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BRANCH 


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Agents of the Society. _ et 
Be We TRUBNER & Co. 


_ Ernest Leroux & Co. 


.  OTTo HarrassowiTz, Leipzig. 


MIssIoN PRESS. 


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JOURNAL 


ORE 


STRAITS BRANCH 


OF.BE E 


Royal Asiatic Society. 


JANUARY 1900. 


Agents of the Society. 


London and America sis ame ee TRUBNER & Co. 

Paris a Lae a 0 ERNEST LEROUX & Co. 

Germany ... a Se Otto HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig. 
SINGAPORE : 


PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS. 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


A) 5 105 


Council for 1900. 

List of Members for 1900. 
Proceedings of General Meeting, 
Annual Report of the Council. 


Treasurer’s Cash Account for 1899, 


A trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, by R. S. Shelford 
The Flora of Singapore, by H/. N. Pidley 


Chinese Names of Streets in Penang, by Lo Man Yul: 


The Orang Laut of Singapore, by IV. JV. Steat and 
H, N. Ridley 

Cases of Lightning Discharge, by G. E. V. Thomas 

Notes from the Sarawak Museum, by R. S. Shelford 


The Hot Springs of Ulu Jelai, by A. DY. Machalo 


tre 
STRAITS BRANCH 


OF THE 


ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 


COUNCIL FOR 1900. 
The Right Revd. Bishop G. F. HosE— President, 
The Hon’ble W. R. COLLYuR— Vice-President for Singapore. 
The Hon’ble Dr. BROWN— Vice-President for Penang. 
H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.—Honorary Secretary. 
Dr. HANITSCH—J/onorary Treasurer. 
H. H. EScuke, Esq. } 
The Hon’ble W. J. NAPIEG, | 
R. N. BLAND, Esq. \ Councillors. 
R. W. HULLETT, Esq. | 
| 


The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR. 


LAS Oe eS ens 


FOR 

1900. 
ANTHONISZ, J.O., B. A. Singapore. 
BAMPFYLD#, C. A. Kuching, Sarawak. 
BANKS, J. HE. Singapore, 
BARKER, Dr. J. K.. » Sarawak. } 
BARNES, W. D. Kuala Lipis, Pahang 
BELFIELD, F. Taiping, Perak. 
BERRINGYON, A. T. D. Taiping, Perak. 
BICKNELL, W. A. Audit Department, Penang”, 
Birceu, J. K. Penang. 


BLAGDEN, C. O., M.-A., 
(Life Member) England. 


BLAND, R. N. Singapore. 

Borr, Dr. W. N. 

BRADDON, Dr. W. L:. - Seremban, N. Sembilan. 
BRANDT, D. VON Stanmore, Singapore. 
BROCKMAN, H. L. Singapore. 

Brown, The Hon. Dr. W. CG. Penang. 

BRYANT, A. T. . Ipoh 

BrypGeEs, H. E. H., M. A. Kngland. 

BUCKLEY, C. B. Orchard Road, Singapore. 
BROME INO Ry se\e Kuala Lumpor. 

Camus, A. Taipeng, Perak. 
CLIFFORD, H. C. Sandakan. 

CoLLYER, The Hon’ble W. R. Singapore. 

CONLAY, W. Kuantan, Pahang. 

Cook, Rev. J, A.2B. Singapore. 

DANE, Dr, R. Province Wellesley. 
DENT, SIR ALFRED, K.C.M.G. 11 Old Broad St., London, E. C. 
Dew, A. T. Krian, Perak. 


(309) 


MEMBERS For 1900.— Continued. Vii 


Dickson, E. A, Sepang, Selangor. 
Driver, JAMES Kuala Lumpor, 
DUNKERLEY, REV. W.H., M.A. Penang. 
DUNLOP, C. Singapore. 
EDMONDS, R. C. Jugra, Selangor. 
EGERTON, WALTER Malacca. 
ESCHKE, H. H. German Consulate, Singapore. 
EVERETT, H. H. Sarawak. 
FLOWER, 8. 8. Cairo. 
Fort, HUGH Singapore. 
FREER, DR. G. D. Penang. 
GENTLE, ALEX. Singapore, 
GERINI, MAJor. G. S. Siam. 
GRAHAM, JAMES Glasgow, Scotland. 
GROOM, S. R. Malacca. 
HAFFENDEN, JOHN Singapore, 
HAINES, Rev. F. W. Malacca. 
HALE, A. Tampin, N. Sembilan 
HANITSCH, Dr. R, Singapore. 
FARE, G. T. Kuala Lumpor. 
HAYNES, H. 8. Gantian, B. N, B. 
HERVEY, D. F. A., C.M.G. 

(Hon. Member) Aldeburgh. 
HILL, The Hon. E. ©. Singapore. 


HOSE, The Rt. Rev. Bishop G. F,, 
. M.A., D.D. (Hon. Member) Singapore. 


‘HOSE, CHARLES. Baram, Sarawak. 
Hoss, E. S. Perak. 
HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT, 

PC. Singapore. 
HULLETT, R. W., M.A., F.L.S. Singapore. 
JOAQUIM, J. P., F.R.G.S. Singapore. 
JOHNSTON, L. A. M. Malacca. 
KEHDING, Dr. Germany. 
KLoss, C. BODEN Singapore. 
KNIGHT, ARTHUR Singapore. 


KYNNERSLEY, The Hon. C.W.S. Singapore. 
LAWES, Rev. W. G. 
(Hon. Member) Port Moresby, New Guinea 


viii MEMBERS_ FoR 1900:—Continued. 


LEASK, Dr. J. T: Singapore. 

LEMON, A. H. Penang. 

LEWIS, J. E. H., B. A. Government Printing Office. 
Sarawak. 


LIM Boon KENG, Hon. Dr. Singapore. 
LUERING, Rev. Dr. H. L. KE. Singapore. 


MACHADO, A. D. Pahang. 
MACLAREN, J. W. B. Singapore. 
MASON, J. 5S. Matang, Perak. 
McCCAUSLAND, C. F. Selangor. 
MELDRUM, DATO J. Johore. 
MEREWETHER, Hon E£. M. Singapore. 
MICHELL, W. C., B.A. Singapore. 
MILLER, JAMES Singapore. 
MUNSON, Rev. R. W. Padang, Bencoolen. 
NANSON, W., B.A,, F.S.G. Singapore. 
NAPIER, The Hon’ble W. J., 

M.A., B.C.L. Paterson Road, Singapore. 
ORMSBY, G. Mayo, Ireland. 
O'SULLIVAN, A. W.5., B.A. ~ Penang. 

OWEN, J. F. Port Dickson. 
PARR, CW. C. Negri Sembilan. 
PERHAM, The Ven’ble. Archdea- 
con (Hon. Member.) England. 
PEARS, FRANCIS Muar. 
RIDLEY, HoON., M.A, Hates: Botanic Gardens, Singapore. 
ROBERYS, B. G7 Negri Sembilan. 
RODGER, J. P. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor. 
RosTapDos, E. Johore. 
ROWLAND, W. R. Neeri Sembilan. 


DHARAWAK, H. H. The RaJa of, 

G.C.M.G. (Honorary Member.) Kuching, Sarawak. 
SARAWAK, H. H.:The R.&. C. of, Sarawak. 
ATOM SLR in VE. Karna: 


(Honorary Member.) Tokyo, Japan- 
SAUNDERS, C. J. Singapore. 
SEAH LIANG SEAH. Chop ‘Chin Hin,” Singapore. 
SEAH SONG SEAH Chop *‘ Chin Hin,” Singapore. 


SHELFORD: shay Sarawak, 


MEMBERS For 1900.—Continued Se 


SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore. 
SHELLABEAR, Rev. W. G, Singapore. 
SKEAT, W. W. _ ‘Selangor. 
SKINNER, A. M., C.M.G. Canterbury, England. 
SMEPH, SIR CECIL C., G.C.M.G. 

(Honorary Member.) Knegland. 
SOHST, 5. C. Singapore. 
er. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore. 
STRINGER, CHARLES Singapore. 
Serears, J. C. Telok Anson, Perak, 
SWETTENHAM, The Hou’ble Sir 

vA, C.M.G. Singapore. 

THOMAS, O. V. Penang. 


TOLLEMACHE, R. C. 
VAN BENNINGEN VON HELS- 

DINGEN, Dr. R. Deli. 
VERMONT, The Hon'ble J. M.b. Penang, 
MankEe, Li.Col. B.S. F., 


C.M.G. Perak. 
Watkins, A. J. M. Selangor. 
WELLFORD, Dr. T. Selangor. 
WISE, D. H. Singapore. 
Woop, J. B. U lu Pahang, 
Woop, HE. G. ‘Taipeng. 
MWEAY, L., JR. Taipeng, Perak. 


Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any 
change of address or decease of members, in order that the list 
may be as complete as possible. 


All communications concerning the publications of the 
Society should be addressed to the Secretary: all subscriptions 
to the Treasurer. 

Members may have, on application, forms authorising their 
Bankers or Agents to pay their subscriptions to the Society 
regularly each year. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 
OF THE 


STRAITS BRANCH 


ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 
HELD AT THE 


RAFFLES MUSEUM, SINGAPORE, 


ON 


29th JANUARY, 7900: 


8 
e 


PRESENT: 


Right Reverend BIsHop HosE, Hon'ble W. R. COLLYER, 
Hon’ble C. W. KYNNERSLEY, Messrs. A. KNIGHT, R. N. BLAND, 
R. W. HuLLETT, A. GENTLE, Dr. LEASK, Dr. HANITSCH, 
Rev. W. SHELLABEAR, Rev. J. E. BANKS, and H. N. RIDLEY. 


The Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were read 
and confirmed. 


The Annual Report of the Council and the statement of 
accounts were read and on the proposal of the Hon’ble W. R. 
Collyer, seconded by Mr. Hullett, weve passed. 


PROCEEDINGS. Xl 


The elections of Members during the year were confirmed 
by the meeting on the proposal of Mr. Hullett, seconded by 
Dr. Leask, 


The officers and council for the present year were then 
elected, viz: 

President.—Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE. 

Vice President (Singapore) Horble W. R. COLLYFR. 


- (Penang) DR. BROWN. 
Honorary Secretary, H. N. RIDLEY, 
3 Treasurer, DR. HANITSCH. 


Councillors, Hon'ble C. W. KYNNERSLIY, Mr. R. N. 
BEAND, Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, Mr. R. W. HULLETY, and 
H..H. ESCHKE. 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCME 
Oe ISO, 
straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 
FOR THE YEAR 1899. 


a0}: 


In presenting this Report, the Council are pleased to state 
that the affairs of the Society are financially more satisfactory 
than ever. 


Since the last General Meeting the following new Mem- 


bers were elected, subject to the Ronbemenen oF the General 
Meeting. 


REV. ade. iN) Ba CeO Mr. FRANCIS PEARS. 
Mipi J ie SWGaeRs: REV. F. W. HAINES: 
Mr. R. C. EDMONDS. DR: A: Be BARKER: 


The Council regret to have to record the loss by death of 
Sir Charles Bullen Mitchell, Patron of the Society, Dr. de Vicq, 
(Councillor) and Mr. Koe. 


The new map was received at the commencement of the 
year and was in much demand, one hundred and forty copies 
being sold in Singapore, and one hundred and twenty nine in 
England. Copies were presented to the Sultan of Johore, and to 
Prince Devawongse, who had materially assisted in its publication. 
One Journal, (No. 52) was published during the year, and another 
in the course of printing will be shortly in the hands of the 
Members. 


A large number of books, pamphlets and journals were pre- 
sented to the Society or received in exchange from kindred 
Institutions. 


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A Trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak. 


At midday on the 5th of May of this present year of grace, 
Mr. &. A. W. Cox, of the Sarawak Government service, and 
myself left Kuching for the upper waters of the Sarawak river on 
a long talked-of collecting expedition. Our ultimate destination 
was Penrissen, a mountain of 4,800 feet high, five miles from 
the ‘“ulu” of the left hand branch of the Sarawak river, and 
about fifty miles as the crow flies from the sea-coast. The 
mountain had previously been scaled, in part at least, by Signor 
Beeeam, Mr. A. HH. Kverett, Dr. G. D. Haviland and Mr. 
Hen lerson, but had never, from a zoological point of view, been 
thoroughly collected over, so that our hopes of obtaining inte- 
resting and valuable results ran hich. 

Our staff consisted of five Dyak collectors, Malay and 
Chinese boys, and a Chinese cook; to convey these, ourselves 
and our somewhat bulky baggage, three boats were requisition- 
ed, but as events turned out proved insufficient; however the 
start was fair and through the lower reaches of the river all 
went well and comfortably. The night was spent in part at the 
little village of Selobang, but to catch the tide and to avoid the 
din of a neighbouring Chinese ‘“ wayang,” we re-embarked at 12 
p.m. and proceeded quietly on our way till at 6.30 in the morn- 
ing the first ‘‘ karungan” or gravel bed was encountered; here 
we stopped for breakfast and a delightful bathe in the now some- 
what rapid river. At 9 we were on again, and soon began to 
experience some difficulty in progression. The river abounded 
with shallows and small rapids; up and over these our heavy and 
heavily-laden boats, which to use a Malay expression “ate much 
water,’ were poled and hauled only with the greatest difficulty 
and exertion, At the very bad places a general halt had always 
to be called, whilst the respective crews joined forces and hauled 
with ropes one boat up at a time. Late in the afternoon we 
finally won to Segu, and right glad were we to partake of the 


2 A TRIP TO MT, PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 


hospitality offered to us by the gentlemen then in charge of the 
Government coffee-estate at that place. Profiting by our expe- 
rience we exchanged next day one of our heavy boats with its 
Malay crew for two lighter boats with crews of Land-Dyaks; 
these men are experts in the art of poling up against a strong 
and shallow stream and the women are not far behind the men. 
It was amusing to hear our new recruits coaching our Malay 
crews, the latter though secretly acknowledging the superiority 
of their advisers as polers were too yroud to take advice in any 
form from those they considered in every other respect beneath 
their notice. With such valuable additions to our forces we 
proceeded up stream at a fair pace; the scenery was lovely, 
precipitous walls of limestone carved by the weather into every 
imaginable shape, rose high on either side. Their summits were 
clothed with a dense growth of trees and creepers, which in 
places alm st roofed in the narrow channel up which we moved ; 
the river itself here rippling over shallows or dashing through 
rocky gateways, there runuing calm and still under an overhane- 
ing cliff, ever added fresh beauty and interest to the scene. At 
night we tied up opposite the village of Burgor, and slept in 
the boats; an early start was made next morning and by mid- 
day, we arrived at Pankalan Ampat, thus completing the 
first stage of our journey. From here we dispatched messengers 
to the neighbouring village of Sennah, and in the evening had a 
visit from the Pengara and his youthful son. Thanks to a formi- 
dable looking “surat” from the Resident of Sarawak, we met 
with little difficulty in arranging the important matter of carriers, 
and were able next day to dispatch the heavy baggage to 
Sennah, following leisurely ourselves by river, preferring this 
to the dangers of a Land Uyak road with its picturesque 
though fragile bamboo bridges slung over nasty-looking places 
where a fall meant a broken bone or two. 

On arrival at Sennah we were met with a cordial welcome 
by the Orang Kaya and conducied to the chief house of the 
village. This, as is usual amongst the Land Dyaks, consisted of 
four or five big houses all built up on tall piles at the summit 
of the most precipitous part of the river bank. The approach 
to the village consisted of notched logs, with or without a frail 
hand-rail of bamboo; communication between one house and 


A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK., 3 


another is established by logs rounded or slightly flattened, 
generally as slippery as glass; in fact within the village itself 
no one ever walks on the ground. Beneath the houses pigs 
root and grunt, fowls cackle and boys fight, in a sodden mass 
of filth, the effluvium from which percolates freely through the 
open spaces between the floors of bamboo laths. The particular 
house in which we temporarily took up our abode was a 
well-builé plank structure with billian attap roof, two large 
doors Jed out on to a spacious verandah at tke back, which 
again gave on to a large open space surrounded by fowl- 
houses and sheds, and with ways leading off to other houses. 
Here and in the verandah much of the daily work is gone 
through, the house itself being reserved for cooking, eat- 
ingand sleeping. In the verandah were a couple of large 
bell-shaped wooden vessels, half-filled with padi, and nearly 
all day long women were husking this vy repeated thumpings 
blows administered by 3 or 4 foot poles; when husked, the padi 
is thrown into circular sieves of rotan, and shaken till the husks 
and broken grain are separated off. The Land Dyak man pre- 
sents in his dress no particular feature of interest, a blue or red 
cloth ‘‘ chawat,” or a pair of Chinese trousers and a head hand- 
kerchief generally completing his garb. he women however 
are more picturesque: their sole garment is a short petticoat 
reaching to the knees, generally of blue cloth with a red _ bor- 
der, but their arms from elbow to wrist and- their legs from 
just beiow the knee to the ankle are encircled by rows of brass 
rings; a shell armlet and leglet generally topping each series 
of rings; even the little girls are burdened with these orna- 
ments, though otherwise innocent of clothing, and when a 
number of girls of different ages are seen together it is 
quite possible to trace a gradual distortion of the calf of 
the leg due to the weight of metal borne; generally also 
several rings of votan dyed red or black are worn round the 
waist, and out-of-doors a neat close-fitting cap made of palm 
leaf. There were few objects of ethnographical interest to be 
noticed in the house. Unlike the Sea Dyak, these people neither 
weave their cloth, forge their weapons nor make their pottery, 
but buy such necessaries from Malay and Chinese traders. 
However, I saw, coveted and subsequently purchased a curious 


4 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 


hat known as “ Bok tumbis;” this was cylindrical, narrower at 
the top than at the bottom, 9 inches in height, made cf coloured 
beads strung in striking patterus on five threads of rofan, the 
whole strengthened with uprights of thicker rotan. The top 
was open, and through the aperture the wearer—always a 
woman—pulls her hair, allowing it to stream out on all sides, it 
is only worn in dances during the annual harvest feast; the men 
on such occasions sometimes wear a necklet of tiger-cat’s teeth 
alternated with the teeth of bats, syuirrels and such lke small 
deer. 3esides elegantly-carved wooden handles for their 
parangs, baskets woven from rotan, without any distinctive 
pattern, and small oval wooden boxes for powder and shot, I 
could discover no other article which these people make. 
That evening we held a great ‘ bichara,” and after over- 
riding the almost countless objections to carry our baggage 
raised by one man after another, we enleavoured to get infor- 
mation concerning the summit of the mountain, its conformation, 
the water-supply, the animals and birds, and sach like matters: 
many yarns were spun to us, and we received a large amount of 
information which subsequently proved to be mainly erroneous. 
Though Penrissen is the hunting ground of these Sennalhs, but 
few had ascended to any considerable altitude, so they compen- 
sated for their lack of the knowledge we wanted by. unlimited 
romancing. Though we rose early next morning, It was nine 
o'clock before we could make a start on our march to the 
mountain; our thirty to forty coolies wanted to take only the 
hehtest loads, whilst we naturally wanted them to take those 
things which we needed most, leaving the rest to follow with 
further detachments of coolies from outlying villages, and the 
apportioning of weights was a long task. At length we made 
a move, and after wading across the river began our tramp. 
The way lay through old deserted padi farms overgrown with 
a dense but scrubby jungle; the country was undulating in the 
extreme, and the path the merest track, a foot or less in breadth, 
at frequent intervals interrupted by bamboc bridges and ba- 
tangs, for the most part rotten, As the heat was intense we 
fund walking very trying and difficult, and were glad at 
twelve o'clock to rest and discuss a meal. At one o'clock 
we were on again, and soon reached the lower slopes of the 


A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 5 


mountain, and as these up to a height of 2,000 feet are clothed 
with bamboo jungle, we found the going much more easy. 
After crossing several mountain torrents, we reached late in 
the afternoon, at an altitule of 2,500 feet, a huge over- 
hanging boulder of sandstone conglomerate, known to the 
Sennahs as Batu Tinong, and under this we pitched our 
our camp for the night. A dashing mountain stream was 
quite close by, and the delight of sitting under a foaming 
cascade of really cold water after our exhausting day was one 
not readily to be forgotten. Leeches had proved persistent and 
troublesome throughout the day, but in my opinion the annoy- 
ance caused by them has always veen somewhat exagverated. 

Next morning we continued our climb until we had reached 
an altitude of 3,4U0 feet, when our guides called a final halt: the 
position was not particularly inviting, being a very small flat 
area totally shut in by tall jungle, whiist both to the front and 
rear the sides of the mountain sloped steeply downwards and 
upwards; however, as we were informed that there was no 
water to be had at any greater height, and further that all the 
Kuropeans who had previously visited the mountain had encamp- 
ed here, we had perforce to acquiesce in our guides’ decision. 
Our carriers made a clearing and proceeded to build us a hut; 
this took two or three hours to complete, as we insisted it should 
be commodious, solid and watertight; the poles and beams 
were of course felled in the jungle, and the floor, raised about 
two feet off the ground, was made with laths and saplings, 
whilst intertwisted palm-leaves served for roof and walls. Every 
felled tree produced a small harvest of insects; a few interesti 1g 
butterflies invaded the clearing, amongst them Cyrestis seminiyra, 
previously only recorded from Kina Balu, whilst in the un- 
dergrowth were foun] snails, scorpions and centipedes, all 
delightfully unfamiliar to the low-co intry naturalist. In secur- 
ing these specimens and in rigging up shelves and sleeping-bunks 
in our hut, making all comfortable and snug, we spent the rest 
of the day. 

On the following day (May 13th) Mr. Cox early started 
out to explore the mountain at a higher elevation, and at mid- 
day returned with the report that after a stiff climb of 400 feet 
he had reached a maguificent plateau of considerable extent, 


6 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 


where water was abundant and a good view readily obtainable, 
altogether infinitely superior to our present situation; our cha- 
erin at having been deceived by our guides was great, but 
we decided to wait till the shooters returned from the jungle 
round about, whither they had early that morning been sent, 
before deciding whether it was worth while or not staying on 
in our present position. When eventually the hunters return- 
ed, the results of their latours were not very interesting, ex- 
cept the insects; of birds, a small robin-like species, dull in 
colour (Alcippe cinerea) was the only one at all characteris- 
tic of a mountain ornis. Mr. Cox therefore decided to visit 
next day the actual summit of the mountain, and if much of 
interest was seen or procured, to stay there for 10 days or a 
week. In accordance with this idea he and ail the collectors, 
except one, whose services I retained, departed on the 14th. 
At mid-day I received word that they had reached the actual 
summit. Upto 4,500 feet the climbing had not been particularly 
difficult, but the last 300 feet was a sheer precipice of sand-stone 
conglomerate with a few narrow ledges at infrequent intervals, 
and to scale this. ladders had to be improvised; the summit 
was found to be quite flat, about halfa mile long by two hun- 
dred yards broad, a dreary wilderness of pandanus and rofan, 
with hundreds of huge trees in every stage of life, from full 
and vigorous growth to absolute decay. Animal life was very 
scarce, and as a strong wind was blowing, bringing up a dense 
fog, Mr. Cox decided to descend to the foot of the cliff and 
encamp there. By the bearers of his message he sent down 
a specimen of the trogon, Harpectes dulitensis, and a gigantic 
earthworm nearly eighteen inches long, 

During the next five days I collected assidously round 
about our hut and on the plateau al lready alluded to, dismissed 
our first batch of coolies and awaited the arrival of the rest of 
our baggage. This came up br degrees, until finally all our 
belongings could be bestowed in our hut and kitchen. 

On the 18th, Mr. Cox sent down to say that he had moved 
lower down the mountain on to a peak known as Mt. Prang, 
altitude 8,900 feet, and as some most curious insect larve 
( Vermilee sp.) accompanied his letter, I determined to join him 
and investigate the life-history of the insect as fully as possi- 


A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK., ii 


ble. At this station the hunters had erected a long lean-to 
on the side of the hill, and from it we had a most magnificent 
view of the country below us right down to the sea, fifty miles 
away. Unfortunately at this altitude our view was_ too 
frequently interrupted by fog and cloud, which generally swept 
up towards the middle of the day, and obscured everything till 
nightfall. From this station we made various expeditions round 
and about. Birds and mammals were extremely scarce, and 
the insects did not differ very markedly from those to be caught 
on the plateau; as, moreover, | had obtained alive several speci- 
mens of the fly-larva, Vermi'eo sp (?)* we decided to return to 
our original and comfortable quarters. 

We descended on the 24th, and from then till the 30th lived 
a calm and uneventful life; our mornings from an early hour to 
nearly noon were spent in tramping through the jungle, hunting 
for birds, reptiles, insects, in fact, everything that had life in it; 
the afternoons in skinning, pinning out insects, bottling and 
labelling spirit specimens, and the other thousand and one dnties 
which make a collector’s life a busy one. An early dinner with 
bed to follow completed the day. 

The return journey to Sennah was much like the first, save 
that it was accomplished in one day, one little incident only 
perhaps is worthy of note :—as we neared the foot of the mountain 
our carriers suddenly esp:ed a small tree, which to our eyes 
presented no particular features of interest; however, loads 
were thrown aside in a\hurry and a rush made for the tree, 
which was quickly hacked down and split up, and from number- 
less burrows in the wood, hundreds of a peculiarly scented, 
pinkish larva were extracted. No adults or pupez were to be 
found, so beyond recognising the larva as that of a beetle. I was 
unable 0 determine the species or even family; these larve 
when boiled are considered a great delicacy by the natives of 
the district. They certainly looked much more appetisine than 
the fat white grubs of the big coconut beetle which these 
people also devour with great gusto. 

From Sennah we _ proceeded straight on to Pankalan 
Ampat, and after waiting a fewdays for boats and to collect 


* See this Journal for description of the habits of this curious larva. 


8 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK., 


revenue we returned to Kuching, arriving on June 4th. 

Taken as a whole, the expedition was a great success, but 
the very great scarcity of mammals and birds was disappoint- 
ing; only two kinds of monkey were seen. The cry of a solitary 
Wa-Wa was heard, but occasionally; pigs, deer, ‘ijung and 
pelandok were noticeable only by their absence, and not a single 
oame bird was procured or even seen. ‘This scarcity I attribute 
to the fact that 60 per cent of the Dyaks of a by no means 
thinly populated district are armed with guns, which they 
constantly use, huge foraging parties going out before every 
harvest feast and keeping up for days a constant fusillade on 
anything above the size of a thrush; further I am inclined to 
suspect that this the Southern end of Sarawak in less faunisti- 
cally rich than the more Northern regions. Certainly the list of 
birds which we obtained on Penrissen must compare somewhat 
unfavourably with those published by the late Mr. John White- 
head and by Mr. Charles Hose of Baram, two gentlemen whose 
labours on Mts. Kina Balu and Dulit are so well known in the 
zoological world. 

Reptiles and amphibia were moderately abundant, and three 
species of fish were captured in a mountain stream by the use of 
Tuba. The invertebrate fauna was extremely rich, and much 
attention was paid to forming large collections of insects, and 
arthropods in general, aud I am confident that, entomologically 
at least, no mountain in Borneo has been so well worked at as 
was Penrissen during our stay there. 

Very little time was at our disposal to collect satisfactorily 
the flora of the mountain; the smali collections made, however, 
have proved to be of such interest (see Appendix to the article) 
that [ have determined to send back my collectors to the mountain 
in October, almost entirely to botanise. 

Lists of the animals obtained wili appear from time to time 
in this Journal in the order in which they are worked out. At 
present I am indebted to Mr. Ridley for working out the plants 
(Phanerogams only) obtained, and to His Lordship the Bishop 
of Singapore and Sarawak tor the appended list of, and remarks 
on, the ferns. 

R. Shelford, 


UE 


APPENDIX I. 


List of the Mammals of Penrissen. 


. Hylobates leuciscus Schreb. No specimen of this was captured. 


Semnopithecus rubicundus Miill. Extremely common, not 
differing in any way from low-country specimens. 


. Macacus cynomolgus L. Two specimens were shot near the 


summit of the mountain, and were remarkable for the great 
length of the hair round the face. 


Tipposiderus sp. (?) This is perhaps a new species, a matter 
to be decided by Mr. Oldfield Thumas, of the British 
Museum. 


. Tupaa sp. (?) Closely mimicked by Sciurus everett’. The 


Species may possibly be 7. maiil/eri, described lately by 
Kohlbrugge. 


Tupaia minor Gthr. 


Ursus malayanus Raffles. A large specimen of this bear 
was encountered as we were on our way down the 
mountain and, as guns were not handy, the animal made 
good his escape before a shot could be fired. 


. Paradoxurus hermaphrodyta Schreb. This and the following 


two species are about the only mammals which the Land 
Dyaks do not eat, 


Arctictes binturong Raffles. Native name ‘“ttin.” 


10. Herpestes brachyurus Gray, 


11 


. Sciurus (Ratufa) bicolor ephippium Miill. Somewhat to my 


surprise this squirre) was exactly the same as the variety 
obtained round Kuching. It is a species which varies 
9 


10 LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PENRISSEN. 


most markedly in different localities, mountain forms 
being as a rule much darker and redder, 


12. Sciurus hippurus Geoff. 

13. Sciurus tenuis Horsf. 

14. Sciurus (Funambulus) everetti Thos. 

15. Nannosciurus melanotis Mill. and Schlee. 


16, Mus margarette Thos. This pretty little mouse was seen 
about the house one evening, but it eluded all efforts to 
catch it. 


17. Sus barbatus Miill. 


18. Cervus equinus Cuv. 


The Birds of Mount Penrissen and 
Neighbouring District. 


The bird fauna of Mount Penrissen as evinced by collec- 
tions made in the month of May of this year (1899) has proved 
to be most disappointingly sparse, and this list must compare 
somewhat unfavourably with those of the late Mr. Whitehead’s 
collections on Mt. Kina Balu and of Mr. C. Hose’s collections on 
Mt. Dulit. Not only was the number of species obtained small, 
but bird-life in general, with the excepiion of Barbets, was most 
noticeably scarce. I attribute this scarcity partly to the fact that 
the mountain has long been the happy hunting-ground of the 
Land Dyaks, 60 % of whom are armed with guns; all the game 
birds seem to have been shot or trapped, for we certainly nei- 
ther saw nor heard one, whilst hornbills, profiting by a large ex- 
perience of the sound of a shot, were very difficult to approach. 
A good collection of low-country birds was made at Pankalan 
Ampat, at the head of the left-hand branch of the Sarawak river, 
and about 10 miles from the foot of Penrissen. Amongst other 
good things we were fortunate enough to obtain there, was a 
specimen of a kinefisher, rare in Borneo, Alcedo euryzone. 

With the exception of a small fly-catcher, too battered for 
description, and an obscure little greenish Timeling, allied to 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. ‘11 


Mixornis, all the species obtained are well known, thanks chiefly 
to the labours of Mr. Hose on Mt. Dulit. As each of the above- 
mentioned specimens are unique, and as my knowledge of sys- 
tematic ornithology is somewhat inadequate, I refrainfrom des- 
cribing them, until further material can be obtained. I have 
followed the classification adopted by Mr. Everett in his lst of 

Bornean birds (cf. this Journal No. 20, 1889,) and I have includ- 

ed those species obtained by Mr. Everett in a former expedition 

to Penrissen, 
FAMILY TURDID. 

1. Myiophoneus borneensis Sclater, Ibis 1885, p. 123. One 
young specimen of this species was obtained, differing so 
markedly from the adult, that I was inclined to regard 
it as a new species; a subsequent careful comparison 
with a skin of a typical female from Mt. Dulit revealed 
its identity. The back wings and tail are of a very 
dark brown, and the feathers of the breast and head 
have the shafts and tips white, the webs of these feathers 
are not so well developed as in the adult, and there is no 
trace of any blue coloration on the wings. Feet purple. 
4,100 feet. 


2. Copsychus saularis L. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 65. Common 
everywhere in the low-country. 


3. Cittocincla suavis Sclater. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p.87. From 
Pankalan Ampat. 


4, Pomatorhinus borneensis Cat. Sharpe. Cat. B. vil. p. 411. 
Low-country and up to 3,000 feet. 


5. Stachyris leucotis Sharpe. Ibis 1878, p. 418.  Penrissen 
3,000 feet. 


6. Stachyris borneensis Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 449. A common 
species on Penrissen. A nest with three eggs was 
found, the eggs are white (as is usual in this genus) and 
measure 21 by 16 mm: the nest isa loose ill-made struc- 
ture, 


7. Malacopterum albiguiare Gray. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 565. 


12 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 


This species is eminently characteristic of the western 
end of Sarawak. Pankalan Ampat. 


8. Alcippe cinerea Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p.622. The com- 
monest species on the mountain: the note is like that 
of a robin. 


9. Staphidia everette Sharpe. Ibis 1887. p. 447. Pankalan 
Ampat. ‘The nest is neatly woven from vegetable fibres : 
the eggs are white with small brown spots, more thickly 
placed at the upper end. 


10. Turdinus sepiartus Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 544. 
Penrissen from 2900 feet upwards. We did not find the 
typical mountain form J. canicapillus Sharpe recorded 
from Dulit and Kina Balu. 


11. Zrichostoma rostratum Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 562. 
Pankalan Ampat. Not at all common. 

12. Drymocataphus capistratoides Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 
555. Pankalan Ampat. 

13. Kenopia striata Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 578. Lower 
slopes of Penrissen. 


14. Turdinulus exsul. Sharpe, Ibis 1888, p. 479. Penrissen (A. 
H. Everett). 


FAM. BRACHYPODID. 


15. Hemixus malaccensis Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p.52. Found 
all over the mountain. 


16. Hemixus connectens Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 446. This was one 
of the commonest species of this family on the mountain. 
The Dyak name ‘“empulu” is applied to all birds of this 
species. 


17. Pinarocichla euptilosa. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 62. Pankalan 
Ampat and Penrissen. ; 

18. Criniger diardi Temm,. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 76. A cha- 
racteristically low-country form, common everywhere. 


19; 


24). 


21, 


22. 


26 


20, 


28. 


29. 


30, 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 13 


Criniger ruficrissus Sharpe. Id. Cat. B. vi. p. 81. Another 
common mountain ‘ empulu. ” 


Criniger gutturaiis Bp. Sharpe. Cat. B. vi. p. 80, Penrissen 
and Pankalan Ampat. 


Criniger finscht Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 84. Pankalan 
Ampat. This is generally found on mountains, and it was 
with some surprise that I obtained it at so low an altitude. 


Tricholestes criniger Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 80. Pan- 
kalan Ampat. 


. Lrachyeomus ochrocephalus Gm, Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 98. 


Pankalan Ampat. 


. Pycnonotus simplex Less. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 153. Pan- 


kalan Ampat. 


. Rubigula webbert Hume. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 171. Pan- 


kalan Ampat. We did not meet with this pretty little 
bird on Penrissen, where Mr. Everett formerly obtain- 
ed it. 


Hyithina viridissima Sharpe. Cat. B, vi.p. 6. A very common 
low-country bird along the banks of rivers in their upper 
waters. One specimen was shot on Penrissen at an alti- 
tude of 3,000 feet. Actiphia viridis Bp. is common round 
Kuching and near the coast. 


Chloropsis zosterops Vig. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 24. Pan- 
kalan Ampat. 


Pan- 


(oN) 
Oo 


Chloropsis cyanopogon Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi p. 
kalan Ampat. 


Chloropsis viridinucha Sharpe. Id. Cat. B. vi. p. 31. pl. 
Pankalan Ampat. 


FAM, ORIOLIDZ. 


Oriolus xanthonotus Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 2135. Pen- 
rissen. The only species of Oriole to be found on the 


14. 


(hs) 
bo 


@5 
(3 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 


mountain, a most disappointing fact as I had great expec- 
tations of obtaining seme typically mountain form. 


. Dissemurus paradiseus L. Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 258. Ranges 


up to 5000 feet. 


FAM. MUSCICAPID®. 


2, Krythromyias mullert ee Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 200 pl. iv. 


f.2. Penrissen (A. H. Everett). 


. Lrythromytas sp. n (2) 


One badly shot specimen of a little fly- catcher belonging to 
this genus was obtained: it was quite impossible to sex 
the bird and it would be unwise to describe it until fur- 
ther material is obtained. The plumage of the upper 
parts and wings are as in EF. mulleri, but the breast is 
ashy and the lower halves of the outer tail-feathers are 
white. Penrissen 4,100 feet. 


. Rhipidyra periata S. Mull. Sharp, Cat. B. iv. p. 328. 


Common up to 3000 feet. 


. Tersiphone afinis Blyth. Sharp, Cat. B. iv. p. 349. 


Low country and up to 8000 feet. Known as the “ rain- 
bird” by the natives. 


36. Philentoma velatum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 365. 


Ranges up to 4000 feet. The young male resembles the 
adult females very closely, but the plumage on the abdo- 
men and rump is generally admixed with earthy brown. » 


. Lhilentoma pyrrhopterum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 366. 


Occurs side by side with the preceding species; both 
are easily called up to the gun. Mr. E. Bartlett for- 
mer curator of the Sarawak Museum described in this 
Journal (April 1894) a new species of Philentoma, P. 
maxuelli. I have examined the solitary specimen in the 
Museum collection and have very grave doubts of its dis- 
tinctness from P. pyrrhopterum; a quite asymmetrical 
patch of chestnut on the breast is the only distinguishing 
feature, and prefer to regard the bird merely as a some- 


38. 


39. 


40. 


41, 


42. 


43. 


44, 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN, 15 


what abnormal variation, until further material is obtain- 
ed; but as seven years have elapsed since the specimen 
was shot and more or less continuous collecting in the 
same area has not brought to light a similar one, though 
both pyrrhopterum and velatwn are common enough, | 
hold no very strong hopes of matching the specimen with 
another. 


Culicicapa ceylonensis Swains. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 369. 
Penrissen and surrounding low-country. 


Siphia beccariana Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 452. Pen- 
rissen 4,000 feet. 


Siphia (2) everetti Sharpe, Ibis. 1890, p. 366.  Penrissen 
4000 feet. 
I am not at all certain that I have identified this species 
correctly ; its nearest ally seems to be Stoparola pana- 
yensis Sharpe from the Philippines, judging from a descrip- 
tion of that species, the distinction between the genera 
Stoparola and Siphia is a very small one, merely a ques- 
tion of the proportion of culmen-length to breadth at the 
grape. 

Fam. NECTARINIIDE. 


LEthopyga temmincki 5. Miill. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 16. 
Not uncommon on Penrissen above 3500 feet. 


Anthothreptes simpler 8. Mull. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 114. / 
Penrissen. 


Anthothreptes malaecensis Scop. Gadow, Cat B. ix. p. 122. 
Pankalan Ampat. This species was not found on the 
mountain. 


Arachnothera flavigaster Eyton. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 109. 
Penrissen up to 4000 feet. 


. Arachnothera longirostris Lath. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 103. 


Penrissen and Pankalan Ampat. 
The nest composed of leaves is fastened to the under side 
of a leaf, two or three eggs are laid, often showing a 


47. 


48. 


53. 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 


considerable amount of variation in their colouring ; the 
most typical form is white with a suffused brown band cir- 
cling the egg about its middle. 


FAM. DICAIDZA. 


. Prionochilus vanthopygius Salvad, Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 66. 


Penrissen 4000 feet. 


Prionochilus maculatus Temm. Pankalan Ampat. Sharpe, 
Cate B. xX.9p..69) ssbankalan 


FAM. MELIPHAGIDA, 


Zosterops aureiventer Hume. Gadow, Cat. B. M. vol. ix. p. 
163, Penrissen (A. H. Everett). 


. Zosterops squamifrons Sharpe, Ibis. 1892, p. 323. Penrissen 


(A, H. Everett). 


FAM. STURNIDA, 


. Calornis chalybea Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B, xiii. p. 148. Pen- 


rissen and Pankalan Ampat. 


FAM. CORVIDZ. 


51. Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 39. 


The crow was met with at considerable elevations. 


. Platylophus coronatus Raffl. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 318. 


Penrissen up to 2500 feet. 


FAM. PITTIDA, 


Pitta arcuata Gould. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 481. Penrissen 
up to 4000 feet. 
This was the only. Pitta to be found on the mountain 
and its melancholy whistle was constantly heard. The 
nest is the usual loose bundle of leaves and grass charac- 
teristic of the members of this family and the eggs are 
white, spotted with grey and brown in an irregular band 
above the middle ; they measure 30 by 22 mm. 


t 


~I 
° 


List OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 7 


FAM. EURYLZMIDZ. 


. -Calyptomena viridis Raffl. Sel., Cat, B. xiv. p. 456. Panka- 


lan Ampat: the mountain forms ©. W/7teheadi Sharpe 
and C. jos Sharpe were not found. 


Eurylemus ochromelas Raffl. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 465. 
Common in the low-country. 


Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Gm. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 468. 
Pankalan Ampat. 


FAM, CYPSELIDA. 


Collocalia fuciphaga, (2) Thunb. Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 498. 
Numerous swifts, probably of this species, were seen just 
below the summit of the mountain. None were procured, 
however. 


FAM. PICID2. 


~~ 


58. Sasia abnormis Temm. Haregitt, Cat. B. xvi. p. 557. Pan- 


qn 
© 


60. 


61. 


62. 


kalan Ampat. An omen bird of the Dyaks. 


Chrysocolaptes validus Temm, Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 458. 
A pair of this handsome woodpecker was shot on Mt. 
Seruru. a spur of Mt. Penrissen at an altitude of 4,500 feet. 


Chryusophleqma malaccense (Lath.) Hareitt, Cat. B. xvili. p. 
Uy IEA givt, 
126. _Penrissen and surrounding low country. 


Gauropicoides raffesi Vig. Hargitt, Cat. B. xvii. p. 132. 
A low-country form: the young male differs very mark- 
edly from the adult, nearly the whole of the under 
surface being dusky, the red crest smaller, the top of the 
head dark, and with a white patch on the side of the 
throat. 


Miglyptes grammuithorax Less. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 385. 
Pankalan Ampat. 


63. Micropternus badiosus Temm. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 400. 


Pankalan Ampat. 


eG) 


18 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 


FAMILY ALCEDINID A. 


64. Alcedo euryzone Temm, Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 154. 
Pankalan Ampat, banks of river. We noticed the bird 
when descending the river from the Dvak village of Sen- 
nah to Pankalan Ampat, and about a week later my col- 
lectors shot it. Unfortunately by this time I had returned 
to Kuching, and was consequently unable to sex the bird 
myself or to make colour notes, and I am afraid that as a 
result of native carelessness, the present label “ female” 
is untrustworthy. The specimen is a very small one, the 
total leneth being only 6.5 in. as against 8 in., the total 
length of the full-grown adult. It possesses the blue 
pectoral band spotted with white, characteristic only of 
the male, and the lower parts are not ferruginous as is 
usual in females: in many small points this specimen 
differs slightly from Dr. Sharpe’s description (1. ¢.) but 
nevertheless I am sure that my identification is correct. 


65. Ceyx (2) euerythra Sharpe. Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii. p. 179. 
The genus Ceyx is ina most confused condition, and I 
am therefore extremely doubtful about a young specimen 
of this little Kingfisher which was shot close to the sum- 
mit of Penrissen. The billis extremely short; °8 inch, as 
against 1.5 of the adult, and is black, paler towards the 
tip instead of coral red. The wing-coverts and scapulars 
are red and there is no blue spot behind. The wing cov- 
erts as in C. euerythra, but there is a black frontal patch 
asin (. dillwyni: further C. di/lwynt has been found on 
Dulit, but C. euerythra has not; Iam _ therefore com- 
pletely puzzled as to the correct name for our Penrissen 
specimen, and must wait until I can see more young 
specimens of both species before absolutely deciding. 


66. Haleyon concreta Temm. Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 285, Met. 
Penrissen 3000 feet. 


FAMILY BUCEROTID”. 


67. Rhinoplax vigil Forst. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 427. 
The note of this bird, well represented by its native name 


68. 


69. 


Gell 
(or) 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF-PENRISSEN, 19 
“Tajak,” was frequently heard on the mountain, but we 
did not secure a specimen. 


Ithytidoceros undulatus Shaw. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 382. 
Not common on the mountain. 


Anorhinus galeritus Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 391. 
The commonest species ; but none of this family were easy 
to get, owing to their excessive shyness. 


Berenicornis comatus Rafll, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 423. 
Penrissen. 


FAM. MEROPIDZ. 


Nyctiorns anicta Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. xvi. p. 90. 
Pankalan Ampat. 


FAM. TROGONID. 


. Harpactes diardi Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p, 482. 


Low-country and lower slopes of Penrissen. 


. Harpactes kasumba Rati, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 483. 


Occurs with the preceding species. 


Harpactes duvaucelii Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 491, 
Pankalan Ampat. All the above are omen birds with the 
Dyaks. 


. Harpactes dulitensis Grant. Cat. B. xvii. p. 502, pl. xvii. 


Penrissen from 3,000 feet upwards to the summit. Pre- 
viously recorded from Kina Balu and Dulit. It is closély 
allied to H, oreskios Temm. from which it differs slightly 
in coloration. 


FAM. PODARGIDA. 


Batrachostomus afinis Blyth. Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 688. 
Common at Pankalan Ampat, where it was frequently 
seen hawking insects round the teps of trees at twilight : 
the fight is peculiar and quite unmistakable. 


20 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN, 


FAM, CAPITONIDE. 
77. Choterhea chrysopsis Goffii. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 59. 
Penrissen above 2,000 feet. The “kayu ara” was in 
fruit, and this and the two following species of barbets 
were excessively common, huge flocks sometimes nearly 
covering the trees bearing their favourite fruit. 


78. Cyanops mystacophanes Vemm. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 72. 
All over the mountain. This bird exhibits considerable 
variation in plumage in relation both to sex and age (cf. 
Salvadori Occ. Bor. Tav. I): a very interesting young 
female specimen was obtained, almost entirely green, 
with a few blue feathers on the cheeks and round the 
gape, and without a trace of the red and yellow plumage 
of the adult. 


79. Mesobucco exinius Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 324, 1893, pl. xi. 
Penrissen above 2,000 feet. 


80, Calorhamphus fuliginosus Temm. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. al. 
Lower slopes of Penrissen and the surrounding low- 
country. 


FAM. CUCULIDA. 


81. Surniculus lugubris Horsf. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 227. A 
low-country species. 


82. Cuculus nicropterus Gould. Shelley. Cat. B. xix. p. 241. 
Pankalan Ampat. One female in young plumage with the 
bead and neck mottled with fulvous was obtained. 


83. Rhinortha chlorophwa Ratt Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 393. 
A common low-country species. 


84. Rhopodytes bornecnsis Bp. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 389. 
Low-country. Native name ‘ Mindu. ” 


85. Phenicophoes microrhinus Berl. Nov. Zool. p. 71. Vol. IL. 
1895. Low-country. ‘This form has been separated off 
from Perythroguathus by Berlepsch (1. ¢.) on account of 
the difference in the shape of the nasal apertures, perhaps 


LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN., 21 


rather a sub-specific than a specific distinction. The fol- 
lowing is a tabular arrangement of Berlepsch’s views 
concerning the genus Phwnicophes. The genera adopted 
in the Brit. Mus. Cat. being placed in brackets. 

P. pyrrhocephalus Forst. Ceylon. 

P. (Urococcyx) wneicaudus (T. & HE. Verr.) Mentavei Is. 

P. (Urococcyx) erythrognathus Bp. Malacca and Sumatra. 

P, (Urococcyx) microrhinus Berl. Borneo and Natuna Is. 

P. (Rhinococcyx) curvirostris Shaw. Java. 

P, (Dryococcyx) Lawingtont Sharpe. Palawan. 

P. (Rhamphococeyx) calorhynchus Tem. Celebes. 


86. Zanclostomus javunicus Horsf. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 380, 
Penrissen 3,000-4,000 feet. 


FAM. COLUMBIDZ. 


(eo) 
~ 


¢. Macropygia rujiceps Temm. Salvadori, Cat. B. xxi, p. 360, 
Penrissen 4,000 feet. 


88. Osmotreron olax Temm. Salvadori, Cat. B. xxi p, 64. 


APPENDIX II. 


Plants collected at Penrissen. 
BY HN ar Dan. 


This collection, thougu a small one, contains a large pro- 
portion of novelties, showing that a more complete botanical. 
survey would be well worth making. The plants obtained are 
of typical Bornean mountain flora facies, and most closely re- 
semble the plants-of Kina Balu in North Hast Borneo. 

Sonerila borneensis Cogn. at 3,500 feet; flowers white, stamens 
yellow. 


Moc Varice) th smaller plant nearly glabrous, common. 
Begonia borneensis. A. D.C. At 8,000 feet alt. 


Argostemma gracile Stapt. Mt. Seruru, a Peak of Penrissen, 4,500 
feet, Only previously known from Mt. Kina Balu. 


Ophiorrliza fibrillosa 1. sp. 


Stem over afoot tall, rather stout, covered with short 
scattered brown hairs. Leaves lanceolate acute at both ends 
12 nerved, 4 inches longer less, 14 inch wide green and gla- 
brous above glaucous beneath and nerves covered with red 
hairs, petiole } inch long covered with red hairs. Stipules 
narrow divided into two branches each ending in subulate 
fibrils, persistent ¢ inch long hairy. Cymes in terminal axils 
much shorter than the jleaves covered with red wool, about an 
inch long. Flowers shortly petioled white, Calyx pustular 
teeth short acute. Corolla tube dilate at base 4 inch long, lobes 
short oblong obtuse pustular. Stamens oblong obtuse, fila- 
ments very short. Style slender, stigma broadly bilobed lobes 
rounded. Fruit absent. At 4,000 feet, flowers white. 


Allied to O. subfalcifolia Mig. The stipules are peculiar in 
being broken up into fibrils, and being persistent, and are 


PLANTS COLLECTED AT PENRISSEN, 23 


crowded together in the terminal buds, giving them a curious 
tufted appearance. 


Rhododendron cuneifolium var. subspathulatun. 


A much branched twiggy plant, leaves mostly spathulate 
apices not truncate as in the type; flower tubular, lobes quite 
rounded. At 4,500 feet. Flowers red waxy. This might per- 
haps be distinguished as a separate species, but the materials, 
comprising but a single flower, are hardly adequate. The type 
was obtained on Kina Balu by Dr. Haviland. 


Nepenthes tentaculata Hook fil. The only species seen, on the 
top of a felled tree, at 4,000 feet altitude. Not rare in 
North Borneo. 


Eria megalopha n. sp. - 

Rhizome slender } inch thick covered with short brown 
sheaths, roots long and wiry. Stems distant 5 to an inch apart 
slender slightly thickened above, covered with brown short 
scattered sheaths, 4 to 5 inches tall less than $ inch through. 
Tieaves 2, narrow lanceolate acuminate base acute 7 nerved 3 “31 
inch long 4 Linch wide. Flower orange froma tuft of papery 
brown Breathe 4 inch long, above the leaves. Pedicel and 
ovary very slender 5 inch ‘Tone. Upper sepal lanceolate 4 inch 
long, lower ones broader subfalcate. Petals linear lorate, nar- 
rower. Jip 4 inch long, base narrow fleshy curved, with a 
process at base, lateral lobes faleate obtuse broad, terminal one 
broadly subquadrate margins rounded. Apex broad truncate + 
inch across ; two low rounded ridges between the lateral lobes, 
and a single large thin keel edge denticulate running the whole 
length of the midlobe and ending in a projecting point, with 
three short parallel ridges on each side at right angles to cen- 
tral ridge. Column lone arched. At 4,000 feet alt. Flower 
orange. Allied to /. neglecta Ridl. but differs in its very slender 
stems, remote from each other, and remarkable lip with an 
unusually large central keel. 


Calanthe Shelford: nu. sp. 
Leaves nine, petiole 3 inches long tapering into the lan- 
ceolate acuminate blade 1 foot long, 2 inches across, five nerved, 


24 PLANTS COLLECTED AT PENRISSEN. 


herbaceous plicate. Raceme 8 inches long slender. Flowers 
numerous flesh color, nearly an inch across. Pedicels slender $ 
to ? inch long. Sepals oblong lanceolate acute, upper one 
broadest. Petals broadly spathulate acute. Lip 3 lobed much 
shorter + inch long, lateral lobes short rounded, median elongate 
linear oblong apex dilated rounded then acute: spur $ inch long 
pendulous dilated and hooked at apex ; calli on lip z small 
wartlike processes. Clinandrium deep edges thin elevated un- 
dulate, rostellum long acuminate. At 4,800 feet near summit. 
Flowers flesh color. Perhaps as near C. Curculigoides as any 
species, but with a more slender raceme and a very different lip. 


APPENDIX III. 
List of the Ferns of Penrissen. 
By BisHoP HOSE. 

1. Trichomanes maximum Blume. 4,100 feet, common. 

2. Davallia (Humata) peduta Smith. 3,500 feet. 

3. Lindsaya cultrata. Swartz. 

4, bs concinna Smith. 

2. i scandens Hk. 

6. Polypodium (Goniopterts) firmulum Baker. Previously record- 

ed from Mt. Dulit only. 

Gi es (Eupol) decorum Brack. 3,500 feet. 

8. Polypodium hirtellun Bl. This species is new to Borneo, 
being previously recorded from Java, Perak, Ceylon, 
Phillpines and China, 

9. Polypodium obliquatum Bl. Also new to Borneo. 


ae (Goniophlebiun) (7) sp. nov. This is a very inter- 
esting fern. ‘ No other simple form of the sub-genus 
has been found in this part ot the world, so far as I 
know. (G. EH. S. & 8S.) 

11. Nephrodium (7) lineatum Coleb. None of the fronds fertile. 
If correctly identified, new to Borneo. 

12. Acrostichum (Chrysodiun) sp. (5) near blumeamun Uk. 
No fertile fronds. 

LYCOPODIACE. 

Selaginella atroviridis Spring var. (7) Differs from the type in 
having unusually lone cusps to the leaves of the upper 
plane. ‘There is so fruit on it. Common. 


S. obesa Bak. Specimens without fruit. Common. 


26 LIST OF THE PLANTS OF PENRISSEN. 
Mosses and Hepatics collected by A. H. 
Everett and named by F. Brotherus. 
MOossks. 
Calymperes cristatum UHampe. 
Neckera gracilenta var. flayellifera Broth. n. var, 
Choetomitrium leptoma Schwager. 
C. orthorrhynchum Bry. Jav. 
Thuidium Kverette Broth, n. sp. 
HEPATIC, 


Bazzania australis Lindenb. 
Rh. Shelford. 


The Flora of Singapore. 
BY 4, NN. RIDLEY. 


Introduction. The island of Singapore with the small 
islands of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong in the Johore strait 
and a few smaller ones lying within English waters form the 
area the flora of which is enumerated in this paper. The whole 
is little more than 200 square miles in extent and consists of 
undulating country, the highest hill being Bukit Timah with an 
- altitude of 500 feet above sea level. The Geology of the island 
was the subject of a paper by Mr. J. R. Logan (Journ. As. Soc. 
Beng. xvi. p. 519, published in 1846), but unfortunately he 
much misunderstood it, mistaking sedimentary rocks for vol- 
canic ones. The bigger hills, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, and 
Tanjong Gol, are composed of a grey granite, which crops out 
again near Bajau, Changi and Pulau Ubin. The rest of the 
island is covered with sedimentary deposits of clays, gravels, 
and sands, often very ferruginous and permeated with bands of 
clay-ironstone, very much resembling that of some of the Weal- 
den beds in Kent. This clay iron-stone has unfortunately received 
the name of Laterite here, a name properly applied to soils baked 
by a lava-flow, or other volcanic heat. These sedimentary rocks 
have never produced any fossils except some obscure traces of 
vegetable remains. They appear to have been derived from 
disintegrated and decomposed granite, the ironstone bands 
being formed in many cases at a much later date. No borings 
of any depth having been made it is impossible to say how deep 
these strata are, but it is probable that they are of very great 
thickness and comparatively modern, as appears to be the case 
in Selangor and elsewhere. In the south of the island in some 
spots the strata are very strongly upheaved. 

Originally the island appears to have been covered with a 
dense forest, except along the mangrove edged rivers and the 
sandy tract of country lying between Tanjong Ru and Changi 
point. But soon after it was acquired, a great deal of this forest 


28 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


was felled, partly for the value of the timber and partly for cul- 
tivation. Later avery large proportion of the cleared ground 
was abandoned, and became covered with secondary growth, or 
lalang, and every year still sees the disappearance of some 
woodland, so that in several of the localities quoted for certain 
plants in this list, such as Ang Mo Kio, few traces of any native 
plants can now be found. The names of many villages and dis- 
tricts are taken from trees which doubtless plentiful fifty years 
ago are now either very scarce or quite extinct. Such are 
Kranji (Dialinm,) Changi (Balanocarpus), Tampenis (Sloetia side- 
rorylon), Tanjong Ru, the Cape of Casuarinas, Kampong Gelam, 
the village of Welaleuca. Extensively as the indigenous flora has 
been destroyed in this way, I have succeeded in finding most of 
the plants collected here by Wallich in 1822; and of those men- 
tioned in his Catalogue which I have not recovered, some at least 
were evidently wrongly localised, having been probably collected 
in Penang. Many of the trees, however, which were probably 
formerly more abundant, are represented now by single specimens, 

A few fairly large and representative tracts of jungle remain, 
and though in most cases much of the more valuable timber has 
been removed, these contain the most varied and interesting 
portions of the flora. Among the biggest trees therein are the 
Dipterocarpee, Dyera, Dichopsis, Irvingia, Kumpassia, species of 
Mangifera, Artocarpus and Tarrietia. Mixed with these are 
numerous smaller trees and shrubs of all orders, with rattans, 
and other palms, and especially in rocky spots and damp water- 
courses, are ground orchids, Scitaminez, aroids, ferns, Ebermaiera, 
Pentaphrayma, Cyrtandre and many other smaller plants. Here 
too grow the curious little saprophytes Thismia, Sciaphila, A phyl- 
lorchis, Burmannia, etc. Many climbing plants such as Unecaria, 
Willughbeia, Bauhinia, Strychnos and Gnetum form huge lianes 
climbing to the tops of the trees and covering them with a mat 
of foliage. On the branches of the loftiest trees grow many 
epiphytes not met with elsewhere, orchids, ferns, such as the 
rare Davallia triphylla, Rhododendron, Vaccinium and Dischidia, 
and it is interesting to note that many of these plants, which in 
the low country grow only on this elevated position, are to be 
met with as terrestrial or rock plants at greater elevations in the 
peninsula. The banks of the larger streams and rivers and a 


THF FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 29 


good portion of the coast line where mud is deposited are edged 
with a thick mangrove jungle composed of Rhizophoracew (Rhi-: 
zophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops) Carapa, Lumnitzera, Avieennia 
and Heritiera on the branches of which grow abundance of small 
orchids, ferns, Lycopodium, Psilotum, Heptapleurum, Pachycentria, 
Medinillopsis and other epiphytes, while in the mud on suitable 
spots grow such herbaceous plants as Acanthus, Cryptocoryne 
ciliata, Tristellateia, Octhocharis and some Cyperacev and grasses. 
Inland just behind the mangroves the ground is often sandy 
and covered with woods of comparatively small trees, Hugenia, 
Podocarpus, Gelonium, Arytera, Afzelia, etc., with clumps of the 
Nibunge palm (Oncosperma tigilliaria), and onthese and on the 
eround grow many orchids, Cirrhopetalum, Bulbophyllum, Coelo- 
gyne, Plocoglottis, Platyclinis, and Eria. 

The coast line from Tanjong Ru to Changi is also very 
sandy, and here is a very distinct flora much resembling that 
which borders the Pahang river near its mouth. It is rich in 
erasses and sedges, Vyris, Cyanotis, and other herbaceous plants, 
with bushes of Fhodomyrtus, Vacciniun, Leucopogon, Capparis, 
Eugenia, etc. Unfortunately a great portion of this district has 
been put under coconut cultivation, and the greater part of the 
flora has disappeared, except at Changi point where it. still 
remains. 

As a very large portion of the island has been cleared and 
cultivated, and often abandoned, there are very large tracts 
covered either with Lalang (Jmperata cylindrica) or fern either 
Gleichenia Linearis or bracken, Pteris aquilina or in swampy spots 
with Seleria to the exclusion of almost everything else. In 
many places however secondary growth has sprung up (Belu- 
kar). This consists of small trees or shrubs of Wacaranga javanica 
and VW. hypoleuca, Rhodamnia trinervia, Adinandra dunosa, Viter 
pubescens, Melastoma polyanthum, Archytea Vahlii, Arthrophyllum 
diversifolium and a few others. 

In waste ground near villages and in cultivated spots area 
number of weeds, many of which are well known as very wide- 
ly distributed plants, and most of which have probably been 
introduced accidentally or intentionally at no very great dis- 
tance of time. These weeds include most of the Composite, 
Grasses, Labiatie and probably all the Umbellifere and Solana- 


30 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


cee. It is perhaps worth noting that very few of these are 
to be found in Wallich’s collection made in 1822, showing that 
in all probability they were introduced at a later date Among 
these weeds one or two are interesting as not occurring in India, 
such are Clitoria cajanifolia, and Cleome aculeata, both South 
American piants, which also occur as weeds in Java, whence 
probably they were carried accidentally to Singapore. 

The flora geographically speaking is typically Malayan, and 
resembles as might be expected that of Johore, and to a certain 
extent that of the neighbouring coast of Sumatra. A few plants 
cecurring here are as far as is known endemic, but it is probable 
that most will be re-discovered in the neighbouring countries, 
when they are more thoroughly explored. These endemic 
plants not known to occur elsewhere are marked with a *. 
The absence of certain plants common in the peninsula is some- 
what remarkable, such are Hurya acuminata and Grewia umbel- 
lata, and there are several striking plants to be found on the 
neighbouring islands, and on the coast of Johore, especiaJly near 
Tanjong Kupang, which are quite absent from our flora. Of the | 
native flora it will be noticed that the greater number of plants 
are either trees or shrubs, herbaceous plants being comparative- 
ly scarce in the forests. and chiefly to be found in the open 
country in the sandy district of the coast. Those of the forest 
region being usually epiphytes, orchids, Piperaceae, or Scita- 
mineae, aroids, grasses and sedges, with a few saprophytes. 

The most extensively represented orders here are those of 
the Euphobiacew, Urticacee, Rubiacee and Orchidee. The 
variety of the latter will surprise many residents who have pro- 
bably seen not more than one or two species growing wild here, 
but the fact that these plants are very local and frequently 
occur on the upper branches of the loftiest trees, where they 
are difficult to see and to obtain, accounts for their being so 
often overlovked. The largest genera are those of the Figs 
(Ficus) and nutmeg (Myristica). 

Asin most equatorial regions, the number of species in 
proportion to the number of individuals is very large. A Malay 
jungle consists of innumerable trees, shrubs and climbers, all 
apparently distinct, and individuals of any one species occurring 
singly here and there, often very far apart, so that these forests 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 31 


have a very different appearance from those of the more tem- 
perate zones, which frequently consist of but one or two kinds. 
The contrast is well seen in comparing the English flora with 
that of Singapore. In Singapore withan area of 200 square 
miles we have over 1,900 species of flowering plants, while the 
flora of the British Isles with an area of 121,115 square miles 
produces but 1,200 species, while of ferns we have here over 
130 species, nearly double the number in Europe, and more than 
three times the number in the British Isles. 

Seasons. There is no great amount of difference in the 
rainfall throughout the year, although as a rule heavier falls 
occur in December and January than at other times, so that 
plants here have no definite resting periods and are nearly all 
truly evergreen. Certain plants, however, such as Cratoxylon 
formosun and Ficus Miquelit shed all their leaves at tolerably re- 
cular intervals, remaining quite bare for one or two days, when 
the young shoots begin to unfold, and in a few days they are 
quite leafy again. ‘This change is often but not always follow- 
ed immediately by the appearance of the flowers, and often the 
young leaves thus produced are of a brighter green, or brilliant 
red, orange, white or blue. This change takes place usually 
three or four times a year, and every tree of the kind in the 
district undereoes the change on the same day. It is not till 
we get north of Penang that we find a definite period of rest in 
which all or almost all plants shed their leaves altogether and 
become quite Lare. A good series of observations on these 
phenological phenomena would probably throw light on the 
causes of these irregular seasons. 

Very few plants have a definite flowering month. A large 
nuwber flower more or less steadily throughout the year. 
Others flower at regular periods three or four times a year, 
aimost every plant of a given kind flowering simultaneously in 
the district. This is best known in the case of the Pigeon orchid, 
Dendrobium crumenatum. In this plant the flowers are produced 
at periods of a little over a month, or two months. The exact 
day differs in different parts of the peninsula, but in each district 
they all appear in the same day, and it is remarkable that plants 
brought to Singapore even from as far north as Siam open their 
flowers on the day for Singapore, and not on that for Siam. It 


o2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


is not rare however to find certain plants of Pigeon orchid which 
do not flower on the regular day, but have a distinct day which 
they appear to keep to with equal regularity. A curious fact is 
that another species of Dendrobium (D. criniferum) invariably 
flowers in Singapore on the day preceding that of D. crumenatum, 
whenever that happens to be. It might be thought that the 
weather in the district in which the plant was growing was the 
influencing agent, but this appears to have but little effect on the 
orchids. On one occasion (Dec. 5, 1893) the pigeon orchids 
developed their flowers so far that they were obviously ready to 
open them on that day, but an extraordinarily heavy rain retarded 
them, and the flowers opened the next day, but except in cases like 
this the weather previous to the flowering does not seem to make 
any difference to the date of flowering. Some few plants have 
a regular annual flowering season, such are Calanthe curculr- 
goiles in September, and Grammatophyllum, July and August. 
A certain number of trees flower only every fifth year, notably 
the Dipterocarper, Every fifth year there appears to be an 
average higher temperature, and a period of greater dryness in 
May or June than in other years, and then and only then is’ it 
possible to obtain flowers of these trees. Such trees are most of 
the Dipterocarpee, xanthophyllum Kuustleri, Careya sp. In this 
case also all the plants in a given district flower simultaneously. 
It can easily be understood that it is very important to a plant 
that all should flower on the same day in order that they may be 
cross-fertilized by the insects that visit them, and this is especially 
the case in plants in which the flowers last but a single day, as 
in the case of the Pigeon orchid, but it-is difficult to see how 
this is brought about. A good many trees seem to flower even 
less often than this and there are not a few which though 
apparently full grown healthy trees have not given flowers once 
in ten years. 

Colors of flowers. 

As is well known the colors of flowers depend to a large 
extent on the kind of insect fertilizer for which they are destined 
to prove attractive. The most abundant insects in the thick 
jungle are the flies (Diptera) and these appear often in encrmous 
abundance when certain trees are in bloom. ‘The Oaks and 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 33 


Chestnuts, Sindora and Aurrinia are particularly attractive to 
them and the roar of their wings can be heard often at some 
distance from the tree. The chief of these flies is a black J/usca 
withredeyes. The flowers of fly-fertilized plants are usually small 
and green or whitish, generally possessing an unpleasant odor. 
Smaller herbaceous plants growing in dark shady woods often 
have deep brownish purple flowers sometimes with an odor of 
carrion, at others sweet and aromatic, such are A murphophallus, 
Thottea, Tacca and many orchids. ‘These are also fly-fertilized. 
Many trees produce masses of white flowers in large panicles or 
corymbs. These are very attractive to butterflies and bees, 
such are many of the Eugenias, Kvodia, Rhodamnia, and AMelan- 
norrhea. 1 have noticed as showing the bearing of the color of 
the flowers on insect visitors, that while Huyenta lineata with 
corymbs of white flowers attracts innumerable butterflies and 
bees and the pollen-eating flies (Syrpha), another species of Euge- 
nia with apple-green lowers, which is growing close by was 
not visited either by butterflies or bees, but by flies similar to those 
which visit the oaks. Pink flowers are not so common, and are 
usually visited by bees, as are the deep red blossoms of Craltoxy- 
lon arborescens, Gomphia Hlookeri, and Eurycoma. Scarlet and 
bright reds are rare in Singapore except in introduced plants, 
but we have also the beautiful Aeschynanthus, Rhododendron, 
some Loranthi, and some species of //ornstedtia. The red flowers 
are most attractive to the Sun-birds, and to butterflies. Bright 
yellow flowers are chiefly to be met with in open country especi- 
ally near the sea; such are Wedelia, Vyris, Philydrum, Utricularia 
(most), Wormia, Timonius, and Gomphia sumatrana. The rarest 
color of all is blue, which is also to be met with almost exclu- 
sively in open spots. Burmannia coelestis, Commelina, Cyanotis, 
Urticularia affinis, Evolvulus, Monochoria, Desmodiun heterophyl- 
lum, are almost the only native blue flowers here. 

Visitors to the tropics are often surprised by the apparent 
paucity and inconspicuousness of the flowers.. This is partly 
due to the enormous proportion of foliage, which conceals the 
flowers, but the fact that the greater number of our flowers are 
adapted for fertilization by Diptera and small Hymenoptera, the 
most abundant insects in the forests, and are consequently small 
and green or whitish, accounts toa large extent for the small 


~ 


9) 


34. | THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


amount of show that the blossoms make in the great masses of 
foliage. 

Botanists. The number of botanists who have collected or 
studied the flora of Singapore is even more limited than that of 
Penang. ‘The first of them was naturally Szr Stamford Raffles 
who aided by William Jack made extensive collections. all or al- 
most all of which were destroyed in the burning of the “ Fame.” 
(I’or an account of Jack and some others of the Singapore bota- 
nists, see Journal 25, p. 163). Shortly after the founding of Sing- 
apore Vuthaniel Wallich came to Singapore to recuperate after 
his great Nepaul expedition. He remained here about five 
months and established the first Botanic Garden, Nov. 1822, 
being Superintendent of it. This Garden, consisting of 48 acres, 
included the Government Garden on what is now known as Fort 
Canning Hill. After he returned to Calcutta, Jan. 1823, Dr. 
Montgomerie took charge of the Garden till 1827. Wallich 
seems to have promised to send an assistant from Calcutta Gar- 
dens, but did not do so. The Garden, which chiefiy contained 
Nutmegs and Cloves, was atolished later, and no trace of it re- 
mains. Dr. Wallich seems to have taken some interest in the 
development of Singapore, and was one of a committee of three 
to fix on the site of the town. He built a house, Botany Hall, 
to stay in during his residence here. 

His collection of dried plants was an extensive one, and 
was eventually distributed with the rest of the East India Com- 
pany’s herbarium. The greater number of species which he 
discovered here I have been able to find still in Singapore, but 
some appear to have quite vanished. This is not surprising 
when it is remembered that at that time the district in which he 
was collecting, ¢¢7z. the neighbourhood of the town, was thick 
jungle, of which nearly every trace has now disappeared under 
cultivation. In his Catalogue many of the plants are localised 
‘Singapore et Penang,” and as I note that many of these are 
strictly hill plants occurring at a higher elevation than there 
is in Singapore, I take it that these plants were in a collection 
of which the exact locality was lost, and that the label perhaps 
should have been rather ‘Singapore or Penang.” Some few 
however of the specimens labelled as from this region have never 
since been found in the peninsula, e.g. Yylia dolabrifornis, a 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 35 


well known Indian tree, and it is probable that the locality is 
quite wrong. 

Col. Farquhar, the first Resident of Singapore, and John 
Prince, Resident Councillor in 1827, who took a little interest in 
the botany of the island, are commemorated in the names of 
some plants, e. g. Myristica Farquhariana, and Erycibe Prince, 
but little was done in botanical research for many years. In or 
about 18389, Hugh Cuming well known for his immense botanical 
and conchological collections in the Philippines, visited Singa- 
pore and also ascended Mount Ophir. While in the Straits he 
seems to have chiefly devoted himself to collecting orchids, and 
to have sent home a number of live ones, among which were 
Coclogyne Cuming, and Dendrobium longicolle. William Lobb, 
orchid collector for Messrs Veitch, visited Penang and Singapore 
in 1845, but as mentioned in Journal 25, p. 166, his specimens 
from the Straits Settlements, Java and India were all mixed up 
in distribution, so that his localities as quoted in books are quite 
doubtful, Surgeon-General Maingay during his residence in 
Singapore made extensive collections, but many of these again 
were irregularly labelled, and some mentioned in the Flora of 
British India as from Singapore were probably either collected 
in Malacca or Penang. 

My. Murton the first head of the present Botanic Gardens, 
1875 to 1880, collected a number of plants, of which a few 
were sent to Kew, and a few, chiefly ferns, are still in the Bota- 
nic Gardens Herbarium. .V. Cantley, who succeeded him, em- 
ployed collectors and obtained a very large number of speci- 
mens, but unfortunately hardly any were strictly localised, and 
many labelled from Singapore in the herbarium, are either culti- 
vated plants or from some part of the peninsula, so that in most 
cases I have been unable to quote safely from his herbarium. 

Among other collectors whose names appear in books, asso- 
ciated to a small extent with Singapore plants, should be men- 
tioned, Dr. Thomas Oxley, who wrote some papers in Logan’s 
Journal, one of which dealt with the Flora of Singapore, but 
chiefly with Economic plants, while other papers treat of Nut- 
mees and Gutta percha. He seems to have collected plants, 
saying that he had collected between 40 and 50 orchids, but 
what became of his collections and manuscripts, I cannot find 


36 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


out. He died in or about 1858. 

Sir Robert Schomburgk, well known for his explorations in 
Guiana, where he discovered the Victoria regia, was appointed 
British Consu] in Siam in 1857. He visited Singapore and col- 
lected afew plants there, which he sent to Kew, and which were 
described in the Flora of British India. Some of them, however, 
were evidently obtained from gardens. 

Dr, T. Anderson, 1882 to 1870, was Director of Calcutta 
Botanic Gardens. He appears to have visited Singapore at 
some time, and obtained several plants of interest. He devoted 
himself to the Acanthaceae, and EKranthenum Andersont Mast, a 
common garden plant here was named after him. 

Mr. R. W. Hullett made some years ago an excellent her- 
barium of Singapore plants, which he eventually presented to 
the Botanic Gardens. Duplicate specimens were sent to Kew 
and to Calcutta, where they were named, and several new spe- 
cies bear his name. 

In the following list all plants with no collector’s name 
were obtained by myself or by native collectors employed at 
the Gardens, and the numbers attached are those of my dis- 
tribution-series. Endemic species, not yet known from else- 
where are marked with an asterisk and introduced plants, which 
have not properly established themselves but which occur in 
waste ground and the like, are included in brackets, The 
Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Algae, are deferred. Collections of 
these have been made and submitted to experts, and I hope to 
publish an account of them at a later date. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Se 


DICOTYLEDONS. 
DILLENIACE. 


Tetracera Assa Dec. A scrambling shrub often forming thickets, 
flowers white or pinkish. Common in open country, Ba- 
lestier plain, Sepoy lines, Fort Canning, Changi. 


T. Assa var. Garden Jungle. A _ very different looking plant, 
but Dr. Kine considers it only a large form. 


T. euryandra Vab. Climber not rare, Cluny Road, Kraniji. 


T. macrophylla Wall. Climber common in woods, but seldom 
to be found in flower. Tanglin, ete. 


T. fagifolia Bl. Not common, Woods, Garden Junele, Selitar. 


Wormia. Large shrubs or trees with showy yellow or white 
flowers. 


W. suffruticosa Griff. A large bush in damp open country. 
The flowers are about 3 inches across bright yellow. 
The fruits when ripe split open like a star and are rosy 
pink inside, with small black seeds covered with a scarlet 
aril. The leaves are rather curious from the way in 
which the winged petioles are closed over the buds, It 
flowers constantly all the year. Tanglin, Jurong, Pulau 
Ubin, Pulau Tekoneg. 


W. pulchella Jack. A small bushy tree with oval deep green 
leaves and pale yellow flowers. It grows in wet places, 
Tanglin, Bukit Timah Road. 


W. tomentelia BI], A tall stout tree. Garden jungle, Selitar, 
Bukit Timah. 


W. Scortechinti King. A small tree with inconspicuous apetal- 
ous flowers. Rare, Garden Jungle. 


W. sp near W. oblongifolia, but having anthers hairy all over 
and white flowers. Bukit Mandai. 


38 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Dillenia indica L. This grand tree with its huge white flowers 
is doubtfully wild here. It occurs near the Reservoir, 
Bukit Panjang. 


MAGNOLIACE®. 


This order, chiefly of trees of the hill districts, is not un- 
represented here. 


Talauna lanigera Hook. fil. A large bush rather than a tree 
with large white flowers and stiff dark green leaves. 
Damp woods, near Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji, 
Choa Chu Kang. 


T. elegans Mig. Aromadendron elegans Bl. A tall tree with 
grey bark about 40 feet talland afoot through. Flowers 
white sweet-scented. Rare. Garden Jungle. 


Kadsura caulifora Bl. A climber with rough corky bark and 
rosy flowers growing on the stem. Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


k. scandens Bl. “Akar Dama Dama.” Forests, Bukit Timah, 
Bajau. 


To this order also belong the Champaks Michelia Champaka, 
and J/7. longifolia Bl. often cultivated for their sweet flowers. 


ANONACEA. 


Stelechocarpus Burahel Hook. fil. “Singapore Lobb.” This 
Javanese plant has never again been collected in the pen- 
insula and is probably wrongly localised. 


Cyathostenma Scortechinu King. A big climber bearing small 
green flowers on the stem, and rather large orange fruits. 
Common Garden jungle, Bidadari, Bukit Timah, Jurong, 
Pulau Ubin. 


C, Hookeri King. Not common. Flowers yellow. Garden jungle. 
Uvaria. Climbers with purple rarely yellow flowers. 


U’. dulcis Dunal. Rare, Bakit Timah. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, og 


(on 


”, Lobbiana Hook, fil. Garden jungle, 
’. Ridleyi King. Bukit Mandai. 


Cc 


U. macrophylla Roxb. Common all over Singapore. 


U. hirsuta Jack. Very hairy, flowers bright red. Garden jungle, 
Changi, etc. Common. 


U. subrepanda Wall.* Singapore (Wallich No. 6483). A very 
little known species, only collected by Wallich. 


Ellipeta cuneifolia Hook. fil. A lofty climber with yellow 
flowers. Common. Garden Jungle, Reservoir Woods, 


Cyathocalyx virgatus King. A small tree with green flowers. 
Rare, Bukit Timah (Hullett). 


C. Muaingayt Hook. fil. (Cantley’s collection.) Perhaps wrong- 
ly localised. 


Artabotrys, Climbers with white or green flowers, and very curi- 
ous woody hooks by which the plant climbs. 


A. Wrayi King. Flowers large. Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai. 

A, suaveolens Bl. Flowers small. Common all over Singapore. 

A. Maingayt Hook. fil. Tanglin. 

Drepananthus pruniferus Maing. ‘‘ Antoi hitam.” A tall straight 
tree. Garden jungle, Kranji. 

Unona discolor Vahl, ‘ Akar Darah.” Garden jungle. 

U. dumosa Roxb. Cluny Road. 

U. longifora Roxb. Common, Kranj', Bukit Timah, Jurong, 
Garden jungle. 


U. dasymaschala BI. Common, Bukit Mandai. Chan Chu Kang 
Garden jungle. 


U. desmantha Hook. f. A small tree with yellow flowers, Com- 
mon, Garden jungle, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


40 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 

U. stenopetala var. A small tree with buff-colored flowers, Gar- 
den jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah. 

Polyalthia. Small to medium-sized trees. 


