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See VIS. “No. Bi. oe ae re JOURNAL Go OE THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE aes ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. | JUNE, 1880. PPUBLISHED UWALE-YBARLY. SINGAPORE: | Wc Sols * 12 “ Printep vv rie Government PriInvinG Orrick. — ISSO. “ AGENTS OF THE SocIEry: London,,.. Tri pyun & Co. | Paris; 7, Basis) LErouxsGeCre. (No, 5.) JOURNAL OR THE mer AtTTS BRANCH OF THE Merae ASIATIC SOCIETY. PeebishiD HALE-YHARLY. SINGAPORE: PRINTED AVY THE GOVERNMENT PrinvinG OFFICE. LSSU. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY: London,... Triznen & Co. Paris,... Ernest Leroux & Cie. y) 5 Ua re ae WRN ‘ > : « P| ; ~ } ' . j i : . ] i . : I ud ‘ 2 : , ) pt * / . = f | . A ; i . <4 - A 1 ie i i > i r a ye = . > 1 u ; - iS } . ‘ ae? + te 5 ' , Bi ey, i % mae af 4 5 ‘ é ‘ r . 6 . at ’ te ; is i oes CaM L : i J ea {eoBae We \ , fi 2 = The 7 3 : ‘ rs iy 4 4 y ' = ey F my ik ‘ ly i : 7 i 74 i * (5 ; Vor yO # 2 © , he 4 eC, Hi), oN J 7 - y i 4 , ¥ 4 i - 1 - 2 { ) 1 bs { it f 4 ety s \* p 1 = Mi wk ri i 4 ie : : y ‘ ’ i * : noes f iy hy ag | a ' ee | f TCO Th EAN Es. a ae OO SELESILAN (Book or tHe Descenr) or toe Ragas oF Brust, sy Hue Low, c...G., a Norres ro Drrro, ITSsTORY OF THE SULTANS or Brunt, ... List oF rite MAHOMBDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI,... Hrsroric Taner, Acuen, By G. P. Tousoyn, FProw Pirak To SLIM, AND DOWN THE SLIM AND BERNAM Rivers, By FP. A. SwerrennamM, A Convriserion to Matayay Breiiograray, by N. B. one Pine h),. COMPARATIVE VocaBubany OF SOME OF THE WiLD Tribes INHABITING THE Matayan Penrnsura, Borneo, XC., Miscentansous Nores— Tae Ticker ry Borseo, py A. Hanr Everury, PaGn. 69 i Ni fi SELESILAH (BOOK OF THE DESCENT) OF THE RAJAS OF BRUNI. BY Huau Low, H. B. M.’s Restpmnt, Perax. This is the history of the Rajas who have sat upon the throne of Bruni(*?) —Dar ul Saldn (city of peace)—according to their generations, to whom descended the nobat nagdéra (royal drum) and gunta aldmat (the bells, an emblem) from Johor—Kemal ul Mekam (the royal place): they also received the nobat nagdra from the country of Menangkabau, that is to say, Andalas and Saguntang. The first (2) who held the sovereignty in the city of Bruni, and who introduced the Mahomedan religion and observed the institutions of the prophet Manomegp, on whom be peace, was the - Paduka Sri Sultan Manomep. (See Note I.) Before his time the country of Bruni was Kafir (gentile) and a dependency of Ménjapahit, (*) butatthe time of the death of the Batara (1) The name of this kingdom and city is always written “Bruni” by the Natives, but it is called indifferently “ Bruni” and “ Brunei.” (2) The first date in Bruni history which can be trusted is a. H. 1072, being that of the death of Sultan Manomet' Att, who was the twelfth Mahomedan Sultan. From the establishment of Johor in 1512 to the year 1810, CRAWFURD says, fourteen Princes reigned, giving an average of twenty-one years to each reign: a similar average foreach Sultan of Bruni would make the religion of istam to have been introduced, and the dynasty to have been established, about the year 1403, but it was probably somewhat earlier, as several of the Sultans of this period appear to have had long reigns. (38) The Hindu kingdom of Menjapahit was destroyed by the Mahomedans im A.D. 1473, Bruni is mentioned in the history of Java as one of the countries conquered by ADAYA Minarat, the General of AN@KA Wisaya, the last king. 2 SELESILAH. of Ménjapahit and of the Wazir (Minister) Paren Gasan Mapa (*) and the destruction of the country of Ménjapahit which ensued, Bruni ceased to send the tribute of a jar of the young Pinang fruit (green betel nut). In the reign of Sultan Banxer, (*) of the kingdom of Johor, he summoned the Tuan Anau Berratar and Paren Beret to Johor, and, when they arrived there, they were invested as Sultan Manomep by the Yang di Pertuan of Johor, and he gave them the nobat nagéira and gunta alémat, and five countries—Kalakah, Seribas, Sadong, Semerahan; and Saréwak—Paren Brrpi being appointed Béndahara Sri Maharaja. After having remained some time in Johor, His Majesty the Sultan Manomep returned to Bruni. He had no sons and only one daughter. Before this (see Note II.) the Emperor of China had sent two of his officers, named Wane Kone and One Sum Prive, to get the geméla (jewel) of the Dragon, which lived on the China Balu. A ereat number of the Chinese were lost, being eaten by the Dragon, which retained its jewel, and thus the mountain was called China Balu. But Ona Sum Prine conceived a device for deceiving the Dragon ; he put a candle in a glass case, and, while the Dragon was out feeding, he took the jewel, putting the candle in its place, the Dragon thinking his gemdla still safe. The treasure having been thus obtained, all the junks set sail to return to their country, and when they had got some distance from the mountain, Wane Kone demanded the jewel from One Sum Pine, and they quarrelled, but Wane Kone insisted on the surrender of the jewel, so that One Sum Pry¢ was angry and would not return to China, but turned back and sailed to Bruni, and, having arrived there, he married the Princess, the daughter of the Sultan Manomen (see Note IIL), and the Sultan gave over the sovereignty to his son-in-law Sultan AKHMED. (4) Gagan Mapa was the Minister of ANGKA WisJAYA. PATER BERBI, in another version of the Selesilah, which was given to me by Pangiran Kasuma, is represented as the brother of Sultan MAnomeED. (5) Johor was not established as a kingdom at the time of these events, and the Sultan mentioned must have reigned in Malacca, which was taken by the Portuguese in 1500, Johor being established the following year, SELESILAH. 3 Sultan Akumep also had a daughter, who was of exceeding beauty, and a Sheriff named Ant, of the line of Amir-sr-Hasan, came from the country of Taif and passed into Bruni. Having heard of the great beauty of the Princess, he became enamoured of her, and the Sultan accepted him for his son-in-law, and gave him the sovereignty of the kingdom. He was called Sultan Bérxar, and he enforced the laws of the prophet, and built a mosque in the city of Bruni, and by the aid of his Chinese subjects he erected the Kota Batu (stone wall). (see Note IV.). The Sultan Birxar hada son—the Sultan Sunerman—who was the father (*) of the Sultan Butxetan, (see Note V.) who was the Raja who conquered the kingdom of Soolook and made adependency of.the country of Sélurong, (7) the Raja of which was called Datou Gampan. Sultan Burkeran (*) had a son, who was the Sultan Appunt Kanar; he is known as the Mérhoum Krémat, (°) and was the father of the Sultan Sarr-vuL-REsAt. Sarr-un-Resat (*°) was the father of the Sultan SHau Brunt, (21) and when he died the kingdom descended to his brother Sultan Hasan. — (6) Itis probable that Nakoda Racam, Sultan BuLKerau, carried on his career of travel and conquest during the lifetime of his father, Sultan Sunerman, When MacGentan’s Squadron was at the mouth of the Bruni river, a. p. 1521, a fleet returned to Bruni from the conquest of a place called Lawi, which was on the East coast of Borneo. This fleet was commanded by the son of the King of Luzon, who was the Captain-General of the King of Bruni. This statement of PicAretta’s confirms the Brunian narrative. (7) Selurong is said. by Brunian tradition to be in the island of Luzon and the site of the present town of Manila. (8) 1t was probably towards the end of the reign of Sultan BuLKEIAH that the ships of MaGcr.ian, after his death at Mactan, touched, in August, 1521, at Bruni, where they found » magnificent court. 9) He was called Merhoum Kramat, from having appeared, after death, on horseback at the head of the forces of Bruni to repel the Castilians during their attack on Bruni. His tomb on the hill above Kota Batu was destroyed by the Spanish shot. (10) Itseems probable that it wasin the reign of this Sultan Sarr-UL-Resat, that Bruni was attacked by the Spaniards, A. pb. 1577, but the history is con- tradictory on this point, in one place assigning the first attack to the time of his father Sultan Asput Kaunar. The -second attack by the Spaniards took place in 1580. (11) Sultan Suan Brunt is said to have been a great encourager of manu- factures in brass. It was during his reign that the magnificent brass cannon taken away by Sir THomas CocHRANE in 1846 were founded. 4 SELESILAH. Sultan Hasan (see Note VI.), who was called the Mérhoum di Tanjong, was very powerful in his kingdom and conquered all the Bajau countries and the Batira of Soolook. He was the father of the Sultan Jati-vt-AKgBar, who is known as Mérhoum Tuah, and who was the father of the Sultan Anpun Jaurm-vut-JuBar, and when he died, he was succeeded by the brother of His Majesty’s father, Sultan Manomer Atr, from whom the sovereignty was snatched away by Béndahira Axsput. Sultan Manomer Aut (*”) is called Mérhoum Tumbang di Rum- put, and, on his death, the throne was occupied by Sultan AppuL Musin. He was succeeded by the nephew of Sultan Manomer Aut, who reigned as Sultan Muapprn (*%), who carried on the war against the island (**), and recovered the royalty from the Sultan Asput Musin. He is known as Mérhoum Bongsu: when he died he was succeeded by the son of his brother, who was named Sultan Nasr-Appin. After his death he was succeeded by his father’s cousin (aya sa papa) named Sultan Keman-Apprn, (25) who was the son of Sultan Manomer Att: he is the Mér- houm di Lobuh, and was twice sovereign. His Majesty resigned | the throne to his relative (chuchu sa pupu) Sultan Manomep Aut-Uppin, (**) who was the father of the Sultan Manomep Trs-W ALDIN, (2?) who was the father of the Sultan Jeman-ut-ALAM. (12) This sovereign, Merhoum Tumbang di Rumput, was a younger son of Sultan Hasan and consequently uncle to his prodecessor JALIL-UL-JEBAR. (13) Pronounced Mvappin in Bruni. He was married to his cousin the daughter of Sultan Manomet Au; he was himself a son of Merhoum Tuah, so that he was a grandson of Sultan Hasan, and his wife a granddaughter of the same King, (14) Pulau Chermin, where the usurper Sultan Aspun Mustn established himself. ABpu~ Musin is not mentioned in the genealogical list of Sultans carved on the historic tablet by order of Sultan Manomep TaJ-upprIn. (15) Sultan Krmat-appIn was one of the sons of Merhoum Tumbang di Rumput, and was named Huserrn; he with his brother Hasan, the elder of the two, were quite young at the time of the massacre and were protected by their brother-in-law the Bendahara Boncstv, who afterwards became Sultan MUADDIN. : (16) Sultan Manomep Azi-Uppin was the son of the Pangiran di Gedong Suan Busin, who was the son of Sultan Mvappin by his wife, the daughter of the Sultan Manomet Aut. After his death, his father-in-law KemMaL-AppDIN again assumed the royalty. (17) Sultan Manomep Tes-Waxpin resigned the throne in favour of his son ManomMep JEMAL-UL-ALAM, who having died after a reign of from six fo nine months, his father re-ascended the throne. SELESILAH. 5 When he died the throne was occupied by the Sultan Mano- MED Kuan Zun-Auam, ('°) whose son was the Sultan MaHomEp AtAm, (?°) who had waged war with the chief Méntri Aspun Hax of Buong Pinggi, who rebelled against His Majesty. The grave of this Sultan is at Pulau Chermin. After his death he was succeed- ed by the Sultan Omar Att Satr II., who is now reigning, and who is the son of the Sultan Manomep Jemat-vL-ALAM. (18) Sultan MaHomep Kuan Zvut-Atam wasa son of Sultan Omar Att Sarr- UDDIN. (19) This was a2 madman of the cruelest propensities, who would have set aside MAnoMED ALI SAIF-UDDIN. o> NOTES. i. Sultan Manomep.—The tradition preserved in Bruni, as related to me by the Pangiran Kasuma, is that the Bruni Rajas are descended from three sources :— 3 (1°) from Awane Atax Ber Tapar, who governed the coun- try before the introduction of the religion of Islam; (2°) from Johor (Malacca? ), a lady of that royal family having been forci- bly brought to Bruni before the people were Mahomedans ; (3°) from the Arabian Prophet: Anak Ber Tapar was converted to Islam and became Sultan Manomep. The Chinese element seems to be omitted in the above enumeration of the sources of origin of the royal family. II. The productions of North and North-east Borneo must, from early times, have attracted considerable attention from the Chinese, as is shewn by the names of the largest river and the highest mountain in that territory, viz., China Batangan and China Balu ; very large quantities of birds’ nests, beche-de-mer, sharks’ fins, Bornean camphor, pearls and pearl-shells are still collected there, and in no other part of the island, for export to China. The unsuccessful expedition sent by Kupiar Kuay, a.p. 1292, to the Eastern Archipelago was probably to this place, and may have been that which gave a Raja or Princess to Borneo, for there is unboubt- ed uncertainty in this early part of the Bornean narrative as to relative dates. It is very probable that the Chinese had a settle- ment or factory at China Batangan, and that the wife of Sultan AKHMED, the second Sovereign, came from there, as in some versions of the Selésilah she is expressly stated to have been brought thence by the Sultan. TIT. In the copy ot the Sélésilakh given to me by Pangiran Kasuma, Sultan AKHMED is represented as having been the brother of Sultan NOTES. 7} Mattomen, and to have married the daughter of the Chinese Chief, whom he brought from China Batangan, who, with all his people, is said to have settled in Bruni, and to have had by her a daughter, who was married to the Arab Sheriff who became the third Sultan. This seems to be confirmed by the narrative on the historical stone carved by order of the Sultan Manomep TAs-vppIn. IV: “Kota Batu.”—There are two places called thus, one in the site of the ancient palace at the little river Bruni below the anci- ent tombs of the former Sultans, the other is the artificial bar formed in the river between the islands “ Kaya Orang” * and “Pulau Chermin” which the Pangiran Kasuma’s narrative gives as the one referred to in the text, saying that forty junks filled ' with stones were sunk to form it. As the former was in existence and mounted with fifty-six brass and six iron cannon in 1521, when Pigarerra visited the place, it was probably built at the same time. In the stone tablet the erection of the Kota Batu is ascribed to the Arab Sultan Birxar, the third of the Kings, who married the daughter of Sultan AkuMep; he probably, with the assistance of his Chinese subjects, finished one or both of these structures. v. Sultan Bunkerau was familiarly known as Nakoda Ragan: he is deseribed in Bornean traditions as a great navigator and warrior, having voyaged to Java and to Malacca and conquered the Hast Coast of Borneo, Luzon and Soolook. His tomb, of very exquisite workmanship in very hard basaltic stone, still remains en the hill above the site of the ancient town ; it was probably imported from Achin or Java. Two stones only remained in 1873 of the similar tomb of Lena Men Cuanet, the wife of this Sultan, who was a daughter of the Batira of Soolook. I saw two other stones which had formed part of this lady’s tomb in the burial ground at the * “Kaya Orang,’ There are veins of coal on this island, and the remains of regular fortifications: it is opposite Pulau Chermin, and with it commands the entrance of the Bruni river. 8 NOTES. “ Kiang” above the “ Upas”’ under a large waringing tree. Sen- | tences from the Koran are exquisitely carved on both tombs, but they have no names or dates which I could distinguish. Vi. Sultan Hasan had a palace at Tanjong Chindana and a fort on Pulau Chermin. He was buried in the former place and is hence called Mérhoum di Tanjong. He is reported to have reconquered several countries. Soolook is said to have been tributary to him, and it is certain he had intimate relations with that State, a son of his by a concubine having, it is asserted, become its Raja: it may have been under his order and by his assistance that the attack on the arsenal of Santao in 1617 took place, when all the garrison were killed and property to the value of $1,000,000 destroyed. The tribute formerly paid by Sélurong (Manila) to Bruni is stated to have been one gantang of gold in each year. Before Sultan Hasan’s time, there were only two Wazirs—-the Raja Béndahara and Raja Téménggong : he added the Pangiran or Raja di Gedong and the Pangiran Pemancha; so that, like the Prophet, he might have four counsellors or “friends.” He must have been contemporary with Sultan IskanpEr Mupa of Achin, A.D. 1600-1631. The son of Sultan Hasan, who became Sultan of Soolook, is called, in an appendix to the Sélésilah, Pangiran Shahbandar Maha- raja Lela, grandson of the Batara Raja of Soolook. The Bornean Rajas dislike his memory and say that he was illegitimate and a bad character and dissatisfied in Bruni because he did not rank with the sons of his father born in wedlock, but a grandson of the Raja of Soolook must have been of considerable rank, and it is probable that the dislike arises from the after-events by which Soolook acquired so large a territory from Borneo after the con- quest of the Mérhoum di Pulau. Sultan Hassan lived at Tanjong Chindina and had a covered passage from his palace to Chermin island, which was strongly fortified. The Spaniards are said to have sent an embassy either in his time or that of his son Jani-vL-AKBAR. ETS POUR. OF THE SsactANS OF BRUNI AND OF THEIR DESCENT, FROM SULTAN ABDUL KAHAR TO SULTAN ABDUL J ALIL-UL-JEBAR. The first, who hada large family, was the Sultan Appun Kayan, who was attacked by the Castilians, * and carried by the Rajas to the country of Suei, having been conquered in the war through the treachery of one of the Chutreias named Pangiran Sri Lela. This Mérhoum had forty-two sons, one of whom became Sultan Sarp-UL-Resar.; two of his brothers became Béndahiras and sup- ports to His Majesty’ sthrone. One of these was named Béndahara Sart, whose mother was a Javanese, and one was named Raja Béndahira Saxam, whose mother was a Bajau, + and to him be- longed all the dependencies of the country of Bruni as far as Lesong ;f he was very fierce and brave, and, when he was angry, it appeared to the people as if fire were issuing from his mouth, and not one of the Rajas dared dispute his will. All the daughters of the Rajas of Bruni who were beautiful he took and made wives and concubines of them, and it was for this reason that the Pangiran Buone Manis, § who was entitled the Pangiran Sri Lela, was * The Spaniards first attacked Bruni under Don Francisco La SANDE in A.D. 1577 to place Sri Lela, who had professed submission, on the throne, which his brother had usurped. This attack more probably occurred in the time of SarF-tL-Revsat, the son of ABptL Kanar, so that AppuL Kaunar, who proba- bly had a long reign, had died before 1577: his tomb was destroyed by the shots from the Spaniards. + The Bajaus area race having some settlements on the North-west and East coasts of Bruni, and among the islands, but on the East side living chiefly in boats; they were for merly pirates ; ; they call themselves orany saina, and s say their an- cestors came from the Straitsof Malacca. They are a bold and enterprising, but not an industrious people, and the young men and the women have a wild gipsy- like look, frequently with large beautiful eyes. Their language differs much from the Malay. ¢ Luzon. § This Pangiran had been banished to Kamanis by Raja Bendahara SakaM, TOW: HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. treacherous to the Sultan, his daughter, who had just been married and was sitting by the side of her husband, having been seized and carried off by Raja Saxam for a concubine ; therefore, when the Castilians: made war, the Pangiran Sri Lela went over to them, and the country was conquered, * all the Raja’s Méntris and Hulebalangs fled, + taking the Sultan with them, except the Béndahira Saxam, who remained with one thousand people, men whom he had pur- chased. These made a fort at Pulau Ambok, and fought the Casti- lians, so that they fled away to Lesong, and then Béndahara Saxam brought back the Sultan to Bruni, and set him on his throne. After this Raja Saxam sailed to Belahit in search of the Pan- giran Sri Lela and his brother Sri Retna, and when he had slam them all he returned to Bruni and strengthened the throne of his brother, the Sultan Satr-un-Resaxu. All his brothers became Chu- treias of the Bendahara; they were forty in number. If the Sultan went on a pleasure party to Labuan or Muara, they each wore a chemara kimkha of blue and gold, to distinguish them as brothers of the Yang di Pertuan. About this time the wife of the Sultan became pregnant, and the Sultan expecting a male child, the drums were beaten, but it proved to be a female, and an idiot having no understand- ing, but her appearance was very beautiful. After this His Ma- jesty had two other daughters, { and subsequently two sons, the * The Spaniards came back in 1580 to re-place Sri Lela on the throne, and it was probably on this occasion that the Raja Sakam distinguished himself. The Spanish history says that the Brunians were aasisted by a Portuguese Captain, probably the Pangiran Kustanz, who will be mentioned further on. The Por- tuguese had carried on regular intercourse with Bruni since 1580, and they con- tinued this to the capture of Malacca by the Dutch in 1691, and afterwards from Macao. When the present Sultan was a young man, he remembers Portuguese merchants in Bruni; this would be about the end of the last century. + SAIF-UL-REJAL and his people wentto live at Sungei Budu in the Suei river, which is near Bintala. He fell sick here, but is said to have recovered and returned to Bruni. He is called Merhoum di Budu, In Bruni he lived at the Mazagong Istana in the Sungei Kadeian, where also he died. Raja Sakam was a youager brother of SAIF-UL-REJAL. t These ladies were the Raja DI Misszp, and the Raja of BALINBANDONG, and one of these ladivs, daughters of Sarr-vL-Rasan, settled her property, that is, the Bajaus of Marudu and Bangui, and the Bisayas of Mempalau, Lawas, and Bakau, on Raja Tuan, the daughter of Merhoum di Tanjong, who was the mother of Merhoum di Pulau. HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI, 11 one who became Sultan Suan Brunt, and the other Sultan Hasan, who succeeded His Majesty in the Kingdom. Sultan San Broyt, having been for some time on the throne, died * leaving no children, and was succeeded by his brother Sultan Hasan, who is knownas the Mérhoum di Tanjong. His reign was of a very despotic character, and he did whatever he pleased in Bruni. ; _ As regards the eldest sister of this Sultan, who was idiotic, her father gave her for inheritance the Bajaus of Marudu and of Bangui and the Bisayas of Mempalau, of Lawas and of Bakau. There wasa Pangiran Manomep Pansanea + of Kampong Pandei Kawat, who wasrich: he had three hundred dependants (hamba), and became in love with the idiot Raja, and presented her with his three hundred people as a marriage gift. After this he received the title of Pangiran Béndahara Manomen, and he was the father of the Pangiran Béndahara Kanan, of Béndahara Hamrp, and of Bénda- hara Asput, Mérhoum di Pulau. Béndahara Apput was the Bén- dahara of the Mérhoum Tumbang di Rumput, that is to say, Sultan Manower Aus, and he it was he who seized the throne of the King- dom of Bruni, and he reigned under the name of the Sultan ABppuL Mosiy. The original cause of the massacre which led to this was that a son { of the fultan had killed a con of the Bendahara, and when * One account says the Sultan abdicated in favour of his brother. + Pangiran Kasvma has a note here to the effect that in former times the sons of Sultans were called Rajas, the other nobles being titled Pangirans. Raja Muda Hvsin, who was murdered in 1847 (?), was the last who was called Raja. There issome mistake in the text in reference to the wite of this Fangiran, PanpEr KAwat, who married Raja Tuan, a daughter of Sultan Hasan, and who seems to have inherited the property of the ladies her aunts, especially that of Raja Missip. He was, after his marriage, made Pangiran Bendahara MaHomeD, and was the father of the children menticnec! in the text. + This Prince, after escaping from the vengeance of the Bendahara by the back of the palace and to sea ina sampan, appears to have been, during the life of his father, the Pangiran di Gedong. He was named Omar, and is reported to have been insolent and unpopular, and the insurrection of the Bendahara, which was originally intended only against him, was supported by the chief nobility, his own house seems to have been attacked and burnt, from which he fled to his father’s followed by the Bendahara. 12 HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNT, the Béndahara saw that his son was killed without any just cause, he went up to the palace and presented himself before the Yang di Pertuan, with forty of his people, all fully equipped, and haying reached the audience chamber, the son of the King who killed his — son was also presenting himself before his father, the Sultan. The Bendahira in detailing his case said: “Oh, my Lord, “ King of the World, what is the reason that my son has been kill- “ed by the Prince? If this matter is not enquired into by your “ Majesty, it will fall out that your Majesty will be left alone in “ the country, for the subjects of your Majesty will say that, if your “ Majesty's son does such things, what may not be expected of those “who are of inferior rank? And the end of it will be that Bruni “ will become desolate.” When His Majesty heard the statement of the Pangiran Beén- dahira he said: “Oh, Pangiran, as to the killing of a person with- “ out eause, 1f my son be guilty he must be killed for it.” When the Prince heard these words of his father, he got up and went into the interior of the palace of his father, and the Pan- ciran Béndahira said: “Oh, my Lord, if such be the decision of “ the Lord of the World, let me ask of your Majesty to disown the “ Prince altogether,’ and His Majesty said: “Oh, Pangiran Beén- “ dahara, how can I give you my son now that he has brought the ‘blood of death into the palace ?’” When the Pangiran heard this, he got up with his forty people and followed the Prince mto the palace. [There is here a hiatus in the manuscript, two or three words only visible:—Jlelihat Béndahdra .................. deri pintu ALN HORY cniee Peaks: COR tiada kelihatan di mata ...............|. When the Béndahira could not see the Prince, he fell to killing the people in the palace. The Sultan, on seeing the Béndahira go into the palace and kill the people belonging to it, said: “Oh, Pangiran, what is “this you are doing? One person has committed a crime and you “are killing others.” The Béndahira replied: “The eyes of your “ slave were obscured.” His Majesty thensaid: “ Kill me also,” and the Béndahira said: “ Very well, my Lord,” and caught hold of the Sultan and lifted him up and carried him on to the grass and HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI, 18 there garotted him, from which circumstance he is called Mérhoum “Tumbang di Rumput.”’ When His Majesty was dead, he was buried according to the rites of burial of the Rajas.* The people of the palace were scattered, running away in all directions. The son of the Raja, + who was the murderer, escaped to the sea, but there were other children of His Majesty who re- mained in Bruni, one named Raja Hasan andone Raja Husry, also eight nephews, children of brothers of His Majesty, the sons of Mérhoum Tran. All the insignia of royalty, as the crown from Johor and the kamanah from China, were taken away by the Béndahira, who made himself King, being installed by his depend- ants by the title of Sultan Aznpun Munriy, but he was not nobat nor crowned. The son of Mérhoum Tuvan, named Pangiran Bonast, and who was also son-in-law of Mcrhoum di Rumput, was made his Béndahira by the Sultan Appturt Movsrn. ¢ Some time after this the Pangiran Béndahira went out to hunt and wandered to the house of a Kedeian (§) Chief named Orang Kaya Iwas. When Orang Kaya Inas saw the Pangiran Bénda- hira coming towards his house, he pretended not to have observed him, and said as if to himself: “ Fie, all these Rajas are without “ shame ; their father has been murdered, and they seek no revenge ; | “ it is a creditable thing for those to hold up their hands in obeis- “ance.” He then spat on the ground, and for the first time turning to the Pangiran Béndahira looked towards him and said: “ Whence “ does my Lord the Pangiran come ?” and invited him to enter say- ing: “ Enter into the hut of your servant, a man of the woods.” The Pangiran went in, and sugar-cane, plantains, potatoes and kladis * The date of this occurrence is the first and only one in Bruni history, it is: ‘“ Malam hari Isnein” 14th Rabial Akhir, A. H. 1072,’—about A. D. 1655 (2). ¢ Pangiran di Gedong Omar, called PEM-UKUR. _f Sultan AnpuL Mvsin lived at Kawang Berbunga, opposite the Kota Baru, in which the Merhoum Tumbang di Rumput’s palace had stood. The city of Bruni at that time was built on piles covering the extensive mud flats between these two royal residences. § The eins are a race of people who differ in appearance and language from the people of Bruni, and live in the country immediately surrounding the city. They appear from ancient times to have been dependant on the Court ; they are a quiet agricultural race, professing the Mahomedan religion. 14. HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNT. were served to him, and after the meal was over the Orang Kaya Imas said: “Oh, my Lord, what is your opinion in reference to “the death of your Lordship’s father? Is nothing to be done “about it? Do not your Lordships intend to revenge it?” The Pangiran said: “Orang Kaya, what means have we? for we “are without power.” The Orang Kaya replied: ‘‘ Why does “ your Lordship speak like this? Weare all your people? The “ people do not wish to obey a Raja who is not of the line of the “Yang di Pertuan. It is quite possible to create alarms at night. “ Tf your Lordship orders me to do this, even to the palace of Raja “ Apput I will do it every night.” The Pangtran Béndahira said: “ Very well, do as you have said, and I and my brothers will cons1- “ der of this matter.” The Orang Kaya said: “ Very well, my “Lord,” and the Pangiran Béndahira returned. When he reached his house he collected all his relations and said: “ Oh, my brothers, “ what is your opinion in reference to the late Sultan who was mur- “dered? Do you wish me to endeavour to revenge it?” His brothers said: ‘“ Whatcan we do who have no power? But not- “ withstanding this, if you take the matter up, we will not fail. you,” and so they fully agreed to seek revenge, and every one prepared himself. In the meanwhile Orang Kaya Istas went down every night to mengdjeok, and this was done for two or three months, causing excessive watching, and the Béndahira and his relatives being ready, he attended an audience of the Yang di Pertuan and said: “How is “ it that all of us are obliged to keep watch every night to the great “ trouble of the people, who have no time even to go out for food, “ for Bruni is a large city, and it is easy for thieves to come and get “away? I thinkit would be a prudent thing of your Majesty to “ ¢9 to Pulau Chermin, because thieves must come in boats to get “ to the island.” When the Sultan heard the Pangiran speak thus, he said: “ Whatever you think best I will do,’ and so it was arranged to remove to the island, and many people built houses at Chermin, and when the ¢stana was finished, the Béndahfra said to the Sultan : HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. ay “Tt will be well for your Highness to remove:to the island, so that “T may then begin to build my house, when my heart is at ease as “+o the safety of your Majesty.’ The Raja agreed and removed, but only two or three of the royal guns were taken to the island. While the Raja was moving, the Pangiran Béndahira prevented people from going to the island, so that about one third of the peo- ple removed, and two thirds remained, and he ordered the vyots to. repair the forts at Pulau Ambok * and mount the guns, and when this was all ready he waited expecting the attack from Pulau Cher- min. The Raja at the island was expecting the Béndahira, who, how- ever, didnot come. After he had been there seven days and the Bén- dahara made no appearance, he ordered the Orang Kaya di Gedong + to enquireastoit. He went upto Bruni and presented himself be- fore the Pangiran Bendahara, and said: ‘‘ My Lord, your servant has “ been ordered by your Lordship’s royal father to enquire the rea- “son, as he is waiting your arrival and you donot come.” The Pangiran Béndahara replied: “The reason for our not coming is “ because we intend to be revenged for the death of the late Sul- “tan.” The Pangiran di Gedong then went back again and inform- ed the Sultan of what the Pangiran Béndahira had said. When the Yang di Pertuan heard this he was very angry, like blazing fire, and the war between the island and Bruni at once commenced. The people of Bruni, when the Orang Kaya di Gedong had returned, made the Pangiran Béudahara Sultan Muappry, so that there were two Rajas, one at the island, and one at Bruni.t The Sultan of Bruni’s cause was espoused by the people of the terri- * Puiau Ambok is an island about three quarters of a mile below the pre- sent town of Bruni and just about the site of Kota Batu and the ancient city. + The Orang Kaya di Gedong is the chief of the Mentris as they are called in Bruni. They are the chief officers of the Sultan and Wazirs, and are not ot noble birth, being taken from the trading classes of the community ; they are selected for their intelligenee, and have had great influence in politics of the country. t Soon after the breaking out of the war, Sultan Muappin found that the old town of Bruni was too near the island, from which attacks upon it were fre- quently made, he, in consequence, removed to the Kuala Tumasik, which is the uppermost part of the site of the present town on the left bank of the river, 16 HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. tories to the westward, and that of the island Raja was support- ed by the provinces to the northward. The war having lasted for some time, dissensions arose among the people of Bruni, * who in- sisted on peace, so that peace was established. As soon as they had recovered themselves, they went to war again, and the people of the island were worsted, and fled to Kinarut, where they were followed by the Brunians, and the war was con- tinued there. Then Bruni met with reverses, and the war ceased for some time. 7 After this Sultan Anpus Mupin came back to Pulau Chermin and re-commenced the war. Famine soon appeared in Bruni, for all trade was prevented coming up the river by the people of the island, and the Sultan Mvuappry sent a letter to the Batdra of Soolook, asking for assistance, and he came with five boats, and on arriving at the island went up and had an audience of the Raja (AnpuL Munin). The Raja of the island did not know that the Batara of Soolook + would support Sultan Mvappin, and the Batara of Soolook told him that the reason he had come was that he had heard that they were fighting amongst themselves, and that if was, in his opinion, very unfortunate that Islams should be at war with one another ; he would, if possible, advise that peace should be established. The Raja of the island said: “This war was not “ of our seeking the Pangiran Béndahara has brought it about.” { The Batara of Soolook then said: “Iwill pass on to Bruniand “see the Pangiran Béndahira.” The Sultan Appun Mustn said : “ Very well, lam very anxious for peace.” The sign of bad fortune had come upon His Majesty, his devils and kafirs and shadows would no longer come at his call. * Provisions became scarce, as the island of Chermin, which was held by the Sultan AnpuL Mupin, commands the entrances to the Brunt river. + The commander of the Soolook fleet, which is put by other statements at forty boats, was Bendahara Taitine ; a brother of the Sultan of Soolook is said to have accompanied him. + The war lasted in all about twelve years; during the greater part of the time the Sultan Anput Mvntn resided at Kinarut, and four Rajas Temenggong were killed in operations against himthere. The Pangiran Kasuma, whose sym- pathies and relationships were with the island, says peace had been solemnly wade three times and broken by the Brunian Raja, and the usurper had come back to the island under such a peace previous to the final catastrophe, HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNT. iy The Batira of Soolook went up to Bruni and met the Sultan Mvappin, and having feasted and drank, the Sultan * asked the Batira for his assistance to destroy his enemies at the island, promising that-if the island should be conquered, the land from the North as far westward as Kimani should belong to Soo- look. The Batara of Soolook accepted this with delight, and the peo- ple of Bruni all got ready to attack the island, and posted their forces on Bukit Chmdana and Didaliton, and the Soolooks took possession of the island of Kayang Arang, and carried on the war. After a time the people of the island became straightened, for the guns fired down upon them from the top of the hills, and the Raja of the island, perceiving that his chances became less, destroyed all the insignia of royalty, as the crown from Johor and the kamanah from China, and rammed them into a cannon, which he fired out to sea, and thus it was that the crown from Johor was lost. Pangiran Kawar assaulted the palace, and killed the people | and women of the Raja, together with the Raja himself, who had run into the mosque; the people of Bruni and of Soolook rushed on the island and finding the Raja in the mosque, garotted him there. a * The tradition in Soolook is that both sides asked for the assistance of the Soolook fleet, and that the Commander sided with the Bruni Sultan because he offered the countries which, belonging to his enemies, lay near to Soolook. They say the Soolooks did all the fighting, the Bruni people only looking on. The pre- sent Yang di Pertuan and the Selesilah of the Pangiran Kasvma all deny the assistance of the Soolooks, or that any agreement was made with them for the sur- render of territory, saying they did not arrive till the island was taken, and that they stole the royal guns Si Membung and Raja Andei, which the Soolcoks say were giyen tothem in token of the agreement. These guus were subsequently taken by the Spaniards from Soolook to Manila. The Soolooks also took with them as prisoner the Orang Kaya Mazik, who, although not noble, was'a person of great consideration on the side of the island. The present Yang di Pertuan would never let me see the copy of the Selesilah, which he is known to possess, and Pangiran Kasuma when he heard I had obtained the authentic copy from which the text is taken, said that it contained the true version, that at present adopted having been inycented to conceal the shame of the Brunians. Mr. Jessz, who was Resident in Brunifor the East India Company in 1774. and Sir Stamrorp Rarrirs, who was familiar with the history of the Malay States, (see p. 268, Vol. I., third para.) seem to have considered the cession to the Soolooks as unquestioned by the Brunians at the time the same countries were made over to the English by these latter people. | Tt One account says the Raja was killed with a kris at his own request, in- stead of being garotted as intended. The death of the usurper took place twelve years after that of his victim Merhoum Tumbang di Rumput. \ 18 HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNT. About half of the Rajas in the island asked to surrender as captives and became prisoners, and those who remain at the present time are called Raja Raja Pulau. * Sultan Mvappin then returned to Bruni carrying all the captives from the island, and the Batira of Soolook returned to Soolook carrying his captives and plunder, including the guns which were at the island, all of which were left to the Batira of Soolook ; even the royal guns, + which had been taken to the island, were given to the Batara of Soolook. The war being concluded, and peace having been for some time established, the Sultan Mvappin went to Kalekka to put in order all his provinces. Some time before this a son of Mérhoum Tyan, named Raja Trx@au,t of great courage which could not be opposed, and of great activity and unaccountable caprices, had grieved his elder brother Sultan Asput Jatrti-vL-JEBAR, § who was in conse- ‘quence desirous to get rid of him, but could not contrive it, because no one could deal with him. * The family of the late Pangiran Bendahara Muda Mauomep and of Raja Muda Hastm belonged to the Pulau Rajas. The late Sultan Omar Art Satr- uppIN IT., and his family represent the old Bruni party. The copy of the Selesilah which Pangiran KasuMA gave me says that the reason why the Raja di Pulau was called Orang Kaya Rongiah (apparently a Bajau title) was that all his pro- vinces and dependencies lay on the side towards Sabah (the coasts to the North of the river Bruni are thus designated). The Rajas of Bruni represented by Sultan Muappry having their possessions towards the Ulu (the West Coasts are thus indicated). Merhoum di Pulau is the last of the Rajas of the Bajaus, but other Bajaus belong tothe Court, as those of Lugut, Memiang, Palawan, and Balabak. The Bajaus of Patalan are under the Pangiran Temenggong. All other Bajaus whatsoever belong to the Pulau Rajas, as being descended from the sister of Merhoum di Tanjong, who was the oldest of the family who inherited one thousand males, making the inheritance of the Rajas di Pulau equal to that of Merhoum di Tanjong. ae + These were ‘Si Membang”-and “ Raja Andei,’ cast by Sultan Suan Brunt. t Rajah Trne@an was called also Sultan ANAM, and the Pangiran Kasvma’s Selesilah calls him the son, not the brother, of Merhoum Tincan. § Sultan Jatin-uL-JEBAR was the son of a Javanese Princess, Sit1 Kaisa. the second wife of Raja Tuan, and was her second son. He wascalled ALIIUDIN afterwards Raja Trxcan, and then Sultan. This lady had a thid child, a girl. taja Omar was hereldest son. Jatit-vL-JERAR is spoken ofas Merhoum Tinean HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. 18 His Majesty the elder brother sent for him and said: “It, “my brother, has been my fortune from God to become the Raja “ of this Kingdom of Bruni, and you, my younger brother, desire “ also to be the Raja. Iam willing, for are we not both sons of “his late Majesty?” Raja Tryean replied: “ Yes, my Lord, I, “your slave, am a vassal beneath your Majesty. Whatever orders “ you may give I obey, but I do not know any reason why your Ma- * jesty should be desirous of my absence from Bruni.” After this His Majesty the Sultan said: “Things being as they are, it is “ better that you should become Raja of the country of Sarawak, “ and take with you some of the Sakeis of Sandar as your people.” Raja Tineau replied: “I obey your Majesty’s orders,’ and he accordingly went to Sariwak, and directed a palace and fort to be built, and appointed a Téménggong, and he himself sailed to Johor to see the Raja Bonpa, because the Raja Bonpa was the sister of Mérhoum Tran, who had been married by the Sultan Aspun Jaui | of Johor.* The Téménggong and half the Sakeis remained at Sarawak, and these are people whose descendants to the present day are called the Hamba Raja of Sarawak. When Raja Tinean first arrived at Johor, he was made much of by the Yang di Pertuan of Johor, being feasted with eating and drinking and dancing. After this had been continued for some time the Maharaja Aprnpa also danced, and endeavoured to induce the Raja Tinea to do the same, but the Raja said: ‘ Do not request “ me, because the people of Bruni do not know how to dance,” but the Maharaja Apixpa pushed him; on this the Raja Tirveau took the handkerchief from Maharaja Aprinpa, and pulled him two or three steps, he then twisted the handkerchief and struck the Prince across the face with it, and then went down to his boat. The Yang di Pertuan was very angry, and would have killed the Raja Tryean, which coming to the knowledge of the Raja Bonpa, she went down to Raja Trneau’s boat in all haste and prevented the execution of the Sultan’s orders. * This must have bee the second Sultan of that name of Johor, who reign- ed from 1628 to 1667, 20 HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. Raja Boyva ordered Raja Tryaau to go away immediately, and he sailed, intending to return to Sarawak, but fell to the leeward and arrived at Matan, and was there received by the Sultan, who gave hima wite, * by whom he had a male child ; after which he was desirous to return to Sariwak. Having departed from Matan he touched at the mouth of the Sambas river, and was there welcomed by the Ratu of Sambas, + who gave him a wife, by whom he also had ason, named Rapin Bima. Again wishing to go back to Sarawak he sailed from Sambas, and at Batu Buaya he went ashore in a sampan with a Sakei, who was mad, and a small boy, who was carrying his kris. On arriving at the shore he ‘polled up the river above the rock, and the Sakei stabbed him with aspear in the ribs. His Majesty was taken by surprise, but took his kris from the boy and cut off the head of the Sake: with a blow on the neck, and also the head of the boy — who had borne the kris, and then having returned to the boat, the Patinggi and Téménggong, who had heard His Majesty was at the mouth of the river and had gone down to meet him, brought him up to the palace, where having arrived he died. The son of His Majesty who was left at Matan having grown up was invested as Suitan of Matan; Pangiran Manexu Nu@ira had become Penambanan before he went to Bruni to meet his royal father.* * This lady was Raja Baxa, daughter of the Penambahan. + Pangiran Kasuma says this Chief of Sambas was called Wan NuGat, and came from Ratu Silakau in Java, This Sultan Anam had children (Pangiran © Bendahara, Raja Lupin, Pangiran Sart, and Pangiran Manexu Nacara) appa- rently by the Sambas lady. Kasuma’s Selesilah says the sovereigns who have reigned at Sambas are :— first, Merhoum Tuan; second, Merhoum Svutzimay, who begot Merhoum Bima, who was Sultan Manomep J ELAL-ADDIN, whose son Sultan Manomep Kemat-App1x begot Sultan Asu Bakar, whose son Sultan OmAR Axam ADDIN rules in the country of Sambas. t These titles of Sultan of Sambas and Penambihan of Matan are said in Pangiran KAsuMma’s version to have been first conferred by Sultan Mvappiy on the two sons of Sultan ANAM as independent sovereigns. The Court of Sambas and that of Bruni continue to carry on friendly correspondence, and each acknow- jedgos the relationship of tiie other. HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. 21 Lhe son of His Majesty who was at Sambas at the time when Sultan Muapprn went to Kalekka was summoned to meet him there by His Majesty, who brought him back-with him to Bruni. In Bruni he was invested ay Suitan Anum, and he is the root of the sovereigns of Sambas. After a time he was sent back to Sambas to govern it, and the land from Tanjong Datu to Batu Balak was given him as territory of Sambas, and from that point the territory of Matan began. We will now refer to the children of Mérhoum Tuan, who re- mained at Bruni. Firstly, Pangiran Apput ;* he was of great cour- age and strength like Raja Tryean, and was the father of Sultan Nasr-Appry, Mérhoum di Changi and Pangiran di Gedong Kassim, Pangiran Derma Wanasa, Pangiran Mura.iin, and Pangiran Lapar. We do not notice the daughters. There were also the children of Mérhoum Tuan by his wife, a daughter of the Témtnggong of Grisik,s named Rapinmas Wanexkar, three sons, the eldest of whom, Raja Omar, died and was buried at the mouth of the Inanam river. He was the father of Raja Busar, who became wife of Raja Amat, son of the Sultan Jartn-ut-JEBaRr, whose child was the Raja LBéndahira Untone, father of Raja Tuan. Another child of Raja Omar, also a girl named Pangiran Tuan, became the wife of Pangi- ran Amir, the son of Mérhoum di Pulau. She had one thousand people (hamba), and was the mother of Shahbandar Karma Dewa and Pangiran Besar SuLona. There were also (other ?) children of Mérhoum Tau by his Ja- vanese wife: the second son, named Sultan ABpuL JaLiL-ut-JEBAR, was the father of Raja Amar; a younger son of Mérhoum Tuan * This AnpuL was reckoned by Datrymp.e in Soolvok as one of the Sovereigns of Bruni; he was the eldest son of Sultan Jatin-tL-AKBaAR, and father of Sultan NaAsr- Appin. There seems to have been civil war between him and his half- brother Janin-vL-JEBAR ; he was killed on the little rock called “‘ Madang Ma- dang” * lying off Tanjong Rancha Rancha in Labuan. A Pangiran M: aharaja Lela seems to have conducted the war against him. [* From pedung ( pronounced by the Brunians padang), a sword, from the number of swords left masterless on this occasion. ] + Named Strr Katsa, 22 HISTORY OF THE SULTANS OF BRUNI. was Raja Luappin, whose son was Sulian Nasr-Appin.* After- wards Mérhoum Tvau had another son named Raja Tuan, and an- other who became Sultan Muvappry, who fought against the Pulau, and was the father of Béndahara Kasstu. Another son was named Pangiran di Gedong SHaun Bupry. There was another son named Pangiran Maharaja Lela, who lived at Sematan, and was the father of Pangirans Amat, AutaM and Kanptr. Pangiran Amar died at Kemanis, his supply of opium having failed him. Tae PortuGuEs—E WRECKED VESSEL. There was a vessel wrecked at Tanjong Prangi (Heringhie ?) off Rijang. It belonged to the Portuguese, who are called Orang Makau by the Bruni people. The point of land now named Rijang did not exist at that time, nor was the mouth of the river then there. There was a sand bank only in the sea, off the mouth of the river. The people of Rijang took the Portuguese from the wrecked ship and brought them to Bruni to the Yang di Pertuan. It is not certain whether this was in the time} of Sultan Appun Ka- HaR, or of Sultan SHan Brunt, but His Majesty took them under his protection and called the Captain his son, and gave him the title of Pangiran Kestant (? Kristani), and made him a present of Manila, because it was after the Spaniards had attacked Bruni { and had returned to Manila, and Pangiran Kestani promised the M¢érhoum * This must be a mistake. Sultan Nasr-App1n was the son of Raja Besar Apu, who was the son of the Merhoum Tvan by his first wife, by whom also he had two daughters. (See p. 21.) This Raja ABpvL is recorded in the notes made in Soolook in 1763 by Dat- RYMPLE as a sovereign of Bruni in succession to Merhoum’ Bonesv, but all the Brunian historical records and traditions give the sovereignty on this occasion to his son Sultan Nasr-Appin. The Raja Besar AnpvuL seems to have claimed the throne and been killed at Labuan in the time of Sultan Jait-vL-JEnar, his bro- ther by his father’s second wife Srr1 Kaisa. + The wreck must have taken place in the reign of the seventh Sultan *arr-Ap- DIN tL Resat, and this Captain is probably the officer referred by the Spaniards as assisting this son of the Sultan AbpuL KAwAR to displace his brother St Rt- ELA (SRr Leta), whom they had placed upon the throne in 1577, and whom their second expedition in 1580 was sent again to support. ¢ Alluding to the first attack in 1577. THE PORTUGUESE WRECKED VESSEL. 23 that he would get back Manila, but after he had lived some time in Bruni there came a Makau ship and took him away to Makau, but he afterwards returned and was desirous of presenting himself before the Sultan, but hearing at sea, off Ujong Sapo * that the Mérhoum was dead, he did not come up to Bruni, but left three guns—one named Si Tunggal, one named Si Kersla, and one was named Si Dewa—and then he went away. * The point of the Island Muara which one makes in entering the river of Bruni. ress OF THE MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI, OR BORNEO PROPER. No, 1.—Sultan Masomep, who introduced the religion of Islam. No. 2.—Sultan Axumep, the brother of Sultan Manomen. He married the daughter or sister of Sum Prve, a Chinese chief who had come down to Borneo, by order of the Emperor of China, to seek for the jewel which was in the possession of the dragon of China Balu. He went with his daughter on her marriage to Sul- tan AxHMED from China Batangan to Bruni, talking all his people with him, and there built the bar of stones at the mouth of the river and the Kota Batu at the residefce of the Sultans. Sultan Axumep had a daughter by his Chinese wife who was married to— No. 3.—Sultan Birxat, who had come from the country of Taif, in Arabia, and who was a descendant of the prophet through — his grandson Hustn; he enforced the observance of the religion of Islam and the laws of the Mahomedans, and built a mosque. No. 4.—Sultan SunLerman, son of the Birkxar. He carried on his father’s policy of propagandism and strict observance of religious rites and duties. He was succeeded by his son— ; Le No. 5.—Sultan Buvxeran,” called Nakoda RaGgam, on account of his numerous caprices. He seems to have been a person of great activity and intelligence, made many voyages to Java, * PicareETta’s visit to Borneo, which took place in 1521, was probably towaids the end of the reign of BULKEIAH, MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI. 25 Malacca, Johor, and other places, and conquered the countries of Soolook and Luzon. He married Lena Mew Cuanet, the daughter of the Batara, or King, of Soolook, and was succeeded by his son— No. 6.—Sultan Axspun Kanan, called Mérhoum Kramat, from the popular tradition of his phantom having appeared on horseback, after his demise, at the head of the armies of Bruni on one of the two occasions of the city being attacked by the Spaniards in the reign of his son in 1577 and 1580. Axsput Kawar had forty-two sons, of whom-— No. 7.—Sultan Satr-ut-Resau succeeded him. Two of his brothers were: the Béndahira Sarr, whose mother was a Javanese Princess; and the Béndahira Raja Sakam, whose mother was a Bajau Princess, through whom he_ inherited great possessions in the Bajau countries as far as Luzon. He was of a very arbitrary and licentious character, but resolute and brave. The Spaniards, at the instigation of two Pangirans—Sri Lela and Sri Retna—attacked Bruni on two occasions, and took it on the second in 1580. During the troubles the Sultan with all the Court retired to Suei, a river to the westward of Baram, leaving Raja Saxam as Regent to defend Bruni, which he seems to have done gallantly, and finally to have forced the Spaniards to retire. After this he brought his brother the Sultan back to Bruni, and himself conducted an expedition to Belahit, to which river the Pangirans Sri Lela and Sri Retna had retired; there they were slain, and the Béndahira returned to Bruni to support the govern- ment of his brother. The troubles of this reign were probably owing to the licentious disposition of Raja Sakam, who is said to have taken all the most beautiful of the daughters of the Nobles for his wives and concubines, and it was his carrying away the daughter of one of them, for such a purpose, from her father’s house on her wedding day, that drove Sri Lela and Sri Retna, who appear to have been sons of the former Sultan and half-brothers to Sarr- uL-ResaL and the Béndahira, into rebellion. Sultan Sarr-ut- Resa had two daughters, and afterwards two sons by his wife, and other children by concubines. The eldest Princess was an idiot ; the second was the Raja pt Missin, who settled her property (Bajau) 26 MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI. on Raja Tuan, the daughter of her youngest brother, Sultan Ha- san; these bequests became the nucleus of the wealth of her family—the Pulau Rajas. The eldest son of Sate-un-Res4.L was— No. 8.—Sultan Suan Brunt, who succeeded his father, but, having no children, and after a reign of some years, having no hope of lineal suecession, abdicated in favour of his brother, Sultan Hasan. During this and the following reigns many very large brass cannon were cast in Bruni. A son of the Sultan Sar-vt- Resat by a concubine, who was made Pangiran Ttemtnggong Manomep by his brother Sultan Hasay, was the chief superin- tendent of the foundries. No. 9.—Sultan Hasan, brother of Suan Brunt. He is des- eribed in the Bornean traditions as the most arbitrary, powerful and magnificent of the sovereigns of Borneo. He is called the Mér- houm di Tanjong, from his palace and his tomb both having been at Tanjong Cheindina, the point of land behind Pulau Chermin, at the entrance of the Borneo river. He is said to have consolidated the provinces ot the kmgdom, and to have completed the conquest of such as were not previously thoroughly subdued. He fortified Pulau Chermin, and had a bridge constructed by which he could pass from his palace to the fort; elephants were in use for State purposes, and the etiquette of the Court was modelled on that of the Sultan of Achin, Mauxora Atam. He married four Princesses, and had many concubines. and his palace was full of female ser- vants. The eldest of his brothers by a concubine he made the Pangiran Téméenggong Manomrep; the second brother was the Pangiran di Gedong Bruni, notorious for the cruelties he inflicted as punishments; the third brother of the Sultan by a concubine was the Pangiran Shahbandar Anpunuan: all of them left children. The Sultan Hasan was the first sovereign who established four great Officers of State, the number having been formerly confined to two—the Bendahara and the Téménggong ; to these he added the di Gedong and the Pemansha. The only legitimate sons of Sultan Hasan, whom I can trace, are the Sultan Appoun JALtIn-vi-AkBAR and the Sultan Manomer MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI. oF Ant; the two legitimate daughters I find mentioned are the Raja Sitrt Nur Aram, who inherited from Raja Repna, her aunt, and the Pangiran Tuan, who is said aiso to have been very rich. i No. 10.—Sultan Aspun Jait-un-AKpar, son of Sultan Hasan. He was called the Mérhoum Tuah, so that he was probably the eldest son. He was succeeded by — No, 11.—His son Axspur Jatin-ut-JeBar. His father had a sou by his first wife, who’ was called Raja Besar Anput. The short record of the Borneo Princes,, obtained at Soolook by Dat- RYMPLE, reckons this Prince as one of the sovereigns of Borneo in the place in which the name of his son, Sultan Nasr-Apptn, should have been inserted. AxspuL was killed at Labuan by order of his brother Azput JaLit-uL-JEBAR, but there would seem to have been a civil war before this event, as the Pangiran Maharaja Lela, the son of the Pangiran di Gedong Besar, a son of Sultan Hasan by one of his concubines, and consequently a cousin of Raja Anpun, is said in the Sélésitlah to have been extremely courageous and enterprising, and that it was he who was able to fight against the son of the Mérhoum Tuah, the Pangiran Besar ABDUL. The Sultan Aspun Janin-vt-JeBar was the second son of the second wife of his father. This lady was a Javanese Princess, named Srrt Katsa. He had been called Pangiran Tingah, and is known as Mérhoum Tingah, from his being the second of the three children of his mother, the eldest having been a son named Omar, and the youngest a daughter, who had no family. The Sultan. Appun Janin-vuL-JeBar had also a third wife and family, consisting of Sultan Muvappiy, another son Pangiran di Gedong Damrtr, and several daughters. The eldest son of Apptut JALIL-UL-JEBAR was named Amar, and he died at Kemanis for want of a supply of opium, and ig buried there. No. 12.—Sultan Manomer Ari, ason of Sultan Hasan and brother of Mérhoum Tuah, succeeded his nephew Appvi Janin-ub- JEBAR. 28 MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI. The son of the Sultan Manomer Arr was the Pangiran di Gedong Omar. His manners were so insolent, that the Nobles and people, headed by the Raja Béndahira Anput Mvery, who was a grandson of Sultan Hasan through one of his daughters, requested the removal of the obnoxious Wazir ; his father consented, and his house was attacked by the Béndahira. The di Gedong fled to his father’s palace, which was burnt, and all the males of the royal family, except two infants named Hasan and Husin, were put to death by being garotted in the garden. This occurred on the evening of Sunday ( Malam Isnein ), the 14th Rabi al Ahkir, a.n. 1072. The Sultan Manomer Ant is hence called Mérhoum Tum- bang di Rumput. The two infants were protected by their brother-in-law, Pan- giran Bonesv, and the government was seized by the Béndahara, who reigned under the title of— No. 18.—Sultan Anput Mvsin. He is called the Mérhoum di Pulau from his having lived at Pulau Chermin, and having been executed and buried there. The people of Bruni with the Kedeians, headed by the Pangi- gan Bonest, who had been made Béndahira by the usurper, after some time rebelled against the Sultan ABpun Mvusry. For greater security, he had fortified Pulau Chermin, and its situation enabling him to cut off all communication between the sea and the town, he removed to the island and carried on the war from there. ‘Treaties of peace were on several occasions concluded, but always broken by the Pangiran Bonasu (who had assumed the title of Sultan MvanpDIn ), a8 soon as his resources were recruited. The war lasted about twelve years, during a great part of which time Apput Mvstn had been living at Kinarut, and four Pangirans Téménggongs had been killed in attacking him from Bruni. He finally returned to Chermin, under a treaty which his rival had sworn on the Koran to observe, but which was immediately broken. By the assistance of a force from the Sultan of Soolook, the forts on the island were captured, and the Sultan taken and krissed at his own desire, instead of dying by being strangled in the custom- ary manner. : e MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNT. 29 The Sultan Asput Mvery was the third son of Pangiran Tuah, the second daughter of Sultan Hasan by her husband the Pang!- ran (afterwards Béndahira) Manomen, the Raja of the Kampong Pandei Kawat, so that he was the nephew of the sovereign whose throne he had usurped, and whose life he had taken. No. 14.—Sultan Mvapptn was the fourth son of the Sultan Asput Jatr-un-AKkpar, and after death was called Mérhoum Bonesu. He was the nephew and son-in-law of Sultan MaHomet Aut, Mérhoum Tumbang di Rumput. No. 15.—Sultan Nasr-Appiy, known in history as Mérhoum di Changei, was the son of Pangiran Besar ABDUL, the eldest son of the Sultan Aspun Jarit-ut-AxKpar by his first marriage. He succeeded Sultan Muvapprn. No. 16.—Sultan Kuwan-Appry was the next sovereign and the younger of the two infant sons of the Sultan Manomer Att, who had been spared from the massacre of his father and brothers. He is ealled the Mérhoum di Lobah, and abdicated in favour of his son-in-law. No. 17.—Sultan Manomep Aui-Upptn, in whom the claims of the various branches of the royal family are recorded to have met, was the son of the Pangiran di Gedong Suan Bust, the son of Sultan Mvapprx. His mother was the sister of the Raja Tuah Aznput Mumin Amrr-ut-Wazrr, son of the Béndahira Unrone, . son of the Raja Aumet, eldest son of Sultan Jati-ut-AKpar, the eldest son of Sultan Hasan. Sultan Manomep Axt-Unpprn, who is known as the Mérhoum di Bruni, and was called also Raja Avone, died before his father-in- law and great uncle, the Mérhoum di Lobah, who again ascended the throne. He was succeeded by— No. 18.—Sultan Omar Att NSatr-uppin, the son of Sultan Manomep Aut-Uppin, must have become Sultan at a very early age. He is recorded by DatrymPp x to have reigned in a.p. 1762, and the date of his death, as stated in his tomb in Bruni, is the 22 Zul Haji, a.u. 1209, corresponding with 10th July, a.p. 1795. / MAHOMEDAN SOVERELGNS OF BRUNT. oS S Sultan Omar Ari Sarr-uppin married Raja Puri, danghter of the Sultan KrMarn-appry, Mérhoum di Lobah, and had by her the Sultan Manomep Trs-Waipty. When this Princess died the Sultan married her sister Raja Nor Anam, who was the mother of Sultan Manomep Kuan Zun-Anam. His third wife was the Pan- giran Isrrt Bonesv, also a daughter of Mérhoum di Lobah, and widow of Pangiran Pa-Maycua Kassrm, who was by her the father of Pangiran Sa Lra. No. 19.—Sultan Manomep Tes-Waxprin succeeded his father Sultan Omar Att Satr-uppin. The date of his death is the 2nd Zul Haji, a.u. 1221—14th February, a.p. 1807. No. 20.—Sultan Manomep Trs-Watxprn resigned in favour of his son, the Sultan Jeman-un-ALam, who died during the lifetime of his father, on the 9th Shahban, a.H. 1210=18th February, 1796, after a reign which is variously stated as having lasted from six to nine months. His father re-ascended the throne, and occupied it till his death in 1807, as before recorded. No. 21.—Sultan Kuan Zuz-Atan, half-brother of the Sultan Trg-WAaALDIN, succeeded him. His wife was the Pangiran Sa Lia, whose child Raja Nur Anam was married to the Sultan ManomEp JEMAL-UL-ALAM, and their son became Sultan Manomep Art Sarr- uppIN II., whose sister became the first wife of the present Sultan ABDUL Mopars. After Pangiran Sa Lrta’s death the Sultan Kran Zun-Atam married Pangiran Nur Seam, a daughter of Pangiran Srt Rama, and had issue daughters. The third wife of the Sultan ManomeEp Kuan Zurt-Anam was the Pangiran Srtaman, also a daughter of Pangiran Sri Rama ; her children were the Pangiran Sri Banon, Muda Murartam (who usurped the sovereign power as Sultan ManoMED ALAM, and was also called Raja Apr), Muda Hasan, Pangiran Muda Monmouth, and others. The date of Sultan Manomep Kuan Zvui-Atam’s death is not recorded on his tomb. He is said to have been Sultan at the time MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF BRUNI. oil of the eruption of the mountain Temburu which took place im 1815. No. 22.—Sultan Omar Aut Satr-uppin, the second son of the Sultan Manomep Jemat-up-Anam succeeded his great uncle, but Raja Avr attempted to subvert the succession in his favour, and there appear to have been several years of troubles in Bruni, until the authority of the legitimate Sultan was established by the death of Raja Avr, who was strangled at Pulau Chermin, and his family dispersed, Raja Muda Hasurim and the Raja Muda Manomen, his brothers, and other relatives going to Sarawak. The Sultan Omar Aur Sarr-uppin II. died in Bruni in 1852. No. 23.—The Sultan Aspunt Mumiy, the present Yang di Pertuan, is descended from Sultan Kemat-Appin. He succeeded to the throne by the will of his predecessor and the general consent of the people. