°62 ins. of rain, In
the rest of the year there were 91 wet days and 12°64 ins. (Hayward’s
Heath) ; 4°56 ins. above av, of 23 yrs. (Maresfield); 1°70 ins. above
av. of 20 yrs. (Glynde Place) ; 4°44 ins. above the av. of 10 yrs. (Wor-
thing). Min. rainfall, Brighton (W. Pier Head), 19°30 ins.; max.,
Chichester, alt., 300 ? ft., 46°85 ins. Min. Temp., Hayward’s
Heath, alt. 250 ft.; Dec. ‘7th, 1693.

Plants injured, 1879-80—42 (1), 54 (2), 37 (3), told at 6 places.

* Mr, Glaisher, in Gardeners’ Chron., Jan. 8rd, 1880, p. 23.

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. 5
REPORTS.

1. Berxsurre,—Newevry, Exborne Lodge,—Mr. R. H. Valpy.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravelly, sandy loam or “‘ drift.”

Alt. and Hxposure—400 ft., S. W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Newbury, alt., 260 ft. ; 35°38 ins., on 203 days].

Min. Temp.—13° on two nights.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 3 (2), 7 (3)—Apples, 3. Aspa-
ragus, 2. Broccoli, 2. Cabbages, Savoys, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3.
Kale, Sea, 2. Laurel, Bay, 3. Nectarines, 2. Pampas Grass, 3.
Peaches, 1. Plane, 3. Quercus Suber, 3. Taxodium distichum, 3.

Observations—Acorns on the common oak were abundant, but
Quercus Cerris and Q. Ilex bore none. Apples, half a crop only.
Apricots, Cherries of all sorts, Orleans Plums and Pears were failures.
Of soft fruits, however, the crops were good, a remarkably fine one
of Golden Drop occurring on a W. wall. Greengages were abundant
and good. Of Nuts and Walnuts there were none.

2. Twyrorp, Harehatch.—Mr. G. T. Bulkeley.

Plants injured—Arbutus, of trees alone suffered, having lost a few
branches.

3. WoxKINGHAM, Easthampstead Park.—Mr. N. Sinclair.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff clay on low ground, but a sandy light
soil on upper.

Alt. and Haxposure—255 ft., rather exposed in parts, and subject
to spring frosts.

Amount of Rainfall, 1879—[Reading, dist., 8 ms.; alt., 154 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. 6 in. ; 34°17 ins., on 185 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 26th, for 5 weeks.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 8°. Temp. frequently 12°;
Jan. 27th, 1880, 8°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 7 (2), 1 (8)—Abies Albertiana,
Murr., (A. Mertensiana, Lindi.) 1. Arbutus macrantha (?), 2.
Cedars, 2. Erica, fine old bushes, all killed to ground, 1, 2. Hol-
lies, 1, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Magnolias, 3. Pinus
insignis, 2. Roses, 1, 2.

Observations—The Abies mentioned above had been planted in
the autumn, and was killed by the unusual severity of the long con-
tinuance of E. winds in spring, which withered the last bit of vitality.
Fruit trees failed to set much fruit, particularly Apples and Pears.

6 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Peaches, a failure. Respecting Vegetables, the saturated state of
the clay soil caused the failure in growth, and, being in a half-
developed stage, they were cut by the frost.

1. HampsHirE—AtTon, Basing Park.—Mr. W. Smythe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff red clay, very strong ; sub-soil of chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 500 ft. above sea. Hill much ex-
posed to wind.

Amount of Rainfall—Rained most days during the summer of
1879. [East Worldham, dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 499 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6 ims. ;
31°63 ins., on 178 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From October till April.

Min. Temp.—26° [too high ?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 183 (2), 2 (8). Apples, 1, 2.
Araucaria imbricata, 3. Asparagus, 1. Azaleas, 2. Cedrus Deodara,
2. C. Libani, 2. Euonymus japonicus, variegated, 1. Figs, 2. Furze,
1. Gooseberries, 2. Holly, 2. Juniperus communis, hibernica, 1.
Larch, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Nectarines, 2. Peaches, 2. Pears,
3. Picea Pinsapo, 2. Quinces, 2. Rhododendrons, hybrid, 1.
Vegetables of all kinds, 1.

Observations—Many old and young fruit trees were killed and
all much injured. The young wood was killed by the cold and
wet summer, not being ripened. There was little or no fruit on
the trees mentioned above.

Vegetables of all kinds were much injured, and many killed by
the wet and cold summer.

2. Auron, Binsted-Wyck.—Mr. W. Wickham.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Upper Green-sand or “‘ malm.”

Alt. and Hxposure-—400 ft., 8. E.

Rainfall, 1879—[East Worldham, Alton, alt., 499 ft.; ht., 1 ft.
6 ins. ; 31°63.ins., on 178 days].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 2 (2), 4 (8)—Arundo Donax,
3. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Escallonia ma-
crantha, 3. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Magnolia grandiflora Exm.
var., on 8. wall, 3. Myrtle, 1. Pampas grass, large male plant in
moist situation near water, 2; female, elsewhere, uninjured. Spar-
tium junceum 1.

Plants uninjured, 1879-80—Acanthus mollis, Aralia papyrifera,
Asphodelus luteus, Azalea, Catalpa, Cupressus torulosa, Desfontania

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. q

spinosa, Gentiana acaulis, Hibiscus syriacus, Bay Laurel, Laurustinus,
Magnolia glauca (fine standard bush), Onoclea sensibilis, Pampas
grass (female), Paulownia imperialis, Rhododendrons, Salisburia
adiantifolia, Salvia patens, Spireea (several sp.), Taxodium distichum.

Observations—I -was careful not to have my borders made tidy ;
all leaves were allowed to remain as they fell. The smaller plants were
protected with dead fern and branches, with ashes round the roots
of all that were at all tender. The bloom on herbaceous plants
has been finer than ever this year, 1880.

3. Auton, Blackmoor House.—Mr. R. Lock.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, sandy.

Alt. and Exposure— Exposed to N. W. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—39-93 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 12th to Dec. 28th,
and from Jan. 6th to Feb. 13th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 6 (2), 9 (8)—Apples, 1, 3.
Apricots, 1, 3. Arbutus, 3. Artichokes, globe, 1. Borecole, 3.
Broccoli, 1. Cabbages, 1. Ceanothus dentatus, 1. Cytisus, white
and yellow, 2. LHscallonia, 2. Huonymus japonicus, 1; Do. arg.
var., 3. Kale, cottager’s, 3; Do. Sea, 2. Lavender, 1. Passiflora, 1.
Peaches, 1, 3. Pears, 1. Pinus insignis, 2. Rhododendrons, 3.
Roses, 1, 3. Rosemary, 1. Thyme, lemon scented, 2. Wallflowers, 1, 3.

Planis uninjured — Kuonymus japonicus argenteus, Yucca
gloriosa. °

4, Auron, Rotherfield Park.—Mr. C. E. Curtis.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Friable, self-drained clay, resting on chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 400 ft.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Laburnum, 1, 2, 3, has suffered greatly.
Larches, out of 150,000 about 50,000 perished; the remainder are
doing well. Of young plants, transplanted two years in nursery,
50 per cent. are lost. I attribute the loss to the severe winter and
the dry weather in early spring of 1880. It is a most unusual thing
to have young plants of this kind affected; as they have hither-
to withstood weather of all description. (Oct. 14, 1880.)

5. Bournemovuta.—Mr. T. J. Swaffield.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy peat, mostly on gravel.

Alt. and Hxposwre—From sea-level to 100 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—Rain and melted snow in Oct., Nov. and Dec.

8 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

(88 days) was 5:32 ins. ([Christchurch, alt., 90 ft.; ht., 6 ins. ;
29°83 ins., on 187 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Eleven coldest days in Dec., Mean Temp.
25°'6.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 6 (2), 11 (8)—Agapanthus um-
bellatus, 3. Aloysia citriodora, last summer’s growth, 3. Aralia
spinosa, in damp places by R. Bourne, 3. Ceanothus dentatus super-
bus, (best in coldest part of the town), 3. Echeveria secunda, glauca,
1,2. scallonia macrantha, 3; E. montevidensis, 2. Eucalyptus,
some over 36 ft., all left from 1878-79, 1. Euonymus, all the
varieties, 2, 3. Genista racemosa, 1, 3. Myrtles, 3. Passiflora, 3.
Paulownia imperialis, 3. Phormium tenax, 2. Rhynchospermum
jasminoides, 1. Richardia ethiopica, no flowers, 3. Roses, Tea,
young plants only, 2. Veronicas, 1, 2; the old white variety is
much hardier than the others.

Plants uninjured—Abutilons, Agapanthus umbellatus (in some

gardens), Aralia Sieboldti, Camellias, some 10 ft. in diameter, bore
few flowers owing to the unripe state of wood, but unaffected by
frost, Coronillas, Euonymus, vars., close to the sea; but much
injured half a mile away; Fuchsias, Latania borbonica, Lilium
auratum, L. lancifolium, Magnolias, Phormium tenax, within a
mile of sea. |

6. WincuEsteR, Bramdean.—Mr. C. Burgess.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, on chalk and gravel.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Otterbourne, dist., 10 ms. ; alt., 115 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 3 ins.; 37°84 ins., on 151 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 12th, 20°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 6th, 3° [too low P}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 0 (2), 2 (8)—Arbutus, 1. Au-
cubas, 3. Euonymus, of sorts, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, com-
mon, 3; Laurustinus, 1.

7. FarnporoucH, The Grange.—W. Sherwin, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light sand and gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Open and somewhat low.

Rainfall, 1879—31:79.

Min. Temp. and Date—[Strathfield wineitias dist., 11 ms.; Dee.
7th, 10°93}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 8 (2), 3 (3)—Apples, 3. Arbutus,
2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Buddlea globosa, 1. Cercis canadensis, 1.

DIVISION II.——-S. E. COUNTIES. 9

Eucalyptus, 1. Holly, golden green, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Ligus-
trum japonicum, 3. Liriodendron tulipifera, aurea, 1. Pavias, 1.
Poinsettias, 2. Quercus austriaca, sempervirens, 2. Q. Cerris, 2.
Q. Fordii, 2. Rhododendrons, 3.

Observations—Of Arbutus and Laurustinus I had a number of
very fine plants, of some 20 years growth. They were nearly all
killed to the ground. They were much injured in 1878, and still
more in 1879. Those left out, the majority being removed, have
again put forth shoots. Apples and Pears neither on the wall nor
as standards did well and gave very little fruit. Rhododendrons
were injured, and I never knew them flower so badly but never saw
them so promising as in this year (1881). Small fruits did not
suffer and cropped well.

8. Sournampron (Nurseries).—Mr. Rogers.

Plants uninjured, 1879-80—Aralia Sieboldii, Bambusa Metake,
Chamerops Fortunei, Eleagnus, vars., Osmanthus, vars., Skimmia
japonica.

9. SourHamprTon, Testwood Park.—Mr. H. Vickery.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy loam.

Alt. and Exposure—30 ft. ; moderately sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[Ordnance Survey Office, alt., 75 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
36°39 ins, on 181 days]. ;

Min. Temp.—o° [too low ?]—[Southampton, Woolston Lodge,
13°-5: at an alt., 140 ft.; Dec. 7th, 14°-7; Do., alt., 74 ft. ; 17°:
Netley, dist., 3 ms. ; alt., 37 ft; 15°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 6 (2)—Alternantheras, entirely
killed by wet summer, 1. Ceanothus azureus, on W. wall, 2. Cha-
merops excelsa and C. Fortunei, survived three winters in well
sheltered place, 1. Escallonia macrantha, in open, 2. Eucalyptus
globulus, one, and six years old, 1. Figs, old trees, 2. Pampas Grass,
large plants, parts of which, 1. Nectarines and Peaches, by wet sum-
mer and winter, 1, 2. Phormium tenax, old plant, 2. Quercus Suber,
stripped of foliage, 2.

1. Iste or Wicut, Ryde.—Rev. H. Ewbank.
Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam.
Altitude—About 500 ft.
Rainfall, 1879—Oct., 1879, to March, 1880, inclusive, 7:97 ins.,
(Ryde, alt., 17 ft.; ht.;.7 ft. 6 ins.; 34-41 ins., on 145 days].
C

10 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Mean Temp. (at Ventnor)
of Nov. and Dec., 40912.

Min. Temps. and Date—18°; [Osborne, dist., 5 ms.; Dec. 7th,
18°°2 ; Ventnor, dist., 10 ms. ; alt., 75 ft.; Dec. 5th, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—24 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8)—Acacia dealbata,
2. Balsamita grandiflora, 1. | Boussingaultia baselloides, 1. Cam-
panula pulla, 1. Cantua dependens, protected and recovering, 3.
Clianthus puniceus, 2. Cortusa pubescens, 1. Diotis maritima, 1.
Eryngium eburnense, 1. Escallonia pulverulenta, 1. Fritillaria
recurva, 1. Habranthus pratensis, 1. Hedychium Gardnerianum,
in some places, 1. Hypericum canariense, 1. Iris Hartwigii, 1.
Lithospermum petreum, 1. Meconopsis aculeata, 1. Melianthus
major, 1. Milla biflora, 1. Mutisia decurrens, 1. Ornithogalum
arabicum, 1. Primula capitata, 1; P. sikkimensis, 1. Scilla undulata,
1. Sparaxis pulcherrima, 1. Valletta purpurea, 1. Viola Munbyana,1.

Plants uninjured—Abelia floribunda, Aralia Sieboldii, Bouvardia
splendens, Brugmansia, Calochorti, Camellias, Cantua dependens,
Citrus trifoliata, Clematis indivisa lobata, Convolvulus sericeus,
Daphne indica rubra, Eucalyptus resiniferus, Friesia odorata,
Fremontia californica, Habrothamnus fasciatus, Hedychium Gardne-
rianum, Ixias, Kniphofia caulescens, Lapageria rosea, Lilium aura-
tum, lL. Brownii, L. giganteum, L. speciosum, &c. Mandevilla
suaveolens, Rubus australis, Tritoma aurea, T. M‘Oweni.

2. Rypz, Appley Towers—Mr. W. Stanbury.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam, mostly resting on clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—100 to 200 ft., N. W., N., and N. E.

Rainfall—[ Ryde, alt., 17 ft.; ht., 7 ft., 6 ins.; 34°41 ins., on 145
days].

Min Temp. and Date—About Dec. 11, [7th, ?] 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 5 (2), 8 (8)—Abutilon, vars.,
1. Acacia armata, stood many winters, 1; A. longifolia, 1. Aga-
panthus umbellatus, 3. Agnostus sinuata, 1. Aloysia citriodora, 3.
Araucaria Cookii, 1. Banksia australis, 1. Cantua dependens, 1.
Cassia corymbosa, 1. Clethra arborea, 1. Clianthus magnificus, 3.
Kcheveria secunda &c.,1. Escallonia grandiflora, 2; EH. montevi-
densis, 3. Lapageria rosea, 3; L. alba, 3. Leucopogon Cunninghami,
1. Lomatia heterophylla, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Metrosideros
floribundus, 2. Olearia Haastii, 3. Rhyncospermum jasminoides, 2.
Swammerdamia antennaria, on the exposed side, 2.

DIVISION IIl.—sS. E. COUNTIES. 11

Plants uninjured—Araucaria brasiliensis, Cantua dependens (on
a South wall).

Observation — Rhyncospermum jasminoides, though injured in
1879-80, was unhurt in 1878-9.

1. Kent—Sanpwicn, Betteshanger.—Mr. G. Laurence.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Chalky.

Alt. and Hxposure—Country slightly undulating, exposed to sea
breezes on E. About 4 ms. from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—34-59 ins—[Sandwich (Walton House), dist.,
3 ms. ; alt., 55 ft.; ht., 2 ft. 10 ins.; 25-97 ins.

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 17th, (?)] 17°. [Ramsgate, dist.,
9 ms. ; alt., 105 ft.; Dec. 7th, 20°-9 ; Dover, dist., 7 ms. ; Dec. 17th,
18°}. 13° and 14° for several successive nights in Jan. 1880.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 8 (2)—Broccoli, 1, (26 p. c¢.
saved). Escallonias, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euonymus, varie-
gated, 2. Figs, 2, in valley; uninjured on hills. Furze, fl. pl., 2.
Gladiolus, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Myrtle, 1: Nectarines, 2. .
Peaches, 2. Roses, general, 2; Maréchal Niel, 1. Thyme, 1.
Veronicas, 1. Vines, out-door, 2.

Plants uninjured—Apricots, Erythrina christa-galli, Fig trees
exposed on hills, Laurustinus escaped without the slightest injury
and was in flower the greatest part of the winter.

Observations—Both deciduous and evergreen shrubs were very
short of fruit this year, in consequence of the wet season of 1879,
for the wood did not ripen. Trees of all kinds in exposed situations
suffered more from the cold winds of last May (1880) than they did
from the wet of 1879 or the frost of 1879-80.

2. BuackHeatH.—Mr. H. Jarvis.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light and gravelly.

Alt. and Hxposure—160 ft. ; 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 160 ft. ; ht., 5 ins.; 31°38 ins., on 179
days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[From Nov. 20th to Dee.
27th. Mean temp. for these 38 days, was 31° 1 or 9° 7 below av.
of 60 yrs.—Glaisher *].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 2nd, 14°.1].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 12 (2)—Arbutus Unedo, about

* Gard. Chron., 1880, p. 23.

12 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

80 plants, 12 to 18 ft., 1. Aucuba japonica, some cut to ground,
but again breaking, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. japonica, nearly
all, 1, 2. Chelone, vars., to ground, 2. Cytisus, large white, to
ground, 2. Hypericum calycinum, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Laurel,
Bay, to grd., 2. L. common, a good many nearly to erd., 2. Lau-
rustinus, very fine plants, 1. Lavander, 1. Myrtle, large, 1. Pam-
pas Grass, 2. Primula acaulis, vars., 1. Rosemary, very fine old
plant, 1. Saxifraga, various kinds, 2. Vincas, large beds, 1. Wall-
flowers, vars., 2.

Observation—Some varieties of herbaceous plants suffered very much.

3. Bromiry.—Rev. A. Rawson.

Gen. Ohar. of Soil—Gravel in parts, and clay in parts.

Alt. and Exposure—250 ft. ; chiefly sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—Alt. 250 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 33-04 ins., on 187 days ;
mean annual fall for 15 years, 29-804 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Noy. 13th, almost unin-
terruptedly to Feb. 5th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 2nd, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 8 (2), 3 (8)—Aloysia citriodora,
on EK. wall, 2. Berberidopsis, against pailing, 2. Broccoli, all
sorts, 1. Buxus balearicus, 2. Calopogon pulchellum, 1. Catalpa
syringefolia, 3. Clematis lanuginosa, on pailing, 3. Hremurus
robustus, 2. Fremontia californica, on pailing, 1. Iris fimbriata, 2.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Ophiopogon Jaburan, 1. Photinia
serrulata, 3. Populus angulosa, young tree, 1. Stauntonia latifolia,
on 8. wall, 2. Roses, Tea, to ground, 2.

Plants uninjured—Acer polymorphum, Bomarea acutifolia, Cy-
phella Herberti, Mimulus moschatus, Saxifraga purpurascens, Senecio
pulcher.

4, Dartrorp.—Mr. J. Dean.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff sandy clay with a sandy subsoil.

Ezxposure—Sloping towards 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 162 ft. ; ht., 2 ft. 4 ins.; 25°36 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—(Dec. 2nd ?) 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 3 (2), 1 (3)—Bellis perennis,
in beds for spring blooming, 1. Broccoli, all, both white and purple,
1. Celery, frozen to very roots, though earthed abundantly, 1. Lau-
rel, Bay, to ground, 2. Laurel, common, a great many, 1, 2. Lau-
rustinus, 2. Quercus Ilex, 3.

“|. ¥)

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. 13

Plants uninjured—Of Plants which survived, a solitary Dahlia, a
dark variety, came up wonderfully strong, and had an immense
quantity of bloom all the summer. LEcheveria secunda stood the
winter well, with only a covering of matting.

Observations—The soil of the vegetable garden being of a very stiff
nature, the water, of which there is a good deal, seemed to injure the
plants more than the frost. The frost setting in so early completely
destroyed all autumn giant cauliflower and other tender vegetables,
which were not housed in time: e.g. Dahlias were well in bloom
when overtaken, and the roots were frozen and rotted in the ground.

5. HitpErBorovan, Southwood.—Mr. H. Truelove.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very stiff and heavy, resting on clay.

Exposure—Rather exposed.

Rainfall, 1879—['Tunbridge (St. Mary’s), dist. 2 ms.; alt., 96 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. 6 ins. ; 29-22 ins., on 159 days}. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 22nd to Feb. 13th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th [2nd ?], 7°. ['Tunbridge, alft.,
99 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 9° 4].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 2 (2), 3 (8)—Arbutus, 2. Au-
cuba japonica, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Euonymus, nearly white
var., 1. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Roses, one half, 1.

Observations—Nectarines and Peaches did not ripen their wood,
or produce any flowers. Pears, very few. Apples, Cherries, Currants,
Gooseberries, Raspberries and Strawberries, abundant.

6. Marpstonse, Mereworth.—Mr. N. Francis.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Yellow loam with subsoil of gravel rag-stone.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 540 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—Very considerable [Tovill House, alt., 60 ft. ; ht.,
1 ft.; 26°94 ins., on 162 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th to Feb. 28th.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 13 (2), 1 (8)—Apples, 1, 2.
Asparagus, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cabbages, 2. Chrysanthemum, 1.
Cineraria, 1. Hydrangea, 2.. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurustinus, 1.
Liriodendron tulipifera, 3. Mulberry, 2. Myrtle, 2. Peaches, 1,
2. Plane, 2. Raspberries, 2. Roses, H. P., 2; Tea, 1. Syringa,
2. Tritoma, 2. Violets, 2.

7. Otp Cuaruton, Bramhope.—Col. Bushe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—‘* Woolwich beds ”’ consisting of a light sandy
loam, well drained.

14 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Alt.—About 70 ft. above the Thames.

Rainfall—[ Greenwich Roy. Obs., dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 155 ft. ; ht., 5
ins. ; 31°36 ins., on 185 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Greenwich, Dec. 7th, 18°-6; or 199-7
below ay. of 20 yrs. ; (Ed. Mawley)].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 3(2), 2 (3)—Aucuba cuttings, 1.
Laurel, Bay, one or two, 1; others cut to ground, 2 or 3. Laurel,
common, 2. Oaks, all seem to be suffering, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured—Aucubas ; Laurels, Bay, some plants; Laurel,
common, cuttings put in Noy., nearly all rooted and made good
plants in 1880; Lilium auratum, in open, but protected by a
mulching; Forest trees, generally very healthy, are uninjured,
excepting Oaks. Fruit trees all did well, though late and severely
pruned in the winter.

8. Tunpripce WELLs, Dunorlan.—Mr. D. Walker.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Lower ground, a strong loam on a very stiff
clay. Higher ground, a sandy loam on a sandy rock.

Alt. and EHxposure—From 80 to 160: ft. above Sea, on aS. E.
slope, only exposed to 8. wind.

pate 1879—[T. Wells ombary ) alt., 181 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. 8

; 30°53 ins., on 174 days].

Bab of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 16th, 29°. Thaw
began Dec. 28th, 43° and 46°. Jan. 7thto Feb. 18th, daily average,
23°. Daily average min. temp. for Dec., 26°, ranging from 16° to

6°; for Jan. 26°, ranging from 14° to 44°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 15°. Jan. 20th and 29th,
1880, 14°. [Mr. Punnett, Tunbridge, alt., 99 ft., records Min.
Temp., Dec. 2nd, 3rd, 9°-4].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 3 (2), 8 (3)—Arbutus Unedo, 2.
Berberis Darwinii, 3. Camellias, on lower ground only, 3. Cedrus
Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 2,3 (see below). Cupressus macrocarpa, in
lower ground, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Picea lasiocarpa, [Hort.,
_P. Lowiana, Gord], 3. Pinus insignis, 2. Roses, 3.

Plants wninjured—Camellias situated on high ground, Cupressus,
vars., Desfontania spinosa, Bay Laurel, Common Laurel, Liboce-
drus decurrens, Sequoia gigantea, Thuja (several vars.), Thujopsis
dolabrata. There were besides a great many other conifers and orna-
mental shrubs, but none suffered except those mentioned above.

Observations—Cedrus Deodara, 18 trees, 30 to 35 ft. high, in an

DIVISION II.—s. E, COUNTIES. 15

_ avenue on the higher ground, were slightly injured ; while of 30 trees,
30 to 35 ft. high, in an avenue on the lower ground, 3 were injured
severely and 5 slightly.

9. Drax, Walmer Castle and St. Margaret’s Bay.—Mr. J. Swinnard.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A nice loam with a subsoil of stiff clay.

Alt, and Exposure—Slighly elevated above sea level.

Rainfall, 1879—[Northbourne, Deal, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 60 ft. ; ht.,
1 ft. 2 ins. ; 34°59 ins., on 170 days].

Min. Temp. and Date —[Dec. 17th ?] 15°. [Dover, dist., 7
ms.; alt., 30 ft.; Dec. 17th, 18°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—13 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Anemone, roots, 1. Broccoli, 1. Chrysanthemum, 1.
Lilium auratum, 1. Narcissus, bulbs, 1. Potatoes, 1. Roses,
standards, 2. Veronicas, 1. Of Fruit Trees, Apples, Pears and
Plums, the fruit only was destroyed. At St. Margaret’s Bay (5 ms.
from Walmer), great losses occurred amongst Conifers and other
trees as follows :—Birch, 1, 2. Box, 2. Cupressus Lawsoniana,
(about 70), 1. Elm, 2. Euonymus, 2. Holly, 3. Laurel(1000), 1. Lime,
2. Pinus Austriaca (600), 1. P. insignis (1000), 1, 3. P. Laricio
(50), 1. P.sylvestris (1000), 1. Plane, 2. Yew, 2. I find gene-
rally the plants and shrubs of all kinds to have been more injured
by the cold EKasterly winds than by the frost.

1. Surrey—Baasuor.—Mr. C. Noble.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light sandy soil for the most part.

Rainfall, 1879—[Chertsey, dist., 9 ms.; alt., 47 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
31°26 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—[EHasthampstead Park, dist., 5 ms.; Dee.
7th, 8°}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—The injury sustained in my nursery has
been very limited indeed ; but one or two matters seem worthy of
notice. ‘The first in importance is the loss among Dwarf Roses. Up
to April (1880), I was unaware of any roses, except Teas having been
killed. The wood and tops of the shoots appeared fresh and plump.
My first intimation of injury was the discovery of the plants being
dead at the insertion of the bud. About 50 p. c. were dead. Double
Furze (Ulex europeus, fl. pl.) in pots plunged out of doors was
affected in precisely the same way. It was totally killed.

2. GuitpForD, East Horsley Towers.—Earl of Lovelace:

16 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various ; gravel and loam in the pleasure
ground with a subsoil of chalk at depths from 7 to 20 feet.

Alt, and Hxposure—300 ft., slightly sloping Northwards to the
Thames valley.

Rainfall —[Guildford, dist., 7 ms.; alt., 220 ft.; ht., 11 ins. ;
32°15 ins., on 159 days].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 3 (2)—Abies (Picea) Cephalo-
nica, lost most of its leaves, 2; A. (Picea) lasiocarpa, in the woods,
apparently as much from unsuitable soil as cold, 1. Arbutus, 2.
Cedrus Deodara, 13 yrs, 2; ©. Libani, 45 yrs., lost most of its
leaves, 2. Pinus insignis, 6 ft. high, 1. Yew, a whole hedge-row,
7 or 8 ft. high, 2. Probably it was owing to excessive wet of 1879,
stimulating unwholesome growth late in the autumn (aggravated by
clipping) and then checked by early frost before the wood ripened.

3. Surron, Mulgrave Road.—Mr. F. Hepburn.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy loam, 2 to 3 ft. deep, on chalk.

— Alt. and Hxposure—About 220 ft. Sheltered on N. and E., ex-
posed to 8. and W.

Rainfall—[Alt., 230 ft.; ht., 7 ft. 3 ims.; 30°28 ins.]—to Nov.,
15°57 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Sept. 1st, Oct. 16th, 17th,
26th. Frost set in Nov. 13th—30th, Dec. 1st—27th, Jan. 5th—30th.
Feb., ten days between 1st and 25th; March 18th—29th, with
cutting E. wind, which apparently did more damage than the frost of
Dec. and Jan.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 10th, 10°; Jan. 2nd, 12°; 20th,
27th, 28th, 13°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —6 (1), 1 (2), 6 (3) — Althea rosea,
seedlings sown in July, 1, 3. Arbutus Unedo, stood winter, began
to flag first week in April, three-fourths died, cut down end of June,
shooting again. Berberis Darwinii, all leaders killed, 3. Chimo-
nanthus fragrans, showed weak growth and absence of flowers ; now
vigorous (Oct. 1880), 3. Euonymus japonicus, 3. Fuchsia virgata
and F. Riccartoni, all transplanted in autumn, 1. Gladiolus, bulbs in
eround, 1. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common, 3. Lilium candidum,
1, 2 (about 25 p. c. survived). Paulownia imperialis, in a well shel-
tered garden, 1. Sophora japonica, young trees planted in autumn,
79 lived through the winter, but much injured during frost with E.
wind in March. Wallflowers, all planted out, Oct., 1879, 1.

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. oF

Plants uninjured—Altheea rosea, old plants. Catalpa bignonioides.
Fatsia papyrifera, small plant. Fuchsias, not transplanted and
protected with fibre. Paulownia imperialis. Wallflowers self-sown
or planted before Oct., 1879.

4. Surron, Renhill Street—Mr. T. Hogg.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy loam on chalk and gravel. The river
Bourne passes under a portion of the nursery.

Altitude—About 140 ft. |

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 230 ft.; ht., 7 ft. 3 ins. ; 30°28 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—See report No. 3.

Min. Temp. and Date—Do. [Addiscombe, dist., 5 ms. ; Dec. 7th,
13°°6].

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 10 (2), 1 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
1. Biota orientalis, 2. B. 0. aurea, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2.
Cercis siliquastrum, 1. Cupressus macrocarpa, young, 1. Hscallonia
macrantha, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Genista alba, 2.
Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Li-
eustrum lucidum ovifolium, 1, 2. Mulberry, 1. Pampas grass, 1.
Platanus orientalis (acerifolia), 2. Populus pyramidalis, all, 1.
Rosa canina, 75 p. c¢. of briars for budding killed, 1, 2. Spartium
junceum, 2. Thuja Lobbii, 1.

Plants wvinjured—Biota orientalis elegantissima, Common Lau-
rel, vars., Colchica and rotundifolia, Cupressus macrocarpa (old
plants),.C. Lawsoniana, C. Nutkaensis (Thujopsis borealis), Euo-
nymus radicans.

5. Wimeiepon, Atherton Grange.—Mr. J. Nunns.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sand and gravel.

Rainfall, 1879—30-97 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 16th till Dec. 27th ;
Jan. 4th till April 26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 10°; Jan. 20th, 11°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 1 (8)—Aucuba japonica, 3.
Meconopsis Wallichii, 1. Pampas-grass, 1. Senecio pulcher, 1.

6. WisLepon, Oakfield—Mr. G. C. Joad.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy gravel and clay.

Alt. and Exposure—About 150 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 170 ft. ; ht., 3 ft.; 30°26 ins., on 191 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 6th, 7th, 10°; Jan. 19th, 20th, 11°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—49 (1), 16 (2), 39 (8)—Abelia rupes-

D

18 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

tris, 3; A. uniflora, 1. Athionema grandiflorum, 1. Alstrcemeria
aurea, 3; A. chilensis, 1; A. peruviana, 1. Ammobium alatum,
1, Andromedaarborea, 1. Aphyllanthes monspeliensis, 1. Aralia
Sieboldii, 1. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Aristolochia altissima, 2. Aristotelia
Macqui, 2. Asclepias tuberosa, 3. Asphodelus tauricus, 1. Azara par-
viflora, 2. Bambusa edulis, 1; B. nigra, 1. Bellis sylvestris, 1. Ben-
thamia fragifera, 3. Berberis trifoliata, 2. Bravoa geminiflora, 1. Bud-
dlea Lindleyana, 1. Calycanthus floridus, 3. Cassia marilandica, 1.
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 1. Cedronella cana, 1. Cerasus ilicifolius, 1.
Chamerops humilis, 1. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3. Choisya ternata,
1. Cissus antarctica, 1. Cistus, all sp. except those mentioned below,
1. Clerodendron foetidum, 3. Coriaria myrtifolia, 1. Cuningha-
mia sinensis, 3. Daphne collina, 1. Diospyros Kaki, 1. Edwardsia
grandiflora, 2. Eriobotrya japonica, 3. Eryngium Lasseamscii, 2.
Escallonia illinita, 1. E. macrantha, 3. KE. Organensis, 1. Eu-
lalia japonica, 2. Huonymus fimbriatus, 1; E. radicans, 1; EK:
tingens, 1. Eurya japonica, 1. Eurybia ilicifolia, 1. Fontanesia
phillyreoides, 8. Fuchsia velutina, 2. Garrya macrophylla, 3.
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, 3. Gordonia pubescens, 3. Griselinia
littoralis, 1. Gunnera manicata, 1; G. scabra, 3. Gynerium argen-
teum, 2. G. jubatum, 1. Helwingia ruscifolia, 2. Hydrangea nivea,
3; H. Otaksa, 3; H. quercifolia, 1. Idesia polycarpa, 3. Tllicium
floridanum, 3. Indigofera Dosua, 3. Kadsura japonica, 1. Kni-
phofia sarmentosa, 1. Lardizabala biternata, 3. Leucophyta Brow-
nii, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Libocedrus chilensis, 3. Lupinus
arboreus, 1. Mikania scandens, 1. Muhlenbeckia sagittifolia, 2; —
M. complexa, 3. Mutisia Clematis, 2. Nandina domestica, 2. Neillia
thyrsiflora, 3. Nyssa multiflora, 1. Olea europea, 1. Othonna
cheirifolia 3. Paliurus aculeatus, 3. Paulownia imperialis, 3.
Peraphyllum ramosissimum, 3. Planera acuminata, 3. Platycrater
Sieboldii, 2. Podocarpus andina, 3. Prunus triloba, 1. Quercus
Buergesu, 1. Rosa Banksia, 3; R. bracteata, 1. Stauntonia
hexaphylla, 3; S. latifolia, 1. Stewartia virginica, 3. Teucrium
fruticans, 1. Vella Pseudo-cytisus, 3; V. parviflora (salicifolia), 1.
Yucca angustifolia, 1; Y. baccata, 1; Y. filamentosa, 3; Y.
rupicola, 1; Y. gloriosa, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abelia triflora (on N. wall), Akebia quinata,
Alyssum spinosum, Ampelopsis japonica, A. Roylii, Amsonia lati-
folia, Anchusa capensis (self-sown seedlings), Andromeda japonica, .
A. pulverulenta, Androsace lanuginosa, A. sarmentosa, Anthyllis

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. 19

erinacea, Aponogeton spathaceum, Arbutus Andrachne, A. procera,
A. quercifolia, Aristolochia Kampferi, Arthrotaxis selaginoides,
Asarum virginicum, Asparagus tenuifolius, A. acutifolius, Astilbe
rubra, Astragalus adsurgens, A. tragacantha, Bellis ccerulescens, Bel-
lium bellidioides, Berberis actinacantha, B. aristata, B. asiatica, Boc-
conia cordata, Boykinia major, Bridgeria spicata, Broussonetia Keemp-
feri, Buddlea globosa, Bupleurum fruticosum, Caccinia glauca, Can-
diandra alternifolia, Cassinia fulvida, Ceanothus azureus, C. dentatus,
C. velutinus, Celtis australis, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chamerops
excelsa, Cistus Clusii, C. ladaniferus, C. populifolius, C. creticus,
Clematis graveolens, C. patens, C. tubulosa, Cleyera japonica, Col-
letia cruciata, C. horrida, Convolvulus cantabricus, C. altheeoides,
Cotoneaster congesta, C. Simondsii, Crocosmia aurea, Daphne ole-
oides, D. salicifolia (caucasica), Delphinium cardinale, D. nudi-
caule, Desfontainea spinosa, Enkianthus nivalis, Ephedra lomatolepis,
E. monostachya, Erythrocheta palmitifida, Eurybia Gunniana,
Fabiana imbricata, Festuca altissima, FF’. punctoria, Fitzroya pata-
gonica, Forsythia Fortunei, F. suspensa, Fragraria indica, Fremontia
californica, Fuchsia corallina, F. discolor, F. excorticata, F. gracilis,
F. pumila, F. Thompsonii, F. virginata, Garrya elliptica, Griselinia
littoralis, Hamamelis virginica, Hyacinthus candicans, Hyssopus
officinalis, Ilex cornuta, Lllicium religiosum, Jamesia americana,
Kniphofia caulescens, K. MacOweni, Kolreuteria paniculata, Limonia
trifoliata- (Citrus triptera), Lycium barbarum, Maclura aurantiaca,
Magnolia grandiflora, M. stellata, M.Thompsonii, Montbretia Pottsii,
Olea ilicifolia (Osmanthus i), Olearia Haastii, Orchis foliosa, Ourisia
coccinea, Pachystigma Canbyi, P. myrsinites, Parrotia persica, Peri-
ploca greeca, Petalostemum candidum, P. violaceum, Philadelphus mexi-
canus, P. triflorus, Photinia serrulata, Phygelius capensis, Piptanthus
nepalensis, Pterostyrax hispidum, Purshia tridentata, Rhodotypus
kerrioides, Ribes fuchsioides, Rosa rugosa, Rubus biflorus, R. deli-
ciosus, R. roseefolius, Schizophragma hydrangioides, Sciadopitys
verticillata, Skimmia oblata, all Spiraeas, Styrax japonica, Syringa
Emodi, Veronica decussata, V. pinguifolia, Viburnum plicatum, Xan-
thoceras sorbifolia, Zauschneria californica, Zenobia floribunda, Z.

speciosa.

1. Sussex—Hasrpourne, Glenleigh.—Mr. M. K. Dixon.
Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy loam, subsoil of clay and sand.

20 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Alt. and Exposure—50 ft., surrounded by marsh land and much
exposed to N. E. and 8. W.

Rainfali—{ Pevensey, dist., 3 ms. ; ht., 1ft. ; 30°3lins., on 174 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 19th till Feb. 4th,
with slight thaw on Dec. 13th and 23rd, and on Jan. 17th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 9° [too low ?. Dec. 17th, 19°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 23 (2), 3 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Artichokes, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis Dar-
winii, 2. Broccoli, 1, 2, all destroyed excepting Veitch’s self-pro-
tecting. Buddlea globosa, 2. Camellias. 2. Cauliflower, autumn,
1. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Celery, 2. Coprosma Baueriana, kd. to
grd., 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2; E. rubra, 2. Eucalyptus globu-
lus, 1, Euonymus japonicus, 2; E. jap. aureus, 3; EH. jap. argenteus,
2. Fuchsias, 1. Hollies, sorts,3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common,
2. L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Libonia floribunda, 2. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, exoniensis, 1. Onions, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Picea
Pinsapo, 2. Pinus insignis, 2. Potatoes, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.
Ulmus montana, 2. Yucca gloriosa, 2.

2. E. GrinsteaD, Forest Row.—Mr. H. J. Slack.

Alt. and Exposure—407 ft. above sea and 20 to 30 sie more or
less, on N. slope of Ashdown Forest range.

Rainfall, 1879—Alt., 386 ft.; ht., 3 ft. 7 ins.; 33-53 ins.

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Crowborough Beacon, dist., 6 ms. ; alt.,
776 ft.; Dec. 17th, 17°-6].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —5 (1), 7 (2), 6 (3) — Arbutus, to
erd., 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Chamerops
Fortunei, not sheltered, 1; sheltered, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 3.
Deutzia gracilis, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Uzni, 2
Euonymus, 2. Irises, 1, 2. Laurel, Bay, broad and narrow, where
exposed to winds, 3. Laurel, common, 3; L. Portugal, x3 Laurus-
timus, 3. Lilies, 1, 2. Pinus insignis, 2.

Plants uninjured — Araucaria imbricata, Cryptomeria elegans,
Leycesteria formosa, Picea Pinsapo, Retinospora obtusa, R. pisifera.

3. HorsHam, Newells.—Mr. C. 8. Dickins.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light.

Alt. and Exposure—340 ft. 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[Leonardslee, alt., 273 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 6 ins.;
36°50 ins. ].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —1 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3)—Camellia, only
one, 1. Kuonymus, 3. Fuchsia, 2. Myrtle, 2. Picea Pinsapo, 3.

DIVISION II.—s. E. COUNTIES. 21

Plants uninjured—Camellias, &e.

4. Mipuurst, Chithurst House.—Capt. H. King.

Gen. Char. of Soil—(A) old garden soil; (B) stiff loam ; (C)
light sandy loam. Hythe beds of Lower Greensand.

Alt. and Exposure—(A) at foot of slope by River Rother, 110 ft. ;
(B) on 8. slope, 160 ft.; (C) on N. escarpment in a gully exposed i
N., 170 to 230 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Lynch, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 160 ? ft.; ht., 6 ins. ;
44°14 ins., on 125 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th to Dec. 28th ;
Jan. 7th to Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 17th, 15°; Jan. 20th, 17°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 8 (2), 12 (8)—Arbutus Unedo,
2 (B). Buddlea Lindleyana, 2 (B). Ceanothus divaricatus, 2 (B).
Cerasus ilicifolia, 2 (B). Desfontainea spinosa, 1 (A). EHleagnus
reflexa, (3) B. Eugenia Ugni, 1 (B). Ewuonymus japonicus, 2 (B).
E. jap. variegatus, 1 (B). Erica mediterranea, 3 (C). E. codonodes,
2(C). Escallonia macrantha, 3 (B). Gleditschia triacanthos, 3 (B).
Ilex latifolia, 3 (A). Laurel, Bay, 3(B). Libocedrus Chilensis, 3
(B); L. Doniana, 1 (B). Myrtles, 2 (B). Olearia Haastii, 3.
Passiflora ccerulea, 2 (B). Picea Pinsapo, 3 (B). Podocarpus
andina, 3 (C) ; P. Chinensis, 1 (C). Solanum jasminoides, 1 (B) in
1878-9 on wall. Spartium junceum, 3 (B). Stauntonia latifolia, 2
(A). Taxodium sinense, 3 (B). Viburnum Sieboldii, 1 (B).

Plants uninjured—Akebia quinata ; Arbutus Unedo, old bushes ;
Desfontainea spinosa, on stiff loam (B); Erica codonodes, on stiff
loam (B) ; Eurybia ilicifolia ; Osmanthus ilicifolius ; Photinia serru-
lata ; Picea Pinsapo, on light sandy soil; Podocarpus Chinensis, at
higher level.

5. Ucxrietp, Buxted Park.—Mr. H. Prinsep.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy loam.

Alt. and Hxposwre—193 ft. ; exposed on all sides.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 10 ins. ; 33°59 ins., on 178 days. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th till Feb. 6th.

- Four nights only above 32°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 7th, 6°4; Jan. 29th, 8°. [temps.
too low ?. See No. 6. Dec. 2nd, 13°. Hawi Heath, dist., 9

ms.; Dec. 17th, 16°°3].

Plants injured, 1879-80—18 (1), 10 (2), 11 (8)—Acanthus, 1
Acer Negundo, variegatum, 3. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Artichoke, globe,

22 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

1, Arundo ‘Donax, versicolor, 1. Aucuba, 2. Baccharis halimifolia, 3.
Berberis Darwinii, 3. Broccoli, 1. Catalpa syringeefolia, aurea, 1.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, aurea, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Escallo-
nia macrantha, 2; E. montevidensis, 1. Eugenia apiculata, 1.
Euonymus japonicus, variegatus, 1; E. jap. latifol. alb. marg., 1;
K. obovatus, 2. Fig, 2. Genista alba, 2. Griselinia littoralis, 1.
Hydrangeas, 1. Hypericum calycinum, 3. Holly, golden, 3; Do.
laurifolia, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Leycesteria
formosa, 3. Magnolias, 3. Mandevilla suaveolens, 1. Myrtle, 1.
Olea ilicifolia, 1. Pampas grass, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 3. Peaches,
2. Pinus insignis, 3. Punica Granatum, 2. Quercus robur, con-
cordia, 1. Roses, Banksian, 1.

6. Ucxrretp, Oldlands.—Mr. E. Luckhurst.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Thin, poor, silicious loam upon the Hastings
sand formation.

Alt. and Hxposure—400 ft., on S. slope of forest ridge. Has
some shelter by treeson N. E. and W. Wind from N. E. often does
much harm in spring.

Rainfall, 1879—[Buxted Park, dist.,2 ms.; alt., 193 ft. ; ht., 10
ins. ; 33°59 ins., on 178 days]. ;

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th to Dec. 28th.
17 frosts in Jan. and Feb.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 2nd, 13°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 4 (2), 3 (8)—Arbutus Unedo,
2. Artichoke, globe, 1. Arundo Donax, 2. Benthamia fragifera,
1 (1878-9). Ceanothus divaricatus, in a somewhat exposed situation,
1. Cistus ladaniferus, 2. Colletia Bictoniensis, 3. Escallonia illi-
nita, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 1 (1878-9). Fremontia californica,
1 (1878-9). Hydrangea Hortensea, 2. Myrtle, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abelia uniflora, Acer polymorphum, Akebia qui-
nata, Aponogeton distachyon, Arbutus where sheltered from N. E.
winds, Arundo conspicua, Aucuba japonica, Azara microphylla, Berberi-
dopsis corollina, Berberis Darwinii and other species, Broccoli, Cea-
nothus azureus, Eulalia japonica, Euonymus japonicus, Eleagnus
longipes, Escallonia macrantha, E. montevidensis, Fig, Garrya
elliptica, Gunnera scabra, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Bay Lau-
rel, Laurustinus, Magnolia grandiflora, Pampas grass, Phormium
tenax, Pinus insignis, Richardia eztheopica, in ponds; Roses, all
kinds including delicate Tea, on walls facing N.; Skimmia japonica,
Thamnocalamus Falconeri, Veronica salicifolia, Viburnum lucidum.

DIVISION Il.—s. E. COUNTIES, 22*

7. SurReY—Kew*, Royal Gardens —Mr. G. Nicholson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, on gravel.

Alt.—[ Kew Obs., 19 ft.].

Rainfall, 1879—[Kew Obs., ht., 1 ft. 9 ins; 33:08 ins., on 195
days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Dec. 7th, 13°: Chiswick, 12°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 21 (2), 14 (8)—Abelia rupes-
tris, 2. Agapanthus umbellatus, 1. Aloysia citriodora, 2. Aralia
Sieboldii, 8. Arbutus procera, 3. Arundo conspicua, 3; A. Donax,
3. Benthamia fragifera, 3. Boehmeria nivea, 2. Ceanothus ameri-
canus, 2; ©. azureus, 2; C. dentatus, 2. Clianthus puniceus, 2.
Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 2; E. montevidensis, 2.
Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 2; HE. radicans, 2.
Fabiana imbricata, 2. Hydrangea arborescens, 2; H. Hortensea, 2 ;
H. japonica, 2; H. Otaksa, 2. Leptospermum scoparium, 2. Ley-
cesteria formosa, 3. Myrtle, 3. Phormium tenax, 3. Photinia
glabra, 3; P. serrulata, 3. Physianthus albus, 2. Picea Pindrow,
2. Pinus insignis, 2, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, 3. Punica Granatum,
3. Rhyncospernum jasminioides, 3. Quercus Suber, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, A. excelsa, A. Morinda,
Almond, Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Andromeda (all), Arau-
caria imbricata, Arbutus Andrachne, A. Unedo, Aristolochia Sipho,
Aucuba japonica, Azalea amzna, A. microphylla, Berberidopsis
corallina, Berberis Darwinii, B. japonica, B. vulgaris, Biota orien-
talis, B. aurea, Broussonetia papyrifera, Buddleia globosa, Bupleu-
rum fruticosum, Buxus balearica, B. sempervirens, Calycanthus flo-
ridus, Camellias, Castanea vesca, Catalpa syringzefolia, Cedrus Atlan-
_tica, C. Deodara, C. Libani, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cercis siliquas-
trum, Chamecyparis spheroidea, Chamerops Fortunei, Chimonan-
thus fragrans, Choisya ternata, Cistus ladaniferus, Clematis Jack-
manni, C. montana, Colle’‘ia Bictoniensis, C. ferox, Colutea arbo-
rescens, Coronilla glauca, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii,
Crategus oxyacantha, fl. pl., C. Pyracantha, Cunninghamia sinensis,
Cupressus borealis, C. Lambertiana, C. Lawsoniana, C. sempervi-
virens, C. torulosa, Cytisus Laburnum, C. scoparius, Do., fl. pl.,
Daphne collina, D. indica, D. Laureola, D. Mezereum, Desfontainea
spinosa, Deutzia scabra, Eleagnus argentea, Elm, Erica, Eriobotrya

* Accidentally omitted from the Reports from Surrey.
p *

22+ INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

japonica, Eugenia Ugni. Eurybia ilicifolia, Figs, Fitzroya patago-
nica, Forsythia elegans, F. viridissima, Fuchsia Riccartoni, Furze,
Do., fl. pl., Garrya elliptica, Gladiolus, Gleditschia horrida, G. iner-
mis, G. triacanthos, Gunnera scabra, Habrothamuus fascicularis, Ha-
lesia tetraptera, Hibiscus syriacus, Holly, Hyacinths, Hypericum
balearicum, H. Calycinum, Iris, Ivy, Jasminum nudiflorum, J.
officinale, Juniperus communis, J. hibernica, J. recurva, Kalmia,
Keelreuteria paniculata, Larch, Bay Laurel, Common Laurel, round
leaved, Caucasian and Portugal, Laurustinus, Lavander, Lavatera
arborea, Leptospermum lanigerum, Libocedrus chilensis, L. viridis,
L. decurrens, Ligustrum lucidum, L. vulgare, Lilac, Lilium auratum,
L. excelsum, L. lancifolium, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lonicera ja-
ponica, L. Periclymenum, Maclura aurantiaca, Magnolia grandiflora,
Menziesia polifolia, Medlar, Mulberry, Nandina domestica, Nar-
cissus, Negundo fraxinifolia, Olearia Haastii, Osmanthus aquifolius,
O. ilicifolius, Paliurus aculeatus, Pampas grass, Paulownia imperialis,
Phillyrea angustifolia, P. media, Phygelius capensis, Picea amabilis,
P. cephalonica, P. grandis, P. lasiocarpa, P. Lowiana, P. Nordmanni-
ana, P. pectinata, P. Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa, P. halepensis, P. Laricio,
P. pinea, P. sylvestris, Piptanthus nepalensis, Platanus occidentalis,
P. orientalis, Podocarpus andina, Pyrus japonica, Quercus glabra, Q.
Tlex, Q. robur, Raphiolepis ovata, Retinospora ericoides, R. Junipe-
roides, R. Lycopodioides, Rhus glabra, R. Typhina, Roses, dwarfs,
H. P., Standards, Rosemary, Ruscus aculeatus, Salisburia, Santolina
chameecyparis, Sequoia gigantea, 8. sempervirens, Skimmia japonica,
Spartium junceum, Taxodium distichum, T. sempervirens, Tritoma
uvaria, Thujopsis Dolabrata, Thuja gigantea, Veronica Traversi,
Vines, Walnuts, Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca filamen-
tosa, Y. gloriosa.

23

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM BeEp-
FORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE,
HUNTINGDONSHIRE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE.

Beps. Rainfall, great during the summer, combined with a low
temp. and absence of sun (Biggleswade). Excepting 1875, this is
the wettest year since 1852 (Bedford). Min. rainfall, Cardington,
alt., 142 ft.; ht., 36 ft.; 24:21 ins.; Do., alt., 106 ft.; ht., 0 ft.
0 ins. ; 29°10 ins., or 7:06 ins. above av. of 20 years. Max., Biggles-
wade, ht., 1 ft. 3 ins. ; 30°50 ins., on 150 days. Min. temps., Car-
dington, alt., 109 ft.; Dec. 7th, 2°; Aspley Guise, alt., 433 ft. ;
10°°4,,

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 16 (2), 4 (2), at 1 place.

Bucks. Rainfall, great for first 9 months ; 28°50 ins., or nearly
4 ins. more than in same period of the wet year, 1872. The last
3 months gave only 2°33 ins. (Addington). 8°25 ins. above av. of 8
yrs. (Langley). Min. rainfall, Olney, ht., 8 ins. ; 27:12 ins.: Max.,
Aylesbury, alt., 280 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 39°25 ins., on 181 days. Vege-
tation of all kinds suffered very much from the excessive rainfall,
want of sunshine and low temp. Permanent injury has probably
been done to some trees, as Peaches, the wood never getting ripe;
leaves not shed on Dec. 31st. Many floods causing loss of hay (Ad-
dington). . Min. temp., Addington, alt., 309 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—68 (1), 14 (2), 24 (8), total at 4
places.

Camps. Rainfall, very heavy, May to Aug.; but much below av.
for the last 3 months (Cambridge) ; about 3 ins. above av. of 7 yrs.
(March). Min. rainfall, Chatteris, ht., 1 ft.; 21:56 ins., on 228
days: max., Caxton, alt., 127 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 32°83 ins. Harvest
very late and deficient (Cambridge). Min. temps., Babraham Hall,*
Dec. 7th, 6°30 am., -7° [too low ?]. Cambridge, alt., 40 ft. ; Dec.
7th, -1°: Do., alt., 90 ft.; 0°. Royston, alt., 274 ft.; Dec. 7th,
11°6.

* Gard. Chron. 1879, p. 766.

24 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —43 (1), 38 (2), 16 (3), total at 2
places.

Herts. ainfall, for the fifth year in succession, exceptionally
heavy ; total, about 10 ins. above av. (Watford). The last 3 months
remarkably dry (Berkhampstead). Min. rainfall, Ware, alt., 114 ft. ;
ht., 3 ft.; 26°35 ins., on 166 days: max., Gt. Berkhampstead, allt.,
370 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 5ims.; 34-90 ins., on 177 days, or 6-24 ins. above
av. of 20 yrs. Min. temps., Much Hadham, alt., 200 ft.; Dec. 7th,
-3°: Harpenden, alt., 409 ft.; 59-4: Watford, alt., 225 ft.; 7°-6.

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1), 33 (2), 23 (3), total at 6 places.

Hunts. Sainfall, excessive, succeeded by severe frost (Godman-
chester). Min. rainfall, Whitlesea Mere, ht., 1 ft.; 26-08 ins., on 200
days: max., Huntingdon, alt., 52 ft.; ht., 4 ins. ; 31°89 ins., on 181
days.

Plants injured, 1879-80—35 (1), 39 (2), 16 (3), total at 2 places.

NorrHampronsHirE. Stainfall, great from May to Sept., with
low temp., and want of sunshine (Hargrave). Althorp, alt., 310 ft. ;
ht., 3 ft. 10 ins.; 4°40 ins. above av. of 20 years (Northampton).
Min. rainfall, Peterborough, alt., 32 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 21-86 ims., on
125 days: max., Banbury, alt., 580 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 33°52 ims., on
172 days. Hay greatly damaged, harvest deficient (Castle Ashby) ;
weather very. disastrous to all crops (Haston Neston). Min. temps.,
Archfield, Wellingborough, Dec. 7th, 0°: Barton Seagrave, Dec. 5th,
0°: Northampton, alt., 253 ft.; Dec. 6th, 11°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—49 (1), 66 (2), 26 (3), total at 7 places.

OxrorpsHiReE. ainfall, continuous during the six summer
months, with absence of sun and low temp. (Bloxham, Broughton,
&¢c.). Disastrous to agriculture, &c. Min. rainfall, Oxford Obs.,
alt., 231 ft.; ht., 24 ft.; 27°60 ins., on 169 days: max., Henley-on-
Thames, alt., 370 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 8 ins.; 37:29 ins. Min. temps.,
Oxford, alt., 210 ft.; Dec. 7th and 8th, 12°; Broughton, alt., 442
fy a ha

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 18 (2), 12 (3), total at 2 places.

DIVISION ITI.—8. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 25

REPORTS.

1. Beps. Sanpy and Girtford.—Mr. T. Laxton.

Gen. Char. of ‘Soil—Sandy and light where the frost was most
severe ; but of a clayey loam overlying drift clay, in the greater por-
tion of the E. side of Beds. A good deal of which is within or
approximate to the valleys of the rivers Ouse and Ivel.

Alt. and Exposure—About 80 ft., exposed principally to N. E.,
N., and 8. W.; sheltered on parts of E. and 8S. E. by a range of
sandy hills. The garden is well sheltered by trees and is also
walled, but close to the river.

Rainfall, 1879.—[See Meteorol. Obs., Cardington, dist., 5 ms.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th, after a short
thaw on 24th, frost permanently set in on 26th, and lasted till
Dec. 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 6—7, -3° (Sandy); the S. W. wind
being accompanied by frozen mist. [Cardington, Dec. 7th, 2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 16 (2), 4 (8)—Apples, only Old
Hawthornden, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Aucuba japonica, var., 3.
Box, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Cherries, 2. Escallonia’ macrantha,
1, 2. Hollies, 2; Do., silver var., 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
common, 2; Do., Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Magnolia grandi-
flora, 3. Pears, Beurré de |’Assumption and several others, 2. Plums,
2. Quince, Portugal, 2. Roses, 1, 2, 3 (see below), Sequoia gigan-
tea, 1, 2.

Observations—Local elevation, proximity to, the influence of the
‘river, and variations of shelter and exposure seem to have more to do
with the severity of the frost and its effects, than the general elevation
of the district. The frost of Dec. 1879 appears to have been more
severely felt at Sandy Rectory (where the temperature fell to -3°),
The same result was noticeable in 1860, and on one occasion subse-
quently. The frost, when the temp. was at its minimum, was accom-
panied by frozen mist which adhered to and covered the trees,
In 1860 a Silver Holly more exposed to the E. was on that
occasion cut down to the ground; the same tree in 1879 being only
slightly injured, whilst another tree of the same variety, less exposed

to the E. and more exposed to the 8. W: on the former winter was
E

26 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

only slightly injured, but in 1879 was cut down to the ground. At
Old Warden, Bay Laurels near the hall were killed to the ground,
whereas near the church, within a short distance, but at a somewhat
higher elevation, they were uninjured: near Bedford, the effect of a
rise of only a few feet was especially noticeable on the common Lau-
rel. Similar results were also noticeable with Hollies in Bedford ;
the foliage of which in the lower part of the town was quite killed;
whereas in the higher parts it remained green through the year.
Fruit Trees—In the young wood, especially of the gross growing
Pears, the pith was found to have become browned. In all such
cases of Pears as well as of nearly all Cherries and Plums, the grafts
had been inefficiently made last spring. Roses (at Girtford)—The
old wood of most of the H. P.’s was much injured, also that of the
wild Dog-rose, the pith of many stocks of the latter being brown
right down to the ground line, even where the outer bark appeared
healthy and the wood well ripened. [See report by Mr. Noble, p.
15, and by Mr. Hogg, p. 17.] The effects of the frost are still
apparent (Nov. 1880); branches continuing to die off the H. P.’s.
Noticeable exceptions, however, are Baroness Rothschild, Edward
Morren, Emily Laxton, John Hopper and Julius Margottin; but
Cristata, Souvenir de la Malmaison, various Summer Roses, and
Village Maid were much injured. Of Teas and Noisettes, injured,
were, Cloth of Gold, 1; Marie Van Houtte, 1, 2; and Niphetos, 1,
2. All the dormant buds of the above varieties, whether standards
or dwarfs, were killed, and nearly all those worked with. Marechal
Niel, 1, 2; Souvenir d’Elise, 1, 2; many older plants of all the above
varieties under shelter of fences were either entirely killed or killed
to the ground line. The following were only slightly or partially
injured — Catherine Mermet, Celine Forestiére, Fortune’s White,
Fortune's Yellow, Homere, Madame Margottin, Madame St. Jamain,
Souvenir de Paul Neyron, Triomphe de Rennis, Belles Lyonnaise and
Souvenir d’un Ami appear to be very hardy Tea-roses. The fol-
lowing appear to be as hardy as the best of the H. P.’s, and even
as the Dog-rose. They were in many cases quite unprotected and
withstood the frost, both on light and strong land—Bouquet d’Or,
Gloire de Dijon, Madame Berard, Madame de Vatry, Maréchal Bri-
geaud and Marie Guillot.

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 27

1. Bucks—Ay.trspury, Mentmore.—Mr. Jas. Smith.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay loam and chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—420 ft. ; 8. by W. and 8. by E.

Rainfall—27:96 ins. ;

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 11th, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80-13 (1), 10 (2), 20 (3)—AMsculus _laci-
niata, 3. Ailanthus glandulosa, 3. Almond, 3. Aralia Sieboldii,
1,2. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberis Dar-
winii, 3. Betula pendula, 3. Buddlea globosa, in a shaded position,
1. Catalpa aurea, 1; C. syringeefolia, 3. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 3.
Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Chamecyparis glauca, 3. Chimonanthus
fragrans, 3. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Colletia ferox, 2. Cupressus
Goveniana, 1; ©. macrocarpa, 1; C. sempervirens, 2. Escallonia
macrantha, 2; EH. rubra, 1. Garrya elliptica, 2. Gaultheria Shal-
lon, 3. Gleditschia horrida, 3; G. inermis, 3. Hippophaé rham-
noides, 3. Hydrangea, 2. Hypericum calycinum, 1, 2. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Leycesteria for-
mosa, 2. Ligustrum lucidum, 3. lLonicera fragrantissima, 3.
Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Pinus insignis, 1. Rhus typhina, 3.
Robinia Pseud-Acacia, aurea, 1; R. P. inermis, 3. Thuja P.
aurea, 2.

Observations — Where the ground is dry the plants of Hyperi-
cum were-not so much injured; but where it is damp they were
killed. Some of the Bay Laurels, though cut to the ground, have
come up again.

2. Buetonuey, Brickhill Manor.—Mr. G. Bloxham.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, shallow and very sandy, resting upon
the New Red-sandstone rock.

Alt. and Fxposure—Nearly 300 ft., much exposed to 8. W., shel-
tered on N. and N. E.

Rainfall, 1879—[See No. 4, Addington Manor, dist., 10 ms.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th till Dec. 27th.
Frost recommenced Jan. 18th and lasted till Feb. 3rd, 1880.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 15°; Jan. 28th, 18°. (On
Jan. 1st, 1880, temp, was 50° at 10 p.m.).

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Broccoli, 3. Laurels, 3. Sequoia
gigantea, 3.

Observations—Very few can write in such favourable terms of the
wet summer of 1879, and the severe winter of 1879-80 as I am able

28 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

to do. Not one single shrub of any kind was killed during those long
frosts and very few were injured. It is easily accounted for, as our
drainage is so perfect that water is immediately absorbed by the
beds of Red sand that lie about 18 inches below the surface.
Consequently the roots of all trees, shrubs &c. are warm and dry
in winter. Our situation being high and with such perfect drainage,
we seldom get too much rain; therefore we thrive much better in
a wet season than in a dry one. Even during the very wet sum-
mer of 1879 all vegetation made wonderful progress and with very
few exceptions we had but little reason to complain even of that
exceptionally wet season. Long continued drought is more detri-
mental to all vegetation here than the hardest of winters.

3. Trine, Drayton-Beauchamp.—Rev. H. H. Crewe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stitf clay on the top of chalk.

Alt. and Exposure —365 ft.

Rainfall, 1879-— [Aylesbury, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 280 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
39°25 ins., on 181 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—{Berkhampstead, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 370
ft.; Dec. 7th, 7°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—40 (1), 1 (2), 0 (8)—Adonis pyrenaica,
1. Anemone narcissiflora, 1; A. vitifolia, 1. Aster grandiflorus, 1;
A. sericeus, 1. Barbarea vulgaris, fl. pl. 1. Bellis rotundifolia,
cerulescens, 1. Brugmansia lutea, 1; B. sanguinea, after 4 win-
ters, 1. Campanula pyramidalis, 1. Cheiranthus sp.,1. Cistus,
wiry shrubby sp., 1. Hrodium caruifolium, 1, Exochorda grandi-
flora, 1. Gaillardia bicola, 1. Gillenia stipulacea, 1. Kniphofia
quartiniana, 1. Lathyrus latifolius, albus, 1. Lobelia syphilitica, 1.
Malva campanulata, 1; M. lateritia, 1. Mimulus alatus, 2. Oxalis
Deppei, 1; O. lasiandra, 1. Cinothera anisoloba, 1.; Cu. taraxifolia,
1. Orobus varius, 1; O. albus, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Pastinaca
lucida, 1. Rosa berberidifolia, 1. Roses, Tea, 1. Ruta albiflora, 1.
Salvia interrupta, 1. Scilla Lilio-Hyacinthus, 1. Teucrium Arduini,
1. Trichonema speciosum, 1. Tritoma, all, 1. Veronica, all shrubby
species, except V. Traversi, 1. Viola gracilis, 1; V. Rothomagensis, 1.

4, Winstow, Addington Manor.—Mr. T. Mathison.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Generally clay, with patches of gravelly soil,
with subsoil of stiff tenaceous clay, holding a great deal of water in
spite of drains.

Alt..and Hxposure—309 ft. above sea. Open, on the top of a_

DIVISION III.—sS. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 29

ridge, sloping gently away to S., also to N. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—Alt., 309 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 30-83 ins., on 189 days ;
or 1:36 ins. above the av. of previous 5 yrs.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20 until Dec. 27.
Frost every night except two. On 14th, 15th and 16th, temp. was 28°,
19°, 20°, respectively ; then a few nights open. After Dec. 27 no
very low temp. occurred until Jan. 26th, when five nights of sharp
frost occurred.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 5°, by shaded thermometer ; 0°
on the grass.

Plants injured, 1879-80—15 (1), 3 (2), 1 (8)—Arbutus Unedo,
1, 2. Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Cupressus ma-
crocarpa, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Griselinia littoralis, 1. Hy-
pericum nepalense, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurustinus, 1. Ligus-
trum coriaceum, 1. Maclura aurantiaca, 2. Osmanthus aquifolius,
1. Pampas grass, 1. Pinus insignis, 1. Podocarpus andina, 1.
Quercus Ilex, 1. Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1.

Observations—Trees and shrubs have especially suffered. scal-
lonia macrantha, excepting two or three on walls which were how-
ever much injured, were all killed in the winter of 1878. Every
plant of Griselinia littoralis was also killed by the winter of 1878.
Bay Laurels, every one, young and old, were killed. Laurustinus,
nearly every specimen being a fine large plant, all were killed. Of
Pinus insignis every tree from 3 to 10 ft. perished. Of Quercus Ilex,
while all were very much injured, many young plants, 10 yrs. old, and
8 to 10 ft., were killed. Peaches here appear to have been failing
for two or three years, but I think more owing to the want of
sun and the large rainfall than to the intense frost. The trees and
shrubs generally were in a very bad condition from the same cause
for resisting the intense frost of the winter of 1879-80.

1. CAMBRIDGESHIRE — CAMBRIDGE, Botanic Gardens. —Mr. R.
Irwin Lynch.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, on gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—[About 50 ft.?] Protected by houses and
treeson N. Ground sloping to W. Country moderately open.

Rainfall, 1879—28-68 ins. Annual mean being about 22°5 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 2nd, 20°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, -1°.

30 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1), 29 (2), 3 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
1; A. hybrida, 1. Aristotelia Macqui, 1. Arundo Donax, 2. Aucuba
japonica, 3, Berberis Darwinii, 2. Buddlea globosa, 1. Buxus
balearicus, 1. Chamerops Fortunei, 2. Colletia ferox, 2. Conifers—
Cedrus Atlantica, slightly browned, 3; C. Deodara, 2, especially in
the lower part of the garden. Cupressus excelsa, 1; C. fragrans, 2 ;
C. funebris, 1; C. Lawsoniana, 2; ©. macrocarpa, 1; C. sempervi-
rens, killed on N. and N. E. sides, 2. Picea amabilis, old plants, 3,
young plants 1; P. Pindrow, 3. Pinus Halepensis, 1; P. insignis,
1; P. Pinea, 1.—Colletia ferox, 2. Coriaria myrtifolia, 2. Danaé
racemosa, 2. Draceena australis, 1. Durana dentata, 8 ft. high, 1;
Ephedra distachya, 3. Eryobotrya japonica, on rockwork, 1. Escal-
lonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Fuchsia gracilis, 2 ;
F. Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Hydrangea Hor-
tensea, 2. Ilex Perado, removed from greenhouse, 1. Jasminum
revolutum, 1. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal (the harder), 2.
Laurustinus, 2. _Leycesteria formosa, 1. Pampas grass, 2. Phil-
lyrea angustifolia, 2; P. media, 2. Punica Granatum, 2. Quercus
Tlex, 2; Q. pseudococcifera, 2; Q. Thomasi, 1. Reineckia carnea,
removed from greenhouse, 1. Ribes speciosa, 2. Smilax ovata, 2.
Spartium junceum, 2. Teucrium aureum, removed from greenhouse,
1. Vitex Agnus-Castus, 2.

Plants wninjured—Aralia Sieboldii, Asimina triloba, Cistus lada-
niferus, Hydrangea arborescens, H. quercifolia, Nerine Fothergillii,
Reineckia carnea, Selaginella Kraussiana (below level of grd.), Teu-
crium aureum, Thujopsis dolabrata, Vitex incisa, Yucca aloifolia.

Observations—The protection of trees from ground radiation, if
such it is, has been very conspicuous with several species. Picea
Pindrow, while killed a foot from the ground, was quite uninjured
below that mark. Deodars were scarcely in any case injured below
one foot, and, in some cases, eighteen inches; above that height
they were killed or greatly disfigured; about one-half will be of
further service. Laurustinus showed a similar appearance. With
the exception of Laurels and Chamerops, the leaves of the latter
being all killed, all those numbered 2 were killed to the ground, but
have since grown well. With regard to the Ephedra, the younger
branches were disarticulated in showers, no injury being received
further back. This disarticulation is not due to exceptionally severe
frost, but itis a throwing off, no doubt, of the unripe younger growths.

DIVISION TII.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 31

_Garrya had many branches killed back. The shrubs required cut-
ting rather more than half way back. The Pampas grass had all the
leaves completely killed, the shoots surviving only in part.

2. CAMBRIDGE, Pampisford.—Mr. T. Morley.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff loam mixed with chalk and gravel.

Alt. and Exposure—W., N. and E., but not so much on 8.

Rainfall—29-97 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 3rd to Jan. 1880.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 1°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—21 (1), 19 (2), 13 (8)—Arbutus, 1. Big-
nonia grandiflora, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Conifers—Abies Men-
ziesii (Sitchensis), 3. Cedrus Deodara, argentea, 1; C. D. crassifolia,
3; C. D. verticillata, glauca, 3; C. D. viridis, 2. Cupressus Cor-
neyana, 1; C. Goveniana, 1; C. G. glaucescens, 1; ©. Knightiana
(elegans), 1; OC. Lawsoniana, alba, spica, pendula, 3; C. Lusitanica,
1; C. macrocarpa, 1; C. M. Crippsii, 1; C. thurifera (Uhdenea),
2; C. Whitleyana, 1. Libocedrus chilensis, 1; L. viridis, 1. Picea
bracteata, 2; P. firma, 3; P. Numidica, 3; P. Pinsapo, 3; P. P.
variegata, 3. Pinus Benthamiana (Sinclairii), 1; P. Brutea, 1; P.
Don Pedri, 1; P. excelsa, 3; P. Halepensis, 1; P. Hartwegii, 2;
P. insignis, 1; P. Lambertiana, 3; Podocarpus andina, 1. Retinos-
pora ericoides, 1; R. juniperoides (dubia), 1. Sequoia gigantea,
variegata, 3; S. sempervirens, 3; 8S. s. alba spica, 3.— Fitzroya
patagonica, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurusti-
nus, 2. Photinia serrulata, 2. Quercus Suber, 2.

1. HertroRDSHIRE—CHEsHUNT.—Mr. G. Paul.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Alluvial loam or “ Brick earth.”

Alt. and Hxposure—60 to 75 ft.; valley fairly wooded.

Rainfall, 1879—[Waltham Abbey, Gunpowder Fac., dist., 2 ms. ;
alt., 82 ft.; ht., 4 ft.; 28°83 ins., on 121 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Dec. 7th (?) ], 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 19 (2), 11 (8)—Apples, young
nursery standards, 3 (stems in some cases were cankered in succeeding
season). Aralia spinosa, 2. Artichokes, globe, 1, 2. Asparagus, 2.
Azara microphylla, 2. Bambusa, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 3. Colletia
ferox, 2,3. Conifers—Arthrotaxis laxifolia, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1,
2, 3, some unhurt. . Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Dacrydium sp., 1.

32 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Picea Pinsapo, 2, 3. Pinus devoniana, 1; P. insignis, 1. Podo-—
carpus alpina, 2; PP. Andersoni, 2.—Hscallonia, 2. Euonymus
japonicus, 2. Figs, 2. Indigofera Dosua,2. Laurel,Bay, 2. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, 1. Mulberry, 2. Olearia Haastii, 2. Pampas grass,
1, 2. Phillyrea, 3. Plane, 3. Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Roses, 1, 2, 3—
Tea scented, dwarf varieties, most sorts killed; the following cut to
the ground—Belle Lyonnaise, 2; Devoniensis, 2; Gloire de Dijon,
and its races, 3; Jean Ducher, 3; Lamarque, 1; La Reine, 1, 2;
Madame Margottin, 2; Madame Willermoz, 2; Maréchal Niel, 1;
Marie von Houtte, 2; Victor Verdier, 1, 2—Spartium junceum, 3.
Yuccas, 3.

2. HaRPENDEN and RorHamsteAD.—Sir J. B. Lawes and Dr.
Gilbert. :

Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam, yellow clay and chalk.

Alt. and Exposure—Harpenden, 400 ft. ; Rothampstead, 420 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—36-03 inches; max. in Aug., 6°56 ins.; min. in
Noy., ‘81 ins. Average yearly rainfall for 25 years, 1854—1878,
27°72 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14 to 16, more or
less frosty till end of Nov.; Dec. was frosty almost without inter-
- ruption till 28th. Temp. being below freezing pt. on 25 occasions ;
below 20° six times. Mean max. temp. for Dec.,36°-1; mean min.,
25°-1. From Dec 28 to Jan. 4, there was no frost; but temp. was
below freezing point every day till Jan. 31; the Min. being 15°-2
on 28th. Mean max. temp. for Jan., 1880, was 379-0. Mean min.,
27°°9.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec., 7th, 5°2.

Plants injured, 1879-80—I do not think that any plant or tree
has been killed. Ivy growing upon some of the tall trees has lost
some of the leaves, but is growing again. A Magnolia about 26 ft.
high growing against the house facing S. E. has suffered the loss of
leaves and looks sickly. Of Roses, Gloire de Dijon, Maréchal Niel
and others upon the house have not suffered. Laurustinus, all much
injured, some so much that they were cut down, but these have all
shot up again from the bottom, whilst those that were left are mostly
recovering. At Rothampstead, only one mile distant, but 20 ft.
higher, the Laurustinus scarcely suffered at all.

3. Harrietp, Brookman’s Park.—Mr. A. Grant.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy yellow clay mixed with gravel.

DIVISION IlI:—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 33

Alt. and Hxposure—412 ft. Sheltered on N. and E.

Rainfall, 1879 — (Hatfield, 3 ms. (Brockett Halli); ht., 1 ft.;
28°91 ins., on 170 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Probably Dec. 7th, about 7° *].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 8 (2), 4 (8)—Amaryllis Bella-
donna, 1. Arundo Donax, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Asparagus, 2.
Broccoli, 1, 2; about 10 p. c.saved. Euonymus, 1. Figs, 2. Hy-
drangeas, 3. Pampas grass, 1, 2, 3. Peaches, planted autumn 1879,
1, 2, 3; Alexandra noblesse, 2; Alice, 1; Diamond, 2; Dr. Hogg, 3;
Goshawk, 2; LordPalmerston, 2; Prince of Wales, 2; Stirling Castle,
1; Violette Hatin, 3.—Quercus concordia, newly planted, 1; Q.
Lucombeana, 3. Retinospora, 2. Roses, about 10 p.c., 1; Maré-
chal Niel, 2. Schizostylis, 2. Tritoma, 2.

4, Soutnaate, The Lawns.—Mr. H. P. Church.

Altitude—240 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 8 ins. ; 33°52 ins., on 235 days.

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Colney Hatch., dist.,14 ms.; Dec.7th,6°8].

Plants injured, 1879-80—A Judas tree here, probably 100 years
old, showed no blossom at the usual time, but quite late in the
summer it threw out a few isolated blossoms. I noticed in the Jardin
des Plants, Paris, in Sept. 1879, men engaged in digging up splendid
specimens of the Judas tree, stated on the labels to have been planted
in Buffon’s time, damaged in 1868 by frost and again in [Jan. ?]
1879, fatally, it seems. An old Mulberry tree produced no fruit this
[last ?] year here (May 23, 1880).

5. Wetwyn, Brockett.—Mr. W. Gurney.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—Valley of Lea; aspect due 8.

Rainfall, 1879—28-91 ins., on 170 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 28th, six days.

Min. Temp. and Date—{ Harpenden, dist., 6 ms.; Dec, 7th, 59-2].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 3 (2), 3 (8)—Apples, 2. Apri-
cots, 3. Magnolia, 2. Nectarines, 1, 3. Peaches, 1, 3. Roses, 2.
Vinca, 1.

Plants uninjured—Apples—Duchess of Oldenburg, Cox’s Pomona,
Braddick’s Nonpareil, Cox’s Golden Drop, Sturmer Pippin.

6. WeEtwyn, Codicote Lodge.—Mr. J. Stevens.

* At Harpenden, Dec. 7th, 5°:2 ; Watford, 7°°6 ; Berkhampstead, 7°.
F

34 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A cool loam.

Rainfall — (Knebworth, dist., 2 ms.; alt., 407 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
31°38 ins., on 171 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Harpenden, dist., 5 ms. ; Dec. 7th, 59-2].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 2 (2), 3 (8)—Artichoke, globe,
2. Broccoli, all kinds, 1. Celery, 2. Fruit trees of all sorts, 3.
Pampas grass, 3. Parsley, 1. Shrubs, 3. Tritoma, 1.

is Hunts—Hontineron, Godmanchester ~Mr. E. W. Hunnybun-

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff blue clay, consisting of deposits of
alluvium and river gravel in the valley of the Ouse.

’ Rainfall—[Farm Hall, 28-05 ins., on 156 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[See No. 2. Houghton, dist., 2 ms.].

Plants injured, 1879-80—26 (1), 33 (2), 11 (3)—Abies Morinda,
2. Antirrhinums, 1; Aralia Sieboldii, 1; A. spinosa, 1. Araucaria,
3. Arbutus, 2. Aucuba, 2,3. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Buxus bal-
earicus, 1. Catalpa Kempferi, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 1,2, 3; ‘C. Li-
bani, 3. Cephalanthus canadensis, 1, 2. Clematis montana, 1, 2, 3.
Colletia spinosa, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Daphne pontica, 2.
Escallonia Ingrami, 1 ; E. macrophylla, 1. HEuonymus japonicus,
aureus variegatus, 1 ; H.j., macrophyllus,1; E.j.m. aureus, 1;
E. j. ovatus, aureus marginatus, 1; EH. radicans, variegatus, 2.
Fuchsias, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 2; others uninjured.
Jasminum officinale, 1, 2,3. Juglans regia, 3. Koelreuteria pan-
iculata, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2, 3. Laurel, common, young 3; and
old, 2. lL. Portugal, 2, 3. lLigustrum lucidum, 1. Lonicera,
evergreen, 1. Paliurus aculeatus, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Pears, 3.
Penstemons, 1. Phillyrea, 1,2. Photinea serrulata, 1. Pinus ex-
celsior, 2; P. macrocarpa, 1, 2. Quercus Ilex, 1, 2, 3. Rhamnus
alaternus, 2. Roses, H. P., 1, 2, 3; Tea, 1,2; Maréchal Niel,
nearly all, 1. Rosemary, 1. Taxodium sempervirens, 3. Wall-
flowers, 1. Yew, two only out of 109, 1.

Observations—The frost in the Ouse valley is always more in-
tense by several degrees than on the uplands about a mile distant,
which rise to 100 ft. Many of the plants mentioned above were
uninjured on the higher ground. Of the above, those uninjured in
the valley were :—Cedrus Deodara, in one instance; Deutzia gracilis,
and 107 out of 109 Yews planted in the autumn.

2. Huntinepon, Houghton.— Mr. T. Tilbrook.

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 35

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light loam resting on gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Very flat and open, about 250 yards from
the river Ouse.

Rainfall, 1879—[Huntingdon, alt., 52 ft.; ht., 4 ins. ; 31°89 ins.,
on 181 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost, 1879-80 — Nov. 14, 22°.
The frost began to break up on Dec. 28th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 10th [7th ?], 1°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 6 (2), 2 (8)—Arbutus, 1. Broc-
coli, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Euonymus, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Lau-
rel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 2. Magnolia, 1. Mul-
berry, 2. Pinus insignis, 1. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, Tea and H. P.,
1, 2, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Yuccas, 1.

Observations — In a cool peach house, the wood was very imper-
fectly ripened ; hence a small crop. Out-door Peaches ripened badly
and bore no fruit in 1880.

3. PeTerBorouGH, Orton Hall—Mr. A. Harding.

Gen. Char. of Soul—A good loam, rather heavy; subsoil, of gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Well sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Peterborough (Westgate), alt., 32 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
21°86 ins., on 125 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 8th to Jan. 1880.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 9th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 21 (2), 10 (3)—Antirrhinum,
2. Apricots, 3. Artichokes, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, young, 1.
Berberis Darwinii, 3; B. japonica, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cabbages and
Savoys, 2. Cherries, 3. Cotoneaster Simmonsi, 2. Cupressus ma-
crocarpa, 1,.2. Cyclamen, 1. Endive, 2. Figs, 2. Fuchsia
Riccartoni, 2. Holly, 1, 3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common,
2. Lettuce, 3. .Nectarines, 2. Pampas grass, 1, 2. Peaches, 2.
Penstemons, 1. Phormium tenax, 2. Picea bracteata, 3; P. insig-
nis, 2; P. Liaveana, 1; P. Pinsapo, 3. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses,
H.P.,2; Tea, 2. Sage, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 1, 3. Thuja sem-
pervirens, 3. Thyme, 2. ‘Tritoma uvaria, 2. Wallflowers, 3. _
Zauchneria californica, 1.

Plants uninjured—Buddlea Lindleyana, Calla sethiopica, Cur-
rants (crop abundant), Gooseberries (do.), Picea Lowiana, P. Nord-
manniana, P. pectinata, Selaginella denticulata, Strawberries (abun-
dant), Thujopsis borealis, 'T. dolabrata.

36 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

1. NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE—DAVENTRY, Fawsley.—Lady Knightley.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Loam with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—500 ft., chiefly 8.

Rainfall, 1879—{Weedon Beck, dist., 3 ms. ; alt., 265 ft. ; ht.,
4 ft.; 27-88 ins., on 157 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 21st to Dec. 28th ;
Jan. 17th to Feb. Ist, 1880.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 2 (2), 2 (8)—Aralia Sieboldii,
1. Broccoli, 2000 plants, all, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 3. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lilies, vars.,
1. Tritoma uvaria, 1.

Observations — The greater number of Laurels and Laurustinus
injured are on the bank of a stream in a dell.

2. Kerrerine, Barton Seagrave.—J. B. Tibbits, Esq., J.P.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong loam; damp soil, 700 yards from a
river.

Alt. and Hxposure—230 ft.; aspect is W. 8. W.; entirely shel-
tered from N. and E.

Rainfall, 1879—30-7 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 13th till Dec. 30th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 5—6, 0°.*

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 7 (2), 2 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1. Aucuba, 2. Broccoli, 1. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Cedrus Deo-
dara, 2. Euonymus, 1. Hydrangea, 2. Ilex, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1.
Laurel, common and Portugal, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Picea Pin-
sapo, 2. Roses, H. P. and others, 2; Tea, 1. Yew, 3.

Observations—At a locality, five miles distant and 150 ft. higher,
sheltered from N., but exposed to E. 8. E. —S8., and 8. W.; on a
dry bank with ironstone subsoil, not a tree, plant or vegetable was
killed. Ceanothus and Escallonia were but slightly injured; Pampas
grass survived with slight injury, and Tea Roses were quite unin-
jured. Nothing was protected. There is no water near.

3. Norruampton, Allthorpe Park.—Mr. E. Cole.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Rich, but rather wet.

Alt. and Hxposure—299 ft. ; exposed position.

Rainfall, 1879—26-24 ins.

* Thermometer by Neg. and Zam., recently verified.

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 87

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 18th to Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temp. and Dete—Dec. 7th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Broccoli, all early vars., 1; late vars., 2; purple sproutings, 1.
Cryptomeria japonica, 3. Hydrangea, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
common, 2. Laurustinus,1. Pampas grass, 2. Parsley, 1. Picea
Pinsapo, 2. a Tea, 1; many others, 2. Thuja aurea, 2. See
tables, all kinds,

4. 'TOWCESTER, ee Ashby.—Sir H. Dryden.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 400 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Thorpe Mandeville, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 580 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. ; 33°52 ins., on 172 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—{Fawsley, dist., 4 ms.; Dec. 7th, 10°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 4 (2), 3 (3)—Apples, on walls,
bore no fruit, 3. Cedrus Libani, 2. Hyacinths, bulbs in 1879, did
not attain usual size; falling off of flower-spikes to 80 p. c. in 1880.
Limes, failing for some years, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Poplars, Black,
3; Do., Lombardy, many from unmatured wood, 1; all others,
2,3: but the killing did not become evident till the leaves of other
trees were well out. Roses, Standards, 20 p. c., 1.

Observation—Many Lombardy Poplars, but not the Black Italian,
died in 1880, in consequence, I presume, of the hard winter following
an immature ripening of the wood. The same thing happened about
20 years ago. The Ash throve less than usual and was very late.

5. WansrorD, Thornhaugh.—Rev. J. Jenkyns.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Oolite, clayey but not heavy.

Alt. and Hxposure—Close to a small stream.

Rainfall, 1879—[Kaston, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 200 ? ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
25°31 ins., on 189 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 1st on and off till
Feb. 1st.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 5th—6th, nearly down to 0°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 13 (2), 2 (8)—Abies Douglasii,
1. Apple, 2. Arbutus, 2. Aucuba, 2. Cercis siliquastrum, 2.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Furze, fl. pl. 1. Holly, 2. Ivy, 2
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 1; Do., Portugal, 2. Laurus-
tinus, all, 1. Leycesteria, 2. Ligustrum ovalifolium, 2. Honey-
suckle, variegated, 1, 2. Myrtle, 1. Pinus Austriaca, 3; P. insig-
nis, 1. Roses, 1, 2, 3—Banksean, 1; Devoniensis, 1; Macartney,

38 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

2; Maréchal Niel, 1. Viburnum Opulus, 3.

Plants uninjured—Laurel, common, very few. Pinus insignis,
one tree.

6. WeLLINGBoROUGH, Archfield.—Mr. C. J. K. Woolston.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Blue lias clay, covered in many parts with
red sandstone and limestone.

Alt. and Hxposure—203°3 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—28-77 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 13th to Feb. 13th,
1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 89-5; Dec. 7th, 0°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 11 (2), 5 (8)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 3. Arbutus, 1. Artichoke, globe, 1. Asparagus, 2. Au-
cuba japonica, 3. Beans, scarlet runner, 3. Ceanothus, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, large trees, 1, 2. Celery, 2. Clematis, Albert victor, 1;
C. Jackmanni, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Ivy, various, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 1; Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 1. Peas, early, 1. Potatoes,
2. Roses, dwarfs, 3; standards, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Thuja
aurea, great many, 1, 2. Tomatoes, 2. Yucca, 1.

1. OxFoRDSHIRE—HENLEY-on-THAmEs, Mill End.—Mr. R. Owen.
Gen. Char. of Soil—Flinty gravel.

Alt. and EHxposure—10 ft. above Thames, in an open valley.
Rainfall, 1879—[Greys, Henley-on-Thames, alt., 370 ft.; ht., 1ft.

8 ins. ; 37:29 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Stonor park, dist., 4 ms. ; Dec. 7th, 11°].
Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 7 (2), 5 (3)—Apples, 1. Broc-
coli, Autumn, 1; Spring, 3; Winter, 2. Flowers, bedding, injured

by wet, 2; herbaceous, by frost and wet, 3. Fruit, small, 2;

wall, 2. Lettuce, 2. Pears, 3. Peas, 3. Potatoes, poor, small

and bad flavoured, 2. Spinach, winter, 3.

2. OxrorD, Headington Hill Hall—Mr. C. Stocking.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy, with a shaley gravel subsoil.
Alt. and Hxposure—Very high and much exposed to N. and N. E.
Rainfall, 1879—[Oxford Obs., dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 208 ft.; ht., 11

ins. ; 30°18 ins., on 183 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 21st, heavy snow
storm ; Nov. 22nd, 15°; Dec. Ist, 10°; Dec. 2nd, 14°; Dec. 5th,
14°; Dec. 17th, 18°.

DIVISION III.—sS. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 39

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 1st, 10°. [Oxford, dist., 14 ms. ;
Dec. 7th, 9°].

Plants injured, 1879—6 (1), 11 (2), 7 (8)—Abies Morinda, 2.
Arbutus Unedo, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Broccoli, 1,2. Cedrus
Deodara, 2. Cotoneaster Simonsi, 3. Garrya elliptica, 3. Juni-
perus excelsa, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal,
3. Laurustinus, 2. Peaches, 2. Picea Nordmanniana, 1; P. Pin-
sapo, 2; P. Pindrow, 2. Pinus excelsa, 3; P. Gerardiana, 2; P.
ponderosa, 1. Quercus Ilex, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 3, Spar-
tium junceum, 2.

Plants uninjured — Abies canadensis, A. excelsa Clanbrasiliana,
A. orientalis, Araucaria imbricata, Berberis Darwinii, Biotas, vars.
of, Cepholotaxus Fortunei, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus Lawso-
niana, Hippophie rhamnoides, Holly, Juniperus chinensis, J. Sa-
bina, J. Virginiana, Larix pendula, Libocedrus decurrens, Magnolia
Hammondii, Picea lasiocarpa, P. nobilis, Pinus Austriaca, P. Cem-
bra, P. Lambertiana, P. Laricio, P. Pinaster, P. Sabiniana, Quer-
cus Cerris, Q. C. Lucombiana, Sequoia gigantea, Thuja Lobbii, T.
Sibirica, Thujopsis borealis.

Observations on Conifers—Abies Morinda, much injured by late
spring frost; A. orientalis, a magnificent tree, was perfectly hardy
in the most exposed situations. Biotas, all varieties do well. Cedrus
Deodara, trees 40 ft., injured in 1878-9 and 1879-80, fully exposed to
N. and N. E., far too tender for elevated positions. C. Libani, fully
exposed to N. E., was but slightly injured. Cupressus Lawsoniana
and Libocedrus decurrens are perfectly hardy. Picea Pindrow
makes good growth but is always injured by late spring frosts and is
not sufficiently hardy for exposed situations, P. Nordmanniana
grow very fast till they reach 20 ft., when they lose their leaders.
Pinus Austriaca, P. Ambra, P. Laricio and P. Lambertiana do
exceedingly well, P. excelsa, P. Gerardiana, P. Sabiana and P. insig-
nis are not sufficiently hardy to be worthy of planting extensively.
Sequoia sempervirens is most invariably injured by spring frosts.
Thujopsis borealis does exceedingly well and is worthy of extensive
planting. S. gigantea, trees 50 ft., defy frost and wind, showing
how it delights in a well drained soil and an elevated position.

40

DIVISION IV.—EASTERN COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 From Essex,
NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK.

Essex. Rainfall, 7 ins. above av. (Dunmow). 4:5 ins. above
av. of 14 yrs. (High Roding). Greater floods occurred during the
summer than usually occur during the winter (Cold Norton). Min.
rainfall, Shoeburyness, alt., 18 ft. ; ht., 4 ft. 7ins. ; 23-02 ins. : Max.,
Epping, alt., 345 ft.; ht., 8 ins.; 37°70 ins., on 146 days. A most
disastrous year to hay, corn, roots and fruit (Dunmow, &c.). Min.
temps., Audley End, alt., 154 ft.; Dec. 7th, -5°5; Aldborough
Hatch, -5° (?) ; Chignal St. James, -4°; Harlow and Dunmow, 0°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—27 (1), 55 (2), 12 (3), total at
10 places.

Norrotk. Rainfall, 5°75 ins. above av. of 14 yrs. (Geldeston).
First 9 months cold, rainy (Norwich &c.). Min. rainfall, Holkham,
alt., 43 ft. ; ht., 4 ft. ; 23°14 ins., or 2:27 below av. of 30 yrs. : max.,
Honingham Hall, alt., 110 ft.; ht., 6 ins. ; 29°52 ins., on 203 days,
or 3°76 ins. above av. of 30 yrs. Harvest late, long and bad ; much
hay spoilt; cereals ripened imperfectly (Diss). Min. temps., Gar-
boldisham, alt., 33 ft. ; Dec. 7th, -1° ; Cossey, 39-5; Hillington, 5°-2.

Plants injured, 1879-80—39 (1), 52 (2), 22 (3), total at 4
places.

SurrotK. The coldest year since 1861 and the wettest since 1872
(Grundisburgh). Spring and summer very cold and sunless with
much rain; winter set in early with low temp. during Dec. till the
27th (Culford). Min. rainfall, Alton Hall, 26°62 ins., on 102 days.
Max., Ixworth, ht., 1 ft.; 32°47 ins., on 186 days. Min. temps.,
Thornham Hall, Dec. 7th, 2°; Barton Hall, Dec. 2nd, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—12 (1), 20 (2), 7 (3), total at 3 places.

* Thermometer verified, Frost of Dec., 1879, by W. Marriott, p. [5].

DIVISION IV.—EASTERN COUNTIES. 41

REPORTS.

1. EssrEx—CuerimsFrorD, Hatfield Peverel—Mr. H. W. Pitcher.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy wet loam.

Alt. and Exposure—Low, sheltered by wood and park.

Rainfall, 1879—[Chelmsford, dist., 6 ms. ; alt., 86 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
30°80 ins., on 160 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 7th, 7 a.m., -1°; Dec. 10th, 1°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 11 (2), 1 (3)—Aucuba, 2. Broc-
coli, 1. Cabbage, “ winter greens,” 1. Cedrus Deodara, 30 ft., 2.
Furze, 1. Laurel, Bay, killed to grd., 2. Laurel, common, 2; L.
Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, many killed to grd., 2. Liriodendron, 1.
Nectarines, 2. Peaches, 2. Pomegranates, to ground, 2. Quercus
Tlex, 30 ft. by 30 ft., 2. Roses, 30 out of 36 budded in 1879, 1.
Rosemary, 2. Yucca stenophylla, 3.

Observations—Fruit, Young trees of Nectarine and Peach planted
in the autumn, 1879, much injured; but old trees bore well in 1880.
Apples and Apricots gave an average crop; Cherries and Plums, a
good crop. Bush fruit, Raspberries and Strawberries, were plentiful
(Dec. 1880).

2. CHELMSFORD, Chignal Smeely Rectory.—Rev. W. Gibbens, B.D.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A rich wet clay soil.

Alt. and Hxposure—Rather high and exposed.

Rainfall, 1879—[Chelmsford, dist., 4 ms. ; alt., 86 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
30°80 ins., on 160 days].

Min Temp. and Date—[Chignal St. James, dist., 1 m. ; Dec. 7th,
about -4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80— 2 (1), 5 (2)—Arbutus, killed to grd.,
but recovering, 2. “Cedar,” sweet scented American [Juniperus
sp. ?] 21 ft. high, 1. Figs, 2. Laurel, common, where sheltered
suffered most, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Pears, the bark of two half grown
trees was split open and curled back, 2. Pinus pinea, 20 yrs, 1.

Plants uninjured—Portugal Laurels.

3. CHetmsrorD, Chignal St. James.—Mr. R. M. Christy.

Gen. Char. of SoiJ—A stiff clay, gravelly near a stream.

Alt, and Exposure—Very low, in a damp situation close to the
stream. [Chelmsford, alt., 86 ft.]

Ga

42 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Rainfall, 1879—28-42 ins.: max., June, 4°32 ins.; min., Nov.,
59 in. [Chelmsford., dist., 3 ms.; alt., 86 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 30-80
ins., on 160 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—About Noy. 20th, with
much snow, very sharp frost in first few days of Dec. to 7th. Thaw
on evening of Dec. 7th. Frost recommenced on 16th; thaw on
28th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, about -4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 8 (2), 6 (8)—Aucubas, 2.
Blackberries, 2 (?). Cabbages, a field of ‘thousand head,” all,
1. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Ivy, lost leaves in spring, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do., Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2.
Mulberry, aged, severely injured 1860, has lost smaller branches, 3.
Privet, leaves only, black, 3. Quercus Ilex, 1, 2. Sequoia gigantea,
browned, 3. Vinca major, 3. Yew, lost leaves, 3.

Observations—Deodars, all suffered more or less, and many were
entirely killed. Bay Laurels, excepting one large tree on high
eround—and this was much -injured—all were cut down, but are
now shooting again. Common Laurels, those on high ground were
only slightly injured, while others on low ground were much cut ;
but are now sending up shoots from the base (Oct. 28th, 1880).
Portugal Laurels,, much cut but not so severely as the preceding.
Laurustinus, suffered most of any shrubs, many being quite killed.
Quercus Ilex, many were much injured and some large trees quite
‘killed. Wheat, early was no better than late sown.

4. Inrorp, Aldborough Hatch.—Mr. W. Earley.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff clay-like loam.

Alt. and Exposure—Table land between the Thames and Epping
Forest.

Rainfall, 1879—{[Chigwell Row, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 188 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 8 ins. ; 30°25 ins., on 175 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Believed to be -5°, [too low ? Chigwell
Row, dist., 3 ms.; Dec. 7th, 18° 1}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—0 (1), 5 (2), 3 (3)—Apples, Dumelow’s
seedling, 2. Berberis Darwin, 3. Euonymus, aureus latifolius,
cut to grd., 2. Garrya elliptica, 3. Laurel, Bay, cut to grd., 2.
Peaches, on E. and 8. walls, 2. Rose, double Macartney, on a warm
E. gable, 3. Saxifraga sarmentosa, survived previous winter, 2.

Plants uninjured—Potatoes in ground, undug.

DIVISION IV.——-EASTERN COUNTIES. 43

Observations—Apple, Dumelow’s seedling, many shoots, as well as
all flower-buds, were quite destroyed. Euonymus, the stem and
roots below the soil are alive. Peaches, quite half the old wood is
killed. Wallflowers, the injury is a most exceptional experience ; so
much so that the usual cut bunches are priced at not less than 1s. in
the market.

5. Leytonstone, Snaresbrook.—Mr. R. Peake.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel over sand, on border of London clay.

Altitude and Exposure—On the borders of Epping Forest, com-
paratively low; but singularly favourable to the growth of all kinds
of trees and shrubs, especially Rhododendrons. Climate, humid.

Rainfall, 1879—[Leyton Obs., dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 97 ft.; ht., 1 ft.
3 ins. ; 30°55 ins. ]. |

Min. Temp. and Date—[Chigwell Row, dist., 5 ms.; Dec. 7th,
13°1].

Plants injured, 1879-80—0 (1), 6 (2)—Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cle-
matis Jackmanni, vars., 2. Honeysuckle, evergreen and vars., killed
to grd, 2. Laurel, Bay, killed to grd., 2. Laurel, common, 2.
Laurustinus, killed to grd., 2.

Plants wninjwred—Rhododendrons and Roses quite unhurt.

Observations—Within less than two miles at an increased elevation
of some 40 to 50 ft., the above mentioned shrubs were not injured at
all, though in a far more exposed situation. Dense fogs occurring at
the same time with intense frost were the chief cause of injuries.

6. Lirrtz Inrorp, Manor Park.—Mr. W. J. Freestone.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light, gravel at a depth of 1 foot.

Rainfall, 1879—[Barking, dist.,1 m.; ht., 1 ft.; 30°59 ins., on
165 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Chigwell Row, dist., 6 ms.; Dec. 7th,
13° 1].

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1)—Cabbages, ‘Daniel’s defiance,”
in seed bed, about 90 p. c., 1; a few left were finer than those trans-
planted. Celery, nearly all, 1. Chrysanthemums, nearly all, 1.
Lilium lancifolium, rubrum, in pots out of doors, more destroyed
than has occurred for 20 yrs., 1. Parsnips, 1. Pyrethrum aureum, —
in open, nearly all, 1.

Plants uninjured—Cabbages (pickling), Centaurea gymnocarpa,
Onions (Rocca and Tripoli, sown in Aug. 1879; though all were
destroyed in 1878-9, none were injured in 1879-80), Pansies, Rhu-

44 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

barb) (stood well and was earlier than usual, 1880), Salsafy (self-
sown in autumn), }

7. STansTeEaD, Elsenham Hall.—Mr. W. Plester.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Kitchen garden, a light sandy soil; flower
garden, do. on subsoil of sand; shrubbery, a loam with chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—[Stanstead, alt., 240 ft.]—Flower garden is
on rising ground, from W. The shrubbery has a N. aspect.

Rainfall, 1879—[Stanstead, dist., 2 ms.; alt., 240 ft.; ht., 1ft.,
26°45 ins. ].

Min. Temps. and Date—[ Audley End, 8 ms., N.; Dec. 7th, -5°5:
Harlow, 10 ms., 8., 0°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—0 (1), 4 (2)—Berberis Darwinii, 2.
Laurel, Bay, killed to grd., recovering, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Roses,
dwfs. and standards, 2.