P. swnatrana King, Flowers ereen, fruit pink with darker blot- 
ches, rare. Chan Chu Kang, 


P, Scortechinit King. “ Kenanga hutan.” <A fairly large tree, 
with large yellow flowers like those of Cananga. Not 
common, Garden jungle. 


P, macropoda King. <A tree with large orange fruits very 
showy. Bukit Timah. 


P. Teysmanni King. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Garden jungle. 


P. bullata King. Stated in King’s Materials to have been col- 
lected by me in Singapore, was collected by Cantley and 
perhaps wrongly localised. It occurs in Selangor and 
Perak, 


P. cinnamomea Wook. fil. is from the same collection, and was 
also collected by Wallich in Singapore. I have never 
found it here. 


Goniothalamus. Small or medium sized trees or shrubs. 
G. malayanus ook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar. 
G. Tapis Mig. Selitar, Jurong. 


G, Ridleyi King. A medium-sized tree with large tufts of dull 
purplish flowers on the stem, chiefly at the base. Sungei 
Morai, Bukit Timah. 


Orophea hastata King. Bukit ‘Timah. 


Popowta tomentosa Maing. A small tree. Not common, Garden 
jungle, Bajau. 


P. ramosissimna Hook. fil. Bukit Timah. 
Oxymitra calycina King. Dense woods, Garden jungle. 


O. afinis King. Sumbawang, Bukit Timah. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 41 


Melodorum. Climbers with yellow flowers usually sweet-scented. 


J. fulgens Hook. fil. Common in thickets, Bukit Mandai, Toa 
Payoh, Tengeh, Chan Chu Kang. 


JM. manubriatum Hook. fil. Changi, Bedoh. 
M, latifolium Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Toas, Selitar. 


M. cylindiicum Maingay. Common, Bukit Timah, Pukit Mandai, 
Chan Chu Kang, Loyang. 


M. lanuginosum Hook, fil. Fairly common, Bukit Timah, Sumba- 
wane, Jurong. 


M. prismaticum Uook. fil. Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji. 

M. elegans Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Selitar. 

M. pisocarpum Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Toas. 
Nylopia oxyantha Wook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6478). Not 


seen. 
X. dicarpa Hook. fil. * Singapore (Maingay). Not seen. 
2 


X. malayana Hook. fil. Not common, Bukit Arang, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


X. caulauta Hook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6452) Maingay. 
Not seen. 


X. magna Maingay. “Singapore Ridley” in Materials ; was not 
collected in Singapore. 


X. feriujinea Hook. fil. “ Jangkang.” A tall tree, flowers green, 
fruit long cylindrical red. Common, Bukit Timah, Selitar, 
Changi, Sungei Morai. 


X. Ridleyi King. * Rare, Changi, Bukit Timah. 
Pheanthus nutans Hook. fil. A shrub with green flowers. 
sige 
Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah. 


Ph. lucidus Oliver. Common. <A bush. Bukit Timah, Garden 
Jungle, Tanjong Gol. 


42 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


Mezzettia leptopoda Oliver. A very large tree with green 
flowers, and large globose fruit containing two very hard 
seeds, ‘Poko P’rab.” Garden Jungle. 


MENISPERMACEAE. 


Clinbing plants with very small dicecious flowers and 
drupaceous carpels with the seeds usually curved. 


Tinospora cordifolia Miers, Probably introduced. Macpherson 
road, Balestier plaia, Pulau Ubin. 


Tinomascium petiolare Miers. ‘ Akar Lankap.” A stout climber 
with milky juice, flowers white, fruit green with white 
spots. A decoction of the roots is used for rheumatism. 
Common in open woods, Garden Jungle, Siglap, Jurong, 
Bukit Mandai. 


libraurea chloroleuca Miers. ‘“ Akar Kuning.” <A big woody 
climber with yellow juice formerly used in dyeing. Thke 
male flowers are white in large panicles on the stem. 
The females green. The fruit is about an inch lone, 
orange-colored. Common all over Singapore. 


Cosctnium fenestratum Colebr.  ‘* Akar Kunyit, Kunyit Babi.” 
A stout woody climber with large round leaves white 
beneath and large globular fruits. Common in woods. 
Chan Chu Kang, Changi, ete. 


Hypserpa triflora Miers. A slender climber with narrow deep 
greei leaves and small green flowers. Not common. 
Hedges, Tanglin, Selitar, Jurong, Chua Chu Kang. 


Limacita velutina Miers. A low rather slender climber, the 
leaves covered with a velvety golden olive fur. Com- 
mon in open country. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete. 


L Kunstleri King. <A pretty little slender climber with white 
flowers and yellow stamens. Mare, on bushes by the sea. 
Changi beach. 


Stephania hernandifolia Wall, A slender climber with peltate 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 43 


leaves, white flowers and red fruits. Edges of jungle, 
not rare. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Juron 


Ore 
=) 


Cycl-a peltata Hook. fil. var. Arnoiti. Miers. A slender climber 
with orbicular ovate hairy leaves, small hanging panicles 
of green flowers and white flat fruits. The natives boil 
the leaves with sugar and make a kind of jelly not re- 
markably delicious. Common in hedges, Tanglin, Chua 


Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 
NYMPHEACE., 


Bare’aya Motleyi Wook. var. Nunstleri, “ Daun Kalapa.” This 
grows in shallow muddy streams in thick jungle. It has 
round dark-colored leaves, and inconspicuous dull co‘or- 
ed flowers, greenish or brown outside and yellow and 
pink within. Capsule pink. Local, Bukit Timah, Ang 
Mo Kio. 


(Nelum'ium speciosum Willd. The Lotus is often cultivated by 
the Chinese, but not wild here.) 


CAPPARIDE®. 


Cleome aculeatum Jacq. Cl. Iullettii. King. Anintroduced thorny 
weed with white flowers, native of the West Indies, 
occurs round Tanglin and Kallang 


( 


Cl. viscosa L. <A sticky weed about a foot tall, with yellow 
flowers, occurs near the town casually. 


Capparis Finlaysoniana Wall. A thorny climber with large 
white flowers with a yellow spot in the throat, and a 
sausage-shaped red fruit. Rare. In sandy spots near 
Chane. 

VIOLACER. 


The only genus represented here is the shrubby alsodetu 
with small yellow and white flowers. 


Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. ‘“Sebilek.” A shrub or treelet 
with ovate serrate leaves, small white flowers, and cap- 


44 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


sules covered with mossy hairs. The seeds are used as 
a purgative. Common in dry woods. Reservoir, Chan 
Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang. 


A. floritunda King. Woods near Ange Mo Kio. 

A. membranacea Bing. Ang Mo Kio, Changi. 

A, Kunstlerima King. Singapore (Wallich). Not seen. 
BIXINEA. 


Scolopia rhinanthera Clos. A shrub or small tree, thorny with 
with white flowers and black berries. Sandy spots. near 
the sea. Changi, Serangoon River. 


Flacourtia Rukam Zoll. A thorny tree, with small yellowish 
flowers and globose dull red lerries, with a taste of 
wooseberries. Common in woods and even in thick 
jungle. and evidently truly wild, but also planted. 
Bukit Timah. Chan Chu Kane. 


Fl. cataphracta Roxb. ©“ Rukam.” <A similar tree with smaller 
leaves. 1 donot think it is wild though often cultivated 
and established here and there. It a much better eating 
fruit than the last. 


Il. inermis Cl. A larger tree, quite unarmed, with thinner 
narrower leaves. Jurong and Tanjong Karong. 


Ryparosa Tullettti King. A small tree with slender spikes of 
ereen flowers. Rare in forests, Bukit Timah. Sungei 
Buloh., 

PITTOSPOREA. 

Pittocporum ferrugincum Ait. ‘“Giramong.” A small tree with 
yellowish white flowers. Sea shores, Kranji, Changi, 
Selitar. 

POLYGALEA. 


Polygala brachystachya Bl. <A little prostrate herb with yellow 
flowers, growing in turf or sandy spots. Not common, 
Gardens, Macpherson Road. 


THE FLORA -OF SINGAPORE, 45 


Salomonia cantoniensis Lour. A small branched weed about 3 
inches tail with pink flowers. Common in waste ground. 


S. oblongifo.ia Dec. Rare, sandy spots, Changi. 


S. aphylla Griff. A very small buff colored saprophytic plant 
with minute flowers. Rare, in dense wet woods. Chua 
Chu Kane. 


Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Mig. Small tree, flowers white. Bukit 
Vj 
imab, 


Nanthophyllum. Large or small trees, with white or pink 
flowers and globose one or several seeded fruits. “ Lima 
Beruk.” 


X. palenbanicum Miq. A small tree, with white flowers. Woods, 
Garden jungle, Selitar. 


V, obscurum Benn. A large tree with dark green shining 
leaves, flowers white tinted with rose. fruit as large as 
a cricket ball, greyish green with a very thick woody 
rind orange color inside, and numerous seeds. Woods, 
Tanglin. 


Y. ellipticum Korth. A medium sized tree with deep green 
leaves. Flowers at first white then yellow, with a red 
calyx. Drupe globular orange turning dark red, with a 
sweet but rather soapy taste. Tanglin, Changi. 


Y. affine Korth. A small to medium sized tree, flowers white, 
The commonest species in the peninsula, but not common 
in Singapore. Woods, Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Bukit 
‘Timah. ? 


NX. Nunstleri King. A fair sized trea with dark green leaves, 
and golden buds, flowers white, fertilized by bees. Not 
common. Tanglin. 


PORTULACACES. 


Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. A common succulent prostrate 
weed with yellow flowers. Waste ground. 


46 THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE. 


P, quadrifida L. A much smaller plant with tufts of white hair 
on the joints of the stem. Common in and round the 
town, on the wharts, ete. 


HYPERICINE®. 


TTypericum japonicum 4, Small herb with yellow flowers. Pep- 
per plantations, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang. 


Cratorylon polyanthum Korth. Tree with loose red bark, flow- 
ers pink. Woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kane. 


C. formosum Benth. <A beautiful tree flowering twice a year. 
The flowers rose-pink, appear abundantly when the tree 
sheds its leaves, ‘The leaves are red when just open, 
cwradually becoming green. Common in open country, 
Tanelin, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah. 


C. arborescens BI. “Geronggang.” A big tree 50 to 60 feet, 
flowers in panicles deep crimson. Woods, Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, Selitar. 

GUTTIFERA. 

Garcinia eugeniacfolia Wall. Tree, flowers white, sweet. Woods, 
Sungei Tengeh, Changi, Chan Chu Kane, Pulau Ubin, 
Tanjong Gol. 

G. rostrata Benth. Flowers white or pink. Woods, Sungei 
Morai, Chan Chu Kang, Changi. 


(o) 


~ 


*, cuspidata King. Rare, Kranji. 


G. Hombroniana Pierre. The  peach-flavoured mangosteen. 
The tree resembles the common mangosteen, but the 
flowers are cream colored, the fruit smaller crimson, with 
a short beak on which is an entire dotted stigma, the 
rind is thin and scented like an apple, the pulp acid and 
scanty but peach-flavoured. Seashores, more rarely inland, 
Blakang Mati, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


(G. mangostana L. The mangosteen cultivated everywhere. <A 
wild or reverted form with smaller more acid fruits, 
occurs near villages. ) 


Gs 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 47 


atroviriis Griff. “Asam Gelugur.” <A beautiful tree, leaves 
bright red when young, deep green when old. Flowers 
large red. [ruit large succulent, flattened at both ends, 
and grooved all round, orange color stigma and_persis- 
tent sepals red. It is dried in the sun and used in curries. 
It makes excellent preserves and pies. Doubtfully wild 
here. ‘Tanglin, Tanjong Penjuru. 


Grifithit T. Anders. ‘“ Kandis Gajah.” Tree with large leaves. 
Flowers hardly opening greenish yellow. Fruit resem- 
bling an apple in form and color, acid, but eatable when 
cooked. Common in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, 
Blakang Mati, Chan Chu Kang. 


Bancana Mig. ‘Tidal rivers, Kranji, Selitar. 


nigrolineatu Pierre ‘‘ Kandis.” Tree, unisexual, flowers 
small yellow, fruits small @lobose orange, eatable. Com- 
mon, Woods and open country, Changi, Tengeh, Sungei 
Morai. 


parvifolium Mig. Garden jungle. 


Forbesti King. Small tree, flowers cream or pink, fruits 
small crimson, eatable. Not very common, Garden jungle, 
Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang. 

nervost Mig. Rare, Pulau Ubin, Serangoon Road. 


dulcis Kurz. ‘“ Mundu.”” Probably not wild here, Gardens 
and villages. 


Calophyllum. Trees with white flowers and green or purplish 


drupes. 


. pulchervrimum Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji. 


spectabile Willd. ‘ Bintangor Bunut.” Garden jungle, Bukit 
Timah, Selitar 


retusum Wall. Singapore, (Wallich). 


canum Wook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bukit Mandai. 


45 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 

C. inophyllum L. “ Penaga.” Common on the sea shore. Bajau, 
Pulau Selitar, Pulau Ubin. 

©. inophylloide King. Rare, Garden jungle, Changi. 


C. Wallichianum Planch. ‘ Bintangor Merah.” Bukit Timah 
Chua Chu Kang. 


C. Griffithii T. Anders. Rare, Sungei Morai. 
C. macrocarpum Hook. fil. Changi. 
TERNS TROIMIACEA. 


Trees with white or pink flowers usually rather small 
with many stamens. 


Adinandra dumosa Jack. “ Tiup-Tiup.” A very common tree 
about 20 feet tall, with white flowers, which are fertilized 
by bees and wasps, and the pulpy fruit eaten by bats, 
Open country everywhere. 


A. Hulletti King. Not common, Garden Jungle, Selitar. 


A. acuminata Korth. Woods, Garden jungle, Sembawang, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


A. maculosa T. Anders. Rare, North Selitar. 


A, miqueli King. ‘Kwak.’ <A very different looking tree 
with thick leaves and Jarger white flowers, and fruits of 
a Terustrcemia, HKdyes of Mangrove swamps, local, North 
Selitar, Changi, Sungei Moral, also woods, Bukit Timah. 


A, sp. “Mongol.” Rare, Bajau (4004). 
A. near integerrima but less hairy. A big tree, Changi. 


Ternstramia penangiana Choisy. <A big dense tree with dark 
green leaves and white flowers. Fruit egg-shaped about 
14 inch long orange, splitting and showing 3 or 4 seels 
euciosed in a red pulp. Dry woods near the sea. Bajau, 
Toas, Batu Putih, Changi, Pulau Tekong. 


Sarauja tristyla Mig. Fern valley, Bukit Timah. 


THE FLORA, OF SINGAPORE. 49 


Pyrcnaria acuminata Planch. A small tree with inconspicuous 
white flowers and small globular apple-like green fruits. 
Thick woods. Common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin. 


P. Kunstleri King? Rare, Selitar. 


Gorlonia excelsa Bl. A tall tree with flowers like these of the 
tea plant but larger. Fruit a long woody capsule con- 
taining thin winged seeds. Rare, Selitar. 


Var. with much larger coriaceous leaves, larger flowers 
and fruits. A very different looking tree, but referred by Dr. 
-King to the same species. Common, Tanglin, Holland Road, 
Jurong, Changi. 


Archytea Vuhlii Choisy. ‘ Riang-Riang.” A bush or tall 
slender tree with pretty pink or white Howers. Common 
in secondary jungle. ‘Tanglin, Jurong, Changi, Blakang 
Mati. 

DIPTEROCARPE.D. 


Tall, often vast trees, with straight bare stems. Flowers 
large or small pink white or yellow, very sweetly scented. lruit 
usually with two to four of the calyx lobes developed into 
long wings, by which the fruit drifts away from the tree in the 
jungle. The trees usually flower only once in five years. Very 
few flower annually. They supply good and useful timber, and 

the resin known as dammar and used for torches, and varnish, 
&c. Some also produce wood oil. 


Dipterocarpus cornu'us Dyer. ** Minyak Keruing.” One of the 
best wood-oil trees, even the fruits are often full of oil. 
Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah. 


D. Hasselit Bl. Bukit Timah. 


D. grandiforus Blanco. This has very large winged fruits, 6 
inches or more long, red. Bukit Timah. 


Antsopteru glubra Kurz, ‘“ Mersawa.” Garden jungle. 


A. costata Korth. <A gigantic tree with coppery looking leaves. 
Garden jungle, Dalvey, Bidadari. 


~ 


5O THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 

Hopea Pierreaa Wance. “ Merawan.” A tall straight tree with 
very small deep crimson flowers. Bukit Arang. 

I, Griffithd Kurz. Garden jungle (No 47388). 


I], micrantha Wook. fil. Singapore (Cantley). 


Tl. Mengaraxan Mig. <A gigantic tree measuring as much as 
18 feet in circumference, Common, Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kane. 


Shorea gratissima Dyer.* Flowers white. Common, Garden 
Jungle, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. macroptera Dyer. ‘ Kepong.” The bark is used for building 
houses. Common, Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kane. 


S. parctfolia Dyer. ‘“ Meranti daun Kechil.” Bukit Timah, 
Garden jungle. 


S. gibbosa Brandis. Flowers pink, Garden Jungle. 


S. leprosula Miq.  ‘*Serayah batu.” very common, Garden 
Jungte, Bukit Timah. 


S. rivida Brandis.* Flowers white. Rare, Garden Jungle. 
S. pruciftora King. Flowers yellow, Garden Jungle. 

S. bracteolauta King. Dalvey Road (No. 1827). 
Cotylelolium flavum Pierre. Rare, Sungei Morai. 


Vulica Ridleyana Brandis. Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit 
Mandai, Changi. 


Pachynocarpus Wallichit King. ‘Damar Mata Kuching.” Com- 
mon, Garden Jungle, Kranji, Changi, Toas. 


MALVACEA. 
Ilerbs shrubs or trees with showy flowers. 
Sida. Small shrubby plants with yellow flowers. 


S. carpinifolia L. Common everywhere in waste ground. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 51 


S. rhombifolia 1. “Silaguri Padang.’ A common weed used 
in native medicine for tooth-ache. Sepoy lines, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


Abutilon indicum Don. Weed in waste ground. Alexandra 
toad, Pulau Ubin. 


rena lobata L. * Pulut-pulut.”. A very common weed with 
pink flowers opening in the early morning. The leaves 
are used for adulterating Patchouli, and it is cultivated 
for its fibre in America, where it is called Cesar-weed. 
Common in open dry spots ; the variety sinwafa with deep- 
ly lobed leaves occurs more usually near the sea. 


ITihiseus, several species are cultivated, including //. rosa-sinensis 
L. the Shoe-flower, “ Bunga Rayah,” the flowers of which 
are used for blackening leather, and for coloring sweet- 
meats red. //. abelmoschus L.. the Musk seed. “ Kapas 
hantu,’ with large yellow flowers with a maroon centre, 
occurs cultivated and half wild. //. Sabdarigiu, “ Rosella,” 
used as a vegetable or preserve. //. esculentus L. ‘ Lady’s 
fingers.” 

TT. surattensis L. A prickly climbing or creeping plant, with 
yellow flowers and a maroon eye. ‘Tanglin, Changi, 
Pulau Ubin. 


Hl. tiliaceus L. ‘ Baru.’ A common sea-coast tree with large 
yellow flowers with a maroon eye, turning pink-soon after 
opening. All round the coast. 


Thespesia populnea Corr. Tree very similar to the last. Sea 
coasts, common, ‘l’oas, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 


(Eriodendron anjractuosum De C. The tree Cotton, * Kapok.” 
Cultivated.) 


(Durio zibethinus L. The Durian. Cultivated.) 


D. oblongus Mast. A wild Durian, with green uneatable fruits. 
Woods, scarce, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


Neesia synandra Mast. The woody Durian. <A big tree, with 
rather small flowers and large wooden blue-grey fruits, 


52 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


which partly open, the walls inside are covered with 
yellow stinging hairs. ‘The seeds are black with a yellow 
waxy aril. Rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, 
Chua Chu Kang. 


Coclostegia Grifithi Benth. “ Punggai.” <A very big tree with 
small flowers on the old wood and large round woody 
fruits, the outside, covered with thorns, is black, the inside 
brilliant orange. ‘The bark is used in tanning. Rare, 
Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle. 


Boschia Grifithit Mast.“ Durian-Durian.” A medium sized 
tree with small white flowers and little scarlet dutrians. 
Rare, Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah. 


STERCULIACER. 


Sterculia macroph,la Vent. A bie tree with large red pods. 
Rare, Reservoir Woods, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. levis Wall. A shrub or small tree with green flowers and 
scarlet pods which split open into 3 to 5 lobes in the form 
of a star, and show the oblong blue-black seeds suspended 
all round the margin. Woods, common, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Pulau Ubin, ete. 


Var with very narrow leaves. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit 
Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


S. rubiginosa Vent. A small or medium sized tree very showy 
in fruit, flowers pink. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, 
etc. 


S. parviflora Vent. Big tree, Garden Jungle. 


S. scaphigera Wall. ‘Kembang Samaneko.” <A very large 
tree, often over 100 feet tall. The fruit in the form of a 
long green boat containing an oblong seed at one end. 
When the seeds are put into water the outer coat swells 
up and becomes mucilaginous, and this mucilage is eaten 
with sugar in the morning to cool the blood. Rare, 
Bukit Mandai. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 5s 


Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. A vast tree. Not common, Dalvey 
Road, Bukit Timah. 


Hleritiera littoralis Dryand, “ Dungun.” Sea shores, common, 
Bajau, Kranji, Pulau Tekong. 


77. sp. Lofty tree in jungles. Garden jungle, Apparently 
undescribed. 


7). fomes Buch. Ham. Mangrove swamps. Kranji. 
Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. A gigantic tree, Pulau Ubin. 


Pt. Blumeanum Korth. “ Bayur.” A big tree, dense woods, 
common, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh. 


Melochia corchorifoka L. A common weed with small pink 
flowers. Waste ground everywhere. 


[ Pentapetes phoenicea [.. <A tall herb with deen red flowers. 
Waste ground, Tanglin, Blakang Mati.] 


Buttneria Maingayi Mast. ‘ Akar Kachubong.” <A big woody 
climber with curious little white and pink flowers and 
round prickly capsules. Common, Garden Jungle, Changi, 
Bukit Mandal, ete. 


B. Jackiana Wall, Singapore, King’s Materials. Not seen, 
probably an error. 

Commersonia platyphylla Andr. ‘“ Durian Tupaie’ A common 
tree with white flowers, in large cymes and bristly cap- 
sules. Open country Tanglin, Jurong, ete. 


TILIACE®. 
Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. Rare, ‘ Mangroves, Kranji. 


Pentace triptera Mast. ‘Sepa Petri.” Medang Serai.” 
A gigantic tree with white flowers. Woods, common. 


Bukit Timah, Ang Mo Kio, Chua Chu Kane. 


Grewia umbelluta Roxb. A stout climber with white flowers. 
Common, Tanglin, Galang, etc. 


54 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


G. fibrocorpa Mast. Small tree with orange fruits. Rare, 
Cluny Read 


G. latifolia Mast. <A large shrub- with orange pear-shaped 
fruits about en inch long, and_ pleasantly flavoured. 
Flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


The absence of the common reninsular shrub G. panicu- 
luta Roxb. is very remarkable. 


Tiiumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. A common weed with small yel- 
low flowers and prickly fruit. Waste ground, Tanglin, 
Changi, ete. 


T. pilosa Roth. Singapore (Kine) not seen. 
(Corchorus capsuluis LL. “ Jute.” Bukit Timah (Dr. King). 


C. acutangulus Lam. Weed with yellow flowers, rare. Chan 
Chu Kane. 


Fechinocarpus sp. Tree with white flowers in axillary panicles. 
Very rare, Kran (No. 6174). 


Elwocarpus. ‘Trees with white flowers, often showy, and blue 
or green drupes. ‘‘ Mendong.” 


‘es 


FE, ganitrus Roxb, Cultivated only. The globose oily blue 
fruits contain a hard tubercled seed much in request by 
Tamils as a bead. It is usually 5 gcooved, but very 
rarely a § grooved one is found, which commands as 


high a price as 5 dollars. 


parvifolius Wall, Common, Tanglin, Changi, ete. 

E. sti) ularis Bl. Very common, Tanglin, ete. 

Kk. salicifolins King. “ Jurunone Padi.” Not common, Bukit 
Timah, Selitar. 

KE. paniculatus Wall. Common. Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Selitar. 


+ 
Y 


Kk. petiolatus Wall. Common, Tanglin, Selitar, Changi. 


x 


Kk. Grifithii Mast. Common, Tanglin, Selitar. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 55 


Kk. Hullettai King. Not common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Manda‘, 


Ey pedunculatus Wall. Sea shores, Loyang, Toas, Jurong, Pulau 
Tekong. 


E. apiculaius Mast. Rare. Bukit Timah Road. 
\ 


Ee. polystachyus Wall. “ Jurunong Babi.’ Flowers buff, com- 
mon in woods, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Teban, Changi. 


Jackianus Wall. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar, Bukit Mandai, 


: 


i. Mastertti King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Kranji, 
Changi. 


E. sp. near E. polystaciyus. Rare, Bukit Timah (4949, 36141) 
LINER. 


Roucheria Griffithiana Planch. Climber, with yellow flowers, 
and small red drupes. Common in thickets and woods. 


Tanglin, etc. 
Erythrocylon lurmanicum Griff. A tree. Common near the sea. 
Ivonanthes icosandra Jack. “ Pagar Anak.” Tree. Common, 
Tanglin, ete. 
1. reticuluta Jack. Less common, Woods, Garden Jungle, Bukit 
Timah, Bajau, Jurong. 
MALPIGHIACEZ. 


Tristelluteia australausica Rich. A slender climber, flowers yellow. 
Common by tidal rivers, and often cultivated. ‘Toas, 
Kranji, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 

Iiptage sericea Hook. fil. Scandent, but forming bushes in open 
sandy spots. Flowers pink and white. Rare, Changi, 
Bukit Mandai road. 


Axpidopterys concuva Juss. Climber, Forests, Bukit Mandai, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


56 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


GERANIACEA. 
(Oxalis corniculata L. A garden weed, common.) 


(Averrhvua Bilimii LL. the Blimbing, and A. Carambola L. “ Kem- 
bola,’ are cultivated.) 


Connaropsis macrophylla King. Tree, flowers crimson. Not 
common, Selitar 
RUTACEA. 


A number of these are cultivated, among which are Rue 
(Ruta graveolens) the Kamuning (J/urraya exotica) of the orna- 
mental wood of which the sheaths and handles of Krises 
are made, the Lime berry, ‘“Limau Keah”  (7riphasia 
trifoliolata), the pumelo (Citrus decumanus 11), orange (Citrus 

auranttum), various Limes (Citrus medica L.) 

Evodia Roxburghiana Benth. ‘“Stenga*burone.”’ <A shrub 
with white flowers. Common in open country, Tanglin, 
Bedoh, Kranji, Jurong, Bukit Timah. 

E. glabra Bl. A fine tree. Local, but not rare; Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


E. robusta Hook. fil. A tall tree. very conspicuous in flower. 
Not rare, Reservoir, Toas, Bukit Mandai. 


“, pedunculosa Hook. fil.* A very little known plant, said to have 
been collected in Singapore by Lobb. 


Zanthorylum ovalifolium Wight: Wallich No. 7469, not seen. 


Acronychia Portert Hook. fil. A tree, usually small. Flowers 
and fruits green. Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit 
Timah, Changi, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang. 


Glycosius pentaphylla Corr. Common in woods and forests, a 
large shrub, flowers and fruits white. Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, etc; a broad leaved form. 
A narrow leaved one occurs at Changi. 

Micromelum hirsulum Oliv. Wallich (No. 8156 ¢.) Not seen. 


Clausena excavata Burm. <A small tree with white flowers, 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 57 


strongly scented foliage and semitransparent pink fruits. 
Doubtfully wild. Op, en country, Tanglin, Pulau Ubin. 


Lurunga eleutheranthera Dalz. Climler, very rarely flowering. 
Chani, Bukit Timah. 


Paramignya grandiflora Oliver. Very rare, Changi (TTullett) ; 
also collected by Lobb. 


P, longispina Hook. fil. “Liman Lelang.” A thorny shrub 
with curious pear-shaped orange aromatic fruits used in 
native medicine, Near mangrove swamps, Kranji, Jurong. 


SIMARUBE®. 


Brucea swnatrana Roxb, A shrub with aromatic foliage smail 
purple flowers and black berries. Wallich (No, 8482). 
I have never seen this here, but on introducing some 
plants from Pahang, it established itself all about Tanglin, 
the seeds being borne about by birds. 


Eurycoma longifolia Jack. “ Bidara Pahit.’ An elegant shrub 
with a very bitter bark used in medicine against fever. 
Common in dry wools, especially near the sea. Tanelin, 
Changi, Bukit Timah, Blakane Mati, ete. 


Irvingia Malayana Oliver. “ Pauh Kijang.” A gigantic tree 
over 100 feet tall,with small green flowers, and fruit like 
mangoes, green with an orange pulp.. Tanglin, Reser- 
voir woods, Bajau, ete. 

OCHNACEA. 

Gomphia sumatrana Jack. Tree, flowers yellow. Common, 

Bukit Timah, Kalang, Toas, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


(*. Fookeri Planch. Flowers deep red. Less common, near 
the sea. Changi, Tanjong Gol, Bukit Timah. 


Tetramerista glibra Miq. Wallich (No. 1055). Not seen, 


Euthemis leucocarpa Jack. An under shrub, very elegant with 


white flowers, and rosy, scarlet or white berries. Com- 
mon in sandy woods. Kranji, Changi. 


os) 


58 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


E. minor Jack. Singapore, according to Jack. I have only 
found it at Pulau Battam, south of Singapore. 


BURSERACEA. 


Trionma malaccensis Griff. A big tree exuding a very aromatic 
turpentine, fruit green three-winged, containing three 
oval flat-winged seeds, Not common, Garden Jungle, 
Bukit Timah. 


Canarium Planchoni King. Not common, Bukit Mandai. 


C. grandiforum Benn. Flowers orange. Rare. Changi (Hullett), 
Bukit Mandai. 


(. pilosum Benn. ‘‘Kedondon f&rut.” Not common, Changi. 


(. rufum Benn. ‘Kedondon Bulan.” A medium sized tree 
with creamy yellow flowers and large hard glaucous 
oreen fruits tasting of turpentine, with a triquetrous seed. 

Not rare. Tanglin, Selitar. 


C. purpurascens Benn. Not common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan 
Chu Kane. 


C. Kadondon Benn. “'Tinou.” Big tree, fruit erect pink, 
Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi. 


(, secundum Benn. Not common, Changi Road, Tanglin, Selitar. 


> 


' nitidum Benn. Open woods, common, Changi Reservoir 
woods, Bukit Timah. 


Trigonochlamys Griffithii Hook. fil. ©“ Kumpas Ruman.” Tanjong 
Gol. Kranji, Selitar. 


Santiria lava King, <A large tree with a spreading head. Flowers 
in lax hanging hairy panicles deep red. Drupes_plum- 
like rosy. <A beautiful tree when in fruit. Garden 
jungle, Bukit Timah. 


S. laevigata Bl.‘ Kerantei.” A large tree, flowers green. Not 
rare, Selitar, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.” 59 


S. apiculata Benn. Flowers greenish white, fruits rosy. Bajau, 
Bukit Timah. 


S. multifora Benn. Not common, Selitar. 
MELIACE@. 


Sandoricum radiatum King, ‘ Kechapi.” Cultivated for its 
fruit. Wild on Pulau Ubin in thick woods. 


S. indicum Lam. ‘ Sentol.” Cultivated commonly. 


Chisocheton pauciflorus King. Thick woods, not common, Bukit 
Timah. 


Ch. erythrocarpus Hiern. Not common, Pulau Ubin. 
Ch. macrophyllus King. Rare. A big tree, Pulau Ubin. 


Ch. patens BI. A big tree with long racemes of white flowers, 
very fetid. Common, Garden jungle, Bidadari, Changi, 
Selitar. 


Dysoxylum acutangulum Mig. A tree with large orange-colored 
pear-shaped fruits. Changi. 


D. costulatum Miq. <A large tree, flowers white. Not rare, 
Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah. 


D. macrothyrsum Mig.  Selitar. 


D. cauliflorwm Hiern. A medium sized tree with white tlowers 
on the stem, scented of almonds, and red capsules, con- 
taining black seed witb a red aril. Common in thick 
woods, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Pulau 
Ubin. 

D. turbinatum King. Rare, Bukit Timah (8108). 


Amoora Apihanamixvis Schultes. Not rare, Toas, Bukit Mandai, 
Selitar. 


A. rubiginosa Hiern. A superb tree, over 100 feet high, the 
| leaves of a copper color beneath, flowers rose. Jungles, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


60 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


A. cuculiala Roxb. Tree, flowers yellow. Selitar (38778, 4575). 


wk, 


rubescens Lliern. Singapore (Maingay), Selitar. 


(Aglaia odorata Lour. Cultivated for its sweet flowers. ) 


A, oligophylla Mig. Singapore. Wallich (No. 4887). Not seen. 


cdbe 


glubrifiora Hiern. Small tree, leaves deep shining green, 


flowers and fruits white. Local. Garden Jungle, Changi. 


A, odoratissina Bl. Tree, flowers yellow. Not rare, Bukit Mandai. 


Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Reservoir Woods. 


A. cordata Hiern, Rare, Selitar. 


A. tenuicaulis Uiern. Singapore (Lobb), perhaps an error. 


A. trichostemon Dec. Rare. Garden Jungle. 


(Lansium domesticum Jack. The Duku ; cultivated.) 


Carapa obovata BI. “ Niveh.’ A big tree, with sweet white 


flowers and large globular fruits, with corky seeds. The 
bark is used in medicine for dysentery. Mangrove 
swalps, very common, Kranji, Serangoon, etc. 


CHAILLETIACH A. 


Chailletia deflerifoliu Turez, A climbing or scrambling shrub, 


flowers white. Rare, Bajau, 


OLACINEZ. 


Ochanostachys amentacea Oliver. “ Petaling.” A well known 


timber tree with leaves like those of a beech-tree, small 
spikes of green flowers, and gveen fruit with much white 
milk. Common, Garden Jungle, Changi, Reservoir 


woods. 


Strombosia rotundifolia Ning, Woods, Bukit Timah, Garden 


jungle, Bukit Manda. 


Lepionurus sylvestris Bl. A small shrub, Gardeu jungle, Bidadari. 


Ctenolophon parcifolius Oliver. Rare, Gardeu jungle. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 61 


NXimenia americana L. ** Bidara Laut.” A spiny shrub with white 
flowers and orange eatable drupes. ‘The wood is scented. 
Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Selitar, Jurong, Pasir Panjaug. 


Scorodocarpus borucensis Bece. “ Kulim” A large timber tree 
with white flowers, all parts having a strong smell of 
onions. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


Gomphandra penangiana Wall. A shrub common in woods. 
Bukit Timah, Garden jungle, Tanjong Katong, Selitar. 


G. lanceolata Kurz. Not common, Bukit Timah. 


Lasianthera secundiflora Mig. A large tree, flowers white. Rare, 
Bukit Mandai, Selitar. 


Gonocaryum longeracemosum Wing. * Toioh.” A large strae- 
eling shrub, with pendulous racemes of purplish green 
flowers ; fruits green. Woods, not rare. Tanglin, Changi. 

Phytocrene oblonga Wall. A large woody climber with dense 
racemes of small grey flowers growing on the stem, fruit 
wedge-shaped brown covered with brown bristles and 
forming a ball as big as a man’s head. The seeds are 
cuneate oblong and curiously reticulated. Rare, Bukit 
Timah. 


Ph, bracteata Wall. Common, open woods, Tanglin, Tanjong 
Katong, Bukit Panjang. 


Todes velutina King. Climber. Rare, Bukit Timah Road. 
I, oblonga Planch. Not rare, Bidadari, Chan Chu Kang, Gardeu 
jungle. 


Erythropalum scandens Bl. A slender climber with inconspicuous 
gvreen flowers, and very curious and ornamental fruit, 
which at first is an oval drupe, but when ripe the husk 
becomes bright red and splits into 4 lobes, which recurve 
and expose a deep blue seed in the centre. Not common, 
woods, Bukit Mandai, Reservoir woods, Garden jungle. 


Pteleocarpa malaccensis Oliver. A fair sized tree, flowers yellow, 
fruit round thin, winged. Rare, Changi woods, 


62 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


ILICINE®, 


Jlex cymosa Bl, A small or medium sized tree with very white 
bark, more rarely a bush. Flowers very small and green. 
‘“ Timah-Timah” or “ Titimah.” Common in open coun- 
try, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


I. macrophylla Wa)l. Usually a smaller plant with larger leaves. 
Common, Garden jungle, Ang Mo Kio, Changi, Kranji. 


CELASTRINE, 


Euonymus javanicus Bl. A large shrub. Woods, rare, Kranji, 
Sumbawang. 


Gly ptopetalum quadrangulare Prain. Not common, Changi beach, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


Kokoona littoralis Laws. Singapore (Lobb), Not seen. 


Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. ‘ Krabu.” A tree with yellow 
petals and the central disc purple. Rare, Bukit Mandai, 
Changi. 


L. Curtisti King. A gigantic tree, rare. Bukit Mandai, Chua 
Chu Kang. 


LL. fuscescens Kurz.* Singapore. (Anderson.) Not seen. 


Kurrinia pulcherrima Wall. A tall tree with small red flowers. 
Not common, Bukit Mandai, Gardens. 


kx. paniculata Wall. A large handsome tree with dark green 
leaves and panicles of small green flowers, with an un- 
pleasant smell. Much frequented by flies. Fruit a heart- 
shaped red capsule. Common in diy woods, Tangtiin, 
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, ete. 


Tlippocratea indica L. A climber with very small white Huwers. 
Local in sandy spots, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


H. Cumingi Laws. ‘Akar Bintang.” Climber, flowers yellow. 
Sea coasts, Sungei Pandan, Kranji, Selitar. 


THE PLORA) OF SINGAPORE. 6s 


Salacia grandiflora Kurz. ‘“ Ampedal Ayam.” A shrub half 
scandent, gnarled, with black stems, small pearly flowers, 
and eatable orange coloured fruits. Woods and open 
country, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin, Changi, Toas. 


Var. longifolia, Changi. 
S. latifolia Wall. Singapore (Wallich No. 4222). Not seen. 


NR 


. prinoides De C. A slender climber (a large straggling shrub 
according to King), with very small brown flowers and 
small globular orange fruits. Not common. Garden jun- 
gle, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin. 

flavescens Kurz. <A climber with yellow or reddish flowers. 
Not common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Changi. 

longifora Hook. Half scandent shrub with buff flowers. 
Changi, rare. 
S. sp. near flavescens. Rare, Changi (4785). 


Lh 


R 


. Lobbit Laws.* “Singapore Lobb.” Not seen, very imperfect- 
ly known. 

Celastrus Championt Benth. var? Sungei Loyang. 

RHAMNE#, 


TR 


Ventilago leiocarpa Benth, A slender much branched climber 
with small green flowers, and small round fruit with a 
long narrow wing. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, 
Pulau Ubin. 

V. madraspatana Gaertn. Rare. Bukit Mandai. 


Zizyphus wnoplia Mill. A scandent thorny bush. Not common, 
Orchard Road. 


Z. elegans Wall. (Wallich No. 4233). Not seen. 


Z. calophylla Wall. <A large climber very thorny dark green 
polished leaves, small white flowers and orange globose 
eatable fruit. Very common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, 
Selitar, ete. 

Var. with small leaves, and smaller fruits. Selitar. 


64. ‘THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Z. Horsfieldi Miq. Rare, Bukit Timah. 


Colubrina asiatica Brongn. A shrub with green flowers. Sea 
coasts, Galane. 


Smithea reticulata King. Ciimber. Not common, near the sea. 
Toas, Serangoon. 


AMPELIDE®. 


Vites macrestachya Mig. Wedges, common, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Jurone. 


V. gracilis Wall. Very common, Changi, Reservoir, Tanglin, 
Selitar, ete. : 


V. cinnamomea Wall. Not very common, Chan Chu Kang, Re- 
servoir, Bukit Mandai. 


V. polythyrsa Miq. Rare, Changi, 


\. elegans Kurz. Hedges and borders of woods. Very com- 
mon, Tanglin, Jurong, ete. 


V. Lawsont King, A big climber with large yellow grapes 
quite eatable. Woods, Bukit Timah, Garden jungle. 


(V. quadrangularis Wall. An odd four-angled stemmed vine, 
with very few leaves; not native, but cultivated here 
and there.) 


V. fureata Laws. <A long vine with flat stems 4 angled green 
with thick bands of brown cork alone the edge, grapes 
black. Common in dense woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit 
Mandai, Tanglin, etc. 


V. repens W. and Arn. Hedges, Fort Canning, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


VY. cerasiformis Teysm. Bukit Timah. 


V. glaberrima Wall. <A succulent vine with grey four angled 
stems and red tendrils, berries black. Very common 
in hedges. ‘“ Asam Riange”. Tanelin, Changi, ete. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 65 


V_ mollissima Wall. “ Lakom Gajab.” A hairy vine with tri- 
foliolate leaves and large dirty white grapes. Common, | 
Cluny Road, Sungei Buluh, Reservoir woods. 


V. trifolia L. Very common, hedzes, Reservoir, Race Course, 
Kalang Puding. | 

V. Japonica Thunb. “Singapore.” Not recognised. 

V. novemyolia Wall. A slender vine with large semitransparent 
pink grapes, quite uneatable. Commen, Tanglin, Chua 
Chu Kang. 


V. sp. Leaves simple, flowers very small green in axillary 
panicles, crowded at the ends of the branches. Rare, 
Selitar. 


Pterisanthes coriacea Korth. A very slender vine remarkable 
for its long flattened crimson flower spikes 3 or 4 inches 
long one or 2 wide; female flowers small sunk in 
the spike, males on stalks along the edge, grapes black. 
Local in thick woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandal, ete. 


Leea. Large shrubs with green or red towers in corymbs. 
** Malli-malli”. 


L. sambucing Willd. Six to ten feet tall, flowers greenish white. 
Very common in damp spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, 
Selitar. 

Var. biserratau. Chua Chu Kang. 


L. robusta Roxb. Rare, Blakang Mati. 


L. rubra BI, A smaller plant with red flowers, very pretty. 
Tanglin, perhaps introduced. 


L. Juvamce Bl. Singapore (Schomburgk). Not seen, 
L. angulata Korth. ‘ Malli biduri.” Passir Panjang. 
SAPINDACES. 


Cardiospermum Halicacabun lL. the Bailoon vine, is cultivated 
_by the Chinese as a vegetable, and occurs in waste ground. 
Pulau Ubin, Rochore. 


66 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Allophy'us Cobbe L. A sea shore shrub with white flowers and 
red berries. The var. racemosa is the only one here. 
Common, Kranji, Selitar, Jurong, Alexandra Road. 


Ertoglossum edule Bl. * Mertajam.” <A tree, with small black 
unpleasantly Havoured fruits. Common, especially near 
town. Government Hill, Pulau Ubin. 


AXerospermum muricaum Radlk. © Rambutan Pachat.” A small 
tree, flowers white, fruit yellow roughened outside, seed 
enclosed in eatable pulp. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Man- 
dai, Bukit Arang. 


A. Wallichii King. Singapore, Wallich (not seen). 

Nephelium lappaceum L. “ Rambutan.” VV. Longana Camb. ; 
“Mata Kuching;” VV. chryseum Bl. ‘ Pulassan,” are 
cultivated. 

NV. glabrum Noronha. ‘“ Redan.” Fruits warted red, acid. 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Toas. 

NV. rufescens Hiern. Chan Chu Kane. 

AV. eriopetulum Mig, A beautiful tree with white flowers in hang- 
ing spikes, and scarlet fruit like rambutans. ‘“ Sunggol 
Lotong.” Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle. 

Pometia gracilis King. Woods, Bukit Timah. 

P. alnifolia Radlk. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 

Guiow pleuropteris Radl. Tree, Howers white.‘ Simpayan 
Ular.” Common, Bentley’s hill (Hullett), Bukit Timah, 
Selitar. : 

G. squamosa Radl. Bukit Timah, Selitar. 

G. pubescens Radl. Very common everywhere. 

Trigonachras acuta Radl. Rare, Bukit Timah. 


Arytera littoralis Bl. var. Major. A shrub or small tree, Sea- 
coasts, Chua Chu Kang. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 67 


Mischocarpus fuscescens Bl. Bukit Panjang, Pulau Ubin. 
M. sundaicus Bl. Tampenis, Serangoon, Changi. 


Paranephelium macrophyllum King. Very large tree, with pink 
flowers, fruit) woody covered with processes, brown de- 
hiscing. Bukit Timah. 


Turpinia pomifera De C. ‘ Geritta.” Medium sized tree, flowers 
and fruits green. Woods, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bukit 
Mandai. 


SABIACER. 
Meliosma elliptica Hook. fil. Tree, rare. Chan Chu Kang. 


M. lanceolata Bl. Small tree, not rare. Chan Chu Kang, 
Jurong, Bukit Mandai 


M. Ridleyi King. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. It also 
occurs in Johore, near Castlewood. ~ 


ANACARDIACE®. 


Buchanania florida Schauwer var. lucida. “Otak Hudang.” 
Tree with white flowers. Common in open country and 
low woods, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji. Var. petiolaris not 
common, Selitar. 


B. sessilifolia Bl. Common, Chan Chu Kane, Jurong, Tampenis’ 


Bouea burmanica Griff. ‘“ Ruminiya.” A big tree with small 
acid orange mangos, common, wild and cultivated. 


ee. macrophylla Griff. ““Kedondong.” Cultivated as a fruit tree.) 


Mangifera sclerophylla Hook. fil. A gigantic tree, Rare, Bukit 
Timah, Uhangi. 


M. odorata Griff. “ Kohini.” Bukit Timah, Toas; perhaps 
only cultivated. 


(M. foetida Lour. “ Bachang.” Cultivated.) 
M., lagenifera Griff. ‘ Lanjoot.” A magnificent tree, with purple 


68 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 
flowers and large grey pear shaped mangoes, very un- 
pleasant to eat. Jurong, Blakang Mati, etc. Cultivated. 
M, kemanga Bl. “ Kemang.” Probably only cultivated, rare. 
M. indica L. ‘“ Mango.” Cultivated. 


Anacardium occidentale I. Cashew. ‘Gajus.” Cultivated 
and often established. Common near the sea. 


Melanorrhea Maingayi Hook. fil, ‘‘Rengas Manan.” A big 
tree with white flowers, and red 5-winged fruit. A well 
known timber. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Kranji, 
Selitar. 


Parishia pubescens Hook. fil. A lofty tree, 150 feet tall, flowering 
before the leaves come out, flowers white. Very rare, 
Dalvey Road. 


P. paucijuga Engler. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
P. Maingayi Hook. fil. Garden jungle. 


Campnosperma Griffithii Hook. fil. ‘‘Teruntang.” A large tree, 
with big leaves especially when young. Common, Bukit 
Timah. 


C. auriculata Hook. fil. Common in woods. Tanglin, Bukit Ti- 
mah, Selitar; Teban. 


C. Wallichii King. Dalvey Road, Bukit Mandai, Toas. 


Melanochyla auriculata Hook, fil. A big tree, with very large 
stiff leaves and panicles of green flowers fertilized in the 
evening by brown cockchafers. Wet jungles, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


Dracentomelum mangiferum Bl. Rare, Chua Chu Kang. 
CONNARACEZ. 


Connarus ferrugineus Jack. A scandent shrub. Not common, 
Bukit Mandai. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 69 


C. semidecandrus Jack. <A half scandent bush with lilac flowers, 
and red pods containing one black seed with a red aril. 
Dry open country, Toas, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai. 

C. oligophylius Wall. Bukit Mandai, Changi. 

C. grandis Jack. Local. Changi, Pulau Ubin. 

C. ellipticus King. Bukit Mandai. 


Ellipanthus Grifithii Hook. fil. A tree with small white flowers 
Garden jungle. 


Rourea acuminata Hook. fil. Singapore, Wallich (8533). Not seen. 
R. pulchella Planch. Lofty climber. Garden jungle, Changi. 


R. rugosa Planch. ‘“Semilat putih.’? Common, Changi Road, 
Selitar. 


R. parallela Planch. Sungei Buluh, Changi, Kranji. 


R. fulgens Planch. ‘“Semilat.” A tall slender climber with pink 
and white flowers. The young leaves of a beautiful pink, 
whence the specific name. A very beautiful plant. The 
bark is used by natives for colic. Very common, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, Teban. 7 


R. concolor Bl. Not rare. Teban, Reservoir Woods, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


A gelea vestita Hook. fil. ‘Akar Kachang-kachang.” A climber 
with small pinkish flowers and red velvety pods. Com- 
mon in forests, Tanglin, Sumbawang, Bukit Timah, 
Changi. | 


A, Wallichti Hook. fil. ‘ Akar Kachang jantan.” Changi. 
A. Hullettii King. Local, Changi. 


Cnestis ramiflora Griff. A climber with brilliant pink shoots, 
white flowers, and large pear-shaped red fruits. Common 
in dry woods and open country. Tanglin, Changi, Tan- 
jong Penjuru, 


70 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


LEGUMINOSA. 


Abrus precatorius L. <A slender climber with pale lilac flowers 
and red and black seeds. A variety with white seeds 
occurs and is highly prized by the natives as a medicine. 
Sea shores, Changi. 


Crotalaria alata Ham. ‘Kachange MHantu Darat.” <A herb 
with yellow flowers. Local waste ground, Tanglin, 
Changi, Jurong, Ang Mo Kio. 


C. retusa L, A glaucous herb with showy orange yellow flo- 
wers. Sandy shores, Changi. 


CO. Saltiana And. A common weed in waste ground, and sandy- 
places, yellow flowers. Changi, Galang, etc. 


C. quinquefolia L. Rare, Kranji. 
C. incana L. Flowers yellow. Sea shore, Tanah Merah, 


Flemingia strobilifera Br. A shrub. Sea shores, not common, 
Changi, Blakang Mati. 


Vigna retusa Walp. A small yellow vetch. Sea shores, Changi, 
Blakang Mati. 


(V. Catiang End. ‘“ Kachang Perut Ayam.” Cultivated.) 


(Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich. “ Bengkuang.” ‘« Sengkuang.” 
The yam bean is cultivated.) | 


(Dolichos Lablab L. ‘“ Karkaras’. Flowers blue or white, cul- 
tivated.) 

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus De C. “ Kachang Botor.” Cultiva- 
ted.) 


(Clitorea Ternatea L. Cultivated.) 


©, cajanifolia Benth. A shrub with large lilac white flowers, 
naturalised from Brazil, round Tanglin, ete. Very com- 
mon. 


Centrosema Plumieri Benth. The ‘‘ Butterfly pea,” climber, flo- 
* wers white with dark crimson centre. Naturalised in 
hedges near town. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Ti 


{Cunavalia ensiformis De C. ‘ Kachang Parang.” Cultivated.) 


C. lineata De C. A creeping bean with pink flowers sweet- 
‘scented, beans eatable. Sea shores, common, Changi, 
Blakang Mati. 


C. obtusifolia De C. A climber on bushes, flowers pink. Beans 
said to be poisonous. Sea shores, Toas, Changi. 


Mucuna gigantea De C. Climber, flowers greenish white. Not 
common, Blakang Mati. 


JM. biplicata 'Teysm. Flowers purple. Chan Chu Kang. 


(Erythrina stricta and EF. [ithosperma Miq. are planted here and 
there, but not wild.) 


Spatholobus ferrugineus Benth. ‘ Akar Sejangat.” A big liana, 
one of the best of the water vines, climbing to the tops 
of the highest trees, flowers deep purplish small. Com- 
mon, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


S. Maingayi Prain. Flowers rosy. Woods, Bukit Timah, 
Garden jungle. 

S. Ridleyi Prain. * Big climber, Howers white. Gardens, Chan 
Chu Kang. 

Indigofera hirsuta L. Sea shore, Teluk Kurau. 

Sesbania paludosa Roxb. Rare, Marsh near Kranji. 

(S. grandifiova Pers. Tree with large white or pink flowers. 
Cultivated for its flowers, and for the leaves eaten as a 

vegetable. ) se 

(Lephrosia candida De U. given for Singapore in the “ Materials,” 
is only a garden plant.) 

T. Hookeriana W. & A. Waste ground, Bidadari, probably an 
escape. 

Millettia erianthe Benth. <A lofty climber with coppery red 
flowers with a greenish yellow centre to the standard, 


outside covered with golden fur. Not very common, 
Bukit Mandai, Garden jungle. ? 


72 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


M. Maingayi Bak. A big climber with large hanging panicles 
of pink flowers deliciously scented. Pods oblong woody, 
about 4 inches long, one seeded, wrinkled and covered 
with fine grey fur. Not common, Tanglin, Chan Chu 
Kang, Reservoir woods. 


M. atropurpurea Benth, is probably not wild here. A fine tree 
occurs in a garden in Paterson Road. 

Pongamia glabra Vent. ‘‘Malapari.” A tree with pink flowers. 
Common on the sea coasts. Changi, Siglap, Jurong, 
Pulau Ubin. 


Derms sinuata Thw. Woody climber, flowers green and white. 
Tidal rivers, Pulau Ubin. . 


D. thyrsifora Benth. Scandent bush, flowers in dense erect 
panicles, white, pods long and thin, reddish when white. 
Very common in open country, Tanglin, Changi, ete. 


D. uliginosa Benth. ‘ Akar Ketuil”. Scandent shrub, flowers 
pink. Common on sea coasts and by tidal rivers Rivers 
Valley Road, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Bajau. 


D. scandens Benth. Flowers white. Pulau Merambong. 


D. amena Benth. Climber, flowers pink. Not common, Gar- 
den Jungle. 


(D. elliptica Benth. “ Tuba.” Often cultivated for killing insects 
on vegetables, and catching fish). 


D. Malaccensis Prain. Flowers pink. Jurong, Selitar. 
—D. oblonga. Benth. Flowers dark pink. - Changi (No. 6086). 
D. sp. with very velvety leaves. Rare, Chan Chu Kang, 
Changi (6087). | 
Kunstleria Ridleyi Prain.* Big climber, flowers small purple 
; almost black. Woods, common but rarely flowering. 
Garden jungle, Selitar. 


Dalbergia Junghuhnit. Benth. A woody climber with small 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S 
greenish white flowers, Woods common, Tanglin, 
Changi, Pulau Ubin, Sumbawang. 

Var. Scortechinit, Bukit Timah (6406). 
D. velutina Benth. Rare, Changi. 


J). pseudosissoo Mig. Climber, flowers white. Common, Gar- 
den jungle, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Selitar, Bajau. 


YD, Hullettit Prain. Flowers white produced when the leaves 
are fallen. Rare, Thomson Road, Selitar. 


D, torta Grah. Climber, flowers white. Mangroves and _ sea 
shores. Common, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Pulau Damar. 


Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Yhe Angsana, or Sena, planted only. 


Zormia diphylls Pers. Prostrate herb, flowers yellow. Sandy 
places, Galang, Changi. 


Uraria crinita Desy. Small shrubby plant with a tall spike 
of blue flowers, very beautiful ; on banks sporadically. 
Orchard Road, Scott’s Road. 


Alysicarpus vaginalis Mig. A slender herb, flowers black purple. 
Changi, Teluk Kurau. 


Var. nummularifolia Pulau Ubin (Kunstler). 
sEischynomene indica L. Shrubby weed, Galang. 
Desmodium triflorum De C. Prostrate herb in grass, Howers pink: 
Common, Tanglin, Changi. 
D. heterophyllum De C. Common over the whole island. 


D. umbellatum De C, A big shrub, flowers white. Sea coasts 
all round the island. 


D, polycarpum De C. A shrubby plant with erect racemes of 
deep crimson, or rarely white flowers. Common in open 
country, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc. 


Var, ovalifolia. Rare, Ang Mo Kio. 
10 


14 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Ormosia macrodisca Bak. A big tree, flowers pink, pod round 
and flat reddish pink with a large scarlet and black seed. 
Rare, one tree in Cluny Road. 

O. parvifolia Bak. Not a very large tree, leaves small deep 
green, flowers white, pod round, seed red. Not rare. 
Blakang Mati, Changi, Pasir Panjang, Reservoir. 


O. microsperma Bak. Var. Ridleyi. Tree about 50 feet tall, flowers 
white. Rare, Selitar, Tanglin. 

Cassia obtusifolia L. A common weed with yellow flowers. 
Waste ground, Tanglin, Galane. 

C. larsuta L. A hairy weed with yellow flowers. Common, 
Tanglin, ete. 

C. occidentalis L. A common weed. 


C. alata L. “Gelenggang, Daun Kurap.” Shrub with showy 
yellow flowers. Common round villages. 


C. stiamea Lam. Tree, yellow flowers. Occurs near Tanglin, 
but doubtfully wild in Singapore. | 


C. Leschenaultiana De C. A pretty shrublet with yellow flowers. 
Common round Tanglin, Bukit Mandai. 


Kumpassia mulaccensis Maing. ‘‘ Kumpas.” <A gigantic tree 
with hard red wood. Common all over Singapore. 

Diahum laurinum Bak, Kranji, Bukit Timah. 

dD, Maingayt Bak. Bukit Timah. 

D. Wallichtt Prain. Common, Garden jungle, ete. 


The Dialiums are big trees, which supply the well known 
timber ‘ Kranji.” The fruit, a velvety black pod filled with a 
sweet pith enclosing a single seed, is eaten by natives and sold 
in the shops. 


Bauhinia purpurea L. is quoted in books for Singapore, but is 
only in cultivation. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 15 


B.-semibifida Roxb. Climber with white flowers. Common, Bus 
kit Timah, Bukit Mandai, etc. 


Cynometra caulifora lL. ‘*Nam-nam.” Cultivated 


C. ramiflora L. var heterophylla. Shrub. Rare, river banks, Sungei 
Jurong. 


Sindora Wallichiana Benth. ‘“Saputi.” A very fine tree, with 
green flowers. The calyx is covered with soft processes, 
not firm prickles as has been described. The flowers are 
fertilize by flies, which visit them in such quantity that 
I have heard the roar of their wings from the base of a 
very lofty tree, when in flower. The pods are flat, usually 
one seeded and covered with prickles which exude a gum. 
Garden jungle, Changi, Dalvey Road. 


S. intermedia Bak. Changi, Blakang Mati. 


Afeelia retusa Kurz. A small tree, flowers white; sea coasts, 
common, Bajau, Changi, Pulau Ubin. Selitar, Serangoon. 


Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth. ‘ Batai.” A handsome tree with 
yellow flowers. Rare, Changi. 


Cesalpinia nuga Ait. Thorny climber, flowers yellow. Sea shores 
Changi, Selitar. 


C. tortuosa Roxb. Rare, Selitar. 


Mezoneuron sumatranum W. and Arn. A very thorny climber 
with erect racemes of tubular flame-coloured flowers and 
thin flat pods bright red. Hither in fruit or flower, this 
is a most beautiful plant. Not very common. Along the 
Bukit Timah Road. Sungei Jurong. 


Parkia speciosa Hassk. “ Petai.” A tree with pear-shaped heads 
of small yellowish flowers on long hanging peduncles, 
and flat green pods, eaten by the Malays. Common wild 
and also planted. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Changi, Selitar, ete. 


Entada spiralis Rid]. Woody climber with curious curled pods 
and very large brown subtriangular seeds. Common all 
over Singapore. 


76 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Adenanthera pavonina L. “Saga.” Commonly planted and per- 
haps wild. . 


A. licolor Moon. A more compact tree than ‘“ Saga,” the seeds 
half red and half black. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, 


Bedoh, Pasir Panjang, etc. 


Neptunia oleracea Lour. The water-sensitive plant, a floating 
plant with bright yellow flowers Cultivated as a vegeta- 
ble and formerly very abundant in Singapore, now rather 

— uncommon. 


Nylia dolubriformis Benth. “ Singapore Wallich No. 5279.” This 
has never again been found in the peninsula, and is pro- 
bably wrongly localised. 


Leucena glauca Benth. Occurs near villages, doubtless planted 


Mimosa pudica L. The sensitive plant, is a well known pest 
over the whole island. 


M. sepiavia Benth. <An introduced shrub very common along 
the Bukit Timah Road, Dalvey Road, and near the Reser- 
voir. 


Acacia pscudo-intsia Miq. <A scrambling thorny shrub. Not 
rare, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Chan Chu Kang. 


A, pennata Willd. A thorny climber, climbing very high, Tang- 
lin, hedges and thickets. 


Serianthes grandifiora Benth. Singapore (Wallich). “Not seen. 


Albizzia littorahs Teysm. <A tree with pink heads of flowers. 
Rare, Pulau Ubin. 


A, pedicellata Bak. Rare, Kranji Road. 


A. lucida Benth. Singapore fide Baker, possibly from a culti- 
vated specimen. 


A odoratissima Benth. A. Lebbek Benth. <A. moluccana, some- 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. he 


times planted, establish themselves in many places. 
Pithecolobium dulce Benth. Cultivated only. 
P. confertum Benth. A tree, rare, Bedoh, Selitar. 
P. bubalinum Benth. Rather rare, Tanglin. 


P. lobatum Benth. “ Jering.” Tree with fetid pods, very 
popular with Malays. Common over the whole island. 


P. microcarpum Benth. A common little tree with white flowers 
and bright orange curly pods, very pretty when in fruit. 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, etc. 


P. ellipticum Hassk. ‘“Jering hutan.’ <A large tree with big 
curled orange pods from which when ripe hang black 
seeds covered with a grey bloom. Not rare, Selitar, 
Pulau Ubin. 


P. contortum Mart. Common, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, ete. 
P. clypearia Benth. Common, Selitar, etc. 


P. angulatum Benth. Very common in open country, woods, 
etc. Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


ROSACEA. 


Parinarium costatum Bl. A big tree with white flowers and 
hard brown drupes with white dots. Rare, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


P. oblongifolium Hook. fil. “ Balau.” A well known timber 
tree of great size with large leaves white beneath. Rare, 
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


P. Griffithianum Benth. A big tree with deep green leaves, 
corymbs of white flowers and yellow plum-like fruits. 
Local, Fort Canning, Changi. 


P. nittidum Hook. fil. ‘ Kelat Layu hutan.” A medium sized 
tree with very small red eatable plums. Bukit Mandai 
Chan Chu Kane. 


78 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 
Parastemon urophyllum De C. Sandy places near the sea, Changi, 


Chan Chu Kang, 


Pygeum Maingayt Hook. fil. Tree with white flowers clustered 
on the branches. Not common, Cluny Road. 


P. lanceolatum Hook. fil. “Singapore Lobb.” Doubtless an 
error for Penang. 


P. polystachyum Hook. fil. A fair sized tree, flowers whitish, 
scent of almonds, Common, ‘Tanglin, Bukit Timah. 


P. persimile Kurz. Rare, Kranji Road. 


Rubus Moluccanus LL. The common wild raspberry, fruit red 
small and very poor. Thickets over the whole island, 
very common. 


PR. glomeratus Bl. 1 doubt this than a variety, it has a longer 
terminal panicle and more entire leaves, and usually 
replaces typical &. Moluccanus in the hills; I have 
gathered it however in Jurong. 


SAXIFRAGACEA. 


Polyosma fragrans Benn. Wallich No. 8472. Not seen. 
P. Ridleyi King. * Tree with white flowers. Rare, Selitar, 
RHIZOPHORE®. 


Rhizophora mucronata Lam. ‘ Belukup.” A common mangrove 
used for firewood. All mangrove swamps. Jurong, Bajau, 
Changi. 


R. conjugata L. “ Akit.” Commcn, Bajau, Jurong, Selitar. 


Ceriops Candolleana Arn. ‘Tengah.’ Common. Bark used in 
dyeing either a red brown when used alone, or Pe 
or black in combination with Indigo. 


Bruquiera eriopetala W. and A. Common, Bakau, Kranji, Jurong 


B. gymnorhiza Lam. Common, Jurong, Changi, Sungei Miora. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 79 
B. caryophylloides Bl. “ Bakau Putih.’ Very common, River 
Valley Road, Selitar, Serangoon, Jurong, Pulau Ubin. 


B. parviflora W. & A. ‘ Lengegadi.” Common, Serangoon, 
Jurong. 


Carallia Scortechinti King. ‘Tree, rare, Changi. 

Pellacalyx axillaris Korth. Tree, common in secondary growth. 
Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. 

P. Saccardianus Scort. Tree. Common in woods, Bukit Timah. 


Gynotruches axillaris Miq. ‘“ Mata Kel.” Tree with whorls 
of smail greenish flowers, and very small red or black 
berries ; very common in secondary jungle and woods, 
all over the whole island. 


Ansophylleia disticha Baill. An elegant shrub with pendulous 
branches and distichous leaves. Common in woods, 
Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc. 


A. Grifithit Oliver. Rare, Chan Chu Kane. 
COMBRETACE. 


Terminalia phellocarpa Wing. ‘ Mampelam Babi.” <A tree 
with small white flowers and large green fruit. Not 
rare in damp spots in woods, Bukit Mandai, Holland 
road, Bukit Panjang, Chan Chu Kang. 


T. Catappa L. ‘Ketapang.” Common along the coasts, and 
often planted along road sides. 


T. subspathulata King. A very large tree with winged fruits. 
Near the Garden jungle, Bukit Timah Road. 


Calycopteris floribunda Lam, ‘‘ Singapore Lobb.” Doubtless an 
error for Penang. 


Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A. Tree with panicles of scarlet 
flowers. Common near the sea. Bajau, Serangoon, ete. 


EL. racemosa Willd. -Flowers white, Jurong. 


SO THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Combretum trifoliatum Vent. I have found fruits of this float- 
ing in the s2a near Singapore. 


C. sundaicum Miq. Climber, flowers green, Changi, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


Llligera appendiculata Bl. Climber, rare, Bukit Timah. 
MYRTACEA. 


Melaleuca leucadendron L. “ Gelam.”. Wild at Tanah Merah, 
near Changi. Kampong Gelam may perhaps take its name 
from trees formerly growing here. 


Tristania Whitiana Griff. in Cantor’s Plants. Journ. As. Soe. 
Bengal xxiii. p. 623. 7. Wightiana Griff. Mss accord- 
ing to Flor. Brit. India, but Griffith named it after a 
clergyman of the name of White. ‘ Pulawan.” A tree 
40 feet tall with red bark which flakes off and lies in piles 
at the foot of the tree: flowers white, fcetid. Sandy 
spots near the sea, Bajau, Pulau Ubin. 


T. sp. flowers small white, leaves more coriaceous. Woods, 
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


T. Merguensis Griff. Sungei Morai. 


(7. rufescens Pierre. A shrub much resembling Sideroxvylon 
ferrugineum, apparently this Cochin Chinese plant occurs 
on cliffs of the island Pulau Battam, South of Singapore.) 


thodumnia trinerva Bl. A medium-sized tree with white flowers, 
often as white as Hawthorn when in flower; berries red 
turning black. Very common all over Singapore. The 
var. concolor with leaves green on both surfaces grows in 
shady places; var. spectabilis with the backs of the leaves 
silvery is common in open country, but the two varieties 
pass into each other and are often indistinguishable. 


Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight. ‘“Kamunting.” A bush with 
rosy or white flowers, fruits plum-colored, eatable. Abun- 
dant in sandy spots. Mt. Faber, Blakang Mati, Changi. 


THE FLORA OF SINGATORE. 81 


Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. A shrab or small tree, flowers 
white. Common in thickets and woods. Bukit ‘Timah, 
Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang. 


Eugenia. This genus of trees, probably the largest one known, 
is a very difficult one, and the identification of many of 
the species in this list must be somewhat doubtful at 
present. All in Singapore are trees of no very great size, 
with white, pink or rarely green flowers. Those with 
large flowers and fruits are usually known as Jambu, by 
the Malays, those with smaller flowers, as Kelat. 


(E. (Sect. Jambosa) Maluccensis L. “Jambu Bol.” Flowers 
large brilliant pink, fruit large white or pink, eatable. 
Cultivated.) — 

(EZ. aquea Burm. ‘“Jambu Ayer Mawar.” Flowers white, fruit 
semitransparent rose or white, eaten, Cultivated). 

(Ek. Jambos L. Flowers white. Cultivated). 


EE. densiflora Ve C. Flowers pink, fruit globular pinkish, not 
rare, Changi, Siglap, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah road. 

E. grandis Wight. ‘Jambu Ayer Laut.” “ Krian.” Common 
on the sea coast and planted along the roads. A big tree 
flowers white. Wild, at Bajau, Changi. 

E. lepidocarpa Wight. “Samak Tebrau.” Big tree, flowers 
white; bark used for tanning nets. Common on the sea 
coast and inland. ‘Tanglin, Bajau, Kranji, Changi. 

E. filiformis Wall. ‘“ Kelat Lapis.” Small tree with small white 
flowers on long pedicels, common in woods. Garden 
Jungle, Changi, Selitar, Tanjong Gol. 

E. inophylla Roxb. ‘Samak Paya.” Chan Chu Kang. 

E. pendens Duthie. Dense woods, Bukit Timah. 

FE, Helferi Duthie. ‘Singapore Lobb.” Not seen; probably 
from Penang. 

E* (Syzygium) cymosa Lam. ‘ Kelat Merah.” Small tree, flowers 

11 


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THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


white. Bentley’s Hill (Hullett), Changi, Teban, Pulau 
Tekong. 


miyrtifolia Roxb. River banks and near the sea. Sungei 
Morai, Selitar, Sungei Jurong. 


acuminatissima Kurz. <A big tree, flowers white, fruit purple. 
Garden Jungle, Jurong. 


cluvijflora Roxb. and H. leptauntha Wight.  ‘ Smgapore and 
Penang, Wallich.” Not seen; probably both from 
Penang. 


zeylanica Wight. “ Kelat Nasi-Nasi.? Small tree, flowers 
and fruits white. Dry sandy spots, usually near the sea. 
Common, Tanglin, Changi, Toas, Kranji. 


chlorantna Duthie. A very handsome tree with bright pink 
flowers. The name is a very unfortunate one, the petals 
are greenish white but very inconspicuous beside the 
brilliant red stamens. Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Tanjong 
Gol. 

lineata Bl. One of our commonest trees in open country, 
flowers and fruits copious white. Tanglin, etc. whole 
island. 


. pyrifolia Wall. Cluny road, Changi. 


Thunra Roxb. Garden Jungle. 
scoparia Wall. Singapore (Wallich 2094, not identified). 
venulosa Wall. Not common, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai. 


. oblongifolia Duthie. Garden Jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 


subdecussata Wall. ‘‘ Samak Pulut.” Garden jungle, Changi. 
Toas. 


oblata Roxb, Chan Chu Kang. 


papillosa Duthie. Big tree with red flaky bark. Wet jungles 
common, Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


bracteoluta. Garden Jungle 


laevicuulis Duthie. Pulau Ubin. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 83 


Fi anisosepala Duthie. Shrub near sea shore. Pulau Ubin 


(Hullett). 
E. microcalyx Duthie. Bukit Timah. 


FE. Griffithiti Duthie. Woods, Changi, Selitar, Garden Jungle, 
Bukit Timah. 


E, nitida Duthie. Small tree, flowers pink. Ang Mo Kio, Bukit 
Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


F.. conglomerata Duthie. Big tree. Garden Jungle. 


(FE. Jambolana Lam. ‘ Jiwat.” Planted here and there ) 
And a considerable number of undetermined species. 


Barringtonia speciosa Forst, Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Tekone, 
Beach road, 


B. inelyta (Miers). ‘ Putat.” Sea shores, Kranji, Blakang Mati, 
Galang. This is certainly distinct from B. racemosa of 
the Bot. Mag. t. 3831, to which it is referred in the Flora 
of British India. 


B. conoidea Griff. A large shrub, tidal rivers, Selitar. 


B. cylindrostachya Griff. Shrub with very Jong racemes of pink 
on white flowers. Sandy woods. Toas, Changi, Pulau 
Tekong, Macpherson Road. 


B. pendulum (Miers). Rare, Bajau. 


Careyan. sp. A huge tree with large flowers, petals white, 
stamens white with pink bases. Leaves oblong obtuse 
coriaceous. Fruit like an apple with grey brown seeds 
and a strong coarse odour. Rare and seldom flowering. 


Garden Jungle. 
MELASTOMACE. 


Melastoma polyanthum Bl. ‘“Senduduk.” Singapore Rhododen- 
dron. A very common shrub, open country everywhere. 


M. molle Wall. Singapore Wallich, No. 4046; otherwise only 
known from the Philippines. 


84 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


M. decemfidum Jack. Singapore, Wallich. (Evidently an error 
for Penang.) 


Ochthocharis javanica Bl. Shrub with pinkish flowers. Common 
in mangrove swamps. Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong, 
Pulau Ubin. 


O. borneensis Cogn. Rare, tidal rivers, Selitar. 
O. paniculata Korth. Singapore, Wallich, 4083. (Not seen). 


Sonerila heterophylla Herb. Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang, 
Bukit Timah. 
S. moluccana Roxb. Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. obliqua North. Herb, leaves dark green spotted with white 
when young, flowers rosy. Rocks and dead trees in 
forests. Common, Bukit Timah. 


Marunia vhodocarpa Jack. A climber with large handsome 
flowers white with a purple eye. Common, Tanglin, 
Jurong, Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang, Selitar. 


Dissocheta punctulata Hook, fil. Climber. Bukit Timah, Bukit 
Mandai, Selitar. 


D. pallida Bl. Climber, flowers rose colored. Not common, 
Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai. 


DPD. annulata Hook. fil. Woods, Bukit—Timah, Bukit Manda, 
Selitar. : 


D. gracilis Bl. Slender climber, flowers white. Bukit Mandai, 
Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin, 


D. celebica Bl. Common, Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Selitar, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


D. intermedia Bl. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 


Anplectium giaucum Triana. <A fine climber with rosy flowers. 
Woods. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Selitar. 


A. annulata Triana. Rare, Pulau Ubin. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 85 


Medinilla Hasseltii Bl. Epiphyte with pink flowers and scarlet 
berries. Common in mangroves and damp woods, Kranji, 
Bajau, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kane. 


M. macrocarpa Bl. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 


Medinillopsis sessilifora Cogn. Epiphyte, with waxy pink flowers. 
Mangrove swamps, common, Toas, Selitar, Kranji, Sungei 
Buloh. 


Pachycentria macrorrhiza Becc. Epiphyte with swollen stem, 
flowers pink. Not rare, Selitar, Sungei Morai. 


P. glauca Triana. Epiphytic, forming large tufts on trees in 
woods. Common, Bukit Timah road, Bukit Mandai, Kranji. 
Sungei Buloh, Choa, Chu Kane. 


These two Pachycentrias are classed by Beccari as ant-plants 
(Piante hospitatrici), but the ants do not live in the 
swollen stems as suggested by him, the swollen portions 
being quite solid. 


Pogonanthera reflevca Bl. Epiphyte, more rarely terrestrial, usually 
near the sea, Kranji, Changi, Selitar, Toas, Bukit Timah. 


(Clidema hirta Don. <A coarse weed, native of South America, 
has established itself in Tanglin, near Fort Canning and 
elsewhere. ) 


Pternandra capitellata Jack. Tree, flowers blue, not common, 
Toas, Selitar. 


Pt. cwrulescens Jack. Common, Tanglin, Chang’, Chan Chu Kang. 
Pt. paniculata Benth. Rave, Chan Chu Kane. 


Kibessa echinata Jack. ‘Sial Munahon.” A common tree with 
pale violet fugacious flowers. Dry woods, whole island. 


Kk. acuminata Dene. Collected here by Walker and Maingay ; not 
seen. 


Memecylon. Trees with small blue or white flowers; a very 
difficult genus, as the species appear to run into each other. 


86 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


M. myrsinoides Bl. Bukit Mandai. 
M. pauciforum Bl. ‘Singapore, Lobb.” Not seen. 


M. levigatum Bl. “ Dulek.” Common on the coasts, Kranji, 
Sungei Buluh, Bukit Mandai, Pulau Tekone. 


M. acuminatum Bl. Thick woods, Bajau, Bukit Timah. 


JT. qrande Retz, A very handsome plant, with panicles of blue 
flowers. Selitar, Garden jungle, Serapong, Fulau Mera- 
wan, 


SS 
sm 


heteropleurnm Bl.“ Nipis Kulit.” Garden Jungle, Changi, 
Bukit Mandai. 


M. amplesicaule Roxb. Rare, Chan Chu Kang. 

JM. sp. Garden jungle (4436), 

M. sp, Bukit Timah (6788). 

M. sp. Leaves very narrow. Garden jungle (5753). 


M. sp. Sungei Morai (3840). 
LY THRACE. 


Pemphis acidula Forst. A bush with white flowers. Sea coasts, 
not common, Changi, Selitar. 


Lagerstroemia Flos-Regine Retz. Given for Singapore in King’s 
‘‘ Materials,” is nut wild here. 


Sonneratia. Large sea-shore trees, often growing in the sea 
itself. 


S. acida Linn. Leaves narrow, stamens red. Rare. Balestier 
plains, by streams. 


S. alba Smith. ‘ Berombong.” Big tree, common, stamens white. 
Jurong, Changi. 


S. Grifithii Kurz ‘“Pedada.” Toas, Changi, Jurong. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. S7 


ONAGRACES. 
Herbs or shrubs. 


Jussiva repens L. Floating in streams with swollen pithy floats 
Flowers white with a yellow centre, Tanglin. 


J. suffruticosa L. Shrubby, about é feet tall with yellow flowers. 
Common, Serangoon, Kallang, Thomson Road. 


J. angustifolia Lam. Herbaceous, about 2 feet tall, nearly glab- 
rous. Common in wet spots. 


Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. A small herb with small yellow 
flowers. Common in wet spots, Tanglin, ete. 


SAMYDACEZ. 
Trees or shrubs with usually very small inconspicuous flowers. 


Casearta "Lobbiana Turez. A small shrub, not a tree as in 
King’s ‘“ Materials,” usually about 3 feet tall. Flowers 
minute green, capsule orange with red seeds. Common 
in woods all over Singapore. 


OC. escu'enta Roxb. Woods, Sembawang, Selitar. 
C. Clarke King. Rare, Chua Chu Kang. 


Osmelia Aaingayti King. ‘Tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Kranji, 
Bukit Mandai, Toas. 


Homalium grandiforum Benth. ‘Tree, rare, Kranji. 
PASSIFLOREZ. 


Modecca Singaporeana Mast. Climber, flowers green, capsule 
red with black seeds in a white aril. Common, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Pulau Tekong. 


JA. populifolia Bl. Less common, Bajau. 


Passifora fwtida has established itself mm waste ground near 
Tanglin and elsewhere, as have to a smaller extent P. 
suberosa, P. minima, and P. quadrangularis, 


88 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


CUCURBITACEZ. 


A good many of these are cultivated by the Chinese here, 
but very few are wild. 


Trichosanthes. Slender climbing pumpkins with white inbr 
tubular flowers, opening about ten o’clock at night, and eg 
shaped crimson fruit yellow inside the flat seeds ee 
ina dark green slimy pulp. They are said to be poisonous, 
but are used by the natives in medicine, the pumpkin 
being squashed on the head to cure headache. 


1. Wallichiana Wight. Very common in woods and hedges, 
all over Singapore. 


T. Wawraei Cogn. Not rare, Tanglin. 


T celebica Cogn. Leaves deep green rather stiff and shining 
trifoliate.. The fruit much larger and cylindrical oblong. 
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kane. 


