—————ee err el eT.DmLULULhC a es aa =, jp re vapeur it lin hg hg AB arti on Ae Ney aie Ene et Dy ety eM peetin te 8 et end nah ln earn in Mahlon in Bane iv ng non test TTF ena imo Atte ke Mow BPH kl mt hen ane nade they eet 8 thet in Bre Nene tthe Ans BR ee Ym Ae arr te Fd lh At Ath ee in tl ie i ne ess TS on pp meth oteattvaiinattnth J ting ae adh ie agin CA AR ath thw plain Vth a gb atm FT i tile, es ier sare Soaheghtve Regen nelle latte ope atone Weare 2 nha enn ho eo gt ghee WE ee hee errant ae grt aA theme Pols Ro eT oP Shorea pt Mig ting Hinata eet wre ncaa htnaitir ma Ren tag et tg Aig AI i POC. AS eae to Raye nme edna pat onlin Sry Mean —Pigimetinesh oP Nate ges Pem Ig Haw Se arti entp no rnti, Ht teste Ro Ligne te ee ts nae gn ei a en Pm ne PH ai Ai tg gD tN EAI LIN a ae ein ee get Lenating Om Niky Spat shy Henge LE ee AO! pa ge i aI i Mm ary te lt ae Ne An BO Tim Ot tm le erie thee aren Mite ate ee pny Omg ne ag FR PA ys Dotty, naan nae a ae ee ee Die Mine meting FO Mig galore Mae apt na natn - , : ee . Beene aman we : ; Naan anni aA Ah Bn A PntesiontaMed : SS aeaates pee eee ~~ : Z serie’ e ‘ d tinal apa ipa aan a > atenithent? . . z =

Nae niet — a er SE a ah erent ca Ptah alive tata he eg in te Rem ee pl el eal ST Anya ee ait el Pat Rg Ae et ae ti pag hp Pea aetna 7 Dae ase a= Ri P= mr rae Me ta penn gs met Tas ie ae ng A OT ES Se vaste Me fr Hee Fm Mi Sam i Senn ana Sgt as Rett Mata arty toe atthe raring ig Sept ap ont Maas iments onl aT se ik unit . yn ag RE ee ee age Ht re “ sna imonona “ " 3 : me - = = - maint ee Se E = : Te = a - AR A Pe NN RTO SS sm ie pn Hh A er pt oan ingame ttn gt a ani Pe wrth nto plano tt Ranta A i Nn Ht heel ea act ag ae Beery ret st ACO TS Te MRS pending EA IR HT MOET ev rae oe in Me™ sear Wig Hate ie a BA RA A Ng SAM Rtg EPS Fag eee age a Em ea ny Der Hom Tonng Him hn, an al Ne ei sna nonie eto tetas Mareeetng si Tey ra taahateens te AANA lg hem eM nea Seether NT a — sonetneagemha A P NeMap *y eee Fenton tnt en mom ny ete ee Ne eee me me ts Pie mat tr ir Hating hatin nine elie ee Bee Cmte hte Pm ttn ie an Ml gg en ig: lee Pe eid Om Sk ggg Pe a nee alia emia vane tae i Cor ere i SPR lly tity me 1 Ng Pea eee tne Ae By stig * a! 7 er je " ep Fi y Ve i i . 7 + Pa . \ h 5 { " eS \ 1 i ' 1 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES FOR 1S) (INCORPORATED 1881.) By Gale): eee NV I. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARIES. THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS WF MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. 232594 q | 2 y y BZ fo) = \, Clie meaty PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 5 ELIZABETH STREET NORTH, SYDNEY. LONDON AGENTS: GEORGE ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, 17 WARWICK SQUARE, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonpon, E.C. 1912. ee ny a ee ‘ ‘ a “i 7 ' et VES HSO a, > mp AUG3 0 1961 Liprar\ 4 NOTICE. Tue Roya Soctety of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the “ Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the “ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the ‘“ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, it assumed its present title, and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881. TO AUTHORS. Authors of papers desiring illustrations, are advised to consult the editors (Honorary Secretaries) before preparing their drawings. Unless otherwise specially permitted, such drawings should be carefully executed to a large scale on smooth white Bristol board in intensely black Indian ink, ‘so as to admit of the blocks being prepared directly therefrom, in a form suitable for photographic “process.” The size of a full page plate in the Journal is 44 in. x 6¢in. Thecost of all original drawings, and of colouring plates must be borne by Authors. PUBLICATIONS. q O- The following publications of the Society, if in print, can be obtained at the Society’s House in Elizabeth-street:— Transactions of the Philosophical Society, N.S. W., 1862-5, pp. 374, out of print. Vol. 1. Transactions of the Royal Society, N.S. W., 1867, pp. 83, __;, - 39 Il. ” ” ee) ” 9 1868, 9 120, 29 39 III. 99 9 99 93 39 1869, 99 173, 99 ” IV » of aa 5 aA 1870, ,, 106, - 39 Wh 9° 99 ? 9 by) 1871, Ly) 72, 99 99 Wal 9 +B) 9 ” 99 1872, bh) 123, ” ” VII 9 be) ” ” 99 1873, 9 8 ’ 99 99 VIII. ” ” ” ” 99 1874, 9 ’ 99 “5 ix, a a oe 55 5 1875, ,, 235, a a x. Journal and Proceedings z ge 1876, ,, 338, eA ” XI. ” ” ” 9 be) 1877, ” 305, ” 5 KIT a a ra a 1878, ,, 324, price10s.6d. ”? XIII. ” ” ” ” 39 1879, be) 255, ” ” XIV ” ” oo) ” 9 1880, ” 391, 9 ” XV 9 +) ’ ” ” 1881, 9 440, 99 99 XVI ” ” ” ” 9 1882, 9 327, rh) 99 XVII ” ” ” ” 9 1883, ” 324, 29 ” XVIII 9 ” 9 29 +b) 1884, 99 224, be) ” XIX re) 33 bi) 9 be) 1885, bb) 240, re) ? XX 9° ve) 39 9 99 1886, 99 396, 99 ” XXI. bP) %9 9 9 be) 1887, 99 296, 99 AA RKI0. os ‘i be A a 1888, ,, 390. a aA XXIII. Aa a a - ae 1889, ,, 534, 3 %°9 XXIV. 9 99 9° eb) 99 1890, 99 290, 99 9 XXV. f a 23 ry » 1891, ,, 348, ,, . XXVI. ae aA =: ss 1892, ,, 426, Pa >) XXVII. ) _ + >» »» 1893, ,, 530, ,, asi XS VOLT. PA a 4 a - 1894, ,, 368, BS ” XXIX. 93 9 29 99 99 1895, 99 600, 99 99 XXX. 99 29 > ” », 1896, ,, 568, — ;, ” XXXI. 93 be 9 bi) 99 1897, 99 626, 99 9» XXXII. 9 : 09 , », 1898, ,, 476, _,, sp) KERTTT, a 4 ey f. 6 1899, ,, 400, j A) RRR. a a Jo MA a 1900, ,, 484, ee ” XXXV. 9 ” ” 9 95 1901, 9 581, 2) 9? XXXVI. 9% ”” >) 9” 9° 1902, 99 531, 99 < KV IT. A bs pS . 1903, ,, 663, oa »» XXXVII. $9 9 0 » », 1904,,, 604, ,, 99 XXXIX. 39 99 33 3” be) 1905, 99 274, 99 99 XL. 39 99 99 be) 99 1906, 99 368, 99 29 XLI, 3° +e) 9° 3° 99 1907 99 377, bP) 29 XLII. 9 39 39 9° 9 1908, bP) 593, 39 bP] XLITI. 39 >) 9° 99 3° 1909, 99 466, 99 bP) XLIV. 99 bb) 99 99 95 1910, 99 719, 99 9 XLV. be) 99 9 399 9 19d 3) 611, 99 33 XLVI. 3 ” 3° ” 399 1912 bP) 275, 3) PaGE. Art. I._—PRESIDENTIAL ADpREssS. By J. H. MaIpEn, F.L.s., Govern- ment Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. 1 Art. II.—Some observations on the Bio-Chemical characteristics of Bacilli of the Gaertner Paratyphoid-Hog Cholera Group. By Burton BRADLEY, M.B., CH.M,, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H., Assistant Microbiologist, Bureau of Microbiology, Honorary Pathologist to St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney. (From the Laboratory of the Government Bureau of Microbiology.) .... 74 Art. III.--On a new species of Prostanthera and its essential oil. By k. T. Baker, F.L.s.,and H. G. Suiru,r.c.s. [With Plate I.] 108 Art. IV.—The differentiation phenomena of the Prospect Intrusion. By H. STanuey JEVons, M.a., B.sc., H. I. JENSEN, D.sc., and C. A. SussmitcH, F.a.s. [With Plate IT. | a Art. V.—Notes on two Lightning Flashes. By F. H. Quairs, M.A., M.D. 138 Art. VI.—Notes on a ici of ‘New ‘England ae an Sacocntad topographicalforms. By E. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.S. (By per- mission of the Under-Secretary of Mines.) [With Plate III.} 143 Art. VII.—Note on some Recent Marine Erosion at Bondi. By C. A. SussmitcH, F.c.s. [ With Plates IV—VI.] .. 155 Art. VIII.—Beach Formations at Botany Bay. By E.C. ANpREws B.A., F.G.S. [With Plate VII. | ; 158 ArT. IX.—A New Mineral. By A. T. Utumann. 186 Art. X,—On the Crystalline Deposit occurring in the setae of the ‘‘ Colonial Beech,” Gmelina Leichhardtii. By Henry G. SmitH, F.c.s. [With Plates VIII, [X.]... seo dele Art. XI.—Two New Grass Smuts. By Ewen MacKinnon, B.sc. [With Plates X - XIII, | He f 506 ee COL Art, XII.—Note on the occurrence of the Genus opin ianys in the Hawkesbury Series in New South Wales, By W.S. Dun. [With Plate XIV.] .. ae ie na 20o Art. XIII.—Some Catal Measurements of Chillagite. By Miss C. D. SmituH, 8.sc., and Lzo A. CoTTON, B.A., B.SC. 207 ABSTRACT OF PROCEZDINGS sii 1,— xxi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION ... . XXll— xxiv. TitLe Paces, Notices, PUBLICATIONS, CONTENTS, ... ow, (i. — v.) OFFICERS FOR 1912-1913... Si (vals) List or Mumpers, &c. (ix.) InpEx To VoLumE XLVI. XXV. CONTENTS. VOLUME XLVI. DATES OF PUBLICATION. Vowume XLVI tae 6 ; Part I—pp. 1 - 144, published November 30, 1912. | . » Il—pp. 145-219, ,, . March 25, 1913) 0a AMopal Society of Hew South ales. Oe herr bes Om Lota-19is- Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE BARON DENMAN, P.c., G.c.M.G., G.C.v.o., ete. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Vice-Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE BARON CHELMSFORD, a.c.m.e. Governor of the State of New South Wales. President: hk. H. CAMBAGE, L.s., F.L.8. Vice-—-Presidents;: H. D. WALSH, B.a.1., M.INsT.c.z. | Prof. T. W. E. DAVID, c.m.a., B.a., D.SC., F.B.S. F. H. QUAIFE, m.a., u.p. F. B. GUTHRIE, F.1.c., F.c.s. Hon. Treasurer: D. CARMENT, t.1.4., F.F.a. (Dr. H. G. CHAPMAN, Acting.) Hon. Secretaries: , J. H: MAIDEN, F.x.s. | Prof. POLLOCK, p.sc. Members of Council: H. G. CHAPMAN, m.p. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.u.s. J. B. CLELAND, m.D., cH.m. T. H. HOUGHTON, m. tnst. c.k. W. S. DUN. F. LEVERRIER, B.a., B.sc., K.c. R. GREIG-SMITH, p.sc. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c.s. W. M. HAMLET, F.tc., F.c.s. W. G. WOOLNOUGH, p.sc., ¥.6.8. FORM OF BEQUEST. E bequeath the sum of £ to the Royat Society or New SoutH Watss, Incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881, and I declare that the receipt of the Treasurer for the time being of the said Corporation shall be an effectual discharge for the said Bequest, which I direct to be paid within calendar months after my decease, without any reduction whatsoever, whether on account of Legacy Duty thereon or otherwise, out of such part of my estate as may ba lawfully applied for that purpose. [Those persons who feel disposed to benefit the Royal Society of New South Wales by Legacies, are recommended to instruct their Solicitors to adopt the above Form of Bequest. | LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE Bopal Society of ety South GAales. P Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the Society’s Transactions or Journal; papers published in the Transactions of the Philosophical Society are also included. The numerals indicate the number of such contributions. t Life Members. Elected. 5 1908 Abbott, George Henry, B.A., M.B., CH.M., Macquarie-street; p.r. ‘Cooringa,’ 252 Liverpool Road, Summer Hill. 1877 |P 5| Abbott, W. E., ‘Abbotsford,’ Wingen. 1895 Adams, J. H. M., Broughton Cottage, St. James’ Rd., Waverley. 1904 Adams, William John, m. 1. mecH. E, 175 Clarence-street. 1898 Alexander, Frank Lee, c/o Messrs. Goodlet and Smith Ld., Cement Works, Granville. 1905 Anderson, Charles, u.a., p.sc. Edin., Australian Museum, Col- lege-street. 1909 | P6| Andrews, E. C., 8.a., F.4.8., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Sydney. 1878 Backhouse, His Honour Judge A. P., m.a., ‘ Melita,’ Elizabeth Bay. 1894 |P 18| Baker, Richard Thomas, F.L.s., Curator,Technological Museum. 1894 {Balsille, George, ‘ Lauderdale,’ N.E. Valley, Dunedin, N.Z. 1896 Barff, H. E., u.a., Registrar, The University of Sydney. 1908 | P 1) Barling, John, ‘St. Adrians,’ Raglan-street, Mosman. 1895 | P9| Barraclough, S. Henry, B.E., M.M.E., ASSOC. M. INST. C.B., M. I. MECH. B., Memb. Soc. Promotion Eng. Education ; Memb. Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘Marmion,’ Victoria-street, Lewisham. 1906 Basnett, Nathaniel James, Accountant, Punch-st., Mosman. 1894 Baxter, William Howe, Chief Surveyor, Existing Tithes Office, Railway Department, Bridge-street. 1877 | Belfield, Algernon H., ‘ Eversleigh,’ Dumaresq. 1900 Bender, Ferdinand, ‘Accountant and Auditor, 114 Hunter-st. 1909 Benson, William Noel, B.sc., Emmanuel College, Cambridge, England. 1905 | Bignold, Hugh Baron, Barrister-at-Law, Chambers, Went- worth Court, 64 Elizabeth-street. 1905 Blakemore, George Henry, Australian Club, Macquarie-street. 1888 {Blaxland, Walter, F.rz.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.Pp. Lond., Fremantle, West Australia. 1893 Blomfield, Charles E., p.c.z. Melb., ‘ Woombi,’ cease Camp, Guyra. Elected 1898 1907 1879 1907 1910 1876 1891 1902 1878 1876 1906 1903 1898 1890 1907 1880 1909 1904 1907 1900 1876 1897 1901 1891 1909 1903 1909 1908 PA P 4 Pi (x.) -Blunno, Michele, Licentiate in Science (Rome), Government Viticultural Expert, Department of Agriculture, Sydney. Bogenrieder, Charles, Mining and Consulting Engineer, ‘Scibile,’ Little’s Avenue, off Nicholson-street, Balmain. {Bond, Albert, 131 Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-street. Boyd, Robert James, M.E., ASSOC. M. INST. C.E., ‘ Greenstead,’ Park Road, Burwood, Bradley, Clement Henry Burton, ™.8., cH.M., D.P.H., Bureau of Microbiology, Macquarie-street. Brady, Andrew John, u.K. and Q.c P. Ivel., L.R.¢.s. “Irel., 175 Macquarie-street, Sydney. Brennand, Henry J. W., B.a., m.B., cH.M. Syd., ‘The Albany,’ Macquarie-st., p.r. ‘ Wobun,’ 310 Miller-st., North Sydney. Brereton, Victor Le Gay, Solicitor, Royal Chambers, Hunter- street ; p.r. ‘Osgathorpe,’ Gladesville. {Brooks, Joseph, F.R A.s., F.R.G.S., ‘ Hope Bank,’ Nelson-street, Woollahra. Brown, Henry Joseph, Solicitor, Newcastle, Brown, James B., Resident Master, Technical School, Gran- ville; p.r. ‘ Kingston,’ Merrylands. Bruck, Ludwig, Medical Publisher, 15 Castlereagh-street. {Burfitt, W. Fitzmaurice, B.a., B.SC., M.B., CH.M. Syd., 357 Glebe Road, Glebe Point. ; Burne, Alfred, p.p.s., Buckland Chambers, ua Ree Burrows, Thomas Edward, M. INST. C.z., » Metropolitan Engineer, Public Works Department ; ae jDRt Balboas Fern- street, Randwick. Bush, Thomas James, m. INST. c.k., Australian Gas- light Company, 153 Kent-street. Calvert, Thomas Copley, assoc. mM. INST. C.E., ‘Maybank,’ Manly. Cambage, Richard Hind, L.s., ¥.u.s., Chief Mining Surveyor; p.r. Park Road, Burwood. The President. Campbell, Alfred W., u.p., cu.m. Edin., 183 Macquarie-street. Canty, M., ‘ Rosemont,’ 13 "York- street, "Wynyard Square. Cape, Alfred di, u.a. Syd., ‘Karoola,’ Edgecliffe Rd,, Edgecliffe. Cardew, John Haydon, M. INST. C.E., L.S., 75 Pitt-street. Card, George William, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Curatorand Mineralogist to the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sydney, Carment, David, FLA. Grt. Brit. & Ivel.¥.¥.a., Scot., Australian Mutual Provident Society, 87 Pitt-st. Hon. Treasurer. Carne, Joseph Edmund, F.a.s.,Assistant Government Geologist, Department of Mines, Sydney. Carslaw, H. S., m.a., p.sc., Professor of Mathematics in the University of Sydney. Chapman, H. G., m.p., Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Physiology i in the University of Sydney. Chauleur, Paul, Officier de Instruction Publique, Conseiller du Commerce Extérieur dela France; Secrétaire-Trésorier de la Chambre de Commerce frangaise, 2 Bond-st., G.P.O. Box 583, Sydney. 1909 |P 10) Cleland, John Burton, m.p., cH.u., Principal Assistant Micro- biologist, Bureau of Microbiology, 93 Macquarie-street. Elected 1907 1896 1904 1876 1906 1882 1909 1892 1886 1912 1875 1890 1876 1910 1886 1909 1892 1907 1885 1894 1875 1880 1906 1876 1899 1873 1908 1908 1910 1879 P2 P2 er 1 Ea P3 P 21 Pl P3 P12 (xi.) Td eo Cobham, Allan Blenman, ‘ Garthowen,’ Myahgah Rd.,Mosman. Cook, W. E., m.c.u. Melb., uM. Inst. c.E., Water and Sewerage Board, North Sydney. Cooksey, Thomas, PH.D., D.sc. Lond., F.1.c., Second Govern- ment Analyst; p.r. ‘Clissold,’ Calypso Avenue, Mosman. Codrington, John Frederick, u.R.c.s. Hng., L B.0.P. Lond,,L.R.0.P. Edin., ‘Roseneath,’ 8 Wallis-street, Woollahra. | Colley, David John K., Superintendent, Royal Mint, Sydney. Cornwell, Samuel, s.P., Brunswick Road, Tyagarah, Cotton, Leo Arthur, B.A., B.Sc., Assistant Lecturer and Demon- strator in Geology in the University of Sydney, Cowdery, George R., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Blaski Buildings, Hunter-st.; p,r. ‘Glencoe,’ Torrington Road, Strathfield. Crago, W. H., ™.R.c.s. Eing., L.B.C.P. ‘Lond., 16 College-street, Hyde Park. Curtis, Louis Albert, L.s., ‘ Redlands,’ Union-street, Mosman. 1 Dangar, Fred. H., c/o W. E. Deucher, 12 and 14 Loftus.street. Dare, Henry Harvey, M.E., M. INST. C.z., Public Works Department. Darley, Cecil West, mu. inst. c.z., Australian Club, Sydney. Darnell-Smith, George Percy, B.sc., F.1.c., F.c.s., Bureau of Microbiology, Macquarie-street. David, T. W. Edgeworth, c.M.G., B.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geography in the University of Sydney. Vice-President. Davidson, George Frederick, 223 Bridge Road, Glebe Point. Davis, Joseph, M. Inst. ¢.z., Director-General, Public vo Department, Sydney. Davys, Hubert John, c/o Messrs. Clutterbuck Bros. & Co., Builders’ Exchange, Castlereagh-street; p.r. ‘La Bohime,’ Marshall-street, Manly. Deane, Henry, M.A., M. INST. C.E., F.L.S., F.R. MET. SOC., F.R.H.S., | Commercial Bank Chambers, George- street; p.r. ‘Blanerne, Wybalena Road, Hunter’s Hill. Dick, James Adam, B.A. Syd., M.D.,C.M., F.B.C.S. Edin., “Catfoss, Belmore Road, Randwick. Dixon, W. A., F£.1.¢., F.c.s:, 97 Pitt-street. Dixson, Thomas Storia. ‘M.B., M.S. Hdin., 225 Macquarie- street. Dixson, William, ‘Merridong,’ Gordon Road, Killara. Docker, His Honour Judge E. B., m.a., ‘Mostyn,’ | Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay. Duckworth, A., F.R.4.s., A.M.P. Society, 87 Piieaiieet p.r. : Prentham” Woollahra. Du Faur, E., F.8.c.s., ‘ Flowton,’ Turramurra. | Dun, William S-; Palzontologist, Department of Mines. Esdaile; Edward William, Optician, 54 pei aatcaet” ‘| Estens, John Locke, 55 Flinders-street, Sydney. P4 Etheridge, Robert, Junr., Te. Curator, Australian Museum; p.r. ‘ Inglewood,” Colo Vale, N.S.W. Eleoted 1877 1896 1868 1887 1902 1912 1910 1909|P1 1881 1888 1900 1879 1905 1904 1907 1899 1881 1876 1859 1906 1906 1897 1907 1899 1912 1912 1899} P2 1891 |P 16 1880 | P 3 1912 1892 1909 1912 (xii.) {Fairfax, Edward Ross, 8. M. Herald Office, Hunter-street. Fairfax, Geoffrey E., 8S. M. Herald Office, Hunter-street. Fairfax, Sir James R., Knt., S. M. Herald Office, Hunter-st. Faithfull, R. L., u.p., New York, t.R.c.P., u.s.a. Lond., 5 Lyons: Terrace. Faithfull, William Percy, Barrister-at-Law, Australian Club. Farnsworth, W. J., p,p.s. Penn., Bannerman-st., Neutral Bay. Farrell, John, Assistant Teacher, Sydney Technical College ; p.r. 8 Thompson-street, Darlinghurst. Fawsitt, Charles Edward, p.sc., pH.p., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Fiaschi, Thos., M.D., M.cH. Pisa, 149 Macquarie-street. Fitzhardinge, His Honour Judge G. H., m.a., ‘Red Hill,’ Beecroft. {Flashman, James Froude, B.A., B.SC., M.D., CH.M., Jersey Road, Burwood. {Foreman, Joseph, m.r.c.s. Eng. u.R.c.Pp. Edin., ‘Wyoming,’ Macquarie-street. Foy, Mark, ‘EKumemering,’ Bellevue Hill, Woollahra. Fraser, James, M. INST. C.E., Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, Bridge-street ; p.r. ‘Arnprior,’ Neutral Bay. Freeman, William, ‘Clodagh,’ Beresford Road, Rose Bay. French, J. Russell, General Manager, Bank of New South Wales, George-street. Furber, T. F., F.n.4.s., Lands Department. George, W. R., 318 George-street. Goodlet, J. H., ‘Canterbury House,’ Ashfield. Gosche, Vesey Richard, Consul for Nicaragua, 1 Bulletin Place, Pitt-street, City. Gosche, W. A. .Hamilton, Electrical Engineer, 1 Bulletin Place, Pitt-street, City. Gould, Senator The Hon. Sir Albert John, k.c.u.e., ‘ Eynes- bury,’ Edgecliffe. Green, W. J., Chairman, Hetton Coal Co., Athenzum Club. Greig-Smith, R., p.sc. Hdin., u.sc. Dun., Macleay Bacteriologist, Linnean Society’s House, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay. Grieve, Robert Henry, B.a., ‘ Langtoft,’ Llandaff-st.,Waverley. Griffiths, F. Guy, B.a., M.D., CH.M., 185 Macquarie-st., Sydney. Gummow, Frank M., m.c.z., Corner of Bond and Pitt-streets. ' Guthrie, Frederick B., F.1.c., F.c.s., Chemist, Department of Agriculture, 137 George-street, Sydney. Vice-President. Halligan, Gerald H., F.a.s., ‘ Riversleigh,’ Hunter’s Hill. Hallmann, E. F., B.sc., 65 View-street, Annandale. Halloran, Henry Ferdinand, t.s., 82 Pitt-street. Hammond, Walter L., Science Master, Hurlstone Agricultural Continuation School, Hurlstone Avenue, Summer Hill. Hamilton, A. G., Lecturer on Nature Study, Teachers’ College, Blackfriars. 1887 |P&| Hamlet, William M., F.1.c., F.c.s., Member of the Society of. Public Analysts; Government Analyst, Health Depart- ment, Macquarie-street, North. Elected (xiii, ) 905 ,P 1, l Harker, George, D.sc., 35 Boulevarde, Petersham. 1887 |P 23\tHargrave, Lawrence, Wunulla Road, Woollahra Point. 1884 | P 1 1900 1891 | P1 1899 1884 |P 1 1905 1876 | P 2 1896 1892 1901 | 1905 1891 | P2 1906 | 1905 |P 8 1909 |P 13 1907 1883 | 1|P3 1887 1901 1896 1878 | 1881 : 1877 | | Haswell, William Aitcheson, M.A., D.Sc. +» FVB.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy i in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘ Mimihau,’ Woollahra Point. Hawkins, W. E., Solicitor, 88 Pitt-street. Hedley, @harics) ¥.L.S., Assistant Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney. Henderson, J., F.n.8.s., Manager, City Bank of Sydney, Pitt-st. Henson, Joshua B., assoc. M. INST. ¢c.E., Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Newcastle. Hill, John Whitmore, Architect, ‘ Willamere, May’s Hill, Parramatta. Hirst, George D., F.R.a.s., c/o Messrs. Tucker & Co., 215 Clarence-street. Hinder, Henry Critchley, u.B., cu.m. Syd., 147 Macquarie-st. Hodgson, Charles George, 157 Macquarie-street, Holt, Thomas S., ‘Amalfia,’ Appian Way, Burwood. Hooper, George, Assistant Superintendent, Sydney Technical College; p.r. ‘ Banksome,’ Henson-street, Summer Hill. Houghton, Thos. Harry, M. INST. C.E., M.1. MECH. E., 63 Pitt-st. Howle, Walter Cresswell, t.s.a. Lond., Bega, N.S.W. Jaquet, John Blockley, a.z.s.M., F.4.s., Chief Inspector of Mines, Department of Mines. Jenkins, R. J. H.,‘Ettalong,’ Roslyn Gardens, Rushcutters’ Bay. Jensen, Harold Ingemann, p.sc., Government Geologist, Darwin, Northern Territory. Johnson, T. R., M. inst. c.z., Chief Commissioner of New South Wales Railways, Sydney. Johnston, Thomas Harvey, M.A., D.sc., F.L.S., Biology Depart- ment, The University, Brisbane. Jones, Henry L., assoc. am. soc. c.8., 14 Martin Place. Jones, Sir P. Sydney, Knt., M.D. none F.R.C.S. Eng., ‘ Llandilo,” Boulevarde, Strathfield. Julius, George A., B.sc., M.E., Norwich Chambers, Hunter-st. Kaleski, Robert, Agricultural Expert, Holdsworthy, Liverpool. Kater, The Hon. H. E., J.p., u.u.c., Australian Club. Keele, Thomas William, M. INST. C.E., Commissioner, Sydney Harbour Trust, Circular Quay; p.r. Llandafi-st., Waverley, Kent, Harry C., m.a., F.B.1.B.A., Dibbs’ Chambers, ‘Pitt-street. Kidd. Hector, M. INST. C.E., M. I. MECH. E., ‘Craig Lea,’ 15 Mansfield-street, Glebe Point. King, Kelso, 120 Pitt-street. Knaggs, Samuel T., u.p. Aberdeen, ¥.R.c.s. Irel., ‘Wellington,’ Bondi Road, Bondi. Knibbs, G. H., c.m.a., F.S.S., F.B.A.S., Member Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Memb. Brit. Sc. Guild; Commonwealth Statistician, Melbourne. Knox, Edward W., ‘ Rona,’ Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. Elected 1911|P2 1906 | »: 1909 1883 1906 1911 1912 1884. 1887 1878 1903 | 1891 1906 | 1891 | P 2 1893 1876 | 1904 | 1880 | P 9 191z|P 1 1903 | 1876 | 1901|P1 1894 | 1899 | 1883'|P 22 (xiv.) Laseron, Charles Francis, Technological Museum. Lee, Alfred, ‘ Glen Roona,’ Penkivil-street, Bondi. Leverrier, Frank, B.A., B.Sc., K.c., 182 Phillip-street. ‘Lingen, J. T., u.a. Cantab., Selborne Chambers, Phillip-street. Loney, Charles Augustus Luxton, mM. aM. soc. REFR. E., Equi- table Building, George-street. Longmuir, G. F., B.a., Science Master, Technical College, Bathurst. Lovell, Henry Tasman, M.A., PH.D., ‘Tane,’ Hodson Avenue, Cremorne. MacCormick, Alexander, m.p., c.m. Hdin., M.R.c.s. Eng., 185 Macquarie-street, North. | MacCulloch, Stanhope H., u.B., cH.m, Hdin., 24 College-street. | MacDonald, Ebenezer, J.p., c/o Perpetual Trustee Co, Ld., 2 Spring-street. | McDonald, Robert, J.p., Pastoral Chambers, O’Connell-street ; ‘Wairoa.’ Holt-street, Double Bay, McDouall, Herbert Chrichton, m.r.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.s. Lond., p.P.H. Cantab., Hospital for the Insane, Gladesville. McIntosh, Arthur Marshall, Dentist, Hill-street, Roseville. McKay, R. T., assoc. M. InsT. c.z., Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage T'rusts Office, Geelong, Victoria. McKay, William J. Stewart, B.sc., M.B., cH.M., Cambridge- street, Stanmore. Mackellar, The Hon. Sir Charles Kinnaird, M.L.c.. M.B., o.M. Glas., Equitable Building, George-street. McKenzie, Robert, Sanitary Inspector, (Water and Sewerage Board), ‘ Stonehaven Cottage,’ Bronte Road, Waverley. McKinney, Hugh Giffin, m.z., Roy. Univ. Irel., m. 1NsT. ¢.z., Australian Club, Macquarie-street. MacKinnon, Ewen, B.sc., Assistant Microbiologist, Bureau of Microbiology, Macquarie-street. | McLaughlin, John, Solicitor, Union Bank Chambers, Hunter-st. | MacLaurin, The Hon. Sir Henry Normand, M.L.c., M.A., M.D., L.R:¢.s. Edin., tu.D. St. Andrews, 155 Macquarie-street. McMaster, Colin J., Chief Commissioner of Western Lands ; p.r. Wyuna Road, Woollahra Point. McMillan, Sir William, k.c.m.c., ‘Althorne,’ 281 Edgecliffe Road, Woollahra. | MacTaggart, J.N.C., m.n. Syd., Assoc. M. INST. c.z., Water and Sewerage Board District Office, Lyons Road, Drummoyne. e Madsen, John Percival Vissing, p.sc., B.z., P. N. Russell Lec- turer in Electrical Engineering in the University of Sydney. ‘Maiden, J. Henry, s.P., F.u.s., Hon. Fellow Roy. Soc. S.A.; Hon. Memb. Nat. Hist. Soc., W.A.; Netherlands Soc. for Promotion of Industry; Philadelphia College Pharm.; Southern Californian Academy of Sciences; Pharm. Soc. N.S.W.; Brit. Pharm. Conf.; Corr. Fellow Therapeutical Soe., Lond.; Corr. Memb. Pharm. Soc. Great Britain; Bot. Soc. Edin.; Soc. Nat. de Agricultura (Chile); Soc. d’ Elected 1906 1880 1897 1908 1875 1903 1912 1905 1889 1879 1877 1879 1876 1893 1891 1893 1896 1875 1891 1903 1880 1878 1906 1912 1901 1899 1877 Pl. P 27 P8 P2 (Xv.) Horticulture d’ Alger; Union Agricole Calédonienne ; Soc. Nat. etc.,de Chérbourg; Roy. Soc. Tas.; Roy. Soc. Queensl.; Inst. Nat. Genévois; Hon. Vice-Pres. of the Forestry Society of California; Diplomé of the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France; Government Botanist and Director, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Hon. Secretary. | Maitland, Louis Duncan, Dental Surgeon, Tumut. Manfred, Edmund C., Montague-street, Goulburn. | Marden, John, m.a., Lu.D., Principal, Presbyterian Ladies’ College, Sydney. | Marshall, Frank, B.p.s. Syd., 141 Elizabeth-street. Mathews, Robert Hamilton, t.s., Assoc. Etran. Soc. d’ Anthrop. de Paris; Cor. Mem. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, U.S.A.; Cor, Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Vienna; Cor. Mem. Roy. Geog. Soe. Aust. Q’sland; Local Correspondent Roy. Anthrop. Inst., Lond.; ‘ Carcuron,’ Hassall-st., Parramatta. Meggitt, Loxley, Manager Co-operative Wholesale Society, Alexandria. Meldrum, John Henry, p.r. ‘ Craig Roy,’ Sydney Rd., Manly. Miller, James Edward, Inverell, New South Wales. Mingaye, John C. H., F.1.c., F.c.s., Assayer and Analyst to the | Department of Mines, p.r. Campbell-street, Parramatta. | Moore, Frederick H., Union Club, Sydney. tMullens, Josiah, F.R.¢.s., ‘Tenilga,’ Burwood. Mullens, John Francis Lane, u.a. Syd. _ Myles, Charles Henry, ‘ Dingadee,’ Everton Rd., Strathfield. | Nangle, James, Architect, ‘ St. Elmo,’ Tupper-st., Marrickville. Nobile, Edward George, Public Works Department, Newcastle. | Noyes, Edward, Assoc. M. INST. (¢.E., ASSOC. I. MECH. E., c/o Messrs. Noyes Bros., 115 Clarence-street, Sydney. | Onslow, Col. James William Macarthur, ‘Gelbulla,’ Menangle. O'Reilly, W. W. J., m.v., cu.m.. Q. Univ. Irel., u.n.c.s. Eng., | 171 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. | Osborn, A. F., assoc. u. inst. c.E., Water Supply Branch, Sydney, ‘ Uplands,’ Meadow Bank, N.S.W. | Owen, Rev. Edward, 8.a., All Saints’ Rectory, Hunter’s Hill. Palmer, Joseph, 96 Pitt-st.; p.r. Kenneth-st., Willoughby. Paterson, Hugh, 183 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. | Pawley, Charles Lewis, Dentist, 137 Regent-street. | Paul, Frederick Parnell, Wolseley Road, Point Piper. Peake, Algernon, Assoc. M. INST. C.E., 25 Prospect Rd., Ashfield. Pearse; W., Union Club; -p.r. ‘ Plashett,’ Jerry’s Plains; via Singleton. Pedley, Perceval R., Australian Club, = ° . Elected 1899 1909 1879 1896 1881 1879 1887 1896 1910 1893 1901 1508 1876 1912 1890 1865 1906 1909 1902 1906 1884 1895 1904. 1882 1897 1893 1905 1899 | Pel P7 Ps Pi Pa acliae) a (xvi.) Petersen, T. Tyndall, Member of Sydney Institute of Public Accountants, Copper Mines, Burraga. Pigot, Rev. Edward F., s.s., B.a., m.B.. Dub., St. Ignatius College, Riverview. Pittman, Edward F., assoc. R.s. M., L.s., Under Secretary and Government Geologist, Department of Mines. Plummer, John, ‘Northwood,’ Lane Cove River; Box 413 G.P.O. Poate, Frederick, Surveyor-General, Lands Department, Sydney. Pockley, Thomas F. G., Union Club, Sydney. Pollock, J. A., p.sc., Corr. Memb. Roy, Soc. Tasmania; Roy. Soc. Queensland; Professor of Physics in the University of Sydney. Hon. Secretary. Pope, Roland James, B.A., Syd., M.D., C.M., F.R.C.S., Edin, ‘Wyoming,’ Macquarie-street. Potts, Henry William, F...s., F.c.s., Principal, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, N.S.W. Purser, Cecil, B.A., M.B., CH.M. Syd., 189 Macquarie-street. Purvis, J. G. S., Water and Sewerage Board, 341 Pitt-street. Pye, Walter George, m.a., B.sc., Nield Avenue, Paddington. Quaife, F. H., u.a., m.p., M.s., ‘ Yirrimbirri,’ Stanhope Road, Killara. Vice-President, Radcliff, Sidney, Chemist, Radium Hill Works, Woolwich. Rae, J. L. C.. ‘ Lisgar,’ King-street, Newcastle. {Ramsay, Edward P., uu.p. St. And., F.R.S.E., F.L.8., 8 Palace- street, Petersham. Redman, Frederick G., P. and O. Office, Pitt-street. Rhodes, Thomas, Civil Engineer, Old Derby Hotel, Little Regent-street, Rodfern. Richard, G. A., Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Mount Morgan, Queensland. Richardson, H. G. V., 32 Moore-street. Ross, Chisholm, mu.p. Syd., M.B., c.m. Hdin., 147 Macquarie-st. Ross, Herbert E., Equitable Building, George-street. Ross, William J. Clunies, B.sc. Lond. & Syd., ¥F.c.s., Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Sydney. Rothe, W. H., Colonial Sugar Co., O’Connell-street, and Union Club. Russell, Harry Ambrose, B.A., Solicitor, c/o Messrs. Sly and Russell, 369 George-stroet ; p.r. ‘Mahuru,’ Fairfax Road, Bellevue Hill. Rygate, Philip W., m.a., B.E. Syd., assoc. M. INST. C.E., City Bank Chambers, Pitt-street, Sydney. Scheidel, August, PH.D., Managing Director, Commonwealth Portland Cement Co., Syduey; Union Club. Schmidlin, F., 39 Phillip-street, City. 1879 1885 1896 (xvii.) P 1, Schofield, James Alexander, F.c.S., A.B.S.M., Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. P 1 |{Scott, Rev. William, u.a. Cantab., Kurrajong Heights. PI P 4 P3 Sellors, R. P., B.A. Syd., ‘Mayfield,’ Wentworthville. Sendey, Henry Franklin, Manager of the Union Bank of Australia Ld., Sydney; Union Club. Shellshear, Walter, m. Inst. c.E,, Inspecting Engineer, Exist- ing Lines Office, Bridge-street. Simpson, D. C., m. inst. c.z., N.S. Wales Railways, Redfern ; p.r. ‘Clanmarrina,’ Rose Bay. Simpson, R. C., Technical College, Sydney. Simpson, William Walker, Leichhardt-street, Waverley. Sinclair, Eric, m.p., c.m. Glas., Inspector-General of Insane, 9 Richmond Terrace, Domain; p.r. ‘ Broomage,’ Kangaroo- street, Manly. Sinclair, Russell, M.1. mEcH.£E., Vickery’s Chambers, 82 Pitt-st. Smail, J. M., mu. inst. c.z., Chief Engineer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, 341 Pitt-street. Smart, Bertram James, B.sc., Public Works Office, Lithgow. 'P 41; Smith, Henry G., rF.c.s., Assistant Curator, Technological Museum, Sydney. P 1\{Smith, John McGarvie, 89 Denison-street, Woollahra. P4 'P6 (Po P 1/| Statham, Edwyn Joseph, assoc. mM. INST. ¢.E., Cumberland Heights, Parramatta. Stewart, J. Douglas, B.v.sc., M.R.C.V.S., Professor of Veterinary Science in the University of Sydney; ‘ Berelle,’ Homebush Road, Strathfield. Stoddart, Rev. A. G., The Rectory, Manly. Stokes, Edward Sutherland, m.a. Syd., F.R.c.P. Irel., Medical Officer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, 341 Pitt-street. Stuart, T. P. Anderson, u.D., Lu.b. Edin., Professor of Physi- ology iu the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘ Lincluden,’ Fairfax Road, Double Bay. Siissmilch, C. A., F.c.s., Technical College, Sydney. Swain, E. H. F., District Forester, Narrabri. Taylor, The Hon. Sir Allen, mu.u.c., ‘The Albany,’ Macquarie-st. Taylor, Horace, Registrar, Dental Board, 7 Richmond Terrace, Domain, Taylor, John M., m.a., LL.B. Syd., ‘ Woonona,’ 43 East Crescent- street, McMahon’s Point, North Sydney. {Taylor, James, B.sc., a.R.s.m., ‘Adderton,’ Dundas. Teece, R., ¥.1.4., F F.A., General Manager and Actuary, A.M.P. Society, 87 Pitt-street. P 19) Tebbutt, John, F.R.a.s., Private Observatory, The Peninsula, Windsor, New South Wales. Thomas, F. J., Newcastle and Hunter River Steamship Co., 147 Sussex-street. Thomson, The Hon. Dugald, Carrabella-st., North Sydney. Thompson, John Ashburton, u.p. Bruz., D.p.H. Cantab., M.R.C.S. | Eng., Health Department, Macquarie-street. Thompson, Major A. J. Onslow, Camden Park, Menangle. Elected 1892 1894 1879 1900 1883 1890 1892 1903 1907 1879 1899 1910 1910 1910 1901 1891 1903 1901 1898 1883 1876 1876 1910 1910 1911 (xviii.) Thow, William, m. INST. ©.E., M. I. MECH. E., ‘ Inglewood, ” Lane Cove Road, Wahroonga. Tooth, Arthur W., Kent Brewery, 26 George-street, West. Trebeck, P. C., F. BR. MET. soc., 12 O’Connell-street. Turner, Basil W.. A.R.S.M., F.c.s., Victoria Chambers, 83 Pitt-st. Vause, Arthur John, m.B., o.m. Edin., ‘Bay View House, Tempe. Vicars, James, m.z., Memb. Intern. Assoc. Testing Materials; Memb. B.S Guild; Challis House, Martin Place. Vickery, George B., 78 Pitt-street. P 2! Vonwiller, Oscar U., B.sc., Assistant Lecturer and Demon- Pal PZ Ply, strator in Physics in the University of Sydney. Waley, F. G., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Royal Insurance Building, Pitt-street. Walker, H. O., Commercial Union Assurance Co., Pitt-street. tWalker, Senator The Hon. J. T., F.x.c.1., Fellow of Institute of Bankers Eng,, ‘ Wallaroy,’ Edgeclitfe Road, Woollahra. baccae! Charles, Metallurgical Chemist, 80 Bathurst- street, ‘ Kuranda,’ Waverley-street, Waverley. Ryiaiken Harold Hutchison, Major St. George’s English Rifle Regiment, C.M.F., ‘ Vermont,’ Belmore Road, Randwick. Ww alkom, Arthur Bache, B.sc., The University of Queensland, Brisbane. Walkom, A. J., a.m.1.