Plants uninjured — Abies Douglasii (20 ft.), A. Nordmanniana
(18 ft.), Holly (green and variegated), Juniperus recurva (10 ft.),
Pampas grass, Picea Pinsapo, Quercus Ilex (large trees, but bore no
acorns), Trees (deciduous). The above mentioned trees are all very
healthy.

8. Suppury, Bulmer.—Sir G. Burke.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—On a hill.

Rainfall, 1879—[Nayland, dist., 8 ms. ; alt., 135 ft. ; ht., 8 ins. ;
29°68 ins., on 111 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Barton Hall, dist., 16 ms., N.; Dec. 2nd,
10°: Hatfield Peverel, dist., 20 ms., 8.; Dec. 7th, -19].

Plants injured, 1879-80— Apples and Pears, 1; espaliers, 2.
Laurel, common, 3; those on lower ground in the neighbourhood
were more severely injured.

9. West Ham, Forest Gate—Mr. T. Dyer.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel and sand below.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Leighton Obs., dist., 1} ms. ; alt., 97 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 3 ins.; 30°55 ins.]. |

Min. Temp. and Date—[Chigwell Row, dist., 7 ms.; Dec. 7th,
130-1}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 3 (2)—Aucuba, 2. Euonymus,
young, 1; older, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; Do.,
Portugal, 1. |

10, West Ham, Ivy House.—Mr. W. Shipman.

DIVISION IV.—EASTERN COUNTIES. 45

Gen. Char. of Soil—Surface consists of alluvium on blue gravel
with red below, to Grays, where chalk comes near the surface.

Rainfall, 1879—[See preceding report].

Min. Temp. and Date—[See preceding report].

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 11 (2), 1 (8)—Box, edging, 2.
Euonymus, 2; Do. gold and silver vars., 2; but all small plants, 1.
Holly, cut back, 3; Do. variegated, killed to grd., 2. Ivy, 40 ft. by
40 ft., 2; Do. variegated vars. suffered more severely than the green,
1, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Mulberry, fruiting wood killed, 2. Pampas
grass, 1. Rhododendrons, many, 1, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1, 2.
Wallflowers, 1. Walnut, 2.

Plants uninjured—Trees and shrubs not included in the above
resisted the frost well. Seeds of a number of garden flowers left
in the soil flowered well in 1880.

Observations—Mulherry, this appears to have suffered alike in all
South Essex, on high-lying lands as well as low, but {in all cases
more wood was destroyed on the N. side of the trees than the South.
Pampas grass, clumps that have been uninjured for years are quite
gone; but on higher land (Woodford, Loughton, &c.) only the N.
side of the clumps were killed. While in still higher districts
(Brentwood, Warley, &c.) the Pampas grass remained unhurt.
New-planted trees and shrubs, about 90 p. c. were killed.

1. Norrotk —EHast Haruna, Garboldisham Manor.— Mr. T.
Barson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy and wet; subsoil, a stiff clayey loam.

Alt. and Exposure—33 ft.; the ground slopes to W., N. and E.
Winds very severe, causing much damage in spring.

Rainfall, 1879—[Diss, dist., 7 ms. ; alt., 96 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 30°95
ins., on 202 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, -1°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 17 (2), 6 (3)—Apples, stand-
ards, 4 yrs.. many, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2.
Biota orientalis, 38. Broccoli, nearly all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2.
Cabbages, savoys, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 2.
Cotoneaster rotundifolia, 2. Euonymus ovatus, aureus, 1. Furze,
fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Holly, variegated, 3. Laurel, Bay,
1. Laurel, common, 3; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Pampas
grass, 2. Peaches, 2. Phillyrea, 2. Picea Pinsapo, 3.. Poplar,

46 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Lombardy, 7 and 8 yrs., many, 1, 2. Retinospora ericoides, 2.
Roses, dwfs., many killed to grd., 2; stands. 1, 2. Rosemary, 1.
Ruscus aculeatus, 1. Thuja aurea, 2. Thujopsis borealis, 3. Yew, 3.

2. Lone Srrarron, Boyland Hall.—Mr. M. Riches.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy cold soil.

Alt. and Hxposure—Low, surrounded by plantations.

Rainfall, 1879—33-28 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 11th to Dec. 27th
was the most severe. At intervals from Jan. 12th to Feb. 1st.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 1st [2nd?], 5°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Laurel, common, killed nearly to grd.,
2. Stocks, Brompton, 1.

3. Lynn Reais, Hillington Hall.—Mr. J. Platt.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sand overlying chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—7A4 ft.; N. E. coast.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. ; 32°10 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From middle of Nov. to
beginning of Feb., 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Hillington Rectory, dist. 7 ms. ; alt.,
88 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°2; Jan. 27th, 17°-9].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —13 (1), 15 (2), 10 (3)—Apples, 1, 2,
3. Apricots, 2, 3. Artichoke, globe, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels
sprouts, 3. Cabbage, 1,2; savoys, rotted after thaw, 1, 2. Dahlias,
tubers immature, many, 1. Endive, rotted after thaw, 1. Figs,
killed to grd., 2. Herbs, sweet, esp. Sage, Savory and Thyme, 1, 2,
3. Herbaceous plants, much from wet, 1. Hollyhocks, 1. Lettuce,
about half, 1. Nectarines, 2, 3. Nuts, 2. Peaches, 2, 3. Pears,
1, 2,3. Planes, 2. Plums, 3. Roses, 1, 2, 3. Spinach, 1. Straw-
berries, potted, 2. Vines, 2. Walnuts, 3.

Plants uninjured—Hollies ; Bush fruit plentiful, but deficient in
flavour ; Strawberries, a medium crop, 1880.

Observations—Apples and Pears do not appear’ to have made any ~
progress towards recovery, fruit scarcely any. Young Apple trees
suffered equally with old ones, but showed nearly as much injury in
Oct., 1879, as after the frost. Apricots, Nectarines and Peaches
still show great weakness outside; indoors, a great falling off of fruit
in stoning, showing a deficiency of root action; fruit deficient in
flavour. Artichoke, globe, has made healthy growth but very few
heads. Planes did not bear foliage till after Midsummer. Roses,

DIVISION IV.—EASTERN COUNTIES. 47

standards and dwarfs, have not yet recovered. Gloire de Dijon,
injured less than others; Maréchal Niel has made very eccentric
growth. Vines, early houses very inferior; showing great weakness
from loss of root action: later houses have ripened well; Muscats
very weak. All Vines show debility from absence of solar heat to
ripen wood. Walnuts have no fruit, but did not receive so much
injury to wood as is usual after severe frosts (Oct. 20th, 1880).

4. Norwicu, Carrow House.—Mr. H. Jones.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Calcareous and sandy.

Alt. and Exposure—20 ft. to 50 ft.; Easterly and N.

Rainfall, 1879—31:59 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 7th to Feb. 5th,
1880, with only 12 days intermission.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 25th [2nd or 7th ?], 6°; [Jan.
28th, 19°; Costessy, dist., 4 ms.; Dec. 2nd, 4°; 7th, 3°5].

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 19 (2), 6 (8)—Abies orientalis,
_2; A. Smithiana, 2. Arundo Donax, 1. Aucuba, 3. Buddlea glo-
bosa, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2; C. Libani, 2. Cotoneaster, 3. Cryp-
tomeria elegans, 1. Cupressus erecta, viridis, 2; C. Lawsoniana,
gracilis, 1; C. macrocarpa, 2. Cytisus Laburnum, new golden, 3.
Elzagnus argentea, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 2; variegatus, 1; E.
radicans, var., 2. Fraxinus Xanthoxyloides, 2. Holly, variegated,
3. Ivy, common and Irish, 2. Laurel, common, 3; L. Portugal, 3.
Leptospermum lanigerum, 1. Ligustrum coriaceum, 1; L. japon-
icum, 2; L. jap. ovalifolium, 2. Liquidambar, 1. Osmanthus ilici-
folius variegatus, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Pears, in some nearly all
spurs dead, except at top of trees, 2. Phillyrea, 2. Picea Pinsapo,
2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Rhamnus hybrida, 2. Rhus laciniata, 1.
Robinia umbraculifera, 2. Roses, dwarfs, 5 p. c.; standards, 15
p. c.; Tea, including Gloire de Dijon, all, 1. Syringa alba, gran-’
diflora (new), 1. Taxodium sempervirens, 2. Veronicas, 1.

Plants uninjured—Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Chinese Juniper, Os-
manthus ilicifolius, Retinospora pisifera, R. obtusa, R. obtusa aurea,
R. plumosa, Salisburia adiantifolia, Thujopsis dolabrata, T. leetevi-
rens, T. Standishii.

1. SurroLtK — Bury Sr. Epmunp’s, Barton Hall. —Sir C. J. F.
Bunbury, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel and clay much mixed, with a large
proportion of chalk rubble.

48 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Alt. and Hxposwre—Considerably higher than Bury St. Edmund’s.
The arboretum is much sheltered by groves.

Rainfall, 18783—Ht., 1 ft., 30-76 ins., on 223 days.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 2nd, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3)—Cupressus Gove-
niana, 2; C. sempervirens, erect var., 2; C.s. spreading var., in-
jured most, 2. Euonymus japonicus (?), 1. Laurel, Bay, leaves
only crisped, kd. to grd., 1860-61, 3. Laurustinus, do., 3. Magnolia
grandiflora, 50 yrs., kd. to grd., 1860-1, on wall facing S. and E.,
recovering, 2.

Plants uninjured—ZEsculus (Pavia) indica (few fis., 1880),
macrostachya, Arbutus Unedo (kd. to grd., 1860-1), Cedrus Deo-
dara, C. Libani, Euonymus japonicus (?) sheltered, Halesia tetrap-
tera, Paulownia imperialis, Picea pectinata var. Cephalonica, P. Pin-
sapo, Quercus Tex (lost all leaves in 1860-61).

2. Bury Sr. Epmunp’s, “West Suffolk ’’ [locality ?].—Mr. H. es

Gen. Char. of Soil—Mixed, rather heavy.

Alt. and Hxposure—In a valley ; not much exposed.

Rainfall, 1879—[Bury St. Eds. ; mean of 4 estimates, 30°8 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Barton Hall, Dec. 2nd, 10°).

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 9 (2), 5 (3)—Aucuba japonica,
1, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2,3. Laurel, common, 1, 2,3; L. Por-
tugal, 2,3. Laurustinus, 1, 2, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Picea Pinsapo,
1,2. Quercus Ilex, 1. Roses, 1, 2,3. Yew, 1, 2.

3. Eyre, Thornham Hall.—Mr. J. Perkins.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong loamy soil, resting on brick-earth.

Alt. and Hxposure—100 ft.; exposed to E. and W. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—[Diss, dist., 6 ms. ; alt., 96 ft.; ht. 1ft.; 30°95
ins., on 202 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 12th to end of Jan.,
1880. Slight frosts continued more or less till end of May.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 7 (2)—Apricots, 2. Broccoli, 1.
Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Figs, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Lettuce, 1.
Leycesteria formosa, 2. Lonicera reticulata, 2. Magnolia grandi-
flora, 2. Roses, 2.

Observations—Fruits in 1880—Apples, a total failure; Cherries,
Currants, Gooseberries, abundant ; Nectarines and Peaches, a failure ;
Pears, nearly a total failure ; Plums, a fair crop ; Strawberries, abun-
dant ; Walnuts, plentiful.

49

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, From CorRN-
WALL, DEVONSHIRE, DORSETSHIRE, SOMERSETSHIRE AND WILTSHIRE.

CornwaLL. Rainfall, excessive, with low temp. during the sum-
mer (Empacombe &c.). At end of Sept., was 13 ins. above ay. of
29 yrs.; but from scarcity of rain in Oct., Nov. and Dec., the total
fall was above av. by only 2°53 ins. (Bodmin). Min. rainfall, New-
quay, alt., 90 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 9 ins.; 34°97 ins., on 171 days, being
12:77 ins. above the mean of 30 yrs. : max., Launceston, alt., 570 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 59°81 ins., on 213 days. Absence of sunshine had a very
injurious effect on plants (St. Agnes). Crops of every description
bad (Trevarna, Empacombe, &c.). Min. temps., Alternon, alt.,
570 ft. ; Dec. 2nd, 10°: Truro, Dec. 2nd, 17°: Bodmin, Dec. 5th, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 16 (2), 28 (3), total at 2 places.

Devon. Rainfall, about 10:5 p.c. above av. of 15 yrs. (Ply-
mouth). Nine months (except March) wet; but last 3 months very
dry ; total rainfall, 38°56 ins. (Babbacombe). Min. rainfall, Ilfra-
combe, alt., 34 ft.; ht. 9 ft.; 31:38 ins., on 209 days: max.,
Plympton, alt., 360 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 69°81 ins. The effect of the wet
and cold season was disastrous to crops, e.g. wheat, hay, green crops
and potatoes (Hast Budleigh, Clawton, &c.). Min. temps.—Exeter,
Dec. Lith, 15°: Exbourne, Dec. 4th, 17°: Dartmoor, alt., 1350 ft. ;
Dec. 2nd, 18°: Plymouth, alt., 73 ft.; Dec. 5th, 20°'8.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —17 (1), 27 (2), 16 (3), total at 4 places.

Dorset. <A wretched summer; temp. persistently low, with
marked absence of sun (Wimborne). Min. Rainfall, Chalbury, alt.,
338 ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 31°75 ins., on 183 days. Max., Minterne, alt.,
566 ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 46°79 ins, on 156 days. Potato crop., half an
ay., and much diseased; Wall-fruit, a failure * (Wimborne). Min.
temps., Beaminster, Dec. 4th, 15° : Layton Herring and Weymouth,
alt., 200 ft. ; Dec. 5th, 18°: Canford, Jan. 21st, 12° [too low ?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—25 (1), 36 (2), 40 (3), total at 7 places.

Somerset. June, July and Aug., cold, cloudy and stormy; Oct.
and Nov. very fine, dry and cold; Bar. high (Bincombe House,
Taunton, &c.). Rainfall below av. (Taunton, Exford) ; 5:30 ins.

* For injuries to Vegetables, see Gard. Chron., 1880, p.. 564.
H

50 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

above ay, of 19 yrs. (Bath). Min. rainfall, Taunton, alt., 120 ft. (?) ;
ht., 1 ft. 4 ins.; 27°77 ins., on 155 days. Max., Exford, alt., 905 ft. ;
ht.; 1 ft.; 55°02 ins., on 244 days. Min. temps., Mells, Dec.
6th [2nd ?], 1095: Bath and Downside, alt., 592 ft.; Dec. 2nd,
12°°6 : Bridgewater, 19°: Kilmington, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—18 (1), 32 (2), 31 (3), total at 4 places.

WitsuirE. Rainfall, at 9 stations, above av. of 10 yrs.; at 17
above that of 1879; but at 4 below it. 8 months very wet; March,
Oct., Nov. and Dec., very dry (Steeple Ashton, Holt, &c.). Min.
rainfall, Steeple Ashton, alt., 240 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 31-04 ins., on 207
days : max., Corsham, alt., 350 (P) ft.; ht., 1 fl.; 41°70 ins., on 210
days. Min. temps.—Salisbury, alt., 186 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°: Holt,
alt., 120 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 1292: Calne, Dec. 7th, 13°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4: (1), 4 (2), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1, ConnwaLL—Camporne, Tehidy Park.—Mr. James Davies.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Surface, a rich loam, but with very shallow
subsoil, a poor shaly stone mixed with mineral, and abounding in
spar.

Alt. and Exposure—160 ft., 203 ft., and 277 ft., at different levels.

Rainfall, 1879—45 ins.

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 2nd ?] 21° [Truro, dist., 10 ms. ;
Dec. 2nd, 17°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 8 (2), 16 (3)—Acer palmatum,
3; A. polymorphum, atropurpureum, by cutting winds, 3. Akebia
quinata, 1. Apples, 2. Aralia Sieboldii, 1. Arbutus Andrachne,
3. Berberidopsis corallina, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, aurea, varie-
gata, 3. Draceena erythrorachis, 2. Eleagnus argentea, 3; E. pun-
gens, variegata, 3. Embothrium coccineum, 2. LEscallonia monte-
vidensis, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 3; E. U.
variegata, 1. Eurya latifolia, variegata, 3. Grevillia rosmarinifolia,
1. Gunnera scabra, 1. Hydrangea Otaksa, 3. Ligustrum japoni-
cum, 3. Liquidambar styraciflua, 3. Melianthus major, 1. Myr-
tus apiculata, 2. Nandina domestica, 2. Ozothamnus thyrsoides, 1.
Peaches, 3. Phormium tenax, Colensoi, 3; P. t. variegatum, 3. Pho-
tinia serrulata, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, 2; P. T. variegatum, 1.
Retinospora pisifera, aurea, 3. Rhus glabra, laciniata, 1. Sequoia
sempervirens, variegata, slowly recovering, 2. Thea Bohea, 2.

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES. 51

Observations—Fruit trees, Apples made very poor and immature
wood, and bore a very poor crop in 1880. Pears did very well and
bore a good crop of fine flavour. Peaches cast their leaves before
the fruit was gathered; but the autumn of 1879 being fine they shot
out leaves at all their extremities which restored circulation and the
wood ripened fairly. This saved the trees which gave a moderate
crop of fruit in 1880.

2. PenzAnce.—Mr. W. Roberts.

Gen. Char. of Soil—‘‘Killas ’’* with subsoil of killas and granite.

Alt. and Hxposure-—Half a mile from the sea, exposed to most
winds ; partly shaded by trees.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 94 ft.; ht., 3 ft.; 50°7 ins., on 257 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Duration was never more
than a day or two.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Helston, dist., 10 ms.; alt., 160 ft. ;
Dec. Ist., 25°: Falmouth, dist., 19 ms.; alt., 200 ft.; Dec. 5th,
279-7], Jan. 17th, 31°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —0 (1), 5 (2), 8 (3)—Aralia Sieboldii,
3. Aster argophyllus, 3. Camellias, 3. Chamerops oxyacantha,
2. Fabiana imbricata, firs. rotted prematurely in bud, 3. Fatsia
papyrifera, 2. Hedychium flavum, 2. Musa Ensete, 3. Peaches, 2.
Richardia zthiopica, firs. rotted before maturing, 3. Roses, 3. Sea-
forthia elegans, 2. Vegetables, garden, 3.

Plants uninjured, 1879-80—Aralia heterophylla, Colletia horrida,
Desfontainea spinosa, Dracena australis, Embothrium coccineum,
Eucalyptus globulus, Eulalia japonica zebrina, Fabiana imbricata,
Garrya elliptica, Iberis gibraltarica, Leycesteria formosa, Lilium
giganteum (7 ft.), Maurandya Barclayana, Nandina domestica, Phor-
mium tenax, Veitchii.

Plants injured, winter, 1878-9 — (Min. temp., Jan. 11th, 1879,
26°)—Calceolarias, 2. Fourcroya longeva, 1. Mesembryanthemum
erystallinum, 3. Musa Ensete, 1. Pelargonium, zonal vars., 1. Pri-
mula japonica, 2. Roses, 3. |

Plants uninjured, 1878-9—Cassia corymbosa, Coprosma, Four-
croya longeeva (rather more protected).

Observations—Nothing was killed, winter 1879-80. The injury
was seen in the shyness of blossoming of Camellias [see Report from
Poole, Dorset], Hawthorns, Hedychium and Roses. Peach trees are

* [Killas is the Cornish name for clay-slate. |

52 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

in a very bad condition, producing no fruit whatever. The flowers
dropped off suddenly and the fruit refused to form. This is owing to
the wet summer of 1879, in consequence of which the wood had not
ripened. Garden vegetables are all more or less affected; probably
owing to the seeds not having ripened properly, especially of Beans,
Leeks, Onions and Peas.

1. Devon—Exsourng, Broomford Manor.—Mr. W. Mortimore.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very poor; in some parts very wet, with a
hard strong clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—540 ft.; exposed from HE. to 8S. W.; situated
on N. side of Dartmoor hills.

Rainfall, 1879—40 to 47 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 1st to 6th ; 9th to
20th; Jan. 18th, 1880, to Feb. 1st.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 14th, 17°; Jan. 28th, 22°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 8 (2), 2 (8)—Broccoli, 1, 2, 3.
Buddlea globosa, 2. Ceanothus, 3 vars., on walls, 2, 3. Cherries,
nearly all, 2. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 1,2. Peaches, 2.. Pinus
insignis, 1, 2. Roses, H. P.’s and Teas, 1, 2.

Observations—Broccoli, this was laid down and covered with dry
fern in Nov.; the Leamington variety and Cattell’s Eclipse were the
best and hardiest. Cherries, May Duke and Morello, alone, unin-
jured ; the old wood was spotted and much gum oozed out. Peaches,
the wood did not ripen, and some bore leaves until Feb., 1880 [see
Meteor Obs. from Bucks., p. 23]; where pruned the pith was found
to be very soft and black. Roses, of 109 budded in 1879, 60 were
killed or severely injured. ‘The first frost turned the wood black in
places on the young stem, as also of the stocks.

2. Exeter, Haldon House.—Mr. Geeson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep rich loam on sandstone.

Alt. and Hxposure—500 feet from 8. W. to N. W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Bovey Tracey, dist., 5 ms. (?); alt., 94 ft. ; ht.,
6 ins. ; 47°47 ins., on 231 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Severest period from Dec.
7th to 13th and on Jan. 27th. One and a half ins. of snow fell on
Dec. 9th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 10th, 17° ; 11th, 15°; Jan. 27th, 23°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 1 (2), 7 (3) — Aponogeton dis-

DIVISION V.——-S. W. COUNTIES. 53

tachyon, in shallow tank, 3. Broccoli, 3. Cyclamen persicum, 3.
Escallonia montevidensis, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, killed in May, 1.
Hydrangeas, 3. Lachenalia tricolor, 3. Lettuce, large, 2. Vallota
purpurea, 3.

Plants uninjured — Aralia Sieboldii, Do. variegata, Arbutus (va-
rious sorts), Azalea amcena, Camellias, Coronilla glauca, Corypha
australis, Escallonia macrantha, Common Laurel, Laurustinus, Let-
tuce (small), Pinus insignis (64ft.), Quercus glabra, Q. Ilex, Q. Luck-
ombe Oak, Q. Suber (8 and 40 ft.), Q. Willow Oak, Roses, H. P.’s
and a few Teas.

3. South Motron, Castle Hill—Mr. D. Wilson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A very inert clayey soil of a tenaceous cha-
racter.

Alt. and Exposure—300 ft.; very exposed to W. Atlantic winds
and gales: 13 ms. from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—4480 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—{ Frost severe throughout
Devon first wk. in Dec.]|—Jan. 10th to 29th, 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Barnstable, dist., 8 ms. ; alt., 43 ft. ;
Dec. 5th, 219]; Jan. 28th, 21° [Exbourne, dist., 17 ms.; Jan.
28th, 22°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 16 (2), 2 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 1, 2. Brus-
sels sprouts, 2. Camellias, sorts, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Daphne, 2.
Escallonia, sp., 2. Eucalyptus, sp., 1. Huonymus, 2. Hydrangeas,
2. Larch, seedlings and 2 yrs. old, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus,
2. lLavander, 1. Magnolia, 2. Myrtle, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Picea
pectinata, 3. Rosemary, 1. Roses, dwfs. on Manetti stocks, 1, 2;
stands. on wild briars, one-third, 1, 2. Sage, 1. Thyme, 1. Tri-
toma uvaria, one-third, 1.

4. Torquay, Babbacombe.—E. E. Glyde, Esq., F.M.S.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay and limestone.

Alt. and Hxposure—294 ft. ; facing 8., but exposed to 8S. W. and
N. E. winds. :

Rainfall, 1879 — Ap. to June, 13°69 ins.; July to Sept., 12°47
ins.; Oct. to Dec., 2°46 ins. ; total 41-02 ins., on 212 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th to Jan. 22nd.
No frost occurred from Dec. 28th to Jan. 12th. Frost occurred 16
nights in the air and 25 on the grass in Dec., 1879. Snow fell on

54 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Dec. 2nd and 5th, half-inch thick. A heavy Easterly gale blew on
the 4th, followed by intense frost. N. or E. winds prevailed till 26th.
In January, 1880, cold E. and N. E. winds prevailed from 6th to
28th. Frost occurred on 12 nights in air, and 20 on grass. 4 inches
of snow fell on 13th; gone by 17th. Weather generally dull, gloomy
and misty. Vegetation was much burnt by the frosts. Lowest
temp. of earth at 9 a.m. in winter of 1879-80 was 33°-7 on Jan. 28th
at 6 ins. below surface; 359-0 on Jan. 29th at 12 ins. below surface.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 13th, 229-8; Dec. 17th, 13°-7,
on grass: Jan. 28th, 1880, 21°°9 in shade.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 2 (1), 2 (2), 5 (8)—Erica mediter-
ranea, cut where exposed to E. winds, 3; but not much injured in
1878-9. Eucalyptus globulus, 1 in 1878-9; that winter having been
severer than that of 1879-80, owing to the continued Easterly winds
in Jan. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common, 3. Melianthus major,
cut to grd., 2. Thuja sp., 3. Veronicas, tender sorts, 1; others, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured—Garrya elliptica, Picea nobilis, Taxodium.

1. Dors—er—BraminstER, Parnham House.—Mr. J. Mullins.

Gen. Char. of Sotl—A sandy loam on limestone.

Alt. and Exposure—About 300 to 400 ft. |

Rainfall, 1879—44:56 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 30th to Dec. 10th.

Min. Temp. and Date—{Dec. 4th, 15°).

Plants injured, 1879-80—12 (1), 17 (2), 15 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 15 yrs. old, 1. Aralia Sieboldii, 3. Bambusa gracilis, 2; B.
nigra, 2. Broccolis, Adams, early, 1. Cattell’s Eclipse, 1; Chap-
ple’s Cream, 1; Early purple, 1; Elletson’s Mammoth, 2; Welcome,
2.—Calycanthus floridus, flr. buds lost, 3. Camellias, fir. buds lost, 3.
Chrysanthemum, sorts, 2. Colletia Bictoniensis, 3. | Cupressus
Knightiana, 3. Cytisus tomentosus, 2. Endive, Batavian, 1. Hs-
callonia macrantha, 3. Eschscholtzias,1. Eucalyptus, 7 yrs. old,
twice partially injured, 1. Euonymus, gold and silver, 3. Eurybia
ilicifolia, 2. Fuchsia gracilis, large and old in open grd., 2. Hollies,
lost foliage, 3. Kale, sea, 1. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurustinus, 3. Let-
tuce, Hammersmith, 2. Magnolia conspicua, flr. buds lost, 3; M.
grandiflora, all summer growth kd., 2. Marigolds, in pots, 1. -Myr-
tle, 2. Olea sylvatica, 2. Pampas grass, 3. Paulownia imperialis,
1. Phormium tenax, 3. Roses, sorts, 1, 2,3. Silene compacta, 1.

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES. 55

Stocks, various, 1, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni,
variegata, 2; crimson, 1; V. salicifolia, variegata, 2; V. speciosa,
3. Wallflowers, fl. pl., 2. Yucca recurva, 2.

2. Dorcuester, Frampton Court.—Mr. 8. Pullman.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Alluvial, sandy clay resting on gravel.

Alt. and Exposure — Garden situated in a valley, close to river
Frome; very much sheltered on every side by trees, with rising
ground on 8. and N. :

Rainfall, 1879—[Bridport, dist., 10 ms. ; ht., 1 ft. 3 ins. ; 36°60
ins., on 158 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates— Dec. 6th, 8° [too low ? Beaminster,
dist., 10 ms.; Dec, 4th, 15°: Weymouth, dist., 10 ms.; Dec. 5th,
18°}. |

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 6 (2), 5 (3)—Acer rubrum, 2.
Amaryllis Belladonna, bulbs ripened badly, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2.
Aponogeton distachyon, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Ceanothus azureus,
on wall, 3. Hydrangea hortensis, 1; H. japonica, ‘1. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurel, common 2. Laurustinus, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, small
plants on E, wall, 2, 3. Myrtles, small, planted in summer, 1. Pam-
pas grass, 1, on an island in saturated soil, 3. Passiflora coerulea, 1.
Pinus insignis, weakly plant, 1. Roses, Tea, 1. Veronica salici-
folia, 2; V. Andersoni, 1.

Plants uninjured — Berberis japonica (sheltered), Chameepeuce
Diacantha, Cupressus torulosa, Fruit trees, all except Apples, Pears
and Peaches, which ripened their wood badly and bore bad crops,
Pinus insignis (healthy plant), Sequoia sempervirens, Thujopsis dola-
brata (small plant), Tritoma uvaria, Yucca gloriosa.

3. DorcusrsteR, Wolferton House—A. Bankes, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Exposed to 8. E. wind.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Weymouth, dist., 7 ms.; alt., 225 ft.; ht.,
1ft.; 39°07 ins., on 196 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Frost, very long; but the
snow lay only for about 12 hours.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Langton Herring, dist., 6 ms. ; alt., 200
? ft.; Dec. 5th, 18°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Euonymus, gold and silver vars., ex-
posed to 8. E. winds, 2 [cf. Rep. Chiswick, p. 2, and Hunts, Rep. 1,
pp. 3,4]. Laurels, common, 3. Laurustinus, 3.

56 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Plants uninjured—Kuonymus (elsewhere), Roses.

4. Poot, Parkstone.—Prof. G. F. Allman.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light and sandy, in which no water
hurtful to vegetation can accumulate. There is a natural growth of
Heath and extensive plantations of Scotch Fir and Pinaster which
freely sow their own seed.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 11th, 1879, 15°.

Plants injured, 1878-9—1 (1), 2 (2), 6 (3)—Aloysia citriodora, 3.
Arbutus Andrachne, var., photinizfolia, planted in Aug., 3. Casua-
rina tenuifolia, in open, 1. Ceanothus azureus, planted in Aug., 3.
Cordyline australis, kd. to grd., 2. Desfontainea spinosa, planted in
Aug., 3. Eucalyptus globulus, in open, 2. Hypericum oblongifo-
lium, planted in Aug.,3. Veronica Andersoni, vars., and hybs., some, 3.

Plants uninjured — Abies cephalonica, Arbutus Unedo, Arundo
Donax, Aucuba japonica (male, female and vars.), Bambusa Metake,
Buddlea globosa, Cedrus Deodara, Cistus albidus, C. formosus, C.
ladaniferus, C. purpureus, C. salvisefolius, C. villosus (var. crispus),
Cryptomeria elegans, Cupressus funebris, C. Lawsoniana, C. macro-
carpa, C. sempervirens, Cytisus albus, Daphne Cneorum, D. Fioni-
ana, Erica codonodes, HE. mediterranea, EK. vagans, Escallonia flori-
bunda, E. macrantha, Eugenia apiculata, HEuonymus japonicus, Fuch-
sia coccinea and vars., Griselinia littoralis, Hibiscus syriacus, Hype-
ricum patulum, Jasminum officinale (S. W. wall), Juniperus sinensis,
J. virginica, Bay Laurel, Common Laurel, Portugal Laurel, Laurus-
tinus, Libocedrus decurrens, Ligustrum japonicum, Magnolia conspi-
cua (var. Lenné), M. grandiflora, Menziesia polifolia, Myrica ceri-
fera, Myrtle, Olearia Haastii, Osmanthus ilicifolius, Passiflora cceru-
lea, Pernettya mucronata, P. m. speciosa, Pinus insignis, Retinospora
plumosa, Robinia hispida, Rosa Banksize (on 8. W. wall), R. brac-
teata (do.), Maréchal Niel (and many vars. and hybs., stands and
bushes), Sequoia gigantea, Spartium junceum, Solanum jasminoides,
Thuja occidentalis (var. aurea), T. Lobbii, Viburnum Awafurki,
Yucca filamentosa, Y. gloriosa, Y. recurva.*

5. Pootz, 8. Lytchett—Mr. J. Menzies.t |

Gen. Char. of Soil—A “ kindly ” soil and well drained.

Alt. and Hxposure—100 ft.; gently sloping towards 8. Owing
to influences of sea air, seldom as low temp. as inland,

* Gard. Chron., 1880, p. 331. t+ Gard, Chron,, 1880, p. 563.

DIVISION V.—s. W. COUNTIES. 57

Rainfall, 1879—[Wimborne Minster, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 338 ft. ;
ht., 2 ft. ; 31°75 ins., on 183 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Bournemouth, dist., 8 ms., E.; [Dee.
7th, 19°], Jan. [21 ?]. 18°; [Canford, dist., 5 ms; Jan. 21st., 12°].

Lowest previous temps. recorded, Jan. 1871, 25°; Jan. 1879, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 5 (2), 5 (8)—Aloysia citriodora, 2.
Arundo Donax, 2. Buddlea globosa, pts. of shoots kd., 3. Camellias,
2, 3 (see below). Chimonanthus fragrans,3. Magnolia grandiflora,
pts. of shoots kd., 3. Mandevilla suaveolens, 2. Myrtles, 3. Pas-
siflora coerulea, 2.

Plants uninjured—Araucaria imbricata (large and small), Bam-
busa Metake, Camellias, Pampas grass.

Observations — Camellias, (1) in open border with W. aspect;
Double White, shed all buds, leaves a little browned; but pushing
wood-buds stronger than usual, no doubt owing to not having bloom-
ed. Double Red, mottled, uninjured, but firs. small. Lady Hume’s
Blush, suffered most, lost half its leaves and set no buds. In good
seasons it flowers profusely, the blooms being as fine as any under
glass. (2) Under drip of a Silver Fir, 80 ft. high, which has killed
Box edging ; Anemone-fid., and Bealii have thriven well, the leaves
being the picture of health. (8) S. aspect ; Concinna, more shaded
than next, has no bloom but is not in the least injured. Rosa Mundi,
not fid. as usual, but not much injured. (4) Single plants in plea-
sure-grd. are a little browned with no bloom. (5) Covered way, con-
sisting of a span glazed coping to the wall, with 8, E. aspect;
Dunlop's Americana has a fair amount of good bloom. Bruceana, fine
healthy foliage and flowers. Delicatissima has a quantity of fine white
firs., which have opened better than usual. Donkelaari, profusely
covered with bloom, the firs. nearly as fine as usual. Double White,
has no firs. Lady Hume’s Blush, not in the least injured.

_ 6. Warenam, Tyneham.—Th. Bond, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Mostly a stiff cold clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—Much exposed to 8S. winds and sea fogs; 1.
mile from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879 — [ Weymouth, dist., 12 ms., W.; alt., 225 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 39-07 ins., on 196 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Weymouth, dist. 12 ms. W.; Dec.
5th, 18° : Bournemouth, dist., 14 ms., E.; Dec. 7th, 19°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Asparagus, 1878-9, 1; 1879-80, 3.

I

58 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Fruit trees—Apples, Nectarines, Peaches, scarcely any fruit in 1880 ;
Plums, tolerably abundant ; Fuchsia Riccartoni, large plants, 3.

Plants uninjured—Fuchsia (many kinds), Mandevilla suaveolens
(on 8. wall), Orange (S. wall and matted in front only).

7. Wimporne Minster, Canford.—Mr. W. Hinds.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light with chalk on a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—Lying low and well sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[W. Minster, dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 338 ft. ; ht., 2ft. ;
31:75 ins., on 183 days]. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[ Mid. Nov. to end of Jan. ].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[{ Bournemouth, dist., 5 ms. ; Dec. 7th,
19°]: Jan. 21st, 12°: [lLytchett, dist. 6 ms.,8.; Jan. 21st, 18°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 5 (2), 5 (3)—Acer, variegated,
3. Apples, 1, 2,3. Asparagus, 2. Broccoli, 1, 2, 3. Laurel, ‘Bay
(recovering), 2. Laurel, common, 3. Roses, 3. Vegetables, 1, 2.

Plants uninjured—Erythrina Christa-galli, Habrothamnus ele-
gans and Solanums (by S. wall).
| Observations—Owing to the excellent condition of the soil at the
time the severe frost set in, about the middle of Nov., our loss has
been comparatively insignificant among trees and sarubs. For
although hundreds of plants, Conifers and other choice trees and
shrubs, were removed, we have hardly sustained the loss of a dozen
plants over a large area of pleasure ground. The watery growth
of kitchen garden vegetables during the summer, in consequence
of absence of sun light, rendered them impotent to stand the severe
winter.

1. Somerset— BripeewarTer, St. Audries.—Mr. J. P. M‘Cullock.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Liassic clay and Red marl; also peaty
moorland.

Alt. and Hxposure—140 ft.; open to Bristol Channel, and ex-
posed to sea breezes.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Bps. Lydeard, dist., 9 ms.; ht., 1 ft.; 36°91
ins., on 209 days]. os

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Three weeks duration
from middle of December. |

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 2nd ?] 19°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 2 (2), 5 (8)—Broccoli, 1. Cab-
bages, 2. Camellias, lost buds, 3. Clianthus puniceus, 1, Hucas

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES. 59

lyptus globulus, 3 yrs. old, 23 ft. high, 1. Laurustinus, 3. Ligus-
trum japonicum, 2. Pampas grass, 3. Picea grandis, 20 ft., top
injured, 3.

Plants uninjured—Indian Azaleas, not even buds touched, and
all other things uninjured.

2. CuarD, Forde Abbey.—Mr. R. Andrews.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam, with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—in a valley.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Cricket St. Thomas, dist., 3 ms., E.; alt., 400
ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 41:23 ins., on 197 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 5th, 22°; Jan. 22nd, 23°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 7 (2), 1 (3)—Arbutus, 1 (1878-
79, 2). Chamerops excelsa, 1; (unhurt 1878-9). Escallonia ma-
crantha, 2. Huonymus, vars.,2. Fig, 2. Laurel, common, 2 ; le
Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Penstemons, 1.
Roses, many, 1, 2.

Plants uninjured — Andromeda, Aralia (Dimorphanthus) Mand-
shurica, Aucuba, Brussels sprouts, Borecole, Box, Cabbages, Coni-
fers (large collection), Cotoneaster, Crateegus, Cytisus Laburnum,
Deutzia crenata (fl. pl.), Elder (vars.), Wrwit trees, Furze, Garrya
elliptica, Holly, Ivy, Kale, Kalmia, Bay Laurel, Lettuce, Lilac, Ma-
honia, Philadelphus, Phillyrea, Quercus Ilex, Rhamnus, Rhododen-
dron, Ribes, Rosemary, Salisburia adiantifolia, Skimmia japonica,
Spinach, Weigela.

3. Frome, Kilmington.—Rev. M. Warburton.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Upper Greensand (Gault), Oolite and chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—From 800 to 900 ft. ; exposed table land.

Rainfall, 1879—[Mells Rec., dist., 9 ms.; alt., 342 ft.; ht., 1ft. ;
42-98 ins., on 220 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. to March, 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 2nd ?] 20°: [Mells, dist., 8 ms.,
N.; Dec. 6th, 10°5).

Plants injured, 1879-80 —6 (1), 2 (2), 7 (8)—Arbutus, 2.
Arundo conspicua, 3. Aucuba, 2. Azalea indica, 40 years old, 3.
Cytisus Laburnum, 1. Deutzia, 3. Eucalyptus, 1. Euonymus,
argenteus, 3; EH. aureus, 1. Fuchsia, 40 yrs. old, 1. Laurusti-
nus, 1. Lilac, white, 1. Liriodendron tulipifera, 3. Pampas
grass, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 3.

4. Frome, Mells Rectory —Mr. T. Tickle.

60 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879 80.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Red loam, over Magnesian conglomerate.
Coal-measures clay in the park in some places.

Alt. and Hxposure—342 ft.; ina warm valley.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft.; 42°98 ins., on 220 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 13th to Feb. 1st.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 6th [2nd ?}, 10°-5; [Bath, dist.,
10 ms., N.; Dec. 2nd, 12°-6].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 20 (2), 19 (3)—Apples, (pyra-
mids)—Blenheim Orange, 2; Burgess’ Fame, 2; Court Pendu Plat,
2; Norfolk Pippin, 2; Pitmaston’s Pine, 1; Royal Pearmain, 2;
Reine Blanche, 1; Reinette du Canade, 2; Ribston Pippin, 1.—Ar-
butus Unedo, kd. to grd., 2. Arundo conspicua, 1. Aucuba, 2.
Azaleas (Ghent), 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3; B. Jamesoni, 3. Biota
orientalis, incurvata, 2; B. or., var. falcata, 3; B. or., var. antarctica,
3. Bupleurum fruticosum, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 3; C. hybridus, 2.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 3. Cytisus albus, 3. Deutzia rosea, fl. pl., 2.
Eriobotrya japonica, on 8. wall, 3. Escallonia Ingrami, on E. wall,
2; E. macrantha, on 8. wall, 2. Euonymus, green and golden, 2.
Exochorda grandiflora, 3. Fuchsia coronata, 1; F. gracilis, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 2. Juniperus pheenicea, 3; J. thurifera, 2. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurustinus, kd. to grd., 2. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Li-
gustrum coriaceum, 3. Lonicera fragrantissima, 3. Magnolia fer-
ruginea, 2. Peaches, Royal George, on 8. wall, 2. Phillyrea ligus-
trifolia, 3. Phormium tenax, 3. Pinus insignis, small tree well
established, 1; Do., large tree, 3. Retinospora obtusa, 3. Spar-
tium junceum, kd. to!grd., 2. Spirea cantoniensis, 2. Thujopsis
letevirens, 3. Veronica Traversi, 3. Viburnum macrocephalum, 2.

1. Wirts—Mariporouan, The Green.—Rev. T. Preston.

Gen. Char. of Soil—On chalk.

Alt. and Exposure — 472 ft.; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. 2 ins.; 39:01 ins., on 204 days. R..,
1878—35-84 ins. Av. of 10 yrs., 34°36 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 13°-4 (Salisbury, dist., 24 ms.,
S.; alt., 186 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°: Compton Bassett, dist., 9 ms., W. ;
alt., 400 ft. ; 13°). ,

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 4 (1), 4 (2)—Daphne Laureola, 2.
Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Figs, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lavander, 1.
Pampas grass, 1. Parsley, 1. Skimmia japonica, 2.

61

DIVISION VI—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, FROM GLOU-
CESTERSHIRE, HEREFORDSHIRE, SHROPSHIRE, STAFFORDSHIRE,
WARWICKSHIRE AND WORCESTERSHIRE.

GiovucEsTERSHIRE. Jtainfall, the sixth consecutive year of ex-
cessive wet (Clifton). The coldest and wettest summer since 1860
(Kempsford). In the first 9 mons., 4 ins., above av. (Frampton).
Min. rainfall, Barnwood, alt., 60 ? ft.; ht., 1 ft. 83ins.; 30°09 ins. :
max., Minchinhampton, alt., 640 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6ins.; 40-37 ins.
Min. temps., Sherborne Park, alt., 400 ft. (?) ; Dec. 7th, 4°: Preston,
about 8°: Cheltenham, alt., 184 ft.; Dec. Ist., 119-2; Jan. 20th,
10°: Cirencester, Dec. 2nd and 7th, 14°; Jan. 20th, 14°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —155 (1), 491 (2), 45 (3), total at 4
places. :

HererorD. Rainfall, the year was remarkable for two dry and
three wet periods; viz. Dry—Feb. 20th to May 26th, and Oct. 3rd
to Dec. 28th: Wet—Jan. 1st to Feb. 19th, May 27th to Oct. 2nd,
and Dec. 29th to 31st ; a total of 26°58 ins, on 182 days (Ross).
Min. rainfall, Fownhope, alt., 192 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 29°64 ims. : max.,
Longtown, 45°62 ins., on 172 days. Temps.—For 14 consecutive
months the temp. was below av.; such has not been since 1799
(Ross). Min. temps.—Whitfield, Dec. 7th, 8°: Hereford, alt., 275ft. ;
13° 5: Ross., alt., 213 ft.; 139-8 : Croft Castle, Jan. 27th to 29th,
9°: Bryngwyn, Jan. 19th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (11), 9 (2), 11 (8), total at 3 places.

SuropsHire. Rainfall, wet and cold summer: March and last 3
months dry and fine (Cleobury Mortimer). Min. rainfall, Shrewsbury,
alt., 240 ft.; ht., 5 ft. 6ins.; 24°45 ins., on 129 days: max., Oswestry,
alt., 470 ft.; ht., 6 ft; 39:17 ins. Min. temps—Atcham, Dec. 4th,
5th, and Jan. 20th, 9°: Shiffmal, Dec. 7th, 11°; Jan. 20th, 12°: —
Leaton, alt., 266 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 4th and Jan. 27th, 119-9: Stokesay,
alt., 369 ft.; Dec. 7th, 13°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 3 (2), 3 (8), total at 2 places.

STAFFORDSHIRE. Rainfall, no sun or summer, nothing but con-

62 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

tinuous rains. The most disastrous year for farmers (Tamworth).
Min. rainfall, Shobnall, alt., 156 ft.; ht., 6 ft.; 25°83 ins., on 168
days : max., Alstonfield, alt., 910 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 44°07 ins., on 165
days. Min. temps., Oakamoor, alt., 350 ft.; Dec 7th, 19-1: Tean,
alt., 470 ft.; 2°; Burton-on-Trent, alt., 160 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°:
Oscott, alt., 460 ft.; 7°-1: Wolverhampton, alt., 500 ft.; Dec. 2nd,
14°: Farley, alt., 638 ft.; Dec. 5th, 17°. *

Plants injured, 1879-80—18 (1), 7 (2), 1 (8), total at 2 places.

WarwicksHirE. Lainfall, Spring very late and summer months
cold and rainy. Temp. much below av.; coru late and ill ripened
(Coventry). Min. rainfall, Southam, alt., 289 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 28°23
ins., on 165 days: max., Birmingham, alt., 340 ft.; ht., 8 ins. ;
39°12 ins., on 175 days. Min. temps., Charlecote, alt., about 125 ft.
(?); Dec. 7th, -8°: Stockton, alt., 289 ft.; -1°: Rugby, alt., 383
ft.; Dec. 7th, 39-2 : Coventry, alt., 288 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°: Warwick,
alt., 230 ft.; Dec. 6th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—26 (1), 32 (2), 18 (8), total at 3 places.

WorcestersHirE. Rainfall, Cold and wet, except Oct., Nov. and
Dec. (Evesham, Kidderminster). Min. rainfall, Stoke Reformatory,
alt., 225 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 3 ins.; 27°71 ins., on 137 days: max., Upper
Bittal Res. Bromsgrove, alt., 518 ft.; ht., 3 ft.; 36°37 ins., on 179
days. Min. temps., Impney Park, alt., 190 ft. (?); Jan. 20th, 6°:
Hanbury Hall, Dec. 7th, 9°: Gt. Malvern, alt., 800 ft.; Dec. 7th,
10°; Jan. 20th, 13°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—12 (1), 24 (2), 14 (8), total at 3 places.

REPORTSs.,

1. GLOUCESTERSHIRE — Bristot, Bitton Vicarage. — Rev. H. N.
Ellacombe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Good alluvial, an old garden.

Alt. and Exposure—About 60 ft.; aspect, 8.

Rainfall, 1879—35-62.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Oct. 16th, 29°; Nov. 15th, 22°; Dee.
7th, 16°°4.

Plants injured, 1879-80—60 (1), 19 (2), 21 (8)—Abelia triflora,
1. Agapanthus umbellatus, 1. Arnicia Zygomeris, 3. Aphyllan-
thus monspeliensis, 2. Aristolochia sempervirens, 3. Arundo Do-
nax, 2. Bambusa tesellata, 3. Bignonia capreolata, 2. Boehmeria

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 63

nivea, 1. Bousingaultia baselloides, 3. Bravoa geminiflora, 2. Can-
na achiras, 1. Cantua dependens, 3. Capparis spinosa, 3. Cassia
marilandica, 2. Ceanothus azureus, 3. Cerasus ilicifolia, 1. Cha-
merops Fortunei, 1. Cistus (many kinds), 1. Clerodendron foeti-
dum, 1. Colletia Bictoniensis, 1. Colutea arborescens, 1. Com-
melyna ccelestis, 1. Dahlia glabrata, 1. Daphne indica, 1. Dee-
ringia celosioides, 1. Diplacus glutinosus, 1. Draceena australis, 2.
Drimys Winteri, 1. Edwardsia microphylla, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 1;
E. apiculata, 1. Euonymus fimbriatus, 1. Fabiana imbricata, 2.
Fuchsia conica, 1; F. alpestris, 1; F. lycioides, 1. Genista sagit-
talis, 1. Gunnera scabra, 3. Gymnothrix latifolia, 1. Hedychium
Gardnerianum, 2. Helianthemum, many sp., 1. Hibiscus grandi-
florus, 3. Hyacinthus candicans, 2. Hypericum balearicum, 1.
Indigofera Dosua, 3. Jasminum revolutum, 1. Kniphofia Mac-
Oweni, 1. Lagerstroemia indica, 3. Libertia ixioides, 3; L. grandi-
flora, 3. Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1. Lithospermum frutico-
sum, 1. Lycium purpureum, 1. Mahonia trifoliata, 1. Mande-
villa suaveolens, 1. Margyricarpus setosus, 1. Mesembryanthe-
mum uncinatum, 1. Metrosideros robustus, 1. Muhlenbeckia va-
rians, 1. Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, 1. Olea europea, 3. Oreo-
daphne californica, 2. Othonia cheirifolia, 1. Oxalis, many species,
1. Passiflora coerulea, 1; P. lutea, 2. Phormium tenax, 2. Phy-
gelius capensis, 1. Physianthus albus, 1. Pistacia vera, 2. Podo-
carpus chilensis, 2. Quercus glabra, 1. Raphiolepis japonica, 2.
Rodgersia podophylla, 2. Rosa bracteata, 3. Rubus australis, 1 ;
R. roseeflorus, 2. Sisyrinchium californicum, 1; 8. multiflorum, 1.
Solanum jasminoides, 1; S. glaucophyllum, 1. Stokesia cyanea, 1.
Swammerdamia antennarea, 1. Tecoma amabilis, 1; T. grandiflora,
1. Teucrium fruticans, 1. Thea viridis, 1. Tripsacum dactyloides,
2. Tristania conferta, 2. Tritoma aurea, 1. Veronica pinguifolia,
3; V. decussata, 1. Vitis heterophylla, 3; V. incisa, 3. Wood-
wardia radicans, 1. Yucca aloifolia, var.,3,; Y. filamentosa, var., 3;
Y. Whipplei, 1; other sp., 3.

Plants wninjured—Acanthopanax variegata, Actinidia polygamia,
Higle sepiaria, Ardisia japonica, var., Aristolochia rotunda, Bam-
busa Metake, B. Kumasasa, Choysia ternata, Corypha australis, Dasy-
lirion Biglowi, Desfontainea spinosa, Eulalia, Fuchsia macrostemma,
Hymenanthera cissifolia, Kniphofia caulescens, Montbrettia Pottsii,
Nandina domestica, Olearia Haastii, Pistacia Lentiscus, Pterostyrax

64 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

hispidulum, Rhyncospermum jasminoides, Richardia albo-maculata,
Rosicea purpurea, Sauromatum guttatum, Senecio pulcher, Vella
pseudo-cytisus, Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

Observations—All these plants were entirely unprotected, except
that some were in more sheltered places than others.

2. CrRENCESTER, Preston House.—H. T. Elwes, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Thin, but rather sticky and poor, resting on
Oolite brash.

Alt. and Exposure—About 300 ft.; not much sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—From 12 to 20 ins. above the av. During the
six spring and summer months, double the average.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The severest frost was in
the first fortnight of Dec.

Min. Temp. and Date—In first week of Dec. about 8°, without
any snow or strong wind. [Cirencester, Agr. Col., dist.,2ms.; Dec.
17th, 14°).

_ Plants injured, 1879-80—60 (1), 11 (2), 3 (3)—Agapanthus
Moorei, survived 1878-9, 1. Alpine plants, more died in autumn
and winter than ever before. Amicia zygomeris, survived 1878-9,
1. Arum crinitum, 1; A. cornutum, 1. Berberis Darwinii, old
plants, 2; B. Knightii, 2 in 1878-9, 1. Brodiea, 1. Brug-
mansia sanguinea, survived 1878-9, 1. Calochorti (excepting
some newly planted), 1. Cannas, 1. Cantua dependens, 1 in
1878-9, 1. Cistus, 15 sp. (excepting C. ladaniferus), 1, 2;
Clintonia Andrewsi, 1; C. umbellata, 1. Colletia Bictoniensis,
1 in 1878-9, 1. Convolvulus Cneorum, 1 in 1878-9, 1. Corbu-
laria, in open ground, all, 1; im frames, 1, 2. Dietes Huttoni, 1.
Diplopappus chrysophyllum, 2; D. filifolius, 1 im 1878-9,1. Ed-
wardsia grandiflora, 2; E. microphylla, 1. Eryngium bromeliefo-
lium, 1; E. pandanifolium, 1. Eucalyptus, all species, 1. Euphor-
bia myrsinites, old plants, 1. Eurybia ramulosa, 1. Fabiana im-
bricata, 1. | Francoa sonchifolia, 1. Fuchsia procumbens and
several of hardest species, 1 in 1878-9, 1. Gladioli, nearly all rotted
in autumn; G. Colvillei albus, 1; G. dracocephalus, 1; G. fulgens,
1; G. psittacinus. Habranthus pratensis, in frame, 1. Hedy-
chium, 1. Hyacinthus candicans, in open ground, 1. Indigofera
Roylei, 2. Iris cretensis, 1; many sp. from N. America, Japan
and Himalayas, 1. Kmniphofia caulescens, half plant killed, 2; K.
Saundersi, 1; K. M‘Oweni, 1; K. quartiniana, 1. Larch (see be-

DIVISION VI.——-W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 65

low). Laurustinus, 2, 1878-9; 1. Libertia formosa, 1. Lithosper-
mum prostratum, 1. Lilies, by wet summer 1879, 2; Japanese, e.g.
auratum, japonicum, longiflorum, tigrinum &¢c., 1; American,
have stood better; but many will only live a year or two. Mahonia
fascicularis, on 8. wall, 3; M. Fortunei, 2; M. nepalensis, 2. Meco-
nopsis aculeata, 1; M. nepalensis, 1; M. Wallichii, 1. Melianthus
major, 3. Miullas, 1. Mitraria coccinea, 1, 1878-9; 1. Narcissi,
many small and delicate species, eg. N. triandrus, 2; dead
or weak, 1880; N. elegans, 1; N. juncifolius, 1; N. pachybolbus,
in frame, 1. Olea fragrans, put out Oct. 1879, cut to near grd.,
2. Olearia Haastii, 3; growing well, 1880. Ourisia coccinea, 1. Para-
nephelius uniflorus, 1. Pavia macrostachya, by wet summer, 1.
Phormium tenax, 1. Polygonum vaccinifolium, 2. Primula capi-
tata, 1. Rhinopetalum Karelini, 1. Romanyoffia malaschkensis,
1; K. sitchensis, 1. Schizophragma hydrangeoides, probably by
spring, 1. Sparaxis pulcherrima, 1. Stokesia cyanea, 1. Styrax
officinale, 1. Solanum jasminoides, 2, 1878-9; 1. Swertia speciosa, 1.
Veronica devoniensis, V. pinguifolia, &c., 1. Xiphions, mostly, 1 or 2,
(even X. reticulatum) ; X. filifolium, 1; X. tingitanum, 1.

Plants uninjured, 1879-80 — Arisema concinnum, A. curvatum,
A. Sieboldi, Aralia spinosa, Asparagus racemosus, Bomarea Salsilla,
Calceolaria crenatiflora, Calochorti, (some newly planted), Chryso-
bactron Hookeri, Cistus ladaniferus, Edwardsia grandiflora, Eucomis
punctata, Euphorbia myrsinites, self-sown ; Fritillaria Forbesi, Fuchsia
coccinea, (under warm wall), Gladiolus Saundersi (young bulbs),
Indigofera Roylei, Kniphofia caulescens (half plant kd.), Korolkowia
Sewerzowii, Larix sikkimensis, 2 years old, Lilium pardalinum
(vars., attacked by a Peronospora (?), July 1879, have come up fairly
well, 1880), Mahonia fascicularis, Melianthus major, Richardia albo-
maculata, R. melanoleuca, Senecio pulcher, Solaria microscioides,
(in frames), Tecophileia cyanocrocus, Tropceolum polyphyllum,
Tulips (all quite hardy), Veronica devoniensis, self-sown, V. pingui-
folia, V. Traversi, Watsonia coccinea.

Observations—Herbaceous plants—Many from N. America which
will stand the severest frosts were so much weakened by the cold
and wet that they rotted in the ground. Many S. European her-
baceous plants, usually considered hardy, suffered the same fate.
Farm crops—The effect of the year on farm crops was most dis-
astrous. Neither grass, corn, roots, or any other crop came to ma-

K

66 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

turity. Very few seeds ripened. Cattle and sheep were more un-
healthy than they have been since 1860-1. Larch plantations—
Of five to twenty years of age, have been much injured by various
insects and other disease, induced no doubt by the long continuance
of cold and wet. Copsewood—Newly cut made little or no growth,
and in some cases the stools died. For game it was the worst
season I ever remember; and with the exception of a few Hima-
layan and Japanese plants, noxious weeds and slugs, no animal or
vegetable life has thriven. In considering the general results of the
period from November 1878 to the present time, I should remark
that though the degree of cold registered was by no means so great
in Gloucestershire as in many other parts of England; yet a care-
ful investigation of the weekly meteorological reports published in
the Times, shows that the excess of rainfall above the average and
the deficiency of heat and sunshine below the average, were greater
in the West Midland counties, during the year 1879, than in any
other part of the kingdom. To this cause, and not to the length
and severity of the winters of 1878-9 and 1879-80, I attribute the
great losses in my garden which from one cause or other amount
to as much as 500 or 600 species of plants.

2. CrrENcEsTER, Royal Agr. College.-—Mr. H. Miller.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous.

Alt. and Exposure—434 ft. ; exposed.

Rainfall, 187°—88-39 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frosi—Nov. 18th to 16th, 20th to
Dec. 27th, Jan. 8th, 1880, to Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 8rd and 7th, 14°; Jan. 20th,
14°,

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8)—Broccolis, all, 1;
viz. Elletson’s Mammoth, Knight’s Protecting, Purple Sprouting,
Snow’s Winter White, Sutton’s Late Green, Sutton’s Protecting, Sut-
ton’s Reading Giant, Wilcove White. Brussels sprouts, Roseberry’s,
1. Buxus balearicus, 2. Cabbages, Savoys, all, 1; viz. Drumhead,
Green curled, Nonpareil, Wheeler’s Imperial. Cupressus Lawsoniana,
1. Euonymus radicans, 1. Kale, Cottagers, 1; K., Scotch, 1. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Lettuce, black-seeded Bath Cos, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Picea
Nordmanniana, 3. Roses, all, 1; viz. (1) Dwfs. (all grafted on
Manetti), Annie Laxton, Dr. Hooker, Elie Morel, Jean Lambert,
Madame Loine Giesson—(2) Stands., (on common Briars), Car-

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 67

dinal Wolsey, Gloire de Dijon (pink), Madame Falcot, Mrs. Baker,
Reve. d’Or.

3. NortHireacn, Sherborne Park.—Mr. A. Scott.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, but for the most part heavy and
wet, on a subsoil of limestone and clay.

Alt. and Exposure—About 400 ft.; in a valley with a hill on the
S. side andon the N. The garden slopes gradually to the N.

Rainfall, 1879—35-65 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th till Feb. 2nd,
except now and then, when the temp. at night was a little above
freezing.

Min. Temps. and Dates— Dec. 7th, 4° [Cirencester, dist., 11
ms. ; alt., (about 350 ft..?); Dec. 2nd and 7th, 14°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 8 (2), 7 (8)—Apples (dessert),
e.g., Adam’s Pearmain, 1; others, 2: (kitchen), e.g. Alfreston, 2.
The Apple crop in 1880, a complete failure. Apricots, on 8. wall, 3,
but fruit good in 1880. Borecoles, of sorts, 2. Box, 3. Broccoli,
1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, on 8. wall, 1. Figs,
on 8. wall, 1. Jasminum officinale, on S. wall, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1.
Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Magnolia
grandiflora, on 8. wall, 2. Nectarines, on 8. wall, 3. Pears,
Pyramids, 3; crop in 1880, about half. Roses, of sorts, on 8. wall,
1; Tea, all, 1, 2, except Bouquet d’Or, 3; some Teas, on own
roots, have sprung from below grd., 1880. Spinach, winter, 2. Yew, 3.

Plants uninjured—Apples, Codlins were the only sorts. Broc-
colis, laid down with heads to N., were quite untouched.

4, TewKkessury, Forthampton Court.—Mr. J. Wyber.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy, with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—About 8 ft., above the Severn floods. Partly
sheltered by trees.

Rainfall, 1879—29 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Gt. Malvern, dist., 9 ms. N.W.; alt., 550
ft. ?; Dec. 7th, 10°: Cheltenham, dist., 8 ms., 8.E.; Dec. 1st, 119-2].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —4 (1), 8 (2), 9 (8)—Apples, 3. Apri-
cots, 3. Asparagus, 3. Broccoli, 1. Cherries, 2. Fuchsias, 2.
_ Figs, unprotected on S. wall, 2. Kale, 1,2. Laurustinus, 3. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, 3. Myrtles, 2. Peaches, 1, 2,3. Pears, 3. Pota-
toes, 1,2, 3. Roses, only 1 kd. to grd., 2. Vines, 3.

Observations — [Effects in 1880|—Apples made too much wood

68 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

and few fruit buds; crop scarce. Apricots, 6 fine young trees died ;
old trees blossomed but little, the leaves being mildewed and fruit
scarce. Asparagus, mainly injured by frost. Broccoli, not 2 p. c.
survived. Figs, all young wood required cutting hard back, no
fruit. Peaches, had few blossoms, no fruit; the wood being strong
and unripened. Pears, injured by too much wet; no fruit on stand-
ards; good crop on 8. wall. © Vines, injured by too much wet;
many shanked in 1879; bunches small and few in 1880.

1, HEREFORDSHIRE—HEREFORD, Bryngwyn.—J. Rankin, Esq.,M.P.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay loam.

Alt. and Exposure—420 ft. Exposure to 8. E.

Rainfall, 1879—33-76 ins., on 186 days: max., Aug. 5°18 ins. ;
min., Nov., °72.ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 3rd to 26th; from
Jan. 9th to 13th; from Jan. 17th to 31st.
~ Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Ross, dist., 8 ms.,8.; alt. 213 ft.; Dec.
7th, 18°°8: Hereford, dist., 6’ms. ; alt., 275 ft.; Dec. 7th, 18°°5] ;
Jan. 19th, 15°. |

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 6 (2), 6 (3)—Apples, 2. Ar-
butus, 3; suffered more in 1878-9. Berberis Darwinii, some killed
in 1878-9, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 2; ©. grandiflorus, 3. Cherries, 3.
Cistus, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Eucalyptus, globulus, 1. Euo-
nymus latifolius aureus, 3. Furze, 1; Do., fl. pl., 1. Hydrangea, 1.
Laurustinus, very much injured, 1878-9. Oak, agolden, injured
by wet summer, dying at ends of branches, 2. Pampas grass, in
wet clay soil, 1. Peaches, failed to ripen wood in 1879, 2. Roses,
Dwfs., a few on own roots, injured; Standards, 1; some few Briars,
1; Teas, 1. Spartium junceum, 2. ‘Tritomas, 1. Veronicas,
various, 1.

Plants uninjured — Apricots. Conifers are not in the least in-
jured either by wet or frost; except some few on a wet clay soil.
All kinds of Conifers thrive well here. Deciduous trees do not
seem to have suffered from the wet or frost; excepting one large
Golden Oak (see above). lLaurustinus. Plums. Roses, most of
Dwfs., on own roots.

2. HererorD, Whitfield—Mr. W. Wheatley.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Garden soil of a moderately stiff loam; gen.
char. is a stiff red clay of Old Red Sandstone formation.

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 69

Alt. and Exposure—About 440 ft.; sheltered on E, by hill. As-
pect 8. to 8. W.

Rainfall, 1879—34-04: max., Jane, 7:84 ins. ; min., Nov., ‘61 in.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 16th. Last frost on
May lst. Longest continuation from Nov. 25th to Dec. 28th;
total, 34 days and nights.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 8° [too low, or on grd.? Here-
ford, alt., 275 ft.; Dec. 7th, 1395; on grass, 8°99].

Observations — I am not aware of any directly bad effects on
plants. Leading shoots of the Apple trees were cut off by the frost
in a very unusual manner. There have been very few apples this
year, 1880. The foliage of deciduous trees has been very abundant ;
of evergreen Conifers, small.

2. Kina@sLanp, Croft Castle—Mr. W. Bytheway.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light with limestone below.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 200 ft.; sheltered on N. by elevated
ground.

Rainfall, 1879—[Leominster (Farm), dist., 5 ms.; alt. 240 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 30-20 ins., on 213 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th, with slight
intermissions until the end of Dec. ; and from Jan. 20th to 31st.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Stokesay, dist., 10 ms., N.; alt., 369
ft.; Dec. 7th, 13°] Jan. 27th, 28th and 29th, 23°: [Churchstoke,
dist.,~25 ms. N.W.; alt., 549 ft.; Jan. 20th, 13-2].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 3 (2), 4 (3)—Asparagus, strong
in spring, 1879, 2. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, 1, 2, 3. Brussels sprouts,
3. Cabbages, 3. Carnations, nearly all, 1. Nectarines and Peaches,
against walls, unprotected, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, A. excelsa, Apples (bore little
fruit, 1880), Apricots, Araucaria imbricata, Buddlea globosa (on
wall), Camellias (on wall), Carrots (small), Cedrus Deodara, Celery
(first sowing good, second small), Cryptomeria japonica, C. elegans,
Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. L. erecta viridis, Common Laurel, Herba-
ceous plants (excepting Carnations) all uninjured, Laurustinus, Mag-
nolia grandiflora (on wall), Onions (many thick necked), Pears (bore
little fruit), Plums (a moderate crop), Pomegranate (on wall), Roses
(Dwfs and Stands. mulched), Thuja gigantea, T. orientalis aurea,
Thujopsis borealis.

Observations— Confers, there are many fine specimens of some of

70 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

the trees above mentioned. Deciduous trees, Beeches, Elms, Oaks and
Spanish Chestnuts grow here to very fine timber, although so near
the rocky strata. Laurel hedges are very large, and in good health ;
not suffered in the slightest degree. Nectarines and Peaches, some
of the branches were quite killed, and others had the “curl” very
much. The wood did not ripen. Vegetables, of Borecoles, Dickson’s
is best, then Wheeler’s Imperial and Enfield Market; of Broccolis,
Knight’s Protecting and Dickson’s Late stood the best.

1. SHRopsHirE — Market Drayton, Buntingsdale. — Mr. H.
Coombs.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam with a dry subsoil of sand and
gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—276 ft.; exposed to N. E. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—31-68 ins., on 174 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2nd to 5th; Nov.
15th to 23rd; Dec. Ist to 27th; Jan. 15th to Feb. 2nd, with
slight frosts for 11 nights in Feb.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Nov. 2nd and 20th, 18°; Dec. 2nd,
14°; 5th, 13°; 7th, 10°; Jan. 20th and 27th, 12°; 28th and 29th,
vip

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 1 (2), 2 (3)—Antirrhinums, 1.
Apricots, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 3. Myrtle, 2. Pens-
temon, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 3.

Observations — Apples, bore only half a crop and very poor in
quality. Pears, very scarce. Plums, very few, excepting Damsons,
of which there was a fair crop. Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries
and Strawberries were all plentiful and fairly good in 1880.

2. SHrewspury, Atcham.—Mr. G. Pearson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam and gravel.

Alt. and Hxposuwre—Rather low, between the two rivers, Severn
and Tern. ’

Rainfall, 1879—[Shrewsbury, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 240 ft.; ht., 5 ft.
6 ins. ; 24°45 ins., on 129 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th to Dec. 27th, -
and Jan. 5th to 30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th and 5th, 9°. [Leaton, dist.,
5 ms., E.; alt., 266 ft.; Dec. 4th and Jan. 27th, 119-9].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8)—Euonymus japo-

-

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 71

nicus, golden vars., 1. Hypericum calycinum, cut to grd., but fid.
well, 1880, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, young shoots
browned, 3. Picea lasiocarpa, roots partly diseased by fungus, 1.

1. SrarrorpsHIRE—Bitston.—H. D. Best, Esq.

Alt. and Hxposwre—[About 460 ft.]—A cold, smoky district.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Wolverhampton, dist., 3 ms., W.; alt., 459 ft. ;
ht., 3 ft. 4 ins. ; 30°44 ins., on 218 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Oscott, dist., 7 ms., E. ; Dec. 7th, 79-1:
Wolverhampton, dist., 3 ms.; Dec. 2nd, 14°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—Planes, 50 trees planted along the main
street in 1876, all did well, till the winter 1879-80; when one only
survived. ‘The trees that died had a spreading habit, with broader
and more deeply lobed leaves than the one which survived. This
tree has a compact habit, and its leaves are toothed but not lobed.

2. Burton-on-Trent, Dunstall Hall.—Sir J. Hardy, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel and marl.

Alt. and Hxposwre—High and level, exposed to E. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—[Burton-on-Trent., alt., 160 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 28-96
ins., on 208 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Hardest frosts, from Dec.
8th until near Christmas. From end of Jan. till Feb. 10th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—['Trent College, dist., 14 ms., E.; alt.,
120 ft; Dec. 6th, -3° : Burton-on-Trent, alt., 160 ft. ; Dec. 7th, go}:

Plants injured, 1879-80 —17 (1), 7 (2), 1 (8)—Apples, 1, 2.
Aucuba, 2. SBerberis, 3. Broccoli, 1. Cabbage, 1. Cedrus Deo-
dara, 1,2. Clematis Jackmanni, 1. Daphne Mezereum, 1. Euony-
mus japonicus, 1. Furze, fl. pl, 1. Jasminum, white, 1,2. Lau-
rustinus, 1. Lavander, 1. Lonicera, golden, 1. Pears, 2. Plane,
1, 2. Poplars, 1. Rosemary, 1. Roses, Tea, 1, 2. Tritoma uva-
ria, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

1. WARWIcKSHIRE—RKvepsy, Stockton Rectory—Rev. W. Tuck-
well.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff blue Lias clay.

Alt. and Haposure—289 ft.; fairly sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—28-23 ins., on 165 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Nov. 21st to Dec. 28th,
Short thaw, then frost from Jan. 9th to Feb. 4th.

72 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 7th, -1°°0 [Rugby, dist., 8 ms.,
N.; alt., 383 ft. ; Dec. 7th, 83°-2 : Warwick, dist., 9 ms., W.; 4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 8 (2), 2 (8)—Adonis vernalis,
1. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Berberis Darwinii, kd. to grd., (now shooting,
July 1880), 2. Cedrus Deodara, 30 yrs., in fine condition, 1. For-
sythia viridissima, on 8. W. wall, 1, 3; (one plant unhurt). Hype-
ricum calycinum, 2. Jasminum revolutum, 2. Laurel, common,
cut nearly to erd., 2; L. Portugal, do. 2. Lavatera arborea, 1.
Lonicera, aureo-reticulata, kd. nearly to grd., 2. Magnolia grandi-
flora (beginning to shoot, July 1880), 2. Mahonia aquifolia, 3.
Morina longifolia, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Polycarpon tetraphyllum,
1. Roses, all newly budded, Standards and Tea, 1. Ruscus acu-
leatus, 2. Ruta graveolens, generally kd. here, 1. Sisymbrium Ivio,
1. Tritoma uvaria, 1.

2. Srrarrorp-on-Avon, Charlecote.—Mr. T. Rodger.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A very adhesive loam.

Alt. and Exposure — [About 125 ft. ?]—The kitchen garden is
sheltered by large elm trees on N. The slope is considerable down
to the river Bourne.

Rainfall, 1879—[Stratford-on-Avon, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 123 ft. ;
ht., 8 ins. ; 30°28 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—About Dec. 5th to 25th ;
then mild weather till middle of Jan. 1880; followed by frost for 5
weeks.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 7th ?] 3° ; [Warwick, dist., 6 ms.,
N.; Dec. 6th, 4°: Stockton, dist., 12 ms., N.E.; Dec. 7th, -19).

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3)—Apricots, 2. Bore-
cole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cabbages, 2. Celery, 2. Peaches, Dr. Hogg,
1; others, 3. Roses, 3.

Plants uninjured—Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara, Cupressus Law-
soniana, ©. macrocarpa, Sequoia gigantea, Thuja or. elegantissima,
Thujopsis borealis.

3. Warwick, The Priory.—Mr. R. Greenfield.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy on Red Sandstone rock.

Alt. and Exposwre—230 ft. ; sheltered on N. and N. W.; exposed
on 8. and 8. E.

Rainfall, 1879—32 ins., [on 197 days (Leamington), dist., 2 ms.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 10th to Feb. 24th;
86 nights of frost.

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 73

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 4° (Stockton, dist., 9ms., E., -1°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—13 (1), 20 (2), 14 (8)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3; A. himalai-
ca, 2. Broccoli, many vars., all, 1. Carnations and Piccotees, 1, 3.
Catalpa syringefolia, 3. Ceanothus dentatus, 1. Cedrus atlantica,
3; C. Deodara, some, 1; others near river, lost foliage, 2; C. Li-
bani, 3. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3. Cytisus albus, 1; other vars.,
2, 3. EHscallonia macrantha, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 25 ft., 1.
Euonymus japonicus, 1. Figs, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Hypericum
calycinum, kd. to grd., 2. Holly, 30 vars., leaves and strong young
shoots much cut, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, young plant,
2; older, 3; Do., var. rotundifolia, 3; Do., var., caucasica, 3. Lau-
rustinus, 2. Lavander, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Pansies, 3,
Passiflora coerulea, stood 6 winters, 1. Paulownia imperialis, 1.
Picea bracteata, 1; P. lasiocarpa, lost most of foliage, 2; P. Pin-
sapo, do, 2; P. Webbiana, 1. Rosemary, 2. Roses—Bourbon,
China, H. P.’s, Noisette and Tea, 1; Climbing devoniensis in a 8.
aspect, 2. Sequoia gigantea and vars., 3. Taxodium mexicanum,
3; T. sempervirens, albo spica, 2. Yew, hedges pruned in autumn,
kd. on both sides, 2. Yucca recurva, 2.

1. WorcrsTERSHIRE—Droitwicu, Hanbury Hall.—Mr. G. Oliver.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clayey loam on red marl.

Rainfall, 1879—April to Sept., inclusive, 11-72 ins. [Worcester,
dist., 9 ms.; ht., 1 ft.; 28°62 ins., on 186 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 10th to Dec. 13th.
Then no frost until Jan. 8th. Frost from Jan. 8th to Feb. 8th.
Six other frosts in Feb. and six in March.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, ‘‘23 degrees ’’ [=9° ?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 18 (2), 3 (3)—Arbutus, 1.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2, 3. Broccoli, 1, 2. Ericas,
1,2. Laurel, Bay, 2, 3. Laurustinus, 2, 3. Magnolia grandiflora,
3. Myrtle, 1, 2. Nectarines, 1, 2. Peaches, 1, 2. Quercus Tex, 2.
Roses, 1, 2. Tritomas, 2. Veronicas, 1. Yucca gloriosa, 2.

2. Drorrwicu, Impney Park.—Mr. M. Temple.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy marly loam, generally tenaceous
and cold, but well drained.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 180 to 200 ft.; exposed to N., N. W.,

and W.
7

74 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879 80.

Rainfall, 1879—Very wet ; [Worcester, dist., 7 ms. ; 28°62 ins.,
on 186 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, and scarcely
without intermission till the middle of April.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Hanbury Hall, dist., 4 ms. ; Dec. 7th,
“23 degrees”? [= 9° P]; Jan. 20th, 6° [too low, or on grd. ?]

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 8 (2), 2 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 3, Asparagus, 2. Broccoli, 2. Broom, a few, 1, many, 2, 3.
Laurel, common, several hundreds, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, on
wall, 2. Parsley, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses, 1, 2.

Plants uninjured — Fruit trees, excepting the later kinds of
Apples, did well. Pears, generally fine in size and quality, 1880.
Vegetables, none suffered except those mentioned.

Observations—Most of the shrubs showed signs of suffering from
the severity of the frost; but as the season advanced, they started
freely and no serious injury appears to have resulted. The ground
is well drained. Shrubs and trees in low places suffered most.

3. Great Matvern.—Mr. J. Jaques.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff loam resting on red marl.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 800 ft.; fully exposed to 8. ; partially
to 8. E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 550 ft.; ht. 6 ims.; 34°22 ins. on 179
days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 7th, temp. fluctuated
very much until end of Jan., 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 10° ; Jan. 20th, 13°, [Orleton,
dist., 14 ms., N.W.; Dec. 7th, 18°; Jan. 20th, 149-8).

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 4 (2), 8 (3)—Arbutus Croomii
(in low situation), 1; A. Unedo, partly shaded by trees, 3.
Broccoli, 2. Cistus formosus, shaded by trees, 3. Eleeagnus argen-
teus, exposed to E., shaded on 8., 2. Escallonia macrantha, in open,
3; E. montevidensis, on HE. wall, 1. Garrya elliptica, partly under
trees, 3. Hypericum calycinum (recovered), 2. Laurel, Bay, partly
shaded by trees, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, on 8. wall, recovered, 3.
Philesia buxifolia, in low, damp and shady place (partly recovered),
3. Photinia serrulata (quite recovered), 3. Roses, Tea (all recovered),
2.

Plants uninjured—Garrya elliptica (exposed), Escallonia mac. on
E. wall, Bay Laurel and Laurustinus in the open and well exposed,

75

DIVISION VII.—N, MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, FRoM DERBY-
SHIRE, LEICESTERSHIRE, LINCOLNSHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE AND
RUTLANDSHIRE.

DerpysHirE. The coldest Jan., the wettest Feb., and the driest
March (except March, 1875), in the Trent Records (Trent College).
Cold, damp and sunless (Spondon, Derby, &c.). Rainfall, min.,
Trent Col., alt., 120 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 25°60 ims., on 171 days: max.,
Buxton, alt., 989 ft.; ht., 5 ft.; 51°90 ins. on 200 days. Heavy
hay crop, corn harvest very bad, not all gathered before the end of
Oct. Min. Temps., Buxton, alt., 990 ft.; Dec. 7th, -3°8; Jan.
28th, 129-1: Trent Col., alt., 120 ft.; Dec. 6th, -3° : Ringwood Hall,
alt., 400 ft.; Dec. 7th, 0°: Belper, alt., 354 ft.; Dec. 7th, 4° : Hop-
ton Hall, Jan. 19th, 28th, 29th, 5°: Ashbourne Hall, Dec. 7th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—67 (1), 63 (2), 36 (3), total at 7 places.

LEICESTERSHIRE. Rainfall, excessive, first 9 months, with temp.
exceptionally low (Ashby Magna). Year cold and sunless (Dalby
Hall, Coston, &c.). Min. rainfall, Market Harborough, ht., 17 ft.
2 ins. ; 24°07 ins., on 151 days: max., Bruntingthorpe, alt., 400 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 32:20ins. Great failure in cereal and fruit crops (Bel-
voir Castle, Coston, &c.). Min. temps., Coston., alt., 300 ft. ; Dee.
2nd, -4°°5: Barkby, alt., 212 ft.; Dec. 2nd and 7th, 2°: Belvoir
Castle, Dec. 2nd, 0°; and 8th, 5°: Cottesbach, Dec. 6th, 0°:
Loughborough, alt.; 169 ft.; Dec. 2nd and 8th, 19-5: Leicester, alt.,
237 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 3°; Dec. 7th, 4°93; Jan. 29th, 17°: Birstall,
alt., 250 ft.; Dec. 2nd to 7th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—80 (1), 96 (2), 61 (3), total at 7 places.

LincotnsHire. A cold, wet and sunless year (Bloxham, Grantham,
&e.). Rainfall, though the summer was wet, cold and sunless, yet
owing to dryness of early and later months, the total was below av.
of 3 previous yrs. (Doddington). Min. rainfall, Crowle, alt., 10 ft. ;
20°32 ins., on 154 days: max., Sleaford, alt., 20 ft.; ht, 1 ft.;
31°64 ins., on 161 days. Mean temp., 3° below yearly av., (Lowth) :
8°:5 below av. for Dec. (Boston). Min. temps., Bloxholm, alt., 20
ft.; Dec. 7th, -6°: Appleby, alt., 50 ft.; Dec. 7th, -4°°7: Heming-

76 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 187°-80.

by, and Stoke Rochford ; Dec. 7th, -5°: Boston, alt., 24 ft.: Buck-
nall, alt., 150 ft. : Horncastle, alt., 100 ft. ; and Lincoln, alt., 25 ?
ft.; Dec. 7th, 0°: Kelstern, alt., 388 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°-8: Killing-
dine alt., 60 ft. ; Dec. 7th, 1005

Plants Sayer 1879. 80—37 (1), 39 (2), 17 (3), total at 4 places.

NorringHAMSHIRE. Year characterised by almost continuous low
temp., and absence of sun, with a consequent lateness of vegetation.
The first qr. was dry, the 2nd and 8rd qrs. wet. Mean temp. was
45°°3 or 3° below av. of previous 3 yrs. (Worksop). Rainfall, min.,
Retford, alt., 52 ft.; ht. 3 ft. 6 ins.; 22°94 ins., on 162 days: max.,
Nottingham, alt., 162 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 31-68 ins., on 189 days. Min.
temps., Hodsock, alt., 55 ft. ; Dec. 7th, -5°-8: Osberton Hall, Dee.
7th, -5°: Highfield House (Nottingham), -3:1: Ollerton, alkt.,
175 ? ft.; and Nottingham, alt., 180 ft.; Dec, 8th, -2°: Coddington,
alt., 120 ft.; Dec. 12th [7th 2] -1°: Mansfield, alt., 349 ft.; Dee.
7th, 3°°7 ; Jan. 20th, 179-7.

Plants injured, 1879-80—34 (1), 36 (2), 14 (3), total at 2 places.

RutLanp. Year, very dull; Oct., the finest month; temp. low
from deficiency of sunshine (Ketton Hall). Rainfall, slightly below
av. of 5 yrs. (Uppingham): min. rainfall, Ryhall, ht., 1 ft. 2 ins. ;
25°20 ins., on 127 days: max., Market Overton, ht., 11 ins; 29°04
ins., on 222 days. Min. temps., Ketton Hall, alt., 130 ft.; Dee.
7th, -11°:* Burley, Dec. 2nd and 7th, 9°: Uppingham, alt., 484
ft.; Dec. 2nd, 15°°5.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 22 (1), 16 (2), 5(3), total at 2 places.

REPORTS.

1. DerBysHIRE—ASHBOURNE, Ashbourne Hall.—Mrs. Frank.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep loam ; subsoil, gravel.

Alt. and Haposure—500 ft.; S. and E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Cheadle, dist., 9 ms.; alt., 647 ft.; ht. 1 ft. ;
36°83 ins., on 182 days].

* Mr. Symons observes on this temp. (Month. Met. Mag. Jan. 1880, p. 185)
** There can be little doubt that it is entitled to the pusition [of heading the list
of low temps. ] but the therm. was not verified, and we do not know exactly how
it was placed. Mr. Coventry writes as follows ~‘ The therm. was in an exposed
position and observed by one of our gardeners to register — 11°, of the correct -
ness of which I have no doubt. I have compared the therm. I observed in Dec.
with Rutherford’s and Phillips’s, and I find both agree.’ ”’

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. Te

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2nd, and lasted 98
days, viz., 14 in Nov., 27 in Dec., 23 in Jan., 14 in Feb., 14 in
March, 4 in April, 1 in May, and 1 in June.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Dec. 7th ?], 9°: [Belper, dist., 12 ms. ;
alt., 354 ft.; Dec. 7th, 4°: Hopton Hall, dist.,8ms.; Jan. 29th, 5°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —14 (1), 10 (2), 4 (3)—Ampelopsis
hederacea, 1. Apples, young grth. kd., 3. | Aucuba japonica,
(shooting from roots, Nov. 20, 1880) 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Cal-
luna vulgaris, white, H. aspect, 1. Cytisus albus, 2.. Elder, red-
berried, 1. Escallonia macrantha, W. asp., 1. Euonymus, silver
edged, W. asp., 2. Filberts, 3. Heather, white, or Ling, E. asp., 1
Holly, 2; Do., golden edged, 1. Ivy, common English, E. asp., 2;
Do. palmated, of yrs. standing, in various asp.,1; Do., Irish, large-
leaved, in E. asp., i. Jasminium officinale, 2. Laurel, common, 2 ;
Do., Portugal, 2. Lime, 3. Nectarines and Peaches, on 8. and W.
walls, 1. Pinus Strobus (Weymouth P.), exposed on E., 1. Plums,
Golden drop and Washington, on W. wall, 2. Roses, Gloire de Dijon,
fine plants, on S. E. wall, 20 ft., 1; Do., Pink China, 2.—Tritoma
uvaria, sheltered, 1. Wallflowers, in all asp., except under S. wall,
1. Yew, 3.

Plants uninjured — Yew, neither the Golden-edged or Irish were
touched in the most exposed places.

Observations—Hollies, some escaped injury alongside of others
that were killed nearly to the ground. Those in the most sheltered
places were injured the most. We have scarcely a Holly left out
of dozens of fine plants 10 to 12 ft. high. Some were killed in to
the main stem, others within a foot of the ground. The Golden-edged
Holly killed was in a place sheltered from all cutting winds. —

2. BeLper.—Mr. W. Moure.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, inclining to sand, rather poor but dry.

Alt. and Hxposure—354 ft.; very bare and exposed to cold E.
winds, but not much to frost.

Rainfall, 1875—35-83 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 16th to Feb. 1880.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, ht., 34 ft., 4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 1 (e\ =dricanoli of 1400 plants,
90 p.c., 1. Holly, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 12 plants, 1.

Observations—With the exception of the above, we have escaped
very well; not having lost a single Rose. In general (with few ex-

78 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

ceptions) round about this neighbourhood trees and shrubs have
escaped wonderfully. |

3. BorrowasH, Elvaston Castle.*—“ T. B.”

Gen. Char. of Soil—Moist.

Alt. and Exposure—[200 ? ft.: Trent Coll., dist., 4 ms. ; alt., 120
ft.]; air, moist.

Rainfall, 1879—[Spondon, dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 262 ft.; ht., 7 ins. ;
31°58 ins., on 191 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 7th ?] about -10° [too low ? Trent
Coll., alt., 120 ft.; dist., 4 ms. ; -3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 7 (2), 7 (3)—Abies Douglasii, 3.
Araucaria imbricata, 2, 3. Cedrus Deodara, lost leaves, 3; C. Libani,
do., 8. Furze, single and fl. pl., kd. to grd, 2. Hollies, green, gold
and silver vars.,. Cunninghamii, Queen, maderensis, Milkmaid, many
20 ft. high, many, 1, 2. Juniperus chinensis, female, 2 (male, un-
hurt). Laurel, Portugal, 50 yrs. old, and clipped hedges, all, 1.
Menziesias, 1. Mulberry, 40 yrs. old, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pinus
Coulteri, 2; P. insignis, 19 yrs., all, 1; P. macrocarpa, rather more
than P. Coulteri, 2. Sequoia gigantea, one 8 ft. in girth, 1, 2, 3.
Walnuts, 40 yrs. old, 1. Yew, 3.

4, BorrowasH, Manor House.—Mr. G. H. Wright.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A shallow brown loam, with gravel subsoil.

Rainfall, 1879—[Spondon, dist., 14 ms. ; alt., 262 ft.; ht., 7ins, ;
31°58 ins., on 191 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Trent Coll., dist., 4 ms.; alt., 120 ft. ;
Dec. 6th, -3°: Belper, dist., 9 ms., N.; alt., 354 ft.; Dec. 7th, 4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 17 (1), 17 (2), 9 (8)—Abies Dou-
glasii, 3.. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis Dar-
winii, in damp situation, 1; elsewhere, 2. Ceanothus azureus, 1.
Cedrus atlantica, in shade, 1; C. Deodara, 3. Cistus ladaniferus, 1.
Cotoneaster microphylla, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Cupressus
Lawsoniana, where shaded, 3; C. L. alba spica, 3; C. macrocarpa, 1.
Cytisus albus, 1; C. purpureus, damp place, 2. Daphne indica,
rubra, 2. Euonymus japonicus, ovatus aureus, on 8. wall, 1. Furze,
fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica, on E. wall, 2. Hollies, vars., especially
where shaded, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, in 8. aspect, 1. Laurel,
common, 1, 2,3; Do., colchica, 1, 2, 3; L. Portugal, 1, 2; all

* From The Gard. Chron., 1880, p. 748.

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 79

suffered most where shaded. Ligustrum vulgare, sempervirens, 2.
Lithospermum prostratum, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, on W. wall, 2.
Pampas grass, 1. Picea Lowiana, 2; P. Pinsapo, exposed, 1; shel-
tered, 3. Pinus insignis, 1. Retinospora lycopodioides, in wet situa-
tion, 1. Roses, on Manetti and Standards, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.
Thymus citriodorus aureus, on rockwork, 2. Veronica salicifolia, 1.

Observations — Fruit (1880), Apricots bore half-crops only;
Apples on Pyramids, good; Currants, Black, poor; but Red and
White, good; Gooseberries, good; Peaches, none; Plums, good on
some trees; others bore half-crops only; Raspberries and Straw-
berries, good.

5. CHESTERFIELD, Ringwood Hall.—Mr. H. Smale.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy loam, with clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—400 ft., very exposed to cold cutting winds.

Rainfall, 1879—Year, very rainy, 27°53 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Sept. 30th to May 7th.

Min. Temp. and Date — Dec. 7th, 0°: [Hodsock, dist., 12 ms.,
N.E. ; -5°8].

Plants injured, 1879-80—16 (1), 5 (2), 1 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 2. Arbutus, all, 1. Aucuba, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cauliflowers, 1.
Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Huonymus, all, 1. Fennel, 1. Holly, gold
and silver, 3. Hydrangea, 1. Ivy, variegated, where exposed
to N., 1. Laurel, Bay, all, 1. Laurel, common, young growth
killed where exposed to wind, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Lavander, 1.
Pampas grass, 1. Parsley, 1. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses, many, 1.
Sage, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 1. Tritoma, 1.

6. CromrorD, Willersley.—Mr. J. Tissington.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clayey.

Alt. and Hxposure—140 ft.

Rainfall, 1879 — 38 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 25th [Dec. 7th ?], 2°: (Belper,
dist., 7 ms., S.E.; Dec. 7th, 4°: Trent Col., dist., 19 ms., S.E.; Dee.
7th, -3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —2 (1), 5 (2), 2 (3)—Clematis Jack-
manni, kd. to grd. 2. Daisies, 1. Hollies, thickly planted, 3.
Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, common, 2. Lonicera japonica,
kd. to grd., 2. Roses, Stands, on briars, 1, 2; on Manettis, 3.

Observations — Hollies, where planted thickly, lost many shoots ;
but those standing in the open were not injured. Roses, ours were

80 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

not destroyed to the extent that some situated at a lower level’ were.
Vegetables, these did not grow to half their usual size in consequence
of the cold and wet summer.

7. WirxswortH, Hopton Hall.—Mr. G. Bolas.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous, being entirely on limestone.

Alt. and Exposure — (Holloway, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 500 ft.].
Well sheltered from N. E. and N. W. by hills and trees. Westerly
hurricanes are broken in the distance by a grove of Beech trees.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Holloway, ht., 1 ft. 1 in. ; 38-97 ins., on 178
days]. There were 113 wet days, including 17 heavy rains.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 11th, to March 20th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Belper, dist., 7 ms., S.E. ; alt., 344 ft. ;
Dec. 7th, 4°]: Jan. 19th, 28th and 29th, 5° : [Buxton, dist., 17 ms.,
N.W.; alt., 990 ft.; Dec. 7th, -3°8; Jan. 28th, 129-1].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 8 (1), 18 (2), 13 (8) — Ampelopsis
bipinnata, on wall, 2. Apricots, 5 large trees on S. E. wall, 1. Arti-
choke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 3. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba,
vars., 3. Broccolis, Coolings [?] matchless, 3; Leamington, 3;
Sutton’s late Queen, 3; Veitch’s self-protecting, 2—Buddlea globosa,
1. Ceanothus americanus, on wall, 2; C. dentatus, on wall, 2. Ceras-
tiums, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, on wall, 3. Cistus, gum, 1.
Escallonia macrantha, on wall, 3. Euonymus, vars., on wall, 2.
Fraxinella, 2: Garrya elliptica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 3. Lavander, old
plants, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Ligustrum japonicum, 3. Lilium
candidum, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, on wall, 3. Marrubium vul-
gare, (Horehound), 1. Mentha Pulegium (Penny-royal), 2. Pampas
erass, 2. Passiflora coerulea, on wall, 1. Pernettya, vars., 3. Pole-
monium cceruleum, varieg., 2. Rosemary, 2. Roses, Dwfs., 6 p. c.,
3; Stands, 5p.c,1; 3 p.c, 3. Rue, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 3:
Schizostylis coccinea, 2. Spartium junceum, 3. Taxodium sem-
pervirens, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Viburnum Awafurki, 3. Vine,
purple-leaved, on wall, 2. Yucca filamentosa, 2.

Plants uninjured — Cherries, Conifers, e.g. Balm of Gilead
(Picea balsamea), 3 yrs. old, made extraordinary growth in exposed
situations, Larches, Spruces.—Plums, Roses (climbing devoniensis).

Observations — Ampelopsis, various sorts have.done badly and
made short growth. Veitch’s was cut down by early frost which
shrivelled up the foliage in aday. Apricots, wet oozed out of the
morter encrusting the branches. Arundo conspicua, has made good

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 81

growth, but not flowered. Cherries, on walls bore first-rate crops
with no protection, though failures elsewhere around. Chimonan-
thus and Clematis, on wall, have failed to flower. Euonymus, though
kd. to grd., has made-fine growth. Pears, on walls, and pyramids,
did nothing. Plums, on walls, gave first-rate crops, no protection.
Tritomas, not fid. Tropzeolum speciosum, fid. profusely and made
fine growth in all situations but best on S. wall. Roses, escaped
better than any yet observed; they were covered with snow till the
thaw. They were then for some time 6 ins. in water, but uninjured ;
Climbing Roses (esp. devoniensis) on 8. wall, made extraordinary
growth, were not in the least injured and fld. well. Vegetables, all
kinds have run very much the last 2 years, esp. early Celery. Kales
produced all sorts of forms. Yuccas, weak in growth. (Dec. 6th, 1880).

1. LeicrsTERSHIRE—ASHBY-DE-LA-ZoucnH, Staunton Harold.—Mr.
J. Macaulay.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A loamy clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—250 to 300 ft.; 8. BE,

Rainfall, 1879 — [Burton-on-Trent, dist., 7 ms.; alt., 160 ft.;
ht., 1 ft.; 28-96 ins., on 208 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 24th, [7th ?] 0°: [Trent College,
dist., 9 ms.; alt., 120 ft.; Dec. 6th, -3°: Burton-on-Trent, alt., 160
ft. ; Dec. 7th, 5°: Loughborough, dist., 10 ms. ; alt., 169 ft.; Dee.
2nd and 7th, 19-5}.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 11 (1), 12 (2), 2 (8) — Apples, 2.
Apricots, 2. Asparagus, in very wet soil, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2.
Broccoli, 1, Cabbage, autumn planted, 1. Cedrus Deodara, in damp
place, 1. “Celery, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus japo-
nicus, aureus, 1,2; E. j. marginatus, 1; E. j. latifolius albus, 3.
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. _Laurus-
tinus, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Quercus Ilex, one nearly kd. 2; Q.
austriaca sempervirens, 2. Roses, 1, 2, 3. Walnut, 2.

2. Borresrorp, Belvoir Castle.~ Mr. W. Ingram.

Gen. Char. of Soil — Middle Lias, or Marl stone, resulting in a
ferruginous soil. Lower Lias clay, modified and often mixed with
the above calcareous soil.

Alt. and Exposure—From 200 to 400 ft.; pleasure ground being
350 to 400 ft.; kitchen garden, 237 ft.; generally sheltered by tall
timber trees and extensive woods.

82 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Rainfall, 1879—26-90 ins. ; average of 10 years, 24°50 ins. ; for
last 5 years, 28-44 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Noy. 13th to Jan. 30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, ht. 4 ft., 0°; 3rd, 9°; 4th,
10°; 5th and 6th, 9°; 7th, 1°; 8th, 5°: on the grass, Dec. 2nd,
-0°5; Dec. 7th, 0°-4 [Coston, dist., 8 ms., S.; alt., 300 ft.; Dee.
2nd, -4°°5].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 14 (1), 16 (2), 13 (3) — Araucaria
imbricata, in low grd., near water, 1. Arundo conspicua, 1. Arti-
choke, globe, many 1, 2. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba, many kd. to
erd., 2. Azara microphylla, 3. Bambusa Metake, 3. Berberis
Darwinii, 3. Broccoli, 1, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2,3; C. Libani, on
sheltered spots, 3. Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 1.
Eryngium pandanifolium, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus
japonicus, ovatus, aureus, &c., 1; EH. radicans varieg., 1. Fig, 2.
Holly, 3. Kale, hardy, 2. Laurel, Bay, in damp places, 2. Laurel,
common, 3. Laurustinus, on dry bank, exposed to S., 3. Lavander, 1.
Lithospermum prostratum, 3. Lonicera fragrantissima, 2. Magnolia
grandiflora, lost many leaves, 3; (is shooting vigorously ; was more
injured in 1860). Ophiopogon spiculosum, 3. Pampas grass, 1, 2.
Penstemon, vars.,1. Phormium tenax, 1. Rosemary, 1. Roses on
briars, about 80 p.c., 1; others, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Sparaxis
pulcherrima, 2. Strawberries, 3; Hericault de Thury, most injured
(showing that French sorts are less hardy). ‘Thyme, 3. Tritoma
uvaria, 2. Yew, in damp places, 2.

Plants uninjured — Araucaria imbricata, on elevated ground;
Aucubas and Azara microphylla, scarcely injured on dry banks ;
Cedrus Deodara, where elevated; Bay Laurels, quite hardy on un-
sheltered ground; Pampas grass was not destroyed on dry banks;
Yew, in dry places.

3. Leicester, Barkby Hall.—Mr. J. Lansdell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light here, but in the immediate neighbour-
hood, a heavy clay soil.

Alt. and Exposure—[212 ft.] Open on W., but protected on N. E.
and §., by trees.

Rainfall, 1879—[Ht., 1 in. ; 26-46 ins., on 186 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 13th to 17th; 20th
to Dec. 14th; 17th to 28th (temp. from 30° to 20°); Jan. 13th to
31st ; Feb. 9th to 14th.

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 83

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 0°; Dec. 7th, 2°: [Birstal,
dist., 3 ms.; alt., 250 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°: Leicester, dist., 4 ms. ;
alt., 237 ft. ; Dec. 2nd, 3°; 7th, 4°-3; Jan. 20th, 18°6 ; 29th, 17°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 12 (1), 9 (2), 4 (3)—Aucubas, 1, 2.
Clematis montana, trained on arches, 1. Hollies, many, 2, 3. Honey-
suckle, trd. to arches, 1, 2, 3. Laurel, Bay, cut to grd., 2. Laurel,
common, cut to grd., 2; Do. Portugal, many 20 ft. high, 20 to 27 ft.
diam., 1, 2,3. Lavander, large old plants, many, 1, 2. Rosemary,
old plant, 1. Roses—Belle Lyonnaise (climber), 1, 2; Briars for
budding, 65 p. c., 1; 45 p. c., kd. to grd., 2: Celine Forestiére, 1, 2.
Cheshunt Hyb. (climber), 1, 2; Dwfs., all wrapped up in long stable
litter (25) 1, (9) 2, (955) 3; Gloire de Dijon, (10) 1, (5) 2; Maré-
chal Niel (29) 1, 2 (see below); Niphetos (climbers), 1,2; Reve
d’Or, (5) from 10 to 15 ft. high, 1; Standards, (420) 1, (113) 2,
(320) 3. Sages, nearly all, 1. Thyme, a large bed of old plants,
nearly all, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

Observations—Hollies, 78 had to be cut down; most of them have
broken out again nicely. Roses, Maréchal Niel, 29 killed, nearly all
on walls; they were all covered with straw and a thick mulching of
long manure. Those not killed were cut to grd., but have since
grown well (Jan. 7th, 1881).

4, Leicester, Birstal Hill—F. T. Mott, Esq., F.R.G.S.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Good, a rather stiff loam; subsoil, Boulder
drift-clay with pockets of sand.

Alt. and Exposure—About 250 ft. Surface nearly flat, being a
table-land about 70 ft. above the river valley, with a very slight slope
to N. E. The garden is partially protected on N. by the house
and some tall Elm trees.

Rainfall, .1879—Average yearly Rainfall is about 28 inches:
[Leicester, Mus., alt., 238 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 27-65 ins., on 210 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Began Noy. 13th ; about
22°; then snow, frost and thaw alternately, till Dec. lst; when a
frost with temp. below 20° set in for a week. Then, snow, frost and
thaw, again, alternately, till Jan. 18th, 1880, when there was another
fortnight of hard frost, followed by 6 weeks of dull raw weather.

Min. Temp. and Date — Dec. 2nd to 7th, every morning at
8-30 a.m., 10° [See (3) Barkby, dist., 3 ms. ; Leicester, dist., 2 ms.].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 3 (1), 11 (2), 13 (8) —Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Aucuba, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. dulcis, 3. Biota

84. INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-90.

orientalis, aurea, 3. Castanea vesca, 3. Cistus ladaniferus, 3. Coto-
neaster Simonsii, 2. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3. Cytisus, white and
yellow Broom, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 1. Gooseberries, 3. Holly, 2
Ivy, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. var. caucasica, 3; Do. Portugal,
3. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Ligustrum vulgare,
3. Mulberry, young tree, 1. Roses, 2. Spartium junceum, 2.
Spirea, several shrubby species, 3. Ulmus stricta (?), 3. Yew,
many outer shoots, browned, 3.

