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; a
ee
en tee
i Bate
- »
> % Ba
Riga Ot
au oa
i abet 3 ota Be . eo]
Wet pate ~a i fae Hoa he Mag Peel ie Mega - . -
Pa eer ae ee ar i ee ee ead gis ol hat Pedeb ded oft es
eth beh eae Ret tein Sho Ft tet Enel Pdietieh Het
a. 7 a :
a
’
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j
4
i
i
r
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S F i$ MG
a.
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5 i é
, ,
7:
‘
Fed
*
\ ading, oh younger brother! from adek ;
3\, Lapang, oh father! from bapa;
e7% vapang P
Jour. Straits Branch
THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 21
Focal embong, eldest child! from emtok :
eal indong, mother! from indok ;
a=! achang, boy! messenger !
I add to these vocative forms words like the following :
a abang, elder brother : ey inuny, Nurse (see examples from
Batak below); pio duyang, maid ; ‘a any, aa hang, as pro-
nouns of the second person ; » ~ sulong, eldest son: and with
some diffidence I add the ancient names of divinities: ‘a
yang and é- sang. All these words have distinct vocative
forms, though they may have lost the vocative meaning, for it is
easily seen, how these words, constantly used in the vocative.
finally had to do duty for other cases also.
We have forms corresponding exactly to these in Batak,
and here in fullestevery day use. I mention only the following:
amang, from dma, father! .
indng, from ina, mother! (see inang in Malay);
ompung, from dmpu, grandfather !
hahang, from hdha, elder brother or sister! (see Malay
EN kakak) ;
ttong, from zto, elder brother ! etc.
The only expression denoting close relationship in Batak,
which has no vocative form in use is anyy?, younger brother,
though even this word becomes anyginy, when used in intercourse
with younger friends, not brothers, just as 7téng (from zto) and
thotong is used as an address to elder friends.
In Malagasy all forms ending in ng have been changed,
and this is the reason, I believe, why we have no formal voca-
tives. The case of address is expressed as in modern Malay,
by particles of exclamation.
R. A. Soc,, No. 39, 1903.
‘28 THE FORMATION OF WORDS.
In Tagalog, and this opinion is strengthened by the same
tendency mentioned above of Malay, the vocative has gradually
gained ascendancy over the other cases, so that all nouns and
adjectives and pronouns add to their vocalic ending (also to
final,n) the ending of the old vocative. So we have through-
out the language.
inang, mother, from ina ;
amang, father, from ama ;
panginoong, master, lord, from panginoon. In order,
therefore to distinguish the proper vocative it is necessary to -
add the particle of exclamation oy or ay, which corresponds to
the Malay ($ he: or hav.
Il]. ANCIENT ADJECTIVE FORMS. }
Lexicographers, rather than grammarians, have noted the
existence in Malay of some hitherto unexplained parallel forms,
such as : ;
pl malang beside ~ e alang ;
ae\: | masing beside eel asing ;
pie masam beside el asam ;
Urls masin beside Orel asin (cf. Tagalog ma-asin),
ci. malap beside _3\ alap
An opinion regarding these forms, that they may be intro-
ductions from the Javanese, is disproved on closer investigation.
By comparison with other Malayan lavguages, however,
we learn beyond doubt, that we possess in these and a few
other expressions highly interesting adjective forms. The need,
in Malay, of a special form for adjectives must have certainly
been felt, especially as the common forms used by us in that sense
are indistinguishable from nouns. Though custom has given,
to mention but one example, to besar the meaning of the ad-
jective “ great, large,” it must not be forgotten that im very
many uses of the word it is a distinct noun. Take the follow-
ing sentences :
Jour. Straits Branch
THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 29
hulubalang itu se-tengah tujuh kaki besar-nya.
Lembah itu dua batu lebar-nya.
Sungai itu dua puloh batu panjang-nya.
Bukit itu se-ribu kaki tinggi-nya.
Anak itu se-puloh tahun ‘omor-nya.
In these sentences we have besar (size), lebar (breadth),
panjang (length), and tingg: (height) absolutely parallel with
the Arabic noun ‘omor (age). The substantive use of these
“adjectives ” is certainly the more original, and even now the
more idiomatic.
The ancient adjectives were formed from these “ roots”
by prefixing the syllable ma-. Such forms are in constant use
in Tagalog, the languages of Borneo, Batak and Malagasy, as
we will show by numerous examples, which might be increased
almost ad libitum. They must have been used to a much larger
extent even in historical Malay, and we should expect to find
some remnants of this use in geographical names, where anti-
quities are much more likely to remain unchanged. It would
be worth the labour of a student to make careful lists of Malay
geographical names, laying stress upon peculiar expressions,
and seeing that modern corruptions (in the mouth of Tamils,
Chinese and foreign Malays) be eliminated. I will mention
but one name belonging to this group. In the Province Wel-
lesley we find the name of a hill and an adjacent town, usually
spelled Bukit Mertajam. The latter word is a corruption of
matajam, which means ‘sharp, pointed,’ Batak ma-tajom, and
the name “pointed hill” is quite in accordance with the
character of the elevation.*
In Batak a careful distinction is maintained in the use of
the simple root and that of the adjectival form with the prefix.
The latter is only used as a predicate, never as a qualifying
adjective. ‘The sentence ‘“‘ Ma-timbo hayu on” means: this tree
is high, while the expression “this high tree” is rendered by
“ hayu na timho on,’ i. e. this tree which possesses height, which
is high, this bigh tree. Other words belonging to this class are:
*Tt is possible that the very word Malayu comes under this ru-
brie. No previous explanation of the term has found general accepta-
tion. The Tagalog “‘malayo” means “far, distant, strange, strang-
er,” certainly a very suitable appellation for the roving strangers
that settled in the archipelago.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
30 THE FORMATION OF WORDS.
murara, from rara, red (Malay %:* mérah);
malemba, from lemba, faint, ( Malay ad lembeh);
mamora, from mora, rich (Malay © yy murah);
mapitung, from pitung, blind.
In Malagasy we have forms like :
malady, quick, manitra, fragrant, maluza, clever, renowned,
malama, slippery, smooth, malemy, soft, tender ( Malay
al lemah), maloto, filthy, dirty, marina, just, righteous,
mahitsy, straight, masina, holy, mainty, black (Malay #8
hitam, Dusun meitam, Tag. maitin ).
In Tayalog we find :
ma-itim, from item, black, Malay ast hitam;
ma-lalim, from lalim, deep, Malay dls dalam;
ma-lambot, from lambot, soft, kind, Malay Byak lembot ;
ma-lapar(d), from lapar(d), hungry, Malay py lapar ;
ma-laki, from laki, strong, great, Malay ay lak?;
ma-hina, from hina, weak, mean, Malay \ne hina;
ma-lakas, from lakas, swift, strong, Malay ES lekas 3:
ma-sakit, from sakit, sick, painful, Malay ale sahit;
ma-puti, from puti, white, Malay 45 Pc putih.
The Dusun language of Borneo presents among others these
examples: See Journal R. A. 8., Straits Branch, vol. 30, 1897, -
oe Js5 SOIC
Jour. Straits Branch
THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 31
me-itam, black :
me-suan, dark;
m-iad, alike (from iad, form);
m-alus, soft, from halus;
m-onsom, sour, from onsom, cf. Malay masam.
I think that these lists of words will leave the reader
satisfied that we have here in Malay a few forms of great anti-
quity, which go back upon a time when the Malayan languages
were not yet divided up into their present divisions, and it is only
with the help of the cognate languages of the family that we
can grammatically explain them.
IV. ANCIENT VERBAL Forms.
In the formation of verbs, where the modern Malay has
effected the greatest change and simplification, we find never-
theless numerous traces of antiquity, of which the Malay has
almost or altogether forgotten the original connection.
1. Let me first refer the reader to pairs of words like the
following.
= getar, to tremble, 1% gemetar, to tremble vehemently :
F ck. to spur on, co oe gemertak, to frighten with wea-
pons ;
G2 rns to roll up, Ao gemuloug, rolled up and twisted ;
as, gilung, to glisten, ALS gemilang, very glistening ;
Be len, to g¢listen, Ss gemilap, very glistening ;
ES gelatoh, to fremble, oS ; gemelatok, to tremble violently ;
5S gelegut, to trembles SL gemelegut, to tremble violently ;
3) turun, to descend, ¢)5& temurun, farther descent :
ely trang, light, hs temarang, half -light, glooming ;
R. A. Soe., No. 39, 1903.
32 THE FORMATION OF WORDS.
sab tabor, to scatter, ok temabor, to scatter everywhere ;
IF churam, steep, (9% chemuram, declivity ;
aS, lukut and aS,h lemukut, to pound parched grain ;
iz cherlang and w= chemerlang, to glitter, listen ;
0 ae guroh and 0 i gemuroh, thunder, rolling noise ;
2 35 tandang and a dt tenandang, outfit, get-up ;
sk tali and ; ANG temali, twisted cordage ;
and perhaps the following :
392 tebok and Sat tembok, perforated ;
a5 tebat, and ac tambat, tied up;
ae tanggong, to bear ee temenggong, dignitary.
responsibility,
In many cases the similar sense of the two words will in-
vite an association between them, but this does not provide us
with a grammatical explanation of the second form.
We have here forms of a conjugation, which in Batak
Grammar has been designated as the Fourth, in Tagalog as the
First Conjugation. It is formed by infixing into the verbal
stem, after the initial consonant the syllable -um- (or, which
does not concern us here, if the root commences with a vowel
or labial letter, by prefixing the syllable um-). In the first
case, -um- is called an infix, in the latter a prefix. Here area
few of the many examples which might be adduced :
Malay : Batak : Tagalog:
Sygu surat, sulat, sumulat, to write
Jour. Straits Branch
THE FORMATION OF WORDS, 33
Sgygm surut, surut, sumurut, to with-
draw, te bend back.
4 | ubah, uba, umuba, ubo, umubo, to change.
It will be seen that but for the fact that in Malay the
vowel sign of the conjugation has weakened, being depressed
from u to i or 6, the above mentioned Malay forms fully cor-
respond to the Batak and Tagalog forms. Sucha slight change
is nothing improbable, yet we need not indulge in conjectures
in the face of even so slight a change, for we find most of the
original forms preserved in Malay dialects, e. g. gilang-qumi-
lang, gilap-gumilap, gelatok-gumelatok, turon-tumuron, churam-
chumuram, lukut-lumukut, yuroh-gumuroh, etc.
Even in the classes of verbs, which are conjugated accord-
ing to this paradigma, the closest agreement exists. They are
mostly verbs denoting visible motion, trembling, (See Malay :
gemetar, gemelatok, gemelegut, etc.), and verbs, to whom this
conjugation gives the power of “‘intensiva” (compare Malay
gemetar, gemertak, gemilang, gemilap, gemelatok, gemelegut, temabor,
etc.)
2. We will now notice another class of verbal formations
which also appear to be a remnant of a now obsolete conjugation.
The examples given below do not exhaust the large stock pre-
served in the language, but are merely chosen to illustrate the
existence of the conjugation, while many other words doubtlessly
belong to this class, though their radicals have been lost to the
Malay vocabulary.
5S tekan, to press with the oe telekan, to lean on the out-
hand, stretched and _ stiffened
arm ;
GS tekap, to press softly with es telekap, to brush away
the hand, with the hand ;
EE tingkah, character, KER telingkah, to be of differ-
ent character, to col-
lide ;
R. A. Soe., No. 39, 1903.
S44: THE FORMATION OF WORDS. .
oh tapak, and pow telapak, foot-print ;
55% tepok, to pat, ae 39h telepok, to tap softly, as
- in applying specks of
gold and silver flocks
upon paper or cloth;
aut tempap, and as telempap, to lay the
hand flatly on, to
measure by hand’s”
breadths ;
pgm chupar, and Poe chelupar, to babble in- |
ee G cessantly ;
6 9? la saput, to cover with clouds, 6 FED selaput, to cover densely .
etc., or closely ;
oni sémpang, to go off side- pit selémpang, to jump side-
: wards, ways;
Fa i Fe oe :
te sampai, to hang clothes, ah selampai, to wear over both
shoulders, like a shawl;
Gea sandang, to tie sideways, 5 selendang, to wear side- —
ways over one shoulder; -
ae gu sudang, and | FH ah seludang; to decorate
with flowers in a
peculiar manner;
g2a~ sidik, and 3 Sues selidik to examine close-
ly ; =
4 sisth, and Awl selisih, to ) quarrel, dispute: _
wand SESE, tae Rita
oS gosok, and — cS gelosok, to rub;
Jour. Straits Branch .
THE FORMATION OF WORDS. - 35
zoe gembong, and Fa gelembong, to bubble up;
3S gega, to make an indis- si gelegak, a bubbling noise.
tinct noise,
og gegar, and se gelegar, to vibrate;
y getar, to tremble, AS geletar, to tremble violently ;
2g getek, to be forward, as an oft geletek to feel sensual
impudent woman, desire, to suffer of nym-
phomania ,
SG gugor, to drop, esp. when SES gelugor, a wild mango,
unripe, which falls in large
‘ . numbers, when unripe;
Fa kembong, to be swollen, Fat kelembong, to be swollen,
blown up;
SAS hanghang, to stand open, SAS helangkang, to stretch out
the legs, wide open in
indecent posture ;
ery kupas, and ia kelupas, to peel off.
’ The enumeration of such examples might be continued much
longer, but I will add but a few words, which appear to belong
to this class, though the primitive forms are not now extant in
es
ag gelisah, to be restless ;
E59
4 geeckeoh, to ship, to elide’;
al gelanchor, to slide down, to glide; '
Fag Gina to glide out, as a knife;
R. A. Soe., No. ey Te
36 THE FORMATION OF WORDS,
BS kelupak, to open up, as the developing banana bud
(cf. kupak);
& ae selubong, to cover ;
SS selongkar, to turn upside down;
soe selengkar, to be anxious ;
jal. selongkang, to be counterfeit ;
etc., etc.,
All these forms indicate conjugationa] changes of the pri-
mitive words, with which most are coupled in the enumeration
above. It is a conjugation which corresponds to the Tenth
conjugation of Batak Grammar, and is formed by the infix -al -
and another verbal infix or prefix. While there exist in Batak
four different classes of these verbs, according to the difference
of the infix or prefix combined with the characteristic of the
conjugation -al-, the Malay seems to have preserved none but
forms: which combine the commonest of all verbal prefixes, me-,
men-, meng- mem- or meny- with the infix -al-. I know of no
similar formations in Malagasy and Tagalog, though they might
possibly be found after a more careful search, perhaps in a
slightly varied form, in one or the other of the Philippine lan-
guages. I will, however, for comparison, subjoin one or two
examples from Batak :
mangh-al-aputi, to do hastily (from haput) ;
mand-al-etes, to be open (as country without jungle) ;
mand-al-ntus, man-al-utus, to glide swiftly along (as a
boat under sail).
3. Before closing my remarks on the ancient forms of
conjugation in Malay, it is necessary at least to mention the
most common of all verbal changes, the one which in Malay
has superseded all the rest. I refer to the one marked
by the prefix: me-, men-, meng-, mem- or meny-, all of which
are really the same, modified slightly by combination with the
initial consonants or vowels of the verbs. This conjugation is
Jour. Straits Branch
* THE FORMATION OF WORDS. ion
found in al] Malayan languages, as the following examples will
show. By selecting Tagalog, Batak, and Malagasy verbs,
which are also found in Malay, it becomes unnecessary to se-
lect a separate list of Malay examples.
| Tagalog:
mang-aral (aral) to teach, preach, Malay mengajar;
man-ubus (tubus) to redeem, Malay menebus ;
mam-utt (putc) to whiten, Malay memutih ;
man-ulat (sulat) to write, Malay menyurat.
Batak :
mang-handang (handang). to fence, Malay mengandang (kan-
_ dang);
mang-embang (hembang), to spread out, Malay mengembang
(kembang); .
man-urat (surat), to write, Malay menyurat (surat);
mam-unu (bunu), to kill, Malay membunoh (bunoh);
man-obus (tobus), to redeem, Malay menebus (tebus).
Malagasy :
man-enona (tenona), to weave, Malay menenun (tenun);
man-ampana (sampana), to separate, Malay menyempang (sem-
pang);
man-dalo (lalo), to pass by, malay melalu (lalu);
man-doa (loa), to spit, malay meludah (ludah);
mam-eno (feno), to fill, malay memenoh (penoh);
mam-otsy (fotsy), to whiten, malay memutih (putih);
mam-ono (vono), to kill, malay membunoh (bunoh);
man-trakira (kirakira), to finger, to count, Malay mengira-ira,
(hira-kira).
The writer of these fragmentary notes on Malay Gram-
mar trusts that his readers will excuse the many imperfections
of this article. Though the subject treated in these pages has
occupied the interest of the writer for a -onsiderable time, the
actual writing was done under great inconveniences, in the
spare moments of a very busy period, and without the advan-
tage of a large library close at hand. He should, however, feel
‘well repaid for having undertaken the task, if by his attempt
others would-be encouraged in taking up this inviting subject.
R, A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
The Sakai and Semang Languages in
the Malay Peninsula and their rela-
tion to the Mon-Khmer
Languages.
BYeE. WSC HMID Ess. V2 ps
REVIEWED BY W. D. BARNES.
In the third and fourth numbers of the eighth part of the
sixth series of the Bijdragen tot Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde
van Nederlandsche-Indié, published in 1901, is a: paper by
P. W. Schmidt, S.v.D., written in German with the title “ Dir
Sprachen der Sakei und Semang auf Malacca und ihr Ver-
hiltniss zuden Mon-Khmer-Sprachen.” The following abstract
of it will I think, have great interest for readers of the Journal.
The author begins his introduction as follows :—
“«More important than these connections with the An-
‘“namite language are the undeniable relations of our mono-
““ syllabic Khasi-Mon-K hmer root-stock with the Kohl language
‘with that of Nancowry and with the dialects of the abori-
‘‘ gines of. the Malay Peninsula. We should not however be justi-
‘fied in deducing therefrom an ancestral connection with these
“partly polysyllabic languages.’ So wrote E. Kuhn towards the
“end of his ‘Articles on the languages of Further India’ Beit-
‘“riige zur Sprachenkunde Hinterindiens. Sitzgsb: d.k. bayer. ac.
“d, w. phil-hist. LL 18991. p. 219 f.f.) Thus he leaves open the
“question whether there exists between the Khasi-Mon-Khmer
“group and the Khol languages, that of Nancowry and the
‘dialects of the aborigines of the Malay Peninsula, an intimate
“actual relationship, or whether the evident identities are due
‘merely to external influences. neni
“Some years later--1834—E. (sic.) Otto Blagden in the
‘* Journal of the Straits Branch 27 pages 21-46, without appar-
‘ently knowing anything of Kubn’s work put forward a more
Jour. Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS, 39
‘complete comparison of the Vocabulary of the dialects
“of the Peninsula aborigines with that of the Mon-Khmer
(Anam) languages. But as his title « Karly Indo-Chinese in-
“fluences in the Malay Peninsula, as illustrated by some of
“the Dialects -of the Aboriginal Tribes” shows, Blagden also
“did not go so far as to conclude that the identities to which
“he drew attention arose from any intimate connection between
“the two groups of languages. He says, ‘ But. even to assume
“ that the aboriginal dialects are cognate languages which should
‘be classified inthe Mon-Annam family would be going further
“than our evidence justifies us in doing.’ Neither Blagden nor
~™ Kuhn had examined the whole material which is available on
“the subject of these aboriginal dialects. It is my purpose to
- * collate this full material and to endeavour by its aid to remove
_ ‘the present uncertainty concerning these dialects and to settle
“their genealogical relation beyond doubt. For this purpose
“it is first necessary to settle the relationships of these dialects
‘to one another, a task which in itself demands much. labour
‘‘since no comprehensive work has been done on the subject.
* The first half of my paper will comprise this comparison, and
- “the comparison of the aboriginal dialects with the Mon-
“ Khmer languages will occupy the second half.”
His first part the author begins with a list of publications in
which words, vocabularies, etc. from the aboriginal dialects have
been given. This list is I presume the completest. yet published
and give a full abstract of it. Journal of ae orb. A. 9.
fase, V, p. 129; VIT, p..94; VIL, p.9; XXIV,-p. 18;
XXXVI, p. 41; XXVIL, p 2s) DENN, PLS:
Cbs : J: eat. “ Political and Statistical Account of the
British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.” London, 1839,
Vol. Il, pp: 369-454. |
(2). The MSS of Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. Vervffentl:
_d. K. Museums f. Vilkerk. zu Berlin ; Bd 2 und 3.
(3). Marsden’s Miscellaneous Essays :—A Short List of
‘Jakoon* words trom Raffles of ‘ Jooroo’ Semang (J. Anderson
given as collector) and of ‘Quedah’ Semang.
(4). Roberts’ Embassy to the Eastern Coasts of Cochin
China, Siam, Muscat :—‘Jooroo’ Semang—A list of words (Mr.
Maingay given as collector) and ‘Queda’ Semang (McLunes
’ R.A. Soc., No. 39, 1808,
40 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
given as collector):—apparently the same lists as those given
by Marsden.
(5). Klaproth, Journ. Asiatique 12 pp. 241-243 (Se-
mang.)
(6.) Mentera-Glossen (Mantra ) by Borie, Tijdscrift voor
Ind-Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde 10 pp: 489, &c.
(7). Crawford. History of Indian Archipelago, Edinburgh
(1820. Nrs. 12: (‘Quedah’ Semang—apparently the same list as
given by Marsden and Roberts).
(8). Sakaya 8. Kerbou &c. by L. de Morgan “ Bulletin de
la Société Normande de Géographie, Rouen 7. 1885. p. 434
&c. also printed in L. de Morgan Exploration dans la presquwile
Malaise, Paris 1886.
(9). J. Low, Sakai in Perak. Journal of the Indian Archi-
pelago. Old Series IV, p. 430.
(10). Tomlin. A list of Samang words, “ Extract from the
Malacca Observer from an article on Tomlin’s Mission-Travels
(Royal Library, Berlin).
(11). Mikloucho-Maclay, Tijdschrift voor Ind.-Taal-hand-
en Volkenkunde 23 reprinted in Vol. I of J. 8. B. R. A. 8.*
The next ten papers contain a critical examination of this
material. The author points out that several of the old lists
are wholly or partly copies of one another and laments the in-
finite variety in the methods adopted by the different collectors
in the spelling of words yiven. ‘Clifford alone’ he says (to
some extent Blagden and Hewitt) makes a _ praiseworthy
‘attempt to give a determinate value to the vowels used.”
The author himself employs throughout the system of Fr.
Miller except that he uses g instead of dz.
The next 75 pages contain a vocabulary compiled from
the various lists, etc., detailed above. This vocabulary contains
* Here and elsewhere the author also quotes the following
books :—
Alb: Sefancisl Veroffentlichungen aus d. k. (Macenin fiir Vol-
derkunde in Berlin (1894).
- Bd: 8 Teil 2. p. 145. (Bibliography and Glossary.)
R. Martin. Die Ur einwohner der Malayischen Haltinsel. Sonder
Abdr. aus. d. ore —Blatt der deutsch Anthrop. Gesellschaft,
1899. Nrs. 10 p.-
Jour, Straits Branch
_ THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. 41
1249 roots arranged alphabetically. The author explains that it
is possible that in some cases further enquiry or rather fuller
material for enquiry may show that some of his roots may
require correction, but contends that for his purpose the
arrangement adopted is the most useful one. All hypothetical
root-forms are enclosed in brackets. All Malay loan-words are
omitted.
Next follow the only available ‘ texts’ viz:— those given
by Skeat in Berisi by Clifford in Sen-oi and by de Morgan in
Sakai of 8. Kerbou and 8. Raya, and in‘Séman.’ The transla-
tions are given in each case.
The next thirty pages contain a discussion of the ‘ Gram-
matik.’
The fourth subsection of the first part is headed “ The re-
“lation of the dialects to one another.” ‘The author begins
as follows:— ‘The questions as to the relation of these
‘“‘janzuages to one another and to their correct grouping are
‘the more important since the races who speak them have no
“ethnological unity. The Sakai although sharply distinguished
“from Mongolian races have a more Mongoloid character than
“have the Semang. The Semang on the other hand belong
“as even B. H. Meyer’s very critical examination shows,
“to the Negritoes. Our examination has therefore a further
“meaning in that it aids in answering the question whether
“ these Semang-Negritoes have a language of their own.” Inthe
next nine pages the author examines in detail the similarities
and differences in the vocabularies of the various dialects and
concludes that, as far as the present state of our knowledge
allows us to judge, the Sakai and Semang languages are one.
He then points out the two marked groups into which this
one language falls. In the one group come the words, etc.,
collected from ‘Quedah-Semang’ Semang of Tjoh. Steven’s
_ Semang, Semang of Ulu Selama, Mikonho-Maclay’s Ulu Kelan-
-tan and Ulu Petani, Tomlin’s Semang ‘Jooroo-Semang,’ in the
_. other words, etc., collected from Bersisi, Palou, Ulu Indau, Sakel of
_ Sungei Raya, Clifford’s Sen-oi, Sakai a die on bon. Sémang of de
_ Morgan, Clifford’s Tembe. Perak Semang and Chanderiang Sakai.
The. author now points out that it is not.safe to believe
that collectors of vocabularies who have called certain races
>
R. A. Soe.. No. 39, 1903.
42 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
Sakais or Semangs have in all cases correctly described them.
He therefore tests these statements by the locality, physical pe-
culiarities, etc., of the tribes in question. He points out that
Semangs do not exist in the southern part of the peninsula and
quotes R. Martin who gives as their country northern Perak, Ke-
dah, Rahman, Rangan, and Kelantan, a description with which
Stevens agrees. He further notes that the Semang use or have
used the bow, and that there is no record of the Sakais having
done so. He concludes that the Semangs in his first group are
correctly described but that de Morgan’s ‘Séman’ and the ‘Perak
Semangs, and ‘Kenning Semangs’ mentioned in fifth volume of
the J. S. B. R. A. S. may very possibly have been Sakais or
at all events mixed races. The Sakai who form his second
group fall linguistically into two sub-classes the divisions be-
tween which seem to be confirmed geographically by Clifford’s
line from Blanja on the Perak River to the Bidor Mountains
and thence to Kuala Angin in Kelantan to the north of which
line Clifford found his T'em-be to the south his Sen-oi. He
concludes therefore that the Semang and Sakai form two differ-
ent branches of one language and that the Sakai branch shows
two sub-branches.