£ &., Electrical Branch, G P.O., Sydney. Walsh, Henry Deane, BALL. Dub., M. INST. C.E., Engineer-in- Chief, Harbour Trust, Circular Quay. Vice- ‘President. Walsh, Fred,, J.p., Capt. C M.F., Consul-General for Honduras in Australia and New Zealand ; For. Memb. Inst. Patent Agents, London; Patent Attorney Reed. U.S.A.; Memb. Patent Law Assoc., Washington; For. Memb. Soc. German Patent Agents, Berlin; Regd. Patent Attorn.;\Comm. of Aust ; Memb Patent Attorney Exam. Board Aust.; George and Wynyard- -streets; p.r. ‘ Walsholme,’ Centennial Park, Sydney E. / Walton, R. H., r.c.s., ‘Flinders,’ Martin’s Avenue, Bondi. Wark, William, assoc. mM. INST. c.z., 9 Macquarie Place; p.r. Kurrajong Heights. Warren, W.H., LL.D., WH.SC., M. INST. C.E., M. AM. SOC. C,E., Member of Council of the International Assoc. for Testing Materials, Professor of Engineering in the University of Sydney. ‘| Watkins, John Leo, B.a. Cantab., ma. Syd., Parliamentary Draftsman, Atorney General’s Department, Macquarie-st. Watson, C. Russell, u.r.c.s. Eng., ‘ Woodbine,’ Erskineville. Watson, James Frederick, u.8B., cH. M., Australian Club,Sydney. Watt, Francis Langston, F.1.c., A.B.c.s., 10 Northcote a: ‘bers, off 163 Pitt-street, City. Watt, R. D., w.a., B.sc., Professor of igricaeeS in the ee versity of Sydney. (xix. ) Elected 1910 ,P 1; Wearne, Richard Arthur, s.a, Principal, Mochupeal College, Ipswich, Queensland. 1897 Webb, Frederick William, c.m.a., J.p., ‘ Livadia,’ Manly. 1903 Webb, A. C. F, m.1.5.n., Vickery’s Chambers, 82 Pitt-street. 1892 Webster, James Philip, assoc. M. INST. C.E., L.s., New Zealand, Town Hall, Sydney. 1907 Weedon, Stephon Henry, c.z., ‘ Kurrowah,’ Alexandra-street, Hunter’s Hill. 1907 Welch, William, F.x.G s., ‘ Roto-iti,’ Bar leecteccts Mosman. 1881 tWesley, W. H., London. 1892 White. Harold “Pogson, F.c.s., Assistant Assayer and Analyst, Department of Mines; p.r. ‘Quantox,’ Park Road, Auburn. 1877 White, Rev. W. Moore, a.m., LL.D. Dub.. 1909 White, Charles Josiah, B.sc., Science Lecturer, Sydney Train- ing College; p.r, ‘ Patea,’ Miller Avenue, Ashfield. 1879 tWhitfeld, Lewis, u.a. Syd., ‘ Sellinge.’ Albert-st., Woollahra. 1907 Wiley, William, ‘ Kenyon,’ Kurraba Point, Neutral Bay. 1876 Williams, Percy Edward, ‘ St. Vigeans,’ Dundas. 1908 | P1| Willis, Charles Savill, u.s., ca.m. Syd., wm R.c.s. Eng., L.B.C.P. LTond., D.P.u., Roy. Coll. P. & 8. Lond., Department of Public Health. 1901 Willmot, Thomas, J.P., Toongabbie. 1890 Wilson, James T.,M.B., cH.m. Edin, ¥.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Sydney. 1907 Wilson, W. C., Public Works Department, Sydney. 1891 Wood, Percy Moore, tRx.c.p. Lond., M.R.c.8. Eng., “Redcliffe,” Liverpool Road, Ashfield. 1909 Woodhouse, William John, m.a., Professor of Greek in the University of Sydney. i906 | P 6| Woolnough, Walter George, p.sc., ¥.a.s., Professor of Geology in the University of Western Australia, Perth. 1909 Yeomans, Richard John, Solicitor, 14 Castlereagh-street. HonorRAagy MzmMBers. Limited to Thirty. M.—Recipients of the Clarke Medal. * Retains the rights of ordinary membership. Elected 1872. 1900 Crookes, Sir William, Kt., 0.M., LL.D., D.SC., F.B.S., 7 Kensington Park Gardens, London W. 1905 Fischer, Emil, Professor of Chemistry, University, Berlin. 1911 Hemsley, W. Botting, r.z.s.,,Formerly Keeper of the Herbar- ium, Royal Gardens, Kew, 24 Southfield Gardens, Straw- berry Hill, Middlesex. 1901 Judd, J.W., ¢.B., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.8., Formerly Professor of Geology, Royal College of Science, London; 30 Cumber- land Road, Kew, England. 1908 Kennedy, Sir Alex. B. W., Kt., uu.p., D. ENG., F.R.S., Emeritus Professor of Engineering in University College, London, 17 Victoria-street, Westminster, London S8.W. 1908 P 57|*Liversidge, Archibald, u.a., LL.D., F.R.S., Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney, ‘ Fieldhead,’ George Road, Coombe Warren, Kingston, Surrey. (xx.) Elected 1912 Martin, C. J., p.sc., F.R.S., Director of the Lister Institute of — Preventive Medicine, Chelsea Gardens, Chelsea Bridge Road, London. 1905 Oliver, Daniel, LL.D., F.R.s., Emeritus Professor of Botany in University College, London. 1894 Spencer, W. Baldwin, c.m.G., M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., Professor of Biology in the University of Melbourne. 1900 | M | Thiselton-Dyer, Sir William Turner, K.c.M.G., C.1.E., M.A., LL.D., SC.D., F.R.S., The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester, England. 1908 Turner, Sir William, K.c.B., M.B., D.C.L., LL.D., SC.D., F.8.C.S. Edin., F.8.S., Principal and Emeritus Professor of the University of Edinburgh, 6 Eton Terrace, Edinburgh, | Scotland. 1895 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 0.M., D.c.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. OBITUARY 1912. Ordinary Members. 1884 | Jones, Llewellyn Charles Russell. 1903 | Old, Richard. 1883 ' Osborne, Ben. M. AWARDS OF THE CLARKE MEDAL. Established in memory of THE LATE Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.a., F.R.8., F.G.S., ete., Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the Geology, Mineralogy, or Natural History of Australia. The prefix * indicates the decease of the recipient. Elected 1878 *Professor Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.R.S. 1879 *George Bentham, c.M.G., F.R.S. 1880 *Professor Thos. Huxley, F.R.s. 1881 *Professor F. M’Coy, F.R.s., F.G.S. 1882 *Professor James Dwight Dana, LL.D. 1883 *Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, K.c.M.G., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 1884 *Alfred R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 1885 *Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 0.M., G.c.s.1.,0.B., M.D.,D.C.L., LL.D.,F.B.S. 1886 *Professor L. G. De Koninck, m.p., University of Liége. 1887 *Sir James Hector, K.c.M.G., M.D., F.R.S. (xx1.) Elected, 1888 *Rev. Julian E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.s., F.L.S. 1889 *Robert Lewis John Ellery, F.R.s., F.R.A.S, 1890 *George Bennett, M.D., F.R.c.S. Eng., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 1891 *Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton, F.R.s., F.a.s. 1892 Sir William Turner Thiselton Dyer, K.c.M.G., C.1.E.,M.A., LL.D., SC.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., late Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1893 *Professor Ralph Tate, F.L.S., F.G.S. 1895 Robert Logan Jack, F.c.s., F.R.G.S., late Government Geologist, Brisbane, Queensland. 1895 Robert Etheridge, Junr., Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney 1896 *The Hon. Augustus Charles Gregory, ¢.M.G., F.R.G.S. 1900 Sir John Murray, K.c.B., LL.D., SC.D., F.R.S., Challenger Lodge, Wardie, Edinburgh. 1901 *Edward John Eyre. 1902 F. Manson Bailey, F.t.s., Colonial Botanist of Queensland, Brisbane. 1903 *Alfred William Howitt, p.sc. F.a.s. 1907 Walter Howchin, F.c.s., University of Adelaide. 1909 Dr. Walter E. Roth, 8.a., Pomeroon River, British Guiana, South America. AWARDS OF THE SOCIETY’S MEDAL AND MONEY PRIZE. Money Prize of £25. 1882 John Fraser, B.A., West Maitland, for paper on ‘ The Aborigines of New South Wales.’ 1882 Andrew Ross, u.p., Molong, for paper on the ‘ Influence of the Australian climate and pastures upon the growth of wool.’ The Society’s Bronze Medal and £25. 1884 W. E. Abbott, Wingen, for paper on ‘ Water supply in the Interior of New South Wales.’ 1886 S. H. Cox, F.G.s., F.c.s., Sydney for paper on ‘The Tin deposits of New South Wales. 1887 Jonathan Seaver, F.c.s., Sydney, for paper on ‘ Origin and mode of occurrence of gold-hearing veins and of the associated Minerals. 1888 Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.s., F.L.S., Sydney, for paper on‘ The Anatomy and Life-history of Mollusca peculiar to Australia.’ bourhood. j 1889 Rev. John Mathew, m.a., Coburg, Victoria, for paper on ‘Th . Australian Aborigines. bi - “ie i 1891 Rev. J. Milne Curran, r.c.s., Sydney, for paper on‘ The Hitciodoopadl We : Ay Structure of Australian Rocks.’ ie i 1892 Alexander G. Hamilton, Public School, Mount Kembla, for paper | Fe on ‘The effect which settlement in Australia has produced “7 upon Indigenous Vegetation.’ z 1894 J. V. De Coque, Sydney, for paper on the ‘Timbers of New South e Wales.’ i 1894 R. H. Mathews, t.s., Parramatta, for paper on ‘The Abaonigl Rock Carvings and Paintings in New South Wales.’ 1895 C. J. Martin, v.sc., u.B., F.R.s., Sydney, for paper on ‘The — physiological action of the venom of the Australian black — , snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus).’ ‘ 1896 Rev. J. Milne Curran, Sydney, for paper on ‘The occurrence of “ Precious Stones in New South Wales, with a description of the 4 Deposits in which they are found.’ | ‘ : _ ISSUED NOVEMBER 80th, Me Jd OURNAL AN D PROCEEDIN GS OF THE. ROYAL SOCIETY NEW SOUTH WALES fOr2 PART I, (pp. 1-144)., CoNnTAINING PAPERS READ IN MAY to AUGUST (in part). WITH THREE PLATES: (Plates i, 1i, iii.) PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY; 5 ELIZABETH STREET NORTH, SYDNEY. LONDON AGENTS : GEORGE ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, 17 WARWICK SQUARE, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonvdon, E.C. 1912. _F, WHITE Typ., 344 Kent Street Sydney. Vol. XLVI. ook oe Peat £ | ‘ ’ i. Fey i. J a ) . ws, =e eae "PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By J. H. MAIDEN, Government Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. [Delivered to the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, May 1, 1912. ] SYNOPSIS: I. Intrropvucrory ... IJ. Necroroey : 1. Sir Joseph Hooker, Honorary Member 2. Lord Lister, Honorary Member 3. Brief memories of Baron von Mueller 4 Our local death-roll 5. Portraits of Scientific men of New So ee Wales III. Loca Societies AND SCIENTIFIC GATHERINGS: 1. The Melbourne Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science bo . The forthcoming Australasian Meeting of the British Association ... us i: , 3. The sequence of early scientific ee allied societies in New South Wales— IV. Orger Scientiric Happenines oF BRoAD AUSTRALIAN INTEREST : 1. Northern Territory Expedition, 1911 2. Antarctica 3. The Prickly Pear V. Some Boranicat Marrzrs : . The teaching of botany A plea for a botanical survey... nee New Census of New South Wales plants Ahem . The use of Latin for botanical descriptions ... 5. Alterations in botanical descriptions A—May 1, 1912. Page. 2 KH COQ w 2) J. H. MAIDEN. VI. Functions oF A Botanic GARDEN, AND SOME LOCAL IDEALS AND SUGGESTIONS. Page. 1. Centenary of the Sydney Botanic Gardens in June 1916... ee eae “ae vas SA 2. Functions of a botanic garden ae vow: iOell 3. An arboretum ... ee a i wae OS 4, Phyto-chemistry and the botanic garden ... 59 5. Wanted a botanical museum ... se .. 64 6. A fresh-water aquarium Bs ee como 7. Proposal for a horticultural hall _... Pa le: 8. A council of horticulture sae aa nite) OD 9. Some forestry notes ... Ke coe aie I. Introductory. You called me to the high office Iam about to vacate, partly todo me honour, for which I am very grateful, and partly to relieve me of work during a period of impaired health. For that Iam grateful also, but while you have made presiding at your meetings such an entire pleasure, and while I have during the session vicariously eaten more than one good dinner as your representative, I have, on the other hand, for some time past been haunted by the spectre of the Presidential Address, which seemed indeed so very far away when the Council sent a kindly message to me fourteen months ago. And now the time has come for this duty, I cannot refrain from being retrospective to to some extent, as I look back on the address I had the honour of delivering before you just fifteen years ago. The objects of an address of a President may be of several kinds. For example, it may include statistical and official records of the progress of the Society, year-book notes of the progress of science in Australasia, the Pacific Islands and Antarctica, and notes on local topics, or sug- gestions for the advancement of science, particularly as concerns our own State. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 3 The opportunity thus presented toa President comes but once a year, and his notes, comments and reflections have many limitations and may not always be sapient, but they always receive the courteous and generous attention of the members of the Society at whose head he is tem- porarily placed. The greatest reward the President can experience is attained if his attempt to take the broad outlook, results in some of his visions implanting ideas in the minds of his hearers, so that the ultimate result may be, even in the humblest degree, that something may ensue to the advancement of science. II. Necrology. 1. Sir Joseph D. Hooker, Honorary Member.—In my address of 1897 I deplored the death of the great Australian botanist, Baron von Mueller, who had passed away during my year of office, and now it becomes my duty to officially bring under your notice the death of our greatest British botanist, Sir J. D. Hooker, whom many acclaim as the greatest living botanist for a generation. Appreciative articles on Hooker and his work have freely appeared already, and I refer you to them for details of the veteran. Sir Joseph Hooker was one of our Honorary Members and a Clarke Medallist of this Society; so also is Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, his distinguished son-in-law who succeeded him at Kew. Other ties with Kew are through the erudite Professor Daniel Oliver who is an Honorary Member, and Mr. W. B. Hemsley, another Honorary Member, who has published interesting articles on the botanist whose loss we mourn, and under whom he served for so long. Our debt of gratitude to Hooker as Australians is two- fold. Firstly, because of his descriptions of Australian plants and elucidation of Australian botanical problems, and secondly, because of the interest he took in the welfare of Australian botanical institutions and of Australian botanical workers. 4 J. H. MAIDEN, Hooker’s father (Sir William) was a protégé of Sir Joseph Banks, and he had many reminiscences of the ‘“‘The Father of Australia,’’ which he had received through the inter- mediary of his own father, and thus he became a link with very early Australian history. Similarly he learnt from the paternal lips anecdotes and details of his father’s. fellow-townsman, Sir J. HK. Smith, founder of the Linnean Society, and describer of many Australian plants, while he was, though much the junior, the fellow-worker of Robert. Brown, botanicorum facile princeps, and the collaborator with George Bentham, the two most brilliant botanists. whose names are engraved in the annals of Australian botany. It startles one to be told that he was botanist on the Antarctic Expedition ‘‘ Krebus”’ and ‘‘Terror’’ (1839 — 1842), and that, until quite recently, he had pleasant chat. of Sydney as he knew it, seventy years ago. Darwin had paid a brief visit to our land a few years. previously, and he and Hooker, both especially discrimin- ating in their friendships, fortunately became attracted to. each other, and the latter performed signal services to his. friend, not only in enabling him to confidently (if such a word be applicable to Darwin) launch his “Origin of Species,’’ and throughout the period of a long friendship, his well-stored and analytical mind was always at the service of his friend. It was especially valuable during that period, now a matter of history, of education of the public, of combating of ignorance and misrepresentation, of kindly guidance of those whose mental elasticity was. not adequate to the sudden demand made upon it, and who, searchers after truth, found it through roads more or less. difficult and long. One of the grenadiers of the old fighting line has passed away, but not until the battle has long been won, and, visiting the fields of his exploits he could pardonably oo “ But ‘twas a famous victory !” PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 5 Hooker’s Antarctic voyage led him to produce six splendid. and famously illustrated (by Fitch) quarto volumes, two each entitled Flora Antarctica, Flora Novee Zealandice and Flora Tasmanice. The last work is most familiar to Australians, partly because of the intimate relations of the flora of Tasmania and of the mainland, and partly because it contains the classical essay entitled “‘On the Flora of Australia.”’ He had many rambles in Tasmania with Ronald Gunn, and his active botanical correspondence with that gentle- man and W. H. Archer, was only terminated by their deaths. Indeed he took an especial interest in the flora of that beautiful island. He wrote less on Australian plants, partly because his opportunities for travel on the mainland were so few, (he visited Sydney and the Blue Mountains), and partly because he was not so fortunate, as in Tasmania, in obtaining coadjutors to correspond with him, and send him material, aiter his return to Europe. The loss was ours, for it would have been to the advantage. of Australian botany to have had the vigorous and analytical mind of a Hooker focussed on more of our botanical problems. It must not, however, be for a moment supposed that he was not greatly interested in Australian botany. For example, both his father and himself took great interest in the collections made by Drummond in Western Australia, while when a young South Australian and subsequently Victorian botanist, in the person of Mueller, showed him- self making competent investigations of the Australian flora, hereceived continuous and substantial encouragement from the great man whose loss we now mourn. He took the warmest interest in the Flora Australiensis prepared by his friend Mr. Bentham, while his active Sympathy towards Australia, as the head of the great pd * +“ oe * of F 6 J. H. MAIDEN. establishment at Kew, was evinced alike in the cultural operations under his direction, as well as in examination and display of herbarium and museum material. The Sydney Botanic Garden was greatly indebted to him for consignments of seeds and plants, and indeed, in his capacity as Director of the principal botanic garden of the Hmpire, he looked upon other gardens with a fatherly eye, and favoured my predecessor with circulars in regard to cultural and botanical matters, and when Mr. Moore dis- continued his annual reports, Dr. Hooker addressed a courteous remonstrance to him on the subject through the medium of the Secretary of State. Personally I thank him for many kindly words. Indeed his interests were world- wide, and his physical capacity for work beyond that of the average man. | 2. The Lord Lister, Honorary Member.—We have to deplore the demise of another honorary member, alike old in years and honours, Josepb, Lord Lister, who died at. Walmer, on February 10th last. Joseph Lister was born on April Sth, 1827. He was of Quaker stock, and received his early education at a school kept by members of the Society of Friends at Tottenham, near London. Indue course he went to University College, London, whence he graduated at the University of London in Arts in 1847, and in medicine in 1852. He may be said to have grown up ina scientific atmosphere. Asa student. he came under the influence of Sharpey and of Graham. The teaching of these men, together with the great advan- tage of his father’s example, gave him a powerful impulse towards the cultivation of pure science. His first investi- gations were mainly histological, but he did not neglect the clinical side of his profession. On the completion of his. Studies in London, he went to Hdinburgh at Sharpey’s suggestion, where he worked under Syme for some years, - PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. t first as House-Surgeon and afterwards as Assistant Surgeon at the Royal Infirmary. The earliest papers of this period were on the duration of vitality of tissues and on the structure of the plain muscular fibre. Another group dealt. with the early stages of inflammation, with gangrene and with the clotting of blood; while a third group was con- cerned with the functions of visceral nerves. In 1860 Lister was appointed Professor of Systematic Surgery at Glasgow University. Inthe wards of the Royal Infirmary he commenced his struggle with pyzemia, hospital gangrene and suppuration. Taking advantage of the dis- coveries of Pasteur, which revealed the cause of putrefac- tive fermentation to be the development of living organisms in the dust of the air, he applied the new idea to the treat- ment of wounds. It is unnecessary to repeat the oft-told tale of the evolution of modern surgery on the lines laid down by Lister. It is enough to say that, taking Pasteur’s. pregnant discovery as his guide, he studied for himself, with: characteristic thoroughness, the action of micro-organisms in putrefactive fermentation in organic fluids. Next, with infinite trouble, he tried how the new principle could most. effectively be applied. To gain any notion of the patience with which he worked his own papers must be read. It will there be seen that he would pursue a research for a score of years, ever seeking for sources of fallacy, for causes of failure, and for the often elusive secret on which success depended. How completely he succeeded is shewn by the history of modern surgery. In 1869 he succeeded Syme in the Chair of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh. There he continued his work, devising and treating improvements in the methods Of carrying out the antiseptic principle. At the same time he carried out researches on the germ theory of putrefaction and on lactic fermentation. In 1877 he left Hdinburgh 8 J. H. MAIDEN. for King’s College London, where he persevered with his work until he retired in 1892. Although he was subjected for many years to criticism, and was met by active opposition, his path was easy in comparison with that of most who are the first to see the silent sea of strange truth. Seldom have a scientist’s merits been more signally recognized in his lifetime than those of Lister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1860 and became President in 1895. Societies all over the world showered honours upon him. He was created a baronet in 1883 and raised to the peerage in 1897. Through his genius and industry he was fated to modify the life of every person subjected to the influence of civili- sation. Where the pioneer carries the knowledge and practice of civilisation, into the wilds of Central Africa, into the islands of the Pacific or elsewhere, there he takes the discovery of Lister the first boon to uncivilised man. I am grateful to Dr. H. G. Chapman, Acting Professor of Physiology in our University for the above account of Lord Lister’s life-work. 3. Brief memories of Baron von Mueller.—Speaking of Mueller reminds me that nothing, other than a tombstone, has been instituted to commemorate him. As a working botanist, I still think that the memorial suggested at p. 41 of my 1897 address is necessary, viz., ‘“A complete list of his works, with bibliographic annotations. The list should be in strict chronological order, witha botanically classified supplement. Such a list would find a place on the work- table of every student of Australian plants, and would go far to keep his memory green. The value of such a publi- cation would be greatly enhanced if there were added to it reprints of some of his papers in obscure or rare serials at present they are lost to most of us.” PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 9 One of his executors frequently announced his intention of writing a life of the Baron, but he probably realized that he had not the necessary technical knowledge, as he died without accomplishing anything. Meantime Mr.C. A. Topp, a competent authority, during a visit to England, made enquiries as to the encouragement he would receive in writing a life, and abandoned the idea. The probability is now that a full life of Mueller will never be written. A well-informed life of this remarkable personality would have been very interesting, but the reputation of this great botanist is not dependent on an extraneous circumstance like this. His reputation rests on his published works, and any steps taken with the view of rendering his works more available and more complete, will enhance that reputation. Personally I think Australia is poorer through no memoir of him as a man, having been published. I will leave aside the question of a publication concerning him as a botanist for the present. The late Dr. A. W. Howitt had, and the venerable Mr. Panton, late Police Magistrate of Melbourne, has innumerable reminiscences of the man who was invari- ably known as “‘The Baron.’’ Mr. Panton is one of our best authorities in Australian geography and exploration, and on those subjects Mueller was intensely interested. He was fond of homage from the younger men. For some years business and private affairs took me frequently to Melbourne and Lalways paid my respects tohim. Except once, when I was making a very brief stay, and I was full of business. To my horror, he and his chum, the late Sir Frederick McCoy, bore down on me in Collins Street and the Baron gave me a good talking to. I had never made such a hole in my manners before, and on the next occasion of my visit to him, perhaps in the way of heaping coals of fire, he paid me the unusual compliment of seeing me into the old St. Kilda bus, and this is how he looked. He was dressed in a rusty suit of black, with dress coat, the trousers very much too short, showing much blue-grey woollen stocking, while his feet were shod with sabots. Round his neck were several folds of muffler, made of angora wool, with the ends hanging down. The whole 10 J. H. MAIDEN. surmounted by a chimney-pot hat of unfashionable model, which had been brushed the wrong way. So long as he had clothes on, the cut or the age of them never entered into his head. He was the pink of courtesy, and sometimes. it was difficult not to smile a little at him. This angora scarf was historical, and was one of several that had been made from wool that Count de Castelnau, French Oonsul-General at Melbourne in the sixties, gave him. The Count was interested in acclimatisation matters, and certain Angora goats introduced into Victoria turned out very fine animals. An admirer of the Baron had the wool made into mufflers for him and this pleased him very much, for he was interested in all good works, his attention being by no means confined to botany. On one occasion I had visited the Baron, and, as usual, had, after a visit of two hours, been unable to get a word in edgeways. As I rose to leave, he noticed that I was. recovering from a cold and, before I could clearly compre- hend, he unrolled his angora scarf from his own neck and quickly rolled it round mine. As he did this he said, ‘* You know I am an M.D.”’ (so he was, honoris causd), and I thoroughly enjoyed the joke. WhenI gota little distance from the “baronial castle’’ (as it was playfully called), I removed the scarf, and returned it from Sydney, washed and folded, with grateful thanks. It came to me again by return of post with a letter of mild remonstrance. I am sure you will excuse these brief personal sketches, which are typical of the man. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ll He was one of the most charitable and unselfish men I ever met, and for many years he was in a chronic state of impecuniosity because he could never resist an appeal for help, while botanical expenses which might have been a charge against the public funds, were paid out of his own pocket toa large amount. So he told me many a time. He was a bachelor, and his personal expenditure was of the most modest description, everything went to science and charity. | On two occasions he thought about getting married. Once things went as far as getting the wedding-presents, and one of them, a clock, is in the Melbourne herbarium to this day. I think it was well that the wedding never came off. He could not possibly have found time for his wife’s company, and it would not have been fair to put her into competition with, say, anew Hucalypt. Some of his idiosyncrasies were most amusing. If he barked, which he did now and then, there was no bite. He was the quaintest and most picturesque figure I have ever known amongst Australian scientific men.—R.I.P. 4. Our local death-roll.—The hand of death has fallen heavilly upon our old members, we having lost no fewer than five, J.S. Chard, elected 1879; J. Percy Josephson, elected 1876; Houlton H. Voss, elected 1876; Norman Selfe, elected, 1877; A. B. Weigall, elected 1867. JOHN SOFALA CHARD was born in Sydney 16th October, 1853, and died at Manly, near Sydney, 1st July last. He joined the Survey Department in April 1867 as a volunteer draftsman, being promoted in 1869 to the position of field assistant, when he was attached to the party of Mr. Edward Twynam, then District Surveyor of Goulburn, but later Chief Surveyor of the Colony. Having passed with exceptional success the examination for license to survey, 12 J. H. MAIDEN. he was appointed a licensed surveyor in January 1872, when he took up work in connection with the Tin Mines at Deepwater. He subsequently was attached to the Trigo- nometrical Survey, then under the superintendence of Mr. W. J. Conder, observing a considerable part of the primary triangulation in the Wagga Wagga District. About 1877 he visited urope, returning in the following year. Shortly after his return he was appointed, (9th September, 1879) to the position of District Surveyor, being stationed at Armidale, which important post he occupied at the time of the inception of the Crown Lands Act of 1884, under which considerable changes were effected in the administration of the Public Estate. He resigned his appointment in the Lands Department in 1885, since which time he was employed in private practice as a surveyor, principally in the Maitland and Armidale districts. A short time before his death he commenced practice in Sydney. From the commencement of his career he showed great promise, and came to he recognised as having great technical knowledge of his profession, being also possibly one of the most skilful draftsmen this State ever had. The higher branches of surveying specially enlisted his attention, and he made a very interesting addition to the methods of determining true meridian by devising a telescope diaphragm for observation of circumpolar stars. He took a great interest in all matters affecting professional status, and was for many years an active member of the Institution of Surveyors, New South Wales. JOSHUA PERCY JOSEPHSON, A.M.I.C.E., entered the service of the Public Works Department in the year 1868 as a cadet in the Harbours and Rivers Branch, which was then administered by the late EH. O. Moriarty, m. mst.c.e. He served his period of cadetship on engineering surveys in connection witb the harbours on the coast, under the late PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 13 Mr. O. Rossbach. In 1872 he was engaged on construction. work in connection with the building of the iron wharf at Darling Harbour, as Engineering Assistant to the Clerk of Works, for a period of three years. He was then engaged as Engineering Surveyor on some of the largest of the water supply schemes, and did a great deal of this work in con- nection with the Sydney Water Supply. He was also engaged as Constructing Engineer afterwards on the same work. The suryey of the Goulburn Water Supply was also carried out by Mr. Josephson, in accordance with the recommendation of the late Mr. W. Olarke, who was engaged in England to advise the State Government in connection with the matter of water supply both for Sydney and several of the large country towns. Mr. Josephson acted as secretary to this Commissioner, during his visit to the State. Mr. Josephson made an accurate trigonometrical survey of the Hawkesbury River, and also of the upper portion of the Parramatta River in connection with the subject of prevention of damage by floods. He also acted for a short time as principal assistant engineer, Field Staff, in the Metropolitan District, during the absence of Mr. Alfred | Williams, m. inst.c.z. Mr. Josephson retired from the Service early in 1896, and has since practised as a Consulting Engineer and Surveyor in Sydney. He was a Licensed Surveyor of many years standing, and has also been an Associate Member of the Institute of Civil Hngineers since 1879. He was the author of a paper on the History of the Floods in the Hawkesbury River, read before our Society. He was born on 19th December 1852, at Sydney and died at Killara on 3rd October, 1911. HOULTON HARRIES VOSS was born at Swansea, South Wales, on the 31st July, 1826, and died at Craigend House, Darlinghurst, Sydney, on 3rd August last. His father and grandfather were for many years the only bankers in the 14 J. H. MAIDEN. town of his birth, and the Voss family have been buried in the Nicholaston Church Yard, Gower, ten miles from Swansea, since before 1600 A.D. He studied for a Civil Hngineer under Nasmyth the celebrated mechanical — engineer of Manchester, and after qualifying, sailed for Melbourne in 1852. The gold rush was in full swing at the time, and after paying a visit to the diggings, merely as a pleasure trip, he returned to Melbourne and went on to Sydney. Soon after his arrivalin New South Wales, he was employed by the Government to superintend some bridge building near Camden, where he first met his old friend Mr. Jas. K. Chisholm. He practised architecture in and around Goulburn for a while, and it is stated that the last building he designed was the Goulburn Convent. He married Miss Hmma Coghill, daughter of Captain Coghill, of Braidwood, early in the sixties. He was for some time Acting Water Police Magistrate in Sydney, and in that capacity, was present with the Duke of Hdinburgh at Clontarf, when he was shot at by O’Farrell, who was after- wards brought before him. In later years he was Acting Police Magistrate at Goulburn, and in 1878 was appointed on the Royal Commission in connection with the Berrima gaol trouble. In 1870 he sailed for England, returning in 1872. Fond of travel, he went to and from England seven or eight times. Mrs. Voss died in Sydney in December 1907, and he was buried at Picton in the Antill vault with his wife and two children. Iam indebted to his nephew, Mr. Harold D. Voss, for these and other notes of the career of this fine old citizen. NORMAN SELFE, ™. Inst. C.B., Was born 9th December, 1839 at Kingston-on-Thames, England, and died in Sydney 9th October, 1911. Hearrived in Sydney in January 1855. He was specially interested in the Hngineering Section, but he was a fairly regular attendant at the ordinary meetings of the Society until quite recently. He was articled to the PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. : eminent engineering firm of which the late Sir Peter Nicol Russell was the head, later on joined the Gas Company, and was subsequently chief engineer to Mort’s Dock and Engineering Company. He was a man of great breadth of view. For example, his ideas in regard to the provision of adequate wharfage accommodation for Sydney were in advance of public opinion at the time, but they have since proved to be fully justified. Similarly, his plans in regard to city improvement were characterised by a statesmanlike grasp of future requirements, and by much originality. He was a pioneer of Technical Education in this State, and was an authority on many subjects connected with the early history of New South Wales. He was a genial, unselfish, humble-minded man. He was remarkably well- informed on a variety of subjects, and I trust that one of the professional societies with which he was connected, will publish an account of the public activities of this excellent citizen. I know something of his worth, for I enjoyed his friendship for over thirty years. ALBERT BYTHESEA WEIGALL, M.A, Oxon., C.M.G., Was born in England about 72 years ago, and died in Sydney on the 22nd February last. He was one of the oldest member of this Society. His fame rests on his head-mastership of the Sydney Grammar School, which post he held for the long period of 45 years. When he took charge, it was a struggling institution with 53 boys on the roll; when he passed away, it had a roll of 602, anda noble record of achievement. Many of his pupils hold prominent positions in various walks of life, while of most of them it can be said that they are honourable citizens who have exercised good influence throughout Australia. He was a classical scholar, and not directly interested in scientific pursuits, but he always recognised the educational work carried on by our Society and was proud of his membership. 