Plants uninjured—Andromeda floribunda, Apples, ee Azaleas,
Cherries, Currants, Cytisus Laburnum, Kalmia latifolia, Liriodendron
tulipifera, Pears, Plums, Raspberries, Rhododendrons (white and
lilac), and Walnuts.

Observations —Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum), Tree Ivy,
Common Laurel, some plants of Laurustinus, and Leycesteria for-
mosa, though killed to the ground, have shot up again (Oct. 17, 1880).

5. LoucuBoroveu.—Mr. W. Tillerton.

_ Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy, a sandy gravel, medium, and clay.

Alt. and Exposure — [Victoria Street, 169 ft.] ; N. winds pre-
vailed through most of the winter.

Rainfall, 1879—[Victoria St., ht., 10 ins. ; 26°15 ins, on 184 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 2nd and 8th, 1°95}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—25 (1), 37 (2), 26 (8)—Antirrhinum,
1,2. Apples, late sorts, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 2, 3. Arbutus,
1, 2. Artichoke, globe, 1, 2. Aucuba, 1, 2. Berberis sp., 1, 2, 3.
Blackberry, 1, 2, 3. Broccoli, 1, 2. Brussels sprouts, 2, 3. Cab-
bages, 1, 2, 3. Carnations, 2, 3. Cauliflower, 1. Cedrus Deodara,
1, 2, 3. Cineraria acanthifolia, 1, 2. Cryptomeria japonica, 2, 3.
Furze, 1,2. Helianthus, hardy, 1,2. Helleborus, 3. Hollies, 1
(mostly on side), 2, 3. Ivy, sorts, 2,3. Jasminum, 2, 3. | Kale,
curled, 1, 2. Larch, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 2, 3;
Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 1,2. Lavander, 1, 2,3. Nectarines,
2, 3. Peaches, 2, 3. Phillyrea, 2. Privet, 1, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2,
3. Rosemary, 1, 2,.3. Roses, 1, 2.. ‘Rue, 1,2, 3. Sage, to
Stocks, Brompton, 1, 2, 3. Thyme, 1,2. Vines, 3. Wallflowers,
1,2. Walnuts, 2, 3.

Observations—Apples, late growth not having ripened, accounts
for their injury. Common Laurels, a whole hedge 40 or 50 yrds.
long had to be cut to the ground; and much larger ones on clay
land. The winter’s effects have been especially noticeable this

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 85

spring, where the soil is wetter. Some trees have suffered very
much while others of the same kind have been scarcely at all in-
jured only a few yards distant ; as water is much nearer to surface
in some places than others.

6. Lurrerworts, Cotesbach Hall.—Mr. E. Hunstone.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong ; subsoil varying between sand and clay.

Alt. and Hxposure — (Rugby, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 383 ft.]. Flat
and open.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Rugby, 29°11 ins., on 188 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 6th, 0° [Rugby, dist., 4 ms. ; 392].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 8 (2), 1 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, many 1, 2. Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba japonica, 1, 2.
Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. stenophylla, 2. Broccoli, all sorts, 1.
Brussels sprouts, 3. Cabbages, Savoy, 2. Holly, 2. Laurel, Bay,
1. Laurel, common, kd. to grd., shooting from stump, 2; L. Por-
tugal, 2. lLaurustinus, 1. Mahonia Fortunei, 1; M. japonica, 1.
Quercus Ilex, 2.

Observation —Every vegetable and herb in the kitchen garden
was injured more or less.

7. Mretton Mowsray, Coston.—Rey. A. M. Rendell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A cold clay (Lias).

Alt. and Hxposure—About 300 ft. ; somewhat exposed in every
direction; but least, to N.EK. The ground slopes from N.E. to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft.; 29°37 ins., on 207 days.

Date of Onset and Seitation of Prose Net 13th to Dee. o7th ;
with a few days, temp. above 32°; Jan. 3rd to Feb. 2nd, 1880.

Min. Temps. and Mates athe. 2nd, -4°°5 : [Belvoir Castle, dist.,
8 ms., N.; alt., 237 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 0°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —8 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3)—Cabbages, 1.
Cedrus Deodara, 1. Crategus Pyracantha, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1.
Holly, one plant only, 1. Laurel, common, 1, 2; L. Portugal, 1,
2. Yew, common, 3; Irish, 1, 3.

Plants uninjured — Hollies.

Observations—The trees and shrubs greatly injured, (2) were kd.
to grd., but have since sprouted.

1. LincoLNsHIRE — GAINSBOROUGH, Gate Burton. — Mr. 8. Ste-
phenson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, but principally a strong clay.

86 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Alt. and Exposure—96 ft.; exposed to E. and W. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 3 ft. 6 ins. ; 24°16 ins., on 164 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —[Frost very severe first
wk. of Dec. and end of Jan., in Lincolnshire]. }
Min. Temps. and Dates — [Lincoln, dist., 10 ms., 8. E. ; alt.,
25 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 5°; 3rd, 9°; 4th and 5th, 7°; 6th, 9°; 7th, 0°:
Osberton, dist., 12 ms., W.; Dec. 7th, -5°: Kelstern, dist., 22 ms.,

E.; alt., 388 ft.; Dec. 7th, 59-8; Jan. 29th, 169-9].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 7 (2), 5 (3)—Apples, 2. Apri-
cots, 3. Asparagus, 2. Box, 3. Broccoli, 1. Cabbages, Savoy &c.,
1. Cauliflower, 1. Holly, 3; Do. variegated, 2. Ivy, 2. Laurel,
common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Oaks, 3. Peaches, 2. Roses, Stands.,
1. Sequoia gigantea, 3.

2. Grimspy.—Mr. J. M. Lundie.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very heavy and clayey, but in a few places
light and loamy.

- Alt. and Exposure —100 ft., rising to 300 ft., in the wolds, 9 ms.
dist. from the coast. Bleak and exposed to cutting E. winds.

Rainfall, 1879— 185 ins. [Aylesby, dist., 4 ms. W.; ht.,
2 ft.; 27.22 ins., on 199 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From end of Nov. lasting,
with intervals, for two months. [Dec. was cold and dry till close,
when it became mild and moist].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[{ Dec. 7th ?] 8°: [Kelstern, dist., 8 ms.
?, S.; alt., 388 ft.; Dec. 7th, 5°83; Jan. 29th, 1699 : Killingholme,
dist., 8 ms., N.; alt., 60 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°5; Jan. 29th, 21°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —15 (1), 5 (2), 5 (8)- Bulbous
plants, rotted through, by wet of 1879; Crocus, 10 p.c,1; Hya-
cinths, 20 p.c., 1; Lilies, Narcissi and Snowdrops, 5 p.c.,1; Tu-
lips, 30 p.c., 1; and 5 p.c., 3. Cereals, Barley, Wheat, Oats and
field crops, 40 p. c., 1; im some cases had to be resown on account
of the wet and frost. Flowers—These did not suffer much from
frost, but blossomed poorly on account of the wet. Fruit trees—
Apples, Currants, Gooseberries, Pears and Plums did poorly from
wet; also damaged by hail and frost in the spring during blos-
soming, 5 p. c., 3. Forest trees—Alder, Ash, Beech, Birch, Chest-
nut, Elm, Fur, Hazel, Oak, Plane, Sycamore, Willow, Yew, did not
on the whole suffer, but a few young saplings were killed. Roses,
of common, fancy and variegated sorts, 60 p.c., 1; 10 p.c, 2; suf-

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 87

fered more than any thing from the severe hail-storms and frost in
the spring. Shrubs—Laurel, common, 30 plants, 1; Laurustinus,
1, 2; Sequoia gigantea, 3; Thujas, 3. Vegetables—Cabbages &c.,
15 p. ¢., were nipped by the frost.

3. Hornoastte, Hemingby.—Mr. E. 8. Bengough.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam and gravel; subsoil, mostly
a white clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—In a shallow valley of the wolds, running
N.N. W. and §.58. E.

Rainfall, 1879 — (Horncastle, dist., 3 ms., Queen Street; alt,
100 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 31-01 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 22nd to Dec. 28th;
Jan. 19th to Feb. 5th. —

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, -0°-5 [Bucknall, dist., 6 ms.,
S.E. ; alt., 150 ft.; Dec. 7th, 0°: Bloxholm, dist., 16 ms., S.W.;
alt., 20 ft.; Dec. 7th, -6°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 6 (2), 2 (83)—Amaryllis Bella-
donna, no firs, 1880, 3. Aucuba japonica, 2. Broccoli, 2. Cauli-
flower, 2, 3. Laurel, common, some planted in Aug., 1; others, 2;
Do. Portugal, 2. Lonicera sempervirens, kd. to grd., 2. Pampas
erass, newly planted, 1. Roses, Gloire de Dijon, old; 1 in. diam.,
over a trellis, 1. Yew, one closely clipped, 1.

Observations — Portugal Laurel, did not show signs of injury
but the foliage began to fall in the spring; and most of them had to
be cut down to the ground.

4, Stearorp, Bloxholm.—Mr. D. Lumsden.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous.

Alt. aad Hxposure—20 ft.; not exposed, but suffer much from
late spring frost.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. ; 31°64 ins., on 161 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Noy. 21st, continuing to
Dec. 28th. :

Min. Temp. and Date — Dec. 2nd, -3°; 7th, 6°. Never below
zero, since the winter, 1860-61. :

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 21 (2), 5 (3)—Abies Morinda, 2.
Apples, 2. Araucaria imbricata, fine trees, 1. Arbutus Unedo, 1.
Aucuba japonica, male and female, kd. to grd., but starting again, 2.
Arundo conspicua, 2. Box, 3. Broom, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Coto-
neaster microphylla, 2. Cryptomeria japonica, 3. Euonymus japo-

88 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

nicus, variegated, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Holly, common, 2; Do.,
variegated, 1. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, com-
mon, 40 ft. by 20 ft., 1,2; Do. Portugal, 1, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2.
Lavander, 1. Ligustrum vulgare, 2; L. v. ovalifolium, 1. Loni-
cera brachypoda, aureo-reticulata, 1. Magnolia, 1. Pampas grass,
2. Pears, 2. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2; P. latifolia, 2. Plums, 2.
Quercus Ilex, fine trees, 100 yrs., 50 ft., 1; Q. Suber, 2. Taxodium
sempervirens, 3. Walnut, no fruit, 1880, 2. Yew, 40 ft., 1, 2, 3.

Observations — Fruit trees, bore very little fruit. Hollies, the
destruction amongst these and other trees and shrubs was greatest
where they were most sheltered and the ground moist; of the com-
mon Green Hollies, those laden with berries were killed but those
without berries did not seem to be quite destroyed though very much |
injured; the variegated specimens killed were 40 ft. high.

1. NorriIngHAMsHIRE — Newark, Coddington Hall. — Mr. W.
Maher.

Gen. Char. of Soil — Variable, from a light sandy loam to stiff
clay with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—About 120 ft. ; on the top of a hill exposed
to N.E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Oxton, dist., 12 ms., W.; ht., 9 ins.; 31:10
ins. |.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 12th [7th ?] -1° [Highfield, Not-
tingham, dist., 18 ms., 8.W. ; Dec. 7th, ht., 4 ft.; -2°3; on snow,
-5°-3: Ollerton, dist., 13 ms., N.W.; alt., 175 ft. ?; Dec. 7th, -2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 6 (2), 1 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Broccolis—Adam’s early White,
Cattell’s Eclipse, Knight’s Protecting, Leamington, all, 1. Figs, 2.
Holly, 2. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, common, kd. to grd.,
2; Do. Portugal, kd. to grd. 2. Laurustinus, 1. Roses, Stands.,
most of them, 1,2. Yew, 3.

Observations — The Laurels, Bay, common and Portugal, are
springing again from the ground.

2. Worxsop, Hodsock Priory.—H. Mellish, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Red Sandstone.

Alt. and Exposure—53 ft. ; the garden is a good deal surrounded
by wood. It has two small ponds and various streams in and around
it.

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 89

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. ; 26°28 ins., on 197 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Frost was most severe
from Dec. Ist to 18th, and the temp. was 20 times below 20° in Dec.
The mean daily max. was 389-9: the mean min., 229-8. The second
period was from Jan. 14th to 31st.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, -5°'8. Jan. 21st, 19-6; on
grass, 16th, -4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—29 (1), 30 (2), 13 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 1. Apricots, 1. Araucaria imbri-
cata, 3. Arbutus, 1, 2. Aristolochia Sipho, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2.
Asparagus, 1. Aucuba japonica, 1, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1, 2; B.
stenophylla, 2. Box, 3. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cab-
bages, 3. Carnations, 1. Catalpa syringeefolia, 2. Cauliflowers, 1.
Cedrus Deodara, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 3. Cryptomeria japo-
nica, 3. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 1; ©. macrocarpa, 1. Daphne
Cneorum, 1. LEscallonia macrantha, 1. Huonymus, 2. Figs, 2.
Furze, 2; and fi. pl., 1. Holly, 2. Hydrangeas, 2. Hypericum
calycinum, 2. Ivy, large plants in some places, 1. Jasminum offi-
cinale, 3; J. large white flowered, 1. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurel, common, kd. to grd., revived, 2; Do. var. caucasica, 2; Do.
Portugal, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Ligustrum japonicum, 1. Lonicera
fragrantissima, 2; L. japonica, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Mul-
berry, standard, 3. Myrtle, 1. Nectarines, 3. Oaks, 3. Paonia
Moutan, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Parsley, 2. Peaches, 3. Picea
Pinsapo, 3. Quercus Lex, kd. to grd.,2. Quince, 1. Rosemary, 1.
Roses, climbing and dwfs., on Manetti, (protected with bracken and
yew boughs) very few 1; both H.P.’s and Teas being kd. togrd., 2;
Stands., 1; a very fine devoniensis and two large Reve d’Or budded
above grd., and 1 or 2 Gloire de Dijon, 1. Salisburia, 2. Santolina
incana, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 1, 2. Tamarix, 2. Wallflowers, 1.
Walnut, 3. Weigela alba, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 3. Yew, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Acacia (pink), Acer Negundo
variegata, Almond, Cedrus Deodara (young plants protected by snow),
Cornus (silver variegated), Cryptomeria elegans, Irish Ivy (in some ~
places), Liriodendron, Mulberry against a wall, Picea nobilis, P.
Nordmanniana, Pinus Cembra, Retinospora, Sequoia gigantea (old
tree), Skimmia japonica, Thuja aurea, T. gigantea, Thujopsis
borealis.

N

90 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

1. Rurtanp—Oaxuay, Burley-on-the-Hill—Mr. W. Temple.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong and retentive.

Alt. and Haposure—High, on the side of a hill.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1-ft.; 28°46 ins., on 160 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Oct. 15th to June 5th,
1880; 112 days below freezing point.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd and 7th, 9° [Coston, dist.,
6 ms., N.W.; alt., 300 ft.; Dec. 2nd, -4°5: Ketton, dist., 7 ms.,
S.E. ; alt., 130 ft.; Dec. 7th, -11°°0: Uppingham, dist., 6 ms., 8. ;
alt., 484 -ft.; Dec. 2nd, 159-5].

Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 4 (8)—Aucuba japonica, parts
of shoots kd., 3. Broccoli, 1. ‘‘ Hardy greens,” 3. Magnolia, 3.
Roses, pts. of shoots kd., 3.

2. StamrorD, Ketton Hall —Fred. Coventry, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A clayey loam on limestone.

Alt. and Haposure — 130 ft.; ina valley running E. and W.;
-west of rivers Chater and Welland.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. ; 25°92 ins., on 170 days.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 6th, -11° [See Meteor. Obs., p. 76].

Plants injured, 1879-80—21 (1), 16 (2), 1 (3)—Aloysia citri-
odora, 1. Apricots, 2, Arbutus Andrachne, 1; A. Unedo, 1.
Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba japonica, 1; Do. variegata, 1. Ber-
beris Darwinii, 1. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, all, 1. Brussels sprouts,
all, 1. Cabbages, all, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1; C. Libani, 2. Celery,
2. Cistus, gum, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2; C. Simonsii, 2.
Crateegus Pyracantha, 3. Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Escallonia
Ingrami, 2; EH. macrantha, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Figs, on
wall, kd. to grd., 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Holly, 2; Do. variegated,
2. Ivy, 2; Ditto variegated, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Laurel, Bay,
1. Laurel, common, 1; L. Portugal, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 1.
Pampas grass, 1. Parsley, 2. Poplars, Lombardy, 1. Roses, dwfs.,
on Manetti, 1; H. P.’s, on own roots, kd. to grd., 2; Stands on dog,
1. Tea, 1; &c. on wall, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.

Observations—Sequoia gigantea, fine trees, in a very uncertain
state for a long time, have recovered; small trees have been killed
entirely.

91

DIVISION VIIIL—N. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM CHESHIRE
AND LANCASHIRE.

CuEsHIRE. A cold sunless year (Bostock, Cholmondeley, Hin-
derton, &c.). Rainfall, near av.; last 3 months being very dry
(Pulford, Astle Hall, &c.); 14:6 p.c. above av. of 17 yrs., (Neston).
Min. rainfall, Chester (shot tower), alt., 227 ft. ; ht., 160ft. ; 17-60ins.,
onl139 days: max., Woodhead Res., alt., 680 ft.; ht., 10 ins. ; 46°62
ins., on 212 days. Fruit and veg. crops a month later than usual
(Cholmondeley). Green crops deficient in quant. and qual. (Pulford).
Temps., E.. Cheshire, mean temp. of yr., Macclesfield, 29-5 below av.
Min. temps., Cheadle [Dec. 7th?], below 0°; Jan. 29th, 15°6:
Congleton, Dec. 5th, heavy snow storm; 6th, 4°. W. Cheshire, Ches-
ter, alt., 64 ft.; Dec. 5th, 1694: Neston, alt., 218 ft.; Dec. 4th,
19°-5 : Bidstone, alt., 180 ft.; Dec. 2nd and 4th, 22°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —18 (1), 28 (2), 8 (8), total at 3
places.

LaneasHire. Rainfall, heavy during summer; Oct., Nov. and
Dec., dry (Allerton, Withington); 3°5 ins. below av. (Rochdale) :
excessive in June, July, Aug.; but not above av. (Crooke Hall).
Min. rainfall, Gorton, alt., 263 ft.; 30°66 ins.: max., Bridge End
(Little Langdale), alt., 385 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ; 96-62 ins., on 168 days.
All crops bad, def. in quant. and quality (Crooke Hall). Fruit crop,
large but difficult to ripen (Holker Gardens). Min. temps., Black-
pool, alt., 30 ft.; Dec. 5th, 4°: Garstang, alt., 58 ft.; Dec. 4th, 5°:
Worsley [Dec. 7th ?] 8°: Manchester, alt., 194 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°:
Cartmel (Holker Hall), alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 4th, 11°: Stoneyhurst, alt.,
382 ft.; Dec. 7th, 129-9: Bolton, alt., 481 ft.; Dec. 7th, 135:
Liverpool, Dec. 4th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 18 (1), 16 (2), 6 (8), total at 2
places.

92 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

REpPorTSs.

1. CHEsHiRE—MAancHEsTER, Cheadle.—Mr. R. Mackillar.

Gen. Char. of Soil— A brown loam; in some cases resting on
gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—[Altringham, dist., 5 ms.; 115 ft.] low and
sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879 — 31:86 ins. ; min., Nov., 1°91 ins.; max., Aug.,
5:09 ins. ; total below average.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—About Nov. 26th to Jan.
30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 7th ?] below 0°: [Manchester,
dist., 6 ms., N.; alt., 194 ft.; Dec. 7th, 10°] Jan. 17th to 24th,
severe.

Plants injured, 1878-79 and 1879-80 —7 (1), 10 (2)—Aucuba
_ Japonica, 2. Box, 1, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Holly,
1,2. Laurel, common, kd. to grd., 2; Do. Portugal, kd. to grd., 2.
Laurustinus, all, 1. Lithospermum fruticosum, a fine bed, entirely,
1. Picea Pinsapo, 20 ft., spoilt, 2. Quercus Lex, all but kd., 2.
Sequoia gigantea, much disfigured, 2. Strawberries, 2. Taxodium
sempervirens, 1.

Plants uninjured—Cedrus Deodara (sheltered all round and in a
thoroughly dry place), Pinus excelsa, Rhododendrons.

Observations — On a dry situation the following stood well,
though slightly touched,—Aucubas, Hollies (except where branches
of trees hung over them, parts of hedges being then killed or much
injured), Common Laurel (had to be cut to grd., again recovering),
Strawberries (many of these were so injured that a very poor crop
followed in 1880 ; those plants with exposed stems suffered the most).

2. Nantwicu, Cholmondeley Castle-—Mr. T. Malcolm. |

Gen. Char. of Soil—The upper part of the garden is a light
loam, the lower part being on clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—42 ft.; the kitchen garden is situated low
and is very damp. It is subject to late spring frosts.

Rainfall, 1879—35-45 ins.; av. of 10 yrs., 1870-79, 35°97 ins. ;
max., 1872, 51:68 ins.; min., 1876, 26°20 ins. The greatest draw-
back in 1879 was the absence of sunshine and the continual damp-
ness of the air; and not so much the quantity of rain.

Pye? 2s ba ee PN
E

ao

—

DIVISION VIII.—N. W. COUNTIES. 93

Min. Temps. and Dates—[About 12°?: Chester, dist., 12 ms.,
N.W. ; Dec. 5th, 16°-4 : Congleton, dist., 20 ms., N.E.; Dec. 4th, 4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 9 (2), 4 (3)—Apricots, 1, 2, 3.
Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus, 2. Broccoli, greater part, 1.
Brussels sprouts, 1. Clematis J ackmanni, cut nearly to grd., 2.
Figs, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, exposed, 1; others, 2.
Laurustinus, 2. Pampas grass, 1, 2. Peaches, several, 1, 2, 3.
Pinus insignis, 1. Roses, 1, 2, 3.

3. NantwicH, Poole Hall—Mr. W. Smith.

Gen. Char. of Soul—Of a medium texture; Red sandstone for-
mation and well drained.

Alt. and Hxposure — [Cholmondeley Castle, dist., 6 ms., W.;
alt., 42 ft.].

Rainfall, 1879—[Cholmondeley Castle, 35-43 ins., on 200 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[about 12°?: Congleton, dist., 14 ms.,
N.E. ; Dec. 6th, 4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 2 (1), 7 (2), 4 (8)—Apples, young,
2,3; Blenheim Orange, young wood kd., 2. Apricots, E. wall, 1, 2;
S. wall, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2 Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal,
3. Peaches, on 8. wall, 2. Pears, on Quince stock, 2. Rhododen-
drons, choice, 3. Roses, H. P.’s, three-fourths, 2; one-fourth, 3;
Calvile, Blanche d’hiver, 1.

Observations—The idea that canker is formed by frost is favoured
by this year’s experience; as there is a great deal of it now on all
the young Apple trees; there being patches from 1 to 6 inches
wide on them ; which, prior to last winter, had not a spot of canker.

4, Warrineton, Walton Lea—Mr. W. Kipps.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam on Red sandstone rock ; heavy
loam on clay : Bog, well drained.

Alt. and Hxposure—Sheltered only on S.W. by a plantation ;
situated high, exposed on N. and W. sides.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Warrington, dist., 2 ms., N.; alt., 49 ft.; ht. 1
ft.; 30°76 ims., on 194 days].

Min. Temps. and’ Dates—[About 12° ? : Manchester, dist., 16 ms.,
E.; Dec. 7th, 10°: Liverpool, dist., 16 ms., W.; Dec. 4th, 15°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—14 (1), 12 (2), 14 (3)—Arbutus An-
drachne, 1. Asparagus, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis Darwinii,
2. Broccoli, 1. Broom, 2. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, savoy,
2. Catalpa bignonioides, aurea, 1. Ceanothus dentatus, 1. Cedrus

94 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Deodara, 1. Cotoneaster, 3. Crategus Pyracantha, lost foliage, 3.
Daphne Cneorum, 2.. Escallonia floribunda, 1. Euonymus japoni-
cus, variegatus, 2. Furze, fl. pl. 1. Garrya elliptica, lost foliage,
3. Holly, lost much foliage, 3. Ivy, sorts, 3. Jasminum nudiflo-
rum, 3. Kale, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, Portugal, 2. Laurus-
tinus, 1. Lonicera, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Menziesia poli-
folia, 1. Oaks, 3. Onions, 1. Phillyrea latifolia, 2. Picea Lasio-
carpa, 3; P. Pinsapo, 3. Plane, 3. Privet, 3. Rhododendrons,
lost foliage, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2; 8S. sempervirens, 2. Veronica,
1. Yucca gloriosa, 2.

Observations—Many plants here suffer much from W. winds,
combined with the smoke from chemical works three miles off.

1. LANCASHIRE—CaARTMEL, Holker Hall.—Mr. W. Fox.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and open; very stony upon a rocky
subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure — 100 ft.; open to sea on 8. and W.; the
tides running to within three-quarters of a mile from the garden.

Rainfall, 1879—37:43 ins. ; being.a few ins. below the av.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 26th to Dec. 26th.
Open weather for 10 days; when frost recommenced and lasted till
the end of Jan.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 4th, 11°; Jan. 19th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 4 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3) —Arbutus Unedo,
old, 12 to 14 ft., 2. Catalpa syringeefolia, large tree, last summer’s
(unripened) growth, 2. Ceanothus azureus, old plant, on wall, with
large head above, 1. Desfontainea spinosa, on turf, sheltered, 20 yrs.
old, 7 ft., 1. Garrya elliptica, var. macrophylla, on wall, 1. Lau-
rel, Bay, 3. Laurustinus, large, 3. Quercus glabra, fine old tree, 2.
Stauntonia latifolia, very luxuriant, on wall, 1. Thuja orientalis,
fine old tree, 2.

Plants uninjured — Araucaria imbricata (many plants), Cepha-
lotaxus Fortunei (bushy specimen on lawn), Desfontainea spinosa (two
plants trained to trellis on wall, 12 yrs. dist. from one mentioned
above), Leptospermum lanigerum (on wall), Photinia serrulata (on
wall), Quercus glabra (situated on higher ground than the one men-
tioned and well sheltered).

2. Lyraam.—Mr. R. Maries.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sand and a sandy loam.

DIVISION VIII.—N. W. COUNTIES. 95

Alt. and Exposure—About 35 ft., above the Estuary of the Rib-
ble; exposed from EH. to W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Ht., 2 ft.; 34-32 ins., on 244 days].

Date of Onset and-Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th and 15th, 27°;
frost from 29 to Dec. 13; from Dec. 18th to 21st; Jan. 12th to
15th ; 20th to 30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 13°; 5th and 7th, 22°; Jan.
20th, 20°; 27th, 21°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 13 (2), 5 (3)—Apples, a few
8 yrs. old, E. side of hedge, all, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 2. Arbutus
Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba japonica, male, 1; female,
3. Azalea amcena, recovering, 2. Berberis Darwinii, kd. to grd., 2.
Ceanothus azureus, 1. Cedrus Deodara, in shady place, 1; else-
where, 2. Clematis, hybs., a few old plants, 1; others, 3. Escal-
lonia macrantha, kd. to grd., 2. Huonymus, many sorts, kd. to grd.,
2. Furze, 1. Holly, young growth, kd.,3. Hydrangeas, kd. to grd., 2.

Jasminum, large yellow, 1. Laurel, common, kd. to grd., 2; Do.
Portugal, kd. to grd., 2. lLaurustinus, 1; kd. to grd., 2. Ligus-
trum japonicum ovalifolium, 2. Lonicera brachypoda aureo-reticu-
lata, fine plant, 16 yrs., on S. wall, kd. to grd., 2. Rhododendrons,
lost flr. buds, 3. Rosemary, 1. Roses, red and pink China, H. P.’s,
and Teas, all kd. to grd., 2. Salisburia adiantifolia, 3. Veronica, 1.

3. RocHDALE, One Ash.—Mr. B. Thompson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and tenaceous, of the Upper Coal
Measures; subsoil, clay.

Alt. and Exposure—473 ft. ; exposed to N., N.E. and E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Ht., 3 ft. 7 ins.; 35°77 ins., on 200 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 15th and 16th; then
occasionally till Nov. 21st; then 41 days, continuously, till Jan. 1st ;
then 8 days thaw, followed by 26 days of frost.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 8°°5; Jan. 20th, 88.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —8 (1), 3 (2), 1 (8)—Auriculas, 1.
Blackberry, American, 1. Daphne Mezereum, 1. Holly, 2. Pinus
excelsa, 1. Polyanthus, 1. Raspberries, 2. Rhododendrons, =
Roses, 1, 2. Strawberries, 1. Violets, 1.

Plants uninjured—Myrtles (broad leafed Roman) unprotected.

96

DIVISION IX.—YORKSHIRE.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM
YORKSHIRE.

West Rivine. A cold wet year; Dec., the finest month but
intensely cold (Ranmoor). Year noted for low temp. and absence of
sun, with severe frost in mid. Sept. (Wath-upon-Dearne, Ilkley, &c.).
No summer; the last 3 months calm and dry (Ilkley). Rainfall,
4°19 ins. below ay. of 8 yrs. (Aldborough); 5 ins. below ay. of 10
yrs. (Thorpe) ; 3 ins. below av. of 14 yrs. (Bashall Lodge). Min.
rainfall, Goole, alt., 21 ft. ; ht., 3 ft. 4 ims. ; 19-80 ins., on 156 days:
max., Langdon Brook, Slaidburn, alt., 556 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 2 ins. ; 66°17
ins. Min. temps., Dec. 7th—Campsall, alt., 60 ft.; 10°: Ribston,
alt., 130 ft.; -7°: Grimston, -6°: Knaresborough, alt., 180 to 200
ft. ; -4°: Stanley and Wakefield, alt., 100 ft., 0°: Skipton, Dec. 6th,
9°: and Leeds, Dec. 4th, 9°°8; Jan. 27th, 21°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 50 (1), 60 (2), 29 (8), total at 5
places.

East Ripina. A cold, dull, sunless year. Rainfall, to April 30th,
about av.; to Sept., above av. ; in Oct., Nov., and Dec., much below
av. The first week in Dec., coldest on record (Hull, Great Givendale,
Ganton, &c.). Min. rainfall, Hornsea, alt., 40 ? ft.; ht. 3 ft.;
22-22 ins.: max., Wold Newton, alt., 195 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. 9 ins.; 42°45
—ins., on 204 days. Min. temps., Welton House, alt., 80 ? ft.; Dee.
7th, 2°; 12th, 4°: Houghton Hall, alt., 154 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 7°:
Hull, Dec. 7th, 7°: Spurne Head, alt., 28 ft.; 25°.*

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 21 (1), 45 (2), 31 (38), total at 3
places.

Norra Ripine. A cold damp year, on the whole; but Oct. was
fine, with more sunshine than usual (Forcett Pk.). Rainfall, not
very heavy ; and last 3 months very dry (Richmond) ; nearly 5 ins.
below av. (Malton). Min. rainfall, Middlesborough, alt., 21 ft.;
18°57 ins., on 138 days; the least fall in England: max., Hawes,
alt., 1100 ft.; 56°59 ins., on 228 days. Min. temps., Bedale, alt.,
151 ft.; Dec. 4th, -9°: York, alt., 55 ft.; Dec. 7th, -4°-5 and 0°:

DIVISION IX.—YORKSHIRE. 97

Beningborough Hall, Dec. 7th, -2°: Aysgarth, alt., 660 ft.; Dec.
7th, 2°°7 : Scarborough, alt., 115 ft. ; Dec, 2nd, 1995,

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 18 (1), 13 (2), 4 (3), total at 3
places.

REPoRTs.

1. W. Ripine— Cuirneror, Bolton-by-Bowland.—Mr. R. Milne-
Redhead.

Gen. Char. of Sotl—A calcareous loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 450 ft.; S.E. to W.

Rainfall, 1879 — [ Clitheroe, Downham Hall, dist., 6 ms. ; alt.,
464 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 6 ins.; 38°45 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Stoneyhurst, dist., 10 ms., S.; Dec.
7th, 129-9: Skipton, dist., 12 ms., E.; Dec. 6th, 99-0].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 7 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3)—Aralia Sieboldii,
1878-9, 1; 3. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus Andrachne, 78,1; A.
Unedo, 78, 2; 1. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 78, 3. Cryptomeria japo-
nica, Lobbii, 3. Cupressus Corneyana, 78, 1. Furze, fl. pl., 78, 3. Hi-
biscus syriacus, 2. Juniperus drupacea, 1. Liriodendron tulipifera,
78,2; 1. Pinus insignis, 78, 2; 1. Prumnopitys (Podocarpus)
elegans, 2. Quercus Cerris, 78, 1; Q. ‘‘ Luccombe Oak,” 78, 2; 1;
Q. Suber, 78, 1. Sequoia sempervirens, 78, 2; 1.

Plants uninjured, 1878-79 and 1879-80—Abies Douglasii, A. Alco-
quiana, A. canadensis, A. Engelmannii, A. Hookeriana, A. Menziesii,
A. polita, Chamecyparis glauca, Cryptomeria elegans, Holly (all
kinds), Jasminum nudiflorum, Juniperus occidentalis, J. phcenicea,
J. virginiana, Kalmias, Osmanthus ilicifolius, Picea amabilis, P.
Baberensis, P. cephalonica, P. grandis, P. Lasiocarpa, P. magnifica,
-P. Nordmanniana, P. nobilis, P. Pinsapo, Retinospora ericoides, R.
filicoides, R. obtusa, R. pisifera, R. plumosa, R. p. aurea, R. squar-
rosa, Salisburia adiantifolia, Thuja (all kinds), Thujopsis dolabrata,
T. nutkaensis.

2. Doncaster, Brodsworth Hall.—Mr. W. Chuck.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong calcareous, resting on limestone.

Alt. and Haposure—The kitchen garden lies in a valley running
HE. and W. with a brook at the bottom. The pleasure grounds are
high and exposed to N,W. winds.

0

98 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Rainfall, 1879 — (Doncaster, dist., 4 ms., S.E.; alt., 35 ft. ;
21:04 ins., on 150 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, 5°: [Doncaster, alt., 40 ft. ?;
Dec, 7th, -5° ; snow on Ist, 4th and 5th : Campsall, dist., 5 ms., N.E. ;
alt., 60 ft.; Dec. 7th, -10°: Sheffield, dist., 15 ms. 8.W.; allt.,
260 ft.; Dec. 7th, 3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 15 (2), 8 (8)—Apples, mostly
cankered trees, 2, 3. Apricots, 1, 2, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 2, 3.
Asparagus, 1, 2. Aucuba japonica, 1, 2, 3. Broccoli, 1000, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 2. Kuonymus, radicans, variegated, 2; EH. r. albo-margi-
natus, 2; HE. r. aureus, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 110,1; 150, 2;
200, 3; Do. Portugal, 100, 3, Laurustinus, 50,1; 150, 2. Necta-
rines, 2. Peaches on 8. wall, 1,2. Pears, 2, 3. Roses, mostly
H. P.’s, 400, 1; 500, 2; 200, 3.

3. Doncaster, Campsall.—Mr., F, B. Frank.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong loam,

Alt. and Haposure—About 60 ft. ; aspect, 8.

Rainfall, 1879—29°12 ins.; av. 26 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —Nov. 13th to Jan. 31st,
with an interval of the first 13 days of Jan.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, -10°, in kitchen garden.

Plants injured, 1879-80— (1), 9 (2), 0 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1, Aucuba japonica, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Euonymus, 2. Lau-
rel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Rosemary, 1.
Roses, H. P., 1, 2; Standards, 1. Sequoia, 2. Yew, 2.

4. Knargsporoucu.—B. T. Woodd, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strongish loam.

Alt. and Haposwre — 150 to 200 ft. ; sheltered from N. and E.:
open to 8. and W.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Harrowgate, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 380 ft.; ht.,
1 ft.; 31°37 ins., on 158 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 30th. to Dec. 15th ;
Jan. 14th to Feb. 3rd.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, -4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 20 (2), 3 (3)—Abies Morinda,
2. <Aucuba japonica, 1, 2. Broom, 1, 2, Cistus ladaniferus, 1.
Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Daphne Mezereum, 2: Deutzia gracilis, 1.
Escallonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus, 1878-79, 1. Fuchsias, common,
2. Furze, 1,2. Holly, common, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Laurel, Bay,

DIVISION 1X.-——-YORKSHIRE. 99

kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, common, many, 1, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Lau-
rustinus, 2. Lonicera brachypoda, aureo-reticulata, 1, 2. Pampas grass,
2. Picea Pinsapo, 2. Privet, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Quinces, 2. Rosa
rubiginosa, 3. Roses; many, esp. Stands., 1, 2. Southernwood, 2.
Taxodium sempervirens, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 2.

Plants uninjured —Some Hollies, Portugal Laurels and Sequoia
gigantea.

5. WETHERBY, Ribstone Hall.—Mr. T. Jones.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and calcareous.

Alt. and Hxposure—130 ft.; aspect S.

Rainfall, 1879—26-96 ins. ; av. of 13 yrs., 26°70 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 27th [to near the
end of year: York, dist., 12 ms.; Jan. 20th, 20°).

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, -7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—21 (1), 13 (2), 16 (3)—Abies Morinda,
3. Apricots, 1, 2,3. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba, 2. Berberis Darwi-

ni, 1, and kd. to grd.,2; B. stenophylla, 1, and kd. to gerd, 2.

Box, 1, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Cherries, Morello, 1, 2, 3. Cryp-
tomeria elegans, 1. Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Daphne Laureola,
where sheltered only, 3. Elm, where sheltered, 3. Fennel, 1. Holly,
1, 2,3. Honeysuckle, 3. Horehound, 1. Ivy, where much shel-
tered, 1, 3. Juniperus recurva, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, com-
mon, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Mulberry, 3. Necta-
rines,“1, 2, 3. Oaks, 3. Peaches, 1, 2, 3. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pinus
macrophylla, 3. Privet, 2. Rosemary, 1. Roses, Dwf. Teas, one-
half, 1; Stands., nearly all, 1. Rue, 1. Taxodium sempervirens, 2.
Vegetables, all kinds (except curled Scotch Kale), 1. Yew, 3.

Observations—Box and Ivy were quite dead where much shel-
tered; where a little exposed, only slightly mjured; and where
fully exposed they were not hurt at all. Similar was it with Hol-
lies, Oaks and Elms. Of Hollies there are many specimens from 20
to 40 ft. high; some were killed, others are recovering.

1. E. Rivine, Bridlington, Boynton (B) — N. Ripine, Malton,
Hildenley (H) and Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay (R).—C. W. Strick-
land, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil — Surface soil, chiefly chalk, gravel and sand
(B) : rather strong and upon coralline oolite (H): Lias clay (R).

Alt. and Exposure —A valley in the chalk two and a half miles
from the sea (B): about 250 ft. on the side of a hill, facing 8. (H):

10) INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

in an amphitheatre of high hills facing E. (R).

Rainfall, 1879—About 27 or 28 ins. (B); 26 ins. (H); probably
about 30 ins. (R).

Min. Temps. and Dates—About 2° or 3° (B); [Dec. 7th ?] -2°
or -3° (H); [Above 10° ? (R): Scarborough, dist., 19 ms.; alt.,
115 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 199-5].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 7 (1), 25 (2), 15 (8)—Acer macro-
phyllum, young (B and H), 3; A. palmatum, small (H), 3. Ash,
many, 1, 2. Aucuba japonica (H), 2. Berberis Darwinii (H), 1, 2.
Carya, sp.; 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei (H), 3. Cupressus macro-
carpa (H),1, 2. Dacrydium Franklini, small plants (H), 2. Ele-
agnus sp., 3. Escallonia macrantha (B), 2; (R), 3 or unhurt.
Euonymus japonicus, old, 10 ft. (H), 2. Hickory, 1 sp., (B), 2.
Holly, 2. Hypericum patulum (H), kd. to grd., 2. Jasminum
officinale, on S. wall, 3. Juglans, black American (B and H), 2.
Keelreuteria paniculata (H), 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common,
3. Laurustinus, 2. Lonicera flexuosa, kd. to grd., 2; L. fragran-
tissima, 15 to 20 yrs., kd. to grd., 2. Nothoclena Marante, 1.
Oaks, in vale of Pickering, 1, 2; (H), 3. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Plane
(B and H), 2. Podocarpus andina (H), 2. Quercus Ilex (B), 2, (R)
3 or unhurt; Q. succirubra, 30 ft. (B), 1878-9, 2; unhurt, 1879-80.
Raphiolepis ovata (H), many, 1. Ribes sanguineum, 2. Roses—
double Ayrshire, Jaune Desprez, and Noisette, 3. ‘ Ruga’’ and old
monthly, kd. to grd., 2. Sophora japonica (H), 3. Taxodium sem-
pervirens (H), 3. Walnut (B and H), 2. Wistaria sinensis, 3.
Yew, 15 ft. (B), 1, (B and H), 2.

Plants uninjured — Acer Lobelii, A. macrophyllum, above 10 ft.
high (B and H), A. Negundo (B and A), A. platanoides (?) (purple
var., B and H), A. sp., from EH. States (R), Ampelopsis Veitchii,
Araucaria imbricata, Berberis aquifolia, B. asiatica, B. dulcis, B.
ilicifolia, B. japonica (all vars.), Bignonia radicans, Buxus balea-
ricus, Carya sp., Clematis sp., Cryptomeria elegans, C. japonica,
Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. Nutkaensis, Dimorphanthus mandshu.
ricus, Escallonia macrantha, Euonymus japonicus, Firs, Fraxinus
sp. (from Oregon), F. mandshuricus, Hickory, 3 or 4 sp., 60 to 70
yrs. old, 30 ft. high (B), Juniperus excelsa, Bay Laurel, Libocedrus
decurrens, Oaks (B), Pines, Quercus Llex, Q. succirubra, Retinos-
pora obtusa, R. pisifera, R. plumosa, Taxodium sempervirens (H),
Thuja gigantea and vars., Thujopsis dolabrata, Yew.

Observations — Araucaria imbricata, as usual, is quite unhurt on

DIVISION IxX.—YORKSHIRE. 101

a dry soil (Band H); it seems to thrive particularly well upon
chalk and limestone. Ash, many died or nearly so, but more I
believe through the dry weather in May than by the cold, in winter.
Aucuba, the green vars. appear to be hardier than the old speckled.
Buxus balearicus is not hardy ‘‘inland.”” Holly, a great many were
kd. to grd., and some few quite kd., in 1860-61. Oaks, many hun-
dreds of large size were killed on Dec. 25th, 1860, at Howsham near
York. ‘ Luccombe,’’ a specimen of this tree, 30 ft., nearly kd.,
1878-79 ; uninjured, 1879-80 (B) ; as with other sp. it is the extreme
ends of the upper branches which are alive. Picea Pinsapo, lost
leaves from upper and outer shoots, a frequent occurrence in severe
weather. Wistaria, did not flower, 1880.

2. Hut, Welton House.—Mr. C. Lawton.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A calcareous loam with sandy gravel and a
subsoil of chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—60 to 100 ft.; exposed to 8.E., S., and S.W.

Rainfall, 1879—29-67 ins., on 212 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 11th to Dec. 30th ;
Jan. 9th to 31st ; with but little intermission.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 7th, 2? [Hull, dist., 8 ms., E. ;
Dec. 7th, 7°: Houghton Hall, dist., 8 ms., N.W.; Dec. 3rd, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 9 (2), 7 (8)—Abies Morinda, 2.
Apples, 3. Araucaria imbricata, pts. kd., 3. Broccoli, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 30 ft., 1, 2. Cherry, wild, 3. Cryptomeria japonica, 3.
Elm, diff. vars., many branches kd., 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2; L.
Portugal, 2. Lavander,1. Magnolia, 1, 2. Oaks, 3. Peaches,
1, 2. Pinus Cembra, 3. Rosemary, 1. Roses, Dwfs., 2; Stands.,
1, 2. Taxodium sempervirens, pts. of branches kd., 3.

3. Market Weiauton, Dalton Hall—Mr. J. Allsop.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stony, inclined to clay; 2 to 8 ft.; resting
on chalk.

Alt. and Haposure—154 fi.; well sheltered with woods, and free
from water and elevated.

Rainfall, 1879—25-79 ins.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 3rd, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 18 (2), 9 (8)—Apples, 3. Ar-
butus, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Biota or.
aurea, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Cabbages, savoys, 2.
Cistus ladaniferus, 1, Furze, and fl. pl., 1, 2. Herbaceous roots,
1, 2, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 2.

102 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Magnolia grandiflora, 1, 2. Peaches, 2. Pears, 3. Picea Pinsapo,
3. Quercus Ilex, 2,3. Roses, 1, 2, 3. Taxodium sempervirens, 3.
4. Market WeicHron, Dalton Hall, (a valley, 5 ms. dist., from).

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light : without much or any shelter.

Min. Temp.—About 0° ?.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 20 (1), 54 (2), 14 (3)—Abies} Hoo-
keriana, 3; A. Menziesii (Sitchensis), 2; A. Morinda, 2. Ampe-
lopsis, 2. Apples, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 1.
Berberis Darwinii, 1, 2; B. japonica, 2; B. stenophylla, 2; B. Wal-
lichii, 2. Bignonia radicans, 2. Biota orientalis, 2; B. or. aurea,
2; B. or. elegantissima, 2. Box, new golden and rosemary-leaved,
2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 2. Cistus laurifolius, 1. Cotoneaster
acuminata, 2; C.Simonsii, 2. Crategus Pyracantha, 1. Cryptomeria
japonica, 2. Cydonia japonica, 2. Daphne Cneorum, 3. Deutzia gra-
cilis, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 2; E. j. ele-
gantissimus, 1; E. j. latifolius, albo-variegatus, 2. Forsythia, 2. Furze,
fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica, 2. Genista cinerea, 2. Hibiscus, of sorts, 2.
Holly, common, 2 ; Dahoon, yellow berried, 2; Golden and silver-leay-
ed, 2. Hydrangea hortensis, 2; H. paniculata, 2. Indigofera flori-
bunda,2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2; J. officinale, 2. Larch, 2, 3.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 1; Do. broad leaved, 2; Do. narrow
leaved, 1; Do. round leaved, 2; L. Portugal, 2; Do. azorica, 2; Do.
myrtle-leaved, 1. Laurustinus, 1. Ledum, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 1.
Ligustrum japonicum, 1; L. j. latifolium, 3; L. j. ovalifolium, 2;
L. j. variegatum, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Osmanthus ilicifolius,
variegatus, 3. Pampas grass, 1,2. Peaches, 2. Pears, 3. Pernet-
tya, sorts, 2. Poplar, Lombardy, 1. Prumnopitys elegans, 2. Pru-
nus sinensis, 1. Quercus austriaca, sempervirens, 3; Q. Cerris, varie-
gata, 3; Q. coccinea, 3; Q. Ilex, 2. Retinospora lycopodioides, 2 ;
R. squarrosa, 2. Rhus Cotinus, 3; R. C. glabra, laciniata, 3. Roses,
esp. Stands., 1, 2. Skimmia japonica, 3. Taxodium distichum, 2 ;
T. sempervirens, 2. Vitis heterophylla, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 1.

1. N. Rie *—Bepare.—Sir H. Bereford-Peirse, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy and generally light.

Alt. and Hzposure — 151 ft. 8 ins.; not exposed, being situated
in a valley.

* See also E. Ripine, Rep. 1, p. 99.

DIVISION IX.—YORKSHIRE. 103

Rainfall, 1879 — Nearly 33 ins. [Leyburn, dist., 6 ms., W.;
alt., 660 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 29°87 ins].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 29th, 22°, continued
to Dec. 25th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, -9° [Aysgarth, dist., 14 ms.,
W.; alt., 660 ft.; Dec. 7th, 2°-7].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 2 (2), 1 (3)—Berberis, 1. Ce-
drus Deodara, large tree not much exposed, 1. Hollies, all kinds, 2.
Laurel, common, 1; Do. Portugal, 1. Roses, all Stands., 1; 10,000
lost in Bedale (Fowler) ; 15,000 Dwfs. and Stands., in York (Back-
house). Yew, 2; Do. Irish, 3.

2. Yorx, Beningbrough Hall —Mr. A. Foster.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Alluvial, on clay; on New Red Sandstone
formation.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 50 ? ft.; on banks of River Ouse.

Rainfall, 1879—[Thirsk, dist., 14 ms., N.W.; alt., 118 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. ; 28°35 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 13th, followed by
8 days of frost: 27 days in Dec. ; 19 in Jan.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 7th, -2°: [York, dist., 7 ms., E.;
alt., 55 ft.; Dec. 6th, 0°; Dec. 7th, -4°-25].

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 10 (2), 2 (3)—Arbutus, kd. to grd.,
2. Aucubas, 2. Berberis Darwinti, 1. Cotoneaster japonica, 2. Gar-
rya élliptica, 1,2. Holly, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2;
Do. Portugal, very old, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Ligustrum japonicum,
latifolium, 3. Rhododendron ponticum, 50 yrs., 1. Roses, Stands.,
1, 2. Sequoias, lost leaders, 3. Yew, probably from wet soil, 1, 2.

3. YorK, Whitwell Hall.—E. V. Harcourt, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Chiefly clay, with some sand over oolite.

Alt. and Exposure—About 280 ft.; with some shelter by trees on
all sides.

Rainfall, 1879—[Malton, dist., 6ms., N; alt., 75 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
23°28 ins. ]. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Noy. 13th; with little
interruption till Dec. 31st. Frost returned Jan. 16th, and lasted 3
weeks.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 7th, 0°1.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Laurels, common and Portugal, a few
1 and 2, many 3. Roses, many 1.

104

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, FROM COuM-
BERLAND, DurHAM, NoRTHUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

CUMBERLAND. ‘The driest year but one (1867) since 1864; but
cold, dark and sunless: Rainfall, below av. of 17 yrs. (Cocker-
mouth). Cold weather till May 17th; June to Aug., wet; but
total rainfall 30°49 ins., av. of 8 yrs. being 41:86 ins. (Blencowe).
Rainfall 10 ins. below av. of 23 yrs. (Whinfell Hall). Min. rain-
fall, Penrith, alt., 575 ft.; ht., 5 ft.; 2426 ims. on 163 days:
max., The Stye, 1077 ft.; ht., 6 ins.; 14855 ins. At 6 places,
fall, over 100 ins. Seathwaite, alt., 422 ft.; mean of 3 estimates,
107:55 ins. ; mean of 20 yrs. (1850-69), being 140°51 ins. Difference,
32°96 ins., below av. Fruit crops worthless, from cold and wet (Car-
lisle). Min. temps., Dec. 7th,—‘‘ Nr. Carlisle,” Dec. 6th, -8°:*
Kirklinton, alt., 20 ft.; -5°: Alston, alt., 1145 ft.; -4°: Carlisle,
alt., 114 ft.; 195: Scaleby, alt., 111 ft.; 3°: Stapleton, alt., 400
ft.; 4°: Dalston, alt., 164 ft.; 4-5: Silloth, alt., 29 ft. ; 8°: Cocker-
mouth, alt., 144 ft.; 9°83; Jan. 20th,—Carlisle, 15:3: Scaleby,
16°: Cockermouth, 1791: Silloth, 18°-5.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 58 (1), 38 (2), 43 (3), total at 7
places.

Duruam. Very severe cold during winter (1878-9) and spring ;
wet summer, fine and warm Oct., severe cold, Dec. (Whorlton).
Rainfall, 3°81 ins., below av. (Heighington). Below av. of 20 yrs.
(Seaham). The coldest of 30 yrs.; nearly all vegetable crops a
failure (Seaham). Rainfall, 5th yr. above av., the excess being
nearly all in summer (Sunderland). Min. rainfall, Hartlepool
(Hart Res.), alt., 164 ft.; ht., 9 ms.; 21°71 ins.,on 101 days: max.,
Heugh Lighthouse, alt., 34 ft.; ht., 6 ms.; 31°39 ins., on 261 days,
Min. temps., Chester-le-Street, Dec. 4th -6°: Darlington, alt., 140
ft.; Dec. Ist and 4th, -5°: Gainford, alt., 225 ft.; Dec. 3rd, -2°:
Durhan, alt., 340 ft.; Dec. 4th, 49-4: Lambton, alt., 15 ft.; Dee.
Ath, 5°: Whitburn, alt., 100 ft. ; Dec. 4th [?], 6°: Sunderland, alt.,
125 ft. [2]; Dee. 4th, 9°.

* Jl. of Hort. 1879, p. 464,

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 105

i DEINE fs |

Plants injured, 1879-80—40 (1), 30 (2), 12 (3), total at 5 places.

NoRTHUMBERLAND. Spring and summer very cold; Sept. and
Oct., very fine; Nov., wet; Dec., severe (North Shields). Rain-
fall, in June and July; excessive ; that of Sept. and Oct., remarkably
small (Pawston.) Min. rainfall, Morpeth, alt., 24 ft. (?) ; 23°55 ins. :
max., Cheviot, alt., 1692 ft.; ht., 4 ft.; 77-63ins. Min. temps., Dec.
$rd,—Morpeth, -11°: (Plus alt. 182ft. ; -2°: Dec. 4th,—Belford*
and Fowberry,t -16°: Morpeth, -12°: Bingfield, alt., 445 ft.; and
Wark, alt., 400 ft.; -10°: Hexham,t -9°: Corbridge, alt., 270 ft. ;
-5° ; Cornhill, -4°: ye as 3°: Newcastie, 7°: Bywell,1°: and
N. Shields, alt., 98 ft.; 8°5: Dec. 5th,—Bywell, 4°: N. Shields,
11°-7; Jan. 20th, 22°2.

Plants injured, 1879-80—15 (1), 31 (2), 11 (3), total at 3 places.

WESTMORELAND. A severe winter, a cold spring, a sunless sum-
mer, and a fine autumn (Whelprigg). Rainfall, below av. (Bra-
thay, Ambleside); 10 ins., below av. (Kirkby Stephen). Min. rain-
fall, Brougham Hall (Penrith), alt., 470 ft.; ht., 5 ft, 5 ins. ; 25-20
ins.: max., Kirkstone Pass, alt., 1500 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 82-85 ins.
Min. . Belfield, Dec. 3rd to 8th, seaithats vel 1 Ota ees Oe
1° and 6° : Kendal [dates ?] 8°, 11°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —10 (1), 5 (2), 9 (8), total at 2
places.

~ ; REPORTS.
1. CUMBERLAND—CARLISLE, Castletown.—Mr. A. Smith.
Gen. Char. of Soil—A light sandy loam.
Alt. and Haxposure—About 100 ft.
Rainfall, 1879—29°33 ins. ; av. of 10 yrs. (1870-79), 31-54 ins. ;
min., 1878, 27:23 ins.; max., 1877, 43°87 ins.
Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[Near Carlisle, frost began

* Jl. of Hort. 1879, p. 464.

+ Gard. Chron. 1879, p. 765, Mr. G. Culley reports :—‘*The therm. in my
garden, 2 ft. from the grd., marked 16° below zero, at5am. At9ama
therm. 20ft. from the grd. marked 7° below zero, and during the day never rose
higher than 4° above zero. The greatest amount ofcold registered in my garden
during last winter (1878-79) was 8° below zero, and during the winter (1860-61)
13° below zero. Ido not suppose there is any reliable record of so cold a day
as yesterday in England.” [Belford is dist. about 3 ms. ; where -16° is also
recorded }.

t Gard. Chron. 1879, p. 765.
P

106 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Nov. 29th, 18°; 30th, 14°; Dec. Ist, 12°; 2nd, 25°; 3rd, 15°;
4th and 5th, 10°; 6th, -8°].*

Min. Temps. and Dates—[{Dec. 4th ?], about 1°: [Dalston, alt.,
164 ft.; dist., 5 ms. [?], 8.; Dec. 4th, 4°95: Scaleby, alt., 111 ft. ;
dist., 6 ms. (?), N.E.; Dec. 4th, 39-0].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 1 (2), 2 (8)—Aucuba japonica,
2. Buddlea globosa, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 3; Do.
Portugal, 3. Vegetables, Beet (White), Broccoli, Cabbage, Celery,
Lettuce (hardy green), Spinach, nearly all, 1.

Observations — Fruit in 1880; Apples and Pears, very few but
good; Currants, Gooseberries, Plums (on walls), Raspberries and
Strawberries, good crops.

2. CARLISLE, Rose Castle—Mr. 8. Foster.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong and loamy.

Alt. and Hxposure—114 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—29-33 ins., on 172 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Sept., 5 nights of frost ;
in Oct., 15; Nov., 21; Dec., 29; Jan., 22.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{Carlisle, Dec. 3rd, 4°4; 4th, 195;
Jan. 20th, 159-3: Scaleby, dist., 5 ms., N.; alt., 111 ft.; Dec. 4th,
3°: Dalston, dist., 4 ms., 8.; alt., 164 ft.; Dec. 4th, 49-5: Alston,
dist., 20 ms., S.E.; alt., 1145 ft.; Dec. 4th, -4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 37 (1), 16 (2), 12 (8)—Acacia [Robi-
nia pseudacacia ?], 2. Ailanthus glandulosus, 1. Aralia japonica, 1.
Araucaria, 2. Arbutus procera, 1. Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba, 2.
Azara microphylla, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 3. Biota orientalis, 3.
Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Buddlea globosa, 1. Bupleurum
fruticosum, 1. Buxus balearicus, 1. Cabbage, Savoys, 3. Capri-
folium flexuosum, 1. Catalpa syringzefolia, 1. Ceanothus azureus,
1. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Celery, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 1. Chimo-
nanthus fragrans, 1. Cistus Jadaniferus, 1. Cupressus Lambertiana,
1. Dimorphanthus mandshuricus, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 1; E. ma-
crantha, 1. Eugenia apiculata, 3. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Enu-
rybia argophylla, 1. Fabiana imbricata, 1. Furze, 1. Garrya
elliptica, 1. Griselinia littoralis,1. Halesia tetraptera, 1. Hollies,
2. Keelreuteria paniculata, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, com-
mon, 1, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Negundo

* Jl. of Hort. 1879, p. 464.

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 107

fraxinifolia, 3. Onions, Winter, 2. Osmanthus ilicifolius, 3. Pam-
pas grass, 1, 2. Photinia glabra, 2. Piptanthus nepalensis, 1. Pla-
tanus occidentalis, 3. Rhamnus alaternus, 1. Raphiolepis ovata, 2.
Roses, 2,3. Salisburia; 3. Salix babylonica, 3. Santolina chame-
cyparis, 1. Sequoia sempervirens, 2. Spartium junceum, 1. Tama-
rix africana, 2. Torreya grandis, 2. Zizyphus sativus [?], 2.

3. CARLISLE, Scaleby Hall.—R. A. Allison, Esq., F.M.S.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiffish loam with a clay subsoil, in part.

Alt. and Exposure—112 ft.; exposed to 8.W. winds; sheltered
on N. and E.

Rainfall, 1879—30-72 ins., en 202 days ; of which 13-07 fell in
June, July and Aug.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Nov. 21st to Jan. Ist,
excepting Nov. 26th, Dec. 14th, 15th, 22nd to 24th and 29th.

_ Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 4th, 3°; Jan. 20th, 16° [Staple-
ton, alt., 400 ft.; dist., 6 ms., N.; Dec. 4th, 5th, 4°: Carlisle, alt.,
114 ft.; dist., 5 ms.,8.; Dec. 4th, 19-5].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 2 (1), 2 (2), 3 (3)—Cedrus Deodara,
3. Laurel, Portugal, 3. lLaurustinus, 1, 2. Roses, Stands., 1;
others, 2. Thujas, 3.

4. Lonetown, Kirklinton Hall.—Mr. J. Barry.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A loamy deposit on red sandstone.

Alt, and Hxposure — About 20 ft.; well protected with forest
trees. ~

Rainfall, 1879 — [Kirk Andrew’s, dist., 4 ms., W.; alt., 100ft. ;
ht., 6 ins. ; 35°76 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Frost and snow unusually
great; but not of so long continuance as in the year before.

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Dec. 4th ?] -5°: [Stapleton, dist., 5
ms., N.E.; alt., 400 ft.; Dec. 4th, 5th, 4°: Scaleby, dist., 2 ms.,
S.H.; alt., 111 ft.; Dec. 4th, 3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Aucuba japonica, 2. Broccoli, 1.

Plants uninjured — Shrubs and trees, such as Laurels, Yews &c.,
stood the winter well.

5. Penrira.—Mr. J. Curwen.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very gravelly.

Alt. and Hxposure—([575 ft. ?] Garden lies rather inclined to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879 — (Penrith, mean of 3 obs., 25-98 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — (Alston, dist., 17 ms., N.E.; alt.,

108 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

1145 ft.; -4°: Belfield, E. side of Windermere, dist., 20 ms., 8.E.;
Dec. 4th, -2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — All that we have suffered from is the
loss of Vegetables, such as Borecoles, Broccolis and Cauliflowers for
spring use. We have comparatively few shrubs.

6. RaveNn-eiass, Gosforth_—Miss Senhouse.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravelly.

Alt. and Exposure — About 190 ft.; exposed on S.E. and 8.W.
to sea breezes; dist., 3 ms. from sea. Mountains, dist. 10 ms., shel-
ter the valley from the E. winds.

Min. Temps. and Dates —[Cockermouth, 6 ms. from the sea;
alt., 144 ft.; dist., 17 ms., N.; Dec 4th, 9°8: Cartmel, alt., 100
ft.; dist., 25 ms., 8.E.; Dec. 4th, 11°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —1 (2), 17 (8)—Aloysia citriodora, 3.
Aucuba japonica, 3. Corchorus japonicus, 3. Cyclamens, 3. Dai-
sies, fl. pl., 3. | Desfontainea spinosa, tips kd., 3. Escallonia ma-
crantha, 3. Gaultheria procumbens, 3. Hydrangea, 3. Holly,
green, white and yellow vars., 3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common,
3; Do. Portugal, 3. Lonicera japonica, kd. to grd., 2. Mahonia
aquifolia, 3. Menziesia alba, 3. Myrile, against a house, S.E. aspect,
15 yrs., leaves burnt, 3. Verbena, 3.

Plants uninjured—Ajuga reptans rubra, Ampelopsis Veitchii,
Anemones (single and double scarlet and lilac), A. japonica alba,
Antirrhinum, Aquilegia ccerulea, Arabis (variegated), Artichoke
(globe, 4 out of 6), Aubretia (lilac), Auriculas, Berberis Darwinu,
Campanula (small white), Chimonanthus fragrans, Chrysanthemums,
Clematis Jackmanni, C. montana, Cornus mascula variegata, Coto-
neaster sieboldii, C. (small leaved sp.), Desfontainea spinosa, Deut-
zia scabra, Echeveria secunda glauca (by S.W. wall), Escallonia
macrantha, Euonymus japonicus (variegated), Figs, Fuchsia gra-
cilis (?), generally dies to grd., F. Riccartoni, F. Venus di Medici (dies
every winter to grd.), Heartsease, Holly (round-leaved, green), Ibe-
ris (perennial), Jasmine, Juniper, Myosotis, Oxalis tropzoloides,
Peaches, Pinks and Sweet Williams, Piptanthus, Primroses (double
and single), Pyrus japonica, Thujas, Vegetables, e.g. Asparagus,
Brussels sprouts, Cabbages, Celery, Horse-radish, Leeks, Parsley,
Sage and Thyme, Weigela rosea, Yew (Irish).

7. Raven-GLass, Santon.—Mr. J. Gaitskell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, but chiefly light and sandy.

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 109

Alt. and Hxposwre — 50 to 200 ft. ; exposed, 8. to W.; 4 ms.,
from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—36-19 ins.

Date of Onset ant Duration of Frost—Oct. 17th to April 30th ;
frost on 63 days.

Min. Temp. and Date — [Cartmel, dist., 21 ms., S.E.; alt.,
100 ft.; Dec. 4th, 11°]. |

Plants injured, 1878-79 and 1879-80 — 7 (1), 17 (2), 9 (3) —
Abies Morinda, 3. Aucuhba japonica, 3. Arbutus, 2. Arundinacea
falcata, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. japonica, 3. Broussonetia
papyrifera, 2. Camellias, 1. Caragana jubata, 2. Ceanothus, 1.
Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Desfontainea spinosa, 1, 2. Eleagnus, sorts,
3. ricas, 2. Hscallonia, 1. Eugenia, 2. Euonymus jap. and
vars., 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Griselinia littoralis, 2. Hibiscus
syriacus, 3. Hydrangeas, 2. Laurel, Bay, 3. lLaurustinus, 2.
Pampas grass, 1, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 2. Pinus insignis, 3.
Rhododendrons, Sikkim, 2, 3. Roses, 1, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured—(Alt., from 300 to 350 ft.; sheltered from W.
to N.E., by rising ground), Arbutus, Berberis, Desfontainea spinosa
(5 ft. high, 18 ft. cire.), Escallonia, EKuonymus, Fabiana imbricata,
Pampas grass, Veronicas.—(Alt., 300 to 600 ft., and growing in the
edge of hills with a 8. aspect), Conifers, Abies Douglasii, Arau-
caria, Cedrus Deodara, Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, Picea
amabilis, P. lasiocarpa, P. nobilis, Pinus excelsa, P. insignis, P.
Lambertiana, Sequoia gigantea, Taxodium sempervirens, Thuja
gigantea. )

Observations —In an exposed place, a Pinus insignis has made
three times as much wood as, and is ten feet taller than, the Birches,
Scotch Firs, Larches, Oaks, Pinus austriaca, and other trees planted
at the same place and time.

1. DurnHaAmM—Daruineton, Southend.—Mr. N. Black.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light with a gravel subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—140 ft. ; exposed to 8.8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—22-18 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 1st and 4th, -5° [Gainford, dist.,
6ms., W.; alt., 225 ft.; Dec. 3rd, -2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 2 (2), 1 (8)—Aucuba japonica,
2. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 3. Laurel, Portugal, 1. Laurustinus, 2.

110 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Quercus Ilex, 1. Roses, Dwfs., about 400 vars., 1.

2. Fence Houses, Lambton Castle-—Mr. J. Hunter.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy and retentive clay on quick sand.

Alt. and Hxposure—15 ft.; exposed to N., E., and subject to E.
winds ; situate, 8 ms., from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—23-49 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 12th to Dec. 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, -5°: [Chester-le-Street, dist.,
2ms.,8.; Dec. 3rd, 10 p.m., 0°; 4th, 4am., -6°; 5th, -5°: Dur-
ham, alt., 340 ft.; Dec. 4th, 40-4].

Plants injured, 1879-80—24 (1), 17 (2), 11 (3)—Apples, 2, 3.
Araucaria imbricata, 1, 2. Aucubas, 1. Box, 3. Broom, 1, 2, 3.
Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Cotoneaster, sorts, 1, 2. Crateegus Pyra-
cantha, 1, 2, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 1, 2. Cupressus Lawsoniana,
1,2. Euonymus, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Genista, 1. Hawthorn,
1, 2, 8. Holly, 1, 2, 3. Ivy, sorts, 1, 2, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel,
sorts, 1. Laurustinus, 1. Magnolia, 1. Oak, 1, 2,3. Pears, 1, 2,
3. Pinus Laricio, 1, 2. Privet, 1, 2,3. Sequoia gigantea, 1, 2.
Yews, 75 p. c. kd., 1, 2, 3.

Observations—Broom, suffered less in proportion to exposure.
Hollies, the silver and golden vars. stood better than the green.
Pears, were full of vigour and suffered more than apples. 7

3. Ryton, Crowcrook.—Mr. W. Charlton.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Stamfordham, dist., 7 ms., N.; alt., 400 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. ; 27°04 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Farnham, dist., 6 ms., E. ; Dec. 4th,
2°: Bywell, dist., 6 ms., W.; Dec. 4th, 89-5: Corbridge, dist., 9 ms.,
W.; alt., 270 ft.; Dec. 4th, -5°].

Plants injured, 1879—5 (1), 6 (2)—Aucuba, 2. Furze, in many
places, 1. Garrya elliptica, kd. to grd., 2. Hollies, common and
variegated, 30 to 40 ft., 2. Ivy, especially very large plants, nearly
100 yrs. old, 1. Laurel, Bay, large plants, 1. Laurels, common, 2;
Do. Portugal, 2. Roses, 1, and kd. to grd., 2. Sequoia gigantea,
large plant, 1.

Observations — Roses, had to be cut to the ground; except Gloire
de Dijon and Maréchal Niel. The rest that survived were all H.Ps.

4. Stockton, Grindon.—Mr. W. Doxford.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Twelve inches of ordinary loam on a subsoil
of clay (loose).

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 111

Alt. and Hxposure—287 ft. ; exposed on all sides.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Hartlepool, Hart Res., dist., 9 ms., E.; alt.,
164 ft. ; ht., 9 ins.; 21°71 ins., on 101 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Darlington, dist., 9 ms., 8. ; alt., 140
ft.; Dec. Ist and 4th, -5°: Gainford, dist., 15 ms., 8.E.; alt., 225
ft. ; Dec. 3rd, -2°).

Plants injured, 1879-80—Aucuba japonica, 60 plants, kd. to grd.,
2. Laurustinus, 80 plants, kd. to grd., 2.

Plants uninjured — Araucaria imbricata, Cupressus Lawsoniana,
Picea Nordmanniana, Thujas, Deciduous trees, e.g. Beech, Elm, Oak &c,

Observation — None of the Aucubas or Laurustinus were at all
pruned.

5. SuNDERLAND, Whitburn Hall.—Mr. J. Dobson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, on a subsoil of sand and clay com-
bined, with limestone at an average depth of 10 ft.

Alt. and Exposure — About 100 ft.; 200 yrds. from the beach,
and situated on a promontary on the exposed N.E. coast, midway
between the Tyne and Wear. The garden has the sea on three
sides, N., E., and S.

Rainfall—t[Sunderland, alt., 120 ft.; ht., 6 ins. ; 26°65 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Dec. 4th ?] 6°: Sunderland, dist.,
3 ms., E.; Dec. 4th, 9° : Lambton, dist., 8 ms.,8.W.; alt., 15 ft. ; 5°].

Plants injured, 1879—Aucubas, 2. Fruit trees, 1. Holly, 2.
Ivy, Trish, on walls, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Peaches,
1. Quercus Ilex, 1.

Observations—Bedding plants often do well here, but the wet
of 1879 being exceptionally great, for several weeks, we could not _
gather a flower. Vegetables, French beans, a total failure; Peas,
never podded (sown last wk. of Ap. and last wk. of May); Celery,
failure. The only evergreens that thrive on this exposed coast are
Aucubas, Portugal Laurels, Laurustinus, and smooth-leaved Hollies.
The first three were kd. to grd. or greatly injured by the frost
in 1878-79. What little growth made in 1879 during that wet
and sunless summer was little able to withstand the winter,
1879-80, which denuded them of leaves. Fruit trees, which always
do badly, were in many instances killed; e.g. hardy Apples, Lord
Suffield and Keswick codlin are the only sorts worth growing ;
Dessert Apples are hardly ever fit to eat. Pears stood better but
were rarely eatable,

112 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

1. NorTHUMBERLAND—ALNwick, The Castle—Mr. A. Ingram. —

Gen. Char. of Soil—Mostly light, of an ay. depth of two ft. ;
on sand and gravel.

Alt. and Exposure—178 ft. ; much exposed to N.W. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—33-36 ins., on 233 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 27th, more or less
to end of Jan.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 3rd, -2°; lower down by the river
the temp. was much lower: [Belford,* dist., 12 ms., N.; [Dec. 4th
P],-16°: Fowberry,t ur. Belford, dist., 3 ms. from Wooler, on R.
Till; Dec. 4th; ht., 2 ft.; -16°; ht., 20 ft.; -7°: Cornhill, dist.,
2 ms. fr. Coldstream; Dec. 4th, -4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 14 (2), 6 (8)—Apples, tender
sorts, 3. Aucuba japonica, 2. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Cotoneaster
microphylla, 2. Crategus Pyracantha cuneata, 2. Desfontainea
spinosa, 1. Furze, 1, 2. Garrya elliptica, 3. Holly, exposed, cut
to grd., breaking again, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2;
Do. Portugal, kd. to grd, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Liquidambar styra-
ciflua, 2. Magnolia, 2. Nectarines, on walls, 2. Peaches, on walls, 2.
Privet, 3. Quercus Ilex, some large trees. 1; others recovering, 2.
Rhododendron ponticum, 3. Strawberries, 2. Yew, 3.

Plants uninjured—Rhododendrons, none of our large collection of
Hybrids are in the least injured; I never saw them looking so
well. Portugal Laurels on higher ground, unhurt.

Observations —Apples, I have not seen the Apple trees looking
so well for many years, as they are this autumn (1880). Necta-
rines and Peaches, the young wood was all cut back, and in some
cases large limbs were killed; but they have all made good wood
this year and promise well for fruit in 1881.

2. Hexuam, Bingfield.—Mr. J. Coppin.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong clay, on limestone.

Alt. and Hxposure—445 ft. ; exposed to N.

Rainfall, 1879—24-22 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 29th to Dec. 13th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, -10° [ Hexham, Dee. 4th, -9°
Corbridge, alt., 270 ft.; dist., 6 ms. ?, E.; Dec. 4th, -5°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 3 (2), 4 (3)—Apples, 3. Ash,

* Ji. of Hort. 1879, p. 464. t Gard. Chron. 1879, p. 765.

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 113

2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Cotoneaster microphylla, 1. Currant, red,
3. Helianthemum roseum, 2. Hypericum calycinum, 2. Holly, 2;
Do. silver, 2. Honeysuckle, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal,
2. Lime, 3. Menziesia polifolia, 1. Oak, 2. Pears, 3. Privet, 2.
Rhododendron ponticum, 1. Roses, Stands., 1. Ruscus aculeatus,
1. Walnut, 2. Yew, 2.

3. Wark, Blindburn.—Mr. M. Hutchinson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravelly.

Alt. and Exposure—About 400 ft.; near to the R. Tyne.

Rainfall, 1879—[Hesleyside, Bellingham, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 373
ft.; ht., 8ins.; 31-05 ins., on 196 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, -10°: [Bingfield, dist., 6 ms.
?, S.; Dec. 6th, -10°].:

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 4 (2), 1 (8)—Broom, 1. Cle-
matis, 2. Furze, 1, Holly, 1. Ivy, 3. Laurel, common, 1; Do.
Portugal, 2. Privet, 1. Roses, 2. Thyme, 1. Yew, 2.

1. WESTMORELAED—KENDAL, Bank House.—C. Wilkinson, Esq.,
J.P.

Gen. Char. of Soil —A good general garden soil, well dressed,
though perhaps somewhat stiff (not allowing long carrots to grow
witheut forming fingers).

Alt. and Haposure — About 500 ft.; exposed to N.E. and very
little to S.; a portion facing S. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Kent Ter., alt., 146 ft.; ht.,1 ft. 6ins.; 48:18
ins., on 179 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 4th ?] 8°: Belfield, dist., 8 ms.,
N.W.; Dec. 4, -2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 9 (1), 2 (2), 1 (3)—Berberis (Ame-
rican), 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 6 ft., 1. Greens, scarlet, 1. Holly,
golden, 7 ft. high, 1. Jasminum, white, 2; and yellow, 7 yrs. old,
3. Laurel, common, about 8 yrs.old, 2. Parsley, 1. Pyrethrum,
golden, 1. Rosemary, about 7 yrs. old, 1. Roses, two only, 1. Sage
tree, 1.

Plants uninjured — Apples, Currants, Gooseberries, Pears, Plums
and Raspberries. Herbaceous plants, all hardy perennials, except
the scarlet Greens. Roses, all except the two above-mentioned.

Q

114 — INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Observations—The garden suffers generally from the E. winds in
the spring which prevail from 3 to 6 or 7 weeks in April and May ~
without exception. After these are over, it may be generally con-
sidered well adapted for flowers if the season be only rather dry,
warm and with sunshine. Consequently it has looked gayer than I
have ever seen it, owing to the late fine season.

2. Betrretp, mid. of E. side of Lake Windermere.—H. W.
Schneider, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and very porous, gravel and sand with
slate rock below.

Alt. and Exposure—30 to 60 ft. above the lake ; 160 to 190 ft.
above the sea; exposed from 8.W. to N.W.

Rainfall, 1879 — 55°35 ins.; max., July, 8°11 ins.; min., May,
1:84 ins.; av. of 10 yrs., about 55 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From Oct. 15th to March
31st; 108 days of frost.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Deec. 3rd, 1°; 4th, -2°; 5th, 0°; 6th,
6°; 7th, 1°; 8th, 6°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 3 (2), 2 (3)—Fruit trees, all
kinds, 3. Roses, 2, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2, 3. Vegetables, 1, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured — No injury to any tree of any moment, in-
cluding Common and Portugal Laurels, Laurustinus and Rhodo-
dendrons.

Observations — Fruit trees, none were killed, but none of the
young shoots ripened; hence there was no crop in 1880, but great
vigour. |

115

DIVISION XI—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM
AnGLESEA, N. anp 8. WALEs, AND Monmovru.

ANGLESEA. Jan. exceptionably dry; Aug. excessively wet; falls
of 1 in. and upwards, 4 times in the month (Menaifron). Rainfall,
4-8 ins. above that of 1879 (Bodorgan). Min. rainfall, Holyhead,
alt., 44 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 2ins.; 33°87 ins., on 205 days: max., Bodor-
gan, alt., 20 to 30 ft.; ht. 4 ft.; 37°18 ins. Min. temps., Bodorgan,
alt., 20 to 30 ft.; Dec. 5th, 22°; Jan. 21st, 20°. In 1878-79, Dee.
14th, 12°; Jan. 11th, 17°: Holyhead, alt., 44 ft.; Dec. 4th and
Sth, 28°.

N. WaLtEs—CARNARVONSHIRE. The first gr., very dry; spring,
very cold and dry; everything backward: summer, very wet and
cold, with very little sunshine. Rainfall, in July was 12°19 ins.
above av. Aut., cold and dry; hard frost in Nov. and Dec. (Bryn
Gwynant). Min. rainfall, Llandudno, alt., 99 ft.; ht., 8 ins.; 29°36
ins., on 165 days : max., Beddgelert, alt., 264 ft.; ht., 3 ft. ; 107-26
ins., on 194 days. Min. temps., Forborth falt., 100 ft. 7], [Jan. ?]
25th, 17° ; 26th, 18°.

DenzicH. A long-continued frost at beginning and end of year,
with a cold, cloudy, dripping summer (Whynnstay). Rainfall,
only -06 in. above av. of 10 yrs. ; June and Aug., extraordinarily wet,
Oct., dry : min. rainfall, Trevalyn Hall, alt., 58 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 29-33
ins., on 192 days: max., Cae Llwyd Res., alt., 918 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ;
45°96 ins. Temps., max. of year in shade, 799-4; min., 119-0 [Date
?]. Nant y Glyn, alt., 180 ft. ; Dec. 4, 20°: Llandudno, alt., 79 ft. ;
Dec. 4th, 5th, 23°.

Fut. Rainfall in June, July, Aug., excessive; small, in rest
of year ; total not above the average.

Merionetu. A cold, wet, sunless year (Peniarth, Nannau Pk.).
Min. Rainfall, Rig Gardens, Corwen, alt., 500 ft.; ht. 1 ft. ;
32°58 ins., on 157 days: max., Dolgelly, alt., 465 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6
ins.; 64°31 ins. Min. temps., Rig, Jan. 23rd, 6°.

116 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80. .

Montcomery. Min. Rainfall, Mellington Hall, alt., 550 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. 6 ins.; 28-80 ins., on 197 days.: max., Lluest fawr, allt.,
990 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 53°80 ins. Min. temp., Powis Castle, alt., 420
ft.; Dec. 3rd, 12°; Jan. 20th and 27th, 12°: Churchstoke, alt., 549
ft.; Dec. 2nd, 15°-2; Jan. 20th, 13°-2. =
_ Plants injured (Anglesea and N. Wales), 1879-80 — 26 (1), 33
(2), 33 (3), total at 4 places.

S. Wates — CaERMARTHEN. Summer, very wet; winter, dry.
Frost early, but lasting long and very severe (Llandovery). Min.
Rainfall, Dynevor Castle, alt., 236 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 47-03 ins., on
203 days: max., Narberth, alt., 158 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 53°38 ins. on
191 days. Min. temps., Caermarthen, alt., 188 ft.; Dec. 5th, 179-9;
Jan. 22nd, 15°-7.

CarpDIGAN. Min. Rainfall, Gogerddan, alt., 80 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
43°38 ins., on 202 days : max., Machynlleth, alt., 1380 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
62:00 ins. Min. temp., Gogerddan, alt., 80 ft.; Nov. 30th, 13°;
Dec. 4th, 20°.

GLAMORGAN. Spring and summer, very wet; winter qrs., dry
(Merthyr Tydfil). Greater part of Oct. and Nov. fine (Margam Pk.).
Min. rainfall, Buttrill, alt., 250 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 38°21 ins., on 121
days : max., Neath, alt.; 240 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. ; 53°21 ins., on 210 days.
Min. temps., St. Fagan’s Castle, alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 7th, 12°; Jan.
21st., 22°: Cardiff, alt., 43 ft.; Dec. 7th, 1992; Jan. 2Ist, 18°.

PEMBROKE. Spring very severe; summer cold and wet ; Oct. and
Nov., fine and very dry. Min. rainfall, St. Ann’s Head, alt., 150
ft.; ht., 8 ins. ; 34°45 ins., on 198 days: max., Narberth, ht., 52°61
ins., on 204 days. Min. temps., Slebech, Dec. 5th and 7th, 7°:
Haverfordwest, Dec. 5th, 11°; Jan. 21st, 159-1: St. David’s, alt.,
_ 189 ft.; Dec. 4th, 219-6: St. Ann’s Head, alt., 150 ft.; Dec. 4th
and 5th, 26°.

Plants injured (S. Wales), 1879-80—45 (1), 57 (2), 41 (3), total
at 6 places.

Monmoutu. Very low temp., all the year, excepting one week.
Rainfall, heavy in earlier months ; Oct. and Nov., dry. Min. rain-
fall, Dingestow Court, alt., 250 ? ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 31°82 ins.: max.,
Ebbw Vale, alt., 918 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 63-70 ins., on 218 days. Min.
temp., Lianfrechfa, alt., 320 ft.; Dec. 27th, 20°.

DIVISION XI.—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH. 117

REPORTS.

1. ANGLESEA—LLANGEFIN, Bodorgan.—Mr. Jas. Ellam.

Gen. Char. of Soil—An ordinary loam.

Alt. and Exposure — Partly, 20 to 30 ft.; partly, 100 to 120 ft.

Rainfall, 1878—32:38 ins. ; 1878-79—37:18 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —1878-79, Dec. 2nd to
25th, and Jan. 2nd to 11th: 1879-80, Dec. 1st to 13th and Jan.
19th to 27th ; with short intervals of a day or two of thaw.

Min. Temps. and Dates—1878-79, Dec. 14th, 12°; Jan. 17th,
17°: 1879-80, Dec. 5th, 22°; Jan. 21st, 20°.

Plants injured, 1878-79 and 1879-80 — 11 (1), 13 (2), 19 (3)—
Aloysia citriodora, 10 to 12 ft. high, on walls, 1878-79, 1; and kd.
to grd., 2: 1879-80, 3. Aralia Sieboldii, 78 and 79, 3. Aucuba
japonica, sorts, in low, damp places, 78, 2; 79, 3; on dry, elevated
grd., 78,3. Azalea indica, 12 to 14 yrs. old, in cold damp grd., 78,
3. Bambusa Fortunei, vars., 78,3. Camellias, in open grd., fir.
buds kd., 78 and 79, 3. Ceanothus, sorts, on wall, 78, 3. Cineraria
acanthifolia and C. maritima, 78 and 79, 1, 2. Clianthus puniceus,
8 to 10 yrs. old, large plant, on wall, 78, 1. Coronilla glauca, on
wall, 78, 1. Eriobotrya japonica, on wall, 78 and 79, 3. Escal-
lonia macrantha, in open, 78, 2; 79, 3; HE. rubra, do., 78, 79, 2, 3.
Eugenia Ugni, in open, on wall, 78, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 18 to
20 ft. high, 30 ins. girth, 7 yrs. old, 78, 1. Euonymus, 5 or 6
sorts, in low damp places, 78, 1,2; 79, 2,3. Farfugium grande,
78 and 79,1, 2. Hydrangeas, 78, 2; 79, 3. Laurel, Bay, in
damp places, 78, 2; 79, 3. Laurustinus, in damp places, 78 and
79, 2, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, on walls, 78, 3. Myrtles, in dry
places, lost foliage, on walls, 78, 2; 79, 3; in low damp places,
78,1; kd. to grd., but recovered, 2. Passiflora coerulea, covered a
large space for 8 or 9 yrs., on walls, 78, 1. Solanum jasminoides,
on wall, 78, 1. Veronicas, in damp places, 78 and 79,1; in dry
places, 78 and 79, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured, 1878-79 and 1879-80—American (Nth.) Plants,
78, 79; Arbutus, 78, 79; Aucuba, on dry elevated grd., 79; Azalea
indica, in open, 79; Azara microphylla, on wall, 78, 79; Berberi-
dopsis corallina, on walls, 78, 79 ; Buddlea globosa, 79 ; Centaureas,

118 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

78, 79; Chameerops excelsa, 10 ft. high, 78, 79; Choisya ternata, on
wall, a grand old plant, 78, 79; Conifers of all kinds (including
Araucarias, Cedrus Deodara, and Pinus insignis), 78, 79 ; Desfon-
tainea, on walls, 78, 79; Escallonia macrantha, on walls, 78, 79;
Eugenia Ugni, in open, 79; Euonymus, 5 or 6 sorts, on walls and
in elevated dry places, 78, 79; Eurya latifolia, variegated, 78, 79;
Forsythia viridissima, 78, 79; Fremontia californica, on wall, 78,
79; Japanese shrubs, e.g. Osmanthus, 79; Magnolia grandiflora,
79. Myrtles, some plants, in dry positions, 78, 79. Veronica sali-
cifolia, and 8. devoniana, 78, 79. Yucca filamentosa, Y. flaccida, and
Y. gloriosa, 78, 79.

Observations—The injury done to shrubs and plants at this place
in the winter, 1879-80, was so much less than in the previous
winter, that I have given the results of the frosts in both winters.
I fear the results of the late severe and continued frosts will be as
in 1878-9, as I find plants are injured which were unhurt two years
azo. The climate of Anglesea is generally mild and we do not have
such extremes of heat or cold as occur in the more inland situations.
We have Indian Azaleas, 14, Camellias nearly 20, and Myrtles which
must be 40 years old. Bedding plants, as Calceolarias and Pelargo-
niums stand out blooming for three summers in succession, without
any winter protection. On the banks of the Menai Straits, opposite
Bangor, half-hardy plants stand much better than at this place.
(Feb. 4th, 1881).

1. N. Wates—Carnarvon, Bangor, Treborth Park. — Mr. J.
Fitzpatrick.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy and clayey.

Alt. and Exposure — Situate on an eminence between the tubu-
lar and suspension bridges, near the sea, and very much exposed at
all points, but especially to E., N. and 8.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Carnarvon, dist., 7 ms., 8.; alt., 120 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 1 in.; 38°87 ims., on 199 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. [Dec. ?] 11th, 27°;
12th, 28°; 13th, 26°; 14th, 22°; 15th, 29°: Frost returned (Jan.
?] 22nd, 28°; 28rd, 26°; 24th, 23° ; 25th, 17°; 26th, 18°; 27th,
22°. 28th, 21°; 29th, 27°; 30th, 24° [Bodorgan, dist., 10 ms., W. ;
Dec. Ist to 13th; and from Jan. 19th to 27th. ] ‘

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. ?] 14th, 22°; [Jan. ?] 25th, 179,

DIVISION XI.—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH. 119

and 26th, 18° [Llandudno, dist., 15 ms., N.W.; alt., 79 ft.; Dee.
2nd, 25°-5 ; 4th and 5th, 23°; Jan. 21st, 249-2: Colwyn Bay, dist.,
8 ms., E.; alt., 180 ft.; Dec. 4th, 20°].

Plants injured, 1879—None.

Plants uninjured —Ceanothus Veitchii, Escallonia macrantha,
Garrya elliptica and a Gloire de Dijon Rose growing on a N.E.
wall had no other protection than some litter about the roots.
Similarly, Chorozema ilicifolia and Lapagerea rosea grown as
creepers up the glass in a cold lean-to house with N. aspect were
uninjured.

1. DenpigH—ABERGELE, Hafodunos.—Mr. J. McNair.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A rich clayey loam, resting on rotten whin-
stone ; some parts light and friable.

Alt. and Hxposure—750 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Garthewin, alt., 363 ft.; ht., 1 ft ; 36-85 ins.,
on 146 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Nant-y-Glyn, dist.,5 ms. ?, W.; alt.,
180 ft.; Dec. 4th, 20°: Llandudno, dist., 10 ms., W.; alt., 79 ft. ;
Dec. 4th and 5th, 23°; Jan. 21st, 24°27].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 10 (1), 19 (2), 13 (3) — Abies Mo.
rinda, 3. Aralia spinosa, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 1, 2; on higher
erd., 3. Berberis Darwinii, 1, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1.
Cabbages, Savoys, 2. Ceanothus azureus, on wall, 1. Cedrus Deo-
dara, 3; ©. D. robusta, 3. Celery, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 2.
Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Escallonia macrantha, on wall, 1; E. pte-
rocladon, 1. Huonymus japonicus, variegatus, on wall, 2. Fitzroya
patagonica, 3. Garrya elliptica, 2. Gunnera scabra, 2. Holly, 3;
Do. latifolium, 2. Jasminum Reevesii, on wall, 1. Kalmia latifolia,
3. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Pernettya, sp., 3. Picea
bracteata, 3; P. Webbiana, 2. Pinus insignis, 1. Prumnopitys elegans,
2. Quercus glabra, 2; Q. Ilex, 3. Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, -
Banksian, 1; others, 2. Salisburia, 3. Skimmia japonica, 2. Tri-
toma uvaria, 2.

Plants uninjured—Picea Webbiana, the finest specimen.

2. Cotwyn, Nant-y-Glyn.—Mr. A. O. Walker, F.L.S., F.M.S.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stony, mostly of decomposed Wenlock shale,
which is near the surface in many parts of the garden.

120 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Alt. and Exposure—180 ft., half a mile from the sea, on the side
of a valley sloping to E.S8.E., the valley running N.N.E. to the sea.

Rainfall, 1879 — 1st qr., 5°49 ins.; 2nd qr., 7°34 ins. ; 3rd qr.,
13°40 ins. ; 4th qr., 3°97 ins. ; total, 30°20 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 2nd to 7th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—None.

Plants uninjured—Callisthemon lanceolatum,* Cordyline austra-
lis,* Dodonzea ericeefolia,* Eryngium pandanifolium,* LEscallonia
macrantha,* Eucalyptus coriaceus* (?), E. Gunnii, Eugenia apicu-
lata,* Fabiana imbricata, Fremontia californica,* Leptospermum sco-
parium, Photinia serrulata,* Pittosporum tenuifolium.

Observations—The winter 1879-80 was so much less severe than
that of 1878-79 that it cannot be said that anything that was left
alive in the spring of 1879 was injured, notwithstanding the very
heavy rainfall in the summer of 1879. Those plants in the fore-
‘going list marked * were injured in 1878-79, when many trees and
shrubs were killed, but not in 1879-80. The effects of the heavy
summer rainfall were chiefly shown in the miserably deficient crop in
1880 of all fruit trees, excepting Cherries. There were no Peaches
or Nectarines, very few Apricots or Plums, and, speaking broadly, no
Apples or Pears, excepting five never failing varieties, viz. Dutch
Mignonne, Lord Suffield, Mannington’s Pearmain, Ribston Pippin,
and Sturmer Pippin. On Espaliers, there were a few of Gansel’s Ber-
gamot Glou Morceau, Louise Bonne, and Marie Louise, on 8.E. walls,

1. Merroneta—Corwen, Riig.—Mr. Jas. Bennett.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light ; subsoil, gravel.

Alt. and Exposure—500 ft. ; exposed to E.

Rainfall, 1879—32°58 ins., on 157 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—End of Nov. to Feb.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 28rd, 6°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Araucaria imbricata, 2. Artichoke,
globe, 1. Broccoli, 1. Laurel, common, 3.

Observation—None but the most hardy shrubs are grown here.

1. MonraomERY—WELSHPOOL, Powis Castle—Mr. W. Lee.
Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff red loam, on red rock.
Alt. and Exposuwre—420 ft. ; exposed to 8. and E.

DIVISION XI.—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH. 121

Rainfall, 1879—33°8 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 16th, 23°, to Dee.
26th; Jan. 18th, 23°, to Feb. 22nd; March 18th to May 2nd, 24°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, Jan. 20th and 27th, 12°:
[Churchstoke, dist., 7 ms.,8.E.; alt., 549 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 1592; Jan.
20th, 139-2].

Plants injured, 1879-80—Vegetables alone suffered very severely ;
the garden being exposed to the E. winds, Broccolis, Cabbages,
and Greens were all killed.

Plants uninjured—Conifers, choice kinds, and deciduous trees and
shrubs very much exposed, such as Araucarias, Abies, sp., Biotas,
Cedrus, sp., Cryptomeria, Cupressus, sp., Retinosporas, &c.; Flowers
and Herbaceous plants, none have suffered ; Lapageria rosea, planted
agst. S.E. wall, on June 1st, 1879, bore fine firs. in Sept.; made
excellent growth, 1880; and would have fird. in Oct. had not frost
set in so early (with 23°) and continued throughout the month.

1, 8. WALEs—CAERMARTHEN, Whitland, Maesgwynne.—Mr. T.
Higgins.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A loamy clay ona cold subsoil of clayey
marl.

Alt. and Ezxposure—About 200 ft.; exposed to wind from the
Trish Channel.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Caermarthen, dist., 12 ms., H. ; alt., 92 ft.;
ht., 6 ins.; 50°12 ins., on 225 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Caermarthen, alt., 188 ft.; Dec. 5th,
17°'9; Jan. 22nd, 15°°7: Haverfordwest, dist., 15 ms., W.; alt.,
95 ft. (?); Dec. 5th, 119; Jan. 21st, 15°-1].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 7 (2), 4 (3)—Apples, 2. Aralia
Sieboldii, 1. Asparagus, 50 p.c., 1, others 2. Aucuba japonica, 2.
Hydrangeas, 1. Laurustinus, exposed, 2; sheltered, 3. Peaches, 2
Pears, 2. Rhododendron ponticum, 3; R. hybs., 3. Vegetables, all
kinds, 3. Veronicas, 2.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli, in most exposed part of garden,
walled on all sides, finest crop;. Cabbages, all sorts stood well; Cher-
ries, av. crop, 1880; Confers, not one injured; Currants, av. crop.,
1880 ; Gooseberries, never better crop, bushes laden to grd., 1880.

-Observations—Apples, Peaches and Pears bore no fruit in 1880:
the summer growth dying back, 3 to 5 ins., to the more matured

R

122 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

wood ; foliage in Dec. Aucubas, striking strongly again from the
roots. Hydrangeas, fine plants, 10 yrs. old, much injured in 1878-
79, killed in 1879-80. Rhododendrons, the wood did not ripen,
flowers very poor in 1880.

1. CarpIGAN—ABeErRystwitH, Gogerddan.—Mr. T. Vearly.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Brashy, on gravel,

Alt. and Hxposure—50 ft.; exposed to E. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 80 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 43°38 ins., on 202 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 1st, and continued
nearly the whole of three months.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Nov. 30th, 19°; Dec. 4th, 219; Jan.
20th and 26th, 21°; [alt., 45 ft.; Dec. 4th, 20°}.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 3 (1), 11 (2), 8 (8) — Artichoke,
globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, 2. Bud-
dlea globosa, 2. Cabbages, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Daisies,
double, 2. Escallonia, sorts, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euony-
mus, sorts, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Onions, winter, 2. Retinosporas, 3.
Roses, 3. Sage, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Spinach, 2. Stock,
Brompton, 2. Thyme, 2. Violets, 2. Wallflowers, 1

2. ApEeRystwitH, Llanilar.—Mr. J. Loxdale.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong alluvial clay, in part ; other part,
a poor shaley loam, close upon the rock.

Alt. and Hxposure—[About 70 ft. ?: Aberystwith, dist., 5 ms. ;
alt., 45 ft.] N.W. aspect.

Min. Temp. and Date—[Aberystwith, alt., 45 ft.; Dec. 4th, 20°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —8 (1), 5 (2), 0 (3)—Agapanthus, 2.
Arbutus, 2. Artichoke [globe ?], 1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Broccoli,
every sort, 1. Escallonia, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Cnothera macro-
carpa, roots unprotected, 1. Pentemons, 1. Rhododendrons, esp.
choicer kinds, 2. Statice latifolia, roots unprotected, 1. Thyme, 1.
Veronica (purple &c.), all (excepting white), 1

1. GLamMoRGAN—CaRrpIFF, St. Fagan’s Castle—Mr. R. Crossling.

~ Gen. Char. of Soil—Shallow, composed of the debris of red
limestone.

Alt. and Exposure—100 ft. ; fully exposed to the gales from 8.W. ;
but sheltered on N. and E.

DIVISION XI.—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH. 123

Rainfall, 1879—[Cardiff, dist., 2 ms.; Cemetery, alt., 95 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 46°34 ins., on 210 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 14th to 16th severe ;
ending Feb. 4th, excepting 17 days of thaw.

_ Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 7th, Jan. 21st and 22nd, 12°
[20° ?] : (Cardiff, dist., 3 ms. ; alt., 43 ft.; Dec. 7th, 19°92; Jan. 21st,
18°: Llanfrechfa, dist., 14 ms., N.E. ; alt., 320 ft.; Dec. 7th, 20°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —23 (1), 13 (2), 16 (3)—Agave ameri-
cana, 1. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Aralia Sieboldii, 3; A. 8. variegata,
1. Arundo conspicua, 3. Asparagus, 2. Berberidopsis corallina, 1.
Bignonia, 1. Camellias, i, 2, 3. Ceanothus dentatus, all, 1. Cer-
cis siliquastrum, 1. Chamcerops Fortunei, 1. Clianthus puniceus,
1. Coronilla glauca, 1. Cytisus ramosus, both large and small, all,
1. Euonymus, vars., 1,2, 3. Figs, unprotected, by early frosts, 3.
Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Hybiscus syriacus, var., 3. Hydrangeas,
pts. kd., no bloom, 1880, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2, 3. Laurustinus, 2, 3.
Magnolia grandiflora, on walls, 3. Myrtles, in open, 1; on walls, 2.
Paliurus aculeatus, 1. Pampas grass, 2. Passiflora coerulea, 1.
Peaches, 3. Pinus Llaveana, 1; P. pinea, 1, 2. Pittosporum To-
bira, 1. Punica Granatum, fl. pl., 2. Roses, Dwf. Teas, 3; Stands.,
1, 2, 3. Raspberries, 1, 2. Salix babylonica, 1. Statice latifolia, 2.
Vines, wood not ripened, on walls, 3. Yucca gloriosa, individs., 1,
2, 3.

Plants uninjured—Arundo Donax ; Planes and Raphiolepis ovata,
exposed to W. and N.; Sedum Sieboldii, variegatum; Selaginella
denticulata ; Yucca gloriosa, a few.

Observations—Much of the injury must be attributed to the un-
ripe state of the wood. We experienced more frost in the previous
winter of 1878-79 ; but our Hydrangeas were finer than usual after
it. This summer we had no bloom, all the points being killed. This
is one instance amongst many.

2. Sr. Fagan’s—[ Report in J]. of Hort. 1880, p. 276].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 4th, 20°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Apricots, weak, 3. Broccoli, two-thirds,
1. Euonymus, variegated, all, 1. Figs, 2. Herbaceous plants, all,
1. Myrtles, several, 20 yrs. old, not protected, by walls, 1. Peaches,
weakened, 3. Pears, no frt. buds, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, a fine
plant, 8 ft. by 7 ft.; 1. Raspberries, cut back, a few to grd., 2.
Roses, Stands., 24, 1; many, 2; Teas, breaking from bottom, 2.

124 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli, one-third ‘saved. Fruit trees, well
set with bloom-buds}'(Pears excepted). Roses, 500 dwf. H. P.’s;
newer H. P.’s, removed out of pots in the aut. in good condition ;
e.g., A. K. Williams, Countess of Roseberry, Duchess of Bedford,
and Souvenir de V. Verdier.

Observations—In many cases the injuries received in the winter
were not very conspicuous until the H. winds of spring detected them.
In the case of the newer H. P. roses, perhaps the restricted growth
of the plants in pots, which would have a better chance of ripening
in such a season as the last, would account for any noticeable diffe-
rences, rather than special hardiness in the varieties.

1. PEmMBROoKE—LLEcuHRYD, Castle Malgwyn.—Mr. H. Howard.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Cold, a clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—Less than 100 ft. ; sheltered well on E. W.
and N.; but open to 8. and 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft. ; 40°18 ins., on 206 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 1st, and lasted the
greater part of the month; Jan. 17th, and lasted 11 days.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 1st, 8°: [Slebech Pk., dist., 20
ms.,8.; Dec. 5th and 7th, 7°.]

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 12 (2), 3 (8)—Arbutus, sorts, 2.
Arundo conspicua, 3. Cedrus Deodara, an avenue much disfigured,
2. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus japonicus, recovered, 2.
Figs, large trees, kd. to grd., 2. Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 1. Hy-
drangea japonica, 2. Juniperus, weeping var., 2. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurel, common, many large plants, kd. to grd., 2. Laurustinus, 2.
Lonicera brachypoda, aureo-reticulata, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Quer-
cus Ilex, one large tree, over 20 ft., 1; others, 2. Rhododendrons,
pts. of shoots kd., 3. Yucca, stems frozen through in some, 2, 3.