The second part is headed ‘comparison of the Sakai and
Semang languages’ and opens with a list of books consulted by
the author in his study of the latter. Then follows a list of
those Mon-Khmer words and roots which are found to be simi-
lar to words and roots in Sakai and Semang. The author’s
comments on this areas follows :—‘* The above agreements seems
‘to me to be amply sufficient both in number and kind to nega-
“tive the suggestion of ‘A mere external borrowing.’ As to the
‘ their number out of the 1249 forms contained in the vocabulary
‘there are about 240 such agreements. That is in itself a notable
‘result but it gains in meaning when two things are borne in
“mind :—First that most undoubtedly a part at least of the
‘materials for the Sakai and Semang languages are recorded
‘with a wrong or uncertain meaning thus rendering it difficult
‘or even impossible to find their correct equivalents in Mon-
‘‘Khmer, and secondly that another part,—more specially that
“collected by de Morgan and Stevens, is of such a nature —
‘(names of implements and individual parts of them, of individ-
Jour. Straits Branch
‘THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. —4s
“ual plants, etc.,) that in any case corresponding expressions
“for them could hardly be expected. Finally it must be pointed
“out that in these prefix-languages it is most difficult to find
“corresponding words in dictionaries which are arranged al-
‘“phabetically according to the initial letters of the words, and
“that our vocabularies of a part at least of the Mon-Khmer
‘languages are by no means complete.”
The words showing similarity are next arranged in groups as
follows:—Nouns: 18 such as God, Thunder, Night, Rain, Stone,
Fire, etc.; 8 such as Tree, Flower, Rice ; 21 such as Douce, Fly,
Ege, Dog, Elephant, Rhinoceros, etc.; 18 such as Man, Stranger,
Wife, Aunt, Nephew, etc.; 33 suchas Blood, Hair. Mouth. Neck,
Belly, Elbow, etc.; and 13 such as Clothing, Arrow, Knife, Stick,
_ etc.; Verbs: 61 includin 2 to go, give, sleep, fasten, see, sit, turn back,
cry, call, speak, drink, etc.; and 33 Adjectivesand Adverbs: such as
many, white, with, bad, sweet, cold, etc. The author continues: —
“The compreliensive manner in which all kinds of correspondences
‘are represented and more especially in which the names for
“almost all parts of the human body show agreement and finally
“the large number of indentities in verbs and adjectives leave,
‘‘in so far as an examination of the grammatical relations of the
“two groups of languages offers no obstacle, one conclusion
“only, viz:—that there exists an inward and intimate condition
“between the Sakai and Semang languages and those of the Mon-
‘** Khmer.”
The author next points out that there is a small number of
words occurring in many Sakai and Semang dialects for which no
corresponding words can be found in Mon-Khmer, but he asserts
that the existence of these can not disturb the conclusion drawn
from the total result more especially as further search in the
more out-of-the way dialects of Mon-Khmer may yet reveal them.
He then continues: —‘ As against these however great stress must
“be laid on the part that for those particular words which con-
“stitute the difference between Semang and Sakai no parallels
“can be found. If therefore we can rely upon our knowledge
“of the Mon-Khmer vocabulary it is very remarkable that it is
“these words and these (so to speak) alone which fail us.
“When further we bear in mind that the words in question are
‘such as ate in constant usein every day life it seams most im-
. A. Soe., No. 39, 1003.
44 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
‘probable that their parallels will be found in these Mon-Khmer
‘languages of which we have at present any knowledge and it
‘‘may be regarded as very doubtful indeed if any entirely new
‘‘branch of these languages will be discovered which will supply
‘the deficiencies. It seems therefore very probable that we have
‘in these words a remnant of the former Semang-Negrito-lang-
“uage. IPf that is really the case then further and more exhaus-
‘tive research will certainly reveal still more material of the
‘¢same kind. May this be a keen incentive to those who are in
‘a position to make such researches to commence them without
“delay before the rapidly advancing disappearance of these races
‘‘ render further proof ever impossible! Perhaps we may be able to
‘‘ oppose some positive facts to that wave of theories which has
'‘* burst over these poor Negritoes!”
The next eighteen pages are occupied with a close com-
parison of the ‘““Grammatik” of the two groups: The following
conclusions are drawn :—
(i) The sounds are in essentials the same.
(ii) The word-formation follows the same laws.
(iii) The personal pronoun shows as much identity as can
be expected.
(iv) Pronouns and adverbs are in essentals demonstra-
tively the same.
(v) The syntactical relations of nouns, adjectives and
verbs are the same.
vi) The numeral is the same in form and construction.
The author continues:—‘“‘ Against these resemblances and
‘identities no important divergencies are as yet opposed. When
‘¢ we consider them in conjunction with the wide spread identities
‘¢in the vocabulary we are justified in concluding that the Sakai
“and Semang languages are intimately related with the Mon-
‘Khmer languages and must be regarded as a member of that
“family. In the case of the Sakai languages this conclusion can
‘be pushed further. When we consider the physical resemb-
* Jances between the Sakai and the Mon-Khmer peoples we are
2s | eee in. saying that the language now spoken by. the Sakai
«“ was the original Sakai language.”
: The author then gives the following four physical charac-
teristics of the Mon- Khmer people:— ia
Jour, Straits Beane
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS, 45
(1) Dolicho-cephalic skulls.
(ii) Darkish skins,
(iii) Eyes horizontal not oblique.
(iv) Hair wavy not straight and not woolly; and he
quotes R. Martin and Logan as proving that the Sakai have the
same peculiarities.
‘He continues :—‘“ It is otherwise with the Semang. Their
“darker colour, and woolly hair sepzrate them anthropologically
‘both from the Sakai and from the Mon-Khmer people. The
“fact that they speak what is essentially the same language can
‘only be explained on the assumption that they have abandoned
“their own and adopted aforeign one. As is the case with the
“Nezsritoes of the Philippines the original Ne zriti language seems
‘to have been lost although indeed in the case of the Semanz a
“number of words appear to exist as a new want of it.
The paper here ends. It covers 180 octavo pages and is
obviously the outcome of most careful and labourious work. It
is much too important not to be noticed in the Society’s Journal
and in default of a review by. a competent hand my abstract
may, I trust, suffice to direct the attention of members to it.
R. A, Soc., No. 39, 1903.
/
-
—
~ 1
’
The Comparative Philology of the Sakai
and Semang Dialects of the Malay
Peninsula—A Review.
By C. 0. BLAGDEN.
There has recently appeared in the Bijdragen tot de Taal-
Land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indié a monograph *
of some length on the Sakai and Sémang dialects, which may
fairly claim to be the most comprehensive piece of work yet
done in this connection and is therefore deserving of the
attention of the readers of this Journal. It is the more interes-
ting as being the first occasion for many years that a scholar of
some standing in Europe has been attracted to the study of these
dialects, and it will serve as a landmark for future collection
and research in relation to his rather neglected subject.
Never before have these dialects been submitted to the
systematic comparison to which Professor Schmidt subjects
them-in his paper. It has been his purpose to collate all the
existing published materials and to see whether any sound
inferences could be drawn from such a comparison. He has
actually omitted very little, and that little is not of the first
importance. The sources from which he draws are carefully
enumerated: they include, besides the previous numbers ” of
this Journal the works of Newbold °, Roberts, * De Morgan *
and Vaughan Stevens’ as well as the vocabularies published
by Klaproth * Tomlin," Low, ‘ Borie! and Maclay, * so that they
comprise practically everything of permanent value that had
. a Die Sprachen der Sakei und Semang auf Malacca und ihr Ver-
haltnis zu den Mon-Khmér Sprachen, von P. W. Schmidt, S. V. D.,
Bijdragen, etc.,(’S Gravenhage, 1901) No. 52, ( 6e Volgr., Deel 8 )
pp. 399-583.
6. Nos. 5, p. 129 e¢ seq; 8, p. 112 et seg ; 9, p. 167 et seq; 24, p.
13 et seg; 27, p. 22 et seq; 29, p. 13 et seq; Seealso Nos. 1 p. 41 et seq;
3, p. 113 et seq ; 33, p. 247 et seq.
R. A. Soc , No. 39, 1903.
48 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS,
appeared in print about these dialects when the author’s paper
was written '. The addition of the relatively few words given
by Lias™ and the vocabularies of Castelnau " and Errington de
la Croix °, as well as those published in the Selangor Journal ”,
would have made the collection as nearly complete as could
have been wished.
ce. T. J. Newbold, Political and Statistical Account of the
British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, ( London, 1839) Vol.
II, pp. 369-434.
d. Edm. Roberts, Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-
china, Siam, ete. ( New York, 1837 ) pp. 413-415.
e. L. De Morgan, in Bulletin de la Societé Normande de Géo-
graphie, ( Rouen, 1885), Vol. 7. p. 434 et seq ; reprinted as Exploration
de la presquile malaise, (Paris, 1886), Linguistique.
. H. V. Stevens, (ed. Giiinwedel) Materialien zur Kenntniss
der Wilden Stimme auf der Halbinsel Malaka, in Verréffentlichungen
aus dem Kéniglichen Museum fur Voélkerkunde (Berlin, 1892, 1894)
esp. Pt. II, p. 145 e¢ seq.
g. Klaproth in Journal Asiatique No. 12, pp. 241-3 (Paris, 1883).
h. Tomlin, ‘‘A list of Samang Words” from the ‘‘ Malacca Ob-
server,” no date given. This appears, however, to be a mere reprint
of the list given by Begbie in The Malayan Peninsula, (Vepery Mis-
sion Press, 1834) pp. 14-18.
i. Low in Journal of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. IV, p, 431.
j. HH. Borie, Notice sur les Mantras, in ‘Tijdschrift voor Ind.
Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde Vol. 10, p. 439 ef seq. (Batavia, 1861)
(translated in Indo-Chinese Essays, 2nd Series, Vol. I.)
k. Miklucho-Maclay in ‘Tijdschrift voor Ind. Taal-Land-en
Volkenkunde, Vol. 23 p. 303 et seq, p. 309 et seg. (Batavia, 1876). A
part of these last also appeared in this Journal (No. 1), but the lists
there given are less complete and are disfigured by several misprints.
1. See also J. Crawfurd History of the Indian Archipelago Vol.
II, p. 125 et seg., (Edinburgh, 1820). Malay Grammar Vol. I. p.
elxvi, elxxi-ii (London, 1852). W. Marsden, Miscellaneous Es-says,
(London, 1834), pp. 87, 113. J. Anderson, Political and Commer-
cial Considerations relative to the Malayan Peninsula (Prince of
Wales Island, 1824) p. xliv et seq.
m. Brau de St. Pol Lias, Pérak et les Orangs-Sakeys (Paris,
1883) pp. 270-273.
n. F. de Castelnau, Mémoire sur les Mantras, Revue de Philo-
logie et d’Ethnographie (Paris, 1876), Vol. II, pp. 142-3.
o. Errington de la Croix, Les Sakaies dé Pérak, Revue d’Ethno-
graphie (Paris, 1882) Vol. I, pp. 317-341.
p. Selangor Journal (1895) Vol. IIL p. 223 et seq; 240 et seq:
(1897 (Vol. V p. 325 et seq ; 361 et seq; 378 et seq ; 393 et seg.
Jour, Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. 4.9
The author’s merits, however, do not lie inthe mere com-
pilation of materials: he analyses his sources with the utmost
invenuity, showing how in some cases two authorities have
borrowed from one source, which is sometimes a writtén, some-
times an unwritten one, and how the several vocabularies are
related inter se*. Here it might have been worth while to go
even more deeply into the bibliography of the subject, and to
show, for instance, that Klaproth’s list is an unacknowledged
copy from the one that appears in Crawfurd’s History of the
Indian Archipelago, eked out however with some additions from
elsewhere, and to mention that Roberts merely copies, as he
himself admits, from Anderson. In dealing with Newbold’s
somewhat irritating ‘“‘ Benua” list, the author rightly points out
that it is a heterogeneous mixture of Bésisi with words from
some Sémang dialect cognate to the one given by Tomlin (and
Begbie); but his want of first-hand acquaintance with the
spoken dialects of Malacca has prevented him from recognizing
in it a third element, viz: Jakun, which is represented by a
good many words collected for Newbold by Munshi ‘Abdullah,
as related by the latter in his well-known Autobiography. It is
worth noticing too, though the author does not mention it, that
the older sources (i. e., prior to 1875) practically all deal either
with the Sémang dialects of the North of the Peninsula (collect-
ed from Penang) or the dialects of the south (collected from
Malacca). The latter barely take iu the Southern fringe of
the Sakai group, the purer forms of which, situated as they are
in the centre of the Peninsula, remained quite unknown (except
for the short notice by Colonel Low) until the introduction of
the Residential system opened the Native States to European
enquirers."
g. I may, perhaps, be permitted, in this connection, to confirm
the author’s inference, drawn purely from internal evidence, that I
did not copy the Bésisi words I gave in a former paper from my friend
Mr. W. W. Skeat, or vice versa. Mine were collected in Malacea, his
in Selangor. I venture to think it is rather a tribute to our accuracy
that they exhibit so few serious discrepancies. He
r. Bearing these limitations in view and allowing for their oc-
easional errors, the old lists are still very valuable and well worth
studying, especially for the Sémang dialects.
R. A. Soe., No. 30, 1903.
50 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS}
After discussing the sources, Professor Schmidt gives a
comparative vocabulary of words of all the aboriginal dialects
represented in them, reduced as far as possible to a uniform
system of spelling and arranged according to the apparent re-
lationships of the individual words. This has been very well
done and must have been a difficult and troublesome task, but it
is needless to say that such an arrangement (the only one possible
for comparative stady) is necessarily, in the present imperfect
state of our knowledge of the subject, to some extent tentative
and provisional. In many cases the author’s assumption of an
underlying affinity seems somewhat unconvincing. It is difficult,
for instance, to believe that Jog” is the Same word as jéhu: true
they both mean “tree” or “wood” (though I believe log” = “tree,”
Mal. pohon and jéhu = ‘“‘wood” Mal. kayu), and there are, it
must be admitted, forms in existence which seem to be almost
intermediate between them, e. @., delok", jelop, jéhup and the like,
but the evidence of identity does not seem to be quite con-
clusive, the more so as, apparently, the two variant forms appear
on occasions together in one dialect.*
Sometimes, too, in his natural desire to arrive at identifica-
tions, the author is inclined to take liberties with his authorities :
e. g., he will have it that ge, “to eat” (in Sémang) is to be pro-
nounced je, so as to bring it into line with the other and more
common word for ‘“‘to eat,” viz: cha (Sakai), chi (Séman). But
the q in ge is hard, and the word appears to be quite distinct
from cha and chi.
In compiling his comparative vocabulary, the author has
designedly omitted words of Malayan origin." This is some-
what regrettable as the forms assumed by these words in the
aborizinal dialects throw an interesting light on their phonology.
Moreover the omission seems to involve the assumption that all
such wordsare of comparatively modern importation from Malay,
whereas in fact there are in these dialects words of undoubted
Malayan affinity which cannot possibly have come into them in
that way. Certainly such words as to’ot “knee”, asu “dog” awe
s. See Dr. Luering’s Ulu Kampar Sakai in No. 35 of this
Journal. ;
t. The process has not been quite completely carried out, some.
40 words being left in, besides these noticed by the author.
Jour. Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS, 5]
“rattan,” sah ‘salt,’ manuk “fowl,” kebus “dead,” hirum
“black,” point back toa Malayan dialect other than Malay, and
the presence of such words, relatively few though they are, in-
evitably throws some doubt on the origin of others whose
source, by reason of their being common to Malay and other
Malayan languages, is necessarily a subject of uncertainty.
The omission of these words obscures one important ele-
ment in the constitution of the aboriginal dialects which must
not be left out of sight in any speculation as to their origin and
affinities.
It is difficult to account for their presence in the aboriginal
dialects of the Peninsula except on the assumption that they re-
present relics of Malayan dialects locally evolved there and
distinct from Malay itself, which isa Sumatran language not
originally native to the Peninsula; and in that case their intro-
duction must, it would seem, be of very ancient date, going
back to the days when Malay had not yet become the language
of the Peninsula; or to put the same thing in another way,
some of these aboriginal dialects are, at any rate in part, derived
from an independent Malayan origin going back to a remote
antiquity. While, therefore, there can be no doubt as to the
importance of the well-known Mon-Annam element in the
aboriginal dialects, this very archaic Malayan element is equally
deserving of recognition.
These points are not without importance, for the author’s
argument for the Mon-Annam origin of these dialects depends
to some extent upon the percentage of Mon-Annam words
which can be discovered in them: if therefore the aggregate
number of words examined is unduly reduced, either by arbi-
trary exclusion or by doubtful identifications, it is plain that
this percentage will be overstated. As the figures stand, the
author reduces his words to about 1250 and of these he pro-
fesses to identify about 240, say 20 per cent, as Mon-Annam;
The comparison is made at a later stage, and it is rather antici-
pating matters to mention it here, but it is the main thesis of
the article.
Most of the identifications seem to be quite unassailable
and even if they only account for something less than 20 per
cent of the vocabulary, that is still a considerable achievement.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1908
52 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
But a good many are at least doubtful, and one great ele-
ment of uncertainty remains which it is at present impossible
to eliminate, viz: the question whether the so-called Mon-
Annam languages themselves constitute a true family or are
not rather a very mixed formation, embodying various elements
of unknown origin.
The point is shortly this: so long as one is dealing with
Peguan or Cambojan, about which, as they are written langu-
ages, a considerable amount is known, one is on relatively safe
ground and can fairly refer words, that are attested by their
appearance in these two languages, to the Mon-Annam group.
But when it comes to words that reappear only in such dialects
as Lemet, Cat, Sedang and the like, of which merely a few
short vocabularies exist, while little or nothing is known of
their structure, the genuine Mon-Annam character of such
words is at least doubtful. The frequent comparisons with
Cham which the author makes also illustrate this point: for
Cham is, in part at least, a Malayan language. Such a word as
cheong “belly” in Sémang, if it be really identical with the
Cham tian, cannot be referred to a Mon-Annam origin, for tian
is unquestionably Malayan, occurring as it does in several
island languages of the Archipelago.
‘lhe fact is that one is dealing here with very mixed mate-
rials, and even the greatest care will not prevent an occasional
mistake.
After setting out the comparative vocabulary and the too few
sentences which have been recorded, the author proceeds to give
what is really the first attempt at a comparative grammar of these
dialects. As a first attempt it can only be characterized as
admirable.
He begins by discussing the sounds, both vowels and con-
sonants: and here it is worth while laying stress upon his well-
grounded complaint that collectors almost uniformly omit to give
a key to their systems of orthography. If they would only be
good enough to explain precisely how they intend words to be
pronounced, the work of the comparative student would be
much facilitated. The discussion of the phonology of these
dialects brings out several interesting points. The nasal con-
sonants are noticed; the nasal vowels, however, which are
Jour Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS, 53
equally well-marked, are not observed by the author, that is not
his fault: it may be explained that they somewhit resemble the
French » sounds, but are not unfrequently followed by an
ordinary consonant. The pronunciation of the palatal letters
(ch, j, sh) seems to require further elucidation, as it is not quite
clear whether they are identical with the corresponding English
sounds or somewhat softer. ‘There is a question whether all the
so-called diphthongs are really diphthongs or merely two vowels
in juxtaposition, each retaining its separate force. A few letters
seem to be doubtful: e. g., 2 and fin Newbold’s list, where the
former represents a rough (probably palatal) 7 and the iatter
generally a p; but both z and f appear, thouch rarely, in Sémang,
and ina few Sakai words. On these points perhaps future
collectors may throw more light.
Reduplication and repetition as modes of word formation are
next noticed, and then follows a most valuable section on pre-
fixes and infixes. Their existence as formative elements in these
dialects has been pointed out before," though never worked out
as completely as is done here. ‘There can be uo two opinions as
to its importance, especially in relation to the closely similar
formation of the Mon-Annam and the Malayan families of speech.
It may however be as well to express a doubt as to the soundness
of the author’s view that a prefix can be assumed whenever a
word appears in two slightly varying forms differentiated by
their initial syllables, or by the absence in one case of an
initial syllable which appears in the other. In the first place, the
mutability of sounds in these dialects is something quite remark-
able, but this need not imply that the syllable which changes is
a prefix, that is to say a merely formal accretion and no part of
the essence of the word: for the same mutability shows itself in
the final consonants,” which must surely be part of the root.
Secondly, where there are two forms, a longer and a shorter, it
is by no means certain that the shorter is always the original
one: it may be only an abbreviation, the result of rapid speech
and phonetic decay. Some allowance, too, must be made for
the defective observation and spelling of some collectors.
u. e. g., by Mr. W. W. Skeat in Selangor Journal, Vol. V, p. 328.
v. The author gives instances of the interchange of k, -t and -p.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
54 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
Still, after making a reasonable allowance for these sources
of error, there remains a large number of words in which the
existence of prefixes is quite certain. Their meaning is more
difficult to arrive at, but some, e. g., Ka- in Bésisi and ma- in
Sémang are undoubtedly verbal, and there are others which are
apparently adjectival and pronominal or demonstrative. One
very curious verbal prefix found ina dialect of the Northern
Sakai group (but by the collector, De Morgan, called Sémang) |
appears to vary its final consonant to suit the final consonant of
the principal root: e.g. népchip “to go”, nebliip “to enter,”
nékpok “to open.” This would seem to be in reality a combina-
tion of a prefix and a broken down repetition of the root word.
The author after comparing in succession the pronouns,
personal, possessive, demonstrative and interrogative, proceeds
to deal with the syntax of the substantive. It is worth noting
that, so far as appears, the same system of syntax runs through
all these dialects. The nominative (subject) precedes the
predicate; the genitive, adjective and demonstrative pronoun
follows the verb which governs it. Apparently there is no
foundation, at any rate in the materials here analysed, for the
theory that in Sémang the ideology is different.
Next the numerals are compared: here there is a clear
classification into groups, and as the numerals raise certain points
of some difficulty and considerable interest it seems desirable to
give specimens of the various types which occur. hey are as
follows :—
I I] iOU IV
Sémang. Sakat. Sakai. Bésisi (and
other southern
( Témbe’ ) ( Sé00 ) dialects)
i nai men (mel) — = nanu = St
2: bie nar narr "mbar
3.. (various). ne’ ni "mpe’
4, (various) (none) (none) npun
5, (none) (none) (none) misok"
6. (none) (none) (none) péru
7. (none) (none) (none) tempo
For three in Sémang the forms pat, ne, div and for four
sa-beh and nos.are given. These seem doubtful; but all the forms
Jour, Straits Branch:
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.- 55
given in the above table are well attested, and it is noticeable
how little agreement there is between the Sakai on the one hand
and the Sémang and Bésisi respectively on the other. It is true
that one appears to be the same in groups I and II and possibly
this is due to the fact that [Lis a mixed group of Sakai with a tinge
of Sémang in it, as is evidenced by other words common to these
two groups. But the author’s attempt to derive the forms of -
eroups I, II and III from the purely Mon-Annam forms of group
IV is more or less conjectural, and even if it is correct it leaves
one with the curious result that the pure Sakai is (as regards
the numerals) further removed from the regular Mon-Annam
type than the mixed Bésisi and its neighbours. This group IV
consists of a string of outlying dialects scattered along the
border line between the pure Sakai and the Jakun, in a tract of
country which extends from Ulu émbéling and Kuantan
(Pahang) to the Jasin district of Malacca and from Kuala
Langat (Sélangor) to Ulu Indau (Johor). In this group
alone * do the numerals extend beyond four, and that fact as
well as their singularly good state of preservation (in these very
mixed dialects) seems to me to indicate that these Mon-Annam
numerals were not native to the aboriginal dialects of the
Peninsula but were imposed from without, and that they either
have nothing whatever to do with the Sakai numerals (from
which they certainly cannot be derived) or that they have
filtered through into Sakai in degenerate forms. It seems very
unlikely that the pure Sakai first imposed its numerals (in a
primitive form) on the Jakuns who speak Bésisi etc., and then
proceeded to corrupt them while the Bésisi preserved them
unchanged.
So far as this evidence goes, it appears to me to tell against
the conclusion which the author ultimately arrives at, viz: that
all the aboriginal dialects of the Peninsula are branches of the
~ Mon-Annam stock.
gee It will be seen, too, that it is a mistake to regard the various
dialects as corruptions, in different degrees, of one single type
w. Some rather dubious lists of numerals beyond ‘‘four” are
given by two or three authorities, but all differ inter se and are suspect -
ed on that ground.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1902.
56 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
of Sakai, represented in its purest form by the Sénoi dialect.
This erroneous view has perhaps tended to discourage the
collection of the other dialects, which has been stigmatized as
useless except for the purpose of studying the progressive decay
of the language. It is evident, however, that Sénoi, though no
doubt on the whole the purest type of its own class of Sakai,
cannot be called upon to explain all the other dialects, some of
which appear to be in some respects nearer to the ancient
forms.
I need say nothing of the author’s further comparison with
the numerals of two Borneo dialects given in Mr. Ling Roth’s
work on Sarawak, as Mr. Ray (in “Man” 1902, No. 42) has shown
that one of these so-called Borneo dialects is really a Sakai
dialect of Perak collected by the late Mr. Brooke Low, while
the resemblance of the other is very slight and clearly
fortuitous.