Commonly cultivated and sometimes occurring in waste 
evround are Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Bottlegourd ; Luffa egy ptiaca 
Mill. “ Petola;” Momordica charantia L ; Gas sativa “ Ti- 
mon,’ cucumber: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Water melon ; 
Cucurbita moschata Duch. C. pepo De C. “ Labu,” and Benineasa 
cerifera Savi. * Kundur.” 


FICOIDEAR. 


Sesuvzum portulacastium L. Herb, flowers pink. Tidal mud, 
Changi, Tampenis road. 


Mollugo stricta L. ‘* Tapak Burong.” <A small weed with white 
flowers. Common, Janglin, Changi. 
UMBELLIFERA. 

This order, as elsewhere in the tropics, is very scantily 
represented. I have doubts as to any of the species being native. 
Hydrocotyle asiatica L. ‘* Pegaga.” A very variable creeping — 

herb, much in request as a salad and as medicine, it is 
regularly collected and sold in the herb shops. Very 
common over the whole island in grassy spots. 

a 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. S9 


H, rotundijolia Roxb. A very small-leaved species. Occurs in 
flower beds in the botanic gardens as a weed. 

Eryngtum fetidum Jacq. A prickly herb with a nauseous odour. 
Eaten by Chinese. About villages, Changi, Choa Chu 
Kang, etc. <A native of the West Indies. 


ARALIACEZ. 


Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq. “ Tinggal Balai.” A shrub or small 
tree with lobed or entire leaves, panicles of small green 
flowers and large drupes, at first white, when ripe black 
with an unpleasant soapy taste. Common, Bukit Timah, 
Jurong, Kranji. 

Heptapleurum avene Seem. Epiphyte usually in mangrove swamps, 
the lower leaves are trifoliolate, the upper ones simple. 
Not common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau Ubin. 

H, cephalotes Clarke. A tree. On rocks, Bajau, Kranji, Pulau 
Ubin, 

H, subulatum Seem. LEpiphyte on trees in woods, not common, 
Chua Chu Kang. 

H, ellipticum Seem. LEpiphyte. Bukit Timah, Kranji. 

H. Ridleyi King* An epiphyte, or a shrub on rocks near the 
sea. Flowers yellow. Not rare, Kranji, Sungai Morai. 

H. Hullettii King. A beautiful plant, with handsome foliage, 
digitate and deep green. Flowers pure white in long 
axilliary panicles, fruit small purple. A tree, often epi- 
phytic at first. Woods, Chan Chu Kang and Chua Chu 
Kang. 

Arthrophyllum diversijolium Bl. ‘ Jolok Hantu.” A tree about 


20 feet tall with green flowers and black fruit, very com- 
mon all over Singapore in open country. 


CORNACEA, 


Marlea nobilis C. B, Clarke. “ Sutubal.” Big tree. Rare, Bukit 
Timah. 


M ebenacea CU. B, Clarke. ‘ Lidah Kerbau” (Buffalo tongue.) 


12 


90 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


A very fine and large tree with white flowers. A good 
timber ; the fruit is large and deep purple. Garden 
jungle. 


M. Grifithi C. B. Clarke. Rare, Sungei Buluh. 


M. sp. ‘‘Kayu Tas.” Rare, Ponggol. 
This tree is supposed to have remarkable powers in driving 
away tigers, and the Malays often wear bits of its wood 
to protect them from these animals. 


Masiivia Junghuhniana C. B. Clarke. Garden jungle. 
CAPRIFOLIACEA. 


Viburnum sambuciunum Reimwdt, A large bush with white flow- 
ers and red drupes. Rare, Road to Kranji near Bukit 
Mandai. 


RUBIACEA, 


Sarcocephalus Junghuhui Mig. ‘Chermin Ayer.” A medium 
sized tree with balls of small yellowish white flowers and 
hard brown compact.heads of fruits. The timber is of 
fair quality and used for posts. Woods, Tanglin, Siglap, 
Changi, Selitar. 


S. subditus Mig. Rarer, Kranji. 
S. Maingayt Hav. Bukit Timah Road. 
S. sp. A big tree, Chan Chu Kang (6831). 


Adina vubescens Hemst. ‘ Berambong.” A tall tree with good 
vellow timber, remarkable for the curious natural holes 
or depressions in the trunk. Common Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah. 


Unearia. “ Akar Kait-Kait.” There are a number of kinds of 
wild gambiers, all are climbers, and often climb very high 
by the aid-of short hook-shaped branches, whence the 
native name (Kait, a hook). Some attain a great size, as 
thick as a mau’s leg, and these can be safely depended on 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 91 


as water-vines, supplying an excellent clear water, to ob- 
tain which it is only necessary to cut the stem through 
at one blow of a parang, as high as can be reached and 
then cut through it again about three feet below, when 
the water will drip rapidly from the cut portion. A 
piece 3 feet long cut like this will give about half a pint 
of water. The flowers are produced in balls two inches 
or more through, and are usually green and reddish. 
The fruits are capsules, with very fine winged seeds. 


ry 


. pedicellata Roxb. “ Akar Sulumbah.” One of the biggest 
Species, with very large flowers covered with white silky 
hairs. Common on edges of woods, etc. Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Toas, Chan Chu Kang. 


qa 


[”. pteropoda Miq. “ Akar Kait-Kait Darat.” A very large 
plant, with broad leaves, stem 4 or 5 inches through. 
Common in woods, Garden jungle, Bukit Timak, Selitar. 


L’, attenuata Korth. ‘“ Akar Kait-Kait Merah.” <A smaller plant, 
the leaves covered with red wool on the back. Not com- 
mon, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah Road, 


U7’. ovata Hook, fil. Rare, Tanglin near the Gardens. 


(U. gambir Roxb. The gambier plant is cultivated and often 
persists lone after cultivation has been abandoned. It 
is probably not a native.) 


U. jasminifora Wall. Flowers greenish white. Not com- 
mon, Dalvey Road, Jurong, Selitar. 


U. glabrata De C. Not very common. Bukit Timah, Bukit 
Mandai, Pulau Ubin. 


U. ferrea De C. Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang. 
U. Roxburghiana Korth. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 


U. dasyoneura Korth. was said to have been collected here 
by Lobb, Probably an error for Penang. 


Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. A climber with sweet greenish 
white flowers. Rare, Chua Chu Kang. 


92 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Dentella repens Forst. ‘ Bunga Karang.” <A little creeping 
weed with white flowers. Common in waste ground, 
Tanglin, Galang, ete. 


Argostemma parvifolium Benn. A. elatostemma Wook, and A. 
spinulosum C. B. C., collected by Lobb and _ labelled 
Singapore, were doubtless mislabelled. The Argostemmas 
are all hill plants. 


Hedyotis capitellata Wall. <A climbing plant with greenish 
heads of flowers. Common in thickets, Bukit Timah, 
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang. 


77. vestita Br. ‘“Tokonge Bulu.” A rough branching herb 
with whorls of lilac flowers. Waste ground, Bukit Pan- 
jang, Changi. 


FT, auricularia L. Somewhat resembling the last, but less hairy, 
and with white flowers. Common, Tanglin, Chan Chu 
Kang, Toas. 


TT, pintfolia Wall. A common weed in sandy spots with narrow 
linear leaves and white flowers. Changi, Teluk Kurau, 
var. coespitosa. A much more tufted form, grows in the 
same places. 


H, congesta Br. “ Rumput Lidah Jin.” A _ stiff erect coarse 
herb with white flowers, common in woods, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, Jurong, Blakang Mati. 


Oldenlandia corymbosa L. A common little annual weed in 
waste ground with white flowers. Very variable, the 
variety a/sinifolia is aS common as any form. ‘Tanglin, 
Changi, ete. 


O. diffusa L. Common in sandy spots. Tanglin, Changi, 
Jurong. 


O. Heyna Br. Tanglin in grass plots. 
O. trinervia Retz Sandy places, Galang, Tanglin. 


O. dichotoma Retz? Flowers violet. Teluk Kurau. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 98 


Ophiorrhiza Harrisiana Heyne. var. A small herb with white 
flowers. It differs from the type in being very much 
more pubescent, and having pubescent capsules, and 
is perhaps a distinct species. Damp rocks in jungles. 
Common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timab, Bukit Man- 
dai, Chua Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin, Jurong. 


Mussaenda glabra Vahl. ‘Balik Adap.” A common and con- 
spicuous shrub with orange or yellow flowers, and one 
lobe of the calyx developed into a large white leaf-like 
limb, Very variable. In the typical form the leaves are 
narrow lanceolate and glabrous in another they are ovate 
and pubescent. In the var. setulosa broad and rounded 
with bristles on the midrib above and pubescent beneath. 
Common all over Singapore. 


M. variabilis Hemsl. A half scandent shrub with large star-like 
flowers, at first scarlet, then orange. Common in the 
peninsula, rare in Singapore.  Selitar. 


Lucinea morinda De C. Local in deep wet jungle. Bukit Mandai, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


Adenosacme longifolia Wall. <A slender shrub about 3 feet tall 
with small flowers, and translucent white berries. Damp 
rocky ravines. Bukit Timah. 


Urophyllum. Slender shrubs, rarely small trees, with very small 
white flowers in axillary clusters and yellow or orange 
berries. 


’, Griffithianum Wt. Common in woods, Changi, Bukit Timah, 
Bukit Mandai, Sungei Buluh, 


’, glabrum Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Garden jungle, 


é~ 


fo 


U. streptopodium Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, 
Pulau Ubin. 


U. hirsutum Wt. Common, Kranji, Toas, Selitar. 


U. villosum Wall, ‘‘Singapore Lobb,” probably an error for 
Penang. 


94 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Lecananthus erubescens Jack. ‘Achar Achar.” A scrambling 
epiphyte in swampy jungle. Flowers small white with 
purple bracts in heads. Chua Uhu Kang, Jurong, Selitar, 


Webera fragrans Bl. “Jarum Jarum.” Shrub with greenish 
white sweet flowers. Kranji, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bu- 
kit Panjang. 

W. mollis Wall. Small tree, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Se- 
litar. 

W. grandifolia Hook. f. A shrub with greenish white flowers. 
Changi, Bukit Mandai, North Selitar, Bukit Timah. 


W. sp. Shrub with white flowers. Tampenis (5961), Sungei Brih. 
W. sp. Chan Chu Kang (6147). 


Gardeniopsis longifolia Mig. This curious shrub grows in woods: 
The flowers are seldom produced, they are fairly large 
and white tinted with rose. Miquel’s description of the 
plant, as obtained by him in Sumatra, fits the peninsular 
species very well. Bukit Timah. 


Randia fasciculata De C. A thorny shrub, common near the sea, 
Changi, Pasir Panjang, Balestier plain, Teluk Kurau. 


R. longifora Lam. A strong spiny climber with large white 
flowers. Not common. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


R. angulosa, Canthium angulosum Wall. <A strong spiny climber 
like the last, but with much smaller flowers in dense heads. 
It is indeed referred to that species as a variety in the 
Flora of British India, but seems to me utterly different. 
Rare, Garden jungle. 


R. densiflora Benth. “ Merumbong jantan.” A fairly big tree 
with a good timber, flowers small white, berries orange. 
Common on some spots, Changi, Selitar. 


R. anisophylla Jack. “Simpoh.’ A medium sized tree with © 
small white flowers, and oblong green fruits, woody, con- 
taining many flat seeds in a sweet black pulp, eaten by 
monkeys, but said to be poisonous by the Malays. Com- 
mon in woods, and secondary jungle all over Singapore. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 95 


R. macrophylla Br. ‘Delima hutan.” A small shrub with 
large white trumpet-shaped flowers 4 inches across, white 
with dark purple spots in the mouth. A most beauti- 
ful plant. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Bukit Ti- 
mah, ete. 


Gardenia tulifera Wall. A shrub or large tree with large sweet- 
scented flowers opening nearly white and becoming orange 
very quickly. Dense woods and river banks, not very 
common here. Garden jungle, Changi, the Reservoir. 


G. Grifithit Hook. fil. A slender straight tree, with much larger 
flowers than the last and very large globose fruit. Local, 
damp thick woods. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei Buluh, 
Bukit Mandai. 


G. speciosa Hook.* ‘Singapore, Lobb,” I have notseen. This 
fine gardenia has only been collected by Lobb and never 
met with again. 


Petunga venulosa Hook var.(?) Small tree, possibly a distinct 
species. Garden jungle. 


Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. ‘“Chingum.” A very com- 
mon sea shore shrub, with small white flowers. The 
seeds may often be seen thrown up on the sea shore in 
great quantities, Along the coast with mangroves. 


Jackia ornata Wall. A tall slender tree about 20 feet tall, with 
drooping panicles of rosy white flowers, and red fruits, 
very beautiful. Common in open swamps and wet bor- 
ders of woods. Dalvey road, Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar. 


Guettarda speciosa L. A common small or medium sea-coast 
tree, flowers white, Changi, Selitar. 


Timonius Jambosella Thw. A very common tree 12 to 20 feet tall, 
with small yellow flowers. Secondary jungle everywhere, 


T. Rumphit De C. “ Tulang-Tulang Paya.” Common in secon- 
dary jungle, whole island. 


YL. Finlaysonianus Wall. A sea-shore plant, flowers white. Ti- 
da! rivers, Serangoon, Changi. 


96 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Canthium didymum Roxb. “ Mata Keli jantan.” ‘Tidal rivers and 
other places near the sea. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau 
Tekong. 


(Sj 


. glabrum Bl. A tall tree, 20 feet high, with small greenisli 
white flowers and large grey-green plum-shaped fruits 
containing two 3-sided stones. Woods, Garden road, Toas. 


C. confertum Korth. Garden jungle (4124), Selitar, Pulau 
Tekong. 


C. sp. “ Gading.” The white wood, suggesting ivory, gives it 
its native name, the leaves are used for making a kind of 
tea. Not rare, Tanglin, Thomson Road, Selitar, Jurong 
(6506). 


C’. horridum Korth. “ Bulangan Tikus.” A small thorny shrub, 
with small green flowers and plum-like yellow fruits. 
Common especially near the coast in dry spots. Tyersal, 
Tanjong Katong, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete. 

C. scandens Bl, ‘Akar Kuku Baning,” lit. tortoise-claws. <A 
thorny climber with pubescent leaves, green flowers and 
black fruits. Thick Woods, Garden jungle. 


Ivora pendula Jack. <A pretty shrub about 4 feet tall with 
clusters of slender flowers white with a pink tube on long 
hanging peduncies. Fruit small elliptic dark purple. 
Common in thick woods. Garden jungle, Changi, Chan 
Chu Kang, Bukit Timah. 


L. opaca Br. Woods. Changi, Bukit Timah. 


I, fulgens Roxb. ‘“ Bunga Pechah Priok,” lit. the broken pot, 
the red spreading corolla lobes supposed to resemble a 
broken earthenware pot. One of the showiest native 
plants, the splendid orange red trusses of flowers being 
most conspicuous. Common in woods, Tone Bukit — 
Timah, Changi, Pulau Tekong, etc. 


I. congesta Roxb. A similar plant with broader leaves and 
shorter flowers. Common, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Pu- 
lau Ubin, Garden jungle. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. O7 


I. concinna Br. A shrub or small tree, flowers red or yellow. 
Rather rare, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang. 


I. parviflora Vahl. A tree with small yellow fowers. Rare, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


I, amena Wall. Shrub with orange red flowers not common, 
Serembun, Chua Chu Kang. 


Pavetia indica L. = Jarum-Jarum.” A large bush with greenish 
white flowers, Kranji, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


Morinda citrifolia L. “ Mengkudu.” A small rarely large tree 
with white flowers, and large pulpy semitransparent 
heads of fruits. The bark of the root is used for dyeing 
and tanning nets, also in native medicine. The fruit is 
used as soap and eaten. It is very doubtfully wild, 
though it is very common in waste ground. 


AL. tinetoria Roxb. “ Mengkudu ITiutan.” A smaller shrubby 
plant with narrower leaves possibly the wild form of 
the preceding. Common every where in secondary jungle. 


M. persicefoha Ham. Singapore (Maingay); net seen. 


M, umbellata L. Climbing or erect shrub, heads of fruit small 
orange. Very abundant in open country near the sea. 
Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


M. sp. A tall climber with slender stems pubescent leaves and 
small orange heads of fruits. Garden jungle. 


M. sp. “Sulong Akar Darat.” A scandent shrub with thick 
leaves pubescent at the back, flowers few in a_ head 
white with a long tube and pubescent mouth, very fra- 
grant. Borders of woods, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Pulau 
Tekong. 


Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw. <A pretty shrub with white 
flowers. Open places near the coasts, also in swampy 
woods. Changi, Bajau, Selitar, near the Bungalow. 

Gynochthodes sublunceolata Mig. A climber with white flowers 


13 


95 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


and curious lead-grey fruits. Common near the sea, 
rarer inland, Changi, Tanglin. 


G. coitacea Mig. A much larger broader leaved plant. Not 
common, Changi, Garden jungle. 


Psychotria. A. jarge group of shrubs or climbers with white or 
green flowers, and black orange or white berries. 


Shrubs. Berries orange or black. 

P. stipulacea Wall. Not common, Bukit Timah. 

P. angulata Korth. Changi, Garden jungle. 

P. Helferiana Kurz. Common, Garden jungle, Jurong, Selitar. 
Kegan, ete: 

P, Maliyana Jack. Fruit black. Bukit Timah (6468), Bukit 
Mandai, Pulau Ubin. 


P. Griffith Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin. 

P. montana vay. tabacifolia Wall. Singapore, Wallich 8384. 
(Not seen.) 

Climbers, berries white or green. 


P. polycarpa Mig. “ Akar Chinta Mula.” Common in hedges 
Oey) Be 7 - Ses, 
Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji, ete. 


P, sarmentosa Bl. Common, woods, Serangoon, Changi, Bukit 
Mandal, Selitar. 


P. Maingayi Hook. fil. Woods, Selitar, Bajau. 


P. morindeflora Wall. Rather common, Sungei Buluh, Bukit 
Mandai, Chan Chu Kang. 


P. ovoidea Wall. Common, woods, Garden jungle, Jurong, 
Bukit Timah. 


P. sp. with grey green fruits and large leaves. Reservoir woods. 
P. sp. leaves lanceolate, flowers green, Kranji, Ang Mo Kio, 


Chasaha curviforu Thw. * Pechah Pirine putih.” A very 
common and variable small shrub or herb, flowers white 


y 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 99 
on purple stalks, berries black on thickened white stalks. 
Woods, everywhere, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, etc. 

C. rostrata Miq. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


Geophila lirta Mig. Creeping plant with white flowers, local. 
: Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah. 


Cephaelis Grifithii Hook. A small shrub with yellow honey- 
scented flowers in an involucrate head; berries light blue. 
Sandy woods, Toas, Bajau ; also Garden jungle. 


Lasianthus, small shrubs with axillary whorls of white flowers 
and blue or white berries. 


L. cyanocarpus Jack. Sea coasts, Pasir Panjang, Changi, 
Pulau Uoin, Pulau Tekone. 


LL. appressus Hook. fil. Garden jungie, Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kane. 


L. pterospermus Wt, Rare, Chan Chu Kang (6711). 


L. densifolius Mig. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Bukit 
Timah, Setitar. 


L. Grifithti Wt. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Sungei Blukane. 


L. stipu'aris Bl. Bukit Timah (4903). 
L. ellipticus Wt. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


L. erinitus Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Pasir 
Panjang. 


L. Maingayi Hook. fil. Singapore (Hullett 628.) and several 
other unidentified species. 


Saprosma sp. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 


Hydnophytum formicarium Jack. The ant plant. * Kapala Beruk.” 
one of our most curious plants, epiphytic with a large 
swollen tuberous stem containing passages always full of 


100 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


ants, flowers small white, fruits orange juicy. Common 
Tanglin, Selitar, Sungei Morai, ete. 


Myrmecodia echinata Jack. Much resembles the last, but is 
covered with spines. Rarer, Bukit Timah, Jurong. 


Poederia foetida LL. “Akar Sekuntut.” .A slender climber 
with panicles of violet and white flowers. The whole 


plant has an vnpleasant odor. Not common, Chan Chu 
Kang, Bukit Timah. 


P. tomentosa BI. Singapore (FI. Brit. Ind.) ; not seen. 


Spermacoce hispida L. A common weed with pink flowers. 
Paths and waste ground, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, ete. 


S. scaberrima Bl, A rough ‘scrambling herb, flowers white. 
Waste ground, Chasseriau estate. 


S. ocymoides Burm. A prostrate herb, flowers white. Road- 
sides, Choa Chu Kang, Passir Panjang, Gardens. 


COMPOSIT A. 


This large order is represented here by four or five native plants 
and a number of weeds introduced, but now established 
in waste ground and such places. 


Vernonia arborea Ham. ‘ Merambong.” <A large tree with 
lavender colored flowers. ‘There are two forms of if, one 
a tall straight tree 50 feet high with perfectly glabrous 
leaves, Cluny Road, etc., and one more stunted and 
enarled with pubescent leaves, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, 
Jurong, Chua Chu Kang. 


V’. cinerea Less. A common little weed with purple flowers, 
crows everywhere. 


V. chinensis L. ‘*Ruku Gajah.” <A larger rough herb, flowers 
purple. Common in villages, Chan Chu Kang, Tanglin, 
Bukit Mandai. 


V. scandens De C. “'Tombak-Tombak.” <A climber in thickets, 
flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Uhangi. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 101 


Elephantopus scaber L. “ Tutup bumi.” A very common weed 
; flowers pink. Whole island. 


Adenostemma viscosum Forst. <A coarse herb with white flowers, 
waste ground near houses, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin, 
Bukit Panjang. 


Ageratum conyzoides L. An exceedingly common weed with blue 
or white flowers, everywhere. 


Mikania scandens Willd. ‘ Akar Churoma.” <A climber with 
hanging heads of flowers. Thickets, not common, Jurong, 
W oodsville. 


Erigeron linifolius Willd “Sumbong Jantan.” <A large coarse 
weed. Waste ground, Tanglin, Selitar, etc. 


Blumea lacera De C. An erect herb with yellow flowers. Common 
waste ground and grassy places. Tanglin, Selitar, ete. 


Bt. membranacea De C. Alexandra Road, 


Bl. balsamifera De C, Ngai Camphor. ‘“Sumbone.” A tall herb 
about 8 feet high or less, with yellow flowers. The whole 
plant has a strong camphor smell, and is used in medicine 


by the natives. Very common in open ground, Tanglin, 
Bedoh, etc. 


Pluchea indica Less ‘“ Poko Beluntas.” <A sea-shore shrub with 
lilac flowers. Very common on the sea coast, Changi, 
Galang, etc.; rarer inland, Tanglin, near the rifle range, 


Sphoeranthus africanus lL. <A herb with heads of white flowers. 
Ditches, Galang. 


Cesulia axillaris Roxb. Ditches, Tanglin and Galang. 
Eclipta alba Hassk. Common weed in waste ground, flowers 
white. 


Centipeda orbicularis Lour. A very smal! prostrate weed with 
minute purple flowers. Paths in the Botanic gardens. 


Wedelia biflora De C. “Serenai Laut,’ Sea-shore herb with 
yellow flowers. Common, Galang, Kranji, Changi. 


102 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Spilanthes acmella L. ‘K’rabo.”. The toothache plant, a com- 
mon weed with conical heads of yellow flowers very 
pungent. Sold in the native herb shops. Open country, 
Sungei Morai, Ang Mo Kio, 


Synedrella nodifora Gaertn. Stiff weed with yellow flowers. 
Very common every where. 


Tridax procumbens L. Sandy places, Tanjong Katong, Cathedral 
Close, Changi, Teluk Kurau. 


Artemisia vulgaris L. Often cultivated for medicine in Chinese 
villages. 


Gynura sarmentosa De C. * Akar Subiak.” Climbing herb 
with glaucous green leaves, and yellow flowers in a pur- 
ple involucre. Swampy spots in dense jungle, Bukit 
Mandai, Bukit Timah, Tanglin. 


G. pseudochina De C. .A coarse common weed, Tanglin, Tan- 
jong Katong, Selitar, ete. 


Emilia sonchifolia De C.  “ Katumbi jantan.” Common herb 
with bright pink flowers, waste ground. 


(Cosmos bipinnatus. Often cultivated as a vegetable.) 


Acanthospermum xanthioides De C. Prostrate herb with white 
flowers and burr-like fruit. Not common, Pasir, Pan- 
jang, Ang Mo Kio, Tanglin. 


GOODENOVIE®. 


Scevola Koenigti Vahl. “Ambong-ambong.” A common 
sea-shore shrub. Flowers and fruit white. All round 
the coasts. Changi, Selitar, Pulau Ubin, Blakane Mati. 


CAMPANULACE. 


Pratia begonifolia Lindl. Small creeping herb with blue and 
white flowers. Wet spots by streams, Bukit Timah, 
Choa Chu Kang. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 103s 


Pentaphragma begonivfo'ium Wall. “ Balong Ayam Batu.” (Rock 
Cock’s comb), a very curious herb with scorpioid spikes of 
creamy yellow flowers with purple spots inside. Banks 
in woods, common, Bukit Timah, Sungei Morai, Changi, 
Chua Chu Kang. 


VACCINIACEA. 


Vaecinium malaccense Wt. ‘“Kalumpadang.’ A large bush 
with pink or white fragrant flowers and eatable black 
fruits. Sandy places at Changi, abundant. 


V. bancanum Miq. Epiphytic or terrestrial. A bush or small tree, 
leaves often red stiff, flowers waxy pink red or white. 
Sea coast, Toas, Changi, Sungei Morai, on high trees, Bukit 
4 
imah, 


V. acuminatissimun Mig. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 
ERICACER. 

Rhododendron lamponguu Mig: RR. javaniewn var. tubiforum, 
Bot. Mag. t 9840. <A beautiful epiphytic shrub on the 
tops of lofty trees. Bukit Timah, very rare. Flowers 
bright red. 

HPACRIDEZ. 

Leucopogon malayanus Jack. Shrub with small white flowers 

and red fruit. Sea shore, Changi. 
PLUMBAGINE. 
Plumbago zeylanica L. “ Cheraka.” 


Waste ground near villages, 
Galang, ete. 


MYRSINE. 


Mesa indica lh. A large shrub or small tree with very small 
white flowers. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Reser- 
voir woods, etc. 


M. ramentacea De C. A half climbing shrub with narrower 
leaves, but otherwise much like the last.- The branches 


104 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


often bear moss-like masses of abortive branchlets, which 
are much more elegant than the very insignificant flowers. 
One of the commonest shrubs in jungles and secondary 
forest, every where. 


Myrsive capitellata Wall. A small tree, with small white flowers 
and fruits, Sea coasts, not common, Changi, Bajau. 


Limbelia Ribes Burm. Very common in woods and _ thickets, 
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, ete. 

Var. garcanievfolia. A distinct looking plant with much more 
coriaceous leaves. Rarer, Changi, Reservoir woods, 
Bukit Timah. 


EE. coriacea A. De C. Thick jungles, Selitar, Bukit Manda. 


4 


E Limpani Scheff. Hedges, not common, Changi, Bukit Timah. 


amentacea Clarke. Hedges, Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Man- 
dai, ) 


di. lucida Wall.* Cat 2315. Singapore. I have not met with it. 


Lalisia pothoina Lind]. ‘ Akar Fatimah.” <A little shrub with 
small pink flowers, and scarlet fruit, Jeaves of young 
plants crenulate deep green edged with pink, when 
older lanceolate with long petioles (var. /anceolatu) or 
the petiole winged the whole length, (pothotna proper). 
Common ip dense woods. 


Ardisia. Shrubs, rarely small trees, with or rose pink flowers, 
often showy, and red or black berries. 


A. crassa Clarke. Rare, Chan Chu Kang (3844). 
A lanceolata Roxb, Very handsome shrub. Selitar, Bukit Timah 


A. colorata Roxb. Flowers very small, pale pink. Common, Bu- 
kit Timah, Garden jungle, Changi Road. 


A. tuberculata Wall. Common, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei 
Morai. 


THE FLORA OF SENGAPORE. 105 


A. crenata Roxb. ‘ Mata Pelandok.” Common, Alexander Road, 
Changi, etc. 


A. villosa Roxb. Rare, dense woods, Pulau Ubin. 


A. odontophylla var Lobia. Singapore, Lobb; probably an error 
of locality. 


A. sp. near Bhotanica Clarke. Rare, Ang Mo Kio (6434). 
A, sp. near vi/lost. Rare, Pulau Ubin (2816), Changi. 


A, humilis Vahl. One of the largest species, flowers rose pink, 
‘berries black. Tidal mud, and damp spots. Common, 
Galang, Holland Road, Tanjong Katong, Changi, ete. 


Pimelandra Wallichii De C. A small tree, flowers pinkish white, 
berries white with black spots. Common, Tanglin, Chan- 
gi, Sembawang. 


Aegiceras majus Gaertn. Mangroves local, Toas, Sungei Morai, 
Pulau Ubin. 
SAPOTACER. 


A group of trees, of which many produce gutta percha or 
Caoutchouc. There are a considerable number here, but they 
are difficult to collect on account of their great size, and are not 
easy to identify. 


Chrysophyllum RoxburyhiiG. Don. <A tall tree with small dark 
ereen leaves and yellow flowers, fruit globose 5-angled 
yellow 4 an inch long, sweet and eatable but full of rub- 


ber. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah. 


Sideroéylon ferrugineum Hook. Small tree or shrub. Common 
along the coast, Serangoon, Kranji, Changi, Pulau Damar. 
S. Maingayi Clarke. Big tree. Garden jungle. 
S. Malaccense Clarke. Very large tree. Tanglin, Garden jungle, 
Selitar, zi 
Dichopsis bancana Miq. Vast tree, flowers and fruit green. Gar- 
den jungle. 
14 


106 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 
D. obovata Clarke. A big tree producing a cutta inferior only 
to that of D. Gutta. Tanglin, Changi. 


PD, Gutta Benth. <A large tree, easily known by the beautiful 
golden underside of the leaves. Though it was formerly 
very abundant in Singapore, nearly all the larger trees 
have been cut for the gutta percha, Flowers small white, 
very rarely produced. D. oblongifolia is I think specifically 
undistinguishable, merely a variety. It is the commonest 
form now in Singapore. Dense jungle, widely scattered 
over Singapore. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar, 
Pulau Damar. 


D. rubens Clarke. Rare, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


Bassia Mottleyana De Vr. A big tree. Selitar, Jurong, Kranji, 
Bukit Manda, 


B. cuneata Bl. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
B. Ning Stapf. Bukit Timah. 


B. Mataccensis (Payena Malaccensis Clarke). Common, Garden 
jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


Payena costata King. ‘ Niato.” Common, a medium sized tree. 
Garden jungle, Selitar, Reservoir woods. 3 


P. Maingayi Clarke. ‘ Getah Percha Burong.” Rare, Sungei 
Morai (6497), 


P. Leerti Benth. “Getah Sundik.” Bukit Timah, Bajau. 
Mimusops herandra Roxb. ‘“ Niato hitam.” Rare, Tanjong Gol. 


(M. Elengi UL. ‘ Poko Tanjong.’ Commonly _ planted, but 
doubtfully wild.) 


ERENACEA. 
Maba buxifolia Pers. Small tree. Rare, Tampinis. 


Diospyros microphylla Bedd. Large tree, produces ebony. 
Garden Road, Bukit Timah. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. lO? 


D. lucila Wall. “Kayu Arang.” Woods, usually near the 
sea, not rare. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi, 
Loyang, Bajau, Tampenis, Sungei Morai. 


D, tilocularis Oliv. Maba Maingayi Hiern. Tree. Garden 
jungle. 


D. sapotoides Kurz. Very large tree, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


D. oblonga Wall. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Tanjong Gol. 
D. clavigera Clarke, Produces ebony. Sungei Morai. 


D, argeniea Griff. ‘ Bedil Lalat.” “ Mulatope Lalat.” A small 
tree with large leaves coated beneath with golden yellow 
fur. Fruit large, covered.with red hair. The dried 
leaves when burnt crackle, and this is supposed to drive 
away mosquitoes, hence the native name ‘ Fly-cracker.” 
Not rare. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu 
Kang. gpm 

D, sp. with large coriaceous leaves, and cream colored flowers 
on the stem, fruit pearshaped. Bukit Timah, 


STYRACE. 


Symplocos, small or medium trees with white flowers and blue 
or green fruit. 


S. spicata Roxb. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 


S. fusciculata Zoll. Flowers white in smal! nearly sessile cymes 
drupes blue. Very common, woods and secondary jungle. 
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, etc. 


S. adenophylla Wall. Common in woods, especially near the 
sea. Changi, Jurong, Kranji, Toas, Pulau Tekong. 


S. celustrifolia Griff. Rare, Jurong River (8423). 

S. rubiginosa Wall. Not very common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit 
Timah. 

S. riyida Clarke. <A big tree. Rare, Changi. 


108 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


S. sp. ‘ Donoon,” A medium sized tree, flowers in compact 
cymes. Rare, Kranji. 


Styraz Benzoin Dryand. Gum benjamin, ‘ Kemeniyan.” A 
tall tree with sweet white flowers, and hard grey round 
flattened fruits. Produces the gum benjamin of com- 
merce, which is obtained by cutting gashes in the bark, 
when the gum, after some weeks, exudes. Common in 
jungle, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Choa Chu 
Kang. 


S. crotonoides Clarke. Singapore (Wallich No. 7848); also in 
Cantley’s collection. I have never seen it here, 


OLEACEZ. 


Jasminum lifarium Wall. ‘“Melor hutan.” Wild Jasmine, very 
common in open country, and hedges, Tanglin, Balestier 
plain, Changi, etc. 


J. Grifithi Clarke. *“* Kuma-Kuma hutan.” <A very hairy jas- 
mine. Rare, woods, Garden Jungle, Bidadari, Chan Chu 


Kang. 


Olea maritima Wall. A large bush with small green flowers and 
black drupes, Sea coastsin dry spots, Tanjong Katong, 
Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


Linociera pauctflora var. pulembanica. A big tree with small white 
flowers. Common, Bukit Mandal, Bukit ‘Timah, Changi. 


APOCYNACE. 


Wiliuyhbeia firma Bl. “Getah Grip or Gegrip.” <A large woody 
climber with rough black bark, white flowers and green 
or orange oblong or globose fruits. Seeds deep violet 
inside. It abounds in rubber, and is the best of all 
the local rubber vines. The fruit is eatable and sweet, 
but full of rubber milk. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit 

‘Timah, Changi, ete. : Taare 


W. coriacea Wall. “Getah Ujol.’ An inferior Gutta, which 
does not set readily, it is used for adulterating and for 


THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE. 109 


bird lime. Common, Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, Blakang 
Mati, Bukit Timah. 


WV. davescens Dyer. Flowers short yellowish white, fruit glo- 
bose orange, containing 2 to 7 seeds. Garden jungle, 
Pulau Ubin. 


W. tenuiflora Wook. fil. Changi. 


W. sp. near flavescens, with very small flowers. Corolla tube 
short and globose, lobes long. Changi (6023), Chan Chu 
Kang, Jurong. 


WV.~grandiflora Dyer. Flowers larger than any other species 14 
inch long. I take this to be the plant intended for W. gran- 
diflora, but note that the leaves are not thickly coriaceous, 
nor rounded at the tip as described. The mouth of the co- 
rolla tube is hairy. Rare, Reservoir woods. 


Leuconotis Griffithit Hook. fil. ‘Akar Getah Sundek.” <A 
climber, but less thick than Willuyghbeca (not erect as 
stated in FI]. Brit. Ind.). Flowers orange fruit globular 
rather small. Not rare. Borders of woods, Jurong, 
Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Bukit Timah. 


L, Maingayi Dyer. Singapore (Maingay); not seen here. 
Melodinus orientalis Bl. Climber, rare, Changi. 
M, micrantha Hook. fil. Jalan Bray. 


Alyxia lucida Wall. “ Pulasari.” Bark strongly scented as of 
new mown hay. Climber, flowers white fragrant. Bukit 
Mandai, Jurong, Kranj!, Sungei Morai. 


Cerbera lactaia Ham. ‘“ Buta-Buta.” A large tree with white 
flowers and a pink eye and large ovoid reddish fruits. 
The white milk with which the tree abounds is poisonous 
and said to cause blindness if it falls into the eye. Very 
common in tidal rivers and swamps. Balestier plain, 
Selitar, ‘Tampenis. 


C. odellam Gaertn. Kranji, Changi. 


OKO) THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Kopsia macrophylla Wook. fil. Shrub about 15 feet tall, flowers 
white with pink ring in centre. Chan Chu Kang. 


(Vinca rosea L. bas established itself in many places near the 
sea, and Allamanda Schottii Pohl. has run wild in a few 
places. ) 


Alstonia scholaris Br. “ Pulai.” A_ tall tree, tlowers green, 
branches in distant whorls. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir 
woods. 


A. spathulata Bl. Jungle swamps, Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai. 


A. angustifolia Wall. ‘ Buta Buta Darat.” Common woods, 
Bukit Timah, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Mora. 


A. grandifolia Miquel. Singapore (Anderson); doubtful. 


Dyera laxiflora Hook. fil. “Jelutong.” <A big tree with grey 
smooth bark, flowers small white. Pods very large and 
woody. Seeds thin fiattened winged. Produces an 
inferitr rubber. Common all over Singapore. Tanglin, 
Changi, etc. 


Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. “ Jelutonge Badak.” A small 
tree with white flowers fragrant. Not very common, 
Changi, Reservoir woods, Choa Chu Kane. 

T. hirta Hook. fil. Chan Chu Kang, Jurong. 


T. Malaccensts Hook. fil. ‘Lada Lada jantan.’ A shrub with 
small white flowers and orange pods containing several 
seeds wrapped in crimson arils. Common in woods. 
Gaiden jungle, Changi, etc. 


(7. coronaria Roxb. ‘ Bunga susu.” Is often cultivated and 
half wild near villages.) 


Parsonsia spiralis Wall. Climber with greenish yellow flowers. 
Mangrove swamps. Not rare, Changi, Tampenis, Selitar, 
Toas, Sungei Morai. 


Vallaris Maingayi Hook. fil. A large tree with deep green 
leaves and large white flowers. ..Pods long and slender 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 111 


containing many long-plumed seeds. Not common, 
Garden jungle. 


Strophanthus dichotomus De C. “ Bunga Hantu.” <A big shrub 
with large white flowers, with long claret-colored tails 
to the petals. Open country, Changi, Alexandra road. 


S. brevicaudatus Wt. Smaller shrub with small deep purple 
flowers. Tanglin, Holland road, Balestier plain. 


Ureeola Malaccensis Hook. fil. ‘“ Getah grip tembaga.” A clim- 
ber flowers very small white. Produces a fairly good 
rubber. Thickets, Tyersall, Changi, Bedoh. 


U. Maingayi Hook. fil. Rare, Kranji. 
U’. brachysepala Hook, fil. Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


U. torulosa Hook. f. Jungles, common, Tampenis, Changi, 
Chan Chu Kang. 
U. lucida Benth. Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


Parameria polyneura Benth. Climber with pink flowers, Garden 
jungle, Cluny Road. 


P, glandulifera Benth. ‘Singapore Lobb”; not seen. 


Aganosma marginata Don. Singapore, (Fl. Brit. Ind.); not seen 
wild. 
ASCLEPIADEZ. 


Streptocaulon Wallichii Wight. Singapore, Wallich in FI, Brit. 
Ind.; but Wallich’s No. 8249 is in the Catalogue “ Penang 
et Singapore ;” doubtless from Penang only, where it is 
common. 


Torocarpus Griffithit Don. “ Singapore, Lobb”; certainly an 
error of locality. 

Genianthus Maingaytzt Hook. fil. Very rare, Bukit Timah, 
(Cantley ). 


(Calotropis procera Br. Escape from cultivation, Toas, Changi, 
Pulau Ubin). 


112 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


(Asclepias curassavica L. has established itself at Selitar, etc.) 
(Raphistemma pulchellum Wall. Garden road ; escape.) 


Sareslobus globosus Wall. Climber, flowers smal] yellow with 
brown streaks. Tidal river Lanks, not rare, Balestier 
plain, Alexandra road, Kalang Puding, Changi, Selitar 
river. 


Stephanotis Maingayi Hook. fil. A splendid white flowered 
climber, flowers bigger than the garden Stephanotis. 
Very rare, Changi (Hullett), once collected. 


Tylophora tenuis Wall. Slender climber, flowers pink. Hedges 
Blakang Mati, Green Hill, Alexandra road. 


T. Wallichit Hook. fil. “ Singapore, Wallich” in FI. Brit. Ind,. 
but No. 8194 B. in Wallich’s catalogue is labelied Habit 
ignot. 


Cynanchum ovalifolium var. Bamboo Hedges, Cluny road, 
Balestier plain, Bukit Timah Road. 


Dischidia numnularia Br. An exceedingly common creeping 
epiphyte draping orchard trees, and doing much damage. 
Stems very slender, leaves small and fleshy flowers white 
(scarlet as in Fl. Brit. Ind.). Whole island. 


D. hirsuta Decne. Flowers red. Common in woods, Selitar, Chan 
Chu Kang, Kranji. 


D. albida Griff. Flowers creamy white. Rare, Bajau. 


D. benghalensis Colebr. A long creeping epiphyte, glaucous 
green often nearly leafless. Flowers creamy white, 
woods near the sea. Kranji, Sungei Buloh, Bajau. 


D. Raffesiana Wall. A very curious plant with some leaves 
developed into pitchers, green or often yellow, inside 
purple, flowers yellow. Common on trees especially near 
the sea. Tanglin, Blakang Mati, Teluk Kurau. 


D. collyris Wall. A slender creeper on trees, leaves rounded 
buff yellow, above purple beneath, lying flat on the trees. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Lis 


Flowers white. Ants often make their nests between 
the leaves and the branches of the trees. Common, 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji. 

PD). coccinea Griff. Flowers scarlet. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah, 
Selitar, Choa Chu Kang. Very distinct from the last, 
of which Maingay suggested it was a variety. 


D. Wallichtti Wt. Wall. Cat. 8183. Is apparently a /ieus. 


TTloya lacunosa Bl. Flowers white. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar, 
Bukit Mandai. 


H. revoluta Wt. Singapore, Wallich 8160 B; not identified. 


IT, latifolia Don. A very large-leaved species, leaves often dull 
red, flowers small pink. The commonest species. Trees 
in dense jungle. (arden jungle, Kranji, Selitar, Pongol, 
Changi, Pulau Tekong. 


7). parasitica Wall. Common near the sea, very floriferous, 
and pretty, flowers pink, Blakang Mati, Changi, Chan 
Chu Kang, Toas, Pulau Jahat. 

IT. coronaria Bl. The largest: flowered species. Flowers star- 
like and waxy opening white, with a yellow tint, then 
becoming spotted with pink and finally altogether pink. 
Common especially near the sea. Serangoon, Changi, 
Kranji, Pulau Tekong, etc. 


H. diversifolia Bl. A pretty pink flowered species, often cover- 
ing trees like a mat. Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji. 
Serangoon. , 

HI, coriacea B). Flowers yellowish white. Rare, Tampenis 
(D’ Almeida). 

H. obtusifolia Wt. A very stout kind with thick oblong leaves: 


Flowers white with a pink centre, large, rarely produced. 
Serangoon, Changi. 


H. Finlaysonii Wall. Cat 8166. Leaves only, not identified. 


Physostetma Wallichii Wt. ‘ Akar Siak.” Slender climber with 
large thin creamy white flowers with a purple centre. 
15 


114 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Roots scented like new mown hay. Rare, Tampenis 
river, Kranji, Toas. 

Leptadenia reticulata Wt. ‘Singapore, Lobb;” evidently 
wrongly localised. 


LOGANIACEA. 


Fagraea carnosa Jack (?) Epiphyte, Bukit Timah. Rare. Perhaps 
anew species, leaves large cvoid, flowers with a long 
tube in pairs. 


I’. auriculata Jack. A large spreading shrub, with enormous 
thick white trumpet-shaped flowers. The capsule is very 
large greyish green conic, splitting when ripe and show- 
ing the minute black seed in orange pulp. There are 
two forms: one has the flowers as large as in Miquel’s 
picture, the other is much smaller. Not common, rocks 
overhanging the sea, Pulau Ubin. 


< 


FI. obovata Wall... Not common, Kranji. 


IB 


< 


racemosa Jack. <A big shrub or small tree with short thick 
racemes of pinkish white flowers. Rare here. Pulau 
Ubin quarries. 

I. mvindefolia Bl. Shrub with slender racemes of pink flowers. 
Not -uncommon. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei 
Loyang. 

I. ligustrina Bl. A tree, leaves deep-green smal! flowers slen- 

der creamy white with buff coloring in the throat, 

fragrant. Rare, ‘Tampenis. 


I’, fragrans Roxb. ‘“Tembusu.” A large tree with cream yellow 
flowers, and orange berries. Well known for its timber. 
Sandy places, Changi. Abandant, Tanglin and other 
places near town. 


I’, speciosa Bl. A very much larger tree, with fewer and larger 
flowers. (Garden jungle, ‘lyersall. . 


Noriisia maluccensis Garden. A fairly large tree, flowers white 
Garden jungle, Changi. : 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, ES 


Strychnos Tiew'e BI. “Ipoh Akar.” A big climber with small 
tubular green flowers, fruit large globose gray green 
wit) ahard rind, seeds flat, enclosed in a bitter pulp, 


Every part of the plant, even the flowers, is intensely 
bitter, from the presence of Brucing, nevertheless monkies 
and musanes often eat the fruit. The bark is used by 
the Sakais in their dart poison. Common in thick jungle. 
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. malaccensis Benth. Not common. Toas, Garden jungle. 
S. pubescens Clarke. Bukit Timah. 


Gaertnera Koenigii Wt. var. oxyphy'la Wall. Singapore (Wal- 
lich); not seen. 
G. viminea Hook. fil. Small slender shrub, with very small 


white flowers. Common, Gardep jungle, Bukit Timah, 
Pulau Ubin, Changi. 


G. obesa Hook. fil. An unbranched erect shrub with dark green 
leaves and heads of white flowers, berries pale blue. 
Common in jungles, Tanglin, Selitar, Bukit Arang, Toas, 
Sungei Bulub, Bukit Timah. 


G. grisea Hook, fil. Not rare, Bukit Timab, Changi, Chan Chu 
Kang, Sungei Morai. 


GENTIANACEA. 


Limnanthemum indicum Thw. An aquatic plant with round 
floating leaves and a tuft of white flowers with a yellow 
centre. Reservoir. 


BORAGINER. 


Tournefortia Wallichtt De C. Climber, flowers green. Thickets, 
Bukit Panjang, Jurong, Bukit Mandai. 


Heliotropium indicum L. A common weed in waste ground ev ery- 
where. 


Cordia myxa L. Shrub, Chan Chu Kang, Pasir Fanjang. 


116 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


CONVOLVULACE. 
Evycibe malaccensis Clarke. Not cowmon, Chan Chu Kang. 
HE. Princet Wall. ‘“ Akar Kijang.” Flowers white, coarsely 


scented, drupes black. Common, hedges, Tanglin, 
Jurong Kranji, Chan Chu Kang. 


E. Grifithii Clarke. Not common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 
E. coriacea Wall. Not common, Changi. 


E. leucoryloides. King. A small-leaved climber, flowers white 
sweet. Thickets and woods. rarely Howering, common, 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Changi. 


Lettsomia tomentosa. ‘ Akar Terong.” Climber, with heads of 
white flowers with pink plaits, bracts pink, and fruit 
pink, Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang, North 
Selitar. 


Ipomea digitata L.A Jarge pink convolvulus. Not rare, Bukit 
Timah Road, Loyang, Changi beach, Chan Chu Kang. 


I. angustifolia Jacq. Small climber, flowers pale yellow or near- 
ly white eye maroon, Common in grass, or bushes. 
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji. 


I. tridentata Roth. Prostrate with slender stems, flowers small 
white. Sandy spots, Changi. 


I, linifolia. Bl. ~T wining and creeping in grass, flowers pale yel- 
tow. Common, J'anglin, Chan Chu Kang. 


J. chryseides Ker. Flowers in heads small lemon yellow 
Waste ground, Tanglin, Government Hill, Bukit Timah 
Road, Bajau. 


1 biloba Forsk. ‘*Tapak kuda.” Flowers large pink. Sea shores, 
common, Changi, Sungei Morai. 


T. denticulata Chois. Flowers pink. Sea shores, Teluk Kurau. 


I. palmata Forsk. Uedges, Tanglin, Sophia Road. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 117 


I, sepiaria Koen, White witha pink eye; Z quamocht L. and 
coccinea with small scarlet flowers; /. batatas L. the sweet 
potato, “ Keledi,” flowers pink; and J/. aquatica Forsk. 
* Kanugkong,” a white flowered aquatic eaten as spinach, 
occur as escapes from cultivation here and there. 


Evolvulus alsinoiles L. <A little prostrate plant, Howers light 
blue. Sandy spots, Changi. 
SOLANACE. 
I doubt that any of these, except one Sulunum, are native 
to Singapore. 
Solanum nigrum L. Galane. 


S. torcum Sw. Shrub with white flowers, the leaves smoked by 
Malays like tobacco. Waste ground, Tanglin. 


S, melongena L. “ Brinjal.” Cultivated. 


S. sarmentosum Nees. A prickly prostrate plant with blue Howers 
and black fruits, weed. Botanic Gardens. 


S. aculeatissimum Jacq. ‘* Terong Blanda.” A prickly shrub 
with white flowers, and smooth red orange fruits. Sandy 
places, Tanjong Katong, perhaps wild. 


S. biflorum Lour. Singapore (Wallich); more probably an error 
for Penang. It is a hill plant. 


Capsicum frutesceus L. C. minimum, and more rarely C. grossum 
Willd. are much cultivated, and the two first occasionally 
occur as escapes. 


Datura fastuosa L. “* Kachubong.” Weed in waste ground. often 
planted for use in medicine. Tanglin, etc., Pulau Ubin. 


SCROPHULARINEAE. 


JMJazus rugosus Lour. Small weed, flowers pale violet almost 
white in the centre of the lip, where are 4 or 5 yellow 
spots. Waste ground, Botanic gardens. 


118 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Adenosma ovatum Benth. An aromatic herb abont 2 feet tall with 


axillary pale blue flowers. Road sides, not rare, Tang- 
lin, Chan Chu Kang. 


A. capitatum Benth. ‘ Kuching-Kuching.” Aromatic, flowers 
in heads blue. Sandy fields, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, 
Jurong, Serangoon. 3 


A cerulcum Br. Singapore (FI. Brit. Ind.) ; not seen. 


Limnophila conferta Benth. ‘“Bremi.” A little aromatic herb 
with violet flowers, used in native medicine. Common 
in damp spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Bukit 
Mandai. Nae 

L. pulcsherrina Hook. fil. Wet spots, Selitar, Bukit Timah, 
Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong. 

ITerpestes Monniera HU. Bk. A small glabrous herb in wet 


spots, flowers white or blue. Common, Bukit Timah, 
Rochore, Serangoon, Teluk Kurau, Tampenis, ete. 


Arlanema angustifolium Benth. Singapore (Wallich 3885), not 
seen. 


Torenia polygonoides Benth. Common little creeping plant in 
grass, upper lip of corolla red, lower white. Whole island, 
Tanglin, Changi, ete. 


T. mucronulata Benth. Weed in Botanic gardens, Bukit Timah. 


Vandellia crustacea Benth. ‘“ Kra Nasi.” Common little weed 
with violet flowers. Paths and waste ground every- 
where. 


V. scabra Benth. Flowers pink. Teluk Kurau. 


V. hirsuta Benth. Little weed, hairy, flowers pale lilac. Garden 
weed. lie 


V. pedunculata Griff. Wet spots, flowers pale violet. Govern- 
ment Hill. 


Bonnaya veronicwfolia Spreng. Wet spots, Chan Chu Kang, 
Ang Mo Kio. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 119 


B. reptans Spreng. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang. 
B. vrachiata Link. Chan Chu Kang. 


Scoparia dulcis L. ‘Té Macao.” A commor weed with small 
white flowers. A tea for fever is made of it. Whole 
island. 


Striga lutea Lour. “ Rumput Siku-Siku.” A little stiff erect 
herb in grass, flowers pink, or white here. Common, 
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


LEN TIBULARIEZ. 


Utricularia flexuosa Vahl. ‘Lumut Ekor Kuching.” Aquatic 

| with bright yellow flowers. Pools, lakes, and ditches. 
Common. Garden Lake, Reservoir, Bukit Timah, Changi 
Road. 


l’. eroleta Br. Much smaller than the last. Garden lake, 
ditches Tanglin, Ane Mo Kio. 


U. bifida L. A small erect plant with yellow flowers. Common 
in shallow ditches and wet sand. Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kane, Reservoir, Bedok. 


U. affinis var. Griffith. A tall slender species with bright blue 
flowers. In shallow ditches, Changi, Tampenis, Bedok, 
Choa Chu Kang. 


U. racemosa Wall. Very slender, with very small white flowers. 
4 r . 
Sandy spots towards Tanah Merah, Changi. 


GESNERACEA. 


“lischynanthus Motleyi Clarke. An epiphyte forming large 
tufts with pendulous branches, leaves pink on the back. 
Calyx lobes very narrow purple. Corolla green marked 
in the mouth with brownish red. Woods, not rare, 
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang, Teban, Selitar. 


4, Fobliana Hook. Climbing epiphyte, flowers crimson scarlet 
showy. Common in damp woods, and mangrove swamps, 
Kranji, Toas, Chan Chu Kang. 


120 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


“1, radicans Jack. Creeping over rocks and trees, flowers 
crimson. Local. Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang. 


JE. Wallichit Br. Calyx short cup-shaped green, corolla crim- 
son. Dense woods, Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane. 


Didymocarpus platypus Clarke. A shrubby plant with white 
rarely bluish flowers, with a yellow spot in the mouth. 
Common, woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu 
Kang, Changi. 


D. sp. Very rare, two plants out of flower in a wooded ravine 
near Bukit Mandai. 


Cyrtandra bicolor Jack. A shrubby plant, flowers white with 
brown or purple spots in the mouth. Leaves sometimes 
marbled white.  (C. humilis Bl. “ Singapore, Prince,” in 
Flor. Brit. Ind. is evidenily the same thing. Damp 
ravines in wet jungle, usually very abundant. Bukit 


Timah, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kang. 


C. pilosa Bl, “ Singapore Lobb,” and Cyrtandromea acuminata 
Benth. Maingay and Lobb, in Flor. Brit. Ind. evidently 
errors of locality 


BIGONIACE®. 


Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem. Shrub or tree with long tubular 
white flowers opening in the early morning and closing 
soon. Common. Tidal Rivers, Alexandra Road, Blakang 
Mati, Bajau, Ponggol, Pulau Ubin. 


Stereospermum chelonowes De C. Tree. ‘Chachar.” - Rare, 
Bukit Timah. 


S. hyposticta Miq. Tree, flowers white or violet. Not rare, 
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


PEDALINE®. 


Sesamum indicum De C. Til-seed. ‘Bijan.’ Weed in waste 
ground. Flowers pink rarely white. Cultivated for the 
seed, which is crushed for oil, Tanglin, ete. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 121 


ACANTHACEA. 


Thunbergia alata Bojer., climber with yellow or orange flowers 
with or without black eye, and 7. fragrans Roxb. with 
white flowers, are common in hedges, being escapes from 
cultivation. 


Ehermaiera Grifithiana Anders. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah. 


i. setigera Nees. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Chua Chu Kang, Jurone. 


oy * 


TTygrophila salictifoiia Nees.  ‘Chukal.” Herb about 2 feet, 
flowers lilac, ditches, common. Garden lake, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah road, Changi. 


I, quadrivalvis Nees. Changi, Bukit Mandai. 


Ruellia repens L. Erect or creeping in grass, flowers pale lilac 
with darker marks in the throat. Very common, Tanglin 
Changi, Bajau, Selitar, ete. 


Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. “ Jeruju.” A holly-leaved plant 
with white or blue flowers. Common in tidal mud: 
Kandange Kerbau, Tanjong Pagar, Alexandra Road, 
Changi, ete. 


A. voluhilis Wall, Twining, leaves not prickly flowers white. 
Not common, Bajau, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane. 


Asystasia intrusa Bl. Straggling plant 3 feet tall or less, 
flowers pale violet. edges and thickets, Fort Can- 
ning, Government Hill, Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang. 


Eranthenum album Nees. Flowers white, Jungles, local, Changi, 
Chan Chu Kang, Ponggol, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang. 


(, Andersoni Masters, described from a plant obtained in Singa- 
pore by T. Anderson, is only cultivated here.) 


Justicia andrographioides Clarke. A straggling herb, with pale 
yellow flowers, leaves veined with white when young. 
Damp woods, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang. 


16 


22 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


J, Gendarussa LL. “Ganda Rusa.” A common shrub round 
villages, usually an escape from cultivation. 


Adhatoda vasica Nees. “Singapore, Flor. Brit. Ind.’ Not 
seen even cultivated. 


Peristrophe acuminata Nees. Common herb with pink flowers. 
Ang Mo Kio, Choa Chu Kang, Tanglin. 


P. montana Nees. ‘ Noja.” Flowers pink, larger than the last. 
Leaves used for dyeing eggs, cakes, etc, pink. Tanglin, 
Blakang Mati, Jurong. 


VERBENACEZ. 


Lantana Camara LL. “ Tabi Ayam.” All over Singapore, very 
ccmmon. ‘There are several color varieties, the com- 
monest is orange red color, turning orange yellow when 

"passing over ; another form is pale pink with a yellow eye 
turning darker pink, and where these two forms grow 
together there is an intermediate or hybrid form. There 
is a slight difference in the form of the lower lip. in the 
two forms, in the orange one the lip is shorter and broad - 
er than in the pink one, where it is nearly quadrate, so 
that the pink flower appears more irregular than the 
orange one. ‘The plant is a native of South America. 


L. indica Roxb. A smaller shrub with lilac flowers, and dark 
pink fruits. Waste ground near town, abundant, Rochore, 
_ Kalang, Balestier plain. 


Lippia nodifora Rich. Prostrate herb, flowers lilac. Waste 
ground, Rochore. 


Stachytarpheta indica Vahl. ‘ Selasih Dende.” Common shrub, 
flowers blue. Waste ground, everywhere. 


GS. mu'alilis, much bigger, with rosy flowers, introduced here 
and there.) 


Geunsia farinosa Bl. (Wallich, No. 1836); not seen. 


(Callicarpa Reevesti Wall. Singapore, Murton in Fl. Brit. Ind. 
is cultivated only.) 


THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE, 12s 


C. longifolia Lam. Shrub, lilac flowers and white fruit. ‘¢ 'Tam- 
poh Besih.” Common in hedges, Bukit Timah, ‘Tanglin, 
Ang Mo Kio. 


Premua. “ Buas Buas.” A group of shrubs with small white 
flowers, and black drupes. All very closely allied and 
difficult to distinguish. 


P. cordifolia Roxb. Tanglin, Thomson Road, 

P. parasitica Bl. Changi. 

P. corymbosa Roth. Climber, Garden jungle. 

P. flavescens var. :ubens. Pasir Panjang. 

P. coriacea Ularke. Jurong. 

P. integrifolia var. angustior. A low prostrate plant, Serangoon 
River. 

Gmelinw villosa Roxb, “ Bulang.’ A thorny shrub, with large 
yellow flowers, fruit a yellow acid plum. Common, 
Tanglin, Changi, Teluk Kurau. 

G. IHystrix Kurz. occurs in the Garden road, possibly wild. 

Vitex trifoia L. “ Lagundi.” Often planted, possibly wild. at 
Bajau. 

V. Negundo L. Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Mandai; probably 
an alien. 

V. pubescens Vahl. “ Alban.” Tree, flowers blue, very common 
in secondary growth. Whole island. 

V. vestita Wall, Tree, flowers yellow. Common in woods, 
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kane. , 

V. gamosepala var. ‘Tree, rare, Changi. 

Nerodendron inerme Gaertn. Shrub, tlowers white stamens 
pink. Very abundant near the sea, Rochore, Changi, 
Selitar. 

C', disparifolium BI. “Guriam Padang.” Small tree, flowers 
yellow, fruit black with a red calyx, ‘The wood is used 


19q : THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


for blackening the teeth. Very common in woods and 
thickets. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete. 


Cl. defexum Wall. A snall shrub about 4 feet high with nod- 
ding heads of white flowers surrounded with numerous 
red sepals. Drupe black. Very common, Tanglin, Gar- 
den jungle, Chan Chu Kang, Tampenis. 


Cl. panicu'alum L. Shrub with brilliant crimson flowers. Man- 
dai, Kranji. Doubtfully wild. 


Cl. vidlosum Bl. Common shrub with white flowers. Whole 
island. 


Cl. myrmecophilum Ridl. * A slender shrub, with the stem hollow 
and filled with ants’ nests. Panicles large, flowers orange. 
A handsome plant, rare, streams at Choa Chu Kang. 
Several cultivated kinds also occur in waste ground near 
villages; such are C. fal/ax Lindl. C. squamatum Vall. C. 
fragrans Vent. and C. siphonanthus Br. which is cultivated 
by Klings, who use the leaves for smoking instead of 
Hemp, and call it Ganja. 


Cl. ixvoreflorum Hassk. A white flowered species, introduced 
into Java from Singapore about 1855, I know nothing 
of, and Cl. Colebrookianum Walp. ‘Singapore Lobb” 
and Cl. infortunatum Gaertn, mentioned from Singapore 
also in Flor. Brit. Ind. I have never met with. 


? 


Sphenodesma peniandra Jack. ‘Akar Suloug.” Not common, 


Changi. 

Avicennia officinalis Bl.“ Api-Api.? Very common in mangroves 
and along tidal rivers. River Valley Road, Changi, Pulau 
Ubin, ete. 

LABIAT A. 

Coleus atropurpureus Benth. Flowers bright purple. Open 
country. Ang Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kang. 

Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Very common in waste ground. Sepoy 
Lines, Tanjong Katong, Mt. Faber, Changi, ete. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 128). 


H. brevipes Poit. Common, Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio, etc. Both 
of these are introductions from South America, now 
thoroughly established. 


Dysophylla auricularia Bl. ‘Ekor Kuching.” Flowers pale 
Javender in long spikes. Very common in wet spots. 
Tanglin, Changi, etc. 


nisomeles ovata Br. Not common, Tanglin. 


Leucas zeylanica Br. ‘“ Katumbet.” A common weed with 
white flowers, waste ground. ‘Tanglin, Blakang Mati, 
Selitar, etc. 


L. linifolia Spr. Less common, Mt. Faber, Siglap. 


Ocimum basilicum L. Basil.  Ruku-Ruku,” often cultivated, 
occurs spontaneously in waste ground, as does also Le- 
onurus sibiricus L. and Leonotis nepetwfolia Br. 


PLANTAGINEA. 


Plantago major L. “ Ekor Angin.” Waste ground, Chan Chu 
Kang, Tanglin, ete. 


NYCTAGINES. 
Boerhaavia repens L. Sandy places, Galang. 
AMARANTACE. 
Allmania nodiflora Br. Sandy spots. Changi, common. 


clmarantus spinosus Le. © Bayam Duri.” Common weed in 
waste ground. ‘Tanglin, Rochore, etc. 


A. viridis L. ‘ Bayam Itek.” Common in waste ground, 
everywhere. 


al. caudatus L. Cultivated, and often as an escape. 
A. paniculatus L. Government Hill. 


Cyathula prostrata Bl. Not rare, weed in waste ground. Bukit 
Vimah, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau. 


126 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 
Alternanthera sessilis Br. Common everywhere. 


Pupalia atropurpurea Mig. Singapore (Wallich in Flor. Brit. 
Ind., but in Wallich’s Catalogue it is labelled 6933 L. 
Singapore et Penang). Not seen here by me. 


POLYGONACEZ. 


Polygonum flaccidum Meisn. Common in wet spots, ditches, ete. 
Tanglin, Bukit Timah Road, Rochore. 


P. pedunculure Wall. Singapore. Wallich, not seen. 


P. barbatum L. Ditches, Holland Road, Galang, Chan Chu 
Kang. 
NEPENTHACE®. 


The pitcher plants are known to the Malays as “ Poko 
Priok Krah,’ (ape’s cups). The stems of the stouter 
kinds are used for binding fences. ‘They always occur 
in open country, borders of woods, etc., and are absent 
from dense jungle. 


N. ampullaria Jack. A common kind with the pitchers in whorls 
often sunk in the ground, pitchers green, or more or less 
spotted with purple. I once found a plant with ivory 
white pitchers. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


WV. Rajflesiana Jack. Pitchers often very large. Common all 
over Singapore. 


NV. phyllamphora Willd. Not common, Changi, Jurong. 

N. Reinwardtii Mig. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi. 

AV. gracilis Korth. Blakang Mati, Changi, Bukit Timah. 

N. albomarginata Lobb. “ Singapore, Wallich.” Surely an error 
for Penang, where it is abundant. 

ARIS'TOLOCHIACEAE. 
Aristolochia ungulifora Mast. A climber with large trilobed 
leaves and purple flowers. Local in long wet grass. 

Jurong. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. WeAq 


Thottea grandifiora Rottb. “Seburui.” A low shrub, 2 feet tall 
with rough hairy leaves, and bell-shaped flowers as big 
as a tumbler, hairy with raised veins outside, smooth deep 
purple inside. A very curious plant. Common in dry 
jungles, Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai, 
Chan Chu Kang, Bajau. 


Th, dependens Klotsch, Rare, Sungei Buluh. 
PIPERACES. 


Piper (Muldera) Maingayi Wook. fil. Climber, rarely flowering. 
Common. Jungles, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


P. (Cubeba) sumatrana Cas. Not common, Reservoir woods. 
P, pedicellosum Wall. Rare, Chan Chu Kane. ; 


P, muricatum Bi. An erect herb. Not very common, Bukit 
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong. 


P. (Chavica) caninum Bl. ‘“* Lada Hantu.” S'ender climber, 
common in woods. Garden jungle, Selitar, Kranji, Pulau 
Tekong. 

var. /anata. Less common, in more exposed spots. Siglap, 
Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 
var. angustifolium. Garden jungle, Changi. 


P. chaba L. “ Bakek.” Cultivated. I have also what may be a 
wild form of this under the name ‘ Bakek hutan” from 
Bukit Mandai, (5851). 


P. sarmentosum “ Chabei.” “ Kadok.” An erect herb with lone 
runners. Common in orchards, villages, ete., all over 
Singapore. 

(P. Betel L. “Sirih,” and P. nigrum L, “ Lada hitam ” are often 
cultivated.) | 


P. miniatum Bl. “ Sirih Ayer.” Climber, fruit-spikes red. Woods, 
not rare, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai, Toas, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


12's THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


P. rostratum Roxb. Erect, rare, Bukit Timah. 


P. porphyrophyllum Ki. Br. A well known ornamental climbing 
plant, leaves deep green spotted white and pink. Com- 
mon but rarely flowering, dense woods, Bukit Timah, 
Selitar, etc. 


(Peperomia exigua Miq. A little weed in gardens, on walls, ete., 
introduced. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kane). 


CHLORANTHACEZ. 


Chloranthus officinalis Bl. Shrublet, with slender spikes of white 
flowers and translucent white berries. Damp ravines in 
jungles, local but abundant. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, 
Jurong. 

MYRISTICACEAE. 


The wild nutmegs are very plentiful in Singapore, occurring 
in all the bigger jungles, but almost invariably in an isolated 
manner, so that it is often by no means easy to get both sexes 
of any species. They are all trees, varying in height from about. 
fifteen feet to 100 or more. ‘The seeds seem to be (in all but 
M. cinnamomea) deficient in aromatic properties, and are not 
used by the natives at all. The timber is often good. The 
native name for the cultivated Nutmeg is “ Pala,” the Mace be- 
ing called ‘* Bunga Pala,” (literally flowers of Nutmeg). Many 
of the wild species are called ‘‘ Pala Hutan,” etc.; but “‘ Pendarah,” 
with the local variants Menarah, Mendarah, and Chendara, is 
the common name for other species. 


M. elliptica Wall. Common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan 
Chan Chu Kang. rar. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang. 


M. bracteata De C. A very large tree, rare, Bukit Timah. 


M. cinnamomea King. Not common, Bukit Mandai, Sumbawane, 
Changi, Selitar. . 

M, crassa King. Flowers orange, Garden jungle, Bukit Man- 
dai, North Selitar, Sungei Morai. 


M. Lowiana King. Rare, Kranji. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 129 


.iners Bl. Rare, woods, Bukit Mandai. 

. ferruginea Wall. (Cat. 6803.) Rare, Selitar. 

. superba Hook. fil. Rare, Sungei Bengkuang, 'Toas. 
. rubiginosa King. Rare, Garden jungle, Mt. Faber. 


. Wallichii Hook. fil. Bajau (3364), also collected by Cantley 


without locality. 


. sucosa King. Rare, Kranji (6558). 
» Furquhariana Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bajau, Selitar. 
. Forbesti King. Selitar. 


. bivalvis Hook. fil. Very rare, a single male tree in the Bo- 


tanic Gardens, probably planted, but not known else- 
where. 


. erasstfolia Hook. fil. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, Bajau. 
. Jrya Gaertn. Rare, Garden jungle. 


.majuseula King. Not rare, Tanglin, Cluny road, Bukit Timah, 


Selitar. 


. brachiata King. Singapore (Wallich); not seen. 


. polyspherula Hook. fil. Not rare, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, 


Kranji, 


. oblongifolia King. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
. conferta King. Bukit Mandai, Changi. 
. Wrayi King. Rare, Sungei Jurong. 


. intermedia Bl. The commonest species. Tanglin, Changi, 


Bukit Timah. 


. laurina Bl. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, 
. glauca BI. Garden jungle, Kranji, Pulau Ubin. 


. glaucescens Hook. fil. Cluny Road. 


130 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


M. Hookeriana Wall. Usually about 20 feet tall, witn large 
leaves covered when young with brown wool which peels 
off as the leaves become coriaceous, fruit covered with 
brown wool. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang. 


M. Cantleyi Hook. fil. Bukit Timah. 
MM. lonmfolia Wall. Bukit Timah. 


MW, pendulina Hook. The only tree of this species known is in 
the Botanic Gardens, but must have been planted. 


MONIMIACE®. 

Matthea sancta Bl. “ Churom.” A large shrub with small yellow 
flowers and steel blue fruits. The Jakuns smoke the 
leaves with tobacco to cure headaches. Common in woods 
and thickets, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang, Ange Mo Kio. 

LAURINES. 
Trees, more rarely shrubs, with usually unisexual flowers 

A difficult group, owing to the difficulty of getting flowers of 

both sexes and fruits, many being imperfectly known. The 

trees are usually called ‘‘ Medang” by the Malays. 


Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wt. ‘Medang Buaya.” Medium sized 
tree, with hairy yellow flowers. Not rare, Tampenis, 
Changi, Selitar, river, Changi Teban. 
C. impressa Meissn. ‘‘Munjuat.” A tall tree. Rare, Garden 
jungle. 


C. ferrea Bl. Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 
And two other species. 


Betlschniedia malaccensis Hook. fil. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
Dehaasia microcarpa Bl. Sungei Jurong. 


Cinnamomum javanicum Bl, Not rare in dense woods, but very 
rarely flowering. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Ang 
Mo Kio. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 131 


C. iners Reinwdt. <A medium sized tree, never tall, common in 
open country. ‘The young leaves are red and yellow 
and appearing just before tlowering give the tree a fine 
appearance. The flowers are yellow and feetid, the fruit 
blue-black. The bark is but feebly aromatic. Whole 
island, Tanglin, Changi, etc. 


C. nitidum Bl. Very much like the last, but with larger Howers. 
Not common, Tanglin. 


Phebe opaca Bl. <A big tree, flowers yellow, fruits black on 
swollen red peduncles. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai. 


Ph. declinuta Nees. “Singapore, Wallich.” Not identified. 
Ph. sumatrana Mig. Changi (1811). 
JMachilus rimosus Bl. Chaugi (4707). 


«Alseodaphne decipiens Hook. fil. Small tree, flowers yellow, fruit 
obovate green with white spots. Garden jungle, Chan 
Chu Kane. 


Al. umbelliflora Hook. fil. Not common, Selitar, Chan Chu Kang. 


A. costulis Nees. and A. lucida Nees. collected in Singapore 
by Wallich Nos. 2594 B and 2590, are entirely doubtful 
plants. 


Actinodaphne pruinosu Nees. Botanic Gardens. 
A, Maingayi Wook. fil. Dense woods, Bukit Timah. 
Litsea grandis Bl. Near Tyersall, Bukit Mandai. 
L.amara Bl. Jurong, Pulau Ubin. 


L. penangiane Hook. fil. Common, flowers white, fruit white in 
a green cup. Woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, 


L. myristicefolia Wall. Siglap, Changi. 
L. Pavamonja Ham. Rare, Garden jungle. 


L. longipes Meissn? ‘“ Mullay.” Rare, Balestier Road. 


132 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


L. ferruginea BI. Garden jungle, Bukit Arang. 


LL, zeylanca Nees. A large bush, common on the sea coast. 
Changi, Pulau Ubin, Bedoh. 


L. salicifolia Roxb. Garden jungle, 
L. polyantha Juss. Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, Changi. 
L. petio’ata Wook. fil. Garden jungle. 


L. nitida Bi. Bukit Mandai. 
And a number of unidentified species. 


Lindéra malaccensis Hook, fll. Small tree, flowers yellow. 
Abundant in woods, Garden jungle, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


L. sp. “ Perawas.” Tree, leaves used medicinally. Galang, 

Garden jungle. 

Cassytha jiifornis L. A leatless twining parasite. Common 
near the sea, Blakang Mati, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, 
etc. 


Hernandia peltata Meissn. Singapore, Wallich No. 7811. 
Not seen. 


PROTEACEA. 


Helicia petiolaris Benn. ‘Tree, common in woods. Bukit Timah, 
Jurong, Woodlands, Kranji, Changi, Garden jungle. 


H. excelsa BI. ‘* Membatu Laiang.” Not very common, Changi, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


THYMELEACEZ. 
Aquilaria malaccensts. The Gaharu, is rare here. Ihave only 
seen it at Kranji. 
A. grandiflora. Rare, Bajau. 


A. sp. A medium sized tree with small white flowers and 
very small fruits. Garden jungle. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 133 


Gonystylus Maingayi Hook. fil. This aberrant tree is now 
referred by some botanists to Tillacew. It occurs in 
the Garden Jungle, Bukit Mandai and Chua Chu Kang. 


Wikstroemia tidica. “ Singapore, Lobb ;” doubtless an error. 
SANTALACEA. 


Henslowia Lobbiana De C. Climber. Common near the coast, 
Changi, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang. 


H, buxifolia Bl. Apparently a root parasite. It is a twiggy, 
often nearly leafless shrub, entirely bright yellow. 
Berry at first yellow, then red and finally black. Dry 
woods near the sea, Bajau, Changi, Kranji, Sungei 


Buluh. 


Scleropyrum Mainyayt Hook. fil. “ Rukam puteh.” A shrub 
or small tree with stout spines, tlowers greenish yellow 
in dense spikes, fruit pear-shaped green juicy when 
ripe. Woods, not rare, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji, Bukit 
Mandai, Selitar. 


Champer cia Grifithiana Planch. ‘Chemperei.” A shrub with 
white branches, small light brown flowers and orange 
fruit. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but it is 
said to be poisonous to dogs. Sandy spots on the 
coasts, Changi, Tampenis, Selitar, Bajau. 


Linostoma pauciforun Griff. A slender climber with light yel- 
lowish green flowers enclosed in greenish cream colored 
bracts. Common, Garden jungle, Blakang Mati, Bukit 
Timah, Changi, Loyang. 


L. scandens King. ‘ Akar kareh hitam.” <A scandent shrub or 
tall climber. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


LORANTHACE. 


These parasites are often very destructive to trees in 
gardens. They are called by the Malays ‘* Api-Api” or Senalu, 
with its variants Bendalu, Ndalu, 


134. THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Loranthus Lobla Wook. fil. A variety with red, not yellow 
flowers, Changi, Chan Chu Kane, 


L. coccineus Jack. Bukit Mandai. 
L. ferrugineus Roxb. Common, Tanglin, ete. 


L. longiflorus Desr. Flowers  crimson-scarlet. On a very 
lofty tree, Bukit Timah. : 


L. pentandrus L. A big stout plant, flowers light pinkish red ; 
parasitic on Hugenia. Gardens, Alma, Bukit Timah, 
Chan Chu Kane. 


L. albidus Bl. Flowers white, rare, Bukit Timah. 


L. retusus Jack. On Lhodomyrtus and Eugentas, near the sea. 
Changi, Blakang Mati, Pulau Tekong, Jurong. 


L. ampullaceus Roxb. Flowers green and black. Very 
common, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


L. crassus Hook, fil. Gardens, Changi. 

L. Maingayi Hook. fil. A very curious little flowered species, 
flowers brown. Rare, Kranji (6923). 

Viscum articulatum Burm. Parasitic on Loranthi. Common, 
Tanglin. 

V. orientale Willd. On /icus, and Macaranga javanica. Common, 
Rochore, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 

HUPHORBIACEX. 
Euphorlia atoto Forst. A shrubby plant, sea coasts, Changi. 


E, piiulifera L. Gelang Susu.” Common weed in waste 
ground, every where. : 


E. thymifolia Benn. Prostrate weed, waste ground, paths, etc. 
Common, Tanglin, ete. 


(BE. Tirucalli L. A large succulent shrub, often culltvatea 
occurs as an escape. The milk is used in native medi- 
cine, and for putting into the wounds made for marking 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 135 


cattle to make the marks permanent. Said to be a 
native of Africa.) 


Agyneia bacciformis Muell. A Jittle shrubby plant, in grass, sea- 
shore. Teluk Kurau. 


Bridelia tomentosa Bl. “ Kenidai.” Shrub or small tree. 
Garden jungle. 

B. pustulata Hook. fil. Shrub. Jurong, Selitar. 

Cleistanthus levis Hook. fil. Tree, Garden jungle, Changi. 


Cl. myrianthus Kurz. Bushy tree with coppery leaves. Kranji 
road, near Stagmount, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang. 


C. hirsutulus Hook, fil. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
C. macrophyllus Hook. fil. Rare, Bukit Timah. 
C. nitidus Hook. fil. “Singapore, Lobb” ; doubtless Penane. 


Actephila javanica Miq. Wallich 8016. A shrub with very 
small greenish white flowers. Common, Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. | 


Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook. fil. ‘Laka, Malakka.” A hand- 
some tree with a trunk like a yew and elegant feathery 
foliage. The fruit a yellowish green angled drupe, 
acid, and used for preserves and in curries. The town 
of Malacca is said to. take its name from the tree. 


Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Mandai. 


P.coriaceus Wall. ‘Singapore, Wallich 7946.” Not seen 
only known from Wallich’s collection. 


P. pulcher Wall. Reidia glaucescens Miq. Small shrub, some- 
times cultivated as an ornamental plant, possibly wild, 
but usually seen about cultivated ground. Tanglin, 


P. maderaspatensis L. A small weed. Changi. 


P. nirurit Wall. “Dukong Anak Merah,” Common weed, 
waste ground, Tanglin, Galang, Changi. 


136 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


P.urinaria L. “ Dukong Anak.” Common weed everywhere, 
used medicinally, and it is also supposed that after 
chewing a bunch of this plant it is possible to bite up 
glass with impunity. 