2. NARBERTH, Slebech Park. —Mr. G. Griffin. —

Gen. Char. of Soil—A good loam with a clay subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—Only a few feet above sea-level ; on the banks
of a tidal river, 20 miles inland; exposed to Atlantic winds.

Rainfall, 1879—Excessive during the summer, followed by a dry
winter : [Haverfordwest, dist., 9 ms., W.; alt., 95 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. ; 49°69
ins., on 177 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2nd (25°5), till Dec.

DIVISION XI.—ANGLESEA, WALES AND MONMOUTH. 125

22nd, with deep snow; Jan. 19th till 28th, with slight frosts at
intervals, during the remainder of the winter.

Min. Temps. and Dates— Dec. 5th and Jan. 22nd, 7°: [Caer-
marthen, dist., 24 ms., E.; alt., 188 ft.; Dec. 5th, 1799; Jan.
22nd, 15°-7: Haverfordwest, dist., 7ms., W.; Dec. 5th, 11°; Jan.
» Zist, 15°°1).

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 9 (2), 10 (8)—Aralia Sieboldii,
2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinii, where shaded, 2; B.
vulgaris, 3. Blackberry, used as cover in woods, 1. Broccoli, 2.
Camellias, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Escallonia rubra, 3. Figs, 2.
Furze, all the old plants, esp. in damp places, 1. Gleditschia tria-
canthos, 3. Larch, young plantations, 2; old, 3. Laurel, Bay,
breaking again strongly, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 1.
Ligustrum vulgare, ovalifolium, 3. Mahonia Bealii, 1. Myrtus
communis, latifolia and microphylla, 2. Olea ilicifolia, 3. Quercus
Ilex, young plants near or under trees, 3. Raphiolepis ovata, 3.
Sequoia gigantea, in shade, 1.

Plants uninjured—Azara microphylla, Berberis stenophylla, Ca-
mellias (near coast), Cistus ladaniferus, Conifera—Abies Douglasii,
Araucaria imbricata, Cedrus atlantica, C. Deodara (a few of the
slowest growing and handsomest specimens), C. Libani, Cryptomeria
japonica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. Lambertiana, C. nutkaensis,
Juniperus Bedfordiana, J. chinensis, Picea nobilis, P. Nordman-
niana, P. excelsa and others, Retinospora obtusa, R. plumosa, R.
squarrosa and others, Sequoia gigantea (in exposed places, very
healthy), Thuja occidentalis and several others,—Daphne collina,
Figs (near the sea), Griselinia littoralis, Ligustrum japonicum, Olea-
ria Haastii, Psonia moutan, Quercus Ilex (young and old trees
where fully exposed to sun and air), Vegetables (excepting Broc-
coli) fairly good.

Observations—Trees and shrubs which are planted in a deep rich
soil make very succulent growth, which does not ripen in a cold
wet summer like that of 1879; consequently they are killed by -
the frost. Those planted in full sun are extremely healthy. The
destruction of young Larches appears to be the greatest loss sustained
in this district; upwards of a million having been killed in the
neighbourhood. ‘Taken as a whole the ornamental plantations and
pleasure grounds in this district have not suffered much, in fact,
very little.

126

DIVISION XII.—(SCOTLAND) 8. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FRoM Dum-
FRIES, KIRKCUDBRIGHT AND RoxBuRGH.

Dumrries. Rainfall, greatly below av. (Dumfries). Min. rain-
fall, Dumfries, alt., 159 ft.; ht., 6 ins.; 33°31 ins, on 164 days:
max., Langholm, alt., 450 ft. ; ht., 3 ins.; 50°20 ins. Min. temps.,
Drumlanrig, alt., 191 ft.; Dec. 6th, 1°: Langholm, alt., 500 ft. ;
and Lockerbie, alt., 196 ft.; Dec. 4th, 4°: Dumfries, alt., 159 ft. ;
Dec. 4th and 6th, 8°.

“Plants injured, 1879-80 — 21 (1), 18 (2), 6 (8), total at 2
places.

Kirxcupsrient. Rainfall, first five and last three months, very
deficient ; but greatly above av. in June, July, Aug., and Sept. Min.
rainfall, Little Ross, alt., 130 ? ft.; ht. 3 ft. 3im.; 25°84 ins.:
max., Carsphairn, alt., 574 ft.; ht., 3 ft. 10 ins.; 50-24 ins., on 149
days. Min. temp., Cally, alt., 140 ft.; Dec. 4th, 14°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 1 (2), 1 (8), total at 1 place.

Roxsuren. Winter (1878-79) late and severe; Rainfall, great
in summer; harvest late, extending to 2nd week in Nov.; Novy., re-
markably fine; early part of Dec., excessively cold (Teviothead
Manse). Min. rainfall, Kelso, alt., 130 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 24°92 ins.,
on 219 days: max., Teviothead Manse, alt., 550 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ;
45°70 ins., on 173 days. Min. temps., Dec. 4th, Crailing and Or-
miston,* -18°: Kelso, four obs., -18°, -16°, -14°, and -12°: Nr. R.
Teviot,* -16°: Ancrum (Kirklands)* -12°: Jedburgh, alt., 273 ft. ;
-13°: Mt. Teviot,* -13°: St. Boswell’s, alt., 230 ft.; Dec. 10th,
-12°: Ancrum House, -12°: Melrose, alt., 280 ft.; Dec. 7th, -5°5:
Wolfelee, alt., 601 ft.; -5°: Lilliesleaf, alt., 510 ft.; -4°: Hawick
(Silverbut Hall), 0°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 61 (1), 74 (2), 5 (8), total at 4
places. ,

* Gard. Chron. 1879, Vol. xii. p. 796.

DIVISION XII.—(SCOTLAND) 8S. COUNTIES. 127

REPoRTS.

1. Dumrrrs—Laneuorm, Arkleton.—Mr. J. Dickson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and gravelly.

Alt. and Hxposure—500 ft.; exposed to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—50-20 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—In 1879, July was the
only month without a frost. Sept. 21st and Oct. 7th, 27°; Nov.
21st, 4 ins. of snow; on 24th, 29th and 30th, 21°; Dec. Ist, 21°;
Qnd, 11°; 3rd, 12°; 4th, 4°; 5th, 6°; 6th, 12°; 7th, 21°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 4°: [Dumfries, dist., 23 ms.,
S.W.; alt., 159 ft.; Dec. 4th, 6th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —11 (1), 9 (2), 3 (8) —Borecole, tall
curled or Scotch and Dwf. curled or Canada, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1.
Cedrus Libani, 2. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2; C. Simmonsii, 2.
Crategus Pyracantha, 2. LEscallonia macrantha, 2. Garrya ellip-
tica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, Portugal, 1, 2. Lonicera bra-
chypoda, aureo-reticulata, 3. Onions, aut. sown, 1. Phormium
tenax, 1. Rhododendrons, buds kd., 3. Roses, 1, 2. Sequoia
gigantea, 18ft. high and 17 yrs. old, 1. Spartium junceum, 1. Straw-
berry plants, by early cold frosty winds, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1; Do.
grandiflora, 1.. Yews, 3.

Observation—Roses, fully one-half were killed, though in the pre-
vious winter, which was more severe (min. temp., Dec. 13th, 1878,
-2°), we did not lose oue.

2. LocKkEeRrsBiE, Jardine Hall.—Sir A. Jardine, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light.

Alt. and Hxposure—196 ft.; open and exposed.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th to Dec. 22nd.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 4°: [Drumlanrig, dist., 6 ms.,
W.; alt., 191 ft.; Dec. 6th, 1°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 4 (2), 3 (8)—Abies Douglasii,
3 or 4 yrs. old, 1878-79 and 1879-80, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 78,
2; 79, 1. Aucuba japonica, 78,2; 79,1. Broccoli, 78 and 79, 1.
Cedrus Deodara, 78, 2; 79, 1. Cotoneaster, 78, 1. Cryptomeria
japonica, 78 and 79, 3. Figs, on open wall, 79,1. Forsythia ele-
gans, on wall, 78,3; 79,1. Holly, golden &c., lost foliage, 78 and

128 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

79, 3. Ivy, 78 and 79, 3. Laurel, Bay, 78, 2; 79, 1,2. Laurel,
Portugal, 78, 2; 79,1, 2. Phormium tenax, 78,1. Rhododendron
ponticum, 78,3; 79, 1,2. Sequoia gigantea, 78, 3. Vegetables,
all winter sorts, 78 and 79, 1.

1. Kirkcupsricgot — AUCHENCAIRN, Castle Douglas. — Mr. J.
McGuffey.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A hazel loan on a gravel subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—50 ft. ; exposed to 8.E.

Rainfall, 1879—43-28 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —Oct. 15th, 32°; all tender
plants cut; Nov. 4th, 13th, 15th, 22nd and 29th, slight frosts ;
Dec. Ist to 9th, keen frosts, also on 11th and 20th; Jan. 12th to
22nd, keen frosts.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 4th (?) about 10° (?): Silloth,
dist., 18 ms., E.; Dec. 4th, 8°; 5th, 99-2: Dumfries, dist., 18 ms.,
N.E.; alt., 159 ft.; Dec. 4th, 6th, 8°: Cally, dist., 11 ms., W.;
alt., 140 ft.; Dec. 4th, 14°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3)—Antirrhinum, 1.
Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Penstemons, 1. Roses,
dwfs., 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1.

Observations—Fruit crops (1880), Apples on stands. and walls, a
fair crop. Barberry, none. Cherries, on stands., none; on walls, a
good crop. Currants, black, very poor; red and white, good crops.
Gooseberries, a good crop. Nuts, in woods, none. Oaks bore no
acorns. Pears, on stands., none. Plums, on stands., none; on walls,
very poor crop.

1. Roxpurcu—Jeppureu, Mt. Teviot.—Mr. J. Page.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, principally on gravel and “till.”

Alt. and Haposure—About 273 ft. ; exposed to E. and 8.W. gales ;
situate on the banks of the R. Teviot.

Rainfall, 1879—27-96 ins.: (Sunnyside, alt., 350 ft.; ht., 6 ft.;
26°36 ins., on 144 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th to Dec. 14th;
frost very intense from Dec. 2nd to 6th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 8 am., -19; 12, noon, 9°;
2p.m., 20°; 4 pm. 0°; 9 p.m. -6°; Dec. 4th, 8 a.m., -139; 10
am., 2°; 12, noon, 10°; 2 p.m., 20°; 4p.m., 8°; 9 p.m.,.6°>;

DIVISION X{I.—(SCOTLAND) 8S, COUNTIES. 129

Dec. 5th, 12 p.m., -1°; temp. then rose to 30°, followed by 9
ins. of snow. At Ancrum House, dist., 1 m.; Dec. 4th, -10°: Kirk-
lands, -16°: Nr. R. Teviot, -16°: Crailing, dist., 4 ms., E.; Dec.
Ath, -18°: Ormiston, dist., 4 ms., N.; Dec. 4th, -18°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—32 (1), 27 (2), 1 (3)—Apples, stands.,
1,2. Apricots (still dying back, Aug. 2nd, 1880), 2. Araucaria, 1,
2. Arundo conspicua, 1, 2. Aucubas, 1, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1 ;
B. Simonsii, 1, 2; two other vars., 1,2. Box, tree, 1,2. Broom,
1, 2; Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Cistus, 1, 2. Clematis, on walls,
slightly protected at base, 1, 2. Crataegus Oxyacantha, pink, fl. pl.,
2; C. Pyracantha, 1. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Escallonia macrantha,
on wall and well covered, 1. Figs, on wall and well covered, 1, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 1. Hollies, all kinds, green and variegated, 1; only
two alive, 2. Ivies, various kinds, 1, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2 Laurel,
Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, well covered,
on wall, 1, 2. Oaks, from 30, 40 to 150 yrs. old, 2. Osmanthus
ilicifolius, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Pears, stands.,.1, 2. Privet, 1, 2.
Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Rhododendrons, hybs. and ponticum, 1, 2.
Roses, on walls, 1. Santolina,1. Sequoia gigantea, 1, 2. Vines,
very old kinds, 1, 2. Walnut, 2. Yew, common, 1, 2; Do. Irish, 3.

Plants uninjured—All herbaceous plants, owing to the depth of
snow upon them.

2. Ketso.—Mr. W. B. Boyd.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Of a light, gravelly nature; very few places
being on a clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—150 to 200 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Springwood Park, alt., 130 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 24-92
ins., on 219 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd and 4th, -18°: [See Meteor.
Ozs. p. 126 and Rep., No. 1, for temps. at Mt. Teviot, dist., 8 ms.,S. ;
and Crailing, dist., 6 ms.,8.: Milne-Graden, dist., 10 ms., N.E.;
alt., 103 ft.; Dec. 4th, -3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 20 (1), 27 (2), 0 (3)—Acer Psendo-
Platanus (Sycamore), 2. Ampelopsis, all (except A. Veitchii), 2.
Apples, nearly all, 1. Apricots, on walls, 1. Araucaria imbricata,
1. Ash, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2. Beech hedges, 2. Berberis Dar-
winii, 2; B. dulcis, 2. Box, tree, 1. Bramble, variegated, 2.
Cedrus Deodara, 1. Chestnat, Spanish, 1, Clematis Jackmanni, 2;
©, viticella, 2, Crataegus, ‘evergreen Thorn,” 2, Cytisus Labure

R,

130 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

num, in exposed places, 1; C. purpureus, 1. Deutzia scabra, 1.
Elder, variegated, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Holly, variegated,
1. Ivies, nearly all, 1. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2; J. officinale, 2.
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, Portugal, 2. lLibocedrus decurrens, 1.
Lonicera sempervirens, 2. Oaks, many, 1. Peony, tree, 2. Peaches,
on wall, mostly, 1; Do. Royal George, 2. Pears, nearly all, 1. Per-
nettya mucronata, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 2. Privet, 2. Quinces, 2.
Rhododendrons, hybs., mostly, 1; some, 2. Ribes sanguineum, 2.
Roses, H. P.’s, Gloire de Dijon and Dundee Rambler, 2. Ruscus
aculeatus, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Weigela rosea, 1. Wistaria
sinensis, 2. Yew, common and Irish, 1.

Plant wninjured—Ampelopsis Veitchii.

Observation—Oaks, all at a lower level than 50 ft., above R.
Teviot, had the young wood of the year 1877 kd. in winter 1878-79.
Now the trees are quite dead, many 50, 80 to 100 yrs. old.

3. LinumsteAr, Riddell.—Mr. Jas. Tait.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Wet and clayey.

Alt. and Hxposure—510 ft.; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[St. Boswell’s, dist., 5 ms., N.E.; alt., 350 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 27-84 ins., on 186 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 30th to Dec. 14th ;
Jan. 11th to 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 3rd, -2°; 4th, -4°: [St. Boswell’s,
dist., 5ms. N. ; Dec. 10th, -12°: Hawick (Silverbut Hall, dist., 7 ms.,
S.; Dec. 3rd, 0°: Dec. 11th, -2°: Woolfelee, dist., 17 ms., S.; Dec.
Ath, -5°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—Apricots, pts. of shoot kd., 3. Lau-
rel, Bay, 2. Laurel, Portugal (100), 1 or 2.

Observations—Fruit trees, the wood ripened badly and the fruit buds
were imperfectly matured ; hence, but few Apples, Pears and Plums
in 1880. Bush fruit, black and red Currants, plentiful; but only
half a crop of Gooseberries. Rhododendrons bore but few blossoms.

4. Sr. BoswEtu’s, Mertoun House —Mr. W. Fowler.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, with a gravel subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 230 ft.; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[Hlliston, alt., 350 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 27-84 ins., on
186 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates — Dec. 10th [?] -12°: Melrose Abbey,
dist., 4 ms., N.W.; Dec. 4th, -5°: Kelso, dist., 8ms., N.E. ; alt., 130

DIVISION XII.—(SCOTLAND) S. COUNTIES. 131

ft.; Dec. 4th, -18°: Lilliesleaf, dist., 5 ms., S.; alt., 510 ft.; Dee.
4th, -4°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 8 (1), 18 (2), 3 (3) — Apples, some
vars., 2. Apricots, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 2. Artichoke, globe, 1.
Box, tree, where confined, 2. Broccoli, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2.
Cherry, Morello, 3. Chestnut, Spanish, 2. Clematis, 2. Cotoneaster,
2. Crategus Pyracantha, 2. Cytisus Laburnum, 2. Holly, where
confined, 2. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, Portugal, kd. to
snow, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Oak, 3. Peaches, 1, 2. Pears, 2, 3.
Roses, dwfs., to snow, 2; Climbing, Gloire de Dijon, &c., 20 yrs.
old, 1; stands., 1. Vegetables, green crops, all sorts kd. to grd., 1,
2. Yew, 2.

Observations— Fruit: trees, have suffered more or less, but more
especially from the cold, wet summer; inasmuch as the vars. of
Apples and Pears continued to die by inches during the cold rains.
The injuries were no doubt increased by the low temp. of the soil.
Others of a more hardy nature suffered from the absence of sun and
the consequent failure in ripening the wood. ‘Trees and shrubs, the
greatest injury to these, such as Box, Hollies, &c., occurred where
they were in confined situations. Such are always hardier when the
air circulates freely around them, as in many cases where the same
vars. are standing free and exposed, they are uninjured.

132

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOT.) 8. E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, From Ber-
Wick, Epinsureu, HappIneTon, PEEBLES AND SELKIRK.

Berwick. Min. Rainfall, St. Abb’s Head, alt., 211 ? ft. ; ht.,
4 ins. ; 23°31 ins. : max., Marchmont House, alt., 500 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
33°92 ins., on 227 days. Min. temps., Blackadder, Dec. 4th, -23° ;
Allenbank, -13°: Ninewells, -8° : Chirnside Bridge, -6°: Coldstream,
alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 5th, -6°: Milne-Graden, alt., 103 ft.; Dec. 4th,
-3°: Dunse, alt., 500 ft.; Dec. 4th, 0°: Thirlestane Castle, alt.,
558 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 4°; 4th, 8°; 5th, 1°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 53 (1), 41 (2), 9 (8), total at 3
places.

Epinsureu. Min. Rainfall, Edinburgh, alt., 300 ft.; ht., 63
ft.; 21°74 ins.: max., Glencorse, alt., 787 ft.; ht., 6 ins. ; 44°95 ins.
Min. temps., Dalkeith, alt., 450 ft.; ht., 4 ft.; Dec. 4th, 0°; alt.,
190 ft.; 5°: Edinburgh, Dec. 4th, 1°; Jan. 19th and 26th, 19°:
Leith, alt., 22 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —39 (1), 60 (2), 32 (38), total at 3
places.

Happineton. Rainfall, the greatest occurred in June, July and
Aug., instead of Sept., Oct. and Nov., as is usually the case. Min.
rainfall, Seacliffe (N. Berwick), alt., 80 ft.; ht., 5 ft.; 26-60 ins.:
max., Haddington, alt., 235 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 29°52 ins. Min.
temps., Haddington, alt., 140 ft.; Dec. 4th, -5°: Tynninghame,
Dec. 4th, 0°: Luchie, (N. Berwick), Dec. 3rd, 2°: Yester, alt., 420
ft.; Dec. 4th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—13 (1), 22 (2), 19 (3), total at 3 places.

Peresles. Min. Rainfall, Stobo Castle, alt., 590 ft. ; ht., 9 ins. ;
30°85 ins. : max., Cairnmuir, alt., 1150 ft.; ht., 5 ims.; 49°01 ins.
Min. temps., King’s Meadow, alt., 540 ft.; Dec. 4th, 12°: The
Glen (Innerleithen), alt., 820 ft.; Dec. 4th, -7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 14 (2), 3 (3), total at 2
places.

Sevzirk. Min. Rainfall, Bowhill, alt., 697 ft.; ht. 11 ft. ;
29°73 ins., on 171 days: max., Borthwickbrae, alt, 800 ft. ;

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOTLAND) Ss. E. COUNTIES. - 133

ht., 2 ins.; 35-20 ins. Min. temps., Galashiels, alt., 400 ft.; Dee.
4th, -10°; also -6°.
Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 5 (2), 1 (3), total at 1 place.

REPoRTs.

1. Berwick—Co.pstreaAM.—Mr. J. Cairns.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, of clay, light loam &c. ; but gene-
rally a good tenacious loam.

Alt. and Exposure — About 100 ft.; situated rather low, with
a small lake and a river intersecting the grounds; about one mile
from the R. Tweed.

Rainfall, 1879—26-05 ins.: max., July, 5-15 ins.; min., Sept.,
0-65 ins. ; av. for 11 years, 28-41 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 22nd ; temp. was 13
times below freezing in Nov.; 22 times below freezing in Dec.
After Dec. 13th, the frost was not so severe until Jan. 19th, 20°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd and 3rd, 3°; 4th, 6°; Sth,
-6°; 6th, 7°; 7th, 8°; 8th and 9th, 10°: [Twizel, dist., 3 ms.,
N.E.; alt., 103 ft.; Dec. 4th, -3°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 7 (2), 5 (3)—Apples, 3. Arti-
choke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 1, 3. Broccoli, 2. Brussels
sprouts, 2. Holly, 1, 2. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel,
Portugal, 1. Peaches, 1, 2. Pears, 3. Rhododendrons, tender
_hybs, 1; others, 3, or uninjured. Roses, Dwf. H. P.’s, 3; Stands.,
1; Teas, 1.

Observations—Roses, the dwfs. were not much hurt owing to their
being covered during the hardest frost by almost a foot of snow,
which proved an admirable protection for all dwarf things. Had
it not been for the snow we should undoubtedly have had a larger
list of the killed.

2. Dunse, Marchmont House.—Mr. P. Loney.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong and tenacious red clay.

Alt. and Exposure — 500 ft. ; 20 ms. from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—Ht., 1 ft.; 33°92 ins., on 227 days. Average of
3 previous years, 43°50 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 5th until Feb. 14th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, 0°.

134 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Laurel, Bay, 2. Roses, stands., 1.-

3. Dunse, Springwood Park, &c.—Mr. P. Loney.

Alt. and Hxposure—Less than 300 ft.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, -11°: [Blackadder, -23°: Al-
lenbank, -13° : Ninewells, -8°: Chirnside Bridge, -6°].* }

Plants injured, 1879-80—40 (1), 9 (2), 0 (8)—Abies Menziesii,
1. Apples, 2. Apricots, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 1. Aristolochia
Sipho, 1. Aucuba japonica, 1. Berberis vulgaris, 1. Box, 1. Cas-
tanea vesca, 1. Cedrus atlantica, 1; C. Deodara, 1; C. Libani, 1.
Cotoneaster, 1. Crategus, sorts, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 1; C.
viridis, 1. Cytisus Laburnum, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Garrya
elliptica, 1. Holly, 1. Ivy, sorts, 1. Jasminum, sorts, 1. Lau-
rel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 1, 2; L. Portugal, 1, 2. Laurus-
tinus, 1. Nectarines, 2. Oaks, 1,2. Peaches, 1, Pears, 2. Phi-
ladelphus, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 1. Plums, 2. Privet, sorts, 1. Pyrus
Aucuparia, 1; P. japonica, 1. Quercus cerris, 1, 2. Rhododendron
ponticum, 1. Ribes sanguinea and alba, 1. Roses, dwfs., 2; stands.,
1. Sequoia gigantea, 1. Thuja, sp., 1; T. Lobbii, 1. Yew, 1.

Observations—The death of so many trees and shrubs is, in my
opinion, greatly due to the cold wet seasons of 1876, 77 and 78,
which caused an autumnal growth in low lying situations, espe-
cially in 1878 and 1879. The early frost of Dec., 1879, ruptured
and burst the bark of some very large trees, such as Oaks, which
were generally in full leaf, and ill prepared for such an attack;
consequently many fine old trees were killed, while the majority
lost the growth of the five previous years. The bark of trunks and
branches was split from top to bottom.

4, LaupEr, Thirlstane Castle-—Mr. J. Whitton.t+

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The intense frost of Dec.,
though hardly so severe or long continued as that of Dec., 1860,
has been much more injurious to vegetation. Owing to the unfa-
vourable nature of last year, plants were the less able to stand it.
A snow-fall of about 7 ins. on Dec. 2nd helped much to save
vegetables.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 8rd, 4°; 4th, 8°; 5th, 19.

* Jl. of Hort. 1879, p. 482.
¢ Report of Temps. during Winter of 1879-80, at R. Bot. Gardens, Edinburgh.
J. Sadler, p. 21. [Temp. of Dec. 4th, is given as -8° in Marriott’s Rep.; G, H.]

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOTLAND) S.E. COUNTIES. 135

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 25 (2), 4 (3)—Acer Negundo,
var., 2. Apples, buds kd., 3; stands., 2. Berberis, 2. Broccoli,
all sorts (excepting ‘“‘ Knight’s variegated ’’), 1. Brussels sprouts,
one-half, 1. Box, 1. Cabbages, autumn-planted, 3; German Greens,
3; Savoys, one-half, 1. Cedrus Deodara, kd. to grd., 2. Clematis,
2. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2; C. Simmonsii, 2. Elms, 2. Escal-
lonia macrantha, 2. Guelder Rose, 2. Hollies, green and variegated,
2. Ivy, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Leeks, 3. Li-
bocedrus decurrens, 2. Lilac, 2. Menziesia polifolia, 2. Osmanthus,
1. Peaches, young wood, kd. on walls, 2. Pear, buds kd, 3;
stands.,2. Pernettya mucronata, 2. Privet, 2. Rhododendrons, 2.
Roses, sorts, and every where, kd. to grd., 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.

1. Eprinsurgo—Datxerru, Oxenford Castle—Mr. A. Anderson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy loam or clay, on gravel; with
some places on a blue retentive clay.

Alt. and Hxposwre—450 ft. ; exposed to 8S. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Dalkeith, alt., 183 ft.; ht., 4 ins.; 26-83 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From the beginning until
the end of Dec., excepting the 17th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 4th, ht., 4 ft.; 0°. On grd., -5°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 8 (2), 6 (8)—Alaternus lati-
folius,.2. Ampelopsis Veitchii, on heavy soil, on wall, one plant, 3.
Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3. Cotoneaster microphylla,
in a few places, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 3; C. japonica, 2. Euca-
lyptus globulus, 1. Huonymus radicans, albus variegatus, 2. Fuch-
sias, 2. Garrya elliptica, on wall, 2. Laurustinus, sorts, 2. Ligus-
trum japonicum, 1. Retinospora plumosa, aurea, 3. Rosemary, 1.
Roses, china, 2; sorts, 3.

Observations—We had comparatively little injury done, every
thing being covered with six inches of snow ; Globe Artichoke (un-
protected), Broccoli (laid flat in Nov., and well covered with manure)
and Lettuce (on.sloping bank), all stood well.

2. DALKEITH, Palace Gardens.—Mr. M. Dunn.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light warm, sandy loam, on an open, dry
and gravelly subsoil. :

Alt. and Hxposwre—190 ft.; 3 ms. from the sea, the ground
sloping to N., towards the Forth of Forth; but well sheltered in all
directions, excepting 8.E., by heavy timber, favourably placed

1386 — INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

for protecting vegetation from the severities of the weather.

Rainfall, 1879—27-23 ins. ; average (1875-78), 25 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 15th, 27°; a few
degrees of frost on 16th, 18th, 26th, 27th and 28th. Slight frosts
for a few days from Nov. Ist; Nov. 14th, 22°; followed by thaw
till 22nd, when the severest frost experienced here since 1860 began.
Dee. Ist, 22°; 2nd, 18°; 3rd, 6°; 4th, 5°; 5th, 20°; 6th and 7th,
22°; 8th, 219; 9th, 27°; 10th, 23°; 11th, 22°; 12th, 25°, These
temps. were followed by a thaw till 18th. On 19th frost recommenced
with a temp. of 24°; 20th, 20°; 21st, 21°. Three days thaw, and
then three days slight frost followed ; while thaw prevailed from Dee.
28th to Jan. 10th. The frost then continued without a break until
Jan. 10th; min. temp. being on Jan, 18th, 18°; the av. being 24°
nightly. The two winter months, Dee. and Jan., had 38 frosty
nights and a total of “342° of frost.” The same two months in
1878-79 had 56 frosty nights and a total of 580° of frost, the se-
verest night being Dec. 14th, when 10° were registered. However,
the effects of the long-continued frost of 1878-79 were much less
disastrous to vegetation than the shorter and sharper frost of the past
winter.*

Plants injured, 1879-80 —14 (1), 35 (2), 16 (3) — Ampelopsis
hederacea, 2; A. Veitchii, pts. of young shts. kd., 3. Arbutus Unedo,
1, kd. to grd., 2. Aucuba japonica, 2,3. Azalea ameena, (6 years
unhurt), 2. Bambusa Fortunei variegata, slightly browned, 3. Ber-
beris Bealii, kd. to grd., 2. Broom, in low places, 1. Catalpa syrin-
geefolia, planted 1878, tips kd., 2. Cedrus Deodara, lost many leaves,
3. Clematis lanuginosa, and others of same strain, 1. Daphne
pontica, in damp places, 1. Deutzia gracilis, young wood kd., 2.
Eleagnus reflexa, on walls, kd. to grd., 2. Eucalyptus globulus,
planted 1879, 25 ft. high,1. Euonymus fimbriata, 1. Eurya lati-
folia, variegata, stood winter 1878-79, 1. Griselinia littoralis, kd. to
erd., 2. Hartogia capensis, 2. Hedera canariensis, lost foliage and
young shts., 2; H. Rogeriana, lost half foliage, 3. Laurel, Bay, kd.

* Rep. on Temps. during the Winter, 1879-80, at Ri. Bot. Gard. Edind. by J.
Sadler, p. 15. [Mr. Dunn usually gives the temps. as so many ‘“‘degrees of
frost." Here, as elsewhere, I have substituted the actual number as registered
by the therm,, thus ‘10 degrees of frost’? are 22°F.) G, Ha]

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOTLAND) 8. E. COUNTIES. 137

to grd., recovering, 2. Laurus salicifolia, lost foliage and tips of
shoots, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lavander, some, 1 (others unhurt).
Lavandula spica, 1, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Ligustrum lucidum,
young shoots kd., 3. Lonicera brachypoda, aureo-reticulata, kd. to
grd., 2. Magnolia grandiflora, on wall, lost most of foliage, 3.
Morus alba, 1; M. nigra (Mulberry), young shoots kd., 3. Necta-
rines, on walls, 2. Pampas grass, 1, 2. Peaches, on walls, 2. Pau-
lownia imperialis, young shoots, kd., 3. Privet, 2. Quercus [lex,
lost most of foliage, 3. Rhododendrons, Sikkim, a few, 1, 2, 3.
Robinia Pseud-Acacia, 3. Rosemary, 1, 2. Roses, Banksian, on wall,
kd. to grd., 2; China, common monthly, kd. to grd.,2; H. P.’s, 2,
3; Tea, on wall, including Maréchal Niel, kd. to grd., but reco-
vering, 2. Ruscus racemosus, 2. Sambucus racemosa, 3. Sophora
japonica, 3. Spirea Lindleyana, 2; 8S. Reevesiana, 2; S. pruni-
folia, lost young shoots, 2; 8. Thunbergia, do., 2. Strawberries,
where exposed to morning sun, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1,2. Walnut,
two-thirds of last year’s shoots kd., 2. Wistaria sinensis, 2.

Note—The above by no means exhausts the lists of plants that
have suffered from the effects of the winter, 1879-80; but the
damage to others is of a comparatively trifling and temporary nature,
from which they will soon recover.

Observations (General)—Vegetation in the autumn of 1878 was
in a thoroughly ripened state ; and, being also well protected by deep
snow during the severest of the frost, suffered comparatively little
injury. In the autumn of 1879, however, vegetation had already
suffered much from the cold and wet of the previous summer, and
was in the worst possible state to withstand the severities of the
winter. Frost set in early, and very little snow fell while it lasted
to protect the soft and badly-ripened growth of the last season,
which in many instances succumbed to less than the usual amount of
frost. Thus a good many trees of various kinds are observed with
an unusual number of dead points of their last season’s growth,
arising, no doubt, from the severity of the frost acting on the half-
matured growth of last year.

Obs. (Special)—Clematis, C. lanuginosa and others of the same
delicate strain were killed; but all the C. Jackmanni tribe are per-
fectly uninjured. Conifers, these generally have not suffered at all;
those introduced from Japan are particularly hardy, and withstand
severe frost better than our native plants; Cedrus Deodara lost many

”

138 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80. .

of its leaves, and Picea Pindrow lost them all, but both are again in
fine foliage. Fruit trees, &c., among hardy fruit plants there has
not been much damage done. Nectarines and Peaches on walls have
suffered most, a good deal of the young shoots being either killed or
so badly injured as to be useless. The result is no fruit, and the
trees present a very ragged appearance. Most kinds of fruit trees had
abundance of blossom upon them this spring, especially Cherries and
Plums; but owing to the unmatured state of the buds last autumn,
they set badly, and there will not be above an average crop of fruit
as arule. Some few trees are heavily laden, but a great many have
not a fruit upon them, fully two-thirds of the Pear trees having
none. Currants and Raspberries are abundant, Gooseberries being
about an average. Strawberry plants, where exposed to the full sun
in winter, have been a good deal injured by the repeated freezing
and thawing ; the fruit this year is about an average. Vegetables,
these stood the severe frost well. Broccoli plants, laid over in Nov.,
with their heads to the N., but protected in no other way, came
through without any loss, and have been plentiful and good from
Nov. till the present time. Celery stood well without any protec-
tion ; and all other winter crops, except a few Curled Kale and
Savoys which grew in the lowest part of the garden, only a few feet
above the level of the South Esk ; where they were killed entirely, to
a height of about 20 feet above the river as the ground rises from it.
Vegetable crops this season are so far very satisfactory, and fully a
month earlier than at the same period last year. Flowering
Shrubs—A noteworthy fact in connection with the present season
is the remarkable scarcity of flowers on most of our hardy trees and
shrubs. arly Rhododendrons flowered pretty freely, but R. ponti-
cum and all the later varieties are almost flowerless. Any flowers to
be seen on them are puny and badly formed, and not at all
attractive. Our Sikkim Rhododendrons, a large number of which
have been raised from seed sent from India a good many years ago,
and are now fine plants ranging up to 10 ft. high and as much through,
have suffered considerably in their foliage ; but few, if any, are killed
outright, and most of them are breaking well from the old wood,
and promise soon to recover their former vigour. Deutzias, Lilacs,
Philadelphus, Ribes, Weigelas and others have as a rule but sparsely
flowered. Many Horsechesnuts are without a single flower-spike ;
and the fine old Hawthorns, for which Dalkeith Park is famous, have

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOTLAND) 8. E. COUNTIES. 139

scarcely produced a well flavoured specimen this season. The Labur-
num is almost the only flowering tree that has produced a good crop
of blossom, and kept up its credit as one of the hardiest and best of
our ornamental trees.

3.EpinBurG H, Royal Botanical Gardens.—Mr. J. Sadler.*

Rainfall, 1879—[Alts., 230—300 ft.; mean of 4 estimates, 28-10
ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—In Nov. the therm. was
at or below 32° on 17 mornings; the lowest readings being on the
following dates :—2nd, 23°; 3rd, 26°; 4th, 21°; 14th, 20°; 15th,
25°; 22nd, 27°; 23rd, 28°; 28th, 25°; 29th, 18°; 30th, 19°. In
Dec., the therm. was at or below 32° 23 times. From the Ist to the
13th there was hard frost every night, viz., Ist, 23°; 2nd, 21°; 3rd,
4°; 4th, 1°; Sth, 19°; 6th, 21°; 7th, 17°; 8th, 15°; 9th, 21°;
10th, 22°; 11th, 20°; 12th, 25°; 13th, 28°. On 8 mornings there
was no frost. On the 25th the temp. was 35°, but on the 26th it
was 20°. The temp. of the 4th, 1°, is the lowest registered since
Dec. 24th, 1860, -6°. In Jan., the therm. was at or below 32° on
21 mornings. The following were the seven lowest readings :—
12th, 23°; 14th, 23°; 19th, 19°; 20th, 23°; 21st, 24°; 26th, 19°;
27th, 24°. From the Ist to the 7th there was no frost, and during
the day the therm. generally ranged from 42° to 52°, but although
the weather was extremely mild for the season, spring vegetation
made no progress owing to the decided check it received in Dec.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 1°; Jan. 19th and 26th, 19°
[ Leith, dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 22 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1),17 (2), 10 (3)—Abies bracteata,
3. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Aucuba japonica,
2. Azara integrifolia, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Callistemon
salicifolium, 2. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Chamebatia foliolosa, 1.
Cordyline australis, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa, 2. Dacrydium Frank-
linii, 3. Edwardsia microphylla, 1. Erica arborea, 1; E. codo-
nodes, 1; EH. mediterranea, 2. Hurybia Gunnii, 3; HE. ilicifolia, 3;
E. Traversii, 1. Fitzroya patagonica, 2. Hydrangea japonica,
2. Iberis gibraltarica, 1; I. sempervirens, 1. Ilex dipyrena, 1.
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Leptosper-

* Report on Temps. during the Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, F.R.Ph.S.,
(Curator).

140 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

mum scoparium, 1. Libertia formosa, 2. Mesembryanthemum
uncinatum, 1, Olearia Haastii, 1. Osmanthus ilicifolius,2. Pam-
pas grass, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Pinus Amscensis, 1; P. devo-
niana, 1; P. patula, 1. Piptanthus nepalensis, 3. Prunus ilicifo-
lius, 2. Pyrus vestita, var. pyramidalis, 2. Rhamnus alaternus, 2.
Robinia Pseud-Acacia, 3. Synara Scolymus, 2. Thea viridis, 4 ft.
high, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersonii, 1; V. salicifolia,
1; V. Traversii, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

1.H ADDINGTONSHIRE — Happineron, Yester House. — Mr. A.
Shearer.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiffish clay, but well pulverized and
drained.

Alt. and Hxposwre—420 ft.; in a hollow, surrounded on all sides
by higher ground. :

Rainfall, 1879—[Yester, alt., 425 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 36°03 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 3rd [Frost returned
Jan. 19th (?): Tynninghame, 10 ms., N.; Jan. 19th, 19°: Cold-
stream, 23 ms., S.E.; Jan. 19th, 20°].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 4th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 2 (2), 4 (8)—Apples, 3. Apri-
cots, 3. Artichoke, globe, 1, 2. Asparagus, weak, 1880, 3. Aucu-
bas, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2.

Observations—Hollies and the Common and Portugal Laurels
were all killed on the banks of the Tyne, at Haddington. The in-
juries here were not due so much to the frost as to the preceding wet
summer. At the time of the frost we had 4 ins. of snow which gave
great protection to most plants. No species of Pinus was injured,

2. Nort Berwick, Luchie—Mr. W. M. Alexander.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff wet clay.

Alt. and Hxposuwre—On a slight eminence, exposed on all sides ;
about 2 ms. from the sea. The gardens and grounds are well shel-
tered by woods.

Rainfall, 1879—[N. Berwick, alt., 80 ft.; ht., 5 ft.; 26-60 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The first severe frost was
in Dec.; very little n Jan. Feb. 9th, 25°; occasional frosts till
April 26th, 30°, the last.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 13°; 3rd, 2°; 4th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 8 (2), 5 (3)—Agapanthus um-

DIVISION XIII.—-(SCOTLAND) S. E. COUNTIES. 141

bellatus, 2. Aloysia citriodora, 15 yrs., on 8. and W. walls, 1878-79,
1. Arbutus, under shade of trees, 1. Aucuba japonica, vars., 3.
Broccoli, poor crop, 3. Cherries, Morello, in damp stiff soil, 2.
Euonymus, on E. wall, growing again from root, 2. Lonicera flexu-
osa, 8. and W. walls, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus,
2. Magnolia, on wall, 3. Myrtle, on W. wall, covered with laurel
boughs, 3. Pampas grass, 3. Roses, Banksian, 1; H. P.’s, stands.,
2; Teas, on 8.W. walls, 2.

Plants uninjured—Arbutus, where exposed to the sun and air.
Fruit trees (excepting Morello Cherries), Herbaceous plants in
borders, nothing was killed that survived the winter of 1878-79.
Roses, dwfs., Vegetables, Brussels sprouts and garden greens, a fair
crop. |

3. Preston Kirx, Tynninghame.—Mr. R. P. Brotherton and Mr.
_ J. Storie.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A pure clay, but mostly a friable dark loam.
Subsoil of gravel, sand, sandstone and ‘“‘ trap.”

Alt. and Hxposure—20 to 90 ft.; exposed to E., but well
protected. .

Rainfall, 1879—27-81 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 2nd, 22°, to Jan.
19th, 19°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 0°; 4th, -1°°5 : [Haddington,
dist., 8 ms., S.W.; alt., 140 ft.; Dec. 4th, -5°: Luchie, dist., 5 ms.,
mew.; Dee. 3rd, 2°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 12 (2), 10 (8)—Agapanthus,
kd. to grd., 2. Apples, 3. Apricots, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2, 3.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucubas, 2, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 2. Broc-
coli (excepting Cattell’s Eclipse), 1. Cabpages (excepting Seedlings),
1. Ceanothus, on wall, 2. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, in
open shrubbery, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, in open shrubbery, and on
walls, 2. Gladiolus Brenchleyensis, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2, 3. Laurus-
tinus, 2. Lettuce (excepting seedlings), 1. Pears, 3. Penstemons,
1. Phormium tenax, 1. Plums, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, moss,
3; H. P.’s and Teas, mostly kd. to grd., 2. Salvia fulgens, 1; S.
Marshalli, 1; 8. patens, on walls, kd. to grd., 2. Tritomas, kd. to
erd., 2.

Observations—Fruit trees, Apples, Apricots, Pears and Plums bore
but little fruit in 1880. Roses, the only one that escaped was Gloire

142 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

de Dijon. Vegetables, besides that mentioned, Brussels sprouts,
Cauliflowers, Corn-salad, Cale (Scotch), Leeks, Spinach and Turnip
seedlings were all uninjured to any extent.

1. PEEBLES—INNERLEITHEN, The Glen.—Mr. A. Laing.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A gravelly and not deep loam.

Alt. and Exposure—820 ft.; very exposed.

Rainfall, 1879—[Stobo Castle, dist., 10 ms., W.; alt., 590 ft. ;
ht., 9 ins. ; 30-85 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 4th ?] -7°: Thirlstane, dist.,
15 ms., N.E. ; alt., 558 ft.; Dec. 4th, 8°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 4 (2), 2 (3)—Aucuba japonica,
1. Ceanothus, 1. Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Escallonia macrantha,
2. Furze, fl. pl, 1. Gaultheria Shallon, 3. Laurel, common, 2.
Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses, 2.

Observations—The wet summer of 1879 told badly on bedding
plants. Some of the finer sorts refused to grow, such as Alternan-
theras and vars. of Lobelia. Peas have much mildewed and Potatoes
badly flavoured from the continual rain; though Vegetables in
general did very well.

2. PEEBLES, King’s Meadows.—Mr. D. McFarlane.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and gravelly.

Alt. and Exposure—540 ft. ; open and exposed.

Rainfall, 1879—[Stobo Castle, dist., 5 ms. from Peebles, alt., 590
ft. ; ht., 9 ins. ; 30°85 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, -12°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 10 (2), 1(3)—Apples, stands.,
young shoots kd., 2. Araucaria imbricata, 1.. Aucuba,2. Broccoli,
various, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, savoys, 1; winter, 1.
Celery, various kinds, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2. Hollies, kd.
to grd., 2. Ivies, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, Portugal, kd. to grd., 2.
Pears, stands., 2. Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, Dwfs., 2; H. P.’s, 2;
Stands., 1. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Vegetables, nearly all, 1.

Observation—Apples, these are now showing canker (1880).

1. SetxkirK—GALAsHIELs, Langley —Mr. D. Kemp.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Rather heavy; inclined to clay and very
retentive.
~ Alt. and Exposwre—400 ft.; sheltered from the N. and W.

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOTLAND) 8. E. COUNTIES. 143

Rainfall, 1879 — [Wooplaw, alt., 880 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 30°22 ins.,
on 199 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 0°; 4th, -6°: [Tweed Vine-
yard,* Dec. Ist, 22°; 3rd, -4°; 4th, -10°; 5th, 30°: Melrose Abbey,
dist., 4 ms., E.; Dec. 4th, -5°: Melrose, alt., 280 ft.; Dec. 7th,
-5°°5].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 2 (1), 5(2), 1 (3) — Arbutus, 2.
Holly, 3; Do. Golden, 1; Do. Silver, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
Portugal, some 20 ft. high, 15 ins. circumf., 2. Laursutinus, 6 ft.
high, 20 yrs. old, 1. Roses, kd. to grd., 2.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli was quite unhurt ; head cut in May,
9 ins. in diameter.

* Gard. Chron. 1879, Vol. xii., p. 765.

[Erratum—Mr. Whitton informs me on enquiry, that the temps. recorded in
Mr. Sadler’s pamphlet are wrong ; and that they should be as follows :—
Thermometer in a box, Dec. 3rd, -49; 4th, -8°; 5th, -5°. Black bulb on
grass, Dec. 3rd, -7°; 4th, -11° ; 5th, -5°, See bottom of p. 134, Supra y G. TR]

144

DIVISION XIV.—(SCOT.) 8. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM
Ayr AND LANARK.

Ayr. A cold spring with much frost; a wet sunless summer
(Glendrishaig). Very low temp. throughout the year, wet summer
months (Carsehead). Rainfall, 4°05 ins. below av. (Pinmore). Min.
rainfall, Auchinlee, Ayr, alt., 36 ft.; ht., 4 ft.; 31°74 ins.: max.,
Pinmore, alt., 187 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 47-61 ins., on 211 days. Min.
temps., Culzean Gardens, and Kilmarnock, alt., 176 °ft.; Dec. 4th,
10°: Ardrossan, alt., 14 ft.; Dec. 4th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 14 (2), 4 (3), total at 2 places.

Lanark. Jtainfall, 2 ins. below ay. (Lanark), 1-09 ins. below
av. of 34 yrs., but summer cold (Bothwell Castle). Min. rainfall,
Cambus Wallace, Biggar, alt., 748 ft.; ht., 6 ins.; 27-47 ims., on
208 days: max., Wiston, Biggar, alt., 860 ft.; ht., 0 ins., 42°60
ins. Min. temps., Bothwell Castle, alt., 146 ft.; Dec. 4th, 2°;
Jan. 20th, 1°: Ridge Pk., Lanark, alt., 630 ft.; Dec. 4th, 2°: Cam-
buslang, alt., 146 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°: Glasgow, alt., 190 ft.; Dec.
Ath, 14°°6.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 12 (2), 4 (3), total at 2 places,

REPoRTs.

1. Ayr—GrrvAN, Barganey.—Mr. D. Smith.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Mostly composed of boulder-clay with occa-
sional deposits of gravel and alluvial matter from the bed of the R.
Girvan.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 90 ft.; exposed to E. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Pinmore, Girvan, alt., 187 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 47-61
ins., on 211 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Culzean Bay, dist., 10 ms., N.; alt.,
13 ft.; Dec. 4th, 10°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 4 (2)—Apples, Codling var.,
Ecklinville, Lord Suffield, and New Hawthornden, 2. Broccoli, 1.
Carrots, 1. Peaches, 2. Pears, 2: Roses, 2,

DIVISION XIV.—(SCOT.) 8S, W. COUNTIES. 145

Observations—Bedding Plants, such as Calceolarias, flowered well,
otherwise flower-gardening was almost a failure. Conifers, made good
growth, especially Cupressus Lambertiana (a fine specimen, 36 ft.
high, by 38 ft. diam.); also Picea nobilis and P. Nordmanniana.
Common Laurels and Rhododendrons made very strong growths and
withstood the winter. I could perceive no injurious effects on other
shrubs.

2. Mayzote, Culzean Gardens—Mr. D. Murray.*

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 4th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (2), 4 (3)—Camellias, recovering,
3. Cornels, 2. Euonymus, sorts, 2. Fuchsias, old-established plants,
in open borders, kd. to grd., 2. Hydrangeas, 2. Laurel, Bay,
recovering, 3. lLaurustinus, recovering, 3. Lonicera brachypoda
aureo-reticulata, 2. Myrtles, 2. Phormium tenax, 2. Tamarix, 2.
Veronicas, recovering, 3.

Observations—Some of the above were quite unprepared to with-
stand such a severe winter, as they were green and in a growing
state when the frost set in, which has done more damage than
any winter for the last 20 years.

1. LanarK—Datzret, Bothwell Castle—Mr. A. Turnbull.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, but clay predominates.

Altand Exposure—146 ft.; exposed to W.

Rainfall, 1879—28-65 ins. Av. since 1844, 29-63 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Intense frost from Nov.
13th to Dec. 28rd.

Min.Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 2°: [Cambuslang, dist., 4 ms.,
N.W.; alt, 146 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°: Glasgow, dist., 8 ms., N.W.;
alt., 190 ft.; Dec. 4th, 14°-6].

Observations—Most of our tender shrubs were killed by the frost,
Dec. 24th, 1860, when the temp. fell to -11°. Since then we have
only grown plants upon which we can depend as being perfectly hardy.
Abies Douglasiiis often regarded as a hardy, profitable timber tree ;.
but out of 50 planted for trial, only one remains here quite healthy ;
while the others were killed or greatly injured by the frost of 1879-
80. The best tree was planted on a dry and rather rocky knoll
and is 40 ft. high, yet it was killed to within 8 feet of the ground.

* Rep. on Temps. at Ri. Bot. Gard., Edinb, by J. Sadler, p. 23.
W

146 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

This is however by no means the worst locality in Scotland; for
we have Larch trees with 140 feet of good measurable wood, and
Spruce firs with very little less. It is very remarkable that on Dec.
23rd, 1878, ‘the temp. fell to 2°, and the frost continued severe for
a longer period than it did in 1879-80, and yet none of the Douglas
Firs were greatly injured. Wellingtonias (Sequoias) on the other
hand were much hurt; and common garden vegetables were far
more injured in 1878.79 than in 1879-80. This year (1880) they
have not suffered greatly ; but when the frost was most severe,
they were protected by snow.

147

DIVISION XV.—(SCOT.) W. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM ARGYLL,
Bute, DuMBARTON AND STIRLING.

Areyitt. The weather during Jan., Feb., and March was pierc-
ingly cold, with hard frosts, frequent snow, rain and hail. April,
May, June, very cold. Temp. fell below 32° in June and Aug.
(Poltalloch). Frost, with only 3 or 4 days intermission from Oct.
22nd, 1878, to May 20th, 1879 (Tarbert). Rainfall below av.
(Mull, Islay). Min. rainfall, Fladda, Jura, 27:75 ins.: max., Cal-
gary, Mull, alt., 120 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6ins.; 71°67 ins. Min. temps.,
Lochgilphead, alt., 65 ft.; Dec. 4th, 10°: Kilmory, alt., 200 ft. ;
Dec. 4th, 12°; Jan. 12th, 15°: Hallabus (Islay), alt., 71 ft.; Dee.
4th, 16°°4: 10 ms. E. from Oban, alt., 20 ft.; Jan. 12th, 18°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 6 (2), 14 (3), total at 3 places.

Bute. Min. Rainfall, Pladda, (Arran), alt., 55 ? ft.; ht. 3 ft.
3 ins.; 33°52 ins.: max., Rothesay, alt., 116 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 50°43
ins., on 213 days. Min. temps., Rothesay, alt., 116 ft.; Dec. 4th,
18°'5: Corrie, Dec. 1st and 3rd; as also Jan. 12th, and 21st, 31°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—A4 (1), 3 (2), 4 (3), total at 1 place.

Dumparton. A very cold year, with very little sunshine (Helens-
burgh). Almost constant drizzling rain from end of April to mid.
Oct.; heavy rains Sept. and Dec. Rainfall below av. of 40 yrs,
(Alexandria). Min. rainfall, Alexandria, alt., 40 ft.; ht, 1 ft.;
38-80 ins.: max., Loch Lomond, alt., 100 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 80 ins.
Min. temps., Cardross, alt., 75 ft.; Dec. 5th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 7 (2), 8 (8), total at 2 places.

Srrune. Min. Rainfall, Falkirk, bt., 1 ft.; 29°20 ims. : max.,
Strathblane, alt., 320 ft.; ht., 6 ins.; 47°70 ins. Mun. temps., Fal-
kirk, alt., 7 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°: Buchanan, alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 8°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 0 (2), 7 (8), total at 2 places.

148 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

REPORTS.

1. ArnayLt—LocueimipHEAD, Kilmory.—Mr. A. Brown.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff clay, in general.

Alt. and Hxposure—200 ft.; exposed to S.W.

Rainfall, 1879—49:8 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 12°: [Eallabus, (Islay), dist.,
20 ms., W; alt., 71 ft.; Dec. 4th, 16°4: Rothesay, dist., 25 ms.,
E.; alt., 116 ft.; Dec. 4th, 189-5].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 6 (2), 8 (3)—Aristolochia sem-
pervirens, 2. Arundo conspicua, 2. Bignonia grandiflora, 3. Bud-
dlea Lindleyana, 2. Broccoli, 1. Camellias, 3. Escallonia ptero-
cladia, 3. Eugenia Ugni, 2. Fuchsia, 2. Garrya elliptica, 3.
Hedera algeriensis, 3. Leptospermum lanigerum, 3. Mitraria coc-
-cinea, 2. Pampas grass, 3. Rhus Typhina, 1. Spartium junceum,
1. Tritoma uvaria, 3.

2. LocHGiILPHEAD, Poltalloch.—Mr. J. Russell.

Gen. Char. of SoiJ—A sandy loam, with a sand and gravel
subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—65 ft. ; exposed to 8. and E.

Rainfall, 1879—43°63 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 16th to Jan. 31st,
1880, with exception of short intervals.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 10°: [Rothesay, dist., 20 ms.,
S.E.; alt., 116 ft.; Dec. 4th, 189-5].

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (3)—Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Cea-
nothus azureus, on wall, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Eugenia
apiculata, 3. Hypericum nepalense, 3. Phillyrea latifolia, 3.

Observations —The summer of 1879 was wet, sunless and cold
throughout, although the rainfall was about the average for the
whole year ; consequently vegetables never came to perfection, and
some almost refused to grow, especially Cabbages, Celery and French
Beans, late crops of Cauliflowers, &c. Trees and shrubs were not
much injured, owing to the proximity to the sea; but the imperfect
ripening of the wood in 1879 told seriously on the fruit crops of
1880.

3. OBAN, (10 ms., N.E. of). —Mr. J. McGlashan.

DIVISION xV.—(SCOT.) W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 149

Gen. Char. of Soil—Of a pure peaty nature.

Alt. and Hxposure—20 ft., exposed to W. and 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—74 ins. ; av., 63 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Dec. 1st., occasionally,
till Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temp. and Date-—Jan. 12th, 18°.

Observations—Of plants killed, I may say there has been few or
none. ‘The winters are generally mild; snow lying but a short
time. I am obliged to store in cold pits, not so much against
frost, as the excessive moisture which prevails here. Arbutus, Por-
tugal Laurel and Laurustinus are never affected by frosts.

1. Bure—Corriz, Arran.—Reyv. D. Landsborough.*

Alt. and Hxposure—Level of high-water ; separate from the high-
water mark by a roadway only. Protected on N. and partially on
E. by woods, hills, 3000 ft., rising immediately behind.

Rainfall, 1879—[Pladda, dist., 15 ms., 8.; alt., 55 ? ft. ; 33-52
ins.: Rothesay (Bute), dist., 15 ms. N.; alt., 116 ft.; 50°43 ins.,
on 213 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 1st and 3rd, 31°; Jan. 12th and
21st, 31°; Feb. 26th, 36°. The min. temps. being about 12° or 14°
above those of Glasgow.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 3 (2 2), 4 (3)—Casuarina quad-
rivalvis, 1. Cordyline australis ; C. indivisa, and C. Veitchii, injured,
[2 ?]. Cyathea medullaris, 1. Dicksonia squarrosa, much browned,
[3 ?]. Eucalyptus globulus, 2. Griselinia macrophylla, 1. Rubus
australis, 3. Thamnopteris australaica, 1. Todea superba, 3.

Plants uninjured — Acacia melanoxylon, Aspidium coriaceum,
Asplenium falcatum, A. lucidum, Camellias double white and single
red, Coccoloba vespertilionis, Cunninghamia sinensis ?, Desfontainea
spinosa, Dicksonia antarctica, KEdwardsia grandiflora, Eleagnus
japonicus variegatus, Kucalyptus ‘“‘ pendulous,’’? Lomaria sp., Myrtle
double, Photinia serrulata, Quercus Suber (at Brodick Castle), Todea
hymenophylloides.

1. DumparToN—ALEXANDRIA, Auchendennan.—Mr. A. Scott.

* Rep. on Temps., Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 18,

150 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and gravelly.

E'xposure—Northern.

Rainfall, 1879—47-9 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—First week in Dec., till
Christmas.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Cardross, dist., 3 ms., 8.; alt., 75 ft. ;
Dec. 5th, 5°: Buchanan, dist., 7 ms., N.E.; alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 3rd,
$9}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Conifers, Abies, Pinus, &c., choice
varieties 10 to 20 ft., the injuries received were almost impercep-
tible; Cupressus Lambertiana, 3, is injured more or less every
spring, the tips of the shoots on the S. side suffering most ; Wel-
lingtonias stand well and thrive luxuriantly.—Escallonia macrantha,
kd. to grd., 2. Leycesteria formosa, kd. to grd. every winter for
last 10 yrs., 2. Rhododendrons, bloom scanty in 1880, owing to
the wet summer of 1879.

Observations—In general the trees and shrubs have suffered less
material injury in this district than in other parts of the country.
Fruit trees, blossom plentiful, but being weak and immature,
they bore scarcely any fruit in 1880.

2. CaRpDRoss, Grilston House.—Mr. J. McIntosh.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light sandy loam near the Clyde; higher
up it varies from clay to peat.

Alt. and Hxposure—75 ft. ; exposed to 8. We suffer more from
the want of sunshine than from wet or frost.

Rainfall, 1879—43'62 ins. ; 24°42 ins. fell from June to Sept.,
1879; ann. av. is 46°35 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 3rd, 10°; 4th, 7°;
5th, 5°; 6th, 8°; 7th, 14°; 8th, 16°; 9th, 15°; 10th, 24°; 11th,
26°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 5th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 6 (2), 4 (3)—Arbutus rubra, 3.
Broccoli, early, 2. Celery, 3. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 3.
Eugenia Ugni, 1. Garrya elliptica, catkins, kd., 2. Laurel, Bay, 3.
Lettuce, 1. Mitraria coccinia, 2. Myrtle, 2. Parsley, 2. Spi-
nach, 2.

Observations—Evergreen shrubs have not suffered here so much
as on the east coast. In Edinburgh I saw many plants of Arbutus,
Aucuba japonica, Roses, &c., all killed; which are here compara-

DIVISION XV.—(scoT.) W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 151

tively safe. The continued low temperature, rain and clouded skies
during the summer months left every kind of plant ill prepared to
stand the very low temperatures of December. Apples, Pears and
Plums have all been very poor. Peach trees were still in leaf on
the walls and a few buds set. Small fruits yielded good crops.
I have observed that the geographical distribution of plants is cor-
related with meteorological phenomena ; for the foliage of evergreen
shrubs is finer on the west coast here, than I have seen it
anywhere else. Several plants that would not live around Edin-
burgh, are quite at home here ; such as Hydrangea japonica, Mitraria
coccinea, and Myrtles; so that we find the winter comparatively
mild; but Wheat tells of our want of sunshine, being 3 lb. per
bushel heavier nearer Edinburgh than with us.

1. Stra~tinc—Drymen, Buchanan Castle.—Mr. A. Crosbie.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff heavy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure — 100 ft. ; sloping to 8.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Killearn, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 200 ft.; 43:54
ins., on 197 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th to Jan. 1st.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 3rd, 8° (therm. on N. wall).

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (3)—Broccoli, 3. Garrya elliptica,
3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Pampas grass, under dry fern, 3. Tritoma
uvaria, under leaf-mould, 3. Yew, variegated, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Cedrus atlantica, C. Deodara,
Cupressus Lawsoniana, Portugal Laurel, Picea cephalonica, P. nobilis,
P. Nordmanniana, Pinus monticola, Retinospora aurea, R. plumosa,
Rhododendrons (buds only kd. on early. sorts), Sequoia gigantea,
Thuja gigantea.

Observations — Fruit trees, Apples showed more canker than
usual, and bore thin crops; King of Pippins and Lord Suffield had
the best and healthiest crops. Pears, Beurré d’isle, on walls, and
Duchesse d’Anjou have good crops of fine fruit. This is unex-
pected as hardier sorts have failed to bear fruit on S. walls. Plums
on §.E. and W. walls are bearing medium crops. Standard Dam.
sons have a heavy crop. Vegetables have suffered most. The long
continued frosts with sudden thaws and frosts following them, have
been more destructive than the lowness of temp. Less damage has
been done with a temp. of zero.

152 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

2. Fatxrrk, Kerse House. Mr. T. Weir.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 6 ft. to 8 ft.; exposed to weather from
all points of the compass.

Rainfall, 1879—29-20 ins. Av. is 33 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 15th. Severe frosts
from Noy. 27th to Dec. 13th: the last frost being on May 9th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, 7°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 — Broccoli, 1. Libocedrus decurrens,
18 ft., 3. Strawberries (Dr. Hogg and Maréchal McMahon), 1.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli, Cattell’s Eclipse.

DIVISION XVI.—(SCOT.) E. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879, FROM Fire,
ForFAR AND PERTH.

Fire. Very sunless up to the mid. of Sept.; then bright and
dry. Unusual frost in the beginning of Dec.; on 3rd, temp., 0°
(Kilmany). Min. rainfall, Isle of May, 19°60 ins.: max., Falk-
land, alt., 700 ft., ht., 1 in. ; 43-78 ins. Min. temps., Colinsburgh,
alt., 350 ft.; Dec. 4th, -1°: Kilmany, Dec. 3rd, 0°: Kembach, alt.,
98 ft.; Dec. 4th, 5th, 7°: Pittenweem, alt., 100 ft.; Dec. 13th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—15 (1), 10 (2), 4 (3), total at 3 places.

Forrar. Summer sunless (Glammis Castle). Rainfall not
much above ay., except in the summer months (Hallyburton).
Min. rainfall, Montroseness, 18°72 ins.: max., Crombie Res., alt.,
522 ft.; ht., 3 ims.; 42-26 ins. Min. temps., Hallyburton, alt.,
280 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 0°: Glammis Castle, Dec. 3rd, 8°; 4th and 9th,
9°: Carnoustie, Dec. 13th, 9°: Montrose, alt:, 200 ft.; Dec. 4th,
10°: Cortachy, and Arbroath, Dec. 4th, 12°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 8 (2), 3 (8), total at 4 places.

PertH. Want of sunshine and cold weather were the charac-
teristic features of the year (Blair Athole). Rainfall, not so large
as in some years; for although the summer was cold and sunless,
there were no great falls; but rather a continual drizzle. Har-
vest, very late ; but crops were gathered in very good order in Oct.
(Lanrick Castle). Min. rainfall, Perth Academy, alt., 83 ft.; ht.,
64 ft.5ins.; 19°15 ims.: max., Glen Gyle, alt., 380 ft.; 87 ins.
Min. temps., Moncrieff [Dec. 4th ?], 2°: Huntingtowerfield, alt.,.
45 ft.; Dec. 4th, 3°: Abercairny, alt., 200 ft.; Dec. 4th, 4°: Bal-
gowan, alt., 200 ft.; Dec. 4th, 5°: Perth, alt., 34 ft.; Dec. 4th, 7°:
Ochtertyre House, alt., 360 ft.; Dec. 4th, 8°: Glen Almond, alt.,
533 ft.; Dec. 4th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 14 (2), 2 (8), total at 3 places;
elsewhere (at 4 places) very slight or none.

Sa

154 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

REPoRTS.

1. Frre—Co.insspureu.—Mr. E. Tate.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff clay, on blue-stone rock.

Alt. and Hxposure—350 ft. ; facing 8.; 34 ms. from the Firth
of Forth.

Rainfall, 1879—34°50 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th to Dec. 8th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 7 a.m., -1°: [Kembach, dist.,
8 ms., N.; alt., 98 ft.; Dec. 4th and 5th, 7°: see Rep. No. 3, Pit-
tenweem, dist., 4 ms., E.].

Plants injured, 1879-80—10 (1), 6 (2)—Apples, 1, 2. Arbutus,
sorts, 1. Aucuba, kd. to grd., 2. Broccoli, 1. Box, 1. Escallonia,
sorts, all kd. to grd., 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2.
Laurel, common, 1. Laurustinus, 1,2. Peaches, 1. Roses, hybs.,
a few dwfs., many stands., and on walls, 1. Thuja, sp., 1.

Observations—Apples, suffered most on the stiffest part of the
garden. Arbutus, suffered most where sheltered, planted in clumps.
Aucubas, starting again. Bay Laurels, the greater part of those
outside were killed. We had 100 fine plants in tubs, which we put
into the shade and protected well; we have lost 6 of the best, and
the rest are injured. Laurustinus, splendid bushes, totally killed ;
the smaller plants being not much injured ; but where they were in
no way sheltered, they are quite dead.

2. Newport, St. Fort—Mr. W. Conacher.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam on Whinstone rock; a fine
early land.

Alt. and Hxposure—From 80 to 120 ft.; a fine 8. slope, on well
wooded grounds; 2 ms. S. of the Tay.

Rainfall, 1879—[Dundee, E. Necrop., dist., 3 ms., N.; alt., 167
ft.; ht., 5 ins.; 32°30 ims., on 148 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Frost set in early, but
was not of long duration.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Kembach, dist., 8 ms., S.E.; alt., 98
ft.; Dec. 4th, 5th, 7°: Hallyburton (Cupar-Angus), dist., 15 ms,,
N.W.; alt., 280 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 0°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 3 (2), 2 (3) — Apples, stands., 2.
Apricots, 3. Hollies, 2. Peaches, 3. Pears, 2.

DIVISION XVI.—(SCOT.) E. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 155

Plants uninjured—Trees and shrubs, none hurt, including Arau-
carias and other evergreens, as Indian Rhododendrons, which have
stood well; they are large and fine with many flower buds (1880).

Observations—Apples, many were nearly killed, but with the
present fine season have recovered. Apricots, are bearing no fruit,
but are forming fine wood. Hollies, many showed signs of decay in
Feb. and March, with a heavy load of fruit, the berries not having
been ripe in Dec. ; they have now quite recovered. Peaches, bore no
fruit, but are forming fine wood.

3. PrrrenwEEm, Grangemuir.—Mr. H. Rose.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff loam, the garden requiring ridging
over in the winter.

Alt. and Hxposure—100 ft. ; exposed to HE. and 8. gales; 1} ms.
from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—[Elie, dist., 4 ms. 8.; alt., 30 ft.; ht. 1 ft.;
31:30 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Severest frost from Dec.
13th to 20th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Between Dec. 13 and 20th, 8°: [Colins-
burgh, dist., 3 ms., W.; Dec. 4th, -1°: Kembach, dist., 8 ms., N.;
alt., 98 ft.; Dec. 4th, 5th, 7°: Carnoustie, dist., 20 ms., N.; alt.,
288 ft. ; Bon 13th, 9°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 1 (2), 2 (3)—Broccoli, almost
all, 1. Laurels, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Penstemons, 1. Roses,
dwfs., 3; stands., single trees, 1. Thuja, sp., 12 ft, 1. Veronica
Andersoni, 8 or 9 yrs. old, 1..

1. Forrar—Carnoustie—Mr. T. Mitchell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light friable loam on whinstone, rotten
sandstone and “ till.”

Alt. and Hxposwre—288 ft.; dist., 3 ms., 8., from the sea, to
which it slopes gradually ; but at a sidtarns of half a mile, N., it rises
to 100 ft. higher. Exposed fully to W. wind.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Craigton, dist., 5 ms., W.; alt., 481 ft.; ht.,
3 ins. ; 40°88 ins., on 159 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—We seldom have much
frost here. The temp. rarely falls below 12°. Once in 1860 it
fell to 6° or 4°. On the other hand it seldom rises to 80°; only
once or twice in a warm summer, and then for an hour or two at

156 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80. |

most. Such is the experience of 27 years. The winter of 1878-79
being so long continued, injured plants more than that of 1879-80;
while the wet summer followed by the frost setting in so early killed —
them.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. 18th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 5 (2), 1 (3)—Apples, 2. Cher-
ries, 2. Daphne Mezereum, 1. Escallonia macrantha (excepting one
on a 8. wall), 1. Laurustinus, 3. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Pears,
2. Rhododendrons, 27 yrs. old, from seed, 2. Roses, China, H. P.’s,
and Tea, 2.

Observations—Shrubs of all kinds were not much injured as they
make only short growths, the wood of Apples seldom ripens well,
and only occasionally is there a good crop of fruit.

2. Cupar-Aneaus, Hallyburton.—M. W. Gow.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A dry brown loam, on Old Red Sandstone.

Alt. and Exposure—280 ft. ; on the N. slope of the Sidlaw Hills.

Rainfall, 1879—Not much above ay. here except in summer
months : [ Dundee, dist., 10 ms., S.; alt., 167 ft.; ht., 5 ins.; 32°30
ins., on 148 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 12th to Feb. 15th;
with only a few days intermission. Greater frost occurred in the
Valley of Strathmore, at a lower situation.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 3rd, 0°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3)—Apricots. 3. Au-
cuba japonica, 3. Broccoli, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Laurels,
Bay, 1. Lettuces, 1. Maple, common, 1. Roses, H. P.’s, 2.

Plants uninjured—Conifere, All are safe as only the hardier
sorts are grown ; ¢.g., Cryptomeria elegans (near a lake), C. japonica,
Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. sempervirens, Picea lasiocarpa, P. nobilis,
P. Nordmanniana, P. picta, Sequoia gigantea, Taxodium semper-
virens.

Observations—Little or no bloom appeared on Hawthorns, Labur-—
nums and Lilacs, and there were no berries on Hollies and Currants;
Gooseberries and Strawberries bore fair crops; but Apples and Pears
were failures, while Plums produced but half a crop.

3. Forrar, Glammis Castle-—Mr. G. Johnston.*

Rainfall, 1879—[Dundee, E. Necrop, 10 ms. ; 167 ft., 32°30 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The frost affected us very

* Report on Temps., Winter 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 11.

DIVISION XVI.—(SCOT.) E. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 157

little. We had a coating of snow which helped to preserve what-
ever it rested upon.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 8°; 4th and 8th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Roses, alone were injured having been
newly planted; the wood was probably not well ripened, owing to
the cold sunless summer of 1879.

4. Kirriemuir, Cortachy Castle—Mr. W. Reid.*

Min. Temps. and Dates—Thermometer, ht., 3 ft., and protected ;
Dec. 3rd, 14°; 4th, 12°; 11th, 16°; Jan. 13th, 13°; 14th, 14°;
20th, 20°. Av. temp. of Dec., 279-5; av. temp. of Jan., 30°.

Observations—Vegetation has suffered very little here. Every
thing started away in spring much better than I expected after the

preceding wet and sunless summer. Fruit trees &c. promise well.

1. PeErTH—CarsE or GowriE.—Mr. P. Loney.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and black, on Whinstone rock ; lower
grounds are on gravel, with clay in low carse land.

Alt. and Hxposure—233 ft.; on the front of the Sidlaw Hills;
S. aspect.

Rainfall, 1879—[Errol (Fingask Castle), alt., 80 ft.; ht., 9 ins.,
3038 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Perth, dist., 8 ms. ?, W.; alt., 34 ft. ;
Dec. 4th, 7°: Hallyburton, dist., 8 ms. ?, N.; alt., 280 ft.; Dec.
8rd, 0°].

Observations—Araucarias, Sequoias, and rare sorts of Conifere,
as well as all kinds of evergreens, grow extremely well here. Com-
mon vegetables produced fine crops last season. Potatoes were of
first-rate quality and without much disease.

2. Crierr, Abercairny.—Mr. J. Brown.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light friable loam.

Alt. and Exposure—About 200 ft. ; somewhat sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[Crieff (Ochtertyre), alt., 325 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ;
38:59 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Sept. 24th, 30°°5, to Feb.
9th, 24°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Oct. 28th, 24°; Nov. 13th, 18°; Dec.
Ath, 4°; Jan. 23rd, 18°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Trees and shrubs suffered scarcely at

Ls Report on Temps. during the Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 11.

158 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

all. Flowering shrubs, such as Hawthorns, Rhododendrons, &c.,
bore extremely little blossom in 1880. Vegetables, e.g., Broccolis,
Brussels sprouts, &c., were all more or less injured.

Observations—In consequence of the wet summer there was little
or no fruit outside, on walls and standard trees. Small fruits were,
however, somewhat plentiful.

3. Crrerr, Drummond Castle.-—Mr. J. Robb.*

Rainfall, 1879—[ Crieff (Ochtertyre), dist., 2 ms., W. ; alt., 325
ft. ; 38-59 ins. ].

Plants injured, 1879-80—The Portugal Laurel is the only plant
injured, a great many of which are “ singed.”

Plants uninjured—Aucuba japonica, Brussels sprouts, Cabbages
(savoys), Heaths (hardy), Kale, Leeks, Roses, H. P.’s, dwfs., and
stands.

Observations—The winter of 1878-79 hurt us much. Ceanothus,
sorts, 12 ft., on S. wall, were kd. to grd., but recovered. Heaths,
150 large plants were killed; as many Standard Roses (excepting
Gloire de Dijon). Juniperus communis hibernica, large plants were
killed.

4. CrieFr, Ochtertyre House——Mr. G@. Croucher.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and gravelly with a similar subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—360 ft.; Shrubbery ranges from 300 to 450
ft. ; 45 ms. from the sea.

Rainfall, 1879—38-59 ins. ; mean of 7 yrs., 44°72 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Noy. 24th to Jan. 5th,
from Jan. 10th to 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Shaded therm., Dec. 3rd, 19°; 4th,
17°: exposed therm., Nov. 14th, 15°; Dec. 3rd, 10°; 4th, 8°.

Observations—Partly owing to the warm S. exposure, and the
steep declivity of our pinetum and shrubbery ; and also to the dis-
tance each plant is pruned and kept apart from each other, the
death-rate has been almost nil. From repeated comparisons of read-
ings of low temps., the range is about 10° higher here than at the

Perth Nurseries and along the Valley of the Earn from Perth to |

Crieff. During the severe frost of 1860-61 our readings were from
10° to 12° above those at the RI. Bot. Gardens, Edinburgh [alt.,
230—300 ft.], when so many conifers and shrubs were killed

* Rep. on Temps., Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 12.

DIVISION XVI.—(SCOT.) E. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 159

there. Here, only a very few Bay Laurels were browned. Our
collection of species of Abies and Picea may be considered complete,
while among the true Pines. e.g., P. insignis, &c., those generally
reported as killed elsewhere in The Gardeners’ Chronicle, stand here
quite uninjured. In 1876 a complete collection of Taxaceze were
planted out, all being quite hardy here. Our collection of shrubs
includes nearly all the popular species and varieties at present in
commerce: all of which may be set down as hardy; and where
the soil is suitable, they make very satisfactory growth.

5. Pertu, Baleowan.—Mr. J. Fairlie.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very light and poor ; but improved by cul-
tivation. Subsoil very hard and gravelly, impervious to water.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 200 ft. ; and nearly level; aspect, 8.

Rainfall, 1879—[Perth (Inchbank), alt., 24 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6 ins. ;
33°03 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 2nd, severe frost till
11th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 12°; 4th, 5°; on these two
nights were the only exceptionally severe frosts during the winter.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 5 (2), 1 (8)—Buddlea globosa,
in shrubbery, facing 8., 1. Cherry, Morello, on N. wall, 2. Fruit
trees, in open gerd., 2; on wall, 3. Geum coccineum, 1. Laurels, Bay,
in open grd., 2. Lilium auratum, in open grd., seven-eighths, 1.
Pampas grass, in open grd., 2. Roses, H. P.’s, one-fifth, 1. Tritoma
Uvaria, in open grd., 1. Zauschneria californica, 2.

Observations—Lilium auratum, these were in the N.W. corner of
a walled-in garden, facing 8. and EH. Roses, in a spot carefully and
specially made for them ; they are the finest H. P.’s, and thrive well.
Vegetables, Cabbages, Winter Onions and Spinach never did better.
Zauschneria californica is now coming weakly from portions of the
roots.

6. Pertu, Huntingtowerfield—Mr. A. Bayne.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Porous, with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—45 ft.; nearly flat, with a 8S. aspect.

Rainfall, 1879-—33°7 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Noy. 28th; lasting 16
days; then slight frosts at intervals during the rest of the winter.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, 3°.

Plants imjured, 1879-80—2 (1), 5 (2), 1 (3)—Asparagus, 2.

160 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Aucuba japonica, 2. Broccoli, 2. Erica, sp., 2. Laurel, Bay, 3.
Laurel, Portugal, 3. Prumnopitys elegans, 1. Retinospora eri-
coides, 1. Roses, 2.

Plant uninjured—Cedrus Deodara, though killed here in the
winter of 1860.

Observations—With the exception of the few plants indicated, but
little injury was done here by the wet summer of 1879 and the
severe winter of 1879-80. With the past fine summer, trees, shrubs
and plants were never looking better.

7. Pertu, Moncreiffe House.—Mr. Wm. S. Bisset.*

Rainfall, 1879—[Perth (Inchbank), dist., 3 ms., N.; alt., 24 ft.;
ht., 1 ft. 6 ins. ; 33-V3 ins.}.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Very severe; temp. was
on two nights a few degrees lower than in 1878-79.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. [38rd and 4th ?], 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 4 (2)—Broccoli, one-half, 1.
Hollies, 2. Laurel, Bay, much browned, 2. Laurustinus, ditto, 2.
Roses, Noisette and Tea, 1, 2.

Plants uninjured— Brussels sprouts and Savoys.

Observations—Hollies, in some parts of the ground have been
much injured. From the effects of the frost, and the tremendous
crop of berries, many of the plants are not expected to recover. Up
to June 4th, 1880, the bushes were laden with berries, but since then
the wood pigeons have been feeding on them. Hffects in 1880—
The injurious effects of last winter have been as nothing compared
with those of the ungenial season of 1879. From the immature state
of the wood we had no flowers on outside Nectarines and Peaches.
Plums flowered abundantly but the fruit has mostly dropped off.
The flowers of Apples and Pears were weakly and in many instances
deformed, and consequently the crop is very deficient. Currants,
Gooseberries and Raspberries promise a fair crop. Strawberries look
well, but the excessively dry weather we are now having is telling
upon them (June, 25th, 1880).

* Rep. on Temps. during the Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler,-p. 12.

161

DIVISION XVII—(SCOT.) N. E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM ABER-
DEEN, Banrr, Exarn, Kincarpine Anp Naren.

ABERDEEN. A dark and damp year (Braemar, Tillypronie, &c.).
Rainfall, least on record (Braemar) ; 3 ins. below av. (Logie) ; con-
siderable, in summer, with abnormal deficiency during last 3 months
(Tildydesk). Crops below average (Drumoak, Logie, &c.). Min.
rainfall, Skene, alt., 500 ft.; 26°64 ins.: max., Midmar, alt., 570 ft. ;
ht., 8 ins.; 36:20 ins, on 188 days. Min. temps., Pitcaple, alt.,
230 ft.; Dec. 3rd, -3°: Braemar, alt., 1114 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 4th, -1°;
Jan. 17th, 11°: Fyvie Castle, alt., 150 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 1°: Haddo
House, Dec. 3rd, 2°: Birk Hall, alt., 900 ft.; Dec. 4th, 4°: New
Pitsligo, alt., 495 ft.; Dec. 4th, 14°°9 : Aberdeen, alt., 84 ft.; Dec.
ard, 14°°6; alt., 96 ft.; Dec. 3rd and 5th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —18 (1), 28 (2), 9 (8), total at 4
places.

BanFr. ~The most unpropitious year for agriculture ; protracted
snow storms in Jan. and Feb.; and from March 1st to end of Aug.
temp. was much below the av. Crops of all kinds, bad; and in the
upland district corn did not ripen before being destroyed by frosts at
_end of Oct. (Keith). Min. rainfall, Tomintoul, alt., 1103 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 1 in.; 27-69 ins.: max., Keith, alt., 364 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 32°10
ins., on 167 days. Min. temps., Cullen House, alt., 100 ft.; Dec.
2nd, 7°: Gordon Castle, alt., 90—120 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 3rd, 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 5 (2), 8 (8)—total at 2 places.

Eten. Remarkably low temp. during the summer and want of
sunshine until Sept. Very late harvest and crops immature (El-
chies, Brodie Castle, Dunphail). Min. rainfall, Covesea Skerries,
13:95 ins.: max., Aberlour, alt., 560 ? ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6 ins.; 30°91
ins., on 163 days. Min. temps., Ballindalloch, alt., 530 ft.; [Dee.
2nd or 3rd ?], -4°: Dunphail, alt., 475 ft.; Dec. 3rd to 6th, 3°:
Brodie Castle, alt., 50 ft. ; Dec. 2nd, 16°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1), 19 (2), 7 (3), total at 3 places,

x

162 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Kinoarpine. First quarter of year stormy with snow; second
quarter, wet; third, wet and cold; fourth, very fine, but with intense
frost and snow from Nov. 27th to Dec. 13th (Fettercairn). Min.
rainfall, Fettercairn, alt., 230 ft.; ht., 3ins.; 32:40 ins. on 190
days: max., Lawrencekirk, alt., 370 ft.; ht., ll ins.; 42°43 ins.
Min. temp., Arbuthnott, alt., 600 ft.; Dec. 4th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 3 (2), 2 (3), total at 1 place.

Narzn. Summer of 1879 wet, with bad effect on fruit crops
(Kilravock) ; Rainfall, not excessive; winter, not severe (Cawdor,
Kilravock). Min. rainfall, Nairn, alt., 60 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 23°08 ins. :
max., Cawdor, alt., 220 ft.; 28°37 ins. Min. temps., Nairn, alt., 84
ft.; Dec. 3rd, 14°: Cawdor, alt., 220 ft ; [Dec. 2nd P], 18°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Few or none, at 1 place.

REPoRTs.

1. ABERDEEN—AUCHTERLESS, Fyvie Castle—Mr. R. Farquhar.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A rather heavy clay, and a good deal mixed
with stones.

Alt, and Hxposure—150 ft. ; exposed somewhat to N.

Rainfall, 1879—[ Ellon, dist., 13 ms., E.; alt., 349 ft.; 32-93
ins. }.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The severest frost com-
menced Dec. Ist, 19°; Dec. 2nd, 9°; 3rd, 1°; 4th, 5°; 5th, 27°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 19: [Haddo House, dist.,
7 ms.? E.; Dec. 38rd, 2°: New Pitsligo, dist., 13 ms., N.E.; alt.
495 ft.; Dec. 4th, 149-9].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 9 (2), 5 (3)—Apples, 3. Ar-
tichoke, globe, one-half, 1. Asparagus, Conover’s Colossal, 2. Beet,
from wet, 1. Broccoli, 1, 2. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 1;
Greens, 3; Savoys, 2; Celery, kd. to grd., and then rotted below, 1.
Laurel, Bay, cut back, 2. Laurel, Portugal, cut back, 2. Leeks, all
above gerd., 1. Onions, winter, 3. Parsley, mostly, 1. Pears, 3.
Privet, 1,2. Raspberries, River’s perpetual, mostly kd. to grd., no
fruit, 1880, 2. Rhododendrons, sorts, 3. Roses, H. P.’s; stands.,
30 sorts, mostly kd. to grd., 2.

DIVISION XVII.—(SCOTLAND) N. E. COUNTIES. 163

Plants uninjured—Conifers, from the nature of the situation, it
is only the hardier vars. that are grown; these being well established
sustained little or no injury. Vegetables, some of the later sorts
of Broccolis were saved ; of Brussels sprouts, a few survived.

Observations—Apples and Pears, were both very deficient in 1880 ;
from the want of sun and excessive moisture, the fruit buds were not
properly matured in 1879. Asparagus, is not nearly so strong now,
as formerly. Privet, a hedge 150 yards long, and 4 ft. high, was
most severely injured, some plants entirely kd., others kd. to grd. ;
the whole required replanting. Rhododendrons, portions of young
wood injured, and so few buds ripened that the flowering in 1880
was the worst ever seen. —

2. Batiater, Birk Hall.—Mr. 8. Reid.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy.

Alt. and Hxposure—900 ft. ; exposed to N.E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Aboyne, dist., 10 ms.; alt., 576 ft. ; 35°15 ins.,
on 156 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —Sept. 24th, alternating
for some weeks.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 4°: [Braemar, dist., 15 ms.,
W.; alt., 1114 ft.; Dec. 3rd and 4th, -19].

Plants injured, 1879-80—I1 (1), 3 (2), 1 (3)—Laurel, Bay, shoot-
ing from roots, 2. Laurel, common, 1. Picea lasiocarpa, 3. Privet,
2. Vegetables, 2.

Observations—Herbaceous plants, most of these have not flowered
in 1880. Privet, has much improved. Vegetables, were so late that
they were.almost useless.

3. InveRuRY, Haddo House.—Mr. J. Forrest.*

Rainfall, 1879—[Manar Farm, Inverury, dist., 10 ms., S.W.;
alt., 270 ? ft.; ht., 15 ft. ; 31-02 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 3rd, 2°; 4th, 4°;
11th, 8°. A good deal of frost occurred in Jan., but not nearly so
severe as in Dec. The results of the frost would in many cases have
been worse, had it not been that we had at the time nearly 6 ins. of
snow on the ground.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, 2°: [Fyvie Castle, dist., 7 ?

* Rep. on Temps., Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 10.

li4 INJURIES LTO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

ms., W.: alt., 150 ft.; Dee. 3rd, 1°: Pitcaple, dist., 10 ms., 8.W.;
alt., 230 ft.; Deo. 3rd, -3°).

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 12 (2), 3 (8)—Apricots, young
wood kd. 3. Artichokes, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, kd. to grd.,
2. Broccoli, nearly all, 1. Broom, 1. Cabbages, “ German greens,”
one-half, 1. Ceanothus, sp., 2. Celery, and other winter veg., 3.
Desfontainea spinosa, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus radi-
cans, varieg., 2. Furze, 1. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel,
common, Colchican, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Pears, young wood kd., 3.
Rhododendron ponticum, in low-lying districts, nearly kd. to grd., 2.
Roses, on walls, all sorts, 2; H. P.’s and stands., kd. to snow, 2.

Plants uninjured—Herbaceous plants, violas &e., being covered
with snow suffered no injury; Wallflowers have also stood better
than in less severe winters.

4. Inverury, Pitcaple Castle—Mr. @. Thomson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam.

Alt. and Exposure—230 ft.; exposed to E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Inverury, dist., 4 ms., S.E.; alt., 270 P ft,
31:02 ins. ].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 3rd, -3°: [Fyvie Castle, dist., 9
ms., N.; alt., 150 ft.; Dee. 8rd, 1°: Aberdeen, dist., 18 ms,, 8.E. ;
alt., 84 ft.; Dec. 8rd, 14°96).

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 4 (2)—Araucaria imbricata, 1.
Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2.
Sequoia gigantea, 1, 2.

Observations—The effect of the wet summer of 1879 was apparent
in the almost total absence of blossoms on the Apple and Pear trees,
Rhododendrons and bedding-out plants. Of small fruits the crop
has been fair and of superior flavour in 1880.

1, Banrr—CvuLien, Cullen House.—Mr. G. Berry.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A cold clay soil.

Alt. and Hxposwre—100 ft. ; well sheltered by trees all round.

‘Rainfall, 1879—[Keith, dist., 10 ms. 8.; alt., 364 ft.; 32°10
ins., on 167 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frosi—Nov. 6th, more or less
but slight till May.
Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 2nd, 7°: [Gordon Castle, dist., 10
ms., S.W.; alt., 90 to 120 ft.; Dec. 2nd and 3rd, 15°}.

DIVISION XVII.—(SCOTLAND) N. E. COUNTIES. 165

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 4 (2), 7 (3)—Apples, 3. Apri-
cots on walls, 3. Broccoli, 1. Cabbages, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans,
1. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 2.
Leeks, 3. Peaches on walls, 3. Pears, 3. Rhododendrons, Eng.
hybs., fl. buds, kd., 2. Roses, Ayrshire, Bourbons, H. P.’s and Teas,
2. Wallflowers, 1.

2. Foouasers, Gordon Castle-—Mr. J. Webster.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A dark sandy loam resting on blue clay ;
and a red loam on the New Red Sandstone formation.

Alt. and Huposure —90 to 120 ft.; open to the Moray Firth,
which is about 34 ms. distant.

Rainfall, 1879 — 28°36 ins. ; av. being 27°60 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 25th to Dec. 12th ;
the winter being mild afterwards. ‘During the period of dense fogs
and severe frost in 8. of England, in Jan. 1880, we had beautifully
soft, balmy weather. The spring and summer have been remarkably
fine here to the end of Sept., 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates— Dec. 2nd and 3rd, 15°; exactly the
same on Dec. 13th, 1878-79.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Magnolia grandiflora, quite unprotected,
in 8. aspect, had the foliage more injured than in any previous win-
ter for 30 years, owing no doubt to the wood having been imperfectly
ripened ; only two flowers being produced in 1880. Roses, climbing
and stands., suffered most, many being severely injured; they lan-
guished and grew weakly through the summer of 1880, but had
eventually to be removed.

Plants uninjured—Fuchsia Riccartoni and Laurustinus on high
ground and unprotected.

1. Exegin—Forres, Brodie Castle-—Mr. J. Clarke.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A black sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—50 ft. ; exposed to N.E,

Rainfall, 1879—23-48 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 24th to Dec. 12th;
Jan. 8th to 20th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 2nd, 16° (therm. on N.W. wall ; ht.,
A ft.). ,
Plants injured, 1879-80—1 (1), 6 (2)—Abies Mensiesii, 2. Ar-
butus, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 2; Tea, 1.

166 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80...

Observations—I think the injury to plants was more owing to the
low temperature of the summer months and to the unripe state of
the wood, than to the actual severity of the frost. Apart from
the severe frost in Dec., we had an exceptionatly open winter.

2. Forres, Dunphail.- Mr. D. Myers.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Sandy loam.

Alt. and Haposure—475 ft.: exposed to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Nairn, dist., 10 ms., W.; alt., 60 ft.; 23-08
ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—From Dec. 3rd to 6th,
each night, 3°.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —19 (1), 12 (2), 5 (8)—Araucaria, 1.
Aucuba japonica, 1; A. j. longifolia, 1; A. j. macrophylla, 3; A. j.
picta, 1; A. j. vera, 2. Berberis Darwinii,3; B. Jamesonii, 1; B.
Newberti, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 1; C., Gloire de Versailles, 1.
Cryptomeria japonica, 1; C. Lobbii, 2. Cupressus torulosa, 1. Cy-
tisus, white Portugal Broom, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 2; EH. macran-
tha, 2; E. rubra, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Euonymus, three vars., 1.
Fitzroya patagonica, 1. Furze, fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica, 2. Lau-
rel, Bay, 1, 2, Laurustinus, 2. Picea bracteata, 3; P. cephalonica,
1; P. grandis, 2; P. Pinsapo, 3; P. Webbiana, 2. Pinus argentea,
2. Roses, budded on Manetti, 2; dwarfs on own roots, 2; stands.,
1. Taxodium distichum, 3; T. sempervirens, 1.

Observations—Vegetables of 1879 were generally very inferior,
Broccolis, Brussel sprouts and Cauliflowers being entirely useless.
Fruit was very plentiful but never came to perfection. The wood of
1879 not having ripened, Apples, Pears and Plums failed in 1880.
Small fruit, however, e.g. Currants, Gooseberries and Strawberries,
have been very fine this year.

3. INVERAVEN, Ballindalloch Castle.— Mr. D. Rose.

Gen. Char. of Soil —A medium loam on a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—530 ft.; exposed to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Grantown, dist., 10 ms, 8.W.; alt., 712 ft. ;
27-75 ins., on 163 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—End of Nov. ; continued
on into Dec.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 2nd or 3rd ?}, -4°: [Dunphail,
dist., 14 ms., N.W.; alt., 475 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 3°],

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 2 (1), 1 (2), 2 (8) — Arbutus, 3.

DIVISION XVII.—(SCOTLAND) N. E. COUNTIES. 167

Cotoneaster macrophylla, 1; ©. buxifolia, 3. Laurel, Portugal, 2.
Roses, all, 1.

Observations—In my opinion it was not the intensity of the
frost during the winter 1879-80 that was the chief cause of so
much damage being done to the plants; for in the winter, 1878-79,
we had a more intense frost and one of a longer duration than that
of the winter of 1879-80; when very little damage was done to
plants. It was, in fact, the unripeness of the young wood, caused by
the very wet and late summer of 1879, which was the main cause of
the damage.

‘ 1. Kincarpins — Forpoun, Arbuthnott House. — Mr. J. M.
Gairns. |

Gen. Char. of Soil—A black and brown loam ; on a hard, sandy,
clay subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposure—600 ft.; aspect, S.E.

Rainfall, 1879—[Lawrencekirk, dist., 5 ms., 8.W. ; alt., 370 ft. ;
42°43 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 30th to Dec. 20th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 4th, 2°: [Aberdeen, dist., 20 ms.,
N.E.; alt., 96 ft.; Dec. 38rd, 5th, 15°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 3 (2), 2 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 1. -Aucuba japonica, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 12 ft., 1. Laurel, Portugal, 3. Roses, Gloire de Dijon, 2;
H. P.’s, kd. to grd., 2.

Observation—Roses, the H. P.’s, though killed to within a few
inches of the roots, have made the strongest wood last summer that
I have ever seen (Dec. 15th, 1880).

1. Narrn—Narrn, Cawdor Castle—Mr. J. Maitland.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, on a gravelly subsoil, with sandstone
rock below.

Alt. and Exposure—220 ft.; exposed to N.; 5 ms. from the Ger-
man Ocean.

Rainfall, 1879—28°37 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—End of Nov. and begin-
ning of Dec. ; winter, open afterwards.

Min. Temp. and Date—End of Nov., for 3 nights, 14°: [Nairn,
dist., 4 ms., N.E.; alt., 84 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 14°].

168 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Observations—The summer of 1879, although sunless, had no
excess of rain (28°37 ins.), and with the exception of a fortnight in
the end of November and the beginning of December, when the ther-
mometer fell to 14°, the rest of the winter was quite open. So
that no plant, tree or shrub suffered more than in ordinary seasons,
with the exceptions of a few Roses and other plants which had been
injured in the preceding severe winter, and made late growth. Small
fruits of all sorts had an average crop; but Apples and Pears with
very few exceptions were a complete failure.

2. Naren, Kilravock Castle—Mr. J. Manson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light.

Alt. and Exposure—235 ft. ; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1879 — [Nairn, dist., 5 ms., N.; alt., 84 ft. ; 23:86 ins.,
on 185 days].

Plants injured, 1879-80—None.

Observations—The winter was not a severe one here, and there
was consequently no damage to plants. The wet summer, how-
ever, had a bad effect on the fruit crops of 1880.

DIVISION XVIII— SCOT.) N. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM INVER-
NESS AND Ross.

InvERNESS. The whole year was cold; Rainfall less than of any
year since 1860 (Portree). Frost and snow, and exceptionally dry
during first two months (Dunvegan, Loch Maddy, &c.). Min. rain-
fall, Inverness, alt., 104 ft.; ht., 4 ft. ; 25-48 ins. ; mean of 30 yrs.,
25°08 ins.: max., Glenquoich, alt., 660 ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 92°05 ins.
Min. temps., Beauley, alt., 125 ft.; and Roy Bridge, alt., 310 ft. ;
Dec. 3rd, 11°: Dunvegan Castle, alt., 24 ft.; Dec. Ist, 12°: Cul-
loden, alt., 104 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 16°-5.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 10 (2), 10 (3), at 1 place; and
0 at 1 place. ’

Ross. A uniformly wet year; no great floods but almost constant
drizzle. Rainfall, below av.; very little sunshine (Lochbroom).
Min. rainfall, Tarbetness, alt., 61 ? ft. ; ht., 3ft. 4 ins.; 18°19 ins.:
max., Loeh Alsh, alt., 150 ft.; ht., 3 ft.; 67°03 ins., on 145 days.
Min. temps., Tulloch Castle, alt., 300 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 7° [?]: Ar-
dross, alt., 450 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 9° [?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—9 (1), 6 (2), 12 (8), at 3 places.

REPORTS.

1. INvERNESS—GLEN UrquHart, Balmaccan.—Mr. A. McDonald.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light ; soil is largely composed of vegetable
mould and peat ; one-half on a hard red “ pan,” the other on loamy
sand.

Alt. and Exposure—Situated in a valley, with 8.E. direction, at
the foot of a nearly perpendicular ascent, rising to 300 ft.; whence
a plain extends to the foot of a chain of high hills ; consequently the
garden is well sheltered from W. and N.W. winds, but rather ex-

=

170 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

posed to E. and N.H. winds. It is also exposed to early and late
frosts, which prove very injurious to early flowers and: late vege-
tables.

Rainfall, 1879—[Glen Strathfarrer, dist., 12 ms., W.; alt., 461
ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 55°98 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Nov. 25th; severe for
two weeks.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Beauly, dist., 10 ms.,!N.; alt., 125 ft. ;
Dec. 2nd, 11°: Roy Bridge, dist., 32 ms., 8.W.; alt., 310 ft.; Dee.
3rd, 11°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 10 (2), 10 (3)—Asters, 2. Be-
gonias, 2. Beans, 3; French, 1. Cabbages, 3. Chrysanthemums,
3. Dahlias, 3. Geraniums, 2. Gladioli, 3. Heliotropes, 1. Hya-
cinths, 2. Nastertiums, 1. Nectarines, 2. Peaches, 2. Peas, 3.
Pears, 2. Pelargoniums, 2. Petunias, 2. Plums, 3. Salads, 3.
Salvias, 3. Stocks, 2. Zineas, 3.

- Observations — The autumn of 1879 was very chilly and cold,
and in consequence the. young wood of fruit trees, including Peach
trees, &c., but excepting Plums, did not ripen, and being attacked
by early frost so severely they were almost killed. Bedding out
plants were very much injured by the cold rains of 1879; and not
being naturally strong they were more exposed to the effects of
early frosts. Vegetables gave good crops, excepting those injured
by the rain and especially by the frost.

2. InveRNEsS, Dochfour House.—Mr. K. Stewart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam with a gravelly or sandy
subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—100 ft.; exposed to 8.W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Inverness, 27:61 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec. 2nd and 3rd ?], 17°.

Observations—No plants have been injured whatever. It has
been the mildest winter we have had for many years past. Pri-
mula sinensis lived out of doors all the winter, with only the protec-
tion or shelter of a wall and in an easterly exposure,

1. Ross—Atness, Ardross Castle.—Mr. R. Massie.
Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—450 ft.; exposed to 8.
Rainfall, 1879—34-55 ins.

DIVISION XVIII.—(sCoT.) N. W. COUNTIES. 171

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 3rd, “23° of frost”’
[9° ?], with slight intermission till end of March.

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 6 (3)—Apples, 3. Broccoli,
William’s Alexandra, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 3; Do.
Portugal, 3. Pears, 3. Plums, 3. Strawberries, 3.

2. DinewatL, Tulloch Castle—Mr. G. McKinlay.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay, on a subsoil of cold clay ; rotten rock
with alluvial deposit occur in the lower grounds.

Alt. and Exposure—300 ft. ; exposed to S.

Rainfall, 1879—Excessive [?: Dingwall, alt., 3 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 1
in. ; 20-01 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 27th to March 2nd.
The gardens have a very fine exposure, and being on a rather steep
incline, the frost did not affect us quite so much as some other
parts of Rosshire; but the previous summer wood of fruit trees
suffered much, being cut back to within five or six inches of the
winter pruning of 1878.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dee. 3rd, 25°, [7° ? ]: [Beauly, dist.,
9ms., 8.; alt., 125 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 119].

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 2 (2), 2 (8)—Cabbages, 1.
Cauliflowers, 1. Cupressus horizontalis, 1, 3. Escallonia macrantha ~
(struck by lightning ?), 2, 3. Roses, 1, 2, 3.

Plants “uninjured — Cotoneaster, Leycesteria formosa, Magnolia
grandiflora, and all hybrid Rhododendrons.

3. Kitmurr, Balmagowan Castle.—Mr. T. Urquhart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—300 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Ardross Castle, dist., 5 ms., W.; alt., 450 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. ; 34°55 ins., on 190 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Ardross Castle, Dec. 3rd, ‘‘ 23° of
frost” [9° ?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—2 (1), 3 (2), 5 (8)—Apricots, 2. Ash,
weeping, growth of 1879 only kd., in shaded place, 3. Eleagnus,
3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Peaches, 1, 2. Roses, sorts, especially Teas on
walls, 1. Taxodium sempervirens, 2. Weigela, 3. Willow, weep-
ing (see Ash), 3.

Plants uninjured—Roses, Climbing devoniensis, and Gloire de
Dijon.

172

DIVISION XIX.—(SCOT.) N. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FRom OAITH-
NESS AND SUTHERLAND.

CairHness. Hardy trees and shrubs are never killed here by
frost, which was not below 18° in winter 1879-80, (Dunbeath Castle.)
A hard and protracted winter (1878-79), a cold and wet and late
spring, cold sunless humid summer, and a good but late autumn,
with very low temp. (Watten Station). Min. rainfall, Wick, alt.,
77 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. 9 ins. ; 22°30 ins., on 209 days: max., Georgemas,
36°57 ins. Min. temp., Wick, alt., 76 ft.; Dec. 3rd, 15°.