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OF A HISTORIC TABLET Engraved on stone, in the Malay character, by the order of the Sultan Manomep Tres-Watptn, in the year a.u. 1221 (a.p. 1804), and now standing on the tomb of his son the Sultan Manomep Jemat-uL-ALAm in the “ Makim damit,” situated at the southern foot of Bukit Panggal in the city of Bruni—“ the abode of peace.” | Copied on the 1st of June, 1873. | This is the genealogy of the Rajas who ruled over the coun- try of Bruni, as set forth by Datoh Imaum Yaxus. He heard it from the Mérhoum Bonast, who is called Sultan Mvappin and His Highness Sultan Kmmaz-App1n. Thesetwo Rajas ordered a record to be written of their forefathers, in order that it might be known by all their descendants up to the present time. God knows if this 1s so.* Inilah Scleésilah Raja Raja yang karajaan di négri Bruni dimata- kan uieh Datoh Imaum Yaxuvr iya mendungar deripada Meér- houm Bonesu yang bernama Sultan Muvappry, dan Paduka Maolana Sultan Kemaz-Appin Ka dua Raja itu meniurot me- niuratkan datoh nini moyangnia Sépaya dikatahui uleh segiala anak chuchunia sampei sekarang ini Wallahu Ahlum,* * Wallahu Ahlum—an expression used by Mahomedauns to defend them- selves from the sin of writing down or stating a fact which may not happen to be correct. HISTORIC TABLET. ae And Sultan Manomep Tes- Wa.opry ordered Tuan HAst Kna- mig AspuL Lavir to write this genealogy for the information of all his descendants who might possess the throne and crown of royalty in the country and pro- vinces of Bruni, the abode of peace ; who in their generations might take the inheritance of the royal drums and bells { an emblem | of the country of Johor, the seat of Government; and who might further take as their birthright the royal drums and bells [an emblem} of Menang- kerbau, 2. ¢., the country Anda- las. Now he who first ruled the country and introduced the re- ligion of Islam and followed the laws of our prophet ManomeEp (the blessed of God, on whom be peace), was His Highness Sultan Maromep and his brother Sultan AkuMeD : now he begat a daughter by his wife, the sister of the Chinese Raja, whom he had taken from China Batangan: that was the princess who was taken to wife by Sheriff Ant, who came down from the country of Taif. Moreover that Sheriff Ant became Raja under the name of His Highness Sultan Birrar: it was he who enforced the ob- servance of the laws of the mes- senger of trod ( blessed of God on whom be peace), and erected & mosque, and all his Chinese subjects built the stone fort; that Sheriff Atr was descended from the Amin of the Faithful Hasan, the grandson of the messenger of God. Now His Hasan chuchu rasnl Allah. Maka Sri Sultan Manonep Trsi-WatpIn meritahkan pada tuan Hast Kuarizs Anpun Latir meniuratkan Sclésilah ini sépaya dikatahni segila anak chuchu- nia Raja yang mempuniai takhta mahkota karajaan dalam kan- dang dairah négri Bruni daruse- lam yang turun tamurun yang mengambil pusakaan nobat na- gira dan gunta alimat deri negri Johor Kaméal-ul-Makim dan mengambil lagi pusaka nobat nagara gunta alimat deri Me- nangkerbau itu néert Andalas. ; Maka adalah yang pertama karajaan di négri dan membawa egima, Islam dan mengikut Sha- riat nabi kita Manomep Sallal- Jahu Allaihi Wasallum, iya itu paduka Sri Sultan Manomep dan Sudarania Sultan AKHMED maka beranak scorang peram- puan dungan istrinia sudara Raja China yang diambilderipada China Batangan putri itulah vang diambil uleh Sheriff Att yang turun deri négri Taif. Maka Sheriff Ant itulah Ka- rajaan di nama-i akan diva pa- duka Sri Sultan BirKar iyalah yang mengraskan Shariat rasil Sallallahu Atlaihi Wasalluin dan berbuat musyid dan segila ryto China berbuat Kota Batu ; tuan Sheriff Ant itu panechir Scleési- lah deripada Amir al mumimin Ma- ka paduka Sri Sultan Bircar itu beranakkan paduka Sri Sultan SULEIMAN, dan SULEtmMAN be- a4 HISTORIC TABLET. Tighness Sultan BirKxar begat His Highness Sultan Sunermay, and Suneman begat His High- ness Sultan Bunketau, the Raja who conquered the country of Soolook and the country of Seludong,* the name of the Raja of which was Datoh Gampane: and Sultan Bunxetan begat His Highness Sultan Aspvn Kanwar who was named Meér- houm Kramat [Saint], and he begat His Highness Sultan Sare- uL-Resau, who begat His High- ness Sultan Suan Brunt. After him his brother reigned, His Highness Sultan Hasan, he who was called the Mérhoum di Tanjong [of the cape], of the children and grandchildren of His Highness those sueceeded to the throne in Bruni who were of the best character. It was Sultan Hasan who upon the throne of his kingdom strict- ly followed the rule of Sultan Mauxora Anam of the country of Achin, and it was that Sul- tan Hasan who begat Sultan ABDUL JALIL-UL-AKBAR, who was called the Mérhoum Tuah [old]. He begat Sultan Appun JALIL-UL-JEBAR, who begat the Prince Béndahira U who begat the Prince Téméng- gong Mumin Amir-vt-Reruar, also of the country of Bruni. Afterwards the brother of Mérhoum Tuah was invested with the royalty and named His Highness Sultan Manomer Aur; he was the great grandfather of His Highness Sultan Manoep Att-Uppin, who is now reigning in the country of Bruni. AN te teem reat a Untona, - ranakkan Sri Sultan BuLKetar raja yang mengalahkan néeri Soolook dan mengalahkan néegri Seludong nama rajama Datoh Gampayn, dan Sultan BuLKEran beranakkan paduka Sri Sultan Asput Kanwar yang dinama-i Mérhoum Kramat beranakkan pa- duka Sri Sultan Sarr-vi-Resan beranakkan paduka Sri Sultan Suan Bruni: kumdian sudara- nia pula karajaan paduka Sri Sultan Hasan iyalah Mérhoum di Tanjong, maka anak chuchu baginda itulah mengambil ka- rajaan dalam néeri Bruni ini mana yang baik becharania Sul- tan Hasan itulah yang kras diatas takhta karajaannia men- gikut prentah Sultan MauKora AtaM yang di négri Achin, dan Sultan Hasan itu yang beranak- kan Sultan Axspvun JaLiL-vL- AkBAR yang dinama-1 Mérhoum Tuah beranakkan Sri Sultan AB- DUL JALtL-UL-J uBAR beranakkan pengiran Béndahari Unrtone beranakkan pengiran ‘Téméng- gong Mumin Amir-uL-RETHAR dalam négri Bruni juga. Kumdian Sudarania Mérhoum Tuah di nobatkan karajaan ber- nama paduka Sri Sultan Mano- met Att iyalah ninek paduka Sri Sultan Manomep Axi-Uppin yang karajaan sekarang ini di négri Bruni. AP REIT OE SES ESE SSO * The name of the city now called Manila. HISTORIC TABLET, 58 Then that king died, and after a time his brother’s son reigned under the name of His High- ness Sultan Muvapprin: after him his nephew reigned, His Highness Sultan Nasr-App1n, and. after him his son ruled, Sul- tan Manomer Atti, under the name of His Highness Kremat- Appin, and he gave the sover- eignty to the grandson of his brother, who is reigning at this time under the name of His Highness Sultan Monamep Aut-Uppin. His son afterwards succeeded, named His Highness Sultan Omar Aur SarF-UDDIN andnext he gave the kingdom to his son, His Highness Sultan Manomep Trs-Wanpin. After him he gave the kingdom to his son His Highness Sultan Mano- MED JEMAL-UL-ALAM. When that prince was dead the kingdom reverted to His Highness’ royal father Sultan Manomep Trs-Watpin. God knows if it is so. After that I [the writer] do not know all his descendants who will become Rajas. In the year of the prophet (blessed of God on whom be peace) one thousand two hun- dred and twenty-one in the year Dal on the 2nd day of the month Thul- -hajah on the day Arbia Sanat, [ Wednesday] 1221. Maka wafallah baginda itu maka kuindian karajaan pula anak sudarania bernama paduka Sri Sultan Mvappiy kumdian karajaan anak sudarania padu- ka Sri Sultan Nasr-Appin, kum- dian karajaan anak Sultan Ma- woMET ALi bernama paduka Sri Sultan Krmazt-Appry iyalah membrikan karajaannia kapada anak chuchu sudarania iyala karajaan pada masa ini bernama paduka Sri Sultan Mouamep Aut-Uppin kumdian di rajakan pula anaknia paduka Sri Sultan Omar Ant Sarr-uppin kumdian dibrikan pula karajaannia itu kapada anaknia paduka Sri Sul- tan Manomep TEs- W atpin kum- dian di brikan pula karajaannia itu kapada anaknia paduka Sri Sultan Manomep Jremat-UL-A- LAM. Maka telah wafallah baginda itu maka kémbali pula karajaan- nia itu kapada ayahanda baginda itu paduka Sri Sultan ManomeEp Tres-Watpin Wallahu Ahlum. Kumdian deri itu tiadalah hamba mengtahui akan segiila anak chuchunia yang akan jadi Raja pada hejrat nabi Sallallahu Ailaihi Wasallum seribu dua ratoos duapuloh satu pada tahun Dal pada dua hari bulan Thul- hajah pada hari elie Sanat, 129]. SSS me Cod tebe. COMMONLY CALLED ACHEEN, BY | G. P. TOLSON. Iy perusing the following account of Acheh, I trust your read- ers will accept it for what it is meant to be, namely, a brief com- pilation of notes regarding the country as I found it. Acheh is the correct name of that part of Sumatra extending from Tamiang Point on the Hast to Triimin on the West Coast, though it is commonly, but erroneously, known to Europeans as Acheen. VaLEntyy, however, writing as long ago as 1688, has exposed this misnomer, It is derived from the Hindustani word Achai meaning fine, or lovely, and is so called on account of the ex- clamation alleged to have been uttered by the first visitors from India on sighting the coast in general and Kampong Pandei in particular. This place, situated on the Acheh river, and not far from Kota Raja, is remarkable for“a grove of enormous trees of great beauty. In describing the land and what they saw, we may presume this epithet Achaz was so repeatedly used, that peo- ple came to speak of the newly discovered country as Négri Achat. This visit must have been paid centuries back, at any rate long before the Islam religion was introduced into the country; for we find the name recurring in the “ Undang Undang ” or laws and eustoms of Menangkabau, promulgated by Perpiti Sétbatang, and collected and transcribed by Mr. Van Opnuvyzen. In them mention is made of the marriage of one of the Me- nangkabau princesses with a royal prince of Acheh. I may add 38 ACHEH. that it was this marriage which gave rise to the Malay “ Adat Mengaku,” which enacts that the bridegroom should be brought to the house of the bride, and never vice versa. Another legend has it, ae a Hindt princess havi one day disappeared, was found by her brother in Sumatra. On their meeting, he told the natives that she was his Ach, or sister. She was afterwards elected Queen, and hence this name was given to the country. This seems a very plausible story, and it is worthy of notice that the Hindi practice of piercing and largely distending the lobes of the ears, is prevalent up to this day among Achinese women; this custom is naturally attributed to the above-named princess. I have also heard it alleged, that the name Achai, or Acheh, is derived from a species of leech, striped dark and light brown, small but vicious, which abounds in the jungle along the West Coast of Sumatra. Although Acheh, as we generally understand it, represents the whole of that portion of North Sumatra from a line drawn across between Tamiang and Trimtn to Acheh or Acheen Head, yet its people only occupy the land bordering the sea as far inland as the high ranges of hills, which skirt the coast at some places along the North and West, and at times run parallel with it, at a distance varying from five to twenty miles, converging at Acheen Head. The land between these ranges consists of high plateaus or steppes, intersected by mountains which stretch continuously throughout the whole length of Sumatra, and are not inaptly termed by the Malays “Gunong Barisan.” It it occupied by the two hill tribes Gayiis and Allas, the Battaks occupying the highlands fur- ther South. . Outwardly these mountains resemble, in every respect, other ranges in the Hast, being thickly covered with jungle. Though I know of no active voleanoes among them, their forma- tion is distinctly volcanic. Chief among their peaks are the “Golden Mountain” or “Mount Ophir,” the ‘“ Orphan” or ACHEH. 39 “Selawa Betina,’ “ Gunong Batu Mukdira,” “ Bukit Gapuh,” “ Ele- phant Hill” or “Bukit Ptidadu,” ‘“Gunong Chiinda,”. “ Bukit Pasei,” “ Table Hill,’ Bukits “ Tamiang,” “ Tamsei,” and “ Gompang,” and > “Gunong Abong.” With one or two exceptions, these rise to a height of from 7,000 to 11,000 feet. The country is fairly watered by a number of small rivers, streams, and creeks, the majority and the more important of which have their outlet on the North and East Coasts, those flowing into the Indian Ocean being more or less insignificant. The largest are the Kuala Acheh, Kuala Pasangan, Kuala Jambu Ayer, Kuala Perlak, and Kuala Tamiang, which all form deltas or lagoons at their outlets. At ordinary times their depth is nothing to speak of, but when heavy rains have fallen up-country the volume of water they have to discharge is such that banjirs, or floods, ensue, which doubtless first led the people to build their huts on piles. At the mouths of these rivers one invariably finds a shallow bar, with a high surf running over it, and, by choosing that part where the least surf exists, you can best hit upon the entrance to the river. Unfortunately this is otherwise puzzling to find, for with every monsoon it varies its position, the entrance being at one time from the North, at another from the South, and as the land along the East Coast is undergoing a gradual but continual upheaval, nume- rous and sharp turnings of the rivers are formed. Of the Geology of the country, I can but speak in a general way; gold, tin, and iron are met with on the West Coast, while sulphur is plentiful in Pilau Way, and petroleum in Pasangan and along the North Coast. Regarding its Botany, with my imperfect knowledge, I can only assert that I noticed no strange trees, except the Ba-Tchut or Batang Tchut, of the wood of which the Achinése make the sheaths of their sakéins ; it isa graceful tree, with dark green velvety leaves, small white flowers, and a seed consisting of a long sharp- pointed pod containing a cottony substance. A shrub growing AO ACHEH. along the sea shore, likewise new to me, also has a pod like the nam-nam fruit, full of this cottony substance. Palms are numer- ous. Among flowers, I have come across the jasmine, but have only met with two sorts of orchids, namely a species of erides and the so-called “ pigeon orchid.”’ Of the animal kingdom, Acheh possesses specimens in common with the rest of Sumatra, from the one-horned rhinoceros to the white ant or rauges. As regards its climate, it is under the influence of the N. E. and S. W. monsoons, being most unhealthy during the periods of the changes of monsoon. The heat during the day is about the same as in Singapore, generally, however, tempered by a strong breeze, especially in Acheh Bésar; the nights, and more parti- cularly the early mornings, are delightfully cool; but these very breezes too often bring on fever and other ailments. | In deseribing the country, it will, on political grounds, be best to divide it into the following districts, namely :—The (1) Hast Coast; (2) North-East Coast; (8) West Coast; and (4) Acheh Bésar (Acheen Proper). The East Coast extends from Tamiang to Diamond Point, and comprises the following States (I give them in the order in which they extend along the coast from Tamiang northwards), viz.:— Ménjapahit, Langsar, Birim, Bayan, Sungei Raya, Perlak, Pedawa Bésar, Pedawa Kechil, Idi. Bésar, Idi Tchut or Kéchil, Buging Bayan, Glimpang, Jarilu or Jiilot, Tanjong Stmantoh, and Simpang Olim. At the head of each of these States, we find a Raja, each at one time or other a self-made and self-styled ruler, without a drop of royal blood in his veins. The exact dates and origin of these ACHE. 4] Settlements, though comparatively recent, I cannot state, but they all owe their existence to immigration from other and older States, such as Pidir, Gighen, Pasei, and especially Télok Semoy or Semawei. The most powerful or influential of the immigrants either usurped or was given the position ot Chief or Headman over the new Set- tlement, and the offspring of such chiefs or headmen have subse- quently acquired the high-souuding title of Raja. Of the above named States, the most important and flourishing at the present day is Idi, comprising Idi Bésar and Idi Kéchil. The North-East Coast extends from Diamond Point to Pidir or Pedro Point, and comprises the following States :—Kerti, Gédongo, Pasei, Télok Semoy or Stmawei, extending to Kring Ktikis, Pas- angan with it subsidiary States Klumpang Dua and Blane Pan- jang, lying between Kring Kiktis, and Kuila Jtmpa, Pidadu, Samalanga, separated by the Kuala Olim from Merdi, then Trin- gading, Rantei Panjang, Ujong, Ayer Labu, Gighen, backed by Kemangan, whence it derived its race of rulers, and finally Pidir, which stretches from Kuala Pekan Bharu, one of the mouths form- ing the Pidir Delta, to Pidir Point. Of all the Rajas of the above-named States, the only one having royal blood in his veins is the Tunku Maharaja of Télok Sémawei, who formerly held sway over the several States along the East Coast, acting as the Wakil of the Sultan in collecting the tribute paid by them. The house of Pidir, which State at one time was of considerable importance, is connected to the Royal family only by marriage. By Acheh Bésar, or Acheh Proper, is understood that corner of Sumatra formed by a line drawn from Pidir Point on the North to Kuala Lambesi on the West Coast. Proceeding thence South we have along the ccast the follow- ing States:—Lambesi, Bubu Awch, Naw or Noh, Telok Kruit, Pati, Raning, Rigas, Kelapan Pasei or Krung Sabeh, Ranga, Ténting, Waylah or Wulah, Bubun, Analabu or Malabu, Senagun, A? ACHEH. Traug, Tadu, Tripa, Simangan (which last eight named recognize at present one chiet ruler—the Raja Kts6ruan Cut, residing at Analaboe), Kuala Batu, Pulau Kayi, Ststi, Labinan Haji, Muki, Télok Tampat Tian, and Trumun. We now come to the smallest, yet most ancient and inter- esting, division of Acheh—Acheh Bésar, or Acheen Proper. Itis so called, because it forms the chief seat of Government, and contains the capital of this once famous Sultanate or Empire. Though I have only given the boundaries of Acheh, as they existed in 1873, its dominion at one time comprised the whole of the East Coast, together will the kingdom of Siak, while, as late as 1652, the whole of the West Coast, including Padang, was subject to it. Later on, however, as its power lessened, and that of the subordinate Chiefs increased, the tribute was often irregu- larly paid into the treasury, and the authority held over the more remote States became merely nominal ; it is not, therefore, a matter for wonder that these Rajas finally threw off the yoke, allied themselves with their more powerful neighbours, and declared for liberty. While at this time wars on a large scale were carried on by the Portuguese of Malacca in Kedah, Pérak, Johor, and other States in the Malayan Peninsula, the Sultan of Acheh was pos- sessed of no means of chastising such ‘turbulent petty rulers. Acheh saw the zenith of its glory and power under Sultan Merhoum Dart Sazam, otherwise known as IskanpER Mépa, who ruled between 1606 and 1641. To follow its history minutely prior and subsequent to that date, would be beyond the scope of these notes; I can, therefore, only refer my readers to such works as VaLENtyN, Crawrurp, ANDERSON, and VETH. Suffice it for us to know that there have been four dynasties— a Hindi, a Malay from Menangkabau, an Acheh, and an Arabic dynasty; the last named beginning with Sultan Manatup Saag, who ruled from 1760 to 1781. His descendants are traced out in the accompanying genealogical tree. 403 CovmAgjng vley pore ) ‘(40720Enep) URI Ng nyvg ynyo (z0qq2n8p) pce see (oare) ‘pusg nyuny, | COL8T perp ) ‘pg y [Rudy uvasueg Coaite ) Coarye ) “USN RHUL, ‘piley Tapqy nyuny, | | ‘evqqy nyungy, ACHER, (warqeaqy ) ‘OL-SE8T “Yeyg tusyaepy ueyng C698T perp) ‘USN Weadueg eee | PL-OLST ‘GByg ree W uvgyng CLE8T perp ) ‘uvurdeing eley | Cyeyg peuyoy ) ‘8E-9S81 “YRYy Jopurysy py weqpug | ‘OGST-GOST “Yeag unpyy toyor wezng Ceaye) “UY SB NAUNy, “ULEYT Yay, | | ‘UIpey nyuny, al SIULAD Pa veley ed ; ‘TS-O94T ‘HVHS CAWHVIN 230g (4) ZOST-I8ZT ‘Weyg pemeqoxy weyNg dt ACHE. These Sultans lived at Kota Raja, or the Kraton, as it is called, being lords of certain crown lands as well as of the four Misjids, viz., Misjid Raja, close to the Kraton ; Misjid Indrapura in the Sagi of XXV. Mukims; Misjid Indraputra in the Sagi of XXVI. Mukims; and Misjid Indraputra in the Sagi of XXII. Mu- kims. These temples were and still are the only recognised places of coronation. The object in having more than one such place of coronation is that, if one fell mto the hands of the enemy, or any- thing happened to the Raja, another place in one of the Sagis would be at hand, where the ceremony of crowning the newly chosen Raja could be properly performed ; were it to be held else- where, the coronation would be deemed invalid. Besides the crown lands, Acheh Proper is divided into the three above-named Sagis, whose present Chiefs are respectively Tiki Appas, Tiki Tontt Lamrvune, Tiki Muda Tcutr Bawa and Panglima Putrm. While speaking of Tiiktis, it should be remarked hat this is the title of a Chief or Noble in Acheh Proper, a Tunku being a well-to-do person as well as a learned man or school- master ; at Pidir these two titles signify just the reverse. The Sagis are again subdivided into Mukims, or districts pos- sessing a Misjid, as denoted by their number, viz., that of XXV. into 9, 6, 4, and 3 Mukims, and Mukims Lépung, Kluwang, and Lui. That of XXVI. into 7, 3, 8, and 4 Mukims, and 3 Mukims Tinktip, Mukims Sélang, Chadi, Klang, Lambart, Lamsenong, and Branoh; while the XXII. Mukims, although now including many more districts, were originally composed of 7 and 5 Mukims, and Mukims Indrapura, Tanah Abth, Lamkabui, Kinaloh, Riturfing antith, Raja Dua, Lamtobah, Lamlaut, and Daya. The Head of the Sagi has authority over the Heads of the Mukims, and these again have their Wakils. or Imaéms, who have under them the Kéchils, or heads of villages. The Head of a Sagi takes no part in the political administration of the country. He has merely to. govern, keep in order, and, in case of war, defend ACHEH, 45 his own district; he is also bound to furnish the Sultan with men in times of war with his neighbours. . Till within the reign of the last three Sultans, the Suku system prevailed, and the ruler of Acheh always had his Council of four Hulubalangs, aided by eight minor Hulubalangs, &c., the former consisting of persons holding the hereditary titles of Ma- haraja Mangki Btimi, Maharaja Mangkt Bési, Perdina Méntri, and Laksamana Panglima Dalam. Since these have been done away with, the Sultan, or Raja, has reigned without advisers beyond his Court favourites, and, in their choice of a ruler, the chiefs have been mainly guided by the opinion and advice of the Tiki Kali, the High Priest. The coronation generally took place at the Misjid Raja, and the chiefs were expected to remain three days. at least at or near Kota Raja after the ceremony of placing the Raja on the Batti Tabek, or coronation stone, as a token of their adherence to the newly chosen prince, the Tukt' Kali being the first to pay him homage. Kota Raja, as it used to exist, exists no longer, it being now a neat civilised military station. Formerly, however, it consisted of a Kota with an inner Kraton or King’s Palace (at one time it is said to have contained an extensive harem and some 3,000 Amazons), and surrounded by suburbs, the circumference of which may be roughly taken at eight English miles. It is situated on the left bank of the Acheh river, and has the Kring Dart running through it and into the Acheh rivers. This latter is the stream made mention of by Captain Bsr, as having had its course diverted, but not to the extent he imagined. The origin of the people is, without doubt, a strong mixture of Hindi and Malay with the Aborigenes or hill tribes, judging from their type, language, and the fact of their first rulers being Hindis followed by Malays from Menangkabau, who were either of royal plood, or subsequently connected with royal blood by marriage. 4.6 ACHEH, The amount of the population is not known with any certainty, but is generally accepted as one and-a-half million. Though the Malay predominates, we find, however, especially along the coast and at the most frequented ports, the Tamil, Arabic, Hindu, and Nias races, the last named being descendants of the slaves brought in former times from the Nias islands. In character, the orang Acheh differs very little from the Sumatra Malay, or Malay of the interior of the Peninsula, but being less civilised, and having lived so far in an independent country, he is, if anything, more turbulent, more piratical, more treacherous, less confiding, more demoralised, and, in a word, the greater blackguard of the two. Of course, in making the above comparison, I do not take for my pattern the well behaved Malay one is in the habit of meeting in our Colonies or the more regu- lated Native States, but I refer to the average Malay such as — he was before he came under the influence of civilization; nor, on the other hand, am I characterising an orang Acheh who has long been in contact with European or other traders from the Straits. A propos of their character, I may mention that, not infrequent- ly, a respectable Malay of Sumatra has been known, when giving © his son his last advice on starting life, to add :—* Jangan turut tipi orang Acheh.” In figure the men are mostly tall and slim, waisted though often with broad shoulders, while the women are well formed, and would be good looking were they not so hard-worked from their very youth ; they become prematurely aged. They further disfigure themselves by wearing huge brooch-shaped earrings requiring the lobes of their ears to be stretched to an unsightly extent. Both men and women dress soberly, the colours of the sélen- dang, sarong, and s?luar, which last are peculiarly narrowed at the ends, being generally brown, black, or dark; on high days and holidays, however, you see them wearing a white shirt or jacket ACHEH. 4.7 with a gaily coloured handkerchief, generally magenta, either slung over their shoulders or tied round their fopis. The men carry with them either a klewang (naked blade) or sekién panjang (a straight blade in a sheath hollowed out of one piece of wood), and a ranchong, the Malay badik; while, when on the war trail, they have the fombcak or spear, “ Brown Bess, ” or a blunderbuss, about them, and some will carry a shield as well. In manners and custom they differ in no way from the Malays, it being needless to state that they are Mahomedans, and very fanatic to boot. They keep up all the religious feast days, and observe the ordinances of “ Khanduri,” when a buffalo, or bullock, as customary, isslaughtered and eaten. Their every day diet, how- ever, is rice, dried fish, and fruit, occasionally varied by goat flesh. In person, they are, as a rule, far from cleanly, and their houses, which are insignificant, are extremely dirty. These houses are usually grouped in kampongs, each house standing inits own compound, strongly fenced in, and the whole kampong being well palisaded and protected by the bamboo durz. The more important kampong possesses, besides, a pékan, or market place, consisting of an open space or short road flanked by rows of shops under one and the same roof. The houses stand on piles, and generally consist of three com- partments, the front being used as a reception room and shop, the centre, invariably standing a couple of feet or so higher than the front room, being the private sitting and bed room for the family, and ‘the back compartment, which again is lower than the centre room, being used as kitchen, stores, &c. To every kampong there is likewise attached a bale?, being a shed in which the men toll by day, using it also for holding meetings, and which forms the bed room of the youths and unmarried men by night. Of their morals, the least said the better, especially as regards the rulers and headmen, whose depravity is glaring. Their fayou- 48 ACHEH, rites, called s¢dalis, boys from eight to twelve years old, as among the Romans, are trained as Bayaderes, and as they reach manhood re- main attached to the court or household of their owner, being in their turn the teachers of the new favourites, their substitutes. The people are much given to kidnapping and cattle-lifting, being great adepts at the latter art. One can thus imagine the — endless internal wars these propensities were likely to lead them into. Labour is but unevenly divided between the men and women, the latter having more than their share. The men content themselves with ploughing, fishing and gathering the ‘nipah branches destined for atap roofing, while the women have to plant, and gather the padi crop, to stamp it into rice, and to carry the produce to market. You therefore see numbers of women along the road carrying heayy loads on their heads, with which they walk as erect as pillars, in single file, accompanied by boys and girls, who share this labour according to their age and strength, while the men are often found lolling at home. The further you go inland and away from civi- lisation, the more you see this, but the better class of orang Acheh only allow the women to do the domestic work, such as tem- boking padi, and weaving sarongs. In agriculture the country is not very advanced. Pepper is the chief article cultivated along the East and West Coasts, while betel and a little tobacco form the staple product of the North-East Coast. Acheh Bésar produces little or nothing for export, its people being more commercial, or being satisiied with cultivating their sdwah. Very few States producing pepper grow sufficient padi for their own consumption, and, with the exception of Passangan, and one or two others, none have ever exported rice. Besides these articles, a small quantity of coffeeis produced in Acheh Bésar, and, to a limited extent, culture of silk is carried on here, a wild mulberry being indigenous. The silk, however, is otf coarse texture. Mat-making has developed into an art, with these people. ACHE. 49 It is in war, however, that they come out strong, for they evidently have acquired knowledge from some more civilised na- tion, to judge from the clever way they form their entrenched positions and take advantage of the ground for the formation of rifle pits, and bomb-proof underground tunnels, into which they retire when bullets and shells pour in thickly. The coin universally used is the Carolus dollar or ringgit “ Meriam,” and Straits copper, while at one time their currency consisted of small gold pieces called derhams and tiny lead half- cent pieces. Their ornaments are of silver, or a mixture of gold and copper which they value highly. Their weights and measures are, for pepper, on the West Coast, as follows :—A bamboo or hari of pepper should hold as much as a quantity of rice having a weight equivalent to $63, (Carolus dollars), while dealing in rice the equivalent weight is only 56 Carolus:dollars; 16 of these bamboos go to a nalzh, and 5 mnalih to the pikul; or £0 bamboos go to the tony or tub, and 2 tubs to the pikul; 40 tubs or 20 pikuls going to the koyan. Along the East Coast, 20 hari or bamboos go toa tub of pepper, SO tubs going to the coyan. There, and along the North Coast, as regards betelnut, 16 bamboos or hari go to a nalih, 10 nalhth to a kwncha, 10 kuncha to a koyan, which geuer- ally gave 20 to 23 pikuls.. With rice, 40 catties equalled 13 nalzh. Their language, as will be seen from the few words used in this paper, is fundamentally Malay, with some additional words picked sand Nias—and others a have come into constant contact with. Their dialect, however, i peculiar, the Achinese rolling their words and having the habit of clipping them, so that it is quite impossible for one unacquainted with the language, however conversant he may be with either Sumatran or Straits Malay, to understand them. 50 ACHEH, I have yet to notice the group of islands North of Acheh, and forming part of Acheh Proper, the largest being Pilau Way, & pepper producing island, but formerly of more importance from being the place to which criminals were banished. Pilau Bras and Piilau Nasi follow next in size, and then we have Long and Stone Islands, the latter supplying the Acheh folks with the soft sand- stone which they use as tomb-stones. ERRATA TO THE PAPER ENTITLED “ ACHER.” ——c-05g200-——_. Page 38, lme 2, Hor Mengaku read Mengaku nadie) 0) 25, ee ce eGmneeLees tO . connected with oi) A ew es AMOS 4: Analabu on oe Tynul sn vi Zainul Abdin Be ain, oes rivers River » 46, at end of the ard para. add :—(“ Don’ t follow the exam- ple of the deceitful Achinese.” F.A.8.) , 46, line 28, For slim, waisted read slim-waisted , 46, ,, 26, should read thus:—youth. They become pre- maturely aged, and further they dis- figure. » 47, line 2, After topis imsert (Hats.) et pAA iN | Bde DOs i dirt ss (Spike.) sad (Ma. 59.18 Ose Or toll vead loll » 48, ., 20-21 After temboking insert (pounding) FROM PERAK TO SLIM, AND DOWN THE SLIM AND BERNAM RIVERS. BY Frank A. SwEeTTeENHAM. I have offered the following Journal of a Journey, made in February, 1875, from Durien Sebitang on the Pérak river to Slim, and down the Slim and Bernam rivers to the sea, because it appears to me a fitting continuation of Mr. Lrzcn’s second Paper in the last number of the Journal, and also because, I believe, I was the first white man who ever ascended the Songkei river, visited Slim, — or descended the Bernam river; and even after my journey I found it difficult to convince those who took any interest in the matter at all—and in 1875 they were very few in number—that the Bernam river, which does not even yet appear on the Admi- ralty Charts of the Straits of Malacca, is, in many respects, the finest river in the peninsula, some two miles wide at the mouth, navigable for large steamers for many miles, and, most curiously, having its embouchure less than twenty miles from that of the Pérak river-—a much longer river than the Bernam, one which drains a far ereater extent of country, and is itself navigable for steamers for a distance of forty to fifty miles. So far the Malay Peninsula had been, so to speak, a book which we had been content to see lying unopened within our reach; we saw only the cover, indeed only one side of the cover ; the names of the large Malay States were unknown to ail but a very few, and their real position and boundaries to none in the Straits Settlements. | 52 PERAK TO SLIM. In 1875 we were raising the cover, still only on one side, and peeping inside at the first few pages; now, though we have still little exact information, we have much to add to our former know- ledge of the peninsula, and especially as regards the western States. We know, for instance, that the Pérak river rises in the borders of Kelantan, Kedah, and perhaps Pahang, and, after running a short distance in an easterly direction turns to the South and continues parallel to the coast-line until withm a few miles of its mouth, when it turns West into the Straits of Malacca, about eighty miles South-West of Penang. The Bernam river, which, from its junction with the Slim river, runs West to the sea, we now know really holds a course almost at right angles to the Pérak river; the Slim and Bernam rivers, before their junction, flowing, the former in a north-west, the latter in an south-westerly direction, and draining, the one the Slim, and the other the Ulu Bernam district. The combined rivers, known, from their junction, as the Ber- nam river, flow, to use an Hibernicism, in a tortuously direct line to the sea, draining an immense low country, unpeopled and unknown, even to the few Natives who may be called Natives of Bernam.