After pointing out that a fair number of words (some 50 or
so, and all or nearly all of them of Mon-Annam origin) run
through almost all the dialects, the author next proceeds to
analyse the lists where they differ, with a-view to discovering
the relationship of the various dialects znter se and establishing
a classification of them into groups. Considering the paucity of
the materials for many of the dialects, this is really a brilliant
piece of work, to which justice could be done only by going into
details for which there is no space in this notice. The upshot of
it is that the dialects of the Peninsula, so far as they are here re-
presented, fall into the following groups :—
I. Sémang.
G) A relatively pure Sémang (and Pangan) group, curi-
ously homogeneous though covering a large tract of
country and extending from Northern Kédah to
southern Kélantan ;
(ii) Another Sémang group, less pure than the preceding,
represented by (a) the ‘“‘Jooroo” (Juru) Sémang of
the authorities, (b) the dialect given by Begbie (and
Ton:lin) and (c) certain words in Newbold’s ‘“Benua”
list: apparently to be regarded as “low country” Sé-
mang as opposed to the purer dialects of the interior
hills. :
Jour. Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. 57
II. Sakai.
(iii) The Témbe’ (or northern) Sakai group ;
(iv) The Sénoi (or central) Sakai group and the southern
dialects, such as Bésisi.
Substantially this classification, so far as it goes, would
seem to be entirely justified by the existing materials. It will
be observed that the main line of division (that between groups
I and II) corresponds pretty closely with the difference in race
between the Negritos (Sémangs) and the Sakais, while the sub-
division of group II into sub-groups iii and iv coincides with Mr.
Clifford’s distinction between Témbe’ and Sénoi and agrees with
Dr. Luering’s statement (which is borne out by a comparison of
their vocabularies) that the Ulu Kampar Sakais, who belong to
sub-group iv, cannot understand the dialect of the Kinta Sakais,
who fall into sub-group iii. So far at least as the Western half
of the Peninsula is concerned, this classification will probably
stand the test of further enquiry: in Pahang there appear to be
dialects of a mixed character which partake of some of
the characteristics of several of these sub-groups and
have peculiarities of their own as well. Of these the author
had no knowledge, as they have not as yet appeared in
print.
It is probable that sub-group iv should be further sub-
divided into —
(a) Central Sakai, including Sénoi, the Southern Perak
dialects and some of the Sélangor dialects, down to and
including the dialect of the Orang Tanjong of Ulu
Langat,* and .
(bo) Bésisi and a straggling greup of allied dialects in
Southern Sélangor, the Négri Sémbilan, Malacca, and
part of Pahang.
This last sub-division runs along the borderland between
Sakais and Jakuns: to the south and south-east of it come the
more Malayan Jakun dialects of Johor and the neiyhbouring
territories, and it is to be observed that the Bésisi group, itself,
though remarkable for the purity with which it has preserved
the Mon-Annam numerals, contains a considerable Malayan ele-
xz. Selangor Journal (1895) Vol III pp. 244, 245.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
58 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
‘ment. Similarly one of the chief differences between the Sénoi
and the Témbe’ groups is that the latter has more in common
with Semang than the former. The purest Sémang appears to
be spoken in Central and Northern Kédah and the adjoiniag
States of Raman and Ligeh, and the purest* Sakai in South-
eastern Perak, between Sungei Raya and Ulu Slim, and in the
adjoining valleys of Ulu Pahang. Between these centres there
is a debatable country in which are to be found more or less
mixed tribes speaking mixed dialects partly Sémang, partly
Sakai.
The author’s classification appears to be defective in one
point, namely in ignoring the Jakun group of the South of the
Peninsula: this group, whatever its origin, is now hopelessly
broken down and almost swamped with Malay, but itis of some
interest and apparently originally quite distinct from Sakai.
llere we have, however, the first attempt at a systematic
grouping of these dialects, and for this the author deserves
every credit. He also brings out a most important fact, viz:
that, underlymg the common Mon-Annam element. which
apparently runs through practically all these dialects, though in
varying strength, and the comparative uniformity of which has
led some former writers into the erroneous Pan-Negrito theory,’
there is in the Sémang dialects an alien element, neither Mon-
Annam nor Malayan, which may reasonably be assumed to be
the remnant of the original speech of the Negritos.
It is a mistake to assert that there are but few words com-
mon to Sakai and Sémang: the contrary is the case, such words
being fairly numerous. But, apart from these, there is a body
of words apparently peculiar to Sémang and not derived from
Sakai or any other known language. It is in these words that
the original affinities of the Sémang dialects will have to be
~ sought (if indeed it isany longer possible to detect them) and
not i in the words which Sémang has in common with. Sakai and
y. i mean pure with reference to Sémang and Sakai intermixture
only, leaving Malay influence out of the question.
-z. By this I mean the notion (of Maclay and others) that the
whole of fhe aborigines are of Negrito origin and that the differences
amongst them depend merely, on the percentage of crossing with
Malays.
Jour, Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. > _ 59
the Mon-Annam languages of Indo-China. The author is fully
justified in claiming to have established on purely linguistic
rounds the existence of a distinct Semang group of dialects,
spoken by and more or less co-extensive with the Negrito tribes
of the North of the Peninsula.
It is true that the border lines of language and physique
do not quite coincide: there are mixed Sakai-Sémane tribes in
Northern Perak who speak substantially Sakai dialects, while in
Southern Kélantan and Trénggann there are tribes, described as
having the sakai physical characteristics, whose dialects never-
theless must be classified as Sémang. But the great point
gained is that there is now proved to be a Sémang group of
dialects originally distinct from Sakai and retaining a consider-
able number of words for which no analogues have yet been
found elsewhere. Instances of such Ww ords are (1) Keita. day,-
(2) Kawau, “bird,” (3) mako, “egg,” (4) ekob, “snake,” (3) eh,
“doo”, (6) yus, nyus, ‘tooth’, (7) chas, “hand,” which are in no
way connected with the corresponding Sakai words (1) jish, (2)
chim (or chep), (3) tap, (4) taju, (5) cho, (6) /Emun, (7) ték” (or tih).
With the possible exception of No. 6, none of the above
Sémang words appear to be Mon-Annam; while, of the Sakai,
Nos 2, 3, 5,6, and 7 certainly are.
The next section of the paper is occupied with a careful
analysis of the mode of formation of the Mon-Annam languages.
It is shown that the sounds correspond pretty closely with those
of our aboriginal dialects; but the greatest stress is laid on the
system of prefixes and infixes. In this place it is hardly prac-
ticable to do more than illustrate this point by an example or two. _
drawn from the author’s specimens. Thus ‘in Cambojan, from a
word pék, ‘to fall to pieces; to split up; division,” are derived
the following :— —
puék path,
pampek “to divide”
pamnék ** piece”
prenék “piece”
prapek “division”
R. A.-Soc., No. 39, 1903
60 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
where the persistence of the root (here shown in italics) is
clearly seen in spite of the apparatus of prefixes or infixes added
to it. Another similar case is:—
kat PTS) Glin. Oyar
khndt ‘* measure”
kiimnat ‘ piece”
thkat “ pain”
tamkat ‘pain, suffering.”
Analogous, though less elaborate, formations occur in several of
the other Mon-Annam languages, and this system, it must be
admitted bears a stronz resemblance to the mode of formation
of the aboriginal dialects of the Peninsula.
It must, however, be borne in mind that it also finds
parallels in the Malayan family, some members of which (e.g.
the Philippine languages ) have carried it to an even higher stage
of complicated development. In fact the relation between the
Malayan and Mon-\nnam families in this particular are very
puzzling: there is so much similarity in their structure and so
little, relatively speaking, in their material or lexicographical
elements. I suppose it may be regarded as certain that these
two families of speech formerly bordered on one another in
Southern Indo-China (and possibly in the Peninsula too ) and, it
would seem that while they were in contact the one group in
some way exercised a profound influence on the other, probably
in the way, mainly, of the Mon-Annam group absorbing Malayan
ele nents, both material and formal. This makes it doubly
difficult, in the case of the aboriginal dialects of the Peninsula
which must have been evolved somewhere near the border line ~
of these two families, to decide to which, if either, of them they
originally belonged, seeing that the mode of formation in both is
so very similar. In the apparent absence of suffixes and in some
other respects, however, it must be admitted that the aboriginal
dialects offer more analogy to the Mon-Annam than to the
Malayan family.
After analysing these formal elements, the author runs
through the various parts of speech in the Mon-Annam languages
Jour. Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. 61
and compares them with the corresponding ones in the aborigi-
nal dialects, so far as the materials admit of such comparison.
The upshot of the matter is that, in his view, on grounds of
phonology, structure, and similarity of pronouns, demonstrative
adverbs and numerals, as well as the number of other words
already alluded to, the Sakai and Sémang dialects are to be
considered as essentially related to the Mon-Annam family.
Further the author holds that, on anthropological grounds, the
Sakais are to be considered as genuine members of the Mon-
Annam group of races, and therefore that their dialects are not
an acquired form of speech but represent their own original
language.
This latter point is, unfortunately, very slightly handled.
The author rests it upon (1) the dolichocephaiic character (2)
the dark complexion (3) the non-Mongoloid eyes and (4) the
wavy hair of these tribes, characteristics which may be par-
—alleled in certain of the Mon-Annam races.
This matter is, however, involved in great obscurity: for
some of these characteristics appear to be absent in some of
the Mon-Annam races. The Peguans and Cambojans appear to
be decidedly Mongoloid in type, though with a difference: *
and the author’s view requires us to believe that this is due to
orossing with a Mongoloid strain which has obliterated their
genuine original characteristics, while these have Leen retained
in relative purity by some of the wilder tribes. The thing is
possible. One knows that in Indo-China there has been an
enormous amount of crossing of races, and it is conceivable
that a slight strain of the strong Mongoloid type (which, as
one sees in Straits EHurasians, is very persistent even when
present in small percentages) might have modified the physical
characteristics of the civilized members of the Mon-Annam
stock (after the wild tribes had parted off from it) without
seriously affecting their languages.
In the case of the Negritos the matter is not susceptible
of the same explanation, and the author’s view is that the Sé
a. Iam assured by a Peguan that he can distinguish his own
people from the Burmese by their more oval faces and more prominent
(almost European) noses ; and that wavy hair occurs, though rarely,
amongst them.
KR. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
62 THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS.
mangs have substantially given up their own languages and
now speak dialects imposed upon them by a Mon-Annam race,
that is presumably by their neighbours the Sakais, although
they have preserved a good many genuine old Sémang words.
The collection and analysis of new materials will show
whether these conclusions are tenable. Personally I still in-
cline rather to the view, suggested in a former number of this
Journal, that most of the Mon-Annam words in these dialects
have been imposed from without by the influence of a Mon-
Annam race of higher civilization; and I think that the curious-
ly pure form of the numerals in the otherwise mixed group of
dialects to which Bésisi belongs supports this view. It would
not however be inconsistent with this idea to hold that the
Sakai dialects are also of Mon-Annam origin, though much
more distantly related to the parent stem: and that would per-
haps account for the divergence of the Sakai numerals from
the normal type. In that case we should have two waves of
Mon-Annam influence in the Peninsula, as well as two of Ma-
layan, and the analysis of the dialects would be somewhat as
follows :—
I. Common elements running through practically all the
dialects— :
(1) Malay ;
(2) Mon-Annam of the purer type:
(3) Malayan, other than Malay.
II. Separate original elements.
(4) In Sémang : the original language of the Neker
tos, whatever that may have been (possibly akin
to Andamanese? )
(5) in Sakai: a rude Mon-Annam form of speech (? )
(8) in Jakun: Malayan (7) and if so, identical with
(3) above (7).
It is evident from what has been said that though some
progress has been made in the study of these dialects, much
remains to be done; and as the author’s main purpose, as stated
by himself, is to encourage further research, it is to be hoped that
collectors will be stimulated by his valuable paper, and will
- take the matter seriously in hand. Above all it is absolutely
necessary to obtain a large number of genuine sentences, as
Jour. Straits Branch
THE SAKAI AND SEMANG DIALECTS. 63
actually spoken by the aborigines: mere lists of words have
their value, but the only chance of getting an insight into the
grammar of a language lies in the collection and analysis of
sentences, and that is now the most urzent desideratum in con-
nection with these dialects. Such work can only be done pro-
perly by men on the spot and thoroughly conversant with local
circumstances, and the.task should be undertaken at once,
before the imminent extinction of these dialects makes it for
ever impossible. In view of the high value, from a scientific
point of view, of such researches (which is attested oy the in-
terest taken in them by a scholar of European reputation like
the author of the paper I have attempted to review) I venture
to express the hope that the Governments of the Straits Set-
tlements and the Native States will follow the good example, in
these matters, of the Indian Government and will give some
assistance, or at least encouragement, towards a systematic
linguistic survey of the Peninsula on the lines of the Linguistic
Survey of India.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
The Contents of a Dyak Medicine
Chest.
By BISHOP HOSE,
A few days ago I was in the upper part of the Saribas-river,
the home of the race once celebrated throughout Malaya for
daring deeds of piracy. My companion was the Rev. William
Howell, the joint author with Mr. D. J. 8. Bailey of ‘A Diction-
ary of the Sea-Dyak Language,’ and an authority on all subjects
connected with the religious and other customs of that people.
We had ascended the Padih, an affluent of the main river, to the
village of Kundong, where we were going to spend the night
in the Dyak house, of which Brok is the twai, or head-man. The
house is of moderate length, about twenty doors; and as usual
the apartments of the twa are near the middle of the building.
There we were hospitably installed on the rwaz, or undivided
hall, (sometimes described asa verandah), which extends through-
out the whole length of a Sea-Dyak house, and occupies about
half of its area. The good mats were brought down from the
sadau, or loft, and spread for us; the rare luxury of a chair
was provided for me and there we talked, and taught, and an-
swered questions, and dispensed medicines, while the inhabitants
of the other rooms gathered round us, as well as the occupants
of our host’s private quarters. ‘There also we ate, and there
we slept when the kindly people would at last consent to our
going to bed.
The majority of the ‘rooms,’ i. e. separate tenements, in
this house are inhabited by Christians of long standing, but there
area few who have not yet comein. Amongst them is a Manang,
or Doctor of Magic, named Vasu, who has a large practice in the
neighbourhood. I was anxious to interview him in order to
get some information that I wanted for the purpose of compar-
ing the original spiritual beliefs of the Borneans with those
that underlie the Mohammedanism of the Malays of the Peninsula.
I was also desirous of ascertaining how far the methods of the
R.‘A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
66 A DYAK MEDICINE CHEST.
Dyak Manang, when undertaking to cure diseases, resembled
those of the Pawang and Bomor, his Malay confréres.
At our invitation Dr. Dasu came out of his room readily
enough, and sat down with us to chat and smoke a cigarette.
He talked freely and intelligently about such matters of gener-
al interest as happened to be broached, especially the late
expedition against the turbulent people of the Ulu Ai, and the
terrible epidemic of cholera which was just passing away. But
as soon as we began to give the conversation a professional
turn, and speak of the practice of medicine by the native doc-
tors of the Saribas, he put on a look of impenetrable reserve,
and could hardly be persuaded to speak at all. There is reason
to believe that this was chiefly owing to the presence of Howell.
He has succeeded in winning the confidence and affectionate
regard of Dyaks to an unusual degree, but he is unpopular among
the Manangs. Histeaching has led people to think for themselves,
and wherever he goes the business and the gains of the village
doctor shew a tendency to decrease. Moreover several of the
fraternity have submitted to his influence, abandoned their
tricks, and taxen to honest farming. It is known too that some
of these have surrendered their whole stock of charms to my
friend, and have also made dangerous revelations, whereby the
profession has been much discredited.
So Dr. Dasu was only with great difficulty induced to impart
to us hisknowledge. He told me after more confidential re-
lations had grown up between us, that he suspected me of an
intention, by some means or other, to get possession of his preci-
ous materia medica,and so deprive him of his means of living. How-
ever his fears were removed by repeated assurances that it was
information only that I wanted, and that I was consulting him
just because I preferred to get it direct from a professor of
repute, rather than trust to reports received from white men.
At length we persuaded him to be gently catechised. I got
some precise answers to my questions respecting certain articles
of Dyak belief which had been variously defined by different
investigators,and about which my ideas had been a good deal
confused. But those matters are not the subject of this note.
It is the concluding incident of the rather prolonged interview
that I propose to describe.
_Jour, Straits Branch
$
y
P
|
4
A DYAK MEDICINE CHEST. 67
‘We had talked to one another so pleasantly and frankly
that I thought I might ask Dasu as a great favor to show me
his Lupong, or Medicine Chest, and the charms of power which
it contained. It was quite evident that this aroused his suspicions
again, and he retired within himself as before. But the prin-
cipal people of the house, who were sitting by us, urged him to
consent, and, as old acquaintances of mine, assured him of my
good faith. So he was at last persuaded, and went to his own
room to fetch the treasure.
As I have said, the good mats of the household, as is usual
when it is intended to show respect to a visitor, had been taken
down for our accommodation from the place where they are
stored. But we now saw that the most valued of them all had
been held in reserve. This, which was made of fine and very
flexible rotan, the latest triumph of the skill and industry of our
courteous hostess Ipah, Brok’s wife, was now handed down and
spread in front of us for the reception of the great man and the
mysterious implements of his profession. After some consider-
able delay, probably intended to excite our curiosity the more,
he appeared and sat down on the mat prepared for him: a
subdued murmur of applause and satisfaction greeting him as he
took his seat.
A Manang’s LZupong, or case for holding his charms, may
be almost anything. Sometimes it is a box, sometimes a basket,
sometimes a bag. In this instance it was an open-mouthed
basket made of thin shavings of bamboo, hung round the neck
of the owner by a strip of bark.
Before beginning the exhibition Dasu made a little formal
speech, in which with much show of humility, he spoke in
depreciation of his own powers and knowledge, and of his
collection of remedial charms, as compared with those of other
members of the profession elsewhere. ‘These remarks were of
course received with complimentary expressions of dissent from
the audience: and then at last the contents of the basket were
displayed before us. They were tied up together in a cloth
bag, the most highly prized being further enclosed in special
receptacles of their own, such as a second cloth covering, a little
bamboo box with a lid, or a match-box. They were
ceremoniously brought out and placed side by side on the mat
R. A, Soc., No. 39, 1903,
68 A DYAK MEDICINE CHEST.
of honour. I was then invited to handle and examine them, and
‘the name and use of each were told me without any fresh
‘indication of unwillingness. This is a list of them.
i. Batu bintang, or Star-stone; a small transparent stone
rounded by the action of water till it was almost spherical, with
-a rather rough surface. The Manang looked upon it as his
“badge of authority, and told the following story of the way he
became possessed of it. Many years ago, in the interval be-
tween harvest and the next seed-time, he was working as a cooly
‘in Upper Sarawak. There he had a dream in which he was
visited by the being whom he looks upon as his guardian-spirit.
“As in all cases when this spirit has had any communication to
make to him, it appeared in the form of a tortoise. It told him
that he must forthwith put himself under instruction in order to
be qualified for the office of a Manang: and that if he neglected
this command all the spirits would be anyry, and death or
madness would be the penalty. When he awoke he found the
* Batu bintang by his side, and had no doubt it was the gift of
the spirit. Accordingly he did as he was bidden without loss of
time. He acquired the professional knowledge and the stock in
trade which were necessary, and was at last duly initiated with
all the proper rites and ceremonies.
ii. Batu krat ikan sembilan, or The petrified section of the
Sembilan fish. This wasa curious object which I could not
‘quite make out. It was oblong in shape, about two inches long,
one inch broad, and half an inch thick in the middle, but getting
suddenly thinner towards the two edges till it became not more
than +, of aninch. ‘The thick part was hollow, having a large
oval-shaped perforation going through it. It resembled a sec-
tion from the middle of a large winged seed, but heavy for its
size, and feeling like stone. I could not of course test this by
cutting or scraping. When used it is soaked for a time in
water; the water is then given to the sick man to drink, or is
rubbed gently upon the part of his body which is affected.
iii. Batu lintar, or Thunder-bolt: a small dark-coloured
stone, about an inch anda half long, and a quarter of an inch
thick at the base, tapering to a sixteenth of an inch at the point;
curved and rather like a very small rhinoceros horn, and highly
polished. It was probably the same kind of stone as that of
Jour. Straits Branch
A DYAK MEDICINE CHEST, 69
which the stone implements found in the Malay Peninsula are
made, which are also called Batu lintar. It is pressed firmly
against the body wherever pain is felt.
iv. Batu nitar, another name for Thunder-bolt: a minute
four-side crystal, half an inch long and about two lines thick.
A charm to be used only in extreme cases. It is dipped in water
and then shaken over the patient. If he starts when the drops
of water fall upon his body he will recover, otherwise he. will
die.
v. Batu krang jiranau, or Petrified root-stock of jiranau
(a Zingiberad ?). ‘They told us this is the Dyak name of a kind of
wild ginger. The word is curiously near to Jerangau or Je-
ringu, which Ridley says is Acorus cailamus: ‘‘a plant much used
by native medicine-men,’ (Wilkinson, Malay-English Diction-
ary.) The thing so called was possibly part of the back-bone ot
some animal, bent double and the two ends tied together, each
vertebra brown and shining after long use. A charm for dysen-
tery and indigestion, and also for consumption. It is dipped in
oil, and rubbed on the patient’s body in a downward direction.
vi. Batu ilau, or Sparkling stone, also called Batu kras, or
the hard stone. A six-sided crystal, two inches long and three
quarters of an inch thick. One end appeared to have been for-
merly stuck into some sort of handle, as it was covered with malau,
or lac. ‘This is the indispensable sight-stone to be looked into
for a view of that which is future, or distant, or otherwise in-
visible to ordinary eyes. It is specially used by Manangs, for
discovering where the soul of the sick man, wandering away from
the body, is concealing itself; or for detecting the particular
demon who is causing the illness.
There were also, jumbled up together at the bottom of the
bag, a number of tusks of wild boar, pebbles, and other rubbish,
but these were pronounced to be utaz ngapa, things of no import-
ance. One article that we hoped to find was absent. lasu said
he should be glad indeed to have it, but it had never come in his
way. Itis the Batu burung endan, or Pelican stone. He ex-
plained to us that this is a stone which has the magical power of
securing the presence and cooperation of a spirit who dwells in
the form of the endan, (pelicanus malaccensis). When the
Manang is seeking to enter Selayan, the Spirit world, in search
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
70 . A DYAK MEDICINE CHEST.
of the errant soul of a sick man, this demon can ensure to hima
swift and unimpeded passage thither and back again.
While Dasu was telling us the story of his vision of the
Tortoise spirit who gave him the Batu Bintang I watched his
face carefully for any sign that he believed, or did not believe
his account. I could not be sure: but I am inclined to think he
did not. He seemed relieved when we had finished our ex-
amination of his possessions, and he could pack them all up and
carry them off to the security of his own dwelling.
Several similar collections of charms have at different times
been given to me, obtained from Manangs who have become
Christians but it was particularly interesting to me to have a set
actually in use exhibited and explained by their owner, and |
have thought that a description of them might possibly have some
interest for other Members of the Society.
Jom, Straits Branch
‘
New Malay Orchids.
BY HIN. RIDLEY:
The following new orchids mostly from the peninsula have
been obtained since the publication of the Orchids of the Malay
Peninsula in the Journal of the Linnean Society Vol. XXXII,
. 2138.
: In working up the group for the Flora of the Malay Pen-
insula I find we have as at present known 530 species belonging
to 87 genera, and doubtless there are many more to be dis-
covered especially in the northern districts, and on the hills of the
east of the Peninsula. I have added a few descriptions of new
species also from Sumatra, the orchid flora of which is really
very little known, though the more showy kinds have been
exported thence for many years.
_ Liparis atrosanguinea, n. sp. Stem stout sheathed 4 inches long
tall, leaves ovate lanceolate acute crisped 8 inches long by
three inches wide or less, scape stout over a foot tall.
Raceme lax many flowered. Bracts very small ovate
lanceolate, ovary and pedicel 1 inch long twisted, and
the ovary with sinuate ribs. Flowersaslargeas those of
L. venosa entirely deep red purple. Sepals linear obtuse
revolute. Petals much narrower. Lip orbicular
oblong 4 inch long subacute denticulate with two short
semicircular lamelle at the base. Column arched with
narrow wings.
Perak on the Gap on the Thaiping hills at 4000 feet
_ elevation, (Curtis and Derry.)
Allied to ZL. venosa, Rid]., but with a broader lip and
deep purple flower.. A really beautiful plant.
L. vittata, n.sp. Pseudobulbs conic crowded short 1 inch
long. Leaf lanceolate acute 5 inches long ? inch wide.
Scape 6 inches long. Flowers numerous } inch across.
Sepals lanceolate, petals linear all white. Lip entire,
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
72
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS.
oblong obtuse white with a central crimson bar. No
calli. Ovary and pedicel + inch long. Column straight,
broadened at the base.
Sumatra, Indragiri (Curtis). Flowered in Penang
Gardens.
A pretty little plant of the Corit/oliae section, somewhat
resembling L. lacerata Ridl., inhabit, but the lip is quite
entire, and very differently colored.
Platyclinis odorata, n. sp. Pseudobulbs cylindric tapering 24
to 3 inches lony leaf lanceolate subacute petiolate blade 9
inches long # inches wide, petiole 2 inches long slender.
Raceme nodding graceful one foot long, lower
half nude slender. Flowers greenish white sweet-
scented + inch long numerous bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate longer than the shorter ovary, Sepals and petals
lanceolate acuminate acute. Lip entire tongue-shaped
obtuse minutely pubescent keels 2 nearly the whole
length of the lip. Column rather short with broad
wings, arms free from a little below the stigma as long
as the hood linear apex soothed, hood of columns large
toothed anther with a short broad beak.
Perak (Curtis, No. 2854).
Dendrobium viridicatum, n. sp. Stem rather slender flexuous
over a foot long. Leaves lanceolate acute 234 inches
long, $ inch wide sheaths inch long. Flowers borne
on leafless stems numerous in very short racemes of 2 or 3
flowers, peduncles 4 inch long, bracts very small ovate
sheathing, pedicels #inchlong. Flowers 4 inch long
light green. Sepals lanceolate acute, laterals broader,
mentum very short blunt. Petals broader oblong lanceo-
late. Lip entire lanceolate acute column short with erect
arms.
Perak, at Ipoh (C. Goldham.)
This seems as nearly allied to D. macrostachyum,
Lindl., as to any other species.