SurTHERLAND. ainfall, smallest for six years (Assynt). 2 ins.
below av. (Dunrobin Castle).* Min. rainfall, Tongue Ho., alt., 45
ft.; ht., 5 ins.; 27°11 ins. : max., Assynt, alt., 200 ? ft.; ht., 9 ins.;
66°80 ins. Min. temps., Lairg, alt., 460 ft.; Dec. 38rd, 4°: Dun-
robin Castle, alt., 12 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 1998; Jan. 12th, 26°.

REPORTS.

1. SurHeRLAND—Gotspiz£, Dunrobin Castle—Mr. D. Melville.t

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light, black, sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—10 to 15 ft.; close to the sea; sheltered on
N., N.W. and N.E.; but exposed to E., 8.E., 8., 8.W., and W.

Rainfall, 1879—29-14 ins., on 187 days. Av. for 10 years,
31°71 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th till Dec. 26th;
no seyere frost subsequently.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 2nd, 199-7.

Plants injured, 1879-80—Apples, stands., 2. Hollies, 2. Pears,
2. Roses, stands., many, 1.

* See, The Weather in Sutherland, Gard. Chron., 1880, vol. xiii. p. 120.
t Partly from Rep. on Winter, 1879-80, by J. Sadler, p. 10,

DIVISION XIX.—(SCOT.) Ne COUNTIES. 173

Plants uninjured—Acer Negundo variegatum, Aralia Sieboldii,
_Arundo conspicua, Escallonia macrantha, Fuchsia Riccartoni, Garrya

elliptica, Bay Laurel, Laurustinus, Phormium tenax, Salisburia, Tri-

toma uvaria.
— Observations—Our proximity to the sea gives us comparative immu-
nity from intense destructive frosts, both in winter and spring ;
therefore we have no great list of killed and injured to record.
We had a good many deaths among standard Roses last winter and
spring; this being partially due to the drying winds prevalent in
March and April. Some Hollies have shed their leaves in part.
The wet sunless summer of 1879 has left its effects, not so much
in death, as in unripened wood, as in the case of most wall trees
and standard Apples; the consequence is a poor crop for this season.
On the last mentioned trees the crop is nil. The same may be
said of Pears, both on walls and standards. Small fruit trees in most
cases yielded a fair average crop, as the autumn months were fine.
Kitchen garden vegetables stood well; especially Celery, which
never kept better.

174

DIVISION XX.—(IRELAND) MUNSTER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM CLARE,
Cork AND TIPPERARY.

CLare. <A cold and wet year, agricultural produce of the poorest
and worst description (Kilrush, Miltown Malbay). Min. rainfall,
Kilrush, alt., 61 ft.; ht. 7 ft.; 32°98 ims, on 214 days: max.,
Ennis, alt., 21 ft.; ht., 3 ft. 2 ins.; 42°70 ins., on 156 days.

Plants injured, 1879-80—11 (1), 5 (2), 1 (38), total at 2 places.

Corx. <A cold and unpropitious year; harvest, much later than
usual (Black Rock, Cork). Min. rainfall, Queenstown, alt., 140 ft. ;
ht., 15 ft.; 32°96 ins., on 212 days: max., Roche’s Point, alt., 32 .
ft. ; ht., 1 ft. 9 ins.; 55°14 ins., on 201 days. Min. temps., Fota
Island, alt., 30 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 15°: Roche’s Point, alt., 37 ft. ; Dec.
2nd and 5th, 26°. |

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 16 (2), 14 (8), total at 1 place.

TrpperaRy. A universally wet and cold summer, with a great
absence of sunshine; autumn, fine and dry (Clonmel, Tipperary,
Killaloe, &c.). Min. rainfall, Nenagh, alt., 116 ft.; ht., 1 ft.;
30°02 ins., on 161 days: max., Ballina, alt., 115 ft.; ht., 5 ins. ;
42°23 ins., on 192 days. Min. temp., Clonmel, alt., 800 ft.; Dee.
[5th ?], 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—20 (1), 12 (2), 7 (8), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. CLrarE—Ennis, Doora.—Mr. Jas. Johnstone.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Good and loamy, with a limestone and partly
gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposwre—Tolerably high and open to 8.E.

Rainfall, 1879—Heavy during sum. and aut.: [Ennis, dist., 2
ms. ; alt., 21 ft.; 42°70 ims., on 156 days].

DIVISION XX.—(IRELAND) MUNSTER. 175

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Severe frost commenced
about the middle of Dec., and lasted three weeks.*

Planis injured, 1879-80 —7 (1), 1 (2), 1 (8)—Araucaria, 1;
Broccoli, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurustinus, 1. Myrtles, on S.E. wall,
1. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, Banksian, on 8.H. wall, 1; Stands., 1, 2.

Observations—Subsequent to the frost in Dec., it was a very mild
winter with much rain all through the following spring.

2. Newmarket Ferrous, Dromoland Castle—Mr. W. Wilson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Damp, with a loamy surface, on a limestone
subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposwre—Near the sea-level.

Rainfall, 1879—Almost continuous from May to mid. of Aug. ;
and then at intervals during the autumn.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —4 (1), 4 (2)—Arbutus, 1,2. Laurel,
Bay, 1, 2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Phormium tenax, 1, 2.

Observations — The injury done to plants in this locality was
immense. Owing to the continued rain during the summer and aut.
of 1879, fruit trees did not ripen their wood. Much of the wood of
Nectarines and Peaches died back during the spring and summer
of 1880, as the sap was rising.

1. Cornk—QurENnstown.—Mr. W. Osborne.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Marly, with part on limestone.

Alt. and Hxposure—30 ft. ; suffers most from W. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—41-22 ins.; 14 wet days in May; 21 in June;
20 in July; 17 in Aug.; and 14 in Sept.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 1st, 25°, for 11
days; after which period there was but little hard frost.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec. 2nd, 15°; 5th, 16°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 16 (2), 14 (3)—Acacia affinis,
3. Araucaria excelsa, 1. Arundo conspicua, 3; A. Donax, 2. Ben-
thamia fragifera, 3. Camellia, 3. Chamerops humilis, 3. Cineraria
argophylla, 2. Clianthus puniceus, 3. Colletia cruciata, 2. Em-
bothrium coccineum, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 2.
Euonymus japonicus, 2; EH. j. varieg., 2. Fabiana imbricata, 3.

* [No other recorded temps. ‘correspond with this Obs. The Dates of min.
temps. for aii Ireland, are from Dec, 2ndto 5th. G. H.]

176 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80. |

Habrothamnus elegans, 2. Ilex cornuta, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Lau-
rus camphora, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtle, 3. Olea buxi-
folia, 2; O. excelsa, 3. Pampas grass, 3. Phormium tenax, 2. Picea
religiosa, 2. Pittosporum Tobira, 1. Toxodium distichum, 3.
Thamnocalamus Falconii, 3. Veronica Andersoni, 2. Viburnum
Sieboldii, 3. Yucca gloriosa, 3.

Observations—I attribute most of our failures and injuries to the
extremely wet seasons of 1879. Though the frost lasted but a few
hours on each day, the mischief done to the Bays and other tender
shrubs is extraordinary. One plant of Colletia cruciata on a slight
elevation of only about 9 ft. above the others, and 50 yards distant
from them—all being equally exposed—was not injured, while those
below were killed to the ground. The Picea religiosa had not been
previously injured since 1866.

1. Trpprrary—Crionmet.—Mr. W. J. Murphy.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Surface of pulverised limestone with granitic
portions and Old Red Sandstone.

Alt. and Hxposure—8v0 ft. (?). The town of Clonmel stands in
a rich valley sheltered by low hills.

Rainfall, 1879—[Alt., 80 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 4 ims.; 39:33 ims. on
212 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th to Dec. 12th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. [5th ?], 15°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—20 (1), 12 (2), 7 (8)—Aucuba japo-
nica, 1. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Althea frutex, 3. Arbutus Unedo,
1, kd. to grd., 2. Berberis Baelii, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Caly-
canthus grandiflorus, 1. Ceanothus floribundus, on wall, 1, else-
where, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3. Cupressus torulosa, exposed, 3.
Dahlia, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1, kd. to grd., 2. Eucalyptus
globulus, 1, 2. Eugenia apiculata, 1. Huonymus, vars., albus and
aureus, unprotected, 1, elsewhere, 2. Francoa ramosa, 1. Fuchsias,
on walls, kd. to grd., 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2. Laurel, Bay,
exposed, 1, badly burnt to grd., 2. Laurustinus, exposed, 2, others,
3. Lavandula spicata, 2. Lobelia cardinalis, 1. Ozothamnus thyr-
sioides, 1. Pampas grass, a few unprotected, 1, others, 2. Penste-
mons, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Punica Granatum, 2. Quercus
glabra, 2. Photinia serrulata, 3. Salvia patens, 1. Schizostylis
coccinea, 2. Veronica salicifolia and vars., all, 1.

ve 177

DIVISION XXI.—(IRELAND) LEINSTER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 From DUBLIN,
Kitpare, Lours, Mraru, WexrorD AND WICKLOW.

Dupin. Rainfall, ‘5 in. above ay. of 10 yrs., owing to excess in
summer. In last qr. fall was 5 ins. below av. : total being 28°86 ins.,
on 208 days. Mean temp., 2°°7 below av.; amount of cloud,
10 p. c. above it (Dublin). Min. temps., Dublin (Ordnance Survey
Office), alt., 158-8 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 9°-3; therm. on grass, below 32°,
on 26 nights in Dec.; alt., 162 ft.; Dec. 2nd, 1692; alt., 51 ft. ;
Dec. 5th, 21°-8 : Kingstown, alt., 22 ft.; Dec. 3rd and 5th, 23°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1), 14 (2), 24 (3), total at 1 place.

Kizpare. Rainfall, 24°42 ins., on 118 days (Maynooth).

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 2 (2), 4 (3), total at 1 place.

Kirxenny. Rainfall, 31-7 ins. (Inisnag). Aut., wet (Kilkenny).

Plants injured, 1879-80—383 (1), 24 (2), 3 (3), total at 2 places.

Loutrn. Too wet for haymaking and harvest, both very late
(Stephenstown).

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 10 (2), 7 (8), total at 1 place.

Meatu. Severe cold to end of March, the rest of yr., moist and
gloomy, without sun (Trim). Min. rainfall, Navan, alt., 160 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 28-97 ins.: max., Trim, alt., 180 ft.; ht. 4 ft. 2 ims. ;
33°29 ins., on 159 days. Min. temp., Kells., [Dec. 5th ?], 16°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—55 (1), 18 (2), 0 (8), total at 2 places.

Wexrorp. Rainfail, June, July, Aug. and Sept., unusually
great; 6°79 ins., above av.; Oct., Nov., Dec., very dry, being 9°75
ins. below av. Min. rainfall, New Ross, alt., 100 ft.; ht. 1 ft.;°
37-45 ins., on 219 days: max., Enniscorthy, alt., 270 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ;
48°42 ins., on 185 days. Min. temp., Gorey, alt., under 100 ft. ;
Dec. 5th, 18°°6.

Plants injured, 1879-80—7 (1), 3 (2), 5 (3), total at 1 place.

Wicxitow. Very cold spring; cold wet summer; Oct., Nov. and
Dec., very fine. Min. rainfall, Delgany, alt., 220 ft.; ht, 1ft.;
38:38 ins., on 222 days: max., Enniskerry, alt., 275 ft.; ht., 4 ft. ;
4441 ins., on 212 days. Min. temps., Bray, alt., 300 ft.; Dec. 5th,
6°: Collattin Pk., alt. 416 ft., Dec. 3rd, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—30 (1), 38 (2), 37 (3), total at 4 places.

Z

178 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

REPORTS.

1. Dustis—Dvsiin, Glasnevin.—Mr. F. W. Moore.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Loam on limestone.

Alt. and Exposure—60 to 80 ft. ; exposed on all sides.

Rainfall, 1879—28 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 30th to Jan. . 28th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 12th, 13°. [See Met. Obs., p. 177].

Plants injured, 1879-80—22 (1), 14 (2), 24 (3)—Amorpha
croceo-lanata, 1; A. fragrans, 1; A. Lewisii, 1. Arbutus Unedo, 2;
A. U., tomentosa, on walls, 3. Aristotelia Macqui, 2. Azalea amena,
3; A. indica, 3. Azara Gilliesii, 3. Benthamia fragifera,3. Bud-
dleia globosa, 3. Camellia, 3. Cassinia leptophylla, 1. Chameerops
chinensis, 3; C. Fortunei, 3. Choisya ternata, 3. Cordyline Bank-
sii, 2; C. indivisa, 1,2. Coronilla valentina, 1. Corydalis Banksii,
5 yrs. old, 1. Cytisus bracteatus, 1; C. tomentosus, 1. Drimys
Winteri, on wall, 3. Edwardsia microphylla, 3. Erica arborea, 1.
Escallonia rubra, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 1, 2. Eugenia apiculata,
old plant, kd. to trunk, 3. Eulalia japonica, 3. Euonymus fimbri-
atus, on wall and protected, 1. Fremontia californica, in sunny
situations, 1, in N. aspect, 3. Garrya microphylla, on wall, 3.
Genista cinerea, 1; G. laburnioides, 1; G. precox, 1. Grevillea |
rosmarinifolia, 3. Hypericum oblongifolium, 2; H. patulum, 2.
Tlex furcata. 2. Indigofera Dosua (quite recovered), 2. Laurel,
Bay, 2; Laurus regalis, on wall,2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Muehlen-
beckia complexa, on wall, 1. Myrsine undulata, 1. Myrtle, 2
Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Pittosporum
revolutum, 1. Pomegranate, 3. Psoralea bituminosa, 1. Quercus
glabra, large plant, 1. Rhododendron arboreum, 3; R. barbatum,
3; R. Berthelotianum, 1. R. Falconeri,3; R. preecox, 3. Robinia
pyramidalis, 1. Roses, H. P., 1, 2, 3.- Senecio argenteus, 1; S.
macroglossum, 1. Smilax aspera (quite recovered), 2. Solanum
azureum, 1. Ulex stricta, 1. Yucca Whipplei, 2.

1. KirparE—Maynoors, Carton Park.—Mr. E. Knowldin.
Gen. Char. of Soil —A stiff loam on limestone.
Alt. and Hxposure—200 ft. ; fairly protected by Beech trees.

DIVISION XXI.—(IRELAND) LEINSTER. 179

Rainfall, 1879 — 24°42 ins., on 118 days; max., 20 ins. July;
min., 3 ins., Jan.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 28th till Feb. 16th ;
temp. above 32° on 26 days; ice, 11°5 ins. thick.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 22nd, 8° [Portarlington, dist., 25
ms., 8.E.; Dec. 4th, 12°; Jan. 6th, 21°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—6 (1), 2 (2), 4 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1. Aucuba, variegated, 2. Broccoli, e.g. Leamington, Snow’s, &c.,
1. Calycanthus floridus, 1. Escallonia macrantha, large plant on
rockery, 1, on wall, S.E. asp., 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common,
kd. to grd., 2. Laurustinus, kd. to grd., 2. Parsley, 1. Phormium
Colensoi, ?, variegated, 3; P. tenax (1878-79), 1. Roses, stand-
ards, 3.

Plants uninjured—Coniferee, including Abies sp., Cedars, Cupres-
sus sp., Pines, Thujas and Sequoias; Roses, dwfs.

1. Kinkenny—Stoneyrorp, Inisnag.—Rev. J. Graves.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A warm, light limestone soil.

Alt. and Exposure—224 ft. ; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1879—Alt., 125 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 31°70 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Three weeks, end of Nov.
and beginning of Dec.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. [5th ?], 2°.

Plants injured, 1878-79 and 1879-80—6 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3)—Beech,
copper, died in spring,1880, 1. Broccoli,1878-9,* 1. Buxus balearica,
d. in spring 1880, 1. Escallonia macrophylla, 1878-9, 2. Fig, 1878-9,
2. Furze, 1878-9, 2. Hawthorn, no flowers in 1880, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 1878-9, 2. Laurel, common, 1878-9, 3. lLaurustinus, acute
and round leafed, 1878-9, 2. Lonicera, evergreen and varieg., 1878-
9, 2. Myrtle, 1878-9, 2. Poplar, Lombardy, 1878-9, 2. Roses
(worked), died in spring, 1880, 1. Thuja, d. in sp., 1880, 1. Vero-
nica, 1878-9, 1.

Observations—Laurustinus, many were 25 yrs. old, and never
injured before 1878. The round leafed variety seemed to stand the
frost better than the acute-leafed, all of which were killed to the
ground in 1878.

2. Kirxenny.—Mr. J. G. Robertson.

* The winter of 1878-9 began 8 weeks before Christmas, the min. temp.
being on Dec. 24th, 6°.

180 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A good loamy soil, resting on limestone or
gravel.

Alt.—200 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—32-32 ins. ; autumn, very wet.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 2nd for 14 days;
thaw for 1 week; frost resumed for 4 days.

Min. Temp. and Date—‘“ Said to have been Dec. 24th” [4th ?].

Plants injured, 1879-80—27 (1), 16 (2), 1 (8)—Aristotelia, 1.
Aucuba japonica, exposed, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Buxus ba-
learica, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa, esp. N.
side, 2; ©. sempervirens, 2 about 50 years, 1. Cistus, gum, 1.
Daphne Laureola, 1,2; D. Mezereum, 1. Erica mediterranea, 1.
Euonymus, 1, 2. Figs, 1878-79, 2. Furze, fl. pl,1. Jasminum
revolutum, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurusti-
nus, young, 1, old, 2. Lavander, 1, 2. Libertia formosa, 1. Loni-
cera brachypoda, aureo-retic., 1, kd. to grd. 2. Myrtles, broad-
leaved, 1, kd. to grd., 2. Olive, 1. Pampas grass, 1, 2. Phormium
tenax, 1, 2. Pinus insignis, 1. Quercus ilicifolia, young shoots kd.,
esp. on N. side, 2. Rosemary, 1. Taxodium sp., 1. Veronica,
shrubby, 1. Yucca, 1, 2.

1. Loura—Castie Betiincuam.—Mr. EH. Donnan.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong clay.

Alt.—50 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—! Duhdalk, dist., 6 ms., N.: (Farndreg), alt., 90 ft.;
35°77 ins. : (Ravensdale Pk.), alt., 360 ft. ; 51°60 ins., on 179 days].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 10 (2), 7 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, of 20 yrs., agst. wall, 1. Apples, 2,3. Aucuba japonica, 2.
_ Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Chamerops Fortunei, 1. Cherry, 2. Huca-
lyptus coccifera, 2; E. globulus, 1; H. longifolia, 1. Euonymus
latifolius, aureus, 3. Hydrangea japonica, kd. to grd., 2. Hypericum,
3. Jasminum himalayicum, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 2.
Myrtle, 3. Pear, 3. Roses, stands., 3. Ruscus aculeatus, 2. Sa-
bal [Palmetto ?], 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1, 2. Veronica, varieg., 1.
Vinca, all variegated, 2.

1. Meata—Ke tts, Balrath House.—Mr. J. C. Durno.
Gen. Char. of Soil—A rich loam with an open subsoil.
Alt, and Hxposwre—Country flat.

DIVISION XXI.—(IRELAND) LEINSTER. 181

Rainfall, 1879—[Navan, dist., 10 ms.; alt., 160 ft.; 28°97 ins.].

Duration of Frost—Six weeks.

Min. Temp. and Date—[Dec, 5th ?], 16°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—34 (1), 8 (2), 0 (3)—Agathea ccelestis,
1. Aponogeton distachyon, 1. Aralia japonica, 1. Arbutus, sorts,
2. Arundo Donax, 1. Boltonia latisquama, 1. Broccoli, 2. Cal-
ceolaria chelidonioides, 1. Castilleja indivisa, 1. Catananche bi-
color, 1; ©. coerulea, 2. Celery, 2. Centaurea gymnocarpa, 1.
Clematis calycina, 2. Commelyna ceelestis, 1. Dracocephalum
argunense,1; D. canariense, 1. Eupatorium purpureum, 1. Farfugium
grande, 1. Fuchsias, 2. Gunnera scabra, 1. @inothera macrocarpa,
1. Paris grandifolia, 1. Parochetus communis, 1. Platycodon
grandiflorum, 1. Plumbago Larpents, 1. Primula cashmeriana, 1 ;
P. purpurea, 1; P. rosea, 1. Pyrola rotundifolia, 1. Roses, 8 p.c.,
1. Rudbeckia atrosanguinea, 1; R. pulcherrima, 1. Schizostylis
coccinea, 1. Solanum jasminoides, 1. Stachys coccinea, 1. Tagetes
lucida, 1. Tritoma aurea, 1. Yucca filamentosa, 2; Y. recurvata,
2. Zephyranthes candida, 1.

Plants wuninjured—Abelia rupestris, A. uniflora, Amorpha
angustifolia, A. crocea, A. glabra, Andromeda floribunda, A.
polifolia, Anona triloba, Aralia intermedia, Aristotelia Macqui,
Aronia floribunda, A. grandiflora, Azalea indica alba, amena,
liliiflora,; souvenir de l’Exposition ; Azara integrifolia, Bignonia
grandiflora, Bridgesia spicata, Berberis Bealii, B. Darwinii,' B. dulcis,
B. empetrifolia, B. purpurea, B. stenophylla, B. Wallichianum, Caly-
canthus floridus, Caparis spinosa, Caragana pendula, Castanea chry-
sophylla, Ceanothus americanus, C. azureus, C. divaricatus, C. gran-
diflorus, Celastrus scandens, Cercis siliquastrum, Chameerops Fortunei,
Chimonanthus fragrans, ©. virginiaca, Clethra alnifolia, Cornus
mascula, Coronilla Emerus, Cotoneaster affinis, C. frigida, C. micro-
phylla, C. Simmondsii, Crategus sorts planted in open, Cydonias
in clumps, Daphne Blaganiana and sorts, Desmodium penduliflorum,
Deutzia canadensis, D. candidissima, D. crenata, D. Fortunei, D. |
gracile, D. scabra, D. stamina, Hleagnus angustifolia, Embothri-
num coccineum, Hscallonia Ingrami, EH. macrantha, KE. rubra, E.
serrata, Euonymus atropurpureus, HE. europeeus, HE. japonicus, E. lati-
folius, E. radicans, Eurybia Gunniana, H, ilicifolia, Fabiana imbri-
cata, Forsythia Fortunei, F. suspensa, F. viridissima, Garrya ellip-
tica, Gaultheria procumbens, Genista preecox, G. sagittalis, Gledits-

182 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

chia triacanthos, Griselinia littoralis, Halesia diptera, Helianthus,
“superb” &c., Hibiscus sorts, Hydrangea grandiflora, H. nivea, Hype-
ricum Kalmianum, H. punctatum, H. quadrangulare, Idesia poly-
carpa, Illicium, Indigofera Dosua, Itea virginica, Kalmia glauca,
Kerria japonica, Kolreuteria, Ledum palustre, Ligustrum japoni-
cum, L. sinense, Lonicera fragrantissima, L. Ledebourii, L. sem-
pervirens, L. tartarica, Mahonia, sorts, Menispernum’canadense, Men-
ziesia polifolia, Nuttallia cerasiformis, Osmanthus ilicifolius, O. ros-
marinifolius, Pernettya angustifolia, P. mucronata, P. speciosa, Phi-
ladelphus grandiflorus, P. speciosissima, Phillyrea angustifolia, P. lati-
folia, Potentilla floribunda, Pterocarya caucasica, Punica Granatum,
and sorts, Pyrus japonicus, Rhamnus alaternus, R. alpinus, Rhodo-
typos Kerrioides, Rhus Cotinus, R. glabra lanceolata, Ribes aureus,
R. sanguineus, R. speciosus, Sambucus aurea, Shepherdia argentea,
Skimmia japonica, Sophora japonica pendula, Spireea arrizfolia, S.
bella, S. callosa, S. Douglasii, 8. levigata, 8. Lindleyana, 8. pruni-
folia, S. thunbergia, 8. trilobata, S. ulmifolia, Veronica augustifolia,
V. salicifolia, Virgilea lutea, Weigela, sorts.

2. Moyrnatry, Kingsfort—Mr. R. Tanham.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy and gritty ; subsoil easily improved.

Alt. and Hxposure—Well sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[Navan, dist., 15 ms. ; alt., 160 ft. ; 28°97 ins.].

Plants injured, 1879-80—15 (1), 5 (2), 0 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1; A. “Thistle,” 2. Escallonia macrantha, 1; E. rubra, 1. Figs,
1. Gladiolus cardinalis, 1. Jasminum, white and yellow, 1. Lo-
belia cardinalis, 2. Myrtle, 1. Pea, sweet, 1. Roses, Briars of
stands., 2; Madame Villermoz, 1; Maréchal Niel, 1; President, 1;
Solfaterre, 1; Celine Forestier, 2; Triomphe de Rennes, 2. Schi-
zostylis coccinea, 1. Tritoma aurea, 1; T. uvaria, 1.

1. Wexrorp—Gorry, Knockmullen.—Miss M. Owen.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Friable and dry, on a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Exposure—Considerably under 100 ft. ; sheltered.

Rainfall, 1879—[Courtown, Gorey, alt., 80 ? ft.; 40°15 ins., on
205 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 5th, 18°-6.

Plants injured, 1879-80 —7 (1), 3 (2), 5 (3) —Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Anemone fulgens, 3. Aucuba japonica, 3. Canna indica,
1878-9, 1. Coronilla glauca, 1878-9, 1. Dablias, 1. Lobelia ful-

DIVISION XX1I.—(IRELAND) LEINSTER. 183

gens, 1878-9, 1. Myrtle, 1, 2. Opuntia Rafinesquiana, 2. Passi-
flora coerulea, 1. Primula Fortunei, erosa, 3. Roses, Banksian, yellow,
2; Solfaterre, many years old, 1; Tea ‘Magnolia,’ 1. Sedum car-
neum, 1. Senecio mikanoides, 1878-9, 1. Tropeolum tuberosum,
1878-9, 1. Weigela rosea, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 3.

Plants uninjured — Aloysia citriodora (one small plant), Anomo-
theca cruenta, Arbutus, Begonia discolor, Cordilyne australis, Orin-
num capense, Dahlias (a few), Fabiana imbricata, Fragaria indica,
Fuchsia procumbens, F. minima, Bay Laurel, common Laurel,
Laurustinus, Libertia grandiflora, Lobelia repens, Mesembrianthe-
mum uncinatum, Muehlenbeckia, Nertera depressa, Oxalis flori-
bunda, Rhododendron ciliatum, Roses (Gloire de Dijon, Maréchal
Neil, Tea), Salvia patens, Sarracenia Drummondi, Saxifraga sarmen-
tosa, Sedum carneum variegatum, Vittadinia triloba, Zauschneria
californica.

1. Wicktow—Bray, Hollybrook.—Mr. W. Burne.
Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and loamy.
Alt. and Hxposure—300 ft.

Rainfall, 1879—[Bray, alt., 250 ft.; 42°09 ins., on 201 days].
‘Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 5th, 6°.
Plants injured, 1879-80—4 (1), 8 (2), 4 (8)—Artichokes, globe,
2. Broccoli, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 1. C. microphyllus,1. Erica
mediterranea, 2. Eucalyptus, 1, 3. Euonymus europeus, 3. Fuch-
sia, various, kd. to grd., 2. Hydrangea japonica, kd. to grd., 2.
Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurustinus, kd. to grd., 2. Lettuce, 2. Peaches,

on open walls, 2. Roses, hybrid China, 1, 2.

2. Bray, Powerscourt.—Mr. W. Forbes.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposwre—About 400 ft.

Rainfall, 1879 —[Bray (Fassaroe), dist., 4ms.; alt., 250 ft. ;
42-09 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dee. [5th ?], 15°.
Plants injured, 1879-80—3 (1), 7 (2), 8 (3)—Aralia neriifolia,
3. Benthamia fragifera, 3. Chameerops excelsa, 3. Cordyline indi-
visa, 1; sheltered, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 2. Eucalyptus, 1. Muo-
nymus, aureus, 2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Hydrangeas, 2. Laurus-
tinus, 3. Phormium: tenax, strong plants in rich soil, 2; in
light soil and well exposed, 3. Pinus insignis, 3. Rhus glabra,

184 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

laciniata, 3. Roses, 2. Veronica Andersoni, 1; on rockery, 2.

Plants uninjured — Aralia Sieboldii, 10 feet diam., Chameerops
excelsa, Mitraria coccinea, Phormium tenax variegatum.

3. Rataprum, Westaston—Mr. W. Haughton.

Gen. Char. of Soi]—A strong loam on a subsoil of yellow clay.

Alt. and Haposure—450 ft. ; exposed to E.

Rainfall, 1879—161 days of rain from July Ist, 1879, to July
1st, 1880.—[Bray, dist., 25 ms. ; alt., 250 ft. ; 42-09 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 26th, with snow and
frost to Dec. 11th. |

Min. Temp. and Date—[Hollybrook, Bray, dist., 20 ms., N.; Dec.
5th, 6°: Collattin Pk., dist., 12 ms., 8.E.; Dec. 3rd, 10°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —15 (1), 11 (2), 21 (8)—Aster argo-
phyllus, 2. Abelia floribunda, 3; A. rupestris, 3. Aralia, 1. Azalea
indica, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 3. Broussonetia papyrifera, 2.
Calla sethiopica, 1. Ceanothus, vars., 2, 3. Cedrus, Bergoni, 2.
Choysia ternata, 1. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Oordyline austra-
lis, 2. Coroncea ferruginea, 2. Cryptomeria alba, 2. Cupres-
sus lusitanica, 3. Dicksonia antarctica, 1. Edwardsia micro-
phylla, 2, 3. Erica arborea, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 1, 2, 3. Fagus
Cunninghamii, 3. Gnaphalium lanatum, 1. Gynerium jubatum, 1.
Habrothamnus elegans, 1. [lex cornuta, 3. Jamesia americana, 3.
Juba spectabilis, 1. Laurel, Bay, narrow-leaved, 3. Libocedrus
Doniana, 2. Ligustrum japonicum, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 3.
Olea excelsa, 3; O. europea, 1. Minothera japonica, 2. Oreo-
daphne californica, 1. Phormium tenax, 3. P. t. variegatum, 3.
Pittosporum Tobira, 1. Quercus Suber, 3. Rhododendron Edge-
worthii, 3. R. Thiboudiense, 3; R. virginalis, 3. Viburnum awa-
furki, 1.

4, SHELAGH, Coollattin Park.—Mr. J. Whytock.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Poor, being destitute of lime and resting on
shingle.

Alt, and Haposure—416 ft. ; mostly exposed to E. and W.

Rainfall, 1879—[Carlow, dist., 17 ms.; alt., 291 ft.; 35°96 ins.,
on 209 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 3rd, 10°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 12 (2), 4 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Bignonia, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Escallonia
macrantha, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euonymus, aureo-variegatus,

DIVISION XXI.—(IRELAND) LEINSTER. 185

2. Furze, 2. Hydrangea japonica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel,
common, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Lonicera
flexuosa, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtle, 1. Pampas grass, 2.
Phormium tenax, 1. Pinus excelsa, 3. Roses, Macartney and Tea,
2. Ruscus aculeatus, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Veronica, varie-

gated, 1,

186

DIVISION XXIIT.—(URELAND) CONNAUGHT.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 FROM GALWAY,
Mayo AND S1iqo.

GaLway. Great absence of sun during the summer; very dry
after Sept. (Cregg Pk.). Spring and winter, the driest seasons (Kil-
connel). Summer cold and wet (Tuam). Min. rainfall, Tuam, alt.,
136 ft.; ht., 6 ft. 3 ins.; 33°34 ins.: max., Clifden, alt., 105 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 75-92 ins., on 236 days. Min. temp., Ballinasloe, alt.,
161 ft.; Dec. 5th, 12°: Galway [alt., 30 ft. ?], Dec. 5th, 19°.

Mayo. Remarkable absence of heat in sum. and aut.; harvest, a
- month late (Westport). Min. rainfall, Hollymount (Cloona
Castle), alt., 120? ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 37°50 ins.: max., Crossmolina,
(Enniscoe), alt., 50 ? ft.; ht., 11 ins.; 51°31 ins., on 238 days.

Stiao. Rainfall, greatest in sum. months; Nov. the driest
(Markree Castle). Min. temps., Markree Castle, alt., 132 ft.; Dee.
2nd, 16°: Mullaghmore, alt., 36 ft. ; Dec. 5th, 28°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—28 (1), 26 (2), 6 (8), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. Stia@o—CotLooney, Markree Castle—Mr. J. Mcphail.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A great variety, but in and about the garden,
a stiff calcareous loam on limestone rock.

Alt.—132 ft.

Rainfall, 1879 — 30°85 ins. [Markree Obs., alt., 110 ft.; ht., 6
ins. ; 39°71 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Occasionally, from Sept.
24th to June 11th, 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 2nd, 16°: Mullaghmore, dist., —
20 ms., N.; alt., 36 ft.; Dec. 5th, 28°).

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 28 (1), 26 (2), 6 (8)—Almond, 2.

DIVISION XXII.—(IRELAND) CONNAUGHT. 187

_ Aralia Sieboldii, 2; A. spinosa, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Artichoke,
globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 1; A. Donax, variegata, 1. Berberis
Darwinii, 2; B. Jamesonii, 2. Broussonetia papyrifera, 3. Bud-
dieia globosa, 1. Buxus rotundifolia, 1. Catalpa syringefolia, 2.
Ceanothus, flore albo, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cordyline australis, 1 ;
C. gracilis, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2. Cupressus macrocarpus,
1. Erica mediterranea, 2. Escallonia Balfourii, 2; E. macrantha,
1. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Forsythia viridissima, 3. Fuchsia
Riccartoni, 3. Griselinia littoralis, 1. Hydrangea hortensis, 2.
Hypericum oblongifolium, 2. Jasminum officinale, 3; J. revolutum,
2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Leyces-
teria formosa, 1. Ligustrum japonicum, 1. lLiquidambar styra-
ciflua, 1. Magnolia ferruginea, 1. Marrubium vulgare, 1. Olea
ilicifolia, 1. Olearia Haastii, 2. Osmanthus argenteus variegatus,
1; Q. ilicifolius, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Punica
Granatum, 1. Quercus Ilex, 2. Richardia ethiopica, 1. Roses,
stands., H. P.’s, Teas, China, 2. Ruscus aculeatus, 1. Salvia offici-
nalis, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 2. Skimmia japonica, 2. Sophora
pendula, 1. Thyme, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni,
1; V. salicifolia, 1; V. Traversii, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 1; Y.
recurva, 2.

188

DIVISION XXIII.—(IRELAND) ULSTER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1879 From ANTRIM,
ArmMAGH, DonEGAL AND MoNAGHAN.

AntTRIM. Weather, severe in early part of the year; spring, very
backward and cold; aut., cold and wet (Belfast). Min. rainfall,
Bushmills, alt., 33 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 29°56 ins, on 195 days: max.,
Belfast (New Barnsley), alt., 200 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 42°91 ins., on 202
days. Min. temp., Aghalee, alt., 110 ft.; Dec. 5th, 14°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 8 (2), 3 (8), total at 2 places.

Armacu. Rainfall, excessive in sum., and very prejudicial to
crops (Edward St. Station): min. rainfall, Armagh Obs., alt., 208
ft.; ht., 1 ft. 7 ims.; 32°27 ins., on 202 days: max., Flurrybridge,
alt., 340 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 44-12 ins., on 153 days. Min. temps., Ar-
_ magh (Palace), Dec. 4th, 8°: Armagh, alt., 206 ft.; Dec. 2nd,
179-6: Loughgall, alt., 207 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 16°7.

Plants injured, 1879-80—21 (1), 11 (2), 5 (3), total at 2 places.

Donrcat. Temp., extremely low in early winter and spring;
sum., cold and wet: Rainfall, not excessive, Raphoe (Convoy
House). First four months, dry but cold; sum., wet, stormy and
cold. Oct. and Nov., fine, Ramelton (Killygarvan). Min. rainfall,
Ramelton (Ballyare), alt., 60 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 3459 ins, on 217 —
days: max., Inver, alt., 100 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 42°65 ins. Min. temp.,
Ballymacool, alt., 200 ft.; [Dec. 4th P], 14°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—12 (1), 12 (2), 10 (3), total at 1 place.

Monacuan. Rainfall, severe (Glaslough). Min. temp., Dec.
12th [2nd ?], 12°.

Plants injured, 1879-80—12 (1), 12 (2), 10 (3), total at 1 place.

Tyrone. ainfall, about the av., yet it did much injury, as
the greater part fell when not wanted (Stewartstown). Min. rainfall,
Caledon Glebe, alt., 125 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 30°39 ins.: max., Beragh
(Clogherny), alt., 434 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 42:14 ins. Min. temps.,
Omagh, Dec. Ist, 6°; Jan. 21st, 1880, 14°: Lissan, alt., 305 ft. ;
Dec. 2nd, 19°.

DIVISION XXIII.—(IRELAND) ULSTER. 189

REPORTS.

1. ANtRIM—LARNE, Garron Tower.—Mr. G. Porteous.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A dark calcareous loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—300 ft.; exposed chiefly to N.E. winds.

Rainfall, 1879—Above av. [Larne (Carnlough), dist., 15 ms., 8. ;
alt., 8 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 38°72 ins., on 191 days].

Min. Temp.—[Aghalee, dist., 35 ms., S.; alt., 110 ft.; Dec. 5th,
14°].

Plants injured, 1879-80—Abies excelsa, 2. Veronicas, 6ft. high, 2.

Plants uninjured—Eucalyptus globulus, 50 ft.

Observations—Spruce firs have suffered most ; trees from 20 to 30
yrs. old have not more than an inch of green on the tops and branches.
Shrubs were not injured by the frost of 1878-79 or of 1879-80. Far
more injury was done by the N.E. gales from the sea.

2. Antrim, Shane’s Castle—Mr. T. Seaton.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Heavy and retentive.

Alt. and Hxposure—Low and well sheltered, by the side of Lough
Neagh.

Rainfall, 1879—[Mean for Co. Antrim (9 stations), 36°34 ins.].

Min. Femp. and Date—[Aghalee, dist. 12 ms., 8. ; alt., 110 ft. ;
Dec. 5th, 14°}.

Plants injured, 1879-80—5 (1), 6 (2), 3 (3)—Apples, 3. Arbu-
tus, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Broccoli, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2.
Clematis, 2. Escallonia, 2. Kucalyptus, 1. Laurel, common, 2;
L. Portugal, 3. Peaches, 1. Roses, 1, 2. Vegetables of all kinds, 2.

Observations—Fruit, in 1879, was very poor, Apples and Pears,
small and worthless; but plums on walls were a good crop, also
Gooseberries and other small fruits were equally good. In 1880,
there were no Apples, Pears or Plums. Currants and Gooseberries,
not quite so fine a crdp as Strawberries, but fine in quality.

1. ArmacH—Armaau, Loughgall.—Mr. J. Brennan.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay prevails, but also gravelly and sandy
soils exist.

Alt. and Exposwre—207 ft. (Armagh Obs.).

Rainfall, 1879—833 ins.

190 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1879-80.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—End of Nov. to middle
of Feb. ;

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 22nd, 16°-7 [Warrington, dist.,
10 ms., N.E.; alt., 191 ft.; Dec. 4th, 12° (with hard frost from 1st
to 13th) ; Jan. 20th, 13°: Donaghadee, dist., 45 ms, E. (on coast) ;
alt., 37 ft.; Dec. 5th, 20°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 —13 (1), 8 (2), 4 (3) — Agapanthus
umbellatus, 3. Apples, Golden Pippin and Ripston in wet soils, as
well as all old trees, 2. Arbutus, of sorts in any soil, 2. Aucuba
japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinii, in wet soil, 1. Broccoli, Snow’s
Winter and Walcheren, 1; Snow’s Winter and Backhouslake, 2;
Sutton’s late Queen, 3. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2. Erica alba,
2; E. australis, 1. Euonymus japonicus, all vars., unprotected,
1. Fuchsia coccinea, 1. Jasminum multiflorum, 1. Laurel, Por-
tugal, in warm situation and loose soil, 2. Laurustinus, in wet clay,
1; drained, 2; light soil and sheltered from N., 3. Leycesteria for-
mosa, wet clay soil, 1. Lobelia cardinalis, 1. Lonicera, aureo-reti-
culata, 1. Pernettya mucronata, cold wet soil, 1. Roses, nearly all
H. P., 2. Veronicas, shrubby, 1. Wallflower, 1.

Plants uninjured—Conifere of every kind with one exception.

2. AnmaGH, Palace—Mr. T. Sheasby.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A rich and rather heavy or strong loam, on
a subsoil of clay.

Alt. and EHxposure—Kitchen garden very low and badly drained,
but well sheltered ; pleasure grounds are much higher.

Rainfall, 1879—[Armagh Obs., alt., 208 ft.; ht.,1ft. 7 ins.;
32°27 ins., on 202 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 24th to Dec. 25th
[5th ?]; Jan. 13th to 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Dec. 4th, 8° [Armagh, alt., 206 ft. ;
Dec. 2nd, 17°-6].

Plants injured, 1879-80—8 (1), 3 (2), 1 (3)—Aucuba japonica,
1,2. Broccoli, 1. Cabbage, 1. Fig, 1, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Lan-
rel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Roses, chiefly
stands., 1, others, 2.

Plants uninjured—Conifers, stood remarkably well.

Observations—The late spring and wet summer of 1879 were very
unfavourable for fruit trees. Apples and Pears were a total failure
in 1880; having scarcely any bloom.

DIVISION XXIII.—(IRELAND) ULSTER. 191

1. Donzscat—LetrerKEnny, Ballymacool.—Mr. C. Fergusson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy, wet and cold clay.

Alt. and Haposure—200 ft.; much exposed to winds from Glen
Swilly and from E.

Rainfall, 1879—Rains constantly from Atlantic. [Convoy Ho.,
Raphoe, dist., 6 ms., S.E.; alt., 110 ft.; 38°30 ins., on 244 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Dec. 3rd or 4th ?], 14° [Londonderry,
dist., 18 ms., N.E.; alt., 93 ft.; Dec. 4th, 16°: Buncrana, dist., 18
ms., N.N.E.; alt., 20 ft. ; Dec. 3rd, 20°].

Plants uninjured, 1879-80—I may safely say we had no damage
done here by frost last winter, though the growth of many trees and
shrubs was not quite so good last summer as usual. Araucaria,
we have a fine specimen, about 50 ft., in perfect health. Instead of
the usual growth of about 15 inches, it only grew 8 or 9 inches last
summer. Chamerops excelsa, a tree over 6 ft., growing quite ex-
posed, stood the frost well and sent out the usual number of leaves
this summer ; but their stalks are only half the usual length. Conifers,
all stood well. Desfontainea spinosa, large plants stood the winter
quite unprotected, grew and flowered very well this summer. Rho.
dodendron barbatum and other early flowering sorts, never flowered
better than during last spring (1880).

1. Monaguan—Monacuan, Glaslough.—Mr. Wm. Swanborough.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—A medium loam passing into a blue clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—Possibly 100 ft. ; in an enclosed valley.

Rainfall, 1879—Rainfall in great quantities [Rockcorry, dist., 15
ms.,’S. ; alt., 290 ft. ; 35°31 ins., on 187 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 1st to 15th; with
short period in Jan., 1880.

Min. Temps. and Dates—“ About Dec. 12th” [2nd ?], 12° [Cole-
brooke Pk., dist., 18 ms., W.; alt., 230 ft.; Dec. 5th, 9°: Omagh,
dist., 25 (?) ms., N.W.; Dec. Ist, 6°; Jan. 21st, 14°: Lissan, dist.,
25 (?) ms., N.; alt., 305 ft.; Dec, 2nd, 19°].

Plants injured, 1879-80 — 12 (1), 12 (2), 10 (8) — Arbutus, 1.
Arundo Donax, 1, 2. Aucuba, all kinds, 1, 2, 3. Bambusa, 1, 2.
Biota orientalis, 3. Carnations, 1, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2; C. Li-
bani, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, masculus, 1. Cryptomeria Lobbii,
3; ©. japonica, 3. Gladiolus, 1. Holly, choice kinds, 3. Holly-
hocks, 1. Juniperus chinensis, 2; J. prostrata, 3. Laurel, Bay,

“Bi ys

lum sempe¢

.
*
°

Taxod

ee Pinsapo, 8. Pinus exc

, 1, 2.

\

»
A

tusa, 3.

193

DIVISION I.—(ENGLAND) MIDDLESEX.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, From MippLEsEx.

Jan., mild at first, then frosty, cold and dry to end; 26 days of
frost. Feb., rainy ; March, seasonable; spring being promising and
remarkable for luxuriant crops of vegetables, but little promise of
fruit. July, rainy ; changeable to mid. of Sept., followed by heavy
rainfall. Close hot weather succeeded ; Sept. 4th, 84°. Oct., cold
and rainy, with severe snow-storm on 20th. Nov., unsettled and
rainy with 14 nights of frost (Isleworth). Dec., first 12 days, fine
and mild; excepting 2 days, rain every day to end of month; total,
1 in. above av. of 8 yrs. (Muswell Hill). Jan., 1881, dull, hazy or
clear; temp., mostly above 329°, till 12th. Very great snow-storm
and gale, Jan. 18th, with severe weather till 26th. Thaw. Min.
rainfall, 1880, Westminster, alt., 95 ft.; ht., 66 ft. 4ins.; 24°70
ins, on 146 days: max., Uxbridge (Harefield Pk.) ; alt., 296 ft.;
ht., 8 ins. ; 34°11 ins., on 143 days. Min. temps., 1881, Isleworth,
alt., 68 ft.; Jan. 17th, 4°°6: Chiswick, Jan. 17th, 5°: Harrow
falt., 400 ft. ?], Jan. 15th, 7°: Chelsea, Jan. 17th, 8°: Finchley,
alt., 275 ft.; Jan. 15th, 8°4; Regent’s Park, alt., 125 ft.; Jan.
15th, 9°°8: Hornsey, alt., 125 ft.; Jan. 17th, 10°: Camden §8q.,
alt., 111 ft.; Jan. 17th, 1198: Hackney, alt., 59 ft.; Jan. 17th,
12°°6.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 12 (2), 10 (3), total at 1 place.

194 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

REPOoORTs.

1. Eaurine, Castle Bar.—Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff London clay.

Alt. and Exposure—250 ft. ; N.W.

Rainfall, 1880—[Alt., 134 ft.; ht., 27 ft.; 26-79 ins., on 163
days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—{Severe frost began Jan.
12th, 25°; lasting till Jan. 26th, 15° (Blackheath, Regent's Pk.,&c.)].

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Chiswick, R. H. 8S. Gard., dist., 3 ms.;
Jan. 17th, 5°: Chelsea, Bot. Gard., dist., 8 ms.; Jan. 14th and 17th,
8°; 20th, 12°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (11), 12 (2), 10 (3)—Abies Smithi-
ana, 3. Aucuba japonica, 3. Buddleia globosa, fine plant, agst. wall,
23 yrs. old, 1. Clematis flammula, 2; C. Jackmanni, 3. Colletia
cruciata, 1. Edwardsia microphylla, 1. Elzagnus pungens, 3. Es-
callonia rubra, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Hedera colchica, 2. Hy-
pericum calycinum, 2. Iberis Tenoreana, 2; T. gibraltica, 1. Laurel,
common, 3. Ligustrum ovalifolium, 3. Phygelius capensis, 1. Quer-
cus humilis, 3. Roses, Baroness Rothschild, 2. Céline Forestiére,
2; Climbing devoniensis, 2. Duke of Edinburgh, 2; Eliza Boll, 2;
Indica, 3. Jules Margottin, 3; La France, H. P.. 2; Madame La
Charme, 3. Marie Baumann, 1; Pierre Notting, 2; Souvenir de
Malmaison, 2; Xavier Olibo, H. P., 1.—Ruta graveolens, varieg.,
2. Sedum Sieboldii.

195

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, rrom BerKsHIRE, HAmpsuire, Is_te-or-Wicut, Kent, SURREY
AND SUSSEX.

Berks. Jan., Mch., May and Aug., very dry; June, July, Sept.
and Oct., much weiss than av. ; largest total av. since 1852 (Long
Wisuitian). Oct., mild and wet i" 13th ; Dec., lovely weather (Pur-
ley). Min. rainfall, Wallingford, alt., 175 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ; 29°12
ins., on 133 days: max., Reading (Englefield), ht., 1 ft. 1 in.; 37°71
ins., on 154 days. Min. temp., Purley, Jan. 17th, 1881, 0°: Hast-
Basis alt., 255 ft. ; Jan. 17th, 4°.

Plants ae 1880. 81—17 (11), 38 (2), 4 (3), total at 2 Soe

Hants. Year remarkable for E. winds with rain; of 170 days of
rain, 61 occurred with E. wind (Christchurch). Dry cold spring ;
aut., very mild (Arlesford). First half of yr. dry; latter half, wet
(Blackwater, Strathfieldsaye). Min. rainfall, Dogmersfield Pk.,
28°93 ins.: max., Petersfield, alt., 216 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 37°64 ins., on
131 days. Min. temps. (N. Hants), Basing Pk., Jan. 16th, 3°:
Strathfield Turgiss, alt., 195 ft. ; Jan. 22nd, 39-9: Alton, Jan. 17th,
6°: Swarraton, alt., 310 ft. ; Jan. 17th, 69-1: (S. Hants), Highfield,
alt., 140 ft.; Jan. 24th, 8°-1: Southampton, O.8. 0., Jan. 15th,
13°°2 : Woolston, alt., 83 ft.; Jan. 24th, 89-4: Portsmouth, alt.,
20 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 7°-4: Hurst Castle, alt., 14 ft.; Jan. 22nd and
23rd, 15°: Bournemouth, alt., 184 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 11°92: Sth.
Bourne, alt., 90 ft.; Jan. 24th, 12°1.

Plants injured, 1880-81—52 (1), 97(2), 53 (3), total at 4 places.

Istz-oF-Wicut. Fainfall, above the av. (Newport). Min. rainfall,
Osborne, alt., 172 ft.; ht., 8 ins ; 29-45 ins, on 141 days: max,
Newport, alt., 57 ft.; ht., 12 ft. 9 ims.; 37°57 ins., on 145 days.
Min. temps., Ryde, alt., 100 ft.; Jan. 21st, 10°: Osborne, alt.,
172 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 13°°8: Ventnor alt., 80 ft., Jan. 22nd, 149-9.
Temp. was below 32°, 19, and below 20°, 3 times.

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (11), 9 (2), 9 (8), total at 1 place.

Kenr. Year remarkable for extreme dryness of first half (Selling,
Ramsgate). tainfall, heavy in latter half (Tenderden, Ramsgate,

196 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

&c.). Destructive snow-storm, Oct. 20th (Beckenham). Min.
rainfall, Chatham, alt., 136 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 25-51 ins., on 143 days:
max., Hythe, alt., 12 ft. ; ht., 6 ins. ; 46-21 ins., on 191 days: Green-
wich Obs., alt., 155 ft. ; 29°68 ins.; mean. of 30 yrs., being 25°17
ins. Min. temps. (W. Kent), Bromley, Jan. 22nd, 5°: Eltham,
alt., 80 ft. ; 17th, 5°-8: Blackheath, 21st, 99-2 : (Mid. and 8. Kent)
Chatham, alt., 135 ft.; 26th, 14-3: Maidstone, alt., 80 ft.; 21st,
1°: Tunbridge, alt., 99 ft.; 22nd, 0°5: Tunbridge Wells, alt.,
500 ft.; 22nd, 7°-2: Cranbrook, alt., 224 ft. ; 22nd, 4° : Tenderden,
alt., 194 ft.; 22nd, 10°: (E. Kent) Ramsgate, alt., 105 ft. ; 15th,
15° : Walmer 18th, 5° : Dover, alt., 30 ft. ; 22nd and 23rd, 18°.
Plants injured, 1880-81—27 (1), 84 (2), 94 (3), total at 6 places.
Surrey. Very cold and dry to June; July, wet and cold. Heavy
snowfall, Oct., favourable weather afterwards. Jan. 1881, one of
the most severe months on record, temp., 0° on two occasions; great
storm on18th (Abinger Hall). Min. rainfall, Vauxhall (Effra Creek),
alt., 35 ft. ; ht., 30 ft. 9 ins. ; 25-95 ins., on 149 days : max., Hasle-
mere (Weycombe), alt., 583 ft.; ht., 4 ft.; 39°85 ins. Min. temps.,
Brockham, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 25th, -1°: Abinger Hall, 0° : Hersham,
alt., 55 ft.; Jan. 25th, 2°: Beddington, alt., 90 ft.; Jan. 22nd,
7°°2: Norwood, alt., 184 ft.; Dec. 22nd, 279-7; Jan. 17th, 10° 8:
S. Norwood, alt., 190 ft.; Jan. 17th, 119-1: Croydon, alt., 201 ft. ;
Dec. 22nd, 279-7; Jan. 21st, 11°-6.
Plants injured, 1880-81—71 (1), 117 (2), 88 (3), total at 6 places.
Sussex. Great dryness in early part of year: latter half very wet
(Worthing, Maresfield, &c.). Rainfall, above av. ; splendid harvest
weather and finest crop of Potatoes for many years (W, Brighton).
Min. rainfall, Beachy Head, alt., 515 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 25°47 ims. :
max., Petworth, alt., 190 ft.; ht. 1 ft.4ins.; 46°38 ins., on 118
days. Min. temps., Hayward’s Heath, alt., 250 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 23rd,
8° : Crowborough Beacon, alt., 776 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 9°: Little-
hampton, Jan. 22nd, 10°: Brighton, alt., 206 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 1194:
Worthing, alt., 21 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 18°75: Eastbourne, alt., 24 ft.;
Jan. 22nd, 159-1: St. Leonards, alt., 116 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 16° 7.
Plants injured, 1880-81—53 (1), 88 (2), 61 (3), total at 6 places.

LO eee ————E—————— ——

' DIVISION II.—sS. E. COUNTIES. 19

REPORTS.

1. Berxks—Newsury, Enborne Lodge.—R. H. Valpy, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravelly, sandy loam or ‘ drift.’

Alt. and Hxposure—400 ft., S.W.

Rainfall, 1880—[Newbury (Greenham), dist., 3 ms., E.; alt., 260
ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 31:58 ins., on 190 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Purley, dist., 16 ms., N.E.; Jan. 17th,
0°: Easthampstead, dist., 24 ms., E.; Jan. 17th, 4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3)—Broccoli, 2. Brus-
sels sprouts, 3. Cauliflower, 1. Celery, 2. Cherries, 2. Escallo-
nia rubra, 2. Figs, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. lLaurustinus, 2. Lettuce,
2. Myrtle, 1. Rosemary, 2. Roses, dwfs., 1; nearly all newly
budded Stands., 1. Taxodium distichum, young plants, 2. Wal-
nut, 1.

Observations—Fruit, in 1881—Apples,bloom abundant, crop small ;
Apricots, a failure; Figs, black Ischian and brown Turkey, appa-
rently kd.; Nectarines and Peaches stood fairly ; Pears, bloom abun-
dant, but crop small; Plums, every kind, a total failure; Straw-
berries, nearly all the newly budded, lost, and total failure with
forcing plants, e.g., Keen’s Seedling and President ; Walnuts, almost
a total failure.

2. WoxinaHaM, Easthampstead Pk.—Mr. N. Sinclair.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff clay on low ground, but a sandy
light soil on upper.

Alt. and Hxposure—255 ft.; rather exposed in parts, and subject
to spring frosts.

Rainfall, 1880—[Reading, dist., 8 ms., N.W.; alt., 157 ft.; ht.,
3 ft. ; 30°27 ins., on 121 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, great snow-
fall, with destruction to Oaks. Hard frost, Dec. 25th. Jan. 17th,
4°; on several morns., temp. was 8°. The severity of the season
has not been equalled here for 36 years.

Plants injured, 1880-81—11 (1), 30 (2), 2 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
~ dora, 1. Arbutus Andrachne, 2; A. procera, 2; A. Unedo, 2. Ar-
tichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, all, 1. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba
japonica, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, all, 1.
Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 2. Cedrus atlantica, 2. Celery, 2.

198 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81...

Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Daphne collina, 2. Echeveria metallica, 2.
Erica, old plants, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3.
Gooseberries, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2. Lavander,
2. Lonicera fragrantissima, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Myrtle,
1. Onions, winter, 2. Peaches, 2. Penstemons, 1. Picea grandis, 1
Pinus insignis, 2. Rhododendrons, 2. Roses, dwfs., 2. H. P.’s, 2;
Stands., 2; Tea, 1. Strawberries, 2, Veronica Andersoni, 1. Wall-
flowers, 2. Yew, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 2.

1. Hants—Atron, Basing Pk.—Mr. W. Smythe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff red clay, very strong; subsoil of
chalk.

Alt. and Exposure—About 500 ft. ; hill much exposed to wind.

Rainfall, 1880—[E. Worldham, ate 2 ms.; alt., 499 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. 6 ins.; 34°56 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of F Frost—Jan., 1881, 138th to 26th:
mean temp., 12°. No frost from 20th to 31st: N.E. winds pre-
vailing. |

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—25 (1), 38 (2), 31 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 3. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 2. Apples, many old trees, all, 2.
_ Apricots, 2. Arundo conspicua, 3. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba japo-
nica, 1. Azalea amena, 3; A. indica, 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 2.
Borecole, 3. Box, edging, 2. Broccoli, all kinds, 1. Brussels sprouts,
2. Buxus balearica, 3. Cabbages,2. Camellia,1. Cauliflower,1. Ceano-
thus americanus, 2 ; C. azureus, 2; C. dentatus, 2; C. grandiflorus, 2.
Cedrus atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, many large trees, 1, 2; young
plants, 1; C. Libani, 2. Celery, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 2.
Clianthus puniceus, 2. Coronilla glauca, 2. Cryptomeria elegans,
3; C. japonica, 3. Cupressus sempervirens, 3. Dahlia variabilis, 1.
Dracena australis, 1. Echeveria metallica, 1. Endive, 3. Erica
carnea, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Huonymus japonicus, 1; BE.
radicans, 1. Fuchsia coccinia, 1; F. Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 1; do.,
fl. pl, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3. Gladiolus, 1. Holly, 2; do., varie-
gated, 2. Hydrangea arborescens, 1; H. Hortensea, 1; H. japonica,
1; H. Otaksa, 1. Hypericum balearicum, 3; H. calycinum, 2. Ivy, |
2; do., variegated, 1. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 2
Juniperus, 1. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; L.
Portugal, 3. Lettuce, 3. Lonicera japonica, 2. Magnolia grandi-

DIVISION IIl.—S. Ee. COUNTIES. 199

flora, 2; do. Exmouth var., 2. Myrtles, 1. Nectarines, 1, 2.
Onions, winter, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Passiflora coerulea, 2. Parsley,
3. Peaches, 1, 2. Pears, 1, 2. Penstemons, 3. Phillyrea angus-
tifolia, 3. Picea grandis,3; P. Pinsapo, 3. Pinus insignis, 1.
Plums, 2. Rhododendrons, Smithii and all early kinds, 1, Rose-
mary, 1. Roses, dwfs. on Manetti stocks, 3; H. P.’s, 2; Stands. on
Briars, 2; Teas, on Manetti and Briars, 1; other kinds on own
roots killed to the ground, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Skimmia
japonica, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni,l; V. salicifo-
lia, 1. Vines, all kinds, 2. Wallflowers, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 2.
Yew, 3. Yucca aloifolia, 3; Y. filamentosa, 3; Y. gloriosa, 3.

Observations—Roses—Two Maréchal Niel and a Céline Forestiér
on a8. wall, with roots mulched with long dung, were uninjured ;
but a Triomphe de Rennes was killed under similar treatment.

2. Auron, Blackmoor House.—Mr. R. Lock.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy.

Alt. and Hxposure—Exposed to N.W. winds.

Rainfall, 1880—34:28 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 21st, 27° : from Jan.
Ath to 26th, very severe.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 6°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 19 (2), 12 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Broccoli, 2. Cabbages, 2.
Carnations, 2. Cauliflower, 1. Celery, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 1.
Cryptomeria elegans, 3; CO. japonica, 3. Endive, 2. Escallonia
Ingrami, 2; E. rubra, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Fuchsia coc-
cinea, 3. Hydrangea Hortensea, 2. Jasminum officinale, 3. Kale,
sea, 3. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3.
Laurustinus, 2. Lavander, 1. Lettuce, winter, 2. Ligustrum luci-
dum, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Onions, winter, 2. Passiflora
coerulea, 1. Parsley, 2. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pinus insignis, 2. Rose-
mary, 1. Roses, dwarfs,2; H.P.,2; Tea, 1. Sequoia gigantea,
3. Strawberries, President and Eclipse, 3. Veronica salicifolia, 1.
Wallflowers, 2. Weigela rosea, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

3. BournemoutH.—Mr. J. J. Swagffield.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy peat, mostly on gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—From sea-level to 100 ft.

Rainfall, 1880—[Christchurch, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 90 ft.; 30-14
ins., on 161 days].

200 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 6th, 32°; 7th, 26°;
Jan. 13th, 22°; 20th and 22nd, 15°. Mean temp. at 7 a.m., from
Jan. 7th to 22nd, 23°. [Below 32°, 23, and below 20° 10 times].
Ten ins. of snow fell on 18th and 19th; 12 ins. on 20th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 20th, 22nd, 15°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —9 (2), 23 (3)—Aloysia citriodora, 3.
Aralia Sieboldii, 3; A. spinosa, some, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Arti-
choke, globe, 2. Broccoli, where quite exposed, all sorts, 2. Buddleia
globosa, 3. Camellias, lost flower-buds in some plants only, 3. Ceano-
thus dentatus, against wall, 3; as shrubs, 2; C. grandiflorus, 3. Des-
fontainea spinosa, very young, 3. Draceena australis, 3. Euonymus
japonicus, 2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2; 13 years, never before cut,
many 10 to 12 ft., most all cut to ground, but have broken strong.
Griselinia littoralis, 3. Hydrangea japonica, 3. Jasminum officinale,
3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 3. Leyces-
teria formosa, 3. Ligustrum japonicum, 3. Myrtles, many fine
plants, 10 ft. high, 8. Paulownia imperialis, 3. Phormium tenax,
8. Pinus insignis, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, 3. Quercus Suber, 32.
Veronica Andersoni, 2; V. salicifolia, 2; V. Traversi, 2.

Plants uninjured, 1880-81—Abies Douglasii, Almond, Aloysia
citriodora, Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Apples, Apricots, Arau-
caria imbricata, Arbutus Unedo, Aristolochia Sipho, Arundo Donax,
Asparagus, Aucuba japonica, Do. variegata, Azalea ameena, A. indica,
Bambusa Fortunei, Berberidopsis corallina, B. Darwinii, B. japonica,
B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Borecole, Box, Carnations, Catalpa
syringefolia, Cedrus atlantica, C. Deodara, Celery, Cephalotaxus
Fortunei, Chamerops Fortunei, Cherries, Chimonanthus fragrans,
Cistus ladaniferus, Clematis Jackmanni, C. montana, Coronilla glauca,
Cotoneaster microphylla, C,. Simonsii, Crateegus Pyracantha, Cryp-
tomeria elegans, C. japonica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, ©. macrocarpa,
C. sempervirens, Currants, Cytisus Laburnum, Daphne Mezereum,
Deutzia scabra, Eleagnus argentea, Hscallonia macrantha, many
plants, E. montevidensis housed, as it was nearly killed in 1879
-80, E. rubra, Eugenia Ugni, Euonymus europzus, HE. radicans,
Forsythia viridissima, Fuchsia carolina, I. gracilis, Gladioli, Goose-
berries, Holly, Do. variegated, Hyacinths, Iris, Ivy, Do. variegated,
Jasminum nudiflorum, Kale, Kalmia latifolia, Portugal Laurel,
Lavander, Lettuce, Ligustrum vulgare, Lilac, Lilium auratum, L.
lancifolium, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia grandiflora, Do, Exs

DIVISION II.—s. E. COUNTIES. 201

mouth, var., Medlar, Mulberry, Narcissus, Nectarines, Osmanthus
ilicifolius, Pampas grass, Passiflora coerulea, Parsley, Pears, Phillyrea
angustifolia, Picea amabuis, P. cephalonica, P. grandis, P. lasio-
carpa, P. Lowiana, P. Nordmanniana, P. Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa,
P. Laricio, P. pinea, P. sylvestris, Platanus orientalis, Plums, Pyrus
japonica, Quercus Ilex, Quince, Retinospora plumosa, R. squarrosa, R.
ericoides, R. pisifera, Rhododendrons, Rhus glabra, Ribes, Rosemary,
Salisburia, Sequoia gigantea, Skimmia japonica, Stocks, Strawberries,
Taxodium distichum, Taxus baccata (Yew), Do. fastigiata, Tritoma
uvaria, Ulex europa (Furze), Do. fl. pl., Vines, Black Hamburgh
and sweet water, Wallflowers, Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca
filamentosa, Y. gloriosa.

4, Farnsporouan, The Grange.—W. Sherwin, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light sand and gravel.

Alt. and Hxposuwre—Open and somewhat low.

Rainfall, 1880—32°5 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, snow-storm.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 26th, 22°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 18 (2), 10 (8)—Abies Dougla-
sii, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 3; A. Unedo, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3.
A. j. variegata, 3. Azalea amena, 3. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Broc-
coli, 3. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa, 2. Buxus balearica,
2. Catalpa syringefolia, aurea, 3. Cauliflowers, 1. Cercis siliquas-
trum, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, lutea and glauca, 1. Desfontainea
spinosa, 2. Echeveria metallica, 1. scallonia macrantha, 2; E.
rubra, 2. Euonymus europeus,1. Furze, fl. pl. 1. Garrya ellip-
tica, 2. Hibiscus syriacus, 2. Holly 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
common, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, fine plants, 1. Ligustrum
lucidum, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, Exmouth vars., 2. Oak “ Lu-
combe,” 1. Olearia Haastii, 1. Paulownia imperialis, 3. Penstemons,
2. Pinus insignis, 3. Quercus Ilex, 2. Rhododendrons, John
Spencer, Mrs. Heneage and Victoria, 2. Roses, H.P.’s and Stands.,
many, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Thuja gigantea, 2. Tritoma uvaria,
3. Wallflowers, 2.

1. Istz-or-Wicnt—Ryve, Appley Towers.—Mr. W. Stanbvry.*
Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam, mostly resting on a clay subsoil.

* See an account in Gard. Chron., 1881, Oct. 15th, p. 494.
l-@

202 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Alt. and Exposure—100 to 200 ft. ; exposed to N.W., N., and N.E.

Rainfall, 1880—[Ryde, alt., 17 ft.; 33-49 ins. on 120 days.
Above the ay. (Newport) ].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 21st, 10° [Osborne, dist., 4 ms., W. ;
alt., 172 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 13°°8: Ventnor, dist., 11 ms. 8.; alt., 80
ft.; 22nd, 14°99]. .

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 9 (2), 9 (8)—Acacia dealbata,
15 ft. high, 2. Benthamia fragifera, 3. Carnations, dark more than
light ones, 3. Catalpa syringeefolia, aurea, 2. Citrus Aurantium, 1.
Clianthus puniceus, 1. Draczena australis, 2. Hlzagnus argentea, 3.
Embothrium coccineum, 1. LEscallonia montevidensis, 2. Eucalyp-
tus globulus, 40 ft., 1; E. Gunnii (?), 3. Habrothamnus, 1. Lapa-
geria on walls, 2. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, Portugal, 3. Leptos-
permum lanigerum, 3. Melianthus major, 2. Myrtle, 3. Olea europea,
2. Phormium tenax, 2. Pittosporum Tobira, 3. Rhododendron
Nuttalli, 3. Veronica Andersoni, 2.

Plants uninjured, 1880-81—Abelia floribunda, A. rupestris, Abies
Keempferi, Acacia Nemu,Agapanthus (slightly mulched), Akebia quina-
ta, Aralia Sieboldii, Arbutus procera, Azalea amzena, A. indica, A. mol-
lis, Azara microphylla, A. dentata, Berberidopsis corallina, Calceolaria
violacea, Camellias, Ceanothus azureus, Chameerops Fortunei, Choisya
ternata, Colletia ferox, Desfontainea spinosa, Desmodium penduliflo-
rum, Dimorphanthus mandschuriensis, Edwardsia grandiflora, Escal-
lonia macrantha, Eugenia apiculata, E. Ugni, Fremontia californica,
Grevillea rosmarinifolia, Gunnera scabra, Laurus camphora, Leyces-
teria formosa, Olearia Haastii, Parrotia persica, Philesia buxifolia,
Pinus insignis, 60 ft., Rhododendrons Sikkim, Staphylea colchica,
Stauntonia latifolia, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Veronica Traversi,
Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

1. Kent—Bromiey.—Rey. A. Rawson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel in parts, and clay in parts.

Alt. and Exposure—200 ft. ; chiefly sheltered.

Rainfall, 1880—32-21 ins. ; or 2:41 above ay. of 15 yrs,

Min. Temps. and Dates— Jan. 22nd, 5°; mean of Jan. 1881,
9°-36 below av. of 15 yrs.: [Beckenham, dist., 2 ms., W.; alt., 142
ft.; Jan. 21st, 6°°7: Eltham, dist., 4 ms., N.; Jan. 17th, 5°8:
Blackheath, dist., 5 ms., N.; Jan. 21st, 9°-2: Greenwich, dist., 5
ms., N.W.; alt., 155 ft.; Jan. 17th, 127].

DIVISION II.-—S. E. COUNTIES. 203

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 18 (2), 33 (3)—Abies Morinda,
3. Acacia monophylla, 3. Acer palmatifidum, 3. Aloysia citriodora,
2. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus
Unedo, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 3. Berberi-
dopsis corollina, 1. Berberis aristata, 3. Broccoli, all except half
a dozen plants of Cattell’s Eclipse, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1. Buxus
balearica, 2. Catalpa syringefolia, 2; OC. s. aurea, 2. Cedrus Deo-
dara, 3. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Deutzia scabra, 3. Eulalia japo-
nica variegata, 3. Huonymus europeus, 3. Forsythia viridissima,
3. Furze, 2; Do., fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 3. Griselinia litto-
ralis, 1. Hedera Roegneriana, 3. Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Iris,
only Kempferi of the hardier sorts, 2. Juniperus chinensis, 3.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus,
2. lLavander, 2. Lilium lancifolium, 2. Lonicera japonica, 3.
Maclura aurantiaca, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Onions, winter, 3.
Opuntia Rafinesquiana, 3. Pampas grass, 3. Paulownia imperialis,
2. Penstemons, 1. Phillyrea augustifolia, 2. Photinia serrulata,
2. Populus augulata, 1. Quercus Ilex, 3. Rhus glabra laciniata,
3. Roses, Teas on Briar and Manetti, 2. Ruscus aculeatus, 3. Saxi-
fraga purpurascens, 2. Senecio pulcher, 3. Sequoia gigantea, facing
wind, 3. Spirea Lindleyana, 2. Stocks, 1. Thujopsis borealis, 3.
Wallflowers, 3. Weigela rosea, 3.

Plants uninjured, 1880-81—Abies Douglasii, Ampelopsis hederacea,
Apples, Apricots on walls, globe Artichoke mulched, Asparagus,
Berberis ilicifolia, Bomarea acutifolia, Brussels sprouts, Box, Cab-
bages, Carnations, Castanea vesca, Cedrus atlantica, Cherries, Chimo-
nanthus fragrans, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Crataegus
oxyacantha, fl. pl., C. Pyracantha, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Currants,
Cytisus Laburnum, Exochorda grandiflora, Fuchsia gracilis, Goose-
berries, Halesia tetraptera, Holly, Do. variegated, Ivy, Larch, Ligus-
trum vulgare, Lilac, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lonicera fragrantissima,
L. Periclymenum, Magnolia acuminata, Medlar, Narcissus, Negundo
fraxinifolia, Osmanthus ilicifolius, Parsley, Picea Nordmanniana,
Pinus excelsa, P. sylvestris, Platanus orientalis, Plums, Pyrus
japonica, Quercus robur, Quince, Rhododendrons, Ribes, Roses, seed-
ling briar, H. P.,Salisburia, Skimmia japonica, Tritoma uvaria, Ulmus
Viburnum plicatum, Wistaria sinensis, Yew.

2. Deat—Watmer CasttE—Mr. J. Swinnard.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A nice loam with a subsoil of stiff clay.

204 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Alt. and Exposure—Slightly above sea-level and almost within
reach of the spray.

Rainfall, 1880—lDeal (Northbourne), alt., 60 ft.; 40°98 ins., on
162 days]. :

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, 16°; 18th, 5°; 22nd, 10°;
24th, 22°; 26th, 18°; Feb. 7th, 25°; 12th, 26°: [Dover, dist., 6
ms., 8.; alt., 30 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 23rd, 18°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—7 (1), 27 (2), 21 (3)—Arbutus An-
drachne, 2. Artichoke, globe, 3. Aucuba japonica, 2. Berberis
Darwinii, 2. Broccoli, Cattell’s Eclipse, Cooling’s Matchless, Deal
White, Early Penzance, Late White, Miller’s Dwarf, and Sutton’s
New Late Queen, all, 1. Buddleia Lindleyana, 3. Carnations, 2.
Cedrus atlantica, 2; ©. Deodara, 2. Cotoneaster Simmonsii, 2.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2; ©. macrocarpa, 3. Eucalyptus globulus,
1, Euonymus europeus, 2. Forsythia elegans, 3; F. viridissima, 3,
Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Holly, 2. Ivy, 3. Jasminum nudi-
florum, 2. Juniperus, 3. Larch, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, com-
mon, 2; IL. Portugal, 3. Lavander, 3. Ligustrum lucidum, 3.
Lilac, 3. Lilium auratum, 1; L. lancifolium, 1. Lonicera japonica,
2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtle, 2. Penstemons, 1. Phillyrea
angustifolia, 2. Pinus excelsa, 3; P. insignis, 1; P. Laricio, 2; P.
- sylvestris, 2. Platanus orientalis, 2. Retinospora, 3. Ribes, 3. |
Rosemary, 2. Roses, dwf. 2; Stands. 2; Tea, 3. Seaforthia
elegans, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Stocks, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 3.
Veronica Andersoni, 1. Wallflowers, 3. Weigela rosea, 3. Yew, 2.

8. SanDwicH, Betteshanger.—Mr. G. Laurence.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Chalky.

Alt. and Exposwre—Exposed to sea-breeze on E., being dist., 4
ms. from sea.

Rainfall, 1880 — 40:98 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Walmer, dist., 4 ms.; Jan. 18th, 5°:
rainfall, dist., 9 ms., N ; alt., 105 ft.; Dec. 26th, 29°-9; Jan. 15th,
15°}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 21 (2), 36 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Aralia Sieboldii, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Artichoke, globe,
3. Broccoli, Cattell’s Eclipse, Leamington, Snow’s Superb White,
Sutton’s Perfection, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Buddleia globosa, 2.
Buxus balearica, 3; B. sempervirens (Box), 3. Cabbages,3. Carna-
tions, 3. Cauliflower, Veitch’s Autumn Giant and Early Dwarf, 1.

DIVISION IIl.—s. E. COUNTIES. 205

Ceanothus dentatus, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 3; Libani, 3. Celery, 3.
Cistus ladaniferus, 2. Coronilla glauca, 2. OCryptomeria elegans, 3.
Eleagnus argentea, 3, Endive, 1. Eriobotrya japonica, 3. Hscal-
lonia Ingrami, 3; E. macrantha, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euo-
hymus europeus, 2; E. japonicus, 2; E. radicans, 2. Furze, 3;
fl. pl., 3. Garrya elliptica, 3. Gladiolus, 1. Hibiscus syriacus, 3.
Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Holly, 3; Do., varieg., 3. Ivy, varieg.,
3. Juniperus, 3. Larch, 3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, Portugal, 3.
Laurustinus, 2. Lavander, 2. Lettuce, Moor Park, 2. Leycesteria
formosa, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtles, 2. Pampas grass, 3.
Passiflora coerulea, 1. Penstemons, 2. Phillyrea angustifolia, 3.
Picea Pinsapo, 3. Quercus Ilex, 2; Q. Suber, 2. Quince, 3. Ra-
phiolepis ovata, 2. Rosemary, 3. Roses, Dwarfs, 3; H. P.’s, 3;
Stands., 3; Tea, 1; Stocks, 2. Strawberries, 3. Tritoma uvaria,
2. Veronica Andersoni, 1. Wallflowers, 2. Yew, 3. Yucca glo-
riosa, 3.

4. Tunpripce WeLLs, Dunorlan.—Mr. D. Walker.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Lower ground, a strong loam on a very stiff
clay. Higher ground, a sandy loam on a sandy rock.

Alt. and Hxposure—80 to 160 ft. ; 8.H. slope.

Rainfall, 1880—30-18 ins. (Jan. and May omitted).

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, 30°. Hight or
more inches of snow fell: last frost May 17th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 22nd, 6° [on same day, Tunbridge,
dist., 4 ms., N.; alt., 99 ft.; 0°5: T. Wells, alt., 500 ft.; 7°92:
Cranbrook, dist., 12 ms., E.; alt., 224 ft.; 4°; and Tenterden, dist.,
18 ms., E. ;alt., 194 ft.; 10°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 8 (2), 4 (3)—Arbutus Unedo, 1.
Camellias, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa, 2. Escal-
lonia macrantha, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Picea
grandis, 2; P. lasiocarpa, 2; P. Pinsapo, 3. Pinus insignis, 1.
Roses, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3; S. sempervirens, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Cryptomeria japonica, C. Lob-
bii, Capressus Lawsoniana, Desfontainea spinosa, Libocedrus decurrens,
Picea cephalonica, P. nobilis, P. Nordmanniana, Retinospora obtusa
aurea, R. pisifera, Thuja aurea, vars., Thujopsis borealis, T. dolabrata.

i. Surrey—Gumprorp, E. Horsley 'Towers.—Earl of Lovelace.
Gen. Char. of Soil—Various; gravel and loam in the pleasure

206 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

ground, with a subsoil of chalk of depths from 7 to 20 feet.

Alt. and Exposure—300 ft., slightly sloping N. to Thames valley.

Rainfall, 1880—36-31 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Brockham, dist., 7 ms., E.; alt., 200
ft.; Jan. 25th, -1°: Abinger Hall, dist., 44 ms., 8., 0°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (2)—Arbutus Unedo, 2. Bupleurum
fruticosum, 2. Buxus balearica, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Garrya
elliptica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, round-leaved var., 2.
Laurustinus, 2.

Observations—The year 1880 was unfavourable for tree growth
in spite of the wetness of the season. The progress of the Larch, of
which there are extensive plantations on the hills here, and of the
Coniferze generally, are not equal to that of the two preceding sea-
sons. The extraordinary rainfall of Sept. and Oct. (14 ins. which
is almost unprecedented), and the mildness of the latter month till
about the 25th left every thing growing and nothing ripened. Then
came a heavy fall of snow,which did not melt for three days. The Oaks,
Elms and Beeches being green and full of leaf were extensively muti-
lated and injured. The mischief is felt now in barking, as the trees
we are cutting do not break readily, some not all. The injury
done to Larch trees, 25 years old, by the hard frosts of six years
ago is singular. Many in a deep valley of the chalk hills were cut
out, being evidently dead, and others showed signs of life ; but every
year it seemed that the revival was but temporary, and now on a
space of two acres in the bottom, every tree is decidedly dead, of the
average height of 36 feet.

2. Kew, Royal Gardens.*—Mr. G. Nicholson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—{ Light on gravel].

Alt. and Hxposure—[A few feet above the Thames].

Rainfall, 1880—Kew Obs., alt., 19 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 9 ins.; 28-73
ins., on 163 days]. |

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Chiswick, dist., 2 ms., E.; Jan. 17th,
5°: Isleworth, dist., 2 ms., W.; Jan. 17th, 49-6].

Plants injured, 1880-81—68 (1), 66 (2), 18 (3)—Abelia rupes-
tris, on wall, 3; A. triflora, in open, 1; on wall, 3. Akebia qui-
nata, in open, matted, 1. Amicea Zygomeris, 2. Aralia Sieboldii,
1; A. spinosa, 2. Arbutus Unedo, vars., 1, 2. Aristolochia altis-

* From Gardners’ Chron., vol. xvi., 1881, pp. 167, 204.

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. 207

sima, recovered, 2. Aristotelia Macqui, and varieg., in shrubbery, 1;
A. racemosa, on wall, 2. Atriplex Halimus, 1. Azara, protected in
open, 1; Do., on wall, 2. Berberis angulosa, 1; B. asiatica, 1; B.
concinna, 2; B. coriacea, 1; B. Darwinii, 2; B. fuchsioides, 1. B.
glauca, 1; B. glaucescens, 1; B. ilicifolia, 1; B. Knightii, 1; B.
Lycium, 1; B. virgata, 1; B. Wallichiana, 1. Bryanthus erectus, 1.
Buddleia curvifolia, 1; B. globosa, 1; B. intermedia, 1; B. Lind-
leyana, 1. Ceratonia Siliqua, under matting, 1. Cistus Berthole-
tianus, 1; C. ladaniferus, in open, 2; C. Jatifolius, 1. Clianthus
puniceus, on wall, 2. Cneorum tricoccum, 1. Colletia sp., 2, 3.
Convolvulus Cneorum, under matting, 1. Coprosma Baueriana, on
wall, 2. Coriaria myrtifolia, 1. Crategus crenulata, 2; C. Pyra-
cantha, 3. Daphne Cneorum; D. Mazelii; D. Van Houttei, all, in
open, 1; by wall, 2. Desmodium, on walls, kd. to grd., 2. Disca-
ria longispina, on wall, 2. Edwardsia microphylla, 2. Elsholtzia,
on walls, kd. to grd., 2. Embothrium coccineum, on wall, 2. Erica
codonodes, 1; E. mediterranea, 2; EH. multiflora, 1; HE. scoparia, 1.
Ercilla spicata, protected, 2; in open, separately and carefully mat-
ted, 1, or kd. to grd., 2; on walls, not matted, 2. Eucalyptus Gunnii,
old tree, 3. Euonymus glaber, 2; H. japonicus, vars., 2; EH. pun-
gens and vars., 2. Fabiana imbricata, 2. Fontainesia phillyreoides,
in open, 1; on walls,3. Garrya sp., 2. Gaultheria nummularia, 1.
Genista monosperma, 2. Grabowskia boerhaavifolia, 1. Habro-
thamnus, on wall, kd. to grd, 2. Hedera algeriensis, 2; H. hima-
laica, 2; H. maculata, 3; H. minor, 3; H. rhombea, 3. Helian-
themum halimifolium, 1; H. Rhodax, 1. MHolbecellia latifolia, and
others, on wall, kd. to grd., 1 or 2. [lex Azevinho, 2; I. Cassine, 2;
I. cornuta, 2; I. dipyrena, 3. Ilicium anisatum, 1; I. floridum, 1;
I. religisum, 1. Jasminum, all in open, 1, 2; on walls, 3. Lardi-
zabala biternata, in open, matted, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, com-
mon, vars. intermedia and Jeffreyi, 2; L. Portugal, vars. aureo-picta
and azorica, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Ligustrum coriaceum, 1, 2; L.
japonicum, 1, 2; L. lucidum, 1, 2; L. ovalifolium, 3; L. sinense, 3.
Liquidambar chinensis, against wall, kd. to grd., 2. Magnolia gran-
diflora, vars., in a dell, 2, 3; M. gracilis, 1. Mahonia angulosa, 2 ;
M. pallida, 1. Menziesia globularis, 2. Muehlenbeckia adpressa,
on wall, 2. Myrtle, 2. Nandina domestica, in open, 1; on wall, 2.
Olearia myrsinoides, 2. Osmanthus Aquifolius, matted, 2. Pernet-
tya pilosa, 1, Phillyrea angustifolia, 2; P. buxifolia, 2; P. media,

208 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

1, 2. Photinia serrulata, 1. Pittosporum tenuifolium, 1; P. Tobira,
1, Plagianthus betulinus, on wall, 2. Pomegranate, vars., in open,
1; on wall, 2. Pterocarya stenophylla, 1. Quercus crassifolia,
sheltered, 1; Q. Gramuntia,3; Q. Ilex, vars. agrifolia, &c., 2,3;
Rhamnus Clusii, 1; R. lanceolatus, 1; P. utilis, 1. Rhododendron
lepidotum, 2; R. virgatum, 3. Ribes speciosa, open, 1; on wall, 2.
Rosa Banksie, 2; R. bracteata, 2; R. Brunoniana, 2, 3; R. Macart-
ney, 1. Solanum jasminoides, kd. to grd., 2. Styrax officinale, 2.
Symplocos serrulata, on wall, kd. to grd., 2. Veronica Traversi,
1. Vitex agnus-castus, in open, 1; on wall, 2. Xanthoxylon
Bungei, 1.

Plants uninjured—Akebia quinata, slightly protected, on wall ;
Aralia pentaphylla, open and on wall; Arbutus Andrachne; A. hy-
brida; Bignonia capreolata; Buxus balearica; Camphorosina mons-
pelica, on wall; Cassinia fulvida; Cercidiphyllum japonicum, well
sheltered ; Colletia serratifolia, in open ; Dacrydium Franklini, on
wall and in open ; Discaria Toumatou ; Escallonias, matted, on walls;
Eucalyptus coccifera, young plants by wall; Enkyanthus nivalis,
agst. wall; Garrya elliptica ; Holbcellia hexaphylla ; Idesia polycarpa,
on wall; Ilex crenata and vars., I. opaca; Ligustrum vulgare ; Mars-
denia erecta; Magnolia conspicua, M. obovata; Olearia Haastii ;
Paliurus aculeatus ; Phlomis fruticosa, in open; Phillyrea Vilmori-
niana ; Quercus aquifolia, var. ilicifolia, Q. coccifera, Q. glabra, Q.
pseudo-coccifera ; Rhododendron Him. sp. (excepting R. lepidotum
and virgatum) ;’ Rosa macrocarpa, R. microphylla, R. rugosa; Schi-
zandra hydrangeoides ; Vaccinium maderense; Veronica carnosula,
and V. pinguifolia, protected by snow.

3. Surron, Mulgrave Road.—Mr. F. Hepburn.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam, 2 to 3 ft. deep, on chalk.

Alt. and Exposure—About 220 ft: Sheltered on N. and E.; ex-
posed to 8S. and W.

Rainfall, 1880—[Mulgrave Road, alt., 230 ft.; ht., 7 ft. 3 ins,
31°77 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—OQct. 30th, 26°; Noyv.,
eleven nights below 32°; Dec., six nights below 32° ; Jan., ten nights
under 20°; 3rd to 28th was a continuous frost.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 22nd, 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—1 (1), 4 (2), 11 (8)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Cabbages, 2.

DIVISION II.—S. E. COUNTIES. 209

Catalpa syringefolia (see below), 2. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Euony-
mus japonicus, 3. Garrya elliptica, 3. Laurel, common, 3, Do.
round-leafed, 3; Do. Colchica,3; Do. Caucasica, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurustinus, 3. Lettuce, Brown Cos, 1. Onions, winter, 3. Pam-
pas grass, 3. Paulownia imperialis, blossom spikes killed, 3. Wall-
flowers, 3.

Plants uninjured—Almond, Ampelopsis hederacea, Apples, Apri-
cots, Araucaria imbricata, Aristolochia Sipho, Asparagus, Azalea
indica, Berberis Darwinii, B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Borecole,
Brussels sprouts, Box, Castanea vesca, Cedrus Deodara, Celery,
Cherries, Chimonanthus fragrans, Clematis Jackmanni, Coronilla
glauca, Cotoneaster microphylla, Crateegus oxyacantha, fl. pl., C. Py-
racantha, Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. sempervirens, Currants, Cytisus
Laburnum, Daphne Laureola, D. Mezereum, Euonymus radicans,
Gooseberries, Holly, Hyacinths, Hydrangea Hortensea, Ivy, Do. varie-
gated, Jasminum officinale, Juniperus, Kale, Portugal Laurel, La-
vander, Leycesteria formosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Lilac, Lonicera
fragrantissima, Magnolia grandiflora, Medlar, Narcissus, Nectarines,
Negundo fraxinifolia, Parsley, Peaches, Pears, Phillyrea angusti-
folia, Picea Nordmanniana, Pinus insignis, Plums, Pyrus japonica,
Quercus robur, Q. Suber, Rhododendrons, Ribes, Salisburia, Sequoia
gigantea, Spartium junceum, Strawberries (Eleanor, President, Seed-
ling Eliza, Sir Joseph Paxton, and Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury),
Tritoma uvaria, Vines (Sweetwater), Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinen-
sis, Yew, Do. fastigiate, Yucca aloifolia.

Observations—The Catalpa syringzefolia is a small tree with a head
of about 6 ft. diam. The buds just opening, April 21st, were killed
by frost ; but the dry winds seemed to gradually dry up the branches,
and it died back to the main stem, excepting about 6 inches of
one branch. This has broken on four sides, and now bears a tol-
erable head, made in three months (Sept. 6th). Walnut, leaf buds
killed by frost, April 24th.

4. WryprinGce, Heatherbank.—Mr. G. F. Wilson.

Altitude—[150 ft.].

Rainfall, 1880—[W. Heath (Bartropps), alt., 150 ft. ; 29-52 ins.].

Min. Temps. and see Seat dist., 2ms.; alt., 55 ft. ; Jan.
25th, 2°).

Plants injured, 1880-81—The amount of injury has been very
different, not only in our three gardens (two here and one at Wirley)

1D

210 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81. ©

but in different situations in the same garden; for example :—Ligus-
trum japonicum, cut last 3 winters, has parts now coming into bloom
(July 25, 1881). Photinia serrulata, in exposed field, 3. Raphio-
lepis ovata, in several places, 1. Tecoma radicans, kd. to grd., is
shooting up again (July 25th), 2. Veronica Traversi, in exposed
places, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abelia rupestris in all situations, Choisya ter-
nata thoroughly exposed on 8. and W. walls (Wirley). Garrya ellip-
tica on N.- fence, Gunnera scabra (in Wirley Wood), Hedychium
coronarium, Omphalodes Lucillcea (Wirley), Periploca greeca on N.
fence, Raphiolepis ovata on a sheltered rockwork, Tritoma caules-
cens, Trochostigma volubilis, Veronica Traversi on a cool rockwork,
Zenobia speciosa pulverulenta.

5, Wimsiepon, Atherton Grange.—J. D. Llewelyn, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sand and gravel.

Rainfall, 1880—[Wimbledon, alt., 170 ft.; ht., 3 ft.; 31:26 ins.,
on 182 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Norwood, dist., 6 ms., E.; alt., 184
ft.; Jan. 17th, 10°8 : 8. Norwood, alt., 190 ft.; Jan. 17th, 1191].

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 3 (2), 5 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
2. Chamerops Fortunei, 3. Cistus formosus, 3; C. incanus, 3;
C. purpureus, 3. Hscallonia macrantha, 2. LHulalia japonica, 2.
Iris Keempferi, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Myrtle,
1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Senecio pulcher, 1.

Plants uninjured — Almond, Araucaria imbricata, Arbutus An-
drachne, A. procera, Aucuba japonica, Do. variegata, Berberis Dar- —
winii, B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Box, Camellias, Cedrus Deodara,
Cistus Algarvensis, C. crispus, ©. ladaniferus, C. lusitanicus, Cle-
matis Jackmanni, C. montana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus
Lawsoniana, Cypripedium acaule, Cytisus Laburnum, Desfontainea
spinosa, Deutzia scabra, Eulalia japonica, Furze, fl. pl., Garrya ellip-
tica, Hydrangea Hortensea, Iris cristata, I. Notha, I. nudiflora, I.
reticulata, I. setosa, I. tenax, Jasminum nudiflorum, Kalmia latifolia,
Bay Laurel, common and Portugal Laurels, Lavander, Lilac, Lilium
auratum, Parsley, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pyrus japonica, Quercus
Suber, Sequoia gigantea, Storeea purpurea, Tritoma uvaria, Wall-
flowers, Wistaria sinensis, Yew, Do. Irish, Yucca gloriosa,

6. WimBiepon, Oakfield.—G. C. Joad, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil.—Sandy gravel and clay.

DIVISION I1.—S. E. COUNTIES. 211

Alt. and Hxposure—About 150 ft.

Rainfall, 1880 —[Alt., 170 ft.; ht., 3 ft.; 31:26 ins, on 182
days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Norwood, dist., 5 ms., E.; alt., 184 ft. ;
Jan. 17th, 109-8).

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 34 (2), 36 (3)—Abelia rupes-
tris, 3, Abies Morinda, 3. Andromeda arborea, 3. Aralia papy-
rifera, 1: A. Sieboldii, 1. Arbutus, procera, 2; A. Unedo, 3. Arun-
do conspicua, 2; A. Donax, 1. Azara microphylla, 2. Benthamia
fragifera, 2. Borya ligustrina, 2. Buddleia globosa, 2; B. Lindley-
ana, 1. Bupleurum fruticosum, 3. Cardiandra alternifolia, 2. Cea-
nothus azureus, 3; C. dentatus, on wall, 3; C. divaricatus, on wall,
3; C. ovatus, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Cephalataxus Fortunei, 2.
Chameerops Fortunei, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3. Choisya ter-
nata, on wall, 3. Colletia cruciata, 2; C. ferox, 2. Convolvulus
Cneorum, on wall, 3. Cordia Franciscea, on wall, 3. Crategus
Pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria japonica, 2. Cunninghamia sinensis,
3. Daphne oleifolia, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, on wall, 2. Duvana
spinescens, on wall, 2. Edwardsia MacNabiana, on wall, 2. Ele-
agnus argentea, 3. Eriobotrya japonica, 3. Escallonia coquimben-
sis, on wall, 2; E. macrantha, on wall, 2; E. montevidensis, on
wall, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Ugni, on wall, 2. Euo-
nymus europeus, 3. Eurybia ilicifolia, on wall, 1. Fabiana imbri-
cata, on wall, 1. Fremontia californica, on wall, 3. Fuchsia coc-
cinea, on wall, 3; F. gracilis, on wall, 3; F. Thompsoni, on wall, 3;
F. variegata, on wall, 3. Furze, 3. Griselinia littoralis, 3. Ha-
brothamnus, on wall, 1. Helwingea rusciflora, 2. Idesia polycarpa,
2. Ilex elliptica, 2; I. dipyrena, 2. Illicium floridanum, 2. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3; L. Portugal, 3. Leycesteria formosa,
3. Litrea caustica, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Nandina domes-
tica, 1. Negundo fraxinifvlia, 3. Pampas grass, 1. Passiflora coerulea, ~
on wall, 1. Paulownia imperialis, 2. Philippodendron regium, 2.
Photinia serrulata, 2. Pittosporum Buchananii, on wall, 2. Podo- —
carpus andina, 2. Podocytisus caramanicus, 3. Rosemary, 1. Saxego-
thea conspicua, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Veronica salicifolia, 1.
V. Traversi, 2. Xanthoxylon planispinum, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 3 ;
Y. filamentosa, 3; Y. gloriosa, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abelia triflora on wall, Abies Douglasii, Am-
pelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Araucaria imbricata, Arbutus An-

212 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

drachne, A. quercifolia, Aristolochia Sipho, Arthrotaxis selaginoides,
Aucuba japonica, Azalea amena, Berberis Darwinii, B. japonica,
B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Broussonetia papyrifera, Buxus balea-
rica, B. sempervirens, Carpentaria californica on wall, Cassia bifo-
liata on wall, Castanea vesca, Catalpa syringzefolia, Ceanothus velu-
_tinus, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Libani, Cercis siliquastrum, Cistus lada-
niferus, Clematis Jackmanni, C. montana, Cleyera japonica, Colutea
arborescens, Comptonia asplenifolia, Cotoneaster microphylla, C.
Simonsii, Cytisus Laburnum, C. scoparius, Do. fl. pl., Daphne col-
lina, D. indica, D. Mezereum, Deutzia scabra, lm, Enkianthus nivalis,
Escallonia Philippiana on wall, Fitzroya patagonica, Forsythia ele-
gans, F. viridissima, Garrya elliptica, Gleditschia horrida, Gordonia
japonica, Gunnera scabra, Halesia tetraptera, Ivy, Do. variegated,
Hibiscus syriacus, Holly, Do. variegated, Hypericum balearicum, H.
Calycinum, Illicium religiosum, Jamesia americana, Juniperus,
Kalmia latifolia, Kcelreuteria paniculata, Larch, Laurustinus, Ligus-
trum lucidum, L. sinense, L. vulgare, Lilac, Limonia trifoliata,
Liquidambar styraciflua, Lonicera fragrantissima, L. japonica, L.
Periclymenum, Maclura aurantiaca, Magnolia conspicua, M. Lennii,
M. stellata, Menziesia polifolia, Mulberry, Olearia Haastii, Osman-
thus aquifolius, Paliurus aculeatus, Pampas grass, Pavia macrosta-
chya, Peraphyllum ramosissimum, Phillyrea angustifolia, P. media,
Piptanthus nepalensis, Plane, Quercus Damio, Q. Ilex, Q. robur,
Q. Suber, Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. japonica Osbeckii, R. sylves-
tris, R. Typhina, Ruscus aculeatus, Salisburia, Santolina chameecy-
paris, Skimmia japonica, Wallflowers, Walnut, Weigela rosea, Wis-
taria sinensis, Xanthoxylon schinifolium.

1. Sussex—E. Grinsreap, Forest Row.—H. J. Slack, Esq.

Alt. and Eposure—407 ft. ; 20 to 30 ft., more or less on N. slope
of Ashdown Forest range.

Rainfall, 1880—[Alt., 386 ft.; ht., 3 ft. 7 ins. ; 31°68 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, 17th, 9° : [Crowborough Bea-
con, dist., 6 ms., 8.E.; alt., 780 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 9°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 15 (2), 17 (8)—Arbutus Unedo,
1, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2, 3. B. aquifolia, 3. Brussels sprouts, 2.
Buddleia globosa, 1879-80, 3; 1880-81, kd. to grd., 1, 2. Chamerops
Fortunei, exposed, 1 ; sheltered by Fir trees, 3. Chimonanthus fra-
grans, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Cupressus

DIVISION Ii.—s. E. COUNTIES. 213

macrocarpa, 2. Daphne Laureola, 1, 2. Desfontainea spinosa, 2.
Deutzia gracilis, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 1.
Kuonymus radicans, 1, 2. Forsythia viridissima, 3. Furze, 3. Lex
japonica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2; sheltered, 3. Laurel, common, 3;
L. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 2, 3. Lavander, 3. Leycesteria formosa,
3. Lilium auratum, 1. Lonicera japonica, 3. Pinus insignis, 2.
Piptanthus nepalensis, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3. Retinospora ericoides,
1, 3; Rosemary, 1. Roses, dwfs., 1,2; H. P., 1,2; Stands., 1, 2.
fens gigantea, 1879-80, 2 ; 1880- 81, 3.

_ Plants uninjured—Abies Toei Araucaria imbricata, Aristo-
lochia Sipho, Asparagus, Aucuba japonica, Biota orientalis, Cedrus
Atlantica, Cercis siliquastrum, Cryptomeria elegans, Cupressus Law-
soniana, Cytisus Laburnum, Deutzia scabra, Jasminum nudiflorum,
Juniperus, Kale, Kalmia latifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lilium ex-
celsum, L. lancifolium, Picea Nordmanniana, Pinus excelsa, P. Lari-
cio, P. sylvestris, Retinospora pisifera aurea, Salisburia, Skimmia
japonica, Taxodium distichum, Tritoma uvaria, Weigela rosea,
Wistaria sinensis, Yew, Yucca aloifolia.

Observations—Conifers, the winter was fatal to many kinds pruned
in the previous autumn. Eucalyptus globulus, does not stand any win-
ter here, unless well sheltered ; and even then, scarcely, if the frost
is sharp.

2. HastemErE, Valewood.—J. H. Mangles, Esq.

Alt.—500 ft.; situate on W. border of Sussex.

Min. Temps. a Dates—[Abinger Hall, dist. 15 ms., N.E.;
Jan. (25th ?), 0°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—Rhododendrons, Hybrids with a strong
affinity to R. arboreum, 2, 3; many “Types” of this sp. dis-
coloured or hurt. R. argenteum, 2. R. calophyllum, 2; the wood of
this sp. was split and cracked by the frost, and in plants which
had stood out for several years ; but as it makes its growth late, it is
apt to offer unripe wood to the early frosts. R. ciliatum, 3. R.
Edgeworthii, 1. R. Falconeri, 2, 3. R. Fortunei, 3; not injured
in foliage, but young shoots were cut back as usual in spring; Hybs.
between this and R. Thomsoni were seriously hurt, though they have
since recovered. R. glaucum, 3. R. maximum, many frozen
through, 1. RK. niveum, lost leading buds, but soon replaced them,
3. KR. ponticum, many frozen through, 1.

Plants uninjwred—Azalea indica, alba, large bushes never bloom-

214 _ INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

ed better than in 1881. A. amena, hybs. between this sp. and a gar-
den var., preserved their blossom buds and opened them securely. A.
mollis, stood well. A. pontica and American types and hybrids, were
also uninjured. Rhododendron barbatum, R. Blandfordieflorum, R.
campylocarpum, R. cinnabarinum, R. dahuricum, R. ferrugineum, R.
hirsutum, R. lepidotum, R. maxmum, and R. ponticum hybs., R.
setosum, R. Thomsonii, R. triflorum.

Observations—My obs. have been confined almost exclusively to
Azaleas and Rhododendrons; these plants, as is well known, are
principally injured by spring frosts; but during the past winter
some very unusual results of the winter’s cold have been observable.
During 20 years I have never before known the blossom buds of R.
maximum and of R. ponticum injured in this locality ; but in the
winter of 1880-81, many of them were frozen through. Experience
has taught me that with this class of plants, it is not the amount of
cold which tells, but rather the time when the cold is experienced,
and the circumstances attending the thaws. I have been in the
habit of breaking off the buds and examining them and I find asa rule
that a mid-winter cold has little effect, but early autumnal and late
spring frosts do the injury. The past winter, however, has been an
exception to this rule, for the blossom buds of many were fairly
frozen through by the mid-winter’s severity.

