une wiie Paagshens pb Bote ths ARTES IES legen es tte ithe Apa peelacbon Da Tw a ene tL AF 4:2 ymin de Ped eye VE ep annence ee » pu taanebeny Ndeaehe™ Taggart” peneretetn Cn te ~ mee es ents ne eter cht wren eon apenas Ween ma ygaineas OF = Tet ee ee ABApathy ee ? oe. — ’ 6 Lee. ——— sarees” oO Ak ieee ® Pe se pears : anaber!, eres Fispmiie goa - ane - assent aogrdarmiscne ta: agente AERO TE Seria eRe Se ceigy deities yon te Sd antiny Lanne 74 cn yaar TALS + my Shieh ent sarge ee Se arte Pe ee a ate Selig 2 ES et ee xe aap de ae eet no nA ean a a erating Tied oS:shatreN wemTenint ee ten ct RaD rere ato? of al! eS a eo ae rae eruNNE , camacns eb, SK Dees L/L NTES eet Pe pn Jue nt® ewiase cot RRR meng Sef oe bSRE AMET ¢ mney tent y pnaagpshapense he eee wee aes natant martes ee UST oo he Re “age ayant seth we rs NNT a EN tts Sgruaabbtaenm Tete NPN ae mets at Teeny ital Syne Ae epee ete oe ane ee ee a @ ewes PE eet ee uae arte ee agg valet ee te pe ee capiain ge eee owners a we. ee ote OE Rs - - ot * ne - . . ~we . ~~ oh b is LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/journalofwashing 7/831 wash ‘oe sea ante ov bie ‘4, hi “G3 ARNOLD ARBORETUM NOV 2 8 1988 VOLUME 78 Number 3 aI Our nal of the September, 1988 WASHINGTON ACADEMY. SCIENCES ISSN 0043-0439 Issued Quarterly at Washington, D.C. CONTENTS BETTY J. MEGGERS and JACQUES DANON: Identification and Implica- tions of a Hiatus in the Archeological Sequence on Marajo Island, Brazil ... JULIUS IKENGA, SUZANNE COBB, NANCY J. BALTER, and IRVING GRAY: The Effect of Cadmium Exposure on Metallothionein and Protein Synthesis and Cell Proliferation in Human Lymphoblasts (RPMI 7666) ..... ATLEE L. STROUP and RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID: Male-Female Admission Differentials in State Mental Hospitals, 1880-1980 ............. 1988 Washington Academy of Sciences Membership Directory ............. Washington Academy of Sciences Founded in 1898 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President James E. Spates President-Elect Robert H. McCracken Secretary Donald O. Buttermore Treasurer R. Clifton Bailey Past President Ronald W. Manderscheid Vice President (Membership Affairs) M. Sue Bogner Vice President (Administrative Affairs) Jo-Anne A. Jackson Vice President (Junior Academy Affairs) Marylin F. Krupsaw Vice President (Affiliate Affairs) John G. Honig Academy Members of the Board of Managers William M. Benesch Carl E. Pierchala Lawson M. McKenzie Marcia S. Smith Jean K. Boek Thomas N. Pyke BOARD OF AFFILIATED SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVES All delegates of affiliated Societies (see inside rear cover) EDITORS Irving Gray Joseph Neale Lisa J. Gray, Managing Editor ACADEMY OFFICE 1101 N. Highland St. Arlington, Va. 22201 Telephone: (703) 527-4800 The Journal This journal, the official organ of the Washing- ton Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; proceedings of meetings of the Acad- emy and its Executive Committee; and other items of interest to Academy members. The Journal appears four times a year (March, June, September, and December)—the December is- sue contains a directory of the Academy mem- bership. . Subscription Rates Members, fellows, and life members in good standing receive the Journal without charge. - Subscriptions are available on a calendar year basis only, payable in advance. Payment must be made in U.S. currency at the following rates: U.S. and Canadal....22 $19.00 BOreIOM, 8 but evidence correlating local archeological sequences with paleoenvironmental changes has been lacking. The recent discovery of a hiatus in the archeological sequence at the mouth of the Amazon that coincides with a vegetational change supports the hy- pothesis. The Archeological Sequence Prior to 1948, the archeology of Marajé Island at the mouth of the Amazon was known only from museum collections. These consisted mainly of large vessels with elaborate painted and excised dec- oration removed from earth mounds con- structed by prehistoric inhabitants on the r | 13% LZ Ya iy “4 at =) D \ x Fi ef i Wines ANANATUBA MANGUEIRAS ARUA FORMIGA MARAJOARA jj “FOREST [___] SAVANNA Oo 10 20 30 40 50 KM. eastern half of the island (Fig. 1). Survey on the north coast during 1948 revealed sites representing four previously unrec- ognized groups or phases, characterized by smaller settlements and simpler pot- tery.*’ Thirteen village sites were re- corded, of which five were assigned to the Ananatuba Phase (PA-JO-7,8,9,10,13), one to the Mangueiras Phase (PA-JO-S5), two to assimilation of Ananatuba Phase villages by the Mangueiras Phase (PA-JO- 7,13), two to the Formiga Phase (PA-JO- 4,6), and two to the Arua Phase (PA-JO- 2/3,11). Similar reconnaissance a few months later on the upper Rio Anajas in the center of the island revealed another site of the Mangueiras Phase (PA-JO-16), as well as two groups of large mounds of the previously reported Marajoara Phase (PA-JO-14,15). Subsequent investigations by Hilbert’ west of Lago Arari and on the upper Rio ; it ed -7,8,9,10 yo a8 t.. 21 26 VY, , y Fig. 1. Maraj6 Island, showing the distributions of the principal kinds of vegetation and the locations of all known sites of the Ananatuba, Mangueiras, Formiga, and Arua phases.The Marajoara Phase is represented by a sample of sites that define its geographical distribution.” HIATUS IN THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ON MARAJO 247 Anajas produced two more sites of the Ananatuba Phase (PA-JO-19,20), one of the Mangueiras Phase (PA-JO-17), and one of the Formiga Phase (PA-JO-18). Survey east of Lago Arari by Simoes” added 17 sites, including one of the An- anatuba Phase exhibiting Mangueiras Phase contact (PA-JO-26), four of the Formiga Phase (PA-JO-29 ,30,32,33), and 12 of the Marajoara Phase. Pottery from surface collections and stratigraphic excavations in these sites was classified into plain and decorated types and their relative frequencies were calculated. The trends of increasing or de- creasing popularity of the various types observed in the stratigraphic samples per- mitted establishing a relative chronology for each phase. In the absence of carbon- 14 determinations, the inception of the Ananatuba Phase, the earliest in the rel- ative sequence, was estimated after the beginning of the Christian Era.”’ The phases were inferred to be sequential and to have replaced one another. Carbon-14 Dates Carbon-14 dates obtained subsequently for two of the phases showed that the time depth for the introduction of pottery mak- ing had been drastically underestimated. A level corresponding to the Ananatuba- Mangueiras transition produced a date of 2930 B.P. + 200 years, implying that the Ananatuba Phase began prior to this time™ (Table 1). Three dates from Marajoara Phase sites extended from 1470 B.P. + 200 years to 1260 B.P. + 200 years. Two others were rejected, one as too early to fit the relative chronology (SI-202) and the other as too recent (SI-200). Since the Marajoara Phase sites are artificial mounds and occur in the vicinity of sites and fields of earlier phases, the SI-202 date may represent earlier charcoal introduced during con- struction. The recent date, 500 B.P. + 500 years, has so large a statistical error that it is meaningless. Thermoluminescence Dates Additional dates were required to eval- uate these results and to expand the ab- solute chronology to the other three phases. The availability of pottery frag- ments from most of the excavations made thermoluminescence an obvious tech- nique for obtaining them. Thirty-six potsherds were selected from 10 sites rep- resenting all of the phases. Dating was done at the Centre de Faibles Radioac- tivités, Gif-sur-Yvette, using the fine- grain method.’ Well reproducible ther- moluminescence glow curves yielded good plateau responses. Internal doses were calculated from the concentrations of U, Th, and K of the samples obtained from gamma spectrometry measure- ments. Environmental doses were eval- uated from gamma spectrometry of soil samples taken from Marajo Island. Errors were calculated as described by Aitken and Alldred,° and the overall accuracy of the ages was estimated at about seven to ten percent depending on the sample. It should be noted that all ceramics from Marajo are tempered with crushed sherd, minimizing possible errors stemming from differential composition. Three Ananatuba Phase TL results are slightly older than the uncalibrated car- bon-14 determination, extending from 3410 B.P. + 300 to 3060 B.P. + 270 years, but overlap when the plus/minus ranges are considered (Table 1). Mangueiras Phase occupations are superimposed on those of the Ananatuba Phase at two sites, one on the north coast (PA-JO-10) and the other near the east coast (PA-JO- 26). The TL date of 3000 B.P. from the transitional level at PA-JO-10 is close to the carbon-14 date of 2930 B.P. + 200 years obtained for the transition at PA- JO-26. The youngest TL date for the Mangueiras Phase is 2870 B.P. + 190 years and corresponds to the abandon- ment of the most recent site in the existing seriated sequence for the phase. The oldest date for the succeeding For- miga Phase is 1940 B.P. + 230 years. 248 BETTY J. MEGGERS AND JACQUES DANON Table 1.—Carbon-14 and thermoluminescence dates for phases in the archeological sequence on Marajé Island. Parenthesis indicates acceptable only within the plus or minus range. Date BP Span Lab. No. Site Phase 550 + 500 50-1050 SI-200 PA-JO-21 (Marajoara) 600 + LM Arua 630 + 70 560-700 TL-48 PA-JO-21 Marajoara 800 + TL-88 Arua 928 + 90 838-1018 TL-162 PA-JO-36 Marajoara 1000 + TL-140 Marajoara bid 9 be em TL PA-JO-6 Formiga 1200 + TL PA-JO-6 Formiga 1200 + TL-160 Marajoara 1260 + 200 1060-1460 SI-199 PA-JO-21 Marajoara | 1340 + TL PA-JO-6 Formiga 1370 + 200 - 1170-1570 SI-387 PA-JO-36 Marajoara 1430 + Fit PA-JO-6 Formiga 1470 + 200 1270-1670 SI-386 PA-JO-36 Marajoara 1550 + 170 1380-1720 TL-120 PA-JO-30 Formiga 1570 > 175 1395-1745 TL-131 PA-JO-33 Formiga 1630 + 185 1445-1815 TL-130 PA-JO-33 Formiga 1660 + 188 1472-1848 TL-117 ~PA-JO-29 Formiga 1705 + 200 1505-1905 TL-126 PA-JO-32 Formiga 1730 + 200 1530-1930 TL-161 PA-JO-36 (Marajoara) 1853 + 204 1649-2057 TL-132 PA-JO-33 Formiga 1862 + 210 1652-2072 TL-127 PA-JO-32 Formiga 1940 + 230 1710-2170 TL-125 PA-JO-32 Formiga 2020 + 280 1740-2300 SI-202 PA-JO-21 (Marajoara) (hiatus) 2870 + 190 2680-3060 TL-76 PA-JO-26 Mangueiras 2930 + 200 2730-3130 SI-385 PA-JO-26 Mangueiras 3000 + TL-47 PA-JO-10 Mangueiras 3012 + 200 2812-3212 TL-81 PA-JO-26 Mangueiras 3040 + 270 2770-3310 TL-69 PA-JO-26 Mangueiras 3060 + 270 2790-3330 TL-79 PA-JO-26 Ananatuba 313227205 2927-3337 TL-80 PA-JO-26 Ananatuba 3400 + TL-34 PA-JO-7 Ananatuba 3410 + 300 3110-3710 TL-78 PA-JO-26 Ananatuba Eight samples from four sites between Lago Arari and the east coast (PA-JO- 29 ,30,32,33) form a progression to 1550 B.P. + 170 years. Four samples from PA- JO-6 extend from 1430 to 1113 B.P., over- lapping the Marajoara Phase duration. This site is on the north coast, outside the area occupied by the Marajoara Phase, allowing the possibility of coexistence. A chronological overlap is also implied by the presence of decorated sherds of Ma- rajoara Phase origin in the upper levels at PA-JO-6.”’ Three Marajoara Phase measurements, ranging from 1200 B.P. + 200 to 928 B.P. + 90 years are compatible with the rela- tive chronology and the carbon-14 deter- minations. One appears too early at 1730 B.P. + 200 years but is within the plus/ minus range of the acceptable dates. The most recent date, 630 B.P. + 70 years, may mark the end of the Marajoara Phase. The chronological overlap be- tween the terminal Marajoara Phase TL measurement of 630 B.P. + 70 years and the initial Arua Phase TL measurement of 800 B.P. is compatible with archeolog- ical evidence for contact in the form of Marajoara Phase pottery at an early Arua Phase site on the island of Mexiana.”’ HIATUS IN THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ON MARAJO 249 Chronological Hiatus There is a gap of some 800 years be- tween the medians and 400 years between the plus/minus durations of the terminal TL date for the Mangueiras Phase and the initial TL date for the Formiga Phase (Table 1, Fig. 2). Although sampling deficiencies may be responsible, several considerations make this unlikely. First, all sites known to the local population in each region were examined regardless of size and composition. Second, the non- Marajoara Phase sites consist of relatively small scatters of pottery fragments, few of them decorated, making it improbable that they would be encountered or re- called more readily than sites of unre- YEARS (HIATUS ) corded phases. Third, the number of sites representing the known phases makes it difficult to believe that a phase lasting 500 to 900 years would not have been en- countered. The Formiga, Marajoara, and Arua phases, with estimated durations of about 700 years, have the largest numbers of recorded sites. The Ananatuba Phase, with an estimated duration of about 400 years, is known from nine sites. Even the Mangueiras Phase, which has dates span- ning less than 200 years, is represented at SIX sites. Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction A pollen profile obtained from Lago Arari, in the vicinity of the archeological Fig. 2. Comparison of the archeological sequence on Marajé Island with episodes of aridity since the end of the Pleistocene inferred from pollen profiles. A hiatus of about 800 years between the end of the Mangueiras Phase and the beginning of the Formiga Phase correlates with a dry interval between about the same time. Broken lines indicate carbon-14 dates; solid lines, TL dates. TL dates with no plus-minus ranges represent measurements for which average (internal and external) doses were used for calculating ages. Unacceptable results on Table 1 are not included. 250 BETTY J. MEGGERS AND JACQUES DANON sites, reveals dramatic changes in the vegetation‘ (Fig. 3). A carbon-14 date of 2590 B.P. + 100 years (Beta-2289) iden- tifies the portion of the sequence of in- terest here. Tree pollen constituted some 70 percent of the sample earlier, but by this date the proportion had declined to about 30 percent. After an increase, it continued to decline to about 15 percent and the dominant vegetation consisted of herbs and grasses. The dates and ecolog- ical considerations make it likely that the —< ARARI LAKE PARA STATE , BRAZIL DEPTH IN METRES BELOW LAKE BOTTOM , 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (HIATUS) ETA 2289 2.590+100 BP MANGUEIRAS — 8 BETA 4607 59702110 BP BETA 4608 6300+140BP BETA 4610 7350+ 100 BP ie T | tsaaL sical seal SLE wu! © 10 20 30 40 80 60 70 80 90 100% LEGEND POLLEN DIAGRAM STRATIGR. COLUMN rs, TREES “<)] BROWNISH CLAY 1 = GRAMINEAE re] SILTIC CLAY GREY CLAY ° ° SANDY CLAY Fig. 3. Pollen diagram from a core obtained in Lago Arari showing fluctuations in arboreal vege- tation and their estimated correlations with the in- ceptions of the archeological phases. A carbon-14 date of 2590 B.P. + 100 years, obtained from a level in which tree pollen was declining, falls within the hiatus in the archeological sequence.‘ Ananatuba Phase arrived when forest was dominant. The terminal Mangueiras Phase date correlates with the increasing abundance of grasses, which would have diminished the possibilities for slash-and- burn agriculture and affected the kinds and abundances of many wild foods. After an interval of uncertain duration, forest pollen increases to about 40 per- cent. The initial date of 1940 B.P. for the Formiga Phase is compatible with evi- dence from pollen studies elsewhere in the lowlands for termination of this arid interval about 2000 B.P.'*°35 Somewhat later, tree pollen declines to about 30 per- cent, increases again to about 38 percent, and then declines to the present ratio of about 10 percent (Fig. 3). The latter fre- quency is comparable to what prevailed during the earlier long interval and con- ditions today may resemble those at that time. Elsewhere in the lowlands, more tran- sitory arid episodes inferred from paly- nological changes have been dated about 1500 B.P., 1200 B.P. and 700 B.P.!* The first estimate coincides with the earliest date for the Marajoara Phase and the last with the arrival of the Arua Phase, sug- gesting that climatic fluctuations may have contributed to the population move- ments implied by these intrusions. Evidence from Other Regions After encountering the hiatus in the dates for the archeological sequence on Maraj6, we examined other regions with sufficiently large numbers of dates that gaps were unlikely to reflect inadequate sampling. A series of more than 90 car- bon-14 and TL dates from sites on the middle Orinoco in Venezuela (Fig. 4) ex- hibits a similar hiatus between 2605 B.P. + 85 years (I-9519) and 1740 B.P. + 100 years (QC-323); a series of 24 dates from the lower Orinoco has a hiatus between 2440 B.P. + 75 years (SI-865) and 1470 B.P. + 70 years (SI-864) interrupted by a single date.*° At the opposite margin of . HIATUS IN THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ON MARAJO 251 4 < N ° « ° o [R.S.] RONQUIN (Saladoid) LA GRUTA SOMBRA WW AWK | UU Fig. 4. Carbon-14 and thermoluminescence dates from archeological sites on the middle Orinoco, showing a hiatus similar to that observed on Marajé.” Archeological sequences: 1,” 2,” 3,°” 4,°° 5.