P. Culicopis, un. sp. Stems slender over a foot long internodes
Eto 1 inch long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate acute,
Jour. Straits Branch —
oe a eT TS
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS. 73
3 inches long $ inch wide. Flowers three or oe on a
short peduncle 4 2 inch long, pedicels with ovary 3 inch
long, flowers an inch across, sepais ovate obtuse, laterals
narrower subacute, mentum as long cylindric subacute.
Petals broader elliptic obtuse, all white tinted with
rose, lip entire broadly oblong truncate apex bilobed,
lobes short rounded, with 4 raised veins in the centre
two thick in the centre and two thinner outside all white
with a rosy spot on the tin. Column short and thick
enlarged at the stigma arms erect both like crimson.
Anther ovate pink lar ee.
Lankawi Islands, (Cur tis).
This belongs to the Pedilonum section and is allied to
D. hymenopterum, Hook. fil. which grows in Kedah. The
flowers though few and rather fugacious, are very pretty
the deep crimson of the tip of the column, contrasting
well with the rosy white of the rest of the flower.
D, tenuicaule,n. sp. Stems very siender weak, a foot lony.
Leaves narrow linear lanceolate acuminate 3 inches long
+ inch wide, sheaths one inch long. Flower solitary large,
pedicel and ovary slender $ inch long. Upper sepal
ovate acute, mentum very long cylindric apex de-
curved. acute # inch long. Petals broadly ovate all
pink darkest at the tips. Whole flower ? inch across.
Lip claw very long narrow lateral lobes broad up
curved, mid lobe short ovate apex bifid, edge crisped,
white with a central pink line. Column short with
a very long foot, arms toothlike erect. Anther margin
pubescent.
Lankawi, Ayer Hangat (Curtis).
D. bifidum, n.sp. Plant with the habit of D. flabellum, stems a
R, A. Soc.,
foot or more long slender, pseudobulbs oblanceolate
flattened 1$ inch long, 2 inches apart. Leaf broadly
lanceolate ovate obtuse 5 inches long 2 inches wide.
Bracts lanceolate acute red. Flowers 1 or 2 open ata
time, ovary and pedicel } inch long. Sepals and petals
linear oblong acute recurved yellow with red spots,
petals a little smaller, mentum acute. Lip longer than
No. 39, 1903.
“74 NEW MALAY-ORCHIDS.
the sepals, claw narrow linear edges and ridges crenu-
late, apex with two narrow cuneate truncate labels
half as long as the claw, white yellowish at the tip
column stout conic, as long as the foot. Anther oblong-
truncate in front.
Lankawi Islands (Curtis).
One of the Desmotrichum section resembling D. flabel-
lum but remarkable for the terminal lobe of the lip formed
of two narrow cuneate truncate lobes.
Bulbophyllum variabile, n. sp. Rhizome stout woody, pseudobulbs
curved 3 inches long. Leaf elliptic ovate acute 6 inches
long, 2 to 8 inches wide, thin by coriaceous, petiole
an inch long. Scape from near the pseudobulb stout,
red with several sheaths at the base and three or four
lanceolate red spotted ones scattered on it. Bracts large
lanceolate acute spotted red half as long as the ovary. “S
Flowers 1 or 2 large show 3 inches across. Upper ‘
sepal lanceolate acute, laterals falcate. Petals lanceolate
nearly as long all yellow with red dots. Lip tongue-
shaped recurved with a broader base, short, apex blunt
yellow with red spots. Column short, foot twice as
long, apex free, arms short rounded.
B. Reinwardtii, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 754 (not B. Rein-
wardti, Rehb. fil. Sarcopodium Reinwardtia, Lindl.)
Thaiping Hills on trees and rocks; collected by Mr.
Curtis and myself; and at Gunong Batu Putih, by
Wray, 1122.
There are two colour forms of this, one as described
above, the other has the sepals and petals crimson, with red
spots at the base; Jip dark crimson, column yellow with F
crimson spots. Both forms are very beautiful and at- P
tractive plants, but like so many of these large Bulbo- .
phylla very troublesome to grow.
B. pustulatum, n. sp. Stem stout crinite, pseudobulbs crowded
oblong conic half an inch long. Leaf elliptic lanceolate
acute four inches long by one inch wide, petiole } inch
long. Flower solitary an inch across, pedicel slender $ an
Jour, Straits Branch ;
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS, 75
inch long. Upper sepal lanceolate acute, laterals much
broader ovate obtuse. Petals lanceolate acute nearly as
large as the upper sepal. All yellow with red _ stripes.
Lip fleshy ovate cordate obtuse dark maroon colored 4
inch long with 2 raised lobes at the base, and a mass
of papillee on the disc. Column short with a long foot,
the apex free, arms triangular oblong obtuse. Climbing
on trees on the lower slopes of the Mount Ophir
range.
B. tenerum, n. sp. Rhizome slender filiform pseudobulbs ovoid
¢ inch long about + inch apart. Leaf oval half an inch
long not petiolate. Scape slender red 2 inches tall with
a few bracts at the base. Flowers 5 at the top of the
stem + inch long, shortly pedicelled. Upper sepal lan-
ceolate acuminate, laterals much longer slightly gibbous
at base, purple bases green. Petals ovate elliptic much
shorter green. Lip small recurved acute purple.
Column thick curved green foot as long purple, arms
long linear curved acute.
Lankawi Islands (Curtis).
Very small few-flowered species allied to B. hirtulum, Ridl.
B. cincinnatum, n. sp. Very small plant pseudobulb very small.
Leaf elliptic obtuse closely nerved, 4 inches long 2 inches
wide, scape very slender 2 inches long. Flowers 4
inch long, 2 on the apex of the scape. Bracts ovate
very short ovary and pedicel inch long. Sepals lanceo-
late subacute nearly equal brown, hairy. Petals brown
linear oblong falcate hairy. Lip obtuse with long
white hairs. Column short foot as long, arms short.
Perak, Batu Tujoh (Curtis).
This is another of the small species with a few small
flowers on the end of a slender scape. ‘The curious white
curly hairs on the lip are perhaps its most striking charac-
teristic.
B. brevipes, n. sp. Rhizome woody, pseudobulbs $ to ?an inch
apart cylindric conic curved. 4 inch long. Leaf ellip-
tic shortly petioled one inch long + to 4 inch wide,
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903
76 NEW MALAY ORCHIDS
apex subacute coriaceous; raceme very short about
6 flowered + inch long. Flowers pale yellow. Bracts lan-
ceolate much longer ee the ovary. Sepals subequal lan-
ceolate acuminate 2 inch long. Petals about 4 of the
leneth elliptic blunt. Lip shorter curved thick fleshy
deeply grooved base clawed, with two strongly raised
ridges or wings from the base. Column short and thick
with a short foot, arms erect narrow acuminate.
Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Scortechini drawing
176. Allied to B. Gamblei, Hook. fil., but with a much
shorter peduncle.
B, ochranthum, n. sp. Pseudobulbs densely crowded oblong conic
+ inch long. Leaf a lanceolate acute base nar-
row ed 14 inch long, 4 inch wide. Scape nearly as long
flowers 5 or 6 crowded in a head about } inch long.
Bracts lanceolate shorter than the ovary: upper sepal s
narrow linear-lanceolate acuminate, laterals one quarter
longer, all white with yellowish tips. Petals less than
half as long as the upper sepal lanceolate obtuse white.
Lip small tongue shaped acute recurved yellow.
Column thick foot shorter, arms narrow linear acute
curved. ;
Perak, Thaiping Hills, at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation
(Curtis).
B. (Cirrhopetalum) Curtisir, n. Sp. Rhiome slender creeping, with
ovoid conic pseudobulbs 2 inch long, 4 an inch apart.
Leaf elliptic oblong obtuse thick 1 to 14 inch long, half
an inch wide, very ~ shortl y petioled. Scape slender 2 to
3 inches long with a lanceolate-pointed sheath in the
middle. Flowers about 5 crowded at the top. .Bracts
lanceolate acuminate. Upper sepal triangular lanceolate
laterals quite free, linear flat narrow 3 inch long yellow.
Petals falcate lanceolate glabrous, brown. Lip small
tongue-shaped fleshy curved. Column broad arms tri-
angular short.
Dindings. In Mangrove sae (Curtis).
—— a
B. perakense, n. sp. Pseudobulb conic ¢ inch long. Leaf elliptic
9
narrowed at the base 2 to 3 inches long, § inch wide,
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS. et,
coriaceous, scape 3 to 4 inches long fairly stout; flowers
crowded numerous glabrous; bracts lanceolate acuminate.
Upper sepal ovate acute, laterals 2 inch long connate for
half their length, tips acuminate. Petals nearly as large
as the upper sepal, ovate lanceolate acute. Lip tongue-
shaped channeled above, but little curved; column
arms triangular obtuse erect broad.
Perak, on the Waterloo Hstate near Kwala Kangsa.
(Sir Graeme Elphinstone).
Dendrochilum angustifolium, n. sp. Rhizome long woody terete,
pseudobulbs 1 to 14 inch apart or closer, subcylindric 4 to
3 inch long. Leaf narrowly linear lanceolate 2 inches
long, +inch wide blunt; mucronulate, narrow at the base,
scapes solitary or several together on a stout short ped-
uncle from the base of the pseudobulbs with numerous
basal sheaths 8 to 4 inches long. Flowers numerous
greenish white $ inch long. Bracts ovate subacute half
the length of the ovary, rachis scabrid. Sepals ‘linear
lanceolate. Petals narrower. Lip narrow lanceolate
to obtuse with 2 thick ridges at the base and a
lower one between them. Column short upper margin
hooded minutely toothed, arms linear from near the base.
Capsule half-an-inch long subglabase ovoid three-angled.
Selangor, Bukit Hitam, (Kelsall).
Pahang, K’luang Terbang, (Barnes).
D, ellipticum, n. sp. Rhizome long woody branched yellow,
pseudohulbs conic-cylindric curved # inch long. Leaf
thinly coriaceous elliptic oblanceolate obtuse 3 inches
long by one inch wide. Scapes 3 inches long with
larye sheaths at the base; bracts ovate acute nearly as
long as the short ovary. Flowers 4 inch long rather
fleshy. Sepals lanceolate acute, apex thickened terete.
Petals similar but narrower. Lip pandurate obtuse
pustular, basal ridges obscure forming a pustular mass.
Column rather long, hood with three teeth, arms from
about half-way up the column, linear longer than broad.
Singapore, Sumbawang, (Ridley 6536).
A curious little species on account of its pustular lip.
R. A. Soce., No. 39, 1903.
78 NEW MALAY |ORCHIDS.
It is interesting as being theonly low country species, the
rest being all mountain plants.
Kria pendula, n. sp. Stems terete 2 or 3 feet long 2 inch through
leafy. Leaves narrowly linear lanceolate acuminate 4
inches long ¢ inch wide sheaths dilate upwards 3 to 1
inch long. Racemes lateral hardly 4 inch long with
several lanceolate acute red brown bracts half an inch
long. Flower solitary nearly an inch across white.
Pedicel and ovary 3 inch long red. Upper sepal ob-
long obtuse laterals broadly ovate reflexed, mentum
short very broad and blunt. Petals oblong rounded as
broad or broader than the upper sepal. Lip shortly
clawed broad obovate rounded, side lobes indistinct,
midlobe longer broad keels 2 curved plates on the disc.
Column stem foot long.
Selangor at the Kwala Lumpur Caves (Kelsall).
Perak (Scortechini, drawing).
Borneo Sarawak.
Eria (Trichotosta) cristata n. sp. Stem a foot tall, leaves lanceo-
late acuminate oblique 3 inches long 4 inch wide, coria-
ceous almost glabrous above hairy beneath sheaths
elabrescent when old, very hairy when young, half an
inch long. Racemes short + inch long very hairy,
lowest bract cup-shaped; upper ones ovate lanceolate
acute 4 inch long much longer than the ovary; flowers
2 to 3 half an inch long. Sepals lanceolate acute
covered with red hair, mentum as long blunt; petals
linear obtuse much narrower, lip with a very long claw
pubescent at the base spathulate tip rounded retuse,
glabrous except for the ends of the three raised veins
which are covered with short clubbed hairs; column
base pubescent.
Penang, and Lankawi [sland at Terutau, (Curtis 1696).
Ff. rotundifolia, n. sp. Stems slender forming a matted
- mass. Leaves in small tufts on short stems } inch long,
fleshy thick obovate blunt hairy + inch long. Flowers
4+ inch long on a very short pedicel solitary with 2
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS. Vee.
cupular bracts with a short point, upper one longer than
the ovary; upper sepal oblong ovate, laterals much
broader, mentum rather large rounded. Petals oblong
obtuse; all greenish yellow, billows on the outer serface.
Lip oblong obtuse, tip broader three-lobed; side lobes
small, midlobe rounded, all denticulate greenish yellow
with a ceutral raised bar ocreous, and some purple spots
on each side, column short foot long olive green ; anther
orange conic one-celled, apex with a short blunt point,
front edge emarginate. Pollinia 8 subequal.
Penang, above the Waterfall (Curtis).
A very curious plant forming large masses of small tu-
fled leaves something like those of Dischidia mummuluria.
It is allied to F. dasyphyl/a, Par., a native of India, and
Kk. microphylla, Bl. of Java. From the former it differs
in its shorter rounded leaves, much shorter peduncle
and longer mentum. The lip is broader at the tip and 3-
lobed, and is differently colored. ‘The anther is also
quite different in shape having a kind of blunt conic
boss on the top.
i)
Ceratostylis puncticulata,n. sp. Stems slender weak curved to 3
4 inches long but little branched, sheaths short ampli-
ate, mucronulate, minutely punctate. Leaves narrowly
elliptic lanceolate blunt. petiolate 2 inches long + inch
wide. Flowers in pairs on short slender pedicels with
minute bracts. Sepals lanceolate acute. Lip spathulate
with an acute thickened tip.
Perak, Thaiping Hills at 5000 feet elevation.
Calanthe mutabilis, n. sp. Habit of C. veratrifolia. Leaves broad
ovate lanceolate acuminate 12 inches long 4 inches wide.
Scapes stout 20 inches tall sometimes branched, raceme
about 6 inches long-many flowered. Bracts persistent
oblong obtuse + inch. Pedicels slender ? inch long.
Upper sepal broadly lanceolate ovate laterals lanceolate
acute 4+ inch long. Petals narrow linear. All white.
Lip claw very short with 3 large lanceolate papille and
a number of small ones, terminal lobe broad + inch
across reniform bilobed at the apex, white with claw and
R. A. Soc.. No. 39, 1903.
80
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS.
base of midlobe yellow, at first, becoming ocreous
orange after one or two days and fading red orange.
Spur very slender an inch long obtuse decurved.
Column thickened round the stigma, anther shortly
bluntly beaked.
Sumatra, Deli, imported with C. veratrijolia and culti-
vated in the Botanic Gardens, Penang. FI. September.
This plant Mr. Curtis says is indistinguishable from C.
veratrifolia in leaves and habit. The flower is however
quite different. The broad kidney-shaped bilobed lip,
colour changing from white tinted with lemon yellow
at the base to dull dark orange red is very striking.
The branched scape a most unusual character in Calan-
the is not apparently rare, as it has been produced in
two out of three plants cultivated by him.
C. albo-lutea, n. sp. A large plant with broa \ly lanceolate acute
leaves 2} feet tall, 4 inches wide with strong ribs petiole
stout 8 inches tall, scape over 11 feet “long, stout.
Bracts caducous, flowers about half an inch across, pedi-
cel and ovary + inch long. Sepals and petals short broad
- ovate acute white. Lip 3 lobed white with yellow base,
loLes very short falcate acute, midlobe obovate rounded
reniform broad, bilobed, calli 2 short semiovate ridges at
the base, spur shorter than the pedicel thick blunt club-
bed curved.
Perak (Scortechini), Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Larut
Hills (Derry).
C. aurantiaca, n. sp. Rhizome fairly oe leaves narrow lance-
olate acuminate 12 inches lo oy 2 inch wide, petiole 3
inches long. Scape slender a foot tall with a large
lanceolate sheath towards the base. Bracts caducous.
Flowers 2inchacross orange. Pedicel and ovary slender
Linch long. Sepals ovate y apiculate 2 Linch long. Petals
much broader. Lip narrow, side lobes subtriangular
ovate, midlobe narrow linear oblong obtuse red. Keels
2 short semiovate, spur slender sigmoid blunt. Rostellum
long beaked. - .
Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley).
Jour, Straits Branch
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS, 81.
CO. microgiossa, n sp. Pseudobulb short; Leaves distichous lan-
ceolate acuminate 6 inches long, 2 inches wide. Scape
stout a foot tall, with a larze swollen sheath. Bracts
lanceolate acuminate pale caducous. Flowers small
ovary and Bees Zinch parts distinct. Sepals ovate
acuminate # inch long orange. Petils shorter orbicular
ovate rounded, Lip : shorter very small scarlet, oblong
spathulate base broad narrowed in the middle; apex de-
flexe1 with two elevated ridges at base, spur as long as
ovary thick scrotiform, rostellum and anther not beaked.
Sumatra, Hast Coast, (native collector) near C. scor-
techinii, but with a differently formed and colored lip.
It has quite the appearance of C. curculigoides at a littie
distance. It was sent with other orchids from the Kast
Coast of Sumatra by a native and flowered in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore.
Coelogyne densiflora, n.sp. Pseudobulbs long cylindric-conic
narrow 4 inches long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate 14
inches long 13 inch wide, petiole 2 inches long. Scape
pendulous 8 inches long dense flowers numerous smaller
than in C. Dayana, rachis and ovaries not nigrohirsute.
Bracts red brown oblong truncate half an inch long and
as wide; sepals lanceolate acute; petals narrower 1
inch long brownish. Lip, side-lobes short acute, apices
narrow, outside white. inside brown with white streaks;
midlobe orbicular, shortly apiculate, edge white, centre
red brown with a large yellow central papillose mass;
keels on the disc between the lobes crested. Column
hood retuse anther white.
Selangor, on Bukit Hitam, (Kelsall)
C. pallens, n. sp. Rhizome stout, ee subeylindric 2 to
3 inches Jong wrinkled. Leaves 2 elliptic or oblanceolate
3 to 6 inches long 1 to {$ inch wide petiole t inch long.
Scape from the top of the pseudobulb, base nude with 1
persistent bract. Raceme 6 inches long flexuous.
Flowers 2 inches across. Sepals lanceolate acute pale
green. Petals linear filiform. Lip white lateral lobes
R. A. Soe., No. 39, 1908.
82
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS.
long with subacute long pubescent tips, base saccate
midlobe as long, with 2 long sinuous brown keels.
Column hood three lobed central lobe long undulate.
Anther conic not beaked. }
Perak, Thaiping Hills(Curtis). Bujong Malacca(Ridley).
This is closely allied to C. anceps, Hook fil. Ic. Pl. 2109
but the scape is terete not compressed and the petals are
much narrower.
Saccolabium Machadonis, n. sp. Stems curved slender 12 inches
long. Leaves terete recurved 3 inches long 2 inch
thick apex pungent. Racemes 2 inches long. Flowers
scattered 2% inch long; sepals linear oblong obtuse.
Petals narrower all recurved olive yellow. Lip pale
violet, side lobes erect oblong truncate, midlobe much
longer flat hastate triangular acuminate obtuse spur
short curved blunt olive-yellow, upper callus in mouth
rounded hemispheric with an anchor-shaped process on
the top, lower edge of callus truncate pubescent, lower
callus conic ending in a lamina running to the back of
the spur. Column short stout sigmoid olive yellow.
Anther flattened 1 celled hemispheric, pollinia sub-
globose on a broad elongate candicle tapering upwards
to the point and fixed to the saddle-shaped disc. ostel-
lum lobes broad deflexed parallel oblong.
Johor. On Gunong Banang, Batu Pahat.
This species is allied to S. halophilum, Ridi., but differs
in the violet hastate lip and the remarkable callus in
the mouth of the spur. It is named after Mr. A. D.
Machado with whom I collected the plant which
flowered in the Botanic Gardens.
S. rugosulum, usp. Stem stout 6 inches long. Leaves linear nar-
rowed at the base, apex bilobed mucronate 5 inches long $
inch wide, sheaths $ inch long deeply transversely
wrinkled. Racemes short $ inch long stout with a few
cup-shaped sheaths at the tase. Flowers + inch across,
on pedicels } inch long yellow-spotted with red. Sepals
ovate coriaceous. Petals thinner pallid. Lip boat-
shaped, side lobes very short oblong, midlobe fleshy —
Jour, Straits Branch -
i
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS. 83
ovate grooved ending in a long slender horn bifid at
the tip, spur very short conic blunt. Column large arms
rounded.
Kedah, on Kedah Peak.
S. (Cleisostoma) hortense, n. sp. Stem stout1to 2 inches long
- ormore. Leaves lorate, coriaceous blunt unequally bi-
lobed 4 to 6 inches long # inch wide. Scape erect tal-
ler than the leaves, base nude apex racemed or more
usually with a few branches. Bracts small ovate.
Flowers +inch across. Sepals oblong obtuse, laterals
broader. Petals narrower yellow with red edges Lip
yellow, side lobes small erect with two subacute points,
midlobe broader ovate acute, spur scrotiform very broad
red, callus in the mouth of the tube a thin lamina bifid at
the apex. Column short and broad. Anther broad
abruptly truncate beaked; pollinia elliptic, caudicle linear
very narrow disc ovoid, rostellum entire. Capsue ellip-
tic oblong an inch long.
Singapore Jurong; Johor, Tana Runto, Malacca,
Sungei Rambai (Derry) Perak (Scortechini’s drawings
No. 53); Penang, Tanjong Bunga (Curtis 1834). This
little plant generally occurs in orchid trees, and I
cannot think how it has escaped being described for so
long. It grows alsoin Borneo. Its flowers resemble
those of 8. latéfolium, Ridl. Cleisostoma latifolium and
C. fuscum, Lindl., but it has a much smaller stem than that
plant and the panicle is much smaller.
S. arachnanthe, n.sp. Stem tall climbing, leaves oblong obtuse 4
inches long 14 inch wide sheaths finch long. Panicle
22 feet long with a lone nude peduncle purple, branches
3 or 4inches long spreading. Flowers scattered £ inch
across, pedicels longer slender. Bracts small ovate.
Sepals and petals spreading spathulate obtuse, lateral
sepals falcate white with purple spots at base. Lip
fleshy side lobes indistinct forming a wall round the
entrance of the spur, midlobe ovate broad short, spur
broad saccate rounded large, all white, callus in the
mouth oblong notched. Column short and broad, rostel-
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
84
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS,
lum short. Anther thin depressed hemisperic. Pollinia 2
globose, caudicle broadly linear, disc half as long oblong.
Perak and Kedah collectel by Mr. Curtis from whom
I have received specimens ani a colored drawing. The
habit of this plant is that of a Renanthera but the flowers
rather are those of a Succolubium of the section cleisos-
toma
S. patinatum, n. sp. Stem very short hardly an inch long. Leaves
2 to 3 very coriaceous oblong obtuse broadly bilobed
7 inches long by 2 inches wide. Raceme very short
rachis stout, flowers about 6? inch across. Sepals obo-
vate spathulate blunt. Petals narrower yellow with red
spots. Lip saccate rounded, no distinct side lobes, ter-
minal lobe ovate triangular entire glabrous blunt all
white with violet spots. Column very short and broad
at the base pink, no arms, anther obtuse conic in front
triangular bifid. Pollinia oblong globose half split,
candicle linear, disc oblong hastate. Rostellum bifid.
Capsule elliptic narrowed at base 2 inches long.
Pabang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley).
Distrib., Borneo.
This is probably the S. Culceolare, collected in Perak
by Carter in Fl. Brit. Ind., as it much resembles that
species when dry. It differsfrom S. Calceolare in the
entire smooth lip.
S. Myosurus, n.sp. Stems short | to 2 inches long crowded to-
gether and forming a dense mat with copious roots.
Leaves lanceolate falcate subacute 3 inches long + inch
wide, sheaths + inch long. Scapes slender 3 inches long
scabred at the base, racemes thickened 1 inch long, bracts
ovate very numerous blunt. Flowers minute. Sepals lan-
ceolate oblong falcate. Petals narrower, lip side lobes
oblong erect, midlobe ovate lanceolate shorter, spur
~ pendulousas long as the ovary. Column short and broad.
Capsule cylindric $ inch long, pedicel 2 inch long.
Pahang at Kwala Tembiling.
A very curious plant, with the habit, foliage and ra- ©
Jour. Straits Branch
» it Ta
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS, 85
cemes of a Dendrocolla, but the very minute flowers have
the structure of a Saccolabium.
Ascochilus teres, n. sp. Stem 6 inches or more tall slender.
Leaves terete acute 43 inches long } inch thick, sheaths
S inch long ribbed and transversely wrinkled. Raceme
slender 4 inches long. Flowers few scattered +. inch
across. Bracts very small ovate, ovary and pedicel 3
inch long. Upper sepal oblanceolate hooded; laterals
oblong ovate oblique much larger. Petals broadly
spathulate oblique shorter. Lip side lobes erect lan-
ceate falcate, midlobe hastate, basal lobes rounded apex
subacute spur half the length curved obtuse. Column
as lone as its foot nearly as long as the petals, arms
short and broad.
Johor, Bukit Banang, Batu Pahat, (Ridley).
The habit of this is just that of a Ludsia or one of
the Saccolabiums and not at all like the rest of this genus.
A minutifiora, 2. sp. Stem very short, leaves linear lanceolate
falcate acute, 3 inches long, 4 inch wide or less, sheaths
very short. Scape very slender an inch long pubescent ;
raceme very short. Bracts cucullate ovate. Flowers }
inch across. Upper sepal lorate oblong laterals lanceo-
late, all keeled, yellow with red spots. Petals obcune-
ate yellow with a red spot at the base. Lip side lobes
large oblong truncate, midlobe very short truncate
entire spur short blunt rather thick saccate scrotiform
obtuse. Column tall curved slender foot hardly as long.
Anther long beaked.