16 J. H. MAIDEN, We also deplore the loss of our printer, Mr. Frederick Williams White, who had been associated with us for nearly half a century. He was also recognised in the trade as Sydney’s oldest printer. He printed some of the sheets of our Vol. I, when we were the Philosophical Society, although the volume bears the imprint of Messrs. Reading and Wellbank. As an editor of our volume for many years, I take the opportunity of testifying that he patiently bore with the vagaries of both authors and editors; he looked upon him- self as to some extent an officer of the Society, and his relations with us were not entirely of a business character. As far as the oldest member of the Society can look back, we have only had one printer, and I record with gratitude his valuable services to the Society. It is not generally known that he was more identified — with Sydney’s early scientific printing than any other man. He was printer of the old Horticultural Magazine in the early sixties; he was printer to the Linnean Society of New South Wales for a number of years, while he has printed for the Australian Museum a fine series of publica- tions. LIalso bear testimony to the fact that his recreation was gardening, and that he had an accurate knowledge of our native flora, being a systematic visitor to the Botanic Gardens when his place of business was in William Street. He was born at Taunton, Somersetshire, England, 19th September, 1832, was attracted tothe Australian goldfields in 1853, having as fellow-voyagers Messrs. Burke and Wills, afterwards explorers, and Thomas MclIlwraith, afterwards Premier of Queensland. Gold mining not proving a success, he very soon settled down to his trade as printer in Sydney, becoming a master printer in 1857 in William Street. He died at Rockdale, near Sydney, 2nd September, 1911. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 17 5. Portraits of Scientific Men of New South Wales.— I desire to invite the attention of members to the desir- ability of systematically adding to the excellent collection of portraits which adorn our walls, especially of those of our early scientific men. The time is perhaps slipping away when some of the early portraits can be obtained. Iam quite reasonable in the matter, since I would be con- tent with photographic reproductions, though custodians of original portraits, busts, etc., might do well to consider the desirability of placing such in our care, either on loan or in perpetuity. I have not worked the subject out, but my suggestions include the following :— 1. Group all portraits, as far as possible, according to the subjects specialised in by the originals. 2. No portrait to be hung of a living man. Sir Thomas Brisbane was first President of the Philo- sophical Society of Australasia (1821), when he presided at an inaugural meeting which celebrated the jubilee of the landing of Captain Cook and Mr. Joseph Banks at Botany Bay. The members of that old and smail Society should all be represented. They include Barron Field, Alex. Berry, Oxley, Uniacke, Allan Cunningham, Dr. Rumker, Captains King and Currie, R.N. A fuller list and other particulars of the 1821 Society will be found at Trans. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 1, 11—14, from the pen of the Revd. W. B. Clarke. Alexander Berry was the last survivor. Iam familiar with the old records of this Society, and I find that no man attended the meetings more regularly and took a more active interest in the resuscitated Society (Philosophical, 1856, onwards), than Governors Sir William Denison and Sir John Young. Sir Hdward Deas-Thomson _Wwasamost active worker. And how rarely do we now hear these names mentioned in connection with our Society. Is it right ? B—May 1, 1912. 18 J. H. MAIDEN. Medical Men.—Surgeon-General White, Denis. Considen, D’Arcy Wentworth, and Cuthill should be included. William Bland, Hon. Dr. Douglass and Sir Alfred Roberts were all active members of our Society, though, it will be observed, Ido not propose to restrict our portrait gallery to members. Surveyors and Hxplorers.—We can hardly separate one designation from the other. The earliest surveyor-explorers include our first Surveyor-General Alt, buried in St. John’s Oemetery, Parramatta; Surveyors Grimes and Meehan, G. W. Hvans, John Oxley, Sir Thomas Mitchell, and many others. No doubt our Surveyor-General and our Institute of Surveyors would willingly help us. Engineers.—When I come to Engineers, I find the title was somewhat loosely used, but whether some might be called surveyors or architects isa matter of detail. Let me suggest the following, and lam sure our Works Depart- ment and the Railway Department would help us. Major Druitt, W. H. Alcock, Superintendent of Streets, Highways and Bridges in 1810; John Busby, ‘‘ Mineral Surveyor,”’ of Busby’s Bore fame. Captain, afterwards Sir EK. Ward, a most attentive member. Col. Barney, R.E., G. K. Mann, R.&., H. O. Moriarty, Whitton, W. C. Bennett, three distinguished Hngineers-in-Chief of the Public Works Department. Architects.x—Mortimer William Lewis of the Corps of Royal Military Surveyors, and first Colonial Architect. He was an early town-surveyor of Sydney, besides being in charge of engineering works. Then we must not forget such men as William Greenway, who dates from Governor Macquarie’s time, nor H. T. Blacket, architect of the University, and of many fine churches. Botanists.—These are attended to at the Botanic Gar- dens, so that attention can, in the meantime, be given to other kinds of portraits. Ifatany time the Society should PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 19 desire to make a collection of portraits of botanists, copies of all that I have accumulated would be at their service. Zoologists.—Similarly, zoologists are attended to at the Australian Museum. A catalogue of the portraits in that collection could be kept at the Royal Society for conveni- ence of reference. Geologists.—We have a fine portrait of the Revd. W. B- Clarke, one of the fathers of Australian geology, and one of the most active office-bearers this Society ever had. I do not doubt that, if requested, Mr. Pittman, our Govern-: ment Geologist, would help to make our collection of portraits representative. Let me not forget the Astronomers, of which G. K. Smalley was an office-bearer, nor such men as Prof. Stanley Jevons, office-bearer, political economist and physicist. Perhaps a circular could be issued to members asking them to suggest where portraits exist, and to help in any | way. The Press would help us, and Iam sure that the various Societies would, such as our good friends the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the Hngineering Association, Institute of Architects, Institute of Surveyors, and soon. Our own portrait-book includes such men as Christopher Rolleston and J. F. Mann, the former a most active and useful member, and the latter an explorer with Leichhardt, and an authority on Australian geography and the aborigines. The following prominent members of the Society are, for example, depicted in the Mitchell Library souvenir book:— Col. Barney, Canon Allwood, Sir O. Nicholson, Sir H. Deas-Thomson, fF. L. S. Merewether, Alex. Berry, H. H. Browne, Prof. Smith, W. B. Clarke, H. Daintrey, Capt. Sir EK. Ward, R.E., Wm. Macleay, W. J. Stephens; and Iam perfectly certain the Trustees of the Library would help us to realise our modest ambitions. 20 J. H. MAIDEN. The honorary secretaries have a good deal of detail work to do for the Society, and perhaps members with a little more leisure than they, and who wish to do real service to the Society, might consider the desirability of actively helping inthis special work of getting the portraits together. While I am in an historical vein, let me express the regret. I feel that we did not emphasise our jubilee in 1906. A mere celebration would have been of little account had there been no permanent printed memorial of our history to date. I have accumulated a large quantity of material in regard to the history of that 50 years, which pressure of other duties prevented me offering to the Society. I will take care of these notes, perhaps add to them, and it. may be that a successor of mine may find them useful in giving an account of the centenary of the Society. III. Local Societies and Scientific Gatherings. 1. The Melbourne Meeting of the Australasian Associ- ation for the Advancement of Science.—This has been fixed for January 1913. The list of office-bearers is not yet printed, but I have seen it, and it shows a very strong team. We were glad to see many of our Victorian friends. at the Sydney meeting of January 1911, and the best com- pliment we can pay them will be to accept their invitation and be present at their meeting in great strength. The meeting will afford the most appropriate opportunity for discussing formally and informally, arrangements for welcoming our British brethren, when they honour us by visiting our shores during the following year. Sydney being an important Australian scientific centre, it is desir- able that New South Wales men should take an active interest inthis particular meeting for the advancement o science. 2. The forthcoming Australasian Meeting of the British Association.—This will take place in August 1914, PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Dh practically two and a-half years ahead, and consequently the arrangements for the visit are not yet crystallised. The Premier of the Commonwealth Government, whose enlightened action has rendered it possible for the meeting to be held in Australia at all, has recently made the announcement that about 150 representatives of British science will attend. The arrangements made and con- templated, will, be announced as far as possible at the Melbourne meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. I refer to the matter thus briefly, to remind members of this Society of the approach of the most stupendous event in the history of gatherings of scientific men (and women) ‘in Australia. I hope that members of this Society will not only become members of the British Association, at least for this meeting, but that they will even now begin to revolve in their minds in what way they can contribute to the enjoyment of our guests, both in the way of showing them the treasures of our scientific institutions, and in assisting them toa knowledge of our scientific and material resources. | 3. The sequence of early Scientific Societies in New South Wales.—I have already referred to the 1821 Society, “The Philosophical Society of Australasia ’’ of which ours is a direct successor. This was a purely scientific Society, and when it was found that, for many years, the small population of Sydney and of the colony generally, could not support a strictly scientific organisation, agricultural, horticultural and kindred societies took up the work, and afforded opportunities for scientific discussion, scientific lectures, and exhibits of scientific objects. I have for some years been collecting data concerning these societies, Which kept the torch of science burning, and offer the following brief notes. ye) J. H. MAIDEN. The Society founded in 1821 was mentioned in the “Australasian Almanac”’ for 1825, but not afterwards. It is probable the Society met for more or less informal dis- cussions, which were recorded in the press. Then we have. “The Agricultural Society of New South Wales,” from 1822 to February 1826, which became “‘The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of New South Wales’ from 1822 to 1836 (?). A few reports from 1822 onwards are in existence. Members of the Committee represented specific districts. Prof. Smith in his Presidential address (This Journal xv, p. 3, 1881), says that “‘ In the New South Wales Calendar of 1832, I find mention of an ‘Australian Society’ for pro- moting colonial products and manufactures, under the presidency of Mr. Samuel Terry. Ican find no other refer- ence to it.’’ The full title was “‘for promoting the growth and consumption of colonial products.’’ I find its office- bearers given in the N.S.W. Calendar for 1831, 1833 — 1836. In Ford’s ‘‘ Sydney Commercial Directory” for 1851, we have “The Australian Society for the encouragement of : Art, Science, Commerce and Agriculture in Australia, Sydney, 1859.”’ This is what is known as the 1850 Society (our precursor). The above Directory (see also our Trans. Vol. 1, 15, 16, for further particulars) gives a long list of office-bearers, including many names long identified with the Philosophical or Royal Society of New South Wales. The names of the office-bearers are given in the ‘‘Aus- tralian Almanac’’ for 1852 and 1853, the Society being always identified as that of “Sydney, 1850.’ The relation of our Society to the 1850 Society has always been recog- nised, and I would like to see portraits of the office-bearers onour walls. The 1850 Society eventually got into low water through the excitement caused by the gold discoveries. In the meantime ‘*‘The Australian Floral and Horticul- tural Society’’ had come into existence. I know of it from PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 23 1836. Its office-bearers are given in the ‘‘New South Wales Pocket Almanac’’ for 1840. In the issue of 1841 it is referred to as the ‘* Sydney Floral Society,’ evidently through carelessness, and in the issue of 1842 correctly. The “‘New South Wales and Sydney Directory’’ for 1843 mentions it, and I find no further mention of the Society, until in “The Australian Almanac”’ for 1848 it again has a full list of office-bearers, and I know nothing further of it under this name. Then we have ‘“‘The Australasian Botanic and Horticult- ural Society,’’ founded in July 1848. It went on till 1856, and its office-bearers will be found in the various ‘* Aus- tralian Almanacs.’’ In November 1854 was founded ‘‘The Horticultural Improvement Society.’ This lasted till October 1856, when, with “‘The Australasian Botanic and Horticultural Society,” it was merged in ‘* The Australian Horticultural and Agricultural Society,’’ which went on till 1860. Some of the members of “The Australasian Botanic and Horticultural Society’’ objected to the fusion, and 22 members, bringing with them £88, seceded, and helped to found *‘The Philosophical Society of Australasia,’’ which is often referred to as the ‘1856 Society,”’ receiving its name at a public meeting held 9th May, 1856. Some brief notes will be found in our Trans.1, 17. Our Proceed- ings are thenceforward recorded in ‘“‘The Sydney Magazine of Science and Art’’ (1858-9), and those of ‘* The Australian Horticultural and Agricultural Society ’’ also. The differ- entiation became fairly complete. Other societies worthy of mention in this connection are ‘“‘The New South Wales Vineyard Association’’ (1852-3), see the “‘ Australian Almanacs” for those years; “The Agricultural Society of New South Wales,”’ (1860 to date); “The Acclimatisation Society’? (1862-1874 ?); ‘“‘The Horticultural Society of Sydney” (1864-1866 ?); “‘ The Horticultural Society of New South Wales ’’ (1869 to date) 94 J. H. MAIDEN. IV. Other Scientific happenings of broad Australian interest. 1. Northern Territory HExpedition, 1911.—The Wxpe- dition was organised by the Commonwealth Government, through the Department of External Affairs, for the purpose of investigating a number of scientific problems in the Northern Territory, and with a view to obtaining informa- tion to serve aS a guide in formulating a policy for the administration of the country. The members were Pro- fessor Baldwin Spencer, University of Melbourne (leader); Professor Gilruth, University of Melbourne; Dr. Anton Breinl, School of Tropical Medicine, Townsville; and Dr. W. G. Woolnough, University of Sydney. ‘The range of study included general biology, ethnology and anthropology, human and animal diseases peculiar to the country or likely to be introduced, geology and mining. Professors Spencer and Gilruth visited Melville Island, a place hitherto practically unknown from the point of view of scientific investigation. The aborigines have always been fierce and hostile, but, thanks to the splendid influence of Mr. Cooper, a buffalo shooter who has obtained the con- fidence of the blacks, the scientists were able to carry on their investigations without mishap. Professor Spencer was able to examine a peculiar isolated type of aborigine, practically unaffected as yet by contact with civilization, and obtained very valuable results. At the present time he has returned to the island and is carrying his researches a stage further. Professor Gilruth was able to examine the buffialos, descendants of introduced stock, and to inves- tigate their relation to the question of migration of the cattle tick. The whole party journeyed overland from Darwin to the Roper Bar a distance of some 400 miles. Thence Professors Spencer and Gilruth and Dr. Breinl returned via the Roper PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 25 River and Thursday Island, while Dr. Woolnough continued the journey overland to Townsville. The general biological results were not quite up to expect- ations, as the journey was made during the dry season. The dry and wet seasons are very sharply defined, and, during the former the lower classes of animals are very scarce. With the advent of “‘The Wet” they appear in great abundance and variety. Kthnological and anthropological research gave most satisfactory results. At first the blacks were extremely suspicious, but Professor Spencer was able to allay their fears, and obtained valuable data referring to relationships, beliefs and ceremonies of five of the northern tribes. Comparatively little stock was seen, but specimens examined showed the occurrence of cattle tick throughout the lower lying regions. Stock diseases, such as those termed “‘pufis’’ and ‘‘swamp cancer,’’ prevalent in the wet season, were not much in evidence, but Professor Gilruth was able to obtain some information with regard to them. Malarial mosquitos, as well as other kinds, were numer- ous, but no member of the party contracted the disease. Dr. Breinl concludes that malignant malaria, dysentery, and other tropical diseases, may be expected in increasing amounts as the population becomes greater, unless very careiul preventive measures are employed. At the present time the population is fairly healthy. Owing tothe shy- ness of the blacks, very little investigation of their health conditions was possible. Blood smears of human beings, and of animals of all kinds were collected, to be examined for parasites. In spite of the rapidity of the journey, interesting geo- logical observations were made. The Pre-Cambrian mineral belt of the Territory, with its intrusive granites was examined. An enormous area of Cambrian quartzites, limestones and volcanic rocks was shown to exist, in which very little evidence of earth movement was apparent. The stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks was made out. On the Barkly Tableland these rocks contain sub-artesian water, the conditions of whose occurrence were studied. A great development of hot springs was found along a line stretching across almost the whole width of the territory. The ancient gneissic rocks of Cloncurry were examined, and important suggestions bearing upon palseography obtained therefrom. 26 J. H. MAIDEN. I am indebted to Dr. Woolnough for the above brief and modest sketch of an expedition which we owe tothe broad mindedness of the Commonwealth Government, and I trust it will be the precursor of many similar expeditions under Government auspices, to regions very little known from a scientific point of view. Professor Spencer, though engaged in engrossing duties, collected a fairly large number of plants, and although it does not appear that we have new species amongst them, several of them will contribute to our knowledge of geo. graphical botany. The various observations of the Expedition are being worked out, but the immediate results are two, and very important. One is that Professor Spencer accepted the offer of the Commonwealth Government to act as Chief Protector of the Aborigines for the Northern Territory for a period of twelve months, beginning with the present year, and not only will it result that valuable suggestions will be made for the welfare of the aborigines, but obser- vations will be made in regard to the ethnology of certain native tribes, by an entirely competent and sympathetic observer. The second result has been that Professor PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 27 Gilruth has been offered and has accepted the post of Administrator of the Northern Territory, and he has just arrived at Darwin. Scientific men throughout Australia, and I confidently include members of this Society, will applaud this action of the Government. It removesa working scientific man, one of ourselves, from the seat of his activity, and declares that he is not debarred from high administrative work because he isa scientific man. In other words, his appoint- ment isa compliment to Australian science. He can now, from the very nature of things, have but little time to specialise in the scientific work in which he has won his spurs, but we know that, while carrying out his onerous and multifarious duties, his acts will be judicially influenced by the knowledge and sympathy of the scientific man. The collection of specimens and the making of observations he will have to largely leave to others, but in the newest of Australian countries, we shall feel that we have a sympa- thetic Administrator who has, as we think, the enormous advantage of scientific knowledge. His science and scientific sympathy willbe brought out in various ways for the advantage of the Territory,—in what ways, we cannot say; it ishis function, as the man on the spot, to ascertain, and we will not importune him. The Department of External Affairs, Melbourne has commenced the issue of a Bulletin of the Northern Terri- tory, 4to, illustrated. Bulletin No. 1, March 1912, is entitled ‘‘ Report of (the) Preliminary Scientific Expedition to the Northern Territory, (by various authors). Bulletin No. 2, April 1912, is entitled ‘‘An introduction to the Study of certain Native Tribes of the Northern Territory,’’( by Professor Baldwin Spencer). 28 J. H. MAIDEN. 2. Antarctica.— Scott, 1910-11-12. Amundsen, 1910-11-12. Shirase, 1911-12. Mawson, 1911-12. Filchner, 1911-12. The southern summers, 1910-11 and 1911-12, have been marked by a most determined assault on the strongholds of Antarctica. No less than five important expeditions, originating in five different centres of civilization—Britain, Norway, Japan, Australia, and Germany—have proceeded south to explore the last large unknown area in the World. Scott’s first expedition in 1903 showed that Antarctic exploration could be resolved into two types. There is the investigation of the animal and plant life and of the geological characteristics, which can only be studied along the coasts of the great Antarctic Plateau ; and, secondly, there are the sledging journeys to be made over the great Inland Plateau—the largest and. highest in the World— which is devoid of life, and in which no rock masses project above the waste of ice. Quite different objects are aimed at in these contrasted journeys. The first may be called purely scientific; the second class also result in important additions to our scientific knowledge, but they are necessarily “‘ dashes ”’ marked by hurry, strenuous labour and great privation, and do not afford time for very careful scientific observation. Their chief aim, since Scott made the first long plateau journey in 1903, has been to reach either the South Geographic or South Magnetic Pole. Of the five expeditions mentioned, Scott’s and Amundsen’s appear to be the only ones designed to attack the Geo- graphical Pole. A glance at the map of the Oontinent will show that their winter quarters on the Ross Sea have PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 29 been established about 800 miles from the Pole. Mawson’s expedition is working along the Antarctic Circle, 1500 miles north of the Geographic Pole, but fairly close to the Magnetic Pole, and perhaps actually within its area. The Japanese apparently had no expectation of reaching the Pole, but may perhaps be described as having registered their claim as an exploring nation. Lastly, the German expedition—one of the most completely equipped—has presumably entered the pack ice of the Weddell Sea at a point immediately opposite the Ross Sea region. Here Bruce, in 1904, found the permanent ice barrier covering a land which he named Coatsland. It is 1,200 miles from the Pole. It will be seen that Amundsen, who placed his camp on the Ross Ice Barrier, remote from visible land, was con- cerned almost entirely with the attainment of the South Pole. But, in the course of his long journey, it seems probable that he encountered more new land than will be mapped by any of his friendly rivals. In addition to his advance to the Pole, Scott, relied no less on those members of his expedition remaining at head quarters and sledging west and north to increase the value of his expedition. Only half his officers accompanied him south, the remainder being engaged in subsidiary exploration and scientific work at three far-distant stations. In the summer of 1910-11, Scott fixed his head quarters almost midway between Shackleton’s of 1907 and his old Discovery Hut of 1902. Owing to his early start—28th November—he was able to complete his hut and leave for depot-laying and exploration on the 24th January. He had time to lay a depot of a ton of supplies near the 80th Parallel and even more at a point about one degree further north. Another important result was the experience gained in handling the ponies on the Barrier Ice and in blizzards. 30 J. H. MAIDEN. Meanwhile, a second party under Lieut. Campbell, had been taken 500 miles east, by the ‘‘Terra Nova,” to attempt a landing on King Hdward VII Land. The ice conditions presented insurmountable difficulties, and on their return the ship sighted the *‘Fram,’’ and found that Amundsen was settled on the Great Barrier, about 350 miles east of Scott’s position. This news was left at Scott’s headquarters, and then the “Terra Nova’’ carried Camp- bell’s party north some 600 miles to Robertson Bay. Here they were landed in February, 1911, close to Borchgrevinck’s hut of 1898. No other landing place was discovered in the whole region, though Captain Pennell made many attempts along the coast. However, the trip resulted later in the discovery of two new areas of land between Cape Adare and Adelie Land. A third party under Griffith Taylor was landed at the foot of the Western Mountains in January 1911, primarily to continue the geological work of the 1902 and 1907 expeditions, both northward in the Dry Valley area and southward up the Koettlitz Glacier. Two geologists, a physicist who studied the ice conditions, and a Seaman con- stituted the party. They found that the Dry Valley was a magnificent example of a “‘ trog-thal’’ crossed by bars (‘‘riegel’’) and exhibiting gorges and basins exactly as do the valleys of the Kuropean Alps. Small craters and great walls of late basaltic lava were perched on the older glaci- ated shoulders of the valley. The Koettlitz region was remarkable for the splendid examples of © W M (cirque) topography and empty hanging valleys below Mount Lister. At head quarters, Dr. Simpson had encountered great difficulty, even in February, in setting up his instruments, in consequence of the violent weather. Nevertheless the anemometers, a thermograph, thermometers, and sunshine recorder, were placed on an adjacent hill 65 feet high. * PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 31 Nearer the main hut was the small magnetic hut for absolute magnetic measurements. Alongside an ice grotto was cut out for the continuous magnetic trace, and it was ingeni- ously connected electrically to the hut, so that any accident to the apparatus was signalled by a bell. ) as well as that of other authors have clearly shown that in certain generally mild cases clinically enteric fever there can be recovered bacilli of two types which are generally known as paratyphosus A and B, the latter of which is, culturally, practically identical with Gaertner’s original B. enteritidis. In 1897 Sanarelli‘?® isolated from a large number of cases of yellow fever, a bacillus subsequently shown by Reid and Carroll?” to belong to this group, and though subsequent investigations have not confirmed his original opinion that it was the cause of this disease, it seems well enough established that its frequent association with the disease is substantially correct. | Another important situation in which Gaertner type bacilli are found is in association with “‘ hog cholera’’ now conclusively shown by Dorset, Bolton and McBryde®) and others, to be caused by a filter passer. Here it is almost certainly to be reckoned as playing a very important, though subsidiary part in the causation of the disease. A filter passer caused disease of guinea pigs has also been shown by Petrie and O’Brien, O’Brien, to be associ- ated with bacilli of the Gaertner group. Normal guinea pigs, MacConkey (1906),°) mice and occasionally normal pigs, Savage (1906-7),‘2) have been shown to harbour similar bacilli. Savage also found a Gaertner type organism in a healthy calf. BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 8 Members of the group have been found in normal stools, Castellani (1910),‘) food. stuffs, Mullens (1904),@4) and Savage (1906-7), and certainly in one case ina water supply, May (1911).‘) The organism found by Thomassen (1897) in calves suffering from nephritis and cystitis probably also belongs to this order. General Characteristics of the Gaertner Group. These organisms all belong to the great colon family by virtue of their morphology, staining reactions, nature of growth on agar and their failure to liquefy gelatin or peptonise milk.* Certain of their biological attributes are now generally recognised, and the following description will, I think, be an accurate enough presentation of present day views on the characteristics of organisms certainly able to be included in the group. They all agree with bacillus coli in morphology and staining reactions. They may or may not be motile. They, like b. coli, do not liquefy gelatin or peptonise milk: and they differ from b. coli, in not fermenting lactose, not clotting milk, and in producing little or no indol; and from bacillus typhosus in producing gas on glucose. I think it is recognised also that cane-sugar should not be attacked, and that acid and gas should be produced on mannit, t.e., that such non- mannit fermenting organisms as Morgan’s No. 1, and such saccharose fermenters as are fairly commonly found in feces should be relegated to quite different categories. The object of the paper is to enquire into the bio-chemical characteristics of organisms agreeing with the above description.. The two principal methods used to identify and classify Gaertner type organisms are the agglutination method, including also Pfeiffer’s test and the absorption * Not obviously though the “clearing” referred to later may be of this nature. 80 B. BRADLEY. method, and the bio-chemical method. Without discussing the value or otherwise of the first procedure, I intend to confine myself here to the consideration of the latter. The history of the use of the changes produced by organisms on various chemical substances is a long one, and I do not pretend to give it more than a brief consider- ation, but before proceeding to my own work I wish to refer to the finding by certain observers who have specially entered into the matter. Silberschmidt (1895)® noted that b. hog cholera fer- mented glucose with the formation of acid and gas and produced no indol. Widal and Nobencourt (1897) describe the organism they isolated from a thyroid abscess as a gram negative bacillus, non-gelatin liquefier, pathogenic for guinea pigs and mice. On glucose and mannit acid and gas were pro- duced, lactose and saccharose were unaffected. Thomassen’s (1897) nephritis organism was almost certainly Gaertner type to judge by the agglutination results. He describes it as an actively motile organism . resembling b. typhosus, not liquefying gelatin, growing in an ‘‘invisible ’’ manner on potato. Milk was not coagulated up to three weeks. Glucose was fermented, acid and slight gas being produced—no action occurred on lactose. It produced a slight trace of indol and was very virulent. Gwyn (1898)"* describes in some detail the organism he recovered from the blood of a case clinically typhoid. This is the first ‘“‘paratyphoid’’ on record. It was a gram negative flagellated organism showing on gelatin “‘blue”’ colonies. It produced acid and gas on glucose, mannit and levulose (slight action on saccharose).’ No action occurred on lactose. Milk showed “‘cameleonage,”’ being first acid then neutral within ten days. + This is not confirmed by later observers, and was probably due to traces of glucose in the saccharose used. BIO-GHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 81 Durham (1898)) gives the bio-chemical characteristics of various Gaertner type cultures. He found, using 17 peptone water solutions of the “‘sugars,’’ that all gave avid and gas on glucose, mannit, levulose, maltose, dextrin, and no action on lactose, cane sugar, starch, and inulin. On litmus whey, acid was followed by alkalinity. He states that with 2% peptone and 1% of either mannit or glucose, the initial acidity is followed by alkalinity. Schottmiuller (1900) describes an organism from a case of enteric-like illness and differentiates it principally by serum reactions and gas formation. Cushing (1900)°" found a bacillus, ‘‘bacillus ‘O’,’’ from an abscess following a case of ? paratyphoid fever. Glucose was fermented and ‘“‘cameleonage’’ and liberation of the fat (clearing) of the litmus milk occurred. The organism was actively motile. Indol was not produced in peptone, but a trace occurred in sugar free broth. He quotes a similar finding in a post-typhoidal rib abscess by Blumer. Durham (1900) in attempting to classify the colon- typhoid group by means of various sugars, etc., gives some considerable attention to the Gaertner type organisms. He distinguishes :— I. A true Gaertner type in which he includes bs. Gaertner, Moorseele, aertryck, hog cholera, typhi- murium, psittacosis and morbif bovis, etc. These he describes as forming acid and gas in glucose, and none in lactose and cane sugar. They give preliminary acidity followed by alkalinity in litmus whey. II. A type including b. Gwyn and b. ‘‘O’’ Oushing. These he found, while giving abundant acid in glucose, gave free gas only under certain circum- stances. Lactose was not affected. F—June 5, 1912. 82 B. BRADLEY. III. A group consisting of organisms which showed a ‘*colon-like”’ instead of a typhoid like morphology. Some of these gave acid but no gas on lactose not affecting saccharose. Others gave no action on lactose. The milk whey reaction differed from that of Group I. Sometimes milk was clotted. Schottmuller (1901) describes two paratyphoid organisms and differentiates an A. and B. type. The type A. para- colon according to him rendered the milk slightly and permanently acid, while the B. type produced eventual alkalinity. Longcope (1902), describing two paratyphoid organisms isolated by him from the blood of two cases like enteric with negative Widals, found that one of these produced eventual alkalinity on milk while the other showed merely a gradual return to neutrality. Both organisms produced acid and gas on glucose and mannit, and no reaction on lactose and saccharose. Indol was negative. Hewlett (1902),'°) describing the paratyphoid organism ‘‘Noonan,’’ isolated from the blood of a case, notes cameleonage, acid and gas on glucose and no action on lactose and saccharose. } Libman (1902) gives the reactions of a paratyphoid organism he himself recovered from the blood, bile, urine and spleen of arather anomalous typhoid-like case: acid and gas were found on glucose and mannit, no action occurring on lactose or cane sugar. Milk was transitorily acidified and later alkali was produced. Johnston (1902)? isolated from the blood of two case paratyphoid organisms, these he tested with numerous other strains, and agrees with the differentiation into A. and B. types. BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. : 83 Pottevin (1905) gives a careful description of a Gaertner type organism isolated from ham. On glucose, mannit, maltose and galactose, acid and gas were produced, acid only on glycerine, and no action on erythrit, lactose or saccharose. The organism was pathogenic to guinea pigs and certain other laboratory animals. Morgan (1905) investigated the bio-chemical reactions of a number of Gaertner type organisms (b. Gaertner, b. aertryck, b. Moorseele, b. Hanstedt, by Breslaviensis, b. morbif bovis, b. Gunther, b. Abel, b. Renfleth, b. typhi murium, b. psittacosis, b. hog cholera Theo. Smith, b. hog cholera Evans, b. paratyphosus Schottmuller A, b. para- typhosus Schottmuller B, b. paratyphosus Brion and Kayser A. He found that all of these organisms gave acid and gas on glucose and mannit, but no action on lactose and cane- sugar. Paratyphosus A and B, produced indol in five days. Paratyphosus A. produced acidity on litmus milk which Was permanent up toamonth. B. hog cholera Smith, pro- duced no change on dulcit up to fourteen days. With the exceptions mentioned above, all produced acid and gas on dulcit and “‘cameleonage”’ on litmus milk. Morgan says that b. paratyphosus produces alkalinity less rapidly than b. Gaertner, which may do this in forty-eight hours. Sacquepee and Chevrel (1906)*" describing the charac- teristics of various paratyphoid organisms, note that on glucose, levulose, maltose, galactose, acid and gas are produced. Arabinose, dulcit, and mannit are likewise attacked, but less readily, and on arabinose in anaerobic conditions no gas is given off. Glycerin is even less readily attacked. It is not quite clear to me whether they found gas given off on the glycerin. Boycott (1906) gives the reactions of various Gaertner types: b. paratyphosus Schottmuller A (Brion and Kayser), 84 B. BRADLEY. b. paratyphosus Schottmuller B., b. Aertryck, b. Gaertner, L.I.P.M., b. Gaertner orig. A. He says that on glucose, levulose, mannit, dulcit, maltose, dextrin, galactose, arabinose, and sorbit, acid and gas are produced, while no action occurs on lactose, cane-sugar, inulin, amygdalins salicin, raffinose or erythrit. He states that the indol reaction is variable, but more often found in b. paratyphoid and b. aertryck than in b. Gaertner, and says that on two occasions b. paratyphosus Schottmiller A, and also the Brion and Kayser strain, showed strong alkalinity on milk after two months. He gives notes of two atypical para- typhoid organisms which gave strong acidity on milk, acid and gas on salicin, otherwise resembling the Gaertner type organisms. MacConkey (1906) describing the organism associated with an outbreak of food poisoning at Fulham, isolated from the spleen of a child and the hind limb of a rabbit, says. that it corresponded in every way with those of b. enteri- tidis (Gaertner) group, and notes that acid and gas were produced on glucose, mannose, maltose, arabinose, raffinose, mannit, dulcit, sorbit and dextrin. (He notes reasons for the unreliability of the raffinose test). No action took place on lactose, cane-sugar, adonit, erythrit, inulin. MacConkey states that b. L. Hume ferments adonit with the production of acid and gas. (A similar organism is later noted by the author). Savage and Gunsen (1908)®) describing an outbreak of food poisoning due to infected brawn, discovered a bacillus which they finally agreed to place in the Aertryck branch of the Gaertner group. It produced acid and gas on glucose, mannit, dulcit, and maltose, but showed no action on lac- tose, saccharose or salicin. Litmus milk was turned acid and later alkaline. BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 85 Bainbridge (1909)°) finds that b. paratyphoid B., b. Danysz, b. suipestifer, b. Gaertner, and b. typhi murium are culturally indistinguishable, and notes the formation by them of acid and gas on glucose, mannit, dulcit, maltose, galactose, and arabinose, while without action on lactose, saccharose, raffinose, salicin or inulin. He makes the observation that one strain of suipestifer never produced gas on any media, and concludes on rather inadequate grounds that this was a variant form. In Table IX are shown a number of this type of organism, as tested by myself in this laboratory, from widely different sources. It is evident that the organism whatever be its relation to the Gaertner group is a well defined type. May (1911) isolated a paratyphoid type organism from water. He found that on glucose, mannit and galactose, acid and gas were produced. On dulcit and maltose, acid only was produced; no action occurred on lactose, sac- charose, dextrin or glycerin. McWeeney (1911)"° describing the characteristics of food poisoning organisms, after noting the fermentation of giucose and dulcit with the production of acid and gas, and the fact that lactose is not attacked, says that besides showing cameleonage on litmus milk, they gradually “‘ clear up’’ ordinary milk. This I will refer to later. Summary of results of the above observers. Glucose, tested by all observers ... ... acid and gas Lactose, EA IF *f ath Bie an Mannit 43 14 Li. Lah ... acid and gas Saccharose ,, 12 ¥ ny meena ri Gwyn U3 ... slight action Maltose a 7 hs whe ... acid and gas 4 May Ms a ... acid alone Dulcit 33 i a i ... acid and gas », MacConkey for hog cholera Smith, nil. 86 B. BRADLEY. Galactose tested by 5 observers ... .. acid and gas Inulin * 9) a 33 ville! | SOND Levulose __,, 5 d. we .. acid and gas Raffinose _,, 3 4 sat ove) OG Pr MacOonkey _... ... acid and gas Dextrin ba 3 observers ... .. acid and gas Rr May sus veers all Arabinose ,, 3 observers ... ... acid and gas Salicin BA 3 ni afc sei, aol Krythrit " 3 Be sae was, Sorbit ee 2 - sie ... acid and gas Amygdalin ,, 1 - oe oe) taal Glycerin aR 1 a see ... slight action Litmus milk, or litmus whey, was used by the majority of the above observers and the results are in agreement. Acidity is always produced followed quickly by alkalinity in one group. In the other group the acidity is either permanent or much more slowly replaced by alkali. The indol reaction seems to have given rather variable results. Present Investigations. The present investigation is firstly the outcome of an inquiry into the bio-chemical properties as tested by the various media detailed in tabular form of the Gaertner type organisms stocked in the Bureau, which have either come into our possession as “‘ standard types ’’ from various European laboratories, or been collected from various sources as part of the work of this department. Later in this communication I give the results of the bio-chemical findings in certain organisms isolated under my direction from samples of normal human faeces, food stufis, etc., which approximately belong to the Gaertner type. Finally I conclude with some findings in connection with certain cultures of the anaerogene class which was found in our — stock labelled incorrectly. BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 87 Technique.—For all “‘sugar’’ tests 17% litmus peptone water containing the various sugars $/ strength was used, except in the case of glucose, mannit, lactose and cane- sugar, where 1/ strength was substituted. The solutions were put up in test tubes with Durham’s gas collecting tubes. All sugars are from Merck, except saccharose, which is ordinary brewers’ crystals. The results following are made up from the notes of nearly a year’s work, during which time the majority of the tests have been applied at least twice. In Table I. are displayed the bio-chemical reactions of thirteen cultures from Huropean laboratories labelled para- typhosus or paracolon. This table incidentally shows the media used and the general method adopted. The reactions of the various “‘sugar’’ media are identical in quality, though variable to some extent in quantity. Thus there is some variation in the time taken to ferment dulcit, some cultures giving acid and gas on this sugar in twenty-four hours, others taking several days. But as considerable variations occurred in individual tests of cer- tain organisms, it was not thought advantageous to rely much on this characteristic. All, however, are able to ferment dulcit within four days. A similar but less marked irregularity is found with maltose, galactose and arabinose. As regards morphology, motility, and growth on agar, I do not wish to dwell, except to say that I have found no useful distinguishing properties by these tests. Litmus milk is usually regarded as a valuable means of separating two types of b. paratyphosus, A and B. 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Surmoyg—T 2qe], BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 89 of action on milk, some showing a long continued slight acidity gradually becoming less, and probably, if left long enough, eventually producing alkalinity, others more rapidly produce strong alkalinity, while between the extreme types are found several varieties. The indol reaction tested by the nitrite and sulphuric acid method varies considerably, but my own experience shows that this method of testing is unreliable. It has been possible since these tables were drawn up to procure the reagents for the benzaldehyde test.(*2) All the Gaertner type organisms referred to in Table I. were tested by it, but none of them gave positive indol reactions. The following cultures were tested in the Same manner: B. Food Poisoning Type. P. 54 Gaertner Institut Pasteur .oo Gaertner Kral 1902 Gaertner Kral 1904 .29 Gaertner Lentz 1911 a1 Abel Kral 1906 06 Breslaviensis Kral a4 Moorseele Kral 61 Gunther Kral 65 Hanstedt Kral 1906 67 Renfleth Kral 1906 70 Aertryck L.I.P.M. 1911 ee Ol ow C. Rat Virus Type. 46 Danysz 1904 47 Danysz from Danysz Virus Co., 1904 72 Danysz from Liverpool Institute 1904 48 Danysz from Dr. Danysz 1906 44 From ‘“‘Azoa’’ (P.D. & Co.) (Bur.) 1907 63 From “‘Azoa”’ (P.D. & Co.) (Bur.) 1910 45 From Ratin (Ratin Virus Co.) (Bur.) 1907 yo ate vc lle le atte beta 90 B. BRADLEY. D. Swine Diseases. P 22 Swine fever L.I.P.M. ’ P 23 Hog cholera French P 24 Hog cholera Klein P 25 Swine fever Gilruth HK. Miscellaneous. P 40 Typhi murium Ray I.P. P 49 Psittacosis IP. P 50 Psittacosis Kral 1902 P 52 Morbif bovis Kral As regards the reactions of the food poisoning, rat virus, and miscellaneous types above described, the vast majority show no marked variation from the B. type paratyphoid bacilli shown in the table. Numbers Pe (b. Gunther Kral.), Paz (b. Danysz from Danysz Virus Co.) gave slight acidity on salicin after a week. Numbers Py (b. Gaertner Lenz), Ps (b. Abel Kral), Pes (b. Hanstedt Kral), Pe; (b. Renfleth Kral) showed late action on arabinose. This was not affected till after a week (between 7 and 21 days). There were also irregular differences in the amount of motility displayed and in the exact rate of alkalinisation of the litmus milk. The indol reaction in all cases was negative by the benzaldehyde method though frequently there was shown a trace of colour by the sulphuric and nitrite method. The swine fever cultures while agreeing with the remainder fn all other respects never affected arabinose during the three weeks period of observation. Also it may be added none of these four cultures attacked dulcit under four days, one strain taking over a week (between 7 and 21 days). Table II. shows the biological characteristics of fifteen organisms isolated at the Bureau and provisionally classified ‘(ang ) Areuaeo - ; ‘OI6T IITs (anq) ‘Suvjno Sueano° ‘L061 (ang) puv[s] 10}Ysono1g J[VO ° (ang) Koupkg J9Ae} oUtmsS ° ‘S06T (ang) Keupfkg dese} OUIMS * 3 ‘OI6T (ang) IT< poomyooy aoaaz ourMs ‘OT6L (ang) Sid spueys woz ° ‘OT6T (ang) std spuvys unoaz ° ‘6061 (ang) JaAaz outas ° “IT6I (ang) | , eureuioyd ,, asvo w0ay * aT ‘6061 (Inq) UMvIq WOT; ° *906T d a a da a ‘a da a a a a (ang) Jooq pouso0o mory "S061 (ang) x[IwM wosz “Gg *aINI[ND JO ZUIT[aqu’y| “HOTZ JO USIS ISI Jo ayvp oq} AfoywULxOIdde ayvoIpUl 819449T WoMovad AY 104Jy¥ staquint oY, "WIYy ly OV OV OV DV a) iva OV OV Tilt ‘gsounpey OV "gSOUIQULIY *arynuy vv OV OV DV DV OV OV *9380JIR [BVO "aLIyxXa(T DV OV OV DV OV OV OV ‘aSOIVGIORE Selene) Vi DV DV LOV *syooM 901Y} 03 dn PoAIOSQO O.18M UMOYS s}[NFol OAIQBSOU [LV OSIMIGYJO ssaTUN ABP YAINOJ cy SLOJOG pedanodco UAMOYS sz[Nsor VArqIsod [TY OV DV OV 1) \i- OV OV OV OV OV OV OV DV ‘pay.teut NGIBN MTV MTV MTV MTV STV MLV MTV MTV MTV Vv ‘efUp &Z WIV | WIV) WIV | Ae STV STV e SUT.) =U shUp TZ "she CT shep ) “MTIIN SAW LIT “AepT "SULIYlayH "WEI, qm qu qt qui qua quis qua quis qs qui qui quis quis ‘qds0qy Wg 6Sq Sig 9% q Gq leq 19g 61g STq cog 8Sq Stq td ——_——— A ~ . ‘saungny adh y soujgsony pogojos. hyjw00) gy fo sworpowas oy? burmoyg—TI a[qey, atk / 92 B. BRADLEY. as Grertner type. With the doubtful exception Pos, which slowly ferments saccharose, they are undoubtedly to be included under that heading. Two cultures Pog and Pxs, slowly and slightly affect salicin. With regard to Sections I. and III. of this table, no com- ment is necessary, but Section II. showing the reactions of locally isolated organisms from swine gives confirmatory evidence to the facts mentioned above. Again none of these “swine fever’’ organisms ferment arabinose, and again the hesitancy to act upon dulcit is marked. It is interesting to note that no other organism out of the cultures tested except those isolated from swine failed to ferment arabinose. Glycerine and Sodium formate. I have made some experiments to determine whether the action of Gaertner type organisms on glycerine or sodium formate would be of any value as means of differ- entiation, but although both of these substances are acted upon by numerous strains the action is slow and uncertain. On glycerine, acid is produced by the majority of the strains tested, generally there is no gas formation apparent, but sometimes also a little is formed. On sodium formate at times no action occurs while at other times gas is pro- duced. The reason for the irregularity of the action of these substances is by no means apparent. Clearing of Milk. I have tested the observation that milk is gradually cleared by the Gaertner type cultures and have come to conclusions practically identical with McWeeney. This change cannot be perceived well on the litmus milk media, and so I inoculated with all the European and locally isolated Gaertner type cultures described, plain sterilised milk tubes. At the end of a month the change is clearly perceptible, the great majority of the Gaertner group show BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. . 93 this reaction very definitely. Compared with a non-inocu- lated tube of milk, or better with a tube clotted by the action of b. coli, there is seen to be a distinct lessening of opacity, but as mentioned before, no obvious peptonisation as is seen in many of the proteus and other gelatin lique- fiers. This reaction owing to the time taken to manifest. itself, cannot, however, be considered of much practical use, A few cultures did not show the reaction, but these are, as one might expect, only found amongst those which pro- duce the alkaline reaction slowly, probably if left longer they too would show the change. This characteristic of the Gaertner group, which is a very fundamental one, has been noticed by comparatively few observers (19, 10). It is probably due to a slow pro- teolytic action of the bacillus upon the ‘“‘membranes’”’ of proteid between the fat globules which are liberated and rise to the top. Conclusions. 1. The bio-chemical characteristics of forty “‘standard’’ (type Gaertner) cultures principally from European labora- tories have been systematically tested, using a large number of “‘sugars,’’ milk, and litmus milk. 2. There is a very close similarity in the bio-chemical characteristics of the members of the group though fairly wide individual variations in degree exist. 3. On glucose, mannit, maltose, galactose and sorbit,. acid and gas are rapidly produced usually within forty-eight hours, always before five days. 4. On lactose, saccharose, dextrin, inulin, amygdalin, raffinose, adonit and erythrit, no action is produced by any of the strains incubated up to three weeks. do. On-dulcit, acid and gas is produced by all the strains,. but the time taken is usually longer than with the other sugars, and is especially long in the bog cholera group. 94 . B. BRADLEY. 7 6. On arabinose, acid and gas is produced by all but the hog cholera type, generally under four days, but certain of the food poisoning group took longer—over a week to do that. The hog cholera cultures do not attack arab- inose under twenty-one days. 7. Salicin is rendered slightly acid by three cultures; by the rest it is unaffected up to three weeks. | 8. The Gaertner group produce on litmus a transient and often very feeble acidity, followed later by a reversal of the process generally shown by marked alkalinity. The subdivision into A and B types is one of degree, and cannot be strictly maintained bio-chemically as linking types are found between the extremes, but may be of interest in tracing the relationship of various strains of Gaertner type, pseudo-Gaertner and other colon bacilli. 9. Ordinary milk is after a month perceptibly cleared by the vast majority of Gaertner type strains. There is a close relationship between the degree of alkali formation and the “‘clearing.”’ 10. The indol reaction tested on the seventh day in peptone water by the sulphuric acid and nitrite method is variable, but never more than slight. This test is unreliable. No indol can be demonstrated by the benzaldehyde method under identical conditions. 11. Morphology, motility, growth on gelatin agar or potato are of no assistance whatever in the grouping of these organisms. 12. Fourteen stock cultures isolated at the Bureau from local sources and tested in the same way as the Huropean series, give results generally speaking confirmatory of the above, except that one culture from a food poisoning epidemic slowly affected saccharose. Salicin was attacked slowly by this, and by another culture from a food poison- — BIU-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. ; 95 ing epidemic. Arabinose was attacked by all of this series except the swine disease cultures, thus confirming the fact noted before, that such strains do not affect this sugar, and that this may be used asa means of differentiation. The action on dulcit on certain of the Bureau strains, however, showed wider variations, for in two swine fever cultures and in one food poisoning culture, no action occurred up to three weeks. | The result of the above tests is in agreement with pre- vious observers with two noteworthy exceptions. Whereas I find arabinose is unaffected by old cultures from swine, Bainbridge states that acid and gas are formed on this sugar. I do not think there is any possibility of error of observation on my part as the results have been repeated more than once. The only alternatives are firstly that my arabinose is not the same as Bainbridge’s (mine is from Merck), secondly that he has in the preparation of his arabinose media somehow facilitated the breaking down of it by the strains used. In the preparation of my sugar media, the ordinary steam sterilisation (twice for half hour) is used, and the media is neutral, so breaking up is out of the question. Again, none of my Gaertner types affect dextrin, while three observers above quoted, found that acid and gas is produced. The above remarks re arabinose apply equally well to dextrin. Notes on certain recently discovered Pseudo-Gaertner type organisms recovered from various sources. (See Table III.) Case I. Purcell.—This organism was recovered from the blood of a septicaemic case, the history of which is as follows:—The patient was operated upon for epithelioma of lip and neck glands; these removed, he was progressing to recovery when suddenly the temperature shot up and the pulse became very quick. An erysipelatous condition . 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OV sOV|sOVis OV = | oe ev =a Syl ee Se Wel ore |) oe — g1tB — — oa f)— gl e|g @ OV|DV OV |OV OV|OV OVIOV OV| DV OVI OV DOV| DV OVI DV DV| DV OVIDV a | & Bele Ble AI? 5 HG OV OV ale OV Vv | OV V e OV OV |® MIV;| Ale /# MIV = «Gite MIV = 8 MIV | NIV |® AV WV |B N ra) rm Q ou [<9 Be 4 |< *syaaA 90.199 07 dn poAresqo a10M UMOGS §9[N3 TET S990 OI 9AT}BSOU [TV *‘payIVUl oslateqjO ssajun A¥p YIANOF Bq} e1OJaq paLimo00 UMOYS S}[Nsat 9ArzISOd [[V “MTIW SNWIIT ‘men | | 1 it | ‘ydioWm | 220200 2202 © 8sS96+ (TI) 2088 Uep[NnssTy UST W x S1OQUPAITy [[901ng IIgs uo} suluueg 1038 6828 ‘ON BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. oF developed in head, neck, and spread to trunk (not on arms). About forty-eight hours after the onset, streptococci were recovered from blood. Three days later, from a blood culture taken in the same way as before, no streptococci were found but staphylococci and the bacillus now under discussion. Two days later the blood was sterile. The patient was treated with an autogenous vaccine of strep- tococci from which he seemed to derive much benefit. [am inclined to think the Gaertner type bacillus may have been a secondary invader in the lowered condition, which was quickly killed off as the patient progressed to improvement. It gives all the reactions ofatypicat Gaertner type organism, including a negative indol reaction tested by the benzalde- hyde method on the eighth day. Case II. (8789).—In faeces from a patient in hospital, condition unknown, but as far as I can find out not typhoid, paratyphoid or food poisoning, a Gaertner type organism was found giving the typical cameleonage on litmus milk, and not affecting lactose or cane sugar, and giving acid and gas on glucose, mannit and dulcit. The fermentation of salicin on the third day should be noted. The indol reaction (benzaldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. Case III. (Caton).—This organism was recovered from the faeces of a healthy man on a ship on which there had been several cases of true enteric fever. It is distinguish- able from the Gaertner type in that on salicin acid and gas are produced, also dulcit and arabinose are not attacked up to twenty-one days. The indol reaction was strongly positive after a week’s incubation (benzalehyde method). Case IV. (Pennington).—This organism was recovered from the faeces of a healthy man on the same ship. Ata week’s incubation it is indistinguishable from a true Gaertner type organism. By twenty-one days dulcit and G—June 5, 1912, 98 B. BRADLEY. arabinose were not affected, and on lactose a trace of acid was produced. The indol reaction (benzaldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. Case V. (Levinberg).—This organism was recovered from the faeces of a healthy man on the same ship. At two days’ incubation it was indistinguishable from a _ true Gaertner type organism, but by a week on lactose acid was produced, and on salicin acid and gas. The litmus milk by this time had clotted. The indol reaction (benz- aldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. Case VI. (McMillan).—This organism was recovered from a healthy man on the same ship. At three days incubation it was only distinguishable from a true Gaertner type organism by the strong acidity on milk. At a week, however, the lactose and cane sugar tubes showed small amounts of acid and gas. The indol reaction (benzaldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. Case VII. (3202).—In the faeces of a case of intestinal infection firstly diagnosed as typhoid, but subsequently clearly showing itself a quite different condition, was isolated amongst other organisms a gram hegative colon- like bacillus. This tested, gave reactions closely akin to b. paratyphosus A. Milk was acidified slightly at first, later becoming strongly acid. At forty-eight hours the only difference from b. paratyphosus A. was that on adonit acid and gas were produced, while sorbit was not affected. Later the lactose tube became acid, and gas was not produced up to twenty-one days. The indol reaction (benz- aldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. Case VIII. (3511).—From ice cream, an organism agree- ing with the Gaertner type in many particulars. Dulcit and arabinose were not fermented. The organism between the eighteenth and twenty-first day gave slight acid on lactose and cane-sugar. Litmus milk shows cameleonage. > BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLI. 99 The indol reaction (benzaldehyde method) was strongly positive in seven days. It will be noted that only one of these organisms is quite typical in its reactions as compared with the previous tabulated results of standard types or cultures isolated from sources where infection with some of the recognised types might be presumed. All of these ‘‘pseudo-gaertner’’ except Case I. gave a strong positive indol reaction. Four of them though at first non-lactose fermenters, attack this sugar within a week and clot milk. Two others attack lactose very slowly though giving typical cameleonage on litmus milk. Two others ferment salicin energetically and early. Notes on Certain Anaerogenes. The last Table No. IV. shows the biochemical reactions of certain anaerogene organisms labelled suipestifer and fowl cholera. They are of interest as being closely similar to the strain found by Bainbridge which he assumed was a variant Gaertner type. The principal resemblance to this type is the cameleonage of milk and the non-fermentation of lactose. Table 1V.—Showing bio-chemical reactions up to one week of anaerogene strains of Surpestifer-Fowl Cholera, etc. g | Litmus Milk. | | rae a Re hes inn ges Tee AL. -|@lelsia| lal (3/8) \4 : . : 5 Z Z 2) 3/3|2 2/2 31/4! 2/22 2 sige Labelling of Culture. Z |S\a| = | @ |S/e|Ala|S|3[4|5|4/4/a/4 ala |a|4 |= Aa4j'—|a| — | alk} Al A| AJ—|-/| A\-| AJ-j- A- - —| Suipestifer, Kral. A320 | @ — | alk| Al Al Aj— AAs = — = - —| Suipestifer, Botany. Az6| ..| a| alk | alk| Aj Aj A}—!-| Aj—-| A|-|-—|-—| A—-|.|-|. |—| Cholera suum, Kral. Aag|....a| — | — | AJA A\-|- A - A\-—\|-—|-|. -|.|-|.|—| Fowl cholera, Sydney A4gi-|a| — | — | A| Aj AJ— Ale A|—-|-|-| A —|.|-|.|—| Fowl cholera, French A47'—\|a|) — | — | A\| A) Al— a A|-|-\|-| A -|.J-|.|-| Fowl cholera, Klein. 100 B. BRADLEY. Final Conclusions. I. No definite bio-chemical distinction can be drawn between b. paratyphosus (B), b. enteritidis Gaertner (or the other food poisoning strains), the rat virus bacilli, b. typhi murium, b. psittacosis or b. morbif bovis. II. The bio-chemical distinction between b. paratyphosus. A, and b. paratyphosus B, is one of degree only. III. The Gaertner type organisms from swine are separable from the other Gaertner strains by their inability to attack arabinose. IV. The action on dulcit of a number of the Gaertner type cultures shows considerable variations, and dulcit therefore cannot be considered of much value in differenti- ation. V. Salicin is only exceptionally attacked by any of the above strains. SOS ISN NN SNARE con NOX WRG VRE SSS Essexite. 4 / VN L447 PN AY ——_———= Pa mTAteA a aan CASEIN AA ANG WV RAY eK aN ax 7\" YS WASABI NAME ANS ASS. AN Ng NA ae x De 7 YE PRG us oe ‘ \ Lh Upper Segregation Ve i WS As, RAMS KA VARA AAA Baas A. BS fas ee of QuarTy Fig. 1.—Sketch of part of the face of the Reservoir (old) Quarry. DIFFERENTIATION PHENOMENA OF THE PROSPECT INTRUSION. 131 It will be seen that it parallels in a remarkable way the upper surface of the intrusion, and is about nine metres below the junction of the intrusion with the shales; the one not shown is parallel to it, and about four metres below it. These two veins have a thickness varying from 15 cm. up to 120 cm., and contain two distinct rock types, which we have called essexo-pegmatite and essexo-aplite respectively. The relation of these rocks to one another, and to the essexite proper is shown in figure 2. E 2 XK RK KK YK Kyx xxx w¥ Max ena ase xx % % Sips KX KKK KK YX KM KKK KKK KK ere Kx % XX x a @ dal K aay xx Hy 4*% EE K Fa x MARR. 2 Ma 2 A eXN4 Nay oe eee a= Balai lag lagleala: ones —= | — | — | ee 6 64°° eet%ee ad oe EO ee el ah ah OO ee RO i gig cid Deg gf Oe eee ke SOPOT) & - - aa “* Oe a -- - 2° =! -,- 7 7"- --— — -“-— 2.9% -_ = vis es. weer Se ee ee NP ag aes ee Ng eels es 3 2 ures! = mals RAIA INRIA RISE NDOADARNQANA STEAAN IOS ANON IORI ALLL ILE, B z KFKKK KK KK x x x xx x x AK A 3 *¥Xx x Axx xK x * AX ie re %% x ii Se: < x ee x xx xx me A AX KOK ae SKK Ky xX KH KR XK A A KKK x x x AX oi x its XX x Ka x x **x xxx x x* Fig. 2.—Sketch of part of one of the larger Segregation Veins. A Essexite (dolerite); 56 Fine essexo-pegmatite; C Coarse essexo- pegmatite ; D Fine aplite; Z Coarse aplite. 132 H. 8. JEVONS, H. I. JENSEN AND C. A. SUSSMILCH. In addition to these two large segregation veins there are a number of smaller veins situated above, between and below them, running in no general direction and seldom more than two or three inches in thickness; one of these is shown in figure 2, branching off from one of the larger veins. These smaller veins in nearly all cases, contain essexo-aplite only. None of the segregation veins extend. into the more compact part of the zone of pallio-essexite. The two rock types occurring in the segregation veins. are notably different from the essexite, and differ also from one another. The mineral composition of these two rocks. together with some of their physical characters, are set. out for comparison in the following table :— Table IT. (1) Bssexite. (2) Hssexo-pegmatite. (3) Hssexo-aplite. Grainsize 05-3 mm. (a) 25-3 mm. (a) 0'1—0°15 mm. (6) 5-10 ,, (b) 0:25 - 0°75 ,, (c) 1-2 ee Fabric Hypidiomorphic Hypidiomorphic Hypidiomorphic to. granular granular panidiomorphic | granular regia ase 7, ip /o . : nil in the mode- Orthoclase nil nil 17:10 40 eee Albite nil 33°5 60°46 Labradorite 372 50:0 nil augite Pyroxenes (augite) 40°5 top 11:0 _ diopside + 17:47 eegerite egerite Olivine 4:9 nil nil Ilmenite 16:6 5: 4:38 Apatite 0-7, 0:5 06 From this comparison we see that in passing from the normal essexite to the centre of the segregation veins we - meet with— DIFFERENTIATON PHENOMENA OF THE PROSPECT INTRUSION. 133 (1) an increasing percentage of albite and orthoclase, from nil to 77°56%. (2) a decreasing percentage of labradorite, from 37°2 to nil (3) a progressive change in the pyroxenes, the augite being replaced by diopside and egerite, the total percentage decreasing from 40°57 to 17°47%. (4) a decreasing percentage of ilmenite. (5) a total absence of olivine in the segregation veins. Chemically considered the variation is as shown in the following table:— (2) Essexo- (3) Hssexo- (1) Bsseaite. pegmatite. aplite. Increasing acidity SiO, 41:05 ait 58°82 » alkalinity K,0+Na,0 2°96 8:08 9°70 CaO 10:96 ie 2°42 — Decrease of Bases] FeO Oy Pee 4°59 MgO 6°38 avs 0:88 It will be seen from Table II, that the essexo-pegmatite is intermediated in its composition between the essexite and the essexo-aplite. The coarse variety of pegmatite is somewhat more acid than the fine grained variety. An examination of figure 2 will show that the order of forma- tion of these rocks was as follws :— 1. Hssexite. . Fine essexo-pegmatite. . Coarse essexo-pegmatite. . Fine essexo-aplite. . Coarse essexo-aplite. Or me C bo The pegmatite, when it occurs in the same vein with the aplites, always occurs at the sides of the veins and merges by imperceptible gradation into the essexite proper, the coarser and finer types also merge into one another ; the junction between the pegmatite and aplite is always fairly sharp. There is no real textural difference between * No complete chemical analysis uf the pegmatite is available. 