* From the numerous sluggish but considerable rivers which fall into, and help to swell the volume of the Bernam river, the country running from the right bank towards Pérak, and the left towards Sélangor, must be low, and probably much of it swampy ; whilst the numerous tracks of elephants and rhinoceros leave no doubt that large quantities of big game are found in this district. I said our search for information had been confined, for the most part, to the western side of the peninsula, and that is so ; but een cereal Mr. Bozzono, for s six years a resident in the le. * Bernam, the name of this District is derived from ely (Berens >») which means ‘“‘six together,’ because the place was so little known and so sparsely populated that the whole number of its inhabitants originally amounted to six. PERAK TO SLIM. 58 bourhood of what was known as the Galena Mines, on the East coast, has furnished some valuable information regarding the posi- tion of States in that neighbourhood. It now appears that Patani is a small State, on the sea coast, to be crossed in a few hours’ walk, and that the following more considerable States, hitherto all classed “ Patani,” viz., Réman, Ligéh, and Sai, lie between it and the head-waters of the Pérak river. It is probable that Kelintan and Pahang, on the one side, meet Kedah and Pérak, on the other, all four States thus meeting within a very small area, but it is only the people who live on the spot who know anything of these interior limits. Five years ago the Sultan of Trenggiinu and the Raja of Kelan- tan told Sir Winitam Jervors they knew nothing of the interior boundaries of their States, nor even what countries they marched with. Jé is certain, however, that tim raised in Remain goes down the Pérak river, and Mr. Bozzono tells me that, whilst the Pérak river from its source for some distance passes through a district inhabited solely by Sakezs (wild people), the small States on the other side of the range which divides the source of the Pérak from the waters flowing into the China Sea, are thickly populated by Malays, whilst Sakevs are rare. Another geographical fact very recently established is that the State known as Jellye (more properly Jelai), one of the N égri Sembilan or Nine States, hitherto placed to the North-East of Sri Menanti, as a matter of fact lies to the South-East of that State, is drained by the head-waters of the Johol river (which, after passing through that State, falls into the Sungei Muar), and is in fact identical with Inas, by which name it is now more com- monly known. | Lastly, I am told on good native authority that three days’ journey up the Pahang river will bring the traveller to the mouth 5A PERAK TO SLIM, of a tributary called the Chineh, and that this stream forms the connecting link between three considerable lakes, the lowest of which is known by the same name as the river. Pahang, however, which is the State of the greatest interest, both geographically and otherwise, is the one of all others least known to us, and contains a field for exploration well. worthy of scientific research. With this preface I will leave the Journal to speak for itself. 7th February, 1875. Left Bandar at 4.30 pP.at., by the launch, going very slowly, as the wood was bad; we did not reach Durien Sebatang till 6.15 PM. I sent the boatman on shore to make all his preparations, and told him I wanted the boat at 5.80 a.m. to-morrow. Sth Hebruary. The boatman gave me a great deal of trouble, had nothing ready, but after some severe language he managed to startat 9 a.M. My guide at the last moment deserted me, saying he was afraid to make the return journey by himself and could get no one to accompany him. Tunku Sunone very fortunately succeeded in getting two Mandéling men who promised to take us to Slim. ] Svep Masnor, [ hear, is at Sungei Raya, so afterall I shan’t see him on this journey. On our way up here the other day from Batarabit there was a flock of some seven or eight goose-teal on the river, and haying no shot-gun | fired at them with a snider, and, strange to say, hit one ; they were about eighty yards off ; the bird was shot through the wing bone close to the body, and though it could not get away, it dived whenever we tried to get near it, until a Manila boy dived after and, caught it under water. PERAK 'TO SLIM. 55 I was told if I went up the Bidor river I should be two, if not three, nights on the way, that I should then have to walk to Songkei, a long day’s walk, from there to Slim, two days’ hard walking, and Shim to Ulu Bernam two nights, from Ulu Bernam down the river two or three days, that is, ten or eleven days in all, and lastly that Masnor is notat Bidor. Whereasif I went up the Songkei, instead of the Bidor river, I must save one or two days. Accordingly I determined to go to Songkei instead of Bidor. We entered Kwala Songkei at 5 p.m., and stopped at a clearing at 5.30 for the night, sleeping in the boat. 9th Hebruary. Took down all the kajangs* and started poling at 6.30 a.m. The river was dreadful, just like the Labu, only a little clearer, and not so many thorns; the day broiling hot, and we got the full benefit of the sun as we had no kajangs. Our men worked very well, and we reached Songkei at 5.30 p.m., about fifteen miles in all, I should think. For the last mile or two the river was much wider and more open, and we were able to put up the kajangs, and it was well for us that it was so, for at 4.30 p.m. there came on one of the heaviest storms of rain I have seen, with thunder and lightning. At Songkei there are some three or four detached houses. JAAFAR, the old boatman, who turns out better on acquaintance, told the Péngtlu he was to send me on with men. It appears, however, that we are still a day’s journey, either by land or river, from the beginning of the Slim road; so we shall have to settle to-morrow morning how we are to go. I should prefer the boat, as we shall have plenty of walking, but the river is difficult and the water low. We slept very comfortably in an empty house on shore. _ * Pieces of portable thatching with which boats ave roofed. 56 PERAK TO SLIM. 10th February. This morning we agreed to go up the river as far as the begin- ning of the Slim road, and, as our boat was too big for the shallow water, Toh Muda got us a smaller one, and we started up the river at 8 a.M., and it will be a wonder if we reach our destination to- night. | The travelling was much better to-day. The river open, and we had the kajang on all the day. The only drawback was the snags, and they were not very bad. My own crew were abomina- bly lazy; but I had four men from Songkei who worked very well, and we reached the Toh Dagange’s house at 2.45 p.m., and he has engaged that I shall start first thing to-morrow. The Toh Dagang was very polite, and he sent for the Péngilu of Songkei, one Toh Bras, a very pleasant looking old fellow, who told me he had never seen a white man before, but he does not regard me with much curiosity. He and the Toh Dagang agreed to furnish men to carry my things. The Toh Dagang considers it a matter of honour to sit up all night and watch me, so he amused himself by playing cards until day dawned. llth February. I did not get away till 8.15 a.m., five men carrying my effects. The road goes straight across the Songkei river and then direct for the hills. At first the path was very bad, a regular slough of despond, but after two or three miles it got much better, and altogether 1 could not complain of it. We walked for two hours, and then stopped for half an hour, and then on again walking and resting over a slightly hilly country until we reached Trolah at 3.30 v.at., having walked five hours and rested two and-a-quarter. PERAK TO SLIM. OF We were not sorry to stop, for jungle walking is very severe, I call the distance thirteen miles. We put up for the night in a regular hovel, the whole kam- pong consisting of two wretched houses in the heart of the jungle. There is here a nice stream which runs into the Slim river. 12th February. ‘Got away at 7.30 a.m. and went at once into big jungle. The road from here to Slim is a very good one as jungle roads go, indeed about the best I know ; altogether from Songkei to Slim the road is good, with the exception of a mile or two close to Songkei. From Trolah to Slim the whole way is up and down hill,+ but there are five hills proper, and one of them, the second from Slim, is a good deal higher and larger in every way than the others. About four miles from Slim, in a charming spot, are some sul- phur springs; the water is quite hot, and where it bubbles out of the rock you can’t bear your hand in it for more than a moment. The smell of the sulphur is very strong. The water from the hot springs runs into the stream (a con- siderable one) close by, and there are fine large trees growing in the middle of and around the stream ; itis a most enjoyable halting place. The last hill, the one next to Slim, is remarkable for being eovered from top to bottom, on the Slim side, with large bamboos ; I never saw such big ones, nor in anything like such numbers, many were 18 inches in circumference. As you go down the hill the bamboos get smaller in size, but more in number, until you find yourself walking in a forest of ham- boos with not a tree of any other description near. Coming from out the bamboos at the foot of this hill you see before you the confluence of two rivers, the Slim and the Ghiliting, + The Malays speak of this part of the road as “ Bukit tiga puloh tiga.” 7.¢.. “the thirty-three hills.” | 5S PEBAK TO SUIM, both about the same size, and you look on as lovely a pieture as you can well imagine im such an outlandish spot. This place is the picture of rest and beauty ; there are some two or three picturesque huts on the banks of the rivers, and right opposite rise two steep hills forming the boundary between Pérak and Pahang. These hills, named Tumah Batak, are close by, and rise abruptly from the water. Slim might almost be a village in Switzerland. We reached this, after walking through both rivers up to the waist in water, at 1 p.m., after four and-a-half hours’ hard walking, I should say thirteen miles, from Trolah. The Datoh’s house, we heard, was higher up the Slim river, and as I had hurt my foot coming down the last hill, and could not bear my shoes on, I took off shoes and socks and walked bare- foot. After forty minutes’ fast waiking, almost all through bamboo forest, and. crossing the Slim river again, we reached the Datoh Sampvun’s house to find he had gone to the hills to see the orang Saket. The distance from Trolah to Toh Sampvn’s house is altogether over fifteen miles, and the total distance from Songkei to Slim twenty-eight or twenty-nine miles, perhaps less. The Datoh’s house was a miserable place and filthily dirty, with half a dozen orang Sakez in it, so little clothed that the scantiness of their apparel would have been less evident had it been entirely absent. The men are above the average size of Malays, the women of the ordinary height, their hair is not straight but fuzzy, and they all, without distinction, wear a bamboo, about a foot long, through their noses, and are afflicted with a fearful skin disease which makes them loathesome to look at. PERAK TO SLIM. 59 There are said to be about three thousand im the hills about Slim ; and on the hills of Slim, Batang Padang, Bidor, and Songkei ax many as ten thousand. The headman of the Slim orang Jekun, or Sakei as they are called, is blessed with the title of “ Méntri,’ and the Péngdlu of Slim is obliged to consult hiin in all things, otherwise, it is said, the orany Saket would at once attack the Péngilu and his people, who dread the poisoned arrow of the swipitan more than rifle bullets, and with reason. The Saxezs are clever gardeners, and cultivate sugar-cane, plan- tains, sweet potatoes, and other vegetables inabundance. Rice they use but little. Tobacco they are very fond of, and grow it them- selves, to chew not to smoke. They use their own green, but they prefer Javanese tobacco it they can get it. Their solitary garment, or rather rag. the “ fig leaf apology ” (as Cromweti called the excuses of a certain party in Ireland) is made of bark, the men wearing it in all its pure simplicity, the women affecting an additional fringe of grass. Like the natives of Berneo, these women cover their arms with wire. There is a young lady standing within two yards of me, whose arms are covered with numberless brass rings. She has about a dozen strings ot coloured beads—to which are hung more brass rings—round her neck, and these beads are fastened behind with a buckle of shells and boar’s teeth; through her nose she has a long poreupine’s quill, and her face is painted in stripes of black and red, beginning at her forehead and ending like a pitch-fork on her mouth and chin. She is a belle, no doubt, and amongst the “ orang Sakei,’ I dare say irresistible. Raja Ja Asvt came to see me, and I had a long talk with him. He says the Slim river is the same size and the same length as the Bernam river, but he says that about half way between Slim and Ulu Bernam there is a river called “Sungei Bil,” which is now, 60 PERAK TO SLIM. aud has always been, considered by the people here the boundary between Sélingor and Ptérak. The river, he tells me, is very rapid, so I have no doubt it runs straight down from the hills, and this would seem a very fair boundary. The Slim river runs right back into Pérak, and is said to rise ina hill called “ Batu Gaja,” which forms the boundary between Perak and Pahang. Batu Gaja is about six hours’ walk from here, and can be seen plainly. The Bernam river again runs back into Selangor, and has its source not far from the Selangor river, so, on the whole, I should think the boundary accepted by the people living on the spot, that ix, the Bil river, is the best and fairest. Jt is true that the boundary between Pérak and Sélangor is the Bernam river, but then the point is: Which is the Bernam river? What is now called Bernam river, or the Slim river, which may in reality be the real source of the river which is known at its mouth as the Bernam ¥ There are half a dozen Chinese working tin here for the Datoh, a little way above his house. The house lies in the bosom of the hills, in a valley shut in on three sides, some six or seven miles long, and not a mile, perhaps haif a mile, wide. This valley is said to be rich in tin. Indeed, I believe there is little doubt but that there ,is tin all over it in larger quantities and more easily to be worked than any mines in Pérak, except perhaps Salak. Raja Ja Asut is very anxious to open mines here, and if he can raise money I’ve no doubt he will succeed; the water both for working and for carrying the metal is everything that could be desired. We put up for the night in a hut nine feet square, and were glad to get it. There is nothing whatever to be got here, not even a fowl. 13th February. The Datoh, though he has been sent for, may be several days getting here, and I have been trying to find a boat to take us down the Slim river into the Bernam. PERAK TO SLIM. 61 I made up my mind at Trolah that I would go this way, as I should then see all the Slim river, and both upper and lower Slim, and when I go to Bernam from Sélingor I can go down the Bernam river. I must do it now, however, for I can’t bear a shoe on ny foot and a day’s walking through jungle, sheeless, is out of the ques- tion. There is no boat here, so I have sent to the junction of the rivers down below to try and get one; if it comes I shall go at once, as Raja Ja Asun says it will take me four or five days to reach the Bernain river. I had a great durbar to-day. There came first one Raja Neau, who lives at a kampong down the river called Piong. Heisa Sumatra man, and appeared very poor, but was as polite as poor. Then there came Raja Aut, a Pahang man, from Tanjong Blit, otherwise known as Lower Slim, and after him the Datoh Muda (the new Datoh appointed by Raja Nean*), and the Toh Bandar, and last of all came Toh Sampun. Raja Arr and the Datoh had come ten miles, and the Toh. Muda had made arrangements for a boat for me. Raja Arr formerly opened tin mines at Tanjong Bhit and at Ulu Slim, but they failed for want of money. Every one here seems anxious to know about the taxes on the Bernam, and I set their minds at rest about that. Toh Sampun, though he had been walking for the last two or three days with the Sakeis on the hills between this and Trolah, must be a very old man, for he has been Datoh of Slim for eight generations of Sultans. He is evidently sore about Raja Neau appointing his successor, and told me distinctly that it had been done without his wish or knowledge, but he added “ What is the use of being Datoh now when everything is at sixes and sevens, and no one follows the good old raph. = 62 PRRAK TO SLIM. customs of the past?” He tells me, he was the first settler in Slim, that the Slim river is larger and longer than the Bernam river, and that it rises in a mountain called Gunong Jeransang, the other side of which is Pahang territory, and from that side rises a stream called Sungei Bétoh, the probable source of the Pahang river, or, at any rate, a tributary of that river. Toh Samevuy says Sungei Bil falls into the Slim river below Tanjong Blt, and that it is on both sides Pérak territory ; that originally the Bernam river was the boundary between Pérak and Sclingor, later, the Berang river, a tributary of the Bernam, and later still, a mountain between the rivers Bil and Berang, called Changkat Lela; the watershed of the upper Bernam forming the boundary from the border of Pahane to the Kwala Slim, and from that point the Bernam river itself is the boundary to the sea, thus :— CUAMNTGAAT LEELA = fe f ae FA ; we & y A 2 catia ri JOA DEPT “re, f y ore we Le aS, B EB BOSFTEL 7 co Be Jere a tere ae 3) « Aeanan 4 Revenete ¢ PERAK TO SLIM. 63 The Yoh Muda had brought me a boat, so at 2 e.m. I started. The boat was a dug out, and would only hold my own people, that is, myself, Tunku Sutone, one Policeman, and two boatmen, five in all, and then there was not an inch of the boat out of the water. The river is most lovely, a beautiful, clear, rapid stream with splendid jungle on both sides, and open enough to give glimpses of the hills. At first it was very exciting and enjoyable, as every moment we were shooting the rapids, and the boat was in danger of being upset, but the drawbacks were great. In the first place no protection against the sun, except an umbrella, which had to be taken down continually as we went under trees, and which 1s always a nuisance to hold, then nothing to sit upon except a tin biscuit-box, and from that position not able to move, whilst 1t is constantly necessay to look out that your head is not carried away as you go under a half fallen tree ; then you have to get into the river and drag your boat over a sunken log, and all this in a boat so crank that most people would think many times before getting into it. However, on the whole we got on very well, and passed a sul- phur spring alittle way below Slim, the water of which, boiling, runs into the Slim river. Just before 8 p. mu. passed Kwala Ghiliting, and for the next one and-a-half hours we never got far from Gunong Tumang Batak, the river winding round the foot of the hill. At 4.30 pv... we stopped for the night at Piong, at the house of Tunku Svuran, a relation of Raja Neau, who was very polite. He is a Sumatra man, and has been to a Dutch school and with a Dutch planter in Deli. Both he and Raja Nou say Toh Sawpun is a very good man, liked by every one, and they don’t like the Toh Muda. As far as I can see none of the people here like the Tunku Penglima Bésar, they said he had called them to Sungei Raya, but they did not intend to go, 14th February. Up before daybreak, but did not get away till 8 «.t., as some of Tunku Sunona’s relations came to see him. We reached Tanjong 64 PERAK 'TO SLIM. Bht at 9.45 a.s., and, finding the Toh Muda had not got us a better boat, we went on at 11 a.m. The travelling is just the same as before, only painfully hot. I should think this is avery good river for fly-fishing, it is just like a Scotch trout stream, only there are not so many stones in it, but hundreds of snags instead, that of course is rather against fishing, but the river teams with fish, and IT have seen them rising freely to the natural fly, especially in the mornings and evenings. We reached Kwala Slim at 4.30 pat. I should say it is twenty miles from Tanjong Bhit, and thirty trom Shim. The Bernam river, which joins it here, is very much narrower, and has only about half the body of water that the Slim river has. The combined streams form a fine river, broad and deep, but full of snags. Seeing no traces of humanity anywhere, we stopped at 5.30 pM. on a sand-spit to make a night of it in the jungle. I had bought a kajang at Tanjong Blit and this we spread on sticks, put wv waterproof sheet underneath, and, as it was a beautiful night, we should have been comfortable enough had it not been for the mosquitoes aud sand-flies, swarms of the latter getting mside my curtain and giving me no rest. My face, which alone was uncovered, they bit savagely, and my forehead in the morning was like a plough- ed field, all ridges and furrows. Our dinner, for we all dine alike, consisted, and hay done ever since I started, of rice and a fowl burnt on the cinders. It is impossible to take a lot of things into the jungle, unless you have a following of at least a dozen men, and amongst them a cook, she that is simply a nuisance. Lith Hebruary. Up again before dayli¢ht, and got away at6a.r. We have only one paddle and one pole, the latter useless now the river is so deep ; the current, however, is very swift, so we make good travelling. T never saw anything like the numbers of elephant tracks here, PERAK TO SLIM. 65 every few hundred yards there is a spit of sand and elephant grass covered with tracks, many quite fresh, last night’s I should think. Just before we stopped for breakfast, we heard an elephant quite close to the side of the river, within a yard or two, but we could not see him, the jungle was too thick. We stopped for breakfast at 9.30 a.m., and went on again at 11.15. We had not gone a mile before we were attacked by a swarm of black wasps, against whose hanging nest we were carried by the rapid current. We were all bitten, except the man steering ; and the constable would have jumped overboard if I had not stopped him. The wasps followed us for along way, and whilst their attentions lasted we dared not stir. We now got into a most curious place, and I shan’t be distres- sed if I never see it again. | The river went for nearly ten miles through reeds and fens, the home of alligators and snakes and strange birds. I never saw such a horrid ghostly place, the river often so narrow that the reeds almost met overhead, while the water was so deep we could find no bottom with the pole. Wherever we did meet jungle it was jejawi only, those low trees with long feelers growing out of every branch into the ground and water. The natives call it the tampat hantu dan ular sawah—“home of ghosts and boa-constrictors.’ Not a sound to be heard except the occasional shriek of some strange bird, which would rise slowly, and apparently unwillingly, out of the fens and fly into the nearest brake, not seemingly afraid of us, only a little surprised and rather disgusted. The river looks as if it weve visited by men perhaps not once in a century. Altogether, this kind of travelling is not quite pleasant, a boat like ours a dug-out three feet wide, down to the water’s edge—is ‘very easily upset in a river full of snags, indeed the difficulty is not 6 PERAK TO SELIM. to upset it, and once in the water you would be food not for one crocodile, but the disputed prey of many. It is a dispensation of Providence that we have got thus far in safety. Let alone the boat upsetting, if we went slowly, the smallest flick of a erocodile’s tail would suffice to settle the matter. Just as we got out of the fens in which the river winds like a snake, the stream divided, and I feel sure we took the wrong channel, not a soul in the boat has ever been here before, so we had to trust to chance. Twice we had all to get out and drag the boat over a tree, which lay completely across the stream. I got my coat and umbrella torn to pieces by trailing thorns. We passed within two yards of an enormous crocodile, lying on the bank, it leapt into the water as we passed, and if we had been close to the bank would have come straight into the boat. There were numbers of what the natives call the “snake bird” here, and especially in the fens, a strange looking bird in keeping with the place. I saw two very fine wild duck algo, but had only a rifle and could not get a shot at them. After two hours we joined the other branch of the river, and from this point it got wide again. At4 p.m. we came toa place where the river divided into five large branches; we took the largest, apd at 5.15 p.m., having long given up all hope of finding anything like a house, we got up a high bank, to be as far off the crocodiles as possible, and made another night in the jungle. The mosquitoes and sand-flies were as entertaining as usual. We made at least forty-five miles to-day. 16th February. Started at 6.30 at. Lf we don’t come to a house to-night we shall be in a bad way, as our stores, even tobacco, are exhausted, and we have only rice left. The influence of the tide is felt as far up as this point. At 8.30 4. we met two boats, and the men told us we should soon come PERAK TO SLIM. 67 to houses, but we could not reach Raja Iram’s place to-night. My steam launch, they say, is there. I ordered them several times to bring the launch as high up as possible, and she might easily have got to the place we stayed at last night. | We have now been going two days and part of a third, I won't say without seeing a house, but without seeing the slightest sign of man’s ever having been here, except a few bundles of rattans lying on the river bank. We have come in that time, I should say eighty miles, and now we have only met a boat. At 10.15 a.m. we reached the first clearing, and stopped there for breakfast, ninety-five miles from Tanjong Blit. We went on again at 12.50 p.m. and after four and-a-half hours’ rowing against the tide, going in that time about ten miles, we reached a house where there was a large boat. The river had got so wide, thatin the last reach the waves nearly swamped our cockle-shell, moreover a heavy thunder storm came on, so we hired a larger boat, though the owner was rather unwilling to let us have it, and pushed on. * It rained in torrents, butas the tide was now with us we determined to row till it turned, so I took an oar, whilst Tunku StLone and one of the men cooked the rice ; that to eat and water to drink being our only food. In our dug-out we had four paddles, one of which I took, but this boat was big and heavy, so we did not get on so fast. We saw several crocodiles to-day and two more wild duck this morning. I shot a small eagle this evening. The ball going through his body near the tail and then breaking his wing; he had very formidable beak and talons. We rowed till midnight, making fifteen miles more, one hundred and twenty miles from Tanjong Blit. 68 PERAK TO SLIM. L7éh February. We stopped for the tide, but started again at 5 a.m., and got another oar to work; we had the tide well with us, and, at last, at 9.30 a.m. reached the launch at Tunku Iram’s place, having come eighteen miles this morning, one hundred and thirty-eight from Tanjong Blit, and one hundred and fifty from Slim Proper. The launch could go, at least, seventy miles higher up the river than Raja Iram’s kampong. Last night and this morning we passed a number of houses, fifty or sixty perhaps, usually five or six in one place, and almost all new, but they look lost on this river, where three men-of-war might steam abreast of each other. I went on shore at 2 p.m., and saw Raja Ira, his youngest brother, and his father-in-law, and had a long talk with them. I was able to put Raja Ivam and his people right on several matters, though at first he appeared rather stubborn. He, lke others, appeared to think Bernam belonged to him solely, person- ally, an inheritance from his father, and not only the Sclangor side, but the Pérak side of the river also. ‘ 5 Having been present when Sultan ABDULLAH’s permission was given that Raja Ipam should, at present, be allowed to occupy the Pérak side, I was fortunately able to make the real state of the case quite plain to him. One brother of his, Raja Input, has just gone up to the interior to start some tin mines and to get ~ specimens of the coal found there. These last they have promised to send to me when procured. As to my journey down the river, Raja Ivam tells me, that I was very fortunate to get here in so small a boat, as the river is famed for its crocodiles, and at his place they are so fierce that they will knock a man off a boat’s side as high out of the water asthe bows of the launch, that is, three feet! All the people’s bathing-houses here are made very high indeed PERAK TO SLIM. 68a from the water, simply from fear of crocodiles. Raja Iva» also tells me, that we took the wrong turn, as I felt sure we had done, in the river after the sedges, but, he added, just below the place where I said the river divided into five (they say seven, and callit “ Sempang Tuju’), where the river divided again into a right and left branch, if we had there taken the wrong one, which we might easily have done, as both branches were the same size, we might have gone down it for a month without meeting a soul, or coming to anywhere mm particular. We certainly have to be thankful for the lovely weather -we have had ever since we left Durien Sebitang, last night being the only wet night we have had. If it had rained whilst we were in the jungle, I cannot think how miserable we should have been. Raja Iram and his brother came on board the launch and stayed some time, and again laterim the evening. I got all the wood on board at once, and started down the river between 8 and 9 p. M. with a nearly full moon. There is a considerable kampong here, and a larger one near the mouth of the river. From this up the river there are about five hundred people, and the same number towards the mouth, making about one thousand souls in the “ Hilir’’ * This is certainly a magnificent river. From Raja Iram’s place to the mouth, I call it twenty-five miles, so that would make altogether some one hundred and seven-five miles, in these last five days. At the mouth of the river there is animmense number of fish- ing stakes, fish-curing being the chief occupation of the population. There is plenty of water at the maquth of the river, and the steering is easy ; going out you hold slightly towards the Pérak bank till free of the stakes, and then you can steer anywhere. 18th Hebruary. I left the river’s mouth at 5.30 a.M., and was off Sélangor (with many stoppages on the way to repair machinery) at 7 P. m. At 9.380 ». m. I had passed Ptlau Anegsa, when a bolt broke, and it took five and-a-half hours to make it right, not right, but enabling us to go on. Entered the Kwala Klang at 7.30 4.u., but did not reach Langat till 5 Pp. . ee * “Down Stream,” as opposed to ‘‘ Ulu’’—“Up Stream ” or Interior, A CONTRIBUTION = ALO MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. —— pe = [Ixrropucrory Nore.