Pahang, Kwala Tembiling.
Sarcochilus virescens, n. sp. Stem very short; Leaves lanceolate
subacute 13 inch long $ inch wide or less. Raceme an
inch long. Bracts ovate, flowers an inch across.
Sepals ovate acute. Petals narrower lanceolate. All
light green. Lip very short white, side lobes short
rounded, midlobe represented by an orange callus, spur
short broad conic, column short and thick, foot as long
curved. Anther orange beak triangular.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
86 NEW MALAY ORCHIDS
Perak at Tapah. Collected by Mr. Aeria, flowered
in the Botanic Gardens in Penang.
Podochilus densifolia. Stems over a foot long covered with close-
set distichous leaves oblong obtuse, bases broad, an inch
long $ inch broad, sheaths + inch long. Racemes 2 terminal
an inch long densely flowered to the base, rachis stout,
bracts ovate reflexed. Flowers | inch long, white.
Sepals ovate obtuse nentum rather long. Petals ovate
but little smaller. Lip ovate acute fleshy, an irregular
fleshy callus in the middle with a thickened ridge run- |
ning to tke tip. Column short. Rostellum long deeply
bifid acuminate. Anther lanceolate subacute.
Pahang, Tahan River, (No. 2370).
This plant has the inflorescence of one of the P. pen-
du/us section, and indeed has been referred to that species,
but the flowers are quite different and the callus on the
lip is rather that of P. cornutus.
Zeurine rupestris, n. sp. Whole plant 6 to 8 inches tall slender,
leaves few lanceolate narrow blunt § to 2 inch long inch
wide, scape slender pubescent. Flowers 2 terminal +
inch long white. Sepals ovate hairy, petals adnate to
the upper sepal. Lip base saccate with 2 linear subulate
processes inside, limb clawed with a terete minutely
toothed claw blade bifid lobes oblong, truncate. Column
short rostellum lobes linear blunt incurved. Capsules
erect + inch long.
Penang on rocks at the top of Government Hill on the
way to Rickmond pool, (Curtis 2823). A very slender
little white-flowered thing remarkable for the long narrow
claw of the lip which thus more resembles that of an
Anoectochilus.
Goodyera lanceolata, n sp. Stem slender 9 inches tall. Leaves
lanceolate acuminate 11 inch long nearly $ inch wide.
Scape 31 inches long pubescent few flowered. Bracts
lanceolate accuminate 2 inch long woolly pubescent.
Laterals oblique acuminate woolly pubescent reddish. |
Petals adnate to upper sepal thin glabrous reddish.
Jour. Straits Branch ~
NEW MALAY ORCHIDS. S7
Lip base saccate adnate to the column by the edges
glabrous within with a raised central keel anda tuft
of digitate processes on each side. Apex of lip acuminate
subulate column short. Anther very long acuminate.
Pollinia $ inch long clubbed’ with a pair of caudicles.
Caudicles connate about half way down. Rostellum long
shortly bifid, lobes acute, stigma large with thin walls.
Selangor at the Gap on the Pahang track, (Curtis). A
single specimen only was found. ‘'Thke plant is allied to
G. rubens, Bl., G. cordata, Hook. fil.
Hetoeria parvifolia, n. sp. A slender plant of exactly the habit of
Zeuxine clandestina Bl. Stem 2 inches long, leaves small
lanceolate accute nearly sessile 1 inch long + inch wide,
sheaths 4+ inch long ampliate, scape slender pubescent
3d or 6 inches tall with several rather long distant
acuminate sheaths. Raceme 2 inches long. Flowers
very small 3 inch long appressed to the stem. Bracts
narrow lanceolate acuminate nearly as long as_ the
Ovary, upper sepal adnate to petals ovate acuminate
pubescent, laterals lanceolate acute. Lip base saccate
with minute cylindric processes inside; apex lanceolate
acute, sides at tip involute forming a tube not longer
than the sepals. Columu short dilated above. Rostel-
lum arms nearly as long linear truncate, Anther with
a long narrow beak.
Penang, Government Hill. I collected this plant at
the same time as Mr. Curtis and myself got Zeurine ru-
pestris.
k. A. Soc.. No. 39, 1903
Descriptions of New Genera and Species
of Hymenoptera taken by Mr. Robert
sae One at Sarawak, Borneo.
By P. CAMERON.
This paper is a continuation of one describing the new
genera and species contained in the Sarawak Museum and those
captured by Mr. Shelford at Sarawak, published in the Journal
of this Society, No. 37, January 1902.
SIRICIDZ.
NXiphydria erythropus, sp. Nov.
Black, the scape of the antenne and the legs dark red. the
wings dark fuscous-violaceous, the nervures and stigma black,
the head and thorax closely rugosely punctured, the greater
part of the vertex and the upper half of the front broadly ;
in the middle smooth and shinning, <~.
Length 16 mm.
Hab. Matane, 3600 feet.
Front coarsely rugosely punctured, the punctures running
into reticulations in parts; its centre is furrowed; the furrow is
punctured on either side, the punctured band becoming wider
towards the apex. On the smooth part of the vertex, at the
apex, is a deep transverse furrow ; behind, in the centre, is a
narrower, shallower longitudinal furrow. Face irregularly
longitudinally striated ; the clypeus is piceous ; its apex is broad-
ly roundly incised. Mandibles opaque, sparsely punctured ;
their teeth are smooth and shining, large and broadly rounded.
Thorax coarsely rugosely punctured: the pleure more coarsely
than the mesonotim and more or less reticulated ; the propleure
smooths and with the central] depression bearing some stout
keels. The central loke of the mescnotum has a deep furrow in
the centre which is stoutly transversely striated; on the apex in
the centre are 4 longitudinal keels. ‘he fore tarsi and the
R. A. Soc., No. 39 , 1903.
90 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
apical joints of the posterior are black. Except on the inner
sides and apices of the lobes the median sezment is closely
punctured; the basal 4 segments are broadly furrowed across
the base: these furrows are closely longitudinally striated.
Atphydria melanopus, Sp. NOV.
Black ; the wings fuscous violaceous: the head rugose,
the vertex smooth, the thorax coarsely rugosely punctured and
reticulated throughout; the lateral and central furrows on the
mesonotum wide, closely transversely striated, the lateral
curved and becoming wider towards the apex, 9.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. Matang.
Mandibles at the base closely punctured and thickly cover-
ed with white hair. Middle lobe of mesonotum coarsely ir-
regularly reticulated ; the tateral lobes on the inner side less
strongly and more irregularly reticulated, on the outer almost
smooth; the furrows become gradually wider towards the
apex. Scutellum rugosely, coarsely punctured, except at the
apex, which is smooth and shining; it is longitudinally fur-
rowed down the centre. Abdomen as in_X. erythropus.
Apart from the difference in colour this species may be
known from erthropus by the much wider, broader at the apex,
more rounded and closely striated middle lobe of the mesono-
tum, by the front having a ae deep round depression and
by the thorax being more strongly punctured,
TENTHREDINID&.
Monophadnus trichiocerus, Sp. NOV.
Black, shining; the clypeus, labrum, the apex of the
femora, and the tibie, the upper edge of the pronotum and the
tegule whitish-yellow; abdomen testaceous, darker towards
the apex ; the wings from the transverse basal nervure fuscous- .
violaceous, the stigma and nervures black, °.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Matang.
Antenne short stout; the basal joint testaceous, the
apical joint rufous beneath; they are ,thickly covered with
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 91
stiff black hair. Centre of vertex bordered by wide and deep
furrows, in front by a narrow oblique one; the front is deeply
depressed, narrowly above, widely below. Apex of clypeus
transverse. Labrum large, rounded in front. Mandibles pale
yellow, rufous at the apex. The apical segments of the ab-
domen are narrowly edged with black at the apex; they are
darker coloured than the basal and have a faint but distinct,
violaceous tint. Legs covered with white hair; the apex of
the hinder tibiz black.
Selandria iridipennis, sp. nov.
Dark blue, the labrum, the coxx, trochanters and the base
of the tibie broadly white; the front wings fuscous, with a
violaceous tint and highly iridescent; the stigma and nervures
black ; the hinder wings clear hyaline, 2 and ¢.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Kuching. |
Antenne thickly covered with stiff black hair. Front and
vertex closely and distinctly punctured, the vertex not raised ;
the lateral furrows shallow, indistinct; on the centre of the
front is a large wide fovea almost transverse in front, rounded
behind, and having a smaller round fovea on either side.
Clypeus closely and distinctly punctured. Labrum smooth.
Base of mandibles closely punctured. Legs thickly covered
with white hair; the claws bifid. ‘The Ist transverse cubital
nervure is widely interrupted in the middle.
CYNIPID®.
Mesocynips, gen. Nov.
Abdomen sessile, large, ovate, its middle as wide as the
thorax, its basal 4 seyments of equal width, the apical 2 longer.
Antenr 2 stout, 13-jointed; they are placed near the top of the
head. Eyes ovate, widely separated from the base of the
mandibles, the malar space being longer than their length.
Clypeus depressed, separated from the face, obliquely narrowed
towards the apex, which is transverse. Mandibles stout, broad,
bidentate, the teeth broadly rounded. Vertex stoutly, longi-
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
92 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
tudinally keeled; the front being also bordered below by a
stout keel. The apex of the pronotum is sharply keeled;
this keel is continued down the middle of the propleurz ob- -
liquely, their apex being also keeled. Mesonotum and scutel-
lum stoutly transversely striated. Scutellar fovea large,
deep and stoutly keeled in the middle. The metanotum is.
bordered laterally by a stout keel and outside this, on the.
pleura, is a stout curved, irregular keel. Radial cellule short,
the radius curved not reaching half way to the apex; the
areolet is small, elongate, narrow, closed below by a thick
pseudo-nervure; the cubitus reaches to the apex of the wing,
it really issues from the radius, for a transverse cubital nervure
can hardly be said to exist. The costal, median and submedian
cellules are all distinct; the externo-median nervure is distinct,
the discoidal nervure is distinct and reaches close to the apex
of the wing, it is interstitial with the externo-median ner-
vure.
The ovipositor is lone and issues from the base of the
abdomen, is straight and its sheaths are curved and project;
the hypopygium is short and does not reach to the apex of the
abdomen. Legs stout, pilose; the front calcaria are curved,
the basal joint of all the tarsiis much the longer; the middle
3 are small; the apical large, but not quite so long as the
basal one; the claws are large, curved, simple.
This new genus will form a new subfamily of Cynipide. It
has the form of Cynips but differs from that in the abdominal
segments being of almost equal length, and in the straight, not
curved, ovipositor. The subfamily Lialan@ may be known from
it by the long, cultriform abdomen, which has, as in our sub-
family, the ‘segments about equal in length. It has the alar
nervures better developed than in the other subfamilies and in
that respect resembles Mesocynips, whose systematic position is
probably between the /baliing and the Cynipine.
Mesocynips insignis, Sp.’ Nov.
Ferruginous-yellow, the yellow tint more noticeable on
the sides ; the flagellum of the antenne infuscated, paler towards
the apex ; the mesonotum and the basal half of the scutellum
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK, 93
strongly, sharply transversely striated; the wings dark smoky-
fuscous ; the base to the transverse basal nervure and above to
the base of the stigma bright yellow: the apical nervures fus-
cous-black ; the basal bright yellow, @.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Head shining, sparsely punctured; the middle of the face
raised and more closely and distinctly punctured; the face,
front, vertex and occiput covered, but not thickly, with longish
pale fuscous and white hairs. Apex of the mandibles broadly,
deep black. Thorax Smooth and are shining; the pro-and
meso-sparsely, the meta thorax thickly covered with long pale
hair. Centre of metanotum smooth; the sides somewhat sha-
greened. Abdomen shining; the back and apical serments cov-
ered with long pale fuscous hairs; the penultimate segments
punctured ; the last much more strong ly and deeply punctured,
Femora sparsely, the tibie and tarsi thickly covered with pale
hairs; the claws blackish.
This species is probably identical with “Cynips’ insignis.
Smith, described, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1857, p. 117, from Sarawak.
Itis inno sense a Cynips in the modern meaning, and belongs to
the parasitic branch of the family. Toprevent the making of
a synonym I have used Smith’s name in case an examination of
Smith’s type would prove it to be identical with the species I
have described.
CHALCIDIDA.
Leucospis erythrogastra, sp. nov.
Black, the ventral surface and apex of abdomen rufous
mixed with yellow; a large broad mark on the inner orbits,
rounded at the top and bottom and roundly curved inwardly on
the inner side, a larze somewhat heartshaped mark-narrow above
incised below—below the antennae,a smaller, somewhat similar
mark below it, a line, dilated at ‘pe sides, on the base of the
pronotum, a slight! y broader one, not reaching to the edzes, on
its apex, 2 apiigae irregularly oval marks on the centre of the
mesonotum, a longish, broad line on its sides, slightly incised on
the innerside, the sides of the scutellum from near the base and
R, A. Soe,, No. 39, 1903.
94 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,
its apex more broadly, a large curved line on the post scutellum,
a large mark on the mesopleure narrowed and rounded below,
its top at the base and apex—the apex more widely—obliquely
narrowed, the greater part of the base of the metapleurae—the
mark straight at the base, the apex rounded and its top part
wider than the lower, a large curved—its top rounded—oblique
mark on either side of the 1stabdominal segment, a broad trans-
verse line on the 2nd, a large curved one on the 3rd, which is
dilated roundly backwards at the side and is then continued
along the lower edges to the base of the segment, 2 small oblique
marks on the top of the 4th, yellow; the remaiuing segments.
and the ventral surface rufous, mixed slightly with yellow. Legs
yellow, the fore-femora broadly above, the middle broadly,
irregularly at the base, a large curved mark on the outerside
of the hinder-narrow at the top becoming gradually wider to-
wards the bottom-the lower edge and the teeth, the hinder
tibie broadly below on the inner and outer sides and their
calcaria, deep black. Wings almost hyaline, the fore pair
infuscated broadly in front, the nervures black.
Length 11 mm. 2?
Hab. Kuching.
Except the front, the entire head and body is strongly and
closely punctured; the face and clypeus are more closely and
finely punctured than the rest; the front above the antenne is
smooth and shining; the scutellar depressions are strongly,
distinctly, but not very closely, striated ; the lower part of the
pro- and mesopleuree depressed and smoothand shining, this part on
the mesopleure being obscurely finely striated around the edges.
There are 7 teeth on the hinder femora: the basal one is short,
blunt and indistinct; the 2nd is not much longer, but more
distinct and broader; the middle 8 are very much larger, longer
and more widely separated; the 6th is distinctly shorter than the
5th; and the 7th is shorter and less distinct than the 6th. The
hinder tarsi are rufous: the 4 anterior dark yellow; the hinder
coxee are rufous on the under side at the apex and have there a
yellow mark. The ovipositor reaches to the apex of the scutellum.
Megacolus apicipennis, Sp. nov.
Black, the tarsi dark rufo-testaceous; the basal half of the
Jour, Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 95
wings to the ulna sm>ky-fuscous, the ulna fuscous, the cubitus
black, the apex of the wings milky-white; the hinder femora
with 7 teeth; the ovipositor stout, two-thirds of the length of
the body, 9.
Length to the commencement of the ovipositor 10 mm,; the
ovipositor nearly 4 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Head and thorax coarsely, closely rugosely puncture]; the
front is stoutly keeled down the middle and is stoutly trans-
versely striated on either side of the keel; the face is sparsely
covered with glistening white hair. The upper part of the
propleure is smooth and is depressed at the base, the lower is
irregularly striated. The basal third of the mesopleure is
depressed and is irregularly, widely striated. The base of the
pronotum is obliquely depressed and is irregularly transversely
striated. The apex of the scutellum broadly projects in the
middle and is there roundly incised. Median sezment coarsely
reticulated; at the base on the sides is a large area roundly
narrowed at the apex; between them are 3 arew of which the
central is the larger, and it is widened at the apex; on the sides
of the sezment is a large projection, wide at the base, roundly
narrowed towards the apex; the apex of the sezment triangu-
larly projects. The basal three teeth on the base of the femora
are short, broad and bluntly rounded; the others are more
distinct; the apical two are closer to each other than the pair in
front of them and are less prominent.
Megacolus rufiventris, sp. nov.
Black; the abdomen bright rufous; the tarsi, four front
knees and the apices of the 4 front tibiz rufo-testaceous; the
hinder femora with 6 irregularly separated not very prominent
teeth; the wings hyaline, with a faint fulvous tinge; the
nervures dark fuscous; the ovipositor black, very stout, as
lone as the abdomen, 9.
Length 9; ovipositor 4 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Head and thorax coarsely rugosely punctured; the pro-
and mesopleure closely reticulated; there is a smooth band at
R. A. Soe., No. 39, 1903.
96 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
the base of the latter which has on the upper part, 7 keels (the
lower 3 separated from the upper) and below are 3 more widely
separated longitudinal keels. Front stoutly keeled down the
centre and closely transversely striated. Pronotum transversely
striated at the base; on its apex isa smooth narrow band. The
projecting apex of the scutellum is prominent and ends in two
rounded lobes. Metanotum coarsely irregularly reticulated; its
sides near the base, project into a stout, sharply pointed tooth
and there is a shorter one near the middle. On the apex of the
basal third of the hinder femora is a short tooth somewhat
triangular in shape, followed by an indistinct one at some dis-
tance; following this, and separated by a less distance, is a
sharper, lonzer; more distinct one, at about the same distance
from this is a stouter one, immediately behind this a short blunt
indistinct tubercle-like one, followed on the apex by 2 stout
keels of which the hinder is somewhat the larger. Tegulee
rufous. The head, thorax and legs are covered with a silvery pile.
Closely allied to Megacolus is the following new Indian
genus.
Megachaleis, gen. nov.
_ Antenne placed over the base of the clypeus, 11-jointed,
the 2nd joint cup-shaped, the 3rd much longer and narrower
than it. Scutellum large, roundly convex, its apex transverse.
The sides of the metanotum project at the base above and
have a stout tooth in the middle. The base of the mesoster-
num has a stout tooth in the centre; the for ecoxe have a
rounded leaf-like expansion on the apex above. Hind femora
regularly toothed. Basal abdominal segment longer than all
the others united; spiracles on the 3rd large; the last large,
elongate and forming a sheath for the ovipositor, which is stout
and twice the length of the abdomen.
The occiput is margined, more sharply above than on the
sides. Base of metanotum areolated. Five segments are on
the abdomen as seen from the side, but only four from above.
Sheaths of ovipositor stout, broad, pubescent and round on the
apex. Hinder coxe nearly as long as the femora. Pronotum
large, roundly produced in the middle at the base.
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 97
Comes nearest to Megacolus, Kirby, which differs from it in
having the antennz 12-jointed and in the scutellum ending in
a raised, bilobate plate behind. he 1st abdominal segment is,
in Megacolus, half the length of the remainder.
Megachaleis fumipennis, sp. nov.
Black; the 4 front tarsi and the hinder tibiz piceous, the
hinder tibize ferrugineous; the wings smoky, the nervures deep
black; hinder femora with 10 teeth of nearly equal size, 9.
Length 12; terebra 10 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Scape of antenne, head, median segment and sides of ab-
domen thickly covered with silvery pubescence; the tarsi on
the underside are thickly covered with stiff pubescence and
bear, on the apices of the joints, stiff spines. Sides of the head
in front coarsely rugosely punctured, the punctures running
into reticulations; the vertex closely punctured; the outer
orbits bear shallow, scattered punctures. Apex of clypeus
roundly, but not deeply, incised; the part between the antenne
taised, transverse belaw. Pro- and mesonotum rugosely punc-
rured, the punctures running into reticulations. The scntel-
lum is more widely reticulated; it is flat above; at its base,
laterally, the mesonotum forms two larze rounded masses, op-
posite the tegule. The base of the median segment is flat,
smooth ; on the middle are five stout, longitudinal keels; the
outer side is deeply foveate. ‘lhe apex of the segment has on
the top a large, deep, fovea, rounded behind, transverse below ;
below this are 2 or 3 irregular reticulations; the sides project
largely and have, shortly beyond the middle, a large, some-
what triangular tooth. Propleure irregularly reticulated be-
hind ; the apex below and the lower part depressed, the meso-
pleure deeply and widely depressed, smooth, obscurely aud
finely striated in the middle. Metapleure regularly reticulated.
Abdomen smooth and shining at the base, the 2nd segment
broadly in the middle and the others entirely and more strongly
punctured.
Epistenia longicollis, sp. nov.
Purple mixed with green and blue; the flagellum of the
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
“98 HYMENOPTERF FROM SARAWAK,
antenne black, the 4 anterior trochanters, femora, tibiz and
tarsi, the hinder trochanters, base of femora, apex of tibiz and
base of tarsi narrowly, rufous; the flagellum of the antennz
black, the scape for the greater part green; the wings hyaline,
the nervures and stigma dark fuscous. °.
Length 12 mm.; ovipositor 2 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
_ The clypeus and the basal half of the mandibles are dark
rufous, the latter covered with longish hair. Face and front
for the greater part golden; the face covered with curved
strie, which are finer and closer on the inner half of the malar
space, the latter being clearly separated from the outer part,
which is minutely and finely striated. ‘The front is rugose
between and above the antenne; this central part is wedge-
shaped and bounded by the wide antennal furrows; the part
between this and the scape is blue and finely transversely striat-
ed. Pronotum broadly depressed in the centre; the sides
broadly rounded and finely and closely transversely striated;
the pleure are finely and closely covered with curved strie.
The middle lobe of the mesonotum irregularly transversely
striated ; its base is dark blue; behind this is a green band;
the rest is dark purple, except for a green band at the tegule;
the apex of the middle lobe is transversely striated, except round
the edges ; in the centre are two curved, deep furrows. Scutel-
lum somewhat strongly and closely longitudinally striated; it
is dark purple, with a blue band on-the base. Median segment
green; the centre purple; this purple part is narrow at the
base and becomes gradually and roundly wider towards the
apex; it bears 4 or 5 stout, irregularly curved keels; the parts
bounding this are stoutly striated and are raised above the
sides, which are finely and closely rugose. Mesopleure
for the greater part green, finely, closely and _ irregularly
striated; the lower part is clearly separated off and is
closely irregularly reticulated, except at the base which is rais-
ed and finely and closely punctured. The base of the meta-
pleuree is almost smooth above ; below covered with fine curved
strie; above is a deep, distinct curved crenulated furrow,
Abdomen dark purple the basal five sezments, above and below.
with narrow, longish rounded green lines on the outer edges.
_ Jour, Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 99
‘The fore coxe are for the greater part purple; the fore temora
have a large green mark on the top; the apices of the 4: front
femora are paler than the rest of them; the 4 hinder tarsi are
dark testaceous.
FE. imperialis, Sm., from Sarawak may be known from this
by the ovipositor being two-thirds of the length of the abdo-
men and by the legs being black. In our species the anterior
ocellus is larger than the two posterior and is placed in front
of them about double the distance these are separated from
each other ; the ocellar rezion is an elongated oval and is clearly
separated from the eyes; the vertex behind them is depressed.
The prothorax is long, two-thirds of the length of the meso-
thorax ; the head is almost double its width; the metathorax is
fully half the length of the scutellum; the incision on the apex
of the 3rd dorsal segment is better marked than it is on the
basal two.
EVANIIDA.
Evania malayana, sp. nov.
Black; the palpi white; the wings hyaline iridescent, the
nervures and stigma black; the mandibles with a testaceous
band behind the teeth; the face with a small raised point in
the centre, 6.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Face, clypeus and mandibles thickly covered with white
pubescence, smooth and shining. Front irregularly striated ; the
striz more or less intersecting and forming narrow elongated,
irregular reticulations; in the centre is a moderately stout long-
itudinal keel. Hinder ocelli separated from each other by not
quite half the distance they are from the eyes. Malar space
closely and finely striated, the strive: obliquely curved. The
central lobe of the mesonotum bears shallow, irregular punc-
tures ; the scutellum is less distinctly and more finely punctured;
metanotu'n closely reticulated; in the centre the reticulations
are closer, longer and narrower ; laterally larger and rounder.
At the apex the propleurz bear some shallow elongated fove ;
near the bottom the meso- bear a broad, somewhat oblique band
of punctures; the meta- closely and almost uniformly reticulated.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
100 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,
The metasternal keel is sharply raised; the fork is stout, short
and broad, the sides straizht, the apex bluntly rounded. The
2nd transverse cubital nervure is obsolete; the cubitus distinct;
the lower part of the apical abscissa is rounded: the upper
straizht and oblique. The petiole above between the middle
and apex, is irrerularly longituiinally striated; the sides more
stoutly obliquely striated. ‘Tibize and tarsi thickly covered with
short stiff black pubescence and more sparsely with short black
spines ; the calcaria are black; the front tibize and base of tarsi
are pale testaceous in front.
Evania violaceipennis, Sp. noy.
Black; the scape and the basal joints of the flagellum
-beneath, the mandibles, except the teeth and the 4 anterior
femora and tibie in front, pale testaceous; the posterior tarsi
except the apical joint, white ; the wings uniformly dark viola-
ceous; the nervures and stigma black. Oe
Length 11-12 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Face and clypeus opaque, alutaceous: the apex of the cly-
peus rounded; the malar space alutaceous; they are all thickly
covered with silvery pubescence. Front longitudinally striated
throughout; the strie all distinctly separated; the central is
the stouter. The hinder ocelli are separated from the eyes by
almost double the distance they are from each other. The
middle lobe of the mesonotum is indistinctly, irrecularly reticu-
lated. The part at the sides of the scutellum behind is stoutly,
obliquely striated. The metanotum is closely, rather strongly,
irregularly punctured, except at the apex which is smooth.
Propleuree almost entirely smooth; the meso- smooth, indistinctly
punctured below, above with a raised, slightly oblique, band of
stout strie; the meta- are stoutly, regularly reticulated. ‘The
tibiee are thickly covered with stiff black hair and sparsely with
black spines. The apical abscissa of the radius is roundly,
broadly curved inwardly; the first recurrent nervure is receiv-
ed distinctly beyond the transverse cubital; the 2nd trans-
verse cubital nervure is obsolete. The sternal keel is stout;
the metasternal process is stout, the forks diverge outwardly,
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 10]
are stout, roundly curved and bluntly pointed at the apex.