(P. distichus Muell. Cicca acidissima is sometimes cultivated.) 


Glochidion. Trees with inconspicuous flowers. ‘© Utah,” of 
the Malays. 


(. littorale BI. Banks of tidal rivers. Chan Chu Kang. 

G, goniocarpum Hook. fil. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, 
Galane. 3 

G. desmoayne Hook. til. Rare, Bukit Timah, Selitar. 

G. insulare Hook. fil. Not rare, Selitar, Bukit Mandai, Toas, 
Jurong, ete. 

G. brunneum Hook. fil. ‘Ubah Merah.” Gardens, Bukit 
Timah. 


G. desmocarpum Hook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bajau. 
G. levigatun Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Sungei Bruang, Bukit 
Mandai. 


G. microbotrys Hook. fil. Tall tree with flaking bark. Flowers 
very small scented of cucumbers. Gardens, Chan Chu 
Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


G. superbum Baill. Small tree with large leaves. Common in 
open country all over Singapore. 


_ leiosty?um Kurz. Common, Gardens, Selitar. 


ep) 


G. coronatum Hook. fil. Rare, Jalan Bray. 
Breynia rhamnoides Muell. Large shrub. Eskbank (Haullett). 
B. discigera Muell. Rare, Upper Bukit Timah. 


B. reclinata Hook. fil. ‘ Hujan Panas.” <A shrub conspicuous 
from its bright red berries, but why called Hujan Panas, 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S7 


lif, warm rain, noone seems to know, Very common, 
especially near the sea, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi, etc. 


Suuropus albicans Bl. ‘ Chekop Manis.” A small shrubby plant 
with dark green leaves with a white central blotch, red 
flowers and pink or white fruit. A popular native 
vegetable, leaves eaten as spinach. \Waste ground, com- 
mon. 


Cyclostemon longifolins Bl. A tree with pendent branches anl 
large leathery leaves. Rarely met with in flower. 
Common in woods, Garden jungle, Selitar. 


Choriophyllum malayanum Benth. Sandy spots near the sea. 
Rare, Seremban ; also collected by Wallich, 7975. 


Aporosa ficifolia Baill, Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang, Garden jungle. 
A. nigricans Hook. fil. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


A. Muingayi Hook. fil. A shrub, Garden jungle, Selitar, 
Kranji, Jurong, 

A. fruticosa Muell. A bush. common, Tanglin, Tanjong Gol, 
Chan Chu Kang. 

A. Praineana King. Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Kranji. 

A. Benthamiana Hook. fil. Tree, about 40 feet tall, with red 


showy fruits. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kane. 


A. lunata Benth. Not common, Jurong. 
A, stellifera Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Kranji, Bukit Timah. 
A. fulcifera Hook. fil. Not common, Jurong, Toas. 


Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. ‘“ Ruas-Ruas jantan.” <A_ big 
shrub or tree with white flowers, and olive shaped green 
fruits. Usually near the sea, Changi, Kranji, Teban, 
Siglap. 


Antidesma velutinosum Bl. Shrub with racemes of pink fruits. 
Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Pulau Ubin, ete. 


poet 
92) 


138 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


A. cuspidatum Muell.  ‘“Sebasah.” A big shrub, common in 
thick. woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, Bukit Mandai, Teban, 
Reservoir woods. 


A. fallar Meisn. Not common, Bukit Timah. 


A.alatum Hook. fil. Thick woods, common, Bukit Timah, 
Changi, Bukit Mandai, Jurone. 


A, bunias Spreng and A. ghaesembilla Gaertn. mentioned in 
Flora Brit. Ind. I have not seen wild. 


Baccaurea. A genus of trees of no great size, with flowers in 
long scented racemes. [*ruit usually a capsule, orange 
colored or brown, splitting and disclosing the seeds en- 
wrapped in an orange pulp hanging from the placentas ; 
sometimes the fruit is a berry, and does not split. Most 
are mcre or less eatable though often acid. 


B. parviflora Muell, ‘“Setambun.” <A small tree with a knot- 
ted stem, and very hard compact yellow wood, used for 
making sticks. The male flowers are borne in racemes 
in tufts on the stem, they are yellow and smell like 
cowslips. The female racemes are borne at the foot of 
the tree, so as to lie on the ground. The fruit is a 
spindle-shaped berry, claret colored and eatable though 
acid. Acommon plant. ‘Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, etc. 


B. macrophyila Muell. Tree small or medium. Fruits globose 
dull orange russet, pulp of seed orange, sweet. - Garden 
jungle, Selitar. | 

B. motleyana King. ‘ Rambai.”. A well known fruit, common 
in cultivation and apparently also wild. 


(B. Malayana King. ‘ Tampoi.” Occurs in cultivation but is 
not common.) 


B. bracteata Muell. A small tree. Common, Bukit Mandai, 
Holland Road, Kranji. 


B. latifolia King, Garden jungle (6264). 


B. sp. B. in Flor. Brit. Ind. Garden jungle, Kranji. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 139 


B. reticu/ata Hook. fil. Kranji, Selitar. 


L. Kunstler’ King. <A fair sized tree, fruits ochreous, with 
orange pulp. Common, Garden jungle, Selitar, Tanjong 
Gol, 

BL. minor Hook. fil. Fruit as big as a cherry, ochreous pulp 
orange. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 

B, symplocoides King. A small tree, fruits orange, aril crimson. 
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. : 


BL. sp. ‘Tree with narrow lanceolate acute leaves, flowers 
green. Garden Jungle (6263). 


Microdesmis cusearifolia Planch. A small tree, fluwers bright 
yellow, berries red. Thick woods, common, Garden 
jungle, Changi. 


Galearta. Low shrubs with long slender spikes of very small 
flowers, fruits white pulpy. The species are all very 
much alike and difficult to distinguish, 

G. afints Benn. Woods. Garden jungle, Changi, Bajau, 

G. Wallichit Br, Changi (Hullett). 

G. subulata Muell. Garden jungle. 


G. phlebocarpa Br. The commonest species. Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 


G. sp. with the leaves pubescent beneath, shoots and racemes 
covered with black pubescence. Chang), Siglap. 


(Jatropha curcas L. “ Jarak Blanda.” Occurs in and near 
villages.) 
(J. gossypifolia L. A garden escape, occurs here and there). 


(Aleurites Moluecana Willd. Candle nut Singapore nut, 
Kamiri, Buah Kras, Is often cultivated). 


Croton argyratus Bl. A shrub, leaves silvery beneath. 
Local, Batu Putih, Changi. 


140 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


C’. caudatus Geisel. ‘ Tuku Takal.” There are two forms, if 
they are not specifically distinct here, one a long stout 
woody liana with rough greenish capsules. Common at 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. The other a scandent or 
erect shrub with erect racemes of white flowers and hard 
globose yellow capsules as big as a bullet. 


Common in open country. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bajau, 
Chang. 


C. Grifithitt Hook. fil, A common shrub in woods. Garden 
jungle, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang. 


CU, olongifoliun Roxb. Bukit Mandai, Selitar. 


LTrigonostemon lonyjolius Baill. A small shrub. Not common, 
Chan Chu Kang, Kranji Road. 


Ostodes macrophyllus “Kayu Julong.’ <A tree, rare, Bukit 
Panjang (common in Malacca). 


O, muricata var, minor and Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook. fil. 
‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for Penang. 


Agrostistachys filipendula Hook. fil. <A big stiff shrub. A gum 
which exudes from the buds was formerly collected for 
making a resin for polishing sheaths of Krises. Local. 
sandy spots near Changi. 


A. longifolia Benth, var. Malayana. “Julong Julong.” A 
low little or unbranched shrub, with large erect stiff 
leaves, used for thatching and wrappers. The Singapore 
plant is very different from that of Pahang and Perak, 
which is a much larger branched shrub. Common in 
woods. Tanglin, Sungei Bulah, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


Claorylon indicum Hassk. <A large shrub. Thickets, Grange 
hnoad. 


Cl. longifolium Muell var, brachystachys. Woods, not rare, Bukit 
Timah, Pulau Ubin, Bukit Mandat, Chan Chu Kang. 


Acalypha indica L. A weed, common in waste ground. Bajau, 
Galang, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 141 


Celodepas ferruginewm Hook. fil. A small tree with long 
slender yellow flower spikes, and capsules covered with 
brown wool. Garden jungle (5991, 6481), Bukit 
Timah. 


Alchornea villosa Muell. “ Ramin bukit.’ A big shrub, the 
bark used for string. Common in thickets and edges of 
wocds. Bukit Timah Road, Reservoir woods, Chan 
Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 


A. rugosa Muell. Common, Changi, Serangoon. 


Mallotus macrostachyus Muell. A big shrub. Thickets, Bukit 
Timah Road at the 9th mile. 


M. Cochinchinensis Lour, ‘“ Balik Angin.” <A small tree, pretty 
when in flower from its pendent white racemes. The 
under side of the leaves is white, so that when blown 
by the wind the whole tree appears white, whence the 
native name. A fairly good fibre can be obtained from 
the bark. Common in open country, Tanglin, Kranji, 
efe. 


M, penangensts Muell. Not common, Bajau, Toas, Sungei 
Mora. 


M, philippinensis Muell, aud WV. barbatus Muell, given in Flor. 
Brit. Ind. as from Singapore; (the latter collected by 
Lobb) are doubtless errors. 


‘M. vernicosus Hook. fil. ‘Singapore’ Botanical Garden, 
Cantley ” is altogether doubtful. 


Macaranga hypolewca Muell. <A. faiv sized tree with white 
stems and white undersides to the leaves. Sticks of its 
wood are used for setting gambier. Common in dry 
woods and secondary growth, all over Singapore. 
a ¥ 5 a. 

“ Mahang putih. | 

AM. megalophylla Muell, “Kubin.” A fair sized tree with very 
large leaves. The wood used for making windumills, 
hence its name, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang. 


142 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


M, trichocaipa Muell. . A shrub half scandent, with irritating 
prickly capsules, Dry woods, common, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Changi. | 


M, 1 DUET Muell. ‘“* Mahang.” A common tree all over the 
island with reddish inflorescence, and small capsules 
bilobed smooth, and covered with a waxy coat. It is 
doubtful whether this is the same as the Javanese 
species. Open country and secondary growth, exceed- 
ingly common, 


JM. triloba Muell. A medium sized tree, leaves entire or three 
lobed. Young plants have red leaves, and look very 
handsome. Abundant all over Singapore, in woods, 
Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 

M. Lowtt King. Not common, Jurong, Tyersall, Chan Chu 
Kang. 

JM, populifolia Muell. Big’ tree, in woods, Bukit Timah, 

Ptychopyxis costata Miq. <A big tree, flowers velvety yellow, 
fruit large green hairy wrinkled. Not common, Garden 
jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 

(Ricinus communis L. “ Jarak,’ Castor oil; occurs near 
villages.) 

Eudospermum malaccense Muell. “ Sendok-sendok.” A _ big 
tree, with smooth grey bark, flowers green very sweet, 


fruit as large as a pea, orange, sweet. The wood is used 
to make clogs. Not rare, Bakit Timah, Chua.Chu Kang. 


E. chinense Beuth. Singapore, Wallich 7846; a doubtful 
specimen. 


Gelonium multiforum Juss. Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah. 

G. bifarium Roxb. Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 

Megistostiyma maluccense Hook. fil. A stinging climber. 
Garden jungle. 


Homalanthus poene. Grah, Occurs here and there, about 
the Alexandra road and elsewhere, probably planted. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 143 


Sapium discolor Muell. <A tall tree, very common, Tanglin, 
Jurong, Reservoir. 


S. indicum Roxb. “Guring.” Sea coasts, Kranji, Pasir Panjang. 


Excecaria agallocha L. A small tree full of poisonous milk, 
flowers green, very fragrant. Sea coasts, often growing 
between rocks. All round the coasts, Kranji, North 
Selitar, Toas. 


Sebastiania chamelea Muell. <A herb. Sandy spots, Changi, 
Blakang Mati. 


URTICACIUA, 


Trema orientalis Bl. A common shrub. in waste ground, 
Tanglin, Changi. 
T. angustifolia Bl. Not common, Changi, 


7. timorensis BI. Very common, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kane. 


Gironniera nervosa Planch. ‘“ Kasap.’ <A big tree, with small 
bright orange-colored fruits. Common in woods, Tanglin, 
Chan Chu Kane, Changi. 


G. subaequalis Planch. <A big tree, less common, Tanelin, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


G. parvifolia Planch. <A small tree in dense jungle common in 
the hill districts of the peninsula, rare in Singapore, 
Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


Streblus asper Lour. A climber with milky juice. Rare, 
Pulau Ubin. 


Sloetia siderovylon Teysm. ‘*Tampenis.” <A big tree with 
dark brown heart wood, one of the best timbers in the 
region, being untouched by termites and unaffected by 
ordinary decay for a very long time. The wood when 
fresh cut exhales: an unpleasant odor. Large trees are 
now scarce as the natives cut them when young to 
make carrying sticks,and gambier stirrers, etc. There 
isa good deal of difference in the size of the leaves 


144 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


according to the age of the tree. Young shoots from an 
old stump usually have large leaves, and it seems to me 
that S. penangiana Oliv and S. Wallichii King are 
mere States of S. stderorylon, Teysm. The natives how- 
ever certainly draw a distinction between some forms 
calling S. Wallichti, Tampenis putih and 8S. sideroxylon, 
Tampenis Merah, i.e. red and white ‘Tampenis. The 
plant flowers very readily, even seedlings in a pot 
sometimes flower and fruit when only a foot and a_ half 
tall. The fruit is a soft white drupe enclosed in the four 
thickened white sepals. These are sweet and eatable 
and any pressure on them ejects the fruit to some 
distance so that if a bird attempts to eat them the fruit 
is thrown out. 


Common in dry woods, open country, etc., especially the 
broad leaved var. penangiana. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, 
etc. | 


Ficus. The figs are tolerably well represented here, no less than 
35 species occurring in the island. They comprise creep- 
ing shrubs, big climbers, erect shrubs from two feet tall 
to trees of great size. The figs, none of which here are 
eatable, are sought for by birds, especially pigeons, bul- 
buls and starlings, and by fruit-bats, which frequent the 
trees when in fruit in great numbers, and distribute the 
seeds everywhere. ‘the common Malay name for any 
species of Ficus is “ Ara.” “Sipadik” is applied to many 
scandent species, and ‘‘Kelampong” to such trees as 
bear the figs clustered on the stem. Most of the trees 
are of rapid growth with soft valueless timber, 


F. pisifera Wall. Small tree, figs white, common, Bukit Timah, 
Bukit Mandai, Pulau Ubin. 


F. urophylla Wall. ‘Ara Supudeh.” A shrub, often epiphytic 
on other trees and sometimes killmg them, figs small 
orange. Very common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


(I. bengalensis L. <A big tree, often planted.) 


EB; 


F, 


i, 


(PF. 


. Benjamina lL. “ Waringin.’ 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 145 
bracteata Wall, A medium sized tree, figs orange. Not 
rare near the sea, Changi, Batu Puteh, Chua Chu Kang. 


annulata Bl. Climber or tree, figs large and orange. Rare, 
Bukit Timah. ; , 


. globosa BI. A bushy tree, figs dark green, common in thickets, 


Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Reservoir. 


. &ijlophylla Wall. A small iree or epipiyte, figs Z inches long 


orange with darker spots, very handsome. Not rare, Ga- 
lang, Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar. 


. obtusifo'1a, Rare, Pulau Ubin. 
. altissima Bl. Big tree. Garden jungle, Serangoon. 


. consociata Bl. Var. A/uriont. A tree or large shrub, figs 


orange. Notrare on the coast, Changi, Selitar, Ponggol, 
Bukit Timah. 


. procera BI, A big tree. Fort Canning, Changi. 


microstoma Wall. Not seen. Singapore, Wallich 4566. 


. andica var. Geldert. An epiphyte or tree. Selitar, Pulau 


Ubin. 


. sumatrana. ‘Tree. Chan Chu Kang. 


acamptophy lta Miq. Big tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi, 


Kranji, Bajau, Serangoon. 
binnendykit. Mangrove swamps, Jurong, Kranji, Tampenis. 
obtusifo'ia Roxb. Rare, Pulau Ubin ( Hullett ). 


b) 


Commonly cultivated. 


. glabella Bl. Big tree, figs small white with pink spots. Chan 


Chu Kang, Bedok, Bukit Timah. 
retusa var. nitila. Tree. Galang, Changi, Bajau. 


religiosa L. Commonly planted. ) | 
19 


146 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


» pisocarpa Wall. <A big tree. Government House Grounds, 


Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


. callicarpa Miq. A big climber with flattened stem, figs 


very large, pear-shaped orange with paler spots, very 
showy. On big trees, common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


» punctata Thunb, Slender climber on old stumps. Tanglin, 


Chan Chu Kang, Selitar, Tanjong Gol. 


. apiocarpa Miq. Strong climber, figs pear-shaped large orange 


red. Tanglin. 


. obscura Bl. Figs yellowish white. Not rare, Bukit Timah, 


Chua Chu Kang. 


. levis Bl. Rather rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin (fullett ) , 


Chua Chu Kang. 


. recurva Bl, var. — ribesiowes. Bajau, Sungei Morai, Kranji, 


Chan Chu Kang. 


. ramentacea, Climber with yellow milk, figs bright pink. De- 


nse woods, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 


. villosa Bl. Climber, figs red or yellow, hairy. Tanglin, 


Bukit Timah, etc. Very common. 


. diversifolia Bl. Small shrub, terrestrial in sandy spots or 


epiphytic in mangrove swamps. Var. ovoidea. Very com- 
mon, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Buluh, Teban, Selitar, 
Pulau Tekeng. 


. Migue'it King. Medium to large tree, figs green with 


whitish spots, at length dull red in clusters on the stem. 
Very common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. 


. ribes Reinwdt. Singapore, Wallich; not seen. 


. fistulosa Reinwdt. Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kang 


Pulau Ubin. 


, glandulifera Wall. Tree with spreading crown, figs yellow. 


Not very rare, Garden jungle, Changi. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 147 


I’. elba Reinwdt. <A shrub leaves lobed and large when young 
smaller and entire in older trees, white beneath, figs, yel- 
low, becoming red. Very common in open country. 


F. chrysocarpa Reinwdt. A small shrub with rough leaves and 
golden hairy figs. Common in open country everywhere. 
Dr. King calls this 10 to 30 feet tall, and distinguishes 
itfrom /. hirta by the latter being smali and having lobed 
leaves. I have never seen this more than 5 or 6 feet tall, 
and the leaves are never lobed: 


FI. charitacea Wall. A very siender shrub with very small yel- 
low figs. The lark is used for string. Common in thick 
wocds, Garden Jungle, Changi, Bukit Mandai. 


Ariocarpus rigida Bl. ‘ Tampunei.” Monkey Jack. A very 
fine large tree with round yellow fruits covered with 
short spines and enclosing numerous seeds embedded in an 
orange colored sweet pulp. An excellent fruit. Tanglin, 
Changi, Chan Chu Kang. 


A. Kunstleri King. ‘‘Getah Terap.” A large tree, very vari- 
able in the shape of its leaves in young trees deeply 
lobed, in adults ovate oblong entire. The best is used 
for cordage, and as clothing by the Sakais. The milk is 
used as birdlime. Common all over Singapore. 


. Lowi King. Rare. Bukit Timah. 
. Maingayi King. Rare, Toas. 
. Scortechinii King. Not rare, Garden jungle, Kranji. 


. lanceefoha Roxb. ‘ Keledang.” A very large tree with ex- 
cellent timber. Not common, Tanglin, Changi, 

A. Lakoocha Roxb. “Tampang Ambong.” Not rare, Bukit 

Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 


A. Gomeziana Wall. ‘“Tampang.” A medium = sized tree. 
Fruits smooth round, yellow and shining outside, inside 
rose pink, eatable but sour. 


A. peduncularis King. Rare, Bukit Mandal. 


Sh bm f& 


148 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


A. integrifolia L., the Jack, ‘‘ Naneka;” A. wincisa L., Bread 
fruit: and the ‘“ Sukun” said to be a variety of it; and A. 
polyphema Pers., the Champedak, are cultivated. The 
latter may possibly be wild at Changi. 


A. sp. Large tree with pinnate leaves and fruit like that of A. 
rigida, probably undescribed. Garden jungle, Pulau Ubin, 
3ukit Timah: 


A. sp. Medium sized tree with small leaves, and small green 
fruits with white flesh 14 inch long, seeds few Garden 
jungle. 


Conocephulus suaveolens BI, A big scrambling shrub with large 
leaves and compact heads of dirty white flowers, smell- 
ing of pears. Not rare, thick jungles, bukit Timah, Bukit 
Mandai, Pulau Ubin. 


C. amenus King. Flowers pink. Dense jungles, Selitar, Pulau 
Ubin. 


C. Scorechinai King. Singapore, Maingay, anil C.  sutrinervius 
Miq. collected by Lobb, probably erroneously localised. 


Ileurya iuterrupta Gaud, A weed, sometimes stinging. Tanglin. 


(Pilea muscosa Lind]. Introduced, common in waste spots in gar- 
dens, etc. ) 


Pouzolzia indica L. and var. angustifolia. ‘‘ Ubai-Ubai. ” 
Used asa vegetable by the natives. A low weed, not 
very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


P. pentandra Benn. A common weed, Tanglin, ete. 


Pellionia javanica Wed. “ Singapore Lobb,” doubtless an 
error for Penang. 


Elatostema molle Wedd. Singapore, Wallich 4633 ; probably an 
error for Penang. 


Pipturus mollissimus Wedd, Shrub. Rare, Toas. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 149 


JUGLANDE. 


Engelhardtia Wallichiana Lind]. Tree with ~winged fruits. 


Rare, Garden jungle. 


E. serrata Bl. Rare, Changi. 


MYRICACEA. 


Myrica Nagi Thumb. “ Gilinche.” A small tree with dark green 


leaves and very small red drupes, much smaller than those 
figured in the Botanical Magazine t. 5727. Common 
on the sea coasts, Toas, Changi, Jurong, Blakang Mati; 
rarer inland, Bukit Timah. 


CUPULIFERZ. 


Oaks and chestnuts are very abundant in Singapore, and are 


usually fairly large trees, the timber however is usually 
remarkably poor and valueless. When in flower, the 
small green blossoms are visited by myriads of small blue- 
bottle flies, with red heads. The fruits are sought for 
and dispersed by squirrels. : 


Quercus owlocarpa Korth. Not common, Garden jungle. 


Q. 
(QQ. 


Q. 


Wallichiana Lindl. Jurong, Changi. 


spicata var. graci ipes. ‘“ Berangan Padi.” Bukit Timah,Pu- 
lau Ubin. 


sundaica Bl. ‘ Mempening Bagan.” Not rare, Changi, 
Tengah. 


Lamponga Miq. Our commonest species. A medium sized tree 
with leaves silvery on the back. Very common, Tang- 
lin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. A form passing into Q. 
Ewyckii occurs in many spots. Selitar, ete. 


hystrix Korth. ‘“ Mempening.” Common Bukit Timah, 
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Toas. 


Q. conocarpa Oudem. Common, Garden jungle, Reservoir, 


Changi. 


150 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Q. Benvettii Miq. Rare, Garden jungle, Bajau. 


Q. Cantleyana King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kane. 


Q. lucida Roxb. Common, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai. 


Q. encleisocaipa Korth. A hig tree, acorns almost completely 
enclosed in the very thin cup. Common, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, Changi. 


Q. cyclophora Endl. with very large disc-like acorns. Singa- 
pore, Wallich ; not seen. 


Castanopsis javanica De C. ‘‘Katek Tanga.” ‘ Berangan Ga- 
jah.” A big tree with very large spiny chestnuts, unea- 
table. Common, Tanglin, Changi. 


> 


. Waltichiti King. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang. Changi, common, 


a 


. hystrix Dr C. Rare, Toas. 

C. Hullettti King. Involucre without spines but stout ridges on 
them. Nuts eatable and good. Garden jungle, Bukit 
Timah, Sumbawang, Bukit Mandai. 

C. sp. Like the last, but the involucres are spiny, and leaves 
smaller. Garden jungle, Changi. 

C. nephelioides King. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar. 


C. sumatrana De C. Singapore, Wallich 2762; not seen. 
CASUARINEE 


Casuarina equisetifo'ia Forst, ‘‘ Ru”, is often planted, and was 
possibly wild here formerly. 


CONIFERZ. 


Dacrydium elatum Wall. “Singapore, Schomburgk” in Flor, 

Brit.Ind, must have been of course from a garden. The 

tree does not occur wild at much less than 2,000 feet 
altitude in the peninsula. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S))| 


Podocarpus neglectus Bl. * Sintada.” Common in mangroves, 
and.all round the island, Kranji, Changi, Jurong, Seran- 
goon. 


P. nertifolia Don. Sea coasts, Changi. 


A gathis loranthifolia Salish. Very rare, a few young plants in a 
wood near Changi. This Damar tree is usually to be 
met with only at an altitude of about 2000 feet in these 
latitudes, but both at Changi, and in the low country of 
Siak, Sumatra, I have found small plants growing far in 
tiie jungle. 

GNETACER. 


Gnelum neglectum BI. <A big climber, fruit apricot color. Com- 
mon in forests, and in woods near the sea. Garden jungle, 
Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, Bajav, Pulau Tekong. 


G. mucrostachyum Hook. fil... Not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi, 
Jurong, Selitar. 


G. funicu'are Bl. <A big climber, the bark used for making 
string. Common, Tanglin, Sumbawang, Kranji. 


G. edule Bl. Rare, near Sel.tar. 
CYCADACEA. 


Cycus Rumphit Mig. Sandy spots by the sea. Changi, Toas. 


LaZ THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
HYDROCHARIDEZ. 


FHlydrilla verticillata Casp. A common water weed in ditches 
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. 


Blyxa maluccensis Ridl. An aquatic with grassy leaves. Tang- 
lin, Chan Chu Kang. 


Enhalus Koenigi Rich. ‘“Setul.” A marine plant with long 
strap-like leaves. The male flowers are very small and 
white, borne in a pair of large green boat-shaped bracts 
on the end of a long stalk. When fully developed the 
inflorescence rises to the surface, and the flowers break 
off and float away till they come in contact with a female 
flower which they fertilise. . The sea is sometimes sprin- 
kled all over with them. The female flowers are solitary 
inthe bracts. After fertilization the stalk contracts into a 
spiral and the fruit is drawn down to the bottom of the 
sea to ripen. It is ovoid, green and hairy, about 14 inch 
long. Malay children eat it. The Dugong ( Halicore ) 
lives mostly on the leaves of this plant. It is very abun- 
dant in shallow bays in the Johore Strait, round Blakang 
Mati and wherever the sea is shallow enough for it. 


Haiophila ovata Gaud. A small creeping marine plant with 
obovate leaves. Abundant in shallow bays in mud. 
Changi, Blakang Mati. 


BURMANNIACEX. 


Burmannia coelestis Don. ‘ Sisik Naga.” <A slender little plant 
with blue urn-shaped flowers, in grassy spots, common. 
Tanglin, Pasir Panjang, Mt. Faber. 


B tuberosa Becc. A small white saprophyte, usually almost 
completely burizd in the ground. Flowers white 
with yellow corolla lobes, scented of cowslips. Damp 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, is 


jungle in rotten leaves, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, 
Bukit Mandai. 


Thismia Aseroe Becc. A saprophyte, with urn-shaped flowers, 
the perianth lobes drawn out into tails yellow. Decaying 
leaves in wet jungles. Fairy point, Changi (Beccari), 
Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


Th. funila Rid!.* Somewhat like the last but smoky -grey. 
Rare, Chan Chu Kang. 


Gymunosiphon borneense Bece. An exceedingly fragile little plant, 
with lavender flowers. Dense jungles in rotten leaves, 
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


ORCHIDEA. 


Oheronia. Small epiphytic orchids with ensiform  distichous 
leaves and slender spikes of very small green,’ yellow 
or red flowers. 


O. dissitiflora Ridl. * Mangroves, Kranji. 


S 


lunata Lindl. On a high tree, Selitar, Bukit Timah. 
O. anceps Lindl. Galang, Kranji. 


O, miniata Lindl. ‘Singapore cultivated in Loddiges Garden,” 
has not been seen here of late years, and is probably 
an error of locality. 


O, ciliolata Hook. fil. Mangrove swamps and orchard trees. 
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Sungei Morai, Bukit 
Timah, 

Microstylis, Terrestrial orchids, with the stems usually swollen 
at the base, thin-textured leaves, and small red green or 
yellow flowers. 


M. micrantha Hook. fil. A creeping plant with a rather long 
cylindric stem, and lanceolate copper colored leaves, 
which “sparkle like the stone avanturine.” flowers 
very small red and yellow. On dead leaves, Bukit Man- 
dai, Changi, Selitar. 

20 


154 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


MM. congesta Rchb.f. Stem swollen at the base, flowers pink 
or green. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Sungei 
Pandan. 


Liparis venosa Ridl, The finest in the genus. Flowers fairly 
large, petals and sepals pink, lip with dark red veins. 
Terrestrial. Woods, very rare. Chan Chu Kang. 


I. nervosa Lind], Flowers yellow or purple. Terrestrial in 
swamps amon grass in water Changi, Ange Mo Kio. near 
the Reservior, Tanglin. 


I, e’egans Lind], Epiphytic, with stiff leaves, and racemes of 
small yellow flowers with a red lip. Common on old 
stumps and trees near the sea. Selitar, Kranji. 


LI. disticha Lind]. Epiphyte. The flowers crowded to the end 
of the raceme with distichous bracts; small, opening one 
at a time, apricot colored. Common. Mangrove swamps, 
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, ete. 


Platyclinis longifolia Hemsl. Epiphyte, forming large tufts, 
with conical pseudobulbs, long narrow leaves and lone 
nodding spikes of brown flowers. It is easy to cultivate, 
and flowers all the year. Dry woods near the sea, 
Kranji, Sungei Jurong. 

Dendrobium longicolle Lindl. * Epiphytic, forming a tuft of long 
slender pseudobulbs, bearing one leaf apiece, flowers 
sol.tary on long stalks with long filiform petals and a 
vellow lip. _ Rare, growing with the last. Sungei Morai. 
First discovered by Cuming. . 

D. ( Botlidium ) punilum Roxb, A little tufted plant with two 

_ leaves to each stem and one or two small flowers, yellow 
or veined with purple. Not rare on trees. Mangrove 
swamps, orchards, etc. Kranji, Bajau, Selitar. 


D. (Sect. Lesmatrichum) ~ lonchophyl'um Hook. fil. Stems 
branched and swollen at intervals. Flowers small and 
fugacious, yellow with pink stripes. Common all over 
Singapore. 


D. criniferum Lindl, Flowers yellow spotted purple, lip with — 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 155 


many yeilow filaments on the end. Mangroves. Kranji, 
Sungei Morai, Changi. 

PD. Kunstleri Hook. fil. Flowers cream color with pink spots 
Bukit Timah, Kranji, Changi. 

D. pallidiflorum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish white. Rare. 
Kranji. : 

D. laciniosum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish. Rare, Pulau Selitar. 

D. (Sect. aporum) Serra Lindl. Stems flat covered with oppo- 
site distichous triangular leaves sometimes red, flowers 
very small, white. Common, Kranji, Changi, ete. 


D. sinuatum Lind]. Stems as the last, but leaves longer ; 
flowers orange small. Common, Selitar, Kranji. 


D. eulophotum Lind|. Flowers yellow striped red. Common, 
Kranji, Bajau. 

D. rhizophorett Rid!. Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Buloh. 

-D. atropurpureum Mig. Flowers brownish red or yellow. 
Common, Tanglin, Kranji. 

D. Leonis Rchb. f. A stout plant with triangular dull green flat 
leaves and fairly large yellowish tlhowers spotted red, 


scented of vanilla. On trees, common, Tanglin, Selitar. 
Bukit Timah. 


D. prostratum Ridl. A smaller plant than the last, creeping on 
the trunks. Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Selitar, Sungei 
Blakane. 


D, (Sect.. strongyle). This sectitn has slender stems with 
terete curved leaves, 


D, teres Lindl. Stems afort tall, flowers white, an orange 
spot on the lip. Pretty but rare, on high trees, Toas. 


D. junceum Lindl. “Singapore Hort. Loddiges;” probably an 
error. 


D. aciculare Lindl. “ Singapore,” probably an error. 


156 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


D. subula'um Wook, fil, A. small tufted plant, flowers white 
with pink veins, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selitar. 


D. acerosum Linil. Common, Kranji. 
2D. flerile Ridl. Rare, Bukit Timah. 


D, (Sect. Virgatw) couostalix Rchb.f. Terrestrial, growing in 
water, with slender erect stems grassy leaves and small 
brown flowers. ‘“ Rumput Raja Sari.” Changi, Bukit 


Mandai. 


LD), villosu'um Wall. Like the last but hairy. On leaves in dry 
woods, Bajau, Sungei Buloh, Kranji. 


D. (Sect. Bambusaefolie) gemel:um Lindl. Epiphyte with long 
slender stems and pale yellow flowers. Common in man- 
grove swamps. 


D, pensile Ridl. A very curious plant with long hanging stems, 
fleshy leaves and yellow flowers in pairs. Mangroves, 
Selitar. 


D. (Sect. cluvata) tuberiferum Wook. fil. Rare, Selitar, Toas. 


D. crumenatun Sw. The “pigeon orchid.” Very common 
all over Singapore. 


D. (Sect. distichophyl/a) bifarium Lindl. A small plant with pale 
yellowish white flowers. Not rare, Tanglin, Toas, Seli- 
tar, Serangoon. 


D. pandaneti Widl. A curious plant with lone creeping stems 
and grassy leaves, flowers fawn color and white. It 
always grows on Pandans, or Sagos, or Coconut palms, 
climbing up the stems. Bukit Mandai, Jurong. 


D, (sect. breviflores) callibotrys Ridl.* A pretty plant with bun- 
ches of white flowers with a red and yellow lip, sweet 
scented. Rare, ‘loas, Sungei Morat. 


D. euyhlebium Rchb. f. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Seliiar, Toas. 


D. flavidu'wn Ridt. A tall slender plant with yellow or whitish 
flowers. Kranji, Jurong. Mangrove swamps. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 157 


D. (Sect. Pedi'onum,) pyropum Ridl. A tall plant with bright 
orange flowers, fairly large. Very rare, Chua Chu Kang. 


D, lamellatum Lindl. An odd plant with ovate flat thin stems 
and white flowers turning yellow. Damp woods, rare, 


Changi. 


D, (Sect. speciosa) Dalhousieanun Wall. This well-known and 
grand plant has once been found on a big fallen tree in 
the forest at Chan Chu Kang. 


| Bulbophy!lum macranthum Lindl. Flowers fairly large pink, spot- 
ted, scented of cloves. Common in woods. 


B, patens King. Like the last but smaller. Chan Chu Kang. 


B. rujosum Ridl.* Flowers yellow. Not common, Chan 


Chu Kang. 
B. pileatum Lindl.  Selitar. 


B. striatellum Ridl.* Flowers very small, yellow. Not com- 
mon, Chan Chu Kang. 


B. catenarium Ridl. Abundant on mangrove trees. Sungei 
Buloh, Changi, Selitar. 


B. avicel/a Ridl. On mangroves common, Kranji, Bajau, 


B. clandestinum Lindl. Common on trees, Kranji, Tanglin, 
Sungei Morai, Selitar. 


. : . 5 a 
B. concinnun Hook. fil. Flowers small flame-colored. On 
mangroves abundant, Kranji, North Selitar. 


by 


. vermiculare Hook. f. Au inconspicuous little plant with @reen- 
ish white flowers. Mangroves, Kranji, Selitar, Changi. 


Cy 


adenopetalum Lindl. “Singapore Hort. Loddiges;” is 
probably an error. It has never been found here again. 


B. apodum Hook fil. Flowers small yellow in spikes, floriferous. 
Common, Kranji, Selitar. 


B. botryphorum Rid], Forms large tufts on trees, flowers in 
small pendulous bunches, purple. Mangroves, Kranji, 
Toas, Sungei Buluh. 


158 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


B, densiflorum Ridl.* A large long-leaved plant, flowers in 
bunches purple. Trunks of trees in woods. Selitar, Choa 
Cha Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


B linbatum Lindl. Singapore, Loddiges;” locality doubtful. 


B, Trifolium Ridl.* A curious plant with pink flowers in a bunch 
like clover. Rare, Sungei Morai. 


B. ste‘la Ridl. Flowers ona long slender stem in a terminal 
raceme opening singly at intervals, large yellowish and 
pink on trees in thick jungle. Bukit Mandai, Jurong, 
Choa Chu Kang. 


Cirrhopetalum Meduse Lindl. Flowers in a dense mop-like head, 
with long tails to the sepals, white with pink spots. 
Stems and branches of trees in jungle often very high up, 
or on rocks. Tanglin, Galang, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang, Pulau Ubin. 


C. vaginatum Lindl. Flowers pale yellow. On trees, common. 


C. concinnum Hook. fil, Flowers cream with pink spots or 
entirely pink. Common, Bajau, Kranji. etc. 


C. gamosepalum Griff. Common, Bajau, ete. 

C. acuminatum Ridl.* Rare, Choa Chu Kang. 

C. microbulbon Ridl.* Rare, Sungei Buloh. 

C. linearifolium Ridl.* Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang. 
C. semibifidum Ridl.* Rare, Kranji. 

C. makoyanum Rchb.f. Rare, Chan Chu Kang. 

C. citrinum Ridl. Flowers yellow. Kranji, Tanjong Gol. 

C. Biumei Lindl. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang. 


Eria obliqua Lindl. A small plant with little white flowers. 
Mangroves, Kranji. 

E. floribunda Lindl. Flowers in dense spikes white with pink 
lips, pretty conmon. Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Bu- 
loh, Sungei Morai. 


THE FLORA OF SINGATORE., 1Sag 


FE. tenuiflora Rid], Flowers thin yellow. Sungei Morai, Toas. 


E. bractescens Windl. Trees, usually near the sea. Chan Chu 
Kang, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Selitar. 


FE. pulica Ridl. Rare, Changi. 


FE. endymion Rid]. Flowers white, sides of lip purple. Rare, 
Selitar. 


FE. nutans liind|. Common, Selitar, Toas, Kranji. 
FE. neglecta Ridl. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei Buluh, 
FE. longe-repens Ridl. Not common, Sungei Morai. 


FE, pulchelia Lindl. Common on trees or rocks. Kranji, Pulau 
Tekong, Sungei Morai. 


EF. pannea Lind]. On trees. Common, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang. 
F.. stellata Lindl. Rare, Choa Chu Kang. 
FE. striolata Rchb, f. Rare, Kranji. 


E. vestita Lindl. Not uncommon, Kranji, Sungei Brih, Sungei 
Morai, 


FE. oligantha Hook. fil. Local, Toas. 
E. velutina Lind]. Common, Sungei Morai, Kranji, Jurong. 


Phreatia minutifora Lindl. A very small plant with minute 
white flowers. Common in mangroves. Kranji, Toas, 
Jurong. 


Agrostophyllum majus Hook. fil. Common, Kranji, Selitar. 


Spathoglottis plicata Bl. A _ terrestrial orchid with pink flowers 
very common in open country and on damp rocks. Tane- 
lin, Bukit Timah, ete. 


Nephelaphylium pulchrum Bl, Terrestrial. Damp woods, Bukit 
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Sungei Brih. 


Plocoglottis porphyrophylla Rid]. Terrestrial, leaves purple. 
Local, Kranji, Toas, Selitar. 


P. javanica Bl. Terrestrial, flowers red and yellow. Woods, 
local. Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang, 


160 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


P. foetida Rid). Wet woods. Bukit Timah. 


Claderia viridifora Hook. fil. A creeping plant climbing up 
trees. Flowers large green. Common, Garden jungle, 
Bajau, etc. 


Celogyne testacea Lindl. Sandy places near the coast on trees 
and stumps or on the ground, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, 
Sungei Morai. 


C. Rochussenti De Vr. Not common, Selitar. 
C, Cumingii Lind). Bukit Timah, on high trees. 


C. Maveriana Rchb. f. Flowers green and black, on palm trees 
near the sea. Very local, Sungei Buluh, Kranji, on high 
trees, Bukit Timah. 


‘alanthe curculigoides Lindl. <A beautiful terrestrial plant, with 
apricot orange flowers with red lips, in a dense spike. 
Common, Choa Chu Kang, Kranji, Toa Payoh, Bukit 
Timah. 

Dilochia Wallichit Lindl. Singapore ( Wallich No. 1952 ), has 
never been found again in the peninsula. 


Eulophia squalida Lindl. Terrestrial, flowers pink and green. 
Open grassy spots, common. Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chn 
Kane. 


FE. graminea Lindl. ‘ Bawang hantu.” Common in sandy spots. 
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang, Chan Chu Kang. 


Cymbidium alifolium Sw. Epiphytic. Common on thé island 
and Pulau Ubin. , 
var. pubescens less common, Sungei Buluh, Jurong. 

Grammatophyllum speciosum Bl. Rare, Toas, Pulau Ubin. 


Dipodium pictum Rechbf. Climbing on small trees, in woods. 
Common, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane. 


Bromheadia palustris Lindl. Open grassy and sandy spots, very 
common. Flowers white lip pink and yellow. Sweet- 
scented, 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 161 


B. sylvesiris Ridl. In dense woods, local. Kranji, Changi, Toas, 
Sungei Morai. 


B. a'ticola Rid’. On high trees,common, Bukit Timah, Bukit 
Panjang. | 
B. aporoides Rchb. f. On lofty trees. Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


Polystachya singapurensis Rid], * On trees near mangrove swamps, 
rare, Sungei Morai. 


Adenoncos virens B|, A small epiphyte with green flowers. Com- 
mon on mangroves, Kranji. 


Renanthera alha Ridl. Local, Pulau Selitar and other islands 
round ‘the coast. 


Rf. elongata Lindl. Rocks, Pulau Ubin; Roadside, Bukit Timah. 

R. Maingayi Hook. fil. Pulau Selitar. 

Renantherella histrionica Ridl. Rare. Mangroves, Serangoon. 

aS alcsiults gigantea Ridl. Very rare, one plant ona tree at 
Selitar. 


Saccolahium perpusillum Hook. fil. A very small plant with 
minute white flowers. Common in mangroves, Kranji, 
Sungei Buluh. 


Microsaccus javensis Bl. Mangroves, Kranji. 


Teeniophylium serrula Hook. f. <A leafless epiphyte with long 
roots and small yellow and white flowers. Common, man- 
groves, orchard trees, etc. Tanglin, Toas, Kranji, ete. 


Cleisostoma latifolium Lindl. Singapore, according to Lindley. 
Not seen. 


C. spicatum Lindl. ? (non aliorum). A common plant in the 
Peninsula. I am doubtful as to its identification with 
Lindley’s plant. Not common, Jurong. 


Sarcanthus halophilus Rid|. On trees by the sea, common, Kranji, 
Sungei Morai, Sungei Tengeh, Pulau Tekong. 


162 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


S. densiflorvs Par. S. castaneus Ridl. Rare, on a tree, Dalvey 
road. This is figured by Dr. King, Ann, Bot. Gard, Cal- 
cutta P]. 83 under the name of Cleisostoma spicatum, but 
it is not a Cle‘sostoma at all, as I understand the genus. 
Lindley’s original description of C, spicatum is very short, 
but he says the flowers are pilose and the lip is longer 
than the spur, which does not apply. to this plant. 


Sarcochilus caliqgavis Ridl. On tree trunks in dense woods. 
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. adnatus Ridl. Very rare, Toas. 


Thrirspern.un li'acinum Rehb. fil. Scrambling among bushes and 
grass In swamps. Flowers lilac or white. Common, 
Selitar, Changi, Ang Mo Kio, Balestier plain. 


Th. calceclus Rehb. f. Grows in great masses on the ground or 
on trees. Flowers white sweet fugacicus. Common, 
Kranji, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin, 
Pulau Tekong. 


T. arachvites Rchb. f. On trees, flowers yellow denen red with 
very long tails to the sepals and petals. Rare, Selitar, 


T. notabile Ridl.* Leaves dull red, flowers pink, on trees. Rare 
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 


Dendrocollu micul sta Ridl.* Rare, Bukit Mandai. 


D. trichog lottis Ridl. Very common on orchards, and gardens. 
A small plant with fugacious yellowish flowers. Whole 
island, 


D. filiformis Rid', Leaves long slender terete, flowers white. 
On orchard trees, rare. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, 
Dalvey road. 


Acriopsis javanica Reinwdt. Epiphyte with siGndet panicles of 
pink flowers. Trees, open country. Very common, Tang- 
lin, Changi, Kranji, ete. 


A. Ridleyi Hook. fil.* Flowers yellow, very rare, one plant only 
found at Bukit Mandai. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 163 


_Podechilus nicrophyllus Lindl. A small creeping epiphyte with 
white flowers, on mossy trees, common. Chan Chu Kang, 
Ang Mo Kio, Kranji. 


Appendicula bifaria Lind]. Common on trees, Sungei Morai, 
Kranji, Bukit Timah. 

A. callosa Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Sumbawang. 

A. Lewisii Griff. Singapore (Wallich); not seen. 


A. lucida Rid]. Mangrove swamps. Comnton, Kranji, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


Thelasis elongata Bl. Common, mangroves, Kranji, etc. 


Oxyanthera elata Hook. f. Mangroves, common, Kranji, Sungei 
Buluh. ; 


QO, decurva Hook. fil. Common, mangroves, Serangoon, Selitar, 
Kranji. TE 7 | 
Galecola. Curious saprophytes with lorg straggling yellow 
branches, no leaves, and white or yellow flowers, growing 


among long grass or over Beutaps or tree trunks, or 
even over matiee huts. - 


G. altissima Rchb. f. Not common, Cian Chu Kang. 
G. hydra Rehb. f. Krangi, Sungei Buluh. 


Vanilla Grifithit Rchb. f. Flowers ie fruit sweet, not 
vauilla scented. Local. Pulau Ubin. 


Corymbis longiflora Hook. fil. A tall leafy plant about six feet 
tall with sweet white flowers. Damp woods. Pulau 
Ubin, Choa Chu Kang. 


Virydagzynea allida Bl. A small ground orchid, flowers white. 
Damp woods. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu 
Kang. 


V. lancifolia Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, 


V tristriata Ridl. * <A very small plant, leaves reddish olive 


164 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


with 3 pink stripes. Very wet spots in jungle, rare, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


Mucodes Petola Lindl. Leaves bright green with gold veins. 
Rare, Selitar. 


Cystorchis variegata B]. Leaves apple green with darker mark- 
ings. Common in wet wools. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit 
Timah, etc. 


var. purpurea. Leaves purple. Choa Chu Kang. 

Hylophila mollis Lind]. Wet woods, common. Chan Chu Kang, 
Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji. 

Hetaria. obligua Bl. Rare, Bukit Timah. 

Aphyllorchis pallila Bl. A leafless saprophyte, straw color. 
Not rare, Tanglin, Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah. 


Anectochilus geniculata Ridl. Leaves deep red with gold veins, 
Woods, Toas, Chan Chu Kang, etc. 


Cryptost,lis arachnites BI. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar. 
Pogonia punctata B', Rare, Bukit Timah, 


Didymoplesis pallens Griff. Leafless purplish saprophyte. Not 
common, Chan Chu Kang, Bajau. 


Lecanorchis mal iccensis Ridl. A black wiry leafless plant with 
pit kish flowers. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Bajau, 
etc. 

Gastrodia- javanica Lind]. Rare, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 

Habenaria singapurensis Ridl. * Very rare, Choa Chu Kang 
woods. 


H. luceriifera Benth. Small white flowered ground orchid. 
Common along paths, in grass, etc. Whole island. 


H. Muaingayi King. * ‘Singapore Maingay.” I have not seen 
this, and hardly see how it differs from the last, which is 


a somewhat variable plant. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 165 


APOTASIACER, 


Apostasia nudu R. Br. Shrubby plant with narrow leaves and 
small white flowers. Very common in dry woods, Bukit 
Timah, ete. 


Neuwiedia Liudleyi Rolfe. A tall handsome plant with bright 
yellow flowers. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Chua Chu Kang. 

N. Curtisii Rolfe. Rare, Changi, Kranji. This is the Zupistra 
singapuriana of Wallich’s Catalogue. 


N. Grijfithii Rchb. f. Stems creeping, flowers white. Wet 
spots. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Sungei Morai, Chan 
Chu Kang, Jurong. 


SCILTAMINE. 
Tbe Gingers have already been described in a previous number 
of the Journal. 
Globba panicoides Miq. Woods, Bukit Timah, ete. 
GI. uliginosa Miq. Bukit Mandai. 
Gl. leucantha Miq Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 


Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Abandoned gardens. Reservoir; Bukit 
Mandal, etc. 


Costus speciosus Sm. Common, Jurong, Bukit Timah. etc. 
var, argyrophyllus Bukit Timah. 


C. globosus Bl. Rocky places, Bukit Timah. 

Zingiber zerumbet Sm. Waste ground. 

Z. gracile Jack. Bukit Timah. 

Z. pubcrula Ridl. Common, Bukit Timah, Serangoon, Bajau. 
Z. Griffithii Bak. Bukit Timah. 

Amomum hastilabium Rid]. Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


Hornstedtia seyphus Retz. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah. 


166 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


H, Leonurus Retz. Common. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit 
Panjang. 

H. meyalochilus Ridl. Rare, Bukit Mandai. 

HT, conica Ridl. Rare, Bukit Panjang. 

HI, Maingayi Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh. 


Plagiostachys lateralis Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, 
Reservoir woods, 


Elettariopsis latiflora Ridl, Common, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Sun- 
gei Buluh. 


Alpinia melanocarpa Ridl. Sandy spots near the sea. Kranji, 
Selitar. 


A. Galanga L. Waste ground and gardens. 
A. Rafflesiana Wall. Not common, Sungei Buluh, Changi, Toas. 
Donax grandis Ridl. Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang. 
Phrynium Grifithit Bak, Common, Bukit Timah, Jurong. 
( Canna indica L. and C. Warcewiezw. Garden escapes. Tang- 
lin, etc.) 
OPHIOPOGONE#. 


Peliosanthes violacea Wall. Dense woods, Bukit Timah. 
P. viride Rid|l. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio, 


AMARYLLIDEA, 


Curculigo recurvata Dryand. “ Lumbah.” Common in open 
country, Bukit Timah, etc. 


C. latifolia Dryand. Very common and variable. All over the 
island. 
C’. villosa, Wall. C. latifolia, var. villosa Bak. This is a very dis- 
tinct species from C. latifolia. The leaves are narrow lan- 
ceolate acuminate caudate stiff, glabrous above, cobwebby 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 167 


beneath 24 feet long and 5 inches wide with a petiole one 
foot long. Spikes 2 inches long, bracts stiff oblong obtuse 
green, with the points recurved, something like the spike 
of a curcuma. Flowers ocre yellow # inches across. 
Sepals lanceolate acute petals. shorter and blunter. Fruit 
with beak one inch greenish white. Seeds few black 
about half as big as those of C. latifolia Dry. Not rare, 
in lone grass and secondary growth. - Bukit Timah, 
Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang. 


Crinum asiaticum L. ‘ Bakung.” The common white sea shore 
Crinum. C. pedunculatum Br. is said to differ in the long- 
yedicelled flowers and elongate root stock. I have only 
seen one species in Singapore and Penang, and that has 
long pedicelled flowers and no root stock, The flowers 

_ -open about 6 p. m. and are sweet scented, and very at- 
tractive to hawk-moths. Sea coasts, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau 
-- Ubin. 


Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. Is probably native here. It occurs 
in the sea sand at Changi, Bajau, etc., and is often culti- 
vated. 


TACCACEA, 


Tacca cristata Jack. - Common in woods, Bukit Timah, ete. 


DIOSCOREACE®. 


Dioscorea demona Roxb. “Gadung,” A fairly large climber 
with prickly glaucous stems. The tubers sliced and 
washed in running water are eaten, but unless so washed 
are stated to be poisonous. Common in villages; I have 
never seen it elsewhere. 


D. pyrifolia Kunth. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, 
Bukit Mandai, Sungei Pandan. 


D. oppositifolia 1. Garden jungle, Selitar, Bukit Mandai Road, 


D, laurifolia, Wall... Woods and edges of jungles, common, 
Tanglin, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah, Changi. 


168 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


D, defleca Hook, fil. “Singapore Maingay”; not seen. 
D. polyclades Hook. fil. Not common. Sungei Pandan. 
D. glabra Roxb. ‘Tanglin, Bukit Mandai. 


D. sativa L. ‘ Ubi-Kistala.” Waste ground and hedges, com- 
mon. 


(D, alata L. The vam is often cultivated.) 
ROXBURGHIACEA. 


Stemona tuberosa Lour. Not common, Bukit Timah. 


LILIACEZ. 


Smilar calophy'la Wall. A dwarf erect shrub with yellow flowers 
and red berries. Common in dense jungle. Garden jun- 
ole, Changi, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, ete. 


S. myosotifiora A. De ©. Slender climber flowers green. Rare, 
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. megacarpa Roxb. Not common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, 


S. barbata Wail. <A strong climber with ltristly stems. Com- 
mon all over Singapore, Tanglin, etc. 


S. leucophylla Bl. with large lanceolate acuminate leaves broad at 
the base, smooth unarmed stem, and large flowers in 
solitary umbels on stout peduncles 2 inches long. Rare. 
Tanjong Katong ( Hullett }, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


Dianella ensifolia Red. “ Lenjuang.” Herb, flowers yellow- 
ish and fruit white, or flowers and fruits blue. Common 
all over Singapore. 


Dracena granulata Hook, fil. A tree about 20 feet tall with 
stems about 4 inches through, leaves narrow .and dark 
green, flowers white in large panicles. A beautiful tree. 
In Journ. Bot. Apr. 1896. I confused this with D. 
graminifolia Wall, a low shrub occurring in the Dindings. 
Wet jungles, Bukit Timab, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu 
Kang. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 169 


D. terniflora Roxb. A low shrub. Common, thick jungles, 
Garden jungle, Selitar, Changi, Pulau Ubin. | 


D. Portert Bak. Common in thick jungles. Garden jungle, 
Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 


D. aurantiaca Wall. DP. Cantleyi Bak. A shrub little or 
not branched, leaves green or purple with lighter rings. 
Flowers purple rarely white, fruit orange. Damp spots 
all over Singapore, common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selli- 
tar, “etc: 


D. Maingayi Hook. fil. A big tree. Sandy spots near the sea, 
Changi, Sungei Morai, Bukit Panjang, Toas. 


DPD, singapurensis Ridl.* Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, 


L, gracilis Wall. Common in jungles, Garden jungle, Chan 
Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai. 


(Cordyline terminalis, the Draceena of Gardens, is not wild any- 
where in the peninsula, it is cultivated only.) 


PONTEDERIACE. 


Monochoria hastwfolia Presl. Aquatic, owers light blue. Com- 
mon, Galang, Ang Mo Kio. 


M. vaginalis Presl. Flowers dark blve. Common in ditches 
all over Singapore; the var, plantayinea is eyen com- 
moner. : 

PHILYDRACEX 

Philydrum lanuginosum Banks. Local. Wet sandy spots, 

oa. Bedoh. 

XYR!DES. 

Ayris anceps Lam. A tufted grassy plant with terminal cones 
of brown bracts, with fugacious yellow flowers. Sandy 


places, Balestier, plain Macpherson road, Changi, Pulau 
Tekong. 


X. schwnoides Mart. Balestier plain, Reservoir. 


oO 
SS) 


170 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


COMMELINACEA, 


Pollia sorzoyonensis Endl, Herb, flowers whte. Jungle, Pulau 
Ubin. 


Commelina nutifora L. “Rumput Aur.” Common weed with 
blue flowers opening in the early morning and soon 
withering. Common all over Singapore. 


C. benghalensis L. Weed in cultivated ground, flowers blue. 
Tanglin, Galang. 


Aneilema nutiforum Br. Small weed with pink flowers, waste 
ground, Tanglin. 


A. vaginatum Br, Telok Kurau. 


Forrestia mollis Hassk. ‘“ Setawa.” <A tall erect plant about, 
4 feet high, with white flowers and pink capsules. 
Common in jungles, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Tampenis, 
Reservoir, Pulau Ubin. 


F. marginata Hassk. Stout creeping plant, flowers white. Cap- 
sule purple. Rocks, Bukit Timah. 

Cyanotis cristata C. B.C. Sandy shores. Changi, Teluk Kurau. 

Floscopa scandens Lour. Damp spots, Tanglin, Galang, 


FLAGELLARIEZ. 


Fiagellaria indica LL. “ Rotan Binni.” Stems used for making . 
baskets. Common in mangrove swamps and other places 
near the sea. Bajau, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 

var. mor Jurong, Selitar, Bajau. — 

Susum anthe'minticum Bl. Common in jungle. Bukit Timah, 
Chan Chu Kang. 

PANDANEA. 

Pandanus atrocarpus Griff. ‘ Mengkuang.” The biggest spe- 
cies here, often 40 feet high with very long leaves used 


for Kajangs, and ataps, baskets, hats, etc. Common ail 
over Singapore, in Swamps. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Vii 


P., Houlletti Carr, About 15 feet tall, leaves large, dark 1¢d 
when young. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah. 


P. fascicularis Lam. ‘ Pandan Duri.” A large much branched 
plant, with heads of fruit as large as a man’s head, bright 
orange, Sea coasts, and often planted. The leaves used 
for mats and baskets. Common, Changi, Bajau, Blakang 
Mati, Pulau Ubin. 


P. ornatus Kurz. <A bush with narrow glaucous leaves. Bukit 
Timah. 


P levis Rumph. ‘“ Pandan Jelinkeh, ” with glaucous unarmed 
leaves, is often cultivated, the fences used to flavour rice, 
and as a perfume. 


P. parrus n. sp. Pandanus 15 Wook, FI. Brit. Ind. Vol. vi. 487. 


This has never been completely described nor named so I 
give a description of it here. Stem 3 feet tall or less, ani 3 
inch in circumference erect grey, emitting long slender roots 
from all parts often producing shoots at the base seldom branch- 
ed higher up. Leaves a foot long and 3 inches wide abruptly 
caudate acumina'e, the point 2 inches long very slender dull 
g@reen above glaucous beneath rather thin in texture, spines very 
small numerous on the edges and keel at the apex, none on the 
keel at the base of the leaf. Male spadix six inches long, rachis 
white. Bracts oblong boat-shaped keeled mucronate lowest 4 
inches long, the mucro one inch long in the two lowest bracts 
which are empty, the upper bracts smaller with the keel, edges, 
and point green and armed with short stiff spiny bristles. Flow- 
ering bracts 7, softer than the lower ones ivory white spinulose 
ovate to ovate lanceolate, the terminal one flat lanceolate barely 
4 an inch ae Spikes 5 shorter than the bracts oe the ter- 
minal one 3 inch long. Stamens free very slender 3 inch long. 
Female spadix solitary g globose about 14 inch long carpels conic 
rather eee passing “into a long brown shining upcurved spine 
nearly + inch long. 


Dry woods, common. Bukit Mandai, Bidadari, Changi, 
Kranji, Sungei Pandan, Fulau Ubin. Also occurs in Johore, 


IZ THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Perak, Sungei Ujong and Malacca. This is a very distinct little 
species, and one of the smallest known to me. ‘The male plants 
are very rare. I have only met with one, and have never seen 
ripe fruit. 


Three other Pandans occur here which I cannot at present 
identify. 
P. near P. helicopus Kurz. but with very short styles to the 


fruit, leaves broad and very thorny at the tip. Woods, 
Bukit Timah. 


P. sp, Stems slender «bout 5 feet tall much branched, leaves 
narrow fruit cylindric 3 inches long and one inch through, 
Carpels small narrowed into a single curved spine. 
Streams, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


P. sp. A tall plant about 10 feet high, with long glaucous leaves 
14 inch broad, tips deflexed. Fruits about 5 in a 
spike subglobore on a stout peduncle, each 3 inches long, 
carpels acuminate into a lone spine conic, orange color. 
Forming large thickets in swamps near Bukit Mandai on 
the road to Kranji. 


Freycinetia angustifolia Bl. A slender climber with narrow 
leaves, often covering trees like a mat. Spathes apricot 
orange. common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


FI. Gaudichaudi Venn, Leaves broader spathes yellow. Com- 
mon, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, Kranji. 


JF insignis Bl? A very stout climber much bigger than the 
others. Thick woods. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang, 
Chua Chu Kang. 
PALM &. 


( Areca Catechu L, “Pinang.” — Betel-nut. Commonly culti- 
vated, it does not seem to be known wild anywhere. ) 


Pinanga coronata B!. Rare, Selitar. 


P. disticha Bl. A dwarf palm with mottled leaves. Rather 
rare, Selitar, 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE iWws 


P. Malaiana Scheff. A tall slender palm. Chan Chu Kang 
woods, 


P. paradoxa Scheff.? Rare, Chan Chu Kang. The only speci- 
men | have closely resembles this plant which is other- 
wise a native of our nills at 2,000 feet upwards. 


P. poljmorpha Becc. “ Singapore Lobb ;” doubtless an error for 
Penang. 


Nenga Wendlandiana var. Malaccensis. “ Pinang Umu.” About 15 
feet tall fruit black on a red spadix. Flowers cream 
colour. Wet woods common, Garden road, Chan Chu 
’ Kang. 


Ptychoraphis singaporensis Becc. . “ Kerintin.” A tufted palm 
about 10 feet tall. Abundant in dry woods, Garden 
jungle, Bukit Timah. 


Cyrtostachys Lakka Becc. The sealing-wax palm. “ Pinang 
Rajah.” \et places near the sea, common, Kranji, Toas, 
Chua Chu Kang. 


Oncesperma horrida Scheff. ‘ Bayas.” . A big thorny palm, 
common in dense jungle. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


O. tigillaria. Areca tiyi/laria Griff. ‘“ Nibong.” — Like the Ba- 
yas, but with drooping leaves, and smaller fruit. Quite 
distinct from the Javanese OQ. fi/amentosa Bl. which is 
made a synonym in Flor. Brit. Ind. The wood is used 
in building and for many other purposes. Common 
usually near the sea, Kranji, etc. The Malays distinguish 
several other species under the names of ILenou, Ibas, and 
Bayas Padi, but they do not seem to me to be specifically 
distinct. 


Tguanura qeonomeformis Becc.. Not common. Streams in thick 
jungle, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, 


TI, Mualaccensis Bece. Rare, Chan Chu Kang. 


I. Wallichiana Wook. fil. “Singapore Lobb”; evidently an 
error for Penang. 


174 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


(Arenga saccharifera Labill. “Kabong,” Sugar palm, is com- 
monly cultivated. ) 3 


Caryota mitts Lour. ‘Tukus.” Common in woods, Grange Read, 
Bukit Timah. 
Oranta macrocladus Mart. ‘ Ebol.” A noble palm about 40 feet 


tall. Rare in Singapore. Some trees at Chan Chu Kang. 
More abundant in Pulau Ubin. 


Nipa fruticans Wurmb. ‘ Nipah.”? Common in tidal mud, all 
round Singapore. 1 have found fruits of this in the 
swampy ground of the Botanic Gardens near Cluny road, 
showing that the Bukit Timah stream was formerly tidal 
and salt as far inland as this. 


Phenix sp. A few plants of a wild date occur scattered about 
round Singapore, at Toas and elsewhere, but I have never 
been able to get fruits or flowers. 


Licuala ferruginea Bece. “Palas.” A stem-less palm with 
orange colored flowers and pink fruits. Common in jun- 
ole, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


L. triphylla Griff. A very pretty dwarf species, local, thick 
woods, Changi. | 


L. spinosa Wurmb, Woods, Pulau Ubin. 


t. acutifida Mart. ‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for 
Penang. 


Livistona Kingiana Becc. A tall palm about 40 feet or more with 
large fan shaped leaves. Dense woods, Choa Chu Kang, 
Toas, Kranji. : 

Calumus. The Rotans so extensively exported from Singapore 
belong to the genera Culamus, Demonorops, Korthalsia, 
Ceratololus and Myrialepis. ‘They inhabit dense forests 
climbing to the tops of trees by the aid of their thorny — 
flagella or whips. ‘These flagella are used to protect 
fruit-trees from bats, the natives attaching them to the 
branches and bunches of fruits in such a way that the bats 
tear their wings when they fly to the tree. | 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 175 


C. javensts Bl. “ Rotan Lilin.” A fine slender rattan, Kranji, 
Bukit Timah. 


~« 


C. dijfusus Becc. ‘ Singapore Lobb.” J] know nothing of this. 


C. Singaporensis Becc. Forest near the Botanic Garden, Mur- 
ton. A very imperfectly known plant. I donot know 
it, and can find nothing like it there now. 


C. pallidulus Becc. Rare, Jalan Bray. 
C. Oxleyanus Teysm. Rare, Toas. 

C. insignis Griff. Bukit Timah. 

C. densiflorus Becc. Bukit Mandal. 


C. Lobbianus Becc. A short-stemmed species, with dark green 
leaves with white backs, and curious black fruits. Bukit 
Timah, Selitar. 


C. n, sp. near radulosus. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai. 


Demonorops grandis Mart. ‘ Rotan Sumambu.” Common, Gar- 
den jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


D. hygrophilus Mart. ‘ Rotan Sepat.” Chua Chu Kang, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


D. angustifolius Mart. Garden jungle, Changi, Selitar. 
D. intermedius Mart. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


D. propinguus Becc. “ Rotan Bakau.” Kranji, Bukit Arang, 
Ang Mo Kio, Bukit Mandai. 


D. didymophy!lus Bece. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Toas, 
Selitar. 


D. leptopus Mart. Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


D. hystrix Mart. “ Rotan Sabut.” Very common, Garden jungle, 
~ Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


D. genicu’atus Mart. Bukit Timah, Toas. 


WTS THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


D, longipes Mart. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Man lat 
Changi. 


D. cochleatus Teysm, Rare, Selitar, 


D. crinita Bl. Not rare, but I have never seen flowers or fruits. 
“¢ Rotan Chinchin,” Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kane. 


D, accedens Bl. Chan Chu Kang. 


Zalucca conferta Griff. ‘Asam Payoh.” “ Kelubi.” A very 
thorny palm, common in water in jungles, formin2 close 
thickets, fruit very acid, sold and eaten by Malays. Clu- 
ny road, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.. 


Z. Wallichiana Mart. Dryer woods. Bukit Timah, Bukit Man- 
dai. 


Korthalsia echinometra Becc. Climber with very large swollen 
sheaths inhabited by ants. Flowers and fruits unknown. 
Rare, Bukit Timah. 7 


K. scaphigera Mart. ‘“ Rotan Semut.” Common, Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah. A good rattan. 


K. flagellaris Miq. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang. 
K. polystachys Mart. Bukit Timah. 
Ceratolobus Kingianus Becc. Bukit Timah, Selitar. 


Plectocomia Gsiffithii Becc. “ Rotan Dahan.” <A very large 
stout rattan. The flowers produced in an enormous in- 
florescence of pendulous spikes 8 feet long with close dark 
brown sheaths enclosing the flowers, each pliant is untsex- 
ual, and the flowering stems die away after flowering. 
Common in all the woods. 


Myrialepis Scoriechinit Becc. “ Rotan Kertong.” Bukit Mandai, 
Selitar, Kranjl. 7 ) 
The Sago palms Metrorylon Sagus Rottb. and MW. Runphit Mart., 


the ‘‘ Lontar,” Borassus flabellifer L., and the Coconut, 
Cocos Nucifera L. are cultivated here. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. if 


AROIDE. 


Cryptocoryne civata’ Fisch. Very abuncant in tidal mud. 
Flowers very rarely produced, Kranji, ete. 


C. Grifithii Schott. Aquatic in streams in the forests often 
almost blocking them. Spathes submerged up to the 
mouth, tube white, limb dark crimson pustular. Fruits 
pink. Common, Tanglin, Garden Road, Bukit Timah, ‘Toa 
Payoh, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang. 


Pistia stratiotes L. “ Kiamban.” The Water letiuce, is cultivated 
by the Chinese to feed pigs. Common in ditches. 


Typhonium Rochurghii Schott. A weed in waste ground. 
Amorphophallus Pi aint Took. fil, Bukit Timah. 


A. sp. Leaf only seen, Reservoir, Bukit Timah. 


Colocasia antiquorum L. ‘ Kelali,” and Alocasia macrorrhiza 
Schott and A. indica Schott are commonly cultivated, 
and occur as gardenescapes. A. cucul/uta Schott occurs 
in waste ground in Tanglin, also doubtless introduced. 

Alocusia denudata Enel. ‘Keladi Rimau.” With hastate 
leaves deep green with paler nerves entire and peltate in 
seedlings, stem mottled with olive, is common in woods 
and banks all over Singapore. 


A. longiloba Mig. ‘Singapore Wallich,” is probably erroneous- 
ly localised. 


Aglaonema nitulum N. E, Br. with stems 1 to 2 feet tall and 
natrow deep green leaves at the top, is very common in 
dense woods. Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, 
Pulau Ubin. 


A, oblongifolium Schott. A stout plant with dark green leaves 
flecked with white. Common in swamps in the jungle. 
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Loyang. 


A. minus Hook. fil. A dwarf species, leaves often mottled with 
paler color, or pale or dark green. Common in wet jun- 


é Ze 


NES) THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


gles. Garden Road, Kranji, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit 
Mandai, Bukit Timah. 


Homalomena sagittefolia Jungh. “ Kelamoyiang.” Dense swam- 
py Jungle, Selitar, Changi, Bukit Timah, 


H. coerulescens Jungh. Common in jungles, hedges and bauks. 
Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar. 


H, patudes¢ Hook. fil. Wet swampy woods. Common, Kranji, 
Bi kit Timah, Toas, Ang Mo Kio, Jurone. 


HH, pumila Hook. fil. A small plant leaves deep velvety green 
or purple according to locality. Common in woods, and 
very variable. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Reservoir woods. 


H. Griffithiti Hook. fil. Common in thick jungle, Bukit Timah, 
Bukit Mandai, Tanjong Gol, Selitar. 


H, Kingii Hook. fil. Singapore, swamps ( King). Not seen. 

H. ovata Hook. fil. Singapore ( Wallich ). Not seen. 

H. singaporensis Regel. An altogether doubtful plant, cultivated 
in Russia. 

Schismatog'ottis Wallichii Hook. fil. Dense jungle in ravines 
abundant. Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


S. longipes Miq. Leaves ovate cordate dark green with a light 
green bar running round the centre. Abundant, rocky 
ravines. Bukit Jimah. 


Anadendrum montanum Schott. Climbing on trees low down, 
Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 


d. medium Schott. Pothos bifuria Wall. VPothos celaticaulis of 
Gardens. ‘The young plant grows flat on trees and rocks 
with close set distichous velvety green leaves and has long 
been cultivated unler the Jast name in Europe. This 
form gradually passes into the adult which has stalked 
lobed and perforate leaves like those of Monstera.. Not 
rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Bida lari, Reservoir woods. 


Scindapsus pictus Uassk. A well known ornamental clim>er 
with green leaves mottled with silver. Common in woods 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 179 
but rarely to |e met with in flower. Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kang. 


Se. hederacea Schott. Chlmber. Common thick woods, Bukit 
Timah, Sungei Buluh, Sungei Tengeh, Chua Chu Kang, 


Bidadar'. 
taphidphcra Lobb Schott. Woods, Bukit Timah. 
ht. minor Hook, fil. Ruire, Toas. 
PR. graci'ipes Hook, f.? Rare, Chan Chu Kane. 


Epipremnum gigantium Schott. A strong creeper, with very 
large leathery leaves on trees and stumps common, Chan 
Chu Kang, Bedoh, Sungei Blukane. 


Lastia heterophylla Schott. Tidal mud, also inland on muddy 
stream banks. Chua Chu Kang. 


Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. Common in marshes. Tanglin, Ju- 
rong, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Manda. 


Pothos Curtisii Hook. f. Ciimbirg on trees, Bukit Mandai, Kian- 
i, 
(Acorus Ca'umus L. © Dermgu” cultivated and occuring as an 


escape. I[t rarely flowers here, but [ found it in’ flower 
in June 1899.) 


LEMNACEX. 


Lemna pauicostata Wegelm. Ditches, Tanglin, Galane 


Ovelc, 


LL. polyihiza, Ditches, Tanglin. 
L. sp. near L. trisuler, Le Galang. 


Wolfia arhiza Wimm, Ditches, Alexandra road. 


TRIURIDEA. 


Sceiaphi'a affinis Becc. A minute slender plant pink with violet 
fruits. Not rare, dense jungle among dead leaves. Bukit 


1SO THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Selitar. [doubt this being dis- 
tinct from Blume’s Ne. tenella. 
NATADACEA. 


Naias minor All, Ditches, Gardens, often a parfect pest in the 
Gardens lake. 


HRICCAULONED. 
Friocanln sevangulare L. Very common all over Singapore. 


Fi. tiuncatun Uam., Damp sandy spots, common. Tanglin, 
Tamyenis, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


CYPERACK. 
Nylinga cylindrica Nees. Rare, sandy spots. Cathedral close. 
KX. melanosperma Nees. Rare, in long damp grass. ‘Tanglin, 
hk. brerifolia Rottb. Very common, whole island. 
K. monocephala Rottb. Whole island. 
Pycreus nitens Nees. Rare, damp sandy spots, Selitar, Changi, 


P. polystachyus Beauv. Very common, waste ground and oren 
spots. var. laxiflorus. Marshy ground. 


Cyperus Haspan 1. Very common in marshy spots. Whole 
island. 


C. diffusus Vahl. Sandy woods, Bukit Timah, 

©. radians Nees. Sea shores, Changi. 

C. compressus 4, Common in waste ground, whole islan]. 
C. Kia Ll. Weed of cultivation, whole island. 

C. distans 1. Very common in waste ground. 


(. Mataccensis Lam. Muddy spots by tidal rivers, Balestier 
plain. 


C. pi'osus Vahl. Wet or damp spots, whole island. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 1SI 


C. bancanus Miq. Cantley’s collection, no locality. 

C. Zollingert Steud. Commen, waste ground near villages. 

C. rotundus L. Very common weed, gardens ani waste grounl 

C. sto’oniferus Retz. Sea sand, Tanjong Ru, Changi. 

Mariscus Dregeanus Kth. Common sanly places near the sea. 
Tanjong Katong, Balestier plain, Changi. 


M. Cyperinus Vahl. Very common in dry spots, all over Singa- 
pore. 


M. Siehberianus Nees. Waste ground, Tanglin, Galang. 


.) 
M. albescens Gaud. Common near the sea. Tanjonz Ru, Ro- 
chore, Bajau. 


M. microcepha‘us Presl. Galane. 

Eleocharis variegata, var, lariforaC.B.C-. Very conmon in ponds 
and marshes, ‘Tanglin, Reservoir, Blakang Mati, Changi. 

F. ochrostachys Steud. Not rare, Garden Lake, Changi, Selirtar, 
Tivoli. 

FE. capituta Br. Local, Changi, Tampenis, Teban. 

FE. chaetaria Roem. Common in ditches, Tanglin, Chasseriau 
Estate, Selitar. 

E. fistulosa Schultes. Local. Marshes round the reservoir. 

Fimbristylis tetrrugona Br. Balestier plain, 

Fimbristylis acuminata Vall. Common, Blakang Mati, Bukit 
Timah, Changi. 

F.. setacea Benth. Rare, Tanglin. 


F. nu'ans Vahl. Damp sandy spots, Bukit Timah, Changi, Bukit 
Mandai, Blakang Mati. 


F. pausifora Br. Common all over Singapore in turf, and in 
damp spots. 


F. diphylla Vahl. Very common all over Singapore. 


1S2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Var. pluristriata. Longe wet grass. Bukit Timah, Chan 
Chu Kane. 

I aestivalis Vahl. Damp cultivated ground, Tanglin. 

Ly ferrujinea Vahl. Tidal river mud. Kranji, Chan Chu Kane, 
Pulau Ubin. 

I’. spathucea Roth. Sanly spots near the sea, common.  Selitar, 
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Changi, 

I. teneru var. obtusata, Sandy spots and in turf, not rare, Tang- 
lin, Jurong, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang. 

I’. asperrina Boeck. Woods, Bukit Mandai. 


F’. uitiacea Vahl, Very conmon in dry spots all over Singapore, 
Ff, glolu'osa Kth. Common. Tanglin. 


I’. complanata Link. Not very common. Botanic Gardens. Chan 
Chu Kang, Valestier plain. 


F. leptocluda Benth. Common in sandy spots. Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah, Changi, Balestier plain. 

Bulbostylis barbata Kunth. Common everywhere in sandy spots: 

B. puberulu Kth. In Cantley’s collection, without locality. 

Scirpus mucronatus L. Common in pools and ditches, Reservoir, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


Se. grossus Lin. fil. Rare. Ditch at Wayang Satu, Bukit Timah 
toad. 
Fuirena unbellata Rottb. Common in swampy spots. 


Lipocarpha argentea R. Br. Common in wet spots all over the 
island, 

L. microcephala Kth. Local. Bukit Mandai, and on the Bukit | 
Timah road near Kranji, Galang. 


Rhynchospora Wallichiana Kth. Common in dry heathy spots. 
Jurong, Sungei Morai, Selitar. | 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 183 
R 
R 
1 


. ma’asica. C. B.C. Rare, Belok, Bukit Mandai, 


~ 


. aurea Vahl. Common in wet spots all over the island. 


— 


=a 


. glauca var chinensis. Rare. Sanly spots usuaily near the sea. 
Blakang Mati, Changt. 

Schoenus calostachyus Poir, Rare. Sanly spots, Changi. 

Claliun glomeratun Br. Damp sandy spots, Changi. 

Gatma tristis Nees. Common, Blakang Mati, Pukit Timah, 

Sungei Morai, Tanglin. 

vemirea maritina, Aubl. Sea shores, local, Changi, Tanah Merah, 

Hypolytrum latifolium Rich, — Woods, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang. 

IL, proliferun Boeck. Damp spots, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. 

Thoracostachyum bancanum Kurz. Very common in all junelys. 


Mapania pa'ustris Benth. Dense woods, common, Bukit Timah, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


M. longa C. B. C. In streams in jungle, rare, Chan Chu Kang, 
AM. multispicata C. B. C. Jungles, Bukit Timah. 


M. humilis Naves. Jungles, common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Ti- 
mah, Kranji, Bajau. 


’ 


Scirpodendron costatum Kurz, “ Silensing.” Common in tidal 
woods, forming large clumps of lonzs grassy leaves, 
among which the flower panicles are concealed. The 
fruit is an inch long and is probably the largest in the 
order, Bukit Manda!, Jurong, Changi, Selitar. 


Lepironia musrovata Rich. Swamps, Teban, Jurong. 
Sclerta radu'a Wance. Bukit Timah, Bedoh. 


Sel. Rid/eyi Clarke. Rare, Changi. It also occurs in Pulau 


Buru near the Carimon Isles and Hongkong, 


Sel. bifora Roxb. Damp spots and turf. Blakang Mati, Bukit 
Timah, Changi, Tanglin. 


184 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Scl. zeylanica Poir. Wet spots, Changi, Tanglin. 