*° Arid periods: 1,523 Amazonia, on the llanos de Moxos of Bo- livia, a sequence of 38 dates has a gap between 2685 B.P. + 145 years (SI-5876) and 1705 B.P. + 75 years (SI-4119). Dif- ferences in the dates of inception and ter- mination of the hiatus are to be expected, given the large geographical separations of the regions and their locations on op- posite sides of the equator. All these re- gions are now dominated by savanna and unsuitable for agriculture. Declines in density of settlements and discontinuities have been reported during this interval in other parts of the world. Wendland and Bryson* identified glob- ally synchronous environmental discon- tinuities by comparing more than 800 carbon-14 dates and synchroneities in the appearances and terminations of 155 cul- tures based on some 3700 carbon-14 dates. The most significant discontinuities occurred at 2760 B.P. in the botanic se- quence and 2510 B.P. in the cultural se- quence. Tabulating densities of sites according to the principal cultural periods from Early Neolithic (5000 B.C.) through the Iron Age (A.D. 1000) showed a decline during the first millennium B.C. when the weather was cooler and moister.® In northwest India, the end of the Harrapan Period coincides with the inception of an interval of exceptionally low rainfall be- tween about 3800 and 2000 B.P.”! Conclusion The coincidence between palynological evidence for the replacement of forest by grasses and herbs on Marajo Island and archeological evidence for a hiatus in cul- tural sequence between about 2700 and 2000 B.P. provides the first direct evi- dence for the impact of climatic change on the prehistoric inhabitants of lowland South America. The proportion of grass pollen today is comparable to that during the arid episode, and 88 percent of the eastern half of the island is now judged unsuitable for agriculture.” Similar cli- matic conditions in the past would have reduced or eliminated food resources available earlier. The prehistoric popula- tion may have responded by abandoning 252 the island or by fragmenting into nuclear families and subsisting as roving hunter- gatherers, as surviving Amazonian tribes such as the Kayap6o still do during part of each year.” Either option would have left a hiatus in the archeological record. The existence of gaps of similar ages in local archeological sequences on the northern and southwestern margins of Amazonia is compatible with the evi- dence for climatic deterioration on a global scale during the first millennium B.C. The resulting subsistence stress could have been resolved in several ways and heterogeneous distributions of lan- guages and cultures in Amazonia suggest that emigration was a frequent option. As more archeological and paleocli- matological data become available, it- should be possible to detect local differences in the intensity of climatic fluctuations and their effects on prehis- toric human adaptation. These data are not only relevant to understanding the past; they are critical for designing suc- cessful long-range programs of present and future land use. References Cited 1. Ab’Saber, A. N. 1982. The paleoclimate and paleoecology of Brazilian Amazonia. In: Bio- logical Diversification in the Tropics, G. T. Prance, ed. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 41-59. 2. Absy, M. L. 1979. A palynological study of Hol- ocene sediments in the Amazon Basin. PhD Dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. 3. Absy, M. L. 1982. Quaternary palynological studies in the Amazon Basin. In: Biological Di- versification in the Tropics, G. T. Prance, ‘ed. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 67- J>: 4. Absy, M. L. 1985. Palynology of Amazonia: the history of the forests as revealed by the paly- nological record. In: Amazonia, G. T. Prance and T. E. Lovejoy, eds. Pergamon Press, Ox- ford, pp. 72-82. 5. Aitken, M. J. and J. D. Alldred. 1976. The assessment of error limits in thermoluminescent dating. Archaeometry 14, 257-267. 6. Bigarella, J. J. and D. de Andrade Lima. 1982. Paleoenvironmental changes in Brazil. In: Bi- ological Diversification in the Tropics, G. T. Prance, ed. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 27-40. a 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. I 18. £9: 20. oie BETTY J. MEGGERS AND JACQUES DANON Bogin, B. 1980. Recent climatic change and hu- man behavior on the southwest coast of Ecua- dor: a model for archaeological reconstruction. El Dorado 3 (3), 43-59. . Bouzek, J. 1982. Climatic changes and central European prehistory. 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The ceramic sequence and new TL and C-14 dates for the Aguerito site of the middle Orinoco, Venezuela. Journal of Field Archaeology 11, 155-180. Zvelebil, M., ed. 1986. Hunters in transition: Mesolithic societies of temperate Eurasia and their transition to farming. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, New York. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 78, Number 3, Pages 254—258, September 1988 The Effect of Cadmium Exposure on Metallothionein and Protein Synthesis and Cell Proliferation in Human Lymphoblasts (RPMI 7666) Julius Ikenga, Suzanne Cobb, Nancy J. Balter and Irving Gray* Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057 ABSTRACT The ability of a human lymphoblast line of cells, RPMI 7666 to synthesize metallothi- onein (MT) has been investigated. It is apparent that the induction of MT by these cells does not protect them from the inhibition of proliferation seen on exposure to cadmium. While MT concentration in cadmium exposed cells is approximately 25 x , protein content is increased only about 150%. However, cell number does increase in the cadmium exposed cells but at a rate significantly less than that of the control lymphoblasts. Introduction Metallothionein (MT) is a low molec- ular weight protein that is inducible by transition state metals (Zn**, Cd*?, Cu*?, and Hg*’).! After its synthesis, me- tallothionein binds the inducing heavy metal, suggesting that its synthesis may either be a protective mechanism against the toxicity of the heavy metal or it may control metal absorption in the gut or reg- ulate metal ion concentrations in the tis- sues where they are stored.” Glucocorti- coid hormones, in addition to heavy metals, *To whom correspondence should be sent. 254 are known to induce metallothionein syn- thesis in vivo in the liver and in vitro in various culture systems.° Recently it has been recognized that the increasing concentration of trace metals in the general environment, particularly in the water supplies, has become a sig- nificant problem.* The immunosuppres- sive aspects of these trace metals have been the subject of many studies in which it has been shown that heavy metals in- hibit normal immune functions.° Several of these studies have evidence that cad- mium suppresses antibody titres against infectious diseases,° and that exposure to cadmium enhances susceptibility to bac- terial,’ viral,’ and protozoal infections.’ CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON METALLOTHIONEIN AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 255 To study the effects of cadmium on MT and protein synthesis in human lympho- blasts, the cell line RPMI 7666 was used. This line was established from hemato- poietic cells from two individuals with no known malignant diseases. The RPMI 7666 line is characterized by primitive cells at the lymphoblast and hemocytoblast stages. Some cells have morphological staining properties that combine those of imma- ture lymphocytes and immature plasma cells. The line also contains particles called “Jeukovirus” which seem identical to those found in cell lines with leukemia or Burk- itt’s lymphoma. 20-50% of the cells in the RPMI 7666 line contain cells that produce immunoglobulins." Materials and Methods The RPMI 7666 cell line The RPMI 7666 cell line was obtained from American type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD. The cells, as received were immediately thawed in a water bath at 30°C and resuspended in a final solution of cold RPMI 1640 with glutamine. The cell suspension was then spun at 100 xg for 6 minutes. The resulting pellet was resuspended in the same medium at a con- centration of 5 x 10° cells/ml. Ten ml were placed in 75 ml culture flasks. These cells were incubated for 3 days at 37°C in a CO, incubator (5.0% CO, and 100% humidity) when they were counted, washed and resuspended in fresh final RPMI me- dium at a concentration of 5 x 10° cells/ ml. The cells were grown for 3 day pe- riods until they achieved stability; that is, when cell viability (as measured with Try- pan blue) remained at a relatively con- stant level (80%). The stabilized cells were removed from the flasks, pelleted, and resuspended in a cryomedium, made by adding, in order, 30 mls of final RPMI 1640, 10 mls fetal calf serum, 1 mg/ml and 10 mls cold di- methylsulfoxide. The cryomedium (pH 7.1-7.4) was filter sterilized and stored at 4°C. The cells in the cryomedium were divided into 1.5 ml volumes in small cryovials, frozen in liquid nitrogen after a gradual takedown temperature at — 20°C and — 80°C." Each experiment was begun by remov- ing one vial from the liquid nitrogen freezer and immediately placing the tube in a beaker of water at 30°C. The cells were then resuspended in 3 mls cold final RPMI medium, counted in a hemocytometer and their viability determined using Trypan blue. The cells were then centrifuged at 100 xg for 6 minutes. The pellet was re- suspended in 3 mls of medium at a final concentration of 10 x 10° cells/ml. The cells were then plated in 75 ml flasks at 3 different concentrations to determine the optimum growing concentration for this cell line. The flasks were placed in the incubator and the cells allowed to grow for 3 days at 37°C. After 3 days, the cells were removed from the incubator, counted in a hemocytometer and their viability measured using Trypan blue. It was de- termined that the optimal condition for culturing the RPMI 7666 line for exposure to cadmium, would be 5 x 10° cells sus- pended in 10 mls final RPMI medium for a final concentration of 5 x 10° cells/ml. These cells were grown and passed, as above, every 3 days. The cells showed a decrease in doubling time and an increase in viability with each pass. Exposure to Cadmium After two weeks of culturing and pass- ing every 3 days, the cells were exposed to cadmium as follows: The cells were counted, their viability determined and the cells were pelleted (100 xg for 6 min- utes) and resuspended in fresh medium at a concentration of 5 x 10° cells/ml. The cells were divided into 10 ml volumes and placed into each of six, 75 ml flasks (5 x 10° cells/flask). To three of these flasks, 0.1 ml CdCl, in 0.9% NaCl was added at a final concentration of 10 uM. To the remaining 3 flasks, 0.1 ml 0.9% 256 JULIUS IKENGA ET AL. saline solution was added. Another 10 ml aliquot was taken from the stock cells and centrifuged. The supernatant was dis- carded and the pellet was placed in the freezer for subsequent analysis along with the CdCl, and NaCl treated cells. The NaCl and CdCl, treated cells were incubated for 3 days at 37°C. The flasks were swirled every 24 hours to redistribute the me- dium. After the three day incubation pe- riod, the cells were transferred to 15 ml centrifuge tubes, counted, and their via- bility determined. The cells were pel- leted, the supernatant discarded and the tubes placed in the freezer for subsequent metallothionein and protein assays. Sonication The cell pellets were removed from the freezer, thawed and resuspended in 2 mls 10 »M TRIS-HCI buffer, pH 7.6. The cells were transferred to 15 ml plastic tubes and sonicated for 60 pulses (output 5, pulse 50%) with a Branson sonicator. Complete cell lysis was verified microscopically. The sonicate was then transferred to micro- fuge tubes (2 tubes/sample). The samples were centrifuged at 10,000 xg for 5 min- utes to remove all insoluble cell frag- ments. Metallothionein Assay One ml of supernatant was removed from each sample and transferred to a clean microfuge tube for the MT assay. The !’°Cd/hemoglobin method as de- scribed by Eaton and Toal” was used. Du- plicate 100 yl of supernatant following the Eaton and Toal procedure, were taken from each sample and placed into each of two gamma counting vials. Radioactivity present in each sample was determined in the gamma counting spectrometer (Beck- man, Model 5,500) with a counting error of less than 3%. The amount of MT pres- ent in each sample was determined by ex- trapolating the unknowns on the MT stan- dard curve. An MT standard was analyzed with each set of samples. The remaining portion of the supernatant was set aside for subsequent protein analysis by the Lowry method.” Lowry Protein Assay 20 wl and 100 pl samples were taken from each supernatant of the first centri- fuged sample after sonication, for analysis of total protein content by the Lowry Method.” Bovine serum albumin was used as standard. Results Many cell types have been shown to produce MT under a variety of stimuli.” It is apparent from the data summarized in Table 1 that the RPMI 7666 lympho- blast can also be induced to produce MT following exposure to 10 ~M Cd’*. The approximately 25 x increase in the MT/ 10° cells is significant ( p < 0.05) and clearly demonstrates the induction of this pro- tein. Table 1 also summarizes the data ob- tained when the total protein content of the cells was determined. The lympho- blasts exposed to 10 .»M Cd’** for 72 hours had a significant (P < 0.05) increase of 150% that of control cells. When fibro- blasts are exposed to this concentration of cadmium, protein synthesis as mea- sured by radiolabelled amino acid uptake was decreased. While the use of amino acid uptake can measure the rate at which translation may be occurring, it does not Table 1.—Change in protein concentration, cell growth and metallothionein content of lymphoblasts in response to cadmium exposure. Cadmium (2+) Concentration Metallothionein 0.1154:0:2) Sing 221 a wg/10° cells (7) (7) Protein 218 + 76 315 + 82 ug/10° cells (7) (7) Cell Number 29 + 20 7 + 13 x 10° (6) (6) ( ) = Number of samples CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON METALLOTHIONEIN AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 257 necessarily measure the total amount of protein present. In previous experiments, we have re- ported that 10 wM CdCl, results in a de- crease in DNA synthesis.'* This condition is reflected in the data also contained in Table 1. It is clear that there has been an increase in the number of lymphoblasts from 5 x 10° to 29 x 10° in the control cultures but only to 17 x 10° in the cad- mium exposed cells. Thus, while cell pro- liferation has continued, it does so at a significantly lower rate in the cadmium exposed cells. It would appear that cell growth has continued but without cell di- vision taking place at the same rate as in the control cells. Discussion Several reports have suggested that MT acts to prevent the cytotoxicity of heavy metals.’ It is surprising, therefore, that in these studies, the induction of MT has little protective effect on cell prolifera- tion. It has been our thesis that MT, as a response to cell stress, may, in fact, mod- ify the availability of biochemical factors that modify enzyme activity. In recent re- ports, we have shown that the activity of lysyl oxidase, a Cu** requiring enzyme, inhibited following cadmium exposure, can be returned to full activity by the addition of 1 wM CuCl, to the assay medium. We have also reported that prolyl hydroxylase had increased activity, probably due to increased enzyme, following cadmium ex- posure. In the same experiments, the amount of lysyl oxidase appeared to have been increased. These events were asso- ciated with MT induction. It would thus seem that the presence of MT may result in a variety of changes depending on the system being examined. Furthermore, the protective effect of MT against heavy metal toxicity can be modified by metabolic changes, a result of the biochemical ac- tivity of the MT molecule. The cytotoxicity of 10 wM CdCl, is readily seen in the decreased growth rate of the lymphoblasts exposed to this con- centration of cadmium. While the cells continue to divide, the increase is signif- icantly less than that of the control cells. It is interesting to note that in the face of decreased cell proliferation, the protein concentration per 10° cells has increased. In other studies 10 pM CdCl, can cause a decrease in the incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein, an indication of a decrease in the rate of translation. We have reported that cadmium will affect RNA as well as DNA synthesis in lym- phocytes.'® It would not be unreasonable to expect that with decreased cell division that there could be an accumulation of protein in each cell as it grows. Other investigators have reported that MT pro- tects animals” or cells’ from the cytotox- icity of heavy metals, in this case, cad- mium. In the lymphoblasts studied here, MT increases about 10 fold in the cad- mium exposed cells. Yet this increase fails to protect fully, the cells from the cyto- toxicity of the cadmium. It is, of course, reasonable to expect that the degree of protection is a function of the concentra- tion of MT in the cells. We have shown in fibroblasts and lymphocytes the con- centration of MT is a function of both the concentration of cadmium and the time of exposure. In the present case, the af- fect of the cadmium on the transcription and translation may have occurred before protection by MT can be fully expressed. In summary, actively metabolizing lymphoblasts will respond to heavy metal, Cd?*, exposure to produce MT accom- panied by an increase concentration of protein in the cell and a decrease in cell proliferation. References Cited 1. Kagi, J. H. R. and Nordberg, M. (eds.) 1979. in Metallothionein, pp. 1-378 Birkhauser. Basel. 2. Richards, M. P. and Cousins, R. J. 1975. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 64, 1215- 1223: 3. Karin, M., and Herschman, H. R. 1979. Sci- ence, 204, 176-177. 