Petiole smooth above; its apical half laterally stoutly, obliquely
striated.
STEPHANIDA.
Foenatopus fuscinervis, Sp. Nov.
Black: the head dark red; the vertex blackish; the basal
joints of the antenne pale rufous; the wings clear hyaline; the
nervures and stigma pale fuscous; the abdominal petiole twice
the length of the following joints united; the prothorax twice
the length of the mesothorax, ¢. ek
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Kuching. |
The scape of the antenne is not much longer than the 2nd
joint, which is slightly more than one half the length of the 3rd;
the 4th is as long as the 2nd and 3rd united. The apical three
frontal tubercles are stout, narrowed, but not sharply, above;
the hinder pair are smaller and more rounded. Face closely
rugosely punctured; its sides finely and closely transversely
striated. Vertex closely, distinctly transversely striated and
indistinctly furrowed down the middle, the furrow not breaking
the striz. The inner orbits are distinctly margined; the outer
are pale yellowish. Prothorax closely and rather strongly
aciculated, except at the apex which is testaceous in colour;
there is a curved, not very stout keel on the apex; a stout keel
runs between the tegule; the middle of the mesonotum is deeply
depressed, the depression with some transverse striz, and it is
rounded at the base and apex. ‘The base of the metanotum is
widely depressed ; in the centre are 2 stout straight keels; out-
side these is a thinner one; outside these a stouter oblique one
and the edges are also keeled. ‘The rest of the segment is
stoutly reticulated, except the lower part of the metapleure,
which is smooth, except for 4 stout, slightly oblique keels,
Mesopleure sparsely punctured at the base and apex. Petiole
very long and slender, closely striated ; the sides, except on the
apical fourth, furrowed; the sides of the 2nd and 3rd segments
are testaceous. ‘The alar stigma is long, nearly as long as the
radia] nervure ; it is pale in the centre, pointed at the apex from
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903,
102 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
where the radius leaves it; the radius has the basal abscissa.
oblique and curved; the apical is straight and is about one
fourth longer than it. The 4 anterior coxez, trochanters, tibiz
and tarsi are testaceous; the basal half of the hinder femora is
coarsely rugosely striated; there is a blunt, broad, not promin-
ent, tooth behind the middle of the hinder femora; a stout one
beyond the middle, a smaller one nearer the apex and 3 sek
teeth between these which are fuscous below.
Stephanus Ceylonicus, Sp. nov.
[ Black, a pale spot below the eyes; the 4 front legs piceous;
the wings clear hyaline; the nervures and stigma black; the
petiole as long asthe rest of the abdomen united; the hinder
femora with 2 teeth; the ovipositor brcadly white at the
apex. ©.
Length 28 mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon. (Yerbury).
Antennee black; the 2nd joint of the flagellum is distinctly
shorter than the 3rd, which is slightly shorter than the 4th.
Vertex closely covered with stout, curved striz, which are
stouter and more regularly curved before than behind; the 3
front teeth are stout and of nearly equal size, the hinder are
almost obsolete. Face irregularly transversely rugose; above
the punctures run into curved strie. The narrowed basal part
of the pronotum is closely, stoutly, transversely striated, but
only sparsely at the extreme base; at the end of this is an
impunctate space, the apex has a band of large deep punctures
in the middle; the sides have some scattered, deep punctures.
Scutellum impunctate. The depression at the base of the
metanotum bears stout longitudinal keels; the part behind this
is covered with round clearly separated punctures; the apex is
irregularly, transversely reticulated. Propleurze covered with
stout, oblique strize; the meso- almost impunctate; the meta-
smooth, below with stout curved stri#, which form almost
reticulations. Petiole closely striated. There are 2 large,
widely separated teeth on the hinder femora, the hinder being’
slightly the larger; there is a short, broad, bluntly rounded
tooth, immediately behind the posterior large one; and this is
followed by a much smaller one.
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 103
The wings have a steel-coloured iridescence; all the ner-
vures are complete; the basal abscissa of the radius is distinct-
ly shorter than the apical; it is straight, not curved, and is
slightly angled near the base. The ovipositor and abdomen
appear to be stouter than usual; the former is as long as the
body.
In Schletterer’s arrangement (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxili, 117)
this species would come near S. Aematipoda, Mont. |
BRACONID SZ.
BRACONINZ.
Iphiaulax, Foerster.
1.— Wings fuscous, the head, more or less of the thorax, and the
fore legs, red.
Iphiaulax Shelfordi, sp. nov,
Black, shining, the head, pro- and mesothorax, the front legs
and the middle coxe, trochanters and femora, red: the Ist, 2nd
and basal half of the 3rd abdominal segments strongly longitudi-
nally striated; the wings fuscous, the under side of the stigma,
the upper half of the 1st cubital and the base of the radial cellule
to the end of the stigma, orange-yellow. 9.
Length 15 mm.; terebra 95 mm.
~° Hab. Kuching, February.
Antenne black, shorter than the body; the scape 3 times
longer than broad, of equal width throughout; the 3rd about
one-third longer than the fourth. Front of vertex smooth and
shining, their sides sparsely haired. Face strongly punctured,
except in the centre above the clypeus, where it is depressed.
Clypeus smooth, bare, except at the apex, twice broader than
high, its sides above broadly rounded. Mandibles rufous,
black at the apex, the middle closely and finely striated.
Metanotum covered with black hair; its apical slope rather
strongly longitudinally striated. ‘The raised apical part of the
petiole is depressed and smooth in the middle; the sides
are stoutly, irregularly striated; the apical half of the
lateral depression is stoutly transversely striated. The 2nd seg-
ment is closely, strongly longitudinally striated except on the
R. A. Soc.. No. 39. 1903
104 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
basal lateral depressions and in the centre at the apex; the basal
area is finely and closely longitudinally striated; it is twice
longer than its greatest width and becomes gradually narrowed
towards the base and apex, the apical part being almost twice
the length of the basal. Radial cellule long and narrow; the
2nd cubital is, on the lower side, nearly 3 times the length of
the first and is distinctly longer than the 3rd. ‘There is a small
fulvous cloud on the base of the fore wing on the apical side. The
ovipositor has the sheath thickly haired at the base and has a
broad white band near the apex.
The legs are only shortly and sparsely haired; the parap-
sidal furrows are deep; the scutellar depression is shallow and
irregularly striated ; the hypopygium is large and projects be-
yond the cerci and is brownish in colour. 4
Comes near to J. insignis, Sm. sec. Szepligeti Termész. Fuze-
tek, xxiv, 372, but that species is larger (20 mm.) and has the
ovipositor shorter compared with the body; has the 38rd and
4th segments striated, the 3rd antennal joint hardly longer
than the 4th, the scape only twice longer than broad, ete.
Iphiaulus Kuchingensis, Sp. nov.
Length 12 mm.; terebra 45 mm.
Hab. Kuching, February.
Agrees in colouration with /. Shelford but is smaller, more
slenderly built and has. the ovipositor shorter compared with
the body, the radial cellule is not fulvous on the basal part, the
apex of the petiole is not distinctly transversely striated; its
central apical part is more strongly and distinctly longitudinally
striated ; the area on the lase of the 2nd segment is not so
distinctly defined and is continued as a keel to near the apex of
the segment, there being no keel on She/fordi; there are on it
two lateral] oblique keels bordering and limiting the basal half
of the segment; and the apical two-thirds of the ovipositor are
white.
_&cape of antenne cylindrical, not hollowed, becoming gra-
dually wider towards the apex; its length about twice of the
width at the apex. Face, except immediately over the centre of
the clypeus, closely and coarsely punctured and covered with
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 105
stiff black hairs ; the clypeus smooth, except on the apex, where
there is band of black hair; above it is broadly rounded and
has a distinct margin. Mandibles black at the apex; the base
bare, the middle covered with long hair. Metanotum thickly
covered with long black hair; on the apex in the middle are
some irregular strie. On the apex of the petiole are 3 irregu-
lar longitudinal keels, with one or two small ones; the 2nd
segment is strongly striated ; the striz are mostly oblique and
curved; the central keel is bordered by short round ones; the
basal half of the 3rd segment is strongly, longitudinally straits
ed ; the remaining segments smooth. ‘The fore legs are rufou-
like the thorax ; the middle femora and base of tibie of a darker
rufous colour. The stizma is rufous below; there is an obscure
fulvous cloud in the Ist cubital cellule; the 2nd cubital cell-
ule is shortly, dut distinctly longer than the 3rd.
Iphiaular reticulatus, sp. nov.
Black, head, pro- and mesothorax and the anterior legs
_ rutous; the scape below and a line on the middle femora dark
rufous ; the wings dark fuscous; the basal 4 abdominal segments
closely longitudinally striated ; the basal plate on the 2nd seg-
ment large, its length the width of the base, smooth; the apex
obscurely finely striated; the keel extends to the apex; the
raised part on either side of it is coarsely reticulated: the sides
of the apex are more closely reticulated ; at the base and middle
coarsely obliquely striated. 9.
Length 18; terebra 21 mm.
Hab. Kuching, February.
Scape of antenne long, as long as the 4 following joints
united ; the 3rd joint is not much longer than the 4th. Head
smoothand shining, the face coveredwith black hair; the clypeus
shagreened, projecting, rounded behind. Front not depressed,
a deep furrow with wide oblique sides above. Mandibles rufous,
their teeth black. Middle lobe of mesonotum distinctly
raised and separated from the lateral; its base bluntly round-
ed. There is an elongated fovea on the apex of the
metanotum, bounded by a V-shaped keel below. Tibiz and
tarsi covered with moderately long hair. The raised part of the
R. A. Soe., No.'39, 1903.
106 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.,
petiole has a keel in the centre: it is raised and rounded at the
base and does not extend to the apex; the apical half, on either
side of it, is irregularly reticulated; second segment stoutly
irregularly reticulated : the depression is stoutly, closely oblique-
ly striated; the raised outer apical part is closely rugose
and with some striz. The 3rd and 4th segments are close, uni-
formly longitudinally striated. Wings, except for a narrow
oblique cloud at the base and one below the 1st cubital cellule,
dark fuscous, with a slight violaceous tinge; the 2nd cubital
cellule above is slightly longer, below a little shorter than.
the 3rd.
Iphiaulax patrous, sp. nov.
Black: the scape of antenne, head, thorax and forelegs
ferruginous, the middle femora piceous ; the wings fuscous; the
2nd 38rd and 4th abdominal segments closely longitudinally
striated ; the 2nd segment reticulated in the middle, the keel
broad, extending to the apex; the dilated basal part broad at
the base, becoming gradually narrowed to near the middle of
the segment: its base smooth, the rest closely covered with
twisted longitudinal strie. Sheath of ovipositor densely pilose,
broad: the apical third white; it is twice the length of the
body.
Length 13. mm.
Scape of antennee long, of equal width, longer than the 2nd
and 38rd joints united; the 3rd joint shortly, but distinctly, long-
- er than the 4th. Face closely and distinctly punctured, except in
the middle, which is raised and smooth. Clypeus punctured
below : it becomes obliquely narrowed towards the top which
is transverse and is not dilated like the lower part. The ocellar
region and the middle of the front depressed ; the vertex sparse-
ly covered with long hair. The raised part of the petiole is
smooth and depressed at the base and has a shallow furrow in
the middle; the apex has a keel down the middle and bears some
stout, mostly transverse, keels. ‘The lateral. depression on the.
base of: the 2nd segment is large, irregularly striated in the -
middle, narrowed at the base and with a large fovea at the base
and on either side at the apex; the base uf the 3rd segment is
smooth laterally at the base and depressed there especially at
Jour. Straits Branch |
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK, 107
the sides; the middle of the segment is depressed and striated.
The 4th segment has a large, smooth depression on the base at
the sides. The legs are covered with black hair, which is long-
est on the posterior pair. The 2nd cubital cellule is slightly
shorter than the 3rd.
This species is closely related to the species I have, with
some doubt identified as B. foveatus, Sm. This agrees with it in
colouration, but is larger and more stoutly built (16 mm.) : the
2nd cubital cellule on the top is equal in length to the 3rd; the
apex of the petiole is not stoutly, irregularly transversely
striated; the lateral depressions on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments
are larger and deeper, the keel on the 2nd sezment is more dis-
tinctly defined and the longitudinal striation on the abdomen
is stronger.
Iphiaulax mareotis, sp. nov.
Black, the head, pro- and mesothorax and the lower half of
the metapleure ferruginous; the anterior legs, the middle coxe,
trochanters and femora rufous. the middle tibiz dark rufous;
the wings dark fuscous, the stigma and nervures black; the 1st
and 2nd abdominal segments, the greater part of the 3rd and
the 4th and 5th broadly in the middle longitudinally rugose;
the furrows on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments are crenulated ;
the keel on the 2nd segment extends to the apex; the plate is
longish and is stoutly longitudinally striated. &.
Length 15 mm.
Hab. Lingga.
Face thickly covered with long hair ; its centre bare, smooth
and shining; its lower sides havea yellowish tint. Front deeply
excavated laterally ; the hinder ocelli each bordered by a deep
curved furrow behind. Clypeus transverse in the middle above,
its sides rounded. Metanotum thickly covered with black hair.
The petiole is more roundly convex than usual; the sides of the
2nd segment are not depressed at the base; the 3rd to 6th seg-
ment have a large roundish fovea on the sides near the middle,
the foveze becoming successively smaller. There is a faint
curved cloud in the 1st cubital cellule at the base and a clearer,
smaller pyriform one below the lower part of the 1st transverse
cubital nervure ; the 2nd abscissa of the radius is slightly, but.
distinctly, longer than the 3rd.
R. A. Soc,, No. 39, 1903.
108 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. ©
_ [phiauiax Wallacer, sp. nov. .
Black, the head, scape of antennes, thorax and 4 front legs,
ferruginous: the wings uniformly dark fuscous, the face with 2
deep short furrows in the centre immediately below the anten- —
ne; the petiole with a narrow longitudinal keel down the
centre, almost entirely smooth; the 2nd and the basal half of
the 3rd segment closely longitudinally striated ; the keel is broad
at the base, becomes gradually narrowed to the middle, is close-
ly longitudinally striated and extends to the apex of the seg-
ment. ‘The suturiform articulation is deep, closely longitudinally
striated and with both lateral branches deep, narrow, straight,
oblique and striated. Sheaths cf the ovipositor broad and thick-
ly covered with longish biack hair. ©. a
Length 15 mm.; terebra 18 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne originating from prominent, slmione biarticulate,
tubercles ; the scape longer than the 2nd and 3rd joints united ;
the 3rd and 4th joints are equal in length. Front hardly exca-
vated ; there is a narrow keel between the antenne; the raised
part, separating the furrows below the antenne, becomes gradu-
ally narrowed above. Face in the centre smooth, the sides punc-
tured sparsely and pilose. Clypeus depressed; the top trans-
verse, the sides rounded, There is a short stout keel between
the scutellum and post scutellum. Petiole with an irregular
band of fine striz before the middle. The depressions on the
base of the 2nd segment are narrow, deep, oblique. The furrow
on the 8rd segment is smooth. The hinder tibiz are deeply
grooved on the outer side from near the base to near the apex.
_ The 2nd abscissa of the radius is as long as the third; the
apex of the middle tibiee and their tarsi are blackish; the meta-
notum is broadly blackish; the hypopygium does not extend
beyond the apex of the dorsal segment; the 2nd segment is
square and is longer than the 3rd.
This is a broader and stouter insect than any of the other
species here described.
Iphiaulax syleus, Sp. nov.
- Black, the head, pro- and mesothorax and the front coxe,
trochanters, femora and tibiee, rufous; the wings dark fuscous;
_Jour. Straits Branch
= HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 109
the apex of the petiole with a stout keel down the centre and 2
or 3 oblique lateral ones; the area on the 2nd segment extends
to the middle, becomes gradually narrowed, has raised sides
and is irregularly striated; the part bordering it irregularly,
stoutly reticulated ; the 2nd, 3rd and basal half of the 4th closely,
longitudinally striated; the ovipositor thickly pilose, the apical
fourth white. ?.
Length 11 mm.; terebra 14 mm.
Hab. Kuching, February.
Scape of antenne about 3 times longer than broad; the 8rd
joint about one fourth longer than the 4th and about twice the
length of the 2nd. Face raised in the centre, flat, impunctate,
transverse below, rounded above; the cheeks distinctly punc-
tured. Clypeus raised, narrowed above; its apex as long as its
leneth from the top to the bottom. Palpi blackish. Front not
deeply depressed, the depression not including the ocelli. Scu-
tellar depression narrow, closely crenulated, the central part of
the 2nd segment is stoutly, transversely irregularly reticulated
on the inner side; the outer and the apical parts longitudinally
‘striated ; the base laterally is smooth, shining and is not depress-
ed; the outer sides are depressed and stoutly obliquely striated.
The two transverse furrows are deep and closely striated; the
outer furrow on the 2nd segment is long, wide, distinct and
closely striated; that on the third is more curved and striated
like the rest of the segment; the basal part is smooth; the
curved furrow on the 4th is smaller, narrow, striated, the basal
part being also striated. ‘The 4th segment is closely striated
to near the apex.
This species is not unlike J. patrous, but that has the scape
red; the raised central part of the 2nd segment has its sides
curved inwardly and is narrower at the apex, the lateral foveee
are not distinctly bordered behind by furrows and the median
segment is black.
il.— Head, more or less of the thorax and fore legs red, the wings
fuscous, yellow at the base.
Iphiaulax sadyates, sp. nov.
Black, the head, thorax and 4 anterior lees ferruginous ; the
anterior wings yellowish, suffused with fuscous, the posterior
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903. \
110 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
yellow, with the apical third and the lower two-thirds fuscous ;
the basal three sezments of the abdomen coarsely longitudinally
striated ; the basal half of the four in the centre more finely, and
the base of the 5th still more finely, striated; the 4th and Sth
seements with a crenulated curved furrow at the base, the plate
on the base of the second segment is small, smooth and shining ;
a narrow, indistinct keel leads from it to the centre. There isa
cloud on the lower side of the 1st cubital cellule, which is con-
tinued downwards along the recurrent nervure on the upper
half and along the cubital nervure; the 2nd abscissa of the
radius is longer than the 8rd. 4.
Length 16 mm.
Hab. Santubong, 2600 feet.
Antenne longer than the body; the face thickly covered
with long hair; the clypeus rounded above. The petiole is
stoutly keeled in the middle; the striz on the siles are stout,
irregularly curved and more or less broken. The sides are de-
pressed and irregularly striated ; the strize along the keel run into
reticulations. The suturiform articulation and the keel on the
third segment are stoutly longitudinally striated; that on the
4th is less strongly ; there are no apical transverse furrows.
The scape of the antennz is rufous above; it is slightly
more than twice Jonger than wide; the 3rd and 4th joints are
equal in length.
Iphiaulax varipennis, sp. nov.
Pale yellow, the back of the abdomen, the vertex, the
middle of the front broadly, a mark, rounded on the top, in the
centre of the face, the sides of the mesonotum and a larye mark
in its centre at the base, an irregular mark on the base of the
metanotum, the mesosternum, a curved mark, narrowed behind,
on the centre of the mesopleure, two marks on the prosternum
and the hinder legs, black. Wings with the basal half, the 1st
cubital cellule and a narrow curved spot, dilated below, under-
neath it, yellowish-hyaline; the rest of the wing dark fuscous,
the hinder wings yellowish hyaline to beyond the middle, the
apex dark fuscous, the band on the lower side extending to near
the middle; the basal half of the stigma is orange-yellow. @.
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. ati
Length 18 mm.; terebra 4 mm.
Hab. Matang, 3600 feet.
Antenne longer than the body, black; the 3rd joint hardly
longer than the 4th and twice the length of the 2nd; the scape
about 3 times longer than wide and thickly pilose. Head and
thorax smooth and shining. The top of the petiole stoutly, ir-
regularly and not very closely longitudinally striated ; its sides
below pale orange yellow; the centre of the 2nd segment is
stoutly irregularly longitudinally striated; the suturiform arti-
culation is crenulated in the middle; the apical segments are
narrowly banded with white on the apex.
The ventral surface is marked laterally with black spots;
the abdomen is about twice the length of the thorax; the 2nd
abscissa of the radius is shorter, but not much, than the 3rd.
[phiaulax portius, 8p. nov.
Head and thorax ferruginous, the ocellar region black, the
metanotum infuscated; the 4 front legs rufous-yellow; the
wings to the stigma yellowish hyaline, the rest fuscous, the
base of the stigma yellow; the hinder wings yellowish to the
middle below, above beyond the middle; the greater part of
the 2nd abdominal segment coarsely longitudinally striated ;
the 3rd less strongly and distinctly to near the apex; the plate
on the 2nd segment large, triangular, its keel slightly shorter
than it; the part surrounding it depressed. 9.
Length 9 mm; terebra 7 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne black; the scape triangularly projecting on the
apex below; the 3rd joint, shortly but distinctly, longer than
the 4th, front and vertex smooth and shining; the face closely
rugosely punctured; the clypeus depressed, almost smooth,
rounded above, transverse below. The petiole behind the basal
slope is irregularly punctured; near the apex it is much more
strongly and distinctly punctured : the band is prolonged in the
middle and does not reach to the apex, which is smooth. The
second segment is smooth in the middle at the apex ; the suturi-
form articulation is crenulated; the furrows on the 3rd and 4th
segments are also crenulated, but not strongly. The recurrent
_ BR. A. Soce., No. 39, 1903.
112 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK.
nervure is not quite interstitial, being received shortly behind
the transverse cubital.
Iphiaulax halesus, sp. nov.
Ferruginous, the abdomen, antenne except at the base,
and the hinder legs, black; the fore wings to the transverse
basal nervure, the 1st cubital cellule and an oblique spot on the
upper edge of the 2nd cellule, yellowish-hyaline; the petiole
keeled in the centre; the 2nd and 3rd cubital cellules closely
longitudinally striated, the basal plate on the 2nd segment
elongated, the sides and centre keeled; the keel extends to the
apex of the segment. Face sparsely punctured; there isa
square depression below the antennz. Parapsidal furrows dis-
tinct. Petiole broad, as long as the 2nd segment : its lateral keels
indistinct at the base. ‘The keel bordering the lateral depres-
sion on the 2nd segment is narrow, straight and oblique; the
part bordering it on the outerside is closely obliquely striated,
the apical segments are narrowly lined with pale yellow. Legs
moderately pilose; the middle tarsi infuscated. ;
Length 16 mm.; terebra 17-18 mm.
Hab, Kuching. |
Antenne shorter than the body; the basal two joints ob-
scure rufous: the 3rd and 4th joints are about equal in length;
the 2nd abscissa of the radius is slightly shorter than the 3rd;
the transverse median nervure is not quite interstitial, being
received in the discoidal cellule, but almost touching the trans-
verse basal; and therefore differs from the typical Braconine
in which it is completely interstitial. In other respects the
species is a typical [phiaulaa.
iiii— Head, thorax and fore legs red; the wings yellow at the
base, hyaline at the apex.
Iphiaulax crassitarsis, sp. nov.
Head, thorax, anterior legs, the greater part of the middle
emora and tibize and the scape of the antennae, ferruginous; the
asal half of the fore wings yellowish hyaline, the apical clear
yaline, the hinder wings fuscous, hyaline at the apex; abdomen
short, ovate, broader than the thorax, closely, but not very dis- |
inctly or strongly. longitudinally striated. 9.
_Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK, 113
Length 8 mm. terebra 6 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Scape of antenne fully three times longer than wide; its
apex below sharply projecting ; the 3rd joint is distinctly longer
than the 4th. Face punctured; the clypeus convex ; its base
rounded ; its apex below obliquely depressed; the labrum is dis-
tinctly seen below it, and is rounded at the apex. Vertex deeply
depressed and with a deep furrow in the middle. Temples oblique-
ly narrowed. The petiole rises straight from the base and forms
an angle with the second segment; its base, in the centre, is
rufous, its apex closely, rugosely longitudinally striated. The
plate on the second segment is smooth and shining; it is large,
its length slightly longer than the width at the base ; it becomes
gradually narrowed towards the apex with the sides curved at
the apex ; there is no keel issuing from it; the lateral furrows
are straight, wide, moderately deep and oblique. Suturiform
articulation crenulated; its apical lateral furrows wide, shallow ;
there is an indistinct furrow on the apex of the segment; and
a more distinct, crenulated one on the apex of the 3rd, 4th
and 5th segments; the apical segments are clearly separated at
the edges. Legs stouter than usual, the hinder pair having the
tibize and tarsi distinctly thickened ; they are thickly pilose ; the
pile on the front of the middle tibiz is rufous ; the basal joint of
the hinder tarsi is thickened. The 2nd abscissa of the radius is
slightly shorter than the apical; the 2nd transverse cubital
- nervure is faint; the stigma is shorter and broader than usual.
iv. Entirely luteous, the wings fuscous, yellow at the base.
Iphiaulax matangensis, sp. Nov.
Luteous, the head and mesonotum paler; the back of the
abdomen suffused with black; the wings fuscous, the base to
the transverse basal nervure, and a cloud in the 1st cubital
cellule yellowish-hyaline ; a small hyaline spot below the bottom
of the 1st transverse cubital nervure; the stigma black, nar-
rowly yellow at the base; the keel on the 2nd sezxment is not
much dilated at the base, becomes gradually narrowed and ex-
tends to the apex. 9.
Hab. Matang, 2800 feet.
R. A. Soe., No. 39, 1903.
114 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,
Antenne longer than the body, entirely black, the scape
somewhat more than twice longer than broad, not dilated; the
3rd and 4th joints equal in length. Clypeus rounded on the top,
narrow. Front not much depressed, furrowed in the centre.
The 3 lobes of the mesonotum are largely fuscous. The raised
central part of the petiole is not much longer than broad; is
rugosely punctured on the top, its lateral slopes smooth, brown-
ish and bearing 3 keels in the centre; the lateral furrows are
wide and deep; the sides above are furrowed and striated.