3 Hastinas, Glenleigh.—Mr. M. R. Dixon.

Rainfall, 1880—31-02 ins.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 19th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—7 (1), 21 (2), 14 (8),—Abies Douglasii,
3. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 3. Aucuba japonica varie-
gata, 3. Azalea indica, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3. Broccoli, 1. Buddleia
globosa, 2. Camellia, 2. Cauliflower, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Crypto-
meria elegans, 3. ©. japonica, 3. Cupressus Lambertiana, 3. Erica,
3. Escallonia macrantha, 2.’ Eucalyptus globulus, 2. Euonymus
japonicus, 2. H. radicans, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 3.
Kalmia latifolia, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portu-
gal, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 1. Ligustrum lucidum, 2. Myr-
tle, 1. Oak, 3. Pampas grass, 3. Parsley, 3. Picea grandis, 2.
P. Pinsapo, 2. Pinus insignis, 1, 2. Roses, stands., 3; Tea, 3.
Stocks, 1, Sequoia gigantea, 2. Veronica salicifolia, 1. Yucca
filamentosa, 2.

Plants uninjured—Almond, Apples, Apricots, Araucaria imbricata,

DIVISION II.—s. E. COUNTIES. 215

Arbutus Unedo, Asparagus, Aucuba japonica, Azalea amzena, Berberis
japonica, B. vulgaris, Biota (Thuja) orientalis, Brussels sprouts, Buxus
balearica, B. sempervirens (Box), Cabbages, Carnations, Castanea
vesca, Catalpa syringzefolia, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara, C. Libani,
Cotoneaster Simonsii, Crateegus Pyracantha, Cupressus borealis, C.
Lawsoniana, ©. macrocarpa, Currants, Cytisus Laburnum, Daphne
Laureola, Deutzia scabra, Huonymus europeus, Forsythia elegans, F.
viridissima, Furze, Hibiscus syriacus, Holly, H. variegated, Hya-
cinths, Hypericum Calycinum, Ivy, Jasminum nudiflorum, Larch,
Lonicera japonica, L. Periclymenum, Medlar, Mulberry, Narcissus,
Nectarines, Onions, Paulownia imperialis, Peaches, Pears, Phillyrea
angustifolia, P. medica, Picea Nordmanniana, Pinus insignis, P.
Laricio, P. sylvestris, Podocarpus chinensis, Pyrus japonica, Quercus
Tlex, Quince, Retinospora, Rhododendrons, Ribes, Rosemary, Roses,
Ruscus aculeatus, Salisburia, Weigela rosea, and Wistaria sinensis.

4. Horsuam, Newells.—Mr. ©. 8. Dickins.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light.

Alt. and Hxposure—340 ft.

Rainfall, 1880—[(Leonardslee), alt., 273 ft.; 37-1 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Hayward’s Heath, dist., 10 ms., E. ;
Jan. 22nd, 23rd, 8°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—7 (1), 5 (2), 4 (8)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Arundo conspicua, 2. Broccoli, all, 1. Catalpa
syringeefolia, 2. Cauliflower, all, 1. Coronilla glauca, 1. Huony-
mus japonicus, 2. Fuchsia, 1. Laurel, common, 3; Do. Portugal,
3. Laurustinus, 2. Myrtle, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Picea Pin-
sapo, 2. Pinus insignis, 1.

Plants uninjured—Azaleas, Camellias and Rhododendrons flowered
well for the most part, and had a great show of bloom (May 14th).

5. Pevensey, Westham.—Mr. W. Shipman,

Rainfall, 1880—[Pevensey, dist., 1 m.; 31°12 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —Jan. 18th, 12 ins. of
snow and N.E. gale, with temp. 12°, killed many shrubs and plants. ©

Min. Temps. and Dates—[St. Leonard’s, dist., 10 ms., E.; alt.,
116 ft. ; Jan. 22nd, 16°-7 : Hastings, Jan. 19th, 4°: Eastbourne, dist.,
4 ms., W.; alt., 24 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 1591).

Plants injured, 1880-81—11 (1), 18 (2)—Aucuba japonica, 2 ;
Do. variegata, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2.
Carnations, 2. Celery, 2. Endive, 1. Euonymus europzus, 2; E.

216 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

japonicus, 2; E. radicans, 2. Holly, 2. Do. variegated, 2. Ivy, 2.
Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 1.
Lavander, 2. Lettuce, 1. Onions, winter, 2. Parsley, 2. Pens-
temons, 1. Rhododendrons, 2. Roses, dwfs.,2; H. P., 2; Stand-
ards, 1; Tea, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Wallflower, 1.

Observations—Deciduous trees and shrubs do not seem to be injured
much, as the wood ripened so well last summer (1880). Evergreens
and Ivies lost all their foliage; Fruit trees were about 14 to 21 days
later in flowering this year. Roses, on own roots, are killed back 6
or 8 inches.

6. UcxrieLp, Buxted Pk.—Mr. H. Prinsep.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy loam.

Alt, and Haposure—Kitchen garden, 100 ft.; pleasure grounds
from 100 to 190 ft. ; exposed on all sides.

Rainfall, 1880—Alt., 194 ft. ; 32°10 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 22nd ?}, 2° : [Uckfield (Oaklands),
dist., 1 mile; Jan. 22nd, 4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 17 (2), 23 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 2. Aralia Sieboldii, 83. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Aristolochia, pro-
tected, 3. Arundo Donax, 2. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2.
Azalea ameena, 2. Bambusa Fortunei, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 2.
B. japonica, 3. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Buddleia globosa,
3. Catalpa syringzefolia, 3; Do. aurea, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 1.
Celery, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Crategus Pyracantha, 2. Cryp-
tomeria elegans, 3; C. japonica, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Escallo-
nia macrantha, 2; HE. montevidensis, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 1. ' Euony-
mus japonicus, 2; H. radicans, 2. Forsythia elegans, 2. Gooseberries,
3. Griselinia littoralis, 1. Hypericum Calycinum, 2. Jasminum
nudiflorum, 2. Laurustinus, 3. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Magnolia
grandiflora, 8. Myrtle, 1. Nectarines, 3. Olearia Haastii, 3. Os-
manthus aquifolius, 1; O ilicifolius, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 2. Pau-
lownia imperialis, 3. Peaches, 3. Picea pectinata, 3; P. Pindrow,
3. Pinus insignis, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, protected, 3. Podocar-
pus andina, 8. Quercus Ilex, 3. Rhus Typhina, 3. Santolina
chameecyparis, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Weigela rosea, 2. Yucca
aloifolia, 3.

Plants uninjured — Abies Douglasii, A. Morinda, Ampelopsis
Veitchii, Araucaria imbricata, Borecole, Clematis Jackmanni, C.
montana, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Cytisus Laburnum,

DIVISION II.—S. Es COUNTIES. 217

Daphne Laureola, D. Mezereum, Dentziascabra, Kcelreuteria panicu-
lata, Retinosporas, Yucca filamentosa, Y. gloriosa.

7. UckFieELD, Oaklands.—Mr. E. Luckhurst.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Thin, poor, silicious loam upon the Hastings
sand formation.

Alt. and Hxposure—400 ft., on 8S. slope of forest ridge, sheltered
by trees on N.E. and W. Wind from N.E. often does much harm
in spring.

Rainfall, 1880—[Buxted Pk., dist., 2 ms.; alt., 193 ft.; 32°10
ins., on 163 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 10th to 26th: temps.,
on 13th, 18°; 14th, 14°; 15th, 18°; 16th, 13°; 22nd, 4°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 22nd, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 12 (2), 3 (3)—Arbutus Unedo, 2.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo Donax, 2. Berberidopsis corollina,
lost foliage and ends of branches, 2 ; two plants on S. aspect, growing
freely again from the base. Buddleia globosa, 3. Ceanothus azu-
reus, 3. Colletia cruciata, 3. Eugenia Ugni, 2. Hydrangea Hor-
tensea, 2. lLaurustinus, 2. Lonicera brachypoda, 2; L. flexuosa,
12 years old, 20 ft., on E. aspect, 2. Phormium tenax, 2. Roses,
Banksian and Tea, 2.

Plants uninjured — Colletia ferox, Elzagnus, Escallonia, Fitz-
roya patagonica, Forsythia elegans, Fuchsia coccinea, Garrya ellip-
tica, Gunnera scabra, Bay Laurel, Osmanthus aquifolius, Pampas
grass, Podocarpus andina, Veronica, Wallflowers.

218 | :

DIVISION II1—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM BucKINGHAMSHIRE, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE,
HUNTINGDONSHIRE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE.

Bucks. Rainfall, great, July, Sept., and Oct.; total of yr., 5°51
ins., above av. (Slough). Min. rainfall, Aylesbury (Mentmore),
29°40 ins.: max., Aylesbury, alt., 280 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 38°70 ims., on
155 days. Min. temps., Addington, alt., 309 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 0°:
Brickhill Manor, Jan. 22nd, 1°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—30 (1), 40 (2), 18 (3), total at 3 places.

Camps. Drought in Jan., March, May; then wet till end of yr.
(Aug. excepted). Rainfall of Oct. was nearly 22 p. c. of total for yr.,
producing destructive floods (Cambridge); 5:5 ims. above av. of 7
yrs. (March). Min. rainfall, Cherryhinton, alt., 35 ft.; ht, 1 ft.;
23:02 ins., on 173 days: max., Caxton, alt., 127 ft.; ht, 1 ft;
33°95 ins., on 140 days. Min. temps., Cambridge, Jan. 21st, 2°;
Do., alt., 90 ft.; 4°: Royston, alt., 269 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 797.

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 27 (2), 18 (8), total at 1 place
(Bot. Gard.).

Herts. Rainfall, sixth yr. above av. (Berkhampstead). Min.
rainfall, Datchworth Rectory, alt., 357 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 25°71 ims., on
156 days: max., Gt. Berkhampstead, alt., 370 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 5 ins. ;
36°12 ins., on 158 days; av. of 30 yrs., 24:06 ins. (Hitchin). Min.
temps., Hitchin, alt., 28ft.; Jan. 20th, 5°: Berkhampstead, alt., 370
ft.; Jan. 21st., 5°: Rothampstead, alt., 419 ft.; Jan. 21st., 5°:
Watford, alt., 223 ft.; Jan. 21st, 694: Throcking, alt, 484 ft.;
Jan. 22nd, 10°7.

Plants injured, 1880-81—62 (1), 39 (2), 19 (8), total at 3 places.

Hunts. Min. rainfall, Whittlesea Mere, 29-95 ins.: max., Hun-

tingdon, alt., 52 ft.; ht., 4 ins.; 33°12 ins, on 161 days. Min.
temps., Houghton, Jan, [21st ?], 3°: mean of month, 16°.
Plants injured, 1880-81—16 (1), 41 (2), 15 (8), total at 1 place.
NorrHampronsHirE. Lainfall, excessive, June, July; crops

er

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 219

damaged (Hargrave). Min. rainfall, Northampton (Little Hough-
ton), ht., 2 ft. 4 ins. ; 30-22 ins., on 158 days: max., Thorpe Man-
deville, alt., 555 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 36°25 ins., on 162 days. Min. temps.,
King’s Sutton, Jan. 21st, -3°: Floore, alt., 300 ft.; Jan. 21st, -1°:
Northampton, alt., 253 ft.; Jan. 19th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—42 (1), 51 (2), 24 (3), total at 5 places.

Oxon. Year, wetter than 4 preceding, but with 5 fine weeks in
Aug. and Sept. (Banbury). Hard frost from Jan. 7th, 1881, to 27th
(Oxford). Min. rainfall, Oxford, alt., 186 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 30°04 ins.,
on 169 days: max., Stonor Pk., alt., 400 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 40°71 ins.,
on 176 days. Min. temps., Wootton, Jan. 22nd, -5°; Oxford, allt.,
210 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 7°: Banbury, alt., 343 ft.; Jan. 15th, 7°:
Wroxton, alt., 197 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 8°-5.

REPORTS.

1. Bucks—Buetcua.ey, Brickhill Manor.—Mr. G. Bloxham.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, shallow and very sandy, resting upon
the New Red Sandstone rock.

Alt. and Exposure—Nearly 300 ft., much exposed to 8.W., shel-
tered on N. and N.E.

Rainfall, 1880—[Newport Pagnell, dist., 6 ms., N., 30°50 ins.]}.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—The winter months were
generally fine and mild with an occasional frost ; Nov. 20th, 26° ;
21st, 219; 22nd, 15°; on 28rd, 40°; the next frost being on Dec.
25th, 24°; 26th, 23°; on 28th, temp. rose to 45° at 10 p.m. Snow
fell on 27th, 28th and 30th; on 31st temp. fell to 28°. Up to
this date every thing appeared to be uninjured. On Jan. Ist,
1881, the temp. was 27°. Winter set in on Jan. 12th, temp. 20°,
and continued with unusual severity until the 27th; when the temp.
rose to 36° and a general thaw set in.

Min. Temp. and Date— Jan. 22nd, 1°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —4 (1), 10 (2), 15 (3)—Apricots, 3.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, Carter’s late White,
Cooling’s Matchless, Leamington, Penzance Early White and Veitch’s
Spring White, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Cel-
ery, 2. Cherries, Bigarreau, Frogmore early, May Duke, 2. Cra-
teegus oxyacantha, fl. pl. 3; C. Pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria elegans,

220 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

3. Endive, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3. Holly, variegated, 3. Kale, 3.
Kalmia latifolia, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurus-
tinus, 2. Lavander, 3. Lettuce, Bath Cos, 3. Lonicera fragran-
tissima, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Parsley, 3. Rosemary, 1.
Roses, Stands., briars, 2. Santolina chamecyparis, 2. Strawberries,
British Queen, Sir Charles Napier, 3. Wallflowers, 3.

2. Trina, Drayton Beauchamp.—Rev. H. H. Crewe.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff clay on the top of chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—365 ft.

Rainfall, 1880—[Mentmore, 5 ms., N. ; 29°40 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Berkhampstead, dist., 6 ms., N.E. ;
alt., 370 ft. ; Jan. 21st, 5°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 15 (2), 3 (3)—Ampelopsis Veit-
chii, 3. Aster sikhimensis, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Brugmansia
sanguinea, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1. Clematis montana, 2. Convol-
vulus altheoides, 1. Dictamnus Fraxinella, alba, 2. Eurybia ra-
mulosa, 1. Gaura Lindheimeri, 1. Garrya elliptica, 2. Iberis
gibraltarica, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 1; L. Portugal,
3. Laurustinus, 2. Leucocrinum montanum, 1. Libertia ixi-
oides, 1. Lonicera fragrantissima, 2. (énothera macrocarpa, 1.
Origanum dictamnus, 1. Rosa Banksiew, 2; R. Brunonis, 2; R.
moschata, 2; R. sericea, 2; Tea, 1, 2. Stocks, 1. Tritoma uvaria,
2. Veronica salicifolia, 2; V. Traversi, 2. Wallflowers, 1.

Plants uninjured—Arnicia Zygomeris, Hyacinthus candidus, In-
digofera decora, Lilium Krameri, Lychnis grandiflora, Mirabilis mul-
tiflora, Mitraria coccinea, Orchis foliosa, O. sambucina.

3. Winstow, Addington Manor.—Mr. T. Matthison.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Generally clay, with patches of gravelly soil,
with a subsoil of stiff tenacious clay, holding a great deal of water in
spite of drains.

Alt. and Hxposure—309 ft. ; open, on the top of a ridge, sloping
gently away to 8., also to N. and W.

Rainfall, 1880—33-99 ins.; above av., every yr. since 1874.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 21st, 26°; Nov.
22nd, 17°. Weather not severe again until Jan. 12th; when temp. fell
to 6°, 4°, 99, 8°, on 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th. On 22nd, 0°; on
24th, 3°; and on 27th the great frost may be said to have left us.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 22nd, 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 15 (2)—Arbutus Unedo, 1.

DIVISION IlI.—sS. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 221

Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii,
2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Celery, 1. Cistus la-
daniferus, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa (large
tree), 2. Furze, in places, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Griselinia littoralis, 1.
Hibiscus syriacus, 2. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2;
Do. Colchica, 2; Do. Caucasica, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1.
Pampas grass, 1. Peaches, 2. Phillyrea (sorts), 2. Podocarpus
andina, 1. Taxodium distichum, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1.
Observations—I cannot help thinking that the wet sunless sea-
sons we have had for some years has weakened the constitution of
trees and shrubs and made them unable to resist very severe frost ;
and that the great amount of injury done to trees, shrubs and
vegetables was much owing to the excessive rainfall combined
with low temperature, thereby causing a succulent and unripened
growth, so that they could not bear the strain of severe weather.
I also think that more damage was done to vegetation of all kinds
on the 18th and 19th of January, when there was not more than
nine degrees of frost [23°]; because the frost was accompanied by
such a fearful gale of wind lashing and breaking every thing into
pieces. Shrubs of every description on the side exposed to the gale
suffered to a great extent. Arbutus, of the one or two left from last
winter, the stem and branches were split open and quite dead. Seve-
ral trees of Cedrus Deodara were very much hurt. Common Lau-
rel, the Colchican and Caucasian vars. and Portugal Laurels
must all be removed; as well as a Cupressus macrocarpa, and a
fine specimen of C. MacNabiana. Phillyreas of different kinds have
been most severely handled. Of Quercus Ilex, of different kinds,
many have been killed and all denuded of their leaves. Vegetables,
in the autumn I never saw a finer assortment of well grown winter
garden produee ; but every thing has been destroyed. Broccoli of
all kinds, Brussels sprouts, Cabbages, Curled Greens and Kale (Cot-
tagers) have all suffered alike. Savoys had been previously used.

1. Camp.—CampBrivGE, Botanic Gardens.—Mr. R. Irwin Lynch.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light on gravel.

Alt. and Exposure—[About 50? ft.]. Protected on N., ground
sloping to W. Moderately open.

Rainfall, 1880—23-17 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—During December, 1880,

222 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

there was no very severe cold; the lowest temperature being 27° on
26th, Rainfall, 3:25 ins. Mean. temp. from 1st to 12th was 30°°8 ;
from 13th to 26th, 13°-6 ; from 27th to 31st, 31° 1.

Min. Temps. and Dates—The lowest temps. appear to have oc-
curred only between the 13th and 26th. On grass, Jan. 22nd,
14°-5: at depth of 1 ft., Jan. 22nd, 24°; at 2 ft., Jan. 23rd—29th,
33°°5: min. temp. in air, Jan. 21st, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 27 (2), 13 (3)—Abies Doug-
lasii, 3. Aralia Sieboldii, 2. Arundo conspicua, 2; A. Donax, 2.
Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. japonica,
3. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa,
1. Buxus balearica, 1. Catalpa syringefolia, old tree, 2. Cedrus
Deodara, 2, in 1879-80, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 3. Chamerops ex-
celsa, protected, 1. Colletia ferox, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2,
in 1879-80, 1. Cupressus sempervirens, 1. Draceena australis, 2.
Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 1; E. montevidensis, 2; E.
rubra, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Euonymus
japonicus, 2. Fuchsia gracilis, 2; F. Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 2; Do.
fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Gunnera scabra, 3. Hydrangea Hor-
tensea, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, var Colchica, 2; var.
Caucasica, 3; L. Portugal, only one or two plants, 2. Laurustinus,
2. lLeycesteria formosa, 1. Maclura aurantiaca, 3. Paulownia im-
perialis, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 1; P. media, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3.
Rhus glabra, 3. Ribes speciosa, 2. Ruscus aculeatus, 3. Spartium
junceum, 3. Taxodium distichum, 3. Veronica salicifolia, 1.

Plants uninjured—Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Araucaria
imbricata, Asparagus, Berberis vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Brussels
sprouts (alone of Brassica family in private garden ; all others, Cab-
bages, Borecole, Broccoli and Cauliflower having been killed), Cas-
tanea vesca, Catalpa syringeefolia, young plant, Cedrus atlantica, C.
Deodara, two plants only, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cistus ladaniferus,
Clematis montana, Crategus oxyacantha, fl. pl.; C. Pyracantha,
Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Cytisus Laburnum ; C.
scoparius, Deutzia scabra, Ecremocarpus scaber protected below by
snow, Elm, Euonymus europeus, HE. radicans, Gleditschia horrida,
G. inermis, G. triacanthos, Hydrangea arborescens, Larix europea,
Ligustrum vulgare, Lilac, Liquidambar styraciflua, Medlar, Negundo
fraxinifolia, Parsley, Picea amabilis, P. Nordmanniana, P. Pinsapo,
Pinus excelsa, P. Laricio, P. sylvestris, Platanus orientalis, Podo-

DIVISION III.—S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 228

carpus Koriana, Pyrus japonica, Quince, Rhus Typhina, Salisburia,
Sequoia gigantea, 8. sempervirens, Taxus baccata, Do. fastigiata,
Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca filamentosa, Y. gloriosa.

1, Herts—Cursnunt.—Mr, G. Paul.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Alluvial loam or “ Brick earth.’

Alt. and Huposure—60 to 75 ft. ; valley, fairly wooded.

Rainfall, 1880—[Enfield, dist., 4 ms., 8. ; alt., 108 ft.; ht., 3 ft. ;
31°11 ins., on 168 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Enfield, alt., 300 ft.; Jan. 21st, 79-9].

Plants injured, 1880-81—48 (1), 22 (2), 7 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Apples, 3. Apricots, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus
Andrachne, 2; A. procera, 1; A. Unedo,1. Artichoke, globe, 2.
Azalea indica, 1. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberidopsis corallina,
1. Broccoli, all, 1. Broussonetia papyrifera, 3. Buddleia globosa,
1. B. Lindleyana, 1. Bupleurum fruticosum, 2. Buxus balearica,
2. Carnations, 1. Cauliflower, all, 1. Ceanothus americanus, 1 ;
C. azureus, 1; C. dentatus,1; C. grandifiorus, 1; Cedrus Deodara, a
few, 1; others, 3. Chamerops Fortunei, 1. Choisya ternata, 2.
Cistus ladaniferus, 2. Citrus Aurantium, 1. Colletia cruciata, 2;
C. ferox, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa, 1; CO. sempervirens, 1; C. toru-
losa, 1. Dahlia variabilis, 1. Daphne indica, 1. Desfontainea spi-
nosa, 1. ~Draceena australis, 1. Echeveria metallica, 1. Eleagnus
pungens, 1. Embothrium coccineum, 1. Endive, 1. Eriobotrya
japonica, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 1; E. macrantha, 2; E. montevi-
densis, 2; H. rubra, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1; E. coccifera, 1. Eu-
genia Ugni, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Fabiana imbricata, 1. Figs,
1. Furze, 2; fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 1. Grevillea rosmarinifolia,
1. Griselinia littoralis, 1. Habrothamnus, 1. Laurel, Bay, kd. to
erd.,2. Laurustinus, 3. Lavander, 3. Leptospermum, lanigerum, 1;
L. scoparium, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Do. Exmouth var., 2.
Myrtle, 1. Nandina domestica, 1. Olearia Haastii, 2. Pampas
erass, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Photinia glabra, 2. Piptanthus ne-
palensis, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2; Q. Suber, 2. Raphiolepis ovata, 2.
Rosemary, 1. Roses, dwfs., and H.P.’s, in many cases kd. to grd., 1;
Stands., 2; Tea, 1.

2. Harrretp, Brookman’s Park. Mr. A. Grant.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy yellow clay mixed with gravel.

224 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880.81.

Alt. and Huposure—412 ft. ; sheltered on N. and E.

Rainfall, 1880 — [Brockett Hall, dist., 6 ms., S.E. ; 30°17 ins.,
on 159 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost, 1880-81—Oct. 3rd and 20th
followed by heavy fall of snow, causing great destruction, principally
amongst Oaks ; large branches 15 inches in diam. were snapped off.
Nov. 22nd, 19°. Winter began in earnest on Jan. 10th, continuing
frosty till 27th. April 21st, 25°. The frost cut off all Potatoes
and Asparagus shoots. May 11th, 29°; the frost slighly injured
the Asparagus, the Potatoes severely. It destroyed some bush fruit
and all Strawberry blossom open at the time.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 12°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 18 (2), 7 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
2. Arundo Donax, 2. Asparagus, 3. Broccoli, Lander’s Goshen, 1;
Snow’s White, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Celery, 2. Chimonanthus
fragrans, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Dracena australis, 3. Euony-
mus japonicus, 1. Hydrangea Hortensea, 2. Jasminum officinale,
2. Kale, 3. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1,
3. Lavander, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Pens-
temons, 1. Phormium tenax, variegatum, 2. Rosemary, 1. Roses,
dwfs.,3; Stands. on Briars, 10 p.c., 1; Tea, 1. Stocks, 1. Wall-
flowers, 2. Yucca filamentosa, 2.

3. HaARPENDEN and Roruamstnap. — Sir J. B. Lawes and Dr,
Gilbert.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Loam, yellow clay and chalk.

Alt. and Exposwre—Harpenden, 400 ft.: Rothamstead, 420 ft,

Rainfall, 1880—33-96 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 21st and 24th, 29° ;
snow fell on 19th. The whole of Oct. characterised by excessive
rainfall and low temp. Nov. 1st, sharp frost; 2nd, 23°-7: temp.
below 32° eleven times; min. temp., Nov. 22nd, 229-2. Snow on
18th Dec.; temp. below 32° eight times; min. temp., 22nd, 25°-6,
Snow, slight on 17th, heavier on 19th, 20th. Jan. 1881, frosts
commenced on 7th, and continued on each day to 27th inclusive ; the
min. temp. below 32° twenty-one times. Max. temp., from 12th to
22nd, and from 24th to 26th inclusive, was not above 32°; on 14th
it was 25°°7. Slight falls of snow five times, from 8th to 13th,
and on 18th a heavy fall with a violent gale. Feb., a few slight
frosts at beginning, and the last 8 days. Min. temp. below 32° thirteen

DIVISION III.——-S. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 225

times. Snow on eight days, heaviest (4 to 5 ins.) on 20th. March
Ist, min. temp., 219-2. Several severe frosts at end of month: min.
temp., 27th, 22°-7; below 32° thirteen times.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 4 (2), 5 (8)—Broccoli, 1. Cab-
bages, 2. Echeveria metallica, 1. Furze, 3. Gladiolus, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3; UL. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 2.
Onions, winter, 1, 2. Roses, Stands., 3. Tritoma uvaria, 1.

Observations—In the winter of 1879-80, a Magnolia grandiflora
growing to the top of the house with a S.H. aspect, lost every leaf
and appeared to be nearly dead in the spring. I watered it libe-
rally with a solution of phosphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda.
The foliage returned and was exceedingly dark and luxuriant during
the summer. During the last winter it has retained every leaf.
I have no losses to report of trees or shrubs. The Ivy upon forest
trees has suffered very much, but none is killed—(J. B. Lawes, Ro-
thamstead). There is no doubt that the winter of 1880-81 had a
serious effect upon a large proportion of vegetation at Harpenden
and the immediate neighbourhood. The heavy fall of snow on the
19th of October was very disastrous to the trees, most of them
being still heavily laden with their green and scarcely discoloured
foliage, the Oaks being also laden with acorns. The extra weight
imposed upon them by the fall of snow caused large branches to
be severed from the trunks, making a complete havoc in places.
Many shrubs, and especially those having a north and north-easterly,
aspect, have been greatly damaged, and in many cases quite killed
by the frosts ; the most marked of these being the Laurustinus and
the Portugal Laurel. The few specimens of Echeveria metallica and
Tritoma uvaria that grew in this neighbourhood have been killed,
while Aralia Sieboldii has survived out of doors with very little
protection indeed. Among other plants which have unexpectedly
survived may be mentioned Biota orientalis and Lilium lanci-
folium; which latter plant has borne the winter better out of
doors than when inside. The various species of Picea have also
stood the winter well. Laurus nobilis (the Sweet Bay), Standard
Roses, the common Laurel (Prunus lauro-cerasus), and. the Ulex
europea (Furze), have all been more or less damaged by the frosts
of winter, but more especially by the frosts of the early spring of
1881. In a large majority of cases the corms of Gladiolus have

1F

226 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

rotted in the ground, but this probably is due to an excess of wet
as much as the excess of frost. Broccoli of all kinds have been
entirely killed, and winter Onions greatly suffered in the Rothamstead
allotment gardens, and it is several years since spring Cabbages were
so scarce, most of them having succumbed to the severity of the
winter. (J. J. Willis, Harpenden, May, 1881.)

1. Hunts—Hountinapon, Houghton.—Mr. T. Tilbrook.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light loam resting on gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Very flat and open, about 250 yards from the
river Ouse.

Rainfall, 1880—Garden partly flooded in Oct., as it lies low and
flat [Huntingdon, dist., 3ms.; alt., 52 ft. ; 33°12 ins., on 161 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan 10th to 29th ; mean
temp., 16°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 21st ?], 3°: [Cambridge, dist., 23
ms., 8.E. ; alt., 90 ft.; Jan. 21st, 4°].

Plants injured, 180-81—16 (1), 41 (2), 15 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Apples, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 1, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 1.
Asparagus, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa,
1. Cabbages, 3. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Celery, 2. Cherries, 2. Cle-
matis Jackmanni, 2. Cryptomeria japonica, 1. Endive, 1. Euca-
lyptus globulus, 1. Huonymus japonicus, 1. Forsythia viridissima,
2. Furze,1; Do., fl. pl, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 1,
2. Mulberry, 3. Nectarines, 2. Onions, winter, 3. Peaches, 2.
Picea cephalonica, 3; P. grandis,3; P. lasiocarpa, 3; P. Pinsapo,
3. Pinus insignis, 1. Plums, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses, H. P.’s,
on dog and Manetti, 2; Stands., 1,2; Tea, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.
Strawberries, 2. Wallflowers, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 3. Fruits, vars.
injured—Apples, Golden Harvey, 2; Ribston Pippins, 2. Cherries,
Bigareau old, 2; Black Tartarean, 2; Do. Eagle, 3; Elton, 2; May
Duke, 2. Nectarines, Hardwick’s Seedling, 2; Imperatrice, 2 ; Lord
Napier, 3; Violet Hative, 2; Standwick Elruge, 3; Pine Apple, 3.
Peaches, Alexandra noblesse, 2; Barrington, 2; Princess of Wales,
2; Walberton, admirable, 2; Malta, 3. Plums, Jefferson, on
wall, 2; Prince of Wales, standard, 2 ; Rein Claude de Baray, stand-
ard, 2; Victoria, on wall, 2. Strawberries, British Queen, 2; Dr.
Hogg, 2; Keen's Seedling, 3; President, 3, |

>

DIVISION IIl.—s. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 227

1. NortHAMPTONSHIRE—DAvENTRY, Fawsley.—Lady Knightley.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Loam with a gravelly subsoil.

Alt. and EHxposwre—500 ft.; chiefly 8.

Rainfall, 1880—[ Weedon Beck, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 265 ft.; ht.,
4 ft ; 34°70 ins., on 149 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th and 28th, snow ;
Nov. 21st, 16°; great frost from Jan. 5th, 1881, to 27th. Temps.
from 27° to 19° every night from March 23rd to 31st.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Jan. 14th, 8°; 15th and 20th, 9°;
21st, 7°: [Floore, dist., 6 ms., N.E.; alt., 300 ft.; Jan. 21st, -1°:
Northampton, dist., 11 ms., 8.; alt., 253 ft.; Jan. 19th, 8°].

Plants injured, 1880-81 —4 (1), 10 (2), 3 (8)—Aralia Siebol-
dii, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels
sprouts, 3. Cabbages, 3. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2. Eucalyptus
globulus, 1. Hydrangea Hortensea, 1; H. japonica, 2. Kale, 2.
Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 3. Roses, stands.,
2; Tea, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 2.

2. KerrerinG, Barton Seagrave.—J. B. Tibbits, Esq., J.P.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Strong loam ; and a damp soil.

Alt. and Haposure—230 ft.; W.S.W. ; entirely sheltered from N.
and H.

Rainfall, 1880—[Kettering, dist., 2 ms. ; alt., 300 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.
3 ins.; 32°41 ins., on 179 days].

Date of ‘Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 9th, 1880, to 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 19th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 15 (2), 5 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Broccoli, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2.
Buddleia globosa, 1. Cabbages, 1. Carnations, 2. Catalpa syrin-
geefolia, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Crategus Pyracantha, 2. Escal-
lonia macrantha, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Holly,
2; Do. variegated, 3. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common,
1. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 3. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Magnolia
grandiflora, 2. Onions, 3. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Roses, stands., on briars,
2; Tea, 2.

3. Nortuampton, Allthorpe Park.—Mr. E. Cole.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Rich, but rather wet.

Alt. and Exposure—299 ft. ; exposed position.

Rainfall, 1880—32:93 ins., on 157 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2ud, 20°, with 11

228 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

days of frost. Dec. had 10 days of frost. Jan. had 26 days of frost.
Feb. 15 days.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 21st, 0°; 22nd, 1°; 15th, 17th
and 24th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —9 (1), 9 (2), 9 (3) — Apricots, 3.
Asparagus, one year old, all, 1, 8. Aucuba japonica, 3. Broccoli,
all (except Model which stood well), 1. Cedrus Libani, 3. Celery,
2. Conifers, all, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 2; C. japonica, 3. Goose-
berries, 2. Holly, 3. Juniperus Perkinsi, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Lau-
rel, common and Portugal, all in exposed places, 1; those in more
sheltered places are just recovering, 2. lLaurustinus, 1. Lavander,
1. Peaches, 2. Rosemary, 1. Roses, H. P., on briars, 2; Tea, 1.
Sequoia gigantea, 2. Strawberries, 3. Taxodium distichum, 3.
Wallflowers, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 3.

4 WansForD, Thornhaugh.—Rev. J. Jenkyns.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Oolite, clayey but not heavy.
_ Alt. and Hxposure—Close to a small stream.

Rainfall, 1880—[Easton, dist., 5 ms., N.E.; alt., 278 ft., 33:99
ins , on 189 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 11th till 27th, 1881.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 8 (2), 2 (3)—Abies Dondlasis
1. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Apples, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Aucuba
japonica, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Broccoli, 1. Catalpa syringzefolia,
aurea, 1. Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Figs, 1. Forsythia viridissima,
1. Holly, 2. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common,1; L.
Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. lLonicera japonica, 1. Myrtles, 1
Picea lasiocarpa, 2. Pinus insignis, 2. Privet, 2. Quercus Ilex,
1. Roses, Tea, 1

5. WELLINGBOROUH, Archfield. say G. Hillburn.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Blue lias clay, covered in many parts with
red sand stone and limestone. .

Alt. and Hxposure—203 ft.

Rainfall, 1880—[Wellingborough (Croyland Abbey), 33°40 ins.,
on 194 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Northampton, dist., 10 ms., 8.W. ; alt.,
253 ft.; Jan. 19th, 8°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 9 (2), 5 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 2. Artichoke, globe, 1. Asparagus, 3.

_ » "==

DIVISION IIl.—s. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 229

Aucuba japonica, 3. Broccoli, Backhouse’s winter white, Dilcock’s
bride, Early purple-sprouting, Elletson’s mammoth, Leamington and
Veitch’s self-protecting, all entirely, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cedrus
Deodara, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Cupres-
sus macrocarpa, 2. Ivy, 2. Laurel, Bay,1. Laurel, common, 1 ;
L. Portugal, 1. Laurustinus, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Onions,
winter, 1. Peaches, 3. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Roses, dwarfs, 2;
Stands. on Briars, 2. Sequoia gigantea, large specimen, 1.

230

DIVISION IV.—E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, rrom Essex, Norrotk anp SUFFOLK.

Essex. Rainfall, ‘5 in. below av. of 15 yrs. (Dunmow). Min.
rainfall, Manningtree (Lawford), 22°25 ins., on 148 days: max.,
Brentwood, alt., 270 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 30°74 ins., on 112 days. Min.
temps., Saffron Walden ; Jan. 22nd, -9°; Do., alt., 182 ft.; Jan. 21st,
0°: Hatfield Peverel; Jan. 21st, 5°: Sheering, alt., 214 ft.; and —
Harlow, alt., 273 ft.; Jan. 17th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—19 (1), 25 (2), 18 (3), total at 4
places.

Norrotx. Year began dry ; early summer, very wet. Harvest
weather brilliant ; Nov., some sharp frosts; Dec., mild; Jan, 1881,
1st week fine, 12th to 26th unusually cold; on 18th a hurricane
with heavy snow-fall ; 27th, thaw (Diss): Min. rainfall, Geldeston,
alt., 38 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 24°17 ins.: max., Swaffham, alt., 242 ft. ;
ht., 1 ft. 10 ins. ; 34°49 ins., on 171 days. Min. temps., Costessy,
alt., 40 ft.; Jan. 26th, 1°: Hillington, alt., 88 ft.; Jan. 26th, 193:
Geldeston, alt., 40 ft.; Jan. 26th, 3°55: Hindringham, alt., 190 ft. ;
Jan. 25th, 8°°5: Yarmouth, alt., 10 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 10°; Cro-
mer, alt., 90 ft.; Jan. 17th, 12°.

Plants injured—1880-81—4: (1), 2 (2), total at 1 place.

SurroLtK. Early months, dry; Aug., damp; nine heavy tempests
(Ashbocking). First five months dry ; Rainfall of yr. much above
av. (Walsham-le-Willows) ; Jan. 1881, sharp frosts with piercing
E. winds and drifting snow (1 ft. deep); winds clearing off all
weak and dead limbs or twigs ; Cedars much damaged (Hardcastle
House, Jan. 1881). Min. rainfall, Ipswich, ht., 1 ft.; 22°23 ins.,
on 130 days: max., (Walsham-le- Willows), 29°33 ins., on 163 days.
Min. temps., Barton Hall and Culford, Jan. 25th, 1°: Thornham
Hall, Jan. 26th, 2°: Bendlesham Hall, Jan. 26th, 4°: Somerleyton,
alt., 50 ft. ; Jan. 26th, 49-9: Lowestoft, alt., 85 ft.; Jan. 15th, 992.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 23 (2), 11 (8), total at 3 places.

DIVISION IV.—E. COUNTIES. 231

REPoRTS.

1. Essex—Cuetmsrorp, Hatfield Peverel—Mr. H. W. Pitcher.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A heavy wet loam.

Alt. and EHxposure—Low, sheltered by wood and park.

Rainfall, 1880—[Chelmsford, alt., 86 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 27°21 ins.,
on 140 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Onset, unknown; Dec.
22nd, 24°; frost continued without a break until Feb. 19th. Sever-
est period from Jan. 7th, 26°; 13th, 12° ; the following eight nights,
eee, 10>) 15°, 13°, 26°, 13°; 10°, 5°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 5°; therm., ht., 3 ft., N. asp.

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 9 (2), 6 (3)—Arbutus Unedo, 2.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2. Azalea indica, 3.
Broccolis, in parts, 1. [See below]. Catalpa syringeefolia, large
tree, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Cherries, white, 2. Clematis Jack-
manni, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Hoily, variegated, 2. Laurel,
Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Liriodendron tulipi-
fera,1. Olearia Haastii, 1. Parsley, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3. Santo-
lina chameecyparis, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Wallflowers, 3.

Observations—Broccolis — Penzance early white, Snow’s winter
white and_many of Knight’s protecting were killed. Sander’s Gos-
hen, Protecting, Model, Dilcock’s Bride and Cattell’s Eclipse with-
stood the winter well; nearly every plant furnishing a splendid head :
a portion of these were grown in a good south border under a high
wall. Walcheren and Veitch’s self-protecting had been cleared before
Christmas. Cherries ripen here in the middle of July. They are of
a large sort and good flavour, but of unknown name. Since the se-
vere winter last year, the branches on all the east side of the standard
trees have been dying. ‘The wall trees have not suffered in the least.

2. ILrorp.—Mr. W. Earley.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff clay-like loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—Table land.

Rainfall, 1880—[ Leyton Obs., dist., 4 ms., W.; alt., 97 ft.; ht.,
1 ft.; 29-89 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Harlow, dist., 16 ms., N.; alt., 273
ft.; Jan. 15th, 17th, 9°: Greenwich, 6 ms., S. ; alt., 155 ft.; Jan.
17th, 12°-7].

232 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 6 (2), 1 (3)—Apples, Welling-
ton, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 3. Broccoli, Nichol-
son’s and Purple sprouting, 2. Broom, 1. Laurel, common, 2.
Nectarines, 2. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Picea Pin-
sapo, leaves, 2. Quercus Ilex, lost leaves, 2. Roses, Double Ma-
cartney, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Tritoma uvaria, large stock, 1.
Veronica Andersoni, 1. Wallflowers, three fourths, 1.

Plants uninjured — Ampelopsis Veitchii (much exposed), Ber-
beris stolonifera, Deutzia scabra, fl. pl., Lonicera aureo-reticulata,
Philadelphus Gordonii, Spireea Lindleyana, survived in one of the
most trying situations.

3. Sarrron Watpen.—Mr. R. M. Christy.

Rainfall, 1880—[(Newport), alt., 180 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 28°04 ins.,
on 175 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 10th, very sharp
frosts on several nights, following the great snow-storm on 18th:
20th, 21st, -2°; 22nd, -9°; 27th, rapid thaw.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 22nd, -9°.*

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 6 (2), 7 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, many, 1879-80, 2; 1. Aristolochia Sipho, 3. Aucuba japonica,
2. Box, 3. Coronilla glauca, 2. Holly, 3. Ivy, 2, 3. Jasminum
officinale, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2; young
shoots killed to ground particularly in damp places; L. Portugal, 2.
Mulberry, 3. Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, Stands. 1; Tea, 1;
Stocks, 1. '

Plants uninjured —Ampelopsis hederacea, Asparagus, Berberis
vulgaris, Celery, Currants, Cytisus Laburnum, Daphne Laureola, D.
Mezereum, Euonymus europeus, Hyacinths, Jasminum nudiflorum,
Lilac, Ruscus aculeatus.

Observations—Araucarias, many which were much injured last
winter are killed now. Hawthorn, this bore but little blossom last
year ; but is now noticeable for its unusual abundance.

4. SransTeEaD, Elsenham Hall.—Mr. W. Plester.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Kitchen garden, a light sandy soil; shrub-
bery, a loam with chalk.

Alt. and Hxposure—[Stanstead, alt., 240 ft.].

* Registered in the High St., by a perfectly new instrument, specially made
to register low temps., and just tested at Kew.

DIVISION IV.—E. COUNTIES. 233

Rainfall, 1880—[Stanstead, ht., 1 ft. ; 28-08 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 6th until 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 22nd, 4°: min. temp. in Feb., 22°;
min. temp. on March 29th and 30th, 21°; min. temp. in April, 22°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—1 (1), 4 (2), 4 (8)—Berberis Darwinii,
2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Cabbages, 3. Cauliflower, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Leycesteria
formosa, 3.

1, Surrotk — Bury Sr. Epmunp’s, Barton Hall. —Sir C. J. F.
Bunbury, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravel and clay much mixed, with a large
proportion of chalk rubble. | |

Alt. and Hxposure—Considerably higher than Bury St. Edmund's.
The arboretum is much sheltered by groves.

Rainfall, 1880—[Ht., 1 ft.; 28°30 ins., on 183 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—26th, 1°: Bury St. Eds., Bot. Gard.,
-4°: [Culford, Jan. 21st and 25th, 1°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 8 (2), 4 (8)—Benthamia fragi-
fera, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 2. Cupressus sempervirens, 2.
Escallonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Furze, 3. Hy-
pericum Calycinum, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2. Lau-
rustinus, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Paulownia imperialis, 1 ?
Pinus pinea, 3. Quercus Ilex, 2; Q. Suber, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, A. Morinda, Ampelopsis
Veitchii, Arbutus Unedo, Aucuba japonica, Berberis vulgaris, Biota
orientalis, Box, Cedrus Atlantica, O. Deodara, C. Libani, Crypto-
meria japonica, Cytisus Laburnum, Daphne Laureola, D. Mezereum,
Deutzia scabra, Euonymus europeeus, Forsythia viridissima, Halesia
tetraptera, Holly, Jasminum nudiflorum, Larch, Portugal Laurel,
Lilac, Liquidambar styraciflua, Negundo fraxinifolia, Picea cephalo-
nica, P. lasiocarpa, P. Nordmanniana, P. Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa,
P. sylvestris, Plane, Pyrus japonica, Ruscus aculeatus, Salisburia,
Sequoia sempervirens, Taxodium distichum, Yew, Do. Irish.

2. Eyz, Thornham Hall.— Mr. J. Perkins.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strong loamy soil, resting on brick-
earth.

Alt. and Exposwre—100 ft. ; exposed to E. and W. winds.

Rainfall, 1880—25-75 ins.

1@

234 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 24th, 25° with mo-
derate frosts till Jan. 14th, 15°; very hard frosts prevailing till
26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 17th, 8°; 21st, 5°; 22nd, 3°;
26th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 1 (1), 5 (2), 7 (3) —Abies Douglasii,
3. Apricots, 3. Aucuba japonica, 3. Broccoli, 70 p.c, 1, all
others, 2. Cedrus Libani, 3. Figs, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
common, 3. lLaurustinus, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, Exmouth var.,
2. Roses, Stands. on briars, 3. Wallflowers, 3.

Observations — Broccoli, had they been wholly taken up, then
laid down and well earthed up, most of them might have been
saved; as the stems become harder and more frost-resisting, though
the heads do not grow so large.

3. Eye, Thornham Rectory.—Rev. C. Clarke.

Plants injured, 1880-81—2 (1), 12 (2), 1 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
2. Aucubas, 2. Broccolis and Cauliflowers, nearly all, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 2. Cotoneaster, 2. Jasminum officinale, 2; Do. yellow, 2.
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Lonicera,
French, 2. Rhododendrons (small), 2. Roses, fresh budded and
those of 1879, 1, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.

1. Norrork—Kine’s Lynn, Gaywood.—Mr. T. Williams.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Gravelly in part, with some yellow loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—Low, flat and wet.

Rainfall, 1880—[Hillington Hall, dist., 4 ms. ; alt., 93 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. ; 31-77 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 11th; lasted six
weeks.

Min. Temps. and Dates — From 14° to 16°: [Hillington, allt.,
88 ft.; Jan. 26th, 1°}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 2 (2) — Apples, 50 trees, 2.
Laurel, Portugal, 100 trees, 2. Laurustinus, 10 trees, 1. Necta-
rines and Peaches, one-fifth, 1. Roses, one-half, 1. Vegetables, on
an average about half a crop saved, but the quality not at all good.

: 235

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM CoRNWALL, DEVONSHIRE, DoRSETSHIRE, SOMERSETSHIRE AND
WILTSHIRE.

CorNwALL. Driest year since 1870; Rainfall, 9 ins. below av.
of 16 yrs.; Jan. and Aug., direst on record; Sept., hottest month;
Oct., damaging floods about 5th; Jan. 1881, the coldest month on
record; mean temp., 30°°2; snow drift on 17th, varying in depth
to 10 ft.; thaw on 27th (Altarnun). Min. rainfall, Penellick, alt.,
240 ft.; ht., 9 ins.; 30°98 ins. : max., Launceston, alt., 470 ft.; ht.,
4ins.; 56°62 ins, on 187 days. Min. temps., Altarnun, Jan. 26th,
3°: Bude, alt., 16 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 3°°7: Bodmin, alt., 232 ft.; Jan.
[26th ?]*, 12°: Truro, alt., 56 ft.; Jan. 15th, 12°: Penzance, alt.,
67 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 21°: Falmouth, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 22°8.
Scilly, temp. 32° on 3 days; 29° on 2 days (Jl. of Hovrt.).

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 5 (2), 4 (8), total at 1 place.

DevonsHirE. Rainfall, Jan. and Aug., least for 16 yrs. ; Oct.
4th, 2:17-ims.-fell; total, 7 p. c. below av. (Torquay). Jan. 1881,
very cold, mean temp., 34°°6, or 7° below av. ; temp. below 32°, on
19 consecutive nights; snow every day from 16th to 21st (Babba-
combe). Min. rainfall, Prawle Point, alt., 350 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 9 ins. ;
27°87 ft., on 184 days: max., Princetown, alt., 1360 ft.; bt., 1 ft. ;
75°85 ins., on 192 days. Min. temps., Cullompton, alt., 202 ft. ;
Jan. 20th, 79-1 : Barnstaple, alt., 43 ft. ; Jan. 26th, 8°: Bridgetown,
alt., 107 ft.; Jan. 23rd, 8°-8: Dartmoor, alt., 1360 ft.; Jan. 25th,
10°: Brampford Speke, alt., 140 ft.; Jan. 16th, 10°-6: Arlington,
Jan. 15th and 26th, 11°: Teignmouth, alt., 235 ft.; Jan. 22nd,
11° 3 ; alt., 50 ft.; 15° 7: Prawle Pt., alt., 330 ft.; and Plymouth,
alt., 69 ft.; Jan. 20th, 17°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 18 (1), 20 (2), 34 (3), total at 2
places.

* Jan. 6th, Qr. Jl. of Met. Soc. probably a misprint for 26th.

236 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Dorser. Spring, dry (Langton Herring). Rainfall, 9°89 ins.,
fell in Ist half; 20-68 ins., in 2nd half of yr. (Wimborne). Min.
rainfall, Portland, alt., 473 ft.; ht., 20 ft.; 24°68 ins., on 153 days:
max., Beaminster, 41:48 ins., on 178 days. Jan. 1881, cold, intense,
with deep snow; coldest day, 25th; max. temp., 20° (Langton Her-
ring). Min. temps., Tyneham House, Jan. 20th, -3° [too low ?]:
Swanage, dist., 9 ms., E.; alt., 178 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 12°77: Langton |
Herring, alt., 200 ft. ; Jan. 22nd, 12°8. |

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 59 (1), 51 (2), 50 (3), total at 3
places.
Somerset. Rainfall, Dec., 1 in. above ay. of 15 yrs.; chiefly’ in
2nd half of month; fog at times (Bath). Min. rainfall, Glastonbury,
alt., 60 ft.; ht., 21 ft. 8 ins.; 28°68 ins.: max., Exford, alt., 905
ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 59°29 ins.,on 215 days. Obs. in winter, 1880-81, at
Bath—Taking together the 3 months of Dec., Jan. and Feb., the
mean temp. of the winter was 39°, or 2°:3 below ay. of 15 yrs. Its
great distinguishing feature as compared with the 2 previous win-
ters was the entirely opposite character of Dec. and Jan. Dec. 1880
was very mild throughout ; the mean temp. being 5° above the ay.
of 15 yrs., and more than 12° higher than that of Dec. 1879. The
max. temp. rose to above 50° on 20 days, whilst the min. temp.
was below 32° only on 6 nights; and these frosts were all very
slight, except on 26th, viz. 29°. The mean temp. of Dec. was
42°°8. Jan. 1881 was very severe, the mean temp. being nearly
10° below ay. of 15 yrs. Temp. was below 32°, at night, from 7th
to 27th inclusive, and below 20° on 11 nights, twice being down
nearly to 11°. Snow and sleet, representing rainfall, 2ins. (but probably
below the mark from drifting); the chief fall, on 18th and 19th,
when there was a continuous drifting snow for nearly 40 hours
with a gale from E. and N.E. Northerly winds prevailed through-
out the month. Feb. was cold, but not severe. Mean temp. being
only 2° below av. Min., at or below 32° ten times. Max. temp.
for month, 53°; min., 26°. Bath, Rev. L. Blomefield. Min. temps.,
Mells., alt., 342 ft. ; Jan. 14th, 3°: Bristol, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 15th,
8°-5: Downside, alt., 592 ft.; Jan. 15th, 8°°8.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 34 (2), 7 (8), total at 2 places.

Wits. Rainfall, above av. ; and land saturated (Steeple Ashton,
Compton Bassett). Min. rainfall, Steeple Ashton, alt., 240 ft.; ht.,
1 ft. ; 28°21 ins., on 165 days: max., Warminster., alt., 450 ft. ; ht.,

DIVISION V.—s. W. COUNTIES. 237

2 ft.; 37:32 ins. Jan. 1881, dry and frosty till 17th, then
very stormy; immense snow drifts on 18th; gentle thaw on 27th.
Min. temps., Wilton, alt., 180 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 2°5: Compton Bas-
sett, alt., 400 ft.; Jan..15th, 3°: Holt, alt., 120 ft.; Jan. 17th,
5°5: Marlborough, alt., 472 ft.; Jan. 15th, 6°9.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 46 (1), 41 (2), 34 (8), total at 1
place.

REpPoRts.

1. CopnwAtt—Prosvs, Lamorran—Hon. and Rev. J. 'T’. Boscawen.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Very cold, on a slate and clay subsoil in
places.

Alt. and Hxposure—120 ft., not exposed, the valley being shaped
like a cup on S. side.

Rainfall, 1880 — [Truro, dist., 4 ms.; alt, 56 ft.; ht., 40 ft. ;
38°09 ins., on 178 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 8th, 27°; to 26th,
18°; and 27th, 31°. Great snow-fall on 18th, temp., 28° (Pentille
Castle).

Min. Temps. and Dates —Jan. 15th, 13°; 21st, 12° (Pentille
Castle). ,

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 5 (2), 4 (8)—Arbutus procera,
1; A. Unedo, 1. Ceanothus americanus, 1; C. dentatus, 1; C. gran-
diflorus, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 3; ©. Libani, 3. Cupressus torulosa,
1. Dracena australis, kd. to grd., 2. Embothrium coccineum, 1.
Escallonia, in open, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Huonymus euro-
peus, 1. Fitzroya patagonica, 1. Fourcroya longeva, 1. Fuchsia
coccinea, kd. to grd., 2. Gunnera scabra, 1. Hydrangea Hortensea,
1, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, Bay, 2,3. Laurel, common, 3. Laurus-
tinus, kd. to grd., 2. Pittosporum Tobira, 1. Ruscus aculeatus, 1.
Veronica salicifolia, 1.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Ampelopsis Veitchii, Apricots,
Aralia Sieboldii, Araucaria imbricata, Arbutus Andrachne, Globe
Artichoke, Arundo conspicua, A. donax, Aucuba japonica, A. j. varie-
gata, Azalea indica, Bambusa Fortunei, Benthamia fragifera (large
trees cut, one and a-half ms. distant), Berberidopsis corallina, Ber-

238 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

beris Darwinii, B. japonica, B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, Camellias, Cedrus Atlantica, Chamzrops Fortunei,
Chimonanthus fragrans, Choisya ternata, Cistus ladaniferus, Clematis
Jackmanni, OC. montana, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Cryp-
tomeria elegans, C. japonica, Cupressus borealis, C. Lambertiana, C.
Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, Desfontainea spinosa,
Erica codonodes (wood well ripened, kd. 10 yrs. ago), Escallonia
macrantha (on wall), Forsythia elegans, Gladiolus, Hyacinths, Jas-
minum nudiflorum, Kalmia latifolia, Larch, Lilac, Lilium auratum,
L. lancifolium, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia grandiflora,
Onions (winter), Osmanthus aquifolius, O. ilicifolius, Pampas grass,
Passiflora coerulea, Paulownia imperialis, Phormium tenax varie-
gatum, Pinus patula, Rhododendrons (all except P. arboreum), Rhus
glabra, Roses, Sequoia gigantea, Skimmia japonica, Taxodium disti-
chum, Tritoma uvaria, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca aloifolia, Y. filamen-
tosa, Y. gloriosa.

_ Observations—I have paid great attention for years to the extra-
ordinary differences of temp. occurring in places. It is found that
fields side by side and with the same aspect are widely different as to
earliness. One may be of great value for early strawberries, the
other useless for the early strawberry market: The soil at Lamor-
ran is very ‘“‘cold.’”? There are, however, some “spits” in my gar-
den much warmer than others. I have placed, on more than one
occasion, 10 or 12 thermometers about my garden in different places
and I found as many as 10 degrees difference; in fact in one place,
one mile distant, there was no frost, in another 6, 9 or 10 degrees;
again a lake near was frozen, while at an elevation of 80 ft. the
ground was worked easily and vegetables planted. The deep valleys
in Cornwall are intensely cold even near the sea. The temperature
has been 0° twice in the same winter: and I have known at the end.
of May the Oaks in the valleys to have their leaves quite black and
nearly killed. I have had 2 degrees of frost on 22nd or 23rd of July.
This shows how little one can tell about hardiness of plants in diffe-
rent localities. Thus on one occasion I found all my Rhododendrons
cut to pieces in one place; but other specimens and Camellias else-
where were untouched. Hydrangeas and Laurustinus, however, are
killed about every third year, wherever they may be planted. I
attribute this to the warm weather in Nov., or Jan., exciting them
to grow, and consequently the sap being in the vessels they burst.

DIVISION V.-—S. W. COUNTIES. 239

This happened to half a dozen or more specimens of Pinus insignis
at different elevations, but chiefly half way up a hill side and not in
the valley. The bark was burst nearly all round the branches in
some places and half round in others. Pinus religiosa stood well
with me for years, but was quite killed in 1880-81.

1. Drevon—Exeter, Halden House.—Mr. Geeson.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep rich loam on sandstone.

Alt. and Exposure - 500 ft. ; exposed from 8.W. to N.W.

Rainfall, 1880—[ Exeter, dist., 5 ? ms., N.; alt., 155 ft.; ht., 13
ft. 7 ins.; 33°26 ins., on 135 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Jan. 7th, 28°, till 26th,
12°. On 18th and 19th, thirteen inches of snow fell.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 22nd and 26th, 12°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 6 (2), 10 (8)—Aralia Sieboldii,
variegata, planted 1879, 3; Do. planted several years, 1. Broccoli,
Veitch’s self-protecting and spring white, 2. Celery, 3. Clianthus
puniceus, in plunged pots, 2. Dracena australis, 2. Escallonia

montevidensis, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Gladiolus, planted shal-
; low, 1. Gunnera scabra, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 3.
Myrtles, fl. pl., 3. Phormium tenax, 2. Ranunculus, various, plant-
ed in Oct., 2. Rhododendrons, early flowers, kd., 3. Roses, on
Manetti and own roots, 3. Veronica Traversi, 3. Wallflowers, 3.

Plant uninjured—Bletia hyacinthina.

2. Torquay, Babbacome.—kH. E. Glyde, Esq., F.M.C.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Clay and limestone.

Alt. and Hxposure—294 ft.; facing S., but exposed to S.W. and
N.E. winds.

Rainfall, 1880—37-52 ins., on 179 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Excessively cold from Jan.
15th to 22nd. Temp. fell below 32° on nineteen consecutive nights
(Jan. 8th to 26th), and below 20° on seven nights. Temp.
was altogether below 32° on _ twenty-six nights in July,
the lowest being 6°5 on the 15th. Snow fell every day from
Jan. 16th to 2lst, very heavily on the 18th, when it was
about 7 ins. deeper than ayv., but was drifted by gales on that
and the next day, and again on the 21st to the depth of several
feet. It lay on the ground from the 11th to the 27th, and in the
drifts till Feb. 5th. The beginning of March was also very severe,

240 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

the air temp. falling to 229-0 on the 1st, and to 2193 on the 2nd
(and on the grass to 12°-7). 3 inches of snow fell on Feb. 27th,
remaining on the ground till March 3rd. The frost did not pene-
trate as deep as 6 inches below the grass surface of the lawn all
the winter; the lowest observed at 9 a.m. or 9 p. m., being 334
at 9a.m.on Jan. 22nd and 26th. At 1 ft. below the surface the
lowest temp. was 34°-8, on Jan. 25th, 26th and 27th.

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 14 (2), 24 (3)—Berberis Dar-
winii, 3. Biota orientalis, 3. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3; C. macro-
carpa, 2. . Escallonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus europeus, 3; E.
radicans, 3. Holly, 3. Ivy, 3. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus,
1, 2. Myrtle, 1. Quercus Ilex, 3. Veronica Andersoni, 1. (Bab-
bacombe, much exposed to N.E. winds).—Araucaria imbricata, 3.
Arbutus Unedo, 3. Benthamia fragifera, 2. Broccoli, most sorts,
1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Ceanothus americanus, 2; C. azureus, 2;.
C. dentatus, 2; C. grandiflorus, 2. Chamerops Fortunei, 3. Cistus
ladaniferus, 3. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Coronilla glauca, 3. Dra-
cena australis, 2. Eriobytrya japonica, 3. Escallonia montevi-
densis, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 3. Fabi-
ana imbricata, 1. Genista racemosa, 1. Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 1.
Griselinia littoralis, 3. Laurel, Bay, 2. Lettuce, most sorts, 1.
Leycesteria formosa, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Onions, winter,
1. Passiflora coerulea, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 3. Pinus insig-
nis, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, 1. Stocks, 2. Veronica salicifolia, 1 ;
V. Traversi, 1. Yucca filamentosa, 3. (Torquay, much sheltered from
N.E. winds). |

Observations—The majority of the plants in the list forwarded
grow at Torquay and were uninjured. Choisya ternata and Olearia
Haastii, unexpectedly survived at Torquay. The greater part of the
mischief to vegetation was done by the frosts and gales of January
1881; but much additional injury was caused by the heavy Easterly
gales at the beginning of April.

1. Dorser—BraminstER, Parnham House.—Mr. J. Mullins.
Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam on limestone.

Alt. and Exposure—About 300 to 400 ft.

Rainfall, 1880—41-48 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 12th to 26th.
Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 3°

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES. 241

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 19 (2), 10 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Aponogeton, nr. surface of the water, 1. Apricots, 2. Ar-
butus Unedo, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua,1. Aspa-
ragus, 2. Bambusa Fortunei, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3; B. japonica,
1. Broccoli, Adam’s early, 1; Carter’s Champion, 2; Cattell’s
Eclipse, 2; Chapel’s Cream, 2; Early Penzance, 1; Early Purple,
1; Knight’s Protecting, 2; Snows Winter White, 1; of these
marked (2) but a few only were saved. Buddleia globosa, 1; B.
Lindleyana, 1. Camellias, 3. Clematis montana, 1. Colletia cru-
ciata, 2; ©. ferox, 1. Coronilla glauca, 3. Cupressus Knightiana,
1. Dracena australis, 2. Endive, Batavian and Hardy Paris green,
1, Euonymus japonicus, 2; E. radicans, 2. Fuchsia gracilis, 15
yrs. old; and F. Riccartoni, 30 yrs. old, both kd. to grd., 2. Genista
racemosa, 1. Gunnera scabra, 2. Holbollia latifolia, 2. Kalmia lati-
folia, 3. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common, 2 ft. of tops of high trees
kd., 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, Hammersmith, hardy green-ribbed,
in open, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Myrtle, 3. Pampas grass, 3.
Passiflora coerulea, 1. Phormium tenax, 2. Pittosporum Tobira,
2. Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Rhododendron arboreum, hyb., 2. Roses,
H. P.’s,1. Sea-kale, unprotected, 1. Stocks, 1. Veronica Ander-
soni, 3; V. salicifolia, 3. Wallflowers, 1. Yucca aloifolia, 2.

Plants uninjured—Aponogeton distachyon, below the surface,
Magnolia gonspicua, fl. buds kd., 1879-80, blossomed well, 1881.

2. WArEHAM, Tyneham.—Th. Bond, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Mostly a stiff cold clay.

Alt. and Hxposwre—Much exposed to 8. winds and sea fogs;
one mile from the sea.

Rainfall, 1880—[Poole, dist., 10 ms., N.E.; alt., 6 ft.; ht., 1 ft.
1 in.; 35°19 ins., on 126 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates — Jan. 20th, -1° [too low ?: Swanage,
dist., 8 ms., E.; alt., 178 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 129-7: Langton Herring,
dist., 15 ms., W.; alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 12°8].

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 8 (2), 6 (3) — Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3.
Artichoke, globe, 3. Broccoli, Adam’s Early White and Penzance,
one-half, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 2. Eugenia Ugni, 3. Figs, 2.
Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 3. Holly, 2. Hypericum Wallichi-
anum, 2. Ivy, variegated, 3. Jasminum officinale, 2. Laurel, Bay,
2. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, Brown Cos, nearly all, 1. Mandevilla
suaveolens, on 8. wall, 2. Myrtle, 2. Pampas grass, 2. Rosemary,

1H

242 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

3. Strawberries, Dr. Hogg and Carolina, 2.

Plants uninjured—Broccolis, Adam’s Early White (one-half),
Leamington, Penzance (one-half), Veitch’s Welcome, Strawberries,
Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury, President, Sir Charles Napier, Elea-
nor and Rivers’ Eliza stood the winter well.

3. Wimporne Minster, Canford.—Mr. W. Hinds.

Gen. Char. of Soil_—Light with chalk on a gravelly subsoil.
Herbaceous garden well and naturally drained.

Alt. and Hxaposure—Lying low and well sheltered.

Rainfall, 1880—[Chalbury, alt., 338 ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 30°57 ins.,
on 154 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[Cold intense and snow
deep (Langton Herring, dist., 25 ms., S.W.)]. The action of the
frost itself and the piercing E. winds which accompanied it during
part of the month of Jan., had a very disastrous effect upon all ten-
der vegetation ; and had it not been for the fine summer and autumn
of 1880, the mortality among all kinds of trees and plants would
have been vastly more. As it is many deaths have occurred during
_ the past two months through the deadly effect of the parching winds
which seem to have sapped all vitality out of plants and shrubs that
were crippled by the frost.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 23rd, 2° [Bournemouth, dist., 5
ms., 8.E.; alt., 134 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 11°2].

Plants pap ba 1880-81—44. (1), 24 (2), 34 (3)—Adonis vernalis,
1. Alstroemeria, 1. Anchusa italica, 1. Anemone japonica, 1; A.
Pulsatilla, 1. Apples, 3. Apricots, 2. Armeria, Plantaginet, major,
1. Artichoke, globe. 3. Arundo conspicua, 2. Asparagus, 2. Ben-
thamia fragifera, 1,2, Berberis Darwinii, 2, 3. Borecole, 1. Broc-
coli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2. Calandrina umbellata,
1. Camellias. 3. Ceanothus americanus, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans,
3. Chrysanthemums, sum. flowering, 1. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Co-
toneaster microphylla, 3. Cratzgus oxyacantha, fl. pl., 3. Crypto-
meria elegans, 3. Cyclamen, several vars. of hardy sorts, 1. Daphne
collina, 3. Deutzia scabra, 3. Dracena australis, 2. Endive, 1.
Epimedium pulchellum, 1. Erica, 3. Escallonia Ingrami, 2. Euo-
nymus europeus, 2. Fabiana imbricata, 2. Furze, 3. Galax
aphylla, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3. Gentiana acaulis, 1; G. verna, 1,
Gooseberries, 3. Habrothamnus, 2. Hesperis matronalis, fl. pl.
alba, 1. Holly, variegated, 3. Hydrangea arborescens, 3. Iberis

DIVISION V.—s. W. COUNTIES. 243

cordifolia, 1. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Lau-
rel, common, 3; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 2. Lavander, 2.
Lettuce, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Lobelia cardinalis, 1; L. syphi-
litica, 1. Liythrum alatum, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 3. Mimulus
cardinalis, 1. Myosotis azurica, 1. Narcissus, many, 1 Osman-
thus aquifolius, 3; O. ilicifolius, 3. Pampas grass, 2. Parsley, 3.
Penstemons, 3. Phormium tenax, 1. Picea lasiocarpa, 3. Pinus
insignis, 3. Primula amzna, 1; P. cashmeriana, 1; P. cortusoides,
1; P. denticulata, 1; P. japonica, 1; P. rosea, 1. Pyrus japonica,
3. Quercus glabra, 3. Quince, 3. Rhododendrons, 2, 3. Rodgersia
podophylla, 1. Roses, dwfs., 3; H. P.’s,3; stands, 2; Tea, 2,
Rudbeckia purpurea, 1. Scilla campanulata, atroccerulea, 1. Sedum
spectabile, 1, 2. Sidalcea malveflora, 1. Skimmia japonica, 3.
Spirea palmata, 1. Strawberries, 2. Taxodium distichum, 3. Tril-
lium grandiflorum, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 3. Valeriana rubra, 1. Vero-
nica Andersoni, 1.

Observations—Conifers have suffered little if at all here, with the
_ exception of Picea lasiocarpa and Pinus insignis, which have rather
a scorched appearance, but they are not permanently injured. Ber-
beris Darwinii, Portugal Laurels in exposed places, and Hybrid Rho-
dodendrons have sustained more or less injury according to their
state of health, recent removal and exposure; but taken as a whole
the losses-among trees and shrubs are comparatively small. Roses
were so well protected that the losses are hardly worth recording ;
Teas upon Manetti suffering most. Vegetables, every thing green
was cut to the ground, excepting Spinach. After the thaw set in,
Broccolis, Brussels sprouts &c. melted away into a putrid mass; even
the stump of what is said to be the hardiest variety of Brussels
sprouts rotted away as if boiled.

1. Somzrset—Batu, Belmont.—Rev. L. Blomefield.

Alt.—[Queen’s Parade, 100 ft.].

Rainfall, 1880—[Do., ht., 1 ft. ; 32°59 ins., on 183 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—{[ See Met. Obs., p. 236].

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Jan. 14th or 15th ?], nearly 11°: [Down-
side, dist., 14 ms., 8. W. ?; alt., 592 ft.; Jan. 15th, 89-8].

Plants injured, 1880-81—Bignonia radicans, 2. Escallonia ma-
crantha, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Myrtle, 2.

Observations—The first three were kd. to grd. but are shooting

244 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

again from the base. The Myrtle was a large and healthy plant,
well protected against a wall. The covering, moreover, was torn
away by the furious gale and snow-drift on 18th. It is now recover-
ing, and putting out shoots from the base (June 17th, 1881).

2. Frome, Mells Rectory.—Mr. T. Tickle.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Red loam, over Magnesian conglomerate.
Coal-measure (?) clay in the park in some places.

Rainfall, 1880— 39-9 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 6th to 26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, 3°; therm., 4 ft.; -4°, on
orass. |

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 30 (2), 7 (3)—Aleysia citrio-
dora, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke,
globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2; Do. variegata,
2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Bup-
leurum fruticosum, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2.
Coronilla glauca, 3. Cupressus macrocarpa, 2. Daphne Mezereum,
2. Deutzia scabra, 3. Hriobotrya japonica, 1. Hscallonia Ingrami,
2; E. macrantha, 2. Euonymus europeus, 2; H. japonicus, 2.
Forsythia viridissima, 2. Fuchsia coccinea,, 1; F. Riccartoni, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 2. Gladiolus, 1. Halesia tetraptera, 2. Hydrangea
japonica, 2. Ivy, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2;
J. officinale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; _ Do.
Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Ligustrum
vulgare, 2. Paliurus aculeatus, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Penstemons,
1. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2. Phormium tenax, 1. Photinia ser-
rulata, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Rosemary, 3. Ruscus aculeatus, 3.
Sequoia gigantea, 3. Spartium junceum, 2. Stocks, 1. Tritoma
uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni, 1; V. Traversi, 1.

1. Witts—Marteorovuen, Mildenhall.—Rev. C. Soames.

Alt. and Hxposure—56 ft. above river. |

Rainfall, 1880—[Marlborough, dist., 2 ms.; alt., 472 ft. ; ht.,
1 ft. 2 ins.; 33°24 ins., on 181 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Marlborough, alt., 471 ft.; Jan. 15th,
6°°9: Compton Bassett, dist., 11 ms., W.; alt., 400 ft.; Jan. 15th,
16th, 3°]. :

Plants injured, 1880-81 —6 (1), 5 (2), 4 (3) — Arbutus An-
drachne, 3. Cabbages, 1. Camellias, some, 2. Celery, 1. Figs, 1,

DIVISION V.—S. W. COUNTIES. 245

Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common,
2; Do. Portugal, 1. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses,
stands., 3.

Observations—We have suffered less injury than might have been
expected ; as it has been only necessary to cut down some half-dozen
shrubs of different sorts, one or two of which do not show signs of
shooting again.

2. MariBorovuan, The Green.—Rev. T. Preston.

Gen. Char. of Soil—On chalk.

Alt. and Hposure—472 ft. ; exposed to 8.

Rainfall, 1880—33-24 ft.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Temp. below 32° twenty-
two times ; below 20° twelve times; below 10° ten times.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 15th, 6°-9.

Plants injured, 1880-81—16 (1), 15 (2), 5 (3)—Ampelopsis he-
deracea, 3; A. Veitchii, 3. Biota orientalis, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brus-
sels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 1. Cauliflower, 1. Celery, 1. Daphne
Laureola (1879-80), 2; D. Mezereum, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2.
Eucalyptus globulus (1879-80), 1. Huonymus japonicus, 1, 2. Figs
(1879-80), 1: Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 1. Kale, 1. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2. Laurustinus (1879-80-81), 2. Lavan-
der, (1879-80), 1, (81), 2. Lettuce, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 2.
Lonicerayjaponica, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Mulberry, 3. Onions
(winter), 1. Parsley (1879-80), 1, [1880-81, uninjured]. Roses,
dwfs., H. P.’s, stands., and Teas, all, 2; Banksian, 1. Santolina
chamecyparis, 2. Skimmia japonica, (1879-80), 2. Wallflowers, 2.
Yew, 3.

Plants uninjured—Apples, Apricots, Araucaria imbricata, Aristo-
lochia Sipho, Asparagus, Aucuba japonica variegata, Box, Cistus lada-
niferus, Cotoneaster microphylla, Crateegus oxyacantha, fl. pl., Cur-
rants, Cytisus Laburnum, C. scoparius, Elm, Forsythia viridissima,
Gooseberries, Holly, Hypericum Calycinum, Iris, Ivy, Jasminum
nudiflorum, Juniperus, Larch, Ligustrum lucidum, Lilac, Oak, Pars-
ley, Pyrus japonica, Rhododendrons, Ribes aureum, R. rubrum, Rus-
cus aculeatus, Salisburia, Strawberries, Weigela rosea, Wistaria
sinensis.

3. WarminsTER, Longleat.*— Mr. G. Berry.

* From The Garden, June 4th, 1881,{p. 567.

246 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Rainfall, 1880—[Warminster, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 450 ft.; ht., 2
ft.; 37°32 ins. ].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Holt, dist., 12 ms., N.; alt., 120 ft. ;
Jan. 17th, 595]. ‘

Plants injured, 1880-81—24 (1), 21 (2), 15 (3)—Arbutus, 1, 2,
3. Aralia japonica, 1. Arundo conspicua, many, 1. Azara micro-
phylla, 1. Box, old, trained plants, by lake and exposed to winds, 2.
Buddleia globosa, 1. Bupleurum fruticosum, 1. Catalpa seringse-
folia, 1879-80, 2; 1. Ceanothus, all sorts, 2,3. Conifers—Arau-
caria imbricata, 1. Arthrotaxus laxifolia, 2, 3. Biota elegantissima,
2,3; B. semper-aurescens, 2, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, scarcely, 3.
Dacrydium Franklini, 2, 3. Fitzroya patagonica, 2, 3. Podocarpus
andina, 1. Retinospora decussata, 1, 2. Taxodium sempervirens,
alba spica, 2,3. Thuja Verveeneana, 2, 3. Widdringtonia cupres-
soides, 2, 3.—Escallonia Ingrami, cut back, 2; E. macrantha, cut
back, 2. Euonymus japonicus, green and vars., 1. Furze, fl. pl., 1.
Griselinia littoralis, fine bushes, in open, 1. Hydrangea paniculata,
1. Idesia, 1. Indigofera Dosua, 1. Ivy, on walls, cut by wind, 2.
- Jasminum, sorts, 2, 3. Laurel, common, old bushes, kd. to grd., 2;
elsewhere, shrubs, 40 ft. high, free from dratght and damp, 3; L.
Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, in damp places, exposed to cutting winds,
a few cut back, 2. Leycesteria formosa, in low places, kd. to grd., 2;
higher ground, 3. Menziesia polifolia, 1. Olea ilicifolia, 1. Pampas
grass, many, 1. Photinia serrulata, 1. Poplar, Lombardy, many, 1.
Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Roses, young wood, cut, 2. Stauntonia, 13
yrs. old, 1. Viburnum Awafurki, 1. Xanthoceras, sorbifolia, 2.

Observations—Deciduous forest and ornamental trees have not
suffered much, as a rule, with the exception of Lombardy Poplars,
many fine specimens being quite dead, and others are pitiable objects,
fine trees that have adorned the landscape for nearly a century, some
of them from 80 ft. to 100 ft. high. Flowering trees and shrubs
never presented so beautiful a sight. Thorns (white, pink and scarlet),
Bird Cherries, Laburnum, Lilacs, Brooms, Azaleas, Pyrus, and Bar-
berries, each tree and shrub seems weighed down with clouds of
bloom (June 4th, 1880).

247

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, rrom GLOUCESTERSHIRE, HEREFORDSHIRE, SHROPSHIRE,
STAFFORDSHIRE AND WARWICKSHIRE.

Guoucrster. Rainfall, excessive for the 7th year (Clifton). Min.
rainfall, Berkeley, alt., 60 ft.; ht., 8 ft.; 30-09 ins., on 143 days:
max., Nailsworth, alt., 160 ? ft.; ht., 2 ft.; 40-01 ins, on 173 days.
Jan. 1881, mild and damp at beginning and end; but exceptionally
cold in the middle, with a terrible gale and snow drift on 18th
(Cheltenham). Min. temps., Cheltenham, alt., 184 ft.; Jan. 20th,
-3°°3: Cirencester, Jan. 22nd, -0°-3.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —141 (1), 164 (2), 102 (3), total at 11
places.

Herrerorp, Wind frequently E. until Dec.; No. of wet days less
than usual and temp. higher than 1879 (Bryngwyn). Year, devoid
of sunshine (Hereford). Min. rainfall, Hereford, alt., 200 ? ft. ;
ht., 1 ft.; 28°91 ins., on 156 days: max., Longtown Vic. ; 42°32 ins.
Jan. 1881, frost from 6th to 27th; mean temp., 22°'5 (Ross). Win.
temps., Hereford, Richmond Place, -2°: Bryngwyn, alt., 420 ft. ;
Jan. 14th, 0°: Burghill, alt., 275 ft.; Jan. 15th, 19-1. Ross, alt.,
213 ft.; Jan. 21st, 2°°9: Fownhope, alt., 192 ft.; Jan. 21st, 22nd,
4°: Canon Frome, alt., 175 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—41 (1), 62 (2), 34 (3), total at 3 places.

SHRopsHIRE. June, July, very wet (Preen). Min. rainfall,
Coalbrookdale, 28°65 ins.: max., Whitchurch, 41°27 ins., on 124
days. Min. temps., Attingham, Jan. 16th, -5°: Churchstoke, alft.,
549 ft.; Jan. 26th, -19°: Stokesay, alt., 374 ft.; Jan. 21st, -0°9:
Leaton, alt., 266 ft.; Jan. 16th, 1°: Sansaw, alt., 310 ft.; Jan.
15th, 8°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 28 (1), 26 (2), 16 (3), total at 2
places.

StarrorD. Very disastrous year. Rainfall, greatest during hay
and corn harvest (Tamworth). Min. rainfall, Alrewas, 28-70 ins. :

248 INJURIES TO PLANTS, “WINTER, 1880-81.

max., Alstonfield, alt., 910 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 44°71 ins., on 148 days.
Jan. 1881, frost during the month; with temp. below 32° for 3
weeks (Abney Hall).

Warwick. Rainfall, 36-68 ins., or 13°5 ins., above av., viz., 23
ins. (Rugby). Weather dry to July: July, Sept. and Oct., very wet
(Coventry). Min. rainfall, Stratford-on-Avon, alt., 123 ft ; ht., 8
ins. ; 29-75 ins. : max. , Rugby, alt., 383 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 3 ins.; 36°68
ins., on 167 days. Min. temps., Tail 1881, Stockton, Jan. lst, 3° :
Warwick, Jan. 20th, and Charlcote 21st, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—60 (1), 72 (2), 39 (3), total at 3 places.

REPORTs.

1. GLOUCESTERSHIRE — Berxetey, The Chantry. — Rev. J. L.
Stackhouse.

Rainfall, 1880—[Berkeley (Salter St.), alt., 60 ft.; ht., 8 ft.;
30°09 ins., on 143 days].

Bluse, injured, 1880-81 —5 (1), 12 (2), 10 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2. Bam-
busa Fortunei, 2. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1.
Cabbages, 1. Ceanothus azureus, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3.
Daphne Laureola, 3. Dicentra spectabilis, 3. Escallonia macrantha,
2. Figs, 2. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do.
Portugal, 2. lLaurustinus, 2. Lilium lancifolium, 3. Magnolia
grandiflora, 3. Myrtles, 1. Pampas grass (scarcely survived last 2
winters), 2. Passiflora coerulea, 2. Phormium tenax (suffered much
more in 1879-80, quite kd. to grd.),3. Quercus Ilex, 2. Seaforthia
elegans, much injured by previous autumns, always removed into the
house for the winter, lost its beauty in 1879. Wallflowers, 3.

Plants uninjured—Almond, Apricots, Asparagus (better than for
two years), Box, Carnations, Cistus ladaniferus, Clematis Jackmanni,
C. montana, Crateegus Pyracantha, Crinum Capense, Currants, Cyti-
sus Laburnum, erica carnea, Euonymus radicans, Gooseberries, Holly,
Do. variegated, Hyacinths, Hydrangea japonica, Hypericum Calyci-
num, Ivy, Jasminum nudiflorum, Lilac, Lonicera japonica, Necta-
rines, Onions (winter), Parsley, stood the winter better than usual,

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 249

Peaches, Pears, Plums, Privet, Pyrus japonica, Ribes sanguineum,
Sequoia gigantea, Soldanella alpina, Tritoma uvaria, Weigela rosea,
Wistaria sinensis, Yucca aloifolia.

2. CHELTENHAM, Battledown.—Sir Brooke Kay, Bart.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A stiff clay, about 20 ft., above Lias clay.

Alt. and Exposure—390 ft.; ground sloping to N.W., and very
open to all Northerly winds.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—{Frost severe, Jan. 14th
to 18th, 10°; and from 20th to 26th].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Alt., 184 ft.; Jan. 20th, -3°-3].

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 1 (2), 6 (8)—Aucuba japonica,
3. Berberis Darwinii, moved in aut., 1,2. Cistus, gum, 1. Fig, large
and fine tree, 1 (?). Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common, 3; Do.
Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 3. Raphiolepis ovata, 3. Picea Pinsapo,
lost foliage, making long healthy shoots, 3. Roses, Maréchal Niel,
&c., afew, 1. Tritoma, 1.

Plants uninjured —Hyacinths blossomed splendidly but bulbs were
_ found to have rotted. Lilies do not succeed here, but were none the
worse. Pines and Rhododendrons do not flourish here ; none, hurt.

Observations—In my opinion the cold winds and dry weather of
spring have completed the damage done in the past winter. The
injuries would not have been half so great had it been succeeded by a
milder and damper spring. Many Roses and other things that were
just touched by the frost have since died (May 27th, 1881).

3. CrrENcEsTER, Nurseries.—Messrs. Jeffries and Sons.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Several successive nights, 0°, and occa-
sionally below 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 12 (2)—Abies polita, 2. Ailan-
thus glandulosa, 2. Arbutus, 1. .Aucubas, of sorts, 2. Berberis
Darwinii, 2. Biota Mildensis, 2. Catalpas, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2.
Cotoneasters, 2. scallonias, 1. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Garrya elliptica,
1. Hollies, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, of sorts, 2 (Cau-
casian stand better than any other vars., even than the Colchican,
hitherto considered the hardiest); L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1.
Phillyreas, 1. Pinus insignis, 1. Taxodium sempervirens, 2.

Plants uninjured—Trees introduced fram Japan have generally
stood well. Abies Englemanni, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus
Lawsoniana, and vars., Juniperus aurea, J. chinensis aurea, J. japo-
nica aurea, Picea lasiocarpa, P. nobilis, P. Nordmanniana, Pinus

lt

250 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

devoniana (magnifica), P. Parryana, Retinosporas. (In Mr. D. Dar-
by’s Nurseries)—Abies canadensis, Aucuba japonica, Berberis dulcis,
Box tree, Cotoneaster microphylla, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Garrya
elliptica, Hollies (green and variegated), Ivy (sorts), Juniperus pro-
strata, J. Fabiana, Portugal Laurel, Mahonia aquifolia, Podocarpus
japonica, Privet (sorts), Ruscus aculeatus, Thujopsis borealis, T.
dolabrata, Yews (sorts).

Observations (by Messrs. Jeffries\—We have probably suffered
more severely than many of our neighbours in consequence of the
very exposed situation of our nursery. It is gratifying to know that
such charming trees as Juniperus japonica aurea and J. chinensis
aurea are not affected by frosts, and do not suffer from E. winds, so
destructive to Thuja aurea, T. sempervirens aurescens and T. ele-
gantissima.

4, CIRENCESTER, Preston House.—H. T. Elwes, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Thin, but rather sticky and poor, resting on
Oolite brash.

Alt. and Exposure—About 300 ft. ; not much sheltered.

Rainfall, 1880—[Cirencester, alt., 355 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 3810 ins.,
on 174 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost, 1880-81—As I was in India
during the whole of the winter I cannot speak personally as to the
severity of the weather, but the 18th of January seems to have been
a day which for extreme cold combined with a high wind and snow,
has never been equalled in the memory of living people. Many
men, horses, sheep and deer died of cold on that day and night in ©
the neighbourhood of this place.

Min. Temp. and Date—[ Cirencester, Jan. 22nd, -0°-3].

Plants injured, 1880-81—Judging by the appearance of trees
and plants when I returned, I can fully believe the above report;
while those from the country generally agree with my own obser-
vations ; namely, that many trees and shrubs which had survived
the two preceding years, though more or less injured, succumbed not
only in early spring but in May, when the weather was for a time
extremely hot and dry. :

Observations—Araucaria, the largest in the neighbourhood, is
dead. Brassica tribe, every variety in fields and gardens were com-
pletely killed, except a few plants of the ‘“‘ Major Green.’’ Twenty
acres of ‘“‘ Thousand Head” Cabbage, which has hitherto been con-

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 251

sidered perfectly frost proof, were so killed that not a stem sprouted
in spring. Cedrus Deodara, this is more browned and injured than
I ever saw them. Larch plantations, which had been suffering before,
are now worse than ever. Wellingtonias suffered as much as the
Deodaras. Many fields on light land though planted before Michael-
mas were completely ruined by the force of the wind which blew the
earth away from the roots, so that the plants died. Five out of
seven Wheat-fields on my farm had to be re-sown, and the snow
which followed this great storm was in many cases not melted till
six weeks afterwards. Willows, many old trees along the course of
the Churn had their upper parts killed. On the whole, it may be
said, that the winter of 1880-81, though not following so inclement a
season as the previous one, was even more serious in its results.

5. CrrENcEsTER, Royal Agr. College—Mr. H. Miller.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous.

Alt. and Haposure—434 ft. ; exposed.

Rainfall, 1880—36:66 ins.; max., July, 7:15 ins.; min., Jan.,
‘765 ins. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Frost occurred from Oct.
30th to Noy. 4th, min. temp., 25°; Nov. 9th and 10th, min. temp.,
22°; Nov. 17th to 28rd, min. temp., 15°; Jan. 6th to 27th, 10°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Nov. [22nd ?], 15°; Jan. [22nd ?], 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, kd.
to grd., 2. Vegetables, all, 1.

Observations—Roses have stood fairly well; Dwfs. on Manetti,
being much the most fortunate; out of 112, 4 only were lost.
Shrubs that have perished were all transplanted last autumn, except-
ing Bay Laurel, which stood in a very exposed situation. Common
Laurels seemed to have perished, but are breaking and making
strong growth. Vegetables, the frost made a clean sweep of them;
not one Broccoli, Brussels sprout or Kale, Cottagers or Scotch,
escaped ; most of the autumn planted Cabbages perished. The long
continued and cutting Hast wind seemed to complete the terrible
disaster.

6. FaLFieLD, Tortworth Court.—Mr. T. Shingles.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam, of Old [New ?] Red Sand-
stone formation.

Alt. and Haposure—265 ft.; exposed to S.E.

Rainfall, 1880—[Berkeley, dist., 5ms. N.; alt., 60 ft.; 30-09
ins., on 143 days].

252 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 18@v-81.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 3rd, 30°; never
below 23°, until Jan. 1881 ; frost terminated on 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 18th, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—34 (1), 35 (2), 27 (3)—Almond, 3.
Aloysia citriodora, 1. Aralia papyrifera, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 3.
Arbutus Andrachne, 2; A. procera, 2; A. Unedo, 2. Aristolochia
Sipho, 2. Arthrotaxis selaginoides, 3. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo
conspicua, 1. Azara microphylla, 2. Berberidopsis corallina, 1.
Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. japonica, 2. Borevole, 3. Broccoli, Cool-
ing’s Matchless, Dilcocks Bride, Leamington, Penzance, Snow’s
Winter White, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1;
B. Lindleyana, 1. Cabbages, 3. Camellias, 3. Ceanothus azureus,
1. Cedrus Deodara, 3; C. Libani, 3. Celery, 1. Clematis Jack-
manni, 3. Colletia ferox, 3. Coronilla glauca, 1. Cotoneaster
Simonsii, 3. Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2.
Cupressus torulosa, 2. Daphne Laureola, 3. Deutzia scabra, 3.
Echeveria metallica, 1. Endive, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. ma-
crantha, 1; E. montevidensis, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euony-
mus japonicus, 1. Fabiana imbricata, 1. Figs, 2. Forsythia viri-
dissima, 3. Furze, 3. Garrya elliptica, 1. Gladiolus,1. Gunnera
scabra, 1. Habrothamnus, 1. Hydrangea arborescens, 3; H. Hor-
tensia, 3; H. japonica, 3. Hymenanthera crassifolia, 2. Hypericum
balearicum, 3; H. Calycinum, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2; J. offi-
cinale, 2. Juniperus, 1. Kale, 3. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Lapageria
rosea, 2. Laurel, Bay, 3. Laurel, common, 3; L. Portugal, 3.
Laurustinus, 1. Lavander, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Libocedrus
chilensis, 2. Ligustrum lucidum, 2. Lonicera japonica, 3. Maclura
aurantiaca, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtle, 1. Olearia Haastii,
2. Onions, winter, 1. Osmanthus aquifolius, 2; O. ilicifolius, 2.
Pampas grass, 2. Parsley, 2. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2. Phormium
tenax, 2. Photinia searulata, 2. Quercus glabra, 2; Q. Ilex, 2; Q.
Suber, 2. Raphiolepis ovata, 1. Roses, all young wood mostly killed ;
but all are breaking from hard wood; Teas, few on Briars, 1. Rose-
mary, 1. Stocks, 1. Veronica Andersoni, 1; V. salicifolia,1; V.
Traversi, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 1; Y.
gloriosa, 1.

Plants uninjured—Broccolis, Cattel’s Eclipse, Lander’s Goshen,
Model, Veitch’s Wilcox improved; Castanea chrysophylla, Choisya
ternata, Eulalia japonica, Fruit trees, all Apples, Apricots, Peaches,

=) ee

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 2538

Pears and Plums; Lettuces, Bath or Brown Cos, Hick’s Hardy
White; Xanthoceras sorbifolium.

Observations—There are many trees and shrubs which to all
outward appearance were quite dead, but which are now pushing well
back from the old hard wood. One very remarkable instance is
Photinia serrulata. The greatest mortality appears to be among the
lower growing kinds of shrubs. But many of them also are pushing
close to the ground. Arbutus Unedo, Buddleias, Escallonias are
among the most hopeless; while Euonymus, Ligustrums, Osman-
thus &c. are now showing signs of life.

7. GLoucrsteR, Hardwicke Court.—T. L. B. Baker, Esq.

Alt. and Hxposure—Situate on a low flat, a little above the
Severn, and especially subject to injury by frost.

Rainfall, 1880—[Gloucester, alt., 39 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 2 ins.; 30:27
ins., on 154 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[Cheltenham, dist., 12 ms.,
E. Severe from Jan. 14th to 18th, 10°; and from 20th to 26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates— (Cheltenham, alt., 184 ft.; Jan. 13th,
10°; 20th, -39°3].

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 8 (2), 1 (3)—Cedrus Deodara,
unhurt since 1861, a few, 2. Cryptomeria Lobbii, top shoot kd., 2.
Cupressus macrocarpa, lower branches kd., 2; C. thurifera, one, 1;
and three, 2; C. Woolgariana, 1. Horsechesnuts, no blossom, 3.
Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, common, in 1861 “ terribly
injured,” 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, kd. to grd., 2, shooting
again, 2. Roses, one-fourth of stands., 1.

Plants uninjured—Cryptomerias, Pavia, yellow and pink.

Observations — Cedrus Deodara, in April about one-half seemed
nearly dead; generally keeping a few green shoots at the top, but
all the lower parts were bare of leaves. In June most of them
shot out fresh leaves, but still left several branches dead.

8. GLovucesteR, Highnam Court.—T. G. Parry, Esq.

Rainfall, 1880—[Gloucester, alt., 50 ? ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 32°33 ins.]. —

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Cheltenham, dist., 10 ms.; alt., 184
ft.; Jan. 20th, -3°°31.

Plants injured, 1880-81—29 (1), 29 (2), 35 (3)—Abies Dou-
glasii, 3. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Apples, 3. Apricots, 2. Aralia
Sieboldii, 1. Araucaria imbricata, tops killed where exposed to sharp
currents of cold wind, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2.

254 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Arundo conspicua, 1; A. Donax, 3. Aucuba japonica variegata, 3.
Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 2; B. japonica, 3. Bore-
cole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brugmansia sanguinea, 1. Brussels sprouts,
2. Buddleia globosa, 1. Cabbages, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Ce-
drus Deodara, 3. Celery, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3. Clematis
Jackmanni, 3. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Colletia ferox, 1. Coronilla
glauca, 1. Cupressus Lambertiana, 3; C. macrocarpa, 3; C. toru-
losa, 3. Cytisus Laburnum, 3. Daphne Mezereum, 3. Deutzia sca-
bra, 3. Draczna australis, 1. Echeveria metallica, 1. Elseagnus
argentea, 2. Endive, 2. Erica, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 1; HE.
rubra, 1. Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Euonymus radicans, 8. Fitzroya
patagonica, 2. Forsythia viridissima, 3. Fuchsia gracilis, 2. Furze,
fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica, 2. Gleditschia triacanthos, 3. Hibiscus
syriacus, 2. Holly, variegated, 3. Hydrangea Hortensia, 2. Hy-
pericum balearicum, 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 1.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus,
1.. Lavander, 3. Lettuce, 2. Lilium lancifolium, 1. Liquidambar
styraciflua, 3. lLonicera fragrantissima, 1. Magnolia grandiflora,
Exmouth var., 2. Myrtle, 1. Onions, winter, 3. Pampas grass,
2. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Parsley, 3. Paulownia imperialis, 2.
Phillyrea angustifolia, 2. Picea amabilis, 3; P. grandis, 3. Pinus
halepensis, 1; P. insignis, 3; P. macrocarpa, tips touched where
exposed to cold currents, 3; P. pinea, 3. Piptanthus nepalensis, 2.
Podocarpus chinensis, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3; Q. robur, 2; Q. Suber,
2. Retinospora, 3 (see below). Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, H. P.’s,
3; Tea. 1. Rosemary, 1. Seaforthia elegans, 2. Strawberries, 3.
Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni, 1. Wallflowers, 2. Wis-
taria sinensis, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Morinda, Almond, Ampelopsis hede-
racea, A. Veitchii, Aristolochia Sipho, Asparagus, Aucuba japonica,
Azalea indica, Biota orientalis, Box, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Libani,
Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cotoneaster Simonsii, Crategus Pyracan-
tha, Cryptomeria elegans, C. japonica, Cupressus Goveniana, C.
Lawsoniana, Currants, Gooseberries, Iris, Kalmia latifolia, Liboce-
drus chilensis, L. decurrens, Lilac, Medlar, Mulberry, Narcissus,
Nectarines, Peaches, Pears, Penstemons, Picea cephalonica, P. lasio-
carpa, P. Nordmanniana, P. Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa, P. insignis (on
high ground and gravelly subsoil), P. Laricio, P. sylvestris, Plane,
Plums, Pyrus japonica, Quince, Retinosporas (all sorts, as a collec.

DIVISION VI.—-W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 255

tion), Salisburia, Sequoia gigantea, Skimmia japonica, Taxodium dis-
tichum, Taxus baccata fastigiata, Ulmus, Weigela rosea, Yucca fila-
mentosa, Y. gloriosa.

9. Nortarzacn, Sherborne Park.—Mr. A. Scott.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Various, mostly heavy and wet, on a sub-
soil of limestone and clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—405 ft. ; in a valley with a hill on the S. side
and on the N. Garden slopes gradually to N.

Rainfall, 1880—36-43 ins.

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 25 (2), 13 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Apples, 2; Adam’s Pearmain and Cox’s Orange Pippin
have last years wood, all killed. Apricots, 3. Araucaria imbricata,
3. Artichoke, globe, 2. Asparagus, many of roots quite killed, 2.
Borecole, 1. Broccoli, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 2.
Carnations, 3. Celery, 2. Cherries, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 1.
Clematis Jackmanni, 2; C. montana, 2. Currants, 3. Desfontainea
spinosa, 1. Huonymus japonicus, 1; EH. radicans, 1. Gladiolus, 2.
Holly, 2. Hydrangea Hortensia, 2. Jasminum officinale, 2. Kale,
all sorts, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2.
Laurustinus, 3. Lettuce, 2. Lilac, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 2;
Exmouth var., 2. Mulberry, 2. Nectarines, some young shoots kd.
back, 3. Onions, winter, 1. Parsley, 2. Peaches, some young
shoots kd. back, 3. Retinospora, 3. Roses, dwfs. on own roots, 3;
H. P.’s, 3; stands. on Briars, 2; Teas, on wall, all kd. to grd., 1, 2;
some on own roots are again pushing from under soil (Roses on
their own roots always do best here). Rosemary, 2. Wallflowers,
2. Wistaria sinensis, 2. Yew, 3.

10. Tersury, Westonbirt House.—R. H. Holford, Esq.

Rainfall, 1880—{ Cirencester, dist., 10 ms. N.E.; alt., 355 ft.;
ht., 1 ft. ; 38:10 ins., on 174 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[Frost severe at Chel-
tenham ; Jan. 14th to 18th, 10°; and from 20th to 26th]. Severe
frost on 10th or 11th of May.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{[Cirencester, dist.,10 ms., N.E.; Jan.
22nd, -0°-3: Cheltenham, dist., 18 ms.; or, Jan. 20th, -39-3].

Plants injured, 1880-81—22 (1), 28 (2), 3 (3)—Acer ampe-
lopsifolium, by frost in May, 1. Arbutus, 75 p.c., 1; all others,
2. Arundo conspicua, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Azara microphylla,
one, 1; one kd. to grd., breaking again from root, 2. Berberidopsis

256 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

corallina, on wall, 1. Berberis aristata, shooting, 2; B. Darwinii,
many, 1, all, 2; B. fascicularis, on wall, very old plant, kd. to old
wood, shooting strongly, 2; B. glumacea (nervosa), old plant, 2.
Catalpa, 6 or 7, must be cut back to trunk, 2. Cleyera japonica, 1,
Eleagnus japonica, kd. to grd., 2. Escallonia macrantha, all kd. to
grd., 2. Euonymus japonicus, all (except on wall), 1; EH. radicans,
1, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Griselinia littoralis, 1. Gunnera muri-
cata and G. scabra, one plant of each, slightly protected with fern,
damaged in centre, growing, 3. Ilex balearica and T. maderensis,
breaking strong, 2. Laurustinus, 1; and kd. to grd., 2. Ligustrum
japonicum, 1; 2; L. latifolium, 1,2; L. lucidum, 1, 2; L. robus-
tum, 1, 2. Liquidambar, by May frosts, young shoots kd., 2. Olea-
ria Haastii (all stood, 1879-80), kd. to grd., 2. Othera japonica, 1.
Pampas grass, 1, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 3. Phillyrea buxifolia, 1,
2; P. oleefolia, 1,2; Picea bracteata, two plants, 2; P. Pinsapo,
not so much damaged as in 1879-80, 3 ?. Pinus insignis, 6 or 7 young
trees, 1; P. pinea, 2 or three, 1. Quercus Buergerii (Japan), leaves
scorched, 3; Q. Ilex, lost foliage, 2; Q. Mirbeckii, two, 1 ; Q. rugo-
sa, generensis, two, 1, one, 2. Veronica Traversi, 2.

Plants uninjured — Acer polymorphum and vars., e.g. atropur-
pureum, dissectum, palmatifidum, septemlobum, &c., perfectly hardy,
but scorched by the May frost ; Euonymus japonicus, on wall, Ma-
honia Bealii, intermedia, and japonica ; Osmanthus, Phillyrea Vilmo-
riana, unprotected. Picea. amabilis, P. cephalonica, P. grandis, P.
lasiocarpa, Pinus insignis, all old trees, one or two only scorched; P.
Koraiensis, P. pinea, one alive.

Observations—One great reason of the ultimate loss of plants has
been, not so much the actual cold of any one winter, as the fact that
many of these—such as Arbutus for instance—that were nearly killed
the first winter, after being cut back the next spring, had shot again ;
but, of course, producing only very late and succulent shoots, were
killed by the following winter. Many things which seemed to have
survived the winter have since died, as they could not struggle through
the continuous bitter E. winds, and the young shoots begun to be put
forth were destroyed by the frost of 10th or 11th of May.

11. TrEwKkesBury.*

* Post town, but no name or address were given with the Report.

DIVISION VI.—W, MIDLAND COUNTIES. 257

Min. Temps. and Dates—{Cheltenham, dist., 7 ms., 8.E.; Jan.
13th, 10°; 20th, -3°°3.]