4. Kneip, T. J. 1973. in “Chemical Analysis of the 10. JULIUS IKENGA Environment”, p. 3-104. Plenum Press, New York. . Hemphill, D. D. 1971. Lead suppression of mouse resistance to Salmonella typhimurium. Science, 172, 1031-1032. . Koller, L. D. 1973. Immunosuppression pro- duced by lead, cadmium and mercury. Am. J. Vet. Res. 34, 1457-1458. . Cook, J. A., Hoffman, E. and DiLuzio, N. R. 1975. Influence of lead and cadmium on the susceptibility of rats to bacterial challenge. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 150, 741-747. . Gainer, J. H. 1977. Effects of heavy metals and deficiency of zinc on mortality rates in mice in- fected with encephalomyocarditis virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38, 463-464. . Exon, J. H., Patton, N. W. and Koller, L. D. 1975. Hexamitiasis in cadmium-exposed mice. Arch. Environ. Health 30, 463-464. Moore, G. E., Gerner, R. E. and Franklin, H. A. 1967. Culture of Normal Leukocytes. The Journal of the American Medical Association 199, 519-524. if. Eds fee 14. 15; 16. ET AL. Eaton, D. L. and Toal, B. F. 1982. Evaluation of the Cd/Hemoglobin Affinity Assay for the rapid determination of metallothionein in bio- logical tissues. Tox. App. Pharm. 66, 134-142. Lowry, O. H., Rosenbrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. and Randal, R. J. 1951. Protein mea- surement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 77-83. Oh, S. H., Deagan, J. T., Whanger, P. D. and Wesig, P. H. 1978. Biological function of me- tallothionein, V. Its induction in rats by various stresses. Amer. J. Physiol. 234, E282—-E285. Andranovich, T., Balter, N. J. and Gray, I. 1985. Inhibition by Cadmium of thymidine me- tabolism in conconavalin A-activated murine splenocytes. Immunopharmacol. 9, 53-60. Yoshikawa, H. and Ohta, H. 1982. Interaction of metals and metallothionein in Biological Roles of Metallothionein. E. C. Foulkes, ed. Elsevier/ North Holland. 1982. Gallagher, K. E. and Gray, I. 1982. Cadmium inhibition of RNA metabolism in murine lym- phocytes. J. Immunopharm. 3, 339-361. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 78, Number 3, Pages 259-270, September 1988 Male—Female Admission Differentials in State Mental Hospitals, 1880-1980 Atlee L. Stroup, Ph.D. Department of Sociology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio and Ronald W. Manderscheid, Ph.D. National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland ABSTRACT Many researchers postulate that women are more vulnerable to mental illness than men, especially in highly industrialized societies. Point or period prevalence by sex can only be ascertained by carefully designed community and institutional field projects. The present study examines one aspect of this issue through analysis of admissions, by sex, to State mental hospitals for the period 1880-1980. While the admissions sex ratios vary somewhat over the decades, ratios show that males consistently outnumber females in admissions for all periods examined. Furthermore, this differential has increased since 1950. Possible explanations for these trends are explored. The legacy of epidemiological research in mental health includes various attempts to relate sociodemographic risk factors, including sex, race, age, etc., to psychi- atric disorder. Historically, Jarvis (1850) was one of the first professionals to be- come interested in the question of the “comparative liability of males and fe- males to insanity.’’ He first analyzed scholarly opinion on the matter and found no consistency emerging. He then ob- tained admission and residency reports from 250 hospitals for the insane located in Northern Europe and America. Jarvis found that, overall, men were more liable 259 to hospitalization than women, and as a result more vulnerable to mental disor- ders. In recent popular writing and in the professional mental health literature, it has been commonly stated that women are more vulnerable to mental health dif- ficulties than are men, although a few re- searchers are suggesting a decline in adult sex differences in mental health problems (McLanahan and Glass, 1985; Kessler and McCrae, 1981). Women are reported to be more susceptible to neuroses, depres- sive disorders, and psychophysiological disorders than men (Weissman and Kler- 260 ATLEE L. STROUP, Ph.D. AND RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, Ph.D. man, 1977; Kleinke et al., 1982). Distress ranging from mild emotional problems to phobias and fear of possible breakdown is more often reported for females than for males (Al-Issa, 1980; Belle, 1982). In- ferences are usually based on utilization data from public mental hospitals, private mental hospitals, outpatient clinics, or on community self-report survey data. Two reports often cited are those by Chesler (1972) and Gove and Tudor (1973). In the book Women and Madness, Chesler states that there is a consistently larger ‘‘female involvement with psychiatry” in America than is the case for men. Stressing inpa- tient residency patterns, she states that “between 1950 and 1968, 223,268 more women than men (many of them old women) were confined in State and county hospitals” (1972: 120). This statement has been widely quoted. Gove and Tudor (1973) hold that since 1950 the evidence clearly points to a higher female vulnerability in both treatment and community study results, although they admittedly use a limited definition of mental illness. Kessler and McRae (1982; 1983) report a post war shift toward a higher proportion of females to males in the sex ratio of psychopathology, as evi- denced by both findings from a national survey on self-reported, psycho-physio- logical stress and from results of normal population studies of trends in attempted suicide. The Dohrenwends (1976) suggest that caution is in order, in that method- ological differences between the pre-1950 and post-1950 studies make interpretation difficult. , From Parsons and Bales (1955) to Gil- ligan (1982), it is suggested that the roles of women and men have differed in im- portant ways. Women are trained to focus on the socio-emotional realm and on in- terpersonal relationships, while men are socialized to focus on instrumental, task and provider functions. This implies that the sick role is more culturally acceptable for women than for men. One can argue from this stance, and writers such as Pa- desky and Hammer (1981), and Coop- erstock (1971) do, that women not only more easily express feelings and emo- tions, and admit to emotional difficulties, but also seek out help more when feeling distressed. Phillips and Segal (1969) found that, when men and women have the same level of physical symptoms, women report more distress than men. Kessler et al. (1981) report evidence that when women and men indicate comparable feelings of distress, the women are more inclined to seek out psychiatric treatment than men. Gove and Tudor (1973) examined re- ports of research on sex roles in relation to mental illness. They found that reports differed in results depending on the time period in which the research took place. Those studies done previous to 1950 re- ported higher rates of mental illness for males. These studies tended to use treat- ment data. On the other hand, Gove et al. (1973) also found that in the post 1950 period reported rates of mental illness for females were higher than for males in both community studies and treatment statis- tics. As Kessler and McRae (1983) point out, empirical research focusing on trends in the relationship between gender and men- tal health is scant. More definitive work focusing on trends is suggested. Com- munity surveys based on self-report data are available for the post World War II period, as is true of utilization records from outpatient clinics. However, mental hospital archival data provide the only consistent source for the study of long- term trends in utilization of mental health services, and they will be used here. Com- parable data by sex from treatment rec- ords are available for the State mental hospital system, but not consistently for the private sector. In essence, the project becomes a utilization study of State men- tal hospital inpatient services over time, by sex of clientele. This means that the data set will be biased toward the inclu- sion of the lower socioeconomic classes. Rothman (1971) suggests that, from the civil war period onward, the middle and upper classes frowned on use of the State MALE—FEMALE ADMISSION DIFFERENTIALS IN STATE MENTAL HOSPITALS 261 mental hospital system for their own members. Nevertheless, the State mental hospital system included the majority of the long-term hospitalized mentally ill cases in the United States until 1960. If one excludes the Veteran’s Administration system, in that year the State system in- cluded 84 percent and private hospitals 16 percent of the regular long-term admis- sions (NIMH, 1960). In spite of the de- velopment and expansion of alternate community services in the sixties and sev- enties, the State mental hospital system accounted for about 60 percent of all in- patient days of care in 1975. Framework The State hospital setting provides a sound base for the study of mental illness trends over historical time periods. Con- cerns with respect to differential help- seeking motives, continuity of data, and comparability of data can be dealt with more directly than in other settings. Es- tablished between 1840 and 1890 to re- place inadequate local facilities, State mental hospitals always reflected a con- flict between social control and rehabili- tation goals (Grob, 1983). Despite the strenuous efforts by local leaders, many hospitals eventually lapsed into control- custodial institutions in the public eye, if not in reality (Rothman, 1971). Under such circumstances, self-help motives were often overridden by fear of hospitalization for most potential clients or their sponsors. The negative stigma attached to the State mental hospital was furthered by the local commitment process. Traditionally, in- dividuals who exhibited severely disor- dered behavior according to local norms were, when toleration limits were ex- ceeded, informally and then legally pro- cessed toward the State institution unless an alternative could be provided (Perucci, 1980). Gove and Tudor (1973) suggest that hospitalization in a State mental hospital setting is usually initiated by someone other than the defined patient. It should follow that self-help motivation would be low, and an excess of female admissions based on differential help-seeking motives should not induce the data bias it might in other contexts. The historical predominance of the State mental hospital system in the treatment of mental illness provides the most con- sistent base of completed case records available from any source. Reports on ad- missions by sex are available for most five year intervals since the 1880’s. The rec- ords involve “‘official cases’”” which were processed by the local governmental sys- tem. Cases resulted from actions origi- nally initiated by relatives or community peers based on local or lay definitions of mental illness rather than by psychiatric processing and case definition (Hollings- head and Redlich, 1958). This data set does not suffer from the differences in methodology that Dohrenwend and Doh- renwend (1976) enumerate in reference to field studies methods. Data for this study were obtained from reports by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Public Health Service, and the Na- tional Institute of Mental Health for the 1880-1980 period. Governmental efforts to enumerate the mentally ill started with the census of 1840 and have continued to the present. The history of the National Reporting Program for Mental Health Statistics is detailed elsewhere in two re- ports (Redick, Manderscheid, Witkin, and Rosenstein, 1983; Stroup and Mander- scheid, 1988). Specific data sources are cited in the footnotes to Table 1. State mental hospital data were separated from those based on other treatment sources as carefully as possible. Admission data for State mental hos- pitals used in the study are indicated in Table 1, with column one specifying the year, and columns two and three the num- ber of admissions by sex. The ratio of male admissions per 100 female admis- sions is listed in column four. Since the ratio of males to females in the U.S. total 262 ATLEE L. STROUP, Ph.D. AND RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, Ph.D. Table 1.—Number of admissions" by sex, male-female admissions ratio and admissions ratios per 100,000 population, State mental hospitals” United States, 1881 to 1980. Male-Female Year Male Female Ratio (100)° 1881 8,874 7,743 115 1885 12,153 9,455 129 1890 14,389 jh ere 128 1895 17,268 13,514 128 1900 21,408 19,435 110 1904 23,131 18,260 127 1910 30,008 23,444 128 1915 37,965 28,967 131 1922 42,570 30,493 140 1930 40,743, _ 32,709 140 1935 51,422 38,542 133 1940 62,307 47,812 130 1945 59,694 55,693 107 1950 79,992 66,646 120 1955 95,282 78,841 121 1960 120,961 99,655 121 1965 145,707 115,609 126 1970 274,761 184,762 149 1975 248,937 136,300 183 1980 239,400 129,649 185 Male per Female per Corrected 100,000 100,000 M-F ratio 34.6 S123 111 42.2 34.3 123 44.9 36.8 122 48.7 39.9 122 55.1 32:2 106 54.9 45.6 120 63.1 32.3 121 73.6 py Ml 125 FOZ 56.3 arpa 73.4 53.8 136 80.2 61.0 131 93.9 q2e7 129 65.2 79.7 107 105.9 87.5 121 116.2 94.7 123 135.4 109.1 124 152.4 117.1 130 274.0 176.6 155 239.9 124.6 193 217.6 111.3 196 “Admissions include admissions and readmissions; 1970 through 1980 data based on additions, which include admissions, readmissions, and returns from long-term leave. >In states such as Wisconsin where county hospitals are functionally equivalent to state sponsored ones, county data have been included. ‘The population used in the calculation of the rates is based on Series A 23-28 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part I. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 1975; and Annual Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. for 1975 and 1980. Sources of this data: 1. 1881-1885: Census Report, Insane, Feebleminded, Deaf and Dumb, and Blind in the United States, 1890. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1895. 2. 1890-1904: Census Report, Insane and Feebleminded in Hospitals and Institutions, 1904. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1906. 3. 1910: Census Report, Insane and Feebleminded in Institutions, 1910. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1914. 4. 1915: Census Report, Statistical Directory of State Institutions for the Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes, 1916. Washington, DC, U.S., Govt. Print. Off., 1919. 5. 1922: Census Report, Patients in Hospitals for Mental Disease, 1923. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1926. . 1970: NIMH, Statistical Note 106. Coo 4S] ON . 1929-1965: NIMH, Patient in Mental Institutions. . 1975: NIMH, Series CN No. 2. Characteristics of Admissions to Selected Mental Health Facilities: 1975. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1005. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1981. 9. 1980: Unpublished data, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, NIMH. population has varied over the decades, we have related admissions to their pop- ulation base by sex for each year re- ported. The rate of male admissions per 100,000 males is given in column five and the rate of female admissions per 100,000 females is shown in column six. The male rate per 100,000 is then compared with the female rate per 100,000 in the form of a male-female ratio with a base of 100, by calculating column five/column six xX 100. The resulting male-female admission ratio, shown in column seven is adjusted for the number of each sex in the total population for the respective year under consideration. MALE—FEMALE ADMISSION DIFFERENTIALS IN STATE MENTAL HOSPITALS 263 It is not possible to trace patient status by diagnostic sub-category for this study, since relevant data do not exist for the earlier periods. However, it should be noted that for the 1923-1980 period, di- agnoses of major psychoses and neuroses have been predominant. Sub-categories characterized by “‘acting-out”’ behaviors, including personality disorders and alco- hol related syndromes, have been more typically male related, with sub-cate- gories suggesting depression or anxiety more typically female-related. While the relative distribution of clinical subcate- gories has varied somewhat, there has been reasonable continuity over the century. Aggregate admission data without diag- nostic subclassification will be used in this paper. Findings As background to the analysis of the 1881-1980 data, it may be of interest to review Jarvis’ 1850 findings and to ex- amine briefly the method and results of the special 1880 census survey. As part of a total survey of admission to 250 Euro- pean and American mental hospitals, Jar- vis obtained records by sex for twenty- one mental hospitals for the period 1820 to 1849. He found that the cumulative male admissions were 13,473; female, 11,100. The American results were con- gruent with those from northern Europe. When Jarvis’ data are reanalyzed by fo- cusing on the public mental hospitals only, the results indicate 8,671 male and 6,969 female admissions. This represents a uti- lization level of 124 males per 100 female admissions for the 15 public mental hos- pitals of that era. The special census of 1880 is of interest. For that census, a special agent of na- tional reputation, Fredrick Vines, was charged with collecting data on the “‘De- fective, Dependent, and Delinquent’ Classes of the population. To collect this special data, regular field enumerators asked family heads to indicate insane members of their households. These re- turns