134 H. S. JEVONS, H. I. JENSEN AND 0. A. SUSSMILCH. the pegmatite and essexite except that it is usually coarser grained. These pegmatites do not appear to have been formed by any kind of pneumatolytic action; the absence in them of pneumatolytic minerals and their texture dispel any such idea. They are then, not altogether comparable with such of the granite-pegmatites which have had a pneumatolytic origin. The aplite is invariably finer grained than the essexite and is always more or less miarolitic. Three varieties, according to grainsize, are shown in Table II, but at any one particular place the aplite usually consist of two types (a) fine and (b) coarse. The former is fairly uniform in character and is usually aphanitic (microcrystalline); the latter is very variable in grainsize and phanero- crystalline, the grainsize in both cases tending to increase with the thickness of the vein. The fine grained type of aplite occurs in the large veins either as (a) a definite band on either side of the coarse aplite, (b) as irregular rounded patches in the coarse aplite or (c) filling the centre of the vein to the exclusion of the coarse aplite. The coarse always occurs, more or less, in the middle of the vein, sometimes as a mere thread (see Fig. 2) sometimes as a network of irregular veins traversing the fine aplite or even the pegmatite, at places swelling into large masses, sometimes disappearing altogether. The coarser aplites are strongly miarolitic and contain in many places fairly large elongated cavities. Where the coarse aplite occurs as a thin vein in a finer-grained aplite as shown in Plate II, it is strongly miarolitic, and there is a tendency for the felspar tables to stand approximately at right angles to the walls of the vein. Such thin veins may have been formed, by pneumatolytic action. In their appearance and structure they resemble the thin segre- gation veins of the Bostonite of Bowral (N.S.W.). DIFFERENTIATION PHENOMENA OF THE PROSPECT INTRUSION. 135 The dimensions of the different rock types in the specimen shown on Plate II, as measured from top to bottom about half an inch from the left side of the plate are as follows:— Pegmatite 12 cm., fine aplite 20 cm., coarse aplite 5 cm., fine aplite 42 cm., pegmatite 85 cm. The specimen as shown is not the full width of the vein, some of the pegmatite is missing. Origin of the Pegmatites and Aplites. Liquation has probably been the main factor in the form- ation of these more acid and alkaline rock types. As the cooling of the whole mass of the intrusion advanced, the more acid and alkaline portion of the mixture showed a tendency to separate from the more femic portions because of the greater miscibility of the former with the magmatic water present, which tended to retain the acid constituents in a fused state; this acid portion of the magma became a mother liquor. As crystallisation advanced, the mass cooled, and contraction fissures developed. At this period that portion of the magma undergoing crystallisation would be expanding slightly, but those parts of the mass in close proximity to the surrounding shales had already consolidated, and were experiencing the contracting effects of relatively rapid cooling. The contracting portions were rigidly connected with the overlying fused and indurated shales, and as the consolidated portions contracted they were drawn towards the exterior of the mass, thus causing cracks to develop in the zone immediately below. This would account for the parallelism between the main segre- gation veins aud the upper margin of the intrusion. Into these contraction fissures, as fast as they formed, would be squeezed a mixture of residual magma (rich in magmatic water)and mother liquor, from this the pegma- tites crystallised. The somewhat higher acidity and coarser grainsize of the coarser variety of pegmatite would be due 136 H. 8. JEVONS, H. I. JENSEN AND C. A. SUSSMILCH. to the increasing proportion of magmatic water and mother liquor introduced as vein formation continued. The aplites were clearly formed after the pegmatites, and resulted from the crystallisation of mother liquor only. This mother liquor, owing to its high water content, remained fluid at a much lower temperature than the rest of themagma. After the pegmatites had finished forming, contraction of the'now practically solid mass still continued, the two large veins still continued to widen, while a num- ber of smaller cracks, more or less at right angles to them developed. Into all of these fissures mother liquor was squeezed, and from its crystallisation the aplites developed. The progressive increase in the grain size of the aplites was due, no doubt, to a progressive increase in the pro- portion of magmatic water present, the water content at the later stages being increased by the expulsion of mag- matic water by the earlier formed finer grained aplites. That there was a high water content and ample space at the time of crystallisation is shown by thestrongly developed miarolitic structure of the coarse aplites. In this last stage of vein formation, pneumatolysis possibly played some part. The reopening of the veins after the fine grained aplite had solidified, fractured and fissured this earlier formed type; this would account for the patches of fine aplite which occur in places in the coarse aplite, and the thin veins of the latter traversing the former, as shown in figure 2. The disposition of the segregation veins at Prospect, their absence in the more compact part of the pallio-essexite, and their absence in the shales, are evidence, in our opinion, that (a) the load of sedimentary rocks overlying the intru- sion was not great, and (b) that the theory of bending or arching of the shales over the rim of the intrusion is prob- ably more correct than that of breaking and faulting, since DIFFERENTIATION PHENOMENA OF THE PROSPECT INTRUSION. TO the formation of a circular fault would have placed a con- siderable load on the intrusion. A heavy load pressing on the intrusion would have prevented the formation of the two large contraction fissures which parallel the upper margin and would have tended to force the mother liquor into the shales along the fault cracks. The selvage of pallio-essexite formed at the beginning appears to have acted as an impervious screen, which reduced the rate of cooling, hemmed in the magmatic vapours, and gave the whole mass those peculiarities of texture which at first sight suggest origin at a considerable depth. 3. The Sub-alkaline Nature of the Prospect Intrusion as a whole. The essexite of Prospect is so essentially similar in chemi- cal and mineral composition to the other Tertiary basic igneous rocks of the Sydney, Blue Mountain and Illawarra Districts, that there can be no question that they have all been derived from a common magma, and that the region in which they occur isa petrographical province, as already pointed out by G. W. Card.’ It has also been claimed by one of us,” that the whole of Hastern Australia had been a single petrographical province throughout Tertiary Time. Even if this petrographical province be limited to the central-eastern part of New South Wales, it still contains a great variety of volcanic and hypabyssal intrusive igneous rocks ranging from very acid to very basic and from highly alkaline (157% or more of alkalies) to sub-alkaline or even calcic. Any discussion of the origin of the magma which pro- duced the Prospect intrusion necessarily involves, therefore, a discussion of the origin of all the Tertiary igneous rocks 1 Records Dept. of Mines N.S. Wales, Vol. vit, part 2, page 93. 2 The Alkaline Petrographical Province of Eastern Australia, by H. I. Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., Vol. xxxi11, p. 589. 138 H. S. JEVONS, H. I. JENSEN AND C. A. SUSSMILCH. of this petrographical province. The exact relation of the | intrusive members to the lavas has not yet been satis- factorily determined, nor has the order of succession for either the intrusive or volcanics been definitely decided for this region. Until more complete information is avail- able upon these points, we feel that it is somewhat pre- mature to theorize as to the origin of the magma or magmas from which these rocks were derived. NOTES ON TWO LIGHTNING FLASHES. By F. H. QUAIFE, M.A., M.D. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, August 7, 1912. | SEVERAL years ago there was a short but severe thunder- storm, concentrated over the district of Paddington and west Woollahra, between 10°30 a.m. and noon. Light to medium heavy rain fell during it, and the lightning and thunder were mostly not of the more pronounced kind. Towards the end however, they became more marked, and then nearly immediately over head but slightly to the north, there was a blinding flash and instantly a crash, not at all like usual thunder, but crackling as of thousands of ordinary Chinese crackers exploding. My study faces south, and a friend and I seated in it did not notice the flash as so out of the common, but those in the back part of the house described it as above stated. It was evidently so close that I felt that some part of the premises had been struck. Iran out, and looked round to the back from the NOTES ON TWO LIGHTNING FLASHES. 139 verandah, but saw nothing, but my younger son rushed in and said that the lightning had struck a gas pipe piercing the wall of a workshop and had set the gas on fire. The gas was at once turned off at the meter, and an examination made. The workshop was covered, both as to roof and walls, with galvanized iron, the sheets on the western side touch the soil, those on the front not quite; both have fair contact with the roof; also an iron fence which runs from the side for about fifteen feet is embedded in the soil, which at the time was very wet. Inside the building the gas pipe is of iron, + inch, and comes from the main service through an adjoining room ; the main service being of inch pipe, which runs underground about 80 feet tothe meter. The pipe ends a few inches outside the iron shed and is joined to a tin pipe, such as is often used in walls, which ran along the top of a wooden fence, on a batten, to a small labora- tory; and in it did not go nearer the floor than about four feet six inches, where it terminated in the usual appliances for lighting and heating. I found that the iron pipe, the building, and all the con- tents were uninjured, but that from the brass union the tin pipe was melted for some fifteen inches, and the tin spattered about. The rest of the pipe to the laboratory was uninjured; it was afterwards replaced by $ inch iron pipe as far as the laboratory. A sewer ventilator about six feet above the skillion roof near its highest part at the back of the building pierced the roof, and was well flushed to it, but it went only into dry soil, and there of course into the top of the earthern trap. No damage occurred to these. As the interval between the flash and the extinguishing of the burning gas was only about two minutes at most, it is pretty clear that the heat of the lightning, that is of resistance, was respons- ible for most of the melting of the tin pipe. The difficulty 140 F. H. QUAIFE. is to explain why the ventilator on the roof itself was not struck when there was so much metal surface leading to or standing on some fifteen feet of wet soil, rather than a tube close to the guttering and the eve of the well conduct- ing roof; no doubt the gas pipe carried off a part of the discharge, and no doubt also the enormous potential and current spread itself over most of the metal parts. On the 25th of February last (1912), there occurred a storm of terrific severity. It was Sunday when in the afternoon large numbers of people take their outing in the beautiful Centennial Park. Again the central disturbance was over part of the Hastern suburbs. The morning was close and muggy, and from noon onwards large stormy masses of cloud appeared rising in the south-west. With a friend, about 4°15 p.m., I went out fora walk, and, as we usually did, made our way to the kiosk for some tea; a storm was clearly advancing rapidly, and a high bank of curiously whitish cloudy curtain preceded the dark leaden masses. We had only sata very short time when the faint rumbles began, and it grew excessively dark. Frequent flashes occurred, and increased in severity with tremendous thunder, and the rain at first light, soon became denser, and fell in torrents, so thick that we could not see more than a few yards into it. The flashes got so frequent that for a few minutes at the height of the storm, there seemed only from 10 to 20 seconds between them. They culminated in two extraordinary ones, with more of the crackling kind of thunder, and certainly not more than two seconds between flashand crash. This would give about 2,200 feet distance from the kiosk. These occurred about 5°30 p.m. Soon after this the clearing followed and we were able to go home. About seven o’clock I was going across to St. Matthias’ Church in the dusk, when two ladies told me that the NUTES ON TWO LIGHTNING FLASHES. 141 church had been struck and was on fire. What happened was that at about 6°30 p.m., a man passing saw some light inside and smoke rising from the roof; he immediately warned the Rectory and the fire engines were called. When an entrance was made it was found that the church was full of smoke, and that flames were running down the inside of the roof along the nave and as far as the junc- tion of the principals of the transepts with those of the nave. It was the custom to leave the gas on at the meter, and it was found as soon as could be that the gas had been lit at a tin pipe leading down toa bracket on the south transept wall, and that a yard or more was gone; after- wards I found the spattering of tin on a seat below. It seems certain that one of the two flashes referred to above had done the mischief. The effects were as follows: the lead valley joining the roof of the nave and transept on the southern side was melted for some distance above the guttering and a way opened into the interior close to where the tin pipe crossed over a principal on its way down from its junction with the iron pipe which ran along that principal. That pipe being the best way to earth, carried off and disposed of part of the charge, but the tin pipe being melted through and the gas lit, the further melting of the tin pipe resulted from the heat of combustion, and the gas flame also set the roof lining and the principal on fire. It must have been burning an hour before the discovery. The damage was considerable, but was soon limited by the engines. Owing to the tightness of the roof, the fumes of steam and carbonic acid gas must have helped to save the whole roof from destruction. There was no system of conductors, and none of the rain spouts reached the ground. Here the flash dived into a hollow to attack the lead gutter instead of going for the prominent ridges. But the tin gas pipe about a foot from the valley was the nearest 142 F. H. QUAIFE, point where a conductor leading to earth through the iron service was available. According to the article on lightning in the latest and recent edition of the Encyclopcedia Britannica, which is based on the findings of three Commissions on the subject in Europe, no one conductor is of the slightest use; all metal parts of the roof or other outside parts of the build- ing should be well metallically connected, and all elevated structures, such as chimneys especially, owing to the hot fumes often rising from them, should be provided with pointed conductors. The more the building is covered like a bird-cage the better, and the best material is strong galvanized iron wire. Copper is more likely to favour side flashes, which often do more damage than the main flash. Of course all these metallic lines should lead to earth in several places, and should be fastened to large plates of copper sunk into damp soil or very deep laid water pipes. The different layers of cloud form condensers and at the tremendous potential existing, the disruptive discharge becomes extremely erratic and takes by no means the paths that might be expected. I was once called to see a woman in a small house, by no means on a hill, in Paddington. She was lying ina bed made up in a fourpost tubular bedstead. A flash had struck the roof and travelled down a bedpost, knocked out a loose gas board, run along a gas pipe which emerged in the kitchen, jumped from there to a piece of iron rod pass- ing through the wali and thence to earth. A large piece of the wall was shattered and the bricks tumbled about and many smashed to dust. Fortunately, the woman escaped completely except for a scare. No doubt the cage form of the four-poster had a good deal to do with her escape. MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 143 NOTES ON A MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND AND THE ASSOCIATED TOPOGRAPHICAL FORMS. By EK. C. ANDREWS, B.A. (By permission of the Under-Secretary for Mines.) { With Plate III.] [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, August 7, 1912.] Introduction. With the increasing interest shown by geologists gener- ally in the origin of topographic forms in Australasia, it becomes more and more a necessity to have an accurate model of the continent prepared by means of which to test the value of the various hypotheses put forth to explain the origin of the present topography. Only after a detailed topographic survey has been made will such a model be obtainable. In the meantime it is helpful to have figures | which represent somewhat correctly the larger topographic features of the continent. To supply this need, various models and maps have from time to time been prepared by Australian geologists. Of these, that of Lake George and the Federal Capital Site by T. Griffith Taylor, of Australia by Professor David and W. K. MclIntyre, of New South Wales by T. Griffith Taylor, of the Warrumbungle Mountains by Dr. H. I. Jensen, of the Adelaide Region by W. N. Benson, and of the Jervis Bay, Upper Shoalhaven and Nepean Region by L. F’. Harper, may be mentioned. That by David and MacIntyre illus- trates the broad relations existing between Hast and West Australia on the one hand, and between Australia and the adjacent oceans, on the other. The models of Harper, Taylor and Benson are fairly accurate representations of the topography of very limited areas of the continent. Po 144 E. C. ANDREWS. The model under consideration is an attempt to repre- sent the main relations existing between the plateau and the adjacent Coastal Area on the one hand, and between the plateau and the adjacent Inland Plains on the other. The usefulness of the model is limited, because of the necessary distortion of the Vertical Scale as compared with the Horizontal Scale, the Vertical element being ten times that of the Horizontal. By this method, all topo- graphic details have had to be neglected, only the main valleys and hills being capable of representation. The great area of unreduced plateau and the wild nature of the topographic forms linking it to the Coast and the Inland Plains are well shown. The explanation of the isolation of New Hngland from the coast as regards com- munication, and of the apparently capricious detours of the Great Northern Railway, as shown on an ordinary map, is also afforded by a glance at the figure. The impossibility of the closer settlement of the areas bounding the plateau along its eastern margin is also obvious. Oloser settlement has been proposed for these mountain fastnesses, but it is doubtful if this will ever be brought about. At most it will support only a scattered population ; as similar regions in Kurope and America—areas of dense population—are almost uninhabited save by pastoralists, miners and timber getters. This does not apply, of course, to the magnificent lands of the Tweed and the Richmond, or to the ‘*‘ bottoms”’ of the Clarence, Macleay and Manning Rivers. The Inland Slopes of Eastern Australia, however, of which a detail is supplied in the model, form one of the most magnificent expanses of agricultural land in the world. They are due to the denudation of the plateau basalts and Paleeozoic rocks —and to the redistribution of the products of such denuda- tion to the west of New England—by the great inland rivers of the continent. The model illustrates this moun- CONTENTS. Art. I.—PREsIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By J. H. Marpen, F.1.8., , Govern: ment Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Art. II.—Some observations on the Bio-Chemical characteristics — of Bacilli of the Gaertner Paratyphoid-Hog. Cholera Group. By Burton BRADLEY, M.B., CH.M,, M.R.C.8,, I.R.C.P., D.P.H., Assistant Microbiologist, Bureau of Microbiology, Honorary — a Pathologist to St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney. (From the” Laboratory of the Mere ent Bureau of MoO ART. By K. T. Baker, F.1.s.,and H. G. Surrg, F.c.s. [ With Pacey Arr, IV.—The differentiation phenomena of the Prospect Intrusion. — By H. Sranugy Jevons, m.a., B,sc., H, I. JENSEN, D.SC., — and C. A. Sussmincu, r.a.s. [With Plate II.) ~... . ced Dad Art. V.—Notes on two Lightning Flashes. By F. H, Quairs, | oy Oe a ‘4 4 ie a ns, ey Arr. VI.—Notes on a model of New England‘and the oe topographical forms. By E: C. ANDREWS, B.A, (By. per at Se af: ae Shee oe p coal pe eR Ll, ac tit mA as 3 OURNAL AND PROCEEDIN as. OF THE | a SOCIETY NEW SOUTH WALES FOR 1912. PART IL, (pp. 145-219). CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN AUGUST (in part) to DECEMBER. WITH THIRTEEN PLATES. (Plates 4 iv, V, Vi, Vil, Viii, ix, EiX1, Xl Xi; X1Vy XV, Vid) Also with Abstract of Proceedings ; Title Page, List of Publications Contents, List of Members etc., and Index. ality A | SYDNEY : ole be PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 5 ELIZABETH STREET NORTH, SYDNEY. : LONDON AGENTS}: ‘Sa ; GEORGE ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, 2 17 Warwick Squarz, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonvon, E.C. é 1912, _ ooo . ? oe —— Sea e eee ee . ——————————————————————EeEE SS aes ¥, WHITE Typ., 344 Kent Street Sydney. MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 145 tain or plateau destruction and the contemporaneous plain building to the west. Acknowledgments.—Although the writer is responsible for the main portion of the model, nevertheless, he is under a deep obligation to Mr. R. H. Cambage, Mr. Statham and Dr. W. G. Woolnough, for supplying information without which the model could not have been presented satis- factorily. Thus Mr. Cambage supplied the information from which the Nandewar and the Goulburn River areas _have been figured, while Mr. Statham furnished accurate sections, prepared for the Public Works Department, deal- ing with the areas from the head of the Tweed to Lismore, from the Dorrigo to the Orara River and along that stream, and from Grafton to Glen Innes. Dr. Woolnough also furnished information concerning the Tweed and Richmond areas. The writer desires to return cordial thanks to Mr. J. W. Turner, Superintendent of the Sydney Technical College, for the preparation of casts of the model to be supplied to the Departmental Museum, the University and the Federal Meteorologist, and to Mr. A. W. Gullick, the Government Printer, for the block for the plate illustrating the present note. The Model. 1. Scale of Model. 3. Biological Notes. 2. Geographical Notes. 4, Economic Notes. 1. Scale of Model.—The horizontal and vertical scales are not alike, the former being 16 miles to the inch and the latter 8,000 feet tothe inch. By this method the model can at most furnish an approximate idea of the real nature of the New England topography, inasmuch as only the larger ‘“‘facts of form”’ can thus be represented, the vertical element being so distorted that there is no opportunity to represent details. Thus the rivers and their main tribu- J—August 7, 1912. oon 146 E. C. ANDREWS. taries are illustrated by the model, but the gulleys and gorges innumerable which break up the continuity of the great canon and mountain walls are not shown. Similarly, only the larger hills and mountains are represented, the legions of smaller elevations being merely indicated by a generalised type of mildly roughened topography. Accuracy of representation can only be obtained after the completion of detailed topographic surveys. The general appearance of the New England surface, as gained from a commanding eminence, has, however, been illustrated, as also the general appearance of the wild eastern topography afforded to the traveller as he surmounts the ridges which swell out from the ravines. Inthe model the canons and ravines are represented as limited in number, whereas, in reality, the traveller is overwhelmed by the wealth of branching ravines and overlapping spurs as he views the jungle-laden depths from some forest-clad spur or eminence. 2. Geographical Notes.—The main topographic divisions illustrated by the model are the great Plateau of New England, the Coastal Region and the Inland Plains. (a) The Plateau.—It is evident that the plateau must formerly have had a much greater extension than it possesses at present. The portion untrenched by canons and ravines consists mainly of a gently warped and a maturely- dissected surface, above which, in various localities, rise other small plateaus. At the heads of the Namoi, the Macleay and the Manning Rivers, the general plateau surface is almost 4,000 feet in height, thence towards Armidale it possesses a very gentle dip. At the latter locality the plateau has a general height of about 3,500 feet, while the average height of the broad mature valley bases, which mildly roughen this level, is about 3,250 to 3,300? 1 All heights unless otherwise specified are referred to mean sea level at Sydney. MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 147 feet. A few miles north of Armidale a plateau surface, similar to that around Armidale, rises rapidly to a height of 4,300 feet, with residuals as high as 5,300 feet on its eastern margin, and this surface is warped very gently to the north and west, but maintains its horizontality to Guy Fawkes, whence it descends rapidly to the coastal area by means of almost impassable gorges. Certain most interesting forms occur in northern New England, in the central portion of the Macleay Basin, at the head waters of the Gwydir (between Bingara, Bundarra, Uralla, Elsmore and Tingha), along the Namoi near Ben- demeer, and along the Manning in the vicinity of the Barrington and Gummi “‘Tops.’”’ A brief mention of such of these as occur in the Tenterfield district may be made as they are typical of all the other areas. All occur in the plateau region proper. Here in Northern New England one finds a great wealth of siliceous granites (72-787 silica) associated with basic granites (64 — 707 silica), clay- stones, tufis, and very siliceous porphyries and rhyolites (72-80 silica). The acid granites occur as small and large bosses and stocks, and as bathyliths. The porphyries appear to occur as large Paleozoic flows. The claystones and allied sedi- ments are of Permo-Carboniferous Age, in part probably of Lower Marine, Greta, and Upper Marine age. The granites are intrusive into these latest Palzeozoic sediments, and they appear to belong to the period which closed the Paleozoic sedimentation in New England. It is an interesting fact that in the regions containing the acid granite bathyliths and large bosses the general or lowest plateau level’ is very limited in area and consists * Known as the Stannifer Level of northern New England and the Sandon Level of the southern New England in previous reports of the writer. Both are merely parts of the one continuous level. 148 E. C. ANDREWS. of broad shallow valleys excavated in the more basic members only of the series, being connected with broad upland valleys and plain-like surfaces in the less resistant rocks in the vicinity. In the more acid members of the granites, the Stannifer level is confined to narrow, mature valleys or even to gorges at the extreme head-waters. At. times also this trangresses the margin of the acid granites. The average height of the level is about 3,250 feet, and of its more central mature valleys about 2,900 or 3,000 feet. Tenterfield and Deepwater lie on such mature valley bases excavated in the general level of the Stannifer Plain. About 200 or 300 feet above this, say at an average height of nearly 3,600 feet, distinct traces of another but dissected level are common. EHxamples of such residuals are the Main Mole Tableland, the plateau west of Bungulla Siding, Poverty Point, Boonoo Boonoo, and other places. Above these levels again rise other fairly large sub-horizontal areas varying from 3,750 to 4,000 feet in height, and such areas may be seen near Tenterfield, Bolivia, the head of the Deepwater River and from the Cataract River towards Wallangarra. A fine example occurs between the 93 and the 11 mile pegs on the Tenterfield-Wilson’s Downfall Road. Another is suggested by the presence of accordant summits. rising above the 3,600 feet level in the neighbourhood of Mount Mackenzie at Tenterfield. Above these sub-hori- zontal surfaces in the larger acid masses again rise other points varying in height from 4,300 to 5,000 feet. Such are Mount Mackenzie (4,300 feet), Bald Rock (4,400 feet) in the acid granites, and Mounts Jondel, Bajimba (5,000 feet), Capoompeta (5,000 feet), Spiraby (5,100 feet), and Cooloomangera in the acid porphyries, a little to the east of Bolivia. Owing to their relatively small area and the distortion of the vertical scale, these various levels, higher than the Stannifer and the Sandon levels, are not clearly shown on the model. MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 149 So striking are these features in New England that it would almost appear as if the development of the Sandon and Stannifer Level had been carried on to a certain stage for the sole purpose of leaving the more acid stocks and bosses in striking topographic relief. In fact, a rough geologic map of the acid plutonics and volcanics could be — sketched easily on a contour map, the higher portions indicating the positions of the acid rocks. Nevertheless, the various levels are separated from each other by youthful topography, or rather, the Stannifer Level is connected to the higher levels by youthful forms. At one time the writer was led to believe that the scarps and gorges of the higher levels represented the action of erosive activities on fault blocks uplifted in late Tertiary Time above the Stannifer Level, but after careful examination the faulting hypothesis had to be completely abandoned, as there was direct proof to the contrary. On the other hand, differ- ential erosion is sufficient to explain the phenomenon. Nevertheless, the mind is almost overwhelmed in the con- templation of such relative rock strength as is evidenced by the apparent indifference of acid granites and massive rhyolites to erosive activities. If New England had been composed of ordinary claystones, slates, and allied rocks, there would have existed little or no trace of levels older than the Stannifer or Sandon, and the geographer would have had no clue as to the Mesozoic and the earlier Ter- tiary History of New England, except by inference from the sedimentation in adjacent geographic regions. On the other hand, the disposition and extent of these older levels indicate that the periods of time during which the pene- plains under consideration were successively formed in New England became decidedly less and less, while the vertical movements grew more pronounced as the cycles became less in duration. Thus the 4,000—4,300 feet level amounted almost to complete planation, only a few felsite ars a E 7 7 150 E. C. ANDREWS. and acid granite peaks being left. The level from 3,700 — 3,800 feet marked a cycle of erosion only slightly less sweeping in its action, while the 3,500—3,600 feet level left masses which are of considerable length and from one to two miles in width. The cycle of erosion which produced the Stannifer level (3,250 - 3,300 feet) was so short that it accomplished very little real work in the resistant acid rocks, while all work of later date has been confined to a continued rejuvenescence of movement during which the peneplains have been lifted vertically for several thousands of feet in the neighbourhood of the Main Divide, while mature valleys first and then ravine-within-ravine forms have been excavated in the uplifted block or blocks. These acid rocks appear to form buttresses right round New England. The highest land occurs mainly to the east of the present Main Divide, because here the acid rocks have their greatest development. In the northern half, the north and south lines of the longer granite axes form a great ramp to the east. The long plateau peninsulas of Guy Fawkes, Tingha, and the Barrington and Gummi Tops owe their existence also to the presence of huge granitoid bosses. It is difficult for the geographer who does not know New England to credit the existence of these residuals of topo- graphies older than the present plateau surface, because in most extra-New England areas in New South Wales the acid or tin granites are subordinate in importance. Where there exists tin in abundance in Eastern Australia (with the possible exception of Mount Bischoff) there will acid granites also be found in abundance, and there will be found these Mesozoic (and early Tertiary ?) levels. Faults and warps of the Plateau.—The conception which harmonises most with the facts of observation appears to be that the main New England plateau surface was MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 151 developed by erosive activities near sea-level, and that it has since been raised unevenly, so as to form a warped and faulted surface. The great Ben Lomond-Guyra-Guy Fawkes- Plateau is best explained as a faulted or warped portion of the Sandon Level. It cannot be explained satisfactorily as a residual of erosion, because the general rock types composing its mass are not harder than those of the associated lower areas, and, moreover, the main streams head in the higher block and yet flow in relatively narrow valleys, although the smaller tributaries in similar struc- tures lie in relatively broad valleys. The great Dundahra and allied scarps may be due either to faulting or to differential erosion. (b) The Coast.