—The non-existence of any compre- hensive catalogue of works referring to Malayan matters has sug- gested to the compiler that the following results of between two and three years’ labour in that direction may be of value to the members of the Society. The catalogue is necessarily impertect, and as such is merely designated a “ contribution” to the end in view, which can only be accomplished by united effort. Still it is probably the most com- plete yet published, aided as it has been by the willing help of friends and embracing as it does the titles to be found in the British Museum Library, Royal Asiatic Society’s, Raffles’, Marsden’s and other catalogues ; those of works on the shelves of the Raffles and Logan Libraries ; and such as are to be found in the publishers’ lists of Triibner, Quaritch, Allen, and others who make such works their specialities. It may be well to define the geographical limits I have ob- served, which are those laid down by the late Mr. Logan as com- prehending the district of “Indonesia.” They are as follow :—A line drawn across the Malay Peninsula at the Siamese boundary line to the North point of Borneo; thence in a North by West direction to the Coast of Luzon, following its Northern shore and returning to the East Coast of Mindanao, from the South point of which island it strikes across to New Guinea, at Point D’Urville. Thence following the contour of the Coast (and without including any portion of the island) it makes a South-East curve to include 70 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. the Arrou islands and Timor Lant, whence it strikes West-South- West to the Southernmost of the group extending from Timor, and thence passes to the Java and Sumatra South Coasts as far as Achin, whence it is drawn to Junk Ceylon and meets the dividing line across the peninsula. The district thus included may be equally well designated as “ Malaya.” The catalogue has been divided into three heads, viz. : 1—Euro- pean works ;2—Malay works ; and, 3—Pamphlets, and Newspaper and Magazine Articles and Notices. The present list deals only with the first named, and is sub-divided as follows:— A.—Works relating to the Straits Settlements exclusively. B+ do: do. Malaya, exclusive of the Netherlands Indies, Borneo, the Philippines, and Moluceas. C.— do. do. the Netherlands East Indies exclusive of Borneo. D.— do do. Borneo. E.— do. do. The Philippines and Moluccas. ¥.—Works containing Incidental Notices of Malayan coun- tries. G.—Grammars, Dictionaries, &c., in Malay and European languages. H.—Comparative Vocabularies and Grammars, Dictionaries, &e., in Malayo-Indonesian languages. Making a total of nearly 400 titles. ~~ [have placed Borneo ander a separate head, because, although a large portion is under Dutch control, most of the works named vefer to places with which British interests are mainly connected. The titles under “ F” may be deemed unduly few, but I have care- fully excluded all works which did not seem to be worth consulting MALAYVAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, re for information. It is not, however, supposed that important omissions will not be detected, and these, when supplied, will enable some future bibliographer to produce a complete and exhaustive list. I have to acknowledge the very great help I have received from Mr. H. L. Norowna, Superintendent of the Government Printing Office, and Mr. C. Govunp (son of the distinguished Ornithologist ), who have drawn my attention to many titles which I should otherwise have overlooked. Under the head of Malay works I hope, ina future Journal, to offer the most complete list yet published of native literature. The cordial co-operation of gentlemen resident in the colony and the longer time at my disposal to complete it leads me to hope the second paper will be of both greater interest and value than can be the case in this instance. For the third division—Newspaper and Magazine articles on Malayan matters—a larger measure of assistance is however necessary ; and if other members will consent to give their aid, most useful results may be gained. N. B. DENNYS.] A, WORKS RELATING TO STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AFFATRS EXCLUSIVELY. Administration Report— Straits Settlements-—published yearly, ending 1867. Anderson, J.— _ Political and Commercial Considerations relative to the Malayan Peninsula and the British Settlement in the Straits of Malacea—2 parts in 1 vol. sm. 4to.—Prince of Wales’ Island, 1824. Blue Books, Colonial— ; Papers presented to Parliament—(See “ Parliamentary Papers.) Blue Book Of the Straits Settlements—published annually, commen- cing 1868. Cameron, John— _ a ai . Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India: being a Des- eriptive Account of Singapore, Penang, Province Wellesley, and Malacca ; their Peoples, Products, Commerce, and Government— by Joun Cameron, F.8.G.8., with Ilustrations—Smrru, Enprr & Co., 65, Cornhill, London, 1865. Collins, James— ete Museums, their Commercial and Scientific Uses—A lecture delivered at Government House, Singapore, 26th August, 1874. Refers to special facilities afforded by Singapore as a collecting centre. Government Gazette— Straits Settlements Government Gazette—published weekly -—commenced on Ist January, 1858. Legislative Council Papers— a a Papers laid before the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements—commencing in the. year 1869. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 73 Leigh, Sir George, Bart.— An Account of the Settlement, Produce, and Commerce of Prince of Wales’ Island in the Straits of Malacca—8vo0.—1805. Lemos, Jorge de— Historia dos Cercos de Malacea—tto —Lisbon, 1585. Letters of Extinguisher— A Series of Serio-Comic Contributions to the Strazts Times —Singapore, 1872. Logan, J. R.— The Rocks of Pulo Ubin—4to. pamphlet—Reprinted from Jour. Ind. Archipelago. MacAlister, Norman — Historical Memoir relative to Prince of Wales’ Island in the Straits of Malacca: and its Importance, Political and Com- mercial : submitted to the Howble the East India Company, and the Government and Legislature of Great Britain—London, 1803. McNair, Major F. J. A— Perak and the Malays, or Sarong and Kris—by: Major Frep. J. A. McNarr, p.a., o.M.g.; Colonial Engineer and Surveyor-General, 8.8.; late Officiating H. M. Commissioner, Perak ; Fellow of the Linnean Society, &c. ; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society ; Associate, Institute of Civil Engineers—lIllustrated with 18 engravings by R. Kyteut of photographs taken by the author—Tinstey Brotuers, 8, Catherine Street, Strand, London, 1878. - Martin, R. Montgomery— British Colonial Library—10 vols. F’cap Svo.—London, 1843—Volume 10: British Possessions in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, viz., Ceylon, Penang, Malacca, Singapore. Murton, H. J.— Hameo Catalogue of the Plants under Cultivation in the Botanical Gardens, Singapore, Straits Settlements—by H. J. Murron— Government Printing Office, Singapore, 1879. The classification adopted is that of the Genera Plantarum as far as the end of the 2nd Part of the 2nd Volume, after which the orders are given in accordance with the English Ndition of Ln Maout et DECAISNE. With the Aroids, the compiler has followed the alphabetical order as given by Mr. Brown in Sir Joskpx Hooxker’s Report for 1877. An Index of the genera, as well as one containing a good many English and Malay names, have been added to enable non-botanists to find a particular plant. The number of species catalogued amounts to 1,802, of which there are :—Orchids, 280 species; Palms, 113; and Ferns and Lycopods, 170 species. 74 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPMY, Murton, H. J.—Continued. Supplement to the Annual one on the Botanical Gar- dens, for 1875. Contains the names of all the plants then in the Gardens, so far as they were then known, which amounted to 488 species. ; Narrative Of the Proceedings of the Straits Government with regard fo the recent operations on the Kast Coast of the Malay Penin- sula—Signed by Colonel Orrieur CavEnacH—8vo. pamphlet with appendices—Singapore, 1865. Newbold, Lieut. I. J.— ’ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca: viz., Penang, Malacca, and Singa-, pore; with a History of the Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacca—by 1. J. NEwsoup, Lieutenant, 23rd Madras Light Infantry, Aide-de-Camp to Brigadier- General WILSON, c.B.; Member of the Asiatic Societies of Bengal and Madras, and Corresponding Member of the Madras Hindu Literary Society RRAY, Albemarle Street, London, 1839. This book still remains the standard work on Malacca and its vicinity : it con- tains a particularly useful and reliable account of the “‘ Naning War,” as to which the author, though not himself engaged, had the best means of forming an opinion. He was stationed as Staff Officer in the territory occupied immediately after, anil in consequence of, the military operations. Lieutenant Nrwsotp is also considered a high authority on matters connected with Malay customs and traditions. Ordinances é Of the Straits Settlements—1867-1879—Royal 8vo.—13 vols. Previous to April, 1867, the Straits Settlements were under the Indian Govern- ment. Parliamentary Papers— 1866. Transfer of the Control of the Straits Settlements from the Government of India to the Colonial Office. 1872. Command—466. Piratical Seizure of a Junk in - Selangor. 1874. Command—Despatch from Governor Sir Andrew Clarke to the Karl of Kimberley wpon the dis- turbed state of part of the Malayan Peninsula. 1874. Command—Engagement entered into with the Chiefs of Perak. 1875. Command—l11l. Correspondence respecting the Affairs of certain Native States in the Malay- an Peninsula. (Perak and Sungei Ujong campargns.) MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. FES Parliamentary Papers— Continued. 1875. Command—1320. Further Correspondence, Xe. 1876. Command—15035. Do. Won. 1876. Command—1512. Do. do. 1877. Command—1709. Do. do. 1879. Command—Correspondence respecting Muar Affairs. 1879. Command—Instructions to Residents in the Native States. Penang Gazette— Triweekly—-published at Penang. Penang Riots— Report of the Commissioners appointed under Act X XT. of 1867 to enquire mto the Penang Riots —Argus Press, Penang, 1868. Popham, Captain Sir H.— os) A. Destription of Prince of Wales’ Island in the Stravts of Malacea ; with its real and probable Advantages and Sources to recommend it as a Marine Establishment—by Sir Home Pop- HAM, Captain R.N., Knight of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Fellow of the Royal Society—printed for Jouyn STOCKDALE, Piccadilly, London, 1805, Proceedings Of Agricultural Societies and Institutions at Bencoolen and Singapore—Bencoolen, &c., 1821. Singapore Auction Gazette— Published weekly—1879 et seq. Singapore Review and Straits Magazine—_ Conducted by E. A. Epa@Erton, Singapore, 1861-62. Singapore Market Report— __ ~ Published by the Singapore Exchange (fortnightly.) Straits Times— —~ Daily, Weekly, and Overland Mail paper (8 editions) — published at Singapore, 1831 e¢ seq. Straits Observer— daily paper—published at Singapore, 1869 to 1873. Straits Chronicle— A daily paper,—published at the Afssion Press, Singapore, 1878-79. Straits Produce— é#=§ . A Comic Periodical, Singapore, 1869-1870. 76 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Thomson, J. T.— Some Glimpses into Life in the Far Hast—by J.T. Taom- son, late Government Surveyor, Singapore—2nd_ edition— KticHarpson & Co., London, 1865. . Contains sketches of life in Singapore, Malacca, Penang, &¢., since 1835. Trapaud, Elisha— | A Short Account of the Prince of Wales's Island on Pulo- Peenang wm the East Indies—given to Captain Lieut by the King of Quedah—Ornamented with a view of the North Point of the Island, and the ceremony of christening it, taken on the spot by Exisua Trapavp—London, 1788. Vaughan, Daniel Jonas— The Chinese of the Straits Settlements—S8vo. with illus- trations—Singapore, 1879. B. WORKS RELATING TO MALAYA (OTHER THAN THOSE DEALING WITH THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES, BORNEO, THE PHILIPPINES, AND MOLUCCAS.) Arrowsmith, J.— ie 7 Map of the Asiatic Archipelago—k. Stayrorp, London, 1879. Assey, Charles— On the Trade to China,.and the Indian Archipelago : with Observations on the Insecurity of the British Interests in that Quarter—London, 1819. ne Barbosa— (See Ramusio ). Begbie, Captain P. J.— The Malayan Peninsula, embracing its History, Manners and Oustoms of its Inhabitants, Politics, Natural History, &c., from its earliest Records—by Captain P. J. Beasiz, Madras Artillery—Illustrated by charts and 9 engravings from origi- nal designs—Printed for the author at the Vepery Mission Press, Madras, 1834. VMALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 77 Bennet, George— a Wanderin gs in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore, and China in 1832-4—2 vols. Svo.—1834. Borie, Father — An Account of the Aborigines of the Malay Peninsula and of the Malayan and other Tribes at present inhabiting it—Trans- lated from two letters of the French Missionary, Father Bortz, at present stationed at Ayer Salah, Malacca—Straits Times Office. [No date of publication ; original dates lst November, 1857, and 26th April, 1863. | Braddell, T.— ’ Abstract of the Suara Malayu, or Malayan Annals—Traus- lated by T. BrappeLn (from Vol. V. of the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, commencing at p. 125 et seq.) Calendar of State Papers— tse Colonial Series, Hast Indies, China, and Japan, 1513-1616. Chinaman Abroad, The— An Account of the Malayan Archipelago—8vo.—London, 1850. (3/6.) Collingwood, Cuthbert, ».4., 1.».— Rambles of a N aturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Sea. Being Observations in Natural History during a Voyage to China, Formosa, Borneo, Singapore, S§c., made in Her Majesty's Vessels in 1866- 1867—Joun Mur wRAY, London, 1868. Colonial Office List, The— Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Colo- nial Dependencies of Great Britain, an Account of the Services of the Officers of the several Colonial Gov crnments, @ Transcript of the Colonial Regulations, and other Information, with Maps ; compiled from Official Records, by the permission of the Secretary of State for the Colonies—by Epwarp FairFtep, of the Colo- nial Office—( annual )—Harrison, 59, Pall Mall, London. Crawfurd, John— A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries—by JoHN CRAWFURD, F. R. S.— BRADBURY & Evans, 11, Bouverie Street, London, 1856. A most useful work of reference 1egarding all matters— political, geographi- cal, or scientific—connected with the Malayan Countries. It includes the whole of "Malaya from Sumatra to the Fhilippinesand New Guinea. It must, however, be stated that the author bad, in ccmmcn with others in the Straits in 1824. when he was a Resident, less acquaintance with the Malay Peninsula than with any of the other disiricts which he describes. 78 MADLAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Crawfurd, J ohn—Continued. History of the Indian Archipelago containing an Account of the Manners, Arts, Languages, Religions, Institutions, and Com- merce of tts Inhabitants—by Joun CRawrurD, F.R.S., late British Resident at the Court of the Sultan of Java—With maps and engravines—8 vols.—Edinburgh, 1820. Printed for Arcuipatp Consrapie & Co., Edinburgh. and Hurst Rosin- son & Co., Cheapside, London. This book was afterwards recompiled and compressed into one volume— “ Crawfurd’s Dictionary,” which see. Crisp, John— A Letter to the Court of Directors of the Hast India Com- pany, dated Fort Marlbro’ ( Island of Sumatra), 10th June, 1779 —by Jouw Crisp, a Member of the Council of that Settlement —lLondon, 1780. Davidson, G. F.— | Trade and Travel in the Har Hast, or Recollections of 21 years passed in Java, Singapore, Australia, and China—8vo. Karl, George Windsor— Lhe Kastern Seas, or Voyages and Adventures wm the Indian Archipelago, in 1832, 1838, 1834, comprising a Tour of the Fsland of Java, Visits to Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Siam, e.; also an Account of the Present State of Singapore, with Ob- servations on the Commercial Resources of the Archipelago—by George Winpsor Hart, p.4.8.—Wittiam H. Arien & Co., Leadenhali Street, London, 1837. Still a valuable work of reference respecting the places treated of, as regards their past history. Forrest, Captain Thomas— Voyage from Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago, also an Account of the Islands Jan Sylan, Pulo Pinang, and the Port of Queda, f§¢., and Directions for Sailing from thence to Hort Marl- borough, down the South-West Coast of Swmatra ; to which are added an Account of the Island Celebes, §c.—with maps, views and other engravings—Royal 8vo.—London, 1792. | Also large paper. | Gray— : Zoology of the Voyage of H. M.S. “ Samarang” wm sur- veying the Islands of the Hastern Archipelago—London, 1850. (£3.10.5.) | Groeneveldt, W. P.— Hay Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, compiled from Chinese Sources-~Batavia and the Hague, 1876. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPEY, 79 Hume, Allan— 1 fh : eatee Stray Feathers (Ornithological Periodical, contains a list of Malayan birds) 8 vols.—Central Press, Calcutta, 1872-80. Journal of Hastern Asia— Edited by James Coxtins, Fr. B. 8. E., Vol. 1, No. 1, July, 1875—Singapore, Government Printing Office. [Only number published. | | Some papers intended for the second number of this Journal were published in the first nomber of the Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society. Journal Of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society—Pub- lished half-yearly—Singapore:. No. 1 Printed at the Séraits Times Office; Nos. 2 & 3 at the Wssion Press; No. 4 at the Prison Printing Office, 1878-1879. This is the Journal of a new branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, established in Singapore towards the end of 1877. The object with which it was promoted was to collect and print information regarding the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring coun- tries (Malayan), and more especially in regard to the little known Geography of the Peninsula. — ne ; Z Considerable additions to the knowledge we possess of Perak, Pahang, and Johor are to be found recorded inthe numbers already published. Keppell, Hon’ble Captain Henry, 8.v.—_ A Visit tothe Indian Archipelago in H. M. 8S. “Maudis”’ with Portions of the Private Journal of Sir Rajah Brooke—8vo.— London, 1853. Leyden, Dr. John— Malay Annals—Translated from the Malay language by the late Qr. Jony Leypen; with an Introduction by Sim THomas STAMFORD RarriEs—London, 1821. Lindsay, J.— ! Directions to accompany Charts of the Stratis of Malacca, with two Journals from the Island of Mauritius to India—4to. Logan, J. R.— my Be The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia— Edited by J. R. Locay, r.n.s., Member of the Asiatic Society, Corresponding Member of the Ethnological Society of Lon- don, and of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences—In twelve volumes—Printed at the Afssion Press, Singapore, 1847-1862. This is a valuable series of Journals ably edited by Mr. J. R. Logan, whois generally held to be the highest authority on all the subjects upon which he personally wrote in this Journal. Both fromhis pen and other contributors a good deal of information is tobe obtained, particularly in Vols. I, toIIl., respecting the physical geography of the Peninsula, as well as upon many other subjects of a scientific character. Most of the volumes in which the Journa] was annually bound contain an Index —Vol.I. a yery good one. A-complete Index for the whole series is now being undertaken as the basis of a general record of Newspaper and Magazine literature connected with Malaya. SO MARAYAN BIBLIOGRAPILY. Logan, J. R.—Continued. Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago, embracing In quiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders— Svo.—Singapore, 1850. Malcolm, Rev. Howard— Travels in South-Eastern Asia, embracing Hindustan, Ma- laya, Siam, and China, with Notices of Missionary Stations and an Account of the Burmese Empire—2 vols. 8yo.—1839. Marsden, William— Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts collected with a view to the General Comparison of Languages, and to the Study of Oriental Literature—4to.—1827. Contains a catalogue of works on Malayan matters. The titles have been embodied in the present list. ; A Brief Memoir of his Life and Writings— Privately prin- ted—4to.—London, 1838. (25/.) Bs Memoirs of a Malayan Family, written by themselves, and translated from the original—8vo.—1830. (38/.) : y) Montgomerie, W., ™.D.— Letter on Gutta Percha to the Bengal Medical Board, 1843. Dr. Montgomerie received the gold medal of the Royal Society of Arts for having brought Gutta Percha into notice at home. Moor, J. H.— Notices of the Indian Archipelago—4to. (21].) Muar and the Muarites—_ (Printed for private circulation only. )—F’cap.—Singa- pore, 1880. Muller, S.— Reizen en Anderzockingen in den Indischen Archipel in de Jahren 1828-386—2 vols. 8vo.—Amsterdam, 1857. Wapier, Wi Memorandum regarding the Maharajah of Johore, his Title and Position—¥’cap.—London, 1877. Navigations Aux Indes Orientales, par les Hollandois—6-parts in 1 yol. folio—1609. (£6.10.0.) Newbold, Lieut. I. J.— History of the Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacea. (See under same title amongst Works relating to Straits Set- tlements exclusively, of which the above forms a portion. | MALAYAN BIBLTIOGRAPITY. Sl Osborn, Captain Sherard, r.v.— Quedah, or Stray Leaves from a Journal in Malayan Waters —by Captain SHerarp Oszorn, B.N., c.B., Officier de la Légion d’Honneur—Loneman, Brown, Greeny, Lonemans and Ro- BERTS, London, 1857. Parker, P. — Expedition from Singapore to Japan—1838. Pennant, Thomas— Outlines of the Globe—Vol. IIT. The View of India extra Gangem, China, and Japan—Vol. IV. The View of the Malayan Islands—Uondon, 1899. Petires, James, F.R.S.— Opera Omnia—z2 vols. folio—1746. Contains notice of the natural history of Malayan countries and Java. Raffles, Sir Stamford— Statement of Services—4to.—1824. (7/6.) Rafiles, Sir Thomas Stamford— Malayan Miscellanies—Collected and chiefly written by Sir TaHomas Stamrorp Rarries—Bencooien, from 1820 to 1822. Ramusio— libro di Odoardo Barbosa—1516. Contains very full notices of Malayan localities to which Crawrurp makes fre- quent references. Rumphia— NG (See under this name in List C.) Schlegel, Dr. G.— Thian Té Hww. The Hung League or Heaven-Karth- League—with an introduction and numerous cuts and illustra- tions—4to.—Batavia, 1866. This is the standard work on Chinese Secret Societies; and, with Mr. W.A. PrckErine’s articles in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Socie- ty, which form a sort of supplement, may be taken to have entirely destroyed the mystery which formerly surrounded such Associations, Spalding, J. W.— Japan and Round the World—Crown 8vo.—London, 1856. Contains notices of Singapore. Speedy, Captain T.C. S.—. j Blue Book of the Larut District in the Native State of Perak, 82 MADLAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, St. John, Horace— : The Indian Archipelago, its History and Present State— 2 vols. Svo.—London, 1853. St. John, Spenser— Infe in the Forests of the Far East—2 vols—London, 1862. Contains an account of the ascent of Kini Baluin Borneo. Thomson, J.— | | The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China and China; or Ten Years’ Travels, Adventures and Residence abroad—I\\lustrated with upwards of sixty wood engravings by J. D. Cooper, from the author’s own sketches and photographs.—Sampson, Low, Marston, Low and Seartz, London, 1875. Deals with the Straits Settlements. The work is well illustrated and amus- ingly written, but is of more interest to China than Straits residents. Vaientyn— Oud en Niew Ooost-Indien, &§c.; a Collection of Voyages to the East Indies, Japan, Moluccas, many Islands in the Eastern Seas, the Cape, &e.—im Dutch—8 vols. folio—Dortrecht, 1724-26. Voyages dans V Inde, en Perse, Se., avec la Description de V Lle Poulo Pinang, nouvel Etablissement des Anglais pres de la Céte de Coromandel—Par differens Officiers au service de la Comp. Angl. des Indes Orientales—Traduits de l’Anglais par les C***—Paris, 1801. Wallace, A. R.— The Malay Archipelago—Cr. 8vo.—London, 1869. Bs Australasia—l vol.-Stanrorp, London, 1879. These works take a comprehensive view of the whole of the Archipelago as far North as the Phillippines, and give a connected account of the structure and Zoclogi- cal peculiarities of most of its islands. Whalfeldt, Lieut. C. G.— ; Journals of Lieut. Charles Gustavus Whalfeldt, in the Borneo Schooner to the Island of Engano, in 1771—On a Visit to the Saltpetre Caves of Cattown, in 1773—With an account of a large aquatic animal supposed by him to be the Hippopotamus, but which was probably a Tapir. Yvan, Dr.— ; ; Sia Months amongst the Malays, and a Year in China— 12mo.—London, 1854. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 83 ‘ae | OF WORKS RELATING TO THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES ( EXCLUSIVE OF BORNEO.) Q---— Almanach Van Nederlendische Indie—Batavia. Amboyna— A True Relation of the Unjust, Cruel, and Barbarous Pro- ceedings against the English at Amboyna, in the East Indies, by the Netherlandish Governour and Council there. Also the Copie of « Pamphlet of the Dutch in Defence of the Action. With Remarks upon the whole Matter—London, 1651. The Cries of British Blood, or an Authentie Narrative of the Horrid Massacre of the English by the Dutch at Amboyna. With Suitable Remarks upon that Bloody Tragedy—London, 1781. bs Relation of the Cruelties of the Dutch at Amboyna—12mo.— London, 1665. Sundry Lelations and Remembrances concerning the Cruel- ties of the Dutch at Amboyna, 1624-1680—4to.— London. (10/6.) Anderson, J.— Rie Account of a Mission to the Hast Coast of Sumatra—8vo.— Edinburgh, 1825. Contains specimens of the Batak language. Anderson, John— } Acheen and Ports of Sumatra—8vo.—London, 1840. (7/6.) Barchewitz, Ernst Christoph— Ernst Christoph Barchewitz, Thur. Allerneuste und Wahr- haffte Oost Indianische Reise Beschreibung. Darrinnen I. Seine durch Teutsch wnd Holland nach Indien Gethane Reise. IT. Sein Hilffjahriger Auffenthalt auf Java, Banda, Sc. ILI. Seine Riick Reise —Chemnitz, 1730. Beaumont— A Proof of the Dutch Observance of Treaties, as exem- plified in their Treatment of the English at Amboyna—Svo. — London, 1712. S4. ; MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Begin ende Voortgangh Van de Vereent) de Nederlandische Oost Indische Compag- nte—2 vols. with 220 plates and maps—Amsterdam, 1646. (Priced at £10.) Bitante, P. J.— Les Bataves—8vo.— Paris, 1797. Les Bataves (In English) The Batavians, or Virtue and ” Valour crowned by Perseverance—2 vols. 8vo.—1797. Boukholtz, F. NOI = : fr A Description of the Island of Java, in the Dutch Language with Drawings—no date. Brewer, Henricus— De Jure Connubtorum apud Batavos—4to.—Amsterdam, 1668. Buddingh, Dr. 8S. A— Neerlands Oost Indie Reizen over Java, Modura, Gedaan Gedurende bit Gidrath van 1852-57—8 vols. Svo.—1859-61. Neerlands Oost Indie Reizen over Java, Amboina, Sumatra, §e.—2 vols. 8vo.—Rotterdam, 1859. >) Burman, Peter— Oratis de Batavorum at Fedoratorum a Communit Hoste reportatis Vietoriis—Rheims, 1708. Burrish, 0.-- Batavia Illustrata—no date. Bydragen Tot de Taal, Land en Volkenkunde van Nederlandseh Indie. (Contributions to the Philology, Geography and Ethno- logy of Netherlands India, &c.)—S8vo.—s’Gravenhage and Amsterdam, 18538 e¢ seq. Charts Of the Eastern Archipelago, with the Names of the Places written in the Bugis Character.—Given by Captain THomas Forrest.—Marsden’s collection. shige Dalrymple, Alexander— ie 3 An Historical Relation of the several Kxpeditions from Hort Marlborough to the Islands adjacent to the West Coast of Su- matra--London, 1775. Another edition, 1782. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPITY. SO Darrell, John— The Second Part of * Amboyna or the Injuries done to the English in the Kast Indies’’—4to.—-London, 1665. [See “Amboyna” and ‘ Beaumont. ”’] Delile, Alire Raffeneau— Dissertation sur les Kffets dun Poison de Java appelé Upas Tienté, et sur la Noix Vomigue, Sc.—Presentée a la Faculté de Médecine de Paris, le 6 Juillet, 1S09-—Paris, 1809. De Ziecke, R.— Java and the Straits iv 1852—S8vo.—London, 1853. (21/0.) Dobereiner— i Sendschreyben und Wahrhaffie Zeytungen, aus den Orien- tischen Indien-—12mo.— Munschen, 1571. (21/0.) Dryden, John— Amboyna, a Tragedy—to.—London, 1673. Dur Bois, J.P. J.— hes des Gouverncurs Généraus, avec U. lbréygé del Histoire des tablissements Hollandois aux Indes Orientales—lLa Haye, 1763. Epps, Dr.-~ Sehilderungen aus Oslindiens Archipel. (Date not even.) Noticed, and extracts made from, in Jonrual of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. V., p. 200. Contains a very complete account of Banka and ethnographical sketch of its inhabitants, which is there translated. Eschels-Kroon, Adolph— Beschreibung der Insel Suinatra, besouders in Auseh ung des Handels, und der dahin gehorigen Merkwirdigkeiten : heraus- gegeben mit einer Vorrede von Gottlob Benedict von Schirach.— von Adoph Eschels-Kroon. ( Description of the Island of Sumatra more particularly relative to Trade.)—8vo.—Hamburg, L781; Fell— Tour through the Batavian Republic—8vo.—London, 1801. Fenarius, William— ek De Bello Batavico, Libri Duo Carmine et in Britannicarum Leges Disticha—8vo.—London, 1672. Geldenhauer, Gerandus Eobanus— Dae De Batavorum Insule Germanie Inferiores Historie— Strasburg, 1532. ’ Historia Batuvica, cum Appendice de Veiusta Batavorum Nobilitate—-1520. S6 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gervaise, Nicol— ’ Deseription Historique du Royaume de Macagar, divisée trots Parties—Par Nrcon Gurvatse—l2mo.—Paris, 1688. La méme; avec Relation de tout ce qui s'est passé en la Guerre que les Hollandais de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales ont ewe contre le Roi et les autres Régens de Macagar depurs Pan 1666 jusqud Vannée 1669, avec les Victoires qwils sont remportés sous la Conduit du Sieur Corneille Speelman, ct-devant Gouvernour de la Céte de Coromandel, §c.—traduite sur la copie imprimée 4 Batavia—12mo.—Ratisbon, 1700. Py) An Historical Description of the Kingdom of Macasar, in the ’ Kast Indies—In three Books—From ‘the French of Nicon GrenrvaisE—London, 1701. Gibson, Walter M.— The Prison of Weltevreden and « Glance at the Hast Indian Archipelago—Iustrated from original sketches—New York, J.C. Riker, 1855. Describes the visit of the author to the Malayan islands and the interior of Sumatra, and his arrest and incarceration for fifteen months in the prison of Weltevreden in Jaya. Contains several highly sensational episodes. Glanius, Mr.— Ae A New Voyage to the Kast Indies ; containing an Account of several of those Rich Countries, and more particularly the King- dom of Bantam—By Mr. Guantus—London, 1682. Grotius, Hugo— Mare Liberum, sive de Jure quod Batavis competit in In- dieana Commercia—8vo.—Lugd. Bat., 1609. i otius, James— Oratio de Migratione Batavorum— Ato. —Leyden, 1704. Grotius, William— Lsagoxe ad Praxin Forti Batavici—4to.—Amsterdam, 1665. : Hangling, Darmo— Javansch door Winter—4to.—Batavia, 1853. Haskard, J. C.— See Java.) Havart, Daniel, “.0.— Deser iptio Neygotistionum Batavorum atgue Legatiorum ad hes et Americanos. Belgicc—4to.—Amsterdam, 1695. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 87 Hesse, Elias— Ost Indische Reise Beschreibung oder Diarium, was bey der Reise des Berg Commissarii D. Benj, Oliteschens im Jahr 1680, von Dressden aus bis in Asiam auff die Insul Suimatre Denckwurdiges Vorgegangen, auffgezeichnet von Elias Hesse— Leipzig, 1690. | Heyne, Benjamin, ™.p.— Tracts Historical and Statistical on India, with Journals of several Tours through various Parts of the Peninsula ; also an Account of Sumatra, in a series of Letters—Ato.—London, 1814. Historia heey Navigationum Batavorum in Septentrionales Oras— Venetia, 1609. : History Of the Constitution, Religion, Laws, Manners, and Genius of the Sumatrans—2 vols. 8vo.—London. Hoemrodius, Com.— 4 Batavie Omnicunque inter Helin et Flevum Urbium Des- eriptio—sm. 4to._-Amsterdam, 1611. Homan, Dr. J. D.— ns ; Handleidung tot de Kennis Van't Batavisch Maleisch, ui- gegeven door H. N. Van der Tieck—8vo.—Zalt Bomme, 1868. (2/6.) Horsfield, Thomas— Plante Javancoe Rariores—Royal 4to.—London, 1852-38. (Coloured, £5.5.0. ; Plain, £3.3.0.) Zoological Researches tn Java—4to.—no date. ” Hubbard, A. H.— ( See Java.) Humboldt, W. M.— Uber die Kawi-sprache auf der Insel Java nebst einlei- tung iiber die Verschiedenheit des Menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihrem Einfluss auf die fertige Entwickelung des Menschenge- _ schlechts—3 vols. 4to.—Berlin, 1836-40. Indisch Archief— Tydschrift voor Indien, uitgegeren door Buddingh. (Tndian Records; Periodical for India, Edited by BuppincH).—8yo,— Batavia, 1849 ef seg. 8S MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPILY. Jansen— : R Voyage @ Batavia, d Bantim, et au Bengale par Huvori- nes—traduit du Hollandais—Svo. Pp aris, 1798. = Poyage par le Cup de Bonne Esperance et Butavia & Samt- rang, @ Macassar, §c., par Havorines—traduit du Hollandats —Syvo.—Paris, 1798S. Java— fiick Reise von Java nach Huropa—traduit du Hotlan- dais par J. C. Waskarp—8vo.