were supplemented by reports from nearly 100,000 physicians from all sec- tions of the country. The survey included both community and institutional data. The results showed 91,959 mentally ill persons in total, of whom 47,568 were females and 44,391 were males. As Vines noted, of the total females 20,307, or 43 percent, were hospitalized, while among the males, a total of 20,635 or 46 percent were hos- pitalized. These data show a tendency to admit proportionately more males to State mental hospital inpatient services. From the 1880 census survey, one can infer that there were 23,756 males and 27,261 females delineated by census count who were defined as mentally ill but who had not been hospitalized. From this pool and any new incidence cases would the- oretically emerge the new admissions for 1881. As can be seen in columns two and three of the table, 8,874 males and 7,743 females were admitted to State mental hospitals in 1881. The 8,874 males rep- resent 37 percent of the pool of 23,756 non-hospitalized mentally ill males re- ported in the 1880 census. The 7,743 fe- males represent 28 percent of the pool of 27,761 non-hospitalized mentally ill fe- males who were enumerated in the 1880 special census. Turning to column four of Table 1, one notes that the ratio of male to female admissions was 115 to 100 in 1881, a ratio slightly below the 124 Jarvis found for the pre-1850 period. Except for dropping back around 1900, this level re- mained remarkably stable through World War I. The level becomes slightly higher, about 140, during the early twenties, and then a steady decline begins, which con- tinues through to the end of World War II. As discussed previously, the admissions ratios shown in column seven have been “corrected”’ by relating the admission numbers by sex to their respective pop- ulation bases in the United States. Males outnumbered females from 1880 through 1945. Since 1946, females in the United 264 ATLEE L. STROUP, Ph.D. AND RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, Ph.D. States have consistently outnumbered males. Correcting for the size of the pop- ulation base by sex does not materially affect the results as described above. From the post Civil War era to the World War II period, male State hospital admissions were consistently higher than those of fe- males, even correcting for the number of each sex in the population at large. Two features stand out in the 1950-1980 period. First, in no instance do female admissions exceed those for males. Sec- ond, the tendency toward a discrepancy is more pronounced at the end of the pe- riod than at the beginning. The year 1950 does seem to be natural break point, how- ever, as has been suggested before by Gove and Tudor (1973). Contrary to expecta- tions based on the work of these authors, nonetheless, the proportion of female ad- missions to State mental hospitals go steadily down after W.W. II. As we view the total century of admission patterns, it is clear that a general principle is at work. In the United States, there has been a consistent tendency, as measured by fifth year data points for male State mental hospital annual admissions to outnumber female annual admissions. This general- ization holds even when the admission to- tals are adjusted to take into account pop- ulation base by sex. Discussion The Setting The function of the State hospital sys- tem as a setting for treatment deserves further consideration. Grob (1973), Rothman (1971) and Horwitz (1977), among others, provide thorough histori- cal analyses. All are in agreement that most early hospital superintendents be- lieved in a positive, moral treatment ap- proach, housed in a stable, ordered en- vironment. For various reasons, early expectations based on the concept of cur- ability were not to be realized. Disillu- sionment became a common feature of administrative and staff attitudes. Finan- cial pressures were common when State legislative committees came to realize the magnitude of expenditure output needed to maintain the hospitals. By the 1880 pe- riod, the state hospital as an institution had become entrenched. However, a cus- todial-control function rather than the original rehabilitative theme predomi- nated. Paupers and the immigrant insane, especially those considered troublesome and dangerous, were vulnerable to “‘in- carceration.’’ This meant that the insti- tution developed an image as a “dumping ground for social undesireables,” and it lost the support of the middle and upper classes as far as utilization for their own family members was concerned (Roth- man, 1971). Local Referral Potential patients emerge in commu- nities. How the lay process operates to define individuals as mentally ill is not well understood and needs further study. The evidence is strong that community stereotypical concepts of mental illness exist in most if not all cultures. In studying psychiatric labeling cross-culturally, Mur- phy (1971:1028) suggests that “.. . al- most everywhere a pattern composed of hallucinations, delusions, disorientations, and behavioral aberrations appears to identify the idea of losing one’s mind. . . .” Individuals exhibiting such symptoms are viewed as potential sources of trouble, and techniques for managing them emerge. Lynch (1983) has recently documented a series of accommodative practices which family members and close associates use as control mechanisms for interacting with disturbed individuals. As he points out, individuals ‘‘are committed to mental hos- pitals after informal efforts to accom- modate them in society fail.”” Mechanisms used in accommodation include minimiz- ing contact with the troublemaker, man- MALE—FEMALE ADMISSION DIFFERENTIALS IN STATE MENTAL HOSPITALS 265 aging his/her actions, and attempting to influence reactions of outsiders. From certain perspectives, accommo- dation practices mean that recognition of need for assistance or treatment is de- layed (Yarrow, 1955). Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) found that, for families of lower socioeconomic status, vigorous ef- forts were made to delay recognition of any need for counseling or hospitalization in a mental facility. This delay in seeking treatment not only complicated the even- tual therapeutic process, but often meant that intervention by the police was typi- cally necessary to justify hospitalization. For such families, defining the problem as a behavioral-legal one rather than as a medicopsychiatric issue was evidenced in the original Yale study in 1958. That pol- icy action is still involved in hospitaliza- tion in recent times is often reported (Glasscote, et al. 1975; Schwitzgebel, et al. 1980). Official procedures are instituted only as a “‘last resort” when accommodation practices are no longer functional. The process whereby a change in accommo- dation takes place and actions lead to in- stitutionalization needs further delinea- tion and study. Obviously, for those hospitalized, some factors lead to the emergence of a “tipping point’. Smith, et al. (1963) suggest that, for their sample of schizophrenic patients, actions defined locally as “‘dangerous”’ built up to levels that made moves toward hospitalization seem virtually necessary. A central issue here is that of family dynamics. Acting out behaviors are very disruptive, but behaviors indicating moodiness or severe depression are also disruptive in familial and local situations. Either disorganized or depressive behav- iors mean that normal routines are bro- ken. The individual cannot carry on or function in the regular role to which all are accustomed. If disruption reaches a certain perceived critical point, action is finally taken (Goffman, 1971). Until 1950, compulsion was a signifi- cant factor in the commitment process in the majority of cases. After formal com- plaint, a hearing was held during which the judge had to decide whether or not the individual was legally insane. Typi- cally, medical advice from one local phy- sician was required. In most cases, tech- nical criteria which emerged in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual II or III could not have been used. This means that lay, non-professional mental health case definitional concepts were used as criteria for judgment. For those cases where it appeared to the local authorities that a serious condition was involved, hospitalization in a State facility had few if any practical alternatives. The late 1960’s and the 1970’s were to bring positive changes in mental health philosophy and approach. Deinstitution- alization theory stressed the breakup of the State hospital system, the transfer of residents to the community, and the pre- vention of admission or readmission to institutions (Bachrach, 1976). Decentral- ization of services and crisis intervention, as against long term care, have been em- phasized. Legal challenges to traditional commitment have stressed and obtained more emphasis on voluntary commit- ment, due process standards in pre-com- mitment hearings, and the possibility for the patient of a treatment-oriented facility providing the “‘least restrictive environ- ment.” While progress toward these goals has been uneven, significant changes have been made in deinstitutionalizing pre- vious populations and adding community based services (Lamb, 1975). The goal of “normalization” —of making life for a pa- tient or expatient as regular as possible— can hardly be challenged as an ideal ex- planation. The question still remains: Why do more men than women appear on the admission rolls if the total prospective pool size is slightly tipped toward more females? So- cietal reaction processes must be given consideration. It is suggested by a number of studies that men receive more negative reactions than women for exhibiting the same level of disturbance. Using hypo- 266 ATLEE L. STROUP, Ph.D. AND RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, Ph.D. thetical case descriptions, Phillips (1964) found respondents consistently rejected males more strongly than females. Fletcher (1969) and Larson (1970) report similar findings. Further Raskin et al. (1966) and Cannon and Redick (1973) all report that mentally ill males are hospitalized at an earlier age than females. The studies sug- gest that the difference is not due to a timing of symptoms but rather to the se- verity and rapidity of societal reaction to the perceived psychotic behavior. As Gove and Tudor (1973) and Windle et al. (1982) point out, societal reaction pressures would be exhibited most strongly where hospi- talization is initiated by someone other than the defined patient. Commitment to the State mental hospital would seem to meet that test better than most other in- stances of utilization. We suggest that the clientele of the State hospital typically appeared for admission as a result of a local sorting process dom- inated by lay concepts and influence (Dohrenwend, 1983). It would appear that, as the mental health historians have sug- gested, the control-custodial function of the State hospital has historically been stronger than that of rehabilitation. It would follow further that—if disturbed males have been perceived by the public to be more difficult to accommodate lo- cally than disturbed females—more of the former would be processed into the State mental hospital. Recent Trends The above analysis would seem to hold well for the general historical tendency of male domination in admissions, but how is the recent continuation of the trend to be explained? To do so, reference must be made to both societal conditions and to new potential patient populations. First, developments in the commitment arena deserve special attention. The focus of the legal hearing is moving away from the subjective definition of mental status or psychopathology toward the specification of behavioral acts or events (Stone, 1977; Shah, 1975). The pivotal point emerging is that of dangerousness to self or others for involuntary patients. Courts are re- ported to be insisting on clear and con- vincing proof regarding dangerousness on the part of the client, and physicians who testify are asked to indicate the proba- bility level of overt, dangerous acts taking place in the future (Dix, 1980). The recent stress on dangerousness and overt behav- ior has pressured the physician to move to a defensive medicine posture (Leben- sohn, 1978). Certification for involuntary commitment is less open to subsequent legal challenge if overt, disruptive acts can be specifically documented (Stone, 1977; Stromberg, 1983). This change in legal focus is apparently reflected in the trends of involuntary commitments to State mental hospitals. In 1972, involuntary ad- mission were involved in 42 percent of the cases (Meyer, 1974), and it was projected that they would go to still lower levels (Gove, 1980). But, by 1980, involuntary admissions to the total State hospital sys- tem involved 51 percent of the cases (NIMH, 1984). Meanwhile, in regard to client charac- teristics, reports are emerging from var- ious parts of the country suggesting the development in the local community of a new chronic, long-term patient popula- tion. The statement by Schwartz and Goldfinger (1981:480) will be quoted at length, since it is rather typical. ‘““A subgroup of chronic mentally ill persons who have had little or no state hositalization and who are difficult to engage in existing systems of commu- nity care is emerging in major urban areas. Observations made at a large municipal general hospital indicate the patients are typically young, more likely to be male, and highly transient. They have frequent interactions with emer- gency psychiatric and crisis units. . . . They are tyically unwilling to voluntar- ily accept continuing care.”’ MALE—FEMALE ADMISSION DIFFERENTIALS IN STATE MENTAL HOSPITALS 267 Many individuals of this type are border- line both socially and clinically. They tend to engage in impulsive, self-destructive, and, on occasion, aggressive behavior which brings them to public attention. Not being typical “‘criminals,” they are often rejected by the criminal justice system and required to relate to the mental health system. Again, they appear and reappear in various parts of the mental health ser- vice system where they “present persist- ent and frustrating problems” (Pepper et al., 1981). Eventually, many such indi- viduals appear at State hospital admission centers (Belcher and Toomey, 1988). Whether legally they are defined as in- voluntary patients or not, they frequently tend to be reluctant ones. The emphasis in this paper is on ad- missions rather than inpatient residency data, but attention to the latter may be important here. A recent NIMH study of “chronic” State mental hospital inpa- tients admitted between 1975 and 1978 found that males accounted for seventy- five percent of the patients 24 years of age or younger (Taube, et al., 1983). De Risi and Vega (1983) describe the demo- graphic characteristics emerging from two recent surveys of California State mental hospital resident patients. They report a “population that is primarily of low so- cioeconomic status, almost half of whom have engaged in dangerous behavior and one-third of whom are still considered dangerous.” And further, “‘men in a low- income bracket are more likely to be pa- tients in State hospitals and to be treated for severe psychoses, personality disor- ders and alcohol problems.”’ Two-thirds of the patients were male. In his follow- up to the original Yale study, Mollica (1983) reports that while, in the 1950’s, males and females inpatient residents of State hospitals were roughly equal, in 1978 two-thirds of the patients were male, most of whom were of lower social status. Re- flecting on recent inpatient trends, Taube et al. (1983) were led to conclude that ‘“‘by deinstitutionalizing large numbers of pa- tients over the last two decades, we may have once again made apparent our so- cietal need to have a place to put individ- uals who are deviant but who are not criminals.” It appears then that community pres- sures to institutionalize disruptive indi- viduals, who are often perceived to be dangerous, are still very much in exist- ence. The stress on dangerousness in re- lation to mental illness has many negative features. Bachrach (1979) suggests the possibility that in the issue of dangerous- ness “‘lies a substantial portion of the ex- planation for the emotionalism and po- larization surrounding the entire question of deinstitutionalization.”’ If so, this, cou- pled with court and media stress on dan- gerous behavior of the mentally ill could encourage negative latent attitudes to- ward this population. The present writers agree with Barton and Sanborn (1978 :317) who hold that “‘only a few with serious mental disorders are truly dangerous.” Many members of the general public think otherwise. Clearly, public education re- garding adjustment patterns of the men- tally ill as a total class, and their potential for regular community living represents a continuing challenge to the mental health field. Implications For the modern mental health field, a number of issues have emerged which fo- cus on the State mental hospital system. Many spokespersons have argued for out- right, rapid abolition of the State hospital concept as such (Okin, 1983). Others have proposed a model treatment facility which would involve a transformed hospital that stressed a non-restrictive patient environ- ment, short term inpatient care, outpa- tient services and community follow-up care (Miller, 1981; Stewart, 1975). Few writers have held that a status quo or busi- ness-as-usual approach is legitimate. The modern mental health movement has in- cluded a number of community oriented 268 ATLEE L. STROUP, Ph.D. AND RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, Ph.D. themes that have received general ac- ceptance among both theorists and prac- titioners. Included would be community based care, availability of alternative types of care, individualized and continuous care, psychosocial as well as medic-biological type service, involvement of the family in the therepeutic process and mainstream- ing of the individual client to the highest degree possible (Lamb, 1983; Mechanic, 1975). Without question this new community orientation has led to a broadening of lo- cal psychiatric services. Not only is the base of service broader, the range and types of offerings are greater (Thompson, Bass, Witkin, 1982). This means that, compared to previous periods, persons across various age, socioeconomic, and disability levels have greater availability of choice. Enlarging and sustaining this growth will be a challenge for the future. Conclusions Social resource and labeling theory would suggest that females, being of lower status and power, would be more vulner- able to mental illness in terms of overall prevalence. We have used this assumption as a working hypothesis and turned to a concern with differentials in sex-based utilization of service, with a focus on State mental hospital admissions. The issue of “true prevalence’”’ by sex is still important in terms of theory and practical need as- sessment. More sophisticated approaches combining epidemiological research and service utilization in the same studies are needed, and some NIMH research proj- ects such as the Epidemiological Catch- ment area program are moving in that direction (Regier, 1980; Regier, et al, 1984). Results from such projects would allow intensive study of the interface between the informal and formal delivery system. The informal support system has func- tioned traditionally without a high degree of scientific, epidemiological knowledge of the distribution of particular disorders. Whether scientific feedback from field study results will have a practical impact on the informal support system remains a problem to be researched. In the mean- time informal processing will continue. Informal societal processes and commu- nity needs or perceived needs should be taken into account by those concerned with planning and delivery of mental health services. Trends which are shown in this paper suggest the continued existence of societal pressure to move individuals, pri- marily males, perceived as disruptive and seriously mentally ill, toward a struc- tured, controlled environmental setting. Community education, further develop- ment of community-based services, and pertinent research are indicated. References Cited Al-Issa, Ihsan. 1980. The Psychopathology of Women. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 78, Number 3, Pages 271-290, September 1988 1988 Washington Academy of Sciences Membership Directory Alphabetical List of Members A ABATE, FRANK S. (Mr), Apt. 1, 5311 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (M) ABDULNUR, SUHEIL F. (Dr), 5715 Glenwood Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) ABELSON, PHILIP H. (Dr), 4244 50th -St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) ABRAHAM, GEORGE, (Dr), 3107 Westover Dr., S.E., Washington, DC 20020 (F) ABSOLON, KAREL B. (Dr), 11225 Huntover Dr., Rockville, MD 20852 (F) ACHTER, MEYER R. (Dr), 417 5th St., S.E., Washington, DC 20003 (E) ADAMS, ALAYNE A. (Dr), 8436 Rush- ing Creek Ct., Springfield, VA 22153 (F) ADAMS, CAROLINE L. (Dr), 242 N. Granada St., Arlington, VA 22203 (E) ADLER, VICTOR E. (Mr), 8540 Pine- way Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) AFFRONTI, LEWIS F. (Dr), Microbi- ology, GWU School of Medicine, 2300 Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 (F) AHEARN, ARTHUR J. (Dr), 9621 E. Bexhill Dr., Kensington, MD 20895 (E) ALDRIDGE, MARY H. (Dr), 3209 D Sutton Place, N.W., Washington, DC 20016-3524 (F) ALEXANDER, ALLEN L. (Dr), 4216 M = Member; F = Fellow; E = Emeritus Member; L = Life Member or Fellow Sleepy Hollow Rd., Annandale, VA 22003 (E) ALEXANDER, BENJAMIN H. (Dr), P.O. Box 41126 N.E., Washington, DC 20018 (F) ALICATA, J. E. (Dr), 1434 Punahou St., #736, Honolulu, HI 96822 (E) ALLEN, J. FRANCES (Dr), P.O. Box 284 (Meeker Hollow Rd.) Roxbury, NY 12474-0284 (F) ANDERSON, WENDELL L. (Mr), Ru- ral Route #4, Box 4172, La Plata, MD 20646 (F) ANDRUS, EDWARD D. (Mr), 2497 Pa- tricia Ct., Falls Church, VA 22046 (M) ARGAUER, ROBERT J. (Dr), 4208 Everett St., Kensington, MD 20895 (F) ARONSON, CASPER J. (Mr), 3401 Ob- eron St., Kensington, MD 20895 (E) ARSEM, COLLINS (Mr), 10821 Admi- rals Way, Potomac, MD 20854 (M) ARVESON, PAUL T. (Mr), 10205 Folk St., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) AXELROD, JULIUS (Dr), LCB-M.H. IRP-NIMH, Room 3A15A, Bldg. 36, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) AXILROD, BENJAMIN M. (Dr), 9216 Edgewood Drive. Gaithersburg, MD 20877 (E) B BABB, DONALD F. (Dr), 1435 Fourth St., S.W., Apartment B 712, Washing- ton, DC 20024 BAILEY, R. CLIFTON (Dr), 6507 Di- vine St., McLean, VA 22101 (LF) 272 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY BAKER, ARTHUR A. (Dr), 5201 West- wood Dr., Bethesda, MD 20816 (E) BAKER, LOUIS C. W. (Dr), Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 (F) BALLARD, LOWELL D. (Mr), 7823 Mineral Springs Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20877 (F) BARBOUR, LARRY L. (Mr), Rural Route 1, Box 492, Great Meadows, NJ 07838 (M) BARTFELD, CHARLES I. (Dr), 6007 Kirby Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) BATAVIA, ANDREW I. (Mr), 700 Sev- enth St., S.W., Washington, DC 20024 BAUMANN, ROBERT C. (Mr), 9308 Woodberry St., Seabrook, MD 20706 (F) BEACH, LOUIS A. (Dr), 1200 Wayne- wood Blvd., Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) BECKER, DONALD A. (Mr), 13115 Dauphine Street, Silver Spring, MD 20906 BECKER, EDWIN D. (Dr), Bldg. 1, Room 118, N.I.H. Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) BECKMANN, ROBERT B. (Dr), 10218 Democracy Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) BEIJ, KARL HILDING, (Mr), (LF) De- ceased BEKEY, IVAN (Mr), 4624 Quarter Charge Drive, Annandale, VA 22003 (F) BENDER, MAURICE (Dr), 16518 N.E. Second Place, Bellevue, WA 98008 (E) BENESCH, WILLIAM M. (Dr), 4444 Linnean Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (LF) | BENJAMIN, CHESTER R. (Dr), 315 Timberwood, Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) BENNETT, JOHN A. (Mr), 7405 Den- ton Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) BENNETT, WILLARD H. (Dr), Box 8202, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202 (E) BENSON, WILLIAM M. (Dr), 636 Mas- sachusetts Ave., N.E., Washington, DC 20002 (F) BERGMANN, OTTO (Dr), Dept. of Physics, George Washington Univer- sity, Washington, DC 20052 (F) BERKSON, HAROLD (Dr), 12001 Whippoorwill Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) BERNSTEIN, BERNARD (Mr), Apart- ment #608, 7420 Westlake Terrace, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) BESTUL, ALDEN B. (Dr), 9400 Over- lea Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) BETTS, ALLEN W. (Mr), 2510 South Ivanhoe Place, Denver CO 80222 (M) BHAGAT, SATINDAR M. (Prof), 112 Marine Terrace, Silver Spring, MD 20904 (F) BICKLEY, WILLIAM E. (Dr), 6516 Fortieth Ave., University Park, Hyatts- ville, MD 20782 (F) BIRD, HERBERT R. (Prof), 5105 Sha- wano Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705 (E) BIRKS, LA VERNE S. (Mr), 11908 Ledgerock Court, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) BISHOP, WILLIAM P. (Dr), 4916 But- terworth Place, N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) BLANCHARD, DAVID L. (Dr), 1015 McCeney Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (LF) BLANK, CHARLES A. (Dr), Apt. #173, 7085 46th Ave. West, Braden- ton, FL 34210 (M) BLOCH, CAROLYN C. (Mrs), P.O. Box 1889 Rockville, MD 20850 (M) BLUNT, ROBERT F. (Dr), 5411 More- land Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) BOEK, JEAN K. (Dr), National Grad- uate University, 1101 N. Highland Street, Arlington, VA 22201 (LF) BOEK, WALTER E. (Dr), 5011 Lowell Street, Washington, DC 20016 (F) BOGNER, M. SUE (Dr), 9322 Friars Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (LF) BONEAU, C. ALAN (Dr), 5305 Waneta Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) BORIS, JAY PAUL (Dr), 3516 Duff Drive, Falls Church, VA 22041 (F) BOTBOL, JOSEPH MOSES (Dr), 60 Curtis Street, Falmouth, MA, 02540 (F) BOURGEOIS, LOUIS D. (Dr), 8701 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 273 Bradmoor Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) BOURGEOIS, MARIE J. (Dr), 8701 Bradmoor Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) BOWMAN, THOMAS E. (Dr), Smith- sonian Institute Invertibrate Zoology, NHB Mail Stop 163, Washington, DC 20560 (F) BRADY, ROBERT F. JR (Dr), 706 Hope Lane, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) BRANCATO, EMANUEL L. (Dr), 7370 Hallmark Rd., Clarksville, MD 21029 (E) BRANDEWIE, DONALD F. (Mr), 6811 Field Master Dr., Springfield, VA 22153 (F) BRAUER, GERHARD M. (Dr), 7609 Maryknoll Ave., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) BRENNER, ABNER (Dr), 7204 Poman- der Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) BRICKWEDDE, F. G. (Dr), 202 Alex- ander Drive, Linwood, NJ 08221 (LF) BRIER, GLENN W. (Mr), 1729 N. Har- rison St., Arlington, VA 22205 (F) BRISKMAN, ROBERT D. (Mr), 6728 Newbold Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) BROADHURST, MARTIN G. (Dr), 116 Ridge Rd., Box 163, Washington Grove, MD 20880 (F) BROMBACHER, W. G. (Dr), % Nancy Engel, 2027 Lenwood Drive, SW. Rochester, MN 55902 (E) BROWN, BRICKMAN (Mr), 6811 Nes- bitt Place, McLean, VA 22101 (M) BROWN, ELISE A. B. (Dr), 6811 Nes- bitt Place, McLean, VA 22101 (LF) BROWN, THOMAS McP. (M.D) An- derson Clinic Bldg., 2465 Army-Navy Drive, Arlington, VA 22206 (F) BRUCK, STEPHEN D. (Dr), 29 Forest Landing Ct, Rockville, MD 20854-3925 (F) BRYAN, MILTON M. (Mr), 3322 N. Glebe Road, Arlington, VA 22207 (M) BURAS, EDMUND M., JR (Mr), 824 Burnt Mills Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) BURK, DEAN (Dr), 4719 44th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (E) BUTTERMORE, DONALD O. (Mr), 1519 N. Utah St., Arlington, VA 22207 (LF) Ge CACERES, CESAR A. (Dr), 1759 Que Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20009 CAHNMAN, HUGO N. (Mr), CASSO- SOLAR Corp., P.O. Box 163, Po- mona, NY 10970 (M) CALDWELL, FRANK R. (Mr), 4821 47th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (E) CAMPBELL, LOWELL E. (Mr), 14000 Pond View Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20904 (F) CANNON, EDWARD W. (Dr), 18023 134th Ave., Sun City West, AZ, 85375 (F) CANTELO, WILLIAM W. (Dr), 11702 Wayneridge St., Fulton, MD 20759 (F) CARROLL, WILLIAM R. (Dr), 4802 Broad Brook Dr., Bethesda, MD 20814 (E) CARTER, HUGH (Dr), 158 N. Harrison St., Princeton, NJ 08540 (E) CASH, EDITH K. (Ms), 505 Clubhouse Road, Binghamton, NY 13903 (E) CAWELTI, STANLEY G. (Mr), 11621 Chapel Road, Clifton, VA 22024 (M) CERRONI, MATTHEW J. (Mr), 12538 Browns Ferry Road, Herndon, VA 22070 (M) CHAMBERS, RANDALL M. (Dr), 8646 Vernon Ave., Alexandria, VA 22309 (F) CHAPLIN, HARVEY R., JR (Dr), 1561 Forest Villa Ln., McLean, VA 22101 (F) CHAPMAN, ROBERT D. (Dr), 10976 Swansfield Rd., Columbia, MD 21044 (F) CHEEK, CONRAD H. (Dr), 4334H St., S.E., Washington, DC 20019 (F) CHEZEM, CURTIS, G. (Dr), 3378 Wis- teria Street, Eugene, OR 97404 (F) CHOUDARY, PRABHAKARA JV. (Dr), 9000 Rockville, Pike, N.I.H. 36/ 4A01 Bethesda, MD 20892-0001 274 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY CHRISTIANSEN, MERYL N. (Dr), Chairman, U.S.D.A. Plant Physiology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) CHURCH, LLOYD. E. (Dr), Tangle Towers, Apt. 322, 4853 Cordell Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) CIVEROLO, EDWIN L. (Dr), 12340 Shadetree Lane, Laurel, MD 20708 (F) CLAIRE, CHARLES N. (Mr), 4403 14th. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20011 (F) CLARK, GEORGE E., JR (Mr), 4022 N. Stafford St., Arlington, VA 22207 (F) CLEVEN, ‘GALE W..:(Dr), (P.O; Box 998, Maggie Valley, NC 28751 (E) CLIFF, RODGER A. (Dr), P.O. Box 15, College Park, MD 20740 (M) CLINE, THOMAS LYTTON (Dr), 13708 Sherwood Forest Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20904 (F) COATES, JOSEPH F. (Mr), 3738 Kan- awha St., N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (F) COFFEY, TIMOTHY P. (Dr), 976 Spen- cer Rd., McLean, VA 22102 (F) COLE, RALPH I. (Mr), 3705 S. George Mason Drive, Apt. 1515 South Falls Church, VA 22041 (F) COLWELL, RITA R. (Dr), Dept. Mi- crobiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (LF) COMPTON, W. DALE (Dr), Ford Mo- tor Company, P.O. Box 1603, Dear- born, MI 48121 (F) CONDELL, WILLIAM J., JR (Dr), 4511 Gretna Green, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) CONNELLY, EDWARD McD. (Mr), 1625 Autumnwood Dr., Reston, VA 22094 (F) COOK, RICHARD K. (Dr), 4111 Bel Pre Road, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) COOPER, KENNETH W. (Dr), 4497 Pi- cacho Drive, Riverside CA 92507 (E) CORLISS, EDITH L. R. (Mrs), 2955 Al- bemarle St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) CORMACK, JOHN G. (Mr), 10263 Gainsborough Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (M) COSTRELL, LOUIS (Mr), #621 Inter- lachen Dr, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) COTHERN, C. RICHARD (Dr), 4732 Merivale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) COTTERILL, CARL H. (Mr), U.S. Bu- reau of Mines, MS 5040, 2401 E St., N.W., Washington, DC 20241 (F) CRAGOE, CARL S. (Mr), 6206 Single- ton Place, West Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) CRAIN, DARRELL C. (M.D), 6422 Garnett Drive, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) CREVELING, CYRUS R. (Dr), 4516 Amherst Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) CRUM, JOHN K. (Dr), 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 (F) CULBERT, DOROTHY K. (Mrs), 109 Calle La Pena, Santa Fe, NM 87501 (E) CURRAN, HAROLD R. (Dr), 3431 N. Randolph St., Arlington, VA 22207 (E) CURRIE, CHARLES Ley Sa7 (ir); Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 (F) CURTIS, ROGER W. (Dr), 6308 Valley Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) CUTKOSKY, ROBERT DALE (Mr), 19150 Roman Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) D D’ANTONIO, WILLIAM V. (Dr), Apartment 818, 3701 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) DAVIS, CHARLES M., JR (Dr), 8458 Portland Place, McLean, VA 22102 (M) DAVIS, MARION MACLEAN (Dr), Crosslands, Apt. 100, Kennett Square, PA 19348 (L) DAVIS, ROBERT E. (Dr), 1793 Roch- ester St., Crofton, MD 21114 (F) DAVISON, MARGARET C. (Mrs), 2928 26th St., North, Arlington, VA 22207 (M) DAVISSON, JAMES W. (Dr), 400 Cedar 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 275 Ridge Road, Oxon Hill, MD 20745 (E) DAWSON, ROY C. (Dr), 4019 Beech- wood Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (E) DAWSON, VICTOR C.D. (Dr), 9406 Curran Road, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) DEAL, GEORGE E. (Dr), 6245 Park Road, McLean, VA 22101 (F) DeBERRY, MARIAN B. (Mrs), 3608 17th St., N.E., Washington, DC 20018 (E) DeLANEY, WAYNE R. (Mr), 602 Oak Street, Farmville, VA 23901-1118 (M) DEMING, W. EDWARDS (Dr), 4924 Butterworth Place, Washington, DC 20016 (F) DEMUTH, HAL P. (Cdr), 24 S. Wash- ington St., Winchester, VA 22601 (F) DENNIS, BERNARD K. (Mr), 915 Country Club Dr., Vienna, VA 22180 (F) DEDRICK, ROBERT L. (Dr), 1633 Warner Ave., McLean, VA 22101 (F) DESLATTES, RICHARD D. (Dr), 610 Aster Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) DEUTSCH, STANLEY (Dr), 7109 Lav- erock Lane, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) DEVEY, GILBERT B. (Mr), 2801 New Mexico Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20007 DEVIN, CHARLES, JR (Dr), 629 Blos- som Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (M) DeVOE, JAMES R. (Mr), 11708 Park- ridge Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) deWIT, ROLAND (Dr), 11812 Tifton Dr., Rockville, MD 20854 (F) DICKSON, GEORGE (Mr), 52 Orchard Way North, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) DIMOCK, DAVID A. (Mr), 4291 Moles- worth Terr., Mt. Airy, MD 21771 (E) DOCTOR, NORMAN (Mr), 6 Tegner Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) DOEPPNER, THOMAS W. (Col), 8323 Orange Court, Alexandria, VA 22309 (LF) DONALDSON, EVA G. (Ms), 3941 Ames St., N.E., Washington, DC 20019 (F) DONALDSON, JOHANNA B. (Mrs), 3020 N. Edison St., Arlington, VA 22207 (F) DONNERT, HERMANN J. (Dr), Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Ward Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-7039 (F) DOOLING, ROBERT J. (Dr), 4812 Mori Drive, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) DOUGLAS, THOMAS B. (Dr), 3031 Sedgwick St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) DRAEGER, HAROLD R. (Dr), 1201 North 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85705 (E) DUBEY, SATYA D. (Dr), 7712 Groton Road, West Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) DUFFEY, DICK (Dr), Chem-Nuclear Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (LF) DUNCOMBE, RAYNOR L. (Dr), 1804 Vance Circle, Austin, TX 78701 (F) DUKE, JAMES A. (Mr), 8210 Murphy Road, Fulton, MD 20759 (F) DUNKUM, WILLIAM W. (Dr), 1561 Pensacola St., Apt. 2306, Honolulu, HI 96822 (E) DuPONT, JOHN ELEUTHERE (Mr), P.O. Box 297, Newtown Square, PA 19073 (F) DURIE, EDYTHE G. (Mrs), 3001 Lee- field Drive, Herndon, VA 22071 (F) E EDDY, BERNICE E. (Dr), 6722 Selkirk Court, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) EDINGER, STANLEY E. (Dr), 12000 Old Georgetown Rd., Apt. 404-N, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) EISENHART, CHURCHILL (Dr), 9629 Elrod Road, Kensington, MD 20895 (F) EIJ-BISI, HAMED