Plants injured, 1880-81 —14 (1), 11 (2), 7 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica,
8. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, Carter’s champion,
Purple sprouting, Veitch’s autumn, Wilcock’s, 1. Brussels sprouts,
1. Buddleia globosa, 1; B. Lindleyana, 1. Cabbages, 3. Cauli-
flower, Veitch’s late, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Celery, 1. Endive, 1.
Figs, 2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Jasminum officinale, 2. Laurel,
Bay, 2. Laurel, Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 1. lLavander, 1. Ley-
cesteria formosa, 2. Lonicera fragrantissima, 1. Magnolia grandi-
flora, 3. Myrtles, 1. Photinia serrulata, 1. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses,
stands., on briars, 3 ; Maréchal Niel and Cloth of Gold, on own roots,
2. Rosemary, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 3.

Plants uninjured—Apricots have stood well, but bore little bloom
or fruit. Nectarines and Peaches, Barrington, Early Alfred, Elruge,
Gros mignonne, Newington, Noblesse and Royal George stood the
winter well ; most being from the nursery, 1878.

1. HereFrorDSHIRE—HeEReEFoRD.—Dr. H. G. Bull.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep clay loam, with a base of gravel.

Alt. and Exposure—From 160 to 220 ft. ; general slope of ground
to 8. iting

Rainfall, 1880—31-49 ins. ; av. is 27:5 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—[The frost began, Jan. 7th,
and lasted till 27th ; on the 26th, max. temp., 199-2, and on nine other
days it was below 32°. The min. temp., below 32° on twenty-two
consecutive days, and was below 10° on two series of four consecutive
days, with one interposed.. The temp. on grass was at or below 0°
on six occasions ; the min. being -9°°2. Cold, drying winds occurred
in March and April; E. wind on 21 days in April. (T. A. Chapman,
Esq., Burghill, Hereford) }.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Burghill, alt.,.275 ft.; Jan. 15th, 192;
16th, 29-8; 21st, 3°: Ross, alt., 213 ft.; Jan. 21st, 29-9: Fown-
hope, alt., 192 ft., and Canon Frome, alt., 175 ft.; Jan, 22nd, 4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 11 (2), 12 (8)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis
Darwinii, 2. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; ©. Deodara, 2; C. Libani, 3.
Eucalyptus globulus, every winter, 1. Figs, kd. to erd., 2. Furze,

1k

258 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

1. Holly, old and weak, often, 1 and 3; Do. variegated, 3. Ivy,
old and weak, 3. Jasminum officinale, 1, 2. Larch, 3. Laurel,
Bay, 1. Laurel, common, old and weak, 1, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Lau-
rustinus, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Quercus Lex, lost all foliage,
3. Roses, H.P., 1, 2, 3, and stands., 1, 2, 3, according to age or
weakness ; Tea, 1. Sequoia sempervirens, 2. Yew, 3; Do. fastigi-
ate, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Almond, Apples, Apricots,
Asparagus, Elm, Euonymus europzeus, Garrya elliptica, Gooseberries,
Hibiscus syriacus, Jasminum nudiflorum, Juniperus, Lilac, Lonicera
japonica, Mulberry, Nectarines, Oak, Parsley, Peaches, Pears, Pinus
excelsa, P. insignis, Platanus orientalis, Plums, Pyrus japonica, Quer-
cus Suber, Quince, Rhododendrons, Ribes, Sequoia gigantea, Straw-
berries, Wallflowers, Walnut, Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis.

Observations—The marked peculiarities of the last winter in this
district were the loss of all foliage of the Cedrus Deodara and Libani,
Quercus Ilex and Yews; and when the trees were unhealthy and
weak from any causes, they were killed. The common Ivy was
injured very much in some places. Apples, Pears, Plums and Wall
Fruit trees were not generally injured (Dr. H. G. Bull). The cold
drying winds of March and especially of April did considerable
damage in this neighbourhood ;in that many things which, with a
genial April would have easily recovered, were prevented from so
doing from the damage done to them in winter, by the dry cold spring.
Deodars (12 to 15 yrs. old) especially showed this result. The frost
of Jan. weakened them and rendered them as deciduous as Larches.
In March all were pushing forward for a fresh growth and made
efforts in April; but throughout April and on into May, they were
obviously failing, and as the result, one or two nearly died, while
others have lost considerable branches (T. A. Chapman, Esq., Burg-
hill, Hereford).

2. Hererorp, Bryngwyn.—R. J. Rankin, Esq., M.P.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A clay loam.

Alt. and Exposure —420 ft.; exposed to 8.E.

Rainfall, 1880—31-09 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 6th to 26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, 0°; Jan. 19th, 8°; 20th,
6°; 21st, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-8125 (1), 29 (2), 11 (3)—Aloysia citrio.

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 259

dora, 1. Apricots, 3. Araucaria imbricata, under shade of other
trees, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspi-
cua, 1; A. Donax, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3; Do. variegata, 3. Ber-
beridopsis corallina, 1.. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli,
all vars., 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Carnations, 2. Cauliflower, 1.
Ceanothus azureus, 2; C. dentatus, 2; C. grandiflorus, 2. Cedrus
Deodara, 2. Celery, 3. Clematis montana, 2. Cotoneaster Si-
monsii, 2. Cupressus macrocarpa, 1. Deutzia scabra, 3. Echeveria
metallica, 2. Hscallonia macrantha, 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 1.
Euonymus japonicus, 2. Furze, 1; Do., fl. pl., 1. Garrya elliptica,
1. Hydrangea Hortensia, 1; H. japonica, 1; H. Otaksa,1. Ivy,
where most protected, most cut, 3; Palmate, var., suffered most.
Jasminum officinale, kd. to grd., 2. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Lau-
rel, common, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. lLavander, 2.
Lettuce, all (except Lee’s Hammersmith), 1. Ligustrum lucidum,
2. Lonicera japonica, 2. Magnolia, Exmouth var., 3. Myriles, '2.
Oak, 1. Onions, winter, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Parsley, 3. Penste-
mons, 2. Pinus insignis, 1. Platanus orientalis, 3. Quercus Lex,
1; Q. Suber, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 2; stands., one-half, 1; one-half,
2; many on Manetti, 1; Teas, all (some on 8. wall), 1. Sequoias,
3; some in low damp places, 2. Strawberries, 3. Tritoma uvaria,
2. Veronica Andersoni, 1. .

Plants wninjured—Conifers, very little injured excepting those
mentioned ; Ivy, not injured where fully exposed at all times; Let-
tuce, Lee’s Hammersmith only ; Roses, dwfs., on own roots.

3. Kinastanp, Croft Castle—Mr. W. Bytheway.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light, with limestone below.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 200 ft.; sheltered on N. by elevated
ground.

Rainfall, 1880 —Rain fell on 76 days (16 days in July), snow on
6 days. [Leominster (Farm), dist.,5 ms., 8., alt., 240 ft., 83:45 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—First frost on Oct. 20th,
23°, continued till Nov. 10th; Nov. 16th to 23rd; Dec. 17th with
much snow to Dec. 31st; Jan. 38rd to 27th. Snow, Feb. 11th to 14th. ©

Min. Temp. and Date—15th, 8°-

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 22 (2), 11 (8)—Artichoke, globe,
2. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, 1, 2, 3. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia
globosa, 2. Carnations, 2. Cauliflower, 1, 2. Ceanothus americanus,
2. Celery, 2. Endive, 2. Eucalyptus, 1. HEuonymus japonicus, 2.

260 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Kale, 3. Laurel, common, lost many leaves, 3; round-leafed, 2 ;
Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 2. Leycesteria formosa, 3. —
Myrtles, 1. Nectarines, wood cut back, 2,3. Parsley, 3. Peaches,
2. Quercus glabra, 2; Q. Ilex, 2. Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, Tea,
3. Santolina chamecyparis, 3. Stocks, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Ve-
ronica Traversi, 1. Wallflowers, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Apples, Apricots, Araucaria
imbricata, Asparagus, Auriculas, Aucuba japonica, Beech, Berberis
Darwinii, B. vulgaris, Biota orientalis, Camellias on wall, Castanea
vesca, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara, Cherries, Cotoneaster micro-
phylla, Cryptomeria elegans, OC. japonica, Do. elegans, Cupressus
Lawsoniana erecta viridis, Currants, Euonymus radicans, Furze, Gla-
diolus, Gooseberries, Holly, Do. variegated, Hyacinths, Ivy, Do. va-
riegated, Jasminum nudiflorum, Juniperus, Bay Laurel, Lavander,
Lilac, Lobelia Queen Victoria, Lonicera fragrantissima, L. japonica,
Magnolia grandiflora against wall, Medlar, Mulberry, Oak, Winter
Onions, Pears, Phlox, Pinus excelsa, P. Laricio, P. sylvestris, Plane,
Plums, Privet, Pyrus japonica, Quince, Rosemary, Roses (dwfs.),
Sequoia gigantea, Spinach (Prickly), Strawberries, Taxodium distich-
um, Thujopsis borealis, Walnut, Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis,
Yew, and fastigiate var.

1. SHropsoire — Marker Drayton, Buntingsdale. — Mr. H.
Coombs.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam with a dry subsoil of sand and
gravel .

Alt. and Hxposure—276 ft.; exposed to N.E. and W.

Rainfall, 1880—34°49 ins., on 151 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 17th to end of month.
A few days of mild weather followed. Severe frost on Jan. 7th till
end of month.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 15th, 0° ; 16th, -1°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 10 (2), 9 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Apricots, 2. Artichoke, globe, many, 1; afew, 2. Aucuba ja-
ponica, 2. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brusselssprouts,1. Cabbages,
3. Cauliflower, under hand-glasses, 1; others, 2. Cedrus Deodara,
2; C. Libani, 2. Celery, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 3; C. japonica,
3. Endive, 1. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, has suf-
fered more than other shrubs, 2; Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Let-

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 261

tuce, 3. Onions, 2. Parsley, 3. Penstemons, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 3.
Roses, dwfs., 2; standards, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3.

2. SHrewspury, Attingham.—Mr. G. Pearson.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Loam and gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Rather low, between the Severn and the Tern.

Rainfall, 1880—[Shrewsbury, dist., 5 ms.; alt., 240 ft.; 29°07
ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Commenced in Nov., temp.
being below 32° thirteen times. Then from Jan. 6th, very severe
until 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, -5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 16 (2), 7 (3)—Apricots, 3.
Araucaria imbricata, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 3; A. Unedo, 1. Arti-
choke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Borecole,
2. Broccoli, all sorts (except a few late planted, Sutton’s late Queen),
1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 1. Cauliflower, 1. Cedrus Deo-
dara, 2. Celery, 2. Huonymus japonicus, 1. Figs, 1. Furze, 1.
_ Hydrangea Hortensia, 2. Hypericum Calycinum, 2. Jasminum
officinale, 1. Juniperus, 3. Kale, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel,
common, 2; Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Lavander, 2. Onions,
winter, 2. Quercus Ilex, 3; Q. Suber, 3. Rosemary, 1. Roses,
dwfs., 2; stands. on briar, 1; Tea, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1,2. Yucca
filamentosa, 2.

1. WARwIcKsHIRE—RveBy, Stockton Rectory.—Rev.W. Tuckwell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Stiff, Blue Lias clay.

Alt. and Exposure—289 ft. ; fairly sheltered.

Rainfall, 1880—30-31 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 6th to 28th.

Min. Temp. and Date—In air, 5 ft. from ground, Jan. 21st, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 3 (2)—Arbutus Unedo, 1. As-
paragus (nearly all the beds), 1. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Cabbages,
1. Clematis Jackmanni, 1. Ecremocarpus scabra, 1. Figs, 1.
Forsythia elegans, 2. Laurel, common, 1. Lavatera arborea, 1.
Liriodendron tulipifera, 1. Lonicera japonica, 1. Magnolia grandi-
flora, 1. Phormium tenax, 2. Platanus orientalis, 2. Roses, H. P.’s
and stands., 10 p.c., 1; Tea, Gloire de Dijon, on wall, 1. Ruta
graveolens, variegata, 1. Vines, Black Hambugh, 1. Wallflowers,
1- Wistaria sinensis, 1.

262 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Observations—The havoc is most marked amongst Laurels. From
a very thick hedge of fine trees, one-third were injured the winter
before last (1879-80), and are now all gone. Of several Gloire de
Dijon Roses against a wall, the old ones, planted 15 years ago, are
dead or injured; while the young ones planted two years ago are
almost unhurt .

3. STRATFORD-ON-Avon, Charlecote.—Mr. T. Rogers.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A very adhesive loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—[ About 125 ft. ?]—The kitchen garden is shel-
tered by large elm treeson N. The slope is considerable down to
the river Bourne.

Rainfall, 1880—[Stratford-on-Avon, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 123 ft. ;
29°75 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 21st, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 13 (2), 11 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 3. Apricots, were much ruptured in bark, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2.
Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinii, 3. Biota orientalis, 3. Bore-
_ cole, 2. Broccoli, Dilcock’s Bride, Leamington, Snow’s, Veitch’s self-
protecting, all laid down, and though stems were alive, hearts were all
gone, 1; (the few that swrvived were Burleigh Champion, Gilbert’s,
and Watts’s Excelsior). Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2. Carna-
tions, 3. Cauliflower, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; ©. Deodara, 3.
Celery, 3. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Cryptomeria japonica, 2. Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana, 3. Hcheveria metallica, under cool frame, 1.
Endive, 1. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 2. Kale, 2. Lau-
rel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 1. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 2. Loni-
cera fragrantissima, 1. Myrtle, 1. Onions, winter, 2. Parsley, 2.
Roses, Teas on briar, 1 ; on own roots, 2. Wallflowers, 2. Wistaria
sinensis, fine plant, 1.

4. Warwick, The Priory.—Mr. R. Greenfield.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and sandy on Red Sandstone rock.

Alt. and Hxposure—230 ft.; sheltered on N. and N.W.; exposed
on 8. and 8.E.

Rainfall, 1880 — 30°35 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 19th, till April 21st ;
89 nights of frost.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 20th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1889-81—32 (1), 56 (2), 28 (3) — Abies Douglasii,
3. Arbutus Unedo, 1, 2. Arundo conspicua, 1,3. Aucuba japonica,

DIVISION VI.—W. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 263

1, 2. Do. variegata, 1, 2. Biota orientalis, 2. Borecole, 1, 2. Broccoli,
Backhouse’s, Carter's, Cooling’s matchless, Lander’s Goshen, Leam-
- ington, Model, Snow’s, Veitch’s Spring, all, 1 (excepting about 40
plants). Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 1, 2. Catalpa syringeefolia,
2. Cauliflower, 1, 2. Ceanothus dentatus, 1,2. Cedrus Atlantica,
3; C. Deodara, 1, 2 [see below]; C. Libani, 2. «Celery, 2. Coto-
neaster microphylla, 2. Crateegus Pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria ele-
gans, 3. Cupressus borealis, 2; C. lLawsoniana,3; C. ma-
crocarpa, 3; C. sempervirens, 3. Dracena australis, 1, 2.
Endive, 1, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 2. Eucalyptus globulus,
1. Euonymus europeus, 3; LH. japonicus, 1, 2; E. radicans,
2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Hydrangea japonica, 3.
Holly, 2 [see below]. Hypericum calycinum, 2. Ivy, 3; Do. va-
riegated, 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 3. Kale, 2.
Kalmia latifolia, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1,2. Laurel, common, 1, 2; Do.
roundleafed, 2; Do. Colchica, 3; Do. Caucasica, 3; Do. Portugal, 1,
2. Laurustinus, 1, 2. Lavander, 1, 2. Lettuce, 2. Lilium auratum,
1,2; L. lancifolium, 1, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Myrtle, 3.
Negundo fraxinifolia, 2. Onions, winter, 3. Passiflora coerulea, 1, 2.
Parsley, 3. Paulownia imperialis, 1, 2. Peaches, 3. Picea amabilis,
3; P. grandis, 2 ; P. lasiocarpa, lost all foliage, 2; P. Nordmanni-
ana, 2; P. Pinsapo, lost all foliage, 2. Pinus excelsa, 3; P. Laricio,
3. Privet, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Retinospora, 3. Rhododendrons, 3.
Rosemary, 1, 2. Roses, dwarfs, 3; H.P., 3; stands. on briar, 25
p.c., 1; others, 2; Tea on own roots or Manetti, 1, 2. Santo-
lina chamecyparis, 1, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Taxodium disti-
chum, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 1,2. Veronica Andersoni, 1, 2. Wall-
flowers, 1, 2. Yew, 2; Do. fastigiate, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 3;
Y. recurva, 2.

Observations—Cedrus Deodara, trees, from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high,
were killed to the ground. The very few which survived were de-
nuded of all foliage and resembled deciduous trees. Hollies, about 40
different varieties, strong growing sorts, were pretty well stripped of
all their leaves while the young growths were cut back; Hodginsii,
golden varieties, and Maderensis, suffered most. Some common
Hollies were killed, 6 to 10 ft. high, on high and exposed places.
Yews, a great many hedges presented a pitiful sight, all being scorched
more or less; the sides facing S.E. being very much injured.

264

DIVISION VIIL—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AnD JAN. 1881,
FROM DERBYSHIRE, LEICESTERSHIRE, LINCOLNSHIRE AND RUTLAND.

DERBYSHIRE. Year exceedingly wet, especially the latter part
(Worksop). Rainfall, above av. of 10 yrs. (Brimington Hall).
Min. rainfall, Trent Coll., alt., 120 ft. ; ht., 1 ft. ; 28-65 ins., on 166
days: max., Buxton, alt., 989 ft.; ht. 5 ft.; 59-32 ins., on 162
days. Min. temps., near Melbourne, Jan. 16th, 17th, -2°: Trent
College, Jan. 14th, 1°: Buxton, alt., 990 ft.; Jan. 25th, 19-2: Bel-
per, alt., 344 ft.; Jan. 15th, 695.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 66 (1), 70 (2), 37 (8), total at 3
places. |

LEIcESTERSHIRE. Rainfall, heaviest since 1863 (Bruntingthorpe).
Spring, very cold and dry; sum., except Aug., very wet, cloudy,
sunless and chilly; aut., very wet; early days in Sept., unusually
hot ; Nov., very cold; Dec., mild (Kilby). Rainfall, 5°61 ins. above
av. of 12 yrs. (Syston) ; 5°72 ins. above av. (Loughborough). Min.
rainfall, Loughborough, alt., 287 ft.; ht., 9 ins. ; 32°74 ins., on 162
days: max., Market Harboro’, ht., 2 ft. 6 ins.; 37-66 ins., on 144
days. Jan. 1881, severe frost from 7th to 27th; from 14th to 21st
the max. temp. was below 31°: snow on 18th with E. gale and deep
drifts (Loughborough). Min. temps., Wanlip Hall, Jan. 15th, -4° ;
16th, 0°; 17th, 4°; 18th, 16° with E. wind: Coston, alt., 300 ft. ;
Jan. 16th, -2°: Loughborough, alt., 169 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 19-9:
Belvoir Castle, Jan 15th, 3° : Leicester, alt., 237 ft.; Jan. 15th, 52.

Plants injured, 1880-81— 74 (1), 86 (2), 61 (3), total at 4
places.

LincotnsHirE. Rainfall, heavy in Aug., Sept. and Oct. (Tydd
Gote) ; 13 ins. above av. of 30 yrs. (Spalding); the greatest on
record (Boston, Stubton, &c.). Min. rainfall, Crowle, alt., 10 ft. ;
24°71 ins., on 134 days: max., Louth, alt., 380 ft.; ht., 1 ft. ; 38-45
ins., on 181 days. Jan. 1881, much mist and fog during the month;
mean temp. at 9 a.m., 22°°3 (Partney). Min. temps., Appleby, alt.,

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 265

60 ft.; Jan. 15th, -1°: Boston, alt., 24 ft.; Jan. 15th, 2°: Kel-
stern, alt., 388 ft.; Jan. 15th, 2°-5: Partney, Jan. 17th, 4°: Buck-
nall, alt., 100 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 5°: Skegness, Jan. 24th, 7°:
Killingholme, alt., 60 ft.; Jan. 15th, 21st., 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —37 (1), 31 (2), 30 (38), total at 2
places.

Rotianp. Rainfall, of many rainy days, but not heavy, in Feb.
and April; heavy falls on 3 or 4 consec. days in June, July, Sept.,
Oct. and Nov. (Uppingham). The most disastrous year ever known
in the Midlands. In July, greatest flood at Stamford [dist., 2 ms.,
S.] since 1640 (Tolethorpe Hall). Min. rainfall, Oakham (Gree-
tham) ; ht., 8 ins. ; 32°87 ins., on 159 days: max. (Uppingham), ht.,
1 ft. 1 in., 35°66 ins. Min. temps., Ketton, alt., 130 ft.; Jan. 20th,
-4°: Uppingham, alt., 485 ft.; Jan. 16th, 99-5.

Plants injured, 1880-81—1 (1), 10 (2), 12 (3), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. DERBYSHIRE—AsHBOURNE, Ashbourne Hall.—Mrs. Frank.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep loam; subsoil of gravel.

Alt. and. Hxposure—500 ft. ; 8S. and E.

Rainfall, 1880—Bradbourne Hall [dist., 4 ms., N.], 35-7 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 9th till April 8th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 29th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 21 (1), 19 (2), 7 (8) —Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 1. Apples, all kinds, 3. Apricots, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 3.
Artichoke, globe, 1. Arundo conspicua, 3. Aucuba japonica, 1; Do.
variegata, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, Veitch’s
self-protecting, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, Red, Savoys, En-
field market, 2. Carnations, 2. Celery, 2. Coronilla glauca, 1.
Cotoneaster microphylla, 3; Do. Simonsii, 3. Endive, 1. LEscal-
lonia macrantha, protected by boughs, 1. Huonymus japonicus, 2.
Figs, 1. Furze, 2. Holly, 1; Do. variegated, 1. Ivy, 2; Do.
varieg., 2. Jasminum officinale, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Lau-
rel, common, 1; Do. Portugal, 2. Lavander, 3. Lonicera fragran-
tissima, 2; L. japonica, 1. Onions, winter, Tripoli, 1. Parsley, 2.

14

266 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Penstemons, 1. Pinus excelsa, 1. Roses, dwfs., 2; H. P.’s, 2;
stands., on common briar, 1. Strawberries, 3. Vines, Sweetwater,
2. Wallflowers, 2. Yew, 2. Yucca filamentosa, 1.

Plants uninjured—Currants and Gooseberries ; Echeveria metal-
lica, in most exposed places; Holly (see below); Lavander, four
plants; Rhododendrons, the common and better kinds, exposed to
E. and N., in clumps; Wallflowers, only those under W. wall.

Observations—Apples, those injured are stands., Keswick Codling,
Lord Suffield, Manx Codling. Aucubas were kd. to grd. last year;
and the roots with all the summer growth are destroyed this win-
ter. Cabbages, and all similar crops, were totally destroyed, although
the vegetable garden is sheltered partially by walls. Ivies, of even
the commonest kind in the most sheltered places, are all but killed.
Hollies, those best sheltered from the N. and E. are killed; but some
standing exposed to all winds have taken very little harm. Very
few out of 200 are left. In the hedges one is killed down, but
- another 100 yards off is uninjured. Lavander, 24 plants are killed
and 4 left untouched.

2. Derry, Melbourne.—[ Locality and name omitted from Rep.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 3rd, 1880; May 11th,
24°,

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th and 17th, -2°: [Trent Coll.,
dist., 8 ms., N.E.; alt., 120 ft.; Jan. 14th, 19].

Plants injured, 1880-81—29 (1), 41 (2), 9 (3)—Abies Douglasii, 2 ;
A. excelsa, 2; A. Morinda, 2 (all recovering). Ampelopsis Veitchii, 1.
Apples, all stands. (excepting Early Julien, Keswick Codlin and Alfri-
ston), 1, 2. Apricots, old trees unprotected, nearly all, 1. Araucaria
imbricata, last year’s wood dead, 3. Artichoke, globe,1. Asparagus,
many crowns dead, 1,2. Aucuba japonica, lost leaves but breaking, 2 ;
Do. variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1; B. japonica, 2. Biota ori-
entalis, 3. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, mostly, 1. Brussels sprouts, all
which were not covered by snow, Jan. 18th, 1. Box, 3. Cabbages,
Cauliflower and Curled Greens, 1. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Cedrus
Atlantica, lost most of its leaves, will recover, 2; C. Deodara, all, 1.
Cherries, 2. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 1.
Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Draceena australis, 1. Echeveria metallica,
2. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus radicans, 2.
Furze, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3. Holly, 2; Do. variegated,2. Hy-
pericum Calycinum, 2. Ivy, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Jasminum nudi-

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 267

florum, 2. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 1; Do. Cau-
casian,-1; Do. Portugal, 1. Lavander,1. Lettuce, 1. Ligustrum
lucidum, 2. Lilac, 3. Myrtle, 1. Nectarines, Downton and
Elruge, 2. Onions, winter, 2. Pampas grass, 1. Peaches, Belle-
garde, Late Admirable and Red Magdalen, 2; Royal George, 3.
Pears, fruitless for 2 or 3 seasons, 3. Picea cephalonica, young
growth cut back with late frosts, 2; P. Pinsapo, lost most of leaves,
3. Pinus excelsa, 2; P. insignis, 2; all very much browned. Quer-
cus Ilex, old tree, 1; young, 2. Retinospora ericoides, 1; R. pisi-
fera alta spica, 1. Rhododendrons, Blattenum, 2; R. Catawbiense
Everestianum, 2; R. celebrandum, 2; R. Elfrida, 2; R. Queen of
the West, 2; R. Venus, 2; R. Woolleri, 2; the trusses of those
that were well set were nearly all killed. Roses, dwfs., 1; stands.
on briars, more than half, 1; rest, 2. Sequoia gigantea, last season’s
wood kd., 2; 8. sempervirens, 2. Skimmia japonica, 2. Wallflowers,
1. Walnut, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 1.

3. WirxswortH, Hopton Hall.— Mr. G. Bolas.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous, being entirely on limestone.

Alt. and Eposure—[ Holloway, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 500 ft.]. Well
sheltered from N.H. and N.W. by hills and trees.

Rainfall, 1880—122 wet days, up to Dec. 6th; 20 very heavy
storms [ Holloway, alt., 450 ft.; ht., 1 ft. lin.; 52°53 ins., on 193
days]. a Tes

Min. Temp. and Date — [Belper, dist., 7 ms., 8.E.; Jan. 15th,
6°-5].

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 10 (2), 21 (8)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Ampelopsis hederacea, 3; A. Veitchii, 3. Arbutus Unedo,
1. Artichoke, globe, 1. Arundo conspicua, 1. Asparagus, 3. Au-
cuba japonica variegata, 3. Berberis Darwinii, 3; B. japonica, 3;
B. vulgaris, 3. Biota orientalis, 1. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Cab-
bages, 1. Ceanothus americanus, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3.
Clematis montana, old plant, 1. Cotoneaster Simonsii, 1. Cryp-
tomeria japonica, 3. Cupressus sempervirens, 3. Daphne indica, 3;
D. Mezereum, 3. Echeveria metallica, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 3.
Eucalyptus globulus, 1. Kuonymus japonicus, 3; E. radicans, 3.
Garrya elliptica, 2. Hypericum Calycinum, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel,
Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 8. Lavander, 2. Leycesteria formosa,
1. Ligustrum lucidum, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 2. Pampas grass,
1. Passiflora coerulea, 3. Parsley, nearly all, 1. Retinospora, 3,

268 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Rosemary, 1. Roses, stands., 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Skimmia,
2. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Wallflowers, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 2. Yucca
filamentosa, 1.

Observations—Many of the above plants are trained to walls ;
having had many losses I am induced to grow them so. Many
that were kd. to the grd. are now pushing up strong; e.g. Ampe-
lopsis bipinnata, Ceanothus americanus, Clematis montana, Passiflora
ceerulea, Vitis flexuosa, purple vine, and Wistaria sinensis. Antheri-
cums and Aquilegias are very strong and full of flower. Arbutus
and Arundo conspicua, which stood the winter of 1879-80, were
killed in 1880-81. Berberis, of sorts, planted in autumn against wall,
were kept green and healthy, and are now making good growth.
Brassica family, generally, has suffered more this year than ever |
before, for 20 yrs.; Brussels sprouts, however, withstood every thing
and are finer than usual; of Broccolis, Sutton’s late Queen was the
only variety that did well out of six sorts ; Cabbages were all killed ;
so also was Cottager’'s Kale in spring. Carnations are a success;
they were layered early and planted out as soon as ready, and none
died last winter nor in that of 1879-80, that were so treated.
Ceanothus Veitchii and Cistus ladaniferus, planted last autumn
against wall, are making good growth. Clematises, that are annu-
ally cut down, seem to stand far better than those left to form a
trunk ; several left some 7 years are very weak and breaking badly.
Delphiniums are stronger this year. Erica mediterranea, 9 years
old, have mostly three-parts killed ; the limestone formation does not
suit Heaths, so that most varieties dwindled away excepting HE.
med., which did well till 1880. Huonymus, planted early last aut.
against wall, has done well. Leycesteria formosa, which stood the
last two winters, was killed in 1880-81. Phlox and Pyrethrum are
strong this year. Roses, dwfs., are excellent on the Manetti, and
quite as strong as seedling briars, which throw up more suckers
than the Manetti; stands. on briars have suffered worse this year than
any, many being not more than 3 yrs. old. Teas, have all stood well. |
Climbing Devoniensis &c., that made strong shoots, have got par-
tially killed; but all made good growth. Teas in the open, Gloire
de Dijon and seedlings are all strong and robust (June 11, 1881).

1. LEICESTERSHIRE — BorresForD, Belvoir Castle. — Mr. W.
Ingram,

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 269

Gen. Char. of Soil—[See p. 81].

Alt. and Exposure—[See p. 81].

Rainfall, 1880—35-48 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, 23°; with
short intervals of mild weather, Nov. was marked by frost., viz., on
17 days. It continued throughout Dec., Jan., Feb., and on 12 days
in March, 1881.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 15th, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—21 (1), 24 (2), 32 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Aralia, near wall, 1. Araucaria imbricata, in low situations
near water, 1. Arbutus Andrachne, 3 ; A. procera, 3; A. Unedo, 3.
Artichoke, globe, 3. Arundo conspicua, 3; A. Donax, 3. <Aspara-
gus, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2. Azalea amena, 2; A. indica, 3. Ber-
beris Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, Cattell’s Eclipse, 10 p. ¢.,
1; Frogmore protecting, one-half, 1; Leamington and Cooling’s
matchless, 65 p. c., 1; Autumn self-protecting, one-half, 1; Penzance
and Snow’s early, 1. Camellias, 3. Catalpa syringeefolia, 2. Cea-
nothus azureus, 2; C. dentatus, 2; C. Deodara, 3; C. Libani, seve-
ral 80 to 100 years old, on cold wet soil, from flooding, 1 ; others more
favourably situated, 3. Celery, 2. Cercissiliquastrum, 2. Chamerops
Fortunei, 1. Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Erica
mediterranea, the hard stems are split in every plant, their survival
doubtful, 2. Escallonia Ingrami, 3; E. macrantha, 2. Euonymus
japonicus, 2; EH. radicans,3. Furze, 2; Do., fl. pl., 2. Hydrangea
arborescens, 2; H. Hortensia, 3. Holly, variegated, 3. Laurel, Bay,
in shady spots, cut down, 2, 3. Laurel, Portugal, 3. Laurustinus,
in low places, 3; slightly touched in warm exposures. Lavander, 2.
Lonicera fragrantissima, 2, 3. Magnolia gr., 2,3; Do. Exm. var., 3.
Medlar, 3. Myrtle, 1. Narcissus, polyanthus, 3. Olearia Haastii, 3.
Pampas grass, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Penstemons, 1. Phormium
tenax, 1. Picea lasiocarpa, 3. Plum, golden drop, some old trees have
suffered from frost and wet, 2, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3. Rhododendrons,
the buds of early vars., with “arboreum blood,” e.g. R. Nobleanum
were killed; R. precox, superbum, 2, 3. Rosemary, 2. Roses, dwfs.
3; H. P.’s, 3; stands., 90 p.c.,1; Tea, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3.
Stocks, 2. Strawberries, vars. raised abroad, e.g.Héricault de Thury,
Grosseur sucré suffered more than English kinds; of these, Frogmore
late Pine showed the greatest susceptibility to frost. ‘Taxodium dis-
tichum, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 3. Veronica Andersoni, 1; V. Traver-

270 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

si, 1. Vines, Black cluster, Hamburgh, Muscadine, 3. Walnuts, 3.
Yew, wherever roots were flooded, 1.

Plants uninjured,—Abies Douglasii, A. Morinda, Akebia quin-
ata (exposed), Almond, Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Apples,
Apricots, Aralia Sieboldii, Araucaria imbricata, on dry slopes, 800 to
400 ft. Aristolochia Sipho, Bambusa Fortunei, Benthamia fragifera,
Berberidopsis corallina, Berberis japonica, B. vulgaris, Biota orienta-
lis, Broccoli (for amount saved, see above), Brussels sprouts, Buxus
balearica, B. sempervirens, Cabbages, Carnations, Cauliflower, Ceano-
thus americanus, C. grandiflorus, Cedrus Atlantica, Cephalotaxus
Fortunei, Chamecyparis spheroidea, Cherries, Chimonanthus fragrans,
Clematis montana, Colletia ferox, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Si-
monsii, Cratsegus oxyacantha, fl. pl., C. Pyracantha, OCrytomeria ele-
gans, C. japonica, Cupressus borealis, C: Lambertiana, C. Lawsoniana,
C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, ©. torulosa, Currants, Cytisus Labur-
num, C. scoparius, Do. fl. pl., Daphne collina, D. indica, D. Laureola,
D. Mezereum, Deutzia scabra, Eleeagnus argentea, Elm, Endive, Erio-
botrya japonica, Escallonia montevidensis, E. rubra, Euonymus euro-
peus, Forsythia elegans, F. viridissima, Fremontia californica, Fuch-
sia coccinia, FI’. gracilis, F. macrostemma, -F. Riccartoni, Genista
racemosa, Gladiolus, Gooseherries, Halesia tetraptera, Hibiscus syria-
cus, Holly, Do. variegated, Hyacinths, Hydrangea japonica, H.
Otaksa, Hypericum balearicum, H. Calycinum, Iris, Ivy, Jasminum
nudiflorum, J. officinale, Juniperus, Kale, Kalmia latifolia, Koelreute-
ria paniculata, Larch, Laurels, common, round-leafed, Colchica, and
Caucasica, Lavatera arborea, Leptospermum lanigerum, L. scoparium,
Lettuce, Libocedrus chilensis, L. viridis, L. decurrens, Ligustrum
lucidum, L. vulgare, Lilac, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lobelia cardi-
nalis (Victoria, covered with light leaf soil), Lonicera japonica, L.
Periclymenum, Menziesia polifolia, Mulberry, Narcissus (all but poly-
anthus), Nectarines, Negundo fraxinifolia, Oak, Winter Onions, Os-
manthus aquifolius, O. ilicifolius, Parsley, Paulownia imperialis,
Peaches (young vigorous trees of Barrington, Bellgarre, Hales’ Karly,
Bellegarde, Royal George, Southampstead), Pears, Phillyrea angustifo-
lia, P. media, Photinia glabra, P. serrulata, Picea amabilis, P. cepha-
lonica, P. grandis, P. Lowiana, P. Nordmanniana, P. pectinata, P.
Pindrow, P. Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa, P. halepensis, P. insignis, P.
Laricio, P. pinea, P. sylvestris, Plane, Plums (all but Golden drop),
Podocarpus chinensis, Pyrus japonica, Quercus glabra, Q, Suber,

DIVISION VII.-—-N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 271

Quince, Raphiolepis ovata, Retinosporas, Rhus glabra, R. Typhina,
Ribes, Ruscus aculeatus, Salisburia, Santolina chamecyparis, Sequoia
sempervirens, Skimmia japonica, Spartium junceum, Veronica salici-
folia, Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca aloifolia, Y. filamen-
tosa, Y. gloriosa.

2. Leicester, Barkby Hall.—Mr. J. Lansdell.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light.

Alt. and Exposure—[212 ft.] Open on W. but protected on N.E.
and S. by trees.

Rainfall, 1880—[ Leicester, dist., 4 ms., 8.W.; alt., 238 ft. ; ht.,
1 ft.; 35°14 ins., on 193 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Wanlip, dist., 3 ms., W.; Jan. 15th,
-4°; 16th, 0°; 17th, 4°: Loughborough, dist., 8 ms., N.W.; alt.,
169 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 19-9].

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 21 (2), 2 (3)—Apricots, 1, 2.
Artichoke, globe, kd. to grd., 2. Aucuba japonica, variegated, 1, 2.
Borecole, nearly all, 1. Broccoli, Knight’s protecting, 12 p.c., 1;
’ Osborne’s white, purple and white sprouting, Snow’s white and Sut-
ton’s perfection, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, all, 1. Cabbage, old sum-
mer, all, 1. Celery, nearly all, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 1, 2; C.
montana, kd. to grd., 2. Endive, all, i. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2.
Holly, 2, 3. Hydrangea japonica, 2. Ivy, 2. Jasminum officinale,
2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Lavander,
1,2. Lettuce, Tom Thumb, 2. Lonicera fragrantissima, 1, 2, 3.
Penstemons, 2. Rosemary, 1. Roses, dwfs., 9 p.c., 1; all others, 2;
stands., 60 p. c., 1 ; others, 2; Maréchal Niel, on wall, 1, 2. Stocks,
1. Wallflowers, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 2.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli, a dwarf kind, name unknown, not
one lost. Lettuce, Bath cos, all stood well.

3. Leicester, Birstal Hill—F. T. Mott, Esq., F.R.GS.

Gen. Char. of Soil—[See p. 83].

Alt. and Hxposure—[See p. 83].

Rainfall, 1880—{Leicester, dist., 3 ms. ; alt., 238 ft. ; 35-14 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Wanlip, dist.,1m.; Jan. 15th, -4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 13 (2), 10 (8) — Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2.
Broccoli, 1. Broom, newly planted, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cau-
liflower, 1. Celery, 1. Cercis siliquastrum (newly planted), 1.
Cotoneaster microphylla, 1879-80, 2; 1880-81, 1; C. Simonsii, 2.

272 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Erica, 2. Furze, fl. pl, 1, Holly, 3. Hydrangea Hortensia, 2 —
Ivy, variegated, 3. Jasminum officinale, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel
common, 2; Do., colehica, 3; Do., Portugal, 3. Leycesteria formosa, 2.
Lonicera fragrantissima, 3. Phillyrea media, 2. Privet, 3. Quereus
Tlex, 2. Roses, dwfS., 2; stands. 2. Salisburia, 3. Spartium jun-
ceum, 1879-80, 2; 1880-81, 1. Ulmus stricta, 3.

Odservations—Many shrubs kd. to the grd. during the preceding
winter had put up fresh shoots, which never matured their wood;
and these have been again destroyed. Bulbs do not appear to have
suffered much. The superior hardiness of the Caucasian Laurel is
very marked. The common Laurel is again kd. to the grd., as it
was last year. Laurel, only half way down. The Cancasian Lan-
rel is scarcely touched. Laurustinus, one or two survivors of last
year appear to be quite killed. All the out-door Fruit trees appear
to be uninjured, and show well for this year’s crop.

4. Lovessornoves.—Mr. W. Tilleton.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sandy gravel, medium and clay.

Alt. and Exposwre—[Viet. Si., 169 ft].

Rainfall, 1880—32-75 ins. max., July, 5-38 ins., and Oct., 5-22 ;
min., Jan., 0-29 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{Alt., 169 ft.; ya 15th, 16th, 19-9].

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 26 (1), 28 (2), 17 (3)—Almond, 3.
Apples, late, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 2, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1, 2.
Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica variegata, 1, 2. Berberis
Darwinii, 1. Borecole, 1. Broccoli (excepting those layered), 1.
Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2. Carnations, 1, 2, 3. Caul-
flower, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 1, 2; C. Libam, 3.
Celery, 1. Chimonanthus fragrans, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 3.
Cotoneaster Simonsi, 2, 3. Elm, 3. Garrya elliptica, 1. Gla
diolus, 1. Holly, 1, 2; Do. variegated, 1, 2. Ivy, 2, 3 Jasmi-
num officinale, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1, 2. Laurel, common,
1, 2; L. Portugal, 1, 2. Laurustimus, 1. Lavander, 1, 2. Nec-
tarines, 2, 3. Onions, winter, 2, 3. Parsley, 2, 3. Pears, 2, 3;
late, 2. Phillyrea angustifolia, 1. Privet, 2,3. Quercus Ilex, I,
2. Rosemary, 1, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 1, 2; stands. and Teas on
briars, 1, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Wallflowers, 1, 2. Walnat, 2
Yew, 3.

Observations—With regard to late Apples I attribute their in-
jury to their not having ripened the wood of their late growth.

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 2738

-

There is not a ‘“‘specimen ” plant of either Arbutus, Holly, com-
mon or Portugal Laurel now, in this neighbourhood. Hollies appear
to have suffered, more especially on the N. side; as the wind was in
that quarter during most of the winter.

1. Lincotnsarre—Hornoastiz, Hemingby Rectory.—Mr. E. 8.
Bengough.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A sandy loam and gravel; subsoil, mostly a
white clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—In a shallow valley of the Wolds, running
N.N.W. and 8.8.E.

Rainfall, 1880—[Horncastle, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 100 ft.; ht.,
1 ft.; 34°01 ins.]. )

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 8th and 9th till
28th. |

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th and 15th, 2°2 [Partney,
dist., 11 ms., E.; Jan. 17th, 4°: Bucknall, dist., 6 ms., S.W.; alt.,
100 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 5°}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—2 (1), 7 (2), 6 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
1, 2. Berberis vulgaris, 3. Brussels sprouts, laid, 2. Clematis
Jackmanni, partly matted, 3. Ivy, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum,3; J.
officinale, 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2; L. Portugal, 2. Oak, 2, 3.
Yew, 2; Do. fastigiate, 2. |

2. StearorD, Bloxholm.—Mr. D. Lumsden.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Calcareous.

Alt. and Hxposure—20 ft.; not exposed, but suffer much from
late spring frosts.

Rainfall, 1880—32-59 ins., on 130 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 15th, and continued
more or less to end of Feb.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 15th, 0°; 17th, 5°; 21st, 3°;
18th and 22nd, 8°: [Boston, dist., 15 ms., E.; alt., 24 ft.; Jan.
15th, 2°).

Plants injured, 1880-81—35 (1), 24 (2), 20 (3)—Abies Morinda,
2. Almond, 3. Aloysia citriodora, 1, Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3.
Apples, various sorts, many, 1, 3. Apricots, 2. Araucaria imbri-
cata, 1. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspi-
cua, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2; Do. variegata, 2. Biota orientalis, 3.
Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 2. Brugmansia sanguinea, 1. Brussels

lM

274 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

sprouts, 2. Cabbages, 2. Cauliflower, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2; C.
Libani, 3. Celery, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 3. Clematis Jack-
manni, 1. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Coronilla glauca, 1. Crypto-
meria elegans, 2; C. japonica, 3. Cupressus torulosa, 1. Deutzia
scabra, 3. Dracaena australis, 1. Echeveria metallica, 2. Endive,
2. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Fabiana imbri-
cata, 1. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 3. Garrya elliptica, 1.
Holly, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Hydrangea japonica, 1. Ivy, 2; Do.
variegated, 2. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, round-
leafed, colchica and caucasica, all, 1; L. Portugal, 1. Laurustinus,
1. lLavander, 1. Lettuce, 1. Libocedrus chilensis, 1. Lonicera
fragrantissima, 3; L. japonica, 3. Magnolia grandiflora, 1. Myrtle,
1. Nectarines, 3. Onions, winter, 3. Pampas grass, 1. Passiflora
coerulea, 1. Parsley, 3. Peaches, 3. Pears, 3. Phillyrea angus-
tifolia, 1; P. media, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Plums, suffered more
than any other fruits, spurs being nearly all dead to the branches,
2. Quercus Ilex, 1; Q. robur, 1; Q. Suber, 1. Rosemary, 1. Roses,
stands., 1; Tea, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 3; S. sempervirens, 3. Stocks,
1. Strawberries, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Veronica Andersoni, 1.
Wallflowers, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 3. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

Observations—Our losses have again been great this year, with
no survivals. In fact, the destructive effects of the winter 1879-80
have been continued all through the subsequent seasons. Specimen
Box trees appear to have been affected in the same way. Aucubas
of all vars., Laurels, Bay, common and Portugal, and Laurustinus,
that were not killed in 1879, made an effort to grow; but now all
the young shoots are killed to the ground. Many fine specimens
of Yews have been going off and are still dying in numbers all over
the estate.

1. Ruttanp—Oaxkuam, Burley-on-the-Hill.—Mr. W. Temple.

Gen. Char. of Soi/—Strong and retentive.

Alt. and Exposure—High, on the side of a hill.

Rainfall, 1880—34°87 ins. (or 6°41 ins. above that of 1879).
Greatest fall in 24 hours, 1:56 ins., July 15th. Number of rainy
days, 165 ; greatest number of rainy days in one month (July), 25.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 10th, 1880, 319°,
till May 11th, 1881, 25°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 29th, 12°.

ee a

oat

DIVISION VII.—N. MIDLAND COUNTIES. 275

Plants injured, 1880-81—1 (1), 10 (2), 12 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Bambusa Fortunei,
3. Berberis japonica, 2. Broccoli, 2. Cabbages, 3. Cauliflower,
London, 3. Celery, 3. Echeveria metallica, 3. Endive, 3. Euo-
nymus japonicus, 2; KE. radicans, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel,
common, 3; Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 2. Lettuce, 2. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, 2. Parsley, 3. Roses, H. P.’s, 3; Teas on briar,
1. Wistaria sinensis, 3.

Observations—Out of 2400 Broccolis, 200 were saved; wiz. Cat-
tell’s Eclipse and Osborne’s Dwarf, planted in a solid piece of
ground, after Strawberries. Seven sorts were completely destroyed.

276

DIVISION VIIL—N. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, FROM CHESHIRE AND LANCASHIRE.

CuEsHirE. Rainfall, excessive in last 7 months (Pulford, Chel-
ford), total.3-2 ins. above av. of 12 yrs. (Northwich). Do. 9 p. ce.
above. av. of 18 yrs. (Hinderton). Min. rainfall, Chester (Shot
Tower), alt., 227 ft.; ht., 160 ft.; 21-90 ins. : max., Woodhead Res.,
alt., 680 ft.; ht., 10 ins.; 56:97 ins. Min. temps., Cholmondeley
Castle, alt., 42 ft.; Jan. 16th, -4°: Hinderton, alt., 218 ft.; Jan.
16th, 0°-1: Chester, alt., 64 ft.; Jan. 16th, 0°-8: Bidstone, alt.,
180 ft.; Jan. 26th, 9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 82 (1), 98 (2), 76 (8), total at 4
places.

LanoasHire. First part of yr. dry; latter, very wet (Liverpool
and especially S.W. Lancashire). Rainfall, several ins. above that
of 1879 ; but, better sum. and more sunshine (Manchester). Do., 2:04
ins. above av. of 10 yrs. (Rufford). Do., 3:87 ins. below av. of 49 yrs.
(Bolton). Min. rainfall, Barrow-in-Furness, alt., 60 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.; 30°65
ins., on 176 days: max., Bridge End, alt., 385 ft.; ht., 9ins.; 95°18
ins., on 185 days. Jan. 1881, frost began on 5th and continued till
27th; Coniston Lake only frozen at the upper end. Min. temps.,
on Jan. 16th, St. Michael-on-Wyre, alt., 26 ft.; Jan. 10th, -7°5:
Broughton-in-Furness, alt., 112 ft.; -5°: Garstang, alt., 55 ft. ; -4°:
Blackpool, ht., 30 ft.; -0°5: Chorley, alt., 187 ft. ; 0°: Liverpool,
alt., 123 ft.; 4°: and Blackburn, alt., 515 ft.; 6°4: Holker Hall,
alt., 100 ft.; Jan. 15th, 25th, 8°. |

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 47 (1), 54 (2), 28 (8), total at 3
places. |

DIVISION VIII.—N. W. COUNTIES. 277

REPORTS.

1. CoEsHiRE—MancueEster, Cheadle.—Mr. R. MacKillar.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A brown loam; in some cases resting on
gravel.

Alt. and Hxposure—Low and sheltered.

Rainfall, 1880—34-24 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 1st, and continued
during the month. Temp. below freezing for three weeks.

Min. Temps. and Dates—{ Manchester, dist., 6 ms., N.; alt., 104
ft.; Jan. 17th, 26th, 10°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—17 (1), 15 (2), 5 (3)—Arbutus An-
drachne, 1. Box, many, 1. Cedrus Deodara, a large number, 1, 2.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, tips browned, 3. Hollies, killed in parts,
especially where overshadowed by trees, 3. Hibiscus syriacus,
2. Laurel, Bay, on wall, 2; L. Portugal, quite brown, 2. Liqui-
dambar, 2. Lithosporum fruticosum, and Pampas grass, in 1878-9, 1.
Picea cephalonica, 2; Strawberries, many plants, 1; Black prince
worst. Sequoia sempervirens, 1.

Plants uninjured—Almond, Ampelopsis Veitchii, Berberis aqui-
folia, Castanea vesca, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Libani, Clematis Jackman-
ni, Cotoneaster Simonsii, Crateegus Pyracantha, Cupressus borealis,
Kalmia latifolia, Lilium lancifolium, Pinus excelsa, Pyrus japonica,
Retinospora plumosa aurea, Rhododendrons, Skimmia japonica, Wis-
taria sinensis.

2. Nantrwicu, Cholmondeley Castle.—Mr. T. Malcolm.

Gen. Char. of Soil—The upper part of the garden is a light
loam, the lower being on clay.

Alt. and Hxposure—42 ft.; kitchen garden, low and damp, sub-
ject to late spring frosts.

Rainfall, 1880-41-02 ins.: max., July, 7:98 ins.: min., March,
1-12 ins. |

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 15th to 25th ; temp.
on 21st being 10°; several frosty nights in Dec.; but generally
mild.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 12th, 5° ; 13th, 8°; 14th and 21st,
3°; 15th, -1°; 16th, -4°; 17th, 22nd, 1°; 20th, 2°.

278 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Plants injured, 1880-81—17 (1), 40 (2), 22 (3)—Abies Morinda,
3. Azaleaindica, 3. Berberis japonica, 3. Biota orientalis, 3. Cea-
nothus azureus, 2. Cedrus Atlantica, 2; C. Deodara, 2; C. Libani,
3. Chimonanthus fragrans. 3. Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Crypto-
meria elegans, 2; C. japonica, 3. Cupressus macrocarpa, 3. Eche-
veria metallica, 2; E. radicans,2. Forsythia elegans, 3. Fuchsia Riccar-
toni, kd. to grd., 2. (Hydrangeas cannot survive the winters here.)
Ivy, 2. Ligustrum lucidum, 1. Osmanthus ilicifolius, 2. Picea cepha-
lonica, 3; P. grandis, 3; P. lasiocarpa, 3; P. Lowiana, 2. Pinus
Laricio, 2; P. sylvestris, 2. Pyrus japonica, 3. Roses, dwfs., 2;
H. P.’s, 2: Teas, 1. Salisburia, 2. Santolina chamecyparis, 2.
Veronica salicifolia, 2.

Observations—Apple trees, those which suffered most were D. T.
Fish, Lord Burghley, Lord Suffield and Ribston Pippin. Apricot
trees are nearly all killed, particularly Moorpark ; while young trees
have also suffered. Bay Laurels or Sweet Bays were killed to the
ground two years ago, and last year the roots were all killed.
Common Laurel, for which this place is famed, has suffered dread-
fully; old plants are killed to the ground, and in some exposed
places nearly every leaf is dead. Nectarines, all are more or less
injured but none killed. Peach trees, on walls outside, are badly
injured ; such as Dagmar, Dymond and Lord Palmerston, while
Alexander Noblesse, Dr. Hogg and Early Beatrice are killed. Vege-
tables, Broccolis, though taken up in the autumn and laid in, were
nearly all killed, and all equally, except a few of Surprise. Brussels
sprouts were all killed. Strawberries, nearly all the Sir C. Napier
were killed; but other sorts appear to be uninjured.

3. NantwicH, Poole Hall.—Mr. W. Smith.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Of a medium texture; on Red Sandstone
formation and well drained.

Rainfall, 1880 — [Cholmondeley Castle, dist., 6 ms., W.; alt.,
42 ft.; 41°02 ins. ].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Cholmondeley, Jan. 16th, -4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—31 (1), 20 (2), 19 (8)—Abies Morin-
da, 1. Apples[see below], 2. Berberidopsis corallina, 1. Berberis
japonica, 3. Ceanothus dentatus, 1. Chimonanthus fragrans, 1.
Clematis Jackmanni, 2; Do. ‘‘ Miss Bateman,” 1. Cryptomeria
elegans, 3; C. japonica, 3. Currants, white and black, 2. Erica
stricta, 1; E. mediterranea, 1. Euonymus europeus, 1; H, radi-

DIVISION VIII.—N. W. COUNTIES. 279

cans, 3. Forsythia viridissima, 3. Fuchsia gracilis, 1; F. Riccar-
toni, 1. Gunnera scabra, 1. Libocedrus viridis, 3. Lonicera japo-
nica, 2. Narcissus, polyanthus, 1. Penstemons, 1. Picea Nord-
manniana, 3 ; P. Pindrow, 3 ; Pinus sylvestris, 3. Roses, stands. 1, 2 ;
Tea, 2; Maréchal Niel, 1. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Veronica Tra-
versi, 1. Walnut, 3. Yucca aloifolia, 2; Y. gloriosa, 3.

Observations—Apple trees, Blenheim Orange, Calville Blanche
d’hiver, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Dutch Codlin and Northern Spy have
suffered most, especially in the top of the trees, the injury some-
times extending into the wood of three years growth. Many others
are injured but in the form of canker. Pear trees have not suffered
so much as Apples; Doyenné du Comice is the only one much
injured. The Jargonelle is the healthiest and most promising we
have. Plums, Jefferson, lost its young wood.

4, Warrinaton, Walton Lea.—Mr. W. Kipps.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A light loam on Red Sandstone rock; heavy
loam on clay; bog well drained.

Alt. and Hxposure—Situated high on N. and W.; sheltered only
S.W. by a plantation.

Rainfall, .1880—[Liverpool, dist., 14 ms. W.; alt. 160 ft.;
33°20 ins., on 151 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[ Liverpool, alt., 119 ft.; Jan. 16th, 4°:
Manchester, dist., 14 ms., H.; alt., 149 ft.; Jan. 17th, 26th, 10°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—17 (1), 23 (2), 30 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 2. Aucuba japonica variegata, 2. Catalpa syringefolia, 1.
Cotoneaster Simonsii, 3. Crategus pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria —
japonica, 3. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3; OC. macrocarpa, 3. Hya-
cinths, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3. Ligustrum lucidum, 2. Men-
ziesia polifolia, 3. Mulberry, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 1. Picea
amabilis, 3; P. grandis, 3; P. lasiocarpa, 3; P. Pinsapo, 3. Quercus
glabra, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 2; stands., 2; Tea, 2 [see below]. Skim-
mia japonica, 3. Taxodium distichum, 2. Walnut, 3. Yucca aloi-
folia, 2.

Observations — The foliage of the majority of the Evergreen
plants has been injured. The strong Hast winds in January car-
ried the frozen snow, sand and soil a very long distance. ‘This is
what I believe did a great deal of injury to most things. Hollies
and Rhododendrons are very fine here and are not very much
injured. A general complaint about this part of the country has

280 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

been of the Asparagus failing for the last three years. In the
Rose garden here (in beds on the grass) there are the following
damages, on seedling Briars—Alfred Colomb, 3; Baroness Roths-
child, 2; Captain Christy, 2; Charles Lefebvre, 3; Citienne Levet,
3: Fragoise Michelon, 3; Général Jacqueminot, 3; Horace Vernet,
2; John Hopper, 3; La France, 2; Louis Van Houtte, 2. Marie
Bauman, 2; Marquise de Castellaine, 3; Senateur Vaisse, 3.

1. LANcAsHIRE—CaARTMEL, Holker Hall.—Mr. W. Fox.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and open; very stony upon a rocky
subsoil.

Alt. and Hxposwre—100 ft.; open to sea on 8. and W.; tides
within three-quarters of a mile.

Rainfall, 1880—39-46 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Frost between 18th and
31st of Oct., 10 nights; Nov. 1st and 22nd, 15 nights; in Dec., 19
nights; Jan. 4th to 26th. In Feb., 20 nights; and in March 18
nights,

Min. Temps. and Dates—Oct. 21st, 20°; Nov. 20th, 19°; Dee.
30th, 20°; Jan. 15th and 25th, 8°; Feb. 28th, 19°; March 1st and
29th, 17°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 9 (1), 22 (2), 6 (3)—Arundo Donax,
1. Catalpa syringzefolia, 2. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Eleagnus
argentea, 1. Erica mediterranea, 2. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Griselinia
littoralis, 2. Hydrangea quercifolia, 2. Leptospermum lanigerum, 2.
Ligustrum lucidum, 2. Lonicera japonica, 2. Paulownia imperialis,
3. Peaches, Bellegarde, 3. Photinia serrulata, 2. Quercus glabra
(very exposed), 2. Rhododendrons, scarlet hyb., 2. Roses, stands.
on common briar, 2. Taxodium distichum, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Morinda, Ampelopsis Veitchii, Biota
or., Cephalotaxus Fortunei (sheltered), Cercis siliquastrum, Chimonan-
thus fragrans, Clematis Jackmanni, C. montana, Cotoneaster micro-
phylla, ©. Simonsii, Cryptomeria elegans, ©. japonica, Cupressus
borealis, ©. Lambertiana, C. Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, Deutzia
scabra, Fitzroya patagonica, Forsythia viridissima, Fuchsia Riccar-
toni, Halesia tetraptera, Hibiscus syriacus, Jasminum nudiflorum,
Juglans regia, Kalmia latifolia, Leycesteria formosa, Liquidambar
styraciflua, Picea cephalonica, P. grandis, P. Nordmanniana, P.
Pinsapo, Pinus excelsa, Pyrus japonica, Retinospora, Roses, dwfs,

is
.*
s

4

ee a
. is
; .

DIVISION VIII.—N. W. COUNTIES. 281

on Manetti, Salisburia, Sequoia, Skimmia japonica, Weigela rosea.

2. LyrHam.—-Mr. R. Maries.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Sand and a sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 35 ft.; exposed from EH. to W.

Rainfall, 1880—[ Blackpool, dist., 6 ms. ; alt., 29 ft.; 34°72 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 15th, 21st and 22nd, 19°; 16th,
13°; 20th, 17°; 26th, 16°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —21 (1), 27 (2), 14 (3)—Almond, 3.
Aucuba japonica, male, 1; Do. variegata, 2. Azalea amena, 2.
Bambusa Fortunei, 3. Berberis japonica, 3. Clematis Jackmanni,
3. Hydrangea arborescens, 2; H. Hortensia, 2; H. japonica, 2;
H. Otaksa, 2. Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3.
Laurel, common, 1; Do. round-leafed, Colchica and Caucasica, 2.
Ligustrum ovalifolium, 2. Lilium auratum, 3. Magnolia grandi-
flora, Exmouth var., 2. Olearia Haastii, 3. Rhododendron ponti-
cum and hybs., 3. Roses, dwfs., 2; H. P.’s on briar and Manetti,
2; stands.,1; Tea, 2. Salisburia, 3. Spartium junceum, 2. Thuja
aurea, 2.

Plants uninjured—Ampelopsis Veitchii, Biota orientalis, Coto-
neaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Crateegus Pyracantha, Cryptomeria
elegans, C. japonica, Cupressus borealis, C. Lawsoniana, C. macro-
carpa, Deutzia scabra, D. gracilis, EHuonymus radicans variegata,
Forsythia elegans, F. viridissima, Fuchsia Riccartoni, Gladiolus
Colvillei, albus and byzantinus, Iris, Kalmia latifolia, Lilium excel-
sum, lL. lancifolium, Pyrus japonica, Retinospora (many vars.),
Skimmia japonica, Wistaria sinensis. |

Observations—Plants upon the whole have not suffered as in the
previous winter. I never saw bloom so abundant and fine as it is
this year, on Apples, Pears, Cherries, Lilac, Laburnum, Mountain
Ash, and most other flowering trees and shrubs; though scarce on
Plums. Herbaceous plants have come up strong; including many
sorts of Lilies, e.g. L. Californicum, which I never saw so fine before.

282

DIVISION IX.—YORKSHIRE.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM YORKSHIRE.

West Riine. The wettest of the last 25 yrs. (Wath-upon-
Dearne). Rainfall, 4°37 ins. above av. of 15 yrs. (Huddersfield).
Do., 7-4 ins. above av. (Wakefield). Do., heavier than of 1879, but
with more sun (Bradford). On the whole a pleasant moderate yr.
Frost, Oct. 3rd, killed all half-hardy plants (Sedbergh, Thorn).
Min. rainfall, Wetherby (Ribston), alt., 130 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 2 ins. ;
29°68 ins.: max., Slaidburn (Hareden Brook), alt., 540 ft. ; ht., 1 ft.
_ 2ins.; 67-34 ins. Jan. 1881, frost from 6th to 26th, with biting
E. wind on 18th (Stanley Vic.). Min. temps., Sedbergh, Jan. 16th,
-6°: Arncliffe, alt., 220 ft.; Jan. 25th, -2°: Ribston Hall, alt., 130
ft.; Jan. [15th ?], -19: Conyngham Hall, Jan. 17th, 2°: Sheffield,
alt., 260 ft.; Jan. 16th, 3°: Stanley Vic., alt., 100 ft. ; Jan. 15th,
9°: Halifax, alt., 500 ft.; Jan. 16th, 20th, 10°: Bradford, alt., 362
ft.; and Leeds, alt., 137 ft.; Jan. 26th, 12°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 51 (1), 61 (2), 43 (38), total at 3
places.

East Ripina. A very wet year: max. temp. never reached 80°,
till Sept. 3rd, 84°-5 ; first frost, Oct. 20th, 26° (nr. Hull). Min. rain-
fall, Spurn Head, alt., 27 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 24°23 ins. on 173 days:
max., Wold Newton Vic., alt. 195 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6 ins.; 47-89 ins.,
on 168 days. Min. temps., Dalton Hall, alt., 154 ft.; Jan. 18th,
22nd, 6°: Spurn Head, alt., 28 ft.; Jan. 18th, 19°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 14 (1), 22 (2), 22 (8), total at 1
place.

Norra Rivine. Rainfall, 2:59 ins. above ay. of 22 yrs. (Old
Malton). Do., heaviest recorded (Port Mulgrave). Min. rainfall,
Middlesborough, alt., 21 ft.; 28°38 ins., on 144 days: max., Hawes
(Lunds), alt., 1100 ft.; ht. 1ft.; 61-45 ins., on 223 days. Jan.
1881, coldest month since 1866, mean temp., 6°-4 below av. (Scars

DIVISION IX.——-YORKSHIRE. 283

borough). Min. temps., Sorrel Sykes,* Jan. 26th, -9°: Ripon, Jan.
17, -3°: Aysgarth, alt., 660 ft.; Jan. 26th, -2°-8: Whorlton, alt.,
142 ft.; Jan. 26th, -1°: Whitewell Hall, alt., 280 ft.: and York,
alt., 55 ft.; Jan. 15th, 1°: Hast Layton, alt., 113 ft.; Jan. 26th,
1°; Scarborough, alt., 161 ft.; Jan. 26th, 797.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 23 (1), 23 (2), 17 (3), total at 3
places.

REPORTS.

1. W. Rmme—CurHero£, Bolton-by-Bowland. — Mr. R. Milne-
Redhead. [See p. 97].

Gen. Char. of Soil—A calcareous loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 450 ft.; S.E. to W.

Rainfall, 1880— (Clitheroe, dist.. 7 ms., S.W.; alt., 454 ft.;
45°89 ins. ].

Plants injured, 1880-81—17 (1), 5 (2), 8 (8)—Aralia Sieboldii,
1. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Biota orientalis, 3. Buddleia globosa,
1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2.
Cupressus smacrocarpa, 1. Hibiscus syriacus, 1. Pinus insignis, 1.
Plane, 3. Quercus Suber, 1.

Plants uninjured — Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii, Bambusa
Fortunei, Carnations, Cedrus Libani, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cha-
meecyparis spheroidea, Clematis Jackmanni, Cotoneaster microphylla,
©. Pyracantha, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Fuch-
sia coccinea, Halesia tetraptera, Iris, Kalmia latifolia, Common
Laurel, Do. round-leafed, D. Colchica, Do. Caucasica, Lonicera fra-
grantissima, L. japonica, Menziesia polifolia, Narcissus, Osmanthus
aquifolius, O. ilicifolius, Picea amabilis, P. Cephalonica, P. grandis,
P. lasiocarpa, P. Lowiana, P. Nordmanniana, P. Pinsapo, Retinos-
pora filicoides, R. obtusa, R. plumosa, R. do. aurea, R. squarrosa,
Salisburia.

2. KnarEsBorouGH, Conyngham Hall.— B. T. Woodd, Esq. [p. 98].

* Qr. Jl. of Met. Soc. (Ap. 1881), p. 147 [presumably in N. Riding, but not
stated].

284, INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A strongish loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—150 to 200 ft.; sheltered for N. and E.;
open to 8. and W.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, 23°; from Jan.
7th to March 6th; March 81st, 19°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 18 (2), 17 (3)—Abies Morinda,
2. Berberis japonica, 3. Broccoli, Backhouse’s Winter White,
Handsworth White, Hill’s June, Snow’s Winter White, all, 1. Car-
nations, 3. Cedrus Libani, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Cupressus
sempervirens, 1. Hcheveria metallica, 1. Euonymus europeus, 1.
Fuchsia coccinea, 3. Lonicera japonica, 2. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2.
Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pinus insignis, 1. Pyrus japonica, 3. Roses,
stands., 3. Ruscus aculeatus, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Wistaria
sinensis, 3.

Plants uninjured — Abies Douglasii, Almond, Ampelopsis hede-
_racea, A. Veitchii, Biota orientalis, Buxus balearica, Cauliflower,
Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara, C. Libani, Chimonanthus fragrans,
Clematis Jackmanni, Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Crategus
Pyracantha, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus borealis, C. Lawso-
niana, C. macrocarpa, C. torulosa, Dahlia variabilis, Daphne indica,
Deutzia scabra, Eriobotrya japonica (planted in open, from house,
Oct.), Fitzroya patagonica, Forsythia elegans, F. viridissima, Ge-
nista racemosa, Gladiolus, Hibiscus syriacus, Hyacinths, Hypericum
balearicum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Kalmia latifolia, Lettuces, Bath
Cos, Black seeded, White seeded, Hammersmith hardy green, all
did well; Ligustrum lucidum, Lonicera fragrantissima, Narcissus,
Winter Onions, Penstemons, Picea Nordmanniana, P. pectinata,
Pinus Laricio, Quercus glabra, Retinospora, Rhododendrons, Roses,
dwfs., H. P.’s, and Teas, Sequoia gigantea, Tritoma uvaria, Vines,
Weigela rosea, Yucca aloifolia.

3. WrTHERBY, Ribston Hall.—Mr. T. Jones. [See p. 99].

Gen. Char. of Soil—Light and calcareous.

Alt. and Hxposure—130 ft.; aspect S.

Rainfall, 1880—29-68 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 15th ?], -1°: [York, dist., 12 ms.,
E.; Jan. 15th, 19].

Plants injured, 1880-81—26 (1), 38 (2), 18 (8)—Abies Morin-
da, 3. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 2. Berberis

DIVISION 1X.—YORKSHIRE. 985

japonica, 2. Buddleia globosa, 1. Ceanothus americanus, 2; O.
azureus, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 3; ©. montana, 2. Cotoneaster
Simonsii, 3. Crateegus Pyracantha, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 1.
Cupressus Lambertiana, 1; C. macrocarpa, 1. Daphne Mezereum, 3.
Deutzia scabra, 3. Echeveria metallica, 1. Forsythia viridissima,
2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 1. Hydrangea japonica, 2. Jasminum nu-
diflorum, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. colchica, 2. Ligustrum luci-
dum, 1; L. vulgare, 2. Lilium auratum, 2; L. excelsum, 2; L.
lancifolium, 2. Lonicera fragrantissima, 1; L. Periclymenum, 3.
Mulberry, 2. Onions, winter, 3. Picea lasiocarpa, 3; P. Nordman-
niana, 3; P. Pinsapo, 2. Pinus excelsa, 2; P. insignis, 1. Roses,
dwfs., 3; H. P.’s, 2; stands, 1; Tea, 1. Santolina chamacyparis,
1. Veronica Andersoni, 3. Weigela rosea, 2.

1, E. Ripine, Boynton ; and N. Rivne, Hildenley.—C. W. Strick-
land, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil and Alt., gc.—[See p. 99].

Rainfall, 1880—[Foxholes Rec., alt., 234 ft. ; 41-42 ins., on 197
days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Scarborough, dist. 14? ms.; alt., 161
ft.; Jan. 26th, 7° 7].

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 7 (2), 10 (8)—Chamerops For-
tunei, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 3; Cupressus Lambertiana, 1, 2.
Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Jasminum officinale, 1,2. Leycesteria
formosa, 8. Lonicera fragrantissima, 2. Mulberry, 3. Oaks, 1, 3.
Plane, 3. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Yucca baccata, 1.

Plants uninjured — Abies Douglasii, A. Morinda, Adcrpilepain
Veitchii, Apricots, Arundo conspicua, Berberis asiatica, B. dulcis,
B. empetrifolia, B. vulgaris, Carnations, Castanea vesca, Cedrus
Atlantica, C. Libani, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Clematis Jackmanni,
©. montana &c., Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Crategus
Pyracantha, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus borealis, C. Lawso-
niana, Escallonia macrantha, Euonymus latifolius, Fraxinus mands-
huriensis, F. Ornus, Juniperus. chinensis, Keelreuteria paniculata,
Libocedrus decurrens, Medlar, Narcissus, Negundo fraxinifolia, Os-
manthus ilicifolius, Picea cephalonica, P. grandis, P. lasiocarpa, P.
Lowiana, P. Nordmanniana, P. pectinata, P. Pindrow, P. Pinsapo,
Pinus excelsa, P. Laricio, Pyrus japonica, Retinospora obtusa, R.
pisifera, R. plumosa, Rhus Typhina, Salisburia, Sequoia gigantea,

286 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Thuja gigantea, T. Verveana, Thujopsis dolabrata, Tritoma uvaria,
Weigela rosea, Wistaria sinensis, Yucca flaccida.

Observations—Ampelopsis Veitchii, at Boynton, on E. wall, fre-
quently injured ; on W. wall, a few yards distant, uninjured. Aralia
(Dimorphanthus) mandshuricus seems perfectly hardy. Araucaria
imbricata, generally uninjured, 1879-80 and 1880-81; it is usually
injured on a dry soil and situation. Cupressus Lambertiana and C.
macrocarpa are often injured by a hard winter. Escallonia macrantha is
perfectly hardy near the E. coast, but quite tender, inland. Kcelreuteria
paniculata is generally injured, but never killed at Hildenley. Larches
have been injured and killed very extensively in the neighbourhood of
Pickering, chiefly, I believe, by winter 1879-80. Osmanthus ilicifolius
is hardy near the sea but not so inland. Pinus Laricio is generally
unhurt ; but two or three at Boynton are killed or nearly so. Lom-
bardy poplars were, I believe, unhurt by the winter of 1879-80, but
90 p. c. all over the country were killed, 1880-81. Quercus Ilex,
is perfectly hardy by the sea, but not so inland. Oaks, great num-
bers were killed or nearly so, 1879-80; but were uninjured, 1880-81.
Those not quite killed, 1879-80, are now recovering. Retinosporas
(see above) were unhurt at Boynton, but do not grow healthily there.
Yews, many killed or severely injured, 1879-80, both at Boynton
and Hildenley ; but were quite uninjured, 1880-81.

2. Market Wericuton, Dalton Hall.—Mr. J. Allsopp.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt. &c. [See p. 101].

Rainfall, 1880—[Middleton-in-the-Wolds, dist., 4 ms. ; alt., 150
ft. ; 33°79 ins., on 148 days].

Min. Tous and Dates—Jan. 18th, 22nd, 6°; 26th, 11°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —14 (1), 22 (2), 22 (3)—Aralia Siebol-
dii, 1. Asparagus, by wet and cold, 3. Azalea amena, 1. Berberis
japonica, 3. Biota orientalis, 2. Broccoli, Cattell’s eclipse, Cool-
ing’s matchless, Dilcock’s bride, Early purple cape, Leamington,
Model, Snow’s superb winter white, Veitch’s fine spring white,
Veitch’s self-protecting, all, 1. Clematis montana, 1. Cotoneaster
elegans, 3. HEuonymus radicans, 3. Hydrangea Hortensia, 1; H.
japonica, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, Exmouth var., 1. Negundo
fraxinifolia, 2. Osmanthus ilicifolius, 2. Picea amabilis, 3; P.
lasiocarpa, 3; P. Lowiana, 3; P. Pinsapo, 2. Rhus glabra, 2.
Roses, Tea, on briars, 1; Do. on own roots, cut to grd., 2. Skim-
mia japonica, 2. Taxodium distichum, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 2.

DIVISION 1X.—YORKSHIRE. 287

1. N. Riprna—York, Benningbrough Hall.—Mr. A. Foster.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Alluvial on clay [see p. 103].

Alt. and Hxposure—About 50 ? ft. ; on bank of Ouse.

Rainfall, 1880—[York, dist., 6 ms., E.; alt., 53 ft. ; 30°93 ins.,
on 179 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, 24°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 19th, 19.

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 183 (2), 3 (8)—Cistus ladani-
ferus, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2; C. Simonsii, 2. Crategus
Pyracantha, 2. Eriobotrya japonica, 1. Forsythia viridissima, 2.
Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3. Lonicera fragran-
tissima, 1. Osmanthus ilicifolius, 1. Picea Nordmanniana, 2.
Rhododendron ponticum, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 1; stands. on briar, 1.
Wistaria sinensis, 2. ¢ ;

2. York, Whitwell Hall—EH. V. Harcourt, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—Chiefly clay, with some sand over oolite.

Alt. and Hxposure—About 280 ft.; sheltered on all sides.

Rainfall, 1880—[York, dist., 12 ms., 8. ; alt., 53 ft. ; 30-93 ins.,
on 179 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 25th to Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Oct. 3rd, 27°; 4th, 26°; 20th, 18°;
Noy. 2nd, 18°; 21st, 16°; 23rd, 17°; Jan. 14th, 9°; 16th and
21st, 6°; 15th, 1°; April 4th, 19°; 28rd, 26°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—2 (1), 3 (2), 4 (3)—Cedrus Deodara,
3. Cotoneaster frigida, 1. Garrya elliptica, 3. Ivy, 3. Jasminum

nudiflorum, 3. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 1. Roses, stands.,
2; Tea, 2.

285

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM CUMBERLAND, DurHAmM, NorTHUMBERLAND AND
WESTMORELAND.

CuMBERLAND. Rainfall [small along coast ],4°37 ins. less than of
1879; 10:45 ins. below av. of 16 yrs. (Braystones). Do. probably
the lowest on record (St. Bees). Do. 7:5 ins. below av.; Oct., 6°
colder than av. of 19 yrs. (Cockermouth). Min. rainfall, Braystones,
alt., 36 ft.; ht. 3 ft.8 ins.; 27:21 ins.: max., Styehead Tarn, allt.,
1472 ft.; 118-4 ins. Min. temps., Jan. 16th, 1881,—Castletown, alt.,
100 ft.; -9°: and Carlisle, alt., 114 ft.; -10°5: Alston, Jan. 17th,
-9°; Jan. 16th,—Scaleby, alt., 111 ft. ; -7° : Kirk Linton, alt., 20 ft. ;
.-6°: Silloth, alt., 29 ft.; 0°: Stapleton, alt., 400 ft.; 2°: Cocker-
mouth, alt., 144 ft.; 4°4: and Seathwaite, alt., 389 ft.; 69-9.

Plants injured, 1880-81—69 (1), 87 (2), 65 (3), total at 7 places.

DuruAm. Rainfall, 2 ins. below av. of 20 yrs. in first 5 months
(Seaham, Sunderland). Excessive in last 4 months (Durham). Min.
rainfall, Sunderland, alt., 120 ft.; ht., 6 ins., 25°71 ims.: max.,
Wolsingham, 464 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 40°77 ins., on 180 days. Min.
temps., Jan., 1881. Raby Castle, Jan. 26th, -8°: Crawcrook, Jan.
26th, 0°: Durham, alt., 340 ft.; Jan. 17th, 0°2: Whitburn, alt.,
110 ft.; Jan. 26th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 27 (2), 12 (8), total at 2 places.

NORTHUMBERLAND. Spring, dry; sum. and aut., wet (Bingfield
Ho.). Min. rainfall, North Shields, alt., 65 ft.; ht., 2 ft. 8 ins. ;
25°34 ins., on 187 days: max., Cheviot, alt., 1692 ft.; ht., 4 ft. ;
45:75 ins. Min. temps., Morpeth, alt., 35 ft. ; Jan. 13th, -18°; 14th,
-11° (at alt., 135 ft.; Jan. 13th, 4°; Jan. 14th, 6°): Haydon Br.,
alt., 291 ft.; Jan. 21st, -6°: Haltwhistle, alt., 167 ft.; Jan. 25th,
-1°: Alnwick Cas., alt., 214 ft.; Jan. 17th, -2°: N. Shields., alt.,
98 ft.; Jan. 27th, 6°: Corbridge, alt., 275 ft.; Jan. 17th, 26th, 3°:
Bywell, alt., 87 ft.; Jan. 17th, 7°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—57 (1), 92 (2), 74 (3), total at 2 places.

WesrmorELAND. Rainfall, bel. av. for 3rd yr. ; 5 ins. below av.
(Kendal). Min. rainfall, Brougham Hall, alt., 470 ft.; ht., 5 ft.

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. - 989

5 ins. ; 31°61 ins., on 163 days: max., Patterdale (Greenside Mine)»
alt., 1000 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 6 ins.; 83°56 ins.; Jan. 1881, very dry
with 3 wks. severe frost ; ice, 1 ft. thick; temp. in shade, below 32°
on 22 days (Elterwater). Min. temps., Kendal, alt., 500 ft.; Jan.
25th, 2°: Belfield, Jan. 16th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 16 (1), 19 (2), 7 (3), total at 2
places,

REPORTS.

1. CuMBERLAND—CarRLIsLE, Castletown.—Mr. A. Smith. [See
p. 105.]

Rainfall, 1880—25:90 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 12th to 31st, on six
nights, temp. at or below 0°. '

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, 0°; 15th, -1°; 16th, -9°;
Zist, 29; 22nd, -19; 24th, -1°; 26th, -2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—11 (1), 13 (2), 22 (3)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 2. Aucuba japonica, 1; Do. varieg., 1. Buddleia globosa,
1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 3. Celery, well covered, 3.
Deutzia scabra, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, well covered, 1. Huonymus
japonicus, well covered, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Jasminum nudi-
florum, 3. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Lettuce, hardy green, 3. Lilac, 3.
Medlar, 3. Onions, winter, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 1. Quince,
3. Roses, dwfs., H. P.’s, stands. and Teas, all more or less kd. to
erd., but are shooting again, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Skimmia
japonica, in a cool frame, 3. Strawberries, 3. Tritoma uvaria, well
covered, 3. Wallflowers, new golden stood best, 3. Weigela, 3.

Observations—Of the last three winters that of 1880-81 was the most
severe. Many plants which withstood the two former have this yr.
been kd. Apples and Pears, of which only very hardy sorts are
grown, are looking promising. Peaches on S. wall have set well.
They have had no protection, except Royal George, Lord Admi-
rable, and Noblesse. Plums on a W. wall have very little blossom.
Onions, Peas, Spinach and all other vegetables exposed to the
weather were nearly all kd.; what were left are only growing
slowly (May 10th, 1881).

lo

290 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

2. CarRListE, Rose Castle-—Mr. 8. Foster. [See p. 106.]

Rainfall, 1880—29-33 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 22nd, 12°7; con. —
tinued to April 4th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, -10°°5.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 18 (2), 8 (3)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 1. Broccoli, Snow’s winter white, Carter’s summer and
early spring, all,1. Cedrus Atlantica, 2; C. Deodara, 2. Crypto-
meria japonica, 3. Cupressus borealis, 3; C. sempervirens, 3. Eche-
veria metallica, 2. Gladiolus, 2. Laurel, common, var. round-leafed,
2; Do. Portugal, 1. Magnolia grandiflora, Exm. var., 2. Penste-
mons, 1. Rhododendrons, 2. Roses, dwfs., 2; stands, 1; &e., 1.
Strawberries, 2. Wallflowers, 1. Wistaria sinensis, 2.

3. CaRLisLE, Scaleby Hall—R. A. Allison, Esq. [See p. 107.]

Rainfall, 1880—29-27 ins. Mean of 10 yrs., 31-49 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 14th to 31st; min.
temps. from 31°98 to 1992; 3 nights only above 32°; Jan. 7th
to 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, 2°; 15th, 0°; 16th, -7°;
17th, 3°; 22nd, 65; 24th, 62-8.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 4 (2), 4 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, survived 1860-61, 1. Aucuba japonica varieg., 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 3 ; CO. Libani, 3. Holly varieg., 3. Ivy, 1. Laurels, all, 1.
Rhododendrons, some, 3. Sequoia gigantea, 2.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, Azalea indica, Biota orien-
talis, Cupressus borealis, C. Lawsoniana, Holly, Picea Nordmanni-
ana, Pinus Laricio, Pyrus japonica, Rhododendrons, including hybs.,
Yew, do. fastigiate.

Observations — Nothing suffered so much as Portugal Laurels,
which are completely kd., but were never touched before.

4. Lonetown, Kirklinton Hall.—Mr. J. Barry. [See p. 107.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Scaleby, dist., 3 ms.; alt., 112 ft.; 29-27 ins.,
on 183 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 14th to 16th ?], -5°, -5°-5, -6°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 13 (2), 7 (8)—Abies Morinda,
3. <Araucaria imbricata, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2; Do. varieg., 2.
Broccoli, Veitch’s, Osborne’s, Snow’s, &c., all, 1. Cedrus Atlantica,
2; C. Deodara, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 1. Cotoneaster Simon-
sii, 8. Fig, 2, Fuchsia gracilis, 8, Holly varieg., 2, Picea lasios

DIVISION x.—wN. COUNTIES. 291

_ arpa, 2; P. Lowiana, 2; P.Pindrow, 2. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, H.
4 P.’sand Teas, nearly all, 1; more hardy sorts, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. ©
5. Penrrra.—Mr. J. Curwen. [See p. 107.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Alt., 575 ft.; 30-07 ins., on 153 days].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Jan 16th ?], 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—Artichoke, globe, all, 1. Borecole, all,
1. Broccoli, all Knight’s protecting and Cattell’s eclipse, 1. Brussels
sprouts, all, 1. Celery, 200 plants, 1. Lettuce, all of “all the
year round,”’ 1.

Observations—Shrubs, we have very few shrubs, and none were
lost by frost.

6. Raven-eiass, Gosforth Miss Senhouse. [See p. 108.]

Rainfall, 1880 — [Raven-glass, alt., 80 ft.; 34-83 ins, on 116
days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Hard frosts on Oct. 20th,
21st, and Noy. Ist. Severe weather from Jan. 6th to 27th. Snow
on Jan. 11th, 12th, and heavily on 16th, with severe fall and great
cold on 18th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 16th ?], 9° [Cockermouth, dist.,
16 ms., N.; alt. 144 ft.; Jan. 16th, 4°4]. Wherever the snow
rested, vegetation has been most luxuriant.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —5 (1), 6 (2), 6 (3)—Aucuba jap.
varieg., 3. Cytisus carolina, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 3. Eucalyptus
globulus, 1 (G).* Halesia tetraptera, 1 ?. Quercus Suber (but in
full leaf, June 21st), 2. Rhododendrons, on low grd. only, 3.
Wallflowers (excepting Kandahar seedlings), 2.

Plants uninjured—All plants which survived the winter of 1879-
80 have done well, except Myrtles and Berberis Darwinii, both, 2.
Abies Morinda, Azalea amzena (G), A. indica (G), Broccoli, Brussels
sprouts, Chimonanthus fragrans, Clematis Jackmanni, C. montana,
Cotoneaster microphylla, C. Simonsii, Crategus Pyracantha, Deutzia
seabra, Echeveria metallica, Fuchsia gracilis, F. Riccartoni, Hydran-
gea Horstensia, Holly, round-leafed and varieg., Siberian Lilac, Lo-
nicera japonica, Narcissus, Paulownia imperialis (at Ponsonby Hall),
Piptanthus nepalensis, Pyrus jap., Retinosporas, Rhododendrons
have flowered plentifully in Gosforth. Ribes sanguinea, Roses, H.P.’s,
e.g. John Hopper, Duke of Edinburgh, Tea, e.g. Gloire de Dijon,

* Plants with (G) grow in Gosforth, within one mile distant.

ye

292 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Wallflowers (Kandahar seedlings only), Wistaria sinensis (G), Yucca
aloifolia (G).

7. Raven-auass, Santon.—Mr. J. Gaitskell. [See p. 108.]

Rainfall, 1880—Raven-glass, dist., 3 ms.; 34°83 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 20th, 22° ; 21st, 21°;
Noy. 1st to 4th, 8th, 10th; 14th to 28rd; Dec. 17th to 20th, 19°;
Jan. 1881, 6th to 27th.

Min. Temps. and Dates — Jan. 16th, 5°; 26th, 4°-5.

Plants injured, 1880-81—29 (1), 33 (2), 23 (8)—Abies Mo-
rinda, 3. Almonds, 2. Apricots, small trees, 1. Araucaria imbri-
cata, 12 ft.,1; larger trees, 3; small trees, all more or less injured.
Arbutus Andrachne, 2; A. Unedo, large trees at 120 ft, 1; at
150 ft., 2; at 500 ft., 3, at 500 ft. very little injured. Arundo Do-
nax, 1. Aucuba jap. varieg., 3. Ceanothus americanus, 1; C. azu- ©
reus, 1 ; C. dentatus, 1; C. grandiflorus, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 2.
Chimonanthus fragrans, 2. Cistus ladaniferus, 2. Cryptomeria ele-
gans and ©. jap., exposed to winds, 2. Cunninghamia lanceolata, 2.
Cupressus macrocarpa, small plants, 1 or 2; larger, 3. Desfontainea
spinosa, small one, 1; one plant, 3 by 3 ft., lost leaves, but breaking
at tips; one twice as large, at 500 ft., very little if at all injured, 3.
Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 2; E. montevidensis, 1; E.
rubra, 2. Euonymus radicans, 2. Eurybia ilicifolia, 1. Fabiana
imbricata, 38. Fuchsia coccinia, 3; F. gracilis,2; F. Riccartoni, 2.
Griselinia littoralis, 1. Hibiscus syriacus, 3. Hyacinths, 3. Hy-
drangea arborescens, 2; H. Hortensia, 1. Jasminum officinale, 3.
Juglans regia, a tree 10 or 12 years old, cracked to 10 or 12 ft. up
the bole ; (smaller trees uninjured). Laurel, common, 1, 2; round-
leafed, 3; L. Colchica, 3; L. Portugal, 1, 2. Nectarines, small, 2.
Paulownia imperialis, 1. Peaches, on wall, 2. Picea lasiocarpa, by
wind, 3; P. Pindrow or Webbiana, at 120 ft., cannot make a leader
in consequence of spring frosts; at 500 ft. it grows freely. Pinus
insignis, small, 1. Quercus glabra, 3. Raphiolepis ovata, 1. .
Rhododendron arboreum, hybs., much cut, 2; others, 3. Ribes
speciosa, 2. Roses, at 500 ft. blooming almost as well as usual,
H.P.’s on Manetti, 2; stands., 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Spar-
tium junceum, 3. Yucca filamentosa, 3; Y. gloriosa, 3.

1. Dunnam — Ryton, Crawcrook.— Mr. W. Charlton. (See
p. 110.] 7

ee a a ee - . .
a oT
‘

DIVISION X.——N, COUNTIES. 293

Rainfall, 1880 — [Newcastle, dist., 7 ms. E.; alt., 105 ft. ;
27°39 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 19th, 26°; followed
by occasional frosts; -severe frost from Jan. 9th to 12th, 28°; 14th,
15th, 20°; 17th, 8°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 26th, 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 13 (2), 0 (8)—Arbutus An-
drachne, 1. Aucuba jap. varieg., 2. Cotoneaster Simonsii, 2. Cryp-
tomeria elegans, 2. Daphne Mezereum, 2. Deutzia scabra, 2. Euo-
nymus europeus, 1; H. radicans, 2. Pears, 2. Picea Nordman-
niana, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 2. Weigela rosea, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 1.

2. SunpERLAND, Whitburn Hall.—Mr. J. Dobson. [See p. 111.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Sunderland, mean of 4 obs. ; alt., 120 to 182 ft. ;
27°79 ins. }.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 26th, 5°. Therm. in recess in a N.
wall.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 14 (2), 12 (8)—Broccoli (ex-
cepting Carter’s champion, and a late local var. only saved), 1. Co-
toneaster microphylla, 1. Crataegus Pyracantha, 2. Furze,2. Holly,
2; Do. varieg., 2. Ivy, 2. Laurels, all, 2. Quercus Ilex, 2. Roses,
dwfs., 3; H.P.’s, 3. Strawberries, 3.

Observations—The winter of 1880-81 has proved most disastrous
to the few evergreens, e.g. Laurels, Bay and common, that thrive on
this exposed coast. ‘They were much enfeebled by the two previous
winters, and are mostly cut down to the snow line. Fruit trees have
suffered much less than in 1878-9, doubtless owing to the better
summer of 1880, which brought the wood to a better state of matu-
rity. Vegetables have also suffered less, no doubt, in consequence of
the long protection of snow.

1. NorTHUMBERLAND—ALNWIcK, The Castle—Mr. A. Ingram.
[See p. 112.]

Rainfall, 1880—30°51 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th, more or less
till middle of April, 1881.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, -2°.

Plants injured 1880-81 — 14 (1), 12 (2), 20 (3)—Berberidopsis
corallina, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1. Ceanothus azureus, 1; C. grandi-
florus, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 3. Cotoneaster micro-

294 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

phylla, 3; ©. Simonsii, 3. Crateegus Pyracantha, 2. Cryptomeria
elegans, 3; C. japonica, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Holly, many,
1,2; Do. varieg., many, 1, 2. Ivy varieg., 3. Ligustrum lucid-
um, 3. Liquidambar styraciflua, 1. Lonicera japonica, 2. Picea
lasiocarpa, 2; P. Nordmanniana, 3. Quercus Ilex, 2. Rhododen-
dron ponticum, 1; hybs.,3. Roses, stands 2. Yew, 3; Do. fas-
tigiate, 3. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

2. Morreru, Bothalhaugh—W. C. Ellis, Esq.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A deep sandy loam.

Alt. and Hxposure—35 ? ft.; in a close valley by a river with
steep banks. | |

Rainfall, 1880-81—27-98 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 13th, -13° ; 14th, -11°: at 100 ft. ;
Jan. 13th, 4°; 14th, 6°.

Plants $n 1880-81 — 43 (1), 80 (2), 54 per) 3.
Acer polymorphum, some, 3. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Apricots, Si-
berian, 3; Do. vulgaris, maculata, 2. Aralia Sieboldii, 3; A. japonica,
2. Arbutus Andrachne, 2. Ardisia jap., 2. Azara crassifolia, 2;
A. dentata, 2; A. Gillesii; A. microphylla, 2. Bambusa Fortunei,
2. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberidopsis corallina, 1. Biota sem-
peraurescens, 2. Broussonetia papyrifera, 1. Bupleurum fruticosum,
2. Castanea vesca, 3; Do. varieg.,2. Catalpa syringzefolia, 2; Do.
aurea, 1,2; Do. Koempferi, 2. Ceanothus azureus, 3. Cedrus At-
lantica, 2; C. Deodara, 1, 2; C. Libani, 2. Cephalanthus orientalis,
2. Cepbalotaxus Fortunei, 2. Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Chimonan-
thus fragrans, 2. Choisya ternata, 1, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 3.
Clianthus puniceus, 1. Colletia ferox, 1. Colutea arborescens, 3.
Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Crvptomeria elegans, 2; C. japonica, 1,
2. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3; C. macrocarpa, 1; C. sempervirens,
1; C. torulosa, 1. Cydonia, several sorts, 3. Dacrydium cupressi-
num, 2. Daphne indica, 3. Diospyros Lotus, 3. D. Mazelli, 3; D.
virginicus, 3. Eleagnus reflexa, 3. Erica, many kinds, 1, 2. Hrio-
botrya japonica, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 2; E.
montevidensis, 2; E. rubra, 3. Eugenia apiculata, 2. Hurybia to-
mentosa, 3. Fabiana imbricata, 1. Fitzroya patagonica, 2. Forsy-
thia elegans, 3; F. viridissima, 2; F. suspensa, 3. Fremontia cali-
fornica, 1. een littoralis, 2. Halesia diptera, 3; H. tetraptera,
3. Hibiscus syriacus, 1. Holly, 3; Do. varieg., 3. Hydrangea
arborescens, 2; H. Hortensia, 2; H. japonica, 2; H. Otaksa, 2.

2

*

<
-
A]

DIVISION X.—N. COUNTIES. 295

Ivy, 3; Do. varieg., 3. Juniperus chinensis glauca, 3; J. excelsa
stricta, 2; J. Henryi, 1; J. japonica, 1; J. oblonga pendula, 2;

_ J. pheenicia, 3; J. rigida, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Koelreuteria pa-

niculata, 2. Larix Kempferi, 3. Lespedeya bicolor, 3. —Libo-
cedrus chilensis, 1; lL. viridis, 1; L. decurrens, 3. Liquidam-
bar styraciflua, 1. Lonicera fragrantissima, 3; L. flexuosa, 2; L.
grata, 2; lL. japonica, 2; L. Periclymenum, 2. Maclura aurantiaca,
2. Magnolia gran., Exm. var., 1. Menziesia polifolia, 1, 2. Morus
hispanica, 2; M. cosmopolitana, 2. Negundo fraxinifolia, 2. Oreo-
daphne, 2. Osmanthus aquifolius, 1, 2; O. ilicifolius, 1, 2. Paliurus
aculeatus, 3. Pernettya mucronata, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2 ;
P. oleifolia, 3. Photinia glabra, 2; P. serrulata, 2. Picea bracteata,
3; P. Pindrow, 2; P. Pinsapo, 3; P. Veitchii, 3. Pinus excelsa, 1,
2; P. insignis, 1; P. Laricio, 3; P. pinea, 1. Piptanthus nepalen-
sis, 1, 2. Pittosporum Tobira, 3. Podocarpus Andina, 3. Pyrus
floribunda, 3; P. japonica, 3. Retinospora, 3. Rhododendrons, 3.
Rhus glabra laciniata, 1, 2. Ribes pendulum, 3; R. speciosum, 2.
Rubus australis, 2. Salisburia, 3; Do. varieg., 3. Spartium junceum,
1. Spirea, sorts, 3. Taxodium distichum, 2. Walnuts, 2. Weigela,
sorts, 3. Yew, 2,3; Do. fastigiate, 2, 3.

Plants uninjured—Abies Douglasii, A. glauca, A Morinda, Al-
mond, Ampelopsis hederacea, Aristolochia Sipho, Arthrotaxus imbri-
cata, Azalea ameena, Buxus japonica, Castanea chrysophylla, Cha-
mecyparis spheroidea, Clematis montana, Colutea arborescens, Cu-
pressus borealis, C. Lawsoniana, Daphne collina, Kleagnus longipes,
Euonymus radicans, Larix japonica, Nuttallia cerasiformis, Olearia
Haastii, Paulownia imp , Pernettya angustifolia, P. floribunda, Picea
amabilis, P. cephalonica, P. grandis, P. lasiocarpa, P. Nordman-
niana, P. magnifica, P. concolor violacea, P. bifida, P. pectinata,
Pyrus japonica, Rhus Typhina, Ribes alpinum fol. aur., R. aureum,
preecox, Do. serotinum, Do. misouriense, R. nigrum, varieg., Do. fol.
aur., R. sanguineum, fl. pl., Skimmia japonica, Weigela rosea, Wis-
taria sinensis.

1. WESTMORELAND — BELFIELD, by lake Windermere. — Mr. J.
Nicol. [See p. 114.]

Rainfall, 1880—50-56 ins.: max., Noy., 10°28 ins: min., Aug.,
1:36 ins,

296 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—About Oct. 15th to Nov.
15th ; Jan. 5th to 29th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 8 (1), 18 (2), 6 (8)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 3. Artichoke, globe, 1. Asparagus, 2. Berberis japonica,
2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, all sorts, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cab-
bages, 2. Carnations, 2. Cauliflower, early London, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 3. Celery, 1. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1. Furze,
2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3; Do. Portugal, 3. Lan-
rustinus, 2. Lavander, 2. Lettuce, 1. Myrtle, 2. Onions, winter,
1. Pampas grass, 1. Parsley, 2. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, dwfs.,
2; H.P.’s, 2; stands. 2; Teas, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2. Wall-
flowers, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 2.

Observations—The winter has been most destructive to all kinds
of vegetables. Fruit trees and bush fruit of all kinds are uninjured ;
Apricots, Nectarines and Peaches being grown within. Shrubs are
browned, but not many permanently injured. Roses of all kinds
have suffered much, both on briars and Manetti.

2. Kenpau.—C. Wilkinson, Esq. [See p. 113.]

Rainfall, 1880- [Kent Ter., 146 ft.; 45-06 ins.].

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 1 (2), 1 (8)—Biota orientalis, 1.
Cabbages, 1. Carnations, some, 1. Huonymus europeus, 2, 3.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Parsley, 1. Rosemary, 1. Strawberries, some, ¢.g.
Keen’s seedling, 1. Wallflowers, 1. Yucca aloifolia, 1. ;

Plants uninjured—Apples, Fillbasket and Keswick Codlin, Arau-
caria imbricata, Clematis montana, Cotoneaster microphylla, Cra-
tegus Pyracantha, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Hyacinths, Lilium aura-
tum, Pears, Bon Chrétien and Marie Louise, Pyrus japonica, Rho-
dendron vulgare sanguineum, Roses, dwfs., Weigela rosea.

Observations—N otwithstanding the intense frost and cold, as well
as snow, and long continuance of the past winter, my garden has
not suffered so much as might have been expected; a fact which I
attribute to its aspect and elevation.

DIVISION XI.—WALES AND MONMOUTH.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, rrom N. anp 8. Wares AND Monmovru.

N. Wates—Denpicusuire. Rainfall above av. ; early part of
year dry (Rosset).

Funt. Rainfall, 9 ins. above av. of 14 yrs. (Mold).

Montaomery. Rainfall moderate, with heavy flood in Dee.
(Dolenog).

Min. rainfall for N. Wales ; Hawarden (Flint), alt., 270 ft. ; 31:53
ins.: max., Rhiwbryfdir (Mer.), alt., 1100 ft. ; ht. 10 ft. ; 98°29
ag on 168 days, Jan. 1881. The most severe weather known for 20
yrs. (Carno). Min. temps. for N. Wales: Abergele, Jan. 20th, -11°
[?]: Corwen, alt., 157 ft.; Jan. 16th, -8°: Wrexham, alt., 192 ft. ;
Jan. 16th, -2°-5: Carno, a. 595 ft.; Jan. 26th, 0°: Powis Castle,
alt., 420 ft.; Jan. 15th, 16th, 3°: Colwyn Bay, alt., 180 ft.; Jan.
21st and 26th, 14°-2: Holyhead, alt., 44 ft.; Jan. 15th, 24°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —58 (1), 80 (2), 58 (8), total at 5
places in N. Wales.

S. WatEs — CARMARTHENSHIRE. The direst year since 1870
(Carmarthen). Do. since 1873 (Tegfynydd).

_ PemprokesHirE. ‘The direst of last 7 yrs. (Stackpole Ct.).
Rainfall, below av. (Narberth). Do. 7:83 ins. below av. of 25 yrs.
(Haverfordwest).
Min. rainfall, for 8. Wales ; St. Ann’s Head (Pemb.), alt., 150 ft. ;
ht., 8 ins.; 32°64 ins., on 189 days: max., Aberdare (Glam), alt.,
735 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 84°79 ins, on 188 days. Min. temps., for 8.
Wales ; Cardigan, alt., 206 ft.; Jan. 20th, -10°: Malgwyn, alt., 200 ft.;
-2° : Gogerddan, alt., 50 ft.; Jan. 14th, 0° : Haverfordwest, alt., 94 ft. ;
Jan. 20th, 1°: Rhayader, alt., 212 ft.; Jan. 15th, 17th, 2°: Car-
marthen, alt., 188 ft.; Jan. 15th, 3°-8: Llandovery, alt., 208 ft. ;
_ Jan. 15th, 4°: S. Fagan’s Castle, alt., 100 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 6°.
Plants injured, 1880-81—97 (1), 156 (2), 97 (8), total at 6
_ places in 8S. Wales.
= 1P

298 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Monmovtn. Rainfall, 43°7 ins.; excepting 4 yrs., below ay.,
since 1865. Jan, 1881, unusually low temp. for a length of time,
calm, excepting 18th and 19th, when a cutting N.E. wind blew
(Lianfrechfa). Min. temp., alt., 326 ft.; Jan. 15th, 11°,

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 13 (2), 17 (3), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. N. Wates—Carnarvon, Bangor, Treborth Park.—Mr. J. Fitz-
patrick. [See p. 118.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Carnarvon, dist. 9 ms., alt., 120 ft.; 40-26
ins., on 171 days).

Min. Temp. and Date—[Llanduduo, dist., 14 ms., E.; Jan. 26th,
14°-5).