—Leipzig, 1851. A Seine Gestalt Pflauzen deeke und Innere Bandit—traduit du Hollandais par J. C. Haskarp, 3 vols. Svo. and Atlas— 1852-54. a, A true Report of « Voyage to Javu by a Fteet of eight Ships of Aimsterdam—Nondon, 1609. ss Review of the Administration, Value, and State of the Colony of Java with its Dependencies, as it Was—as it Is—and as it May Be--( Anon.)—London, 1816. es The Java Annual Directory and Alinanack for the year of Our Lord 1814—Batavia, printed by A. H. Hupparn, 1814. Ditto for the year 1815. 3 Sketches, Civil and Military, of the Island of Java and its immediate Dependencies, including particular Details of Batavia, taken from Voyages between 1768 and 1810, by a Dutch Admiral and a Krench General—svo.—London, 1811. Jukes, J. Bete— Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H, M.S. “Fly,” com- manded by Captain Blackwood, RN., during the years 1842-46, together with an Excursion into the Interior of East Java— 2 vols. Svo.—London, 1847. “ Junghulm, Freod.— Topographisch und Maturnissendaftlische Reisen dureh Java, §c.—Svo.--Magdeburg, 1845. Junius Hadrianus— Batavie Historie—Ato.—Batavia, 1588. Keisser, Jan, of Breda-- ugh" Discovery made this year 1673 at Batavia in the Island of Java—Ato.— 1673. Lacarry, Giles— Breviculum Expeditionis Lud, AGIA adversos Bataros— 4to.—1] 672, MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. S9 eo M. A. W.-- "Premier Tivre de l Historie de ta Navigation aux Indes Orientales par les Hollandois ; et des Ohoses a eux advenues : ensemble les Oonditions, les Meurs, ef Manieres de Vivre des Nations pw eve abordes, ¥c.—Amsterdivm, 1509. Macaszsar— An Historical Description of the Kingdom of Maucassar in the East Indies—S8vo.—London, L701. (5/.) Marsden, William— The History of Sumatra, contuining an Account of the Government, Ltws, Customs, Biel Manners of the Native Inha- hitants, with a Deser iption of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of that Island—Uondon, 1783-1784. With an Atlas of Plates, 1811. ; Account of a Phenomenon observed upon the Island of Su- matra—-By Wiittam Marspen (Phil. Trans., Vol. LXXI., p. 383) London, 1781. Max Havalaar Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company.— 8vo.—1868. Mirabeau, Horace Gabriel, Comte de— Aux Bataves sur le Stadthonderat-—Svo.— (? date.) Moning—- Java, or How to Manage a Colony—2 vols. Crown 8vo.— 1861. Natuurkundige Tydschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. (Physical Periodical for Netherlands India, &c.)—Batavia, 1851 ef seq. Muller, 5.—_ OPEN. Bijdragen tut de Kennis van Sumatra.—(? date.) Nederburgh, Sebastian Cornelius— Journal der Re; yse, Fe. (Journal of the Voyage of S. C. Neperburen, formerly Commissary-General of the Dutch Indies, in 1798, along the North-East Coast of Java)—pub- lished by W. Worprnar and Pu. Dupur—8vo.-—Amsterdam, 1805. Parraud, M.— Histoire de Sumatra, dans laquelle on traite du Governe- ment, ¥e., de cette Isle—traduite de I’ Anglois sur la deuxiéme edition, par M, Parravp,-—Paris, 1788. 90 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Quarterly Review, Vol. 6— Yontains an excellent article on Jaya and its dependencies, to 1872. Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford— . . A Discourse delivered at a Meeting of the Society of Arts and Sciences in Batavia, on the twenty-fourth day of April, 1818, being the Anniversary of the Institution—Batavia, 1818. A. Discourse delivered by T. S. Raffles—Batavia, 1815. Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Stamford Raffles particularly in the Government of Java, 1811-16, and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817-24, with Details of the Com- merce and Resources of the Eastern Archipelego, and Selections from his Correspondence—by his Widow—4to.—London, 1880. Another Edition—1835. 99 99 93 vs History of Java—2 vols. 4to. 65 plates—London, 1817. ‘i A Statistical Account of the Island of Java—8vo.—-London, 1S1L9. | ; ( See also SUMATRA.) Relation Of the Proceedings against the English at Amboyna, with Replies—8 vols. 4to.—London, 1624. Reyse naar Java-- ( Voyage to Java) 4to.—Dordrecht, 1666. Rumph, G. Everard— Amboinsche Rariteit Kamer—folio—Amsterdam, 1705. Herbarium Amboinense (Dutch and Latin) nune primum in Lucem Hditwn, et in Lat. Sermonem versum cura et studio Joan Burmanni, qui varia adjecit Synonyma suasque Obser- rationes—7 vols. folio—Amstelodami, 1741-55. Verhandlung der Zee-Horenkens en Zee-Gewarsen in en Omtrent Amboina en de Nabygelegene Hilanden—2 vols. folio —Amsterdam, 1741-54. Het Ambonisch Kruid-Boek, dat is, Beschryving van de meest bekende Boomen, S'c., die men in Amboina en de omleggen- de Kylanden wind allen vergadert, en beschreven en Twaalf Boeken. Nagezien en uitgegeeren door Joannes Burmannus— -Amsterdam, 1750. Het Auctuariun, ofte Vermeerdering, op het Aimboinseh Kruyd-bock —Arsterdam, 1755. Rumphia— Sive commentationes Botanice imprimis de Plantis Indiee Orientalis, tum penitus tncognitis, tum que im libris Rheedii, Rumphii, Roxburgh, Wailichit aliorum recensentur seriptit C. L. Bums cognomine Rumpwivs—4 vols. folio— Amsterdam, Brussels, Dusseldorff and Paris, 1536. A magnificently illustrated work on Hast Indian Botany. +3 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. O] Salnon, Thomas— . Modern History : or the Present State of all Nations. By Thomas Salmon. Vol. II. which contains the State of the Islands of Amboina, Banda, and the Moluccas. Also of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra—London, 1725. Schonten, Wonter— Post Indische Voyagie, Zee en Land Gevechten tegen de Portugesens en Makasserin, Se—numerous fine plates—4to.— Amsterdam, 1676. Scriverius, Peter — Tabalarium Antiquitatum Batavicarum, et comitum Hollan- die Zelandieque Icones et Historie. Belgicé—folio—A rat. 1612. Shebbeare, John— The History of the Excellence and Decline of the Consti- lution, Eeligion, Laws, Manners and Genius of the Sumatrans: Ani of the Restoration thereof in the Reign of Amurath the Third—London, (without date). A political and satirical work, under feigned names of placesand persons, written about the years 1760-1763. pe History of Sumatra—8vo.—London, 1787. Stockdale, John Joseph— Sketches, Civil and Military, of the Island of Java and tts Dependencies : comprising Interesting Details of Batavia, and Authentic Particulars of the celebrated Poison-Trec—Illustra- ted with a map of Java and plan of Batavia—compiled by Joun JosepH StockDALE—S8vo.—London, 1811. Stravorinus, John E.— Voyage to the East Indies, §c., 1768-78 : compr ising a Full Account of the Dutch Possessions in India and at the Cape— 3 vols. Svo.—1798. Sumatra— History of Swnatra, containing an account of the Govern- ment, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of the Island—4to.—London, 1783. Naturliche und biirgerliche Beschreibung der Insel Sumatra in Ostinden. Aus dem Englischen Ubersezt—Leipzig, 1785. a Substance of a Minute recorded by T. S&S. Raffles, on the llth February, 1814, on the Introduction of an Improved System - of Internal Management and the Establishment of a Land- Rental on the Island of Java—London, 1814. ’” 92 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Temminck— ra ; Coup @ Gil General sur les Possessions Neerlandaises duis LP Inde Archipelagrg we——1847. Thorn, Major William— Conquest of Java and a Survey of the Oriental Archipelago —4to—London, 1815. Thysius, Antony,— Compendium Historia Batavicwe—1645. Treaty— An Original Treaty between the Dutch Indian Governinents ant certain Chiefs of the Island of Celebes, bearing the date of 1781-—In the Bigis and Dutch languages. Tydschrift Voor Taal Land en Volkenkunde. (Periodical for Philology, Geography and Ethnology, &c.)-—Batavia 1858 ef seg. Voor Nederlands Indie (Periodical for Nederlands India ” &e. ) 8vo.— Batavia, 1844: et seq. Valentyn, FranGois— Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien, vervattende cen naakeurige ell witvoerige Verhandelinge van Nederlands Mogentheyed in die Gewesten, beneevens eene wydluftige Beschryvinge de Moluccos, Amboina, Banda, Timor, en Solor, Java en alle de Eylanden onder dezelve Landbestieringen behoorende ; het Nederlands Comp- toir op Suratte, en de Levens der Groote Mogols; &c., door Francois VarEnryn—Dordrecht en Aimsterdam, 1724-26. 3 Beschrybung van groot Djava—Folio—Dordrecht, 1726. Van Hogendorp— Coup d iil sur U Isle de Java.—Brussels, 18380. Vaughan, William— The Narrative of Captain David Woodward and Four Seamen, who lost their Ship when in a Boat at Sea, and surren- dered themselves up to the Malays, in the Island of Celebes ; containing an Account of their Sufferings, Sc. Also an Account of Manners and Customs of the Cowntry—Published by Witt1am VaueHan—London, 1804.—( See also under Woovwarp. ) Verhandelingen Van het Bataviasch Genootschap der Konsten en Wee schappen. Deel. I. Batavia, 1779 ; Il. 1780; 111. 1781; 1YV. Rotterdam et Amsterd., 1786.: V. Batavia, 1790 : VI. 1792 VII (three sheets) 1794; VII. 1814. New Series 1852 to 1872 36 vols. Batavia, 1852- 1872. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 93 Von Schirach— Beschrycing van de lusel Sumatra, ¥e. ( Description of the Island of Sumatra, relative to Commerce, translated into Dutch from the German )—Svo.—Harlem, 185, Voyage Lo the Last Indies in \747 and 1748. Containing au Account of the Islands of St. Helena and Java ; of the City of Batavia; of the Empire of China: with a Particular Description of Canton ——fLondon, 1762. 44 fait dans les Mouluges, i lu Nouvelle Guince, et a Celebes avec le Comte de Vidua de Cengem--par J. OH. BENpycH Bastrevse—S8yvo.—Paris, 1851. Walboauin, C. Fr.— Historie der Ositindisehen Lnsel Java, wad aller Ubrigen Holioendischen Colonten in Ostindien. ue ot the East Indian Isle of Jav a, and of all the other Dutch Colonies in the Hast Indies.) na, 1754. Wilcocke, Samuel Hull— Voyages to the tKast Indies, by the late John Splinter Sta- cormus, Hsg., BR. Adm. in the Service of the Stutes General, The whole comprising a Sell und accurate Account of ell the present and late Possessions of the Dutch in India, wad at the Cape of Good THope—Translated from the original Dutch, by Samuan Hutt Writcocke. With notes and additions by ‘tho translator. Winckel, C. P. K.— Essai sur les Principes Regissant Administration de la Justice aux Indes Orientales Hollandaises, stirtout dans les Isles de Java ei de Madoura, et leur application—Avec une planche et une carte—Samarang and Amsterdam, 1880. Woodward, Captain-- The Narrative of—with the Description of the Island of Oelebes— London, 1804.—(See under Vavauan ord for same work.) Woofe, Abraham-- | ey of the Duteh against the English, likewise the sufferings of Abr aham Woofe, then Fuctor at Laatore, and others in the Island of Banda—illustrated by Joux QuaRLES. Worms, Johann Gottlieb— Ost Indian und Persianische Reisen Cder Lehenjahrige cuf Gross Java, Bengula, &c., Kriegsdienste mit Anmerkungen, durch M, Benin Franktort und Leipzig, 1745, 94. MALAYAN BIBLTOGRAPIIY. D. WORKS RELATING TO BORNEO. pO Pt —- Beeckman, Daniel— A Voyage : and from the Island of Borneo, in the East Indies. With a Description of the said Island; giving an Account of the Tehobinn their Manners, Cogs. Religion, Product, Chief Ports, and Trade ; together ge Hil ies establish- ment of the English Trade there. ANIEL BEECK- waNn—Syo,—London, 1718. (German edition in SPRENGEL’S and Forsrer’s New Memoirs, Vol. 5.) Borneo— fe. Adventures in—2ud Edition—Crown 8vo.—London, 1849. (7/6). Remarks ona Recent Naval Hxecution at—by W. A.— 1840. ; A few Months in: Short Sketches from the Journal of a Naval Officer—18mo.— 1867. ‘ Copies of all Despatches (not yet published) from Naval Officers on the China Station relative to Attacks made by them ou the Natives of Borneo from the year 1842 to 1849 inclusive, §c.—( Parliamentary Paper)—-1853. 9 53 Treaty of Hriendship and Commerce between Her Majesty and the Sulten of Borneo—(Parliamentary Paper) —1849. Borneo Revelations— A Series of Letters on the Beneban and Sakarran Dyaks and the Rajah Brooke—Re-printed from the Straits Times— Singapore, 1850. Boyles, C. J.— Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo—8vo.—1865. Brooke, C.— Ten Years in Sarawak —2nd HKdition-—8vo. —London, 1866. Brooke, Sir James— The Life of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, from his personal Papers and Correspondence By ‘Spencer Sv. JOHN, r.u.G.s.; formerly Secretary to the Rajah, late H.M. Consul- General in Borneo, &¢.— BLackwoop & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1879. ‘ The Private Letters eee by J.C. Tumpter—3 vols.—- " LSoe. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPEY. 95 Brooke, Sir James— Continued. Haplanation and Exposure of the Charges. made against Sir James Brooke, with refercice to the Capture and Execution of Criminals in Sarawak—F cap.—No date, earea 1851. Corresponde nce respecting Piracy in the Eastern Archt- oe ; Uae : ‘ pelago and the Procecdings of Str Janes Brooke—(Parhia- mentary Paper)—1853. is The Queen on the Prosecuticn of Xin James Brooke, K.C_B against the Eastern Ar Le ue Ate the Tudg- ment of the Queen's Bench, 853. is ividence given before oe eee of Hnguiry into the Charges agaimst Sir James Brooke, K.C_B.—with a map— i’ cap.—Singapore, 1854. », teeport of the Commissioners appointed to enguire into certain matters connected with the Position of Sir James Brooke— (Parliamentary Paper)—1855. Rajah Brooke, the Last of the Vikings—MacMayn’s ” Magazine, June, 1877. Brooke, J.— i Acalee yeRa ! Letter from Borneo, with Notice of the Country and its Inhabitants—1842. Burns (Borneo) — Further Papers respecting Mr. Burns—(Parliamentary Paper)—1852. China Pilot— a ae No. 2, General Observations on the Coast of Borne , L8O9. Appendix No. 3, Sailing Directions for Palawan Island— ” 8vo.—London, 1859. Deroi— : Hechelgete reys togt na Borneo. (Voyage to Borneo.)— 8vo.—Leyden, 1708. Forbes, Lieut. E.— ” Five Years in China, Me Tae with an Account of the Islands of Labuan and Borneo ST OMS Jacon,G.i.— ° pid The Rajah of Sar eawak—2 vols.—1i875. Keppell, Phe Hon. Captain Henry— " Bupedition. of H ALS. “Dido” against the Pirates of Borneo —2 vols.—London, 1s 346. 2nd Edition, 1846. ‘ OG MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Labuan — Copy of Instructions to the Governor of the New Settlement of Labuan, and of any Correspondence on the subject with the Lreasury as well as of any Agreement for a Lease of Ocais in the said Settlement—(Parliamentary Paper)—1848. Lobscheid, Rev. W.- | } me The Religion of the Dyaks—-¥. de Souza, Hongkong, 1866. Low, Hugh-— ; Sarawak its Inhabitants ond Productions—8vo.—— London, 1848. (14/0.) 3 Macdougall, Mrs.— : A Letters from Sarawak and Berneo-—sq. 16mo.—lLondon, 1854. (8/6.) Marryat— iS 7 Borneo and the Indian ] Barros, Joaode— Hee Da Asia—Lisbon, 1777. A Portuguese history of the Hast Indies characterised by CRAWFURD as “authentic and intelligent.’’ Barrow, John— . Voyage to Cochin China in 1792-8, with an Account of such European Settlements as were visited—Numerous coloured plates—4to.—1806. Belcher, Captain Sir Edward—- arrative of the Voyage of H.ILS. “ Samarang” in survey- ing the Islands of the EKastern Archipelago—8vo.—1848. Bergeron, P.— Me Voyages en Aste dans le XII. XII. XIV. and XV, Siécles—4to.—La Haye, 1735. (Priced at 21s.) MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 103 Be schryving Van cenige Vornaanste Kusten von Oost en West-Indien, ais Surinam, Niew Nederland, Florida, Cuba, Brasil, Sirate, Madagascar, Batavia, Peru, Mexico. (Description of some of the principal Coasts of the East and West Indies, such as Surimam, the New Netherlands, Florida, Cuba, the Br: azils, Surat, Madagascar, Batavia, Peru, and Mexico) eg Ten. warden, 1780. Bickmore, Albert S., u.a.— Travels in the Hast Indian Are thipelago—with maps and illustrations—Joun Mvrray—-London, 18638. Mr, BrokmoreE travelled as a conchologist, and his work contains very excel- ient accounts of various portions of the Archipelago. It is enriched with numerous illustrations. Bogaerts, Abraham— Historische Reizen door d’ Oostersche Deelen van Asia ; Zynde eene Historische Beschryving dier Noninkryhen, &c., mitgaders cen Omstandig Verhall van dem Bautamsehen Cilani- schen Oorlog, ¥¢.—Amsterdam, 1711. Bontius, James — aln Account of the Diseases, Natural History, and dLedi- cines of the East Indies—Yranslated from the Latin of James Bontius, Physician to the Dutch Settlement at Batavia— London, 1786. Brachervitzen— = NVR eee rece , Oost Indianische Reise Beschretbung—svo.—1770. Campagnes Daies les Mers de U Inde et de la Chine abord dela Freqgate “VT Brigone,’ Commandée par M.M. Cceile et Roy : Observations Hydrographiques et Magnetiques—par M. A. Deramarcity et M. 8S. Dupri—4 vols. 8vo.—Paris. Cartas De algunos Padres y Hermanos de la Compania de Jesus, que escrivicron de la India, Tapon 4 y Brasil alos Padres y Her- manos de la inisma Compania en Por tugal, tresladadas de Portu- gues en Castellano. Fuerd recebidas el ano demil y quinentos y cincuenta y cinco—Jtan ALVARES—4to.—Lisbon, 1555. Tn this valuable collection is also included a letter from the celebrated traveller Frernao Menpns Pryto, dated at the College afi Malacca, the 5th April, 1554. Castanhoda, Fernao Lopes de— Historia do descobrimento & conquista da India pelos Portuguezes. Feyta por Hernao Lopes de Castanheda. E apro- uada pelos Senhores deputados da Sancta Inguisicao—In 8 books——folio—Coimbra, 1554-1561, 104. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Castanheda, Fernao Lopes de— Continued. Historie of the Discoverie and Conquest of the Hast Indies, enterprized by the as Ce im Hee De OUS Navigations, We. lation of above work. Very rare, nnieed at Oe ‘ Historia dell’ Indie Orientali, Soperte and aquistate da Portoghesi, distinta in Libri VIL— Composti da I. Lopez p1 CasTAGNEDA, trad. di lingua Portoghesa in Italiana da ALFoNnsO Uritoa—2 so 4to.— Venetia, 1578. Collecgao De Noticias para a Historia e Geographia das Nagoes Ultramarinas, que vivem nos dominios Portuguezes, ou thes sdo visinhas—Publicada pela Academia Real das Sciencias—7 vols. 4to.—Lisbon, 1812 ez seq. Correa, Duarte— Relacao do ‘alevantamento de Ximabara, e de sew notavel cerco, de varias mortes de nossos Portuguezes pela fe; com outra Relacao da journada que Francisco de Souza da Costa fez ao Achem, em. que tambem se apontam varias mortes de Portu- gwezes eee desta Cidade, §¢.—4to —Lasbon, 1643. Couto, Diogo do— Decadas da Asia. Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizerum na conqguista e descobrimento das terras e mares do Oriente—P. CRraESBEECK—folio—Lisbon, 1602 e¢ seq. There have been several editions of this work, the latest, comprising 14 vols. 8vo., was printed at the Regia Offic: Typ: Lisbon, 1778-1788. Daguerre, M.— A. Voyage to the Kast Indies, 1690-91, being a Hull Deserip- tion of the Isles of Maldives, Cocos, Andamans, §¢.—with cuts— London, 1696. Dampier, William— A Collection of Voyages—by es WitrtiM DamMPreR— in 4 vols.—London, 1729. Dapper, 0.— Description des Isles de l Archipel et de quelques autres Adjuncts—tolio—Amsterdam, 1708. De Conto— Voyages—1640. Contains a very full account of Celebes. D’Urville, J. Dumont— Voyage autour du Monde—Paris (? date). Contains notices of Sumatra, MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. LO5 Earl, George Windsor— The Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, Papuans— Illustrated with maps and coloured plates—H. Bawurers, London and New York, 1853. Much of the information given is still of considerabie interest, though, to a great extent, embodied in sabsequent works. The supplement contains specimens of eleven Papuan and North Australian dialects. - Voyages of the Dutch Brig-of-War “ Dourza”—I[See Koliffs. | Eden, R.— The History of Travel in the West and East Indies—4to.— London, 1577. Edrisi—Abou-Abed-Allah-Mohammed ben Mohammed el Edrisi— Geographie d’ Edrisi-—traduite de l Arabe ie Francais par P. Amédée Jaubert—Included in feeueil de Voyages et de Memoires publié par la Société de Geographie—Paris, 1836. This work of Et EprisI was completed in the year 1154, A.D., and compiled from a number of pre-existing Arabic books on Geography. lt contains numerous references to the Islands of the Archipelago, kc. Fitzer— Compendium Orientalische Indien—small folio— Frankfurt, 1627. (Rare, priced at £5.) Forster, John Reynold— Voyage round the World—London, 1778. Contains some interesting remarks on the traces of Malay to be found in the South Sea Island languages. Gilbert, Th.— A Voyage from New South Wales to Canton in the year 1788—Svo.—London, 1789. Gonneville— Voyages aux Nouvelles Terres des Indes avec des Eclaircisse- ments par D’ Avezac—S8vo.—Paris, 1869. Gould, J., #.B.8.— The Birds of New Guinea—Imp. folio—London. (In course of publication.) This will include the species of the Paradiseid& and other forms in the Moluccas intimately related to the avifauna of New Guinea. mi The Birds of Asia—Impl. folio—London, (? date). (Still in course of publication.) This includes figures and descriptions of species common to Malaya and the Continent of Asia. 106 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hakiuyt, R.— (ek Lhe Principal Navigations, Voyages, §¢.-—tolio—London, 1599. Hamilton, Alexander — New Account of the Hust Indies—2 vols. Syo.—Kdinburgh, 1727, 1737, 1744. Harris, John, ».v.— follection of Voyages and Travels—2 vols. folio—Lon- don, 1744-8. Hulsius— } Collection of Voyages—26 parts, 1602-18. (Very rare, priced at £325.) ike Ibn Batuta— Travels of, 1846. Contains notices of Sumatra, Kec. Klaproth— Memoires relatifs ¢ V Asie, Recherches Historiques, Geogra- phiques, et Philologiques—8 vols. Svo., with several maps— Paris, 1824-28. Lane, E. W.— Thousand and one Nights 3 vols.—London, 1877 The notes contain many valuable references to the Zoology and Geography of the Archipelago. Leguat, Francis— A Voyage to the Kast Indies —London, 1708. Contains references to Java. MacGillivray, J.— Voyage of H.ALS. “ Rattlesnake,” 1846-50, including Dis- coveries in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, s¢.—2 vols. 8vo.—London, 1852. (25/.) Osheck, P.— Voyage to China and the Hast Indies, 1771—( Original Ger-. man edition, Rostock, 17 65—8vo.—plates. ] Phillips, W.— Description of a Voyage made by certain Ships of Holland into the Hast Indies—London, 1598. WADLAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 107 Pigafetta, Chevalier Antonio ~-(See also under AMORETTI.) : PM Ph Navigatio in Orventem, Hollandorum in Indiam Navigatio Regnum Guine, §ce.—10 parts in 2 vols. sm. folho—1623-33. (£38.) Viaggio intorno zi Monde—contains Vocabulary of Words i spoken by the Natives of the Island of Tidor—folio— Venetia, 1606. i Premier Voyage autour du Monde, par le Chevalier de Pigafetta, sur 0 Kscadre de Magellan, pendant les Années 1519, 20, 21, ef 22, suive de V Extrait du Traité de Navigation du méne Auteur, §c.—Paris l’an [X. (1801). Pinkerton, John— | A General Collection of the Best and most Interesting Voyages and Travels—17 vols. 4to.—London, 1804-14. Pinto, Fernao Mendes— Peregrinagam de Kernam Mendez Pinto—folio—Lisbon, 1614. Voyages and Adventures ; done into Hnglish by Henry Cogan—sm. folio—1653. Another edition, 1863. The editions of this work are :—Portuguese—Lishon, 1614, fol., and 1829, 3 vols. 8vo.; Spanish—Madrid, 1627, Valencia, 1645, fol. ; French—Paris, 1645, 4to.; Dutch— Amsterdam, 1653, 4to.; German—Amsterdam, 1653, 4tc., and Jena, 1868, Svo. Polo, Marco— bs Book of the Kingdoms and Marvels of the Kast—New Translation and Notes by Col. H. Yurz—2 vols. 8vo.—1871. Of this work editions exist in German—Niinberg, 1477, fol., and Leipsic, 1855, 8vo.; In Italian—Venice, 1496, fol.; In French—Paris, 1865, 2 vols., 8vo.; In English by Marspen, 1818, 4to., and Wricur, 1x54, 8Svo. ; with several others in the same and other languages. Col. Yuux’s edition gives the bibliography of the work. Purchas, Samuel B. D.— Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrims ; contain- ing « History of the World in Sea Voyages and Land Travels by Englishmen and others—5 vols. folio—London, 1625-6. >) Ramusio, Giovani Battista—- Delle Navegatione ct Viaggi de Giovani Battista Ramusio— folio—Venetia, 1563. Recueil Des Voyages de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales—12 vols. 18mo.— With many plates and charts—Rouen, 1725. Reinwardt, C. G. C.— Reis naar het Oosteljjk Gedeelte vin den Indischen Archipel im het jaar 1821 door C. G. C. Reinwardt ; uit z1jne nagelaten aanteekeningen opgesteld, met cen Levensberigt en bijlagen Ver- meerderd, door W. H, de Vriese--Met 19 Platen—Amster- dam, 1858. 108 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Remusat, Abel— ’ Melanges Asiatiques, ou Morceaux Critiques et Memoirs relatifs aux Religions, aux Sciences, auc Costumes, a I Historie et ila Geographie des Nations Orienteaux—2 vols. 8vo.— et Nouveau _Melanges—2 vols. 8vo==4 vols. 8vo.—Paris, 1825-29. (58/.) Rennefort, S. de— Memories pour servir al Historie des Indes Orientales—sm. 4to.—Paris, 1868. San iioman, Antonio— Historia General dela India Oriental, los Descubrumeentos y Conquistas, que han hecho las Armas de Por tugal en el Brasil en Partes de Africa y Asia—sm. folio—Valladolid, 1608. (£3.) Sonnerat, P.— TV oyages aux Indes Orientales et c la Chine—2 vols. 4to.— ° Paris, 1872. Ibid, 4 vols. 8vo., Atlas, 1806. German—Zurich, 1783, 2 vols., 4to., maps and plates ; Dutch—Leyden, 1785, 3 vols. 8vo. Contains references to the Philppine and Moluccas. Stavorinus, J.8.— Voyages to the Hast Indies—3 vols. Contains an account of Batavia. Spry, W. J. J., B.N.— The Cruze of Her Majesty’ s Ship “ Challenger.” Voyages over many Seas, Scenesin many Lands—with maps and illustra- tions Sampson, Low, Marston, Srearte and Rrivineron— London, 1876. Well illustrated ; contains only incidental reference to Singapore and Malayan localities, but is an interes ting Diary of an important eruize. S. Train, G. F.— Young America Abroad. (Singapore, g¢.)—Crown 8yvo.— London, 1857. Tytler, Robert— Illustations of Ancient Geography and History : referring to the Sites of Ophir, Sheba, Taprobane, the Aurea Chersonesus, and other Scriptural and Classical Cities and Subjects—Lon- don, 1825. Xavier, St. Francis— An Abridgment of the Life of—by W. D.—8vo.—St. Omen 1667. Over 400 works are said to exist containing the biography, letters, Ci Olsen Francis Savibr. Messrs. Trupner & Co. placed a very complete Catalogue in the compiler’ s hands many years ago, but it was returned to form a portion of « Jnpanere Bibliography, which does not appear to have been yet published, MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, 109 G. GRAMMARS, DICTIONARIES, VOCABULARIES, &c., IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND MALAY. Arthus, Gotardus— Dialogues in Malay—8vo.+~Cologne, 1608. [Mentioned by Marspen, p. 38 of Intro. to Grammar. Original work not procurable. | (See Spatpine.) ul 1 Vocabulary of the Malay, Dutch, and Achinese Languages— Amsterdam, 1880. Bowrey, Captain Thomas— A Dictionary English and Malayo, and Malayo and English. To which is added some short Grammar Rules and Directions Jor the better Observation of the Propriety and EHlegancy of this Language. And also several Miscellanies, Dialogues, and Let- ters, in Hnglish and Malayo, Yc. To which is annexed the Malayo Alphabet, with a Specimen of the Character—by THomas Bowrry-—4:to.—London, 1701. Highly commended by MarspENn, who mentions a copy corrected in MS. by one Henry SMITH, regarding whom nothing further is known. ( See MarspEn’s Gram- mar, Intro., pp. 40-1.) Clarke, John— Guide to Romanized Jawi, Part I. ee Grammar— Svo. —Penang, 1869. Crawfurd, John— "Grammar and Dictionarr y im the ey L anguage—In Roman Characters—2 vols. 8vo.—1852 Serre, Sebastianus— Vocabulariwn Belgico-Malayaenuwn et Vice Versa, ew Vocis Portugal-Belgice explicites, et Grammaticis Observa- tionbus Ling. Malaye—S’ Graven Haghe, 1623. Dennys, N. B., px. p.— A Handbook of Malay Colloquial as spoken in Singapore— 8vo.—Singapore, 1878. Elout, P. J.— Maleisch Spraakkuwust. Grammaire de la Langue Malate par Mr. W. Marsden ; publice a Londres en 1812, et traduite de V Anglais (en Hollandais et Francais) —par P. J. Enovr— Harlem, 1824. 110 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Eysinga, P. P. Roorda van— Nederduitsch en Maleisch, Maleisch en Nederduitsch Woordenboek—2 vols. 8vo.—Batavia, 1824-25. Beknopte Maleische Spraakkuust en Chrestomathie, Met ” Ital. en Arab-kar—12mo. — Breda, 1839. Nederduitsch en Malaisch Wordenboek, Ital. Kar—i12mo.—- ” Breda, 1839. Favre, L’Abbe— Dictionnaire Malais-Francais—2 vols. 8vo. —Vienne, 1875. Me Grammaire de la Langue Malaise—8vo.— Vienne, 1876. Gueynier, Frederic-- Frederici Gueynier’s Groot Duytsche ende Maleisch Woor- de-boek, Voormaals ap Batavia Gedrukt 1677: doch nu Her- drukt (Batavia) 1708. (Collectanea Malaica Vocabularia). Vocabulaer afte Worden- Boek in’t Deutsch ende Maleys— ” 4to.—Batavia, 1677. Haex, David— Dictionariwn Malatco-Latinuwn et Latino-LMalaicwnm. Cwn aliis quamplurimis Opera, Je.—Rome, P. T., 1631—Batavia, 1707. Heurnium, Justum— , Vocabularium ; ofte Woorden-bock, nae Ordre van den Alphabet, wt Du ytsch en Maleys.. Kertijdts gecomponcered en uyt-gegeven door Casparum Wiltens ende Sebastianum Danc- kaerts. Ende nu (met meer dan drie duysent so woorden als Mameren van spreken) vermeerdert uyt de schriften van Jan van Hasel ende Albert Ruyl, {c.—door Justum HrvEnium— Amsterdam, 1650; Batavia, 1708. Hollander, J. J. de— Hanleiding tot de Kennis der varaesene Toal—\12mo.— Utrecht, 1856. Hautman Van Gouda, Frederick de— Dictionarium, ofte Woord ende Spraeck-Boeck, in de Duytsche ende Male ysche Tale, met verscheyde t samen sprekin- gen, in Duytsche en Maleys, Gestlet-—door F. pm H. (F'RrE- DERICK DE Havrman) Van Govpa—Amsterdam, 1673; Batavia, 1707. (Collectanea Malaica Vocabularia). Diologe Belgico-Malayce—4to.— Amsterdam, 1603. 59 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. lll Howison— Malay Grammar, as spoken mn Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Ve.—4to—1801. (8/6.) Howison, John, u.p.— A Blctienor ‘y of the Malay Tongue as spoken in the Penin- sula of Malacca, the Islands. of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Pulo Pinang, §e., in two part>, English and Malay Dp and Malay and Hnglish; to which is prefixed a Grammar of the Malay Language—4to. —Printed at the Arabic and Persian Press, by S. Kovssuav, Wood Street, Spa Fields, London, 1801. Ditto, 1805. Keasberry, Rev. W.— A Vocabulary of the gle and Malay Languages—2nd Edition, revised ‘td enlarged—i2mo.—Singapore, 1852. Loderus, Andrea Lambertus— Maleische Woord-Boek Sameling. Colleetanea Malaica Vocabularia. Hoe est Congeries Ommum Dictionariwn Malar- corum, hactenus Hditorum. Non tantum Vulgariorum Belgico- Malaicorum, Verum etiam rarissiomrum hucusque Incognitorwn, fe. —Editore Anprea Lawerrrvs Loperus—Batavie, (Ind.), 1707-8. Lorberus, John Christoph— Granmatica Malaica, tradens precepta brevia idiomatio lingua im India Orientale celeberrime ab endiginis ‘dicte “ Malajo,’ succinte delineata labore Johannis Christoph Lor- beri—8vo.-— Vinarie (Weimar), 1688. Stated by Marsp=n to be a bad translation of Roman’s work. Malay— x A Grammar of the Malay Tongue us spoken in the Penin- sula of Malacca, the Islands of Swnatra, Java, Borneo, Pulo Pinang, &c., Jc., compiled from Bowrey’s Dictionary and other authentic Documents, Manuscript and Printed—London, 1780. —And a 4to. edition, 1801. Vocabulary, English and Malay, Roman and Arabie Charac- ” ters—8vo0 —Malacca, 1837. (2/6.) A Short Vocabulary, English and Malay, with Grammar Y Bules for the Attainment of the Malayo Language—Caleutta, 1798 112 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Maraden, William— A Grammar of the Malayan Language, with av Introdue- tion and Praxis—London, 1812. A Dietionary of the Malayan Language : to which is pre- fiwed a Graninar, with an Introduction and Praxis—London, 1812. >) Ogilby, John— A Brief Vocabulary of the Malayan Tongue—folio—Lon- don, 1673. Richard—_ ‘ ; Api ; Dictionnaire Prangais-Malais et Malais-Hrangais, en Let- tres Latines—8vo.— Bordeaux, 1878. , Cours Théoretiques et Pratique de la Langue Conmerciale de UV Archipel d Asie, dite Malaise—8vo.—- Bordeaux, 1872. Robinson, W. ia An Attempt to elucidate the Principles of Malayan Ortho- graphy—by W. Rozinson—Fort Marlborough, 1823 ; Ben- eoolen, 1828. Roman, John— Grondt ofte Kort Bericht van de Maleische Taal—door JOHANNES Roman—folio—Amsterdam, 1655. Ruyll— y Spieghel van de Maleysche Tale, in die Welche sich die Indiansche Jeneht Chrosthijick ende Vermaecklick . Kunnen oeffnen, met Vocabulariwum Duytsch ende Maleysche—square Svo.—Amsterdam, 1612. Spalding, Augustine— Dialogues in the English and Malaiane Languages: or Certaine Common Formes of Speech, first written im Latin, Malaion and Madagascar Tongues, by the Diligence and Pain- full Endevour of Master Gotardus Arthusius, a Dantisker, and now farthfully translated into the Bnglish Tongue—by Aveus- TINE SpatpinG, Merchant—-London, 1614. These Dialogues are copied from Fx. HAuraan. / MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPEY. Lis Thomasin, Hendrick— 3 ian An Alphabet, Syllabarium, and Praxis, iw the Malayan Language and Character—Malacca, 1818. Thomsen, Rev.— : English, Bugis and Malay Vocabulary—Singapore, (? 1840.) Thunberg, Carl Peter— Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, forrattéd ifrdn av 1770 til 1779—A4 vols. 8vo.