M. (Dr), 10410 Do- minion Valley Drive, Fairfax Station, VA 22039 (M) ELISBERG, F. MARILYN (Mrs), 4008 Queen Mary Drive, Olney, MD 20832 (F) ELLIOTT, F. E. (Dr), 7507 Grange Hall Dr., Fort Washington, MD 20744 (E) EMERSON, K. C. (Dr), 560 Boulder Drive, Sanibel, FL 33957 (F) 276 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY ENDO, BURTON Y. (Dr), 9215 Wof- ford Lane, College Park, MD 20740 (F) ENGLAR, ROBERT JOHN (Mr), 3269 Catkin Ct., Marietta, GA 30066 (F) ETTER, PAUL C. (Mr), 16609 Be- thayres Rd., Rockville, MD 20855- 2043 (F) ETZIONI, AMITAL (Dr), 335% How- ard Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (F) EVERSTINE, GORDON C. (Dr), 12020 Golden Twig Ct., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) EWERS, JOHN C. (Mr), 4432 26th Road North, Arlington, VA 22207 (E) F FARMER, ROBERT F. III (Dr), 7 Jodie Road, Framingham, MA 01701 (F) FAULKNER, JOSEPH A. (Mr), 1007 Sligo Creek Pkwy., Takoma Park, MD 20912 (F) FAUST, WILLIAM R. (Dr), 5907 Wal- nut St., Temple Hills, MD 20748 (F) FEARN, JAMES E. (Dr), 4446 Alabama Ave., S.E., Washington, DC 20019 (F) FEINGOLD, S. NORMAN (Dr), 9707 Singleton Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) FERRELL, RICHARD A. (Dr), De- partment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) FILIPESCU, NICOLAE (Dr), 5020 Lit- tle Falls Rd., Arlington, VA 22207 (F) FINN, EDWARD J. (Dr), 4211 Oakridge Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) FISHER; JOELAL (D1) 4033 (Oley Lane, Fairfax, VA 22030 (M) FLINN, DAVID R., (Dr), 8104 Bernard Drive, Ft. Washington, MD 20744 (F) FLORIN, ROLAND E. (Dr), 7407 Ce- dar Ave., Takoma Park, MD 20912 (E) FLYNN, JOSEPH H. (Dr), 5309 Iroquois Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) FOCKLER, HERBERT H. (Mr), 10710 Lorain Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) FONER, SAMUEL N. (Dr), Applied Physics Lab, JHU, 11100 Johns Hop- kins Road, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) FOOTE, RICHARD H. (Dr), Box 166, Lake of the Woods, Locust Grove, VA 22508 (F) FORZIATI, ALPHONSE F. (Dr), 15525 Prince Frederick Way, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) FORZIATI, FLORENCE H. (Dr), 15525 Prince Frederick Way, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) FOSTER, AUREL O. (Dr), 4613 Drex- ell Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) FOURNIER, ROBERT O. (Dr), 108 Paloma Road, Portola Valley, CA 94025 (F) FOWLER, WALTER B. (Mr), 9404 Un- derwood St., Seabrook, MD 20706 (M) FOX, DAVID W. (Dr), 136 Lind Hall, University of Minnesota, 207 Church Street, S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455 (F) FOX, WILLIAM B. (Dr), 1813 Edgehill Drive, Alexandria, VA 22307 (F) FRANKLIN, JUDE E. (Dr), 7 Sutton Court, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 (F) FRANKLIN-RAMIREZ, LOUISE (Ms), 2501 N. Florida St., Arlington, VA 22207 (E) FRAVEL, DEBORAH R. (Dr), Soil- borne Diseases Laboratory, Room 275, Bldg. 011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) FREEMAN, ANDREW F. (Mr), 5012 33rd Street North, Arlington, VA 22207 (E) FRIEDMAN, MOSHE (Dr), 4511 Yuma Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) FRIESS, SEYMOUR L. (Dr), 6522 Lone Oak Court, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) FRUSH, HARRIET L. (Dr), Apt. 104, 4912 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20011 (F) FURUKAWA, GEORGE T. (Dr), 1712 Evelyn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) FUSONIE, ALAN E. (Dr), 5611 Victo- ria Lane, Sunderland, MD 20689 (F) G GAGE, WILLIAM W. (Dr), 10 Trafalgar St., Rochester, NY 14619 (F) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 277 GALASSO, GEORGE J. (Dr), 636 Cro- cus Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) GALLER, SIDNEY R. (Dr), 6242 Woodcrest Ave., Baltimore, MD 21209 (E) GANT, JAMES Q. JR. (Dr), 4349 Klin- gle St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (M) GARVIN, DAVID (Dr), Apt. 807, 18700 Walker’s Choice Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) GAUNAURD, GUILLERMO C. (Dr), 4807 Macon Rd., Rockville, MD 20852 (F) GENTRY, JAMES W. (Prof), Chem-Nu- clear Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) GHAFFARI, ABOLGHASSEM (Dr), 7532 Royal Dominion Drive, West Be- thesda, MD 20817 (LF) GHOSE, RABINDRA NATH (Dr), 8167 Mulholland Terr., Los Angeles, CA 90046 (F) GILLASPIE, A. GRAVES, JR (Dr), 1834 Crofton Pkwy., Crofton, MD 21114 (F) GIST, LEWIS A. (Dr), 1336 Locust Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20012 (E) GLASER, HAROLD (Dr), 1346 Bonita St., Berkeley, CA 94709 (E) GLASGOW, AUGUSTUS R., JR (Dr), 4116 Hamilton St., Hyattsville, MD 20781 (E) GLUCKMAN, ALBERT G. (Mr), 11235 Oakleaf Dr., Apt. 1619, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) GLUCKSTERN, ROBERT L. (Dr), 10903 Wickshire Way, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) GOFF, JAMES F. (Dr), 3405 34th Place, N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) GOLDEN, A. MORGAN (Mr), 9110 Drake Place, College Park, MD 20740 (F) GOLDBERG, MICHAEL (Mr), 5823 Potomac Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) GOLDSMITH, HERBERT (Dr), 238 Congressional Ln., Rockville, MD 20850 (M) GOLUMBIC, CALVIN (Dr), 6000 High- boro Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) GONET, FRANK (Dr), 4007 N. Wood- stock St., Arlington, VA 22207 (E) GOODE, ROBERT J. (Mr), 2402 Keg- wood Lane Bowie, MD 20715 (F) GORDON, RUTH E. (Dr), Amer. Type Culture Coll., 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (E) GRAY, IRVING (Dr), 9215 Quintana Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) GREENOUGH, M. L. (Mr), Greenough Data Associates, 616 Aster Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) GREER, SANDRA C. (Dr), Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) GRISAMORE, NELSON T. (Prof), 9536 E. Bexhill Dr., Kensington, MD 20895 (E) GROSS, ROSALIND L. (Dr), 6302 Queens Chapel Rd., Hyattsville, MD 20782 (M) GROSSLING, BERNARDO F. (Dr), 10903 Amherst Ave., Apt. 241, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) GRUNTFEST, IRVING (Dr), 1900 South Eads St., Apt. 1025, Arlington, VA 22202 (F) GURNEY, ASHLEY B. (Dr), Manor Care Nursing Center, 550 S. Carlin Spring Road, Arlington, VA 22204 (E) H HACSKAYLO, EDWARD (Dr), Gen- eral Delivery, Port Republic, MD 20676 (F) HAENNI, EDWARD O. (Dr), 7907 Glenbrook Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) HAGN, GEORGE N. (Mr), 4208 Sleepy Hollow Road, Annandale, VA 22003 (M) HAINES, KENNETH (Mr), 3542 N. Delaware Street, Arlington, VA 22207 (F) HALL, E. RAYMOND (Dr), 1637 West Ninth St., Lawrence, KS 66044 (E) HAMER, WALTER J. (Dr), 3028 Dog- 278 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY wood St., N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (E) HAMMER, GUY S. III (Mr), 8902 Ew- ing Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HAMMER, JEAN H. (Mrs), 8902 Ewing Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) HAMMER, MARK J., 59 Richwood Ave., Morgantown, WV 26505 (M) HAMMER, TERESA C. (Ms), 462 Ser- vernside Drive, Severna Park, MD 21146-2216 (M) HAND, CADET S., JR (Prof), Star Route, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 (E) HANEL, RUDOLPH A. (Dr), 31 Brink- wood Road, Brookeville, MD 20833 (F) HANIG, JOSEPH P. (Dr), 822 Eden Court, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) HANSEN, LOUIS S. (Dr), Oral Pathol- ogy, Room S-524, OM&D, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0424 (F) HANSEN, MORRIS H. (Mr), 13532 Glen Mill Road, Rockville, MD 20850 (LF) HARBECK, MARY B. (Mrs), 900 Windmill Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20904 (M) HARR, JAMES W. (Mr), 9503 Nordic Drive, Lanham, MD 20706 (M) HARRINGTON, FRANCIS D. (Dr), 4600 Ocean Beach Blvd., Apt. 204, Co- coa Beach, FL 32931 (F) HARRINGTON, MARSHALL C. (Dr), Apt. 334, 4545 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) HARRIS, MILTON (Dr), 4201 Con- necticut Ave., N.W., Apartment 610, Washington, DC 20008 (F) HARTLEY, JANET WILSON (Dr), N.I.H., NIAID, Laboratory of Im- munopathology, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) HARTMANN, GREGORY K. (Dr), 10701 Keswick St., Garrett Park, MD 20896 (E) HARTZLER, MARY P. (Ms), Apt. 203, 1250 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (M) HASKINS, CARYL P. (Dr), Suite 810, 1545 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 (E) HASS, GEORG H. (Mr), 7728 Lee Av- enue, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) HAUPTMAN, HERBERT A. (Dr), The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Inc., 33 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203-1196 (F) HAYDEN, GEORGE A. (Dr), 1312 Juniper St., N.W., Washington, DC 20012 (E) HEADLEY, ANNE RENOUF (PhD, JD), Suite 330, The Metropolitan Square, 655 15th St., N.W., Washing- ton, DC 20005 (F) HEIFFER, MELVIN H. (Dr), Whitehall Apt. 701, 4977 Battery Lane, Be- thesda, MD 20814 (F) HENDERSON, EDWARD P. (Dr), 4600 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) HENNEBERRY, THOMAS J. (Dr), 1409 E. Northshore Dr., Tempe, AZ 85283 (F) HERMACH, FRANCIS L. (Mr), 2415 Eccleston St., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) HERMAN, ROBERT (Dr), 8434 Antero Drive, Austin, TX 78759 (F) HERSEY, JOHN B. (Mr), 923 Harriman St., Great Falls, VA 22066 (M) HEYDEN, FRANCIS J., S.J. (Dr), Ma- nila Observatory, Soloar/Optical Div. APO San Francisco 96528 (E) HEYER, W. RONALD (Dr), Amphib- ian and Reptile, N.H.B., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 (F) HIBBS, EUTHYMIA (Dr), 7302 Durbin Terrace, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) HILLABRANT, WALTER J. (Dr), 1927 38th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20007 (M) HILSENRATH, JOSEPH (Mr), 9603 Brunett Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) HOBBS, ROBERT B. (Dr), 7715 Old Chester Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOFFELD, J. TERRELL (Dr), 11307 Ashley Dr., Rockville, MD 20852-2403 (M) HOGE, HAROLD J. (Dr), 5 Rice Spring Lane, Wayland, MA 01778 (E) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 279 HOLLIES, NORMAN R. S. (Dr), 9823 Singleton Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOLSHOUSER, WILLIAM L. (Mr), P.O. Box 1475, Banner Elk, NC 28604 (F) HONIG, JOHN G. (Dr), 7701 Glenmore Spring Way, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOOVER, LARRY A. (Mr), Director, MIS Gaston Co., P.O. Box 1578, 212 West Main Ave., Gastonia, NC 28053- 1578 (M) HOPP, HENRY (Dr), 6604 Michaels Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) HOPP, THEODORE H. (Mr), Bldg. 220, Room A127, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (M) HOPPS, HOPE E. (Mrs), 1762 Overlook Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20903 (E) HORNSTEIN, IRWIN (Dr), 5920 Bryn Mawr Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) HOROWITZ, EMANUEL (Dr), 14100 Northgate Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) HOWARD, DARLENE V. (Dr), De- partment of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 (F) HOWARD, JAMES H. (Dr), 3701 Cum- berland St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) HOWELL, BARBARA F. (Dr), 206 Baybourne Dr., Arnold, MD 21012 (F) HUANG, KUN-YEN (Dr), 1445 Laurel Hill Rd., Vienna, VA 22180 (F) HUDSON, COLIN M. (Dr), 143 S. Wild- flower Rd., Asheville, NC 28804 (E) HUGH, RUDOLPH (Dr), Microbiology Department, GWU Medical School, 2300 Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 (F) HUHEEY, JAMES E. (Dr), Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (LF) HUMMEL, LANI S. (Ms), 9312 Fair- haven Ave., Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 (M) HUNTER, RICHARD S. (Mr), 1703 Son Ridge Rd., McLean, VA 22101 E) HUNTER, WILLIAM R. (Mr), 6705 Ca- neel Ct., Springfield, VA 22152 (F) HURDLE, BURTON G. (Mr), 6222 Berkeley Road, Alexandria, VA 22307 (F) HURTT, WOODLAND (Dr), Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, Rockville 20852 (M) HUTTON, GEORGE L. (Mr), Box 2055, South U.S. 421, Zionsville, IN, 46077 (E) I IRVING, GEORGE W., JR (Dr), 4836 Langdrum Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (LF) IRWIN, GEORGE R. (Dr), 7306 Ed- monston Rd., College Park, MD 20740 (F) ISBELL, HORACE S. (Dr), 3401 38th St., N.W. Apt. 216, Washington, DC 20016 (F) ISENSTEIN, ROBERT S. (Dr), 11710 Caverly Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 (M) J JACKSON, DAVID J. (Dr), 905 Not- tingham Road, 2B, Baltimore, MD 21229 (F) JACKSON, JO-ANNE A. (Dr), 4412 In- dependence St., Rockville, MD 20853 (LF) JACOBS, WOODROW C. (Dr), 234 Ocean Palm Drive, Flagler Beach, FL 32036 (E) JACOX, MARILYN E. (Dr), 10203 Kindly Court, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) JAROSEWICH, EUGENE (Mr), Min- eral Sciences, MRC 119, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 (M) JEN, CHIH K. (Dr), 10203 Lariston Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (E) JENSEN, ARTHUR S. (Dr), Westing- house D & E Center, Box 1521, Bal- timore, MD 21203 (F) JERNIGAN, ROBERT W. (Dr), 14805 Clavel Street, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) 280 JESSUP, STUART D. (Dr), 746 N. Emerson St., Arlington, VA 22203 (F) JOHNSON, DANIEL P. (Dr), P.O. Box 359, Folly Beach, SC 29439 (E) JOHNSON, EDGAR M. (Dr), 5315 Renaissance Court Burke, VA 22015 (LF) JOHNSON, PHYLLIS T. (Dr), 4721 East Harbor Drive, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 (F) JONES, HOWARD S., JR (Dr), 3001 Veasey Terrace, N.W., Apartment 1310 Washington, DC 20008 (F) JONG, SHUNG-CHANG (Dr), Ameri- can Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive Rockville, MD 20852 (F) JORDAN, GARY BLAKE (Dr), 13392 Fallen Leaf Road, POWAY, CA 92064 (LM) K KAISER, HANS E. (Dr), 433 Southwest Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (M) KANTOR, GIDEON (Mr), 10702 Ken- ilworth Ave., Garrett Park, MD 20896- 0553 (M) KAPER, JACOBUS M. (Dr), 115 Hedgewood Drive, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) KAPETANAKOS, C. A. (Dr), 4601 North Park Ave., Apt. 921, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) KARP, SHERMAN (Dr), 10205 Coun- selman Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) KARR, PHILLIP R. (Dr), 5507 Calle De Arboles, Torrance, CA 90505 (E) KAUFMAN, H. PAUL (Lt. Col), P.O. Box 1135, Fedhaven, FL 33854-1135 (E) KAZYAK, KRISTIN R. (Ms), 1320 Monroe Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20017 (M) KEARNEY, PHILIP C. (Dr), 8416 Shears Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) KEISER, BERNHARD E. (Dr), 2046 Carrhill Road, Vienna, VA 22180 (F) KESSLER, KARL G. (Dr), 5927 Annis- ton Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY KEULEGAN, GARBIS H. (Dr), 215 Buena Vista Dr., Vicksburg, MS 39180 (F) KIRK, KENNETH L. (Dr), National In- stitutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, B1A02, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) KLEBANOFF, PHILIP S. (Mr), 6412 Tone Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) KLINGSBERG, CYRUS (Dr), 1318 Deerfield Drive, State College, PA 16803 (F) KLINMAN, DENNIS MARC (Dr), 10401 Grosvenor Place, Suite #725, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) KNOX, ARTHUR S. (Mr), 2008 Colum- bia Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20009 (M) KNUTSON, LLOYD V. (Dr), Room 001 Bldg. 003, Agri. Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) KRAMER, CAROLYN M. (Dr), B.R.A.D., The Gillette Company, Gil- lette Park 5G-2, Boston, MA 02106 (F) KROP, STEPHEN (Dr), 7908 Birnam Wood Drive, McLean, VA 22102 (F) KRUGER, JEROME (Dr), 619 Warfield Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) KRUPSAW, MARYLIN (Mrs), 10208 Windsor View Dr., Potomac, MD 20854 (LF) IW LANG, MARTHA E. C. (Mrs), Apt. 625, Kennedy-Warren, 3133 Connect- icut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) LANGSTON, JOANN H. (Ms), 14514 Faraday Drive, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) LAPHAM, EVAN G. (Mr), 2242 S.E. 28th Street, Cape Coral, FL 33904 (E) LAWSON, ROGER H. (Dr), 4912 Ridge- view Lane, Bowie, MD 20715 (F) LEE, MARK A. (Mr), 5539 Columbia Pike, Apt. 407, Arlington, VA 22204 (M) LEE, RICHARD H. (Dr), 5 Angola By The Bay, Lewes, DE 19958 (E) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 281 LEFTWICH, STANLEY G. (Dr), 3909 Belle Rive Terrace, Alexandria, VA 22309 (F) LEIBOWITZ, LAWRENCE M. (Dr), 3903 Laro Court, Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) LEINER, ALAN L. (Mr), Apt. 635, 850 Webster St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 (E) LEJINS, PETER P. (Dr), 7114 Eversfield Dr., College Heights Estates, Hyatts- ville, MD 20782 (F) LENTZ, PAUL LEWIS (Dr), 5 Orange Court, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) LESSOFF, HOWARD (Mr), Code 6820, Naval Research Laboratory, Washing- ton, DC 20375-5000 (F) LETTIERI, THOMAS R. (Mr), 19922 Buhrstone Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (M) LEVINSON, NANETTE S. (Dr), CTA- Hurst 206, American University, Washington, DC 20016 (M) LEVY, SAMUEL (Mr), 2279 Preisman Dr., Schenectady, NY 12309 (E) LEWIS, A. D. PE (Mr), Central Mar- keting, 3476 Mount Burnside Way, Woodbridge, LEY, HERBERT L. (M.D), 1160 Rock- ville Pike, #208 P.O. Box 2047, Rock- ville, MD 20852 (F) LIEBLEIN, JULIUS (Dr), 1621 East Jef- ferson St., Rockville, MD 20852 (E) LIEBOWITZ, HAROLD (Dr), Dean, School of Engineering and Applied Sci- ence, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052 (F) LINDSEY, IRVING (Mr), 202 E. AI- exandria Ave., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) LING, LEE (Mr), 1608 Belvoir Drive, Los Altos, CA 94022 (E) LINK, CONRAD B. (Dr), Horticulture Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) LIST, ROBERT J. (Mr), 1123 Francis Hammond Pkwy., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) LOCKARD, J. DAVID (Dr), Botany Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) LOEBENSTEIN, W. V. (Dr), 8501 Sun- dale Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20910 (LF) LONG, BETTY JANE (Mrs), 416 Riv- erbend Rd., Ft. Washington, MD 20744 (F) LORING, BLAKE M. (Dr), 26889 Lan- cia Street, Moreno Valley, CA 92388- 4843 (E) LUSTIG, ERNEST (Dr), Rossittenweg 10, D-3340 Wolfenbuttel, West Ger- many, (F) LYONS, JOHN W. (Dr), 7430 Woodville Road, Mt. Airy, MD 21771 (F) M MacDONELL, MICHAEL T. (Dr), 12628 Robison Blvd., Poway, CA 92064 (F) MADDEN, JEREMIAH P. (Mr), God- dard Space Flight Center, Code 403 Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) MADDEN, ROBERT P. (Dr), A-251 Physics Bldg., National Bureau of Stan- dards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (F) MAIENTHAL, MILLARD (Dr), 10116 Bevern Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) MALONE, THOMAS B. (Dr), 6633 Kennedy Lane, Falls Church, VA 22042 (F) MANDERSCHEID, RONALD W. (Dr), 10837 Admirals Way, Potomac, MD 20854-1232 (F) MARCUS, MARVIN (Dr), 2937 Ken- more Place, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (F) MARTIN, EDWARD J., PE. (Dr), 7721 Dew Wood Dr., Derwood, MD 20855 (F) MARTIN, JOHN H. (Dr), Apt. 205, 440 N.W., Elks Dr., Corvallis, OR 97330- 3749 (E) MARTIN, ROBERT H. (Mr), 2257 N. Nottingham St., Arlington, VA 22205 (E) MARTIN, ROY E. (Mr), National Fish- eries Institute, #580, 2000 M Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036 (F) MASON, HENRY LEA (Dr), 7008 Meadow Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) MATLACK, MARION B. (Dr), 4318 282 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY North Pershing Dr., Apt. 2, Arlington, VA 22203 (E) MAYOR, JOHN R. (Dr), 3308 Solomons Court, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) McAVOY, THOMAS J. (Dr), Chem-Nu- clear Engineering Department, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) McBRIDE, GORDON W. (Mr), 3323 Stuyvesant Place, N.W., Washington, DC 20015-2454 (E) McCARRICK, ANNE K. (Dr), 1647 Winding Waye Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) McCONNELL, DUDLEY G. (Dr), 926 Clintwood Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) McCRACKEN, ROBERT H. (Mr), 5120 Newport Ave., Bethesda, MD 20816 (LF) McKENZIE, LAWSON M. (Mr), 1719 North Troy, #394 Arlington, VA 22201 (F) McKINSTRY, PATRICIA A. (Ms), 11671 Gilman Lane, Herndon, VA 22070-2420 (M) McNESBY, JAMES R. (Dr), 13308 Val- ley Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (E) McPHERSON, ARCHIBALD T. (Dr), (LF) Deceased MEADE, BUFORD K. (Mr), 5903 Mt. Eagle Dr., Apt. 404, Alexandria, VA 22303-2523 (F) MEARS, FLORENCE M. (Dr), 8004 Hampden Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814 (E) MEARS, THOMAS W. (Mr), 2809 Hath- away Terrace, Wheaton, MD 20906 (F) MEBS, RUSSELL W. (Dr), 6620 32nd Street North, Arlington, VA 22213 (F) MELLINGER, JOHN J. (Dr), 7531 Woodberry Lane, Falls Church, VA 22042 (M) MELMED, ALLEN J. (Dr), 732 Tiffany Court, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) MENZER; ROBERT. EE. '@r)?77203 Wells Parkway, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (F) MESSINA, CARLA G. (Mrs), 9800 Marquette Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) MEYERSON, MELVIN R. (Dr), 611 Goldsborough Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) MILLAR, DAVID B. (Dr), 1716 Mark Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) MILLER, CARL F. (Dr), P.O. Box 127, Gretna, VA 24557 (E) MILLER, MARGARET D. (Dr), 11632 Deborah Dr., Potomac, MD 20854 (E) MILLER, PAUL R. (Dr), 207 South Pebble Beach, Sun City Center, FL 33570 (E) : MITTLEMAN, DON (Dr), 80 Parkwood Lane, Oberlin, OH 44074 (F) MIZELL, LOUIS R. (Mr), 8122 Misty Oaks Blvd. Sarasota, FL 34243 (E) MOLLARI, O. MARIO (Prof), 4527 45th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (E) MOORE, GEORGE A. (Dr), 1108 Ag- new Drive, Rockville, MD 20851-1601 (E) MOORE, JAMES G. (Mr), CRS, Li- brary of Congress, Washington, DC 20540 (M) MORRIS, ALAN (Dr), 5817 Plainview Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) MORRIS, J. ANTHONY (Dr), 23-E Ridge Road, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (M) MORRIS, JOSEPH BURTON (Mr), Chemistry Department, Howard Uni- versity, Washington, DC 20059 (F) MORRIS, MARLENE C. (Mrs), 6001 Eighth St., N.W., Washington, DC 20011 (F) MORRISS, DONALD J. (Mr), 102 Bald- win Ct., S.E., Point Charlotte, FL 33952 (E) MOSTOFI, F. K. (M.D), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306 (F) MOUNTAIN, RAYMOND D. (Dr), 5 Monument Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) MUEHLHAUSE, C. O. (Dr), 112 Ac- comac Street, Chincoteague, VA 23336-1401 (E) MUESEBECK, CARL F. W. (Mr), 18 North Main St., Elba, NY 14058 (E) MULLIGAN, JAMES H., JR (Dr), 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 283 12121 Sky Lane, Santa Ana, CA 92705 (F) MUMMA, MICHAEL J., (Dr), 210 Glen Oban Drive, Arnold, MD 21012 (F) MURDAY, JAMES S. (Dr), 7116 Red Horse Tavern Lane, West Springfield, VA 22153 (F) MURDOCH, WALLACE P. (Dr), 2264 Emmitsburg Road, Gettysburg, PA 17325 (E) MURRAY, WILLIAM S. (Dr), 1281 Bartonshire Way, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) MURRAY, T. H. (Dr), (LtC. Ret) 2915 27th St., North, Arlington, VA 22207 (M) MYERS, RALPH D. (Dr), 4611 Guil- ford Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) N NAESER, CHARLES R. (Dr), 6654 Van Winkle Dr., Falls Church, VA 22044 (E) NAMIAS, JEROME (Mr), Room A- 024, Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- phy, Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (F) NEALE, JOSEPH H. (Dr), Biology De- partment, Room 406, Reiss Science Bldg., Georgetown Univ., Washing- ton, DC 20057 (F) NEF, EVELYN S. (Mrs), 2726 N. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20007 (M) NELSON, R. H. (Mr), Bethany Village, 512 Albright Dr., Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 (E) NEUBAUER, WERNER G. (Dr), 4603 Quarter Charge Dr., Annandale, VA 22003 (F) NEUENDORFFER, J. A. (Dr), 911 Al- lison St., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) NEUPERT, WERNER M. (Dr), Code 680, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) NEUSCHEL, SHERMAN K. (Dr), 7501 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) NEWMAN, MORRIS (Dr), 1050 Las Al- turas Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93103 (F) NICKUM, MARY J. (Mrs), 12000 Old Georgetown Road, Apt. N-1407, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) NOFFSINGER, TERRELL L. (Dr), Route 1, Box 305, Auburn, KY 42206 (E) NORRIS, KARL H. (Mr), 11204 Mont- gomery Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705 (E) NORWOOD, JANET L. (Dr), Director, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 200 Con- stitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20214 (F) O OBERLE, E. MARILYN (Ms), Apt. 622, 2801 Quebec St., N.W., Washing- ton, DC 20008 (M) OEHSER, PAUL H. (Mr), Regency at McLean, 1800 Old Meadow Road, McLean, VA 22102 (E) O’HARE, JOHN J. (Dr), Apt. 824, 301 G Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20024 (F) O’HERN, ELIZABETH M. (Dr), 633 G Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20024 (F) OKABE, HIDEO (Dr), 6700 Old Stage Road, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) O’KEEFE, JOHN A. (Dr), Code 681, Goddard Space Flight Center, Green- belt, MD 20771 (F) OLIPHANT, MALCOLM W. (Dr), 1606 Ulupii Street, Kailua, HI 96734 (E) OLIPHANT, V. SUSIE (Ms), 910 Luray Place, Hyattsville, MD 20783 (M) ORDWAY, FRED (Dr), 5205 Elsmere Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) OSER, HANS J. (Dr), 8810 Quiet Strean Courtt, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) OTA, HAJIME (Mr), (LF) Deceased P PANCELLA, JOHN R. (Dr), 1209 Viers Mill Road, Rockville, MD 20851 (F) PARASURAMAN, RAJA (Dr), 1852 284 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY Ingleside Terr., N.W., Washington, DC 20010 (F) PARKER, ROBERT L. (Dr), 9728 Dig- ging Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) PARMAN, GEORGE K. (Mr), 4255 Donald Street, Eugene, OR 97405- 3427 (F) PARRY-HILL, JEAN (Ms), 3803 Mili- tary Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (M) PARSONS, H. McILVANE (Dr), Essex Corporation, 333 North Fairfax Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 (F) PAZ, ELVIRA L. (Dr), 4831 36th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) PELCZAR, MICHAEL J. (Dr), Avalon Farm, P.O. -Box °133;) Chester,, MD 21619 (E) Hyattsville, MD 20782 (E) PELLERIN, CHARLES J. (Dr), NASA Code EZ-7, 600 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20546 (F) PERKINS, LOUIS R. (Mr), Apt. 709, 1234 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Wash- ington, DC 20005 (M) PERROS, THEODORE P. (Dr), Chem- istry Department, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052 (F) PICKETT, WARREN E. (Dr), 8406 Echo Lane, Clinton, MD 20735 (F) PICKHOLZ, RAYMOND (Dr), 3613 Glenbrook Road, Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) PIEPER, GEORGE F. (Dr), 3155 Roll- ing Road, Edgewater, MD 21037 (F) PIERCHALA, CARLE. (Dr), P.O. Box 1554, West Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) PIKL, JOSEF M. (Dr), Meadowbrook Road, Lincoln, MA 01773 (E) PITTMAN, MARGARET (Dr), Apt. 912, 3133° Connecticut: Ave: N-W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) PLAIT, ALAN O. (Mr), 5402 Yorkshire St., Springfield, VA 22151 (F) POLACHEK, HARRY (Dr), Apt. 1211, 11801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 (E) PONADER, HEATHER BOEK, (Dr), Senior Scientist SP-FR-5-1 Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY 14831 (M) PONNAMPERUMA, CYRIL (Dr), Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 POOS, FRED W. (Dr), 5100 Fillmore Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22311 (E) POST, MILDRED A., (Miss), 8928 Bradmoor Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) POTTMYER, JAMES J. (Mr), 5540 32nd Street, N; Arlington, VA 22207- 1535 (M) PRESTON, MALCOLM S. (Dr), 10 Kil- kea Court, Baltimore, MD 21236 (M) PRINCE; JULIUS \S.; (MDs Pinehurst Pkwy., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) PRINZ, DIANNE K. (Dr), Code 4142, Naval Research Laboratory, Washing- ton, DC 20375-5000 (F) PRO, MAYNARD J. (Mr), 7904 Falstaff Road, McLean, VA 22102 (F) PRYOR;.C.. NICHOLAS (ijn 3715 Prosperity Ave., Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) PURCELL, ROBERT Hs ADEpeigohi White Grounds Road, Boyds, MD 20841 (F) PYKE, THOMAS N. JR (Mr), Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Infor- mation Services, U.S.D.C., NOAA,/ Code E, FB #4, Room 2069, Wash- ington, DC 20057 (F) Q QUIROS, RODERICK S. (Mr), 4520 Yuma St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) R RABINOW, JACOB (Mr), 6920 Selkirk Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) RADER, CHARLES A. (Mr), Gillette Research Institute, 1413 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) RADO, GEORGE T. (Dr), 818 Carrie Court, McLean, VA 22101 (F) RAINWATER, IVAN H. (Dr), 2805 Lib- erty Place, Bowie, MD 20715 (E) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 285 RAMSAY, MAYNARD J. (Dr), 3806 Viser Court, Bowie, MD 20715 (F) RANSOM, JAMES R. (Mr), 107 E. Sus- quehanna Ave., Towson, MD 21204 (M) RASKIN, ALLEN (Dr), 7658 Water Oak Point Road, Pasadena, MD 21122 (F) RATH, BHAKTA B. (Dr), 10908 Tim- bermill Court, Oakton, VA 22124 (F) RAUSCH, ROBERT L. (Dr), P.O. Box 85447, University Station, Seattle, WA 98145-1447 (F) RAVECHP’, ELIZABETH S. (Dr), 27 24th Street, Troy, NY 12180-1914 (F) RAVITSKY, CHARLES (Mr), 1505 Drexel St., Takoma Park, Md 20912 (E) RAY, JOSEPH W. (Dr), 2740 Vassar Place, Columbus, OH 43221 (F) REDISH, EDWARD F. (Prof), 6820 Winterberry Lane, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) REED, WILLIAM DOYLE (Mr), 1330 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Thomas House #624, Washington, DC 20005 (E) REHDER, HARALD H. (Dr), 5620 Og- den Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) REINER, ALVIN (Mr), 11243 Bybee Street, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) REINHART, FRANK W. (Dr), 9918 Sutherland Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) REMMERS, GENE M. (Mr), 6928 Hec- tor Road, McLean, VA 22101 (M) RESWICK, JAMES S. (Dr), 1003 Dead Run Drive, McLean, VA 22101 (F) REYNOLDS, HORACE N., JR (Dr), 9223 Woodland Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20910 (F) REYNOLDS, ORR E. (Dr), American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) RHYNE, JAMES J. (Dr), 14521 Pebble Hill Lane, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) RICE, ROBERT L. (Mr), 12041 Wind- ing Creek Way, Germantown, MD 20874 (M) RICE, SUE ANN (Ms), 6728 Fern Lane, Annandale, VA 22003 (M) RIEL, GORDON K. (Dr), Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Labora- tory, Code R-41, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000 (LF) RITT, PAUL E. (Dr), 36 Sylvan Lane, Weston, MA 02193 (F) RIVERA, ALVIN D. (Dr), 4302 Star Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) ROBBINS, MARY LOUISE (Dr), Tat- suno House, A-23, 2-1-8 Ogikubo, Sug- inami-Ku, Tokyo 167, Japan (E) ROBERTSON, A. F. (Dr), 4228 Butter- worth Pl., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (F) ROBERTSON, RANDALL M. (Dr), 1404 Highland Circle, S.E., Blacks- burg, VA 24060 (E) RODNEY, WILLIAM S. (Dr), 6936 Sawmill Village Dr., Worthington, OH 43085 (F) ROE, DONALD W. (Dr), 17316 Chis- well Road, Poolesville, MD 20837 (M) ROLLER, PAUL S. (Dr), Apt. 1011, 1440 N Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (E) ROSADO, JOHN A. (Dr), 8821 Cardi- nal Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) ROSCHER, NINA M. (Dr), 10400 Hunter Ridge Drive, Oakton, VA 22124 (F) ROSE, WILLIAM K. (Dr), Astronomy Program University of Maryland, Col- lege Park, MD 20742 (F) ROSENBLATT, DAVID (Prof), 2939 Van Ness St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) ROSENBLATT, JOAN R. (Dr), 2939 Van Ness St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) ROSENTHAL, SANFORD M. (Dr), 12601 Greenbrier Rd., Potomac, MD 20854 (E) ROSS, FRANKLIN J. (Mr), 3830 North Stafford St., Arlington, VA 22207-4513 (F) ROSS, SHERMAN (Dr), 19715 Green- side Terr., Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) ROSSI, PETER H. (Prof), Social and Demographic Research Institute, Uni- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (F) ROSSINI, FREDERICK D. (Dr), Apt. 286 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY T-900, 605 South U.S. Highway #1, Juno Beach, FL (EB) ROTKIN, ISRAEL (Mr), 11504 Regnid Drive, Wheaton, MD 20902 (E) RUTNER, EMILE (Dr), 34 Columbia Avenue Takoma Park, MD 20912 (M) S SAENZ, ALBERT W. (Dr), Code 6603 S, Naval Rsearch Laboratory, Wash- ington, DC 20375-5000 (F) SALISBURY, LLOYD L. (Mr), 10138 Crestwood Rd., Kensington, MD 20895 (M) SALLET, DIRSE W. (Dr), 4205 Tuck- erman St., University Park, MD 20782 (M) SAMUELSON, DOUGLAS A. (Mr), 3443 Skyview Terr., Falls Church, VA 22042 (F) SANDERSON, JOHN A. (Dr), B-206 Clemson Downs, 150 Downs Boule- vard, Clemson, SC 29631 (E) SANK, VICTOR J. (Dr), 5 Bunker Court, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) SAEMIENTO, RAFAEL A. (Dr), Bldg. 306, Room 101, BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) SASMOR, ROBERT M. (Dr), 4408 North 20th Road, Arlington, VA 22207 (F) SASS, ARTHUR H. USNR (Capt), RFD 6, Box 176, Warrenton, VA 22186 (M) SAVILLE, THORNDIKE, JR (Mr), 5601 Albia Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (LF) SCHALK, JAMES M. (Dr), P.O. Box 441, Isle of Palms, SC 29451 (F) SCHECHTER, MILTON, 'S. (Mr), 10909 Hannes Ct., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) SCHINDLER, ALBERT I. (Dr), Ma- terials Research Lab., Purdue Univer- sity, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (F) SCHLAIN, DAVID (Dr), 2 A Garden- way, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (E) SCHMIDT, CLAUDE H. (Dr), 1827 Third St., North, Fargo, ND 58102 (F) SCHNEIDER, JEFFREY M. (Dr), 5238 Richardson Dr., Fairfax, VA 22032 (F) SCHNEIDER, SIDNEY (Mr), 239 N. Granada Street, Arlington, VA 22203 (E) SCHNEPFE, MARIAN M. (Dr), Poto- mac Towers, Apt. 640, 2001 N. Adams Street, Arlington, VA 22201 (E) SCHOOLEY, JAMES F. (Dr), 13700 Darnestown Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) SCHUBAUER, GALEN B. (Dr), Route 1, Box 279 FF, Lexington Park, MD 20653 (F) SCHULMAN, FRED (Dr), 11115 Mark- wood Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) SCHULMAN, JAMES H. (Dr), 5628 Massachusetts Ave., Bethesda, MD 20816 (E) SCHULTZ, WARREN W. (Cdr), 4056 Cadle Creek Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037 (LF) SCHWARTZ, ANTHONY M. (Dr), 2260 Glenmore Terr., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) SCOTT, DAVID B. (Dr), 10448 Wheat- ridge Dr., Sun City, AZ 85373 (E) SCRIBNER, BOURDON F. (Mr), 123 Peppercorn Pl., Edgewater, MD 21037 (E) SEABORG, GLENN T. (Dr), 1154 Glen Road, Lafayette, CA 94549 (F) SEEGER, RAYMOND J. (Dr), 4507 Wetherill Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816 (E) SEITZ, FREDERICK (Dr), Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 (F) SHAFRIN, ELAINE G. (Mrs), Apt. N- 702, 800 Fourth St., S.E., Washington, DC 20024 (F) SHAPIRO, GUSTAVE (Mr), 3704 Munsey St., Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) SHEAR, RALPH E. (Mr), 1916 Bay- berry Rd., Edgewood, MD, 21040 (M) SHEPARD, HAROLD H. (Dr), 2701 South June St., Arlington, VA 22202 E) bes ete J. LEON (Dr), Apt. 