The 2nd segment on either side of the keel is widely reticulated ;
the sides at the base are depressed and bear curved stout striz.
The suturiform articulation is wide and striated ; the furrow on
the base of the 3rd is smooth; on the 4th closely crenulated ;
the apical 2 segments are smooth. |
Iphiaulax annulitarsis, Sp. nov.
Luteous, the head more yellowish in tint, the 3rd and
following segments black, their apices pale yellow : the apex of
the hinder tibie and of the joints of the hinder tarsi, black; the
wings fuscous from the transverse basal nervure, behind it
yellow; the basal half of the hinder wings yellow; the stigma
black, with a small yellow spot on the base; the antenne ~
black. 9. |
Length 11-12; terebra 9 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Scape of antenne about 4 times longer thau broad : the 3rd
joint slightly, but distinctly, longer thin the 4th. Face and cly-
peus rugose; the face broadly raised in the centre and with a
depression near the apex, where it hasan oblique slope; the ~
top cf the clypeus is transverse, its sides rounded. Centre of
petiole coarsely, longitudinally punctured; the sides on the
inner side at the apex, transversely striated. The 2nd segment
is closely rugosely punctured; in the centre longitudinally
striated; in length the plate is about twice the length of the
width at the base ; it becomes gradually narrowed, and a narrow
keel runs from it to beyond the middie of the segment; the
part bordering the sides of the plate is depressed and is stoutly ~
transversely striated, The suturiform articulation and the fur-
Jour. Straits Brane ~
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK, 115
rows on the 3rd and 4th segments are crenulated. The 2nd ab-
scissa of the radius is distinctly shorter than the 3rd.
The raised central part of the 2nd abdominal segment is
large and has straight sides, it being therefore of equal width ;
the lateral furrows are closely striated; and are wide at the
base. The abdomen is slightly longer than the head and thorax
united ; it is wider than the latter and is ovate in form.
Iphiaulax hirpinus, sp. nov.
‘Luteous, the antenne black, yellow at the base; the wings
yellowish-hyaline to the transverse basal nervure, the rest dark
fuscous, with the stigma black ; the plate on the base-of the 2nd
abdominal segment not clearly defined, not narrowed towards
apex and rugosely punctured. 9.
* Length 9 mm. terebra 3 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne: longer than the body, the scape rufous, black on
the middle above, about twice longer than wide; the 8rd and
4th joints are equal i inlength. Face closely rugose, keeled below
the antennz ; the clypeus rounded on the top. Median segment
thickly covered with white hair. The central part of the petiole
is rugosely punctured ; it becomes narrowed towards the apex
which is rounded. Second segment stoutly irregularly striated
to near the apex; the striae are more or - less twisted ; the sides
are broadly depressed and are finely striated. Suturiform arti-
culation wide, deep and crenulated; the 4th and Sth segments
have distinct crenulated furrows on the base; there are also
transverse furrows on the apices of the 3rd, 4th and 5th seg-
ments. The sheaths of the ovipositor are black and covered
with black hair. ‘The 2nd abscissa of the radius is perceptibly
shorter than the 3rd; the 2nd abscissa of the cubitus is slightly
shorter than the 3rd.
Iphiaulax amestris, sp. nov.
Luteous, a broad curved black mark across the ocellar re-
gion extending to the eyes, the basal 4 dorsal segments of the
abdomen more or less black; the wings yellowish-hyaline to
the transverse basal nervure and on the hind wings to near the
middle, the rest fuscous-black ; the basal third of the stigma yel-
RB. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903
116 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,.
low; there is a cloud in the 1st cubital cellule which extends from
near the top, at the base, to the lower apical corner and above
extends along the top to the apex; the plate on the base of the
2nd segment extends to the centre and becomes gradually nar-
rowed, the basal five segments of the abdomen are closely lon-
gitudinally striated; the abdomen ovate, not lonzer than the
thorax and wider than it. 2.
Length 11 mm., terebra 8 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne longer than the body, black, the flagellum brown-
ish beneath towards the apex; the 3rd and 4th joints equal
in length; the scape about twice longer than broad; its apex
projecting into a spine. Petiole in the centre finely irregularly
longitudinally striated ; the depressed sides are broad and are
finely, indistinctly striated ; the 2nd to 5th segments are close-
ly longitudinally striated, the striation becoming weaker on
the apical segments; on the base of the 2nd segment is a
straight, narrow, deep oblique furrow, which is sparsely straited,
the suturiform articulation is distinctly crenulated; the apices of
the 3rd and 4th segments are depressed, smooth and havea nar-
row indistinct transverse furrow ; the lateral furrow on the 3rd
segment is broad, curved and striated.
Entirely luteous, the wings entirely yellow, long, with a black
spot at the base of the stigma.
Iphiaulax laertius, sp. nov.
Luteous, smooth and shining; the suturiform articulation
stoutly, but not closely, striated in the middle, the other furrows
smooth; antenne for the greater part black; the wings long,
yellow, the anterior smoky round the apex of the stigma and
the costa at its base, black, the posterior pair smoky at the apex
and round the apical lower margin, the cloud becoming gradually
narrowed on the inner side; an oblique cloud at the base of the
stigma ; the temples obliquely narrowed ; the legs thickly cover-
ed with long fulvous hair.
Length 13; terebra 7 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne longer than the body, the scape rufous and cover-
ed with long pale hair. Face and clypeus covered with long —
Jour, Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. hae 87!
fuscous hair, each originating from a pit; the clypeus behind is
bordered by a rounded narrow keel. Mandibles paler coloured
than the head ; their teeth black. Abdomen shining, impunctate ;
the suturiform aticulation has 7 or 8 stout, longitudinal, clearly
separated longitudinal keels in the middle; the petiole is distinctly
longer than the 2nd segment and appears narrower than usual; |
it is depressed at the base; from the base a keel runs to near the
apex. The keel on the second segment is smooth and shining ;
the oblique and lateral furrows on the 2nd and 3rd segments
are smooth ; there are no transverse furrows on the 3rd and fol-
lowing segments.
[pihaulax leptopterus, sp. Nov.
Luteous; antennee dark brownish, paler towards the apex ;
the scape black above; the wines long, yellowish, a dark cloud
at the base of the stigma along the cubitus and extending shortly
beyond the middle of the 1st cubital cellule; the lower part of
the apex of the front and the entire apex of the hinder wings
smoky; the transverse furrows on the base of the 2nd, 3rd and
4th segments crenulated. Legs thickly covered. with longish
pale fulvous hair. Q.
Length 17 mm., terebra 7 mm.
Hab. Matang, 3600 feet.
Face irregularly punctured and covered with long fuscous
hair; the middle above indistinctly keeled. The top of the cly-
peus is transverse in the middle, the sides rounded. Frontal
furrow deep. The apical lobe of the pronotum is widely and
deeply depressed, the depression is rounded above, transverse
at the base laterally at the base, there is a crenulated band. The
1st abdominal segment is longer than the 2nd being in length twice
the width of its apex; its centre is stoutly keeled; the keel being
larger at the base; the sides of the segment, on either side of it,
are irregularly punctured andstriated. The lateral depression on
the 2nd segment is wide, deep and is irregularly striated at the
base. The suturiform articulation is wide, deep and is stoutly
longitudinally striated; the apical lateral furrow is smooth. The
transverse furrows on the 3rd and 4th segments are distinct,
narrow and longitudinally striated. There are no apical
transverse furrows.
“RR. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
118 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,
This is probably the species recorded ‘by Smith (Journ.
Linn. Soc. 1857, 122) from Sarawak as Bracon aculeator, Fab.;
but the present is different from the Indian species I have
regarded as aculeator, Fab., Sec. Brullé. According to Brullé the
latter has the basal 3 segments of the abdomen finely longitudi-
nally striated and it has a transverse furrow outhe base of the
oth segment. :
In colouration this species is identical with /. luertius here
described ; but that species is easily known by the head being
obliquely narrowed behind the eyes.
Black, the TELS Juscous, hj paling at the apex. Short broad
species.
Iphiaulax wichvasoita Sp. NOV.
Black, thickly covered with black hair, the head,,. scape of
antenne and the fore femora in front rufo-testaceous, the wings
dark fuscous to the base of the stigma, beyond that milk white; -
the stigma from near the base pale testaceous, the radial and
cubital nervures pale, almost white. Q.
Length 7-8 mm., terebra 1 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Scape of antenne short, about twice longer than broad. Have
sparsely punctured and covered with fuscous hair. The scutellar
depression is rufous. Post-scutellum irregularly longitudinally
closely striated and with a smooth keel in the centre which be-
comes wider at the apex. The 2ud to 5th segments are closely
longitudinally striated, the strize intermixing all over; the basal
plate on the 2nd segment is elongate, extends to the middle of
the segment and becomes gradually narrowed; it is bordered later-
ally by 3 stout oblique keels. ‘The 3 transverse furrows are wide,
deep and longitudinally striated; the lateral furrows are wide and
shallow; they are dark rufous in the centre. Legs thic y
covered with black hair. The 1lstand2nd abscissz are together
not equal in length to the 3rd; the recurrent nervure is not quite
interstitial, it being received at the apex of the 1st cubital cellule.
The eyes are distinctly margined; the ocellar region black;
the temples are distinctly, roundly narrowed; the occiput is
transverse; the abdomen is elongate-ovate, narrowed towards
the base and apex.
~ Jour, Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 119
Iphiaulax Carnasius, sp. nov.
Black, the head and median segment thickly covered with
longish black pubescence; the wings, to the base of the stigma,
black, with a violaceous tinge; beyond that milky-white; the
apical two-thirds of the stigma pale yellowish-white; the
apical nervures white; the abdomen ovate, much wider than
the thorax; coarsely and closely rugosely punctured. ©.
Length 7 mm., terebra 2 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne longer than the body; the scape thickly covered
with pubescence. Face irregularly punctured. Its centre
Slightly raised and smooth; the part. over the oral incision
raised above; its centre hollowed: Mandibles black; their
basal half brownish below. Apical joints of the palpi fuscous.
Thorax smooth and shining; the transverse furrow at the base
of the scutellum shallow, straight and irregularly, stoutly
crenulated. The apical abscissa of the radius is shortly, but
distinctly, longer than the basal two united; the upper part of
the Ist cubital cellule is hyaline. The basal segment of the
abdomen is smooth and shining ; the other segments are closely,
rugosely punctured and more or less striated in the centre; the
basal keel on the 2nd segment is smooth, shining, long and
narrow; its keel is narrow and indistinct ‘and extends to the
apex of the segment, which is irregularly reticulated on either
side of it ; this part is obliquely bounded by a raised border :
- the lateral depression is, on the inner side, closely striated. The
suturiform articulation is deep, clearly defined and longitudinally
striated ; the other furrows,are less clearly defined, Legs stout,
thickly covered with short, stiff black pubescence.
Iphiaulax brunneomaculatus, sp. nov.
Black: the gréater part of the head and the fore part of the
thorax more or less brownish; the wings to the base of the
stigma dark fuscous, beyond het milky- white; the ees,
_except at the gHSe: and the apical nervures tab yellow. on
Length 7; terebra 13 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Antenne longer than the body, the flagellum ier nish.
Head shining ; the vertex for the greater part black, the rest
Be A: Soc., No. 39, 1903.
120 HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK,
brown; smooth. On the base of the median segment are two
broad, shallow, slightly oblique furrows. Mandibles brownish-
yellow, black at the apex. The apical part of the petiole is
closely rugosely punctured; the 2nd segment is coarsely lon-
gitudinally punctured; the base of the keel is irregularly trian-
gular, is shining and aciculated; the keel extends beyond the
middle; the part bounding it is depressed and irregularly
striated ; the lateral furrows are broad, distinct and striated ;
the 2nd furrow is distinct and striated; the 3rd and 4th are
narrower and less distinctly striated. The legs are more or
less brownish and are thickly covered with black hair; the
metatarsus is stouter than the other joints.
This species is very similar in form and colouration to J.
carnasius ; it may be easily separated from it by the rugosely
punctured petiole and by the smooth and shining plate on the
base of the 2nd segment, with its stronger keel.
Chaoilta fuscipennis, Sp. Nov.
Black, the head, thorax and 4 front legs ferruginous ;
antenne biack, the scape rufous; the abdomen, except the
apical two segments, closely and distinctly punctured, its
furrows Striated. °. ;
Length 16 mm. terebra 17 mm.
Hab. Kuching.
Scape with a triangular hollow on the apex beneath; the
corners projecting into short stout teeth. Front depressed, its
centre furrowed. The frontal plate is large, becomes gradu-
ally narrowed towards the apex, which is rounded ; the central
keel is stout, does not reach to the apex and becomes gradually
smaller. Antennal tubercles large, tuberculate on the outer
side above. Thorax smooth and shining; the metanotum black
to near the apex, where there are some irregular striz in the
centre. Legs thickly haired, the hinder tibiz grooved on the
outer side. The raised central part of the petiole is rugosely,
longitudinally striated: the striz are irregular and intermix ;
the depressed sides are longitudinally striated, more regularly
and distinctly than in the centre. The 2nd 38rd and 4th seg-
ments are closely longitudinally striated; on the 4th the long-
Jour. Straits Branch
HYMENOPTERA FROM SARAWAK. 121
itudinal striz are mixed with transverse finger striec. The
sutures are closely striated. ‘The areaon the base of the 2nd
segment is long and narrowed, extends to shortly beyond the
middle and becomes drawn out into a fine point. The oblique
depressions on the 3rd and 4th segments are shallow and not
very distinct. The sheaths of the ovipositor are thickly covered
with hair.
The toothed apex of the antennal scape is not so prominent
aS itis in the type (C. lamelluata, Cam.) \ i. e. Ahmad Bin
S5c i.e. Mahmid
In one of these two coins, this inscription is delicate, but
exceedingly sharp and clearly defined.
(4) a coin with the inscription on the one side
ole res Konan
> 5 i.e. Mahmud
The letters on the other side are too much worn to be deci-
_ phered.
~ Jam indebted to Captain R. P. Jackson, 8. C., 15th Madras
Infantry, for having kindly identified these six coins for me.
(5). There is an exceedingly well preserved coin, with one
side quite smooth, but bearing on the other side the inscription
SAL, i. e. maliku
Jjols) ie. adil
R, A .Sce., No. 39, 1908.
186 COINS FROM MALACCA.
which means ‘ The just king.’ Its size is 24mm = 12 in. and its
weight 3.3 grammes (See pl. I, fig. 5). Mr. R. J. Wilkinson kind-
ly identified this coin for me, and I subsequently found it figured
and described by Netscher and Van der Chijs (73,) p. 179, pl.
XXVI, fig. 245, and by Millies (72,) p. 148, pl. XXIII, fig. 250.
The specimen described by the former two authors has also one
side entirely smooth, and they state that the title maliku ’1-‘Adil is
used by several rulers of Western Borneo. According to them
the coin would have come from Sambas or Mampawa in West
Borneo and date from the year 1822. Millies, however, refers
the coin to Trengganu.* :
(6). The coin figured on pl. II, fig. 2, seems to bear only
a portion of the inscription maliku ’i-‘adil on the one side, whilst
the characters on the other side are too indistinct to be deci-
phered.
Some of these tin coins may possibly have come from Su-
matra. Marsden (9), p. 401, speaks of tin coins current in Acheen,
and Netscher and Van der Chijs (13), p. 162, too describe such
coins from Acheen, as well as from Palembang, Jambi and the
neighbouring island of Banka, but I have not been able to
identify any fo the Malacca coins with them.
The collection also contains a few Chinese coins, cash, which,
however, are too much corroded to be identified.
Il, THE EUROPEAN COINS.
1. The Portuguese Coins.
The Kuropean coins found at Malacca are Portuguese,
Dutch and English, and, as I stated before, their dates embrace
the whole period of the occupation of that place by these three
natiors.
*Since writing the above I have seen a paper by Lt. Col. Gerini,
‘A Malay Coin,’ Journal, Royal Asiatic Society, April 1903,
pp. 339-343, in which certain small gold coins, found in Jaring, near
Patani, are described. Their obverse is ‘an imitation of a Southern
Indian fanam bearing the figure of a maneless lion,’ whilst their
reverse bears the inscription Jolall, reminding thus strongly of the
tin coins described above. Dr. Codrington is of opinion that those
gold coins had come from Acheen.
Jour. Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA. 187
Malacca was taken by the Portuguese under Albuquerque
in 1511 and held by them until 1641. The kings of Portugal
during that period were :—
Emmanuel, 1495—1521
John III, 1521—1557
Sebastian, 1557—1578
and four others to whom it will not be necessary to refer in
this paper. From 1641 to 1795 the Dutch held possession of it,
from 1795 to 1818 the English, from 1818 to 1824 the Dutch
again, and since then the English.
The coins in the collection which date from the time of the
first Dutch occupation are nearly all well known, but it is other-
wise with a large number of tin coins struck by the Portuguese
in Malacca itself; in fact as I said before, it seems doubtful
whether any more of these coins exist at the present day.
However, the record of the first mint established by Albuquer-
que in Malacca, as given in his “ Commentaries,” and quoted
below, leaves no doubt as to their identity.
This mint was the only one ever established in Malacca by
Europeans. This was in 1511, immediately after the conquest
of the place. In the previous year, 1510, Albuquerque had
conquered Goa, and had established a mint there, and as the circum-
stances under which those two mints were founded were very
similar, and since, as will be shown below, the Malacca coins
were struck after the same pattern as those in Goa, although
not of the same metals, it may be well first to shortly narrate
the history of the founding of the mint in Goa.
Soon after Goa had been taken in 1510 the principal Moors
and Hindus of the country went to Albuquerque and told him
how the trade of the people suffered because there was no
proper currency, begging him to coin some money or at least
to permit the coinage of the Cabaio, the former ruler, to pass
current, which he had forbidden. Albuquerque thereupon
called a meeting of the goldsmiths, some Portuguese experts,
and the native merchants, and discussed the matter, after which
he gave orders for the coinage of money in gold, silver and
copper, and on the one side they were to stamp a cross of the
order of Christ, and on the other asphere,—the device of the
King D, Manuel. And when the money was ready (March 12th,
R. A. Soce,, No. 39, 1903.
188 COINS. FROM MALACCA.
1510), Albuquerque ‘“ gave the word to take the royal flag, and
the trumpets and kettle drums, and assemble all the men in the.
fleet, and ordered Tristao Déga to go and proclaim it; and he
went with all this company of people all round the city, and at
each proclamation that was made they scattered quantities of the
new money over the heads of the crowds, which were great,
and they went on proceeding in this manner round the city.”
Vol itp, toh):
When a few months afterwards Goa had been retaken by
the Moors, and Albuquerque had reconquered it, he established
a new mint at Goa (Vol. III, p. 41).
Albuquerque arrived before Malacca in the middle of June
1511, made the first attack on July 25th, conquered it in August,
and then took speedy measures for restoring order in the place,
Ninachatu, a rich Hindu merchant, being of the greatest service
to him in this matter. Ninachatu and some of the ‘ Governors
of the land” soon approached Albuquerque and told him what
inconvenience the people suffered from the want of a currency,
and begged he would give orders for some system of coinage.
Albuquerque thereupon called together the merchants, govern-
ors, and principal men of the city, and arranged with them that
gold, silver, and pewter coins should be struck, substituting thus
pewter for the copper coins of Goa and utilizing the natural
wealth of tin in the Malay Peninsula. We saw above that the
native coinage before the arrival of the Portuguese had been
pewter, just as now-a-days coins of that metal are current in
Trengganu and Kelantan.
The gold coin, called Catholico, should weigh a quarter of
a tundia which, among'st the Portuguese, was worth a thousand
reis. The silver coins, called Malaqueses, i.e. Malacca pieces,
should have the same value of a quarter tundia. The pewter
coins were to be of three different demoninations, viz : .
1. dinheiro (i. e. money), the smallest coin, equal to two of
the previously existing caixes of the ruler of M alacca, bearing
the sphere of the King D. Manuel,
2. soldo, equal to ten dinheiros,
3. bastardo, equal to ten soldos.
A mint was immediately established, and orders were given
that under pain of death the old coinage of the King of Malacca
Jour. Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA, 189
should be delivered there to be reminted. When this had been
done, and sufficient money had been coined, Albuquerque fixed
a day for the proclamation of the new currency, and the princi-
pal men of the people met Albuquerque with the Captains, Fidal-
gos and Cavaliers of the fleet in the fortress to form a procession
through the town. The account given of this procession and
proclamation is so interesting and picturesque, that I give it
literally :
There went first, in front of all the people, one of the
principal Governors of the City mounted upon an elephant with
his castle caparisoned with silk, and carrying in his hands a flag
of the arms of the King of Portugal upon a long spear, and be-
hind him went all the people on foot on one side and the other,
as it were in procession ; and in the midst of these people there
went a Moor mounted upon another elephant, likewise capari-
soned with silk, making the proclamation; and behind this one
came the trumpets; and after them the Governors of the City,
and all the Merchants, and principal men thereof; and at the
rear of this throng there went Antonio de Sousa the son of
Joao de Sousa of Santarem, and the son of Ninachatu, both to-
gether upona large elephant, which had been kept for the
King’s own use, with his castle caparisoned with brocaded cloths,
and they carried with them a large quantity of gold, silver, and
copper * coin, which they kept on throwing out over the heads
of all the people at each publication of the proclamation which
the Moor made. The crowd was so great that the streets could
scarcely contain it, and with many songs and blowing of horns,
according to the native custom, the people gave great praise
to Afonso Dalboquerque for giving orders for this distribution
of money by the advice and in accordance with the opinions of
their natives.” (Vol. III, p. 141). Accounts of this first mint
in Malacca are also given by Danvers (4), Vol. I, p. 230, and
Stephens (15), p. 162.
Besides these two mints at Goa and Malacca, others were
established by the Portuguese in Ceylon, Cochin, Diu, Bassein,
Damao and Chaul. The following are the mint marks of six of
_ * This is probably an error: no copper coins of Malacca are previ-
ously mentioned. Probably pewter coins are meant.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903
190 COINS FROM MALACCA.
these towns according to Da Cunha (4), part 1, p. 273; part 3
p. 202; part 4, p. 21.
G Lor. G—-* ne Kees Gen
M or M—A ice sae, Malaeea
C—LO Saat) aes ey lon
D Ser. Kee Damage
Decor D206 Je esc WOR
“ee. Jbassein
Finally the letter A which is found on some coins, is sup-
posed to stand for ‘Asia’ (see Da Cunha, part 1, p. 271), but
‘Albuquerque’ has also been suggested.
Da Cunha, the first authority on this subject, alludes
to the many difficulties which the study of the coins
issued by these mints presents, he states that the coins were
issued by the viceroys or even’ by _ the officers
of the mint in the most capricious fashion, that they
frequently bore effigies and leyends which had no con-
nection whatever with the reigning monarchs of the periods
when they were issued, that some of them were struck years
after the kings, whose busts they bore, had ceased to live (4,
part I, p. 267). Da Cunha continues: ‘But these difficulties are
increased tenfold by an absolute want of examples of the early
periods of the Portuguese rule in India, their place being but
inefficiently supplied by some written official reports and private
memoirs. The coins of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
are not only scarce, but even the written documents relating to
them are rare or deficient.” To Valentyn (76) they seem to have
been entirely unknown. Millies (22), p. 140, says: “Un des
monuments méme de la victoire du grand Alfonso d’ Albuquer-
que, la monnaie qu'il fit frapper 4 Malaka, a tellement disparu,
que nous n’avons nullepart pu en decouvrir un exemplaire.”
Birch (2), in a foot note to Albuquerque’s ‘Commentaries,’ Vol.
II, p. 130, refers for descriptions of the earliest Portuguese
coins to the works of De Faria (6) and Fernandes (8) and states
that ‘the coins themselves are so rare that they may almost be
described as no longer extant,” and that those writers had not
figured any of them. I have not been able to see the works
of De Faria and Fernandes, but I am glad to say that the collec-
tion unearthed in Malacca does contain some of those earliest
Jour. Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA, 191
coins, in fact some of them may be the identical specimens which
Albuquerque threw out over the heads of the admiring crowd
during his procession and the proclamation of the new coinage
ni Malacca in 1511.
The oldest specimens are three coins in excellent condition
belonging to the reign of King Emmanuel who was reigning
when Malacca was captured. Their diameter is 30 mm.— 1,3; in.,
their weight 10.3 to 10.8 grammes, and they are probably
bastardos. They bear on the obverse the Portuguese coat-of-
arms, and around it the inscription:
EWANVEL: R: P: ET: A: DOVINE.
The second and fourth letters of the first word are inverted,
and the last word, consisting of five or six letters, is less distinct
than the rest. It might standfor DOMINE. The meaning of
the other letters is of course ‘Emanuel Rex Portugaliz et Algar-
biorum. The Algarves were first conquered by the Portuguese
about 1188, and their name is still mentioned on the coins of the
present day. ‘The reverse of the coin bears the sphere, the
“device of the King D. Manuel,” like the coins struck at Goa.
The device of the sphere, by the way, is used as a symbol of the
glorious world-wide conquests of Portugal (see pl. I, figs. 2 and 2°).
Albuquerque died off Goa on Dec, 16th 1515, and King Em-
manuel in 1521. From the reign of the next king, John III,
1521-1557, between fifty and sixty coins are in the collection.
The first kind, probably the Soldo (size 24mm. = }2 in; weight
3.2 to 3.9 grammes), is of a very clear stamp, bearing on the ob-
verse a cross, and around it the inscription
IGA: tll: POR: ET: AL: R.,
i.e. loannes III Portugaliz et Alzarbiorum Rex, on the reverse
the usual sphere. This tin coin therefore tallies exactly with
the description of the gold, silver and copper coins struck at
Goa, which bore on the one side ‘‘a cross of the Order of Christ,
on the other a sphere—the device of the King D. Manuel.” Of
this coin there are only three specimens (pl. Il, figs. 9 and 9°)
Another kind, of which there are fifteen specimens, resem-
bles this last in all details except that it is of a much ruder make
and that the cross is slightly different : thus
R. A. Soc. No. 39, 1903.
192 CGINS. FROM MALACCA,
Of a smalier size of this coin, possibly the Dinheiros, there
are about forty specimens, some in excellent condition. Size
19mm = #in; weight 2 to 2.3 grammes. The obverse bears
around the cross the inscription
IOA: Ill: POR: ET: AL.