Sel. caricina Benth. Very common, paths and turf, and damp 
spots. All over Singapore. 


Scl. laterifora Bekler. Kalang, Tanglin. 
Sci, oryzoides Pres]. Rare, wet spots, Changi. * 
Scl. bancana Mig. Common in open conntry, Tanglin, ete. 


Sel, multifotiata Boeck. Not uncommon in woods. — Bukit 
Timah, Garden jungle. 


Sci, sumatrensis Retz. Wery common in open country all over 
the island. 


Scl. levis Retz. Common in dry open spots and waste ground. 
Whole island. 


Carex cyrtostachys Brngn. Local, in a stream on Bukit Timah. 
GRAMINE. 


Paspalum scrobiculatun L. Common everywhere. 
P. conjuyatum Berg. Very common, probably introduced. 


P. distichum Burm. Plentiful in salt mud all round the island, 
Tanjong Ru, Bajau. 


P. sanguinale Lam. Common everywhere in waste ground. 
P. longiflorum Retz. Common in waste ground. 


Tsachne Kunthiana Wt. Wet places in wools. Bukit Mandai, 
Chan Chu Kang, Jurong. 


I. australis R. Br. Very common in marshes, Tanglin, ete. 


I. miliacea Roth. Wet spots in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah 
Road 6th mile, Selitar. | 


Panicun crusgalli Lb. Rare, collected by Hullett without locality 


P. colonwn L. Common in waste ground. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 185 


P. distachyum L. Not Common, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Tanglin. 
P. repens L. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi. 


P. aurvitum Presl. Wet, open spots, Reservoir, Changi, Ang Mo 


Kio. 
P. indicum L. Common, waste ground, 
P. myosuroides Br. Ditches, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji. 
P. nodosun Kth. Hedges and thickets, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. 
P. oval‘fol:wn Poir. Rare, Government Hill. 
- 


sarmentosum Roxb. Woods, Grange Road, Changi, Sumba- 
wane. 


P. luzonense Presl. Dry roadsides and was‘e ground, Tanglin, 
Galane. 


P. patens L. Shady spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu 
Kang, 


P. pilipes Nees. Roadsides, Bukit Timah, Gardens, ete. 
pur ’ 


P. Luifelium L. Damp, shady spots, Tanglin. 


Axonopus cimicinus Beauy. \Vaste ground, Tanglin, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


Seturia glauca Beauv. Waste ground, common. Tanglin, Ang 
Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kang. 


Thuarea sarmntosa Pe:s. Sandy places near the sea, local. 
Changi, Galang, leluk Kurau. 


_ Leersia herandra Sw. Common in marshes, whole island. 


Leptaspis urceolata R. Br. Dense woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, 
Chan Chu Kang. 


Perotis latifolia Ait. Sandy places, Cathedral compou:l, Galang, 
Changi, 


Zoysia pungens \Willd. Common in turf and near the sea. 
24 


186 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


Cow Lachryma-Jolhi LL “Job's Tears,” ‘Jilei.’ Occurs in 
waste ground.) 


Limeria ornithopoda Trin. Dry sandy spots, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah road. Var. Swiramosa sub, var. imperfecta Hackel. 
‘ 2 
Changi. 

Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. ‘ Lalang.’ Probably the com- 


monest plant in the island. 


I, exaltata Brngn. ‘“ Lalang Jawa.’ Common, usually pear 
abandoned villages, Selitar, Bajan, Chua Chu Kane. 


Tschoenum ru josum Salish. Rare, Galang. 


T. maynun Rendle. Blakang Mati, Balestier plain, Galang. I 
have also collected it in Labuan. 


I, muticum L. Common everywhere. 
I. cilitre Retz. Roalsides, and turf. Very common. 
I. timorense Kth. Roadsides, Tanglin, Kranji. 


Rottboellia glandulosa Trin. Borders of woods an‘ thickets, 
Changi, Bajau, Pulau Ubin. 


Andreprgon pseudograya Kth. Sandy places. Galang, Changi, Bla- 
kang Mati. 


A. acicultius Retz. Very common in turf, etc., every where. 
A. contor:us L. Sandy spots near the sea, Changi. 


Anthistiri s aryuens Willd. Dry open spots. Chinese cemetery, 
Sepoy lines. 
A. giyantea var. villosa. A very tall reedlike-grass. Dry spots. 
Fort Siloso, Siglap, Balestier plain. 
Polytrias premorsa Hack. Grassy spots. Tanglin, Chasseriau 
Estate. 


Sphoerocaryum elegans Nees. Wet paths in jurgle common, 
Kranji, Ang Mo Kio. 


Sporobolus indicus L. Mt. Faber, Ang Mo Kio, Tangtin, Galang. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, IS7 


Eriuchne pallescens Br. Dry sandy spots. Blakang Mati, Ga- 
lang. 


Cynodon dactylon Pers. Common in dry spots. 
Chloris burbata Sw. Pulau Brani (introduced) Passir Panjang 
Eleusine inlict L. Very common in waste ground. The culti- 


vated variety coracana is also sometimes to be met 
with. 


FE. aegyptiaca Desv. Local, Rochore, Changi. 


Eragrostis tenella R. and SS. Very common in waste ground. 


Pe 


i. amvilis Wight. - Very common. 


Ff. eleganiula Steud. Chasseriau Estate. 


> 


). elongata Jacq. Dry spots, Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah, 
Chasseriau Hstate. 


Centotheca lappacea Beauv. Common in woods. Garden jungle, 
Bukit Timah, etc. 

Lophatherum Lehmannt Brngn. Woods. Garden jungle, Selitar, 
ete. 

Bambusa Ridleyi Gamble.* A very slender bamboo growing in 
dense woods, Bukit Timah. 

(Dendroca/amus flugellifer Munro. Cultivated for its edible shoots. 

> . ry i 

Jurong, Tanglin. ) 

Schizostachyum Blumei Nees. Perhaps introduced from Java, 
Roadsides, Selitar, Bukit Timah Road. 


( Gigantochloa verticilluta Munro. Cultivated, Tanglin, Bukit 
Timah Road. ) 


Ochlandru Ridleyi Gamble.* “© Buluh Kasap.” Bukit Mandai, 
Choa Chu Kang. The Javanese say this is introduced 
from Java, but it is not known elsewhere than Singapore. 

FILICES. 


In this list of the ferns, I have followed Beddome’s Ferns of 
British India. 


18s THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 
Gleichenia linearis Burm. Gl. dichotoma Willd. ‘ Resam,” com- 
mon all over Singapore. 


Alsophilu lutehrosa Wook. Tree fern, stem about 3 feet tall and 
2 inches throuzh. Common in damp woods. Bukit 
Timah, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu 
Kang. 


A. comosa Wook. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Selitar, Chan 
Chu Kang. ; 


A. Ridleyi Bak. Rare, Sungei Morai. 
Lecanopterts curiosa Bl. Very rare, on lofty trees, Bukit Timah, 
Hymenophyllum poljanthos. Common on trees an] rocks in thick 


woods. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Changi, Bajau, Sungei 
Morai, 


H, denticulutum Sw. Not common, mangroves, Kranji. 

H. Neesii Hook. Selitar, Bukit Timah. 

H.sp. Bukit Mandai (8938). 

Trichomanes muscottes Sw. locks, Bukit Timah. 

Tr. Juvanicum Bl. Terrestrial, very common in all damp woods. 

Tr. rigidum Sw. Less common, Bukit Timah, Toas, Kranji, 
Sungei Moral, Selitar, Tanjong Merawan. 

Tr. filiculu Bory. Tr. bipuictutun Poir, Creeping on. rocks 
aud trees, not very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang, Kranji. 

Tr, mavinun Bl. Rere, Bajau. 

Tr. digitutum Sw. Rare, Kranji. 


Tr. parviforwn Poir. “Singapore, Moore’s [lerbarium”’ file 
Beddome ; not seen. 

Humata heterophyila Sw. On trees and on the ground in sandy 
spots. Common, Changi, Bajau, Tampeats, Kranji, Bukit 
Timah, 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 189 


H. anyustata Wall. On trees, Sungei Moai, Chan Chu Kang. 
H. pedatu Sw. Not common, Kraunji, Bajau. 
fl, parallela Wall. ‘Tanjong Merawan. 


A. sessi‘ifo ia Bl.“ Singapore, Sinclair and Moore’s Herbarium ” 
in Beddome; not seen. 


Leucostegia parru'a Wall. Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Sungei 
Buluh, Tanjong Merawan. 


Prosaplia contiyua Sw. ‘“ Singapore” fide Beddome, must be 
very doubiful. 


Davallia triphylla Wook. On lofty trees, apparently by no means 
rare, but difficult to produce. Bukit Timah, Selitar, 
Kranji. 

D. solida Sw. Common, Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, Sungei Mcrai. 


D. elegans Sw. On trees, often very high, and on the sand of 
the shores, Bukit ‘Timah, Changi. 


Microlepia speluncae L. Common on banks, Tanglin, Ang Mo 
Kio, Changi, Pasir Panjang, Rochore. 


Lindsays repens Vhw. Climbing on s:nall trees in thick forest, 
Bukit Timah. 


L, trapezifornis Dry. L. Laneea (lL). Dense forest, Bukit Timah 
Selitar. 


LL. borneensis Hook. Jurong. 
L. rigida Sm. Rare, Sungei Buluh. 


L. Walterae Hook. Ia open wet spots, common, but local, 
Changi, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai. 


EL, divergens Wal!, Common in dry wools, Bukit Timah, Bajau, 
Sungei Morai. 


L. binuyinosa Wall. Ona trees, Jurong river, Bajau, on trees in 
the Botanic Gardens. 


190 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 


Schizcloma lobata Poir. In dense woods, Bukit Timah. 
Sch. ensifolia Sw. In thick wet woods. Chua Chu Kang. 


Sch. media R. Br. Rare, Pulau Brani. 
Sch. heterophy'la Dry. Rare, Pulau Brani. 
Adiantum flabelluluium L. Banks, Changi; Rocks, Pulau Ubin. 


A few other species have established themselves as garden 
escapes. 


Chet'anthes tenuifulia Sw. Common in dry spots, Tanglin, Chan 
Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin. 


Pteris ensiformis Burm, Common in dry spots, Bukit Timah, 
‘Tanglin, Pulau Ubin. 


Pt. longifolia L. Mount Pleasant, (Hullett). 
Pt. aquilina L. Common all over Singapore. 
Litobrochia incisa Thunb. Tanglin (probably an escape). 


Ceratopteris thalictroides L. Common in ditches and sluggish 
streams. ‘Tanglin, Selitar, Changi. 


Blechnum orientale l. Very common in open places, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, ete. 


B. Finlaysontanum Wall. In similar localities, Reservoir, Bukit 
Timah, Chan Chu Kang. 


B. serrulatum Rich. Singapore (Hullett). 


Thamnopteris nidus L, Common on trees all over Singapore, the 
large form var. musaefolia is the commonest form. 


Aspleniun sguamulatum Bl. Much resembles the last, but has.a 
creeping stem. Wet woods, usually growing on stumps, 
Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang. . 


A. longissimum Bl. On roots of Bamboos, Tanglin. 


A. tenernm Forst. Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, 
Ang Mo Kio. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 19] 


A. fa’catum Lam. Rare, woods, Bukit Timah. 


A. maerophyllum Sw. Not common, Chan Chu Kang, Sungei 
Buluh, Pulau Ubin (Kunstler). 


Diplazium pallidum Bl. Toas. 


D, porrectum Wall. Common in woods, Reservoir, Holland 
Road, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Changi. 


D. bantamense Bl. Singapore (Tul lett). 


D, sylvaticum Presl. Singapore (Hullett). 

D. specios.m Mett. Wood near Holland road, Serangoon Road, 
Bukit Timah. 

D. tomentosuam Hook. Woods, Bukit Timah, 

D. sorzogonense Pres). Bukit Timah. 

Anisogonium cordifolium Mett. Rocks, Bukit Timah, 


Aspidium Singaporianum Wall. Woods, common, Bukit Timah, 
Chua Chu Kang. 


A. vastun Bl. Woods, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin. 


A. cicuturium Sw. Common in woods, Sungei Blukang, Bukit 
Timah, Pulau Ubin. 


A. semibipinnatum. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai. 

A. Zollingerianum Kze, Bukit Timah. 

Pleocnemia gigantea Bl. Bukit Timah. 

Lastrea crassifolia Bl. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai 

L. fuscipes Wall. Bukit Timah. 

LL. appendicu'ata. Chua Chu Kang. 

Nephrodium unitum L. Common in open places, Galang, Selitar. 
N. cucul’a'um Bl. Common, Sepoy lines, Jurong, Changi. 


| a Se Hana te 
N. aridum Don. Jurong, Green Hill, Kranji. 


192 THE EVORAVO FF SING AR: Rie 


N. urophyllum Wall. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah. 
N. mollz Desv. Common in open places, Tanglin, Chua Chu 
Kang, Selitar, Polan Brani, 
Var. amboinense, Green Hill, ete. 
Var. procurrens. Green Hill. 
Var. didymosorum. Not rare. 
N. pennigaum Bl. Chan Chu Kang. 
N. tectum Wall. Singapore ( Wallich ); not seen. 
AV. heterocurpon Bl, Green Hill ( Hullett ). 


N. polycarpum Bl. Mesochlana polycarpa Bl. Wools, Bukit 
Timah. 


N. latebrosum Kze. Bukit Timah. 
N. truncatum Pres!. Singapore ( ILullett ). 


Nephrolepis exal'ata lh. Common in open country all over 
[PABOUS Pp iy 
Singapore. 


N. volnbilis J. Sm.  Climbine over bushes, Rochore, Toas, 
Sungei Mora’. 


NV. acuta Pres]. Singapore ( Hullett. ) 


N. Dufii. Has established itself at Changi and a few other 
places. 


Dictyopteris Barberi Hook. Bukit Timah. 
D. difformis Bl. Bukit Timah. 


Polypodium decorum Brack. Common on trees, mangrove swamps, 
Kranji, Sungei Buluh, Toas. 


P. streptophyllum Bak. Very rare, Trees on Serangoon Road 
( Murton ). 


P. adspersum Bl. and -P. setigerum Bl. in Moore’s Herbarium (Bed- 
dome ), probably wrongly localised. 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 193 


Gontop*lelium verrucoxum Wall. Damp open spots, Bukit Man- 
dai, Pasir Panjang. 


Niphobolus adnaszens Sw. On trees, Changi, Pulau Ubin. 
N, acrestichoides Sw. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 
N. penangiaius Hook. Rare, Kranji. 


Dipteris Horsfiellit Br. Abuniant on rocks and banks over- 
hanging the sea, all round the island from Pasir Panjang 
to Changi, also on Pulau Tekong and otter is'ands in the 
Strait. 

Drynaria Linnaei Bory. Ona trees, Changi, Serangoor, Toas. 

1), quercifo'ium L. On trees, Toas. 


D, splendens Look. Singapore (Beddome). 

Pleopeltis stenophylla Bl. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah. 

P. sinuosa Wall. Common on trees. This curious fern is re- 
markable for its hollow rhizome always full of ant’s nests. 
Gardens, Jurong, Bukit Timah. 

P. longifolia Mett. Sungei Mora, 


P. angustata Sw. Common on trees, Gardens, Sungei Morai, 
Changi, Bajau, Serangoon. 


P. punctata L.  P. trioides Hook. Common on trees and banks. 
Tanglin, Siglap, Sungei Buloh, Chan Chu Kang. 


P. phymatodes L. Very common on trees on the ground in dry 
spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Changi. 

P. nigrescens BI. Woods, Bukit Timah. 

Monoqgranme trichoidea Sm. A very small hair-like fern, rocks: 
Bukit Timah. 

Syngrumme Wa'lichii Hook. Woods, common, Bukit Timah, 
Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, ete. 


S. alismaefolia Hook. Less common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu 
Kang. 


tS 
ei 


194 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 


7 


Sel ijguea Feet Wook. Common on trees, especially mangroves 
Kranjl, Bajau, Gre: 


S. nembranacea Hook. “ Singapore, Moore’s Herb.” (Beddome.) 


Gymnogramne calomelanos. The silver fern occars here and there 
asanescape. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. 


Meniscium triphy/lum Sw. Banks of streams, Toa Payoh. 


M. cuspidatum Bl. Upper Mandai, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu 


RE 
Kane. 

Antrophyum reticulatum Kaulf. On trees and rocks, not common, 
Bukit Timah. 

A, plantagineum Kaulf. Selitar. 


Vittaria elongata Sw. Very common on trees, Gardens, Kranji, 
Thompson Road, etc, 


V. scolopenditna Presl. On trees. Chua Chu Kang. 

Taenites blichnoides Willd. Very common in woods all over 
Singapore. 

Drymoglossum piloselloides Pres]. Common on trees every where 


Hlaphoglossum Litifulium Sw. On trees in mangrove swamps. 
Kranji. . 


Stenochliena pulustre L. Common, climbing over trees and 
bushes. The young creeping form with delicate finely 
cuts fronds may be found in wet woods. I founda 
curious fasciated form on Bukit Timah. Rochore, Tanglin, 
Bukit Timah, etce.. 


Polybotrya appendiculita Willd. Local. Rocks, Bukit Timah. 
Gymnopteris subrepanda Hook. Bukit Timah. 

G. Presliana Hook. Bukit Timah (Hullet). 

Acrostichum aureum L. Common in tidal mud, on a‘l the rivers. 


Platycerinm grande Sm. Not seen. Singapore (Beddome). 


THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 195 


Pl. biforme Bl. Common in trees all over Singapore. 
Schizaea dichotoma Sw. Dry woods, common all over Singapore. 
Sch. digitatun Sw. Dry woods. Common all over Singapore. 


Lygodium microphyllum B. Br. Common in open places, thickets 
etc. Benen: Changi, Kranji. 


L.circinatum Sw. L. dichotomum Bedd. ‘ Ritu-Ribu.’ Very 
abundant, climbing over trees and bushes, whole island. 


L. flecuosum L. Singapore, Hullett. 


Angiopteris evecta Hoffm. Rocky woods, Bukit Timah, 
Ophioylossum nudicaule L. Bukit Panjang, Chan Chu Kang. 


O. pendulum L. Epiphytic on Thamnopteris and Platycerium-: 
Not common, Tanglin. 


LYCOPODIACEAE. 


Lycopodium cernuum L. Terrestrial. Common all over Singapore: 
in Open country and secondary growth. 


L. tavifolium Sw. Epiphytic on mangroves and other trees near 
the sea. Sungei Sumbawang, Chan Chu Kang. 


LL. phlegmaria L. Epiphytic, Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. 

L. squarrosum Forst. Epiphytic. Tanjong Merawan. 

L. nummularifolium Bl. Epiphytic, Chan Chu Kang. 

Selaginel’a atroviridis Spring. Common in woods, Garden 
jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang. 

S. plumosa Bak. Plentiful in many spots in damp woods, Bukit 
Timah, Jurong. 

S. Willdenowii Bak. Common climbing in thickets. Bukit 
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Kranji, etc. 

S. trichobasis Bak. ‘ Singapore, Sir W. Norris,” fide Baker ; 
perhaps an error for Penang, where Sir \W. Norris col- 
lected plants. I have not seen it in Singapore. 


196 TilE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 


S. sp. Small plant, Bukit Timah, No. 6547. 

Psilotum flaccidum Wall. On trees in mangrove swamps, Kranji 

P complanatun Sw. Mangroves, Sungei Mora', Kranji. 
RHIZOCARPEAE. 


Azo‘lu pinnata R. Br. A small floating plant. Ditches, common, 
Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio, Galang. 


Addenda. 
Ludwiytt parviflora Rox). Ditches, Tanglin. 


Enhydrias angustipetala Ridl, Common in ponds and ditches, 
Tanglin. This new genus must be put in place of //ydri/la 
verticillata, for which it was mistaken. 


Chinese Names of Streets in Penang, 
By2 EO "MAN “YUK. 
Communicated by the S-cretary. 


In making this little compilation, the compiler has followed 
the example set before him by the late Mr. H. I’. Haughton who 
published a list of street names of Singapore ‘Town with their 
Chinese equivalents in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the 
Royal Asiatic Society in the June issue of 1891. The present 
compilation may be taken as a fairly complete list of the names 
of roads, streets and lanes in George ‘Town with their respective 
Chinese names as called by the Hokkiens ani Cantonese, two of 
the more important sections of the Chinese community in Penang, 
as well as with notes explaining the meaning and giviny the 
derivation of the Chinese names. From a glance at these expla- 
natory notes, it will be observed that the Chinese call their 
streets generally after some prominent buildings or objects of 
view, or the nationality of the people residing. or the particular 
kind of bus‘ness carried on, in the locality. ‘There are, however, 
some new and out-of-the-way places which have no Chinese 
names but which are inserted here partly for the purpose of 
making the list as complete as possible and partly for the pur- 
pose of leaving space for the insertion of any Chinese names that 
may be evolved in future. ‘To this little compilation are appen- 
ded (1) a list of some notable buildings and places in George 
Town (2) a list of some district names in town and up-country, 
(3) a list of the names of some islets in the vicinity of Penang 
and (4) a list of names of some places in Province Wellesley and 
Dindings ; all with their Chinese equivalents. In conclusion, the 
compiler desires to express his best thanks to Mr. Cheam Uheow 
Heng, the Senior Chinese Interpreter of the Police Courts, and 
other friends for much valuable information concerning this com- 
pilation, 


198 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Acheen Street: (1) Hokkien. Koai" lat-a fey fe (F- 
“a small high tower,’ the high tower is the four-storied 
corner house at the junction of Acheen Street and Beach 
Street. Cantonese, Ko lau chai fey te (2) Hokkien, Phah 
chidh ke FT 4q fy «striking stone street;” so called from 
the stone-cutters’ shop there. Cantonese, Ta shek kai, 37 
apes 
41455 
Acheen Street Ghaut: (1) WAokkhien, Koai"-lat-a 
]o:- that hye’ (> Roo Cantonese, Ko-lau-chai Jo-thau fay fue 


{F Be: 58 (2) Hokkien, Phah-chioh-ke 1o--thau FT 4 5 FE OA 


lo:-thai means landing-place. Cuntonese, Ta-shek-kai lo-thau. 
47 4.45 5 


Ah Quee Street: Mvkkien, A kii ke Wa fafa called 
after Captain Ah Quee who presented it to the Municipal 
Cantonese, A Kwai kai CHe=s + (hy 

Argus Lane: Jokkien, Sek lan ni (Serani) [é-pai-tip 
ai hang-a fii, a OL tt FE ae 45 Hes {¥- “Serani Church back 
lane” = the lane behind the Church of Assumption. 

Argyle Road: Hokkien, Bang-ka-li hang es HL as 
« Bengali lane ;” so called because there used to be many, and 
there ave still some, Bengalis living there. Cantonese, Mang-ka- 


li hong en HL AS 

Armenian Street: Pant J., between Beach Street 
and Pitt Street. (1) Hokkien, Pun-that-kong hang 7X BA 
ANH “ gods’ lane ;” so called after the Kong-si house 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 199 


of the Toa Peh Kong Ki{Aa Otherwise known as 


the Kién Tek yeep secret society, where they kept their 
gods; the remains of that Kopng-si house may still be seen 
at the junction of Armenian Street and Pitt Street. Cantonese, 


Tai-pak-kung hong AAAS ‘gods’ lane.” (2) Hokkien, 
Kien goin ke BTL fey Kien is evidently taken from the 
name of the Kien Tek Kong-si referred to in (1). Goin means 


origin, and Ke street. 


PART II., between Pitt Street and Acheen Street : 
Hokkien, Phah tang ke AY nl (Ey ‘striking copper street,” 
from the Malay braziers’ shops there. Cantonese, Ta thung 


kai FSI 

Armenian Street Ghaut: Joklien, Piin-thag- 
kong-hang lo--thau AN BA NAR BE BB Cantonese, Tai-pak- 
kung-hong lo-thau. FAA AE BE 3A 

Ayer I.am Road: /okhien, A-id i-tam (Ayer Itam) 
ip na th, TKI ; lo; means road. Cantonese, Ayer Itam lo 
RE PR IR GE 

Bagan Jermal Road: Afoklien, Oan-té--!s- vk 
2 Be Oan-t6* means the bay. 

Barrack Road: Jokkien, Peng yang 1s: Eee 
“soldier barrack road.” Cantonese, Peng fong lo Fes 


Beach Street: Parrl., between Light Street and 
China Street. Hokkien, Thé--khor (thavi-kho-) ke -f- fifty 


200 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


“oodown street;” street where the European firms are. 
Cantonese, Tho-fu kai Li 

PART II., between China Street and Chulia Street. 
Hokkien, Kang -a-khau we{Fo ‘harbour entrance” ; in olden 
times, before the reclamation of the ghauts, the ship:ing busi- 
ness was principally done in this part of Beach Street by the 
Chinese. Cantonese, Kong chai hau es (FO 

Part IIJ., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street, 
Hokkien, Tiong ke rp ay “middle street,” i, e., the middle 
part of Beach Street. Cantonese, Chung Kai HA ay 

Part 1V., between Armenian Street and Acheen Street. 
Hokkien, Toan 16:-sin SAE rE. Cantonese, Tuan lo-san 
a5 Ae FA Lo-sin is Hussain, i.e. Tungku Syed Hussain, who 
formerly owned most of the houses in this part of Beach Street, 

Part V., between Acheen Street and Malay Street. //okkien, 
Phah thih ke +y $a fy“ striking iron street,”\from the black- 
smiths’ shops there. Cantonese, Ta thit ka FY BVT. 

Part VI. between Malay Street and Prangin Ditch. Hokkien 
Sia boe it Fe ‘ village end”; formerly this was practically the 
end of the town. Cantonese, She mi qt Those parts of Prangi, 
Road and Bridge Street which join Beach Street at the Anson 
Bridge are sometimes, though improperly, called Sia-bée; the 
general name for the whole district round about here is Ujong 
Pasar, meaning end of town. 

Parts IV, V. and VI. are often called Fuk Kin kai 


meas ea} ‘Hokkien Street” by the Cantonese, because most of 
the shopkeepers there are //okiiens. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 201 


Bishop Street: Parr I.. between Beach Street and 
Penang Street. (1) Hokkien, Chhat bok ke AS AK ey painting 
wood street,” from the furniture makers’ shops there. Cantonese, 
Chhat muk kai (2) Hotkien, Chha kane ke AH a “ wood 


workmen street.” 


Part II., between Penang Street and King Street. 
Hokkien, Lii-song \é-pai-ti® chéng a Ae is FE i Ty « Arme- 
nian Church front,” Li-song being a corruption of Luzon of the 
Philippine Islands. Cantonese, Lu-sung lai-pai-thong Chhin 


ra Avice A if i | 

Par? III., between King Street and Pitt’ Street. Hok- 
kien, Stin-tek Kong-si ke WA fe ZN By ey called after the 
Kong-si house of the Sin Tek people. Cantonese, Shun Tak 
Kong-si kai NA ft ZN a 

Brick-Kiln Road: Hokkien, Wong  chhia - 10: 
el BPX “ wind carriage road”; ‘“ wind carriage” is the 
Switchback Railway. Cantonese, Fung Chhe lo Jal Ha PS 

Bridge Street: Panrrl, Beach Sireet end.  Hok- 
kien, Koe kang-a ha ves ‘passed rivulet,” the other side 
of the Prangin Ditch. Cantonese, Kwo kong chat SH es -F 

Part II., the middle part. Hokkien, Pang long fa Ay 
“plank depot.” Cantonese, Pan Chhong ey 

Parr Ill. Jelutong Road end., Hokkien, Séng-hong bio 16. 


bates i hies “Seng Ong Temple Street,” called after the 


26 


202 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG: 


Temple of the tutelary God of the town. Cantonese, Shing 


Wong miu lo B54 eg fie 

Buckingham Street: Hokkien, Sin-ke that 
$y fy BA ‘Campbell Street head.” Ciuntonese, San-ke that 
ae es | 
A {8 BA 

Burmah Road: Hokkien, Gi chhia chii 4E HE 7K 
(often ‘contracted to Chhia chui, ‘ bullock-cart water” ; 
before the construction of the Municipal Water Service, water 


sellers used to come to a well here for water and convey the 
same in bullock carts to town for sale. Cantonese, Nzau Chhe 


Shui 24 HE 7K 


Campbell Street: (1) Hokkien, Sinke ay “new 
street,’ in contradistinction to Chulia Street, the old street 
where all the Chinese brothels were before Campbell Street 


was constructed. Cuntonese, San kai $i ey (2) Hokkien, 
Sin toa-mui"-lau em “new Chulia Street” (see 


Chulia Street). Cantonese, San tai mun. lau HiT PA tie (3). 
Cantonese, Kam-le tai kal Shi RES Kam-le being the 


Cantonese pronunciation of Campbell, and tai kai meaning big 
street. This last name is chiefly used in matters of marri- 
age,funeral and joss processions. 

Cannon Square: JHokkien, Lidng San Tong lai 
BE LL ee AY ‘‘ Liong San Tong inside”; Lidng San Tong is 
the Chop of the Seh Khu Kong-si #EE AVG] which is 


inside this square. Cuntonese, Shing Yau Kung-si; the Kong-si 
house of the surname Yau clan. ; 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 203 


Cannon Street: Jokkien, Toa Chhéng Khang 


KEE “big cannon hole,” so called because during the 
Penan» Riots the Government fired a cannon shot into this place 


where the people of the Toa Peh Kong RAB otherwise 
known as the Kién Tek yeep Kong-si encamped. 

Carnarvon Street: Part I., between Chulia Street and 
Campbell Street, Hokkien, Toa-muti-lat hoai ke ite 
He Ht ‘Chulia Street, Cross Street’”—the street ATE 
off from Chulia Street. Cantonese, Tai-mun-lau wang kal 
Ae is £55 | 

Part IJ. between Campbell Street and the Station. 
Flokkien, Hoan-a thiong AE (TK “foreigners cemetery ” 
the old Malay cemetery. Cantonese, Ma-lai fau [AEE Ake HE 

Part [II., between Acheen Street and Prangin Road, 
(1) Hokkien, Lam Chhan-a AS ED fF ‘poor fields "= swamp ; 
it was formerly nothing but a swamp. Cantonese, Chho thong 
Fa yt ‘“ erass pond ”=swamp. (2) Hokkien, Si-kak Chi pu 
Fy FE “square well”; formerly there was a square well near 
the junction of Kimberley Street. (3) Mokkien, Chap-keng 
chhu + BE “ten houses”; formerly there was a row of 
ten houses of the same height there. (4) Hokkien, Si* Tiu" 
Kong-si ke WBE ANB] called after the Kong-si house 
of the seh Tiu clan. Cantonese, Shing Chung Kong-si kai 
WEB ZN 8 8 


Carnarvon Lane: Jokkien, Kam-kong lai AE Ny 


204 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


99 


‘Kampong inside,” within the Kampong (or village) so called 


because formerly there was a Kampong in this locality. Can- 


tonese, Kam-pong lai AB EA 

Cecil Street : Hokkien, Koe* Kang-a té chhit tiat 16: 
sty Esty A LIRR ‘‘nassed rivulet, number seven street ” 
1,e. the seventh street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from 
Beach Street. Cantonese, Kwe kong chai tai chhat thiu lo 


ARSE SS bi 


Che Em Lane: Hokkien, Pak Kan lai AL 


‘“‘ pak kan inside”; pak kan is the Cainese See of the 
Malay word pekan, a village. . 


China Street: Hokkien, Toa ke Ri§ : « big street,” 


isl, tlie: principal street where the Chinese formers carne 


on business. Cantonese, Kun yam miu chek kai ey = Ja A ay 
“Kun Yam Temple straight street.” The street going straight 
from the Temple of the Goddess of Mercy. 

China Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Toa-ke lo--that . 


Tis Cantonese, Kun-yam-miu-chek-kai lo-thau ay : 
Jey a 7 BS GA (2) Hokkien, Béng san 16--that BA LL oa 


Béng san, Mr. Khoo Béng San, a Chinese merchant, had a 
shop there. 


Chowrasta Road: - Hokkien, Kiet-léng-4 lan-san 
; mea {FF LY ‘Kling market,” i. e., the Chowrasta market, 
where the fish and meat sellers are principally Klings; the 


word Ban-san being a corruption for the Malay word Bangsal, 
(Tamil street has the same name.) Cantonese, Kit-léng pa-sat 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 205 


Ee iB, “ Kling market,” pa-sat being a corruption of 
the Malay. word pasar. 


Chulia Street: PArtT I., between Beach Street and 
Pitt Street. (1) Holkien, kiet-léng-d ke Ff ig {f-fly “ Kling 
Street,” so called from the Kling shop-keepers there. The 
word Chulia itself is a Bengali word meaning Kling. (Vide 
King street PART - Cantonese, kit-ling kai Wg {8y 
(2) Hokkien, \6--lin ke 2 Be {ey L6:-lin is the Chinese pronun- 
ciation for Noordin aa means street, so called after the busi- 
ness premises of Mr. H. M. Noordin. Cantonese, Yi sheung kai 
KFA “ clothes box street,” from the Chinese cabinet-ma- 
kers’ shops there. : 

PaRT II., between Pitt Street aie Love Lane. Hokkien 
Toa moti" lat K Pt: “big archway ” ; formerly there were 
two big archways to a large compound house here (see Sek 
Chuen Lane). Cantonese, Tai mun lau A FA je 


Part III., between Love Lane and Penang Road. Hokkien 
oii-kan-tang Appa ‘cattle pen”; gi means cattle and kan- 
tang is the Chinese pronunciation for the Malay word “ kan- 
dang” meaning a pen. Cantonese, Sha kong thau BY [it] BA 
« sand hill head,” in former days people used to deposit rubbish 
there which heaped up in a mound. 

Chulia Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, kiet-léng-4-ke 
lo"-thau ime (y as 38 (vide Chulia Street, PART I.) Can- 
tonese, kit-ling-kai lo- an Pym (Ey PS 5A (2) Hokkien, Si? Ta 


Kong-si ke REAE ANB] called after the Kong-si house of 


206 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


the Seh Iu clan. Cantonese, Shing Yeung Kong-si kai WE pe 
ANB TEI (3) Hokkien, Chha |o--thaa Jk WRG « firewood 
landing-place” ; firewood used to be sold there, before Maxwell 
Road, now a principal place for selling firewood, was constructed. 
(4) Hokkien, ‘Toa chui chit Te KE “big water well”: for- 
merly there was a big water tank there (ride Pitt street 
Part Ty. 


Chulia Lane: Aokhien, Chap-chhit keng ++ 


‘- Seventeen houses” there was a row of seventeen houses of the 
same size there. Cantonese, Shap-chhat kan as Bl 
Church Street: FORE Gi-hin ke Ss hh 75 “ Gichin 
street’ after the Kong-si house of the Gi hin secret society, 
which stood where now the family residence of Captain Ah Quee 


is. Cantonese, Yi hing kai 25 i fy 

Church Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hin-ke lo-- 
SEE fe RT Canioiers SONE ka lo-thau Se i 75 
BS BA (2) Hokkien, Chit 1o-- that Eat BS BA “distillery land- 
ing-place”; the distillery stands at the junction of Church 
Street. and Beach Street and belongs to the Spirit Farm. 


Cintra Street: (1) Hokkien, Sin-ke hoai™ ke hy 
Hee 455 ‘Campbell Street, Cross Street ””—the street crossing 
Campbell Street. Cantonese, San kai wang kai th fy he Hy 
(2) Hokkien, Phah phat ke FT hea ay the street where brothels 


of the lowest type are. Cantonese, 'a Phan Kai Fy Py 
That part of this street which runs between Chulia Street and 


Campbell Street is often called Jit-pinke Ff Axfey meaning 
Japanese Street—the street where the Japanese brothels are. 


Cantonese, Yat pun chai kai AN FE ‘‘ Japanese brcthel 
street.” nc 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 207 


Dato Kramat Road: Parr I, between Magazine 
Station and Dato Kramat Station. Hokkien, Kam-a ham KH (F 


> 


[se] ‘orange plantation”; formerly there was a hig orange 
plantation there. Cantonese, Kam chai iin AH {F- [El 

PART II., between Dato Kramat Station and the Prisons, 
Hokkien, Si-kham tiam PUK AS ‘four shops”; there were only 
four shops there before. Cantonese, Si kan tim JU fa AZ 


Downing Street: (1) Jlokkien, God koan Spf 
“ outer Government office ”»=Chirese Protectorate, which stands 
in this street. Cantonese, Man wa kun Aa ah iE asking 
question house ” ; house where female immigrants from China are 
examined=Chinese Protectorate. (2) Hokkien, Tai jin koan 
7 Bal “the Taijin’s office” =the Chinese Protectorate. 
Cantonese, Phai kun Hie Get ‘‘license-house” 1.e., the house 
where licences under the Contagious Disease Ordinance were is- 
sued=Chinese Protectorate. 

Drury Lane: Hokkien, Sin hi-tai oF ek “new the- 
atre ” after the new Chinese theatre there. Cantonese, san _hi-iin 
At EXP | 

Esplanade Road: Hokkien, Chhau-po: haf-ki" 16: i=) 
bh Eh ‘‘ orass field seaside road ”—road at the sea-side of 
the Esplanade. Cantonese, Ta po: te hoi phe FT We is BE BE 


“striking ball -place sea-side.’ (2) Sin kau chheung hoi phe 
Ay BQ HAF small parade ground sea-side.” 


Farquhar Street: Parr 1. between Pitt Street and 
Love Lane. Hokkien, ang m6: oh chéng £1. ES iy “red hair 
school front,” the front of the Penang Free School. 


208 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


PART 1I., between Love Lane and Leith Street, (1) Aok- 
kien, Lién hoa ho: SH TE a} ‘lotus pond,” so called after a big 
lotus pond formerly situated at the side of the St. George’s 
Girl School, the pond having been fillel up some years ago on 
account of the many accidents to people in attempting to get at 
the lotus. (2) Hokkien, sek-lan-ni (serani) 5h chéng far Bai FL 

te SF. : Seee 
Hh il ‘‘serani school front. : 


Part III., between Leith Street and Northam Road. 
Hokkien, ang mo: 10: Ae ie “red hair road” ihe road where 
Europeans live. (Northam Road has the same name.) 

e ‘ By ae Ay 4 a oe 
Fish Lane: Hokkien, kiam hu-a hang Pas £8 {F-.45 


‘ galt-fish lane,’ because it branches off from Prangin Lane, 
which is called the ‘Salt-fish yard.’ Cantonese, ham ti hong 


mus 
Gladstone Road: Hokkien, hoé chhia |o- ki ye 


“ fire carriage road” ; the fire carriage is the Tramway. Can- 
tonese Fo chhe lo ak HA RS 

Green Hall: (1) Hokkien, toan pa-l #09 FY Fe, 
Mr. Paddy (Pali) formerly owned a Jarge portion of land here, 
(2) Hokkien, ki-lin ho: BE a corruption for Green Hall. 

Heriot Street: Hokkien, koe kang-a té. péh tiat 16: 
SH es (yt VETS “passed rivulet, uumber eight street ;” 
i.e. the eighth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach 
Street. Cantonese, kwo kong chai tai pat thiu lo 5b Yes (5 44 
NG ae 

Hong Kong Street: Mokkien, Hiang king lo 7p es 
Hess hiang kang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Hongkong. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 209 


Cantonese, Heung kong kai Ae es Ty heung kong is the Can- 
tonese pronunciation of Hongkong, and kai means street. ‘The 
word Hong itself is a mispronunciation of heung originating 
from the boat-population of Canton who were the first to come 
in contact with Europeans when they appeared in China). 
Hospital Road: Hokkien, Pr chhii lo We BE 
‘sick house road ’—road leading to the General Hospital. Can- 
tonese, Wong ka yi im lo 4+ KREGER | 
: Sree Fie: SA : Lexie { 
Hutton Lane: //okkien, Gia-lau (jalan) a-téng AX fail 
he] a-teng is the Chinese pronunciation for Hutton. 
Jelutong Road: /okkien, Jit-lbh-tong 10 A Pz PS 
jit-loh-tong is the Chinese pronunciation for Jelutong. 
The town end of this road is called é-téng Pe la or he-tong 
Tila which means the lower tong, and the country end of this 
road is called téng-tong TAI or siang-tonge EW which 
means the upper tong, i. e., cave.- Cantonese, Yat lok tong. 
Katz Street : Hokkien, Kot king=4 té lak tiat 10: SU Yes 
BH (6 “passed rivulet, number six street,” i, e., the 
sixth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach Street. 
Cantonese, K wo kong chai tai luk thiu lo se testy Bos RIK 
Kedah Road: Hokkien, Kam kong ma lak kah $M 3 
pb “Kampong Malacca.” Cantonese, Ku phai kun 4 


hi at ‘old license house”; this referring to the Lock Hospital, 
which was formerly situated at the site where the present 
Chowrasta Dispensary is. 
27 


210 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Keng Kwee Street: Hokkien, Kéng kui ke By Br fay 
named after Captain Ah Quee, who built this street and connect- 
ed it with Penang Road. Cantonese, Keng kwai kai Er Eg (3 


Kimberley Street: (1) Hotkien, Tio-chiu ke ia) jy 3 
‘Te chiu is the name of a prefecture in the Quang-tung Province 
in south China, better known as Chao-chow-fu PM 
from which the Te-chiu people come. This street is so called 
because formerly there were many China-born Te-chiu prostitutes 
living there. Owing, however, to the prohibition of female emi- 
gration from Swatow, which is the sea-port of Chao-chow-fu, 
by the Chinese Government upon representations being made by 
the Te-chiu merchants in the Straits Settlements, all Te-chiu 
prostitutes have since disappeared from this street. Cantonese, 
Chiu chau mui kai WW WRG “chiu chau girl street.” (2) 
Hokhien, Soa®-that ke WW Bets “Swatow street.” (3) Hok- 
kien, Mm soa” ke Sl Shh ‘vermicelli street,” so called after 
the vermicelli makers there. (4) Hokkien, Sv Ti" kong-si ke 
et ANG] ¢4y after the Kong-si house of the seh Ti” clan, 
which was formerly in this street. (5) Hokkien, Phah soh-a hang 
dy #2 (FAK ‘striking rope street” formerly there were some 
rope makers’ shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by 
this name a'so.) 

King Street: Parr l., between Light Street and Dishop 
Street. Holkien, Kat-keng-chhi aa Jy, PA JEF7E «Penang 
Street back” (vile Penang Street, Part I.) | 

PART II., between Bishop Street and China Street. (1) 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 211 


Hokkien, Ku-tang toa peh kong ke es HA (AS Kuir- 
tang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Quang-tung, a province 
in South China. Toa peh kong means god, so called because 
there is a temple there built by subscr:ptions raised solely from 
the Cantonese. Cantonese, Kwong-tung tai pak kung kai SH 


AK {HAG (2) Hokkien, \-phién kong-si ke We A AV Bl fy 


‘Opium farm street,” so called after the Opium and Spirit Farms 
at the junction of China Street. Cantonese, In kung-si KAN Bl 

PART III., between China Street and Market Street. 
Hokkien, Kii H6-seng kong-si ke 4E FB ZA wy G5 H6-seng 
is the name of a secret society, which formerly had its Kong-st 
house there. Cantonese, Kau wo shing kung-si kai 4 Fn 
ZN 5 

PART IV., between Market Street and Chulia Street. 
Hokkien, Kiet-léng-a ke We ea (F {ay “Kling Street ”; this par 
of King Street was formerly inhabited chiefly by Klings (vide 


Chulia Street, Part I.) Cantonese, Pak kap lung AHF BE 
‘Pigeon hole,” so called because formerly there were some ex- 


ceedingly small houses there occupied as brothels. 

Kulim Lane: (1) Hokkien, Ban an tai Qe “ Ban 
an theatre,” so called after the name of the Chinese theatre in 
this lane. Cantonese, Mau on thol ee (2) Hokkien, Béng 


hi-tai AH jefe “ Béng’s theatre”; béng is a part of the name 
of Mr. Ong Béng Tek, the former plapae ioc of the theatre. 


Kuala Kangsa Road: Aokkien, Hoan-4 hi-hait ke 


FEF G8 [Sl 785 ‘foreigners’ theatre,” so called from the 


Malay theatre there. 


PED _CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Cantonese, Ma-lai hitin’ kai AEE Jae EE Reel Ey “Malay theatre 
street.” 


Leith Street: Hoihen: Siang hé chhi chéng AS 
Fe Bir By ‘Siang ho’s house front.” 


Light Street: Hokkien, Po lé khai HPF T “Police 
mouth” entrance to the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-le-si chhiu 
HLF + RY “ Police front.” 

Love Lane: Hokkien Sek-lAn-ni (Serani) hang fe, 4 
#s Kurasian lane, this lane was formerly inhabited chiefly by 
Kurasians. 

Cantonese, PART I., between Farquhar Street and Muntri 
Street ; Shap- tsz-ka_lai- -pai- -thong pin 4 FART ee 


Cross Church side” ; the church referrel to is the church of 
Assumption. 


~ Part IL, between Muntri Street and Chulia Street. (1) 
Ma shui hau FF AKER “double water pipe,” formerly 
there were two public stand-pipes there standing side by 
side, (2) Lo pau miu kai. et Shr Jeng Ey “lo pau temple street” 
the street where the Temple of the God of Carpentry is. This 
lane is sometimes called lat-le hong by the Cantonese, lat-le 
being a mispronunciation for Love Lane and hong meaning. lane. 

MacAlister Road: Hokkien, Tiong 1c: HA “ middle 
road,” ie., the middle road of the six roads meeting at Magazine 
Cantonese, Chung lo Ft Re 


MacCallum Street: /okkien, Koe king-a té go: tiat lo 


CHINESE NAMES 0 STREETS IN PENANG, 213 


hs (FT 8 HR “passed rivulet, number five street” 


i.e., the fifth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach 


Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai san lo set 4 T 
Magazine (the open space formed by the intersection of 


the six roads in front of the Magazine Police Station), (1) Hokkien, 
Chhéng ioh keng SF Ges FE ‘oun-powder depot” formerly the 
Government gun-powder magazine was there. Cantonese, Fo 
yeuk kuk Ik ie = (2) Hokkien, Go pha teng TARE 
“the five lamps” referring to the Municipal lamp-post which 
holds five lamps. Cantonese, Ng chan tang e248 (3) Hok- 
kien, Lak chhé 16: WX KB “the intersection of six roads” 
viz., Magazine Road, Gladstone Road, Penang Road, MacAlister 
Road, Dato Kramat Road and Brick-kiln Road. The Malay ver- 
sion of this name is Simpang Anam. Cantonese, Luk a lo re G22 


Magazine Road: Hokkien, Koe kang-a té it (or that) 


tiau 16: Sb SF  — ‘passed rivulet, number one 
street,” i.e., the first street after crossing Prangin Ditch from 


‘Beach Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai yat thiu lo ba es 


(FB — RG 

Malay Street: Hokkien: Thai gt hang By7E As “kill- 
ing cows lane,” cattle were formerly slaughtered there for the 
market: It is also called. Thai gu aa AF AS the back of the 


place where cows were killed. Cantonese, Thong ngau hong. 


Malay Street Ghaut: Hokkien, Thai ga hang 1o--that 


214 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


BUE AR BS BA | Cantonese, Thong-ngau-hong lo thau #)4F 
Ae BR EL 

Market Lane: Hokkien, Kong hok ki hang nie RG As 
kong hok ku is the Chinese name of the Penang Mutual Im- 
provement Association the premises of which are in of this 
Jane. Cantonese, Yi-nai hong — As te concubine lane,” so 


called because this lane used to be occuried chiefly by kept 
women. : 


Market Street: Hokkien, Pé-sat ke FA ip pa sat 
is a corruption for pasar, a Malay word meaning market. Can- 
tonese, Pa-sat kai FY, Baw es) 

Market Street Ghaut : Hokkien, Sin ban-san $#yigh 
(ll ‘the new market,” i. e,, the Central market. Béan-san is a 
corruption of the Malay ‘“ bangsal”, meaning a shed. Cantonese, 
San pat sat 37 Fy ipl, “new pasar 

Maxwell Road: Part I., between Bridge Street and 
Gladstone Road. Hokkien, Chha tia” Jey ““ firewood yard: 
this is the principal place where firewood is sold in Penang. 

Part II., between Gladstone Road and Penang Road, 
Hokkien. Khai Héng Bi bi-ka Be PAIS IK RE “ Chop Khie Heng 
Be’s rice mill. N. B. This road and Prangin Road are often 
called kang-d ki" Yes (Fb ‘rivulet side” because of their 
proximity to the Prangin Ditch. 

Muda Lane: Hokkien, Thai-ko hang ABT tk ole: 
per’s lane”, many lepers used to live in this place on the charity 
of a certain wealthy Chinaman. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 215 


Muntri Street: (1) Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni hing f& 9% 
AL Ak Eurasian lane. (2) Hokkien, Lam hoa i-i" ke Ma ie 
rer veo ‘Tam hoa hospital street,” after the Chinese medical 
institution there, Cantonese, Nam wa yi iin kai Be He G2 Ge 
447 (3) Hokkien, Sin hai-lam kong-si ke Py ife ey Awl HF 
“new Hailam kong:si street,” after the new Kong-si house of the 
Hailams. Cantonese, San hoi nam kung-si kai Or AF PA ZAG] 
{5 

Noordin Street: Hokkien, Koe kang-a té ji tian 16: 
Hiatt AT AK “passed rivulet, number two street’ 
1 e., the second street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from 
Beach Street. Cantonese Kwo kong chai tai yi thiu lo 5a es 
(F55 — FH 

Northam Road: Hokkien, Are mo: Jo XL =E 0 padi 
hair road” road where the Europeans live. That part of this 
road which joins Penang Road is sometimes called ang mé-: ka 
thiong 41 HEIR “red fhair old cemetery ”, i. e., the Pro- 
testant and Roman Catholic Cemetery there. Cantonese, Hung 
molo #7 >= Pe 

Penang Road: Part I., about Chulia Street. Hokkien, 
Tiat-lang ke ah Kis ‘“hanging people street ”—formerly cri- 
minals were hung there. Cantonese, Tiu yan kai pfy A fy 

PART IJ., about Chowrasta market. (1) Hokkien, Ki kha- 
khu 4 FM ji “old jail”’—the old Criminal Prison, which was 


formerly situated at the present vacant piece of ground opposite 


the Chowrasta market. Cantonese, Kau ka-ku 7 FR (1) 


216 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Hokkien, Bone einuk chhu chéng BIE BT ‘“ Leng Cheak’s 
house front. ” 
Part I1]., about the Prangin Ditch. Hokkien, Tiat Kio thau 
1) 475 0H ‘suspension bridge head,” i. e., the bridge over 
the Prangin Ditch. This name is sometimes, though improperly, 
applied, to those parts of Prangin Road, Maxwell Road and 
Burmah Road which join Penang Road at the Prangin Ditch ; 
the general name for the whole district round about here is” 


Titi Papan, meaning wooden bridge. Cantonese, Tiu khiu thau 
a doe 
rin 15 BH 

PART IV., avout the Magazine Police Station. Hokkien, 


Lang chhia téng yai koan Key gi “ rickshaw nailing 


licence office” = the rickshaw registration department. 
Penang Street: Part I., betweeen Light Street and 


Bishop Street. Hokkien, Kau keng chhi 7 Al “nine 


houses”; formerly there were only nine housees in this part of 


Penang Street on the right fea side as one gree up from 
Light Street. 


PART II., between Bishep Street and Market Street. (1) 
Hokkien, Kui-tang ke iz be) Kuir-tang = Quang-tung Pro- 
vince in Southern China and ke = street; so called because this 
part of Penang Street is principally occupied by Cantonese shop- 
keepers. Cantonese, Kwong-tung kai ie Ws kwong-tung = 
Quang tung Province; kai — street. (2) Hokkien, Ma-kau ke 


Ke Fey ‘“¢ Macao Street”; NConioncen Thong-yan kai BE 


‘‘Chinamen’s street”; the word Chinaman refers to the -Canton- 
ese in distinction from the Hokkiens, whom the former considered 
to be foreigners on account of their different provinciality. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 2 iy 


PART III., between Market Street and Chulia Street 
Hokkien, Che-ti ke FUR Aen 45 “‘ chetty* street,” from the chetty 
money-lenders living there. 

Perak Road: JHokkien, Yoa 16: at RAE big 
road back,”’=behind the big road. 

Phee Choon Lane: Hokkien, Phi Chin lo ANGERS 
Phe Choon is a part of the name of Mr. Li Phee Choon. 

Pitt Lane : Mobbien, Tio-chiukong-si aa YY] AVF] FB 
“ Te-chiu Kong-si back,” behind the Te-chiu Kong-si house in 
Chulia Street, where it joins Queen’s Street. Cantonese, Chhiu 


Chau Kung-si au eV A wl tip 

Pitt Street: Parr l., between Light Street and China 
Street. Hokkien, Koan im téng chéng fol Kj = ii “ Koan im 
temple front,’ front of the temple of the Goddess of Mercy. 
The Straits-born women often pronounce Klam or Kolam instead 
ef koan im, by way of contraction. Cantonese, Kun yam miu 
pe fA be eZ 
chin REF 

PART II., between China Street and Chulia Steet. Hokkien, 
-Toa ba-lai K AH “big balei”; the Baleiis the Pilt Street 
Police Station. Cantonese, Tai mata liu KAIF FTE © big 
police house.” 
PART III., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street. 
Hokkien, Toa chui chr TAK FE “ big water well” ; formerly 
there was a big water tank there. Cantonese, Tai mun lau kai-si 
A Pees ih “ Chulia Street market.” [Vide Chulia Street 


28° 


218 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG 


Ghaut (4)] (2) Hokkien, 1a kha +5 EN ‘‘ coco-nut foot”; there 
were many cocoa-nut trees there. | 

Prangin Road: Parr i., between Beach Street and 
Ses Street. (1) Hokkien, Oan thau-a yee BEY “ the 
small turning,” i. e., the turning from Beach Street. Cantonese , 
Wan thau chal et DEF (2) Hokkien, Hii Chiu Kong-si ke 
HH | AB] By ‘‘ the street where the Kong-si house of the 
Hii chiu people is. Hii Chiu is the-name ofa prefecture in 
South China whence the Khebs or Hakkas come. Cantonese, wal 
chau kurg-si kai HBV AN Bi] 447. 

PAR’ II., between Carnarvon Street and Sungei Ujong, 
Hokkien, Khai Héng Br ke Bl PH Se fy the street where Chop 
Khie Heng Be (rice merchant) is. Cantonese, Hoi Hang Mi kal 

\\=3= =2 = 
Bi PHS TS. 

ParT LIL, tetween Sungei Ujong and Penang Road. 
Hokkien, Gu chhia ke Ab EE 5 “ bullock-cart street,” from the 
bullock-cart builders’ shops there. N. B. This road and Max- 
well Road are often called Kang-a ki* Ais 5 Bey “the rivulet 
side,” because of their proximity to the Prangin Ditch. Canto- 


nese, Ngau chhe ka AL Hy 


Prangin Lane: Hokkien, Kidm ht tia’ Fit fl 4 “* salt- 
fish yard,” so called because salt-fish are dried and cured there, 
i, e., at the back part of the shops facing Prangin Road. | 

Presgrave Street: Hokkien, Kot kang-a te sa” tiaa 16° 


3 ae (FH= AK “passed rivulet, number three street,’ 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 219 


i, e, the third street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach 
street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai sam thiu lo Snape 
= RM 

Queen Street: (1) Hokkien, Chap-ji keng +— 8 
“twelve houses,” there is a row of twelve houses of the same 
height. Cantonese, Shap yi kan ee (2) Hokkien, Ki HO 
Hap sia ke 42 Fal 4s ‘old Ho Hap society street,” called 
after the Kong-si because of this society there. Cantonese, Kau 
Wo Hap she kai 4£ Fil Baits 

Race Course Road: Aokkien, Tod chhai har 1s: 
RABY “big vegetable garden road,” from the many 
vegetable plantations there. Cantonese, Tai chhoi un ARE 

R.C.O. Front: Hokkien, Koan-a kak fel (Fy ‘“ Gov- 
ernment office corner ’= the corner of the Government offices. 
Cantonese, Tai ma-thau A HRA “big jetty,’ after the Old 
Jetty there. 

Residency Road: Hokkien, Ji ong chhi lo. = -F PERS 
‘Second King’s house road,” second King being the Chinese 
way of calling the Resident Councillor. 


Rope Walk: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hok ke 3% im (3 ‘Qi hok 
street,’ so called because the Gi hok secret society had their 
Kong-si house there formerly. Cantonese, Yi fuk kai 2 ie sh 
(2) Hokkien, Phah soh hang FT FR ‘making rope lane” ; 
formerly cocoanut husk ropes were manufactured there. [Vide 
Kimberley Street (5)] 


220 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 


_ imailands Road: Holkien, Koe kang-a té kati tiati lo: 


ESF TUR RS ‘‘ nassed rivulet, number nine street,” 


i 2, ‘ae ninth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach 
Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai kau thiu lo’ 3 es Te 


IRR 
Scotland Road: Aokkien, Batu Gantonge ASHCAR Wa 
Malay, overhanging rock; there is a big overhanging rock there. 
Seh Tan Court: Hokkien, Sim Tan kong-si WEE AA Bi] 
after the Kong-si house of the Seh Tan clan. Cantonese, Shing 
chau Kung-si IS PASE 7 
Sek Chuan Lane: /okkien, Toa mii lad lai Ie ia Ake A 
‘big archway inside ”= within the big archway; there was a big 
compound house there with two entrances, over each of which 


there was a big archway, the present Sek Chuan Lane being 
formerly one of the two entrances, (Vide Chulia Street, PART 


II.) Cantonese, tai mun Tau lung meatal 


Stewart Lane: Hokkien, Koan im téng at nS ZL 
“ Koan im temple back ” = behind the temple of the Goddess of 


Mercy. Cantonese, Kun yam miu hau Hil Ts JB 2 
Sungei Ujong: (1) Hokkien, Ho: chio tae BA pi eE 
‘‘ Pepper yard,” from the court-yard there where pepper is ex- 


posed to be dried. (2) Hokkien, Ban Tek Hong 1o- 6 Fa Hel Be 
the road where chop Ban Tek Hong owns the pepper yard above 


referred to is situated. Cantonese, Man tak fung kai Hf 75 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 221 


Tamil Street: Hokkien, Kiet-léng ban san Ege 
an “Kling market.” Cantonese, Kit-ling pa-sat igs EY pl, 

Tek Soon Street: (1) Hokkien, Tek Sin 16 fii |S 
(2) Hokkien, Chha tia" ai JEN? TB ‘Maxwell Road back” 
(Vide Maxwell Road, Part I.) 

Thye Sin Street: Hokkien, Koe kang-a td si tiat 10 


sa ves A ARS “passed rivulet, number four street, 


i.e., the fourth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from 
Beach street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai si thin lo Eh es 
FF 548 WU RIK 

Toa Aka Lane: (1) Aokkien, Phah-thih-ke hang-a 
FT RE Hk TF «¢ Beach street small lane,” the lane that branches 
off from Beach street (Vide Beach street, Part V.). Can- 
tonese, Ta-thit kai hong chai Fy BA ir AK (F- (2) Hokkien, Kam- 
kong-lai hoai" 10: Gil WOK hes PS “Carnarvon Lane cross 
street.” Cantonese, Kam-pong loi wang kai 4B EIA a ty 

Transfer Road: Hokkien, Tek Sin chhu pi” ke {ita IN 


shu) 


seis “ Tek Soon’s house side street.” Cantonese, Tak shun 
ole pin #5 IL a yee 

Union Street: Hokkien, Po-lé ai RIFE “ Police 
back ” = behind the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-li-sihau RF 


a 


222 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Waterfall Road: Hokkien, A ék td-lin Hee Fal Es 
the Chinese pronunciation for Ayer Terjun, which means ‘ water 
plunging,’ 

Weld Quay: Hokkien, Hai kim sin lo fp HHT RS 
‘sea-beach new road,” or Sin hay ki" ke hy Hep be, “new 
sea-beach road.” Cantonese, Hoi phe HEE JE ‘ sea-beach.” 

Western Road: Hokkien, Ave m6: sin thiéng 41 A 
ix “red hair new cemetery,” so called after the European new 
cemetery there. Sai hoa hang pty #e7k the Western grand 
lane. Péng an hang pF HE the happy lane. Cantonese, San 
hung mo fan SAL ee ‘new red hair cemetery.” Sai wa 
hong Puy FF Hx Pheng on hong A FE Hk 

GOVERNMENT OFFICES. 

R.C. 0. Aokkien, Ji éng koan = ER “No. 2 King’s 
office” ; the Governor being the No. 1 King. 

Treasury: Aokkien, Kong-pan-gé kho-pang AV DH Py 
ia is kong-pan-gé is the Chinese pronunciation for company, 
i. e., the East India Company, the Government; and kho--pang 


means treasury. Cantonese, Fu-fong Ets “ treasury.” 
Stamp Office: (1) Hokkien, Bé ang-a that é koan Bye 
{FBZ Bal “Selling doll-head Office.” Cantonese, Mai kung 


chai thau nga mun 33 MF 28 f FA “selling doll-head ya- 
men.” (2) Hokkeen, si-tan koan ‘FH si-tan = stamp, 


and koan means office. Cantonese, Si tam kun Eh fH ee 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 2235 


Public Works Department: Hokkien, Nia té koa" 
Hr Sth “ measuring land official.” Cantonese, Leung te kun 
EL. 
BS | 
Land Office: (1) Hokkien, Ga-lan koan FP ial a] ga-lan 
= grant. Cantonese, Thiu tho thien HW + field land depart- 
ment.” (2) Hokkien,.Té cho- koan Hh BH al ‘land rent office.” 


Official Assignee’s Office: Mokkien, Po kiéng si ¥ 
ge Fi] “ Reporting poverty Official,’ Cantonese, Po khung is 


hehe Bi) 

Chinese Protectorate: (1) Hokkien, Goaikoan Aha 
“ Outer Office” — the office that transacts business with the general 
public. Cantonese, Phai kun i Be « Licence house” = house 
where licences under the C. D. O. were issued. (2) Hokkien, 
Tai-jin koan mI IK al Tai-jin literally means a great man, but 
in Chinese official circles it is used as a title applying to any man- 
darin of and above the rank of a Taotai, equivalent in English to 
His or Your Excellency. Cantonese, Mau wa kun Hae se 
“asking questions house ” = house where female immigrants from 
Chita are examined under the Women and Girls’ Protestion 
Ordinance. (3) Hokkien, Ho--iti sikoan 34 (87 Bi] E] « Protec- 
ting Official’s Office” office of the Protector (of Chinese). Can- 
tonese, Tai yan nga mun KA PH ‘“Tai-jin’s yamen. (4) 
Hokkien, Cheng ba si koan PY wl] | “the government 


business official’s offive.” Cantonese, U wai si nga mun EX iF 


224 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


By fayF4 ‘‘Protector’s yamen”. (5) Cheng mo si nga mun 
‘government business official’s yamen.” 

Marine Department: Molkien, Hat koan VEE Bal 
“¢ Harbour Office.” Cantonese, Hoi kwan a Ee 

General Post Office : Hokkien, Phe koan 4H Bal “ Let- 
ter Office.” Cantonese, Shun koan HEE Bal , 

Supreme Court: /okkien, Toa kok Kite “ big court, 
kok being the Chinese pronunciation for court. Cuntonese, Tai 
kot AB cODio Countea a 

Solicitor General’s Department: Hothien, Kong- 
pau-gée chig su ZANE yh ein kong-pan-gé = company, i.e., 
the East Indian Company, and chig: su means a lawyer. Cantonese, 


Wong ka chong si ERK EM ‘Government lawyer.” 

Sheriff Department: Holien, Che-lip B87 this is 
the Chinese pronunciation for Sheriff. Cantonese, Fung pho kun 
hah ‘sealing shop official.” (2) Hokkien, Hong chhi: koa” 
Et J ES ‘Sealing house official.” (3) Hokkien, Lé-long koa" 
AEDS Lelong is a Malay-Portuguese word meaning auction, 
and koa" means officral> 

Poiice Courts: Hokkien, Po-lé He Ea “ police.”. Can- 
-tonese, PO-le-si IY Fs a] “police.” 

Coroner’s Department: Hokkien, Giam si koa" EB 


ey? 


rE ‘examining corpse official.” Cantonese, Im si kun Ee 


KE . 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 225 


Police Superintendent’s Office: /Hoklien, Goa po- 
lé-chu Sp Hye Hs — ‘outer police magistrate.” Cantonese, San 


sham lau eee a 
° f om WEN “te 

Police Station p (1 Hokkten, Ma-ta® lat ue 4] 4 
“police house.” Cantonese, Mata liu Ha FT (2) Hokkien. 
Ba Jai FSG the Malay word balai, a station. 

Detective Police Station: //othien, Am pai keng iS 
}8 [Aj “secret badge house”; cetectives are called * secret 
badge,” because they, not wearing any uniform, are supposed to 
wear a police badge secretly on their persons, Cantonese, Am 


phai kun Hig hee ye 


Marine Police Station: (1) Hokkien, San hai ma-ti" 
Jiat 3M fp HE FT HR ‘inspecting sea polive house,” Cantonese, 
Shui si mata liu ac arn AB 7 4 shul si means marine. (2) 
Hokkien, Siu hat ba lat 3 eR -ASIOR 

Criminal Prison: Mokkien, Kha khu keng [HINA FR 
“ foot-fettering house.” Cantonese, Kam fong BE Fs “ contin- 
ing house” 

Debtor’s Prison: Hokkien, Khiam cha kha khu keng 
Ap fe FEE AS “ Owing debts prison.” Cantonese, Chhin chai 
kam Sx GE Re ‘Debt prison.” | | 

General Hospital: //okhien, Pi chhi WH a “ Sick 
house.” Cantonese, Yi shang kun Va AE SE (2) Hokkien, Lo 


kun chhi meet *¢ Doctor’s house.” 


29 


226 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


MERCANTILE OFFICES. 

Chamber of Commerce: Hokkien, Ang mo: sieng 
kong-si AL EWA ‘European merchants’ Kong-si.” Can- 
tonese, Sai yan sheung mo kuk Py A TS Bag “ Western 
- people’s commercial business board.” 

Hongkong &Shanghai Bank: (1) Hokkien, Hu 
hong bang pe Bal Hui hong being the Chinese chop of this 
bauk and bang—bank. Cantonese, Uifung ngan hong [f& HE $f 4 
Ui fung being the Chinese chop of this bank, and ngan hong 
means money firm-bank. (2) Hokkien, Siang bat bang amis: 
peZ « Shanghai bank.” Cantonese, Shung hoi ngan hong ale 
VEE ER FF ‘ Shanghai bank.” ; 7 

Chartered Bank; J/okkien, Cha-ta bang rea 
‘Chartered Bank.” Cantonese, Cha-ta ngan hong EFF) SB FT 
‘Chartered Bank.” 

Netherlands Trading Society: Hokkien, Ho-lan 
_ bang Fu AA NSZ “ Holland bank.” Cantonese, Ho-lan ngan 
hong PUG BRAT 

Telegraph Office: J/okkien, Phah tang soa" koan 
FT SMA EY “striking brass wire office.” Cantonese, Tin po kak 
th eR ay ‘‘ electricity report board.” 

Tin Exchange: (1) Hokkien, Chip siang so: AE Sly 
‘assembling merchant’s place. Cantonese, Chap sheung so 46. 
1A Pr (2) Hokkien, Siak Kong-si EBNF] “the tin Kong-si.” 
Cantonese, Shek kung-si ED Bl 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREET IN PENANG. 225 


Opium and Spirit Farms: (1) Hokkien, A-phién 
kong-si te Fe A] “opium Kong-si.” Cantonese, Nga phin. 
kong-si Vath: ANG] (2) Hokkien, Chit kong-si Jp¥A a] 
“ Spirit kong-si.” Cantonese, Chau kong-si 4 ZB] 

Municipal Office: (1) /Hokkien, Ah se koan PA po al 
ah se—the Malay word hasil, meaning tax, and koan means office. 
(2) Hokkien, Chui se koan 7K 1 Bal ‘water rate office.” (3) 
Hokkien, Kong po kiok JF aha ‘ works department.” 

Town Hall: Hokkien, Ang m6: kong koan 41. ASE 
“ Huropean club.” 


Chinese Town Hall: /otsien, Péeng cheang kong kon 
RB ABE Cantonese: Pheng cheung kung kun 2 OF 


The Medical Institution: Hokkien, Lam hoa i 


By ae 2 Cantonese, Nam wa-gi iin ig 2 2 EE 

St. George’s Church: J//okkien, Ang m6 toa lé-pai-tiB 
41. EKA « European big church.” 

Church of Assumption: Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni lé-pai-t1d 
ff a FL ee ‘Eurasian Church.” 

Armenian Church: Hotkien, Lii-song |é-pai-t PA 
et ee li song being a corruption for Luzon of the 
Philippines Islands, and !é-pai-tr& means Church. 

i ee res School: Hokkien, Ang m6: bh 47 =. 

St. Xavier’s Institution: Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni dh 


fa PL “ Eurasian School.” 


228 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


St. George’s Girls’ School: Hokkien, Lu oh Ty oh. 
‘ sirls’ school”. 

Convent: Hokkien, Niko am Fe ah lie “nunnery.” 
Cantonese, Ku leung thong He eat ‘ladies’ house”, the ladies 
being the nuns. 

Government Hill: Hokkien, Seng ki soa™ Ft it a 
“ Woisting flag hill”. Cantonese, Shing khi san Ff il an 

Dato Kramat Gardens : Hokkien, Ong ke hoa hui 
ok ‘‘ Government gardens.” Cantonese, Wong ke fa iin 


FR 
| Waterfall: Hotkien, A-ek to-liin ae 558, FBLA ‘ft Aver 
turjun”’ = water plunging. Cantonese, Shui mo KE 


Race Course: Hokkien, Phavi bé khoan #49 PGE “run- 
ning horse field.” Cantonese, Phau ma chheung fe is oo 

Esplanade: (1) Hokkien, Chhati po: Bib ‘ orassfield.” 
Cantonese, Siu kau chheung tess “small parade ground,” 
(2) Hokkien, Phab kit po FYPH [ey striking ball field.” Can- 
tonese, Ta po te FT ye ‘striking ball land.” | 

Fort Cornwallis: //okiien, Ang mo: sia TU EK 
¢¢ Huropean city.” Cantonese, Phau thoi hf Ss COTO lia’ 

New Jetty: (1) Mokkien, Thib |6--that al bea | 
“iron landing place.” (2) Hokkien, Thih ki6 Bye oS ‘iron bridge.” 


Old Jetty: Hotlion, Koan-4 kak pabian Fal {F¥ Fi 1S. ae 
koan 4 kak—R. C. O. front, and “pabian”’ isa Malay word for jetty. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 229 


Residency: Hokkien, Ji ong chhi — ENE “No. 2 
King’s house.” 

Chinese Consulate: Hokkien, Tai chheng kok léng 
si’ hu A 7B 26 BF “The Great Pure Kingdom Consu- 
late.” Cantonese, Tai chheng kwok leng si fu Tis ed 28 3 lft 

The Temple of the Goddess of Mercy (in Pitt Street): 
(1) Hokkien, Koan im téng = 75 fel * Koan Im Temple,” Can- 
tonese, Kun vam miu FF Jey (2) Hokkien, Kong hok kiéng 
Jes iis feo “ Quang-tung and Fuhkien temple” — Cantonese and 
Hokkien temple. Cantonese, Kwong fuk kung iia 

The Temple of the God of the Town (in Jelutong) : 
Hokkien, Séng ong bid Di (ies the Seng Ong god is supposed 
to take bis appointment from Yama, theruler of hell, to whom he 


has to report the doings, good or evil, of the people in the town 
under his jurisdiction. ‘The Chinese consider this temple to be 


the most appropriate cne for taking oaths, such as that of cutting 
off cock’s heads, etc. Cantonese, Shing wong miu Sih (2 Nay 

The Temple of the God of Carpentry (in Love 
Lane): Hokkien, Lo: pan ko: bio #4 EF 7h eH ‘To pan’s ancient 
temple.” Cantonese, Lo pan ku miu $8 EE Ty Jay 

The Temple of the Three Precious Ones—the 
Buddhist Trinity (in Ayer Itam): /Zukkten, Kek lok si ips Fe 
‘Supreme felicity monastery.” Cantonese, Kek lok chi ale 
MA (2) Hokkien, Sam pé tien — #4 fey “the court of the 
Three Precious Ones,” so called after the shrine of the Bud- 
dhist Trinity inside the above-mentioned monastery. Cantonese, 


Sam po tin = FF By 


230 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


The Temple of Philosopher Lao-tsu, the founder 
of Taoism: Cantonese, Chheng koan si Hae ‘clear view 


monastery.” This temple is situated at the top ofa hillin Paya 
Rubong, and is approached-by a path consisting of a long flight 


of granite steps known as the Chheng ji chan SF ee the 
1200 steps. Cantonese, Chheng kun chi jae 

The Temple of the Local Deities: (1) Hokkien, 
Toa peh kong TIAA Cantonese, Tai pak kung KA 
(2) Hokkien, Pin that’ kong AN GBA One in Kirg Street, 
one in Tanjong Tokong, onein Ayer Itam, etc. Canionese, Tho te 
kung 4-H A 7 

The Pleasure Club dHt [Al By ae (in Chulia Street) :- 
Hokkien, Jen han piet so. Cantonese, In han pit sii. | 

The Penang Literary Association J 4 7% (near 
the Esplanade): Hokkien, I bin chai. Cantonese, I man chai. 

The Chinese Club ini 7 Al (in MacAlister Road) : 
Hokkien, Chheng hong kok. Cantonese, Chhing fong kok. 

The Anglo-Chinese Reading Room A*<7fEiliy 
(in Chulia Street): Mokkien, Chui nge hien ARAfEHT  Can- 
tonese, Su nga hin AA ACE y- 

CHINESE KONGSI-HOUSES. 
A. HOKKIEN. (Names romanised in Hokkien sound.) 

Si" Khu Jf} Kong-si Chop Liong San Tong #E|[]’4e Cannon 


Square 


,» Khu Tiss e. » Btn San Tong AC (LL) ee Bee 


Si 


1 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 231 


Lim AK Kong-si Chop Kiu Lidng Tong FUE ee Beach 


Tan iy 
Iw AB 


Ue a 
SGT a nS 


Chia pit 
Ong #- 


2) >] 


Street. 


Eng Chhoan Tong Ae | Whig ae ia 
| Jour 


Se. Ti Tone Be eis: Chl 
| t. 


Chi len Tong Le ae ib ee Jelutong 


Chheng Ho Tong ¥ 7a yy Be a 
t. 


Pé Su Sia = fe ACL Sue 


Thai Guan Tong Tk Re Penang 
Road. 


B. CANTONESE. (Names romanized in Cantonese sound.) 


ge | a Ge Leng yeung ui kun; leng yeung is another name 


for san leng xy and ui kun means meeting- 
house. (In King Street.) 


@ fil ui kun; ui stands for san ui $F and kun 


means house. (In Bishop Street.) 


Fife BE Ui leng kun; here ui stands for si ui We 


— 
leng stands for kwong leng i ie and kun 


means house. 


(In Muntri Street.) 


Ep in, Ss Heung yap kun; ‘‘heung town house.” Heung 
stands for heung shan Ly (In King Street). 


232 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


i AR ei] Neg shi ka miu; “Surname Ng family temple.” 


(In King Street.) 


WI) Pe AK Je} Leung shi ka miu; “* Surname Leung family tem- 


ple.” (In Muntri Street.) 


Ta AC Beeb Wong shi ka shuk; “Surname Wong family 


ZR CER 


Ly HH Ata 
Vint 2+ BE 


va 3h @ GE 


school.” (In Penang Street, ) 
Li shi kun; © Surname Li house.” (In Love Lane.) 


Tun fan kun; the Kong-si house of the people of 
surname Miu. (In Penang Street.) 

Ku shing ui kun, “The ancient city meeting 
house”; this is the meeting-house of the people of 
the fullowing four surnames Lau 23 Kwan fg 


Cheung be and Chiu pie) The words ancient 


city’ bear reference to the story of the “ Three 
Kingdoms,” in which four notables of the above 


surnames respectively adopted each other as bro- 
thers. (In King Street.) 


tts BE Neg fuk shu un “the five blessings college”; this 


is the Kong-si house of the people coming from 
the following twelve districts of the Quang-tung 


(Canton) Province, viz., Nam Hoi Pa Pun-u 
vey Tung kun i Ss Shun tak Nf 
Heung shan LL can on re Sam shu 
=k Chhung fa HEAL, Chang shang ver yy 
Ung mun HEPA Chhing un TH te. Fa un 


4b ih (In Chulia street.) 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 25 


C. Tr-cHiv. Name romanized in Te-chiu sound, 


#71 Fe)sj Hang kang kia bio, “ Han river family temple”; 
so called after the name of a river near Swatow in 
China. 


D. KHEH or HAKKA. Names romanized in Kheh sound. 


3a HE & BE Ka in fikwon ; ka in= ka ying chow, and ti kwon 
means meeting-house. (In King Street.) 

Ha BE Fi chiu ti kwon; fi chin = Wai chow. (In Prangin 
Road.) 

yeaa ais Chen liung kwon; chen stands for chen shang 
Jer DN and liung stands for liung mun HE FA 
(In King street.) 

A} BE Yin shin kwon. This is an old Kong-si house of 
the Kheh people. The name is simply a fancy 
one. (In King Street.) 

= Eat ip eae ; r oy te ete 

IKK EE Yin thai kwon; yin stands for yin thiu ja 
and thai stands for thai phu Abb (In Toa Aka 
Lane, ) 


tt i & BE Chhung chhang fi kwon; chhung stands for 
Chhuug fa FEAL and chhiang stands for chhiang 
yieu Tei ie. In Prangin Rvad.) 


(e) HAILAM. Names romanized in Hailam sound. 

5. ||| & BE Keng chiu ui koan; keng chiu = kengchow. It is 
also called thien ho kiong “Kg ee meaning 
the Temple of the Queen of Heaven. (In Muntri 
Street.) 


234 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


fa &2 || Lan teng kok This is merely a fancy name. (In 
Church Street.) 

(f) SHANGHAI and NINGPO, Name romanized in Mandarin sound. 

=IJLA San chiang kung so, “ Three chiang public- 
house,’ the three chiangs (also pronounced kiang) 
being che kiang Pry kiang-su YT tik and 
kiang-si 77 py three provinces in North East 
China. 

A LIST OF SOME DISTRICT NAMES IN PENANG. 
PAR ain owmne 


Bakar Bata: /Mokkhien, Chui 4 io ff§(F 22 « Brick- 
kiln.” | 


Dato Kramat: //okhien, Si kham tiam PU Pe NE ‘TOUr 
shops.” Cantonese, Si kan tin PU FB 

Dhobi Ghaut: Mokkien, Sé po kio BEARS “ wasb- 
ing clothes bridge.” 

Jalan Bharu; Hokkien, Viong-|6' HH ee ‘middle road.” 
Cantonese, Chung lo HH Pe 

Kampong Bharu: /okdien, Toa chhit’ kha Thal yl 
‘“ Big tree foot.” 