—The plateau is connected to the coastal region by rugged and youthful topography. ‘This feature is well illustrated by the model. The coastal region con- sists, in the main, of structures weaker than the acid granites, porphyries andrhyolites. Along the Namoi, Peel and Hunter Rivers, this relative structural weakness is particularly emphasised. The model indicates the geo- graphic youth of the eastern edge of the plateau. Never- theless, the age of the wild topography is doubtless to be measured by millions of years, for all the ravines in the granites have been formed by headward recession of the streams, yet not one waterfall lip in the granite country — has receded to the extent of an inch during the last twelve years according to the writer’s observations, although heavy floods have occurred along these watercourses during such period. On the other hand, the gorges have receded for many miles through granites, and this also after the close of the first division of the Canon Cycle. The Hunter Valley, long and wide as it is, is only as old as the Macleay gulches, and these in turn are as old as the canons of the Clarence and the Bellinger. The explanation appears to 152 E. C. ANDREWS. be somewhat as follows:—The Hunter River structures, although Paleozoic, are relatively weak, while the Macleay gorges were held up for a long period in the acid Carrai granites; once the Macleay had receded westward of these powerful structures, it advanced rapidly through the slates, until in turn it encountered the granites in the central plateau. Inall cases the acid granites are situated in those localities where they are best protected from erosion, and this not by accident, but by a beautiful selective action exercised during several cycles of erosion. Thus, when the granites were first exposed, the streams avoided them as much as possible, because of their strength and insolubility, leaving them in the main inter-stream areas as the cycles progressed. Gradually they thus became localised as head- waters. Each successive slight uplift merely. accentuated the process; untilat present they are practically indestruc- tible. The strike of the New England structures, moreover, is characteristically meridional in disposition, and the granites appear to have followed main meridional lines of weakness in the earth’s crust. This has had a peculiar reaction on the course of the Hastern Australian streams. To take a single example:—The Clarence River inits early history made long subsequent courses so as to avoid attack- ing the north and south acid granites lying farther west. As the successive cycles of erosion resulted only in incom- plete reductions to peneplains, so these subsequent stream forms became accentuated. Upon the great Kosciusko Uplift the streams were rejuvenated and the canons still receded along the edges of the acid granites. In this way has also arisen the widely varying topography of the same stream along its lower course and along the great granite ramps farther west. Similar subsequent courses may be studied along the Myall, Karuah, Paterson and Williams Rivers. Here, however, rhyolites take the place of granites. It is probable MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND. 153 that a study of the Hawkesbury, Shoalhaven and other streams may reveal histories similar to those of the Clarence, the Namoi, and the Peel. Another interesting feature may also be mentioned in connection with these coastal streams. Whether mature or youthful, they form “valley in valley’’ types. (The western streams also exhibit the same feature). It is asif the Stannifer (and Sandon) Peneplain surface had been elastic, and, under periodic pressures, has swelled upwards at several distinct periods, but so slowly as not to deflect the streams from their main courses. This explains the apparent anomaly of long north and south streams flowing near the coast and turning suddenly to the east to enter thesea. For the dense Paleeozoic structures had a general north and south strike, to which, as mentioned already, the acid granites formed no real exception. During the peneplanation stages the weak structures were gradually occupied by the streams, and the latter found it increasingly difficult to cross the strike of the country. Upon the late and great Tertiary Uplifts the streams found it easier to follow the old channels than to carve new tracks across the country grain. (c) The Inland Plains.—These have had a history very similar to those of the coastal area. The western flanks of New England are of Devonian and Carboniferous rocks which proved to be relatively weak structures, and were easily stripped from the more central granites. This is well seen by a study of the model in the area drained by the Gwydir, Namoi, Peel and Hunter Rivers. Biological Significance. %: The model tells its own tale to biologists. In late geo- logical time the present plateau surface was several thousands of feet lower. At that time there was no plateau worthy of the name, a plain raised but little above 154 E. C. ANDREWS. sea level and dotted over with residuals, never exceeding 1,700 feet in height, extending across the area. From the coast to the inland plains three distinct climates now exist where there was previously only one. This revolution in | the climate appears to be no older than the early or late Pliocene, thus many peculiarities of the fauna and flora are due to influences having no greater an extension in time than that of Pliocene or Post Pliocene. Previous to the last complex movement of uplift, the history of the area was one of long continued stable equilibrium near sea level. Economic Significance. Communication.—The model illustrates well the diffi- culties encountered by the pioneers in attempting to reach New England. It must be remembered also that this country of ravines bordering the plateau on the east is clad in dense jungle growths, which contain little or no edible vegetation. The reason for the disposition of the main roads and railways is also shown. The position of the Main Northern Railway is seen to be not nearly so dangerous from a military point of view as some imagine, as it is protected by the wild and rugged plateau falls. Settlement, Hastern Side.—In this plexus of gorges there is no hope of settling many people, because each family would need from 5,000 to 7,000 acres for comfortable sup- port. Onthe other hand, relatively small areas of densely watered basaltic and other areas such as those of the Tweed and the Richmond, and the lower valleys of the Clarence, Bellinger, Macleay, Manning and other streams are excellently adapted for purposes of close settlement. Plateau.—A large portion of the plateau is of poor nature and not adapted for purposes of close settlement. Hxcep- tions, however, are the basaltic areas of Dorrigo, Guy Fawkes, Glen Innes-Inverell and the Guyra-Ben Lomond RECENT MARINE EROSION AT BONDI. 155 area, and the sources of the Namoi, Peel, Macleay, Manning and Hunter Rivers. Western Slopes and Plains.—These consist of excessively fertile slopes and plains of chocolate, red and black soil. These have been derived from the denudation both of the New England basalts and the fertile Devonian and Carbon- iferous tufts. The writer believes that here will be large centres of population in the future, as a knowledge of the produce adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of this vast area is alone needed for success. NOTE ON SOME RECENT MARINE EROSION at BONDI. By C. A. SUSSMILCH, F.G.S. [With Plates IV - VI.] [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, September 4, 1912. } ON the 15th July of this year (1912) an unusually heavy Sea, caused by a storm some distance away in the Tasman Sea, did considerable damage to jetties, breakwaters, retaining walls, etc., along the coast of New South Wales. Some very striking results were produced at Bondi by the waves during this storm and are worth recording. In Plate IV is shown a huge block of sandstone thrown up by the waves at the foot of the headland on the northern side of Bondi Bay near Sydney. This block measures approxi- mately 20 feet long, 16 feet wide and 10 feet high; it bas therefore a cubical content of 3,520 cubic feet, and assum- — ing that 15 c. ft. of sandstone weigh 1 ton, its total weight must be about 235 tons. It was situated originally at the ™ seaward end and formed part of the bed of sandstone upon which it now rests. Its original position is shown by the x in Plate V. Its rectangular shape is due to the exist- ence of two set of joints, approximately at right angles to each other, in the sandstone bed to which it previously belonged. Wave erosion, while it was still in situ, had widened these joints, and thus separated it form the bed as a whole; the presence of marine growth over much of its then under surface shows that it was not rigidly joined to the underlying stratum immediately prior to its removal. 156 C. A. SUSSMILCH. To reach its present position it must have been elevated through a vertical distance of at least 10 feet, and then carried along a horizontal distance of about 160 feet. While in transit it must have been turned completely over, for it is, aS Shown by the marine growth, now resting upon what had been its top before removal. Mr. KH. C. Andrews, B.A., has made the following calcu- lation as to the power necessary to lift this block of sand- stone through a vertical distance of 10 feet in one second. As it was lifted over a nearly vertical face, it may be assumed that it was lifted in one act, and that the time taken was not more than one second. Assuming that the specific gravity of the sandstone is 2°5 its weight in water would be only = of its weight in air, .. weight in water = 235 tons x 2 = 135 tons; the vertical height lifted being 10 feet, then 135 x 10 = 1350 foot tons necessary to lift the block, ; _ 1350 x 2240 _ oe = 550 = 9498. One end of this sandstone block was broken off during transport and carried several hundreds of feet farther to the west. Many other illustrations of the power of the waves during this particular storm may be seen in the same locality. In RECENT MARINE EROSION. AT BONDI. 157 Plate VI is shown other boulders of sandstone transported and broken by the waves. These, in their present position, are on a Shelf 6 to 10 feet above high water mark and some 200 feet from its edge. The one marked A is a remnant of a much larger block, and still weighs from 15 to 20 tons; the white surfaces shown in the photograph are all fresh surfaces produced by the breaking off of large portions, one of whichisshownat B. This fragment alone weighs about 8 tons, and behind it there are others not visible in the picture. The white scars on the adjoining masses of sand- stone give eloquent testimony of the way in which they were battered by A and B being hurled against and over them by the waves. Similar effects are in evidence at many other points, and to any one familiar with the locality it is obvious that more marine denudation was accomplished above high-water mark during the few hours of this one storm than the cumulative results of many previous years. The writer has been a frequent and regular visitor to this and other parts of the coast near Sydney during the past fifteen years, but never before has he seen anything approaching in magnitude the work of wave erosion during this particular storm. It affords ample testimony of the correctness of the principle enunciated by Mr. EK. C. Andrews, B.A., that it is the infrequent great storm wave which is the main factor in producing coastal erosion, just as it is the infrequent great flood which is the main factor in river erosion. The great boulders transported and broken by the storm of July 1912, will probably rest peacefully in their present position for many years, until another wave arrives of sufficient magnitude to again disturb them from their present position. The photographs used in the illustrations were taken by Mr. J. W. Tremain. 158 C. A. SUSSMILCH. EXPLANATION .OF Puates IV, V, VI. Puate IV.—A boulder of sandstone weighing 235 tons, lifted into its present position by wave action at Bondi, N.S.W, Puate V.—The same boulder as shown in Plate IV, viewed from the cliff above and showing the place ( x ) from which it was moved. | Piate VI.—NSome effects of wave action at Bondi, N.S. W. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. By E. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.S.. With Plate VII. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, October 2, 1912.] CONTENTS. InrrRopucTIon.—Literature upon Beach Origins. No consensus of opinion upon origin of Beach Cusps. Inductive method here insisted upon. The origin of the small temporary cusp is bound up in that of the several curves composing the beach. Tuesis.—The beach cusp is a form due to the action of interfering waves, PuysicaAL Features oF Botany Bay District. RECENT GroLoGicaL History oF Botany Bay.—Stream-formed valleys in Trias-Jura sediments and shales. Submergence of valley base by transgression of sea in Pleistocene time. Silt- ing action of George’sand Cook’s Rivers. Formation of parallel subaqueous bay bars by great storms. Emergence of such bars to form wide sand flat. Formation of present beach. PRESENT Beacw FeEatoures.—Observations during years 1909 — 1912 inclusive. Narrative method adopted. DEDUCTIONS. SUMMARY. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 159 Introduction. The literature dealing with wave action and beach form- ation is voluminous. The names of Cialdi, G. K. Gilbert, Dela Beche, Elie de Beaumont, Scott Russell, Sir G. Stokes, Sir G. Airy, Rankine, Stevenson, Fenneman, Gulliver, Vaughan Cornish and others rank high in this connection. Some of the reports of these authors are written in technical language and are unintelligible to the uninitiated. For the latter the lucid and brief explanations by G. K. Gilbert,? Fenneman,’ Gulliver,’ Vaughan Cornish,’ D. W. Johnson,’ and T. Steel,® should be very helpful. In ‘* Beach Ousps,”’’ by D. W. Johnson, willlbe found an excellent epitome of the literature dealing with these interesting shore-line features, besides being in itself a distinct contribution to the theory of Beach Cusps. The present note is not of a controversial nature, but is an attempt to apply the inductive method to the theory of beach origins. Believing that the simple statement of a case often amounts practically to an explanation, the writer has adopted the narrative style in the body of the present report, relating the peculiarities of waves and of beach forms as observed on one beach during a period extending over about three years (1909-1912) so as to make the significance of the observations apparent by a mere recital of the sequence of forms perceived. It will be seen, as these pages are read, that the peculiar forms observed + Topographic features of Lake Shores. Fifth Annual Report, United States Geological Survey, pp. 75 - 100. ? Lakes of South Eastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Survey, 1902, pp. 13 - 30. 3 Shore Line Topography. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts, Sci., xxxiv, 1899. * Sea Beaches and Sand Banks. Jour. Royal Geol. Soc., 1898, pp. 528 — 543; pp. 628-651. 5 Beach Cusps. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Decr. 1911, pp. 599 - 623. 6 Presidential Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1905, pp. 622 — 625. 160 E. C. ANDREWS. during the period mentioned could scarcely have been deduced from a mere knowledge of wave and current action as contained in the text-books. It is also evident that he who would understand the origin of the so-called beach ‘* cusp’’ or scallop must understand the origin of the beach itself. Thesis. The beach cusp is a form due to the interference of water undulations or pulses,and isa temporary feature illustrating the methods adopted by water undulations either in excav- ating orin building one beach adjusted to their own strength out of another beach not adjusted to their strength. Physical Features of Botany Bay Locality. The main features of Botany Bay and district are shown on the accompanying map (Plate VII). The maximum width of the bay is between five and six miles, and the maximum length is about eight miles. The heads connect- ing the inlet with the South Pacific Ocean are about 1,500 yards wide at the narrowest point. Lady Robinson’s Beach has a length of five miles. It consists of several large flat curves facing the heads. Sandy forelands compose the northern and southern extremities of the beach and the beach itself stretches uninterruptedly from the two tidal streams of George’s and Cook’s Rivers which discharge into Botany Bay. Of these, the former is by far the larger stream, but each for miles above its point of discharge into the bay is tidal, and it is doubtful whether the fresh-water content of these streams is ever as important as that of the tidal stream. The bay is shallow, a maximum depth of about fourteen fathoms occurring between Cape Banks and Point Solander. About three fathoms is the average depth. The spring and neap tides have vertical ranges of 5 feet 6 inches and 3 feet 8 inches respectively, with a maximum and minimum en bio! | 1 ? ie! f i a a —_ a | > ey Lf = ar P { I x — ‘ : . ! r oy | 4 } , if cs ne Hi —< Es _ ~ ily Fe pau-te ee wait prin sa iiedun a 2 AW, og We bewirpse ws. Ee) writ rae we Tad “ts Pi Bakoven ay. od ya weil as Steal bop ecornnan rs | | s a he “ eavell vb pele WE SE oil 1k P| eg ee Se TE 1 Ree a Se ee +cat ae erty s k c ek Pes Ab te prt. di ‘ fu E ai E 5 Cebwssean Wire Het yl ee TL emma’ ‘aniuanian * Act ane f sa Wh ooh § % at ‘ yo% ert aa att iy is ' : i cs Fs sa | i? mat Wie. bak ls hare le tn OE salty e, Saitbes tome? as ame ahs” sol 7 ee m ¥ gooks Rioelsy wit wlodst dicees ston haga ait eitit tude déher aetna pity ke eacdioertten —— . ie ue Lbi-saey ovat oT) ty b ; Ta } ‘ 7 f , i : : = a } is . | & ‘ ; : fot Owing to a mistake on the part of one of the editors (J.A.P.), the following corrections are required to the paper on ‘“ Beach Formations at Botany Bay,” by E. C. Andrews, B.a., F.@.s. Page 161, line 12, for ‘‘ miles an hour,” read miles a minute. pe iO: La, La la: 5 1380, Ae eel lel, 9 +B) ” 9? 3? ” ” 19, for 26, for 9) ) 3) ” bP) 13, for is 1, for “ yards a minute,” read yards a second. ” ” P) 9) 99 29, for ‘‘ minutes,” read seconds. 2, for 13, for ‘‘ miles an hour,” read miles a minute. 9 9 3) The speed referred to is the velocity along the shore line of the intersections of the waves with that line. [To face page 161.] BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 161 range of 6 feet 9 inches and 3 feet 3 inches respectively. For this information I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. G. H. Halligan, Hydrographer to the Public Works Depart- ment. A southerly current’ flows at a distance of a few miles from the coast, and the average velocity of this current varies from one mile to two miles an hour. The heavy on shore gales come from the east and south-east directions, and the great rollers thus generated pulse from the ocean into the bay through the heads and strike the northern point of the beach first, thence they travel south- - ward along the beach at an average rate of from three to six miles an hour. This wave motion is not regularly as from north to south, but is broken slightly at the horn of each cusp, thus causing the waves often to reach the shore in a series of pulses arranged approximately en echelon. Generally speaking, however, the waves travel fairly regu- larly along the beach from north to south. The beach is of fine sand. No cobbles or boulders are thrown up on the beach except during record gales, say, only once (July 1912) during the last thirty years at least. In intertempest periods the cobbles lie buried in the sand. » Behind the present beach lies a narrow belt of sand dunes reaching a general height of twenty-five feet above present low water mark. A series of beaches and lagoons lie between the present beach and the Trias-Jura sandstones and shales which formed the edge and base of the bay when it was more extensive than at present. The beaches of the series just mentioned reach a general height of from 17 to 20 feet above low water mark. On Plate VII and Fig. 1, the main features of these beaches and lagoons are shown. C. Hedley. Presidential Address. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. Wales, 1910> p.9. G.H. Halligan. Sand Movement along the Coast of N.S. Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1906. K—Oct. 2, 1912. 162 E. C. ANDREWS. The alluvium and sand ridges are indicated by stippling on the map. The boundaries of the alluvium have been taken from a map of the Sydney alluvial areas by Mr. M. Morrison of the Geological Survey. AB represents an inshore bar between two old sandstone headlands, while behind this is a low lying area of black soil drained by Muddy Creek and utilised for market-garden purposes. Sixty years ago this area now occupied for market gardens was a swamp flanked by the sandridge AB. On the sand- ridge pioneers built their homes, while they drained the swamp area and protected their gardens from inundation by building low dykes both parallel, and at right angles, to the course of Muddy Creek. CD isa long flat ridge of sand whose trend rudely sympathises with that of the present — beach and the ridge AB. Inshore of CD is.a low lying area of swampy land formerly known as Pat Moore’s Swamp and a former home for numerous wild fowl, but now drained in great measure. The broad sand ridge CD is quite a feature in the low-lying landscape and it rises steeply for 15 or 17 feet from the swampy area to the west. The topography thence to the present Lady Robinson’s Beach is in contrast with the alternation of swamps and sand ridges just described to the west. Between CD and the present beach numerous parallel ridges of sand occur, with- out any intervening swamps and lacking the persistent north and south direction of the ridge CD. All the ridges have accordant summits and the long shallow intervening troughs are all on an approximate level. A bird’s-eye view of the ridges and hollows from a point several hundred feet above them would give the appearance of a plain covered with dense timber and scrub growths. Hucalyptus pilularis, HK. botryoides, HE. robusta, Banksia integrifolia, and Angophora lanceolata are the common larger plant growths of the sandy waste, while E. robusta and Casuarina glauca are the common large growths of the swampy areas. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 163 A whole series of bay bars below low water mark occur from 200 to 1,000 yards away from the present beach. During the great storm of July 1912 these bars appeared to be disposed parallel to the present beach, as evidenced by the parallel lines of heavy breakers. To the casual observer such bars are only apparent during great storms such as those of 1889 and 1912. The accompanying transverse section is an attempt to explain the character of the bars and swamps. 2 a Ke Ey, Fig. 1.—Section across old Bay Bars along section E'F on Plate VIL. E—Sand dune on old shoreline. NN—Swampy ground drained by Muddy Creek. O—Small bay bar (AB on Plate VII). P—Pat Moore’s Swamp. Q—Long high bar (CD on Plate VII). RR? R?R*—Old bay bars. S— Present line of sand dunes. F—Sea level. History of Area immediately prior to Formation of Present Beach. It would appear that the site of the present Botany Bay was occupied in early and middle Tertiary time by hori- zontally-bedded Trias-Jura sandstones and shales. In late geological time a wide shallow valley was excavated therein by the conjoint action of George’s and Cook’s Rivers, which effected a junction somewhere within the area now occupied by the bay. It would appear also that for some reason the ocean overflowed into this stream-formed valley, submerging it in places to a depth of 200 or 250 feet, as suggested by analogy with neighbouring areas.* An enormous amount of silting was then accomplished by the * One of the Hawkesbury Bridge piers is sunken about 200 feet in the river silt only about seven miles above the stream mouth. T. W. E. David and G. H. Halligan. Evidence of recent submergence of Coast at Narrabeen. This Journal, 1908, pp. 229-237. T. W. E. eng Anniversary Address to the Royal Society. This Journal 1896, Pp s 164 E. C. ANDREWS. action of the George’s and Cook’s Rivers when in flood, and with the progress of time, either aided or not by this action, the storm waves pulsed through the heads and formed the bay bar AB, tying together two headlands in the bay in the manner suggested by the section (Fig. 1). Simultaneously the main bay bar CD was formed farther out in the bay as a result of repeated gale action. These ridges gradually increased offshore by means of parallel growths during record storms. But between the shore- line and the bars AB and CD, long strips of relatively deep water remained. It is probable that none of these bay bars ever reached the surface of the bay. During recent historic times these sand bars and flats emerged from the bay to an average maximum height of 16 — 20 feet above low water mark. By silting action, after the emergence of the bay bars as dry land, the interbar areas became converted into swamps, while Muddy Creek, breaking through the sand bar AB, kept this portion within tidal influence. The argument for the subaqueous as opposed to the sub- aerial origin of these forms is based on the peculiar dis- position of the sand ridges and swamps, these lying approxi- mately parallel to the present beach, and not at right angles to the direction of the dominant winds, the persistence in length of the main bars and the general accordance of the sand ridge summits. If of aeolian origin the bars should be rather in the form of dunes pointing to the north-west or north-north-west, they should be much less regular and much more massive and they should not possess such accordant summits as the forms under consideration.’ An examination of other low-lying plains of sand in the Sydney district tends to strengthen this opinion. Thus the _? GH. Halligan. Sand Movement on the New South Wales Coast. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1906, p. 62] BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 165 large sand flat which the Northern mail-train passes over near Woy Woy is a Case in point. This area lies about 10 feet above high tide mark; it is in sucha sheltered position that it cannot be explained by the action of wind; it has no sign of dune structure; and, in company with the numerous similar occurrences around Sydney it is covered with forest growths. At Bondi the combination of the two types may be seen. The low-lying area separating the harbour from the ocean at this point is Seen to possess a base consisting of a sand flat, while its eastern or seaward portion may be seen to be buried under high sand dunes of wind origin. In all these topographical features it is the ‘* element of horizontality ’’ which isso marked afeature. On the other hand, this element is lacking in the marginal sand hills which are known to be of wind-blown origin. Present Beach Features. The general sweep of Lady Robinson’s Beach is broken by several flat cuspate forms. The longest curve between cusps extends from the mouth of Cook’s River to President Avenue, a distance of two and a-half miles. This portion is exposed to the heavy waves pulsing through the heads. Hence traced southwards the succeeding cusp is a mile distant, while the remaining mile, or thereabouts, of beach to Doll’s Point is formed by a couple of small cuspate forms. In the experience of the writer, the main outlines of these large curves are preserved even during the heaviest gales. A current generated by the wind and storm waves appears to travel along the beach during heavy storms. Frequent features of the beach are the peculiar scalloped forms (Figs. 2 and 7), of variable size and shape, to be seen during periods of changeable weather. No consensus of opinion as to their origin appears to exist among geologists and geographers, and with a view of ascertaining the 166 E. C. ANDREWS. significance of these and allied features, the writer made a great number of observations on Lady Robinson’s Beach during the years 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1912. In Johnson’s *‘ Beach Cusps’’* is given a summary of the Opinions of previous writers on this subject. Johnson himself explains the origin of the scallops as follows:—* “Selective action by the swash develops from initial irregular depressions in the beach shallow troughs of approximately uniform width whose ultimate size is pro- portional to the size of waves, and determines the relatively uniform spacing of the cusps which develop on the inter- trough elevations.’’ Fig. 2.—General appearance of Lady Robinson’s Beach before gale of July 1912. Vaughan Oornish® in ‘‘Sea-beaches and Sand-banks’”’ discusses the profile of equilibrium for the beach, and mentions that the greater the wave, the greater the strength of the back-flow. ‘In a given locality, the regimen slope of beach proper to a rough sea is not so steep as that for a quiet sea.”’ ‘‘As the size of the breakers increases, the wash tends to make the slope less steep. Neither the force nor the resistance are absolutely uniform along the shore, so that this action commences at selected places. From the moment that even the shallowest grove is thus formed, the backwash finds its way to sea almost entirely by this path. The discharge of the breaker continues, however, to send 1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Dec. 1910, p. 599. * Ibid., p. 620. % Jour. Royal Geol. Soc., 1898, p. 536. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 167 the on-wash up the ridges as well as up the furrows. Sand, therefore, is still deposited on the ridges, which may con- tinue to increase in height while the absolute level of the troughs may be lowered, and the amplitude from the crest. of the ridge to the bottom of the trough necessarily increases. Inthis way is produced that succession of ridge and furrow at right angles to the sea front.’” The present writer believed that by multiplying the obser- vations convergence of light would be brought on to the problem of beach origins. With this in view numerous observations were made during a period of three years, the fundamental conception held at the outset being that the great storm determines the main beach outlines,’ and that the scallop marks a temporary disturbance of the profile of Fig. 3— General appearance of storm beach of July 1912. equilibrium for the beach. For the sake of simplicity of presentation the narrative style is adopted in describing the observations, and it will be seen that the simple state- ment of the more important observations amounts practi- cally to an explanation of the forms. 1909.—A storm produced a wide, smooth and cuspless beach of gentle slope. ? Vaughan Cornish, [bid., p. 639. 7 E. C. Andrews. The Geographical Significance of Floods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1907, p. 828. See, however, G. H. Halligan. Sand Movement on the Coast of New South Wales. This Journal, 1906, pp. 619-640. Halligan maintains that the beach outlines are due to the slight southerly current aided by the northerly wind. This is a different view to that taken by the present writer. 168 E. C. ANDREWS. The observations made during this storm suggested that the great storm produced the main beach features; that any class of wave action, if maintained unaltered for a definite period, would produce a smooth cuspless beach of certain slope, and that the cusp was a temporary feature imposed upon the beach while the waves of the changing conditions were seeking to establish a profile adjusted to their own strength. During the period from October 1909 to August 1910 the beach assumed various irregular forms. August 1910.—A heavy storm produced a wide beach of even and gentle slope. The beach was widened at the expense of the sand dunesin whicha small cliff was formed. The writer only saw the effects of the storm some con- siderable time after its occurrence. ———— NTT hy) NVI) PS) fee ara tere 7 DPT NIMINISRILLANE™D — | | { —— — > STITT itl AER fh ee — ae Fig. 4— General appearance of beach shortly after storm of July 1912. 1911, July 22nd.—Waves produced by a southerly gale commenced to cut away the remnants of the 1910 storm- beach existing as small ledges under the cliff formed in 1910 in the sand dunes. The erosion formed deep scallops or cusps in the thin strip of the old high beach of 1910. The widths as measured from cusp to cusp in succession were 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 33 paces. The scallop troughs were excavated as muchas three feet below the old beach remnants. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 169 July 23rd.—Wind increasing. Two sets of cusps in alignment and selected at random gave the following suc- cessive widths :— 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 304, 303, 301 ee S237, 32 32.92.30: 30, 32 { Paces: ‘The average length of these cusps measured from apex at head of beach to tip of cusp was 14 paces. In the afternoon at low tide a new beach was seen to have been in process of construction from 20 to 25 feet ‘seaward of old (1910) one. The cusps by this time had almost vanished, anda bench or terrace had been excavated, whose edge was sinuous in plan and corresponding to the blunted cusp points which marked its beginning. The bench was from 12 to 26 inches high, the higher and older bench or beach (1910 beach) being 8 to 16 feet in width (Fig. 5). Wind about 40 to 45 miles an hour. Breakers 10 feet in height. Fig 5 —Ledge with scalloped front cut in storm beach by heavy swell. By 5°30 p.m. the cusps had almost gone and a new platform was being formed below the older one. At the same time the material of the beach so excavated was building up a gentle slope under the water continuous with the profile of the more landward portion of the beach. July 24th.—The ledge of erosion was carried landwards and showed no cuspate indentations. Only small fragments of the older higher bench left. Cuspless beach formed. 1912, January oth.—Strong southerly wind succeeding to a period of mild weather. A cuspless and steep beach produced, about 60 feet in width and about 8 to 9 feet in height. The slope of this profile was convex to the sky in its upper portions. The profile was much flatter at low tide mark and appeared to be concave to the sky. 170 E. C. ANDREWS. January Sth.—Wind much milder. Many cusps formed along the southern end of the main middle beach curve. Axes of cusps directed to N.H. and H.N.E. Wind from 8.H. to H.S.E. Waves four or five feet high. Cusps 17 to 20 paces apart. There was observable a tendency to form an incipient cliff at high water mark. No cusps seen near low water mark, but rather an even profile sloping up to cusps and inter-cusp hollows. Ridges and furrows about 50 feet in length. In the lee of Lady Robinson’s baths traces only of cusps formed. January 9th.—Wind from north-east. Abundance of cusps on the northern portion of beach. Cusp axes directed south-east. Waves hit shore obliquely travelling along same about four miles an hour. January 10th.—Observations on southern beach. Strong south wind. Falling tide. All cusps rapidly obliterated and terrace cut in beach formed by north-easter of previous. day. Ledge cut 15 inches in height. Upper portion of new beach convex, and lower portion apparently concave, to sky. Wave travelled along shore from north to south at the rate of about five miles an hour. Breaking waves. observed to run up beach in successive small waves hitting shoreline obliquely and forming a strong along-shore current. from south to north. January 11th.—Low tide. Strong but decreasing southerly wind during early morning. Distinct ledge formed at limit of waves. Ledge 12 to 20 inches high, breached in places by cusps. Under the ledge fairly steep profile concave to sky, thence tolow water mark a flattish BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 171 profile convex to sky. This lower convex portion beauti- fully scalloped with cusps. During the night a heavier wind had sprung up and piled up the sand seaward of the ledge especially near low water mark. Towards morning the cusps had then been developed under a falling wind. January 12th.