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 18 (2), 9 (3)—Biota orientalis,
3. Broccoli, Adam’s early white, Leamington, Dilcock’s bride, and
Wilcove’s late, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Ceanothus agzureus, 2; C.
dentatus, 2. Cotoneaster Simonsii, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2. Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana, 3. Escallonia montevidensis, 2. Fuchsia gra-
cilis, 1; F. Riccartoni, 1. Hydrangea Hortensia, 1; H. japonica,
1. Ligustrum lucidum, 3. Roses, dwfs. on Manetti, 1,2; stands.
on briars, 1, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3.

1. DensigH—ABERGELE, Hafodunos.—Mr. J. McNair. [See p.
119.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Garthewin, alt., 363 ft. ; 47-5 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 2nd to 30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 20th, -11° [too low ? Colwyn Bay,
Jan. 21st and Nant-y-glyn, alt., 180 ft.; Jan. 26th, 142).

Plants injured, 1880.81—14 (1), 23 (2), 14 (3)—Abies Morinda,
3. Araucaria imbricata, 1, 2, 3. Artichoke, globe, 3. Aucuba
japonica, 2; Do. variegata, 2. Broccoli (see below), 1. Cauliflower
(see below), 1. Ceanothus azureus, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cryp-
tomeria elegans, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 1. Eurybia argophylla,
3. Fitzroya patagonica, 3. Gunnera scabra, 3. Hydrangea Hor-
tensia, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Menaziesia polifolia, 3. Piptanthus
nepalensis, 2. Quercus glabra, 1. Roses, dwfs. on Manetti, 2;

<a

ca

DIVISION XI.—WALES AND MONMOUTH. 299

stands. on briars, 1. Salisburia, 3. Strawberries, Sir Harry, British
Queen, and Frogmore late Pine, all, 2. Veronica Traversi, 2.

Observations—Broccolis, killed, Granger’s autumn white, Veitch’s
self-protecting autumn, Dickson’s superb spring white, Osborne’s
winter white, Knight’s self-protecting, Dickson’s late winter; of
Cattell’s eclipse, a few escaped. Cauliflowers, killed, Veitch’s au-
tumn giant, Walcheren and early London.

2. Cotwyn, Nant-y-Glyn.—Mr. A. O. Walker. [See p. 119.]

Rainfall, 1880—38-98 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 7th to 27th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 26th, 14°92.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 9 (2), 17 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
3. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 3; B. nepalensis, 3.
Clianthus puniceus, 2. Cupressus funebris, 3. Dahlia variabilis,
single, 1. Dracena australis, 2. Hriobotrya japonica, 2. Eryn-
gium pandanifolium, 2. Escallonia macrantha, 3; E. montevidensis,
3; H. rubra, 3. Eucalyptus coccifera (?), 1. Eugenia apiculata, 2;
E. Ugni, 1. Fabiana imbricata, 3. Fremontia californica, 3. Fuchsia
discolor, 3; F. exorticata, 3; F. Madame Cornelesson, 3; F. radi-
cans, 3. Illicium religiosum, 3. Laurustinus, 3. Leptospermum
scoparium, 3. Myrtle, 2. Pittosporum tenuifolium, 2. Quercus
austriaca, 3. Roses, dwfs. and H.P.’s, a few, 1; many, 2 or 3;
stands., many, on briar, 1.

Plants uninjured—Azalea amena, Azara Gillesii (small), Bam-
busa Fortunei, Berberis japonica, B. Wallichii, Biota orientalis,
Boussingaultia, Brugmansia sanguinea, Buddleia globosa, Bupleu-
rum fruticosum, Catalpa syringeefolia, Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara,
©. Libani, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cerasus ilicifolius, Chamerops
excelsa, Choisya ternata, Cryptomeria elegans, Cunninghamia sinen-
sis, Cupressus borealis, C. Lambertiana, C. Lawsoniana, C. macro-
carpa, C. sempervirens, C. torulosa, Daphne Fioniana, Desfontainea
spinosa, Deutzia scabra, Eleagnus argentea, E. pungens, Erica car-
nea, Escallonia Ingrami, Ferns (see Gard. Chron., 1881, vol. xvi.,
p- 118), E. radicans, Fuchsia gracilis, F. Riccartoni, Gladiolus tris-
tis and others, Griselinia littoralis, Gunnera scabra, Hibiscus syriacus,
Hyacinths, Hydrangea Hortensia, H. japonica, Hypericum Calyci-
num, Iris chameiris, [. germanica, I. Guldenstcedtii, I. Histrio, I.
persica and I. tuberosa under 8.W. wall, I. Keempferi, I. punica vars.,
Jasminum fruticosum, Laurel, common, round-leafed, Colchica, Cau-

300 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

casica and Portugal, Libocedrus chilensis, L. decurrens, Ligustrum
lucidum, Lonicera fragrantissima on 8.E. wall, L. japonica on do.,
Mespilus canadensis, Narcissus bulbocodium, N. citrina, juncifolium,
Graelsii and pallidulus by 8.W. wall, Olearia Haastii, Paulownia im-
perialis, Penstemon digitalis, P. hybrids, P. pubescens, P. Palmeri
and P. speciosus under S.W. wall.

1. Mertoneta—Corwen, Riig.—Mr. J. Bennett. [See p. 120.}

Rainfall, 1880—alt., 157 ft.; 44-13 ins. .

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct., and continued with
great severity to the end of March, with occasional slight frosts in
April.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, -8°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 15 (2), 3 (3)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 2; C. Deodara, 2.
Clematis Jackmanni, 2; C. montana, 2. Cotoneaster, 2. Escallonia
_Yubra, 1. Hollies, 2; Do. varieg., 2. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Picea
Pinsapo, 3. Pyrus japonica, 2. Rhododendrons, 2. Roses, dwfs.,
on own roots, kd. to grd..2; H. P.’s, 2; stands. on briars, 1. Se-
quoia gigantea, 2. Strawberries, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 2. Yew, fas-
tigiate, 2.

Observations— Hollies are leafless, the branches being kd. back to
the main stem.

1. MontgomMERY—WELSHPOOL, Powis Castle—Mr. W. Lee. [See
p. 120.]

Rainfall, 1880—38-3 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 3rd, 29°, continued
more or less till May 11th; 90 frosty nights. The E. wind and
storm on Jan. 18th appear to have done more damage than the frost.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, 8°; 15th and 16th, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—11 (1), 20 (2), 15 (8)—Apples, early,
8. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Biota orientalis, 3. Borecole, 1. Broc-
coli, all, 1. Cabbages, 2. Carnations, 1. Cryptomeria japonica, 3.
Cupressus sempervirens, 2. Hydrangea Hortensia, 3. Lettuce, 3.
Parsley, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2. Phormium tenax, 1. Picea
amabilis, 3. Pinus insignis, 3. Quercus glabra, 3. Rhododendrons,
hybs. and ponticum, 2. Roses, stands., 3; Tea, 1.

DIVISION XI.—WALES AND MONMOUTH. 801

1. S. WaLes—CarrMarTHEN, Whitland, Maesgwynne.—Mr. T.
Higgins. [See p. 121.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Caermarthen, dist., 13 ms., E.; alt., 92 ft.;
48-28 ins., on 215 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 15th ?] -2°: [Caermarthen, alt.,
188 ft. ; Jan. 15th, 39-8].

Plants injured, 1880-81—19 (1), 20 (2), 21 (3)—Almond, 3.
Aloysia citriodora, 3. Aralia Sieboldii, 1. Arbutus Andrachne, 3.
Arundo conspicua, 1, 2; Donax, 1, 2. Azalea amena, 3. Bambusa
Fortunei, 3. Broccoli (see below), 2. Cauliflower (see below), nearly
all, 1. Ceanothus americanus, 3. Cunninghamia sinensis, 3. Des-
fontainea spinosa, 1. Dracena australis, 2. Euonymus radicans, 2.
Forsythia viridissima, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Hibiscus syriacus,
3. Hydrangea arborescens, 1, 2,3. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Lonicera
japonica, 3. Mulberry, 3. Onions, winter, two-thirds, 1. Photinia
serrulata, 1. Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pittosporum Tobira, 3. Roses,
H.P.’s, two, 1; Teas, seven, 1. Veronica Andersoni, 1; V. salicifo-
lia, 1; V. Traversi, 1. Wallflowers, 1. Yucca gloriosa, 2.

Plants uninjured — Borecole, dwarf and tall, green and
curled; Broccoli, 90 p. c. saved, very large in W. border;
Brussels sprouts; Cabbages, viz., Cocoanut, Enfield Market, Heart-
well, Wheeler’s Imperial, planted early in aut. from seed-bed. Coni-
fere,~Abies, Picea and Pinus sp. have stood the winter remarkably
well ; Wellingtonias (Sequoia gigantea) in groups of threes, have those
facing N.E. and 8.E. greatly damaged; the others, unhurt. Fruit
trees, Apples, Cherries, Nectarines, Peaches, Pears and Plums on
walls, espalliers or pyramids, bloomed better than they have done for
years past. Bush-fruits, promise well; and Strawberries, will be
about 20 days later than last year. Lettuce, Hardy Hammersmith
stands all weathers with a slight protection of bracken. Tripoli On-
ions, taken from seed bed and planted on 8. border are doing re-
markably well. Roses, dwfs., pegged down and covered with snow,
were thus saved.

1. CarpIGAN—ABERYSTWITH, Gogerddan.—Mr. T. Vearly. [See
p. 122.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Alt., 80 ft. ; 46°21 ins., on 182 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 1880, eleven days of
frost ; min. temp., 20th, 19°; Nov., eleven days of frost, min. temp,,

302 — INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

21st, 18°; Dec., eleven days of frost, min. temp., 17th, 20°; Jan.
1881, twenty-six days of frost, fourteen days below 20°; seven on or
below 19°; 15th and 25th, 1°; min. temp., 14th, 0° ; Feb., fifteen
days of frost. Min. temp., 24th, 18°. March, ten aay of frost,
min. temp., 28th, 20°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 44 (2), 26 (3)—Arbutus An-
drachne, 2. Azalea indica,3. Berberidopsis corallina, 3. Berberis
japonica, 2. Biota orientalis, 3. Brugmansia sanguinea, 2. Buxus
balearica, 3. Ceanothus americanus, 2; OC. dentatus, 2. Cistus
ladaniferus, 3. Citrus Aurantium, 3. Coronilla glauca, 2. Cupressus
borealis, 3 ; C. sempervirens, 3. Daphne collina, 2; D. indica, 2.
Kcheveria metallica, 3. Escallonia rubra, 2. Euonymus radicans, 2.
Hydrangea Hortensia, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 3. ‘Laurel, common
and Colchica, 2. Ligustrum lucidum, 3. Lonicera fragrantissima,
1. Pinus excelsa, 3. Roses, H.P.’s (on Manetti), 2; stands. on
briars, 2; Teas on Manetti, 2. Skimmia japonica, 3. Veronica
Adietoni 2. Wallflowers, 2. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

Observations—Apricots, Pears and Plums will be scarce ; Cherries
on wall are setting well ; so also are Currants and Gooseberries. (May
8rd, 1881.)

1. AperystwitH, Llanilar—Mr. J. Londale. [See p. 122.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Goginan, alt., 290 ft. ; 47°46 ins., on 188 days].

Min. Temps. and Dates — [Gogerddan, alt., 50 ft.; Jan. 14th,
0°; 15th, 19].

Plants injured, 1880-81—22 (1), 18 (2), 6 (3)—Broccolis, Walch-
eren, Snow’s, Adam’s Dalmeny, Wilcox’s winter Perfection, Cham-
pion, all, 1. Clematis montana, 2. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2.
Cryptomeria elegans, 1; C. japonica, 3. Cupressus Lambertiana, 2 ;
©. Lawsoniana, 1. Escallonia rubra, 1. Picea cephalonica, 3. Rho-
dodendrons, Waterer’s hybs., of every shade from apple-blossom to
the darkest crimson ; trees, 40 yrs. old, and never injured pre-
viously, all more or less damaged, and flower-beds kd., 2. Roses,
one-half kd., 1. Veronica Andersoni, lilac and white, both, 1.

1. GLaMoRGAN—CaRDIFF, St. Fagan’s Castle—Mr. R. Crossling.
[See p. 122.] |

Rainfall, 1880—[ Cardiff Cem., alt., 95 ft. ; 39-50 ins. on 170 days. ]

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 17th to 28rd; Dec. .

DIVISION XI.—WALES AND MONMOUTH. 303

17th to 21st; Jan. 4th to 27th; Feb. 21st to March 3rd.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan, 22nd, 6° [Cardiff, alt., 43 ft. ; Jan.
23rd, 139-4].

Plants injured, 1880-81—19 (1), 31 (2), 30 (3)—Almond, 3.
Ampelopsis Veitchii, young, 83. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. A. Unedo,
2. Arundo conspicua, 2. Benthamia fragifera, 1. Berberidopsis
corallina, 1. Biota occidentalis, 1, 2, 3. Camellias, 2. Cedrus At-
lantica, 2; C. Deodara, 2,3. Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Cupressus
Lambertiana, 3; C. macrocarpa, 3; C. sempervirens, 2. Deutzia
scabra, 3. Escallonia rubra, 2. Euonymus europeus, 3 ; E. japonicus,
1; HE. radicans, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Hibiscus syriacus, 3.
Hydrangea arborescens, 1, 2; H. Hortensia,2; H. japonica, 2. Let-
tuce, standard, 3.. Ligustrum lucidum, 1. Picea cephalonica, by
April frosts only, 3; P. lasiocarpa, 2; P. Nordmanniana, 3. Pinus
insignis, 2,3; P. pinea, 2. Pyrus japonica, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3;
Q. Suber, 3. Raphiolepis ovata, 3. Rhus glabra, laciniata, 1. Roses,
stands. on briars, 1, 2, 3; Teas on briars, 2, 3. Ruscus aculeatus,
3. Sequoia sempervirens, 2. Skimmia japonica, 3. Taxodium dis-
tichum, 2. Veronica Andersoni, 1; V. salicifolia, 1. Yucca filamen-
tosa, 3; Y. gloriosa, 2.

Plants uninjured — Acacia nervosa (?), Bellium bellidioides,
Bellis (minima?) from Corsica, Desmodium pendulifolium, Platy-
crater arguta, Richardia zthiopica in a brook frozen over for some
time, Selaginella Kroussiana, Wistaria sinensis growing against a
warm wall.

Observations—Myrtles reported as much injured are on walls of
houses ; all others were killed in 1879-80; Platanus orientalis (true
Plane), noted as slightly injured, is only hurt to the extent of one or
two buds at the extremity of each twig on several trees. P. occiden-
talis is uninjured.

1. PemprokE—Lircuryp, Castle Malgwyn.—Mr. J. Howard.
[See p. 124. ]

Rainfall, 1880—43-97 ins., on 167 days.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Jan. 6th, 11°, to 26th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 19th, 10°; 20th, -10°; 21st, -5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—21 (1), 32 (2)—Aloysia citriodora, 1.
Araucaria imbricata, large cone-bearing tree, 2. Arbutus Andrachne,
1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 2. Borecole (excepting As-

304 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

paragus Kale), 1. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2.
Cedrus Atlantica, 1; C. Deodara, 2. Endive, 1. Escallonia ma-
crantha, 1. Forsythia elegans, 1,2. Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2.
Gladiolus, 2. Holly, varieg., 2. Hydrangea arborescens, 2. Jas-
minum nudiflorum, 2. Juniperus, weeping var., 1, 2. Laurel, Bay,
2. Laurel, common, breaking from roots, 2; Do. Portugal, 1, 2.
Laurustinus, 1. Lavander, 2. Lonicera japonica, 2. Myrtle, 1.
Pampas grass, 2. Parsley, 2. Picea Pinsapo, 1. Quercus Ilex, 2
or 3 very large trees, 1. Rhododendrons, com. sorts, 1, 2. Roses,
on own roots and on Manetti, recovering well, e.g., H. P.’s, 2;
stands. on briars, 1, 2; Teas, 2. Rosemary, 2. Taxodium disti-
chum, 2. Thuja, valuable plants, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1. Wall-
flowers, 1, 2. Wistaria sinensis, 2. Yews, Irish, 1. Yucca aloi-
folia, 1, 2.

Plants uninjured — Lettuce, some hardy Hammersmith and
brown Cos ; Primula japonica.

Observation—Primula Cortusioides ameena lives, but does not do
so well as P. japonica.

2. NARBERTH, Slebech Park.—Mr. G. Griffin. [See p. 124.]

Rainfall, 1880—Very moderate [Haverfordwest, dist., 5 ms., E. ;
alt., 95 ft.; 40°76 ins., on 166 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 17th, 21°, to March.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 15th, 4°; 16th, 19; 22nd, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 21 (2), 14 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 1. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3. Aralia Sieboldii, 1. Araucaria,
2. Aucuba japonica, 3. Azara microphylla, 2. Berberis Darwinii,
1; B. japonica, 3. Broccoli, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Cabbages,
2. Cedrus Atlantica, 3; C. Deodara, 2; C. Libani, 3. Clematis
montana, 3. Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Daphne collina, 3. Deutzia
scabra, 3. Hscallonia rubra, 1. Euonymus radicans, 3. Figs, 200
yrs. old ?, kd. to grd., 2. Furze, 1. Gleditschia horrida, 3. Grise-
linia littoralis, 1. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 3. Larch,
1, 2. Laurel, Bay, kd. to grd., 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal,
3. Laurustinus, fine, large, 50 yrs. old, 1. Lavander, 2. Lonicera
fragrantissima, 2. Mulberry, 2. Myrtle, 1. Olearia Haastii, 2.
Onions, winter, 3. Pampas grass, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Parsley,
2. Quercus Ilex, lost leaves, 2. Raphiolepis ovata, 2. Rosemary,
1. Roses, stands., 2; Teas, on briar, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Tri-
toma uvaria, 1. Wistaria sinensis, stem, 3 ft. in circum., kd. to grd.,
2. Yucca filamentosa, 2.

DIVISION XI.—WALES AND MONMOUTH. 305

Plants uninjured—Berberis macrophylla, B. stenophylla, Camel-
lias, Cistus ladaniferus, Ligustrum japonicum. Nearly all the Coni-
ferze do well here, and have passed through the late trying seasons
unscathed ; out of 50 species, only four seem to have suffered any
damage worth mentioning. They are Araucaria imbricata, Cedrus
Deodara, Larch and Sequoia gigantea.

Observations—The effect of the last winter’s frost upon some
Species was somewhat singular ; as some specimens were nearly killed,
others of the same species were quite uninjured. We have a large
number of Wellingtonias, some of them are very much injured,
while others are not in the least hurt. This is even the case with
trees growing side by side, and with no difference whatever in
situation, soil or growth. The same occurred with the Araucarias,
and also with Cedrus Deodara, those which had made the thickest
growth having escaped.

1. Monmovrtu, Henare Gardens.—Mr. T. Coomber.

Gen. Char. of Soil—A tenacious loam, resting on marl; where
undrained, wet and very cold.

Alt. and Hxposure—Situation low, near a stream, surrounded by
higher ground and sheltered by wood from E. winds.

Rainfall, 1880—At Rockfield, dist., 14 ms.; 39°03 ins., on 146
days. |

Min. Temp. and Date—[Llanfrechfa, dist., 16 ms., S.W.; alt.,
326 ft.; Jan. 15th, 119].

Plants injured, 1880-81—15 (1), 18 (2), 17 (3) — Artichoke,
globe, protected with litter, 3. Asparagus, 3. Borecole, 1. Broc-
coli, Cattell’s eclipse, Early purple sprouting, Knight’s protecting,
Leamington, Snow’s winter white, Veitch’s spring white, all, 1.
Brussels sprouts, the imported and Scrymger's giant, 1. Cabbages,
3. Ceanothus Veitchianus, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Dentzia
scabra, 3. Huonymus radicans, 3. Figs, protected with mats, some,
1. Furze, 3; Do. fl. pl. 2. Kale, Asparagus, Cottager’s and dwarf
curled, 1. Kalmia latifolia, 3. Laurel, common, 2 ; Do. round-leaved,
2; Do. Portugal, several kd. to grd. and half-killed, 2. Laurustinus,
several kd. to grd. and half-killed, 2. Ligustrum lucidum, 1. Roses,
many dwfs.,1; H. P.’s, 1; stands. on briar, 1; Teas on Manetti, 1.
Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Stocks, 1. Yucca aloifolia, 3.

la

306

DIVISION XII.—(SCOTLAND) S. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
From Dumrries, KirKCUDBRIGHT AND ROXBURGH.

Dumrries. Aug. dry: all crops, exceptionally good (Wanlock-
head). Min. rainfall, Dumfries, alt., 159 ft.; ht., 6 ins.; 27-02
ins., on 158 days: max., Wanlockhead, alt., 1330 ft.; ht., 5 ins;
56°41 ins., on 166 days. Jan. 1881, severe frost from about Jan. 4th
to nearly end: mean temp., 26°°3, greatly: below av. (Dumfries,
Crichton Inst.). Min. temps., Arkleton, alt., 500 ft.; Jan. 16th,
-17°: Lockerbie, alt., 196 ft.; Jan. 17th, -8°: Drumlanrig, alt.,
191 ft.; Jan. 17th, -2°: Dumfries, alt., 159 ft.; Jan. 17th, 39-5.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 28 (1), 12 (2), 10 (8), total at 2
places.

Kirxcupsricut. Rainfall, 14°69 ins., below ay. of 20 yrs. : mean
temp., ‘7 above av, (Cargen). Jan. 1881, very severe frost, but little
snow (Carsphairn). Min. temps., Cargen, alt., 86 ft.; Jan. 17th, 7°:
Auchencairn, alt., 20 ft.; Jan. 25th, 11°: Cally, alt., 140 ft. ; Jan.
17th, 13°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 1 (2), 4 (8), total at 1 place.

Roxgpured. Fine sum., and severe frosts from Nov. to Dec. (Te-
viothd. Manse, Hawick). Rainfall, 5°21 ins., below ay, : mean temp.,
43°-8, about av. (Melrose). Jan. 1881, lowest mean recorded, 2199 ;
temp. below 32° on twenty-nine nights; below 0° on seven nights ;
snow on 9 days, 28°5 ins.; 9°5 ins. fell on 13th. Tweed frozen (Mel-
rose). Min. temps., Kelso, alt., 130 ft. ; Jan. 17th, -16°: Melrose,
alt., 280 ft.; Jan. 17th, -10°: Wolfelee, alt., 601 ft. ; Jan. 17th, -19.

Plants injured, 1880-81—39 (1), 19 (2), 8 (8), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. Dumrries—Lanenoum, Arkleton.—Mr. J. Dickson. [See p. 127.]
Rainfall, 1880—50-30 ins.
Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2nd to March 27th,
with very little mild weather.
Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, -17°.

eee. Feet ieee s®6=—™lUCCOOS
: ?

—_—e~ s

DIVISION XII.—(SCOTLAND) 8. COUNTIES. 307

Plants injured, 1880-81 —17 (1), 9 (2), 4 (8) — Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 3. Borecole, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 3. Cedrus
Libani, 1. Celery, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2; C. Simonsii, 2.
Crategus Pyracantha, 1. [Escallonia macrantha, 1. Eucalyptus
globulus, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Holly, 2; Do. variegated, 1. Ivy,
2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 1. Juniperus, 3. Laurel,
common, 1; Do. Portugal, 1. Lavander, 1. Lonicera japonica, 2.
Parsley, 1. Pears, 2 (see below). Phormium tenax,.2. Rhodo-
dendrons, especially late flowering, many kd. togrd., 2. Sequoia
gigantea, 1. Spartium junceum, 1. Tritoma uvaria,1. Yew, 2.

Observations—A pples never looked better. Currants, Gooseberries,
Raspberries and Strawberries all promise crops above the average.
Pears, had a fine appearance in the autumn 1880, with abundance
of flower-buds : but most of the buds have been killed. The only
sorts carrying any quantity of blossom are Beurre d’Amanlis, Chau-
montel, Jargonelle and Swan’s-Egg.

2. LockersIg, Jardine Hall—Sir A. Jardine. [See p. 127.]

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost, 1880-81 — Frost began in
general about middle of Noy. and lasted till end of Jan., with several
intervals of thaw. The severest period, from Jan. 6th to 30th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, -6° ; 17th, -8°; several nights
following, 0°, or -1° and -2°,

Plants injured, 1880-81—11 (1), 3 (2), 6 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Aucuba japonica variegata, 1. LBorecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brus-
sels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 1. Cauliflower, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2.
Cotoneaster microphylla, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Holly, 3; Do.
variegated, 3. Kale, 1. Laurel, common, 1; Do. Portugal, 1. Rhodo-
dendrons, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Strawberries, 2. Ulex europzus,
1. Yew, 3.

Observations—The greatest amount of damage was done by 8.W.
winds and sun during the spring.

1. Kirxcupsricut — AvcHENcarrN, Castle Douglas—Mr. J.
McGuffey. [See p. 128.] |

Rainfall, 1880—30-39 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost —Sharp frosts from Nov.
18th to 20th; Jan. 1881, 5th to 27th; severest winter for 21 years.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 25th, 11°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 1 (2), 4 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
3. Broccoli, 2. Cauliflower, 1. Celery, 1. Echeveria metallica, 1.

308 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Endive, 1. Lettuce, hardy green and all the year round, 1. Onions,
winter, 3. Parsley, 3. Penstemons, 1. Yucca gloriosa, 3.

Observations—All shrubs stood well in this locality, owing to the
wood being quite ripe before the frost came; Fruit trees quite un-
injured and laden with bloom (May 27th, 1881).

1. RoxsureH—Sr. Boswetr’s, Mertoun House.—Mr. W. Fowler.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt. &c. [See p. 130.]

Rainfall, 1880—31-86 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 3rd, 29°; Jan. 1881,
frost on 27 days ; seven times below 0°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 17th, -10°; 18th, -4°; 26th, -8°;
27th, -7°5: [Melrose, dist., 4 ms. ; alt., 280 ft.; Jan. 17th, -10°}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—39 (1), 19 (2), 8 (3)—Ampelopsis he-

deracea, 3; A. Veitchii, 3. Apples, 2. Apricots, 3. Araucaria, 1.
Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2. Aza-
lea amena, 1. Bambusa Fortunei, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3; B.
japonica, 1. Broccoli, 2. Box, 1. Buxus balearica, 1. Cauliflower,
2. Ceanothus azureus, 1; C. dentatus, 1; C. grandiflorus, 1. Cedrus
Atlantica, 2; C. Deodara, 1; C. Libani, 2. Chamerops Fortunei,
1. Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Colutea arborescens, 1. Cotoneaster
microphylla, 2. Crategus Pyracantha, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2.
Daphne Mezereum, 1. Erica, dwf. sorts, 2. Escallonia macrantha,
1. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Euonymus jap., 1. Fabiana imbricata, 1.
Forsythia elegans, 1. Fremoutia californica, 1. Furze, 3. Garrya
elliptica, 1. Holly, 2; Do. varieg., 2. Ivy, 2. Jasminum officinale,
1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, com., 1; Do. Port., 1. Nectarines, 3. Pam-
pas grass, 2. Peaches, 2. Penstemons, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Pinus
austriaca, 2. Rhododendron ponticum, all, 1 or 2. Roses, dwfs., 1;
H. P.’s, 1; stands. 1; Teas, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1. Veronica
Andersoni, 1; V. salicifolia, 1. Wallflowers, 1. Yew, many, 1 or
2; Do., most, 3. Yucca aloifolia, 1; Y. filamentosa, 1; Y. glo-
riosa, 1.

Plants wninjured—Pinus, newer vars.; Rhododendron hybs. ;
Yew, vars., adpressa, Dovastonii, and elegantissina.

Observations—The injury is probably not altogether due to the
severity of the winter, but to the fact that plants had never tho-
roughly recovered from the two previous winters as well as the
three last summers; the injuries being especially in low lying dis-
tricts, where all plants making late aut. growth suffered severely.

309

DIVISION XIII.—(SCOT.) 8S. E. COUNTIES.

_ METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM Berwick, EpinsuraH, HADDINGTONSHIRE AND PEEBLES.

Berwick. Rainfall, mean of 5 places, 28:91 ins. Jan. 1881
[frost intensely severe in low lying districts; see Gard. Chron. 1881,
vol. xv., p. 634]. Min. temps., all on Jan. 17th, viz., Blackadder,

-22° [?]:* Chirnside, alt., 100 ft.; -12°: Coldstream, alt., 100 ft. ;
-12°: Thirlestane Castle, alt., 558 ft. ; -11°: Eyemouth, alt., 16 ft. ;
-1°: and Dunse (Marchmont), alt., 500 ft. ; 2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 48 (1), 41 (2), 34 (3), total at 2
places.

Epinsurew. Min. rainfall, Leith, alt., 22 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 8 ins. ;
20°62 ins., on 175 days: max., Pentland Hills, alt., 900 [?] ft.;
53°20 ins.; Jan. 1881: Min. temps., Dalkeith, alt., 190 ft.; Jan.
17th, 3°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —16 (1), 44 (2), 45 (8), total at 1
place.

Happineton. One of the finest years on record (Hast Linton).f
Rainfall, mean of 5 places; 26°29 ins. Min. temps., Jan. 17th;
Haddington, alt., 140 ft.; -8°: and Tynninghame, alt., 50 (?) ft.,
-3°'5,

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 24 (2), 18 (8), total at 1 place.

Prrsies. Rainfall, mean of 3 places, 39°08 ins. Jan. 1881, Min.
temps., Stobo, alt., 600 ft.; Jan. 17th, 18th, -15°: King’s Meadow,
alt., 540 ft. ; Jan. 17th, -15°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—21 (1), 5 (2), 3 (8), total at 1 place.

REPORTS.

1. Berwick—CoxpstreaM.—Mr. J. Cairns. [See p. 133.]

aa. © Mr. Marriott observes that the therm. did not appear to have been satis-
factorily exposed. (Qr. Jl. of Met. Soc. 1881, p. 140, note.)
\ + This is the only observation for this Division recorded in Symons’s Br.

Se Reinfall,

~~

310 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Raifall, 1880—26:87 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct., twelve times below
32°; Nov., 21 times; Dec., 20 times; Jan. 1881, 23 times.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 13th, 10°; 14th, -119; 15th, 16th,
-3°; 17th, -12° [Kelso, dist., 8 ms., S.W.; alt., 130 ft.; Jan. 17th,
-16°}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 22 (2), 22 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Ampelopsis hederacea, 3; A. Veitchii, 3. Apricots, 2. Arauca- -
ria imbricata, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 3. Au-
cuba japonica, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Biota orientalis, 3. Bore-
cole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa, 1.
Cabbages, 2. Cauliflowers, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Celery, 3. Cle-
matis montana, old wood killed, 2. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3. Escal-
lonia macrantha, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 3. Forsythia viridissima,
2. Furze, 2. Garrya elliptica, 1. Holly, 1, 2. Honeysuckle, 3.
Ivy, young wood killed, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3. Kale, 2.
Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus,
2. Lavander, 2. Lettuce, 3. Onions, winter, 3. Pampas grass,
2. Parsley, 2. Pears, 3. Picea grandis, 3; P. pinsapo, 2. Privet,
3. Pyrus japonica, 3. Roses, dwfs., 3; stands. 1; Teas, 1. Se-
quoia gigantea, 3. Strawberries, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 2. Wall-
flowers, 2. Weigela rosea, 3. Yew, 3.

Plants uninjured—Cherries, Chimonanthus fragrans, Currants,
Daphne Mezereum, Erica herbacea, Gooseberries, Hyacinths, Lilac,
Plane, Plums.

Observations—The damage done was not more than in the last
winter. Having had more sun in 1880 the wood of fruit-trees &c.
was better ripened; while dwarf growing plants, e.g. Lettuces, were
protected by snow. Hollies suffered very severely, those injured in
1879-80 seem quite dead. The smooth-leaved vars.; on the whole,
stood best.

2. Dunse, Marchmont House.—Mr. P. Loney. [See p. 133.]

Rainfall, 1880—37:03 ins.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Dec., 16°; Jan. 17th, 2° ; 26th, 27th,9°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—40 (1), 19 (2), 12 (3)—Almond, 1.
Aloysia citriodora, 1. Apples, 3. Apricots, 2. Araucaria imbricata,
3. Arbutus Andrachne, 1; A. japonica, 1; A. Unedo, 1. Aristo-
lochia Sipho, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, 1; Do. va-
riegata, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 1; B. japonica, 3; B. vulgaris, 3.

DIVISION XI1I.—(scoT.) 8, E. COUNTIES. 311

Borecole, 2. Froccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1.
Cabbages, 1. Carnations, 2, Cauliflower, 1. Ceanotheus azureus,
‘1. Celery, 3. Cherries, 3. Chimonanthus fragrans, 1. Clianthus
puniceus, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 2. Crategus Pyracantha, 2.
Currants, 3. Cytisus Laburnum, 2. Deutzia scabra, 2. Endive, 1.
Eriobotrya japonica, 2, Escallonia macrantha, 1. Eucalyptus glo-
bulus, 1. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Fabiana imbricata, 1. Fuchsia
Riccartoni, 1. Garrya elliptica, 1. Holly, 2; Do. variegated, 2.
Ivy, 3. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, com-
mon, 2; Do. Portugal, 1. lLaurustinus, 1. Lavander, 1. Lettuce,
1. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Lonicera fragrantissima, 1. Magnolia
grandiflora, 2. Menziesia polifolia, 2. Onions, winter, 1. Pampas
grass, 1. Paulownia imperialis, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Plums, 3.
Pyrus japonica, 3. Quercus glabra, 3. Quince, 2. Ribes, 2. Rose-
mary, 1. Roses, dwfs., 3; stands., 1; Tea, 1. Skimmia japonica, 1.
Stocks, 1. Wallflowers, 2. Yucca filamentosa, 1.

Observations—We do not experience such low temperatures as in
two or three other places in the county of Berwick; chiefly from
our position being a considerable distance from water, and at an
elevation of (say) 500 ft. But, on the other hand, we have a long
continuance of storms and fewer changes than are experienced in
lower lying districts. At Blackadder [see p.309, note], about 150 ft.
above the sea, all the evergreens are killed, and many Oaks have
suffered severely.

1. EpinsurcH—Da.keiTH, Palace Gardens—Mr. M. Dunn,

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., &c. [See p. 135.]

Rainfall, 1880—24°50 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 12th, 29°; set in
Oct. 19th, 25°; 15 frosts in Nov. ; 20 in Dec. ; 29 in Jan. ; 27 in
Feb. ; 22 in March; 18 in April; and 5 in May. Mean temp., Jan.
was below 32°, from 13th to 18th; max. temp., 29°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 3°. ,
Plants injured 1880-81—16 (1), 44 (2), 45 (3)—Abies Morinda,
3. Almond, 3. Aristolochia Sipho, 3. Arundo Donax, 2. Azalea
ameena, 2; A. indica, 1. Camellias, 2. Catalpa syringefolia, 3;
Do. aurea, 3. Ceanothus azureus, 1; C. dentatus, 1. Clianthus
‘puniceus, 1. Colletia ferox, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Daphne
collina, 2. EHleagnus argentea, 2; EH. pungens, 3. Erica, 1, 2.

\

312 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 2; E. montevidensis, 1; E.
rubra, 2. Euonymus europus, 3; E. japonicus, 2; E. radicans, 3.
Gleditschia triacanthos, 3. Griselinia littoralis, 2. Laurel, com-
mon, 2; Do. Caucasica, 3. Lavatera arborea, 3. Leptospermum
scoparium, 2. Libocedrus chilensis, 3. Ligustrum lucidum, 3; L.
vulgare, 3. Menziesia polifolia, 3. Mulberry, 3. Nectarines, 3.
Negundo fraxinifolia, 3. Oreodaphne, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 3.
Peaches, 3. Penstemons, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 3; P. media,
3. Phormium tenax, 2. Picea cephalonica, 3; P. Pindrow, 3.
Pinus excelsa, 3. Piptanthus nepalensis, 3. Pittosporum Tobira,
3. Quercus glabra, 3; Q. Ilex, 2. Quince, 3. Rhododendrons, 1,
2, 3. Santolina chameecyparis, 3. Sequoia sempervirens, 3. Spartium
junceum, 3. Stocks, 1. Vines, 2. Walnut, 3.

Observations—Generally speaking trees and shrubs withstood this
winter better than the two previous ones. Fruit trees escaped with
little or no injury ; few shoots of Peaches even being injured. The
young wood was so well ripened the previous autumn that all trees
and shrubs were in the best possible condition to withstand the rigours
of winter. With vegetables, however, the case was different, as they
require the protection of snow to save them from such severe frost.
Hence, the frequent gales of frosty wind, which prevailed in Jan.,
Feb. and March proved very detrimental to vegetable crops, by drift-
ing the snow off them and exposing them to daily freezing and thaw-
ing and the keen blast of cold frosty winds. Brussels sprouts and
Leeks are the only crops that came through scatheless. Strawberry
plants suffered severely from the same cause as vegetables, Young —
Cabbages, &c., were entirely swept off by the frosty winds. In April
and May, vegetables were scarcer than they have been known for
years. Fruit trees flowered profusely and bore heavy crops of fruit,
but owing to the cold and wet summer and autumn, the fruit has
been deficient in quality and flavour. (Dec. 12, 1881.)

1. Happineton.—Preston, Tyninghame. — Mr. R. Brotherton. |

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., &e. [See p. 141.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Smeaton Ho., dist., 2 ms. ; 24°65 ins.].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost, 1880-81—Oct. 4th, till
beg. of April. Mean. temp. for Jan. was 8° below ay.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, 3°°5; 17th, -3°°5; 26th, 6°.
(Haddington, dist., 7 ms:, W.$ alt., 140 ft.; Jan. 17th, -8°].

DIVISION XIII.—(scOT.) 8, E. COUNTIES. 318

Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 24 (2), 10 (3)—Arbutus Unedo,
1, 2. Artichoke globe, 2. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 3. Bentha-
mia fragifera, 2. Broccoli, (lifted and laid down to the N. in Oct.),
Veitch’s spring white, only, 1; Penzance and Snow’s winter, 2. Cool-
ing’s Matchless, Dilcock’s Bride,3. Cabbages,2. Cauliflowers, early dwf.
Mammoth and early London, only young plants, 1. Ceanothus denta-
tus, 2. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 2; E. rubra, 2. Huon ymus
radicans, 3. Figs, 2. Fuchsia gracilis, 1. F. Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 2. Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Ivy, 2, 3. Kale, 3.
Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 3. Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus,
2. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Myrtle, 2. Onions, winter, 2. Pampas
grass, 2. Paulownia imperialis, 2. Pyrus japonica, one-half of one
plant, 1. Rhododendrons, small plants of new kinds and seedlings,
3. Roses, dwfs., 2; H.P.’s, 2 (young wood of last season least hurt) ;
Teas (excepting Gloire de Dijon), 2. Stocks, 1. Strawberries, 3 yr.
old plants, Green’s Scarlet and Lucas, none damaged; other sorts
more or less injured, Loxford Hall and Pioneer, 1; two yr. old
plants, only, of Loxford Hall seedlings injured; other sorts, Helena
Gloede, James Veitch, Lucas, President; one-yr. old plants (Aug.
1880) none damaged. ‘Tritoma uvaria, 2.

Plants uninjured—Broccoli, lifted and laid to N. in Oct., Eclipse,
Goschen’s late white, Leamington, Model; Lettuce, Brown Dutch,
Hammersmith, Hick’s hardy ; Plums, all on walls, Black pendragon,
Bullace, Golden drop, Greengage, Ickworth Impératrice, Reine
Claude de Bavay, Victoria, Washington, White Magnum Bonum;
Strawberries, three yr. old plants of Green’s Scarlet and Lucas, one
yr. old plants of Helena Gloede, James Veitch, Lucas, President.

Observations—The effects of the frost can hardly be localised,
as within a radius of six miles the results have varied to a most
remarkable degree. In one instance notably, nothing whatever was
damaged; while in another case every common shrub was killed
to the ground, and others injured to various extents.

1, PEEBLEs—Kine’s Meapows.—Mr. D. McFarlane. [See p. 142.]
Rainfall, 1880—[Mean. of 3 places, 39-08 ins.].
Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Hard frost in Nov. ; from
Dec. 24th, till April 24th, only 20 nights without frost.
Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, -13°; 17th, -15° ; 22nd, -6°;
1 Rk

514 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

24th, -7°; 26th, -8°. [Stobo, dist., 6 ms., W.; ht., 600 ft.; Jan.
17th, 18th, -15°.]

Plants injured, 1880-81—21 (1), 5 (2), 3 (8)—Artichoke, globe,
3. Asparagus, 3. Borecole, Scotch curly, 1. Broccoli, Back-house’s,
Gordon’s and Lander’s, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 1. Car-
nations, 1. Cauliflower, dwf. Erfurt, London, 1. Celery, Laing’s
Mammoth, Manchester, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, Forsythia elegans,
1. Gladiolus, 1. Gooseberries, 2. Hollies, 1; Do. variegated, 1.
Ivy, 2. Laurels, common, 1; Do. Portugal, 1. Lavander, 1. Onions,
winter, 1. Parsley, 1. Privet, 1. Rhododendrons, ponticum and
catawbiense, many, 1, 2. Rosemary, 1. Roses, H.P.’s, many, 1, 2.
Sequoia gigantea, 2. Strawberries, Duke of Edinburgh, Keyne’s
Black Prince, Oscar, President, 2. Yew, Irish, 2.

DIVISION XIV.—(SCOT.) 8. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN.
1881, rRom AyR AND LANARK.

Ayr. Rainfall, nearly 9 ins. below av. of 14 yrs. (Pinmore).
Jan. 1881. Min. temp., Ardrossan, alt., 14 ft.; Jan. 17th, 5°.

LANARK. ‘The season very favourable and crops good (Bothwell
Castle). Min. rainfall, Bothwell Castle, alt., 146 ft.; ht., 18 ft.;
23°45 ins., on 135 days: max., Douglas (Newmains), alt., 783 ft. ;
43°58 ins., on 187 days. Min. temps., Lanark, alt., 630 ft.; Jan.
16th, -5°: Cambuslang, alt., 146 ft.; Jan. 16th, -2°: Bothwell
Castle, Jan. 14th, 1°: Glasgow, alt., 190 ft.; Jan. 16th, 8°-9.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —73 (1), 50 (2), 31 (3), total at 2
places.

REPORTS.

1. Lanark—Bothwell Castle—Mr. A. Turnbull. [See p. 145.]
Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 4th, 22°; 20th, 13°;

DIVISION XIV.—(SCOT.) 8S. W. COUNTIES. 315

frost all through Noy. ; Dec. comparatively mild, till 17th. Jan.
1881, as a whole, intensely cold.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14th, -1°; 16th, -7°; 17th, -6°;
20th, -2°; 22nd, -4°; and 24th, -3°°5.

Plants injured, 1880-81—23 (1), 12 (2), 1 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
2. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 2. Arbutus An-
drachne, 1; A. Unedo, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Azalea ameena, 1.
Berberis Darwinii, 1. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, all, 1. Brussels
sprouts, 1. Cabbages, of 200 autumn planted, all (but 66), 1;
Savoys and German greens, 1. Camellias, 1. Carnations, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Furze, 1; Do. fl. pl, 1.
Garrya elliptica, 1. Jasminum nudiflorum, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel,
common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Laurustinus, 1. lLavander, 1. Lo-
nicera japonica, 1. Nectarines, 2. Parsley, 1. Peaches, 2. Rho-
dodendrons, 2; R. ponticum has fl. buds, 1. Rosemary, 1. Roses,
dwfs., 2; H. P.’s, 2; stands. 1; Teas (except Gloire de Dijon), 1.
Sequoia gigantea, 2. Stocks, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

2. Griasaow, [Locality omitted].—Mr. R. Bullen.

Gen. Char. of Soil—In the neighbourhood of Glasgow we have
the worst’ possible soil and climate to contend against.

Rainfall, 1880—[Glasgow Obs., alt., 180 ft.; 32°65 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—[Jan. 16th ?], -2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—50 (1), 38 (2), 30 (1)—Abies Dougla-
sli, 2; A. Morinda, 1, 2. Araucaria imbricata, 1, 2, 3. Asparagus, 1.
Aucuba japonica, 3; Do. varieg., 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 1. Ben-
thamia fragifera, 1, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1; B. vulgaris, 3. Biota
orientalis, 3. Boehmeria nivea, 1. Boussingaultia, 1. Buddleia
globosa, 2. Bupleurum fruticosum, 2. Camellias, 1. Carnations,
2. Catalpa syringefolia, 1; Do. aurea, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 2;
©. Deodara, 2; C. Libani, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 1. Cercis
siliquastrum, 1, 2. Choisya ternata, 1. Clematis montana, 3. Co-
lutea arborescens, 3. Cotoneaster microphylla, 3; C. Simonsii, 3.
Cryptomeria elegans, 1; C. japonica, 1. Cupressus borealis, 2; C.
Lambertiana, 1; C. Lawsoniana, 2; C. macrocarpa, 1. Eriobotrya
japonica, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 1; EH. rubra, 1. Euonymus
japonicus, 2; H. radicans, 2. Fitzroya patagonica, 2. Forsythia
viridissima, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Furze, 2; Do. fl. pl, 2.
Garrya elliptica, 2. Gladiolus, 1. Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 1, 2.
Gunnera scabra, 1. Hibiscus syriacus, 1, 2. Hydrangea arbores-

316 INJURIES TO. PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

cens, 3; H. Hortensia, 3; H, Otaksa, 3. Holly varieg., 3. Ivy,
2; Do. varieg., 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 3. Ju-
niperus, 1, 2. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Larch, 1, 2, 3. Laurel, Bay,
1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 1, 2. Laurustinus, 1. La-
vander, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 3. Libocedrus chilensis, 2. Ligus-
trum lucidum, 3. Lilium auratum,1; L. excelsum,1; L. lancifo-
lum, 1. Liquidambar styraciflua, 2. Lonicera japonica, 1. Mag-
nolia grandiflora, 1. Mulberry, 3. Olearia Haastii, 2. Osmanthus
aquifolius, 1; O. ilicifolius, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Paulownia imperialis,
2. Penstemons, 1. Phormium tenax, 1. Picea lasiocarpa, 1; P.
Nordmanniana, 2. Picea Pinsapo, 2. Pinus excelsa, 3; P. hale-
pensis, 3; P. insignis, 3; P. Laricio, 2; P. pinea, 2; P. sylvestris,
3. Pottosporum Tobira, 1. Pyrus japonica, 3. Rhododendron
ponticum and hybs. from pont., 2. Rhus glabra, 3. Ribes, 3. Rose-
mary, 1. Roses, H. P.’s, 2. Ruscus aculeatus, 3. Sequoia gigantea,
1. Skimmia japonica, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 1. Veronica Andersoni,
_1; V. Traversi, 1. Wallflowers, 1. Yew, 1, 2; Do. Irish, 3.

Plants uninjured—Almond, Ampelopsis hederacea, A. Veitchii,
Aristolochia Sipho, Box, Buxus balearica, Castanea vesca, Clematis
Jackmanni, Crategus ox., fl. pl., C. Pyracantha, Currants, Cytisus
Laburnum, Daphne Laureola, D. Mezereum, Deutzia scabra, Euo-
nymus europzeus, Gooseberries, Holly, Hyacinths, Hypericum bale-
aricum, H. Calycinum, Iris, Lilac, Mensiezia polifolia, Medlar,
Narcissus, Plane, Privet, Quercus glabra, Q. Ilex, Q. robur, Q. Su-
ber, Quince, Retinospora obtusa, R. pisifera, Rhododendron cataw-
biense and its hybs., Weigela rosea.

Observations—In the higher and most exposed parts of the gar-
den we have in a large bed devoted to Coniferee, two trees of
Araucaria imbricata, 60 yards apart, 8 years old. Both continued
in good health till the last two winters. The one at the W. end
of the bed was somewhat sheltered by trees and suffered most;
the other being more exposed suffered but little. Elsewhere’ are
two others, 20 yards apart, one is quite dead, the other slightly
injured, both being much exposed. There are elsewhere other two
plants, both much sheltered by large trees, and both are killed.
The living plants have their roots nearest to the surface, and the
junction of the stem with the roots well above ground; while those
planted deepest are those which succumbed first. The deeper the
roots are the more succulent and tender are they; and the frost

DIVISION XIV.—(scoT.) 8. W. COUNTIES. 317

having penetrated to an unusual depth this winter killed these
roots completely in many cases. This fact applies to many other
plants ; so that the more the surface-roots are encouraged, the better
it is for the plant in winter. We had occasion to transplant a
great many shrubs last autumn, and having an abundant supply
of leaf-mould only partially decomposed, it was freely applied about
the roots, mixed with the ordinary soil. The consequence was that
they withstood the severe winter much better than similar plants
which have been established for years.

DIVISION XV.—(SCOT.) W. MIDLAND COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM ARGYLL, DUMBARTON AND STIRLING.

Areryit. Rainfall, least, and sum. driest since 1868 (Skipness).
Do., 8:92 ins., below av. of 30 yrs. (Mull of Cantire). Sum., fine, most
abundant harvest, end of year very mild (Islay). Jan. 1881, Min.
temps., Lochgilphead, alt., 65 ft.; Jan. 15th, 5°: Eallabus, alt.,
71 ft.; Jan. 16th, 22nd, 894: Kilmory, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 16th,
10°: Rothesay, alt., 116 ft.; Jan. 16th, 15°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —29 (1), 58 (2), 52 (3), total at 2
places.

Dumparton. Unusually dry season (Auchendennan) ; Jan. 1881,
Min. temp., Auchendennan, Jan. 15th, 1°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 9 (2), 7 (8), total at 1 place.

Srinuing. Year, fine and dry (Polmaise Gardens). Jan. 1881,
Min. temp., Falkirk, alt., 8 ft.; Jan. 17th, 0°. :

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 6 (2), 17 (8), total at 1 place.

818 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

REpPoRTS.

1, ArayLt—LocuertpHeaD, Kilmory.—Mr. A. Brown.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., fc. [See p. 148.]

Rainfall, 1880—49-12 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—First frost Oct. 3rd; last,
May 3rd.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—17 (1), 26 (2), 17 (3)—Aristolochia
sempervirens, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Berberis (Mahonia) acanthi-
folia, 1. Buddleia Lindleyana, 2. Clianthus puniceus, 2. Colletia
horrida, 2; C. spinosa, 2. Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Cupressus toru-
losa, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 3. Deutzia scabra, 3. Eleagnus
argentea, 3. LEscallonia Ingrami, 2; E. macrantha, 2; LE. ptero-
cladon, 2. E. rubra, 1. Eurybia ilicifolia, 2; E. Gunnii, 2. Fuchsia
- coccinea, 2; F. Riccartoni, 2. Griselinia littoralis, 3. Gunnera
scabra, 3. Hartogia capensis, 2. Leptospermum lanigerum, 2; L.
scoparium, 3. Libertia fruticosa, 1. Menziesia polifolia, 3. Mitra-
ria coccinea, 2. Phygelius capensis, 2. Piptanthus nepalensis, 3.

2. LocHGILPHEAD, Poltalloch—Mr. J. Russell. [See p. 148.]

Rainfall, 1880- 42°17 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 4th, 24°; last frost,
June 11th, 31°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 15th, 5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—12 (1), 32 (2), 35 (3}—Abies Morinda,
3. Ampelopsis Veitchii, 2. Bambusa gracilis, 2. (B. Metake,
unhurt.) Berberidopsis corollina, 3. Broccoli, autumn, Backhouse’s
winter, Dilcock’s bride, Late white protecting, Lander’s Goschen,
Snow’s superb winter white, Sutton’s perfection, Veitch’s self-pro-
tecting, 1. Cabbages, 2. Carnations, 2. Cauliflower, 1. Ceanothus
azureus, 2; ©. integerrimus, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 3. Chimonanthus
fragrans, 3. Coronilla glauca, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 3 ; C. japo-
nica, 8. Cupressus torulosa, 3. Desfontainea spinosa, 2. Endive, 1.
Erica herbacea, 2; HE. mediterranea, 2. Eugenia Ugni, 1. Euo-
nymus radicans, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Juniperus chinensis, 3.
Lettuce, Hick’s hardy white, hardy Hammersmith, 1. Osmanthus
ilicifolius, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 3. Picea grandis, 3; P. lasio-
carpa, 3. Pinus excelsa,3; P. Laricio, 3. Podocarpus andina 3;

DIVISION XV.—(SCOT.) W. M. COUNTIES. 319

P. chinensis, 3. Pyrus japonica, 2. Quercus glabra, 3. Raphio-
lepis ovata, 2. Retinospora pisifera aurea, 3. Rhododendrons,
Countess of Haddington, 1; R. Falconeri, 2. Strawberries, almost
all rendered leafless, Dr. Hogg, Garibaldi, Keen’s seedling, Presi-
dent, Sir Joseph Paxton, Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury, Wizard of
the N orth. Violets, 2. Yucca recurva, 3.

1. Dumparton — ALEXANDRIA, Auchendennan. — Mr. A. Scott.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., gc. [See p. 149.]

Rainfall, 1880—38°5 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 5th till Feb, 2nd,
with subsequent slight frosts.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 15th, 19.

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 9 (2), 7 (8)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 3. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Asparagus, 3.
Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts,
2. Cabbages, 2. Celery, 2. Oryptomeria elegans, 3; ©. japonica,
3. Cupressus Lambertiana, 3. scallonia macrantha, 1. Garrya
elliptica, 2. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 3. Laurustinus, 2.
Lettuce, 1. Leycesteria formosa, 1. Parsley, 2. Penstemons, 1.
Roses, H. P.’s, 2. Strawberries, 2.

1. Srmeuinc—Faxirk, Kerse House.—Mr. it Weir. [See p. 152.]

Rainfail, 1880—26°6 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Oct. 4th ; last frost,
May 17th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—6 (1), 6 (2), 17 (8)—Apricots, 3.
Araucaria imbricata, 3. Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinu, 2.
Broccoli, Cattell’s eclipse and William’s Alexandra, 1. Brussels
sprouts, 3. Cabbages, 1. Cauliflower, London early, 1. Cedrus
Deodara, 2. Cryptomeria japonica, 3. Echeveria metallica, 1.
Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Holly variegated, 3. Ivy, 3. Laurel, Bay,.
1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Libocedrus decurrens, 3.
Onions, winter, 1. Picea lasiocarpa, 3; P. Nordmanniana, 3. Picea
Pinsapo, 3. Podocarpus andina, 3. Quercus Ilex, 3. Roses, dwfs.,
2; stands. on briar, 2; Teas, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Taxodium
distichum, 3. Wallflowers, 3.

320

DIVISION XVI— SCOT.) E. M. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
FROM Fire, ForRFAR AND PERTH.

Firr. Min. rainfall, Leuchars, alt., 100 ft.; ht., 9 ins.; 20-49
ins.: max., Lothrie Res., alt., 700 ft.; ht. 1 ft.; 3433 ins. Jan.
1881, severe frosts from end of Oct. to end of March (St. Fort).
Min. temps., Colinsburgh, alt., 350 ft.; Jan. 17th, 4°: Kemback,
alt., 98 ft.; Jan. 17th, 79-5.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 37 (1), 33 (2), 31 (3), total at 2
places.

Forrar. Rainfall, below av. of 30 yrs. (Arbroath, Craigton,
&e.) Jan. 1881. Min. temp., Carnoustie, alt., 288 ft.; Jan. 17th,
a
Plants injured, 1880-81—8 (1), 9 (2), 7 (8), total at 1 place.

PrertH. Singularly dry year (Callander, Leny). Min. rainfall,
Perth, alt., 79 ft.; ht., 64 ft. 5 ims.; 23°43 ins.: max., Glengyle,
alt., 380 ft. ; 69 ins. Jan. 1881, frost severer and longer than known
for many yrs. (Aberfeldie). First 3 months, severe, well-grown elms,
30 to 40 yrs. old, split up by frost (Callander, Leny). Min. temps.,
Abercairny, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 17th, -5°: Carse of Gowrie, alt., 233
ft.; Jan. 10th, low ground, -4°; higher, 4°: Huntingtowerfield,
alt., 45 ft.; Jan. 14th, 17th, 24th, -2°: Ochtertyre Ho., alt., 360
ft.; Jan. 17th, 0°: Glen Almond, alt., 533 ft.; Jan. 13th, 79-9.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 39 (1), 53 (2), 38 (8), total at 5
places.

REPoRTS.

1. Fire—Co.inspureH.—Mr. HK. Tate. [See p. 154.]

Rainfall, 1880—32-46 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — End of Oct., more or
less till 1881 ; then severe frost from about Jan. 9th to 27th.

DIVISION XVI.—(sCOT.) E. M. COUNTIES. 321

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—24 (1), 19 (2), 12 (3)—Aralia Siebol-
dii, sheltered, 3. Arbutus Andrachne, sheltered, 3. A. Unedo, 1.
Ceanothus americanus, 1; ©. azureus, 1; C. dentatus, 2. Clianthus
puniceus, 1. Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3. Dracena australis, 1.
Escallonia macrantha,1; EH. rubra, 2. Hurybia argophylla, 1;
E. ilicifolia, 1. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 1. Gladiolus, 1. Gleditschia
horrida, 3. Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 2. Griselinia littoralis, 2.
Peaches, 2. Quercus Suber, 1. Rhododendrons, 3. Roses, dwfs.,
H. P.’s, and Teas, all much cut, 2; stands. suffered most. Salis-
buria, 1. Taxodium distichum, 3.

Observations — The winter has been very severe and we have
suffered much in Conifers, Fruit trees, Shrubs and Vegetables. Of
‘Broccolis, the kinds that stood best were Blackhouse’s winter, May
Queen and Lang’s late white. Chamerops Fortunei, in open, unhurt.

2. Newport, St. Fort.—Mr. W. Conacher. [See p. 154.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Dundee, dist., 4 ms.; alt., 50 ft.; ht., 6 ins. ;
21-05 ins., on 154 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—About the middle of Nov.
to end of March, with but three intervals of a day or two, severe
frosts and snow prevailed.

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Carse of Gowrie, dist. 10 ? ms., N.;
Jan. 10th, -4° to 4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 14 (2), 19 (3)—Arbutus pro-
cera, 3. Buddleia Lindleyana, 1. Clianthus puniceus, 1. Cotone-
aster microphylla, 3. Cryptomeria japonica, 3. Cupressus torulosa,
3. Daphne Laureola, 3. Echeveria metallica, 1. Escallonia ma-
crantha, 3; HE. rubra, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 2; E. radicans, 3.
Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Habrothamnus on wall, 2. Lettuce, Drum-
head, 1 (Brown Dutch safe). Picea Pinsapo, lost young shoots, 2.
Quercus Ilex, 2. Rhododendrons, exposed to winds, 3. Roses, H.P.’s
and stands, 1. Rosemary, 1. MRuscus aculeatus, 3. Skimmia
japonica, 3. Strawberries, 3. Veronica Andersoni, green and varie-
gated, except under protection, all, 1. Yucca aloifolia, 3; Y. fila-
mentosa, 2.

Observations —The early flowering Rhododendrons have been
superb. Many Indian sorts have stood well and some have flowered,
having been raised from seed many years ago. Fruit trees of all
sorts have a great show of flower. Peaches on open wall, most

1s

322 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

abundant. Great want of all Brassica tribe for cutting; but Aspa-
ragus, Brown Dutch Leittuces, Leeks, Parsley, Rhubarb and Sea-
kale are fresh and good. (May 21, 1881.)

1, Forrar—Carnovstiz.—Mr. J. Mitchell. [See p. 155.]

Rainfall, 1880—Ht., 390 ft. ; 29-66 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Severe frost in October,
10°; Jan. 8th to Feb. 12th. Frosts also in March, April, and on
May 16th, 26°.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 2°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 - 8 (1), 9 (2), 7 (3)—Abies Morinda, 3.
Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Aucuba japonica, 3. Berberis Darwinii, 2.
Cupressus torulosa, 2. Daphne Mezereum, 1. Deutzia scabra, 2.
Escallonia macrantha, 1. Forsythia viridissima, 2. Furze, 2; Do.
fl. pl., 2. Jasminum nudiflorum, 3; J. officinale, 3. Laurel, Bay, 3.
Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 1. Leycesteria
formosa, 1. Parsley, 2. Phormium tenax, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 2.
Stocks, 1. Veronica salicifolia, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

Observations—The heavy rainfall of 1879 followed by hard frost
when the trees were full of leaf did more damage than has been
done this past winter of 1880-81, notwithstanding all the frost and
snow we have had. In most cases where the trees and shrubs have
been killed this winter, they had been dying since the last. Cedrus
Deodara, trees 28 yrs. old, from seed, planted 40 yards apart in a
narrow glen 50 ft. deep, had scarcely a twig injured. Others from
70 to 100 ft. higher up, two rows of them are very much cut up.
Escallonia macrantha, plants against walls in different aspects, which
have stood every winter since 1854, have all died during the last
three winters. Fruit trees, e. g., Apples, Cherries, Pears, Plums, have
stood this winter uninjured. The wood was better ripened by the
dry summer of last year than it has been for many years. They
have blossomed strongly and abundantly. Rhododendrons, Hima-
layan, raised from seed in 1853, were large bushes in 1870; much
injured in 1879-80, are now, nearly dead, except those on the very
highest part of the grounds, with no shelter whatever. Roses,
Gloire de Dijon, on 8. wall, kd. nearly to grd.; om a terrace, 35 ft
lower down, scarcely injured, and are now growing luxuriantly.

1. PertH—CarsE oF Gowrie.—Mr. P. Loney. [See p. 157.]

0 eS eee | oe

DIVISION XVI.—(sCOT.) E. M. COUNTIES. 328

. Rainfall, 1880—25-32 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 2nd, weather change-
able till Dec.; much snow ; frost till March 5th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 8th, 6°; 10th, 4°; 24th, 9°. In
some situations in low ground, -2° to -4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 7 (2), 2 (8)—Aralia Sieboldii,
2. Aristolochia Sipho, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspicua, 1.
Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole, 2. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts,
2. Cabbages, 2. Celery, 2. Chimonanthus fragrans, 2. Clema-
tis Jackmanni, 2. Eurybia argophylla, 2; LE. latifolia, 2;
E. ilicifolia, 2. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 2. Kale, 2. Lau-
rustinus, 3. Phormiam tenax, 1. Stocks, 1. Veronica Andersoni,
3; V. salicifolia, 2. Wallflowers, 3.

Observations—In consequence of the elevation and aspect of the
grounds, temps. average higher than in low grounds, e.g. Araucarias,
Cupressus mac. and vars. of Rhododendrons stand well without
much injury.

2. Crierr, Abercairny.—Mr. J. Brown. [See p. 157.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Crieff (Ochtertyre), alt., 325 ft. ; 31:28 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, -5°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—9 (1), 6 (2), 13 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 3: Arbutus Andrachne, 3. Artichoke, globe, 3. Borecole, 2.
Broccoli, part laid, but all, 1. Brussels sprouts, Scrymger’s Giant
and Dalkeith, all, 1. Cabbages, 2. Cedrus Atlantica, 3. Celery
(Leicester red only saved), others, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 3.
Endive, 1. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Kale, 2. Laurel, Bay, a few kd.
to grd., 2, 3. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Laurustinus, 3.
Lettuce, 1. Onions, winter, 3. Penstemons, 1. Rhododendron
Nobleanum, 1,2; P. ponticum, 3. Roses, dwfs., H. P.’s, stands.
and Teas, 3. Stocks, 1. Strawberries, 3. Wallflowers, 2.

Obseryations—Last sum. and aut. were particularly fine, so that
the fruit trees &c. were well ripened; hence, doubtless, was the
small amount of damage done this winter.

3. CrieFF, Octertyre House—Mr. G. Croucher. [See p. 158.]

Rainfall, 1880—31-28 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 15th till April 1st,
137 days. The thickness of the ice on a pond was 13:25 ins., Jan.
17th ; on March 5th, 16 ins.

Min.Temps. and Dates—Jan.17th, 0°; 14th and 18th; 4°; 27th,3°.

324 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Plants injured, 1880-81—12 (1), 10 (2), 7 (3)—Araucaria im-
bricata, 3. Artichoke, globe, 1, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 3. Celery, 1.
Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Cryptomeria, 2 of 6 plants, 2. Cupressus
macrocarpa, 1. Endive, 1. Escallonia macrantha, 2; HE. rubra, 2.
Fitzroya patagonica, 3.. Furze, in woods, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel, Bay,
3. Lettuce, 1. Onions, winter, 2. Osmanthus aquifolius, 2; 0.
ilicifolius, 2. Parsley, triple-curled, 3. Picea Pindrow, 1. Pinus
insignis, 3. Spinach, winter, 2. Tritoma uvaria, 3.

4, Pert, Balgowan.—Mr. J. Fairlie. [See p. 159.]

Rainfall, 1880 —[Perth, alt., 24 ft.; ht. 1 ft. 6 ins.; 31°30
ins. ].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Carse of Gowrie, dist., 15 ? ms., E. ;
alt., 233 ft.; Jan. 10th, -4° to 4°: Glen Almond, dist., 15 ? ms.,
W.; alt., 533 ft.; Jan. 13th, 79-9].

Plants injured, 1880-81—1 (1), 6 (2), 4 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 2. Artichoke, globe, 2. Asparagus, much better than in

1879-80. Brussels sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa, 2. Cabbages, 3.
| Cryptomeria elegans, 3. Escallonia macrantha, 3. Garrya elliptica,
on 8. wall, 20 ft., 2. Roses, stands., 3; Tea, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 2.

5. Prrra, Huntingtowerfield—Mr. A. Bayne. [See p. 159.]

Rainfall, 1880—25°5 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Dec. 14th, first frost
lasted till March 18th.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 14, 17th and 24th, -2°, four ft.
from ground ; -8° on the ground.

Plants injured, 1880-81—13 (1), 14 (2), 11 (3)—Araucaria
imbricata, 2. Asparagus, 2. Aucuba japonica, 2; Do. variegated,
2. Azalea indica, 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 1. Berberis Darwinii, 1.
Biota orientalis, 3. Borecole, 1. Broccoli, Cooling’s matchless,
Dilcock’s bride, Elletson’s mammoth, Lander’s protecting white,
Goshen, Penzance, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages,1. Car-
nations, 1. Cauliflower, Erfurt dwarf, London early, Stadtholder,
all, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 2; C. Libani, 3. Celery, 1. Cotoneaster
microphylla, 3. Cryptomeria elegans, 2; C. japonica, 2. Daphne
Mezereum, 1. Erica, most sorts, 3. Eugenia Ugni, 3. Holly, 2;
Do. varieg., 2. Hyacinths, 3. Jasminum officinale, 1. Laurel,
common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Onions, winter, 2. Parsley, 1.
Privet, 2. _Rhododendrons, hybs., 3. Roses, dwfs. and H. P.’s on
Manetti and own roots, 2. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Wallflowers, 1.
Yew, 3; Do. Irish, 3.

DIVISION xv1.—(scorT.) E. M. COUNTIES. $25

Observations—The winter of 1880-81 has been the most severe
and protracted in all my experience of 40 years. The nearest
approach to it was 1860-61; but the results have been more disas-
trous during the past winter. The place here has the appearance
as of a scorching fire having passed over it. Most of our shrubs
that were considered quite hardy are all browned on the side next
the sun. Laurels of all sorts will have to be cut down to the ground.
The whole of the Brassica tribe was completely killed ; in fact we
had no green vegetables left except Leeks, a few Onions and Spinach.
Fruit trees were well ripened last autumn, consequently they have
escaped unhurt. All sorts have an abundant appearance of blossom
but are very late (May 31st, 1881).

DIVISION XVII.—(SCOT.) N. E. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN. 1881,
: FROM ABERDEEN, BANFF AND ELGIN.

ABERDEEN. Rainfall, small in Aug.; snow heavy in Dec. Jan.
1881, Min. temps., Braemar, alt., 1114 ft.; Jan. 17th, -4°: Aber-
deen, alt., 86 ft.; Jan. 17th, 4°.

Banrr. Rainfall, Tomintoul, alt., 1103 ft.; 31:53 ins., on 172
days ; Jan. 1881, frost most intense during the whole month (To-
mintoul). Very fine growing season to end of Sept. ; cold, wet and
stormy with frequent snow-storms to end of 1880 (Gordon Castle).
Jan. 1881; Min. temp. do., alt., 90 to 120 ft.; Jan. 18th, 0°.
Plants injured, 1880-81 —19 (1), 21 (2), 28 (8), total at 1
place. 3

Exam. Intense frost set in Oct. 18th, with snow 11 ins.; grd.
could not be dug until April 6th (Dunphail). Min. Rainfall, For-
res, alt., 20 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 20°65 ins., on 123 days: max., Aberlour
(Elchies), alt., 560 ft.; ht., 1 ft. 6 ims.; 32°81 ins., on 148 days.

Plants injured, 1880-81 —55 (1), 33 (2), 15 (8), total at 2
places. _ :

326 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

REpPoRTs.

1. Banrr—Focuasers, Gordon Castle—Mr. J. Webster.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., &c. (See p. 165.]

Rainfall, 1880—28-99 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 20th, sharp frost and
snow-storm, with little intermission till end of March.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 18th, 0° ; March 22nd, 10°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—19 (1), 21 (2), 28 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, kd. to grd., 2. Araucaria imbricata, 2. Ceanothus azu-
reus, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 2. Chamecyparis spheroidea, 3.
Clianthus puniceus, 1. Cryptomeria elegans, 3; C. japonica, 3. Cu-
pressus macrocarpa, 3; C. sempervirens, 3. Erica, 2. Escallonia
macrantha, 2; E. rubra, 1. Fitzroya patagonica, 3. Fuchsia Ric-
cartoni, 1. Hypericum balearicum, 2; H. Calycinum, 2. Jasminum
nudiflorum, 3. Magnolia conspicua, fl. buds kd., 1; M. grandiflora,
S. wall, retained foliage, 3 (lost foliage, 1879-80). Menziesia poli-
folia, 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, 2. Piptanthus nepalensis, 2.
Pittosporum undulatum, 1. Podocarpus chinensis, 2. Quercus
Tlex and Q. Suber lost foliage, 3. Retinospora ericoides, 1. Rhodo-
dendrons, lost fl. buds only, 3. Roses, dwfs., China and Noisette,
2; stands., 1; Teas, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 3.

Plants uninjured — Apples, Apricots, Currants, Gooseberries,
Peaches, Pears, Picea sp., Plums and Strawberries.

1. Exein — INvVERAVEN, Ballindalloch. — Mr. D. Rose.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., &c. [See p. 166.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Grantown, dist.,10 ms. ; ht., 712 ft. ; 29-69 ins. ].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Very severe frost in Dec.
and about the end of Feb.; Jan. not being so severe. In Feb.,
about the end, we had several nights with 36 degrees of frost
[7.e., -4°; too low ?].

Plants injured—15 (1), 0 (2), 8 (8)—Artichoke, globe, 3. Bore-
cole, 1. Broccoli, Veitch’s, 1. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 1.
Celery, all sorts, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Cotoneaster micro-
phylla, 1. Cryptomeria japonica, 3. Endive, 1. Gooseberries, seve-
ral, 1. Jasminum officinale, 3. Laurel, common, 1; Do. Portugal,
1. Lettuce, all, 1. Parsley, 1. Penstemons, 1. Picea grandis, 3;

DIVISION XVII.—(SCOT.) N. E. COUNTIES. 327

P. Nordmanniana, 3. Rosemary, 1. Sequoia gigantea, 3. Tritoma
uvaria, 3. Wallflowers, 1.

2. Forres, Dunphail.—Mr. D. Myers. [See p. 166.]

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Intense frost set in on

Oct. 18th, with snow 11 ins.; grd. could not be dug until April 6th.
Min. Temp. and Date.—{[Nairn, dist., 9 ms., W. ; alt., 84 ft. ;
Jan. 14th, 18th, 5°]

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 40 (1), 33 (2), 7 (3) — Broccoli,
Champion, Early purple Cape, Snow’s winter white, Sutton’s perfec-
tion, Veitch's protecting, Walcheren, all, 1. Catalpa syringefolia,
aurea, 1. Cauliflower, Early Erfurt, Lenormands, Early London, 1.
Cistus ladaniferus, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Coronilla glauca, 1.
Cotoneaster microphylla, 3. Cryptomeria japonica, 1. Cupressus
Lambertiana, 2; C. sempervirens, 3. Deutzia scabra, 2. Echeveria
metallica, 1. Endive, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 1; E. macrantha, 1;
E. rubra, 2. Euonymus europeus, 2; E. radicans, 2. Forsythia
viridissima, 1. Fuchsia coccinea, 2; F. macrostemma, 2; F. Ric-
cartoni, 2. Habrothamnus, 1. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common,
2; Do. Caucasica, 2; Do. Portugal, 2. Lettuce, Daniels giant white,
Daniel’s green winter, Hammersmith hardy green, Tennis ball, Whee-
ler’s Tom Thumb, 1. Lilium auratum, 3; L. excelsum, 3. Loni-
cera japonica, 2. Penstemons, 46 vars., all, 1. Picea grandis, 2;
P. Lowiana; 2; P. Nordmanniana, 3; P. Pindrow, 2; P. Pinsapo,
2. Pyrus japonica, 3. Rhododendrons, 2. Roses, stands., all, 1;
Teas, 2.

DIVISION XVIII.—(SCOT.) N. W. COUNTIES.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AnD JAN. 1881,
FROM INVERNESS AND Ross.

InveRNEss. Sum., very dry and hot. Frost set in Sept. 20th;
snow on 19th; Winter set in earlier than usual and very severely
(Roy Bridge). Rainfall, 6-42 ins. below av. of 30 yrs. (Barrahead).
Jan. 1881, snow, not very heavy, but frost very severe (Aviemore).

328 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Low temps., without parallel in last 40 yrs. (Culloden). Min.
temps., Roy Bridge, alt., 310 ft.; Jan. 15th, -0°5: Fort George
(Kilravock), -3°: Culloden, alt., 104 ft.; Jan. 14th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 9 (2), 4 (3), total at 1 place.

Ross. Sum., unusually mild (Strathconan). Rainfall, March,
May, Aug., small; total, 7°19 ins. below av. of 8 yrs. (Ardross Cas-
tle). Jan. 1881, frost from 3rd to 26th terribly severe ; arm of sea
for 6 ms. frozen, 6 or 7 ins. thick (Lochbroom). Min. temps., Acho-
nochie Lodge, alt., 125 ft.; Jan. 18th, -4°; Ardross Castle, alt.,
450 ft.; Jan. 14th, 18th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 37 (1), 22 (2), 51 (8), total at 2
places.

REPORTS.

1. InverNEss—Fort Gerorae, Kilravock.—Mr. J. Manson.

Rainfall, 1880—[Inverness (Culloden Ho.), dist., 7 ms. ; alt.,
104 ft. ; 23-65 ins.].

Min. Temps. and Dates—[Jan. 14th or 18th ?], -5°: [ Nairn, dist.,
8 ms., E.; alt., 84 ft.; Jan. 14th, 18th, 5°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—10 (1), 9 (2), 4 (3)—Araucaria imbri-
cata, 2. Arbutus Andrachne, 1. Artichoke, globe, 3. Azalea in-
dica, 3. Broccoli, 2. Brussels sprouts, 1. Cabbages, 2. Cauli-
flower, 1. Celery, 1. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Cytisus scoparius, 1.
Furze, 1. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 2.
Laurustinus, 1. lLavander, 3. Lettuce, 1. Onions, winter, 1.
Parsley, 2. Roses, H. P.’s, 2; stands., 1. Tritoma uvaria, 2.

Observations—We received no damage in 1879-80; but the win-
ter of 1880-81 has been severer. than any previous one which can
be remembered.

1. Ross—Atness, Ardross Castle—Mr. R. Massie. [See p. 170.]

Rainfall, 1880—33-34 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Middle of Oct. with me
intermission to the end of March.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 14th and 18th, 4°.

Plants injured 1880-81—18 (1), 5 (2), 33 (3)—Abies Douglasii,
3. Araucaria imb., 3. Artichoke, giobe, 2. Biota orientalis, 3.

DIVISION XVIII.—(SCOT.) N. W. COUNTIES. 329

Borecole, 1. Broccoli, 1. Brussels sprouts, 2. Box, 3. Cabbages,
‘1. Carnations, 3. Cauliflower, 1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 3 ; Cra-
tegus Pyr., 3. Cupressus Lambertiana, 2; C. Lawsoniana, 3; C.
macrocarpa, 1. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Gladiolus, 1. Laurel, com-
mon, 3; Do. Portugal, 2. Libocedrus decurrens, 3. Lilac, 3. Loni-
cera fragrantissima, 3. Picea cephalonica, 3; P. Nordmanniana, 3.
Picea Pinsapo, 3. Pinus sylvestris, 3. Quince, 1. Rhododendrons,
3. Roses, dwfs., 3. H. P.’s., 3. Santolina chamecyparis, 1. Sequoia
gigantea, 3. Strawberries, 3.

Observations—Owing to the unusually dry and bright summer of
1880, Apples, Cherries, Pears and Plums had their young wood well
ripened, and consequently sustained little or no injury.

3. Kitmurr, Balmagowan Castle. Mr. J. Urquhart.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., gc. [See p. 171].

Rainfall, 1880—[Cromarty, dist., 7ms., E. ; alt., 28 ? ft.; 22°06
ins. |.

Date of Onsetand Duration of Frost—Oct. 26th to end of Feb.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 16th, -6°; 18th, -4°.

Plants anjured, 1880-81—19 (1), 17 (2), 18 (3)—Ampelopsis
Veitchii, 2. Apricots, 1. Araucaria imbricata, 14 to 15 ft. high, 2.
All Cabbage tribe, 1. Carnations, 1. Cedrus Atlantica, 2. Celery, -
As Clematis Jackmanni, 2%. Cotoneaster microphylla, 1; C. Si-
monsii, 2. Deutzia scabra, 3. Endive, 1. Erica, 3. Escallonia
Ingrami, 2. Huonymus japonicus, 1. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 3. Goose.
berries, 3. Holly 3; Do. varieg., 2. House-leek, 1. Hypericum ~
Calycinum, 3. Ivy, 2. Kale, 1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portu-
gal, 1. lLavander, 2. Lonicera fragrantissima, 2. Narcissus, 3.
Nectarines, 3. Onions, winter, 2. Parsley, 3. Peaches, 3. Pears,
3. Penstemons, 1. Picea Lowiana, 3; P. Nordmanniana, 3. Pinus
excelsa, 3. Plums, 3. Privet, 3. Rhododendrons,: 1. Rosemary,
1. Roses, H. P.’s, 2; Teas, 2. Strawberries, 3. Taxodium disti-
chum, 14 or 15 ft. high, 2. Tritoma uvaria, i. Wallflowers, 1.

1?

330

DIVISIONS XX.—XXIII.—IRELAND.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE YEAR 1880 AND JAN, 1881,
FROM Monster, LEINSTER, CONNAUGHT AND ULSTER.

Munster.—The weather of 1880 was on the whole more genial
than that of several years past ; Rainfall, 10°33 ins. below ay. of 15
yrs. (Cork). Cold weather, with first frost on Oct. 2nd; much
rain, Noy. and Dec., with heavy gales and frosts. Jan. 1881, month
very cold and temp. very severe, from 20th to 22nd, ice 3°5 ins.,
thick (Miltown Malbay, Cy. Clare). Min. temps. Killaloe, alt.,
115 ft.; Jan. 16th, 17th, 7°: Blackrock, alt., 194 ft.; Jan. 15th,
g°:: Waterford, alt., 60 ft.; Jan. 17th, 10°: Cork. alt., “70 ft. ; and
Ennis, alt., 156 ft.; Jan. 16th, 12°: Valentia, alt., 20 ft. ; , 20th—
26th, 24°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—40 (1), 21 (2), 3 (3), total at 1 place.

Leinster. Spring, mildest for years; July, wettest (Dalkey).
Rainfall, 36:23 ins., greatest since 1852 (38°54 ins.) (Dublin).
Jan. 1881, dry to 17th, with very low temp. (Stoneyford, Cy. Kil-
kenny). Hard frost from 5th to 28th, (Twyford). Min. temps.,
Carton, alt., 200 ft.; Jan. 16th, 4°: Dublin, alt., 162 ft.; Jan. 25th,
4° ; Parsonstown, - 186 ft.; Jan. 21st to o3rd. 6°: Gane Jan.
17th, 9°-6: St. Mullins, alt., 193 ft.; Jan. 19th, 10°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—33 (1), 47 (2), 26 (8),total at 3 places.

ConnaucHt. A splendid year throughout, excepting July, very
wet, (Ballinasloe, Cy. Galway). Jan. 1881, temp. unusually low
(Kilconnell, Cy. Galway). Frost from 5th to 26th, severest for 50
yrs. ; below 10° on 7 nights (Enniscoe). Min. temps., Markree Castle,
alt., 1382 ft.; Jan. 16th, -2°-3: Crossmolina, Enniscoe, Jan. 22nd,
0°: Ballinasloe, alt., 162 ft.; Jan. 16th, 8°: Tuam (Gardenfield),
9° : Galway, alt., O15 ft. ; ered 17th, 20th, 22nd, 13°: mae
alt., 36 ft. ; Jan. 15th, 140.

Piseis ajered 1880-81—26 (1), 24 (2), 20 (3), total at 1 place.

Uuster. ainfall, much below av. (Florence Ct., Cy. Ferma-
negh). Do., 6-78 ins. below av. of 14 yrs. (Sydenham, Cy. Down).
Most favourable yr. for agriculture (Londonderry). Jan. 1881, frost
from 5th to 27th (Newtownards, Cy. Down, and Stewartstown, Cy.
Tyrone}, Min. temps. Warringstown, alt., 191 ft. ; Jan: 22nd; -1° :

DIVISIONS XX.—XXIII.—IRELAND. 331

Colebrooke Pk., alt., 230 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 0°: Glaslough, alt., 100
ft.; Jan. 18th, 22nd, 0°: Aghalee, alt., 130 ft.; Jan. 22nd, 4°:
Seaford, Jan. 16th, 4°: Rathmullen, Jan. 25th, 6°: Lissan, alt.,
305 ft.; Jan. 16th, 48th, 26th, 9°: Armagh, alt., 206 ft.; Jam. 17th,
_ 994: Newtown Ards., Jan. 17th, 10°: Londonderry, alt., 93 ft. ;
Jan. 17th, 119-8: Buncrana, alt., 15 ft.; Jan. 24th, 25th, 13°: Do-
naghadee, alt., 37 ft.; Jan. 17th, 14°.

Plants injured, 1880-81 — 55 (1), 58 (2), 36 (3), total at 5
places.

REPORTS.

_ XX. Mounster—1. CLrarE—NEWMARKET-ON-FEeRGus, Dromoland
Castle—Mr. W. Wilson. [See p. 175. ]
Rainfall, 1880—[Ennis, dist., 10 ms, ; alt., 21 ft.; 36°02 ins.].
Date of Onset and Duration of Frost — Jan. 4th, lasted five
weeks.
Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 9th, 12°: temp. continued for a
week from 16° to 12°.
Plants injured, 1880-81—40 (1), 21 (2), 3 (3)—Aloes, 1. Broc-

m - coli, Knight's and Snow’s, 1. Brugmansia sanguinea, 1. Brussels

sprouts, 2. Buddleia globosa, 3. Cabbages, 2. Cauliflower, Lon-
don, 1. Cercis siliquastrum, 2. Chamerops Fortunei, 1. Coro-
nilla glauca, 1. COryptomeria elegans, 1; C. japonica, 1. Cupressus
macrocarpa, 1; C. sempervirens, 1. Dahlia variabilis, 1. Deutzia
scabra, 2. Echeveria metallica, 1. Endive, 1. Euonymus euro-
peus, 2; E. japonicus, 1. Genista racemosa, 1. Gladiolus, 1.
‘Habrothamnus, 1. Hibiscus syriacus, 2. Hyacinths, 1. Juniperus,
2. Lettuce, Drumhead and Tom Thumb, 1. Lilium auratum, 1 ;
L. excelsum, 1; L. lancifolium, 1. Peaches, Albatross, Albert,
Hative, Noblesse, Victoria, Violette, 1. Retinospora jasmin., 1. Roses,
many, 1; in addition to the following H. P.’s, stands. on Manetti, .
A. de Diesbach, A. duchesse, B. de Rothschild, B. Gonella, Beauty of
Waltham, Bessie Johnstone, Boule d’Or, Ch. Forestier, Ch. Lawson,
Ch. Margottin, C. Verdier, Cloth of Gold, Mad. V. Verdier, C. de
Paris, Comptesse de Chabrillante, Countess of Oxford, Duke of
Wellington, Ed. Morren, Ed. Verdier, Gl. Jacquenimot, Gloire de
Dijon, La France, Mad. Duchesse, Mad. H. Jamain, R. Hale.

832 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

XXI. Lemnster—1. Dupin, Glasnevin.—Mr. F. W. Moore.
Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., fc. [See p. 178.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Pheenix Pk., alt., 164 ft.; ht., 1 ft.; 36°23 ins.
on 191 days].
Min. Temp. and Date—[Dublin, alt., 162 ft.; Jan. 25th, 4°].

Plants injured, 1880-81—24 (1), 34 (2), 16 (3)—Abies Morin-
da, 3. Aloysia citriodora, 1. Aralia papyrifera, 1. Arbutus An-
drachne, 2; A. procera, 2; A. Unedo, 2. Artichoke, globe, 3.
Arundo conspicua, 2. Benthamia fragifera, 2. Brugmansia san-
guinea, 1. Buddleia globosa, 2; B. Lindleyana, 2. Ceanothus
americanus, 1; ©. azureus, 1; OC. dentatus, 1; C. grandiflorus,
1; Chameecyparis spheroidea, 3. Cistus ladaniferus, 2. Clianthus
puniceus, 1. Colletia cruciata, 2; C. ferox, 2. Colutea arborescens,
2. Coronilla glauca, 2. Cupressus torulosa, 1. Dacrydium cupres-
sinum, 3. Daphne indica, 1. Draceena australis, 1. Echeveria
metallica, 1. Elewagnus argentea, 2. Embothrium coccineum, 1.
Eriobotrya japonica, 1. Escallonia Ingrami, 2; E. montevidensis,
2; E. rubra, 3. Eucalyptus globulus, 2; E. coccifera, 2. Eugenia
Ugni, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 1. Eurybia argophylla, 1. Furze,
2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Genista racemosa, 1. Gladiolus, 3. Gre-
villea rosmarinifolia, 3. Griselinia littoralis, 3. Gunnera scabra, 3.
Habrothamuus, 1. Halesia tetraptera, 3. Holly, variegated, 3.
Hypericum balearicum, 2. Jasminum officinale, 2. Laurel, Bay, 2.
Laurustinus, 1. Lavander, 1. Lavatera arborea, 1. Liquidambar
styraciflua, 2. Magnolia grandiflora, 3; Do. Exmouth var., 3.7
Myrtle, 2. Nandina domestica, 1. Negundo fraxinifolia, 2. Pali-
urus aculeatus, 2. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Phormium tenax, 2.
Photinia glabra, 2; P. serrulata, 2. Pinus insignis, 2. Podocarpus
andina, 2. Quercus glabra, 1; Q. Ilex, 2; Q. Suber, 2. Raphio-
lepis ovata, 3. Rosemary, 2. Ruscus aculeatus, 3. Tritoma uva-
ria, 2. Veronica salicifolia, 2.

Plants uninjured — Aralia Sieboldii, Arundo Donax, Azalea
ameena, A. indica, Berberidopsis corallina, Berberis sp., Boehmeria
nivea, Boussingaultia, Broussonetia papyrifera, Cedrus, all three sp.,
Chamerops Fortunei, Choisya ternata, Cupressus’ sp. (except C. to-
rulosa), Deutzia scabra, Escallonia macrantha, Euonymus radicans,
Forsythia sp., Fuchsia sp., Gleditschia sp., Hydrangea sp., Laurel,
all, sp., Leptospermum lanigerum, Libocedrus sp., Lilium sp.,
Olearia, Osmanthus sp., Phillyrea sp., Picea sp., Pinus sp. (except

DIVISIONS XX.—XXIII.—IRELAND. 833

P. insignis), Piptanthus nep., Pittosporum Tob., Podocarpus chi-
-nensis, Retinospora all sp., Rhus sp., Ribes, Roses all, Salisburia,
Santolina chamecyparis, Sequoia sp., Skimmia japonica, Veronica
_ Andersoni, V. Traversi, Weigela, Wistaria, Yucca sp.

Observations—A curious result of last winter is the manner in
which one out of a group of plants of the same species and growing
under apparently similar circumstances was killed, while the others
remained uninjured. This was especially the case with Conifere.
The more exposed plants were frequently the least injured.

2. KitparE—Maynoorg, Carton Pk.—Mr. E. Knowldin.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., fc. [See p. 178.]

Rainfall, 1880—26-29 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 5th, the most severe
frost began, lasting without intermission till Feb. 2nd.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, 4°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—5 (1), 9 (2), 5 (3)—Arbutus Unedo, 2.
Artichoke, globe, kd. to grd., 2, 3. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 3.
Borecole, 3. Broccoli, Champion late white, Grange’s autumn,
Mackey’s, Snow’s winter, all, 1. Escallonia macrantha, large plants
on wall, 2. Euonymus radicans, 2. Garrya elliptica, 2. Holly,
variegated, 3. Hypericum Calycinum, 3. Laurustinus, many fine
bushes, in sheltered places, 1. Lettuce, hardy Bath Cos (black
_ seeded), nearly all, 1. Onions, winter, 1. Pampas grass, 2. Pars-
ley, 2. Phormium tenax, variegatum, 1. Roses, dwfs., on briar, 2 ;
H. P.’s (stands ) on briar, very few, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 3.

_ Plants uninjured—Conifere.

3. WrexForp—Gorey, Knockmullen.—Miss M. Owen.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., fc. [See p. 182.]

Rainfall, 1880—[Gorey, alt., 80 ? ft.; 39-13 ins., on 193 days].

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Nov. 18th, 21°96. Jan.
1st to 27th.

— Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 9°-6.

Plants injured, 1880-81—4 (1), 4 (2), 5 (3)—Aloysia citriodora,
1. Arbutus Unedo, 3. Bambusa Fortunei, 3. Berberis Darwinii,
3. Dahlias,1. Draceena australis, 2. Erica tetralix, Lawsoniana,
8. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2. Furze, 3. lLavander, 1. Myrtle, 2.
Rosemary, 1. Ruscus aculeatus, 3.

334 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

Plants uninjured—Bellis perennis ccerulea, Chamerops Fortunei,
Clematis Colinsoi, C. Jackmanni, Cocculus japonica, Crinum ca-
pense, Dahlia variabilis pompon ‘‘ Crimson Beauty” only survived,
Desfontainea spinosa, Deutzia scabra, Dionea muscipula, Drosera
capensis, D. dichotoma, under bell glass, Erica carnea, Do. alba, E.
ciliaris, E. Mawiana, E. vulgaris pigmea, Do. variegata aurea, Do.
argentea, Euonymus radicans, Fabiana imbricata, Fuchsia minima,
F. sanguinea, Gladiolus Sandersonii, Hyacinth, Iris cristata, I. foeti-
dissima, fol. var., Pseudacorus, fol. var., I. pumila, Lavander one
plant, Ligustrum lucidum, Lilium auratum, L. lancifolium, Lobelia
repens, Lonicera japonica, Menziesia polifolia, Montbretia Potsii —
Narcissus albidus, bicolor, bulbocodium, Burbidgei, cernuus, crys-
tallinus, Horsfieldii, Humei, minor (nanus), odorus, do. fi. pl., tortu-
osus, &c., Nertera depressa, Penstemons nitidum, procerum, pubes-
cens, Philesia buxifolia, Retinospora ericoides, R. plumosa aurea,
Do. argentea, Rhododendron anthopogon, R. arboreum and hybrids,
_ BR. Chamecistus, R. ciliatum (fis. only kd.), R. ferrugineum, R. hir-
sutum, R. lepidotum, Ribes sanguinea, Roses, dwfs., H. P.’s, Yellow
Banksian, stands., Teas &c., Salisburia, Santolina chameecyparis,
Sarracenia Drummondii, Do. alba, S. flava, 8. purpurea, Saxifraga
Fortunei, S. japonica, S. sarmentosa, Tritoma pumila, T. uvaria,
Veronica nutkeana, Vittadenia triloba.

XXII. Connaveut—Stico, Markree Castle.—Mr. J. Macphail.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., &c. [See p. 186.]

Rainfall, 1880—39-68 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Sept. 13th to May 12th;
great frost from Dec. 16th to Jan. 26th.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 16th, -6°.*

Plants injured, 1880-81—26 (1), 24 (2), 20 (3)—Abies Morinda,
1. Almond, 3. Aloysia citriodora, in cold frame, 2. Araucaria imbri-
cata, 2. Arbutus Unedo, 1. Artichoke, globe, 2. Arundo conspi-
cua, 1 ; A. Donax, in cold frame, 2. Aucuba japonica, variegata, 2.
Azalea amena, 1. Berberis Darwinii, protected, 2; B. japonica, 3.
Borecole, 1. Broccoli, Knight’s protecting white, Purple sprouting,
Snow’s winter, Walcheren, all, 1. Broussonetia papyrifera, 1. Brus-

* Mr. E. Salis gives the temp. as -2°°3 at Markree Castle, Jan. 16th, in
Marriott’s Report, p. 151.

- DIVISIONS XX.—XXIII.—IRELAND. 335

sels sprouts, 1. Buddleia globosa, 1. Cabbages, 1. Carnations, 1.
Catalpa, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, 2. Chi-
monanthus fragrans, 3. Clematis Jackmanni, 3. Coronilla glauca,
1. Cotoneaster microphylla, 3; C. Simonsii, 3. Cryptomeria ele-
gans, 2. Cupressus borealis, 3. Cytisus scoparius, fl. pl., 2. Des-
fontainea spinosa, in cold house, 3. Endive, 1. Erica, 2. Escallo-
nia Ingrami, 1. Forsythia viridissima, 3. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 2.
Griselinia littoralis, protected, 3. Gunnera scabra, protected, 3.
Holly, 2; Do. variegated, 2. Hydrangea japonica, 3. Jasminum
nudiflorum, 1; J. officinale, 2. Kale, 1. Kcelreuteria paniculata,-
3. Laurel, Bay, 1. Laurel, common, 2; Do. Portugal, 3. Lau-
rustinus, 1. Lavender, protected, 3. Lettuce, 1. Leycesteria for-
mosa, 1. Menziesia polifolia, 2. Olearia Haastii, protected, 3.
Onions, winter, 1. Pampas grass, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Parsley,
2. Quercus Ilex, 1. Retinospora, 2. Rhododendrons, 3. Rosemary, 1.
Sequoia gigantea, 3; S. sempervirens, 2. Skimmia japonica, 1.
Veronica Andersoni, 2; V. salicifolia, 2; and V. traversi, all pro-
tected, 2. Wallflowers, 3. Yew, 3. Yucca gloriosa, 1.

XXIII. Unster—1. Antrim—1. Larne, Garron Tower.—Mr. G.
Porteous. |

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., gc. [See p. 189.]

Min. Temp. and Date—[Jan. 17th and about 10° ?}.

Plants injured, 1880-81—Fuchsia coccinea, 3; F. Riccartoni, 3.
Hydrangea Hortensia, 3. Veronica Andersoni, 2.

Observations—Excepting the preceding we did not suffer from
the last winter. Vegetables were uninjured. Of Broccolis, Carter’s
champion, Cattell’s eclipse and Sutton’s perfection, we have had
splendid heads, and of which not a leaf was injured.

2. Antrim, Shane's Castle-—Mr. T. Seaton. [See p. 189.]

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Temp. from Jan. 11th to
25th, 14°.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 15th, 8°; 21st, 25th, 9°. :

Plants injured, 1880-81—3 (1), 6 (2), 15 (3)—Aloysia citrio-
dora, 3. Araucaria imbricata, 3. Artichoke, globe, 3. Aucuba
japonica, 3. Borecole, 3. Broccoli, 2. Brussels sprouts, 3. Cab-
bages, 2. Carnations, 1. Cauliflower, 1. Cedrus Deodara, 3.
+ Celery, 2. Clematis Jackmanni, 2. Endive, 1. LEscallonia ma-
crantha, 38. Fuchsia Riccartoni, 8. Gladiolus, 3. Laurel, common,
& 2; Do: Portugal, 3: Myrtle, 2: Parsley, 3: Rhododendrons, espe:

336 INJURIES TO PLANTS, WINTER, 1880-81.

cially old scarlets, 3. Roses, H. P.’s, 3. Tritoma uvaria, 3.

Observations—Vegetables suffered very much, although there was
a good fall of snow which would have protected them had it not
got so dry that the high winds blew it away and exposed all the
plants to the intense frost.

2. ArmAGH—1. Armacu, Loughgall.—Mr. J. Brennan.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., gc. [See p. 189.]

Rainfall, 1880—33-29 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—More or less from middle
of Dec. to middle of Feb. 1881.

Min. Temp. and Date—Jan. 17th, 9°4.

Plants injured, 1880-81—18 (1), 17 (2), 3 (3)—Aloysia, 1.
Apples, Golden and Ribston Pippin, young, in low wet ground, 1, 2,
(see below). Arbutus sp., 2. Artichoke, globe, 3. Aucuba japo-
nica, 1; Do. variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Broccoli, 90 p.c.,
1. Cauliflower, all (except in cold frame), 1. Endive, 1. Euony-
mus japonicus, 1. Fuchsia coccinea, 2. Furze, fl. pl., 2. Laurel,
common, and Laurustinus, 1, 2; both suffered least in warm sunny
situations. Lettuce, “all the year round,” 75 p.c., 1. Lonicera
aureo-reticulata, 1. Menziesia polifolia, 2. Myrtle, 2: Pampas
erass, 1. Passiflora coerulea, 1. Penstemons, 1. Roses, H. P.’s,
mostly, 1; more, 2, especially in low damp soil; Teas and Noi-
settes, 1, 2; Climbers, 3. Rue, 2. Schizostylis coccineus, 1.
Stocks, 1. Tritoma uvaria, 3. Wallflowers (see below), 2. Yucca
filamentosa, 2.

Plants uninjured—Agapanthus, unprotected. Apples, Golden
and Ribston Pippin, in dry situations, unhurt; an old Apple tree in
full bloom in Sept. 1880, has now the finest bloom for 8 yrs. past
(May 17, 1881). Apricots. Broccoli, 10 p.c. of Backhouse’s late,
Drummond’s late white, and Sutton’s late queen. Hcheveria se-
cunda, placed with a few leaves over N. Lettuce, hardy green,
stood fairly well. Lobelia cardinalis with a few leaves over it.
Nectarines and Peaches. Wallflowers in poor soil, and especially on
tops of walls did well.

2. ArmAGH, Palace.—Mr. T. Sheasby. [See p. 190.]

Rainfall, 1880—{Armagh Obs., alt., 208 ft. ; 32°65 ins.].

Min. Temp. and Date — [Armagh, alt., 206 ft.; Jan. 17th,
9°87.

H1IVISIONS XX.—XXIII.+ IRELAND. 337

Plants injured, 1880-81—14 (1), 7 (2), 0 (3)—Artichoke, globe,
2. Aucuba japonica variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 2. Borecole,
1. Broccoli, Leamington, Model, Snow’s winter white, Veitch’s
self-protecting autumn; Veitch’s spring white, and Veitch’s Wilcove
improved, all, 1. Brussels sprouts. 1. Cabbages, 1. Carnations, 2.
Endive, 1. Kale, 1. Kalmia latifolia, 2. Laurel, Bay, J. Laurel,
common, 2. Laurustinus, 1. Lettuce, Stanstead Park, 1. Onions,
winter, 1. Parsley, 1. Quince, 1. Rhododendron ponticum, 2.
Roses, stands. on briars, 1. Wallflowers, 1.

5. MonagHan—Monaauan, Glaslough.—Mr. W. Swanborough.

Gen. Char. of Soil; Alt., gc. [See p. 191.]

Rainfall, 1880—About.40 ins.

Date of Onset and Duration of Frost—Jan. 8th till Feb. Ist ;
with constant fogs, hoar frost and snow.

Min. Temps. and Dates—Jan. 18th and 22nd, 0°.

Plants injured, 1880-81—20 (1), 27 (2), 15 (3)—Arbutus pro-
cera, 3. Arundo conspicua, 1; A. Donax, 1. Aucuba japonica, 2 ;
Do. variegata, 2. Berberis Darwinii, 1. Borecole, 1, 2. Broccoli,
Cattell’s eclipse, Cooling’s matchless, Frogmore protecting, Knight’s
protecting, Model, Penzance white, Snow’s winter, Spring white,
Veitch’s protecting autumn, all, 1. Brussels sprouts, 3. Cabbages,
3. Carnations, 1, 2, 3. Cauliflower, 1. Ceanothus azureus, 2; C.
dentatus, 2. Cedrus Deodara, 2. Celery, 2. Endive, 1. scal-
lonia macrantha, 2. Euonymus japonicus, 2. Fuchsia gracilis, 3 ;
F. Riccartoni, 3. Garrya elliptica, 2. Gladiolus, 1. Holly, 3;
Do. variegated, 2. Hyacinths, 3. Hypericum Calycinum, 2. Kale,
1,2. Laurel, Bay, 2. Laurel, common, 1, 2. Lavander, 2. Let-
tuce, 1. 2. Leycesteria formosa, 2. Myrtle, 1. Narcissus, Bazel-
man major, Grand monarque, Pearl, Queen Victoria, Soleil dor, 3.
Parsley, 1, 2. Picea lasiocarpa, 3; P. Pinsapo, 2, 3. Rhododen-
drons, 1, 2, 3 (see below), Roses, dwfs. on own roots, 1, 2, 3; stands.
on briars, 1, 2, 3; Teas, 1, 2. Sequoia sempervirens, 2. Veronica
Andersoni, 1. Wallflowers, 1, 2.

Observations — Rhododendrons were severely damaged irrespec-
tive of kinds; but chiefly of the best class of Ponticum (seedling
hybs.). Sheltered positions do not seem to have favoured them in
the least; for those most injured were either on the close margin

lv