The reverse has the sphere (pl. II, figs. 10 and 10*).
There are some coins which on the obverse round a coat-of-
arms merely bear the inscription.
IOANNES. R. P. ET- AL. D. G.,
ji. e. Ioannes Rex Portugalize et Algarbiorum Dei Gratia, and on
the reverse the sphere. Although not clearly assigned to the
reign of John III, still there is no reasonable doubt that they too
belong to his time, and not to that of John IV, 1640-1656, dur-
ing the second year of whose reign Malacca was lost to the Por-
tuguese, nor to the time of John V, 1706-1750. There are about
twenty specimens of it, but most of them in a very indifferent
condition. Size 24 mm.—12in; weight 6.3 to 6.4 grammes.
(pl. II, figs. 8 and 8°).
A smaller coin, of which there are two specimens, has on the
obverse a cross, with the letters IS M A in the four angles of
the cross, and on the reverse again the sphere. These letters
probably stand for ‘Ioannes, Malacca, shewing that the coin
was struck at Malacca during the reign of a King Ioannes, prob-
ably again John III. The cross is very like the cross on certain
coins figured by Da Cunha (part 1, pl. I, figs 8, 4 and 7) from the
mints of Goa and Diu and belonging apparently to the eighteenth
century. Size 17.5 mm. in; weight 3.8 to 3.9 grammes
(pl. II, figs. 13 and 13°).
Belonging probably to the reign of the next king, Sebastian,
1557-1578, there are six specimens of a large coin which has on
the reverse the two letters S. B. with three crossed arrows be-
tween them, and on the reverse the coat-of-arms. The 8S. probably
stands for ‘Sebastian’, and the letter B. may stand either for
Jour, Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA, 193
for ‘Bassein,’ one of the mint towns, or for ‘Bastardo, the name
of the largest tin coin. The arrows are symbolic of the martyrdom
of St. Sebastian after whom the king was called. Thesize of the
coin is 80 mm. = 1,3, in; weight 11.3 to 11.9 grammes (pl. I, figs.
A and 4*),
Another coin, which very probably also belongs to this reign,
bears on the obverse the letters Band A, with three crossed
arrows between them, and on the reverse the sphere. The coin
is too small for the letter B to stand for ‘Bastardo,’ and it is pro-
bably the mint mark of Bassein, whilst the letter A may stand
either for ‘Asia’ or ‘Albuquerque’ (see above p. 190). The three
crossed arrows show that the coin was struck during the reign of
Sebastian, like the previous coin, and the two dots above them
probably indicate its value in dinheiros. Eight specimens were
found: size 17 mm. —4in; weight 3.5 to 3.7 grammes (pl. II,
figs. 12 and 12°).
The coin pictured on pl. I, fig. 1, of which there is only one
specimen, was probably struck at Goa, as its obverse bears a
device very like the wheel, the symbol of the martyrdom of St.
Catherine, the patron saint of Goa. This wheel is often found
on coins struck at Goa, as it commemorates the conquest of
Goa by the Portuguese on St. Catherine’s Day, November 25th,
1510. Its reverse is entirely smooth. Size 27 mm. = 1,;, in.;
weight 8.9 grammes.
A small coin, represented by five specimens, shows on the
obverse a coat-of-arms, and on the reverse a ship, but no inscrip-
tion whatever. Size 18 mm.—#in.; weight 2.2 to 2.4
grammes (pl. I, figs 6 and 6°).
A considerably larger coin shews on the obverse the coat-
of-arms, and on the reverse the sphere, but has no inscription
either. There are five specimens of it. Size 28 mm.—1} in.;
weight 10 to 11.2 grammes (pl. I, figs. 3 and 3°).
Finally there is a coin represented by only one specimen
shewing on the obverse a small coat-of-arms surrounded by
large and deeply impressed Roman letters, and on the reverse
the sphere. Notwithstanding that the letters are deeply im-
pressed and only little worn, they are so very rough, that my
efforts to decipher them have not been successful. Size 24 mm.
= }2 in; weight 3.7 grammes (pl. II, fig. 7).
R. A. Soc., No, 39, 1903,
194 COINS FROM MALACCA.
2. The Dutch, French and English Coins.
The Dutch during their possession of Malacca (1641-1795,
and 1818-1824) never minted any coins especially for that place,
but naturally used the coinage current in Java. That island
has changed its rulers several times since the end of the six-
teenth century, viz :
(1594-1602: Compagnie van Verre te Amsterdam.
(1597-1602: Compagnie van Verre te Middlebury.
1602-1799: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
1800-1807: Batavian Republic.
1807-1811: French Government.
1811-1816: British Government.
1816 : Dutch Government.
Coins belonging to four of these epochs were discovered at _
Malacca.
The two Companies van Verre seem to have issued silver
coins only, but none are in the collection.
The Dutch East India Company issued gold, silver and
copper coins. ‘The first copper coins were minted in 1644, but
in the Malacca collection which contains no gold or silver coins,
the earliest copper coins date from 1729. From the fact. that
the earliest copper coin figured by Netscher and Chijs (73) dates
from 1726 we may conclude that still earlier ones are rare in
numismatic collections.
The Batavian Republic issued gold, silver and copper coins,
but the collection does not contain any. The Raffles Museum,
however, possesses a copper coin of that period. The obverse
shows the Dutch coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield
enclosing a lion rampart, with the figures 5 and ,}, to the right
and left of the shield respectively. The reverse bears the
inscription INDIA) BATAY. 1802.
The French Government issued silver and copper coins,
and two of the latter were found at Malacca.
The British Government issued gold, silver, copper and
lead coins during its occupation of Java, but the Malacca collec-
tion contained none of them. The Raffles Museum, however,
possesses silver Rupees of the years 1812 and 1816, half Rupees
of 1818, copper Stuivers of 1814, half Stuivers of all the years
Jour. Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA, 195
1811 to 1815, copper Duits of the years 1811 to 1813 and lead
Duits of 1814.
The Dutch Government of Java has so far issued no gold
coins. The first silver coins, Guilders, seem to have been struck
imete2t. the first copper coins in 1817 or 1818. The
Malacca collection contains four copper coins.
In addition to coins current in Java also some of the well-
known tokens issued by British merchants and traders in Sumatra
were found, further some coins struck by the British East India
Company for Penang, and finally a coin from India and one from
Holland.
(a). Coins of the Dutch East India Company (1602-1799.)
Most of the coins issued by this Company bear the mono-
oram Qf, formed of the letters V. O. C., standing for ‘Vereenig-
de Oost-Indische Compagnie,’ i.e. United East India Company.
1. Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield con-
taining two lions passant.
Rev. QF 1729.
See Netscher and Chijs, p. 103. No. 21; pl. IV, No, 21°
2. Copper. One Duit.
Oby. Coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield con-
taining one lion rampant.
Rev. Q¢ 1730.
Except for date simi.» to Netscher and Chijs, pl. III
fig. 21°,
3. Copper. One Duit.
Dated 1731. Otherwise similar to No. 1.
4, Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of-arms with two lions rampant. Around. it
the legend ‘SP NOS IN DEO’ (i. e. Spes nostra
in Deo).
Rev. Q¢ 1732. |
Except for date similar to Netscher and Chijs, pl. IV,
INO: 21°.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
196 COINS FROM MALACCA.
Be
6.
=:
10.
11.
12.
Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of-arms with two one rampant. Around it
the legend ‘SPES NOSTRA IN DEO’ (written in full).
Rev. Q (Date effaced).
Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of- arms with one lion rampant; no legend.
Rev. Q€ 1735.
Except for date similar to Netscher and ee plein
fio, 22%,
i Copper. One Duit.
Date 1737. Otherwise identical with No. 6.
Copper. One half Duit.
Obyv. Coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield
without lions. The shieldis divided by a diagonal
line, a bende, the upper and sinister portion of the
shield being argent, the lower and dexter poo
cule.
Rev. Q€ 1753.
See Netscher and Chijs, pl. IV, fig. 22°.
Copper. One half Duit.
_ Date 1754. Otherwise identical ate No. 8.
Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of-arms consisting of a shield similar to
that of Nos. 8 and 9, but supported on the left and
right by two rampant lions.
Rev. Q€ 1786.
Except for date similar to Netscher and Chijs, pl. IV,
Spe ale
Copper. One Duit.
Obv. Coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield, the
lower half of which contains three horizontal wavy
lines, the upper half a demi-lion.
Rev. Q€ 1786.
Except for date similar to Netscher and One. pl. IV,
fie, 227:
Copper. One Duit.
Dated 1790. Otherwise similar to No. 10.
Jour. Straits Branch
COINS FROM MALACCA. 197
13. Copper. Two Duits. "
Dated 1790. About twice as He as No. 12, but other-
wise similar to it.
14, Copper. One Duit.
} Obv. Coat-of-arms, consisting of a crowned shield con-
taining two lions passant.
Rev. af E792:
Except for date similar to Netscher and Chijs, pl. IV,
fie, 22°.
(b). Coins of Java under French Rule (1807-1811.)
1. Copper. One Duit.
Oby. ‘JAVA, 1810’. Below this the letter ‘Z.’-
Rev. A monogram of the two letters ‘L. N.’, standing for
Louis Napoleon.
See Netscher and Chijs, p. 112, No. 60; pl. VII, fg. 60°,
2. Copper. Two Duits.
Oby. ‘JAVA’. Date effaced.
Rev. ‘L. N.’
(ce). Coins of Java under Dutch or British Rule ?
The Malacca collection contains a copper coin, probably
one Duit, of the following description :
Obverse: Coat-of-arms consisting of a crowned shield: en-
closing a liou rampant, with the figures ‘3’ and ‘,!,’ to the right
and left of the shield respectively.
Reverse: the legend INDL&# BATAY. 1816.
In 1816 Java was handed back by the British to the Dutch,
and as the coin bears a coat-of-arms used by the Dutch Kast
India Company throughout the eighteenth century, there is no
reasonable doubt that the coin is of Dutch, not British origin.
Coins identical with it, except for the date, were issued by the
Batavian Republic previous to the English occupation of Java,
and by the Dutch Government after the English occupation, and
the Raffles Museum contains such coins of the years 1802, 1818,
1819, 1821 and 1824. But the Museum also contains a coin of
1815, that is a coin struck in Batavia with the Dutch coat-of-
arms during the time of the English rule. Therefore it is just
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
198 COINS FROM MALACCA.
possible that the above coin of 1816, found at Malacca, may also
have been struck under English rule. I cannot offer any explan-
ation of this.
A coin of this kind, but of the year 1802, is figured by
Netscher and Chijs, pl. VI, fig. 39. The figures ‘5’ and ‘+,’ to
the right and left of the shield respectively are somewhat mys-
terious. Netscher and Chijs (p. 108) say that they are not able
to offer any explanation of their meaning, nor am I in a position
to do so. |
(d). Coins of Java under Dutch Rule (from 1816).
1. Copper. 2 Stuiver.
Obv.
Figs. 11 3 186.
Figs: 12 and 12? pe 193:
Figs. 18 and 13* * 192.
Jour. Straits Branch
-
STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
JOURNAL 39, PLATE I.
Tin Coins from Malacca.
STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
JOURNAL 39, PLATE II
Figis. Lig, 13%
Tin Coins from Malacca.
awe) f
pa io
iter a ert
Short Notes.
A Swarm of Butterflies in Sarawak.
On January 12th ult. a great flight of butterflies was ob-
served at Kuching, Sarawak, at 1.30 p.m. All the individuals
of the swarm belonged to the well-known species, C?rrochroa
bajadeta, Moore (syn. ravana, Moore) ; in the male the wings on
the upper side are bright chestnut in colour with the outer mar-
gins of the fore wings broadly, of the hind wings narrowly, fus-
cous, the under side is pale brown with darker markings and an
oblique pale fascia; the female differs in small details only. A
bright westerly wind was blowing at the time and the butter-
flies flew before it all over the town of Kuching towards Mount
Matang¢ in a continuous flood for about 15 minutes whilst strag-
glers followed up in ever-decreasing numbers for the rest of the
day. The colour of the insects, their prodigious numbers and
their weak and wavering flight produced an effect that irresist-
ibly reminded the beholder of a heavy shower of falling leaves
on a gusty autumn day in England. The swarm or some part
of it arrived at Mt. Matang towards evening and streamed up
to the summit. At Sadong the same phenomenon was’ witness-
ed at the same time on the same day as in Kuching but whether
this was a separate swarm or merely one of enormous size sweep-
ing over the whole area between Sadong and Kuching it is im-
possible to say as I can get no records from irtermediate places.
On the 13th between 1.30 and 2 p.m. another flighting was notic-
ed in Kuching, but the number were infinitesimal compared to
those flying on the 12th, and they did not attract the attention
of many observers. Of 18 specimens captured on the 12th, 13
proved on examination to be males, whilst only 5 were females;
at the present time of writing—a month after the swarm was ob-
served—this species is quite the most common met with in and
around Kuching, but now nearly all the specimens captured are
females. The rainfall of the N. HE. monsoon months has so far
(October—January) been below the average (39.45 inches as
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
204 SHORT NOTES.
against the average 75.17 inches) and to this comparative
drought perhaps may be indirectly attributed the abnormal num-
bers of this butterfly—Cirrochroa bajadeta. That the monsoon
has been an exceptionally favourable one for insects is shewn
also by the following occurrences :—(1) The number of swarms
of social wasps and bees has been greater than usual during the
past 3 months. (2) Captain A. Balser of the s.s. “ Rajah of
Sarawak’ reports that on the 20th January ult., a swarm of
dragon flies came aboard his ship when about 50 miles west
of the island of St. Pierre ; the wind was very unsteady at the
time ; the insects appeared to be maxing their way North. (3)
Mr. H. B. Crocker, officer-in-charge at Paku, Upper Sarawak,
informs me that on January 27th ult., he noticed a swarm of some
Pierine butterflies (species not identified, probably Catopsilia ero-
cale, Cram.) flying in a solid phalanx some 20 fathoms long by
8 fathoms wide in a westerly direction.
R. Shelford.
Work on Sakais by Messrs. Skeat and Blagden.
Ina letter from Mr. Blagden lately received he states
that the important work onthe wild tribes of the Malay penin-
sula by Mr. W. D. Skeat and himself will shortly be out. It is an
attempt to combine in one work ali that is of any permanent
value in previous publications both books and periodicals, as
well as Mr. Skeat’s own independently collected matter collected
during the Cambridge Exploring Expedition, in the Northern.States
of the Peninsula and in Selangor, Mr. Blagden’s own notes, and
the various information collected by Mr. D. F. A. Hervey, Hugh
Clifford, Vaughan Stevens and others. The book which will be
well illustrated will be found to be as complete as it is possible to
make it, and should prove of the greatest interest toall Huropeans
in the Malay peninsula. It is unnecessary to point out that in
many cases the language and customs of these most interesting
tribes are gradually disappearing so that a good record of
them is of the greatest importance, and the names of the authors
are a guarantee of the excellence of the work.
id Nie
Jour. Straits Branch
SHORT NOTES. 205
A Buddhist Votive Tablet.
Some years ago the late Mr. H. Vaughan Stevens dis-
covered in Kédah in a cave, nine feet below the floor, a number:
of fragmentary clay tablets stamped with inscriptions. These
he forwarded to the Singapore Maseum, where they now are,
accompanying them with a letter explaining where he had found
them.
By the courtesy of the Curator I have been enabled to
submit a photograph of the largest and best preserved of these
tablets to Professor Kern of Leyden, who in reply to my request
was good enough to examine it and writes as follows:— ‘After
repeated attempts I have given up the hope of deciphering the
whole. The writing is Nagari of the 10th century, approxim-
ately, and therefore the tablet is from Northern India. At the
top I discern parts of the well known Buddhist formula :
ye dharma hetu prbha, etc.,
The first line shows hetuprabha ; the second sam hetu-tathdga-;
the third tesém . . ca (?) yo nirodha-; the fourth . . vddi manah
sarve; the fifth sams Kara. Further I can distinguish some
letters, but without being able to make out an intelligible context.
Most probably the whole tablet is filled up with the common
formula of the Buddhist creed.”
The formula here referred to is clearly the one which
occurs also in certain other inscriptions found in Kédah and
Province Wellesley, which will be found in Indo-Chinese Essays,
Series I, Vol. 1. These were dealt with, by Professor Kern, in
Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van
Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, 3de Reeks, Deel 1. He
assigns them to the period 400 A. D. These however are ina
South Indian form of alphabet (and from such form the existing
Far Eastern alphabets are in the main derived), whereas the
ao tablet now dealt with points to influences from Northern
ndia,
Evidently, therefore, both Northern and Southern India
have contributed something towards the civilization of the
Malayan regions.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
206 SHORT NOTES.
I take this opportunity of pointing out, as regards the date
to which this Indian influence can be traced, the following few
acts:—
(1) In the 2nd century, Ptolemy gives Indian place names
to several of the islands of the Archipelayo, notably Java, which
he calls Iabadios i. e. Yava-dvipa ‘the island of Java” (or the
island of millet,’ if that is what the name meant) as well as to
certain ports on the coast of Indo-China and the Peninsula.
(2) larly in the 5th century, Fa-Hian going from Ceylon
to Java, finds in the latter island ‘‘ heretical Brahmans, but no
Buddhism worth mentioning.” He was a Buddhist pilgrim
himself and stayed five months in Java and after spending some
years in India, so he may be supposed to know what he was
talking about.
(3) Late in the 7th century I. Tsing, another Chinese
Buddhist, found Buddhism (of the Sanskrit-using variety)
flourishing in South-eastern Sumatra.
The inscriptions found in the Peninsula, though few in
number and of little intrinsic interest, supply further links in this
chain of evidence, and negative Mr. Hugh Clifford’s assertion
(Encyclopedia Britannica supplement s. v. Malays) that the —
traces of Hindu influence do not extend to the Peninsula. They
are only fainter there than in Java and Sumatra, not absent
altogether.
Unquestionably Indian influence was by far the most
potent of the forces which have led the Javanese and Malays to
such civilization as they have attained. It has made a far deeper
impression upon them than the Arab and European teaching by
which it has been succeeded.
C. O. Blagden.
Jour. Straits Braneh
SHORT NOTES, 207
A new Balanophora from Tenimber Islands.
When Mr. H. 0. Forbes visited the Tenimber islands in
1882, he obtained among his collections, specimens of a Bala-
nophora which however perished in the disastrous conflagration
by which the greater part of his collections were destroyed.
No other person has since visited this group with a view of
collecting botanical. specimens though Orchid collectors have
lately taken to exploring the spot usually for the sake of the
beautiful Dendrobium Phalaenopsis. Mr. Micholitz during a re-
cent visit came across the Balanophora, and brought a quantity
of it preserved in Formaline which he has kindly given me,
and I may here remark that this seems to be about the best way
of preserving these fleshy plants. If preserved in ordinary
spirit, not only does the spirit become black, though often
changed, but the plants which are ordinarily red, yellow or
white also become black. The specimens in formaline retain to
a considerable extent the yellowish white color which they pos-
sessed in life.
B. Micholitzw, n. sp.
Rhizome rather small about $ inch through, rounded and
shortly lobed, minutely irregularly pustulate. Stems two or
three on a rhizome, 2 inches tall thick, leaves about 8, orbicular
to orbicular ovate, apex rounded 4 an inch long, 4 to 3 inch wide
white. Capitulum ovoid globose 1 inch long yellowish bisexual.
Male flowers in two or three whorls at the base, pedicels 4
inch long thick. Sepals 4 oblong fleshy, apices thickened incur-
ved, shorter than the pedicel. reflexed, androecium thick, anther-
capitulum rounded, anthers 4 horse-shoe shaped. Female portion
broad globose rounded. Flowers obconic clavate, apex rounded
tessellate, spadicels numerous nearly as long as the pistil, base
and apex slender filiform centre swollen.
This plant is nearly allied to B. Zollingert Fawcett, Trans.
Linn. Soc. Ser. ii. Vol. il. p. 234. Plate 34 figs 11-14 which was col-
lected by Zollinger in the island Salayer, south of Celebes. It
is however much larger in all its parts, and the female flowers
are more Club shaped with a longer stalk armed with large well
developed spadicels. .
Hf. N. Ridley.
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
208 SHORT NOTES.
On the supposed evil influence exercised by ehosts
in the Malay Peninsula.
Some four years ago when I was engaged in certain pros-
pecting operations in the highlands of Pahang on the borders of
that State with Perak, I had occasion to make a somewhat
lengthy stay at a place called Kampar on the Tué river, one
of the tributaries of the Betok, in its turn a tributary of the
Jelai, the principal feeder of the Pahang River. I selected this
spot because it had already been cleared of large trees and had
only recently been in occupation as a Sakai Settlement, from
the remains of which, we reared our unpretentious little camp.
The Sakais however strongly advised us to go elsewhere alleg-
ing that this place was haunted by elephant ghosts and that they
had been the direct cause of a number of deaths among them,
principally among their children, whose remains lie buried there.
It is necessary to explain that at the back of this place, not
fifty yards away, is to be seen one of those peculiar muddy
pools which animals of all kinds frequent for their saline proper-
ties, this particular one being known as the Kubang Gajah
Hantu (the mud pool of the ghostly elephants). These salt licks
are also known as genutsin Malay. When the Sakais refer to this
place it is usually with bated breath and a mysterious and awesome
gesture. These men declared that almost nightly elephants are
seen and heard breaking twigs and branches and wallowing in
this mud pool, and yet in the morning, not a vestige of their
spoor can be seen anywhere. Of this I am certain, the prints
of deer and pigs were always plentiful and fresh, but no elephant
could have been within miles of the place during my residence
in that locality. My mandor’s wife, an oldish person, who always
followed her husband in his’ jovrrneys doing the cooking for my
followers, declared that the first night we slept there, she and
all my men heard continued long drawn wails, like a long wee-
é-é-€ which went on without intermission until almost daylight.
This noise they said came from those Sakai children buried there.
This account is interesting from an ethnological standpoint
-in so far as it illustrates the beliefs and superstitions of a race
of very primitive people. As for the number of children dying
Jour, Straits Branch
SHORT NOTES. 209
at the time, this would only seem natural when it is remembered
that an epidemic of measles was then and had been for some
time after raging.
A. D. Machado.
Malay Witchcraft. |
Towards the end of 1901 while I was in charge of a coun-
try district in Alor Gajah, complaints were made to me of a
certain Pawang Musah who was said to bewitch children by
means ofa familiar spirit called a Polong. One man stated
that one of his children had died from the effects and that an-
other was affected. As his house was only abouta mile from where
I lived, I and the colonial surgeon from Malacca, who happened
to be with me on one of his periodical visits decided to go and
see the child. When we arrived at the house we found a large
number of people in the house and lying at one end of the
verandah, the child (a little girl of 7 or 8 years old) in a semi-
unconscious state. The doctor examined it and found that it was
in a high fever and evidently dying. While we were there the
father sat down and spoke to the child. She opened her eyes
and when asked by the father ‘‘ who sent you here and who is
your father” or words to that effect, she replied ‘“‘ Pawang Mu-
sah.” This was taken by the bystanders to be the voice of the
Polong speaking through the child. We were also told that the
child had been asked who would be the next victim and had
pointed out her older sister a girl of 18 or 19 yearsold. This
girl was examined by the doctor and found to have nothing the
matter with her. We assured her she had nothing to fear,
and as far as I know she is still alive, at any rate she was alive
in February 1902 when I left Malacca. The dying child was
suffering from malarial fever, enlarged spleen and starvation
and though we sent up stimulants they were of no avail and
she died a very few hours after we left. Pawang Musah lived
about 2 miles from were the child lived and had a bad reputa-
tion asa wizard. He originally came from the other side of
Malacca about 30 miles away and had moved about from village
to village everywhere getting the credit for the deaths of child-
R. A. Soc., No. 39, 1903.
210 SHORT NOTES.
ren being driven out. I have very little doubt that he traded
on the reputation as the people were quite willing to give him
anything he asked for through fear that he would otherwise
bewitch their children. The explanation appears sufficiently
obvious. If any person thought he had in any way offended the
Pawang the next case of sickness in his house would in all
probability be attributed to him, the illness then being considered
supernatural no ordinary remedies would be tried and incan-
tations alone would be used to drive out the evil spirit. The
result to the patient is very easy to imagine and as he or she
being familiar with the story of the Polong, it is not surprising
that the answers given to the well known formule coincide
with the suspicion of the relations especially when it is remem-
bered that the patient is a young boy or girl in high fever.
H. Marriott.
Jour. Straits Branch
Corrigenda in Mr. C. O. Blagden’s paper ‘‘A Malayan
Element in some of the Languages of Southern
Indo-China, Journal No. 38, pp. 1-27
Page 1, line 4, for Khmet read Khmer.
3
a
9?
5, for hand read Land.
11, for dua read dva.
8 from bottom, after and insert the.
5, for leureux read heureux.
13, for sémbilon read sémbilan.
3 from bottom, for of read cf.
1, for tamov read lamov.
16, for hagaton read hagatou.
20, for dita read dita.
11. after rarely end the bracket.
for iu read in.
3, delete van.
4, for metoyam read metyoam.
) from bottom, insert a before Malayan.
13 from bottom, for dewatan read dewatau.
14, for chin chin read chinchin.
15, for ainbau read ambau.
for ainbang read ambang.
6, for being read bring.
4, for Papuan read Melanesian.
2, for southeast read south-east.
2 from bottom, for ; everything read . Everything.
3, for wards read words.
6, for Himby read Himly.
11, for Landen read Land- en.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.
JOURNAL NO, 1 to No. 39, Price to members, $1-00 each.
5 cs . , to non-members, $2.50 each.
Essays RELATING To INDO-CHINA, 4 Vols., Price $2.50 each. ~
THE HIKAYAT ABDULLAH.
THE WAI-SENG LOTTERY, by G. T. Hare, Esq.
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