—Tides decreasing, wind moderating, 25 miles an hour from §8.S.E. Ledge of erosion cut in the erosion bench of January 11th. This ledge front in plan was notched with slight cuspate indentations possessing successive widths of 20, 20, 20, 25, 25, 25, 25 paces. Cusps almost absent. Breaking wave travelled along-shore from N. to 8. at about four or five miles an hour, while each wave instead of continuously breaking approached the shore line in a manner somewhat en echelon (Fig. 6), and chased each other along the beach before the wind in a direction as from south-east to north-west. The backwash traversed the beach in successive ridges or waves running from W.S.W. to E.N.E. or N.E. forming cusps in the beginning. ” AV oO O B’ aa Fig. 6.—WUethod of wave approach on Lady Robinson's Beach during heavy cross winds. ABC—Wave front. AB'C’—Breaking line. OO—Travel along shore of breaking wave ABC. R—General direction of wave motion. R’—Direction of smali cross waves. R'’—Direction of wind. Small cross bars along ABC represent cross waves into which ABC was divided. January 12th -24th.—About January 16th a “‘black nor’easter”’’ (gale) obliterated all cusps. Breakers travelled : / fa along beach about 100 yards a minute from north to south. Numerous short cross waves formed one roller. Absence of wave pulses marked. 172 E. C. ANDREWS. About January 18th a southerly gale (35 miles an hour). Half tide. As tide rose the breaking waves broke up into short oblique waves and ran up and along the beach ina north west direction. Waves appeared to lack definite pulsating movement and were driven one after the other along the beach before the wind. Bench cut nine inches below upper beach. January 21st.—*‘ Black Nor’Haster.’’ Rollers approach- ing breaking line seen to be formed of short cross waves arranged approximately enechelon. This caused by heavy wind. Cusps speedily cleared from beach.. Ledge cut at upper limit of waves in landward portion of beach, ledge front receding up beach as tide rose. Waves travelled from north to south along beach with great velocity. January 22nd.—Strong wind from south east. Cliff 18 inches high all along beach at high water mark. WHrosion profile above and below the small sand cliff, aggradation profile near low water mark. Waves travelled with great velocity along-shore from north to south. January 23rd.—South-east wind. No cusps. Beach of accumulation. Small step or cliff cut by waves during previous day partly buried. January 24th.—Small cusps near high water mark. Step or cliff cut by waves during January 22nd almost buried by accumulative action of waves. January 29th.—Heavy sea subsided. Wind negligible. Abundance of cusps developed. Widths of set of successive cusps :—15, 15, 17, 16, 16, 15, 15 paces. January 30th.—Strong southerly wind. Cusps demol- ished. Lower portion of beach aggraded. Step 12 inches BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. LG high cut in upper limit of beach. Wide smooth beach of gentle slope produced. January 31st.—Southerly wind gradually overcome and strong nor’ easter set in. Main breaking wave as it approached the beach cut up into small and fairly evenly- spaced waves, which approached shore obliquely and chased each other along beach. Ousps which had been developed during calmer weather of morning now rapidly cleared away. Step formed at upper limit of beach produced by nor’ easter. February 1st.—Calm conditions. Cusps formed. February 2nd.—Mild to moderate wind from north-east. Cusps formed at and near high water mark. During this rapid succession of strong winds alternately from N.H. and §.E., it was seen that beaches were built up considerably on the lower or seaward portions and cut down at the upper or more landward portions; that in pro- portion as the wind was strong and along-shore (that is, in this case, approximately from N. or S.) the main wave front broke on the beach in short cross waves driven along shore in the direction of the wind; that such waves chased each other along the beach producing a current and that cusps became obliterated under such conditions, but that with approaching calmer conditions the beach became cut away on its more seaward portion and built up on its more landward portion. It was noted also that this aggrading and degrading process was commenced and accompanied by the formation of cusps, but that if unaltered in strength for a considerable period the waves would produce a smooth and cuspless beach, except fora slightly indented front as to their upper or landward limits. Moreover the profile of such cuspless beach was adjusted to the strength of the waves. Any alteration in the weather conditions would result in the breaking up of the simplicity of the beach. 174 E. C. ANDREWS. Fig. 7.— Beach profiles, July 1912. ABB'CE—Storm profile. ABB'CDFH—Later beach profile. February 10th - 26th.—Strong wind from south-east quadrant. High, wide and gently sloping beach produced devoid of cusps. Heavy wind disappeared but heavy swell continued. Step 30 inches in height and with indented or cuspate front produced at upper limit of beach by this swell. In plan this step of erosion thus produced gave the appear- ance of successions of circular arcs.* The swell decreasing, a series of beach cusps was formed possessing an average width of about 35 paces, and these developed just seaward of the high step of erosion. A little later another set of cusps were developed lower down the beach, their widths not being so great as those of the more stormy conditions, and their longer axes being shifted a little to the north as compared with the larger ones. A curious feature was the planing off of cusp salients to form broad facets triangular in plan, the bases of the triangles lying parallel to the general trend of the beach and the apices pointing up the beach. A little later such broad triangular facets were observed to be cut up into a couple of cusps as waves and winds decreased. This subdivision of cusps was observed frequently on subsequent occasions (Fig. 8). During the excavation of the intercuspate troughs it was observed that the material so excavated was carried down the beach by the backwash and piled under the water 1 Had a step been cut out by the waves associated with a heavy along- shore wind it would have had a fairly smooth front, but being made by a heavy swell (pulse) it assumed a strongly notched or cuspate front. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 175 A IGO yds 7A Se SO Fig. 8.— General plan of cusp groups shortly after storm of July 1912. AA'—Approzimate position of beach clif. BB'—Cusps formed by decreas- ing storm waves. CC'—Cusps made by still weaker waves. DD’—Cusps made one week after storm by ordinary waves. EE'—Approximate position of low tide. near and at the breaking line to form small banks or mounds while opposite the cusp points a local deep remained. Such formations were observed to be associated with simple undulations, in other words, they were formed when the wind was absent or else straight off-shore, the waves thus coming in as smooth swells. Ateach of these intercuspate mounds near the breaking line the waves would be retarded but deflected from their sides on tothe cusp points. Whereas at an earlier period, the waves were accustomed only to interfere along the centre of the intercuspate troughs, at this stage they would frequently interfere at the cusp point itself, gradually cutting it back to a facet and then fashioning it into cusps. Once a system of cusps had been established upon a beach formerly smooth, it was evident that the alteration in shape, size and arrangement of cusps under any prescribed conditions of weather could be fore- cast. The point still needing explanation was the formation of cusps on a smooth and evenly sloping beach. February 20th— March 3rd.—Strong wind from south east quadrant produced a wide flattish beach ending land- wards in a step cuspate in plan. The wind moderating, a beach ridge was thrown up in front of this indented step 176 E. C. ANDREWS. after the repeated formation of cusps of various sizes and. patterns. The landward limit of this beach formed a crest. higher than the general level of the storm beach upon which it had been superimposed. Gradually a linear series. of depressions were thus formed between the cuspate step. at the back and the new beach crest in front. Winds and — waves increasing, these depressions were converted into: waterholes at high tide. The waterholes were approxi-— mately cuspate in plan and the water from them returned to the bay in such a manner as to cut up the newer beach into cusps. Ina few days these depressions had become silted up and a beach of irregular profile resulted. With rising winds this beach crest was demolished and a flatter profile formed (3/3/12). Thence until July 1912, the beach forms were not nearly so instructive. July 13th.—Afternoon. Mild weather. During evening wind changed to a half gale from the S.S.H. Moderately large cusps formed on a soft beach. Waves appeared to: have but slight “‘fetch.”’ July 14th.—Gale from S. to 8.S.E. Maximum velocity 51 miles an hour. Velocity up to 70 miles an hour in other neighbouring localities. Cusps produced about 25 paces. in width. Waves still apparently of slight ‘‘fetch.’’ Well defined cusps about 4 p.m. High tideabout 8 p.m. About. 6 p.m. the waves began suddenly to advance beyond the limits of the beach formed by waves of normal weather conditions. Well marked cusps however still produced at upper limit of beach. The furrows were those of erosion. Strong grooves also were formed whose general arrange- ment sympathised with the main outlines of the enclosing cusps. Such deep grooves imposed upon the backwash a. plunging motion or succession of short steep waves. July 15th.—Wind locally off-shore, but tremendous storm » evidently blowing on-shore at some distance out to sea. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 177 Waves began to increase in size, but came on beach mainly asswells or pulses. Large cusps still formed at upper limit of beach. Backwash along longer axes of intercuspate troughs very strong with formation of deep wide furrows. Waves gradually growing in intensity. July 16th.—Wind almost gone, slight off-shore wind. Rollers broke on beach and travelled along-shore from N. to S. with great velocity. Great waves commenced to break from 400 to 1,000 yards off-shore. Heavy bay bar apparently formed off-shore. General appearance of beach and bay much like ocean beach in ordinary storm. Waves. advanced on to beach in continually foaming stage. (Such features apparently had not been observed in this bay since the great easterly gale about May 1889). Lady Robinson’s Baths and Pier partly demolished—wide flattish beach formed and sand dunes cut back. Cusps gone. Waves. dashed on beach tumultuously but advanced with fronts scarcely indented (at half tide). Beach smooth and abnorm- ally raised as to its middle and seaward portions. High tide about 11 p.m. No wind. Waves at maximum height. Appeared to be 25 feet from low water mark to crests. No sign of cusps. Waves rushed up beach with non indented fronts. Cliff from 8-14 feet high cut in sand dunes. Beach smooth, and convex tosky. Large stones torn out of retaining walls up to 120 tbs.’ in weight tossed like corks along beach from 6—10 feet above ordinary high water mark. Stones travelled along-shore for distances aided by currents generated by heavy wave action. At jotervals of from ten to fifteen minutes a series of waves much larger than others advanced far up the beach. It was these rare waves which accomplished the whole of the * For description of work done by waves on th» ocean beaches in the neighbourhood during this great storm, see Nites cn some Recent Marine Erosion at Bondi, by C. A.Stissmilch. This Journal, 1912, p. 155. L—Oct. 2, 1912.* 178 E,. C. ANDREWS. destructive work, and to which the formation of the great beach was due. New beach more than 170 feet wide. July 17th, 7 a.m.—Waves and tides much diminished. Magnificent cusps formed on upper portion of beach. Width . apart from 45 to 50 paces. Deep parallel furrows in beach inside cusps. Figures 2, 3, and 4, illustrate the general appearance of Lady Robinson’s Beach just before, during, and just after, the storm. It was evident that this the greatest storm for many years in this locality had piled up a high flattish beach so as to form a bridge along which it could transport its load as a whole with the minimum of work, (hence with the minimum of friction), in its determination to demolish the sand dunes. This implied also a regular profile to the beach. It was also evident that such a bridge was not adjusted to the strength of the diminishing waves, and that such diminishing waves had attempted to form a beach of steeper slope and less width than that of the storm, and that they had commenced the work of beach degradation by the formation or excavation of deep and wide cusps. July 17th, 5 p.m.—Low tide almost. Beach cut up into fine cusps of successive widths 45, 40, 30, 45, 46 paces. Signs of these cusps becoming smaller and being shifted to the north along the beach and seawards of the earlier cusps. Sets of deep parallel grooves formed inside cusps. Waves in form of swell travelling N. to S. along the beach with great velocity. July 18th —31st.—Waves still decreasing in height. Nine cusps formed in front of eight older forms. Later with still decreasing swell a set of cusps formed in front of older sets. Nine cusps in this lower and third set occupying same width as the older:and higher four. Fig. 8 illustrates this association of cusps. At certain points such as beach salients, no cusps formed, while in the associated beach BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 179 curves sheltered by the small cuspate forelands, well marked cusps were formed. August 4th.—After and during period of westerly winds. Smooth to glassy sea inshore. Strong pulsing movement of wateron beach. Low ledge (12 to 18 inches high) formed at low tide mark. Pulses formed here by breaking move- ment. Undulations thence carried out seaward by inter- ference of backwash and of advancing pulse. No cusps noted on beach at low tide and middle tide marks. High water mark on beach marked by poorly defined cusps becoming less defined each day, while beach profiles becoming gradually more even. August 10th and 11th.—Very calm weather. Westerly wind. Bank of sand just under water at low water mark with front slightly convex and indented on the seaward aspect, matching the weak cuspate forms of high tide mark on beach. Beach cuspless, except at upper limit of waves. Oily water of bay fell or broke on the edge of this sand- bank or ledge (at low water mark) and advanced in pulse fashion up beach. Pulses interfered with each other and at their upward limit on the low tide beach, the wave front presented appearance of countless small sets of interfering wavelets in plan like so many overlapping circular arcs of equal size. These small interfering pulses formed sets which again interfered with each other at spots approxi- mately on same axes as those of the imperfect cuspate forms higher up the beach. August 12th — 16th.—Fairly strong winds from south-east quadrant. Large cusps produced. Broad hard beach. Two sets of cusps formed later, one seaward of the other. Between these forms cuspate depressions formed which gradually became filled by waves under heavier weather conditions. 180 E. C. ANDREWS. September 13th.—Oily water in bay. No waves. Low tide. Sooth, hard, and wide beach devoid of cusps. Low ledge of sand formed under water near low water mark. This in plan formed line parallel to main sweep of beach, that is, it was not indented or cuspate. Pulses from this breaking point sent out broad undulations to bay and advanced up the beach to form numerous evenly-spaced interfering wavelets, which in plan at the wave front gave appearance of overlapping as observed on dates August 10th to 11th (and other dates also). These small forms of cuspate plan formed sets which again interfered at regular intervals. September 14th and 15th.—Similar features to those observed on September 13th. Westerly (offshore) gale raging. September 20th.—Heavy gale atsea. Great swell form- ing lines of breakers for 1,000 yards from shore line. Waves 15 — 20 feet high. Beach formed 175 feet wide. Cusps of widths 54, 64, 54 paces. Later, cusps gone, broad, smooth and elevated beach. Sand cliffs of storm in July indented to form large cuspate forms at base. September 21st.—Waves decreasing in height. Beach cut down three feet near breaking line. Cusps formed in storm beach (of September 20th). Successive widths of cusps :— 54, 50, 59, 59, 54, 50, 58, 70 paces 70, 64, 64, 60, 54, 50, 49, 51, 49, 50, 53, 57, 54 paces. Later, scallop heads each divided into two cusps. Oliff of erosion forming. Rollers travelling alongshore from N. to S. at average rate of one mile in from 12 to 15 minutes. September 22nd.—Waves much reduced in size. Ousp axes shifted slightly. Lower portion of beach seaward of cusps of 21st September now cut up into cusps only possess- ing an average width of 25 paces. Waves travelling BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 181 alongshore from N. toS. at average rate of from 8 to 10 minutes a mile. Deductions. The heavy onshore winds of Sydney are from the south- east quadrant. When the heaviest and most continuous winds blow from the south-east, the rain is also generally heaviest and the sea is also piled up in a measure against the land to increase the tidal range. The heavy waves enter Botany Heads and advance across the bay to Lady Robinson’s Beach. Although they enter the bay at various angles, nevertheless they break on the beach in such a manner that such breaking wave travels alongshore from N. to S. at a rate of from three to six miles an hour. From a study of the beaches of Sydney it is evident that the main beach outlines have been determined by record storms,’ while the weather of interstorm periods appears to be capable only of modifying the flood or storm profiles. Thus the north and south points of Lady Robinson’s Beach have been determined as to their main features when onshore winds, waves and stream activities have joined their maximum forces. The small foreland at the entrance to Cook’s River isa compromise between the flow of the river when in high flood and of the storm waves from the east, coupled with the current generated alongshore by the storm wind and waves. Similarly for the sandy foreland (Doll’s Point) forming the southern horn of Lady Robinson’s Beach at the entrance to George’s River. The twoor three small intermediate blunt-nosed forelands at the foot of President Avenue and one mile farther south, for example, arise from the interaction of waves and currents from both ends of the bay. These points have been formed on the seaward aspect of the bay bars which emerged from the waters of the bay possibly not longer since than several hundreds of years. * E.C. Andrews, Geogr. aical Significance of Floods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1906, p. 828. 182 E. C. ANDREWS. The action of storms has also been to pile up another series of great bay bars off-shore of the present Lady Robinson’s Beach following upon the emergence of the old bars from the waves. There still remains the question of origin of the beach cusp or scallop which has received attention from geo- graphers and geologists at various times. The storm beach associated with shallow offshore areas. may be described as a high flat beach of fairly even slope. It is cuspless; it is considerably built up near low water mark as compared with the beach of normal weather, and it is considerably cut down at, and landward of, ordinary high tide mark. The aim of the giant wave is to demolish the solid land, and in endeavouring to carry out its purpose, it builds up a great sand (or pebble) bridge of gentle slope from breaker line to its point of attack so as to minimise its. work. The beach in fact is an inclined plane, whose angle of inclination is lowered in proportion to the increase in strength of the wave, and when beach and wave strength are in adjustment the former must be regular and fairly even or smooth because friction has been reduced to a minimum. At the seaward edge of this beach the heavy waves break, and reforming, they advance in continually foaming stage except for the periodic heavy rollers which rush up the beach. Such waves do not appear to have indented fronts, at least not as observed on Lady Robinson’s. Beach during the storm of July 1912. Upon the decrease of wave strength such diminished wave finds the storm beach slope ill adjusted to its strength, and straightway it proceeds to adjust the beach profile to: its strength. Its wave base’ is not so far below the sea surface as that of the storm wave. It accordingly breaks. 1 Depth below water surface at which waves can effectively agitate sediments. BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY. 183 closer inshore and excavates the accumulated sand mass in some measure, while the undertow action piles up some of the excavated sand behind it (that is upon the submarine portion of the old storm profile behind the new wave base). Landward of the new wave base it how excavatesa narrower and steeper beach out of the storm beach. Atits upper limit, however, it proceeds to pile up a small beach crest upon the storm beach. The next point to consider is the manner in which this newer beach profile will be excavated. The breaking wave, now reduced in power, does not pare off slices from the beach after the manner of a sharp knife, because of the nature of water to advance in undulations, such undulations being accentuated in proportion to the lack of adjustment of wave strength and ‘surface passed over. In breaking upon the storm beach the reduced wave is opposed by the returning wave and the resultant of these is broken into pulses which attempt to spread out in circles from the breaking line. Against the on-coming water from the bay such movement is inappreciable, but it is never- theless appreciable and pronounced in the direction of wave motion up the beach. The size of the undulations moreover is in direct relation to the strength of the break- ing wave minus the strength of the backwash. The undulations or pulses thus advance up the beach in the form of modified ares of circles which mutually interfere, and these imperfect interferences are again arranged in groups until a more perfect interference of waves occurs. At these points the cuspate forms commence to form. The localisation of these cusps is governed in some measure by the salients of the beach, but is effected practically simul- taneously along the beach, and the operation once started the interfering waves in their return to the bay form the scallops or cusps. Perhaps in ninety-nine per cent. of the occurrences the undulations which form the cusps by their interference are due to the shape of the front upon which 184 E. C. ANDREWS. the waves break, nevertheless, upon the smoothest beach known such undulatory movement of breaking waves must give rise to fairly evenly spaced cusps if only such beach profile be not adjusted to the wave strength, and if there be not present a heavy on-shore wind coming obliquely on to the beach and driving the waves alongshore. Once the operation is started the interfering waves in their return down the beach cut out slight depressions. After a time such action brings about an aggradation of that portion of | the shallow water opposite to the intercuspate hollow or furrow, and from this material built up under the water the breaking waves are deflected to right and left, where again, by the onrush of the deeper water opposite the cusp, it is swirled into the furrows and thence in part reflected on to the cusps. At the heads of such interfering pulses in the furrows the water, at a later stage of cusp formation, is again pulsed either straight ahead to spread out like a fan or it is pulsed right and left along the beach both in front of, and across, the advance of the main wave front so as gradually to shift the cusp axes. A common feature associated with decreasing wave-strength at this stage is the partial aggradation of an intercuspate space and the reflection of the undulations on to a cusp So as first to reduce the cusp to a broad triangular facet and secondly to a double cusp. Cusps will be formed by waves of all descriptions except those which determine the main beach outlines. This reasoning is really only appreciable to the case of waves known as swells. With very heavy crosswinds evenly sloping but cuspless beaches are commonly formed because the regular undulatory nature of the movement is over- come on the beach by the action of the crosswinds (and the currents thus induced), the cross waves from which chase each other irregularly along the beach and obliterate any BEACH FORMATIONS AT BOTANY BAY, 185 regular beach markings. Such beaches have ledges for their upper limits. Summary. Lady Robinson’s Beach appears to be of recent age (say several hundreds of years) and has been developed upon the seaward aspect of older and elevated bay bars which were formed by storm wave action in an old river valley _after the transgression of the sea into the valley during a period of rapid land submergence in late Pleistocene time, During record storm action the interaction of alongshore currents, waves, tides and river flood activities, determined several small salients along the present beach. In periods of heavy storms tbe beach is wide, smooth, of gentle inclination and raised as to its central portion. With decreasing wave strength the beach is cut into cusps by the interference of undulations produced at the breaking line and such cusps are a temporary phase in the production of one regular beach form out of another. A study of the beach and the associated beaches and cliffs (as also those of more northern portions of the Eastern Australian Coast) suggests that the present shoreline is in a condition of fairly stable equilibrium, such equilibrium not appearing to have been upset for perhaps several hundreds of years. 186 A. T, ULLMANN. A NEW MINERAL. By A. T. ULLMANN, Chief Assayer, Chillagoe Company, Chillagoe. Queensland. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8S. Wales, June 5, 1912. | The mineral which forms the subject of the present note was found in the Christmas Gift North Mine, Chillagoe, associated with cerussite in a gossan formation, some of the crystals being studded with small crystals of pure cerussite. I have named the new mineral Chillagite. The crystallisation appears to be tetragonal, the form is tabular and the diaphaneity translucent. _ OColour:—Straw or lemon-yellow, sometimes brownish. | Structure :—Lamellar. Hardness:—3'5. Very brittle. Specific gravity :—7‘5. Composition’ :—Tungstate of lead and molybdate of lead, PbO 54°25%, WO, 28°227%, MoO, 17°52%. Formula:—PbO WO; + PbO MoOQ,. Before blowpipe—Microcosmic salt bead yielded olive- green in O.F. On charcoal alone, it fused easily, yielding a yellow incrustation of PbO near the assay, and a bluish one on the outer edge of MoO j. With Na,OO, on charcoal a prill of metallic lead was produced. Treatment with HOl and HNO, leaves a yellow residue of tungstic acid. A small quantity heated with a drop of H,SO, on a porcelain cover yielded a deep blue colouration due to molybdic acid. 1 See also report of the Queensland Government Analyst, Queensland Government Mining Journal, x111, Feb. 1912.—Eds. CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 187 ON THE CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN THE TIMBER or THE ** COLONIAL BEHCH,” Gmelina Leichhardtii, F.v.M. By HENRY G. SMITH, F.C.S. With Plates VIII and IX. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, November 6, 1912. | THis Australian tree belongs to the Family Verbenaces, and is thus not a true “‘beech.’’ The use of this common name for Gmelina Leichhardtii is an unfortunate one, as it really belongs to the genus Fagus of the Cupulifere. The tree is a native of New South Wales and Queens- land, and grows to a considerable size, reaching to a height of 100 to 150 feet, with a diameter of over three feet. It is a useful commercial timber, light in colour, but with little or no figure, and thus cannot be classed as ornamental, although it is useful for carving and similar art purposes. The seasoned timber often has white particles filling the cells of the wood, and these are sometimes so plentifully distributed that the planed surface has the appearance of having been filled, toa certain extent, with a substance like plaster of Paris. When the timber is not sound this substance often accumulates in “‘shakes’’ and cracks of the wood as small opaque deposits and in crystalline masses. The general appearance of the material when thus deposited may be seen from the accompanying photograph, (Plate VIII), which is of natural size. Under the microscope these masses were seen to consist of needle crystals. The presence of some substance in ‘“‘beech,”’ different from that of other native timbers, has previously been observed by saw-millers, andin a letter from Mr. W. Smith 188 H. G. SMITH. of Tinonee, New South Wales, he refers to this peculiarity as follows :—‘' Port Macquarie Beech contains something of a very cleansing nature. We have a planing machine, and, of course, it gets dirty and stuck all over with sap and dust from tallow-wood and other hardwoods, but as soon as we have put through a few beech boards, where- ever the sappy chippings strike, the ironwork of the machine becomes clean and as bright as new.”’ Another saw-miller also mentioned that he had seen whitish deposits in ‘‘beech”’ timber, but thought them to be a fungoid growth. The first well defined deposit of this substance came into the possession of the Technological Museum a few years ago, and as much work as possible was, at that time, carried out with it, a crystalline body being isolated, and its melting point determined. About two years later a small quantity was received from another locality, and similar crystals were again isolated from it and found to be identical in appearance with the first, and to melt at the same temperature. Through the kindly assistance of Mr. Breckenridge, a Sydney timber merchant, a portion of a beech log in a very unsound condition was recently obtained from which a few grams of pure crystals were extracted, sufficient to enable a more extended investigation to be undertaken. The crystals obtained from all the trees from the various localities were colourless, odourless and tasteless, and were identical in crystalline form, in melting point, in optical activity, and exhibited the same peculiarity in the melting points of the substance when in either the crystalline or the amorphous conditions. From this it is apparent that the deposit is a common constituent in the timber of this species of Gmelina, and also that it is a definite chemical substance. It is possible that it may be characteristic of CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 189 this tree, or perhaps, peculiar to the genus, and if S0, its identification would become of some assistance towards correct diagnosis, especially as no other body appears to be present in the deposit which might contaminate it, and thus interfere with the ready isolation and purification of the crystals. The peculiarity of this body in what appears to be perhaps an example of dynamic isomorphism in a natural chemical substance, shown by its varying melting points under different conditions, has made its study somewhat interest- ing, and, so far as the material at disposal would allow, considerable work has been done with it. The following data will show how great were the differ- ences between the melting points of the crystals and those of the same substance after melting :— (a) When the crystals were prepared by crystallisation from alcohol, or from boiling water, they were quite anhydrous, and melted at 122° C., to a transparent resin- like body, without alteration in weight. This fused material was, at first, strongly electric, and had the power of attracting light particles of filter paper, etc., very energetically. The melting point of this glassy substance had, by fusion, been reduced to 62 —63° C., and so long as it remained in the glassy condition in the lump, the melting point did not rise, even after many weeks, but if the fused substance was powdered the melting point commenced to rise at once, and after a comparatively short time this had reached about 120—121°, but did not appear to revert quite to the melting point of the original crystals. (b) When the fused. substance was powdered and the melting point taken at once, this powder melted at the same low temperature as the spangles of solid material, but if the temperature was continually raised, when this had reached to about 100°, the melted substance became 190 H. G. SMITH. somewhat opaque, but reverted again to the transparent condition at the melting point of the original substance. (c) When the original crystals were boiled in water they softened and apparently fused at that temperature, and, when the solution had become saturated, remained as fused globules or masses in the boiling water, but soon solidified into a semi-crystalline condition when the water had sufficiently cooled, showing that complete fusion had not taken place, because when fused by dry heat the mass always remained as a glass, and there was no sign of crystallisation during the many weeks it remained under observation. If, however, this glass was dissolved in alcohol it again readily crystallised from this solvent, and the crystals were also readily formed from water when the glassy form was boiled directly in the usual way. When thus recrystallised, the melting point of the crystals, both from the alcohol and from the water, had reverted to that of the original crystals, although the melting point of the fused material from which they had been derived had only been 62-—63°. (d) If the melted glassy substance was broken up into small spangles, but not powdered, these became, after several weeks, opaque and yellowish in colour. The melt- ing point of these opaque spangles had then considerably increased, showing that the tendency is to revert to the higher melting point in all cases, which may thus be con- sidered the stable condition. How many weeks or months it would take for the melted unbroken glassy lump to revert to the higher melting point is not yet known, as sufficient time had not elapsed. So far, this has been found to be 62 — 63°, and in one case three months had passed between the fusion of the substance and the determination of the melting point. The method of observing the melting point of the spangles was to place them ona thin glass microscope CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 191 slide cover glass, to float this on mercury, and to observe the melting of the spangles with the aid of a lens. At near the melting point the temperature was only allowed to rise very slowly. The ready discoloration when bromine water was added to the saturated aqueous solution, with the formation of an insoluble bromide, indicated unsaturation, but this was not confirmed by an alkaline solution of potassium perman- ganate, as the colour of very dilute solutions remained apparently unchanged for a considerable time, although eventually oxidation to dimethylprotocatechuic acid took place. There appeared to be no alteration on an attempted reduction of the substance, when it was boiled with zinc in an acetic acid solution. The formation of the bromide was also found to have been by substitution, because when bromine was added to a solution of the crystals in carbon tetrachloride, hydrobromic acid was evolved in quantity. Only one atom of bromine was introduced into the molecule by this method, and this was in the side chain, as the bromine was readily removed by boiling alcoholic silver nitrate. The bromide was practically an amorphous body, and attempts to crystallise it were not successful, nor did it show a well defined melting point. One hydroxyl group was present in the side chain, but no aldehydic group was formed even with mild reagents, the oxidation to a carboxyl group being direct. The action of concentrated halogen acids also indicated the presence of an alcoholic OH group, and bromine was introduced into the molecule when the substance was boiled in hydrobromic acid. The molecule contains two methyoxy groups, and the acid formed by oxidation was veratric acid. Neither an aldehyde nor carbonyl group was detected, nor were indications for the presence of an ester or of a glucoside obtained. 