Kebun Limau; Hokkien, Kam-a huju PH TF bal 
“Orange plantation.” Cantonese, Kam chai un AH (Fel 

Pulau Tikus; Hokkien, Phi luv ti kut ee 

Rifle Range; Hokkien, Phah chheng po FT Bi 


“Hiring gun field.” 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 235 

Sepoy Lines: /okkien, Si pai po: Hae BERR si pai = 
sepoy ; po’ = field. 

Tarek Ayer ; Molhien, Gi chhia chii AE HF 7K “ Bul- 
lock-cart water.” Cuntonese, Ngau chhe shui AEE IK 

Titi Papan; Mokkien, Tiat kid thaa (fy FIA“ Sus- 
pension bridge head.” Cantonese, Tin khiu thau fy 745 BA 

Ujong Pasir, or Prangin: Sia bod mt He “town end.” 
Cantonese, She me Fe 

Part II. Up-country. 


Some of the names are romanized in Kheh sound, as the 
up-country districts are inhabited more by Khehs than Cantonese. 


Ayer Itam: Molhien. A yiitam Hae TRI/K 


Ayer Puteh: Avei, Kung sisan Ava] ill “ Kong-si 
hill.” 


Bagan Jermal : Hokkien, Oan to yeep “bay.” 
Balik Pulau: /lokkien, Pha 16 ee Wis Kheh, San poi 
yey ‘hill back,” i. e., the back of the Pentland Range. 


The town is called Pho: Hf by the Hokkiens, and Tanjong by 


the Khehs. Balik Pulau village is called Kung-si, or Bokkan, 
which is a corruption of the Malay word ‘pekan,” and the 


: > Z{—- 
only street there is called fu lo kat chhong iF Nes ey BS 
Balik Pulau Hill: Hokkien, Phau tai téng i) 38 
“Fort top.” Aheh, Phau thoi tong KaG IB 
Batu Ferringgi: Hotkien, Batu téng-gi ARE TT 
Kheh, Ma tu tin yi AKG TJ ‘et 


236 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Batu Itam: Hokkien Batu I-tam ACHE LR Kheh, 
Chin kau lung 3ff He ‘Christian place,” 

Batu Lanchang: Hokkien, Batu ban chiang JAG 

Batu Uban: Hokkien, Batu ban ACCT 

Bayan Lepas: Hokkien, Ma lak pai [PRUE 

Bukit Penera: Nid téng 3AJ “hill-path top.” 
Kheh, Au tang [NITA ‘valley tcp.” 

Gelugur; Aheh, Liong hang hiau Rt “cold 


stream mouth.” 


Gertak Sanggul: Hokkien, Boé 6: Eaydl “last lake.” 
Kheh, Bi fu Fe val 

Ginting: Hokkien, Ban téng STH Kheh, Vun ting kok. 
IA Vun ting is a corruption for “Ginting,” and kok means 


corner, 


Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin 16:-that Ar RE OB “new 
landing place.” Aheh, Sin tu thiau oh JE BA 

Jelutong: Hokkien, Jit loh tong Ff Ye Vial 

Pasir Blanda: Aheh, Chuk sa wi Ay ib [eal ‘¢ Bamboo 
san enclosure.” 

Pasir Panjang: /Hokkien, To& soa po: Tied ip S Bie 
sand field.” Kheh, Thai sa pu Ke 

Paya Trubong: Molkien, Td bong lai fA/5e Py td 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 237 


bong is a corruption for Trubong, and lai means inside. 

Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Mang-gi kha See HE 
“ Mangeis (mangosteen) foot.” Aheh, Sa kong Vb Ray “ sand 
hill.” 

Pondok Upil; Hokkien, O- piv yay Kheh, O bi 
ize 

Pulau Betong; Hokkien, Phi lo bit tong Ape 3 Via] 


Kheh, Fu lo mit tong We Val 
Relau: Hokkien, O- lai Tae “lake within” = inside 


the lake. heh, (1) Fu lo wang vi Wis He (2) Lau kong 
4E es ‘Old stream.” 


Relau Hill: heh, Nga kong chhai AES ‘the hill 
fortress.” 

Sungei Ara: Aheh, Sin kong es ‘“new stream.” 

Sungei Burong: Aheh, Sung kiau vu yiung. 

Sungei Kluang: JAokkien, Bang kha Jan SS EN 
=“ Pengkalan” which means “ landing place” in Malay. 

Sungei Nibong: Azheh, Sung kiau li bong. 

Sungei Pening: Azeh, Sung kiau pin long. 

Sungei Pening: Hotkien Chia” chui king YR eves 
Fresh water river.” 

Sungei Rusa: Azheh, Sung kiau liu sa. 

Sungei Teeram; Aokkien, Koé soa-a se LL TF 
‘* Over the hill.” 


238 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Tanjong Bunga: Hokkien, Koe soa" 5a “ Over 

the hill,” 
Tanjong Tokong: Hokkien, Pin that kong si 7K GH 

Zrii ‘‘God’s islet.” Aheh, Hoi tsu tsz HEBER SE “ sea-pear! 


monastery.” 


Teluk Bahang: J/okkien, Lan chio hu? fra bse a] 
«‘ Pepper plantation.” 


Teluk Kumbar: Hokkien, Kong pa AXFY Kicd, 
Kum pa. 

ISLETS IN THE VICINITY OF PENANG. 
Pulau Betong: Hokkien, Phu 16: bit tong Fp Rie a8 yal 
Pulau Jerijak: (1) Hokkien, Pht 16: ji jiak FP Wis Gb Ax 

Cantonese, Muk kau shan As web 1 ‘‘earthen-pot hill” = hil| 

of the shape of an earthen pot. (2) Hokkien, Thai ko: sti TRA 

By id ‘‘Lepers’ island,” called after the Lepers’ Hospital there. 
Pulau Kra: Hokkien, di a iif (F- “islet.” 


i vai Rimau: Hokkien, Ab--a st Retr ie “ tigers 
island. 


Pulau Tikus: (1) Hokkien, Péh si Eq ihe ‘“‘ white 


island.” (2) Hokkien, Pha 16: kiet chi JE ,eAE TT Malay 
“ Pulau Kechil” = small island. 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 239 


A LIST OF NAMES OF SOME PLACES IN PROVINCE 
WELLESLEY AND DINDINGS. 

Province Wellesley: Hokhicn, Koe kang sha ves 
“over the harbour.” 

Ara Kuda: /okkien, A-lah xi-ta Ae fl) ay 

Ara Rendang: A-lah lang He fl) lS 

Aur Gading:: Hokkien, Song-kai loa HEE Ye, i Sungai 
dua. 

Bagan Ajam: “Hokkien, Chiu ong ia thaa Jj -F RR 3A 
“Chiu god head”’—the place where the god is whose name is 
Chiu. 

Bagan Dalam: Avieh, Fo shui chbong ZK KR “ Ke- 
rosine oil tank.” 

Bagan Lalang: J//okbien, Si-kak huin [JU i fii] 
“square plantation.” 

Bagan Luar: Hokkien, Bang lat Bes ‘ net-houses ” 
== fishing houses. 


Bagan Tuan Kechil: Hokkien, Chin 16--thaa AH RS OG 


‘‘ vessel landing place.” 

Bukit Mertajam: Wolhien, Toa soa" kha FQyL JHE 
“ Big hill foot.” Aheh, Thai san kiok FQ] HEM 

Bukit Minyak: Holkien, Tam-ma (Damar) soa” BRA 


a “Damar hill.” Aveh, Pa ma_ san FE Ditty 


Bukit Seraya: Hokkien, Sin pa 7 apa ‘new forest.” 
Kheh, Shin pa #)p HH 


Bukit Tambun: AHokkien, Tambun RUZ Kheh, 
Tam mun PRIX 


240 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 
Bukit Tengah: Hokkien, Bukit téng-ga Ee Ep 


Kheh, Vu tsz teng-a = a 


Butterworth: Hokkien, Pak hai At ez “ north sea.” 
Cherok Tokun: Hokkien Tok-kun to: 7S Al HL Kheh. 


Tokun tu 7 LA 

Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin 16:-that hr RZ Ba “new 
landing place.” Avheh, Sin thu thiau pr DE BH 

Juru: Hokkien, Gili Agif Aheh, Ngi fu SEF 

Kapala Batas: Hokkien, Pa-la ba-tai 

Kubang Semang: Hokkien, Ko-pa sam-bang jSy 
= Kheh, Thai ng tham KA ‘‘ Bio fish pond.” 

Lahar Ikan Mati: Hokkien, Ikan mati. 

Machang Buboh: Hokkien, Pa-sia to ELSAHE 
Kheh, Ta siak tu FP BAL 

Maklom : (1) Hokkien, Sin hai® #y [x] “new plantation.” 
(2) Hokkien, Pa-tang (Batang) bod ES, A Se ‘“ Batang end.” 

Mengkuang: Hokkien, Mang kuang. Kheh, Mang kang 

Nibong Tebal: Hokkien, Ko ien =9)-| ‘“ Krian.” Kheh, 
Kow yen. 

Padang Manora: Hokkien, Jara. 

Pagar Tras: Hokkien, “ Pa-sia t0- seng-tiz wpe hee 
ait the holy church at Machang Buboh. Kheh, “Ta siak tue 
shin thong FTA ee 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG 241 


Parit Buntar: Bee. (1) Sin ba lai pr Axle Seen 
station.” (2) Bin ta CHE 

Penaga : Hokkien, Pin nd ga AX YF 

Permatang Bandahari : Hokkien, Ba tang hali AAA 

Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Batang Pasir; “heh, 
Matang Pasir. , 7 

Permatang Pau /othien, Batang Po ARAVA Kheh, 
Matang pu Nis EAA 

Yoko Brangan ; Molkien, Leng chiitiam Ys 9X JB “cold 
drink shop.” Aheh, Liorg shui tiam ay The 


Sempang Ampat; Sin pang Am pat MMAR 

Sungei Bakap ; Hokkien, Jitu" 15h “ Jawi.’  Kheh 
Yan ji. 

Sungei Derhaka: J//okkien, Sungei laka. Aheh, Sa 
kong mui “ ha] Fe “sand hill end.” 

Sungei Rambai: Hokkien, Kang kha HVS “river 
foot.” Aheh, Kong ha Ex [N ‘river below.” 

Tasek: (heh, Pa seh. 

Tebing Tinggi: Hokkien, Soa™-a LL fF ‘small hill.” 

Dindings: Hokkien, Kai si Fu ‘‘ nine islands.” 
Kheh, Kau chi liu J{,F-3Hf “nine links.” 

Bruas: Hokkien, Jit loh sa H yz ib 

Lumut: Hokkien, Ang thé: kham RAMs “red earth 
cliff.” Cantonese, Hung hom STAG 

Pangkor: Holklien, Pang ko BZA 


242 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


INDEX OF THE STREETS. 


A kui ke 

A-phien kong-si ke 
A-ia i-tam 16- 

A ék to-lain 

Ang mo: Jo: 


Ang mo: ki thiony 
Ang mo: oh chéng 
Ang mo: sin thiong 
Ban an tai 

Ban Tek hong 16: 
Bang-ka-li hang 
Batu Gantong 
Béng hi tai 

Béng san 1|6:-that 
Chap chhit keng 
Chap-ji keng 

Chap kenge chhi 
Che-ti ke 

Chha kang ke 
Chha 16:-thau 
Chha tia” 

Chha tia” at 

Chhat bok ke 
Chhaui-po: hai-ki" ]o- 
Chhéng iok keng 
Chiu léng 16--that 
Gi-hin ke 
Gi-hin-ke 16:-thau 
Gi-hok ke 

Goa koan 


Ah Quee Street 


King Street 
Ayer Itam Road 
Waterfall Road 


Northam Road or 
Street 


Northam Road 
Farquhar Street 


Western Road - 
Kulim Lane 

Sungei Ujong 
Argyle Road 
Scotland Road 
Kulim Lane 

China Street Ghaut 
Chulia Lane 

Queen Street 
Carnarvon Street 
Penang Street 
Bishop Street 
Chulia Street Ghaut 
Maxwell Road 

Tek Soon Street 
Bishop Street 
Esplanade Road 
Magazine 

Church Street Ghaut 
Church Street 
Church Street Ghaut 
Rope Walk 
Downing Street 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Go: pha teng 

Ga chhia ke 

Gi chhia chii 

Ga kan-tang 

Har ki® sin 16° 
Hiang-kang |o- 

H6: chio tia” 

H6: seng kong-si ke 
Hoan-a hi-hui" ke 
Hoan-a thidne 

Hoé chhia 1s: 

Hong chhia 13: 

Hii chiu kong-si ke 
Ia kha 

Gia-lan a-teng 

Ji 6ng chhii 16: 
Jit-loh-tong 16: 
Jit-ptin ke 

Kam-a hat 
Kam-kong lai 
Kam-kong-lai hoai® 16: 
Kam kong ma-lak-ka 
Kang-d khatt . 

Kati keng chhi 
Kati keng chhi aii 
Kéng kii ke 

Khai Héng Bi 1o- 
Khai Héng Bi bi-ka 
Ki-lin ho: 

Kiam ha-a hang 
Kiam ht tia? 

Kien goan ke 
Kiet-léng-a ban san 
Kiet-léng-a ke 
Kiet-léng-a ke 16--that 
Koai® lati-a 

Koai® lat-a 10--that 
Koan-a kak 

Koan im téng aii 


Magazine 

Prangin Road 
Burmah Road 
Chulia Street 


_ Weld Quay 


Hong Kong Street 
Sungei Ujong 
King Street 
Kwala Kangsa Road 
Carnarvon Street 
Gladstone Road 
Brickkiln Road 
Prangin Road 

Pitt Street 

Hutton Lane 
Residency Road 
Jelutong Road 
Cintra Street 
Dato Kramat Road 
Carnarvon Lane 
Toa aka Lane- 
Kedah Road 

Beach Street 
Penang Street 
King Street 

Keng Kwee Street 
Prangin Road 
Maxwell Road 
Green Hall 

Fish Lane 

Prangin Lane 
Armenian Street 


243 - 


Chowrasta Road or Tamil Stree 
King Street or Chulia Street 


Chulia Street Ghaut 
Acheen Street 
Acheen Street Ghaut 
R. C. O. Front 
Stewart Lane 


244 


Koan im téng chéng 

Koe kang-a 

Koé kang-a sin 16: 

Koe kang-a té tt tian 16° 
Koe kang-a té ji tiat 16: 
Koe kang-a té sa” tiat 16° 
Koe kane-a té si tiat 160: 
Koe kang-a té go: tiat 16: 
Koé kang-a té lak tiat lo 


Koe kang-a té chhit tiat lo: 


Koé kang-a té peh tiat lo: 
Koé kang-a té kati tiat 6: 
Kong hok ki hang 

Ku Ho Hap sia ke 

Ka Ho-seng kong-si ke 
Ka kha khu 

Kui-tang ke 

Kui-tang toa peh kong 
Lak chhé 16: 

Lam chhan-a 

Lam hoa i ™ ke 

Lang chhia teng pai koan 
Léng chiak chhu chéng 
Lién hoa ho: 

Liong san tong lai 
L6:-lin ke 

Li-song Ié-pai-tY chéne 
Ma kau ke 

Mr soa® ke 

Oan that-a 

Oan-to: 16: 

Pak kan lai 

Pa sat ke 

Pang long - 

Peng pang 10° 

Phah chidh ke 

Phah chidh ke !6:-that 
Phah phat ke 

Phah soh hanz 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 


Pitt Street 

Bridge Street 
MacNair Road 
Magazine Road 
Noordin Street 
Presgrave Street 
Thye Sin Street 
MacCallum Street 
Katz Street 

Cecil Street 


Heriot Street 


Sandilands Road 
Market Lane 
Queen Street 
King Street 
Penang Road 
Penang Street 
King Street 
Magazine 
Carnarvon Street 
Muntri Street 
Penang Road 
Penang Road 
Farquhar Street 
Cannon Square 
Chulia Street 


Bishop Street 


Penang Street 
Kimberley Street 
Prangin Road 
Bagan Jermal Road 
Che Em Lane 
Market Street 
Bridge Street 
Rarrack Road 
Acheen Street 
Acheen Street Ghaut 
Cintra Street 


Kimberley Street or Rope Walk 


CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Phah tang ke 

Phah thih ke 

Phah thih ke hang-. 

Phi chun 16: 

Pia” chhii 10° 

Po lé ati 

Po lé khati 

Pun that kong haug 

Puin that kong hang 16:-that 
Si” Ta" kong-si ke 

si Tan kong-si ke 

Sr Tr kong-si ke 

Sr Tiu" kong-si ke 

Séng hone bio |o: 
Sek-lan-ni hang 

Sek-lan-ni lé-pai-ty aii hang-a 
Sek-lan-ni 6h chéng 
Si-kak chi 

Sikbam tiam 

sia boé 

Siane hé chhi chéng 

Sin ban-san 

Sin hai-lam kone-si ke 

Sin hi-tai 

Sin ke 

Sin ke hoai® ke 

Sin-ke that 

Sin toa-miai"-lati 

Soa" that ke 

Stn-tek kong-si ke 

Tai jin koan 

Te-chiu ke 

Te-chiu kong-si at 

Tek Stn chhu pi ke 

Tek sin 16: 

Thai gu hang (or thai gu ai) 
Thai gi hang !6:-thaa 
Thai ko hang 

That tiat 16: 

Tho: kho: (or that kho-) ke 


Armenian Street 
Beach Street 

Toa Aka Lane 

Phee Choon Lane 
Hospital Road 
Union Street 

Light Street 
Armenian Street 
Armenian Street Ghaut 
Chulia Street Ghaut 
Seh Tan Court 
Kimberley Street 
Carnarvon Street 
Bridge Street 

Love Lane or Muntri Street 
Argus Lane 
Farquhar Street 
Carnarvon Street 
Dato Kramat Road 
Beach Street (Ujong Pasir) 
Leith Street 

Market Street Ghaut 
Muntri Street 

Drury Lane 
Campbell Street 
Cintra Street 
Buckingham Street 
Campbell Street 
Kimberley Street 
Bishop Street 
Downing Street 
Kimberley Street 
Rite Lane 

Transfer Road 

Tek Soon Street 
Malay Street 

Malay Street Ghaut 
Muda Lane 
Magazine Road 
Beach Street 


245 


246 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 


Tiat. ki6 than 
Tiat: lang ke 
Tiong ke 

Tiong 16: 

Toa ba-lai 

Toa chhai hui” lo: 
Toa chhéng khang 
Toa chui chi" 
Toa ke 

Toa ke 16:-that 
Toa 10: ati 

Toa mui? lat 


Toa-miui®-lau hoai® ke 


Toa mii lati lai 
Toan 16°-sin 
Toan pa-li 


Penang Road (Titi Papan) 
Penang Road 

Beach Street 

MacAlister Road 

Pitt Street 

Race Course Road 
Cannon Street 

Chulia Street Ghaut or Pitt Street 
China Street 

China Street Ghaut 

Perak Road 

Chulia Street 

Carnarvon Street 

Sek Chuan Lane 

Beach Street 

Green Hall 


THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE, 247 


The Orang Laut of Singapore. 
“ We tack not now to a Gallang Prow.” Kipling. 


At the time of the occupation of Singapore by the British, 
there were living on the island, then densely afforested, one or 
two races of natives, known as the Orang Kallang and Orang 
Selitar. The former of these lived on the river of the same 
name, tbe latter along the rivers of the Johore Strait. Some 
accounts of these two tribes was published by Logan in Vol. i. of 
Logan’s Journal in 1847, and illustrated by outlines of heads, 
The Kallangs were removed by the Tumunggong of Johore 
from the Kallang river to Pulai River when the island was 
ceded to Britain. They formerly consisted of 100 families, but 
in 1847 the small pox bad reduced them to eight. They were 
said to have lived exclusively in boats, neither building huts nor 
cultivating any plants. Their language at that time appears to 
have been Malay, and neither Mr. Logan nor Mr. ‘Thomson 
who described the Orang Selitar were able to elicit any words 
of their original language. Of these races it is not easy now to 
find any traces, as they have become amalgamated with the 
Malays, adopting not only their language but also their customs 
and religion. Lately however the authors of this pote visited 
Kampong Roko, on the Kalang river, and made an attempt to 
collect what information was procurable concerning this inter- 
esting people. They were accompanied by Mr. R. H. Yapp (of 
the Cambridge expedition) who took photographs of some of the 
older men who were stated to be of this race. Kampong Roko 
itself isa Malay village of the ordinary type, builton a mud 
bank of the Kalang river and containing a very mixed popu- 
lation. The natives have for many years employed themselves 
in fishing and in preparing Nipah leaves for cigarettes- wrappers, 
so that the ground is covered fora considerable depth with a 
dense mass of waste fragments of leaves. We visited the vil- 
lage on Nov. 12th, and sought out the oldest inhabitants, the 
Batin Jenang, and an old man named Rabu, together with one 
or two others, and spent a long time with them in endeavours to 


248 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE. 


obtain information as to the language, traditions, etc., of the Ka- 
langs, but they seemed to have forgotten most of the language, 
and but little information could be obtained, though what was 
obtained was of considerable interest. They affirmed that they 
were Orang Daik (Malay) from Lingga, and stated that there 
were at least eight tribes who used to visit this district, and 
were mostly pirates. They were the 


Orang ‘tambus Orang Sekanak 
Orang Mantang Orang Barok 
Orang Galang Orang Moro- 
Orang Pusek (or Persik) Orang Sugi 


The first two always lived in boats, having no fixed habita- 
tions, and were not piratical. The rest were all bad rirates, 
who lived on various islands and travelled as far as Siam and 
Cochin China on piratical expeditions. In the time of Sultan 
Mahmud, Raja Lang was the chief cf the Galangs, and Orang 
Kaya Mepar (Che Muntel) was chief of the Baroks, and his grand- 
son is now head. ‘hey have a village at Singkep, or as one of 
the men said, on Lingga. The Persiks now live at Pulau Persik 
between Retik and Daik. They had a Batin as chief, but no Jen- 
ang. The Orang Tambus now live ina village in Silat Durian, 
among the Riau islands. They had a Batin only. The Orang 
Mantang lived on Pulau Mantang and were very numerous. They 
hada Batin. The Orang Galang lived mostly in Pulau Karas, in 
the Riau Archipelago, and had a Batin only. The Orang Sekanak 
lived on an island between Pulau Retik and Pulau Daik. The Orang 
Sugi live near Sulit, in Riau, and had a Batin. The Orang Moro 
lived in Pulau Moro, near Pulau Sugi; but they were also said to 
belong to the Orang Daik. It should be noted that among the 
Sakai tribes of the Peninsula, the Batin is usually if not invariably 
considered as the superior of the Jenang. Here however at 
Kampong Roko it was stated quite positively that the Jenang was 
the higher official. 


The following non-Malay words were obtained from these © 
men: 
Koyok, a dog. Used by all the above mentioned tribes. 
Kiyan, come, come here (lit. thither) cf. Belandas tribe Chan. 
Kiyun, go away (lit. hither) cf. Belandas Chun. 


THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE. 249 


Kiyoh, far off. 

Sika, come here, e.g., Sika makan come here and eat. 

The following words are probably all of Malay origin: 
Jengkeng or bidah, a boat (sampan or koleh). 

Lanchang, a sailing vessel. 

O-neh or O-ne, friend or comrade, used in addressing other mem- 
bers of the tribe whether young cr old, e.g., O-neh Nan 
Kamana? Where are you going, friend? ‘The O in Oneh 
may be merely interjectional. 

Diko =engkau, also used in addressing other tribesmen, but 
less polite or less friendly than O-ne. 

Pohon was used instead of Poko, tree, as on the Kast 
Coast and elsewhere. 

The pronunciation was said to be peculiar, thus: s was pro- 
nounced like a soft z,e.¢., Nazi for Nasi; r like h, e.g., Parang 
for Pahang; k like kh,e.g., Khain for Kain; Khakhi for Kak. 

Too much stress however must not be laid upon these ex- 
amples of pronunciation, as although what was heard is faith- 
fully recorded, the personal equation enters too largely into this 
sort of questions for them to be accepted without repeated 
checkings. A Sakai, for instance, will occasionally pronounce 
one and the same word in two distinct ways, probably through 
nervousness at being questioned by an European. 

Slight as these traces are, if taken in conjunction with the 
important fact that the constitution of these tribes corresponds 
fairly closely to that of Sakais (as is shown by the Sakai names 
of the chiefs) they appear to suggest the theory that the Sea- 
gypsies of Singapore owe their origin largely from Sakai hill- 
tribes in the Riau-Lingga Archipelago; that these, whether 
through pressure of the Malay immigration or from other causes, 
took to the sea, and reinforced probably by more than a sprink- 
ling of mere Malay adventurers, developed into the famous 
piratical race which under the generic name of Orang Laut 
became for a space the terror of all who sailed these Eastern seas. 
Such an evolution of one of the mildest mannered and most 
timid races of the earth would certainly appear unaccountable, 
but if it is to be rejected, it involves us in still greater difficulties. 
The evidences may be briefly enumerated as follows. 

(1.) ‘The constitution of the tribe under Jinang and Batin. 


32 


250 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE. 


(2). The use of undoubted Sakai words; of these Koyok 
Kiyan, and Kiyun are all words allied to those used by the 
Belandas tribe in Selangor. | 

(3.) The Sakai ‘ terumba” or racial records as preserved 
by the Besisi tribe in the Kwala Langat district (Selangor), 
which explicitly state that the ancestors of the original tribe 
descended to the sea and became sea-folk (/urun kalaut jadi 
raiat laut) and that the sea-folk became pirates (Raiat laut jadi 
Bajau). 

Further investigations when opportunities occur may supply 
more extensive information as to these wild tribes, now so near- 
ly vanished. The foregoing notes, incomplete as they are, show 
that there are still some records worth the attention of any who 
have the chance of studying the race, and research in the district 
of Selitar and Pandan, where the tribe, as late as 18147, were in 
a very primitive state of civilisation, and in the Carimons, and» 
neighbouring islands, may throw more light on the history and 
relationship of the Orang Laut. 

W. W. Skeat. 


HH. N. hidley: 


Cases of Lightning Discharge. 


By G. E. V. THOMAS, A.M.I.C.E. 
Communicated by A. N. Ridley. 


The study of lightning phenomena is of great interest and 
importance, and as the conditions which obtain in Malaya are ex- 
tremely favourable for the observation of such phenomena, as re- 
gards the frequency and violence of thunder storms, it is some- 
what surprising to find that the accounts so far available are few. 
Those here given are of interest as being descriptive of unusual 
effects. 

In well-marked cases of the destructive effect of lightning 
on trees, the tree struck is completely shattered. Such instances 
are familiar, probably because they are immediately apparent as 
the result of a severe storm; but the gradual decay and death 
of a number of trees in the vicinity of one struck, which would 
seem to be a frequent after-effect, is a form of damage which, as 
far as the writer can ascertain, has not previously been noted. 

The following account, from the diary of Mr. H. N. Ridley, 
Director of Gardens and Forests, 8. 8., describes such an effect, 
which occurred in a coco-nat plantation in Singapore. 

“May 3rd 1898. Visited Siglap and saw a place where, more 
than a month previously, a tree was struck by a tremendovs 
flash. [rom this tree in a semicircle (there being none on the 
outer side) eleven more treesdied. The deaths appeared to radi- 
ate out from struck tree gradually. Three were still standing ; 
they bore young fruit and flowers, but the whole of the foliage 
looked as if burnt. One was still alive and putting up a fresh 
leaf. One, covered with fungi, had been dead sometime. Why 
this progressive death? Inspector tells me he saw a similar 
case where, some time after the death of coco-nuts, some mango- 
steen trees withered away in like manner. 

A similar instance recently occurred in the Botanical Gar- 
- dens, Singapore, and was brought to the writer’s notice by the 


252 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 


same observer. In this case two trees (Hrythrina and Detarium) 
appeared to have been struck simultaneously. Though the da- 
mage apparent was very slight and confined to the bark, decay 
began in the Hrythrina within ten days. Another Lrythrina ad- 
joining died soon after, but the Detarium was unhurt. Another 
example occurred on Government Hill, when a sugar palm was 
struck (May 2nd, 1869). The writer saw the tree two hours 
afterwards and obtained the following account from a native 
eye-witness. ‘About half past one there was a single peal of 
thunder, very near, but I saw no flash, only a general glare. 
Less than one minute afterwards smoke came from the tree 
and then flames, about half way up the trunk. The fire went 
up very quickly and I ordered the tree to be cut down.” 
When the writer saw the tree, the fibrous material which covers 
these palms was stiJl smouldering, but the closest examination 
failed to reveal any traces of damage other than that caused by 
fire, and the surrounding trees were quite unhurt. Three months 
afterwards, however, the similar palms in a radius of twelve or 
fifteen feet from that struck were completely dead. 

A remarkable point in this instance is that although the 
palm struck was over sixty feet in height, and surrounded by 
others even taller, the flash should have struck it in the middle. 
Mr. Ridley has noted a similar case in which an explosion took 
place in the fork of a Rambutan tree only six feet above the 
ground between the base of the fork and a birds-nest fern, and 
set fire to the roots of the fern. There was no damage done to 
this tree except from burns, but a chicken at its lase was killed. 

The first of the following accounts, furnished by Mr. A. 
Knight, is of particular interest, as the phenomena noted were of 
an unusual kind and did not occur during a storm. Mr. Knight 
writes :— On the 12th September, 1898, I was driving home 
from town, and when in the lower part of River Valley Road I 
saw a flash in front, and there was a loud report which made my 
pony start forward, On reaching my house, Grassdale, I found 
that the ladies of my household had been much startled. by the 
explosion. ‘Two of them had been near the entrance, standing 
facing towards town, while two others were walking from the 
direction of town and were about a third of a mile from the 
house. To the former two a flame-coloured flash seemed to fall 


CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 253 


in front of them; to the latter two a bright light seemed to be 
thrown in their faces and the loud report was instantaneous. 
These two afterwards detected a sulphurous smell, and all felt 
a sensation like an electric shock. There had been some distant 
thunder anil rain shortly after noon. It had afterwards been 
bright but stormy looking ; and though clouds were gathering in 
the evening, there was at that time no thunder or lightning. 
Shortly afterwards there was heavy thunder near, followed by 
a copious shower. A. K.” 

Mr. Knight’s second account also describes a form of dis- 
charge about which very little is known. It is unfortunate that 
no photograph was obtained, as it would seem from comments 
in a recent electrical journal that no photograph ever has been 
obtained of this phenomenon, and it has been customary to dis- 
credit statements as to its appearance. Mr. Knight’s note differs 
from the more usual accounts, in which the ball of fire is said to 
run about before bursting, but is closely analogous to a case 
quoted by Dr. Oliver Lodge,* in which however the ball 
is described as of a reddish yellow colour, changing to 
vivid white. Mr. Knight’s account is as follows :—* On the 14th 
October, 1898, there was a very severe thunder squall—strong 
wind, violent rain and much thunder, not very distant. It came 
on suddenly, about 7 p.m., as we were going down to dinner ; 
and as I was about to take my seat at the end of the table, facing 
the back of the house, I saw an explosion in the air, like that 
of a fireball or bomb, probably four or five feet above the ground, 
and there was a loud bang. ‘The light appeared greenish white. 
There is no doubt that it was in the back garden, as it was 
located there by some neighbours whose line of sight was at 
right angles with mine.” 

Mr. Ridley reports also the two following cases of globular 
lightning, differing from that of Mr. Knight in that the pheno- 
mena occurred outside the storm. ‘Some few years ago, I was 
sitting in my verandah, about 7 p.m ; it was quite dark, and there 
was a thunderstorm going on over the Economic Garden. Sud- 
denly there was an intensely brilliant flash and instantaneous 
explosion close to the house. My back was towards the garden, 


* Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards. Prof. O. J. Lodge, 


254 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 


so that I only saw the reflection of the light. Mr. Feilding 
was at the time passing along the road below the hill on which 
my house stands, when he saw a ball of fire descend in a curve, 
slowly, about 50 yards from the house, close to the ground, 
between him and the house. It appeared to explode with a 
tremendous noise. Careful examination of the grass where the 
ball fell showed no trace of burning or other mark. Simal- 
taneously with this phenomenon, a large tree (Jrvinia) in the 
Economic Garden was struck by lightning, but hardly injured. 
This stroke was the last flash of the storm.” ; 

(2) ‘A thunderstorm was taking place over the Bukit 
Timah Road, beyond the Economic Garden, one Sunday about 
two years ago, at between one and two p.m. The sky was 
bright, but not cloudless, and the sun brilliant over my house, 
and I went out onthe lawn to look at the distant storm to the 
North. I sawa zigzag flash apparently about three-quarters of a 
mile away, and, almost absolutely simultaneously, a peal of 
thunder came from behind me, and behind the house to the west. 
I saw nothing to account for this, but Mr. Robertson-Glasgow, 
who was sitting in a room facing west, saw a luminous body, 
not; ball-shaped, though more or less rounded, moving in a 
downward curve to the South, till it disappeared behind some 
trees, and was followed by the thunder. It was less bright 
than the sunlight.” 

The only local cases of damage to buildings reported are 
those at the Cape Rachado and Muka Head Lighthouses. The 
writer was fortunately able to inspect the former not long after — 
the occurrence, and found it to be an interesting example of side 
flash, a discharge having left the very fine ‘“ Lightning Rod 
Conference” copper conductor at a bend and made sundry holes 
in solid masonry walls, traversing two rooms and finally being 
dissipated over the sheet of rain water collected in a courtyard. 
The Lightkeeper’s report shows that in this case the ‘ expen- 
diture of observers” deprecated by Dr. Lodge, nearly occurred, 
_as the matting under two low wooden beds, on which some of 
the lighthouse attendants were lying at the time, was torn to 
pieces. The report. concludes :—-“ In that time Serang, Tindal 
and two Lascars is inside the room grate of the Almighty 

pity there had not been anything happen.” 


CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 255 


The Muka Head case ( October 9th, 1897, ) affords another 
example of the inefficacy of the old-fashioned single conductor, 
which was supposed to protect a building of any size if only it 
were high enough, and had nicely sharpened points and an earth 
resistance measuring a fraction of anohm. [rom the interes- 
ting report by Mr. Wills,* the Lighthouse keeper, it would seem 
that a Hash struck the conductor, leaving evidence by tearing 
off a gunmetal brace about half way up. The discharge then left 
the heavy copper rod and proceeded to earth by a thin telephone 
earth wire, thirty feet of which was completely deflagrated. 
From some further reports collected by the writer, it would 
seem that Penang Hill would form an excellent site for obser- 
vation, as the disturbances noted by the Signal Sergeant 
stationed there are exceptionally freakful and violent. He 
states that in April, 1898, a telegraph pole was cut in half 
horizontally as if it were sawed off.” The telegraph wire was 
also cut in three or four places and three insulators broken. On 
another occasion, a discharge passed through a large earthen- 
ware jar, making one hole of several inches in diameter, and a 
second of less than one inch, and finally excavating part of the 
floor near the jar. 

An attempt to explain the conditions which serve to bring 
about results like these is not within the scope of the present 
notes, but the writer may, perhaps, be permitted to invite 
further lightning notes, accompanied where possible by photo- 
graphs, Such records are of the greatest possible assistance in 
promoting the general knowledge of a series of phenomena 
about which there is still muck to be discovered. | 


G. EH. V. Thomas. 


*Kindly furnished by Mr. O. V. Thomas, Acting J. Supt. Govt. 
Telegraphs, Penang. 


Notes from the Sarawak Museum. 


ON A REMARKABLE DIPTEROUS LARVA. 


During a recent visit to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, I found 
in sand beneath some overhanging cliffs numerous small pit-falls 
exactly like those made by the ant-lion; some of these when 
examined were found to contain a curious worm-like larva which 
has since proved to belong to a fly of the genus Vermileo, family 
Leptide. The body consists of 11 segments, into the first of . 
which the head can be completely retracted, five annuli can 
plainly be distinguished on segments 2, 3, and 4, but are less well 
marked on the others; the 10th consists only of three. The 
middle annulus of the fourth segment bears on the ventral surface 
a fleshy knob (abdominal pseudopod) which is surmounted by a 
small semicircular chitinous comb longitudinally placed; the 
eighthsegment ventrally bearsa median tuft of setee, and a fringe 
cf similar setee marks the posterior border of the 9th segment, this 
also carries on its ventral surface 2 median setigerous papille. 
The 10th segment, which is set at somewhat of an angle to the 
9th, bears on the dorsal surface at its anterior border a fringe 
of very strong sete directel backwards. The 11th and last 
segment terminates in four finger-like processes clothed with 
delicate hairs, the anus opens on its ventral, two stigmata on its 
dorsal surface. The last three segments are markedly larger 
than any of the preceding ones. The larva burrows into the 
sand head first, until completely buried, and then proceeds to 
form its pit-fall in the following manner: the more deeply 
buried tail-end acting as a fixed point, the anterior half of 
the body is curved about in all directions, each curving 
motion being followed by a rapid straightening out, which jerks 
the sand away for some little distance ; since the tail is fixed, the 
result of many of these motions is to produce a circular repres- 
sion with sloping sides; at the bottom of this lies the larva, ven- 
tral surface uppermost, the posterior half of the body still buried, 
the anterior half exposed and straightened out. If now an ant 
is introduced into the pit-fall, the exposed part of the larva sud- 
denly curls up in a spiral coil, the prey being generally included 


NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 25% 


in the coil and impaled by pressure on the chitinous comb of the 
4th segment; a hold is then gained with the mouth, an] after a 
few minutes, with a rapid sinuous motion, the larva straightens 
out and disappears below the sand, carrying its prey with it. If 
the larva is not successful in catching its prey the first time, it _ 
flings sand about in all directions by rapid switching movements, ~ 
and the victim, unable to obtain a foothold on the ‘sliding sides 
of the pit-fall, falis down to the bottom; or occasionally the 
larva actually strikes like a snake at the victim as it endeavours 
to escape from the toils, indeed many of the actions of this larva 
are quite snake-like, and an ant enclosed in one of its coils re- 
minds one of nothing so much as of a small mammal in the grasp 
of a python. Occasionally the prey seems somewhat out of 
proportion to the larva, but by means of the numerous setz on 
the large posterior segments a very firm grip is obtained in the 
sand, and | have never yet seen an insect of moderate size make 
good his escape after having been once seized. I brought down 
to Kuching alive several of these larve, and one or two pupa- 
ted ; shortly before pupation, the larva leaves its pit-fall and lies 
close to the surface of the san], though completely covered; 
the anterior se7ments become much swollen and retracted, un- 
til the integument bursts, revealing beneath the brownish pupa ; 
by some convulsive movements the whole pupa now appears at the 
surface, the larval skin being slowly shuffled off backwards, but 
never becoming entirely freed, so that the posterior end of the 
pupa always presents a somewhat ragged appearance. Unfor- 
tunately the heat of Kuching proved too much for these pupe, 
and none came to maturity, but shrivelled up; some Leptid_ flies 
which I obtained on Penrissen are, however, I am sure, the 
adult stage. 


ON A MALE SPECIMEN OF PURLISA GIGANTEUS DIST. 


A specimen of this handsome Lyceenid butterfly was described 
and figured by Distant in his Rhopalocera Malayana (p. 250. Tab. 
XXI. fig, 28. 1885), but the sex was not stated either in this or 
in two previous descriptions (Distant, Hut. Month. Mag. Vol. 
XVII. p. 245, 1881, and Waterhouse, Aid. Vol. I. pl. XLVI, 
1882), and de Nicéville in his ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” Vol. iii. p. 


2 
vO 


258 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM, 


385, writes :—‘* 1 have not seen this species. The sex of the 
specimens described is not stated, and it would be hazardous 
even to guess from the figures and descriptions what sex they 
may be.” 

With the capture of an undoubted male specimen on Mt. 
Matang, Sarawak, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, in March of last 
year, | am enabled to state with absolute certainty that Distant 
described a female, and as the male sex has never been described 
T now append a short account of it. 

Upperside; forewing as in the female, hind-wing with the 
dark fuscous area much smaller, commencing as a narrow band 
at the external angle it rapidly narrows to a thin marginal line; 
costal area grey; underside rather paler than in the female. 
The inner margin of the hind-wing just interior to the sub- 
median nervure is shortly folded opposite the abdomen, the fold — 
containing numerous long scent-hairs. This sexual ebaracter 
though common enough in the Nymphalide and Papilionide, is 
only met with, amongst the Oriental Lyczenide, in the genus 
Simiskina. The neuration of both sexes is identical. Mr. H. H. 
Druce has already recorded this species from Borneo in a paper 
on the Lyceenide of the island (P. Z. S., 1895, p. 602), but his 
specimen was a female. 


ON THE FEMALE OF DODONA ELVIRA STAUD. 


The male of Dodona Elvira was described by Staudinger in 
* Iris, ” Vol. IX. p. 239, pl. V, fig. 6, (1896), together with many 
other new Bornean species. Females of this species are ex- 
tremely rare, for though I have caught over one hundred males, 
I have only been able to secure one female; as. that sex has 
never been described, I do so willingly here :—Larger than male. 
Uppersiae ochreous; forewing with base broadly shaded with 
fuscous, a black spot or costal margin continuous with a fuscous 
discal fascia, a short line of the same colour, closing the cell and 
almost fused with the discal fascia. Another black spot on the 
costal margin, continuous witha very pale fuscous fascia, apex and 
external margin broadly bordered with black. The border 
containing some obsolescent, ochreous, submarginal spots. Hind- 
wing as in the male. Underside ground-colour more rufous 


NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 259 


The fascias are white, tinged with cchreous, instead of silvery, 
and fascia No, 4 on the forewing is very broad, fusing with the 
white litura which in the male occurs at the base of the second 
median interspace. Expanse 48 mm. Matang, 3,000 feet. 
June 1897. 


ON THE SYSTEM OF. CATALOGUING ADOPTED IN THE 
SARAWAK MUSEUM 


In the year 1874 an American, Mr. Melvill Dewey, invented 
and published a system for classifying and cataloguing scienti- 
fic and other literature by means of employing decimal numbers, 
this system is known as the Dewey Decimal System. Curiously 
enough it has received but a small amount of attention in Eng- 
land and her dependencies, a most astonishing fact when one 
compares its perfect method and simplicity with the systems 
now in vogue in the majority of large home and colonial libra- 
ries. Mr. Dewey is in short the Bertillon of scientific catalogu- 
ing, less fortunate than his distinguished prototype, inasmuch 
as he has still to receive a wide-spread recognition. 

The system consists of dividing the subjects, on which 
literature has been produced, into groups; to each group a 
number is assigned: each group is subdivided and each sub- 
division is characterised by a decimal number, following the 
group number. ‘Thus, under such a number as 600 would be 
found all works dealing with Geography ; a subdivision of this, 
Europe, would have the number 600.1; Asia, 600.2, etc. The 
countries making up these main divisions would again have a 
number—England 600.11, Scotland 600.12, Ireland 600.13, 
etc., etc., whilst still greater subdivision can be provided for by 
the addition of another decimal, thus :—Bedfordshire 600.11.1. 
Naturally enough countless modifications of this system have 
been suggested and tried. 

On contemplating the somewhat chaotic system, or rather, 
lack of system, employed in cataloguing the zoological speci- 
mens in the Sarawak Museum, it seemed to me advisable to re- 
catalogue the collections by means of a modification of the 
Dewey Decimal System. Each class of animals was marked with 
a letter :—Mammals, A. Birds, B. Reptiles, C. Amphibia, D. 
Fishes, E. Each family of these classes was numbered in order 


260 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 


1, 2, 3, ete., each genus with a decimal number following the 
family number, each species with another decimal number follow- 
ing that of the genus. Let me illustrate this with an example 
taken from the catalogue of Fishes. 
Class Pisces = I 
Order 1. Plagiostomata 
Sub-order. Selachoidei 
Fam. Carchariide = E 1 
Genus Carcharias = E 1.1 
Species laticaundus = EH 1.1.1 

with specimens a. b. c. d. 
Species acutus = EH 1.1.2. 

with specimens a. b. c. d., ete. 
Fam. Lamnide = E 2 
Genus Lamna = E 2.1. 
and so on. } 
By this means all necessity of check lists, registers and double 
entries is obviated; a glance at the catalogue reveals the num- 
ber of specimens of any given species in the collection, the num- 
ber of duplicates (f any), the desiderata, the number of species 
in a genus, of genera in a family, whilst the labels of the indivi- 
dual specimens with numbers corresponding to the catalogue 
numbers are equally eloquent. 
; In cataloguing zoological or botanical specimens by this 
decimal system, one meets with a difficulty which does not occur 
in cataloguing literature, since literature can be grouped under 
subject-headings which always remain constant, such as Geo- 
graphy, Geology, Meteorology, etc.; but every biologist knows 
that new species, new genera, even new families are constantly 
being created by the systematist, either from newly discovered 
forms or by the splitting up of old assemblages (for example 
the Eastern members.of the genus Sciurus have been recently 
divided by Mr. Oldfield Thomas into five genera), all of which 
necessitates the interpolation of new catalogue numbers into the 
pre-existing series, and I must confess that, as yest, 1 have been 
unable to evolve a perfectly satisfactory means of coping with 
this difficulty. New species may generally be readily disposed of 
by being added on to those already catalogued, but new genera 
can not be so treated, since, by so doing, they may be separated 


NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 261 


from their nearest allies; and the same holds good when treating 
with new families. I[t is, of course, necessary when writing the 
catalogue, to enter and number in order every species, genus and 
family already recorded from the area in which the collections 
are made, whether or no the collection undergoing cataloguing 
contains all those species and genera; if this is done, a double 
advantage is secured—the dreaded interpolation is only needed 
when new species or genera are discovered, and the catalogue 
becomes a complete faunistic list of the collected-over area, and 
the importance of such faunistic list is well-recognised by every 
museum curator. Myown method of interpolating new genera 
into a previously catalogued series has been as follows :—The 
new genus is numbered with a fractional number, the numerator 
of such a fraction being the number of the nearest ally of the 
new genus. The denominator the last two figures of the year 
in which the new genus was described. For example, let us 
imagine that a new genus Closely allied to Hestia was discovered 
this year. The number of genus //estia in the Sarawak Museum 
catalogue of Lepidoptera is He 1.1. The new genus would 
consequently be numbered He 1}: the number is cumbersume 
and somewhat destroys the symmetry of the series, but it is 
significant, and that feature I have endeavoured to hold constant- 
ly in view during my re-cataloguing labours. 


R. H. Shelford. 


The Hot Springs of Ulu Jelai. 
By A. D. MACHADO. 


Having recently occasion to visit the extreme Ulu of the 
Jelai district, Pahang, in connection with certain prospecting 
operations which I was then undertaking for the Malayan (Pa- 
hang) Exploration ©o., I heard from Sakai aborigines of the ex- 
istence of hot springs in this neighbourhood. ‘These springs I 
found to be situated on one of the spurs of the main range of hills 
dividing Pahang from Perak, about Latitude 4° 20’ N., and Long- 
itude 101° 380’ KE. Our Sakai guide, who visited this spot ten or 
more years ago, described the phenomenon as one eruptive foun- 
tain of hot water and steam—the water, according to him, ascend- 
ing to a considerable height, a true Geyser in fact. I saw quite a 
different thing. I found seven non-eruptive springs of hot water 
and steam, the former flowing over sloping terraces or basins of 
granitic boulders, till finally they joined on to a stream called 
the Cha-ang, which in turn drained into the Jelai. If the state- 
ment of the Sakai is credible, and 1 have no reason to disbelieve 
him, there has evidently been a change in the structure of these 
Springs, within the short space of ten years, a very short geolog- 
ical epoch indeed. The usual characteristic sulphurous odour 
pervaded this place ; those curiously fretted rims of the boulders 
over which tke water flowed, due doubtless to the deposition of 
Silica, sulphur, etc., are also noticeable here. Wild animals, 
elephants, rhinoceri, deer, etc., visit this spot periodically, judg- 
ing by their old and fresh tracks, probably for their saline pro- 
perties, while the Sakais hold this place in great awe and venera- 
tion. They seemed quite unable to account for this phenomenon, 
all the explanation they could give being that they thought it 
was the work of “hantus.” These springs are, in their geolog- 
ical formation, similar to those visited by me in Maliwun, 
Lower Burma, in Renong, Siamese Malaya, and in other parts 
of the Malay Peninsula; though, in point of size and importance, 


264 THE HOT SPRINGS OF ULU JELAI. 


they approximate those of Ojigoku in the Hakone district of 
Japan. 

I feel here tempted to say a word in regard to this little- 
known district of Ulu Jelai. Doubtless for services rendered, 
the whole of this district has been assigned, or rather alienated 
by the Pahang Government to the Datoh Maharaja Puba of Jelai, 
otherwise and better known as the Toh Raja Jelai, who alone 
has the right to exploit it. With the exception of a dozen Ma- 
lays, dependents of Toh Raja, who live at a place called K wala 
Betck, the furthest Malay outpost up the Jelai, this district is 
inhabited exclusively by Sakais. These Sakais plant hill paddy 
for the Toh Raja and tapioca root for themselves, and do in 
consequence much unnecessary destruction to valuable timber 
forests. The ten or a dozeu Malays at Kwala Betok have esta- 
blished a kind of an octroi or tithes station, where they exact 
from the Sakai their pound of flesh for the privilege of cul- 
tivating Toh Raja’s land, though, todo the Sakais justice, they 
try by all kinds of subterfuge to evade the payment of these 
dues-—a case of “ diamond cut diamond.” These Malays will tell 
you that the Sakais are cunning, unreliable and great cheats ; 
while the Sakais, on the other hand, will tell you that the Malays 
are hard task-masters, are cruel and merciless—a case again of 
the “pot calling the kettle black.” ‘Taken all in all, this district 
is fairly rich in economic and mineral products. Rattans are 
plentiful, and so is Kayu Gaharu (A quilaria Malaccensis) in a les- 
ser degree, while Gutta of almost every description abounds, 
Gutta Rambong (Ficus Elastica) growing wild in places. Of 
minerals, gold is known to exist; indeed, I have only just located 
two lodes, which I have my reasons to hope may eventually pay to’ 
work. On the. Betok, a stream which takes its risein Ulu Lipis. 
and which drains into the Jelai at the aforesaid K wala Betok, 
having an equal volume of water with the latter stream, tin ore is 
extremely plentiful and easy to work; so much so, that there is 
reason to believe that before long a very thriving mining centre 
will spring up in this corner of the Jelai. The Jelai River, in 
its upper reaches, abounds in gorges and rapids, formidable 
obstructions to navigation, thus nullifying its utility as a highway. 
To those who are venturesome, a descent in bamboo rafts affords 
exciting experiences. 


Ray of igs 
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JOURNAL No. 1 to No. 33; ‘Price One Dollar each. 


“4 , * Se PE Lt oh 


EssaYs RELATING To InpO-CHINA, 4 Vols, Pri 


Pau HIKAYAT:- ABDULLAH: “—* a. 


Tas Wal-sunc Lorrery, by G, T. Hare, Esq. 


RaJau BUDIMAN. 


A Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifi 


THE MAP OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. _ See 


\ 


| July 1900 


Agents of the Society : 


¢ 
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oplgere eet aco h TRupm er & Co. 


ik oa cae ERNEST, Legoux & Co, 
. >... Oro Harrassowi1z, Leipzig. 


Maat NA? | 


AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE: 


\SIATIC SOCIETY | 


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[No. 34] 


JOURNAL 


of the 


Straits Branch 


of the 


Royal Asiatic Society 


JOLY 1900 


Agents of the Society: 


London and America ye. oa wo) -LRUBNER & Go: 

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SINGAPORE : 


PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS. 


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Table of Contents. 
Inscriptions in St. Paul’s Church, Malacca, by H. M. 
Merewether 
A Botanical Excursion to Gunong Jerai, by H. N. Ridley 


The Use of the Slow Loris in Malay Medicine, by 
H. N. Ridley 


A List of Brunei-Malay Words, collected by H. S. Haynes 


An Expedition to Mount Kina Balu, British North Borneo, 
by R. Hanitsch, Ph, D. 


Dammar and Wood Oil, by H. N. Ridley 
Notes on the Flying Frog, by R. Hanitsch, Ph. D. 
Short Notes 


49 


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Inscriptions in St. Paul’s Church, 
Malacca. 


The inscriptions on the tomb-stones in the old church of 
St. Paul at Malacca are of considerable antiquity, the dates rang- 
ing from A.D. 1568 to the early part of the eighteenth century, 
and are of no little interest to the student of the past history of 
the Settlement. i 

In some cases, the lettering of the inscriptions and the out- 
lines of the coats of arms areas fresh and sharply-defined to-day 
as they were on the day when they were first cut. In other 
cases, on the contrary, the inscriptions are either entirely illegi- 
ble, or can only be deciphered with difficulty. I therefore seized 
the opportunity afforded by a temporary residence in Malacca 
to make copies of all the inscriptions which are still legible, with 
a view to placing them on record in the journal of the Society, 
before time and the action of the weather have wrought any 
further havoc among them. 

Curiously enough, while I was engaged in this work, the 
Acting Col. Chaplain (Mr. J. Hardy) discovered among the old 
Dutch records a list of the inscriptions on the tomb-stones made 
in 1713 by one Michiel de Bruyn, the Sexton, which was of con- 
siderable use to me in deciphering some of the more illegible in- 
scriptions. The list is not complete, however, as the worthy 
Sexton left the Portuguese inscriptions and some of the Dutch 
ones, which are difficult to decipher, severely alone. A transla- 
tion of the document is annexed (C). 

I have drawn up a list of the inscriptions in brief (A), giving 
the names and the dates of birth and death, and I also give the 
inscriptions in full (B), with a translation of each in parallel 
columns. I further had a plan of the church made, showing the 
positions of the different stones, which are marked with numbers 
corresponding to those ia the list of inscriptions. 


2 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


Another Dutch document found in Malacca, of which I give 
a translation (D), shows that at one time there were a good 
many coats of arms hanging on the walls of the chureh, but these 
have all disappeared. 

A few stones, which were lying about loose; were removed 
several years ago by Mr. D. F. A. Hervey, late Resident Coun- 
cillor Malacca, to the present Protestant Church (Christ Church) 
at Malacca, where they still remain. The inscriptions on these 
are, however, almost entirely illegible. 

In concluding these few remarks, I desire to acknowledge 
the great assistance rendered to me by the late Mr. P. Nuy, 
Librarian of the Malacca Library, and formerly a member of this 
Society, in deciphering the inscriptions on the tomb-stones. The 
two Portuguese inscriptions (Nos. 1 and 24) were deciphered 
and translated by Mr. H. L. Noronha. 


EY OM. Merewether 


Singapore, March, 1900, 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH MAZACCA, 3 


A. 


List of Inscriptions on the Tomb-stones in St. Paul’s 
Church, Malacca. 


1. Pinto da Fonsequa, d. 27th Sept., 1635. 
2, Portuguese. Almost entirely illegible. 


3. Daniel Massis, b. 21st June, 1658, d. 19th Feb. 1660; 
and Sophia Massis, b. 21st June, 1664, d. 11th 
Nov., 1665 (Probably children of Johan Massis.*) 


4. Maria Noelmans, wife of Theodorius Zas, d. 14th 
March, 1660. 


5. Hendrik Schenkenbergh*, Opperkoopman, d. 29th June, 
1671. 


6. Maria Bort, wife of Nicolaes Miiller, Onderkoopman, 
b. 5th Aug., 1689, d. 25th Aug., 1661. 


7. Balthasar, infant son of Mathaeus Sonmans and Johanna 
Rycke, d. 38rd Aug., 1667. Also Johanna Rycke, 
b. 2nd Feb., 1655, d. 25th Jan., 1673. 


8. Mons. Gillis Syben, d. 27 Aug., 1663, and his wife 


‘alee! 


Anna Odame, d. 6th July, 1669. 
9. Reynier d’ Dieu, Opperkoopman, d. 17th July, 1655. 


10. Johanna van Twist, daughter of Johan van Twist,* first 
Governor, d. 12th June, 1644. © 


11. © Manuel Dumoulin,* Opperkoopman and Sabandar d. 
25th July, 1660. 


12. No name—3 persons, probably brothers. 


Note.—The names marked with an asterisk will be found in the list of 
Datch Officials given in Journal No, 13, pp. 55-61. 


4 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


13. Hendrick van Heckel, Opperkoopman, b. 20th March, 


oe cs 
15. 


16. 
ie 
18 


i), 


1619, d. 7th July, 1650. 


Davidt Walravens, b. 18th Sept., 1623, d. 28th May, 
1645, 


Valerius van Gisteren, b. 19th May, 1614, d. 22nd 
April, 1646 (? 1664). 


Theodorus Herbers, d. 18th April, 1659. 
Partly illegible. No name. 


Maria Quevelerius, wife of Joan van Riebeck,* Gover- 
nor b, 20th Oct: 1629) ds 2nd Noyes: 


Johanna Dumoulin, wife of Balthasar Bort,* Governor, 
b. 19th May, 1653, d. 17th March, 1676. (Pro- 
bably daughter of Manuel Dumoulin—see No. 11.) 


Johan Wilhem van 


,d. 26th Nov., 1655. 


Anganeta Robberts, wife of David Verdonck, d. 26th 
Feb., 1652. 


Pieter Pietersen, Deacon, d. 27th May, 1644. 


Maria van Vliet, daughter of Jeremias van Vliet,* 
second Governor of Malacca, d. 12th June, 1650. 


Ricardo Gonsalves (?) and Magdalena Trinidade, his 
wife, d. 29th March, 1568. 


Dominus Petrus, Order of Jesuits, second Bishop of 
Japan, d. at Singapore, Feb. 1598. 


26, Agneta Trip, wife of Arnold van Alsem.* Stone erect- 


ed 14th Feb., 1697. 
Matthys Jansen, d. 5th Feb., 1673. 


‘Sabandar Pedel (?). 


Nicolaus Basly, d. 9th April,"1678. 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 5 


30. 


Tablet. Major Ferrier, 48th Reg’t M. N. I., Resident 
Councillor of Malacca, b. 14th Nov., 1811, d. 24th 
July, 1854. 


Theodorus van de Kerckhoven, d. dth Nov., 1660. 


Johan van Z¥l—Opperkoopman and Fiscaal,* d. 3rd 
Jan., 1656. 


Constantyn Johannes Rooselaar, son of Pieter Roose- 
laar,* Governor and Director of Malacca, b. 18th 
July, 1708, d. 18th Jan., 1707. Also, Sophia 
Huigelbosch, wife of Pieter Rooselaar, b. 24th 
March, 1674, d. 9th March, 1709. 


Francisca Barber, wife of Capt. James Barber, d. 10th 
Sept., 1693. 


George Cooke, d. 6th Sept., 1712. 
Hendrick Evertsen, d. 22nd Jan., 1698. 


6 - INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


B. 


No. 


Sr Di VA Nate SR ENOL DiS 
FONSEQVA COMENDA- 
DOR DA ORDEM DE SAN- 
TIAGO PROVEDOR GERAL 
_QVE FOI DAS FORALEZAS 
DA INDIA CAPIAM GERA 
DE MAR E TERRA NAS 
PARTES DO SUL FALECEO 
AOS 27 DE SEZEMBRO DE 
1635. 

Sepultura de Antonio Pinto 
da Fonsequa Commendador da 
Ordem de Sam Tiago Provedor 
Geral que foi das Fortalezas da 
India Capitam Geral de Mar e 
Terra nas partes do Sul Fale- 
ceo aos 27 de Dezembro de 
1635, 


ib 


Grave of Antonio Pinto da 
Fonsequa, Commander of the 
Order of Sam Tiago former- 
ly Commissary-General of the 
Forts of India, Captain-General 
of the Sea and Land in South- 
ern Parts, who died on the 
27th December, 1635. 


INS AE 


DE ZIEL VAN D’EERSTE 
SOON EN DOCHTER NAM GOD 
MEDE NAARS HEMELS 
THROON EN LIET HAAR LICH- 
AEM HIER BENEDE. 


No. 


HIER ONDER LEGGEN BE- 
GRAVEN DANIEL MASSIS, 
DE IONGSTE GEBOREN DEN 
21° JUNY 1638 GESTORVEN 
DEN 19" FEBRUARY 1660 EN 
SOPHIA MASSIS, GEBOREN 


The souls of the first son and 
daughter God took to heaven’s 
throne, and left their bodies 
here below. 


a. 
(Arms. ) 

Hereunder lies buried Daniel 
Massis the younger, born the 
21st June 1658, died the 19th 
Feb. 1660,and Sophia Massis, 
born the 21st June 1664 and 
died the 11th November 1665, 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL'S 


DEN 21" JUNY 1664 EN GES- 
TORVEN DEN 11" NOVEMBER 
1665. 


No: 


HIER ONDER LEYT BEGRA- 
VEN MARIA NOELMANS HUIS- 
VROUW VAN DE THEODOR- 
1uS ZAS PREDICANT IN MAL- 
ACCA GODSALICHLYK IN DEN 
HEERE ONTSLAPEN DE 14" 
MAERT A®° 1660. 


No. 


Hip LEYT BEGRA-V EN 
HENDRIK SCHENKENBERGH 
IN S¥YN- LEVEN OPPER- 
COOPMAN EN TWEEDE PER- 
SOON DER STAD EN FORT- 
RESSE MALACCA. OVERLE- 
DEN DEN 29" JUNY 1671. 


No. 


HiER ONDER LEYT BE- 
GRAVEN JUFF==MARIA BORT 
GEWESENE HUYSVROUWE 
VAN  NICOLAES MULLER 
ONDERCOOPMAN EN WINCK- 


ELIER ALHIER GEBOJREN 
BINNEN Amsterd?™ A° 1639 
den 5 August¥, en GODSA- 


LICHLYK IN DEN HEERE ONT- 
SES PEN DEN 25 Aug: A° 
1661 OUT ZYNDE 22 Jaeren 
En 20 Dagen. 


CHURCH, MALACCA. ” 7 


4, 
(Arms. ) 


Hereunder lies buried Maria 
Noelmans, wife of Theodorius 
Zas, Minister at Malacca. who 
piously fell asleep in the Lord 
on the 14th March 1660. 


(Arins. ) 

Here lies buried Hendrik 
Schenkenbergh, in his _ life 
Chief Merchant and Second 
Personage of the Town and 
Fortress of Malacca. Died the 
29th June 1671. 


(Arms). 

Hereunder lies buried Mrs. 
Maria Bort, who was the wife 
of Nicolaes Miiller, Under- 
Merchant and Warehouse-keep- 
er here. Born at Amsterdam 
the 5th August 1639 and pious-. 
ly fell asleep in the Lord the 
25th August 1661, aged 22 
years and 20 days, 


8 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


No. 7. Sh ks eee 


Higk LEYT BEGRAVEN 
BALTHASAR SONMANS EEN- 
IGSTE SOONTJE VAN Ma- 
THUS SONMANS EN JOHAN- 
NA RYCKE, GEBOREN DEN 307 
JULY 67, EN GESTORVEN 
DEN 3° AUGUST DESSELFDEN 

JAERS. 

HitR LEYT BHGRAVEN JO- 
HANNA RYCKE HUISVROU 
VAN MATH#AZUS SONMANS 
EENIGSTE DOCHTER VAN IS- 
ALOK RY Chih suN MARTA 
Bort. GEBOREN DEN 2° FE- 
BRUARY 1655, EN GESTOR- 
VEN DEN 25° JANUARY 1673. 


No. 


WHE Nak CH n rae @ay aire ax 
BANDT GEBONDEN HAD AEN 
BEN: kh US DEN O0OCK. EBY 
MALKAER HIER ONDER DE- 
SEN STEEN. 


HIER LEGGEN BEGRAVEN 
Mons® GILLIS SVBEN GE- 


BOORTICH VAN HAERLEM IN 
SYN LEVEN OPPERCOOPMAN 
EN SECUNDE PERSOON, AL- 
HiER GESTORVEN DEN 272 
ACU GWG 63.9 N 2D Bassa 
HuUYSVROUW ANNA ODAME 
UIT SCHRAVENHAGE GES- 
TORVEN DEN 6 JULY 1669, 


(Arms). 

Here lies buried Balthasar 
Sonmans, only son of Mathae- 
us Sonmansand Johanna Rycke, 
born the 80th July, ’67, and 
died the 3rd August of the 
same year. 


Here les buried Johanna 
Rycke, wife of Mathaeus Son- 
mans, only daughter of Isaack 
Rycke and Maria Bort, born 
the 2nd February, 1655, and 
died the 25th January, 1673. 


3. 


Those whom. the bond of - 
marriage had jomed together 
in one, rest also by one another 
under this stone. 


(Arms. ) 

Here lies buried Mons’r Gillis 
Syben, born at Haerlem, in his 
life Chief Merchant and Second | 
Personage, died here the 27th 
August 1663, and his wife Anna 
Odame of Schravenhage, died 
the 6th July, 1669. 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MAZACCA. 


No. 


HIER ONDER LEYT BE- 
GRAVEN REYNIER D’DIEU 
IN SYN LEVEN. OPPERCOOP- 
MAN IN DIENST DER KE. 


CoMPp® OVERLEDEN DEN 17? 
ew A° 1655. 
No. 
HIC IACET 
TWIST 
VAN OMA 
PRIM 
MAL ATOR 
OVIT 
AN 164 
AITATIS SV4i DECM 
No. 


HigER LEYT BEGRAVEN 
Manuel Dumoulin, IN SYN LE- 
VEN OPPERCOOPMAN EN SA- 
BANDAER DER STADT Ma- 
mueocsA GHBOOREN IN ’T 
JAAR 1620 DEN 5 DECEMBER 
EN GODSALICHLYK IN DEN 
HEERE ONTSLAPEN DEN 25 
PoEe. Ae 1660 OUT ZYNDE 
39 JAER EN 7 Maenden. 


No. 


DRIE DIE NATUUR EEN 
HUIS ENT SAMEN WONING 
Pee Dik LEGGEN HIER 
BYEEN BESLOTEN IN DIT 
GRAF. 


2 


oh 


Hereunder lies buried Rey- 
nier d’ Dieu, in his life Chief 
Merchant in the service of the 
Honourable Company. Died the 
17th July, 1653. 


10. 


Note. This inscription is in- 
complete, and it is not in Mi- 
chiel de Bruijn’s list; but it is 
probably the tomb of Johanna 
van Twist, daughter of Johan 
Van Twist, first Governor of 
Malacca (1641-1642). She is 
mentioned in the list of coats 
of arms as having died on the 
12th June, 1644. (See No. 10.) 


fie 


(Arms. ) 
Here lies buried Manuel 
Dumoulin, in his life Chief Mer- 
chant and Harbour Master of 
the town of Malacca, born the - 
Sth December 1620, and pious- 
ly fell asleep in the Lord the 
25th July 1660, aged 39 years 
and 7 months. 


LZ: 
Three to whom nature gave 
one house and joint dwelling 


now lie here together enclosed 
in this tomb. 


10 


f 1647 } 
| 29 DECEMBER | 

OBYT {4 25 FEBRUARY } AN® 
LS MARTY | 


1660-9] 


DEN GAFFEL-BOYER IS 
ONS GROOTVADERS EERSTE 
VONDT ONS VADERS EERSTE 
AUIS" Nu SLoxy er Sk ONS 
DE MONDT. 


No. 


HIER LEGHT BEGRAVEN 
HENDRICK VAN EECKEL 
GEBOREN TOT AMSTERDAM 
Peay a eA oO) a Ean 2.0 
MAERT BY SYN LEVEN OP- 
PERCOOPMAN EN HOOFT DES 
NEDERLANDSZ—C OMPTOIR 
LIGOOR OVERLEDEN DEN 
dw) 2A° 1Go0: 


No: 


HIER LEIDT BEGRAVEN 
DAVIDT WALRAVENS GE- 
BOREN DEN XVIII SEPTEM- 
PERTAN? NED Cx xi BN EN 
DEN HEERE ONTSLAPEN 
DEN XXVIII MAY MDCXXXXV. 


No. 


HIER LEYT BEGRAVEN VA- 
LERIVS VAN GISTEREN 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 


1647 ) 
29 December 
4 25 February } An? 
| 19 March | 
ft 1660 } 


(Arms.) 

The * gaffel-boyer”* is our 
erandfather’s first discovery. 
Our father’s first house now 
closes our mouths. (The mean- 
ing of this is not clear). 


15. 


Here lies buried Hendrick 
Van Eeckel, born at Amsterdam 
the 20th March 1619: in his life 
Chief Merchant and head of the 
Netherlands factory at Ligor. 
Died the 7th July 1650. 


Obit 


14. 


(Arms.) 

Here lies buried Davidt 
Walravens, born the 18th Sep- 
tember 1623, and fell asleep in 
the Lord the 28th May 1645. 


15. 
(Arms. ) 


Here lies buried Valerius van | 
Gisteren of Amsterdam, Chief- 


* An old-fashioned Duteh vessel. 


INSERIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. -11 


VAN AMSTERDAM OPPER- 
KOOPMAN GEBOOREN AN°® 
MDCXIV DEN XIX MAY IS IN 
DEN HEERE ONTSLAPEN 
DEN XXII APRIL A° MDCXLVI. 


No. 
HEIC SEPULTVS THEODO- 
RVS HERBERS GF: OBYT: 


ATATIS NONO A° J659: J8: 
April. 


No. 


DE GAFFEL 
BOYER IS NYIS (ONS?) 
GROOTE VADERS VOND 
(ONS?) VADERS EERSTE 
HYIS NV SLVYT SE 
(ONS DE?) MOND 


GRAF DICHT 
“HIER LEIDT DES 
MOEDERS VREUCHD 
EN VADERS EERSTE 
STAM DIE OP DE 
SELFDE DAG BEGIN 
EN EYNDE NAM 


No. 


Hic JACET SEPULTA Ma- 
RIA QUEVELERIUS UXOR IL- 
LUST—=D JOANNESA RIE- 
BIECK PRIMI COMMENDATOR- 
Is ET FUNDATORIS ARCJS 
ET COLONIZ IN PROMON- 
TORIO BONZ#-SPEI IN AFRICA 
5UB DITIONE SOCIETATIS 
INDIA (E) ORIENTALIS NUNC- 
COMMENDATORIS ET PRASI- 


Merchant, born the 19th May 
1614, fell asleep in the Lord 
the 22nd April 1646. 


16. 
(Arms. ) 
Here (lies) buried Theodorus 
Herbers. Died in the 9th year 
of his age, 18th April 1659. 


| fe 
(Arms. ) 

Note. This part of the in- 
scription is incomplete, but: it 
seems to be almost identical 
with the latter part of No 12. 


(Arms. ) 

Close grave. 

Here lies the mother’s Joy 
and father’s first off-shoot, 
which on the same day had 
beginning and ending. 


1d. 


Here lies buried Maria Que- 
velferius the distinguished wife 
ot Johannes Riebeck, first Com- 
mander and founder of the fort 
and colony on the Cape of Good 
Hope in Africa, under the rule 
of the East India Company, now 
Commander and Governor of 
the city and province of Malac- 
ca, born at Rotterdam 20th 


12 


DIS CIVITATIS ET DITIONIS 
MALACENCIS -NATA ROTTER- 
DAME SA. DANE Xe Xs Oc 
TOBER XX DENATA NOVEM- 
PER UAC VEX. 


WIEN ROTTERDAM HET 
Licut LEYDEN QUE(?) SEDEN 
GAF WIENS TROUDAQH 
HIELT SCHIEDAM LEYT HIER 
NU IN DIT GRAF. 

IMWERTM. 


No. 


Ter Gedachtenisse van Juf- 
rouw Joanna Du Moulin Huys- 
vrouw van de Heer Balthasar 
Bort Raedt Extraordinaris van 
India Gouverneur en Directeur 
der Stadt en Forteresse MaA- 
LACCA Overleden den 17° Meert 
1676. 


Joanna du Moulin rust onder 
desen Steen die vroech al toen 
se Juist twee Maenden en twee 
dagen min drie en twintich 
Jaer had ’s werelts pad _bet- 
reen, d’onsterfelyke Ziel quam 
Gode op te dragen ten uijterste 
gerust Getroost in God’s be- 
drijf gevoelde sij geen smert 
in’t schei¥den uijt het lijif. 


No. 


DE- 


JOHAN WILHEM VAN 
IN ZYN LEVEN KAPFN 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


October, 1629, died 2nd Nov- 
ember, 1664. 


(Arms. ) 

She to whom Rotterdam gavn 
the ight and Leyden educatioe, 
whose wedding was celebrated 
in Schiedam, hes here now in 
this tomb. 


12: 


To the memory of Mrs. Jo- 
anna Du Moulin, wife of Heer 
Balthasar Bort, Councillor Ex- 
traordinary of India, Governor 
and Director of the town and 
fortress of Malacca. Died the 
17th March, 1676. 


(Arms. ) 

Joanna Du Moulin rests un- 
der this stone, whose immortal 
soul, when she had trodden 
this world’s path just two 
months and two days less than 
23 years, God came and bore 
away to its last rest. Submis- 
sive to God’s will, she felt no 
pain in parting from the body. 


20. ; 
Johan Wilhem Van 
in his life Captain of this garri- 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


ZES GARNIZ’S OVERLEDEN 
DE 26 Nov®® A®°. 1655 LEGT 
HIER BEGRAVEN. 


No. 


HIER LECHT BEGRAVEN 
ANGANETA ROBBERTS ALMA 
HUYSVROVWE VAN DEN COOP- 
MAN DAVID VERDONCK 
OvT 29 IAREN STERFDE DEN 
G Fes. A; 1652. 

N 


HiER LECHT BEGRAVEN 
PIETER PIETERSEN VAN EN- 
CHUYSEN, IN SYN LEVEN 
GRANC BESOECKER EN DE 
DIAKEN DER KERCKE GESTOR- 
VEN 27 Mey ANNOD 1644. 


No. 


HIER LEGHT BEGRAVEN 
(Maria van) VLIET (Dogter) 
VAN (Jeremias van) VLIET 
TWEEDE GOUVERNEUR (VAN) 
MALACCA GESTORVEN xii. 
(Juny) AN°. MDCXLIV.* 


No. 


HSTA SEPVLTRA E DE 
RCOGL (?) HE DE MADANELA 
I (7) NAD A SVA MOHER QVE 
FOI MORDOMO D’ ESTA CASA 
DE NOSSA SNRA MADRE DE 
DEOS MVITOS ANOS HO QVAL 


13 


son. Died the 26th Nov., 
lies buried here. 


1655, 


21. 


Here lies' buried Anganeta 
Robberts, venerated wife of the 
merchant David Verdonck, aged 
29 years, died the 6th Feb., 
1652. 


6 ye 


Here lies buried Pieter 
Pietersen lof Enchuysen, in his 
life visitor of the sick and 
Deacon of the Church. Died 
27th May A. D. 1644. 


(Woman’s Arms.) 

Here lies buried (Maria Van) 
Vliet, (daughter) of (Jeremias 
van) Vliet, second Governor 
(of) Malacca, died the 12th 
(June) 1644 (7) 


24. 


*: "The inscription on this stone is incomplete, but I have filled it in 
from the copy in Michiel de Bruyn’s list. There is some doubt about the date, 
but as J. Van Vliet was Governor from 1642 to 1645, itis probably correct. 


14 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 


FALECEO AOS 29 DE Marco 
D 1568 ANOS. 
PATER NOSTER. 


Esta sepultura é de Ricardo 
Gonsalves e de Magdalena 
Trindade (sua mulher) que foi 
Mordomo desta casa de Nossa 
Senhora Madre de Deos muitos 
annos 0 qual faleceo aos 29 de 
Marco de 1568 anos. 

Pater Noster. 


No. 


EUG APACE OMI. S 
PEERUS 9 S0C EET ATS insu: 
SECUNDUS EPISCOPUS JAPO- 
NENSIS OBIIT AD FRETUM 
SINGAPURZ MENSE FEBRUA- 
RIO ANNO 1598. 


No. 


D. O. M. 
PIAEQUE MEMORIAE AGNE- 
TAE TRIP UXORIS CASTAE 
FOECUND& DILECTZ. 


Hoc MONUMENTUM PT. 
(Posuit) ARNOLD VAN ALSEM, 
Fiscr Apvocarus 14 KAt™ 
FEBRUARY MDCXCVII. 


No. 


HIER ONDER LEGHT BEG- 
RAVEN MATHYS JANSEN VAN 
THONDEREN VRYBORGER. 
IS OVERLEDEN DEN 5®' FEB- 
RUARI ANNO 1678. 


This is the grave of Ricardo 
Gonsalves and of his wife Mag- 
dalena Trindade, who was for 
many years Majordomo of this 
House of Our Lady, Mother. of 
God, and who died on the 29th 
of March of the year 1568. 

Pater Noster. 
2a. 

Here hes Master Peter of 
the Order of Jesus, Second 
Bishop of Japan. Died at the 
Strait of Singapore in the 
month of February, 1598. 


26. 
D. O. M. 
And to the pious memory of 
Agneta Trip, chaste, fruitful, 
and beloved wife. 


(Arms. ) 


This monument was erected 
by Arnold van Alsem,* Advo- 
caat Fiscaal. 14th February, 
LOOT: 


27. 


Hereunder lies buried Mat- 
h¥s Jansen of Thonderen, free 
citizen. Died the d5th Febru- 
ary 1673. 


* See Journal No. 13 p. 58, 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 15 


No..28. 


DUSVERRE STRECKT HET 
GRAF VAN DEN SABANDAAR 
POEL. 


No. 


HIER ONDER LEYT BEGRA- 
VEN NICOLAUS BASLY, IN 
SYN LEVEN VRYBORGER 
OBYT DEN 9" APRIL A° 1678. 


Note. ‘There is no inscrip- 
tion on this tomb, and appar- 
ently there never has been any, 
except the two lines at the 
foot. 


Thus far extends the tomb 
of the Harbour-master Pedel. 


29, 
Hereunder lies buried Nico- 


laus Basl¥, in Ins life a free 
citizen. Obit 9th April 1678. 


No. 30, 


SACRED 


TO THE MEMORY OF 

MAJOR FERRIER 

(OF BELSIDE) 

A8™H REGT M. N. I. 
AND RESIDENT COUNCILLOR 
OF MALACCA. HE WAS BORN 
IN SCOTLAND 147 . NOVe 
Polis DIED AT PRINGIT IN 
MALACCA 24TH JULY 1854. 
THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY 
HIS WIDOW. 


No. 31. 


HIER ONDER DESEN STEEN UYTGECLOVEN 
LEGHT THEODORUS VAN DE KERCKHOVEN 
IN SYN LEVEN WAS HY VADER’S 
EN MOEDER’S VREUGT 
SYN BROEDER LEEFDE HY 
Tot EEN GENEUGT 
KEN JAER MIN DRIE DAGEN 


16 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 


WAS DESE SPRUIT 
DoOEN GoD DE ZEL DEED GAN 
HET LIGHAEM UIT 
EN OFTER NAE SYN UIT VART 
YEMANT VROEG 
NOVEMBER VYF MEN HEM 
TER ASDREN DROEG 
In’'t JR SESTEN HONDERT 
EN SESMAEL THEN 
BINNEN DE STAT MALACCA 
SAG MEN’T GESCHEN. 


Here in the hollow under this stone lies Theodorus Van de 


Kerckhoven. 
he loved his brother dearly. 


In his life he was his father’s and mother’s joy: 


One year less three days was 


this tender plant when God caused the soul to leave the body : 
and.frequently after his interment people asked about him. On 
the 5th November in the year sixteen hundred and six times ten 


(1660) was he borne to earth: 


occurrence seen. 