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 287 400, 4530 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (E) SHERLIN, GROVER C. (Mr), 4024 Hamilton St., Hyattsville, MD 20781 (LF) SHIER, DOUGLAS R. (Dr), Depart- ment of Mathematical Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185 (F) SHOTLAND, EDWIN (Dr), 418 E. In- dian Spring Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (M) SHRIER, STEFAN (Dr), P.O. Box 19139, Alexandria, VA 22320 (F) SHROPSHIRE, W. JR (Rev) (Dr), Omega Laboratory, P.O. Box 151, Cabin John, MD 20818-0151 (LF) SILVER, DAVID M. (Dr), Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hop- kins Road, Laurel, MD 20707 (M) SILVERMAN, BARRY G. (Dr), 9653 Reach Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) SIMHA, ROBERT (Dr), Department of Macromolecular Science, Case-West- ern Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 (F) SIMPSON, MICHAEL M. (Mr), Congressional Research Services/SPR/ LM413, Washington, DC 20540 (M) SKOLNICK, PHIL (Dr), Room 212, Bldg. 4, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) SLACK, LEWIS (Dr), 27 Meadow Bank Road, Old Greenwich, CT 06870 (F) SLAWSKY, MILTON M. (Dr), 8803 Lanier Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (E) SLAWSKY, ZAKA I. (Dr), Apt. 318, 4701 Willard Ave., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (E) SMITH, BLANCHARD D., JR (Mr), 2509 Ryegate Lane, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) SMITH, MARCIA S. (Ms), 6015 Ninth St., North, Arlington, VA 22205 (M) SMITH, REGINALD C. (Mr), 7731 Tauxemont Road, Alexandria, VA 22308 (M) SMITH, ROBERT C., JR (Mr), 6151-A Edsall Road, Alexandria, VA 22304 (F) SNAVELY, BENJAMIN L. (Dr), 360 Blossom Hill Dr., Lancaster, PA 17601 (F) SNYDER, HERBERT N. (Dr), R.E.D. 1, Box 10, Cobden, IL 62920 (F) SOLAND, RICHARD M. (Dr), SEAS, George Washington University, Wash- ington, DC 20052 (F) SOLOMON, EDWIN M. (Mr), 15107 In- terlachen Drive, Apartment 521, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (M) SORROWS, HOWARD EARLE, (Dr), 8820 Maxwell Dr., Potomac, Md 20854 (F) SOUSA, ROBERT J. (Dr), 2548 Arbor Court, Davidsonville, MD 21035 (F) SPATES, JAMES E. (Mr), 8609 Irving- ton Ave., Bethesda, MD 20817 (LF) SPECHT, HEINZ (Dr), Fairhaven, C- 135, 7200 3rd Ave., Sykesville, MD 21784 (E) SPENCER, LEWIS V. (Dr), P.O. Box 87, Hopkinsville, KY 42240 (F) SPERLING, FREDERICK (Dr), 1110 Fidler Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (E) SPIES, JOSEPH R. (Dr), 507 North Monroe St., Arlington, VA 22201 (E) SPILHAUS, A. F., JR (Dr), 10900 Pi- casso Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) SPRAGUE, G. F. (Dr), Agronomy De- partment, University of Illinois, Ur- bana, IL 61801 (E) SPROULL, JAMES D. (Mr), 416 Blair Road, Vienna, VA 22180 (F) STAUSS, HENRY E. (Dr), 8005 Wash- ington Ave., Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) STEERE, RUSSELL L. (Dr), 6207 Car- rollton Terr., Hyattsville, MD 20781 (E) STEGUN, IRENE A. (Miss), 62 Leigh- ton Ave., Yonkers, NY 10705 (E) STEINBERG, ALFRED D. (M.D), 8814 Bells Mill Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) STEINER, ROBERT F. (Dr), 2609 Turf Valley Rd., Ellicott City, MD 21043 (F) STEPHENS, ROBERT E. (Dr) 4301 39th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (E) STERN, KURT H. (Dr), Code 6170, Na- 288 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY val Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 (F) STEWART, T. DALE (Dr), 1191 Crest Lane, McLean, VA 22101 (E) STIEF, LOUIS J. (Dr), Code 691, God- dard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) STIEHLER, ROBERT D. (Dr), 3234 Quesada St., N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (E) STILL, JOSEPH W. (Dr), 1408 Edgecliff Lane, Pasadena, CA 91107 (E) STOETZEL, MANYA B. (Dr), System- atic Entomology Laboratory, Room 6, Bldg. 004 BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) STRAUSS, SIMON W. (Dr), 4506 Cedell Place, Camp Springs, MD 20748 (LF) STRIMPLE, HARRELL L. (Mr), 904 Bowery, Iowa City, IA 52240 (F) STUART, NEIL W. (Dr), Mountain Creek Manor, #306, 1005 Mountain Creek Rd., Chattanooga, TN 37405 (E) SVOBODA, JAMES A. (Mr), 13301 Ov- erbrook Lane, Bowie, MD 20715 (M) SWEZEY, ROBERT W. (Dr), Clarks Ridge Road, Route 3, Box 142, Lees- burg, VA 22075 (F) SYKES, ALAN O. (Dr), 304 Mashie Drive, Vienna, VA 22180 (M) F TALBERT, PRESTON T. (Dr), Chem- istry Department, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 (F) TASAKI, ICHIJI (Dr), 5604 Alta Vista Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) TATE, DOUGLAS R. (Mr), 11415 Farmland Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) TAYLOR, ALBERT LEE (Mr), 2620 S.W. 14th Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 (E) TAYLOR, BARRY N. (Dr), 11908 Tall- wood Court, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) TAYLOR, JOHN KEENAN (Dr), 12816 Tern Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) TAYLOR, LAURISTON S. (Dr), 7407 Denton Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814 (E) TEAL, GORDON K. (Dr), 5222 Park Lane, Dallas, TX 75220 (F) TERMAN, MAURICE J. (Mr), 616 Poplar Drive, Falls Church, VA 22046 (E) THOMPSON, F. CHRISTIAN, (Dr), 4255 35th St., S., Arlington, VA 22206 (F) TOLL, JOHN S. (Dr), President, Uni- versity of Maryland, Central Admin- istration, Adelphi, MD 20783 (F) TOUSEY, RICHARD (Dr), 7725 Oxon Hill Road, Oxon Hill, MD 20745 (E) TOUSIMIS, A. J. (Dr), Tousimis Re- search Corp., P.O. Box 2189, Rock- ville, MD 20852 (M) TOWNSEND, CHARLES E. (M.D), 3529 Tilden St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008-3194 (F) TOWNSEND, LEWIS RHODES (M.D), 8906 Liberty Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (M) TOWNSEND, MARJORIE R. (Mrs), 3529 Tilden Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20008-3194 (LF) TRAUB, ROBERT (Col) (Ret.), 5702 Bradley Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) TUNELL, GEORGE (Dr), 4625 Via Gennita, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (E) TURNER, JAMES H. (Dr), 11902 Fal- kirk Drive, Potomac, MD 20854 (E) TYLER, PAUL E. (M.D), 12604 Stable- house Ct., N., Potomac, MD 20854 (F) U UBERALL, HERBERT M. (Dr), Ken- wood, Apt. 1417, 5101 River Rd., Be- thesda, MD 20816 (M) UHLANER, J. E. (Dr), 4258 Bonavita Drive, Encino, CA 91426 (F) USDIN, VERA R. (Dr), 6 Stevens Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) V VAISHNAV, MARIANNE P. (Ms), P.O. Box 2129, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (LF) 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 289 VAISHNAV, RAMESH N. (Dr), (LF) Deceased VAN COTT, HAROLD P. (Dr), 8300 Still Spring Ct., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) - VAN DERSAL, WILLIAM R. (Dr), 8101 Greenspring Ave., Baltimore, MD 21208 VAN TUYL, ANDREW H. (Dr), 1000 West Nolcrest Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) VAN ARSDEL, WILLIAM C. III (Dr), 1000 Sixth St., S.W. Apartment #301, Washington, DC 20024 (M) VARADI, PETER F. (Dr), Apt. 1605- W, 4620 North Park Ave., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) VEITCH, FLETCHER P., JR (Dr), P.O. Box 513, Lexington Park, Md 20653 (F) VILA, GEORGE J. (Mr), 5517 West- bard Ave., Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) VINTI, JOHN P. (Dr), 44 Quint Ave., Allston, MA 02134 (F) VON HIPPEL, ARTHUR (Dr), 265 Glen Road, Weston, MA 02193 (E) WwW WAGNER, A. JAMES (Mr), 7568 Cloud Court, Springfield, VA 22153 (F) WALDMANN, THOMAS A. (M.D), 3910 Rickover Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) WALKER, DELORES H. (Mrs), 2521 Branch Ave., S.E., Washington, DC 20020 (F) WALKER EGBERT H. (Dr), Friends House, 17330 Quaker Ln, Sandy Spring, MD 20860 (E) WALTON WILLIAM W., SR (Dr), 1705 Edgewater Parkway, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) WARING, JOHN A. (Dr), Apt. #1, 1320 S. George Mason Dr., Arlington, VA 22204 (M) WARRICK, EVELYNE J. (Ms), Presi- dent, National Color Inc., 2929 Esk- ae Road, Fairfax, VA, 22031-2213 M WATERWORTH, HOWARD E. (Dr), 10001 Old Franklin Ave., Seabrook, MD 20706 (F) WATSON, ROBERT B. (Dr), 1176 Wimbledon Drive, McLean, VA 22101 (E) WAYNANT, RONALD W. (Dr), 13101 Claxton Drive, Laurel, MD 20708 (F) WEBB, RALPH E. (Dr), 21-P Ridge Road, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) WEBER, ROBERT S. (Dr), 1138 S. Cy- press Point Drive, Venice, FL 34293- 1322 (E) WEGMAN, EDWARD J. (Dr), 10821 Burr Oak Way, Burke, VA 22015 (F) WEIHE, WERNER K. (Dr), 2103 Bas- sett St., Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) WEINBERG, HAROLD (Mr), 11410 Strand Drive, Building 1-B, Apt. 314, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) WEINER, JOHN (Dr), 8401 Rhode Is- land Ave., College Park, MD 20740 (F) WEINTRAUB, ROBERT L. (Dr), 407 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC 27607 (E) WEISS, ARMAND B. (Dr), 6516 Tru- man Ln., Falls Church, VA 22043 (LF) WEISSLER, ALFRED (Dr), 5510 Up- pingham St., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) WEISSLER, PEARL G. (Mrs), 5510 Up- pingham St., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) WELLMAN, FREDERICK L. (Dr), 501 E. Whitaker Mill Rd., Whitaker Glen 105-B, Raleigh, NC 27608 (E) WENSCH, GLEN W. (Dr), R.R. #1, Box 54, Champaign, IL 61821 (E) WERGIN, WILLIAM P. (Dr), 10108 To- whee Ave., Adelphi, MD 20783 (F) WERTH, MICHAEL W. (Mr), 14 Graf- ton Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (E) WEST, WILLIAM L. (Dr), 1428 Whit- tier St., N.W., Washington, DC 20012 (M) WESTWOOD, JAMES T. (LCDR) 3156 Cantrell Lane, Fairfax, VA 22031 (M) WHITE, HOWARD J. JR (Dr), 8028 Park Overlook Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) WHITELOCK, LELAND D. (Mr), Apt. 4, 2320 Brisbane St., Clearwater, FL 34623 (F) 290 1988 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY WHITTEN, CHARLES A. (Mr), 9606 Sutherland Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (BE) WIENER, ALFRED A. (Mr), 550 West 25th Place, Eugene, OR 97405 (F) WIGGINS, PETER F. (Dr), 1016 Harbor Drive, Annapolis, MD 21403 (F) WILHELM, PETER(G! (Dr),'206 Gretna Green Ct., Alexandria, VA 22304 (F) WILMOTTE, RAYMOND M (Sc,D), 2512 Que Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20007 (F) WILSON, BRUCE L. (Mr), 423 Valen- tine St., Highland Park, NJ 08904 (E) WILSON, CHARLES L. (Dr), P.O. Box 1194, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 (F) WILSON, WILLIAM K. (Mr), 1401 Kurtz Road, McLean, VA 22101 (LF) WISTORT, ROBERT L. (Mr), 11630 35th Place, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) WITTLER, RUTH G. (Dr), 83 Bay Drive, Bay Ridge, Annapolis, MD 21403 (E) WOLF, OLIVER R. (Dr), 557 Berkeley Ave., San Marino, CA 91108 (E) WOLFF, EDWARD A. (Dr), 1021 Cres- thaven Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) WOOD, LAWRENCE A. (Dr), Room A-209, Polymers Bldg., National Bu- reau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (E) WORKMAN, WILLIAM G. (Dr), Washington Street, P.O. Box 7, Bealls- ville, OH 43716 (E) WYATT, DOROTHY K. (Mrs), 7924 Ivymount Terr., Potomac, MD 20854 (M) WYNN, HARVEY (Mr), 6625 Lee High- way, Arlington, VA 22205 (F) x YAPLEE, BENJAMIN S. (Mr), 8 Crest- view Court, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) YEKOVICH, FRANK S. (Dr), School of Education, Catholic University, Wash- ington, DC 20064 (F) YODER, HATTEN S., JR (Dr), Geo- physical Laboratory, 2801 Upton Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) YOUMAN, CHARLES E. (Mr), 4419 North 18th St., Arlington, VA 22207 (M) YOUNG, DAVID A., JR (Dr), 612 Buck Jones Road, Raleigh, NC 27606 (E) v5 ZELENY, LAWRENCE (Dr), 4312 Van Buren St., University Park, MD 20782 (E) ZIEN, TSE-FOU (Dr), Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak Labora- tory, Code R44, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000 (F) ZOCH, RICHMOND T. (Mr), Route 1, Box 930, Shelby, AL 35143 (F) shaves ton & 6 i Near Res warch, Wash roy aausi and At Ltrs i vo eeety. DC Cha wer. = Rr | Te : ©. 9 ; - ite 4 = ‘al ie > Was y yn (34 ; yea : ¥ a - ti i nt 4 iy mae ee " i % a 1” Y eal i Lect abe hes) ) | an ry Ws ence Li ae eS "1 ‘ . ¢3 ae i? 4 9 one oth “wim eee ie ry : ea ee —_ ‘ z 7 Ya ~ aan a of Antari A MTD] fi : a ‘ be hare Ue 4 ¥ ~~ i ‘4 in Jr ag) _ ei; a j re r: | WAGONS, | PETER yes 1016 Harbor. ~ Dave Annapolis, MD.2 1409 13 * WILHELM, PETER (G: mans WA ea | We - ADE, DENG tiretina Cin cn Ci, Ajoxanalera, VA. Ta3 mf (fh) % i 7 + inn derere : : oa ak. ie ‘ i) ‘ A : , 1) a (s ct. — - . % ‘ .% LP 9 by Pit Ser [; et A Wy ain ‘Tt, SEKOVIC fi, ~ BRIE t., (Me), 423 Yalan fog > DCA “Hipttand Park NSO66(0 YODER, UATIENAE NUCHARLES L. iD8, BO) Box ikyeteal halon 9020007 ; | 4) Rdlecatinti } 5 “ih ’ ‘ aA! a > \ IC yet . is Ee ‘At 4 : . rc a - a ‘ La awa ' za s 7 ° ‘ . Ane , fy. > v4 a. | 4 \! } “Te - es z - ° wre is A ; , , 4 ( H : ry ’ (Vi Ye. HAR ht in rae Mey say ’ ' , | ir ) 258 YU Pea, 2 nes f a I Raietgl rvs A Vic “v +23 vy 7 oa | a > DELEGATES TO THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ~ REPRESENTING THE LOCAL AFFILIATED SOCIETIES MOSM NOCICLY OL VWaASMINGTOM. 65. eee etd e eee seen eeensomnene Barbara F. Howell Per MOlm@ical SOCIETY Of WaSIINGION 0... eee ete een me eee enaeens Edward J. Lehman SEO Qe GSE Ne) ACERS C1119) (0) 1 Austin B. Williams DT SOGICOVI@E VWVASWIMOTOM che cere ie Sine esate ee eee eames ee ewan Jo-Anne A. Jackson eramolomical society Of WaSMINGION. 5... 6.6 ce ee cece tec ee cee eeneennes Manya B. Stoetzel LS BEGET SIPS OUST a ape 8 eo Gilbert Grosvenor Pee MSOGIeEvCO! WASMIMPLON 6)... fede cre eee fee ee ode ee eae lass ewaeews James V. O’Connor memadmsmcrcty or tne Histnct Of Columbia’... .........6 26. c sees cece eee en Charles E. Townsend (TE Si TR USUCTRICT US OUCTSIN S05 ORs AS EGG SUE te ene ear Paul H. Oehser PM MEOOCIGHY OL WASIINGTOM,. 65 .a bcs ee ce ec ee eee nee e atte ween eedaenans Conrad B. Link Peon american Foresters, Washington Section .. 2... 26. ccc cee eee eee meee dence Mark Rey Ree I MOmESOCIE ty OLE MPINCCES. .. co cre se ce et ee eee tebe beac ete vee ees George Abraham Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington Section................. George Abraham American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section....................00000 Michael Chi Sewumnelopicalisociety Of Washington ... 2... 6... see eee eee ee eee eee eee Robert S. Isenstein mehican Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch ................0000sceeevernendceees Vacant Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post.....................0.. Charles A. Burroughs manerican society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section............. 0.00.0. ce scence Carl Gaum Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, DC Section ...................... Cyrus R. Creveling punctican society tor Metals, Washington Chapter............. 50.5.0 e cee cence eee aees James R. Ward American Association of Dental Research, Washington Section.....................0005 Eloise Ullman American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section............... Paul Keller Piilchicanvetcorological Society, DC Chapter ..... 2. ......... cece ect c tents ees A. James Wagner SECIS OE SOCIALE IGS) 110 101 (0) 0 Ne One Albert B. DeMilo mcoUsica-society Of America, Washington Chapter................00- cee cce eee eeee Richard K. Cook EmuCHIcAMINMCclcal SOCIety., Washington SECtON...0.-. 2... 2.0 eee eee ee eee eee nese eeee Paul Theiss Institute of Food! Technologists, Washington Section .................0.- 2 eee eee Melvin R. Johnston American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section........................ Joseph H. Simmons 2 PUTT ANSTN GR SOGIE Nae 5 a oc ipl ats oS een Renn ca Alayne A. Adams rasa oimrmistony On SCIENCE CID... nc ec sce sc ck eee eee ee ene eaataneesteas Albert Gluckman American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section ...................0.. Peggy A. Dixon ©ptical Society of America, National Capital Section.................00..0ecee eee William R. Graver American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Area Section............... Walter Shropshire, Jr. Washington Operations Research/Management Science Council ...................... Doug Samuelson fistimment society Of America, Washington Section............... 50 bec eee ee eee Carl Zeller American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and vemolcum Engineers, Washington Section. ........... 2. see eee ce eee ee eee Ronald Munson Mm AuIOMAIE@ ADITAIASILONOMEIS:. 522 26sec sco aes ec cece dea eee ae et da nee enes Robert H. McCracken Mathematics Association of America, MD-DC-VA Section............. 0.000000 e eee Alfred B. Willcox DS WEST CH (6 PSI Sere ee Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr. Me BSVEMOIOPICAlASSOCIAMOM! 6255... acc c ss acs ves oe soos sce aden eseedeneeeedeenvaes Bert T. King easmmpronpe aay Wechmical Groupes s. 2.00.52 o 0 occ ke ote ea cee tee ence eee eens Robert F. Brady American Phytopathological Society, Potomac Division..................2.:ee eee eee Roger H. Lawson Society for General Systems Research, Metropolitan Washington Chapter ..... Ronald W. Manderscheid MiiMalipwactons oociety, Potomac Chapter <2. 22.2 .c ec ce eect ce tebe eee seen ee cewenss Stanley Deutsch Eemcticam tisheises society, Potomac Chapter... ...- 2... -s eect ccs lensccecesscwecee Robert J. Sousa mssociauion tor science, Technology and Imnovation..............5.0506.0 cee eect ee eee Ralph I. Cole ere RMEOE TOO IEA SOCICLY 224202 4221 Gi fo Gis cue cess cha ewe ek eee ee vee ees Ronald W. Manderscheid Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Northern Virginia Section.............. Ralph I. Cole Association for Computing Machinery, Washington Chapter........................ James J. Pottmyer Se eee POMS IA HISLICAL SOCICLY 6.00035 fn sec ccc g sce e ee sc ete ses Seu asaesenepeanencns R. Clifton Bailey Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the representative societies. Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage Paid 1101 N. Highland St. at Arlington, Va. Arlington, Va. 22201 and additional mailing offices. Return Requested with Form 3579 0190 LIBRARY OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 22 DIVINITY AVENUE CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 . 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