—Upsala, 1789-93. Vol. II. contains a Vocabulary and Dialogues in Swedish and Malay. Werndlij or Werndly, George Henrik— Maleische Spraakkunst, int de erge schriften des Maleiers Opgemaakt: mit eene Voorreden, behelzende eene Inieiding tot dit werk, en een Aanhangsel van twee Boekzalen van Boekan in deze tale zo van Huropecrs, als van Maleiers Geschreven— Svo.—Amsterdam, 1736. Batavia, 4to., 1823. Very highly praised by MarspzEn. Wilde, A. de— Nederduitsch-Maleisch en Soendasche Woordenboek bene- vens twee stukken tot cefening in het Soendasch ; witgegeven door T. Roorda—8yvo.— Amsterdam, 1841. Wiltens, Caspar— Vocabularium afte Woortboek, naer ordre van den Alphabet, int “t Duytsch-Maleysch, ende Maleysch-Duytsch by Caspar Wiltens : ende namaels oversien, vermeerdert, ende uytgegeven door Sebastianus Danokueterts—S’ Graven Haghe, 1628. Batavia, 1706. (Collectanea Malaica.) Woodward, Captain David— Narrative of Captain David Woodward and Four Seamen— W. Vaveuran, 1804. In the curious ‘‘ Narrative of Captain David Woodward and Four Seamen,” who were wrecked off the Island of Celebes in 1791 and detained in captivity for two years and a half, published by Wittiam VAUGHAN in 1804, is given a Malay vocabulary “committed to writing’ by Captain Woopwazp, (liffering in some respects to Malay @8 given by Sir Hpwarp BELCHER. Worm, Petrus van der— Vocabulaar, in’t Duytsch ende Maleys. Merkelijk Verbeterd en Vermeerderd door en Lief hebber der Maleische Tale—Puravy VAN DER WormBatavia, 1708. ~ 114 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fi. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARIES AND GRAMMARS, DICTIONARIES, &c., IN MALAYO-INDONESIAN LANGUAGES. Alphabetic Characters— Specimens of Alphabetic Characters used in the Islands of Sumatra, Java, Bally, Celebes, and the Philippines—In a port- folio—Marsden’s Collection. Belch3ar, Captain Sir Edward— Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. “Samarang’ um Survey- ing the Islands of the Hastern Archipelago during the years 1843-46. ; Gives a brief vocabulary of languages in twelve columns—English, Spanish, Malay, Bisayan, Sooloo, Iloco, Batan, Cagayan, Tagala, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean—of thirty-one pages, and a specimen comparative table of the Suluk, Malay, and Dyak, showing their affinity to the Tagala. Bergano, Diego— is Bocabulario de Pampango en Homance, y Diccionario de Romanee en Pampango—sm. tolio—Manila, 1732. Arte de la Lengua Pampanga, nuevamente anadido, em- mendado, y reducido 4 methodo mas claro—4to.—Manila, 1736. Bopp, Franz— Ueber die Verwandtschaft der Malayisch-Polynesischen Sprachen mit den Indisch-Europaeischen Sprachstammes.-—Ato. —PBerlin, 1841. Bruckner, G—__ Een klein Woordenboek der Hollandsche Hngelsche en Javaansche Talen—8vo.—Batavia, 1842. Bry, J. Theod.— |. wh faa India Orientalis, explicatio Vocabulorum Malaycorum et Javanicorum—Moluccant Numert—tolio—Francofurta, 1601. Bugis— es Code of Bugis Maritime Laws with a translation and Vocabulary, giving the Pronunciation and Meaning of each Word ; with an Appendie——18vo.—Singapore, 1882. il MABAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 115 Bugis Language— ; Ohrestomathies Ociaciennes, Premieres Series. Texte en Langue Boghi—sq. 8vo.—Paris, 1872. (8/6.) Vocabulary of the English, Bugis, and Malay Languages, containing about 2,000 Words—S8vo.—1883. (9/0.) Carro, Fr. A.— Vocabulario dela Lengua Llocana trabajatto por varios Religiosos del Orden de N. P. St. Augustin, Coordinado por el M. R. P. Predicador Fr. Andres Carro—folio—Manila, 1849. (£2.12.6.) 39 Chalmers, Revd. W.— Vocabulary of English, Malay, and Sarawak Dayaks—8vo. —Canterbury, N. Z., 1861. De Groot, A. D. Cornets— Javaansche Spraakkunst door Wijlen A. D. Cornets de Groot, uitgegeven door J. #7. COC. Gericke, 2e witgaaf, gevolgd door een Leesboek verzameld door J. F. C. Gericke op Nieww witgegeven en vorzien van een Nieuw Woordenboek, door T. Roorda—2 vols. 8vo.— Amsterdam, 1848. (10/.) De Noceda, Juan, and Lucas, Pedro de San—~ Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala, trabaxado por varios sugetos doctos, y graves, y ultimamente anadido, corregido y coordinado—folio—Manila, 1754. De Warwic, Jaques Cornille Nec et de Wibrant— Le Second Livre, Journal ou Comptoir, contenant le vray discours et narration historique dw Voyage fait par les Huit Navires @ Amsterdam, au mois de Mars, 1598. Aussi la des- eription des lieux par eux nantés ez Molucques, Sc. Appendice, Vocabulaire des mots Javans et Malayts, qwavons mesmes . eserits a Ternati. S’ensuit un autre Vocabulaire, seulement de la language Malayte et Francoise—Amstd., 1609. DUrville, M. J. Dumont— Voyage de Découvertes de U“Astralobe’—Paris, 1833-4. 2 vols. Roy. 8vo.—Vol. II. (Philologie). Boi Contains, amongst many others, vocabularies of the Moluccas and Celebes ialects. Dyak— Versuch einer Grammatik der Dajackschen Sprache—Svo. —Amsterdam, 1858. 116 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, Eysinga, HE, P, Roorda van-- Javaansch-Nederdiutsch en Nederdiutsch-Javaansch Woe denboek, in de Kromo, Ngoko, Modjo en Kawische Taal—(In Roman characters) —2 vols. 8yo.—Kampen, 1834-35. Javaansche Grammatica, benevens in Leesbock tot ocffer- ring im de Javaansche Toal—2 Parts—I, Grammatiea, if. Leesbock—S8vo.—Amsterdam, 1855. (22/6.) 99 _ Javaansch Gespr ekten in de Onderschedene Taalsorten— Svo ey 1843. (10/6.) Favre L’Abbe— _ Grammare Javanaise, accompagne de fac-simile et d exercises de lecture—-8y0. —Paris, 1866. Gabelentz, H. C.— Grammatik der Dajak-Sprache—S8vo.—Leipug, 1852. ; Die Melanenischen Sprachen, nach ihrem Grauer Bau, und thres verwandschaft wit den Malaiisch Polyneisehen Spra- chen—4to.—1860. (6/.) Gericke, J. F. €.— Eerste gronden des Javaansche Taal—Ato. — Batavia, 1831. Javaansch Lees en Leesbock met Woordenligst—4to.— ” Batavia, 1834. (18/.) Javaansche Nederdeutsch Woor denboek, Vorberterd van ” Roorda—8vo.— Amsterdam, 1847. (25/.) Supplement to ditto. Amsterdam, 1862. (20/.) 99 Grey, Sir G., & Bleek, H.— Handbook of Apicin Australian and Polynesian Pha- lology—3 vols. Svo.—1858-62. Vol. IL. contains notices of Borneo dialects. Hardeland— Dajacksch-Deuisches Weorterbuch bearb. und heraus: in anztrage Niederlandischen Buldgesell schaft—Impl. 8vo. —Ams- terdam, 1859. (27/.) s Versuch einer Grammatik der Dajackschen Sprachen— Syo.—Amsterdam, 1850. 7/6.) MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 117 Heemskerk, Corn. van~ Journal of a Voyage, &c., and Fooditaiy of Words spoken in the Island of St. Laurens (Madagascar). Vocabulary of Malay Language or Lingua Franca. Vocabulary of Javanese Benquage —4to.—Amsterdam, 1603. Heeren, A.— Historical Rescarches, Asia—s vols. Svo.—-Oxford, 1883. Herbert, Thomas— Travels into divers parts of Asia and Africa, containing a Vocabulary of Words of the Madagascar and Malay Lan- guages—folio—London, 1618. Histoire Pare De la Navigation aux Indes Orientales, par les Hollan- dais. Vocabulaire des Mots Javans et Malayo escrits. a Ternati—folio—Amsterdam, 1603. Houtman Van Gouda, Frederick ec Spraeck ende Woord-boeck, im de Male ysche ende Mada- gaskarsche Talen, met vele Avahistie ende Turesche Woorden —Amsterdam, 1604. Humboldt, Wilhelm von— Ueber die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java, nebst einer Einleitung uber die Verschiedenheit des menslichen Sprach- baues und thren Einfluss auf die gestige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts—3 vols. 4to.—Berlin, 1836-39. Klaproth— Asia Polyglotta—4to. with Atlas—comprising59 Tables of Vocabularies—1823. Lang, Dr. John Dunmore— View of the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian Nation—183 4. Traces the whole of the languages of the South Sea Islands, following in the wake of Captain Cook, La Perouse, Mr. Marspen, and Sir Stamrorp RaFFigs, to one source—the Malay—and gives comparative. tables of Polynesian (New Zealand dialect) and Malay, and of Polynesian (New Zealand) and Malay with Chinese. 118 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. Leyden, John— Comparative Vocabulary of the Banna, Malaya, and Thai Languages—8vo.—Serampore, 1810. Logan, J. R.— Ethnology of the Indo-Pacific Islands: Language, Part J. and Part II., Chapters I-I1V.—Singapore and Penang, 1852-1855. Languages of the Indian Archipelago—fI, A System of ” Classification and Orthography for Comparative Vocabularies— Svo —Sin gapore. Lopez, Francisco— , Arte de la Lengua Lloca—4to.—Manilla, 1617. es Compendio y Methodo de la Suma de las Reglas del Arte del ¥Ydioma Ylocano, que a los principios siglo passado—16mo.: —Semploc, extra- Manila, 1762. Magdalena, Aug. de la— Arte de la Lengua Tagala—8vo.—Mexico, 1669. Marsden, William— On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant amongst the Malays—Asiat. Res., Vol. IV., p. 221—Caleutta, 17985. y Remarks on the Sumatran Languages, by William Mars- den. In aletter to Sir Jos. Banks, Bart, P.R.S.—Archeolo- gia, Vol. VI., p. 154-—London, 1782. Matthes, B. F.— Makassaarsch-Hollandsch Woordenboek, met Hollandsch- Makassarsche Woordenlijst, Met thnographischen Atlas, geteekend door ©. A. Schroder (in folio oblong)—Impl. 8v0.— Amsterdam, 1856. 2nd Edition, 1859. Makassaarsche Spraakkunst—8vo.—Amsterdam, 1858. 99 : Makassaarsche Chrestomathie, Oorspronkelyke Makas- saarsche Geschriften, in Proza en Poezy witgegeven, van Aan- teekeningen voorzein, en ten deele vertaald—Roy. 8vo.—Ams- terdam, 1860. Mentrida, A. de— Vocabulario de las Lenguas de las Filipinas—Ato. — 1687 Reprinted at Manila, 1818. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 119 Mentrida, A. de—Coutinued, Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueyna y Haraia de las Islas de Panat y Suglen y para las demas islas. Por Alonso de Mentrida. Anadido e impresso por Martin Claver—--1698. Ms Diccionario de la Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueyne y Haraya de la Isla de Panay—tolio—Manila, 1841. (? Reprint of above.) (4/4.) Mueller, Fred.— fteise der Osterreichischen Pregatte Novara um die Krde in den Jahren 1857-59—Linguistischer Theil—4to. Wien, 1867. Vol. IV. ifalayo-polynesische Sprachen, Polynesische Sprachen, Malayische Sprachen. Nieuwe : Woordenschat in Nederduitsch, Maleidsch en Portugeesch —8vo.— Batavia, 1870. Mentioned by ''nunBerG and Marspen, but author’s name nct given. Pampanga— ° Arie de la Lengua Pampunga (with a Specimen of the Alphabetic Characters employed in the Writing of the Natives.) Given in MarspEn’s Catalogue, but apparently the work referred to under BERGANO. Philological Society— Transactions of the—1854 to 1879—and Proceedings. Contains articles on Malayan languages. Relandus, Hadrianus-— Dissertutiones Miscellanea TLabella vocum aliquot lingua Malaicoe-Alphabetum Javanum et Voces Javane—2 vols. syo. —Tray ad Rhenum, 1706-8. Rigg, L.—__ } Dictionary of the Sunde Language of Java in Roman Character—4to.—Batavia, 1862. Ruiz, F, Miguel— ics, Sees) Bocabulario Tagalo, su autor el BP. FB. Miguel Ruiz del Orden de 8. Domingo, wradido per otras de varias Reliyiones— 1580. 120 MALAYVAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. San Augustin, Andres de— | Arte de la Lengua Bicol para la Ensenanza de este Idioma en la Provincia de Camarines. Segunda ves reimpresso—16mo. —Manila, 1795. San Augustin, Gaspar de— Compendio dela Arte de la Lengua Tagala por el P. Fray Gaspar de San Augustin—Manila, 1703 g 1787. Sanchez, Matheo— Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya, compuesto por el R. P. Matheo Sanchez de la 8. C. de Jesus, y awnentado por otros P.P. de la misma Comp.—tolio—Manila, 1711. Santos, Fray Domingo de los— Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. Primera y Sequada parte, Compuesta por N. H. Fray Domingo de los Santos— folio—Tayabas (Filipinas,) 1708. é . Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala, primeira y segunda Parte. En la primera se pone primero el Castellano y despues el Tagalo, y en la segunda al contrario los que son las raices simples con sus accentos-—folio—Manila, 1835. [Apparently a reprint of the foregoing. | Schisckeoef, A.— | Vergleihendes (sic) Wéorterbuch in 200 sprachen—2 vols. Svo.—St. Petersburg, 1839. Shaw, J.— | A rough sketch of part of an intended Essay towards ascer- taining, deducing, elucidating, and correctly establishing the Rudiments of the Juh wee, or Jahwee language, vulgarly called the Malay language—8vo.—Prince of Wales’ Island, 1807. Tagala— Arte de Lengua Tagala, compuesta por un Religsoso del Orden de Predicadores—1736. Arte de Lengua Tagala. [This Grammar is, in its com- position, entirely different from the work published in 1736. The beauty of the writing cannot be surpassed, but the copy is in bad preservation, aud wants the tithh—Manspun. | yb) MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 121 Tamat, J.— Vocabulary of English, Malay and Melano—8vo.—Sara- wak, 1867. Totanes, pepeetian de— Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog—sm. 4to., 2 vols. in one—Mauila, 1850. Van der Tunk, H Over Scunge en Uitspraak der TLobasche Taal—s8vo.— Amsterdam, 1855. Tobasche Spraakkunst, im dienst en op Kosten van het Nederlandsch Bijbelgendschap—8vo.—Amsterdam, 1864. rf Batuksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek, ( with 30 Chromoli- thograph plates)—Impl. 8vo. —Amsterdam, 1861. (86/.) Bataksch Leesboek, bevattende Stakken wm het Tobasch ” vith Supplement)—4 vols. Svo. —Amsterdam, 1860-2. (38/6.) ‘ Kurzer abriss einer Battaschen Formenlehre in Toba dialecte, nach einem Dictat von H. N. van den Tunk, ver- deutscht durch A. Schreiber—Svo.—Barmen. - Van Neek en Warwijck— Schip-vaert op Oost Indien, 1598 (with Malay and Javanese Vocabulary) Voyage van Sebald de Weert naer de Strate Magel- lanes—1648. Yloco— Bucabulario Yloco. (A Vocabulary Spanish and Yloco.) No date. Given in MarspEn’s Catalogue. 122 MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. ADDENDA. ——207GR 00 —— Barbosa, D. Vicente— Compendio da Kelagao que veio da India‘o anno de 1691 des Padres Clerigos Regulares na ilha de Borneo—4to.—Lis- bon, 1692. Leemans, Dr. C.— Béoré-Boudour dans 0 Ile de Java—dessiné par ou sous la direction de Mr. F. C. WixseEn, avec texte descriptif et expli- eatif, rédigé, d’aprés les manuscripts et imprimés de MM. F. C. Witsen, J. F. G. Brumunp, et autres documents, et publié, d’aprés les ordres de Son Excellence le Ministre des Colonies, par le Dr. C. Leemans, Directeur du Musée Public d’Anti- quités a Leide—Leide, 1874. Marre, Aristide— Makéta Radja-Rédju, ou la Couronne des Rois—par Boxuirt de Dyjohdre—traduit du Malais et annoté par AristiIpDE Magre, Secrétaire général de la Société académique Indo-Chinoise de Paris, &c., &¢.—8vo.— Maisonneuve ET CIE., Paris, 1878. De V Arithmétique dans Varchipel mdien. Mémoires autobiographiques de Nakhoda Mouda de Sa- mangka et de ses enfants. Histoire des rois Malais de Malika, extraite dw Sadjerat ‘ Malayou, traduite du Malais et annotee. : Codes des successions et du mariage en usage ¢ Java, traduit du Malais sur le manuserit de la Bibliotheque nationale de Paris et annote. MALAYAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, 128 Marre, Aristide— Continued. Histoire des rois de Pasey (en Sumatra), traduite du Malais sur le texte publié par M. Ed. Dulaurier, de Institut, annotée et augmentée de deux appendices. " Kata-Kata Malayou, recueil des mots Malais que lusage a Francisés, a Index des manuscrits Malais de la Bibliotheque nationale de Paris. is Essai sur le Malgache, ow étude comparée des langues Ja- vanaise, Malgache et Malaise. - Grammaire Malgache, fondée sur les prineipes de la Gram- maire Javanaise, la premiere qui ait été publice en Europe. a Bouraha, histoire Malgache, traduite en Francais, accom- pagnée de Vexamen comparatif des principaux mots du texte Malgache avec les mots correspondants dans les idiomes de Bornéo, des archipels de la Sonde, des Moluques et des Philippines. n Vocabulaire Francais-Malgache. i re che Hy BAR Reatsty Ab: z a S44 tyson y Ae WA a. 4) nM wt ret ae ms heey x OS why ' MAY ae & ve i ’ od 2 eet) ; Rey ey 1 4 A Fs ; a 8 ihe “i ldunatolte | ay coe Os i see ¥ { bY i f COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY Dialects of some of the Wild Tribes inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Borneo, &c. COLLECTED AND COMPILED FOR THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE ROYAL prsiatic POCIETY: SOO SS One of the professed objects of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society was the collection of a number of test words from the languages of the Wild Tribes who inhabit the Peninsula, and the Islands of the Hastern Archipelago, with a view tc assist ethnological science in the solution of those most interesting pro- blems—the origin of these peoples, their connection with each other and with Malays, Papuans, the Savages of Formosa, the Bataks of Sumatra, the Cannibals of Turk’s Island, and others oi the Caroline Group, and many other apparently distinct races in whose languages a similarity of words has led to a belief that they had one common origin. With this object a series of one hundred words was choser and printed in form of a pamphlet with the German, french, Dutch, and Spanish equivalents of each word, and a blank column for the new dialect, to be supplied by the collector. 1 26 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. Instructions were added to ensure, as far as possible, unifor- mity of spelling in the dialects, and the following preface of explanation and guidance completed the paper :— (a5 79 ce £6 - “ nn ° “The Council of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society have resolved to invite the assistance of persons residing or travelling in the Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, or in the adjacent countries, with a view to the collection of fuller and more varied information than has been hitherto obtained in ‘regard to the Wild Tribes of these regions. “The interest such investigations possess for Ethnology, Philology, &e., and the importance of prosecuting them without delay, are sufficiently obvious. The following passage from Mr. Loean’s writings (1. A. Journal, 1850, vol. LV., pp. 264-5 ) will instruct those to whom the subject is new as to the precise ‘objects to be aimed at, and the best methods of enquiry to ‘follow :— ‘or the Ethnology of any given region, : ire- “<«¥or the Ethnology of any given region, the first require n ment is a full and accurate description of each tribe in it, and os in the adjacent and connected regions, as it exists at present cS and has existed in recent or historical times: This embraces CN the geographical limits and the numbers of the tribe, the Phy- nn sical Geography of its location, and its relations of all kinds to n intermixed, surrounding, and more distant tribes. The envi- na ronments of the race thus ascertained, the individual man must “~ be deseribed in his physiological and mental characteristics and “in his language. The family in all its peculiarities of formation n and preservation, the relative position of its members, its ‘labours and its amusements, must next be studied. The agelo- n meration of families into communities, united socially but not “¢ nolitically, is also to be considered. Lastly, the clan, society, 46 ‘tribe or nation as a political unity, either isolated, confederate, ‘or subordinate, must be investigated in all its institutions, UN sl BM AN vul «GI ay Tepuy EL ey ES at yuuy Ivuy, 6 yeuy cule 1s eal UE (4 yVIey wy 9 oug BUT -oUoy, & yeuy (») yeuy F yey vuy § yey ae Z Bq AN vuy xT EU. VIN- PIO =4 le OUT OIN sat "egT-2e1 “dd 48 sojoN OU} 0} JOJOT S[VIOUINN CSOT, « GT ‘vurpeg nt yg yos BIVUIAS ‘qol{ jo STRUTS “* QoulEg ‘TOyVg vyUly ‘LoyeS suelsepueyy eae ogre ‘SUBTAG Yedeg ‘enuogsey, ‘yedq nvyeg ‘yvdq puery ‘yvAq, UvIUYyNE ‘qed oe PT ‘yeiq urung ‘yedE ULES “SpUv]SsT SBINT a. e1dQ" “pune UVSngd “UNTEGAY eo. ‘ Avert re TAL ‘UST SUG, € \a 1 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, “pooummoucrd , yes oULy, ATL, yulangy, peu, TVs aes uvs eI quswy yoly nan (2) opus 0 )LOUN T, Qcoquny, odgpuly, roSuly—§ “T] <,, (%) ‘poounonoad .. 4 ,, (7) peu oal-pog FUT CO Male ye-eg, TMG f° suoTAO) OuUe NT BALQ TAL (v) yoytwg ait Gen SRLE BU. eovq—L ‘IT PW BpV Ue N VOT FET RIVA, VLR IAL yung ORT BYR TAT OF’ TAT UYCTN ae PW OVAL baa hile CY CPE TAL oAq{—9 “[] SUOJUI~ o[T STOqU] eee eee yezue yy Boule T, SUBIpU | qley qoourny, qVoutly SULUNL, Surdy ROUTE, BOUIey, SUT, voul[[NT, esoaruy, vBULAL lei —S “IT BUd{O J, OUBRT Ouv oy, SUBATL, sueyn iL Suey UL ouvyuy, SUCTO Y, "na BOY; 24 sual ouo] ae wepNY, awog—Pf “TT % *ect-get “dd 48 Solon a} O} LOI RYVIOTUNN OSOLL x mt! OOD ) nyuy [®N—PFI ‘IT * GT ‘eUAe [eS ay 0} jo SUBLIIG SL 41 IL . Qa - ‘gol Jo suvMyg ‘QOUUBY ‘TOYLH VIULYST ‘Texeg suLLIVpUdyO “Od ‘OUBULIG YR ‘ynttog Sey, ‘yedq uvpeg ‘yeXqy puery ‘yey uvqynyng ‘qed, OUP TL ‘yetqy uvung ‘yedqy uery ‘Spuv[sy] SINT ‘snug ‘ardQ-pulvd. oapic rca a | ae “UnUyAy 3 Cee one ‘YsILou COMPARATIVE YOCABULARY. 134: “COMOuYSIp Ou “{ALOr pue spatg (») youe W NUE PL MOURA, que yNUL TL YOUR TL Hors deig NIG Gerx: deté nUe TAL (p) yours yoy your OUvIN. wuvAy [MOq-—G “TIT *geT-zer “dd 98 soj0N, OT} OF AIJOr S[BLVTAN YT OSOUT, « ueyy avyyT eqODENE DIE ipl Bpoy ue wert ueleg uu ¢ queleg SISTA 259) VIS] qed UEReS (hes Uvy] fortes ning quand nepug NVIS-NepAg queds-dnpng derfa-quyng nav (Agee Wa ang juquing niVEe Ushi —P TTT uo —s IIT NBYRIL VARY, 5 OTL yod-sto, sted as wayo J, 8) udoyy sont ie WAL suoimg yoany, yuULy dvts-1v[eg, SUITIy-youryy UWISI-NOT, dijy-your py yned-nqay, Sueigyttu- qnee dvetku-yorngy, suvpeur-youv yy yorules OOH Sua YOueyy Tay, RAV o[nyungy, youru-youryy yea g yourded LOL, SUING, og —6 Ill Putai—1 Til GT ‘elUarjOC NT FOouVUINY st ‘qoly Fo suvumag 4, | ose ‘QOUItC (of aia Tene VPULY] CT ‘Toyeg SUBIIEpUSyY ii “od el" s ‘Sturemiag yeaog Ce" “eNUOg. SBT, Eee ‘yeAq, nepeg Ore ‘yeAq puery GO ‘yeAq Ue yNG oe ‘yeAqE ou jee ‘yeAqD uvung gai: ‘yedE uery Grr Spaeet SVINT cS aes " ‘snyng (ct Sas 0. pug CS ee ewe rE ees ane a, AUR ‘YSTLOUgL 35 Li VOCABULARY. = vy COMPARATIV ‘pesounouoid ,, 3,, (”) CSieaveunll “TOVP-OSNOT V ST UIBSR yopurtd *vqurwg . «0 usny oy) ULO7 JOULYSTp ayinh weep jo sa,oeds {wus vw ‘surly “O799V0 PIEM = (?) —————— wiley yoy sng SAUIT qeAng wt VYVIN STOLL 2 dusurqeg Ms OULD] SuoOp-¥ oyorg 34 re yele Wie) 51g sey vlog ave SUOpNY] een vee see ele LOM) VsT4yy] yO UIA nove vif SUOYSV IY DATE iqne ng ney VW (9) suvliyy gnureg 1eog nes y nvieg WE-R IN BAIVg youy ynviedg yep wud i: o¥7 your SUBALGL YY vireg uly USENT NyNG NL 2S vend yeley(~) yoagy vo yopry eS.) MBURG vAeng meu] USV MOLT TOG okvug yele USB] Ssuvquyy, ynuieg vAng yeleg nsy (”) Suopyes Ulld vAung qete surluy vsny INUIAS vAvng yueydorq—s “AT (‘ojrpos0ry Ajzedorg) soq—F ‘Al 1aoq@— “AT JWY—Z ‘AT 40}8S[V¥—-T “AT ‘gg -ceT “dd 9% 8090 OY 4 Of Adj SPRLOTUUN SSO « GT “VUILTOGNT A FosuvUTag gt . ‘qoly jo suvuag WAL eee soe ‘JOUIBY Ola ‘OLYVE VLULY GI ‘teyVg suviepusyy FL ae “od el “SSWRUAQG 3eAQq Meee ‘enumagdey, ie yedgy neg (Wie ae ‘yvAqE puery g °° ‘qed: uenyng 8 ‘qed, OUP TAL 23 ‘yedq uvung aes ye dl Cry (CR ‘NPUVIST SBVLNT p v ‘snjng € ‘ord Q-PyIvE. Z aoe woe ~Tnsng, x1 pete see “TUR ‘ARICA tae eae ‘YSlTsuy COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 136 ie qoyy oyoqod qulyy, ltd UOsvT, rig ‘ [nyod. eB yndre uluBouNn uUvNBSoUNGg Ws yed LNT BLO SUH SULT s9uC va vod N ey ( By ) od yYVug—ot INAL ‘desvp{—s0100 -oulyYy «eyemey = (7) desvyy SNYLI, gontpay doy-1yovg pee WIUS-YV epee] Sopay UO nqeg UB MUR] A, NVyeT neq YOqeey, BPE CINE YBsell: yepvg UBqwn410-Ueq Woy go.100 “oulgy—6 Al yey WAS yepved SOUL YEPYE Yee yepue SU, Y—8 AT ~ ‘OL Qe09G—HaA0g (”) Sod’ Nf Lae AN on) oude yy yede xy Londeg 1UU §? TAOGVE OES - soqeg 0qVg (v) IMeqqT oer ly-nog + SeyV yusog ‘suyeg MN vey rave @Q O SUdqog weqa 10qRS OULCT NT suvdcuntg youre. A NT younw.d KT youre yy YOUR FT NOVO NE We EL OY N SUONRT, JLOOUVIy youre XT ig—L “AT opinbsop—9 AT *ogT-zel “dd 78 SoION” OY} 0} IOjod S[RIOMINN SHOUT « G1 ‘BUILTEG NT Q FO SuRUIQEG et ‘qoly Jo sueugg ie oo vee ‘QomEg oy ‘TOYVO VIGLY CT ‘Teyeg suviiepuoyy Tak “Od er 2 SUBUIIG Yvdag a VnUdgsRy, it |e aoe ‘yey nepeq Zo ‘yedq, puery ‘yedq UvnyNg ‘yvA(l OUR QTY ‘yvsqT uvung ‘yvAq URLy ‘SPUBIST SUINT Tos SNAG ‘erdQ- puyng. ate TSN QI Gd Gg 0 ODS wt 550 Sac “Tt ydy aee oae ‘KUT AL eee ey ‘YSIpouy 137 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, Loqe yy FUGTAL herd SuUBNyy tad unyeg ued 9 haa g,0unF] tog SULYOU'T Vole VOLE pees——s “A BMW Sov X see {CL f] qed yy qed) qnury yee yo-UNT quire nAvy-Sousyd FULD UESY A IUIY j00—F “A eBlog ¥12S Tne un 1 @ fi Lae une] u-ud a a uneq neq upyed ued wnyed wNqyy uned peoy—e “A. J0.0Te (* ROOMO FT VQ TUN, unery yeng yong qeng Yeung qeng qeng Benq TAL royey-es “ung “o vdung Geng Yeu vost) qevd FG ‘gg-zat ‘dd 98 8010N 9) OF LOOT BLVALOMAN NY OSOTT, x, ST LT 91 HE ne-vy-og = PT nvyeq eT yung ZT yesung TT] yesung Of RICA «6G epee 3 yeirg f SUvpId 9 esunqyy & suidung eva. surdung smdumg x] 7 esung TOMO, TT 2k GL ‘BuUIVog N] () FO SuLTIAG ‘yolT Jo Suvulgg oes eee ‘QouleG ae ‘TOYCG BLULSY ‘ToYVg oUvIAepUOYyD eee “Og a ‘OUBULIG YR a ‘enudg su, ‘yehcy need ‘yeAqy puery ‘qedqy ueyuynes ‘yehqy ouR PTA ae ‘yedqy uvung sis ‘yeAqr URI ‘SpUB[ST SBINT eee OOO ‘snjng ‘ord -pulmd ¢ ( faysnd Tay] eee eee eos eee ‘ABRIL toe sae ‘YStLSUg, COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. a5 t 1 DULY T—INUsBOd00 ‘IBY =e01 poexooy (9) “OYR Ada POAOOD (q) OdIt 10 PIO ‘snqgng— -= Vv "NH=000} OBABy (2 ‘19BN—=014 PaHOOD (H) quU-BOI0d BuNOX (2) Wa raaeit r@) Sra qe ene SUYBICT Uae Hee eee eee eee — (”) quyy, oly Te i ooly a000do yy iSUN red] O[[ MOTO |, OOYNOLN [BQO wyArg ved yy VIAL os yyor seang nas yung DAVY $i (97) nerig colag SUBST nivy) navy gBlgT ueyug year niiey ynérey-cnstn , Veg ndu-yeng suesid-yeng uleyy nele yy YVUg niu-yeng yepeq ndiey NVI] qe din-A NT quer. nudes] ue yy yRyeg dn-A Ny yond vATB YL Yow yy (q) Bmqn eBrnyls-enq i URE) Mh) HIE TPL SSRI (v) SOLN ue royRy, —- LORY -s wey “Be OO vel SBYOUT BOUN youd nivy Suey SUD MA SOUNT oyun nAvy uUnqoOd svong] BOUNT SULBLG nievy unqod (») svag, ederyy SULIT nkexp unyod : yoxod OIY—E “LA JuU-woo0)-Z TA Vuvavg—T “TA PpeOM-—Z A Sot —9) A ‘egt-zot ‘dd 4B 8030N OT} OF JOJOL S[BIOVUNN OSOTL, x Se —_— $$ GT ‘BUILpOS NTL Fo suvTgG gt ° “yoly Fo suvurgg LI ere eee ‘QOULBQ Ol ss ‘toyeg BUT GIT ‘ToyxVG Suclaepuotyys) PL “od el Ssurmgg yeagq ale es ‘enueg.se y, ees ‘ye sqy We]eEL (jr eo ‘yeAqE puery 6 ‘qedqy WeINE! 8 ‘yw CZ OURTQTN 2 ‘yvdqy ueung 9 eA URL] Ghee. ‘SpUBIST SULT 'P ‘snpug g ‘ord Q-PulvVel G eee eee UNSUC, glee wou SCOTT eee toe ‘ABUL “YSILOUgL 39 . . 1 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. ‘plos Aue yoo JOU OARY SyYvVAG nequyqug omy, (”) ta vy v { ) W noe SUIAL SUT CEM GE Gy (”) Ye WTA (RTL Dyer Uv MLTR SUA suury UL MOTE SEAL jee) fe Me 19 a Mt ea a svg yy el UL[UT AS ‘vy YooRy, {uo UVry a yore y, CUT XOM—P ITA nuts oulod uw J, yoedugy pnqpug (BaAv-) OLR) quly Tee. LOS Q ee YOIssV WISS VW wse i, UISSY SNUIL TY, WeS—é “TLA - yeAULAL YB PAT o8u a) HATEV AT ye A NT LAURrT yoauy vYLUe yeuery Our | NUIT, yur] yAULTAT LO==6 1 {-SUBSTUN IN ik Dt sagt de ee op MEE &1 7 Cl iAuvur-iy LT yidueq-ne OL rAURUL-TIGT «GG VsUIs-sUly § nem 2 [Bouly- ‘Buel () 9 BNGN . dnungy, > SOMBIT § c Wd G qnuny, x1 YPVIA ‘TTA AouoH—T ‘ITA Ot} 09 Lojats "eOT-2aL edd 4B sajoN [vaoTan N OSOILY, x @ilet Vu JOS Wy 40 CULTS $1 ‘WolT JO SURIUYS | QOUIBEY foyeg vjULy SUBLBPUOT,) “0d SUBULIAG YVAQ, ‘end sv], ‘yeh nVEV ‘yzAq7 purry ‘yVACE URPL| NE yu, OULLQTL ‘yeAQL UBUD ‘ywACy URLYY ‘spuuysy SUI NT “+ SSIS ‘ord: pug mo Usa me SOE eo. = ve CRG * YsrpsUgp COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 140 nye nywatg NVLg Ey OLY ORES mes SEY. YoMo suvdeq PUTTY PUY 3 UeMy tmedug { nyRig yeOG@—G XI *qnB]-TIg =odidaorq JO (2) mi yehecuci@s =odidmorq JO (”) S0ry EEC RIE ney (») enedung eleay yeueq, youd pey yeouvry BU yeued-yeuny qeutd youd qeutd yeued-yeuy MOdIY—T ‘XT ‘AeATIS Awe jos 100 aABy syuig qedng ey iftg -yeunty, BAL], 1dny yidny qisnye-vUary, qeyoury, Te SUIIRG yorEg UIT, ea uemang omg, (2) qedey ipood-opeya yy Soul, yvlag yRIag (2) Val Yom qeatg BIL} Wed wed yedag Yelog Weed Use) JIA 104'Saes TIA Wd UATE eee TEL peel uvusNy YOTETAL YOULL qoeyad vd Isng Isng neqng Ig woay—Z LITA *"GeT-cgt ‘dd ye sajony 249 0} AOJOL S[BIOUINN Vs9qG, =. GT ‘BUILTEgNT A Josurmag $T ret N OO HD 6 DO % “* QolT Jo suvutag ae S00 ‘soureg ‘TOYES VIULY ‘TOyvg SUBIIVpIsyg eo 4 ‘0g ‘SUVUIQG YVlog ‘enuegsey, ‘yedq nepeg ‘yedqy paery yeAq ueynyng quay ouvp yy ‘yeAq( uvung ‘yeAq uengy ‘SpUvIS] SBrAT Se 2 ‘snyng ‘oid -papg ee o fumsngy “TnNeay eee ee°0 141 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. ‘jem-sudes[g (#) WOFWIT, * [Ng JOM. JEALG dn-ey, yoay WE Yoay Uee PUY Od OPUS Pera Ole 481M AQ —JZ, “XT odid-molgq-9 XT ner need au qidung jodig yd gndiyy ndy qnduty uvyidumg qudyg ueyndog qidumng uvyidumng oulquyy ossnolrng snug oyurg yore ¢ SuLyy ni, dvqery eleak ATM CAO ON OKC yelig selug supuy Woysuvg Sulquiyy yequioy, wodg—g “XT nABsuog nivousd-ndsey STOABUG Leg yorug qereyy (esug eet ets 3 lussagq pn-ng ausep yen g yoArstag S[PPed— PF - XI STUNT ndayg hd cl Ce I yoqury Hee (2) Ulex] (o) sedung IONE, WW —8 XI 61 SL eel N OO SHIDO I~ © OD * "egy gl “dd 12 8230N, OT} 09 Lajaa S[VAOTUM NY VSO, x ‘RLABTOG NT) FO. cuRtutag oe {GOkp 10 SuBUIg 2 "* Qouteg ‘TOYVG VULYy “TOHRS SUBIAVPUOYY ° “og ve SBuBUIAG Ywleg ee ‘enmogney, = ‘yedqy nepeg Bee ‘yvdq puey ee Sede wepyug sae ‘yeAq ourpyy Je ‘yvAq, Uvung ts ‘yedq UvIyy se ‘SpUvSyT SBIAT 00 aoe ‘snjng an ‘ard ~pnyag nar “meng. sid “ Cmuery s00 so ‘Avreyay e asTsagy COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. SS cad aa — “yea eu (¥) YS.L YOL Ge TE Ty Rota | Tun) () BUO qouvy, yeu y, yours, weary, gue(dy vO qed UBUD SyVUlY ern, -yvury==Aduris yuaeq | yeaep= 1OJEM TOIT YOUTY -SIp 8B YQIVyy “TUL “gOS YAU “Ul ugp+Y4Iva oO"7D7L qeeg_—T TX ‘weatyO 1H ‘ect-ggt “dd 4¥ saj0Nr OY} O} LOOT S[BICUINN O8OHL = query Uv query ‘ery qesecy, YESeL WAV Sed (ester dont Suv] purl Uvpnyzey QUT vogG—p “X neqaq Noy Celt Suny Soll lo.oUng 1aung etre LwoUNG yoouy wouny, ENG US haere aes ouyy SUBMBE SIU-SVMUT TaGUUG vqryy (9) nyng ny pong YN pnav¢, yo yVoniy, BUOSnY, BULBS N QUA Pra PLva POMEL nVeUd ) WGA ? Q S suouny) J LOATYT— & =X ULBJUH OF —G a G quyey ra2d suodue yy unde, yeqy suody sucdy uvny, yoqury wey ued fh uvyequiy NAVY -VULLTEG uvy) ejsanf—T “Xx GL VUVpsg nT Fo SuUBUag ST at oT of ial cele a {1 OT DO & D eal a & - peed ON OD pose vee 6 e ‘goly Jo suvulag “SOURS: ‘TAYVE VIUTY ‘TOYVG OUBLICPUIY,) “od ‘SuRMIG Yelag ‘entoqgovy, ‘yudq nepeg ‘yedql puvry ‘yes, URN ‘yeh OUTIL ‘yedq uvung ‘yesq UvLy ‘SpUv]S] SVLNT oe ‘snypng odg-pua o 2 UNS Ing: UU By ‘Ape yy ‘Yst[ougy LAs COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, oye yy Od ope H ead Sv LOVUTLE) apuqd apud cenpncy QA d, qed eee yrp-yud Eqsu'y TUN) ay purty LOVUND zap RY Sk ie "ggT-2gT ‘dd 48 8@10N7 QU} 0} 19J9I S[BIOTIN NY OSOUT, x. pe a GUOpULgy ueyUle, OPE TA. (OT tach sueqyurg, suvqzurg, uenyig, iepue-ted y suvquig TONNE aeng tonqug SULUBILY, BLOT unyng suvyurg TN-OJL, SUBIULT ne) YOyoT yy no M Oe) yeyons ryan uRpng wend UBL nia tites uelng uvpng Baral VMEQ TAL Teme uemng wer uel UeTVEL WAS -=c 1x MOCW ay Ex IOJVYOT 409-32 opoy, sly ey SIDE ly stfpey UEIDN. LIB-BY VIAL nue-ynyng NRTVIV IAL neypeyeyy OTH opuRywIy yours YRogs-ByV PL UvpV-ye I, aepel, wesunpy ERTL uns—é TX IOLOVT aS stApeyql qisuery qLsuery qo Weyy qisuRry qlouery qLouery qouery quouery qLouvry {LSSU'T psa] Aa Tt GL eURpegniy JOsuVMYG st °° ‘qoly Jo suvuyg Oh ei ‘2OULLE (0 fais TOyVg VLU GT ‘wyVg suviepuseyD “yp ear “od lees ‘suvlmIg yeagd Giles ‘entloq sey, aa ‘ye dq nepeg Gi ‘yedqT puery ‘yeAq urnyUg ‘ye OURTRTA ‘yedqy uvun ‘qed, WeryL ‘SpUBIST SULAT ‘sn[NG ‘aid puna eer eee ‘ansnd | ‘TnURLT Mam atm Dn DO ‘AB[R IN, ‘USTpSUgy COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 144: “UOT Tit =I M—SUIqIeG “OXOT-TH ly em-Suryu, (7) ngyeg noted: @) mt Reith @) Sug wmnueg WW utd mnued uUnue(, wunued: yery QuEpT SIquy, avddeg Sie M ay tohy rye M—9 ITX sny s8O nV ssSV 80 ody dy indy mdy mdy mdy mdy QTV ney tody todey, ody idy oly — TX wtp ueln zy py Ue TA TIAL FOPUL uel uly quliry uel aesy wes) oo, wn wed) WeSEyy wed weluy BMOT o8 nTOo NT ye Ss uisuy AEGSES NIV naiegq pera pls yoswes Ny uLsUe yy PHOT uss y Opa. uLsuy - *gg{-zo1 ‘dd 4u soqoN OT} 0} LOJOL H[VIBIANN CSOT, » TET Boney VYSnI TA reqavy qeity qelty qBAS PLANS qe yoy qeyryng qe qeylre qe 4B] se Sul aley—F {TX PulAw—-S ‘TIX -F4sty—s “11K G1 eurjog ny{Q FOscueuag st °° ‘yoly Fo suemag Li eee ‘AOuleg ) a ‘loyeg UL GT ‘wyeg cUVLLepusYD PL eos “od EI ‘suROIQg YeRigg ao ‘enuegsry, ees ‘yedqE nepeg ot ‘qed puey 6 °° “qed” ene, cae ‘eA ouRpaTy ig ‘yvAq: ueUNng pee ‘ye, ULTSy g ‘SpuvysT SVIN iP ° . ‘snjug € ‘ord -pulva e “ “ansud Pa | TUNUBL] ‘AUTEN wee ‘YStougy 145 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. TUB OUR NT tAVIGB YP TUNE ouolnery WwUuLery OYVULOTHT We V-Vq, CATV ETAL madyyey nges-1doseg quyae yy {oy y UayUr a Avpaay “ORS TTT ett , UBUTeyy (1?) LO]O[-yourvy /) Ue eed epee THRE {- “BY youvurnevyp y qoseuryry uNnqneULoT A, yours’ NPOULYL J (9) unys-Ury dew SOMNG Syuey YOsog MOLLOUL “OL —¥ ‘TIX gnsuny ey N14 1d VG 1ye-utly nyjnsanVyy CuUry CELE yLuvyoqy Medea a ec AN IMevL-We| pep ouyAL eared LOPUVUT egy] ep cc lly, UVEITIS) (7?) UE UIv IM yn6unyy ULOTPR YL ULBTe TA TOURS NT UI] RT ULU le TAT MIN] UVR] TULYOR IAL (v) wg uypy odd dopng 1qv oul weyTeN ‘ggt-egi ‘dd ge sojONT OTT} OF LaJOL SPVAOVINAT OSOTF, x OU GL BUIvTog ny Jo SUR TIAS UH SI ‘yoly yo SURO AS ae At ‘ooumeg Y] TOyVy VYULSy et Gl TOYVG SUBLARPUdY Val “od Suody eal SOURUIE ead. UBIpV G ‘ynTOdory, ty {t ‘yvdcy nepee TUE? = OH ‘yud, puery DEE -G ‘yvAqT URnyng LUT § eit: Ay ouepoyy OTHE = 2 ‘yudq uveng ee ‘we ACE URLyy You ‘SPURIST SINT OURIDETT |p JIMOT" WwW 68 uvpe ny ve NVp- UNE x | esta -OF—@ ‘TTX PSIN-Z VIX A¥G—T ‘LTK “SNS ‘aidQ: pured =. “Tst CG, TyURLY vt SAT BINT Sud UGL COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 146 INGLY, oPed wOUlO TL 1091. NT Ee peice respon wa Pa OTe TAL ToRag SVUBG seRg SVIv es only ory SEE yory Hol HELV. He enquy 20 Wepouy MN el 0-185 Svued yuwsny, UStry qe ne heyy ABSIL SBUE d ecdlvy—e ‘ATX 2H—F AIX PICO==G- AIMS posueyy SIqoy SOUL) fa E91q9H es ee SpeWw LOU USuaS = pexoy, ssoqe y OS0X) FISUIG snqvy S00V SIMA, 1eyVq edununs Q depo HUW dop| pupey snqe yt dip wIMAB NTL YOMVy Ly dianyy mepe( qquy drenung UEETE TSE GOO ATM. eel UIVLET OqB TA, FUN] nye V QT | QyeU-wUNYNT quysvyy IVY] yoyo WE aaa Ale unly Asesy TOW nelN nesuyveyy rwoyeyy = SvATIO-SvANG STS He doprH NUE NON Sl INIS tne 7. "9Gi-cel “dd 9B S0ION OU} O} LOJOI S[RIOWUUNN BsOlLF, ». G] ‘VUIepaG NL FOouRMIY eT ony to oS i “QOUTES ) Jee eqUuTy, CL ‘loyeyg suelepusyg ee _ = 0@ or tee coms ed Gs “vyTOG SRT, Wess ‘yvAqE neypeg oS ‘yudcy puery Ge ye Aq Wey | tyedl OUR TY ‘yeAq uvueg ‘ved Wery ‘SpURIS]T SBINT “‘sHyNng ue ‘aid: puted a SOG E es Ctra HDS DH bee eae ‘ABV eee eos (noe or yStpougy LA7 VOCABULARY. "991-2e1 ‘dd qu Soj0N OY OF AAJOT FLVAOTUN AT OKOTS, y o COMPARATIVE neyyeq 694[oq IGRI peyurn T, pousy 6] ‘eirpegutg jos SNBUIAE nvqatd suo te oe Te SI OO on a 7 ue wpe LT Joule wee ie ifr ab ma QT qoyeg BUY = ee a oe qnyovyyr = ST “TOYykS sURTIEpueN,) a mie = PL Og LBP Ivyag oqog HOYSUGC quosy St Sass ee) i ynde yr THOPLLTNT a a aS We “enmeqoey, SEES: eA ea te, wet pale WAL LL wed mere epug ynounyg ouvseqd. Le WYyY donqg OT ee puery yeyuqua wand () aS ane fee : fa ee ae yn ure]L ari es ISIg § 2 Y sdeten uate oe a ynysp of wd uvung qaud WU} ee s or 9 ‘ead Wey YISnEW UIT yoauerg BNYOBUITE pi-qop I : pu _ Md wey] YROVULC SOS] TALS young cantare BIROUL TT LOSOy ony £ ‘ardQ-pumng. yuandy OW yopuxy, 1OSOY Toavaly G S linen. youndeny mee TN requ, vue MCW x1 ‘myUeTy vulgog ‘“s]BvullTE YON wWVyyT fo HH TEL LY BrP -LYy ery [Lyooy 6 Keren TOUIOM FO OW M-OL “ATX PUA—G ATK ULUT-8 ATX WL ATX 1eUS—9ATK “ggg Suge COMPARATIVE VOCABULAR SWB, SV, Teper snug dOIN4U IAL FOTO LAN NAL yopny, OL0-OFT SOW SENT COP ae: SOINGVAYIT OP LL deeigs—s “AX SOULS NT Sto-lwy ‘sug TONUTUL dnay YON, 0 SOTA LEN TP-TOULR yy TIES NG tad ulegy WLOu SUING HG WO UIOULSUN PL ULOULL ULOULTAL TOTLaT TAL {UNgd—P AX 106 “OF, yososy * yoou uney TE IETINL UvyL yOULv yy NAVUT YY ULI yf uvUn yy BY.OUR IA uneey dy dryog ¢ diya wept ag pV aqnun yl ABYBT dereyng your TUCW 0 WHIRUIB YY YOY LO YOR UVyLSuULyy eae aE TBYR A WH—S AX wouny, Vv Vv NeUeULV IAT Des ToIgg Ot gPRq-92 MA Pd n4-qo1ogy oued Uvly 4U-NIB YY neye[- YORI wx YON TEM, (QOMOL sodtmt-Llaivyeq ois SUBORLY VOMEAL x Suv 40 WV A omlog—T “AX *9gt-zal ‘dd 76 s830N dT} 0} Aojot STRIOUINN O8oTT, + GT ‘VULpg_nT) Josuemag ST eco «eo "- ‘goly jo sueuag “‘QOuleg = ‘TOY’Y BPAY feyvg SuBLIVpueYyy sae “eee “om - (Sueuleg yes re ‘enusd sey, es ‘yudq nepeg ac ‘yedqy puery See dCE UegnyNg go ‘ye(T OURO AT see ‘yeiqy ueuny ‘yeiq uerg ‘SPUBIST SEIN ‘snug ‘ordQ-puyeg. age ¢ ‘ UNSN “UnURAy v Vv aoe eae ‘Ave see aoe ‘Ys saq 149 1 VOCABULARY. COMPARATIV) BULITT GeURy BOUL VU yuu] youy BUTT qoun'y BUT BIaVT RULY OUT aa a | VU BUT wShea TAX yudury yedury yidury qecdury Wa qedy qed Wd wed vO yedQ wd yeduryw Wd qedury Us ND yu LL BULENT BOUL VOLT, ynavy, yorney, URL oN Fi (OTRL NAL OD OTR, ora ova, BOL], eno = Ae Pee LAX Jha TE LENT GE ENG qonang yosng eng ong Bui enquired, BO. ord Bud Buy gta OM T-—6 TAX ‘9SL-Z9L ‘dd 4u 80104) dq) OF Tejor spwIoUINY Ose“, » WN 3 UVAL.VO OU’ NT ve nyrg ™N SUOP noe Tr 2e Ue) EE Oe wnqureg Bs] 2 R Lao ays ett LAX G | VULeg ny] FoOsueuay st - ‘ygoly jo suvmag ji eee ‘QouUvg oT TOYVY VIULHY CT “Toyeg SURIIVPUITLY FL “Od ge] ss SuBMIAG Yew le: ‘enueqsey, EES ‘yedqy nepeq O01 == ‘yey puvy 6 ‘yey weyaaey S ‘we ACE OUBIATAL hee ‘yeAq uvung or ‘yvAq, UBL G ‘SpUBIST SBIAT V S snyng g ‘ord: -puyneg. G ere pote “TNSUL 10) [acperas eK “UNUeAy (eo 0. ‘ACBL = qsrsag ULARY. > 3) I c VO COMPARATIVE 150 yord wg yorudog qoynd we youd ve SUNULIG nud woyorud weyorud yond OO yodsur Fy Td podg qopudeg youd eg caT—Ol TAX UETTC RS UB[LUIOG SUR[LQUIS SULTLG WAG pera uryQ, uvep a. ure eal BAL ULBIS eS UTBLg TRL ULTLG Wag teduped cedary uvdvjoq uedejaq [etn uviy UBLY URLY yVIeg Nye M. OYA. OW M O[e AL OTe AN. uvdvpaq gol olny, yo! WW olny, ; ne nlng, ning, NSU y, usHy, nyouy od OAT, Ot Nid youny, OUIN—6 ‘TAX FSM —8 TAK wWes9g—s TAX i a wey weeny MaevUy wuUvay UI AT wunUy meVny VON vue NT ego UBUGy uLloUW wVuy mouy Wey “XIG—9 ‘TAX ‘9ST-29T ‘dd ye Soj0N OU} 0} LOjOI S[VAOUIM YY SHODY, x GT ‘vULpog nT Josauutag st " ‘yoly yo suvmag [aos ‘QOUIRG roy fate ‘TOYVG VyULy CL ‘TOUS Suviwiepuoyy al > “Og el ‘Sueurgg Yeagg Bb ‘enuoqsey, 2 ee ‘yedq nvyeg Ot: ‘ude puery 6 ‘yedcE uenyNg 8 ‘yuk, OUR TT Dh as ‘yvAq uvUNng 9 eae ‘HR a ULL Gio: ‘SpuRysy | SBUNT pf " ‘snyng et: ‘ordo-puna LA UAH 6 x Oy TMUvAy vs CAVTUAT ove cee ‘YSTLOUgL 151 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, STARA BG SLY BL VS STAUL VS angered sngqe (? wa nee ANALI-BVUGUIRG snquiduy nd ele TAL ANZRALG SNLVVOU TAT aNIBL.VE porpuny yorud-vag yornd-vs ly, oe yornd-viyy¢ yorud-en¢ nant “BSLL, yorud-vs cy, yorud-eug ynand-yniey, quand-yonmng qonanp-dunuitg njud-vngg yojnd-oncy qojnd-vng npny-Baq we npud-weyL 7, yorud-nyuy, yoynd-yorng, OOF UPL unpyey UvyNY YF yorud-o[ay, yorud-oud. podoyruojny, podoyrueng yorndoyny, yornd-eucp opnd-vs1 fF, Ay wUuqUiEp-YoL iy yoyndenc enp-oso-yorndeg ‘UIBSB Wisaq Aony “a09 0} 4as Ao} TOY 44 § 10} UBT TOY sy guned jyouusd syBdsq unyoxAug oy, (”) —Fs\ Lin} auyq-BuC SuIq.BS sud end S¥Iq eg syIq-B OQ SUI US Ur-dUnUWIY (”) wnp-ueyojug yeaqnt-noyorn, onp-wayorNg Titaeeonte y ureng uIn( vael TOT wyp -yaqy-yodsurzyesi-304-qodour yy] oup-eq-Yorvd ‘enrp-i0- podg Beare su a est podg BSTA-oTHdee avIG-eUC sug dUQ—ST “LAX AMI LET TAX “GOMT-ST TAX OAOME-ZT LAX UOATG-TT “LAX - “ggt-aey “dd qu soq0Ny GL ‘VIMBOR NT) JosuRULaG st ‘qoly yo Suvmag a Nee ‘QOULEG Fi bee a TOyVG BULY GT ‘lwyeg suviaepusyy View = — eet iG 7 a “GUBIAG Yel ip eee ‘UNO SRY, ce ‘yeACT needy OL = ‘yvAcy pur'yT 6 “yedy wepNE 8 ‘yBAC, OUROTWT i ‘yvAqE uvung 9 ‘yVACy Uery g ‘SpUBlSy SVIN ig soe aoe ‘on (ne ae * ‘ard: pug geal unsn¢y cle: UMUC] tee ‘ABIVIW une anna “YSt[o cy £52 COMPARATIVE YOCABULARY. NOTES. 1. ILLANUN, of Tampassuk river, N. W. Borneo, collected by W.H. Treacner, Esq., H. B. M.’s Acting Consul-General in Borneo. The people style themselves “ franin,” not “ Illa- nun,” and are settlers from the Island of Magindano. —W. H. T. bho DUSUN, of Tampassuk river, N. W. Borneo, collected by W. 4H. Treacuer, Esq., H. B. M.’s Acting Consul-General in Borneo. | I believe there are various dialects of Distin, more distinct the more inland the tribes live. The Vocabu- lary is from Disins in the constant habit of seeing frintins, Bajaus, and Brunei Malays—W. H. T. 3. BULUD-OPIE, of Sigéliid river, Sandakan, N. E. Borneo, collected by W. H. Treacuer, Hsq., H. B. M.’s Acting Consul-General in Borneo. A Bflid-Opie man of some rank gave me the following legend relating to the origin of his tribe. A Chinese settler had taken to wife a daughter of the Aborigines, by whom he had a female child. The parents lived in a hilly country (bilid=hill) covered with a large jungle tree, known by the name of “Opie.” One day a jungle fire occurred, and after it was over, the child jumped down from the house and went up to a half burnt Opie log, and was never seen more, but its parents heard the voice of a spirit issue from the log, saying that it had taken the child to wife, and that, in the course of time the bereaved parents would find an infant in the jungle, whom they were to consider ag the offspring of the marriage, and who would become the father of anewrace. The prophecy of the spirit was fulfilled. The Bilfid-Opies are Mahomedans, and a quiet, inoffensive, not numerous tribe, unable to cope with the Sulus, who appear to have a predilection for their women, many of whom they carry off, thus keeping down the numbers of the tribe, which 1s further effected by the numerous deaths from fever which oceur. They, at present, are located on the Sigalitd river. in Sandakan.—W. H. T. 15. > ed COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. eye NOTES,—Continued. SULUS, collected by Anson Cowrg, Esq., for W. H. Trea- cHER, Hsq., H. B. M.’s Acting Consul-General in Borneo. NIAS ISLANDS, collected by A. van Daaten, Hsq., for G. P. Torson, Esq. KAN DYAK, RUNAN DYAK, Z collected by The Revd. J. Hornann. MELANO DYAK, a BUKUTAN DYAK, / LAND DYAK, collected by The Revd. J. L. Zeunpen. BALAU DYAK, collected by The Revd. J. Hottanp. TAGBENUA, collected by A. Harr Everert, Esq. The Tagbentia are a tribe of Aborigines of Malayan stock inhabiting the central part of the island’ of Palawan. The Vocabulary was collected at the village of Uaihig, a small settlement on a stream of the same name, which falls into the bay of Puerto Prin- cesa—Port Royalist of the Admiralty charts—where the Spanish have had a penal settlement and naval station for the last five or six years. The words are written in accordance with the system of expressing Malay words adopted by Marspen, as nearly as possi- ble.—A. H. E. PERAK SEMANG. Proper Names.—The Aborigines name their children from some natural feature in the locality where they are born. The commonest practice seems to be to select the name of some plant ortree growing at or near the place where the birth takes place. Some- times, however, hills, mountains, rivers, rapids, &c., supply appellations, as may any natural phenomena, such as a storm, a flood, &e. The following names were mentioned in the course of an enquiry, before Mr. W. E. Maxwent, into a charge of kidnapping Sakez children. It is noticeable that all, or nearly all, are Malay. 154 IO ee) Seo Cnr <_~ ole om | pet bet hd et et tf CONE © fread Nn a or) 18. MO} COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. NOTES,—Continued. Men. Bachan A kind of padi. Belior.. ul, 0. Arm (?). (See Newbold’s List of Benna words.) Belungei....... Name of a place (?). Bunga. ........ Flower. Chaberya ie: Chili. Dawa oe ibent: Wepulsy 1s) Grolaicn ae Glleng sign. ai Oe Samia ee UREN yp ung: Kibasee2 oe Ke@tay nee 0H rane awis. 18s Dumpures.. 2 Nawal ue 2 Nan oleae Paheimie: 2.2, Pah Klewas... fea Re ee ....A kind of onion. .A kind of thorny fruit. ..Fort. (Name of some place m Ulu Pérak.) Name of a tree. ‘Mud. Dragon. (“Jeram Naga,” a rapid in Ulu Pérak.) Jack-fruit. Skate (fish.) Puchuk.........Shoot (of a plant.) Pale iy: Island. Repel jo. 0 A kind of plant on which ele- phants feed. ‘WOMEN. Bungah......... Flower. Chenuh.........Called from “ Jeram Chenuh.”’ Wannvaee. 5450.) Leaf. eam), 232), Flood. danoralln Jebus ak: Name of a hill near Kendrong. Kartu. Blossom. Toles 3, Called from “Sungei Kelok” be- low Kendrong. Pisamretnu yea Plantain. Puchuk.........Shoot (of a plant.) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 155 NOTES,—Continued. PERAK SEMANG, collected by D. D. Daty, Esq., in the district near Kénéring. CHENDARIANG SAKEI, collected by W. F. B. Paut, Esq., near Chendariang, Pérak. All names are common, apparently, to both sexes. The prefix “Ba” denotes the male, and “Wa” a female. KINTA SAKEI, collected by Captain Sprmpy. SAMOE. SEMANG OF IJOH, collected by Frank A. Swerrennam, Esq. These people are short in stature; dark in colour, and their hair is close and woolley like that of negroes, with this difference that all the men wear four or five small tufts or corkscrews of hair growing on the back of their heads, called jamil, thus :-— mh, , « a AGLI, They have great faith in dreams; they know no Supreme Being or God of any kind, but they believe im spirits, who they say live in trees. 156 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. NOTES,— Continued. The spirit of fire (jew oss) is a bad spirit, and they propitiate him by prayers. There is a good female spirit in the clouds (jin mak tok). They have, as a rule, one wife, but if all parties consent may have two, never three. The price of a wife is ordinarily $7; if she be very young $10 or even $20. Ii she has' been married before $1 or $2 is the price. There is no divorce, but if a man runs away with another’s wife it 1s permitted to follow and kill both. Their names are taken fronr trees, grain, &., such as Durien, Bénang (padi), Petei, &c. Besides the blowpipe they use a bow as. long as the arm, very thick and strong, the arrows of onde are male and female, the male arrow as long as. the middle finger and the female as long as the fourth finger. With these arrows, they say, they can kill an ele- phant by shooting him in the foot. The wild people, or supposed aborigines, who live on the right bank of the Pérak river, are called Sémang, whilst those inhabiting the land on the left are called Sakei.—¥. A. 8S. 19. SHMANG OF ULU SELAMA, collected by R. D. Hewerr, sq. aS MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. SSS THE TIGER IN BORNEO. BY A. Hart Evererr. = The close general uniformity of the Fauna of Borneo with that of the Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra is a well known fact, and the progress of research has steadily lessened such differences as were, even of late years, supposed to exist. The main conclusion drawn by Zoologists from this circumstance is that the island of Borneo has formed, at a very recent geological epoch, an integral portion, of the south-eastern extension of the Asiatic continent; and that, consequently, the animals which now inhabit it immigrated into its area over a continuous land-surface, and were not intro- duced by those fortuitous accidents which effect the peoplhing of all ordinary insular tracts of land. This being the case, it is remarkable that, whilst all the larger mammals of the Peninsula—elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, wild oxen, &e.—are found existing in both areas, the tiger, which is so abundant in the last named district and so peculiarly fitted by its restless habits to extend its range rapidly over a continuous and congenial habitat, should be entirely wanting in Borneo alone of the three great Sunda islands. Borneo, so far as we can see, furnishes the conditions of life suitable for this animal’s existence in a degree no less than do the Peninsula, or Sumatra, or Java. And yet, so far from the tiger itself having been observed, not even a relic of it in a fossil condition has ever been recorded. 158 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Mr. A. R. Wartace has commented, somewhere in his works, on this puzzling fact in animal distribution, and he has suggested that the tiger may have been a denizen of the jungles of Borneo in former days, and that it has subsequently become extinct from eauses at present unexplainable. This is, of course, a purely hypothetical solution of the problem. Another one occurs to also hypothetical, but also possible—viz., that the tiger may be a comparatively recent immigrant southwards on this side of Asia; and that, by the time it had extended its range to the latitude me of the extremity of the Peninsula, the insulation of Borneo from the mainland by submergence of the intervening area may have already reached to such an extent, as to render it no longer possible for the animal to effect a lodgment on the island, even by dint of its well-known power of swimming across wide straits of water. Whatever the true explanation of its absence, it is worth while recording the fact that there is a widespread tradition of a large ecar- nivorous animal among the tribes that people thé North-West Coast of Borneo. Without paying any special attention to these stories, I have yet come across them several times. When visiting the Serimbo mountain in Sarawak in 1870 some Land Dyaks voluntarily retailed to me an account of large tigers (herimau) which they had heard described by the old men of their tride, and in whose existence they themselves firmly believed. The animals, they said, were of great size, having hair a foot in length of a reddish colour striped with black, and they had their lairs in the great caves of the district. This account agreed exactly with another which I had heard from the Balan Dyaks (Sea Dyaks) of the Semunjan river, who declared that a pair of these animals haunted a cave in the Pupok hill. Sub- sequently I again heard these Pupok tigers spoken of by another party of the same Dyaks, who lived close to the hill. Spenser Sr. Joun (vol. iL, p. 107), when travelling among the Muruts of the Linbang river, met with a similar story of large tigers inhabiting caves, which he gives at length, and adds the remark, “it is worth “noticing that the Muruts of Padas have a great dread of ascending MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 159 “to the summit of some of their highest mountains, on account of “the tigers which still, they say, lurk in the deepest recesses of the “forest.” Afterwards he again met with the same tradition among the Linbang Muruts, but in a different locality, where two rocks about thirty feet apart were known among the people as the “Tiger's Leap.” Sr. Joun says that he had heard of the existence of tigers on the North-East Coast also, but gives no reference. In the year 1869, I happened to be staying at the village of the Sitgei Dyaks in Sarawak, and there I lit upon a veritable tiger’s skull preserved in one of the head-houses (paiiggah). It was kept with other skulls of tree-tiger, bear, muntjac-deer, &c., in certain very ancient sacred dishes placed among the beams of the roof and just over the fire-place. It was so browned and discoloured by soot and dirt, and the Dyaks were so averse to my touching it, that I was unable to decide whether it was a fossil or a recent skull. All inquiries as to when it had been obtained met with the discouraging response: “It came to us in a dream, ’—and they had possessed it so long that the people could not recall the time when it first came into the hands of the tribe. The dish on which it lay was of a boat-like form, and was of camphor-wood and quite rotten. The skull was 133 inches long by 93 inches in breadth, measured across the jugal arches. The lower jaw and all the teeth were wanting. The large sockets for the teeth, the strong bony occipital crest, and the widely-arched sygomatic bones indicated that the animal, to which the skull belonged, had been one of mature growth. On a second visit I made an attempt to purchase it, but the people were so horrified at the idea of its removal, that I reluctantly desisted. The chief of the village declared that, in consequence of my having moved the skull on my last visit, the Dyaks had been afflicted by heavy rains, which had damaged their farms ; that once, when a Dyak accidentally broke a piece of the bone, he had been at once struck dead with $3 Singehi Dyaks, and so forth. Afterwards the Rajah of Sarawak kindly endeavoured to persuade the Dyaks to part with it to him; lightning ; that its removal would bring about the death of all the 160 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. but they begged that he would demand anything rather than this skull, and he therefore did not push the request. | Thus we have in North-West Borneo a tradition of the existence of the tiger common to several widely-separated and very distinct tribes, and we have this skull preserved with so much veneration at Sifigghi. Now, if this skull were proved to be in a fossil condi- tion, there would be little difficulty in accepting Mr. Wartace’s suggestion that the animal m question once had its place in the Bornean fauna and has recently become extinct. But until such proot is obtained, it is equally possible that the skull was brought from Java and made an heirloom of (as is the Dyak custom), at the time when western Borneo was subject to Majapait, when the intercourse of the Dyaks with Java seems to have been both fre- quent and considerable. And in this case, the traditions above noted might be explained as having been derived either from the report of tigers seen in Java and the Peninsula by natives of Borneo casually visiting those districts im comparatively recent times ; or as handed down from the original colonists of Malayan stock who peopled the North-West Coast and to whom the animal would have been familiar. Since writing the above, I find that Burys, in his account of the Kayans of the Rejang river (Locan’s Journal, 1849), states that these people have a proper name for the tiger, which animal they describe as being of large size, and which they persist in saying does exist in several districts of the interior. » 1 Sear fy pst a (on “LN. 6. | JOURNAL (OND iviela: Per AlLTS BRANCH OF PEPE Meal ASIATIC SOCIETY. DECEMBER, 1880. PUBLISHED HALF-YEARLY. SINGAPORE: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PrintiInG OFFICE. 1881. ee AGENTS OF THE Society: _ London & America,... Triizwer & Co. | Paris,... Ernest Lunovx & Cre. | ro " +eet)* ~ . ® , Ue = tah fed yet ay ae? <1 ee 04 5 4 ae * a 4) hated {He Moe i meoeeE OF CONTENTS. 70:0: SomE Account OF THE INDEPENDENT NATIVE STATES OF THE Maray Peninsvupa, Part I., by Frank A. Swettenham, Tue Rours or Boro Bupur in Java, by The Ven’ble Archdeacon G. F. Hose, A ContTrisutTion to Matayan Bisriograpny, by NV. B. Demnys, Ph. D., Report ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE Caves OF Borneo, by A. Hart Everett— Intropuctory Remarks, by J. Evans, D.C.L., Pa D., THE REPORT, ... Noves oN THE REpoRT, Notes oN THE CoLLEcTION oF Bonss, by G. Busk, RS... A Ses-Dyaxk Trapirion oF THE DELUGE AND CoNSEQUENT Events, by the Revd. J. Perham, MisceLttanzous Nores— THe CoMpaRATIVE VOCABULARY, PAGE. 161 298 v- i hia & , Y ‘ ff 5 , f i ' vi ta . i i r - ‘ 3 cy ‘ “Sy " vs wag yo . f ie y > 5 \ eS yy . J , = \ ih , 7 : ’ ‘ f ’ - 1 P . ! x . { ' bs ; 2 . \ . 5 on” ' } . Oee - Ooi » H d ’ . ~ } , ‘ a \ a) ‘ . { “Sy ‘ i ' Sf yh ‘ 6 ud ‘ \ i { < * ve F Git ’ it m I ‘ £ 9 " n " ‘ fl ‘ i hd 4 5 : ik ay ae <“ f + in adit Y 4 yal i, ‘ ” 5 i ; ‘ \ “ iy ; \ Aine i. ‘ ft } a Than ‘ ; pro aay See ay. ; [ho UG Se Oe ee. : } PAST ae tks Late yin wh phy iN\ Faas i ~anekeote a SOME ACCOUNT INDEPENDENT NATIVE STATES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, ESPECIALLY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED TO THE MORE INTIMATE RELATIONS RECENTLY ADOPTED TOWARDS SOME OF THEM BY THE Brirish GOVERNMENT. IN TWO PARIS. PART I.—A Recorp or Events prior to lst JuNE, 1875. PART JJ.—Tse Nartivr States since Ist June, 1875. ——c07@300— PAI i To understand the circumstances which led to the more inti- mate relations between this Government and the Native States of the Malayan Peninsula, it will be necessary to glance at the accompanying sketch of the Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca, and see the position of the Straits Settlements, 7. e., Singapore, Penang, and Malacca, with Province Wellesley and the Islands of Pengkor, with regard to those States, which were not, in 1874, under the Protectorate of Siam, and towards the most of which the British Government has assumed a policy of active advice, assistance and control, hitherto avoided. 162 THE INDEPENDENT NATIVE STATES rom this sketch it will be seen that between Penang and Malacca, a distance of some 260 miles, lie the two large Native States of Pérak and Sélangor, the former with a coast line of about 80 miles, and the latter of about 140 miles, and the smaller inland State of Sungei Ujong; whilst joining on to Malacca and to each other are the small States of Rembau, Johél, Muar, Sri Menanti, Jelabu, Jempol, and Jelai. Then between Malacca and Singapore and going up the Hast coast for a considerable distance (about 120 miles) beyond Singa- pore is Johor, and East of that again Pahang. These are the independent States; whilst Siam exercises a protectorate over Kedah on the West coast to the North of Penang, and on the East coast Petani and to some extent Trengganu and Kelantan. _ With these last we are not at present concerned, but of the former we may well begin with the largest, the most populous and most important, and that is Pérak. Perak, though having but a short coast line, is drained by one of the largest rivers in the Peninsula, navigable for boats for nearly 200 miles, and, situated as it is at the widest part of the Peninsula, stretches further back than any other State on the West coast, marching in the interior with Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang and Sélangor. Sélangor again, from its interior boundary, where it joins Pérak, Pahang, Jelabu and Sungei Ujong, to the coast, preserves a tolerably uniform depth of 50 to 60 miles. The “ Négri Seblah Darat,’ or Inland States round Malacca, are very small, having formerly comprised but one Government, whilst Johor and Pahang cover very considerable areas. Before and up to the year 1874 all these countries, with the exception of the two last named, had been in a very unhappy state. Pérak, torn by intestine struggles and harrassed by the party fights of rival factions of Chinese, who had completely desolated the largest and richest of its Provinces—Larut—from which the chief native authorities had been for months expelled, GF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 168 was rapidly sinking into a stronghold of pirates, the scene of daily robbery and bloodshed; and these struggles, which in Larut had died down to the embers and could only smoulder there, threatened to seek new fuel and blaze out afresh in our Settlement of Penang, from which place the leaders in the strife directed and encouraged their fighting men in Larut, sending to them orders and supplies, whilst they were themselves in comparative safety. And though the principa!s in this Larut “ War of Extermina- tion” were on both sides apparently Chinese, still from the fact ot the succession of Pérak being then disputed, the parties to this latter dispute had, for their own ends, adopted the cause of one or other faction of Chinese. Sultan Aur, Sultan of Pérak (of which, as has been stated, Larut was a Province) had died in 1871, and Raja Muda AppuLian, son of Sultan Jarrar, the last Sultan but one, and thus by Pérak eustoms the rightful heir to the throne, in spite of his claim, was not selected, but Raja Ismatu, a foreigner, a native of Sumatra, and late Béndahara of Pérak, was raised to the vacant Sultanship. To understand this thoroughly some little explanation is necessary. The custom in Pérak, and one which has held through at least seventeen generations of Sultans, is this: There are three chief posts in the State held by Princes of blood royal, z. e. :— The Sultan, The Raja Muda. The Raja Béndahara, and they are held in rotation; if the Sultan dies the Raja Muda becomes Sultan, the Raja Bendahara Raja Muda, and a new Béndahira is appointed. Properly speaking the eldest son of the late Sultan fills this last post, and thus, though he does not immediately succeed to his father’s honours, he must eventually become Sultan if he outlive the then Sultan and Raja Muda. 164 THE INDEPENDENT NATIVE STATES Thus suppose A, a son of the last Sultan but two, to be Sultan of Pérak; B, Raja Muda, son of the last Sultan but one; C, the Béndahara, son of the last Sultan; and D, a Prince, the eldest son of A; now suppose A dies, then— B becomes Sultan CR UAE Raja Muda D % Raja Béndahara, and so on, and thus the Sultan is always a man of considerable age and experience; and yet always the eldest son of a Sultan. In the particular case in point, this rule had been departed from, and not only in ABDULLAH’Ss case, but previous to that, when in the reign of Sultan Jarrar, Raja Ismatt, a foreigner of Suma- tra, in high favour with Sultan Jarrar, had been appointed Raja ‘Béndahara instead of Raja Jusor, the eldest son of Sultan AspuLiaAH Manomen Suan, the late Sultan. This is explained by the fact that when Sultan ABDULLAH Manomep Suau died, he and his son were in open warfare with by far the greater part of the Chiefs of Pérak, and when the time came to elect a Béndah4ra, Jusor’s claims by birth were outbalanced by his unpopularity, and a stranger was elected to his place, thus cutting Jusor out of the line of succession. When Sultan Jarrar died and was succeeded by Sultan Anz, Ismait, then Béndahara, did not (probably owing to his foreign extraction) become Raja Muda, but remained as B3éndahara, ABDULLAH being elected at once to the Raja Mudaship, and Jtsor being again passed over. This was the state of affairs when Sultan Ati died. ABDUL- LAH to all intents and purposes having the best claim, Jusor without a friend in Pérak, not on speaking terms with Ismatn or any of the other Chiefs, and Ismatru, a foreigner, having filled the Béndaharaship during the reigns of two Sultans. — ABDULLAH at this time was unpopular, an opium smoker, and otherwise of indifferent character, and great insult was just then put on him by a Raja Daun of Sélangor, who eloped with his wife, OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 165 and AppuLLAH had not sufficient courage to revenge the outrage, though the opportunity was offered him. Ismatrt, on the other hand, was an old and inoffensive man, and willing to let the Chiefs have their own way, provided he was not directly injured. Sultan Anz died and was buried, and Iswarrn was elected Sultan by an influentiai body of the Chiefs. It has been stated that the reason for this election was that ABDULLAE would not come to the Sultan’s funeral, but neither Sultan Jarrar nor Sultan Att were present at the funeral ot that Sultan whose death gave them the supreme power, and in Sultan Att’s case it was four months before he, then in Larut. came into Pérak proper after Sultan Jarrar’s death. This excuse is not, therefore, worth a moment’s consideration, and it may be added that it is not the custom in Pérak that the successor should be present at the late Sultan’s funeral, or rather custom it may be, but it is not an “adat néeri,” a custom which should not be broken through. There were two circumstances which did, no doubt, account for the election ; one, that as Béndahara Ismarn was in possession of the Regalia with the keeping of which he was charged ; and 2ndly, that he was put forward and almost made Sultan by the Méntri, an officer of high rank then entrusted with the Government of Larut, and the wealthiest man in Pérak. There were several reasons why the Méntri wished AppuLpan not to be elected, and several why he should, in default of Agpun- LAH, prefer the choice to fall on Ismatu. The Méntri was an enemy of ABpULLAH’s and always had been. ABDULLAH, as a Prince of the blood royal of Pérak, had demanded money from the Méntri, and been refused, and he had. partly by threats and partly by deceit, got the Méntri to assist him in farming the revenues of Krian, a Province claimed by the Meéntri, to one party, when the Meéntri had already given it to another, and we shall see how ABppuLuaH afterwards adopted the cause of that faction of Chinese in Larut which the Méntri had declared to be his enemies, 166 TITE INDEPENDENT NATIVE STATER The Méntri [ have stated to be rich, he was not only rich, but so much wealthier than any other Pérak Chief, that he appears at this time to have plainly contemplated his eventual succession to the throne of Pérak, and to gain this end his best plan was to obtain a precedent for breaking the line of succession, hitherto carried uninterruptedly through the royal blood of Pérak. The Méntri was not of royal biood, he was not even barely of Pérak, but if IsMarz, a Sumatra man, and only the Béndahiara, could be raised to the Sultanship, then why not he himself, the richest and consequently most powerful man in Pérak and a Chief of almost as high rank as the Béndahara himself ? Another reason why the Méntri was anxious for the appoint- ment of the Béndahara was that he had a very great influence over him, so great that he is even reported to have been some- times in possession of the Béndahara’s chop, or seal, and written any letters or documents he liked in his name. | Thus Ismatz, an old man (his age being another good reason for his election), being once Sultan, the Méntri could well prepare his own way to that high office, and might easily prevail on Ismatr either to retire in his favour when his (the Méntri’s) plans were matured, or at his death to enjoin the other Chiefs to elect the Méntri as his successor. Ismart was elected Sultan, and yet even amongst the Chiefs who thrust this honour upon him, for he personally never wished to be Sultan, several declared that Ismarn’s appointment was merely a temporary one, and made more to bring ABDULLAN to reason than for any other purpose. ABDULLAH was indignant in the extreme when he heard of this, and communicated his feelings and his claims to the Govern- ment of the Straits Settlements. Some attempts were made to bring Ismarn and ABDULLAH together to effect a reconciliation, but these having failed, and AppuLuaH, finding that the Straits Government would do nothing towards assisting him to make good his claim, whilst the Méntri, OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 167 having at one time pretended to be very much his friend, had turned completely against him, espouse:! the cause of that party of Chinese (the Si Kuans) which was now the declared enemy ot the Méntri, and gave them active assistance with arms and men, besides supporting and justifying th