No. 


HIER-ONDER LECHT BEG- 
RAVN JOHAN VAN ZYL 
GEBOORTICH VAN VYANEN 
IN SYN LEVEN OPPERCOOP™ 
EN Fisct DESER STFDE 
OVERLEDEN DEN 3° TANUARY 

1656. 


No. 


HIER RUST CONSTANTYN 
JOHANNES ROOSELAAR 
Zoontje van den EH. HE. AcT- 
BAREN HEER PIETER ROOSE- 
LAAR Raad Extraordinair van 
InpIA Mitseaders GOUVER- 
NEUR EN DIRECTEUR deser 


in the town of Malacca was the 


32. 
(Arms. ) 


Hereunder lies buried Johan 
Van Zyl, born at Vy¥anen, in 
his life Chief-merchant and Fis- 
caal of this town. Died the 
ord January, 1656. 


(Arms. ) 

Here rests Constantyn Jo- 
hannes Rooselaar son of the very 
honourable Heer Pieter -Roose- 
laar, Councillor Extraordinary ~ 
of India, also Governor and 
Director of this town and fort- 
ress of Malacca. Born the 13th 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 17 


-STAD EN FORTRESSE MALAC- 

CA. GEBOREN den 13" July 

Anno 1703 en OVERLEDEN 
den 18" JANUARY 1707. 


Alsmede MEVROUWE_ So- 
PHIA HUIGELBOSCH' gewe- 
sene waerde Gemalinne van 
opgemelde Edele Heer PIE- 
TER ROOSELAAR  Geboren. 
binnen de Stad ROTTERDAM 


garden 24° MAART AO 1674 — 


en in’t Kraambedde Overleden 
den 9° Maart Anno 1709. 


No. 


Francisca Barber Cap. Jacobi 
Barber UXoR pientissima Mari- 
tume Bombaya insula Chinam 
profectum ultro Comitata ad 
hance Malaccam jam gravida 
mansit Ubi exacto gravidarum 
termino Dum frustra_ Batavi 
Genus Hospitale Hospitis vitae 
salutique student prius quam 
levata est fatali onere sub onus 
succubuit Decimo Die Septem- 
bris 1695. 


No. 


Vivere Celicolis terre ten- 
toria liqui. Vita labor fuerat ; 
Mors Mihi vita _fuit. 


In certa et constanti spe Ke- 
surrectionis hic posite sunt 
exuvie GEORGII COOKE quoéda 


Juiy 1703, and died the 18th 
January, 1707. 


Also Mevrouwe Sophia Hui- 
gelbosch, who was the beloved 
wife of the said noble Heer 
Pieter Rooselaar, born in the 
town of Rotterdam on the 24th 
March, 1674, and died in child- 
birth the 9th March, 1709. 


aA, 


Francisca Barber, most 
pious wife of Capt. James 
Barber, who accompanied her 
husband on his way from the 
Island of Bombay to China, 
being great with child, remain- 
ed here at Malacca: where, 
when the period of her pregnan- 
cy was complete, while the hos- 
pitable Batavian people vainly 
laboured for the life and safety 
of their guest, before she was 
relieved of her dread burden she 
sank beneath its weight, on the 
10th day of September 1695. 


oO” 
Oo. 


To dwell with the heavenly 
host earth’s tents I left. _My 
life had been a toil; death 
to me was life. 

In sure and certain hope 
of the resurrection, here are 
laid the remains of George 


9 
v 


18 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 


Navis Hoivladize Capitanei Vir 
Probitate Preeclarus Fidelitate 
Insignis et variis Scientiis proe- 
ditus in reditu a China Obiit 16 
Septembris Anno Salutis nos- 
tre 1712 Kt Aetatis suve 36. 


No. 


HIER LEYD BEGRAVEN 
HENDRICK EVERTSEN in syn 
LEEVEN BORGER CAPT. en 
VRYKOOPMAN’ Alhier Obit 
22 JANUARY 1698 out 52 JA- 
AREN, 


Cook, formerly Captain of a 
Dutch vessel. A man distin- 
guished by his uprightness, 
renowned for his trustworthi- 
ness and endowed with vari- 
ous kinds of knowledge, he 
died on his way back from 
China on the 16th September in 
the year of our salvation 1712, 
and in the 36th year of his age. 


356. . | 
Here lies buried Hendrick 
Evertsen, in his life Citizen, 
Captain and free Merchant here. 


Obit 22nd January, 1698, aged 
d2 years. 


C. 


Report made by the undersigned sexton, Michiel de Bruyn, 
to the honourable Heer Anthony Hansius, Chief Merchant and 
second personage (of Malacca), likewise first Churchwarden of 
this Government, regarding the inscriptions which are engraved 
on the stones in the Church of St. Paul on the hill, and correctly 
recorded as follows hereunder, to wit. 


(Here follow inscriptions Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 


18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27 and 29). 
Malacca, 17th March, A° 1713. 


(Sd) M. de Bruty. 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA 19 


D. 


List of the Coats of Arms hanging in the Church of 
St. Paul, within this fortress of Malacca. 


1. On the right side of the pulpit, ina frame with orna- 
ments :— 

The arms of the very honourable Heer FREDRICK Go- 
BIUS, in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress. 

Died the 15th October, A®° 1730. 


2. Over the pew of the Honourable Council of Police,* 
in a frame :— 

The arms of Mevrouw SoPHIA HUYCHELBOSCH,.f in her 
life wife of the Right Honourable Pieter Rooselaar,t Councillor 
Extraordinary of Netherlands India, likewise Governor and Direc- 
tor of this town and fortress. 

Died the 9th March, A° 1709. 


3. Thereafter follow, over the same pew, in a frame with 
ornaments :— 


The arms of the very honourable Heer THOMAS SLICHER, tf 
in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress. 
Obiit 18th October, A° 1691. 


4, Beside the above follow, between the said pew and that 
of the Chief Citizens’ Company, without a frame :— 

The arms of the gallant Military Captain JAN CHRIST- 
OFFELMOM. Died the 25th September (written ‘‘ 7-ber”) 1736. 


5. Thereafter follow, over the last-mentioned pew, without 
a frame :— 


* In the original ‘‘Raad Van Politie.” This may mean either a Police 
Council or Commission, or a person holding the office of Police Commis- 
sioner : just as a Member of the Councilof Netherlands India is spoken of 
as ‘* Raad Van India.” 

+ See No. 33, in the list of inscriptions, 

‘{ See Journal No 13, p. 56. 


20 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA 


The arms of the noble Heer GERRIT VERSCHRAGEN, in his 
life Chief Merchant and — ge e) of this Government. 
Obit, 26th May, A° 173 


6. Then follow further on, without a frame :— 
The arms of the gallant Military Captain ADRIAAN TooT. 
Obiit 23rd July, A° 1698. 


lewd 


7. Next hang, without a frame :— 

The arms of the gallant Military Captain HENDRICK 
FEMMER. 

Obiit 26th October, 1692. 

8. Thereafter follow, towards the wall of the choir, without 
a frame :— 

The arms of Mevrouw SUSANNA SCHAICK, in her life wife 
of the very honourable Heer Carel Bolner,* at that time the re- 
tirmg Governor and Director of this town and fortress. 


Obit 4th February, A° 1707. 


9. In the middle of the said wall, right over the pulpit, 
in a frame :— 


The arms of Mevrouw ANNA WILDELAND, in her life wife 
of the very honourable Heer Harmanns van Suchtelen,* Gover- 
nor and Director of this town and fortress. 


Obit 21st May, A° 1725. 
10. Near the above, towards the wall before mentioned, 


on the other side without a frame :— 


The arms of the young lady JOHANNA VAN TWIST,{ daughter 
of the very honourable Heer Joban van Twist,§ Governor and 
Director of this town and fortress. 


Obiit 12th June, A° 1644. 


* See Journal No. 13, p. 56. 
t See list of inscriptions No. 10. 
§ See Journal No. 13, p. 55. 


INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 21 


11. Thereafter follow, on the side-wall, over the seat of 
the Treasurer, without a frame :— 

The arms of Mejuffrouw MARIA QUEVELERIUS* in her life 
wife of the right honourable Johannes van Riebeck,f Command- 
er and President here. 


Obit 2nd November, A° 1664. 


12. Near the above, between the said seat and that of the 
last-named officer, in a frame :— 


The arms of Mejuffrouw AMARENTIA KOECK, wife of the 
noble Heer Pieter du Quesne,t then Chief-merchant and second 
(personage) of this (place) likewise pro tempore Commander here. 


Obut 15th November, A° 1730. 
13. Near the above, next the door, over the pew of the 
last-named officer, in a frame :— 


The arms of Mevrouw JOHANNA DU MOULIN, wife of 
the noble Heer Balthasar Bort, t Councillor in Ordinary of 
Netherlands India, and Governor and Director of this town and 
fortress. 


Obiit 11th March, A° 1676. 

14. On the other side of the door, over the seat of the 
Consistory, in a frame with ornaments :— 

The arms of the very honourable Heer GILMEN VOSBURG,f 
in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress. 

Obit 19th February 1697. 


15. On the left side of the pulpit, without a frame :— 


The arms of the youth THEODORUS HERBERTS, son of the 
noble Heer Gerard Herberts, Chief Merchant and second 
(personage) of this Government. 


Obit 18th April 1659. Aged 9 years. 


* See list of inscriptions, No. 18. t+ See Journal No. 13, p. 56. 
t See Journal No. 13, p. 61. | See No. 19 in the list of in- 


scriptions, 


ey bs 
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5 a 
= 2. 
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Ye 
3 
F 
i 
Fi 
ia aie) iran! ‘V4 9 <2 by ah Ne han 
epee acacsa ls ann Cate take eee erence al 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT. 23 


A Botanical Excursion to Gunong 
Jerai. (Kedah Peak.) 
Bw HN. RIDLEY 


The great isolated mountain commonly known as Kedah 
Peak, which forms so conspicuous an object in the view from 
Penang, has been several times ascended by Europeans, but as 
far as [am aware no account of it has been published. The 
following description of its ascent may therefore be useful to 
those who intend to scale it. 

I left Penang on June 4th, 1893, in the “‘ Rosebud” launch, 
accompanied by Mr. Curtis, intending to make the ascent from 
the village of Yan, which lies at the foot of the mountain and is 
the best starting point, though there is another route from the 
Merbau river. The weather was very bad and when we had 
arrived opposite Yan, a heavy squall came up and we had to fly 
for shelter to Pulau Song-song, where the water was deep and 
quiet. With some difficulty, owing to the strong headwind and 
dense rain which completely hid the view, we managed to get 
under lee of the island, and shortly after the rain abated we 
determined as it was rather late to spend the night at Pulau 
Sone-sone’, especially as the surf was breaking heavily on the 
coast and would make it difficult for us to land the baggage 
from the boats.- We therefore landed on the island and took up 
our quarters in a native hut. The village is small and the in- 
habitants gain their living by catching and curing fish and by 
collecting turtle eges. The island is rocky, the prevailing rock 
being clay ironstone with ferruginous sands and clays. It is 
thickly wooded with fairly large trees, among which were Swin- 
tonia spicifera and Anisoptera Curtis’, both in fruit. The former 
appeared very abundant and was very conspicuous on account of 
its masses of red-winged fruits, but the trees were too tall for 
us to secure good specimens. Strolling along the shore we 


24 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT., 


collected a few interesting plants, among which were Atalantia 
monophylla, forming a bushy tree loaded with its small green 
oranges, Cordia Sebestena, the iron wood tree of Cocos island, 
with its showy orange flowers, a pretty Hoya with white sweet- 
scented blossoms, and creeping over the sandy banks a pretty 
tuellia with fairly large violet flowers, R. prostratau, not pre- 
viously recorded from the Malay Peninsula nor have I ever met 
with it since. Orchids were not wanting on the trees by the 
beach. Aerides odoratum seemed common and was in bud, and 
some fine plants were secured. It seems to have a liking for 
the sea shore as I have several times found it abundantly on the 
smaller islets in the Straits in similar localities. Evia bractescens, 
Cirrhophetalum Medusae, the common Cymbidium (C. aloifolium) 
and the pigeon orchid Dendrobium crumenatum were also found 
but were not in flower. The maiden hair fern, Adiantum pice 
lus-veneris, also grew on the rocks by the sea. 

During the night a large turtle landed on the beach near 
the village and laid about for ty eggs in the sand which were 
easily found next morning by the villagers, as the animal had 
left a large wide track like that made by pushing down a boat 
through the sand from its nest to the sea. 

Next morning being quite fine we hastened across the Yan. 
The sea on this coast is very shallow and even small steam 
launches have to anchor a mile away at least. The mouth of the 
river is exactly opposite Pulau Song-song. <A plantation of 
coconut palms runs along the coast south of the river, termin- 
ating near its mouth, and thus forms a good land mark. The 
river being tidal is fringed with the common tidal swamp vege- 
tation, the commonest tree being Avicennia. The wild date 
palm, Phoenix paludosa is abundant, Pluc heaindica, Wedelia biflora 
and the common Acanthus (A. ebracteatus Vahl) are also conspicuous. 
This latter plant has a great reputation in Penang as a medicine 
for boils. The seeds are roasted, pulverised and mixed with 
water, and the liquid drunk. The natives state that the patient 
will be freed from boils for as many years as there are pounded 
seeds in the draught. This acanthus known here as Jeruju, has | 
the flowers light blue or white, usually the latter in the south of 
the peninsula and blue in the north and Java, but blue flowers 
occur in some parts of Singapore. The laree and _brilliant- 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT. 25 


flowered A. ilictfolius, I have only met with in the Lankawi 
islands; the prickly holly-lke foliage is similar, but the flowers 
are more than twice as large, and of a beautiful blue. 

The village of Yan is not visible from the sea-shore but is 
situated a few hundred yards from the mouth of the river, which 
at high water is deep enough to float good-sized tongkangs. 
There is another route to it through a swampy piece of ground 
behind the coconut plantation south of the river mouth. This 
swamp had apparently been under paddy cultivation but at this 
time was covered with a dense bed of sedges chiefly Sczrpus 
grossus Which is used in mat making. Among it grew the charm- 
ing water balsam Hydrocera tiiflora. 

The village is of fair size and there are a good many Chi- 
nese settled there who make a livi ine by cutting: timber on the 
slopes of the mountain and by making charcoal. _ Durians, Man- 
gosteens, Rambai, Bachang and other fruit trees are largely cul- 
tivated. The Durian trees were of remarkably large size, and all 
day but especially in the evening and early morning one could hear 
the crash of the falling fruit. Squirrels seemed to be doing 
much damage to themand the village children were prov ided 
with pellet-bows made of bamboo and rattan, from which they 
discharged stones at the little animals. So famous are the 
Durian trees of Yan that the natives gave a half humorous deriva- 
tion of the word Durian, from Deri Yan. 

There were many pepper gardens in the neighbourhood and 
I also saw coffee, patchouli and tobacco cultivated there, but the 
latter seemed for the most part to be abandoned. Indigo I was 
told had.been tried but apparently without success. 

As in other native states under Siamese influence, such as 
Kelantan, the women are less confined to the house than in the 
Southern States and go about more in the villages. There was 
a good deal of sickness apparently and as the natives had no 
European medicines and knew nothing about indigenous drug's, 
there was an extensive levee of applicants for-medical treatment 
every morning. Badly neglected wounds on the feet and legs 
from falling durians seemed to be the chief ailments. 

The Penghulu Rajah, who had been forewarned of my arrival 
from Penang, very considerately put an empty house—the best 
in the village—at my disposal, assisted me to.procure coolies and 

4 


26 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI. 


sent an armed guard to watch over the house at night while 1 
was there, as well as a patrol who rambled about at night armed 
with spears and lanterns. The use of the stocks for malefactors 
was not abolished here, and in one house we saw a native fixed 
in them by one leg. 

The natives recommended that I should start early in the 
morning for the Peak, as it rained frequently in the afternoon, 
so it was determined to remain in Yan for the rest of the day.. 
Mr. Curtis returned to Penang and I occupied the time in collect- 
ing in the nearest patch of jungle, where were a number of trees 
hardly or not at all known to me. Among them a large Mag- 
nohia (Zaulauma sp.) with very large white fruit with pink seeds,. 
Strophanthus Jackianus with its long-tailed orange flowers, a 
pretty Elettariopsis (E.. latiflora) with white, crimson and yellow 
flowers, and the shrubby Bauhinia mollissima with red flowers, one 
petal of which is white and yellow, especially claimed attention. 
Specimens of a small tree called here Nasi Sejuk (cold rice) were 
brought me by the men. The branches bore a handsome fruit 
as large and of the same colour as a good orange. It contained 
several large seeds wrapped in a sweet well- flavoured pulp. ‘The 
tree proved to be Salucia flavescens. 

I secured a specimen of a small prettily marked snake with 
remarkably large eyes and later in the day a large black and 
white Typhlops was brought me. These were all the reptiles I 
saw except the common green tree snake 7ragops porcinus and a 
very large tortoise which I perceived creeping along the bottom 
of the river in the early morning as I went down to bathe. It 
burrowed under the bank and I could not get it out. There 
were said to be no crocodiles in the river. 

About three miles from Yan is a fine waterfall which i is well 
worth a visit. The route to it follows the telegraph line towards 
Kedah. The fall is visible for a considerable distance out at.sea. 
After remaining a day at Yan, I started with the coolies to as- 
cend the mountain. Passing through a little open country inter- 
spersed with woods, one reaches the dense jungle which covers the 
mountain-side. A guide is necessary for at least the first part of 
the way, as there are many tracks made by charcoal-burners and 
timber-cutters, which are likely to lead the explorer astray. 
The lower woods would well repay a thorough botanical investi- 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERATI. 27 


gation, as there seemed to be very many plants of interest, but 
time did not permit of a careful search. ‘The path was strewn 
with fruits and seeds of various kinds fallen from the trees. At 
one place were innumerable fruits of the ellow flowered Wormia 
meliosmaefolia, at another those of the Minyak Kruen, Diptero- 
carpus pterygocalyxz. Melannorhea Curtisi7, one of the trees known 
as Rengas, was loaded with its red-winged fruit and formed a 
conspicuous object. The timber of this tree was in request by 
the woodmen, and felled trunks could be seen lying in the wood. 
The heart wood is hard and dark red, and as there is much soft 
white sap wood, the felled logs are left on the ground till the 
termites have eaten off the sap wood, when the heart wood un- 
touched by them is dragged to the foot of the hills on buffalo- 
sleds. © Vitex coriacea, a small tree, was bright with its innumer- 
able violet flowers which attracted hosts of butterflies. Leeches 
are rather troublesome in this part of the wood but disappeared 
_in the higher parts of the hill. The track is an easy gradient but 
long and toilsome and was decided by my boy and the plant col- 
lector to be worse than that up Mount Ophir. At one spota fine 
view towards the northwest is to be obtained, but otherwise 
the path is entirely closed in by jungle. At about 2000 feet 
altitude the flora suddenly changes. ‘The trees are smaller and 
more slender and the ground in the more rocky spots is covered 
with orchids and ferns. The path traversed a thick scrub of the 
curious fern Oleandra neriiformis as high as one’s head. Here 
and there were open grassy spots on which grew many pink- 
flowered Sonerilas, white Hedyotis and yellow Xyris, the latter 
being a new species described as Xyris Ridley?. 7 

The turf was ploughed up at one of these grassy patches by 
rhinoceros, but the animals were not seen. The camping ground 
lies in the highest of these spots between two peaks of the range, 
the highest of which lying towards the south is a thousand feet 
above it, and is the summit of Gunong Jerai. There is a good 
stream of water and plenty of firewood here. The rocks consist 
of quartzite, sandstones, and micaceous schists and piles of 
stones were pointed out as relics of tin mining operations 
abandoned some few years previously. A little way below 
the camp was an outcrop of iron ore (haematite). Close 
to the hut were evident very recent traces of a large tiger, 


28 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT, 


but nothing was heard or seen of the beast. Kijang were 
said to be common here, but none put in an appearance. On 
one occasion I heard in the evening the cry of a Lotong 
(Semnopithecus) but no other animals were seen or heard ex- 
cept one or two small bats. Birds too were very scarce and 
mostly small species, as at Mount Ophir. Three fine hawks 
passed over the camp one afternoon, but kept well out of range. 
Butterflies and beetles were numerous and among the latter I 
secured a specimen of Odontolabris gazella a well known Ophir 
insect. One of the men caught also a death’s head moth, but it 
escaped his grasp. ‘The flora round the camp bore some resem- 
blance to that of Mount Ophir, many of the trees being of the 
same kinds ; such were the Conifers, Dammara orientalis, Dacry- 
dium elatum and Podocarpus cupressinus; as also Tristania mer- 
gquensis, Boeckia frutescens and Leptospermum ambotnense. The 
wild Aniseed, J/licum Cambodianum, with rosy or white flowers 
and star lke capsules, resembling those of the true Star anise of 
Cochin China but quite odorless, was plentiful in the woods, but 
the most striking shrub was a beautiful white Rhododendron 
about twelve feet tall which bore bunches of large white flowers 
with a yellow centre. <A plant well worthy of cultivation, but 
unfortunately neither seeds nor young plants could be obtained. 

Among the smaller plants a charming little sonerila with 
mauve rarely white flowers, and leaves of every shade of green 
olive and purple frequently spotted or marbled with white was 
very abundant. Botanically it was especially interesting from 
its possessing a tuberous root. Burmannia disticha was un- 
usually abundant and fine, bothin size and color. One plant was 
gathered . with twenty-six flowers in a head, and growing in 
masses as it does here its beautiful blue flowers reminded one of 
the blue hyacinths of the English woods. Another pretty blue 
flowered plant was a tall grassy leaved Aneilema (A. giganteum Br.) 
which opened its azure flowers only at noon. It was hitherto 
unknown from the peninsula, though of very wide distribution, 
occurring in Africa, India, Ceylon, the Malay islands, China and 
Australia. A curious little sedge, Scleria Neesi var borneensis, © 
was another important addition to our flora, as its distribution is 
~ confined to Ceylon and Borneo. © Twining in the grasses close to 
the stream in damp spots was a pretty Utricularia with large 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI. 29 


yellow flowers. It was described under the name of U. cnvol- 
vens, Ridl. 

The ascent to the summit of the mountain is steep in parts 
but there is a good track through the woods which clothe it to 
the top. The view from the point is very fine and embraces an 
extensive tract of country, while on the sea side the Lankawi 
islands can plainly be seen. The height is estimated at a little 
over 4000 feet; by my aneroid I calculated it to be.a little under, 
viz., 3495 feet. The southern side is quite precipitous with near- 
ly vertical walls of many hundred feet; at one spot not far from 
the camp a stream runs over one of these precipices so steep 
that standing on the edge one cannot see the fall of the stream 
without bending over. Part of the rocky slopes on this side is 
coated with turf upon which I was about to step when one of 
the men restrained me and showed me that at a slight push the 
whole mass slid off from the smooth rock and went down the 
‘side of the precipice. On these rock-slopes grew a pretty Baa 
(B. elegans) the only one I have met with which did not grow on 
limestone rocks, and with it was an Arwndina with small flowers, 
not unlike the Arundina Philippi of our gardens. The biggest 
trees on the top were a species of Pieris, somewhat resembling an 
Arbutus with long racemes of white bell-shaped flowers. A new 
species of Hedychium (H. collinum) with white flowers was obtain- 
ed, but only beginning to flower. A white-flowered Canscora was 
common near the top. It was quite distinct from the one which 
grows around the Kwala Lumpur Caves, and is the second species 
obtained in the peninsula, none being recorded in the Flora of 
British India. 

Orchids are far more numerous here than on Mount Ophir, 
and in places form an important portion of vegetation. In 
some spots the ground was so thickly covered by them that one 
was nearly up to the waist in them and had to cut one’s way 
through the masses of tangled stems. Among the most striking 
were Spathoglottis aurea, Cypripedium barbatum, Dendrobium san- 
guinolentum and more commonly the pale ochre-colored form ce77- 
num D. Hughti, with large thin white flowers tinted with violet, 
and D. revolutum. Bulbophyllums were very abundant, among 
them were B. long/florwn with large pink striped flowers with an 
orange lip, and B. hispidum only met with at the very summit, 


30 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI. 


with clusters of fairly large deep red hairy flowers with a very 
putrid odour. Upwards of fifty kinds of Orchids were collected 
here, of which eight kinds were peculiar to the range. As on 
Mount Ophir Didymocarpi were not common and what species 
did occur seemed to be endemic. Among the most conspicuous 
Ophir plants absent were Rhododendron Malayanum and R. jasmi- 
niflorum, Arundina speciosa Dendrobium uniflorum, Cladium Main- 
gayi, Lepidosperma Chinense and Balanophora, but this latter being 
often rather deeply buried in the soil may not be discoverable 
unless in flower, and may perhaps be found later in the year. 
On the whole the flora most resembles that of Mount Ophir and 
is very different from that of the Main Perak hills. The flora 
of the Lankawi islands which one can see at no great distance 
from Kedah Peak and where so many remarkable plants have 
been found by Mr. Curtis is very distinct from that of any part 
of the peninsula, having in fact a closer relation with that of 
Tenasserin. .I had expected to find on Kedah peak traces of this 
northern flora, but there was nothing of the kind, the plants are 
typically Malayan. J remained on the mountain for six days 
during which the weather was tolerably fine. Rain fell however 
almost every night. The temperature is fairly cool, the thermo- 
meter falling to 70 at sun down. Mosquitoes occur at the camp, 
which is unusual at this elevation, so those who are troubled by 
them would do well to take mosquito curtains. The expedition 
including going from and returning to Penang has, I believe, 
been done in a day, but it can hardly be worth the labour it 
entails to make so hurried a visit. The ascent from Yan takes 
from 34 to 4 hours, and if wet it will probably take longer as 
the track becomes very slippery after rain. 


USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN. MALAY MEDICINE. 31 


On the Use of the Slow Loris in Malay 
Medicine. 
Bye. N: RIDLEY. 


The following instructions for the medical and magic uses 
of the Loris, were copied some time ago from a manuscript in 
Malay, and are excellent illustrations of Malay ideas as to 
medicine. In many respects these receipts recall Huropean 
medical ideas of some four centuries ago. The notion that one 
drug will act beneficially in all diseases that flesh is heir to is 
by no means extinct among the more ignorant classes at the 
present day, while the use of animals, especially if of strange 
and uncanny appearance, simply because they were odd looking, 
was formerly quite common in Kurope. Thus the viper, and the 
scinc (abuia) were valued highly as late as 1694. (Pomet’s 
Drugs). Still earlier toads, bats and other such animals were 
used in magic as the Loris is among the Malays and Indians to 
this day. 

The Kongkang, or Slow Loris (Vycticebus tardigradus) is 
common all over the peninsula and also occurs in India. Its 
strange appearance with its large eyes and ape-like hands, its 
nocturnal habits and its manner of covering its eyes with its 
hands, have stamped it in the eyes of all Orientals as an uncanny 
beast closely associated with demons, which it is supposed to 
have special facilities for seenmg. I have been informed that its 
tears if applied to the eyes impart such clearness of vision that 
the person using it is able to see ghosts. The method of ob- 
taining the tears is to take the animal among a herd of cows 
- when it commences to weep, but another plan which indeed 
sounds more likely to succeed was to wrap the animal’s body 
in a white cloth, and throw pepper in its eyes. The tears are 
collected on a bit of cotton. 

Five varieties of the Loris are recognised by the Malays, 
viz., the Kongkang ayer, the common grey forn, so called 


S2 USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE. 


because it is said it can swim; Kongkang angin, which is black. 
This variety is said to have the power of vanishing when a 
storm arises, if it is merely tied with a string in a house, but if 
confined in a cage it cannot do. Kongkang api is red with a 
white mark on its forehead and nose. Kongkang orang is 
brownish with a red line over its head and down its back. The 
white variety Kongkang puteh or Kongkang Kayu is very rare 
and is the most valuable one for magic purposes. It derives its 
second name from the peculiar property of causing a tree to fall 
in any desired direction. To effect this it must be either found 
dead or killed ina special manner known only to an initiated 
few, its bones are then laid in a row in the. direction in which 
it is desired that the tree shall fall when felled and the tree will 
fall exactly on the bones. " 

In cutting up a Kongkang for magical purposes it is neces- 
sary that the knife used shall be ornamented with gold. The 
skull if put ina hole in the ground beneath a house will cause 
ghosts (hantus) to appear. The fur if burnt and given toa 
woman to eat will cause her to like her husband however much 
she may have previously disliked him. 


PASAL PERGUNA’AN KONG KANG. 


Ayer mata-nya itu jika di pakai pada badan kita yani di 
masokkan k-dalam suatu bekas di-pakai sperti azimat, Insha 
Allah skhan yang mmendang kita kaseh sklan-nya. 

2. Darah-nya jika di champor dngan dawat di tuliskan 
azimat Insha Allah mustajab barang perbuat tau-nya, dan jika 
di champor dngan ayer susu manusia di sapukan pada mulut 
periok, mlainkan tiada masah nasi itu. 

3.  Prot-nya itu di jmor kring kring dan apabila kita 
handak naik rumah orang di asah dns an ayer embon dan jebat 
di sapukan di dawah lantai- -nya nschaya tertidor orang yang di 
dalam rumah itu dan tiada ktahui kita naik rumah-nya itu, dan 
jika di sapukan pada binatang yang buas buas, sperti Harimau, 
Sapi, atau Gajah terplihara deri-pada kjahatan-nya, dan _ jika 
orang sakit di asah dngan kulit dedak sdikit di-bri minum nscha- 
ya semboh. 

4, Prot-nya itu jika di-bri kring kring apabila ada prem- 
puan susa hndak beranak di asah dngan mempedu-nya dan ayer 


USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE. 33 


mawar di sapukan pada ari ari-nya prempuan itu nschaya kluar 
anak-nya itu. 

). Mata-nya yane kanan itu jika di lumatkan di champor 
dngan susu orang atau susu kambing dan minyak Yatmon di 
champorkan pada surmoh di-buat chelak nschaya trang’ mata 
yang kelam dngan kuasa Tuhan. 

6. Mata-nya kiri itu di lumatkan halus halus di champor 
dnean ayer Mawar, ayer madoo dan kapor barus, di buat chelak 
mata atau di makan dngan sirih yang bertmu urat uschaya kaseh 
orang mmandange kita, dan jika di bri makan pada binatang yang 
liar mnjadi jinak. 

7. Hati-nya itu pika di kringkan baik baik pada panas 
kmdian di lumatkan dan di champor dngan minyak Ziton dan 
di sapukan pada (Zakar) bawa_ jinak terlalu lazat, dan jika di 
tanam pada rumah kita jadi hormat rumah itu. 

8. Tulane blakang-nya jika di tanam di bawah pintu runah 
kita mlainkan tiada boleh pnehuri masok, 

9 Tulane kaki-nya itu. jika di kolom di dalam mulot di 
bawah berchakap- chakap di hadapan Raja raja lmah lahya ber- 
buat dhalim di atas kita dan jika di masak dnean minyak ular 
atau harimau atau minyak ziton di sapukan ‘pada kaki orang 
yang lemah neschaya affiat olehnya. 

10. Paruparunya itu jika di tampal pada pintu orang 
melainkan bercherai berai orang rumah itu. 

11. Jantongnya itu di kringkan diambil satu (kerat) dan di 
asah dengan (mani) kita di bri makan perumpuan neschaya kaseh 
dia dengan kita. 


DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE LORIS. 


1. If the tears of this animal be worn on the body, we can 
place them in.a small case and carry asa sacred wand. All per- 
sons beholding our countenance shall by God’s will bear an 
affectionate feeling towards us. 

2. Its blood may be mixed with ink, and written with as a 
sacred writing, by the will of God any busmess will prove suc- 
cessful ; and it can be mixed with milk and rubbed on the mouth 
of a pot, when the rice which is to be cooked will never be 
done. 


34 USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE 


3. Its gut is to be dried, and when we want to use it, take 
a piece and rub it on a stone with dew and civet; when rubbed 
below the floor of a house, the inmates will fall asleep and will 
not know we are getting in, and if rubbed on wild anmials such 
as tigers, oxen or elephants, the person approaching will be safe 
from harm, and if ground up with a little bark of Dadup 
(Erythrina) and given to a sick person it will cure him at once. 

4. The gut when dried and ground with its gall together 
with rose water and rubbed on the abdomen of a woman in con- 
finement, will assist to cause delivery. 

). The right eye dried and eround to powder and mixed 
with human or goat’ s milk and some sweet oil may be used as an 
eye ointment which will make dim sight bright by the will of God. 

6. The left eye ground fine and mixed with rose water, 
honey and camphor (Sumatran) can be used as an eye ointment 
or eaten with sirih leaf, the nerves of which meet together 

causes all who look on us to love us, and if given toa wild beast 
it will become tame. 

7. The heart well dried and ground and mixed with olive 
oil and rubbed on acts as an aphrodisiac and buried in the 
front of a house makes it appear respectable. 

8. If its backbone is buried beneath the door of the house 
we can prevent thieves from entering. 

9, If the bone of its left leg be kept in the mouth during a 
conversation with a rajah, it will prevent his doing any acts of 
tyranny to us, and if we cook it with oil of snake or tiger or olive 
oil and rub it on the feet of a weak person, it will streng- 
then him. 

10. If its lung is placed beneath the door, the people of the 
house will be separated. 

11. If the liver be dried anda piece taken and rubbed up 
and given to a woman to eat it will produce in her feelings of 
love towards us, 


A REVIEW OF DR. A, B. MEYER'’S NEGRITOS, So 


A Review of Dr. A. B. Meyer’s 


‘“Negritos.”’ 
By Rk. N. BLAND: 


_ A pamphlet with the above title has recently been presented 
to the Library of the S$. B. R. A. 8. by the author. Itisa 
translation from the German of two chapters of a larger work, 
published in 1893, dealing with the Negritos of the Philippines, 
and is confined to a consideration of the distribution of the 
Negritos within the Philippines and beyond. 

The author, who is the Director of the Royal Zoological, 
Anthropological and Ethnographical Museum at Dresden, is a 
scientific traveller of established reputation. He has since 1875 
published over 20 volumes on Anthropological and Ethnographi- 
cal subjects connected with the far eastern Archipelago. The 
subject is one that possesses a particular interest in this “ corner 
of Asia,” as amongst the natives of the Peninsula we have tribes 
representing the ancient race of Pigmy negroes, small black men 
with frizzy hair concerning whom science has speculated since 
the time of Herodotus. 

Jakuns, Sakai, Semang, Orang Raiat, Orang Bukit, Orange 
Panggang, Belenda, Bidnanda are some of the names by which 
these people are known in different parts of the Peninsula. Pos- 
sibly the Orang Laut, who to this day inhabit the villages at the 
mouth of the Rochor River, in the harbour of Singapore, and 
even the curly-headed “‘ have-a-dive” boys of New Harbour are 
also related to this ancient people, but this is still an open ques- 
tion. 

The author concerns himself only with the distribution of 
the Negritos in the Far East—that is, where these people.are to 
be met with and where not. In support of his arguments he 
quotes over 200 different authorities, and more often than not, 
differs from them. 2 


36 A REVIEW OF DR. A. B. MEYER’S NEGRITOS, 


The writers that our author quotes most, and differs from 
most violently, are MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy, both of 
them anthropologists of renown. To readers of this Journal, 
the criticisms of the views of M. de Quatrefages will be of in- 
terest, as some of these views are set forth in two articles entitled 
the “ Pigmies” published in Nos. 11 and 13 of the Journal, 
». B. R. A. 8. Let us take some of these references in detail. 

P. 23. “The most prolific writer on the Negritos is de Quatre- 
‘‘fages, who published a monograph in the year 1872, entitled 
“ Etude sur les Mincopies et la race Negrito en oénéral e 
“and then in 1882, together with Hamy, the‘ Crania Ethnica.’ 

“ T will not enter into a detailed discussion of this writer’s 
‘partially fantastic ideas on the Negrito question. Time will 
“decide whether the views advanced by him with great cer- 
“tainty will hold good, in that traces of the Negritos are found 

‘““nearly everywhere from India to Japan and New Guinea, and 
‘that Negritos and Papuans live together in New Guinea and 

“ elsewhere, owned and intermixed, differing from the true Pa- 
ipuanS 4. - hessame illustrations too, are continually 
Pere pLocuceds ata elle Quatrefages’ literary references are 
‘ frequently untr ustworthy. He is in spite of his shortcomings 
‘respected by many writers as a reliable authority, etc., etc.” 

The “Crania Ethnica” is a constant stumbling-block and rock 
of offence to our author. He writes of a certain skull described 
as coming from Borneo. P. 26. ‘The mischief caused by this 
‘“‘ Negrito skull will be carried on in books for some time to come 
© ipa consequence of this frequent repetition.” He is strongly 
of opinion that the existence of Negritos in Borneo has not yet 
been proved, and is much annoyed with M. de Quatrefages for 
assuming the contrary on the evidence of a solitary skull. 

Writing of the Moluccas of Lesser Sunda isles, our author 
disputes an opinion of Prof. Flower regarding the existence of 
a “small Negroid population” in certain islands. “ He is” he 
says, ‘surely adopting, absolutely without the test. of criticism, 
“de Quatrefages’ more recent statements (Les Pygmées, 1887) 
which are more or less figments of de Quatrefages’ imag‘ination,” 
etc. | 

_ Again (with reference to Negritos in Java), ‘ Flower ap- 
‘“‘pears here again to follow de Quatrefages (Pygmées, 1887) 


A REVIEW OF DR. A. B, MEYER’S NEGRITOS, 37 


“blindly, but the statements in question are very much open to 
“controversy.” As in the case of Borneo, Mr. Meyer holds that 
the existence of Negritos in Java has not been proved. 

In examining the evidence as to Negritos in Formosa, Herr 
Meyer again falls foul of “ Crania Ethnica” and writes, ‘ For to 
* conclude the occurrence of a race in a country from certain 
‘characters in two skulls, when this race has not yet been reg- 
“istered from that country, is in the present embryonic state 
“of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding, and the two 
“French writers will certamly find no follower in this respect, 
‘except such as simply copy their assertions.” 

_ Here Meyer disputes the existence of Negritos in Japan, on 
the evidence of certain skulls described by Hamy. He writes : 
“In consequence, this Negritos Japanese skull found its way 
into the ‘ Crania Ethnica’ and was duly recorded in all the writ- 
ines of de Quatrefages and in many others.” 

As regards China, Herr Meyer equally questions the evi- 
dence as to Negritos. ‘De Quatrefages and de Lacouperie 
“looked upon each other as authorities, the assumption of the 
‘one standing for truth to the other, and vice versa; in conse- 
‘quence they tried to support each other, but it is more than 
* questionable whether others will have the same belief in the 
‘categorical statements of these two writers.” 

In short, as regards the Dutch possessions, China and 
Japan, Herr Meyer finds that all accounts of Negritos outside the 
Philippines are traced on very poor evidence, or properly speak- 
ing on none at all. He reminds one of the famous chapter in 
the * Natural History of Iceland ” headed ‘“ Snakes—There 
are none.” Professor Meyer goes on to discuss the Negritos 
question as it concerns the Malay Peninsula, the Andamans, the 
Mergui and Nicobar Islands, Anam, Cochin China, Cambodia, 
India, Australia, and New Guinea. He glances (p. 72) at the 
question as to whether we are to regard the Negrito people as 
the little modified descendants of an extremely ancient race, 
(‘“‘ gens prisca mortalium”) the ancestors of all the Negro tribes, 
or whether they may be regarded as a type of comparatively re- 
cent growth, retrograded to their present condition after cen- 
turies of isolation and confinement to a limited space. “ For at 
“the present time our knowledge of the mutability and amount of 


38. A REVIEW OF DR. A. B, MEYER’S NEGRITOS, 


‘“‘ variation in organic form and their result is still so inadequate, 
“that it is extremely rash to speculate in this general manner on 
“the genetic connection of races, and doubtless easier to set up 
‘‘a clever hy pothesis than to prove its full legitimacy, let alone 
“necessity.” 

In his. Sonehican he deplores the practice of describing 
skulls in detail ‘‘ which will never lead to profitable results.” 
He thus takes a final shot at the ‘‘Crania Ethnica.” ‘* Whoever 
‘wishes to obtain an idea of the chaos which reigns here let him 
“read the ‘Crania Ethnica’ of de Quatrefages and Hamy: he 
»° would need Ariadne’s clue to find his way in this labyrinth of 
‘skull descriptions.” 

He appeals to ‘some able investigator” to dedicate his 
powers to the Negritos of the Philippines (as the Saranies have 
done for the Weddas), and hopes that later generations will 
attain to the “heights of knowledge” and be able to look back 
to the present time with its gropings in the dark, its daring hy- 
potheses, its paucity of facts, as the childhood of Anthropology. 


LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 39 


A List of Brunie-Malay Words. 


GOLLECTED BY H. S. HAYNES. 


Nove. In Brunie-Malay the final / sounds strong. 

There are a number of obsolete Malay words in common 
use here—such as tapih, a short sarong, but as they are to be 
found in the dictionary of L’ Abbé Favre I have not put them in 
this list. Here many Malay words are altered slightly, as for 
instance lui? for layer, a sail (lari berlar?, to sail.) 


GAYA, 27th May, 1900. 


Achang 
Ajie 

Alak Alak 
Ali Ali 
Alun Alun 
Ambok 
Ambulong 
Ambuyet 
Ampas 
Ampo!l 
Ampuan 
Ampus 
Anchow 


Andang Andang 
Andiang 
Ang’-up 

Anus 

Arang Atasan 


The tame pigeon. 

The chin. 

The uvula. 

Separate. 

A road. 

A monkey. 

Raw sago. 

Cooked sago. 

Accent. 

Light (not heavy). 

A title of rank. 

Asthma. 

A fine net for catching Bubuk, 
made of Sadok. 

From the beginning. 

The frond of the Cocoanut palm. 

To stutter. 

The cuttle fish. 

Soot. 


40 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Arap Arap 
Arik 


Arok, Mengarok 


Aukup, Snapang . 


Aumpok 
Auras 
Aurok 
Ausal 
Ausus 
Autik 


Babat 
Babau 
Badong 
Baguring 
Bakat 


Bakut, Membakut 


Balan 
Balong 
Balot 
Bangas 
Bangkawat 
Bangking 
Banun 
Bari 
Basak 
Basing 
Baston 
Batah 
Batak 
Baul 
Bawet 
Bayung 
Beabas 
Beading 


Pelt 


Beluri 


To cut up small, 

To call. 

To thrust a spear up through the 
floor of a house. 

A. breech-loader, ; 

A box made of Selad leaves. 

Rubbish. 

To open. 

‘To settle. ‘To arrange matters. 

A bradawl. 

Cataract of the eye. 


To tie. 

Dumb. 

An eel. 

To roll. 

A scar. 

To heap up. 
Steel. 
Jelly-fish. 
Béche-de-Mer. 
Sour. Stale. 
The rainbow. 
A bug. 

A. herd of cattle. 
Steel. 


. A fisherman’s basket 


A squirrel. 

A walking-stick. 

A long time. 

To rob. Cattle-lifting. 
Brackish (of water.) 
Cycas revoluta. 

A bag made of rushes, 
Guava (fruit. ) 

Shark’s fins and tails. 
A stick of tobacco. 

To get, to catch, to obtain. 


LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDs. 41 


Bengkatang 
Benukal 
Berbakut 
Berkami 
Barega 
Berling Katak 


Berling Karong 


Bergalop 
Berinyut 
Berkrapak 
Berleon 
Bélusier 
Bertangar 
Bertapak 
Betian 
Blani 
Blatak 
Brian 
Bubuk 
Bubut 
Bubus 
Bujak 
Buli Bult 


Bunga Lapane’ 


Bunga Takat 
Bungkutut 
Bungal 
Bungal 
Bruet Ruet 
Buyuk 


Chabok 
Chaka 
Chaka] 
Chandas 
Charok 
Chuet 


The Proboscis Monkey. 

An earthenware jar. 

Lo box: Tome ht. 

To make water. 

To proclaim. 

A frog. 

A grass lizard. 

To play. To act the fool. 

Slowly, by degrees. 

To speak. 

To go round. 

To run. : 

To pole a boat up stream. 

To hide. 

Pregnant. 

An earthenware Jat. 

A basket. 

Money, or goods paid for a wife. 

The small shrimp. 

To follaw, to chase, to pursue. 

Worn in holes at the bottom. 

A. spear. 

Sand fly. 

The white crest on the waves, 
(breakers. ) 

Sponge. 

The fresh water shrimp. 

Deaf. 

The sea turtle. 

Barbed as a fish spear. 

To cheat. 


A bathing bucket. 
Industrious. 

To wrestle. 

Chinese chop sticks. 

The bow of a boat, or ship. 
A plate. 


42 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Damal 4 
Damit 

Dapong 

Dudus 


Dugal 


Eno 
Epong 


Gabus 

Gadong 

Gagar 

Gagas 

Gaggo ; 
Gageut, Bergageut 
Garit 

Grauk 

Geok 

Gaul Bergaul 
Gubong - 

Gucho 


Guhan 

Guling Tangan 
Guntian 
Gureding 
Gusey 


Hias 


Inda Inda ; 
Indek : 
Indong 
Ingut : 


Jagau 


Damp. 


Small. 


A boat with outriggers, 
Mutilated. 


Spleen. Nausea. 


Phosphorescence of the sea. 


An earthenware jar. 


Proud. 
(creen. 

To shake. 
In haste. 

ry’ 

To be busy. 


To make a disturbance. 


A serateh. 

Wicked. Naughty. 

A worm. 

To sound a gone. 

A dug-out canoe. 

An instrument for 
betel nut. 

Vegetables. 


pounding 


¢ or 8 graduated gongs. 


Thread for sewing. 
A Jew’s harp. 
A sacred jar. 


To make haste, to spurt, to finish. 


Different kinds of things. 


To kick. 
Mother, of animals. 
To shake in a pile. 


Tall. 


LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Jahat Nawa 
Jelamah 
Jenguni 
Jurong 


Kaban 
Kalabutan 
Kalakati 
Kalas 
Kalat 
Kalindo 
Kamah 
Kanowl 
Kapunan 
Karo 
Katawi 
Katrahan 
Keap 
Kelala 
Keri 
Keri 
Kubut 


Klakar 
Kudut 


Kuling Bambong 


Kuling Papat 
Kuratu 
Kuroh 


Lago 
Lakat 
Lalam 
Lalap 
Lambu 
Lampo 
Lamunita 
Langis 


Sick, unwell. 

A human being. 
The Nicobar pigeon. 
Oval. 


A box. 

The cuttle fish. 
Betel nut scissors. 
Light red colour. 
Rope. 

A jungle spirit. 
Dirty. 

The white paddy bird. 
Misfortune. 

Stiff. 

A place for paddy. 


43 


A place for fowls to lay and sit. 


A fan. 
To recognize. 
The eye brows. 


Nepa leaves used to make cigar- 


ettes. 
An earthenware jar. 
To speak falsely. 
A plate. 
A butterfly. 
A firefly. 
In times long ago. 
To snore. 


To call. 


To remain, to stay in a place. 


Rain when the sun shines. 
Meat dried in the sun. 
The Illanun boat. 

Stout, fat. 

Raw sago, 

Clean. 


abe LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Langone 
Lanto 
Lasak 
Lasuk 
Lauangan 
Lauk 
Lechak 
Lekup 
Limpaku 


Limpong, Malimyponz 


Lulan ; 
Lulup ‘ 


Lunconz 


Malagas 
Malangup 
Mandu 
Mata-Mata-i 
Mauk 
Menggagap 
Meris 
Maritam 
Mais 

Moah 
Mungalimut 


Muli 


Nandong 
Napu 
Nyanat 


Pajah 

Pajal 
Pakaram 
Pakarangan 


A cooking pot. 

A bad smell. 

Bald headed. 

A basket. 

A curtain. 

Live or fresh fish. 

Soft. 

The small hornbill. 

A passage between the coral 
reefs. 

To he down. 

A seam, a hem. 

A woolly kind of stuff obtained 
from the Bengkola Palm, 
used to caulk boats. 

Lazy. 


Bald, leafless. 

To open wide the mouth. 
10 Gantang measure. 

To mend a net. 

To vomit. 

To feel about in the dark. 
Leaky, not water-tight. 
Pulason fruit. 

Orang utan. 

The face. 

To slander, 

To return, to go home. 


_ The dragon fly. 


Sago flour. 

To repeatedly commit the same 
offence, 

To put out a light. 

To force. 

To fish. 

A fishing boat. 


LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 45 


Pakul 
Palowi 
Pampangan 
Pandiang 
Pandidip 
Panggal 
Panguling 
Panyangat 
Papak 
Pantaran 
Paropok 
Patungut 
Peasow 
Pengaluru 
Pengambat 
Peratasan 
Petang 
Piho 

Piok 

Porok 


Puchok Rabong : 


Pundok Pundok 


Pungarusan 


Pungaut 
Pungar 
Puputan 


Rahap 
Radu 
Rambat 
Ranik 
Rangit 
Ranggas 
Repow 
Rampok 
Rogat 
Rumbia 


A saddle, 

A fool. 

Stocks, place cf punishment. 

A prostitute. 

Matches. 

To cut in two. 

A midwife. 

A wasp. 

To chew. 

Verandah. 

Bamboo grass. 

A fire stick. 

The cocoanut palm. 

To mock. 

A travelling trader. 

The watershed. 

Dark. _ Darkness. 

Deer (Cervus. ) 

To handcuff. 

Earth eaten by the natives. 

The gums. 

To sit idle. 

A charm attached to a fishing 
net. 

A rice spoon. 

A dead tree. 

Bellows. 


A shroud. 


_ A plough. 


A casting net. 
Small, as leaves. 
Mosquito. 

Leafless. 

The refuse of sago. 
To shake out. 

Torn ears. 

The sago palm, 


46 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Rundine 
Sabang 


Sabal 

Sabat 

Sadok 

Sadi 

Sadian 

Salajur 
Salambo 
Saling Kawang 
Samandak 
Sumba Sumba 
Sambat Sambat 
Sampar 
Sangup 

Sapar Sapar 
Sarah 

sarang Sarang 
Saroung 
Sarudong 


Sawang’ 
Sear 
Sebur 


Segi 

Segup 
Selering 
Sepok 
Sekup Keri 
Sekut 
Selankier 
Serah 
Sering 
Sérong 


Séut 


To make up an account. 


A pass between the reefs or sand 
banks. 

Blunt. 

A knapsack. 

A kind of coarse canvas. 

To dry a boat. 

A boat shed. 

At once. 

A fishing net. 

Bracken fern. 

A heifer. 

Mantis (Praying Insect). 

Karly in the morning, 

An evil spirit. 

A fish spear. 

Divided. 

A box. 

A dish cover. 

A conical hat. 

A hut built on the floor of an 
unfinished house. 

A hole. 

A shrimp. 

Raised divisions in the paddy 
fields. 

Cowry-shell. 

Tobacco. 

A fishing net. 

Having an extra finger or toe. 

Left-handed. 

To carry on the back. 

The starling. 

Salt. 

The edge. Sea shore. 

The spaces between the posts of 
a house. 

A landing net. 


LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 47 


Spurdian 
Stagal 
Stampik 
Sulup 
Sumbrana 
Suri Pimping 
Suroh 


Tabok 

Tabak 

Tagar 

Tajow 

Takat 

Tambok 
Tambing 
Tambuku Bamban 
‘Taming 
‘Tampeling 
‘Tampik 

Tangan Tangan 
Tung hil 

Tapuk 

Tara Tara 
Tarok 

Teébaro 
Tekuyong 

Tepi 

Teranang 
Timbaran 


Tislear 
Tengkalak 


Trepas 
Tumpong 


Of one family. 

A little time. 

One side. 

A hut, a shelter. 
Careless. 

A kind of bamboo grass. 
A cricket. 


A window. 

To stab. 

Rust. 

A jar. 

A coral reef. 

A cooking: place. 

The river bank. 

Buttons. 

A shield. 

A slap in the face. 

To split wood, ete. 

The castor oil plant. 

The Cicada. 

To hide. 

A sea gull. 

The colour magenta. 

Bamboo evrass. 

A shell. 

Pear! shell. 

A water bottle. 

A tree of the bread-fruit kind, 
the bark of which is used to 
make rope called Pelian. 

To make the mouth water. 

The block fixed on the top of 
the tripod bamboo mast of 
a boat. 

The small green love bird. 

A bamboo used for carrying 
water, 


48 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 


Tumpuk Heaps, groups; tufts. 
Tunduk The scalp lock. 
Tundun The back of the neck. 
Tunkus 


Grave-clothes. 
A silver heart-shaped ornament 
for a little girl. 


Turuk Turuk 


Yubengkone. The hammer-headed shark. 


STRAITS BRANCH, R. As. Soc. 
J). xxxiv, pl. 4. &% 2% 


R. Hanitsch Phot. 


Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, British North Borneo, 2000 


(LOOKING DOWN). 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 49 


An Expedition to Mount Kina Balu, 
British North Borneo. 


By R. HANITSCH, Ps.D. 
(With four plates.) 


Introductory remarks: The first part of this paper, contain- 
ing the narrative of the expedition to Kina Balu, is based upon 
diary notes written during the journey and is practically the 
report which I sent in to the Committee of the Raffles Museum 
on April 27th of last year. The second part, containing the 
scientific results, could only be compiled after considerable 
delay ; most of the zoological specimens obtained during the ex- 
pedition had to be sent for identification to specialists at home 
and elsewhere, viz., Messrs. G. A. Boulenyer, Edgar Smith, L. de 
Nicéville, R. Shelford, D. Sharp and L. A. Borradaile, and I take 
this opportunity of thanking them for their assistance. Two 
papers by Mr. Boulenger, the one containing the description of 
a new Freshwater Fish (A. M. N. H., Ser. 7, Vol. IV., pp. 228- 
229) and the other that of three new Reptiles and a new Batra- 
chian (ibid. pp. 451-454), and a paper by Mr. Borradaile on 
Freshwater Crustacea, one of which is new (P. Z. 5., 1900, part 
I, 2 pp.) are reprinted. 

The Government of this Colony had kindly furnished me 
with credentials to the British North Borneo Government, and 
my thanks are due to the officials there, chiefly Mr. R. M. Little, 
Resident of Labuan, and Mr. H. $8. Haynes, Magistrate, Pro- 
vince Keppel, who made all arrangements for carriers and who 
otherwise assisted me in every possible way. 


Narrative. 


The Mount of Kina Balu, British North Borneo, was first 
ascended in the year 1851 by Hugh Low (6), and since then by 
Spenser St. John (8)in 1858, F. W. Burbidge (4) in 1877, R. M. 
Little (5) m 1887, John Whitehead (10) in 1887 and 1888, and 


7 


50 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BAULU, . 


G. D. Haviland (9) in 1892. The idea of attempting the ascent 
myself occurred to me in January last (7. ¢. 1899) when I made 
the acquaintance of Mr. H. T. Burls, M.1.M. E., F. G. S., who 
was passing through Singapore on his way to North Borneo in 
order to prospect there for oil, and who wished to ascend Kina 
Balu apart from his primary business object. After some dis- 
cussion on the subject in Singapore, we settled the preliminary 
arrangements for a joint expedition by correspondence after Mr. 
Burls had arrived in Labuan. H. E. Governor Beaufort, British 
North Borneo, expressed his willingness to join the expedition. 

I left Singapore by the 8. 8. ‘Ranee’ on Saturday, March 
4th, 1899 accompanied by my assistant P. M. de Fontaine and 
two native servants, a Chinese cook and a Malay, and reached 
Labuan, after an unfavourable passage, on Thursday, March 9th. 
Mr. R. M. Little kindly met me on landing and explained to me 
the various preparations for transport and carriers which were 
being made by Mr. Haynes at Gaya. Unfortunately I heard at 
the same time that Mr. Burls and H. E. Governor Beaufort were 
prevented from joining the expedition, the former through an 
accident to his knee, the latter in consequence of his accelerated 
departure for Hurope. However, Mr. Burls kindly offered to 
take me on a short trip to Brunei the next day, and we slept the 
night on board his steam launch ‘“‘ Marudu” in order to make an 
early start for Brunei. 

Friday, March 10th. We left about 3.30. a.m. for Brunei, 
arriving there at 9. a.m., explored the neighbourhood a little, 
visited a pawnshop where [ bought a number of parangs and 
krisses for the Raffles Museum, and left again in the afternoon. 
We arrived in Labuan at 8 p.m. and slept on board the ‘ Marudu.’ 

Saturday, March 11th. Mr. Burls bemg unable to accom- 
pany me, I chartered the steam-launch ‘ Enterprise, started 
from Labuan at 8.45 a.m., and had a pleasant run to Gaya, where 
I arrived at 7 p.m. We landed at the pier which is in process of 
being broken up. Since Mat Salleh destroyed the greater part 
of this village, including the Government offices, in 1897, the 
latter have been shifted to Gantian, on the mainland of Borneo, — 
and the woodwork of this pier is now required for Gantian. In 
the darkness we climbed along the remains of the pier (at least 
1 mile long), and, when near the other end, were rescued by a 


N EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 51 


native boat. Soon after, we met Mr. Haynes. As Mr. Little in 
his letter of instructions to Mr. Haynes had recommended that 
we should take the Tuaran route to Kina Balu, he very kindly 
promised to accompany me the next day as far as Panjut, a vil- 
lage on the mainland where our luggage carriers were awaiting 
us. I slept on board the ‘ Enterprise.’ 

Sunday, March 12th. We left the ‘ Enterprise’ at sunrise 
and noticed crowds of the long-spmed Sea-Urchin Diadema 
setosum in the shallow water below the pier, mostly sticking on 
to pieces of rotten timber lying at the bottom. From a fisher- 
man we obtained a large number of the huge worm Sipunculus 
robustus which he was digging from the sandy shore for bait. 
At 8.50 a.m. we left Gaya in two rowing boats manned by Bajous, 
and had a most pleasant journey. W hen nearing Gantian, we 
passed through shallow water with beautiful corals and numbers 
of the striking red and black starfish Oveaster nodosus. At 
Gantian, usually known as Kabagegu by the natives, we met Mr. 
Ce Keasberry, Sub-Treasurer and Postmaster. Then proceed- 
ing, we entered the Menkabong river at 1 p.m., passed the vil- 
lage of Mumpelum at 2 p.m., and soon after reached Berunggis 
where we landed. Here, without waiting for the second boat 
in De Fontaine’s charge, which had dropped somewhat behind, 
Mr. Haynes and myself, with a few of the men, walked on to 
Panjut, about 24 miles distant, passing through swampy fields 
with exceedingly poor padi—I hear by the way that this year’s 
padi crop has been a failure throughout North Borneo—and 
reached Panjut at 3.15 pm.  .We settled down in a spacious 
Dusun house, with a splendid verandah, ornamented with about 
twenty head-trophies, and caused the drums to be beaten, which 
signal was to call the men to fetch our luggage from Berung- 
ois. After about 15 hours’ waiting, six Dusuns appeared with 
sledges drawn by water-buffaloes and started off towards our 
boats. At 6p. m., as there were no signs of the luggage, I 
went back to Berunggis to hurry the men on and found that the 
second and larger boat had been obliged to stop lower down 
the river, as the tide had eone out, and that only a part of the 
luggage could be removed that evening. We returned towards 
Panjut, and feeling somewhat fatigued I mounted a water-buf- 
-falo, but as it floundered into a hole, I was promptly thrown off, 


52 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


The harness was broken and the luggage upset, but otherwise 
no harm was done, and I mounted another buffalo, this time 
behind a Dusun driver; our progress was now safe, but the 
odour arising from my driver necessitated my holding my nose 
at a laterally elevated angele of 45° 

Monday, March 13th. We signalled for more men to fetch 
the rest of our luggage, but, after long waiting, only two men 
appeared. We followed them towards Berunggis and found a 
large fair in progress where the Dusuns from the interior were 
selling and exchanging their jungle produce with the Bajous, 
from the coast for fish, etc. Here Mr. Haynes introduced me 
to Malagup, a Dusun chief, who was to accompany me e Kana 
Balu, in charge of the coolies. Not catching the man’s name 
I asked him directly for it, but was told by Mr. Haynes that the 
natives, and especially the chiefs, feel offended at being asked 
for their names directly ; one is supposed to know them and m 
any case must find them out from a third person. Most of the 
Dusuns had come to the fair on their buffaloes, so that we now 
found no difficulty in getting sufficient conveyances for our lug- 
gage. Mr. Haynes here left me to return to Gantian, and I 
went back to Panjut, arriving there about 11 a.m. The coolies 
in the meantime had begun to gather, but appeared most indo- 
lent ; they tried package after package, but finding them all too 
heavy, dropped them again in disgust. The situation seemed 
hopeless ; even Malagup had vanished, and in the burning mid- 
day sun I had to go to his house, two or three miles distant, to 
look for him. I rode back ona buffalo to Panjut, but now our 
patience with the carriers was exhausted. The men had appar- 
ently only been awaiting for some forcible language, and at 
last took up the luggage. We madea start at 2.30 p.m., and 
after about 10 minutes’ walk from Panjut we reached the broad 
and rapid Tuaran river. Only a single small boat, a dug-out, 
was available, and it took more than an hour to ferry us all 
across. Here we met a jovial old Chinaman who invited us to 
spend the first night in his house, in the village of Bandeian, not 
quite 2 miles higher up on the right bank of the Tuaran. — This 
we accepted. The first day’s march was thus only short, but I was 
elad to have made a start, and to have oot the coolies away 
from their homes. They camped ona nice grassy ground be- 


AN EXPEDITION. TO MOUNT KINA. BALU. 53 


tween the house and the river, whilst I, with my men from 
Singapore, slept inside. 

Tuesday, March 14th. We left the Chinaman’s house at 
about 7 a.m., walking through an open cultivated plain, passing 
many buffaloes grazing there who were apparently on the 
best of terms with flocks of snow-white herons who stalked 
about between them, or stood on their broad backs. We reach- 
ed Menkaladai at 8 a. m., and soon after arrived at the foot of a 
long chain of hills. The ascent was steep and_ slippery, some- 
times passing through old jungle, more often through high 
bamboo, lalang and fern. \We rested on the top of the hill, and 
refreshed ourselves with delicious water from the branches of 
a creeper, called Pokok Gunatol by the natives, which the men 
cut off with their parangs, for every man was thus armed, 
some also carrying spears in addition. We marched on, and 
reached Kappa at 1.30 p.m. This is a miserable village of four 
or five houses in the midst of the jungle, with no attempt ata 
clearing, but plenty of filth and pigs about. We settled down 
ina house adorned with ancient skulls of deer and wild boar. 

Wednesday, March 15th. We left Kappa at 8 a.m., and 
walked along mountain ridges through bamboo, fern, and deep 
grass, or occasional forest. Drizzling rain set in soon and lasted 
for some hours. In the afternoon we passed through several 
clearings indicatine the vicinity of a village, and reached Kala- 
wat at 4 p.m., though some of the men only turned up at 6 p.m. 
This was a small but picturesque village, looking like an oasis 
in the wilderness around: an open grassy space with granite 
boulders lying about, and clumps of coco-nut palms shading the 
houses. The houses, however, were few, about five, and small, 
and their unpromising interiors together with the fineness of the 
night induced us to pitch our tent and camp outside. Many of 
the men did likewise. Malagup showed himself useful by buy- 
ing for us a fowl and a joint of bamboo full of honey for seven 
cents. 

Thursday, March 16th. About 2 am. I was awakened by 
a heavy thunderstorm. I felt safe and comfortable in my tent 
(lent by the P. W. D., Singapore), till suddenly a little rain came 
trickling through my blanket, and I roused myself to find that it 
was pouring into the tent which was supposed to be waterproof. 


54 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


To leave the tent and take refuge in the houses seemed impossi- 
ble ; it was pitch dark and the weather outside too awful. So I 
remained soaking till 6 a.m. when I fled to the next house. This 
experience cost us dear, since many of our things got wet 
through and remained so for several days. We left Kalawat in 
disgust at 9.50 a.m., fine rain falling at the time, but fortunately 
the sun came out soon after. Our path now descended, and we 
had an easy march to the Inuman River, arriving there about 
noon. ‘This is a splendid river, rushing along over boulders and 
shaded by mighty trees. Here we bathed and the men caught 
me some remarkable tadpoles with huge suckers (Rana cavitym- 
panum). They always found these tadpoles attached to the 
boulders in the most foaming parts of the river. We crossed by 
a ford to the left bank, and then over a low watershed and 
reached the Menternan River. This river we had to ford three 
times in close succession: the natives apparently making a spe- 
ciality of short cuts: in this case it seemed to me it would have 
been much easier to ford the river once and then proceed along 
the bank, but my guides had different ideas. At 2.45 p.m. we 
reached Bungol, a large village on the left bank of the Menter- 
nan. Here the men begged me for a treat to buy them a 
bull. As this somewhat startling proposal only involved an ex- 
penditure of $3, and it was a splendid young beast, I agreed, and 
much admired the speed with which the animal was despatched 
and disappeared in the various cooking pots. I myself had an 
excellent steak before me about an hour after the bargain had 
been concluded. Heavy rain fell during the late evening. 
Irriday, March 17th. The day opened somewhat foggy, 
but fine, and we started at 7.45 a.m., fording the Menternan 
three times, and ascending Gunong Kampil by a slow incline. 
Then followed a tremendously steep descent, about 2000' down 
a grass-covered slope, to the Kadamaian river, which is the local 
name for the upper course of the Tampassuk. The river here is 
already deep and difficult to ford on account of its strong cur- 
rent. The men were up to their necks in water, and had to 
carry the luggage on their heads. Fortunately everything re-— 
mained dry, with the exception of my camera. We rested on 
ihe right bank of the river, and reached Koung at 2.15 p.m., 
having had fine weather during the march, though rain set in 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 5S 


soon after. I heard that the rice coolies were awaiting us in 
this village. They had left Panjut on March Sth with instruc- 
tions to proceed to Kiou, but, being afraid of the people of Kiou, 
they had stopped here. 

Saturday, March 18th. We left Koung at 7.40 a.m. and 
proceeded along the right bank of the Tampassuk, climbing over 
many cliffs and boulders alone the edge of the river. Then we 
forded the deep and rapid river Lobang near its junction with 
the Tampassuk, passed through some swampy undulating eround 
covered with grass, fern and bushwood, forded the small and 
winding Kiulan river several times, ascended a high and _ steep 
hill, and reached Kiou at 12.30 p.m. Kiou isa village of con- 
siderable size, the largest we had met so far during our march, 
scattered over an extensive grassy clearing on an enormous 
slope, with many clusters of coco-nut palms in the vicinity of the 
houses. I heard that I was the first European who had visited 
Kiou for four or five years, but it is apparently more than that, 
as two men showed me certificates from Dr. G. D. Haviland, 
dated April 24th, 1892, which stated that the bearers had acted 
as his guides during his ascent of Kina Balu in March 1892. 
Dr. Haviland, called ‘Tuan Bunga’ by the natives, seems to have 
been the last European here, and before him Mr. John White- 
head in 1887, who is remembered as ‘Tuan Burong.’ Malacup, 
the Dusun Chief, here came to me soon after our arrival, 
saying : 

M. ‘Tabek, Tuan, itu orang coolie mau satu ayam.’ 

R. H, “Apa? Itu orange coolie samoa samoa mau satu 
ayam?” 

M,. ‘Tabek, Tuan, satu ayam besar.’ 

hk. H. “Satu ayam besar?. Apa macham ayam besar ?” 

M. ‘Tabek, Tuan, satu kerbau.’ 

The men had apparently enjoyed the bullock I had given 
them two days before, but Iam afraid my answer to Malagup 
did not encourage similar requests. Still the men seemed to be 
bent on pleasure, for they asked me for a holiday the next day, 
which happened to be a Sunday. To this I agreed. In the 
morning the weather had been dry, except for a few minutes of 
drizzling rain. But we had rain all afternoon till late into the 
night. Aneroid at 3.45 p.m. 2400’; thermometer 76° F, 


56 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


Sunday, March 19th. ascended with De Fontaine to the top 
of Kiou hill which is covered with deep jungle and is about 1000’ 
above the village. Froma clearing we had a wonderful view 
of Kina Balu ; nothing intervened between here and the foot of 
the mountain which seemed scarcely more than three miles off, 
and the top of the mountain, bare and rocky, stood out chiselled 
clear and sharp against the sky. Our success in collecting was 
small, but the men brought in a good deal, especially stag >-horn 
beetles and several species of coconut beetles. Megalophri Ys 
nasuta, the strange frog with the large projecting triangular 
eye-lids and triangular flap to its nose, seemed to be common 
here, as we found it the day before in Koung. I interviewed 
the guides; the one informed me he could only start with us in 
two days, as he had to get a fowl and seven eggs for sacrifice 
to the spirits of the mountain. Arguing with him led to no re- 
sults. The other guide, however, declared that he would be 
ready on the next morning. 

Monday, March 20th. We rose early to make a start for 
Kina Balu, but the coolies, who had scattered over the whole 
village, were slow in assembling. I interviewed Malagup at 8 
a.m. and tried to expedite matters, but at 10 a.m., as suffi- 
cient men had not appeared, I decided to leave some of my 
luggage behind and start. But we had still to wait for the 
euide who finally turned up after urgent messages. He now 
refused to oo without his colleague, the fowl and the seven eros, 
So at 10.45 a.m., with blessings on the guides, the fowl and 
the seven eggs, I decided to abandon the start. Things seemed 
utterly hopeless.—Morning sunny, afternoon dreadfully rainy 
and dreary. 

Tuesday, March 21st. Dull morning, rain until daybreak. 
The men really turned up soon after 6.30 a.m., but a start was 
not made until 7.30 a.m. After a steep descent we reached an 
isolated group of houses, which the natives still called Kiou, at 
8 a.m., aneroid 1800°, then continued the descent to the Kada- 
maian River which we reached at 8.25 a.m., aneroid 1500, 
crossed twice by bamboo bridges and twice by fords, passed a 
little village in the midst of an extensive plantation of Keladi 
and a little maize, had to cross by a formidable ford just below 
the place where the river forms a small island, and from there 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 57 


our way lay almost exclusively inside the bed of the river which 
consisted of a never-ending series of foaming cataracts rushing 
over boulders of granite, and we had to force our way through 
the one and climb over the other. The men seemed dishearten- 
ed, and the guides recommended waiting a day for the water to 
eo down. ‘This seemed an empty excuse at the time, but a little 
experience showed us later on how very variable the height of 
the water is in these mountainous regions. We still plodded on, 
and after many difficulties and some mishaps—one of which was 
the breaking of the ground glass of my camera—we reached 
at 1 p.m., a spot on the bank of the river sheltered by a huge 
slanting rock. Here we camped. Aneroid 2150.' 

W Fednesday, March 22nd. 1 slept little during the night, 
being kept awake by the comparative cold (about 65° op, ) and “the 
roaring of the river. <Aneroid, 6.30 a.m: 20504, We started at 
8.25 a.m., proceeding again chiefly in the bed of the Kadamaian. 
The cataracts and boulders were, if anything, worse than the day 
before. My sturdy Chinese cookie got “washed away by the 
torrent, but was rescued by the men. After some hours we 
finally left the river, and began a stee ep ascent, first along a little 
brook which came dancing down over precipices, then along 
an ordinary steep jungle path. Mosquitoes, which during the 
whole journey, even in the native houses, had been scarcely 
noticeable, began, from about 3500’, to be very troublesome 
whenever one was still. At 2.45 p.m., we reached a huge ledge 
of rock similar to the one under which we had camped the pre- 
vious day. Here we stopped. When changing, as I always 
did on reaching camp, I founda leach on my leg, the only one 
during the whole expedition, although I took no ‘special precau- 
tions against them. Aneroid 41404 Sunny morning, foggy 
late in the afternoon, and a little rain. 

Thursday, March 23rd. Another cold night, during which, 
as in fact during the whole expedition, 1 enjoyed little sleep, 
feeling the cold chiefly in my joints, notwithstanding plenty of 
warm clothing and blankets. The morning opened dismal, with 
drizzling rain. The guides informed me that it would now take 
two more days to reach the cave (about 9500’), and as at that rate 
probably two additional days would be required to reach the 
suminit (13,698’), and probably as much time again to descend 

8 


58 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


to where we were, say eight days in all, without any time for 
collecting, and as of the first half of the time allowed for the 
expedition only two days were left, I decided to proceed no 
further, but to begin to collect on the spot. I was also influenced 
by the guides’ statement that the next climb would be stiffer 
than before and would have to be done without shoes, 
and that most of the men and the bulk of the luggage 
would have to be left behind. That these statements were 
no exaggerations, I knew from the accounts of former 
travellers. It was a severe disappointment to give up 
the idea of reaching the top, but I saw that a hurried climb with 
all sorts of discomfort would bring little practical result, and 
that the aim of the expedition would be served better by collect- 
ing now on the lower ranges of the mountain. I therefore 
made the men go out collecting, and as I promised them little 
rewards, [ was kept busy all morning receiving and bottling 
specimens. Dismal rainy afternoon, during which I amused my- 
self (and still more the natives) by compiling a little Dusun 
vocabulary, chiefly with Malagup’s help. ‘Temperature at 5 p.m. 
66°. Glorious sunset. Fine moon during the night which, how- 
ever, did not favour sleep, and though the slanting rock protect- 
ed us against rain, it was of no use against the moonlight. 
Friday, March 24th. The temperature between 5 p.m. on 
the previous evening and 7 a.m. varied between 60° and 64° F. 
Aneroid 4210‘. I went out collecting with my men in the vicinity 
of the camp. The ground was exceedingly steep, and there 
was a great deal of loose rock about: I had constantly to warn 
the men to collect at the same level, not below and above each 
other ; the rocks were continually crashing down into the valley 
like miniature avalanches. Mosquitoes were again very trouble- 
some in parts of this jungle. The men brought in small Mam- 
mals (shrews, squirrels, rats), trapped during the night, and alsoa 
good many Reptiles, Amphibians and Insects. A welcome sur- 
prise: the guides, who were now convinced that I should not 
attempt to ascend to the summit, presented me with the fowl 
which had been intended for the spirits of the mountain. Ap- 
parently we did not require any spiritual protection in these 
lower ranges The natives evidently did not mean to swindle 
the gods, as the fowl was most excellent and tender. Maximum 


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STRAITS BRANCH, R. As. Soc. 
J. xxxiv., pl. 3. » % % 


R, Hamtsch, Phot. 


Kadamaian Kiver, Kina Balu, British North Borneo, 2000 


(LOOKING UP.) 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 59 


temperature during the day : 67°, down to 65° at 5.45 p.m.; fine, 
but foggy, in the morning ; the usual rain in the afternoon. 

Saturday, March O5th. Temperature during the night 
60°5°-63°. Nice clear morning. Many frogs were brought i in by 
the natives. We packed, and began our descent and our way 
home at 9.45 a.m., as now the first half of my leave had expired 
(7. e. three of the six weeks.) We reached the Kadamaian at 
11.45 a.m., and our old camp, under the ledge of rock, at 
1.25 p.m., where I decided to stay a day to collect. The des- 
cent to the river was steep and difticult, but this time the river 
itself offered no dangers and difficulties comparable with those 
of a few days before, as the water had gone down. Weather 
fine until 3 p.m., when the usual rain set in. 

Sunday (Palm Sunday), March 26th. Although the tempera- 
ture at mght time here was only very little hig! her than in the 
upper Camp (63°-65°, as against ‘G0°-64°), we found the change 
very noticeable and most agreeable. I mended my camera by 
substituting a piece of oiled paper for the ground glass broken 
some days “before, and took a few views of camp and river. 
Then we went collecting. the men bringing’ in a good deal. 

Monday, March 27th. Lowest temperature during’ the 
night 64°; at 6.30 a.m, 65°. I took some more photographs, and 
we started for Kiou at 9.30 a.m., the progress through the river 
being very easy. We reached the open field at 9.50 a.m., and Kiou 
at 12.30 p.m. [Two of the photographs are here reproduced, 
both taken from the same point, but one looking up, the other 
down, the Kadamaian River. Within the bed of this river our 
route lay for a considerable distance up and down Kina Balu. 
But on the day when these photographs were taken, the water 
was considerably lower than on March 21st and 22nd when we 
went up the mountain. | 

Tuesday, March 28th. Early in the morning | went with 
De Fontaine to the top of Kiou hill to take some photos of Kina 
Balu, but found it hazy and the sun standing just above the 
mountain. We waited for matters to improve, and climbed about 
in search of a favourable spot, finding the heat of the morning 
scarcely bearable. Finally we took a few views, and returned 
to Kiou, hot and tired. Then after calling the coolies together, 
we left the villaze at 10.30 a.m., went down a steep descent, 


60 AN EXPFDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


proceeded along our former path, and got a view of the pictur- 
esque village of Lobang, perched on a hill in front of us, 
and, like most of the villages here, fringed round with coco-nut 
palms. We passed below the village, and reached the river 
Lobang at 11.45 a.m. - We had to ford it as before, and most of 
the men as usual took the opportunity of having a proper bath, 
but, for the first. time during the expedition, I felt myself disin- 
clined for the exertion. Rain set in soon after, and we reached 
Koung at 1.55 p.m. I developed a strange dry cough in the 
evening, which, however, disappeared during the night. 
Wednesday, March 29th. I had the usual trouble with the 
coolies before they took up their luggage. Some were scattered 
over the village, and with Malagup I had to go to a house 
on the hill to fetch the last strage'lers. Whilst the men were 
still packing, I left Koung by myself at 8.45 a.m., wishing to 
proceed slowly and intending to await the others at the ford of 
the Tampassuk which I thought I remembered. But after half 
an hour’s walk, I found that I had lost my way,and endeavoured 
to return, passing through jungle and wet grass, breast high. 
At last I heard the shouts of the men, and reached the ford just 
as the last of them were crossing. I felt pretty well exhaust- 
ed, but undressed and went through the rapid river, requir- 
ing all my energy to keep my balance. When dressing again 
I had oreat difficulty in putting on my clothes which were 
damp with perspiration and with wading through brooks and 
tall grass during the last hour. I called out for. help and then 
almost immediately collapsed in a faint, though retaiming con- 
sciousness. I felt as if I had arrived at a very literal ‘dead 
stop, lying groaning between the boulders on the bank of the 
river and suffering much from cramp inmy limbs. When able to 
speak again, I got the men to make me a bed of leaves and light 
a fire, and then to prepare for me a strong soup. After taking 
this I felt better, and when half-an-hour or so had passed, was 
able to get up again. A message was sent to the men in front 
of us to stop. De Fontaine as usual proved most helpful and 
equal to emergencies, as he had been throughout the whole ex- 
pedition. All this happened on the left bank of the Tampassuk — 
which, consisting chiefly of sand and boulders, was only a few 
yards ‘broad and rose at once into the extremely steep Gunong — 


“AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 6! 


Kampil, about 2000‘ high. Being covered with grass only, 
this hill was exposed to the full glare of the sun. However, I 
decided to push on to our next stopping place, Bungol, rather 
than return to Koung, but progress was exceedingly slow, as 
after every twenty yards or so of climbing I had to rest. After 
an hour’s time I took a tin of Brand’s Essence of Beef, and in 
another hour a cocktail, and, with the help of a man in front of 
me, who pulled me up with his stick, I progressed better. The 
men were most patient aud stopped every time with me. At 
about 2 o’clock the sky darkened, affording at least some protec- 
tion against the burning sun, and finally the usual thunderstorm 
broke forth, but with abnormal violence. Still climbing and quite 
drenched, we reached a little broken-down shed where some of 
the men, with most of my private luggage and the tent, were 
awaiting me. Most of the party, however, including Malagup, 
had gone on to Bungol. Here I partook of more refreshment, 
and feeling very much better by this and probably also by 
the cooling rain, I, after a little rest, astonished and amused my 
men by shouting out‘ lakas, lakas’ when they were taking up their 
things at 4.15 pm. The ascent continued, so did the pouring 
rain, and finally, near the top of the mountain, we entered thick 
jungle. Lightning and thunderclaps were now frequent, and 
were greeted with yells by the men. Now begana slow descent 
along a clayey and deeply worn jungle path which in many places 
was transformed into a yellow stream. About 6 p.m. the rain 
ceased, and we approached the River Menternan with many mis- 
eivines. I knew it had to be forded before reaching Bungol, 
and when we arrived on the bank at 6.15 p.m., I was not surpris- 
ed to find it a roaring yellow torrent, impossible to cross. But 
we had some hope, as from the marks along the bank we saw 
that it was goine down rapidly after the heavy thunderstorm. 
So we decided to wait a little, | trying to keep myself warm by 
walking about. It got dark now and | lit the stump of a can- 
dle which I found in my portmanteau, and the men made lone, 
but fruitless efforts to light a fire. Two or three of our most 
plucky men were daring enough to cross the river in order to 
go to Bungol for help and a lamp, but they did not return. 
Waiting and shivering with cold, we stood about till 8. p.m., 
“when I decided to stay where I was and fix up my tent. I put 


62 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


on dry clothes, wrapped myself in blankets and felt warm and 
comfortable, although getting only little sleep. But as the river 
by this time had gone down considerably, De Fontaine and some of 
the men managed to cross and reached Bungol in safety. Only a 
few Dusuns stayed with me, making as usual next to no effort to 
prepare a sleeping place for themselves, but remaining squatted 
on the wet ground, some perhaps with a few sticks between it 
and themselves, but in no case with protection above. My 
camp-bed broke down partly during the night. 

Thursday, March 30th. I got up at 6 a.m. and found that 
there had actually been no rain during the night. Some of the 
men had already returned from Bungol to help us across the 
Menternan, so we left at 6.30 a.m., and as I still wore my dry 
and warin flannels from the previous evening, I had myself car- 
ried across the river, which we had to ford three times, and 
reached Bungol at 7.45 a.m. I felt the need of a day’s rest, and 
decided to remain here, but gave directions to Malagup to pro- 
ceed with the coolies carrying the luggage which was not im- 
mediately required, to Panjut, our starting place on the coast. 
1 gave him instructions to reach there on the Satur day following, 
and to discharge the coolies on arrival, giving him also a 
letter for the district officer there to the same effect. I spent 
the day resting and taking notes. Dull day, drizzling rain from 
about 1 p.m., heavy rain from 3 p.m. 

Friday (Good Friday), March 81st. I had a comfortable 
night, although only little sleep. We left. Bungol at 8.3 a.m., 
forded the Menternan and Inuman Rivers, climbed the Gunong 
Kalawat, and reached Kalawat at 1.55 p.m., in fog and rain. It 
was a heavy day’s work, ascending nearly all the time, added 
to which was the recollection of our march over the same ground 
two weeks ago, when we had found the down-hill way so easy. 
This time we did not attempt to camp out in this village, and I 
managed to get a tiny, but comfortable room all to myself. 

Saturday, April Ist. We left Kalawat at 7.50 a.m., caught 

sight of the sea for the first time again at 9.40, and were over- 
joyed, like Xenophon and his companions. When approaching - 
Kappa, about 2 p.m., one of the men who had been in advance 
came running back to say that a ‘Tuan’ had arrived in the vil- 
lage and wished to see me. It was Mr. Burls on his way to. 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 63 


wards Kina Balu. He told me that he had left Labuan on 
March 16th, and, on account of trouble with the carriers, had been 
detained on his way. The old Chinaman whose hospitality we 
had enjoyed some weeks ago in Bandaian, had turned up in 
Kappa before my arrival, and had informed Mr. Burls that gold 
was to be found one hour’s walk from here. So Mr. Burls sent 
for the Dusun who was supposed to know the spot, and, on my 
advice, asked the man to fetch him a piece of the precious metal. 
The man promised to do so next morning at daybreak. 

Sunday (Easter), April 2nd. At 7.30 a.m. ‘Mr. Burls heard 
that the Dusun had not started as yet for the gold, but would 
do so after his breakfast. This was at last over, but then the 
Chinaman came to say that the locality was unsafe on account 
of an enormous snake. The Chinaman’s arms were just long 
enough to give us an idea of this snake’s diameter. We tried to 
allay those fears, but were then told that the cold was down 
a deep hole, that candles were required, and that at least three 
men would have to go. To my regret I had to leave Kappa 
in the midst of this interesting discussion, starting at 8.40 a.m. 
It was a nice morning, after pouring with rain all night until 
6am. We began the descent at 10.15 a.m., reached the plain 
at 10.50, the village of Menkaladai at 11.30, rested a little, and 
reached the Tuaran River at 2.20 p.m., one of the men taking us 
through a most swampy ‘short cut, between padi fields. Here 
we had to wait a little while for a boat, and I reached Panjut 
somewhat in advance of the others at 3 p.m., with feelings of 
profound relief. Being transplanted comparatively suddenly 
from the hilly interior to Panjut, in the plain and near the sea, 
the people here struck one at once as more comfortable and 
better off: they had more buffaloes, many geats, and sledges, 
which indeed would have been impossible inland, and better 
clothing, and were also oftener intoxicated, a sure sign of 
civilization. But there were also more fhes and ants in the 
houses, and more mosquitoes at mght time, which, however, 
were not very troublesome. We heard that on the day before 
there had been a large funeral here, on which occasion five 
buffaloes were killed. 

Monday, April 3rd. As I was absolutely in the dark as to 
when and where, whether in Gaya or in Labuan, we should be 


64 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.. 


able to catch a steamer to take us to Singapore, I sent De Fon-. 
taine to Gantian to make enquiries. I spent the day taking 
notes, the coolies and crowds of villagers as usual standing and 
squatting round me, and watching every movement, nearly dis- 
tracting me by their continuous coughing. But I found some 
music going on in a neighbouring house very soothing. 

Tuesday, April 4th. De Fontaine came back at 7 a.m., 
after having travelled part of the night, bringing the dismal 
news that a coasting steamer had left Gaya for Labuan at 
midnight. This really made no difference in the end, however, as 
we heard later on that this boat had no connection in Labuan. 
with boats for Singapore. He had brought with him a large 
rowing boat, and so I decided to leave at once for Gan- 
tian. We started from Panjut at 8.30 a.m., reached Berunggis 
at 9.15, left there by boat at 9.30, and reached the district 
office of Menkabong, at the mouth of the Menkabong river, at 
12.30. Here we had a rudimentary tiffin, left again at 2 p.m., 
and, rowing and sailing, reached Gantian at 4.53. p.m. It was 
avery trying journey: the day was hot and cloudless, and we 
sat in an open boat cramped between piles of luggage. ‘To my 
regret, | found Mr. Haynes, who in the meantime had shifted 
from Gaya to Gantian, down with liver, but Mr. Keasberry 
kindly took charge of us and put us up in an-unfinished wooden 
house intended for the native clerk. The carpenters with their 
boards and wood shavings lying about were cleared out in a 
few mintues, and we established ourselves there in a rough and 
ready fashion. 

Wednesday, April 5th. No work done, all feeling the need 
of a day’s rest. I saw some newspapers, for the first time for 
about a month. 

Thursday, April 6th. I hired a native boat and went out at 
6.30 a.m. to the reefs where I[ did some collecting, chiefly corals, 
a native diving for them, and spent the greater part of the day in 
cleaning and bleaching the corals. A coasting steamer brought . 
the welcome news from Mr. Little, Labuan, that two gentlemen, 
Messrs Lower and Pavitt, would arrive in Gaya on Sunday next 
with the steam-launch ‘Sri Putri, and could take me down to 
Labuan just in time to catch the ‘Hecuba’ for Singapore. De 
Fontaine was ill this day. : 


N EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 65 


Friday, April 7th. I collected more corals, and De Fon- 
taine went out shooting birds and squirrels. There were strange 
rumours about: trouble was expected with the natives in the 
neighbourhood, and rough defences, consisting of breast-high 
boarding with sand between and plenty of barbed wire outside, 
were erected around the offices. We noticed several little 
colonies of natives settling down on the shore of the bay just to 
the north of Gantian, having left their homes out of fear. 

Saturday, April Sth. We spent the day in packing and 
preparing for our return to Singapore. 

Sunday, April 9th. Messrs Tower and Pavitt arrived here 
at 8.45 a.m., and informed me of the arrival of their steam-launch 
in Gaya. I reached Gaya at 12.15 p.m., and we all left for 
Labuan at 4.40 p.m. 

Monday, April 10th. We anchored during’ the meht off 
Pulo Tiga, reached Labuan at 10.55 a.m. and put our luge: age 
on board the ‘Hecuba’. I went to see Mr. Little, made two 
or three calls and returned to the ‘Hecuba’? which was to sail 
at 4pm. Onmy way down tothe boat I found the place in 
ereat excitement as Governor Beaufort was leaving by her for 
Singapore, bound for Europe. The natives expressed their fare- 
well good wishes by firing off crackers, and by music and 
processions. Also a large party of Europeans came on board to 
see H. E. off. The boat left at 5.15. p.m. 

Tuesday, April 11th—Thursday, April 13th. At sea. Plea- 
Sant passage. 

Friday, April 14th. \We anchored off Singapore soon after 
midnight, and landed at Johnston’s Pier at 7.15 a.m. 


General Remarks. 


Barter and Coinage. When preparing for my expedition | 
was in doubt as to whether I should take with mea supply of 
barter, as Spenser St. John, Whitehead, and others had done, but 
was afterwards olad that I had abandoned the idea. The thines 
I would have taken would certainly have been almost useless, 
What we were asked for in every village to andfrom Kina Balu 
was kerosine oil, and the natives always annoyed us by bringing 
large vessels in the hope of sharing our little supply. Next in 
demand were soap and matches. Only once in Kiou were we 

9 


66 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 


asked for cloth and red beads. Thus, with the exception of the 
last, it is the necessaries of life which would seem to be required, 
not trifles, though the red beads, as universally worn by the 
women, may almost also be regarded as necessaries. Instead of 
barter I had supplied myself with plenty of small silver, but was 
highly astonished to find these coins were almost unknown; even 
Malagup, the Dusun chief, living in a comparatively rich district 
on the coast close to where a large fair is held once or twice a 
week, did not know the value of a 5-cent piece. These coins 
were always accepted with distrust, except by a young man in 
Bungol who had a collection of them. But-he had lived in Kudat 
for some time and spoke Malay fluently. On the other hand, notes 
(B. N. Borneo has notes down to the value of $1, 50 cents, and 
25 cents), silver dollars, and copper cents were always accept- 
able, copper being apparently the chief currency, though the 
natives were ylad when they could exchange their copper sav- 
ines for silver dollars with us. In great demand also were the 
empty provisions tins, especially those with lds, and it was 
amusing to see the scramble when one threw an empty con- 
densed milk tin away. 

On the March. We generally started at 8 a.m. and reached 
the next stopping place about 2 p.m., the villages being at 
convenient distances from each other. The weather as a rule 
was fine in the morning, but rain set in nearly always in the 
early afternoon, so that we seldom reached camp without get- 
ting wet. However, this made little difference, as we were 
often soaking wet from fording the rivers. Naturally we al- 
ways changed on reaching camp and made an attempt to dry 
our things, but they were generally still wet on the next morn- 
ing, and when setting out on our march we always put on the 
wet things from the day before, feeling only little discomfort. 
There is a narrow path from Panjut right up to Kiou, just wide 
enough for one man, but broadening out in the neighbourhood of 
the villages, and of course branching off here and there. It runs 
for a considerable distance along the top of the mountain ridges, 
rather provokingly following every one of their curves, but. 
having the advantage of a free outlook for ascertaining one’s 
whereabouts. Paths along the rivers on this route were ex- 
ceedingly rare, thus differing essentially from the Tampassuk 


AN. EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 67 


route to Kina Balu. After Kiou the path continued in the usual 
way, became somewhat indistinct after we had left the Kada- 
maian River, but was more noticeable here and there from old 
camping places and traps for birds and smaller game set at 
intervals. 

Life amongst the Natives. \We found the Dusuns very good- 
natured and harmless people, and quite honest until the last day 
in Panjut when our kerosine oil disappeared for a few hours and 
some other trifling things forever. They were certainly 
somewhat lazy in the morning, and there was generally a great 
deal of grumbling before they took up their loads, but when 
once started, they left little to be desired, and showed themselves 
splendid carriers especially on hilly ground. Very annoying was 
their intense curiosity: when we arrived ata village, not only 
our carriers and the people of the house with their immediate 
friends, but all the village came and stood there, several rows 
deep, around us. We could not change our socks or any other 
part of our dress without themselves and their women and 
children taking stock of every movement and every article. It 
was the same when the cook prepared my meals or when | 
partook of the same, when I wrote my notes or bottled speci- 
mens, when I undressed at night-time and disappeared behind 
the mosquito-curtain, everything formed food for their admira- 
tion and amazement. Sometimes when I sat perfectly still 
without doing anything, their attention relaxed, but my slightest 
movement had the effect of the curtain rising at the Pantomine, 
the eyes and open mouths of all present were directed to one 
point. No box or portmanteau could be opened without every 
one rushing to see what it contained. When I awoke in the 
morning I was sure to find people squatting round my camp-bed 
who had apparently been anxiously waiting for signs of my 
awakinge. The worst was that it was impossible to escape from 
it: as, once arrived at a village at about 2 o'clock in the after- 
noon, we changed, and as we nearly always had rain from that 
hour and the neighbourhood of the houses was a mass of filth, 
accumulated ever since the houses had been built, we did not 
care to go out and get wet and dirty again. The inside of the 
houses was at least dry and fairly clean, the floor, raised about 
five feet above the ground, being formed of split bamboo, in 


68 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


many cases covered by rattan matting, and in a few cases the 
owners of the houses brought me a special mat to sit upon. The 
space below the houses was generally inhabited by pigs, but 
though they grunted day and night, it did not interfere with 
our peace. Much more annoying was the continuous coughing 
of the people, many of them seeming to suffer from chronic 
colds. Taken altogether, the stay in the Dusun houses was far 
from pleasant, and on dull days exceedingly dreary, but, after 
our experience at Kalawat, it was preferable to camping in the 
open. 

Food. As I mentioned before, the last padi crop was a 
failure in N. Borneo, but even in prosperous years it would pro- 
bably be impossible to get sufficient rice from the different vil- 
lages for a large body of carriers, and on this occasion people 
did not even like to sell a few cents’ worth. In the district we 
visited communication is a matter of intense difficulty, every- 
thing has to be carried by man, the hilly parts are quite impas- 
sable for bullocks, and the rivers are torrents along which even 
the smallest crafts could not find a passage except for a few 
hundred yards at a time. However, in almost every village I 
was able to get fowls and eggs for my own consumption, the 
former ranging in price between 10 and 20 cents, sometimes 
even less, and eggs from 1 to 2 cents. But large parties would 
probably have been unable to get sufficient. Milk was unknown. 
Coco-nuts we got in every village free of charge, and they were 
always welcome. There was practically no house without a 
group of coco-nut and betel-nut palms close by. Two or three 
times we got Langsats, which seemed to grow half wild, espe- 
cially near Koung. They were very refreshing, but unusually 
sticky. 

Scientific Results. 


MAMMALS. 


From the list given below it will be noticed that no big 
game was obtained during the expedition. The largest mammal 
seen was a black long-tailed monkey, probably Semnopithecus 
femoralis, observed near Gantian. However, in the mountain jun- 
gle between Kappa and Kalawat, we passed several traps which 
we were told were intended for Tembadaus (Bos sondaicus). 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 69 


These traps consisted of two rows of substantial upright poles 
rammed into the ground and converging at one end, the other 
end being open and continuous with the jungle path, so that the 
animal once entered would jam itself between the poles at the 
far end of the traps. Traps for small mammals, as figured by 
Burbidge (4), p. 87, and Whitehead (10), p. 167, were frequently 
seen on Kina Balu, and most of our mammals were obtained with 
them. The only mammal we saw in anything like numbers was 
the bat Cynopterus lucast which made its appearance generally late 
in the afternoon at our upper camp, 4,200.‘ The following is a 
complete list of the mammals obtained. 

Cynopterus lucas’ 6 Q Kina Balu, 4,200‘ 

Scotophilus temminckii Q Kappa. 

Tupaia ferruginea longipes 8 Kina Balu, 4,000/. 

Crocidura fuliginosa $6 Kina Balu, 4,000‘. 

Gymnura (Hylomys) suilla 9 Kina Balu, 2,100’ 

Sciurus brookei 8. Kina Balu, 4,000‘ 
notatus 9. Gantian. 
———— prevostii g. Gantian. 
Mus miilleri 9. Kina Balu, 4,000‘. 
sabanus g. Kina Balu, 2,0004 
whiteheadi 9. Koune. 
— ephippium 2. Bungol. 
rattus @ 92. Several specimens on the hills and 
in the low lands. 


BIRDS. 


Only three common birds were obtained in the lowland 
near Gantian : 

Bubuleus coromandus @. 

Nyctiornis amicta & @. 

Rhinortha chlorophea §. 

At Kiou, 2,400’, a female Merula obscura, since identified by 
Mr. A. L. Butler, was obtained. 


REPTILES, 


The chief prizes obtained during the expedition belong to 
this group, as of the 18 species collected three proved new to 


©) AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 


science, one of them representing a new genus, and two others 
new species. It is noteworthy that of only a very few species 
was more than one specimen obtained. The collection comprises : 


CHELONIA: 
Trionyx cartilagineus, Ganong Kalawat. 
LACERTILIA : 


Gymnodactylus marmoratus. Kina Balu, 4,200’. 8 specimens. 
ITemidactylus frenatus. Near Tuaran River. 

———— platyurus. B. N. B. 

Gehyra mutilata. B.N. B. 

Gecko rhacophorus, n. sp. Kina Balu, 2,1004 

Draco cornutus. Kiou. 


Calotes cristatellus. B. N. B. 
Japalura nigrilabris. Kina Balu, 4,200’. One 6 ; two (9). 
Mabwa rudis. B. N. B. 


multifasciata. B. N. B. 3 specimens. 
Lygosoma variegatum. Kina Balu, 2,100", and 4,200’, Many 
specimens, 


OPHIDIA. 


Stoliczkaia borneensis, n. sp. Kina Balu, 4,200% 

Tropidonotus conspicillatus. Near Tampassuk River. 

—— —— flavifrons. Kina Balu, 2,100" 

—--———_ saravacensis. - Kina bali, 2.1007 

Oreocalamus hanitschi, n..g. and n.sp. Kina Balu, 4,200’ 

Lachesis gramineus. Kina Balu, 2,100'. 

The description of the three new species as given by Mr. 
G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., (3) pp. 451-453 is as follows : 


Gecko rhacophorus. 


‘‘Tfead moderately large, once and one-third as long as 
broad ; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the | 
ear-opening,, once and a half the diameter of the orbit; ear-open- 
ing round, its diameter one-third that of the eye. Body and 
limbs much depressed, bordered with dermal expansions ; fingers 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. - Wh) 


and toes fully half-webbed. Head, body, and limbs covered with 
minute granules intermixed with small, round, smooth tubercles; 
rostral a little more than twice as broad as deep, without median 
cleft ; nostril pierced between several small scales; nine upper 
and ten lower labials ; symphysial small, pentagonal; a series of 
six small chin-shields ; spine-hke tubercles on the sides of the 
head, the largest above the ear. A moderately developed scal- 
loped membrane on each side of the body, scaled like the body 
and fringed on the edge. Abdominal scales flat juxtaposed gra- 
nules. An angular series of preeanal pores. Tail depressed, 
scaled like the ‘body, bordered with a series of rounded lobes. 
Greyish above, speckled with darker and with wavy dark trans- 
verse lines; brownish beneath throat with darker dots.” 


Miullim. 
Total lene th ane ae asia ee lt 
Head me is ek ce 18 
Micon meade ... ate ae 14 
Body A. ae is a AT 
Fore limb oi, Wo eas 21 
Tiind limb bee Hae he 28 
Tail ue of 4() 


“A single specimen from the Kadamaian Riv er.) Kinga ali, 
2,100 feet.” 

“This species connects Gecko with Ptychozoon and stands in 
the same relation to the latter genus as Hemidactylus platyurus 
does to Mimetozoon. The lesser development of the parachute- 
like lateral membrane and the absence of differentiation in the 
lepidosis of that membrane, justify its allocation to the genus 
Gecko rather than Ptychozoon.” 


Stoliczkaia borneensis. 


‘“ Rostral moderately large, triangular, not visible from 
above ; a pair of very narrow internasals ; a pair of large pre- 
frontals, separated from the frontal and supraoculars by a series 
of small scales ; frontal a little broader than long, a little shorter 
than the parietals ; supraocular very small; eye very prominent, 
with vertically subelliptic pupil, surrounded by the supraocular, 
two or three proeoculars, the fifth labial, and seven or eight 
small scales; nostril very large; loreal much longer than deep; 


72 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


ten upper labials, the two last longest; temporals small, scale- 
like ; a single pair of small chin-shields, in contact with three 
lower labials. Scales in 30 rows, those on the vertebral region 
and those adjacent to the ventral shields largest, elongate rhom- 
boidal, juxtaposed, the others very small and separated by naked 
skin. Ventrals 210; anal entire; subcaudals 124. Rufous, with 
large blackish spots, at least as large as the space between them, 
disposed more or less regularly in three longitudinal series; 
brown beneath, the shields edged with yellowish.” 
“ Total length 750 millim.; tail 240.” 

‘A single female specimen from Mount Kina Balu, 4,200 
cel 


Orcocalamus, Zen, NOV. 


* Agrees in every respect with JJacrocalumus, Gthr., except 
in the presence of a pair of internasal shields.” 


Oreocalamus hanitschi. 


“ Snout poimted. Rostral as deep as broad, the portion 
visible from above measuring half its distance from the frontal ; 
internasals half as long as the prefrontals; frontal hexagonal, 
once and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance from 
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; nostril close to 
the rostral, between a nasal and the first labial (the suture be- 
tween the two shields has disappeared on the left side of the 
type specimen); loreal longer than deep, its lower border form- 
ing an angle wedged in between the second and third labials; 
one pre-and one postocular; temporals 1-+2; eight upper 
labials, fourth and fifth entermg the eye, seventh largest; first 
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; 
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; pos- 
terior chin-shields shorter, in contact with each other. Scales 
smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 127; anal entire; subcaudals 26 
pairs. Blackish brown above and on the outer ends of the ven- 
tral shields; belly yellowish white, with a few scattered brown 
dots; tail brown beneath, with a darker median streak.” 

‘“ Total length 375 millim. ; tail 50.” 

‘A single male specimen from Kina Balu, 4,200 feet.” 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. Ls 


AMPHIBIANS. 


Of these we obtained fifteen different species, one of which 
proved new to science. Unlike the Reptiles, we obtained of 
most species of this group numerous specimens, until on Kina 
Balu we had to refuse the more common species which the men 
brought in. Wealso noticed on our march how the various 
species of Batrachians replaced each other as we went along. 
At Panjut, nearest the coast, we obtained only Rana erythrea, 
which was followed by Rhacophorus leucomystax at the Tuaran 
River, by Rana kuhlii on Gunonge Kappa and Gunong Kalawat, 
by Wegalophrys nasuta at Koung, Kiou and the Kadamaian River, 
Kina Balu, 2,100’ Finally Bufo leptopus, B. penangensis and 
especially Runa whiteheadi were dominant on Kina Balu. Of the 
latter species enormous numbers were brought in. The single 
specimen of Jchthyophis glutinosus was found lying near the bank 
of the Menternan River, after a heavy thunderstorm, with a 
great deal of sand sticking to its slimy surface. 

Very interesting were the tadpoles of Rana cavitympanum, 
with their huge ventral suckers, which my men found attached 
to the boulders in the most foaming parts of the Inuman River 
where the current was so strong that we could keep our feet 
only with the greatest difficulty. T. Mocquard (7) in an appendix 
to Whitehead’s ‘ Exploration of Kina Balu,’ pp. 285-286, discusses 
these adhesive disks and considers the tadpoles to be parasitic. If, 
however, he had had the opportunity of seeing these creatures 
alive in their natural surroundings, he would have had no diffi- 
culty in discovering the true function of those suckers, which 
can only be to enable their owners to hold on to a firm object in 
the midst of the raging torrent in which their existence com- 
mences. 

‘The Amphibians obtained are : 

Rana cavitympanum (tadpoles). Inuman River. 
erythrea. Panjut. 

kuhlii. Gunong Kappa and G. Kalawat. 
———— luctuosa. Koung. 

—— whiteheadi. Kina Balu, 2,100‘ and 4,200’. 
Rhacophorus acutirostris. Kina Balu, 4,200’. 

—— leucomystax. 'Tuaran River. 


—-—— 


——_—____.. 


10 


14 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU., 


Ivalus natator. Kina Balu, 4,200‘. 
Oreobatrachus baluensis. Kina Balu, 2,1004 
Bufo leptopus. Kina Balu, 2,100/ and 4,200. 
ee GOING SIs ~ Loney eel, A IOY aaah 220), 
Leptobrachium baluense, n. sp. Kina Balu, 4,2004. 
———— hasseltii. Gunonge Kappa. 
Megalophrys nasuta. - Koung, Kiou and Kina Balu, 2,100 
Ichthyophis glutinosus. Menternan River, near Bungol. 

Kight specimens were obtained of the new form Leptobra- 
chium baluense and Mr. Boulenger, (3), pp. 453-454, gives the 
following description of the one specimen submitted to him : 


Leptobrachium baluense. 


* Tongue pyriform, entire. Vomerine teeth in two small 
widely separated groups behind the line of the choane. Head 
much depressed, nearly twice as broad as long, semicircular im 
outline ; skin adherent to the rugose skull; snout shorter than 
the diameter of the orbit, not projecting beyond the mouth ; 
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical, concave ; inter- 
orbital region nearly twice as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympa- - 
num feebly distinct, three-fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers 
rather elongate, slender, first extending a little beyond second. 
Foot much longer than the head ; toes moderately long, slender, 
with a very short web at the base ; no subarticular or metatarsal 
tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. 
Skin perfectly smooth; a very small tubercle near the border of 
the upper eyelid, above the pupil. Back and upper surface of 
snout dark grey; posterior half of upper surface and sides of 
head blackish brown ; a curved light streak, the concavity turned 
forwards, across the upper eyelids and the interorbital region, 
followed by a Y-shaped blackish marking; two light spots on 
the upper lip, below the eye; large blackish-brown partly con- 
fluent spots on the back; sides dark brown, light-edged above ; 
limbs dark brown, with rather indistinct darker cross-bars ; 
throat brown, belly brownish white.” 

“From snout to vent 65 millim.” 

‘A female specimen, full of ripe eggs, 3 millim. in diameter, 
from Mount Kina Balu, 4,200 feet.” 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU., 75 


“Nearest allied to Z. Few, Blgr. Distinguished by the smaller 
head, the distinct tympanum, the | longer digits, and the absence 
of a large horn-like tubercle on the upper eyelid.” 


FISHES. 


Only two freshwater fishes were obtained during the expe- 
dition, both from the Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2,150‘, viz: 
one specimen of the remarkable Gustromyzon borneensis (=Lepido- 
glanis monticola) with its flat sucker-like ventral surface, enabling 
the animal to live in the mountain torrents, like the tadpoles of 
Rana cavitynpanum mentioned above ; and many specimens of a 
new homalopteroid fish, named by Mr. Boulenger (2) Glaniopsis 
hanitschi, n. g. and n. sp. He gives the following description of 
this fish : 

Glaniopsis, gen. NOv. 

“ Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout scarcely 
projecting beyond the mouth, which is moderately large; five 
pairs of barbels—two in front of the snout, two at the angle of 
mouth, and one between the two nasal openings; gill-openine's 
narrow. Body covered with small scales, head naked ; lateral 
line present. Dorsal fin short, further back than base of vent- 
tals; anal short; pectoral and ventral fins How oneal many - 
rayed, the outer rays simple.” 

“ Well distinguished from /Tomaloptera by the presence of a 
nasal barbel.” 


Glaniopsis hanitschi, 


‘Depth of body 64 times in total length, length of head 5 
to 54 times. Head scarcely longer than broad ; snout rounded; 
eye in the middle of the length of the head, its diameter 5 times 
in length of head, 24 in interorbital width; barbels subequal in 
length, twice as long as diameter of eye. Dorsal 8, commenc- 
ing a little behind base of ventrals, situated at equal distance 
from the end of the snout and the end of the caudal. Anal 7. 
Pectoral as long as head, terminating at a considerable distance 
from the ventral. Caudal as long as head, scarcely emarginate. 
Caudal peduncle as long as_ deep. Scales extremely “small, 
smooth; lat. ]. 120-125. Yellowish brown above, with trans. 


76 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


verse dark brown spots or interrupted cross-bands; head dark 
olive-brown above; lower parts whitish; dorsal and caudal 
greyish, the latter blackish at the base; pectorals greyish olive 
above, white beneath; ventr als and anal white; a black spot at 
base of ventral.” 

“ Total length 93 millim.” 

pe A female contains ripe ova of large size, 2 millim. in dia- 
meter,” 


MOLLUSCGA. 


The following land and fresh-water mollusca, as identified 
by Mr. EDGAR SMITH, British Museum, were obtained during 
expedition : 

Helicarion whiteheadi, Godwin-Austen. Kina Balu, 4,200/. 

Macrochlamys subconsul, Kdgar Smith. Gantian and Kina 

Balu, 2 oO0nands4-2007 
Macrochlamys sp., Kina Balu, 4,200’ 
Rhyssota brookei, Adams and Reeve. Kappa. . 
Hemiplecta densa, Adams and Reeve. Kina Balu, 2,150‘ 
and 4,200/. 

Iemiplecta sp.,-Kiou. 

Trochonanina kinabaluensis, Rdgar Smith. Kina Balu, 2,150! 
and 4,200/. 

Chloritis tomentosa, Pfeiffer. Kiou. Kina Balu, 2,150" 

Amphidromus adamst, Reeve. Kina Balu, 2,150". 

Leptopoma sericatum, Pfeiffer. Kina Balu, 2,150’ and 4,200! 

———— undatum, Metcalfe. Kina Balu, 4,200/. 

Microparmarion simrothi, Collinge and Godwin Austen 

Kina Balu, 2,050’. 

Pterocyclos tenuilabiatus, Metcalfe. Kina Balu, 2,150’ 

Cyclotus trusanensis, Godwin Austen. Kina Balu, 4,200° 

Dyakia n. sp. ? Kina Balu, 4,200’ 

Lagochilus kinabaluensis, Edgar Smith. Kina Balu, 4,200” 

Pythia scarabeus, L. Gantian. 

Melania epise opalis, Lea. Menternan River. 


INSECTS. 


All the Insects I obtained, with the exception of the Lepidop- | 
tera, were sent to Dr. Sharp who kindly identified all the 
known species. The collection, however, contains, especially 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU: her 


amonest the Orthoptera, quite a number of species which, accord- 
ing to Dr. Sharp, are probably new, and their identification is 
unavoidably left for some future occasion. 

Some of the most remarkable Insects on Kina Balu, 4200‘, 
were certain forms which Dr. Sharp considers to be coleopter- 
ous larvee, probably of Lycides. They were constantly brought 
in by my men in handsful, and I collected them myself on the 
eround, on rotten pieces of wood, and on low shrubs. These 
larvee resemble in many points certain larve which I collected 
on Bukit Timah, Singapore, and on Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, and 
which, according to Dr. Sharp, belong to another species of 
Lycides. tis apparently this form from the Malay Peninsula 
which is figured by C. J.Gahan, NATURAL SCIENCE, Vol. VII 
(1898), p. 45, in an article on the carboniferous Dipeltis. Since, 
however, Gahan’s figure is not accompanied by a description and 
since, aS far as I know, the larva from the Malay Peninsula has 
never been described, I have thought it advisable to give the 
following description of it. 

The animal is remarkably flat and leaf-like, only a few parts 
of its body exceeding 1 mm. in thickness, the greatly expanded 
lateral portions of the thorax being even thimner. The head is 
very small, 1:5 mm. across, and can be retracted within the cavity 
of the prothorax, and is always so in dead specimens. Hyes very 
small, black. Both maxillary and labial palps are cone-like struc- 
tures, with four and three joints respectively, the basal joint in 
each being very much broader than the distal joint. Mandibles 
small. The antenne are very short club-shaped bodies, about 
0°68 mm. in length and 0°5 mm. in greatest thickness. There is 
a chitinous rmg round the narrow base, distally followed by a 
crown-like chitinous structure, consisting of a broad ring from 
which four lobes arise lying close round the ‘club.’ In the living 
specimen, the antenne often appear as if they themselves were 
retractile, but as at the slightest disturbance the entire head is 
withdrawn inside the tubular cavity of the prothorax, and the an- 
tenn are so very minute, nothing definite could be ascertained. 
The prothorax is somewhat triangular, about twice as broad as 
long ; both mesothorax and metathorax are nearly three times 
as broad as long, and the posterior border of the metathorax is 
deeply concave. Of the abdomen, nine segments are visible ex- 


78 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALJU; 


ternally, and its length is only about that of prothorax and 
mesothorax together. The width of the first segment is two- 
fifths that of the metathorax, that of the last segment one-fifth. 
The prothorax bears dorsally two tubercles, about equidistant 
from the middle line and the side, and slightly nearer the pos- 
terior than the anterior margin. The mesothorax bears two pairs 
of tubercles, an anterior and a posterior, the posterior pair being 
situated near the centre of each half of the seement, and the 
anterior pair at equal distance from the posterior pair and the 
anterior margin of the sezment, and nearer the middle line; the 
metathorax also has two pairs of tubercles, placed like those of 
the mesothorax. ‘The first eight abdominal sezments bear three 
pairs of spines each, viz. one pair of lateral ones (shown in Gahan’s 
figure), and two pairs of ventral ones; the last seement has 
lateral spines only. 

Colour: the thoracic tubercles are black, and the tips of the 
ventral spines are yellowish. The rest of the body is uniformly 
deep chestnut brown. 

Size: length of the largest Singapore specimen 41 mm.; of 
the largest Perak specimen 49 mm. ; greatest width (metathorax) : 
21 mm. in both cases. 

T[ab: mountainous jungle of Singapore and Malay Penin- 
sula. Rare. 

The Kina Balu larva differs from this one (1) in the propor- 
tions of its dimensions, the thorax being narrower, and the abdo- 
men longer and broader; (2) in the position of the thoracic 
tubercles, which are always placed in one row and close to the 
posterior margin of the segments; (3) in the presence of ab- 
dominal tubercles, viz., two in each of the first eight abdominal seg- 
meuts, also placed close to the posterior margin of the seg- 
ments; (4) in the structure of the antennee, which, although of 
the same size and shape, and having also a narrow chitinous ring 
round their base, have the crown-like chitinous structure at their 
distal end divided, not into four, but into 12 narrow finger-like 
lobes; (5) its colour, being of a lighter chestnut brown, with an 
orange line along the sides of the thorax, the tubercles and feet 
also being orange. The number of thoracic tubercles and ab- 
dominal spines is, however, the same in the two species. 

No luminosity was observed in either species, although I 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. co 


had the one from the Malay Peninsula alive for several weeks, 
~ and was able to watch the Kina Balu one for several nights, as 
much of the material brought in had to be rejected and the larve 
were crawling about near our camp. 
A tabular statement of the chief points of difference may be 
useful : 


Malay Peninsula form. Kina Balu form. 
Length : ; ; : 
total 49 mm. (P) 41 mm. (5) 2 mm. 
thorax Za 29 2625 
abdomen 22 16 29°d 
Width : 
metathorax 20:9 21 18 
abdomen 10 9 LZ 
Tubercles : 
prothorax two near centre two near post. edge. 
mesothorax four do. four do. 
metathorax four do. four do. 
abdomen none twoin first 8 segments, 
Antenne : 
chitinous crown four lobes twelve lobes 
Colour : 
general dark chestnut light chestnut. 
edge of thorax clo. orange 
tubercles black do. 
feet dark chestnut do. 
spines do. do. 
Occurrence : rare common (4200/, March 
1899), 


Nove: *P’ and ‘S’ refers to the largest specimens obtain- 
ed in Perak and Singapore respectively. 

On Kina Balu, 4200’, I also found two specimens of another 
form which bore some superficial resemblance to the larvee describ- 
ed above, but which I now consider to be adult females of some 
beetle, as they are luminous. Dr. Sharp (Cambridge Natural 
History, Vol. VI, p. 251) refers toa paper by Haase (Deutsche 
Ent. Zeitschrift, Vol. XXXII, 1888, pp. 145-167) where an ex- 
traordinary light-giving larva-lhke adult female beetle from 
South America is described (Phengodes hieronymi). The Kina Balu 


SO AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


form has, however, except for its luminosity and absence of 
wings, little resemblance to the 5. American form, and rather 
recalls an Oniscus in its oval shape and uniform segments, al- 
though its body is more elongate. Its head is small and black. 
Mouth appendages normal; mandibles long, thin, curved, and 
crossing each other in repose. Antennee with four joints each : 
length of first joint, 2 mm., of second 1 mm., of third 4 mm., of 
fourth 1 mm; first and second joints and proximal half of third 
joint white, distal half of third joint black, fourth joint yellow and 
covered with sete. Eyes small (0°5 mm. diameter), placed behind 
the base of the antenne. The body is much depressed, with little 
difference between the segments of the thorax and abdomen. 
The larger of the two specimens captured is 60 mm. in length 
(prothorax 12, mesothorax 7, metathorax 6, abdomen 33 mm.), 
18 mm. in greatest width (metathorax), 7 mim. in greatest thick- 
ness. The terga are slightly arched and entirely smooth ; colour 
black, with a narrow white marginal border on the prothorax 
which is continued and widens posteriorly until, im the eighth 
abdominal segment, only a small black patch is left in the centre 
of its posterior margin. ‘The last sezment is small, 4 mm. across, 
and entirely black. The legs are black, with the exception of 
the tibiz; the first seven and the ninth sternum, the chitinous 
patches around the thoracic (prothorax and mesothorax) spiracles 
and those around the first seven abdominal ones are also black ; 
the rest is white, viz., the eighth sternum, except for a black cross, 
the membranous portions between the sterna, the tibiz, and 
especially also the circular area around the eighth abdominal 
spiracle. In this oval white patch, measuring 3°d by 2 mm., the 
luminous organ is situated, and the light given off by it is of an 
extraordinary brilliancy. I had one of these larve alive for 
nearly a week, and enclosed ina glass-tube, it served me as a 
night light during the long sleepless nights on Kina Balu. 

Dr. Sharp to whom I submitted this species for identification, 
marked it ‘ Larva of Lampyrides, unknown, but on account of its 
luminosity I venture to regard it as an adult female, similar to the 
5. American form mentioned above. The absence of sufficient. 
material for dissection, however, makes a final decision impossible 
) The following is a list of the Orthoptera, Coleoptera and 

Rhynchota as identified by Dr. Sharp. 


= 


ct 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 81 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Discoteltix belzebuth, Kina Balu, 2,100’. 
Marmessoidea n. sp. Bungol. 

Clitarchus n. sp. (No. 1) Kina Balu, 2,100%. 
Clitarchus n. sp. (No. 2) Kiou, 2,400‘. 
Mierodula birivia, var. minor, Koung. 
Deroplatys exsiccata, Kiou. 

Tenodera aridifolia, B. N. B. 

Panesthia sp. (near P. javana), Kina Balu, 4,200’. 


COLEOPTERA. 
LAMELLICORNIA : 


Aceraius sp. (near A. borneanus). Kina Balu, 4,200‘. 
———— sp. (near A. grandis). B. N. B. 
n. sp.? Kina Balu, 4,200‘. 
Catharsius molossus, 9. Kappa. 
Chalcotheca auripes. Kina Balu, 2,100‘. 
spathulifera, 9. Kaiou, 2,400‘. 
sp. (called C. pomacea by Heyne). Kina Balu, 
2,100/. 
Lachnosterna sp. Kina Balu, 4,200/. 
Leucopholis sp. Kiou, 2,400’. 
Milon sp. 9. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Odontolabis brookeanus. @ 2. Kiou, 2,400’. 
Trichogomphus milon © ) go. Bungol. 
———— sp. B.N. 
Westwoodia sp. (near i howitti). Kiou, 2,400%. 
——— sp. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Xylotrupes gideon, var. 9. Kaiou, 2,400‘. 


CURCULIONIDE : 
Cyrtotrachelus sp. Kiou, 2,400’. 
Macrocheirus sp. Kiou, 2,400’. 
Protocerus colossus. Koung. 
Rhynchophorus sp. Kiou, 2,400’. 
BRENTHIDZ : 
Eutrachelus temminckt 8 9. Kiou, 2,400’ 
Il 


SZ AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 


LONGICORNIA : 


Apriona flavescens. Kiou, 2,400‘. 

Batocera titana var. Koung. 

Epepseotes luscus. Kiou, 2,400/. 

Palimnia tessellata. Kiou, 2,400’. 

Thysia wallichti. Kiou, 2,400‘; Kina Balu, 2,000’. 


PHYTOPHAGA: 


Anisodera sheppardi. Kiou, 2,400‘. 
Aplosonyx sp. Kina Balu, 2,100’. 


HEROTYLIDA : 
Triplatoma macleayi var. Kina Balu, 4,200‘. 


ENDOMYCHID#: 
Eumorphus quadrinotatus. Kina Balu, 2,100’. 


RHYNCHOTA. 


Tacuna speciosa. Kiou, 2,400’, and Kina Balu, 4,150. 
Cryptotympana aquila. Kiou, 2,400‘, and Kina Balu, 2,150‘ 
Dundubia rugivena. B. N. B. 

Cosmosearta viridans. Kina Balu, 2,100’. 

Pycanun pretiosum. Kiou, 2,400‘. 

Tessaratoma malaya. Kiou, 2,400!. 

Eusthenes robustus. Kina Balu, 2,000/. 

Prionolomia heros. Kina Balu, 4,2004. 

Laccotrephes ruber (?). B. N. B. 

lata (Peciloptera) cireulata (?).  Kiou. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


The specimens collected during the expedition were identi- 
fied by Messrs. L. DE NICEVILLE and R. SHELFORD :— 

Hestia lynceus, Drury. Kaiou. 

Ideopsis daos, Boisd. @ Kina Balu, 2,000’. 

Danais intensa, Moore. Kina Balu, 2,000‘. 

———— crowleyi, Jenner Weir. ¢ Kina Balu, 4,150’ 

aspasia, Fabr. Kina Balu, 2,000‘. 

—_——— septentrionis, Butl. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 

Mycalesis orseis, Hew. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 83 


— polydecta, Cram. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
janardana, Moore. Kiou. 
—_—— pitana, Staud. Kiou. 
Ypthima pandocus, Moore. Kina Balu, 2,000‘. 
var. corticaria. Kiou; Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Amnosia baluana, Fruhstorfer. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Thaumantis odana, Godt. 6  Kiou. 
Tenaris occulta, Grose Smith. Kaiou. 
Clerome besa, Hew. Kiou. 
kirata, De Nicéville. Kiou. 
Xanthotenia busiris, Westw. Kina Balu. 
Vanessa perakana, Distant. Kiou. 
Synbrenthia hippoclus, Cram. § Kiou; Kina Balu, 2,000‘. 
——hypselis, var. balunda, Staud. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Euthalia ambalika, Moore. Kaiou. 
Chersonesia rahria, Moore. Kiou. 
Neptis leucothoe, Cram. Kiou. 
Athyma kresna, Moore. Kiou. 
Cethosia hypsea, Doub. and Hew. ¢ Kina Balu, 2000’. 
Cynthia deione, Erichson. Kina Balu, 2,000'. 
Manto martina, Hew. Kiou. 
Sinthusa amata, Dist. Kiou. 
“Sithon kiana, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Rapala sphinx, Fabr. Kiou. 
Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. Kina Balu, 2,300‘. 
Delias parthenia, Staud. Kiou. 
eumolpe, Grose SmithKiou. 
Terias hecabe, L. Kina Balu, 2,000’. Kiou. 
Huphina( =Appias) hespera, Butl. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
Ornithoptera andromache, Staud. Kiou. 
—————— brookeana, Wallace. ¢ Kina Balu, 2,150’. 
-—ruficollis, Butler.S Kiou. 
Papilio procles, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
— stratiotes, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2000’. 
sclateri hewitsonii, Westwood. Kina Balu, 2,000’. 
———— memnon, L. (m.) Kiou. 
~———— helenus, var. palawanicus, Staud. Kiou; Kina 
Balu, 2,000. ’ 
delesserti, Guerin. Kiou. 


84 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


Hasora mus, Elwes. Kina Balu, 4,150’. 
Telicota bambuse, Moore. _ Kiou. 
Odontoptilum pygela, Hew. Kina Balu, 2,000. 


MYRIAPODA AND ARACHNIDA. 


Some of the specimens obtained in these groups were identi- 

tied by Dr. Sharp as follows : 
CHILOPODA : 

Scolopendra sexspinosa. Kina Balu, 2,150’. 
DIPLOPODA : 

Sptrotreptus baluensis. B. N. B. 

Zephronia sp. (near Z. everett’). Kina Balu, 4,200’. 

Stenoniodes baluensis. Kina Balu, 2,150’, 
SOCORPIONINA : 

Cherilus levimanus. Kina Balu, 4,150’, 
PEDIPALPI : 

Thelyphonus sp. (near T. klugi). Kina Balu, 4,150’. 
PHALANGINA : 

Sagvella sp. Kina Balu, 2,100’. 
ARANEINA : 

Fasteracantha vittula. B. N. B. 

———— fornicata. Kiou, 2.400’. 

Hevennia ornatissima. Kiou, 2,400’. 


FRESHWATER CRURSTACEA. 


One species of prawn and three species of crabs were ob- 
tained. One crab, Potamon consobrinum, was common in the 
Kadamaian River a few yards from our camp on Kina Balu, 2,100’, 
where it lived in the crevices of the rock just below the water. 
The men caught them by holding bait at the mouth of these cre- 
vices. The following list gives the species and the number of 
specimens collected : : ra 

Palemon pilimanus de Man. 1 specimen. 

Potamon converum (de Man), 2 

Potamon consobrinum de Man, 26 _,, 

Potamon kadamaianumn. sp., 1 ,, oa tte ee 

Mr. Borradaile to whom one or more specimens-of ‘each 
species were submitted, reports as follows :—“ Each of the three 
known species is already recorded from Borneo ;-and-the- new 


99 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 85 


one is allied to a form found in the island by the Dutch Central 
Borneo expedition.” 
Suborder MACRURA 
Tribe CARIDEA. 
Family PALHMONID&. 
Genus. PALZMON. 


1. ‘“ PAL MON (MACROBRACHIUM) PILIMANUS de Man. 

Palemon pilimanus, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 181 
(1879); Veth’s ‘Midden Sumatra,’ Crust. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1882). 

Palemon (Macrobrachium) pilimanus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. 
x. Syst. p. 735, pl. xlvii. fig 9 (1891); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. 
xx. p. 158 (1898). 

The single specimen, which is from the Innuman River, be- 
tween Kalawat and Bungol, British North Borneo, differs from 
Ortmann’s figure in having the submedian spines of the telson 
considerably shorter ; it is very possible, however, that the ends 
of these have been worn or broken off.” 

Suborder BRACHYURA. 
Tribe CYCLOMETOPA. 
Family POTAMONID#. 

Genus POTAMON. 


2. ‘“POTAMON (PARATHELPHUSA) CONVEXUM (de Man). 

Paratelphusa convera de Haan, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus, i. 
p. 63 (1879) ; Max Weber’s ‘ Reise Ned. O. Ind.’ ii. p. 302 (1892). 

Potamon (Parathelphusa) convexa, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. 
xxi. p. 142 (1899). 

The single specimen seems, by the following characters, to 
med to this species. 

i. There are two epibranchial teeth on each side. 

ii. There is a spine near the end of the merus in the walk- 
ing legs. 

ii. The distance between the tip of the postorbital tooth and 
that of the first epibranchial tooth does not exceed the 
distance between the first and second epibranchial teeth. 

iv. The outer edge of the first epibranchial tooth is strongly 
convex. ) 

v. There are no spots on the carapace or limbs. 


S6 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 


The dactyles of the walking-legs are rather shorter and 
stouter than is indicated in de Man’s figure of the allied P. 
maculata. The fingers of the chele are dark in colour. P. 
convexa is already recorded from Java, Timor, and New Guinea, 
and doubtfully from Borneo’. P. maculata (de Man) 1879 is 
a Closely allied form from Sumatra. 

1 2 British North Borneo.” 


3. “ POTAMON (THELPHUSA)? CONSOBRINUM, de Man. 

Potamon (Potamon) consobrinum, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. 
XM, . Gy PIS. v1. kee Te LONGI S OO): 

This species is already reported from Borneo (Mt. Damoes. 
and Upper Sibau River) by de Man. Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb. x.. 
Syst. p. 301) gives a list of allied forms and their distribution. 

2 ¢,1 9; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2,100 feet.” 


4, “ POTAMON (GEOTHELPHUSA) KADAMAIANUM, na. sp. 

A single female specimen of a form allied to P. obtusipes 
(Stimps.) 1858, and P. dehaani (Gray) 1847, seems to deserve a 
name of its own. Whether it were not better treated as a local 
race of one of the above species, or all three as local forms of 
P. dehaani, is a question to be settled when the subject of the 
interrelationship of the various forms in the genus comes up for 
discussion. In the meantime its distinctness seems quite as great 
as that of several of the generally accepted species. It differs 
from P. obtusipes in the greater slenderness of its legos, especially 
of the dactyles, which are long and narrow and end in a sharp 
claw.* A Potamon of the subgenus Geothelphusa with the surface 
of the carapace smooth and finely pitted over the greater part of: 
its extent, finely granular on the front, more coarsely so on the 
forepart of the branchial region, rugose on the hinder part of the: 
same region; the front much deflexed, ending below the outer 
angles of the orbits, when viewed in front bounded by an almost 
straight line curving away gradually towards the outer angles ;_ 

1Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. (5) v. p. 306 (1880). 

2 According to Ortman (Zool. Jahrb. x. Syst. 300) Thelphusa is the 
correct name_for the subgenus in which this species must be placed, : 


* The portion defined by asterisks was by Mr. Borradaile’s wish sub- 
stituted for the original passage in the P. Z. S. 


AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 37 


the median furrow of the carapace continued over the front to 
its anterior edge, behind each orbit a shallow triangular depres- 
sion of the carapace reaching backwards through rather less than 
half the length of the cephalothorax and separating the branchial 
from the gastric region; the chelipeds subequal, similar, when 
fully extended outwards reaching the end of the carpopodite of 
the second walking-leg, the wrist and palm rugose tuberculate, 
the fingers rather shorter than the greatest length of the palm, 
the immoveable finger with two ridges along the outside, the 
moveable with one, the wrist with a sharp point at the outer end, 
and a strong tooth on the inside; the second walking leg rather 
longer than the third, the latter longer than the first and fourth 
which are approximately equal, the upper edges of the meropo- 
dites of all the legs rugose, the propodites of the walking legs 
somewhat longer than the carpopodites, the dactyles about equal 
to the propodites, sword-like, ending in a sharp claw, and pro- 
vided above and below with spines. * The length of the cepha- 
lothorax is 15 mm. ‘The colour in spirit is a dark brown. 

P. dehaani has been found in Japan and the Loo Choo Islands; 
P. obtusipes in the Loo Choo Islands and the Philippines. 

P. bicristatum de Man, 1899, is an allied species from Borneo 
(Mount Liane Koeboeng). In view of the peculiarities of the 
distribution of the genus, it seems best to choose a territorial 
name for the new species. That of kadamaianum is therefore 
proposed, derived from the name of the river in which une pre- 
sent specimen was found. 

1 2; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2100 feet.” 


Literature. 


1. Borradaile, L. A., Ona small collection of Decapod Crus- 
taceans from Freshwaters in North Borneo. Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1900, pp. 98-95. 

2. Boulenger, G. A., Descriptions of Two new Homalopteroid 
Fishes from Borneo. A.M.N.H.,(7) Vol. IV (1899), pp. 228 & 229. 

3. Descriptions of Three new Reptiles 
and anew Batrachian from Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo. 


A. M. N. H., ser. 7, Vol. IV (1899), pp. 451-454. 
4, Burbidge, F . W., The Gardens of the Sun, or ‘ A Natura- 


88 AN EXPEDITION TO. MOUNT KINA BALU. 


list’s Journal on the Mountains and in the Forests and Swamps 
of Borneo and the Southern Archipelago.’ London, 1880. 

5. Little, R. M., Report on a Journey from Tuaran to Kiau 
and Ascent of Kinabalu Mountain. J. Straits Branch, R. As. 
Soc., No. 19, (1887), pp. 1-25. 

6. Low, Hugh, Notes of an Ascent of the Mountain Kina- 
Balow. J. Indian Archipelago, Vol. VI, (1852), pp. 1-17. 

7. Mocquard, F., Sur une Collection de Reptiles et de 
Batraciens des Iles Borneo et Palawan. (Whitehead, Exploration 
of Kina Balu, pp. 285-286). 

Sia St: Jott, Spenser, Life in che Forests of the Far East: 
or Travels in Northern Borneo. 2 Vols. London, 1863. 

9, Stapf, O., On the Flora of Mount Kina Balu, in North 
Borneo. ‘Trans. Linnean Soc., Botany, ser. 2, Vol. IV (1893), 
pp. 69-263. (Contains Dr. G. D. Haviland’s Narrative of his 
ascent of Kina Balu in 1892). 

10. Whitehead, John, Exploration of Mount Kina Balu, 
North Borneo. London, 1893. 

Explanation of the Plates. 


N. B. Plates I and II illustrate the animals first described 
by Mr. Boulenger in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural His- 
tory. They are, however, now figured for the first time. 

PLATE I. | 
Fig. 1. Gecko rhacophorus, Boulenger (p. 70.) 
» 2 Stoliczkaia borneensis, Boulenger (p. 71.) Dorsal, ven- 
tral and lateral views. 
» 9 Oreocalamus hanitschi, Boulenger (p. 72.) Dorsal, ven- 
tral and lateral views. 


PLATE II. 
Fig. 1. Leptobrachium baluense, Boulenger (p. 74.) 
99 la. 99 9 79 pp) Mouth. 
» 2 Glantopsis hanitschi, Boulenger (p. 75.) 
ee ear eras " si a Ventral view. 
PLATE III. 
Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2000‘, Looking up. March 27th 1899. 
PLATE IV, 


Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2000’,Looking down. Mar. o7th 1899. 
Taken from the same spot as Plate III. 


Straits Branch.R.As.SoeJ XXXIV .PI.1. 


J.Green del.et kth . MinternBros.imp. 
1 Gecko rhacophorus. 2.otohezkaia borneensis. 


3.Oreocalamus hanitschi. 


oh i 


a aa! 
Laie 


I] 


Straits Branch. R.As.Soc.J. XXXIV.P1. 


Mentern Bros.imp. 


J. Green del.et hth. 


| Leptobrachium baluense. 


tschi. 


1 


han 


10psis 


2 (Gles 


DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL: 89 


Dammar and Wood Oil. 
By “Ho Ne RIDEEY: 


Dammar is the resin exuded from various trees when wounded. 
The trees producing it belong chiefly to the order Dipterocarpee, 
and to the genera Shorea, Hopea and Anisoptera, but the Malays 
also class as Dammar resins derived from certain species of Cana- 
rium, and Triomma (Burseracee) and Calophyllumn (Guttifere). 

The resins are exuded from wounds in the trunk or branches, 
or sometimes a tree is hollow in the centre. and the space is filled 
or partly filled with the dammar, which thusforms a cast of the 
hole. At times it is exuded beneath the bark when it sets in the 
form of a plate or lamina, or it may drip slowly from a broken 
or cracked bough, so as to form stalactitic pipe-like masses on 
the injured part, and sometimes a stalagmitic mass on the ground 
below. The exudation does not commence immediately the 
wound is inflicted, and is produced very slowly, at first like tur- 
pentine, but soon setting into a hard crystalline mass. Even 
quite young trees, such as shoreas, produce the dammar when the 
stem or twigs are broken or bored by insects. The masses of 
dammar are not only modified in form by their method of pro- 
duction but also in colour and transparency. Many of the 
native and trade names have reference rather to the form and 
colour of the resin mass than to the tree from which it is derived. 
Thus Cat’s-eye Dammar (Damar mata kuching) is a transparent, 
pale, yellowish resin, usually in small pieces, and can be derived, 
I believe, from almost any of the Hopeas. Damar daging, a 
dark brown, often handsomely marbled resin, often occurs in 
large masses showing the form of the hollow of the tree in which 
it was exuded. A very beautiful dammar of which I obtained a 
specimen from Johore was a clear sea green. It was found buried 
in the ground as is often the case, and there was no clue as to 
what tree produced it. When oxidised the resin becomes opaque 


12 


90 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 


and yellowish white, and rather soft and powdery. Most of the 
dammar found in the ground in the forests is much oxidised out- 
side, but the action goes on very slowly, and ground dammar in 
good condition can often be found in spots where for many years 
there has been no forest or dammar trees. Thus one can often 
find pieces of dammar in the ground on Blakang Mati where 
dammar trees have long ceased to exist. The greater part of 
the dammar collected by the Malays is thus found by digging in 
the ground where shoreas or other dammar trees have decayed. 
No attempt is made to extract it from trees as is the case in 
wood oil. The resin is used locally for making torches, and also 
for varnish, but the export trade in Singapore has very much 
declined of late years. Cat’s-eye dammar and copal from Cele- 
bes are almost the only dammars now exported from Singapore, 
there being no demand for the less transparent varieties. The 
copal which occurs in large beautifully transparent yellow mass- 
es is derived from Shorea selanica Bl., and is not to be confused 
with the African and American Copals, which are derived from 
species of Hymenea and Trachylobium (Leguinnosa@). 


Varieties of Dammar. 

The following is a list of the local names of dammars of the 
peninsula as far as I have been able to get them. 

Damar Seraya Batu; Damar Seraya. A hard opaque mass of 
a dull orange colour, probably derived from Shorea leprosula Miq. 
Kapong Labu is also from this tree. 

Kapong Jalor. A pipe-shaped mass, brown outside, inside 
yellow, centre dull olive brown. 

Kapong Hantu. Dark brownish colour mixed irregularly 
with yellow. Both of these are derived from Shorea macroptera 
Dyer, the tree known as Kepong, as perhaps are Kapong Sabut, 
Kapong Slawang and Kapong Segan. 

Meranti Bunga. An amorphous mass nearly opaque of a 
whitish olive yellow mixed with greenish brown and weathering 
yellow. 

Meranti Sarang punai; Meranti Tembaga, M erants Sama, 
Meranti Ketapa are probably derived from Shoreas. 

Meranti Batu, a dark brown weathering orange. This is 
very similar to the Damar Daging of the Malays, which occurs 


DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 91 


in large masses in the ground, evidently originally exuded into 
the hollow of a tree and perhaps taking its brown colour from 
this method of production. 

Damar Mata Kuching. Cat’s-eye dammar appears as pale 
yellow or nearly white, quite transparent, glassy tears. It is 
the most valued of the local kinds. A number of trees are said 
to produce this Dammar, among them Hopea globosa Brandis, 
Hopea intermedia, King, and H. micrantha Hook. f. (Trans. Linn. 
Soc. XXIII. 160) also Pachynocarpus Wallichit. 

Damar Rambet Daun. <A transparent yellow Dammar, 
browner in the middle, occurs in a stalactitic form, and is produc- 
ed by Shorea acuminata Dyer. 

Damar Chingal is from Shorea bracteolata, Dyer. 

Merawan Jangkar, Merawan jalor, Merawan Kunyit are 
doubtless produced by species of Hopeu. 

Damar Mersawa hitam, by Anisoptera glabra, Kurz. 

Damar Mersawa putih probably by A. costata, Korth. 

The seagreen dammar from Johor I have already described. 
Another unidentified kind I have met with, had been exuded 
from the stump of a large tree which had been felled in the 
Carimon islands. It formed an opaque bright yellow mass of 
the appearance of bee’s wax. I was informed that the tree was 
a Keruing (Dipterocarpus), but I could not verify this. 

Besides the Dipterocarpus resins, there are some kinds which 
belong to very different classes of trees, and are roughly classed 
as Dammars by the Malays. Among these there are several from 
the genera Canarium, Santiria and Triomma, (Burseracee). The 
most interesting is the Kedondong Kijai from Zriomma Malaccen- 
sis, Griff. This resin seems to set with difficulty being more of 
the consistency of turpentine. It is dark grey or black turning 
yellowish grey or opaque white with a very pleasant aromatic 
scent. Other resins obtained from plants of the same order are 
Damar Kedondong Krut (Santiria sp.) and Kedondong Mata hari 
from Trigonochlamys Griffithii Hook. fil. Sayang from Santiria 
lara, King. Damar Kijai a resin valued by the Malays, is said 
to be produced by Canar‘um secundum Benn. 

Other resins sometimes classed as Dammars by the Malays 
are those exuded from wounds in various species of Calophyllum ; 
Bintangor bunga and Bintangor batu, (C. pulcherrimum) which 


92 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 


produces a soft resin very sticky, of a bottle green colour when 
thin, and black when in mass. 

Damar minyak is the name given to the turpentine of the 
large Conifer Dumara Orientalis, which grows in the hill ranges 
of Penang, Perak, etc. This tree abounds in the turpentine, 
which is very liquid. I have seen it poured out in large quanti- 
ties from cut roots of a big tree on the Thaiping hills. Cooke 
states that it was sold to varnish makers under the name of Hast 
India Dammar, and that it is much esteemed by natives for incense. 

Kelulut Damar. This is a black or more rarely grey Dammar 
obtained from the nest of the little stingless bees known as 77igo- 
na. ‘There are several species here which make dammar nests. The 
commonest appears to be 7. laeviceps, a small black kind; there 
is also a light brown kind, and a very small black species which 
frequently nests under the planks in houses. In the case of 
T. laeviceps, the nest is built in a hollow tree at the entrance to 
which the bees build a trumpet shaped or flattened tube projecting 
for six inches or more from the tree. From one nest I obtained 
a very large cylindrical tube a foot long ending in a flat spoon 
shaped portion. These tubes are made of a sticky resin, too 
adhesive for any insect except a Trigona to walk over, so that 
enemies cannot invade the nest. The nest itself consists of an 
irregular mass of dammar, in which are placed the detached 
elliptic cells, in which is often a good deal of black honey. The 
mass of dammar in old nests is often very large and must repre- 
sent a vast amount of work on the part of these little bees. Both 
the dammar and honey are sought by Malays, and used as 
medicine and the resin also for torches, etc. The tube at the 
entrance pounded up is rubbed over the body in cases of rheuma- 
tism. The presence of a Kelulut’s nest ina tree is not necessarily 
injurious to the tree. Very large nests may occur in trees for 
many years without causing any appreciable injury. On the 
other hand itis very probable that they prevent further decay 
by sealing up the injured wood in dammar, and by preventing 
termites from effecting a lodgement in the tree. One species of 
Kelulut makes its nest in that of one of the termites underground 
usually at the foot of a large tree. There appears to have been 
some question as to what tree the Kelulut obtained its dammar 
from, as it has long been noticed (Cook’s Gums and Resins) that 


DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 93 


it was very different from any known kind of resins. The fact 
is that it is a mixture of all kinds of resins, indeed any resinous 
substance that the bees can get is collected. They quickly 
find any wounded resinous tree and gather as much as_ they 
can. JI have seen them at work at Shoreas (S. parvifolia) 
Garcinias, Calophyllum, Triomma and Angsana(Pterocarpus indicus). 


Woop OIL. 


The trees of the genus Dipterocarpus do not, like the allied 
Shoreas, produce dammar but they produce instead, wood oil, or 
Gurjun oil, as it is commonly called, the Minyak Keruing of the 
Malays. The Dipterocarpi are trees of gigantic size, with large 
pink or white sweet scented flowers and globose or four or five 
angled or winged fruits witha pair of long oblong wings as 
much as nine inches long in D. grandiflorus Blanco. The “oil is 
obtained by cutting deep holes into the stem of the tree with an 
axe or chisel about six inches square, the top of the hole sloping 
inwards, and the floor excavated to hold the oil. A fire is then 
made in the hole so as to char the sides and top, after which the 
oil is exuded in considerable quantities, and collected in kerosine 
tins. When the oil ceases to flow. itis usual to burn the wound 
again, when it recommences. 

This operation does not necessarily injure the tree to any ex- 
tent unless itis done to excess, butnatives often cut so many holes 
in a tree that it dies and many trees have been thus killed. As 
the oil-trees are usually very isolated in the forests and never 
occur in any great number together a very large extent of 
forest is required to supply a comparatively smal] amount of oil, 
and the supply is now so scanty that the natives seldom go to 
seek it, and the oil has nearly disappeared out of commerce. 

The oil is used for varnish either alone or mixed with other 
substances, or for caulking boats and such purposes but it is 
also used to a small extent in medicine under the name of Gur- 
jun balsam, as a substitute for a Copaiba, and it is also stated to 
be valuable used externally and internally in leprosy. When 
allowed to stand the oil separates into a clear or dark liquid 
known as Chaver by the Malays and thick semi-solid resin, Beku. 

The chief trees producing oil here, are, Dipterocarpus grand- 
Jlorus, Blanco. Minyak Keruing Dadeh ; Minyak Gombang Kechil. 


94 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 


The oil soon sets into a stiff light brown resin, leaving very 
little of the hquid (Chaver). It is used for varnish either when 
fresh before it has time to set or mixed with other more liquid 
oils. 

D. Kerrii, King. Minyak Keruing Chaier. The oil is rather 
thin and watery of a yellow colour, and the resin is yellowish 
white. 

D. Hasselti Bl. Minyak Keruing Sudi. The oil is of a 
deep brown colour, red by transmitted hght with a rather stiff 
brown resin deposit. One of the best oil trees; it is not rare 
to find fruits of this in which the pericarp contains nothing but 
a clear transparent oil. 

D. crinitus, Dyer. Minyak Keruing Bulu. This oil is con- 
sidered a good kind and used for mixing with the thicker oils. 
The tree is commonly known as Gombang. 

Minyak Pekat, Minyak Merah and Minyak Babi are as yet 
unidentified. 

D. incanus Roxb. and D. alatus Roxb. occur in Siam and 
supply the greater part of the Siamese Wood Oils of commerce. 
They will probably be found in the north of the peninusula as 
they are found quite in the south of Siam. Siamese wood oil 
(probably from D. alatus) is very dark in colour nearly black by 
reflected lizht but yellow by transmitted light; the resin whitish. 
The greater part of the Wood Oils of Commerce are now export- 
ed from Rangoon, and are derived from the forests of Burmah. 
The trees producing them are all species of Dipterocarpus but 
all or nearly all distinct from those of the Malay Peninsula. 
A full account of them is to be found in Watt’s Dictionary of 
the Economic Plants of India. 


iy 


ve 


96 NOTES ON THE FLYING FROG. 


Notes on the Flying Frog 


Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. 
sy) ie EASA S Cire ae keaEtesi: 


Mr. A. D. Machado, one of the most constant benefactors to 
the Raffles Museum, presented last year a specimen of a Flying 
Frog from Pahang which I have only recently been able to 
identify as Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. As only two specimens of 
this species have so far been recorded, the one obtained by Dr. 
Charles Hose from the Akan River, Borneo (see G. A. Boulenger, 
A. M.N. H. (6), XVI, p. 170), and the other obtained by Mr. L. 
Wray in the Piah Valley, Upper Perak (see 8. 5. Flower, P. Z.5., 
1899, p. 899), this third specimen appears to deserve a special 
note. 

Mr. Machado writes: ‘I caught this specimen in an old 
prospecting pit one morning (January 1899) at Kuala Merbao in 
Ulu Pahang. He had evidently fallen into it and could not get 
out. I found him swimming about in the water. The pit was 
about twelve feet deep.” | 

The specimen shows in external characters no differenee 
from those described by Boulenger and Flower, except slightly 
as regards its cutaneous fringes and coloration. The fringes of 
the arm seem to be more developed than in either of the other 
two specimens: there is one not only along the outer edge of 
the fore-arm continued right to the tip of the fifth finger, but 
also a smaller triangular one along the inner side, beginning at 
the proximal end of the upper arm and ending at the distal end 
of the fore-arm, being widest at the elbow joint. There is a 
semilunar flap on the tibio-tarsal articulation, as in the other 
specimens, atid, after a break, a narrow fringe along the. outer 
side of the tarsus to the tip of the fifth toe. A very much 
smaller fringe runs along the first toe. A flap of skin above the 
cloaca is scarcely noticeable. 


SOME NEW EASTERN GINGERS. 97 


* When alive, the colour was a brivht green above, but now, 
in spirit, a dark slate-grey with a purplish hue, with numerous 
‘minute white dots, isolated or in groups. There are five very 
conspicuous white-spots on the upper surface of the thigh, one of 
them close to its origin, the other four a little lower down, 
arranged in a square. The flanks are whitish, veined with black, 
as in the Bornean specimen, the lower surface is a yellowish 
white. The enormous interdigital membranes are black near 
their base, but yellowish towards the edges, with yellow rays 
going into the black portion. 

The specimen is male, its testes being very large, 15 mm, 
in leneth. The Bornean specimen was female, whilst there is no 
record of the sex of the Perak specimen. 

Its length from snout to vent is 84 mim., against 80 min, in 
the case of the Bornean and 98 min. in the Perak specimen. 

The Flying Frog of which Wallace (Malay Archipelago, 
10th edition, p.30) gives such a graphic description, is Rhacopho- 
rus pardalis and occurs in Borneo and the Philippines, whilst a 
third Malayan species, Rh. retnwardti7, occurs in Java and Suma- 
tra. Very similar species are found in Malabar (Rh. malabari- 
sus), the Eastern Himalayan region (Rh. bimaculatus) and Mada- 
gascar (Rh. madagascariensis). 


Some New Eastern Gingers. 


The following new species of Scrtaminew have passed 
through my hands since writing the paper published in Journal 
No. 32 and do not appear to be described in Schumann’s paper. 
Alpinia pectinata n. sp. Plant 4 to 7 feet tall. Leaves oblong 
lanceolate glabrous thinly coriaceous, blade 20 inches long 4 
inches wide with a thick keel, ocrea obtuse. Panicle pendulous 
secund, with a lone thick peduncle, dense with short crowded 
branches. Bracts many obconic half an inch long papery brown. 
Flowers “2 ee pedicels in fruit: 4 inch long. Capsule 
globose trilocular $ inch long. Seeds very numerous. 

Celebes at Gunong Klabat 1300 to 1600 metres elevation, 
fruiting in January. 

A remarkable plant in its one sided panicle with very short 
‘branches bearing heads crowded together, about 100 in a panicle. 

13 


98 SOME NEW EASTERN GINGERS, 


The bracts which are ribbed and -pubescent,° resemble those of 
Alpinia involucrata on a small scale. The specimens: are all in 
fruit. There are two undescribed species belonging to this sec- 
tion in Schumann’s paper from Celebes. 

_- “A (Hellenia) Celebica n. sp. A herb more than 18 inches 
tall with glabrous very long pointed lanceolate leaves, 8 inches 
long 14 inch wide, petiole terete striolate graceful one inch long 
ochrea oblong truncate. Panicle graceful erect branches short 
many flowered five inches long. Bracts caducous. Flowers 14 
inch long. Calyx tubular truncate $ inch long. Corolla tube 
twice as long, lobes oblong obtuse 4 inch long. Lip narrow 
shorter than the corolia, deeply bifid, lobes spathulate emarginate. 
Staminodes narrow subulate. Stamen witha rather long fila- 
ment, another oblong not crested. Style graceful. 

Jelebes. | 

Allied to 4A Fraseriana of Borneo, but remarkable for its 
very deeply cleft lip. r 

— Amomum termmmale n. sp. Stems crowded slender about 2 
feet tall, or much taller | mch through. Leaves dark green, 
elliptic lanceolate acuminate thinly coriaceous pale beneath gla- 
brous 7 inches long, 2 inches wide, petiole very short, ocrea } 
inch long rounded. Spike terminal or basal cylindric 4 moh 
long 2 inch through. Bracts ovate obtuse margins hairy ? inch 
long 4 inch wide red. Bracteole 3 inch long oblong obtuse 
pink. Flowers in pairs. Calyx tubular dilated upwards trifid 
pink 3 inch long. Corolla tube one inch long slender white, 
lobes lanceolate acute 4 inch long. Lip three lobed, two lateral 
lobes shorter curved outwards, acute, median obovate obscure- 
ly lobed, $ inch long. Anther with a broad connective rounded 
crenulate. 

Bismarck Archipelago (Micholitz.) Flowered in the Botan- 
ic Gardens, Singapore, Feb. 1900, 

The habit of this plant and its red bracts cause it to resem- 
ble some species of Zingiber, but it has not the long anther beak 
of that genus. It is abnormal among Amomums in having the 
spike terminal, but it also is said to produce basal spikes from 
the rhizome. It is indeed difficult to refer it to any genus but_I 
am unwilling to make a distinct genus for italone. In some re- 
spects it may be classed with an ornamental plant known as Costus 


BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 99 


Zebrinus of gardens, which however has no relationship with the 
genus Costus at all. 

Tapeinocheilus Koordersiana n. sp. A tall plant, 25 feet tall. 
Leaves broadly oblong nearly four feet lone 8 inches wide, 
subcoriaceous pubescent or glabrous narrowed at the base. 
Spike subcylindric 8 inches long, 4 inches wide. Bracts stiff 
coriaceous not woody oblong or ovate cuspidate ribbed pubes- 
cent the larger ones 24 inches long and one inch wide, the inner 
ones lanceate cuspidate pubescent longer. Bracteoles linear 
narrowed acute shorter than the flowers. Calyx tube one inch 
lone narrow little enlarged above, lobes lanceolate acute quite 
covered with silky hairs. Corolla tube hairy but little longer, 
lobes narrow acute. Lip oblong rounded hairy. Anther oblong 
hairy. Capsule an inch lone obovate warted covered with 
brown wool. 

Celebes. 

Another species of this grand Eastern island genus, allied 
to Miquel’s 7. pungens but with larger flowers and pubescent 
bracts. I have great pleasure in associating it with the name of 
Dr. Koorders, who Eaee such fine collections of plants in Celebes 
recently. 


The Birds of the Larut Hills, 


Two birds mentioned, but not named, in my paper on the Birds 
of the Larut Hills have been identified for me by Dr. Hartert. 
They are: 
Aethopyga temminckii, Temminck’s Honeysucker. The second 
species of scarlet honeysucker- mentioned on p, 21. 
_- Notodela leucura. The White-tailed Blue Robin, a female. 
The “small robin-like brown bird” alluded to at the foot of 


Be 30. A. L.. Butler: 


=—_ 


“Batanical N efes: 


Malayan Gingers. Dr. K. Schumann has Aublishid this year 
in Engler’s Jahrbuch Vol. 27, a monograph of the Scitaminee 
collected in the various islands of the archipelag o, by Beccari, 
in Sarawak, Sumatra and New Guinea, by the brothers Sarasin in 


100 BOTANICAL NOTES. 


Celebes, and by Warburg, Hollrung and others in New Guinea. 
In his arrangement he adheres to the old classification including 
Hornstedtia, Plagiostachys, etc., under Amomum, and so on. One 
new genus he describes under the name Haplochorema seems to be 
a true Koempferia with creeping rhizomes. It occurs in Borneo, 
four kinds being described from Sarawak. One might describe 
it as a Koempferia adapted for jungle life. Hedychium microchi- 
lum described from Java in my paper in the last Journal, appears 
as Brachychilus Horsfieldii Peters. It was originally described 
under the name of Hedychium Horsfieldii in Hooker's Kew 
Miscellany, and also by Peters in a Copenhagen Botanical Jour- 
nal, both works difficult to procure. The whole habit of the 
plant is so much that of Hedychiwm, that I think it would be bet- 
ter to keep it in that genus... A good figure of what is evidently 
the common Costus globosus Bl is given under the name of C. 
acanthocephalus n. sp. It was collected in West Sumatra by 
Beccari. The plant is evidently widely distributed. The whole 
monograph is interesting from a geographical point of view, for 
though of course one may be sure that many more of. these 
plants will be found in the Eastern islands, it gives sufficiently 
clear evidence of the change in the flora as we go further east. 
Thus one notices that the Globbas, so abundant here, disappear 
to a large extent, few occurring in Borneo, fewer in Java, and 
only one (excluding G. marantina probably introduced) further 
east in the Philippines. Gastrochilus, except the cultivated G. 
panduratus, does not occur in the list; but. probably this is due 
to the difficulty of getting the flowers in wild plants. Zingiber 
also disappears rapidly towards the East, but one kind has been 
met with in New Guinea. Tapeinocheilus appears to be abundant 
in the Papuan region, fourteen species of these grand plants 
being catalogued, extending from Amboina to New Guinea. £ 
“Alpinia ‘rosella Ridl. Since publishing this species (Journal 
32. p. 164) I have found a figure and description of a plant col- 
lected in British North Borneo by Burbidge and published under 
the name Alpinia Fraseriana Oliver, in the Icones Plantarum 
vol. vi. pl. 1567, which agrees closely with A. rosella, and is I 
think the same species. Lalso note some misprints in my de- 


scription on p. 165, in line 2 absent should be about, andin line 10 


the words should run “Seeds 3 about 4 inch. through. a 


A PULAU TIUMAN SUPERSTITION, 101 


Susu Rimau. In Journal No. 22, on page 340, I gave some 
account of the curious vegetable product known to the Malays 
as Susu Rimau, the sclerotium or resting stage of some species 
of Polyporus. I have since obtained other fine specimens of the 
tuber and the fully developed fungus attached in Singapore and 
Penang, and Mr. Massee, of Kew, has identified it as Polyporus 
sacer, a very widely distributed fungus. 


—= 


A Pulau Tiuman Superstition. 


I visited the Pahang island of Tiuman in 1898 and stumbled 
across a superstition which did not impress me very much at 
the time, though it was recalled to my memory by hearing later 
of an almost identical belief concerning a hill in upper Siam. 

Shortly after going ashore at the island the headman re- 
quested me to prevent my Chinese cook bringing any vinegar off 
the boat; he informed me that if by any chance the vinegar 
should be spilt, the island would be convulsed and a terrible 
storm result. On an occasion a few years previously the cook 
of an European prospector at work on the island had by a simi- 
lar accident raised such a typhoon that, to quote my informant 
‘the sea was invisible for five days.” 

This superstition is evidently connected with the widespread 
belief that no dragon can face vinegar, for it was told me in the 
village under the peculiar double spur of hill at the extreme 
south of the island called ‘‘ Chula Naga” (Dragon’s Horns), and 
it has peculiar application in this instance, though dragons are 
accredited to several other mountains on the peninsula. 


W. C. 


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