192 H. G. SMITH. When fused with potash below 200° C., phenolic bodies were principally formed, but when the temperature was increased to about 225° the action became more energetic and the principal product was protocatechuic acid, a very small amount of a volatile acid being produced at the same - time. The substance thus has a catechol nucleus. When more material shall be obtained attempts will be made to determine accurately the arrangement of the atoms inthe side chain. The constitution of the remainder of the molecule is shown from the results. The oxidation to veratric acid, the formation of -proto- catechuic acid on fusion with potash, the presence of one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, together with the other reactions, suggest a structural formula for this substance in agreement with that of several bodies found in plants, all related to a dihydric phenol, the OH groups of which are in the 3 and 4 positions. The evidence so far obtained indicates that the crystalline substance which deposits in the timber of Gmelina Leich- hardtii is new to science, and the name Gmelinol is pro- posed for it. The molecule of gmelinol is C,.H,,O, and the formula may be arranged as follows:— aes COCH, — The exact positions of the atoms in the side chain have not been accurately determined, as they can be arranged, theoretically, in several ways. The one perhaps the most promising from general reactions, particularly the red CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 193 and green colorations given by the vapour to pine wood moistened with hydrochloric acid, is to consider the side chain as consisting of furfurane. This is attached to the nucleus by the /’ carbon atom, the double bond broken, the valency completed by one hydrogen attached to one 6 carbon atom, and a hydroxyl group to the other. The alternative structure for furfurane with only one double linkage answers the requirements better than the usually accepted form. If this arrangement is eventually found to be the correct one, then gmelinol is dimethyoxyphenyl- 66'-hydro-oxyfurfurane, and has the following structure :— H | CG. HO es HO COCH, Ye COOH The positions of the nitro groups in the dinitro compound are evident. The characteristic features of gmelinol may, for con- venience, be summarised as follows:—Melting point of crystals 122° ©. (cor.); of fused substance 62 —-63°. Needle prisms or plates from hot water. Moderately soluble in boil- ing water, but little soluble in cold water. Almost insoluble in ether and in benzene. Insoluble in alkalis. Soluble in nitric acid with yellow colour and formation of a dinitro compound. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid with a deep red colour. Formsa dark brown amorphous substance when heated with hydrochloric acid. Specific rotation in chloroform [a], = + 123°3°. Chromic acid in acetic acid produces dimethylprotocatechuic acid (veratric acid); M—Noyv. 6, 1912, 194 H. G. SMITH. alkaline solution of potassium permanganate also produces veratric acid. Potash fusion at about 225° gives proto- catechuic acid. . Experimental. In one of the pieces of timber from northern New South Wales a small hollow in the wood had become filled with a solid crystalline mass, the greatest thickness of which was about one-eight of an inch, but the usual mode of occurrence appears to be in thin veins more or less distinctly crystallised in rosettes. The substance was scraped off and boiled directly in water, filtered boiling hot, the stem of the funnel being lightly plugged with cotton wool. As the water cooled, well defined crystals formed, which, when of sufficient size, fell to the bottom of the vessel. This pro- cedure was repeated three or four times, by which time the crystals had become colourless, and appeared to be pure. The usual method of preparation was to saw the unsound timber into small pieces, divide along the *‘shakes,”’ and trim the sides witha chisel. The shavings so obtained were then heated in alcohol to dissolve the substance, filtering the alcohol through cloth. Although it is some- what soluble in hot alcohol, yet, if this was deficient in amount, a quantity of the substance soon separated on cooling. This separated portion was, however, identical in composition with that remaining in solution, as its identity was determined by separate purification. The alcohol was partly distilled off, and the remainder evapor- ated down toasmall bulk which formed a crystalline mass on cooling. These impure crystals were then dissolved in boiling water, a portion at a time, filtering boiling hot, and this process repeated until the crystals were pure. The crystals as thus obtained from water were rhombic prisms or plates, and they polarised very well in colours. They were of a glistening nature, and had altogether a CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 195 brilliant appearance. The accompanying photograph (Plate IX) gives a good idea of the form of the crystals under the microscope, enlarged 35 times. The crystals were insoluble in petroleum ether, slightly soluble in ether and in benzene, somewhat soluble in hot alcohol, but not very soluble in cold alcohol. They were exceedingly soluble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, but from these solvents a varnish remained at first, which slowly reverted to the crystalline form after several days. The crystals dissolved in boiling water, but not very readily, separating out again on cooling. Thepure crystals required 1470 parts of cold. water at 22° C. to dissolve one part of substance, and the purest crude material in the wood was only soluble one part in 1315 parts of cold water at the same temperature, indicating the comparative absence of soluble impurities associated with the crystalline deposit when in the wood. The aqueous solution of the pure crystals was quite neutral, and did not reduce Fehling’s solution, either before or after boiling in acid. An ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver was slightly reduced on long boiling. No color- ation was obtained with ferric chloride, and the usual reagents gave no precipitate, except a very slight one with basic acetate of lead. The crystals were insoluble in potash and in the alkalis generally, even on boiling, except when the solution was sufficiently dilute to act like water, in which case the crystals separated unchanged on cooling. In glacial acetic acid the crystals dissolved readily and without colour. With nitric acid they dissolved with a yellow colour forming adinitro compound. With sulphuric acid they dissolved forming a very deep ruby or reddish- brown colour, and on adding water a purple-brown precipi- tate separated. When heated with hydrochloric acid a dark brown amorphous substance was produced. (196 H. G. SMITH. ~ Analyses of the crystals gave the following results :— 0°1872 gram gave 0°4444 gram CO, and 0°1066 gram H,O,. © = 64°74 and H = 6°327 per cent. 0°1574 gram gave 0°3740 gram CO, and 0°093 gram H,O,. C = 64°803 and H = 6°565 per cent. 7 C,.H,,0, contains C = 64°865 and H = 6°307 per cent. | The molecular weight was taken in Beckmann’s apparatus. using alcohol as the solvent. 0°4775 gram in 16°4 grams alcohol increased the boiling point 0°16. The molecular weight calculated from this is. 209. By the freezing method with acetic acid as solvent, one determination gave 228 as molecular weight, but with other trials abnormal figures were obtained; this was also the case when boiling chloroform was used as solvent. From the results in other directions it is necessary that. four atoms of oxygen at least should be present in the molecule, so that O,,H,,O, may be assumed to be correct. Optical rotation.—The optical rotation was taken in chloroform as this appeared to be the best solvent for the purpose. 0°3 gram crystals in 10 cc. CHCl, rotated the ray 3°7 degrees to the right in 100 mm. tube; the specific rotation from this [a|> = + 123°°33. 0°6 gram crystals in 10 cc. CHCl; gave rotation 7°4° to the right in the same tube, showing the specific rotation to be the same for both. 0°3 gram crystals was just melted in a beaker, the glassy. substance dissolved in chloroform and made up to 10 cc., the optical rotation was again + 3°°7, so that no alteration was observed between the crystalline and amorphous con- ditions of the substance. The molecule thus contains one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, which, from the known constitution of the remainder of the molecule, must be in the side chain. CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 197 _ Dinitro ecompound.—The crystals were dissolved in nitric acid and gently heated to start the reaction. When this was complete the addition of water gave a lemon-yellow precipitate, which, when purified, was soluble in, and crystallised from, both ether and alcohol. It was readily purified from boiling water in which it readily dissolved, but separated out again in masses of yellow felted crystals on cooling. The melting point was sharp at 128-129, although it agglutinated some degrees below that tem- perature. 0°1756 of the nitro compound gave 14 cc. of nitrogen at 17° ©. and 755 mm. pressure which equals 9°14 per cent. nitrogen. C,.H,.(NO.),0, contains 8°98 per cent. nitrogen. It is thus shown to be a dinitro compound. Methyoxy groups.—The ready formation of insoluble halogen compounds when the crystals were boiled in a halogen acid made the results somewhat erratic. Figures more nearly correct were obtained when acetic anhydride was added, but even then the results were not too satis- factory. The greatest amount of silver iodide obtained in six determinations only represented about one and three- quarter groups of OCH, but this, together with the form- ation of veratric acid on oxidation, is sufficient confirmation for two OCH; groups in the molecule. Hydroxyl group.—A portion of the crystals was boiled with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate in the usual way. ‘On the addition of water a crystalline substance separated, which, when purified from acetic acid melted at 110° C. Analysis gave results in conformity with one OH group. When saponified by boiling with standardised alcoholic potash the following results were obtained :—0°3684 gram boiled two hours had used 0°0756 gram KOH. 0°41 gram boiled one hour had used 0°084 gram KOH. ©,.H,,(OCCH;)O,. would require 0°0781 gram KOH in the first instance, and 198 H. G. SMITH. 0°087 gram KOH in the second. One hydroxyl group is. thus indicated, and as this is not phenolic it must be in the side chain. | | Bromide.—The bromide was formed by the addition of bromine water in excess to the saturated aqueous solution of the pure crystals. It was light drab in colour and was. not distinctly crystalline. When well washed and purified from either it melted at about 100°, darkening much at about 90°, but the melting point was not sharp. Determination of the bromine gave the following results: 0°3435 gram gave 0°2114 gram AgBr. = 26°2 per cent. bromine. 0°1554 gram gave 0°0985 AgBr = 26°9 per cent.. bromine. C,.H,,BrO, contains 26°58 per cent. bromine. One bromine atom had thus been introduced into the mole- cule. When the bromide was boiled in alcoholic silver nitrate, a precipitate quickly formed; the metallic silver was boiled out from this with dilute nitric acid, the residue washed, dissolved in ammonia and precipitated again by nitric acid. The bromine atom was thus shown to have been introduced into the side chain. Oxidation.—The crystals were dissolved in glacial acetic acid and chromic acid in the same solvent slowly added until in excess. The oxidation commenced at once with the evolution of heat, the flask was thus cooled under the tap.. A chromium salt, which appeared tc be insoluble in glacial acetic acid, continued to form until the reaction was com- plete. This salt was filtered off through cloth, squeezed, and the solid cake thus obtained dissolved in water, in which it was readily soluble. The solution was then acidi- fied, extracted with ether, and after the removal of the acetic acid a solid acid remained. This was dissolved in dilute alkali, filtered, acidified and the solution extracted with ether. The acid thus obtained was fairly soluble in boiling water but precipitated again on cooling, so that it CRYSTALLINE DEPOSIT OCCURRING IN TIMBER. 199 could be easily purified. The acid sublimed unchanged. The melting point of the sublimed acid was the same as that of the acid obtained from water, this was 180° O. (cor.) It was found to melt at identically the same temperature as a sample of pure veratric acid, nor was the melting point different when equal parts of the new acid and veratric acid were mixed together. The molecular value was determined by titration and agreed very well with that of veratric acid. When a very dilute alkaline solution of potassium per- manganate was added to a large quantity of a saturated aqueous solution of the crystals the colour remained per- sistent for a long time; it then slowly faded with the formation of the oxide of manganese; oxidation had thus taken place. The acid formed in this way was collected, purified by sublimation, and found to melt at the same temperature and to be identical with the acid formed by oxidation with chromic acid. It was thus veratric acid. It is apparent that oxidation of the side chain had taken place, in both instances, with the formation of dimethyl- protocatechuic acid. When oxidised with bichromate of potassium and sul- phuric acid with the aid of heat, the action was too energetic, and most of the substance was destroyed by this method. Potash fusion.—When the crystals were heated with potash ata temperature not exceeding 200° C. for one half hour, the colour of the melted substance had become very dark, and phenolic bodies were largely formed. The odour of creosote was most marked. The melt was dissolved in water and the solution repeatedly agitated with ether to remove the unaltered substance. The remainder was acidified, extracted with ether and the ether evaporated. The residue was treated with a solution of sodium carbon- Bik lb ate, to fix the small amount of acid formed at the same time, and this solution again extracted with ether. The phenol thus obtained had a marked creosote odour, was but little coloured, was semi-solid and practically insoluble in water. The alcoholic solution was coloured a bluish- green to dark green with tooae chtong indicating its relation to the catechol group. | ‘900 ' #H. G. SMITH. A fresh portion of material was fused with potash between 210° and 225° C. for one hour. The action was more energetic at this temperature, with frothing and evolution of hydrogen. The melt was dissolved in water, when the creosote odour was again observed. The solution was acidified and three-fourths distilled over, and although acid, yet, the amount of free acid formed was very small indeed. The remainder was agitated with ether, the ether evaporated to dryness, the crystalline residue dissolved in sodium carbonate and agitated with ether to remove the small amount of phenol. The alkaline solution was acidified, extracted with ether, the ether evaporated, the residue dissolved in water and decolourised by boiling with animal charcoal. The crystals finally obtained were very soluble in water, melted at 198° and gave all the reactions for protocatechuic acid. The yield of acid formed in this way was very good. I am indebted to my colleague Mr. R. T. Baker, F.L.S., the Curator, for botanical information, and to Mr. Roughley for the photographs. TWO NEW GRASS SMUTS. 201 TWO NEW GRASS SMUTS. By Hwern MACKINNON, B.Sc., Assistant Microbiologist, Government Bureau of Microbiology. With Plates X—XIII. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, December 4, 1912. ] The following smuts are described in the present paper: 1. Sorosporium panici on Panicum flavidum (Retz.) 2. Ustilago panici-gracilis on Panicum gracile (R.Br.) Serial sections have been made through the inflorescences and in connection with the work I have to thank Mr. G. Grant for the photographic work, and Mr. W. A. Birming- ham for the drawings of the germinations. The type specimens will be presented to the National Herbarium at the Botanic Gardens and co-types will be retained at the Government Bureau of Microbiology. 1. Sorosporium panici, McK. Panicum. Sori in the spikelets, confined within the glumes and converting the ovaries into black spore masses, the entire inflorescence being powdered; a central core of plant tissue and an outer membrane enclosing the spore masses. Spore balls rather few except in sections. Variable, common size 50v, Some measuring up to 100 X 604. Spores olivace- ous or yellowish-brown. KHpispore distinctly yet finely echinulate. Variable in size and shape—globose to elliptical often irregular and somewhat angular. Common size 10 — 12» diam., but varying 10 x 12,10 x 13°6, 10°2 x 14°3, 82 xX 14°3, 7 x 15. On (?) Panicum flavidum, (Retz.), Nyngan Experiment Farm, E. MacKinnon, February 1911. 202 E. MacKINNON. Spore formation:—The spores originate from a central core of plant tissue and the enveloping membrane corres- ponds with the flowering glumes (Plate X). The three outer glumes (G. 1, 2,3) remain quite unattacked. The spore balls are clearly seen in sections of the floret. Germination:—The spores were germinated in nutrient solutions, as practically no germination took place in water. The type of promycelium depends upon the composition of these solutions. In a solution’ containing sugar, iron chloride, ammonium nitrate, etc., a promycelium is pro- duced which is at first hyaline and generally conical (Plate XIII, B. 1), becoming granular and warty (B. 4), branching either at the apex (B. 3), or at the base (B.7). Septa appear, few or many and often close together, with the promycelium constricted and conidia are budded off from the various segments, (B.5 and 6). In Knop’s solution (no iron chloride, or sugar, but containing Oa) the pro- mycelium is generally more slender and grows to a greater length before becoming septate (B. 8, 9,10). Oonidia may be produced (B. 9), or the promycelium breaks up into: segments (B. 10). In the latter case the promycelium is. more granular and stouter than that producing conidia. 2. Ustilago panici-gracilis, McK. Panicum. Sori involving the whole inflorescence, destroying it,. while enclosed in its enveloping leaves, black in the mass. and powdery. In some cases the spikelets have expanded,. or partly formed before being attacked. Spores dark olivaceous to brownish, varying somewhat in size and shape; mostly subglobose or oval, sometimes oblong or irregular, not so irregular as Sorosporium panici. EKpispore quite distinctly echinulate. Size common, 11 diam. or 10 xX 12», varying from 10-15 xX 8—12». A few measured 10 x 15, and 10 x 13°6. 1 Duggar, Fungus Diseases, p. 26. TWO NEW GRASS SMUTS. 203 On Panicum gracile, R.Br., Nyngan Experiment Farm, K. MacKinnon, February 1911. Morphology:—The inflorescence when badly attacked is completely altered (Plate XII), forming a contracted and irregularly swollen boil-like growth. Serial sections show a central mass of plant tissue with numerous vascular bundles. Cavities filled with spores (Plate XI) occur in this core, and the whole is surrounded by a thin enveloping membrane which appears to originate from the leaf sheath, and which ruptures irregularly to allow the escape of the black powdery spores. No trace of definite spore balls is evident throughout the whole series of sections. That this is a different smut to Sorosporium panici is shown by the absence of spore balls by the slightly darker and more distinctly echinulate spores, the variations in germination and its marked difference on the inflorescence. Germination:—Spores placed in water commenced to germinate in forty-eight hours sending forth a hyaline pro- mycelium (Plate XIII, C. 1) or in many cases two pro- mycelia (C. 5), one usually larger than the other and developed from opposite sides of the spores, or the pro- mycelium may divide at the base. For the development of conidia a nutritive solution* gave the best results; Knop’s solution was not so satisfactory, and no conidia were formed in water. The promycelium may be quite long or relatively short when septa first form (C. 2 and 3). The septa may appear near the spore or near the distal end. Branches soon form, often at right angles (C. 4). Conidia are pro- duced laterally or terminally—very frequently by a con- densation of the protoplasm into masses which leave the promycelium as a hyaline empty sheath. Where two pro- mycelia come into contact a fusion may take place, often producing a knotty, irregular mass, and similarly when a ' Duggar, Fungus Diseases, p. 26. 904 EH. MacKINNON,. promycelium comes in contact with another spore it may form a nodular growth round it (C. 7), and there appears to be a fusion of the protoplasm. The growing mycelium stains readily with carbol-fuchsin, and (C. 6) shows the central mass of protoplasm in the spore extending into the hyaline projection, and as a central core with a clear enveloping sheath in the longer promycelium. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Pirate X.—Cross section of floret of Panicum flavidum, showing central core of tissue, spore balls of Sorosporivwm panici and glumes G. 1, G. 2, G, 3. Pirate XI.—Cross section of spikelet of Panicum gracile (dis- torted head) showing core of tissue with cavities filled with spores of Ustilago panict-gracilis, and thin enveloping mem- brane. Puate XII.—Photograph of Panicum gracile affected with Ustilago panici-gracilis, showing normal inflorescence and distorted inflorescences. Purate XIII.—Germination of Spores. B(1—7) Sorosporium panict in nutrient solution (Duggar); (8-10) in Knop’s solution. O(1-—7) Ustilago panict-gracilis. OCCURRENCE OF SPIRANGIUM IN THE HAWKESBURY SERIES. 205 NOTE on THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GENUS SPIRAN- GIUM IN THE HAWKESBURY SERIES or NEW SOUTH WALES. By W. S. Dun. With Plate XIV. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, December 4, 1912.] THROUGH the kindness of Mr. W. Gelme, I have had the opportunity of examining four imperfect specimens of Spirangium from the brickpits at Brookvale, near Manly. The specimens occur as impressions in a blue-gray shale associated with Phyllotheca, Alethopteris sp., Thinnfeldia, and fish—Cleithrolepis, Semionotus, Dictyopyge, and Pristisomus ? The most perfect specimen, that figured on Plate XIV, has a length, as preserved, of 19 cm., but the stalk-like appendages are imperfect—the inflated vesicle (?) is 10 cm. long, and the spindle-shaped body is traversed by two opposed series of helicidal ridges, each nine in number, dividing the surface into compartments 7 by 10 mm., broader than long on the main mass, though at the extremi- ties the tetragonal compartments are naturally more elongated. These peculiar fossils have been found at various horizons from Carboniferous to Lower Mesozoic in Hurope and America, and have been described under several generic names—Paleozyris, Paleobromelia, Fayolia—a much larger form from the Permian of France which may have a similar origin. The forms are generally classed now under the name of Spirangium and though various interpretations have been 206 | WwW. S. DUN. made,—such as fructification of primitive zyrids (?), or portion of one of the Characeze, vesicles for flotation,—the observations of recent years point to the possibility of their being of animal origin, either the egg case of one of the primitive Selachians or a coprolite, such as Spiralium of the Devonian of America. It is not proposed to discuss the affinities at the present time, but it is hoped that it will be possible soon to deter- mine the exact horizon of the shale bed from which the fossils were derived, and also to obtain further materia] which will then form the subject of a more detailed account: So far as at present known the shale bed forms either the basal portion of the Wianamatta Stage or an intercal- ated bed in the Upper Hawkesbury Sandstone Stage. SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. Hl Vif SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. By Miss C. D. SMITH, B.Sc., and LEO A. COTTON, B.A., B.Sc., Department of Geology, University of Sydney. [With Plates XV, XVI.] [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 4, 1912. | THE crystals measured and discussed in this paper were kindly supplied to us by Mr. A. J. Ullmann of Chillagoe. In December of last year Mr. Ullmann wrote to Professor David, reporting to him the discovery of what he thought was anew mineral, and forwarding a sample of the same. The new substance was stated by Mr. Ullmann to contain lead, molybdenum and tungsten. It is thus related to both stolzite and wulfenite. As no such mineral combination had hitherto been recorded, the name Chillagite was suggested by Professor David. The Queensland Department of Mines also obtained samples of the material from the same mine, and an analysis was prepared which was published in February of of the present year. This analysis corresponds closely to the formula PbO MoO, PbO WO,. Shortly after this Mr. Ullmann submitted a note to this Society giving an account of the occurrence of the mineral and also the results of a qualitative analysis. He also stated that the composition was PbO MoO, PbO WO, and gave the theoretical pro- portions of PbO, MoO; and WO,; for this formula. In June last, the Queensland Department of Mines for- warded Professor David a copy of a report embodying still later analyses. That portion of the report giving the analyses reads as follows :— “The report on the previous sample was made on a limited supply of crystals, but the present sample was sufficiently large to allow a more general examination to be made. ‘The present sample differed from the previous one in containing a considerable 208 C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. proportion of flat orange-yellow transparent crystalline plates, some of these, while quite transparent in the centre, were lemon coloured and translucent on the edges. ‘The greater part of the sample was made up of fiat crystalline plates, the colour varying from orange-yellow to lemon-yellow, the lemon-yellow parts being only translucent, but the orange coloured parts more or less transparent. Some crystals were dark and opaque in parts, and this was found to be due to an inclusion of carbonate of lead. “There were just a few other crystals of even lemon yellow colour and of different crystalline habit, the specimens showing an uneven crystalline surface, quite distinct from the flat smooth crystals mentioned above. It was these crystals which were found in the previous sample. “Two lots of crystals were selected for analysis, the first lot being more or less orange coloured, and the second lot all lemon coloured crystals. The analysis gave 16°8 per cent. and 22:7 per cent, of tungstic acid respectively, the lot with the more lemon colour thus showed the more tungstic acid. ‘‘An analysis was then made on a carefully selected lot of the clear transparent orange coloured flat plates. These had a hard- ness 3 to 34, and specific gravity 7:05. The analysis showed Tungstic acid (WO,) .. ... trace Molybdic acid (MoO,) io | Oe Lead oxide (PbO)... ne DOS % proving these crystals to be molybdate of lead. The analysis corresponds approximately to the formula PbMoQ,. “Two lots of the lemon coloured crystals with uneven crystalline surface were then picked. These had a hardness 3 to 34 and specific gravity 7°30. The analysis showed (a) (0) Tungstic acid (WO,) sis SO pp tes bee! Molybdic acid (MoO,) -+» _ (lost) 22°0 Lead oxide (PbO)... wn< , DAO bt 5 “This analysis (6) corresponds approximately to the formula 3 PbWO,, 5 PbMoOQ,.” SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. 209: From this report it appears that three types of crystals were present. (1) Transparent orange coloured plates. (2) Partly transparent orange coloured and partly translucent lemon yellow plates. (3) Translucent lemon yellow plates. The first were shown to be definitely wulfenite. In the third the percentage of tungstic acid is fairly constant, varying from 21.1 to 23.5 per cent. The lead oxide was. also constant where determined. The second group of crystals were intermediate in both physical properties and chemical composition to the first and third groups. The crystals supplied to us by Mr. Ullmann possessed the physical characters of the third type being translucent. lemon yellow crystals. They were set in a gossan matrix commonly having two. edges embedded and the other two free. Where the crystals were grouped, they either formed an irregular cell structure or were arranged with an approximate parallelism of the basal planes. Intwo of the crystals measured three edges were present, but in the remaining five only two edges could be obtained. As the crystals actually measured were small, varying from 1.5 to 3 mm. in diameter, they could not be analysed. They were flat thin square crystals, the edges being up: toi cm. in length and about 2mm.inthickness. The basal planes were large and the pyramid faces of the first order well developed. These appeared to make but relatively small angles (less than 30°) with basal planes. The crystals were extremely brittle and fragile, and only fragments could be obtained for measurement. The following tables give the measurements recorded for the crystals. These were read onatwo circle goniometer. The explanation of the tables is as follows:— N—Dec. 4, 1912. , a ae ’ " ’ sh 210 C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. The letters indicate the names proposed for the forms. These are the same as the letters given to similar faces on stolzite and wulfenite where these corresponding forms are known. The indices are given in Miller’s notation. The measured ~ angles for ¢ have been placed in two columns which are so arranged that the first order pyramids in either column are in the same zone. The signs + and — prefixed to the ¢ reading indicate faces developed on the same and opposite sides of ‘the crystal respectively, as the standard basal plane. Faces underlined in the Tables VI and VII indicate faces in the same zone as but along the opposite edge to the other faces in the same column. Faces marked with an asterisk are referred to the forms represented by the letters by which they are distinguished, but were not considered to be sufficiently well developed to be included in deducing the mean values represented in Table VIII. The columns marked EH¢? and Hp show the difference in minutes from the mean values of the gonio- meter measurements. These have been incorporated as a measure of the degree of perfection of the crystal faces. The columns 6¢ and 6p express the differences of the measured ¢ and p from the theoretical value calculated from the corresponding indices. On all the crystals measured two basal planes were present, one of which showed a relatively good signal and the other a very poor one. The latter was in some cases only represented by an indistinct blur of light. The basal plane with the better signal was in each case selected as the standard of refer- ence for the other faces. Crystal No. 1.—The forms developed are c,fande. Of these the dominant ones are c and f. The faces approxi- mating to the form y were too small to be seen, but their reflections show that they were symmetrically developed. SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. 211 TABLE I. Face. oe Measured dp. Ed. ae c 001 | - ] 0 ¢’ 001 | = 2 17 e i ee + | 57 16 i 119 1-45 38 3 13 49 *y = | PA Be) WA, 1 we A SOS 0 sh £ 115 +44 58 as) 28) 6 7/ £ o | +45 9/4 | 23 28 f bs —44 49) 4 23 23 tp.| set) oe / lacy 8 fo} 2 - 0) 2 - 0 3 8) 56 49 1 45° | 13 30 4 33 939 4 3) 33 4, 39 +» + as 23 23 1 3) 93 5, by) 3” 2 99 99 Orystal No. 2.—The chief forms developed are ¢, 9, « and f. Of these c and f are the dominant ones, the latter being symmetrically developed. In the case of the forms 6 and # only one face of each was found. The form y is represented by three faces, but only one of these is reason- ably well developed. The faces represented by the forms 6,X and x« were not observed on any other crystal measured. The chief forms are represented in figs. 1 and 2, Plate XVI. Miller | Pace. Indices. eG el O01 ¢’ 001 9 0 32 x O 94 #y E19 y ” a a “8 1 16 S os i 1 15 ey S15 *q 1 14 * o> 3) *p Pit tx | 3 43 * TABLE II. | | Measured Measured lk | d, 2 | p ad ee 0 = | 4 | 4 4,4, E65 3 10 mize 46 EAS 8) 1) 12 53 — 44 38 (a=) Wile) 26 +46 35 le= | 1405 38 +43 12 | 4} 20 38 -43 7 | — | 21 26 — 44, 30 =n dG +45 13 zy | 23 34 SOA Ye | BR —-4551) - | 23 45 ALAS E28 8 +45 20 43 )| 28 45 — 46 ek Pag 1S +45 50 veo 576. 32 +36 2 Pinon 19 SEaG 1 Pt 72 48 Senile Ep ee Cen 5 ALCO p- aA ° / °. / 2 = OM 1 - 0 = 5) O | 66 27 44, 2 » |7o48 |) 10 2 45° | 13 30 | 1 52 a »” 99 22 =% 9 29 1 35 Mae se 2@ | ae ey 99 99 1 53 = ~ | 28 28 30 2 3 » 13 1 ” ” 17 = ” »” dL = » | 28 23/3 12 2 o a 20 z » | 90 49) | 1 3 » ” 50 2 |86°52’| 68 22 50 2 % os dl Op C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. Crystal No. 3.—Kew faces were present on this crystal. — Only one representative face of each of the forms c, k,G, F and f was observed. Miller Face. Indices. c OO1 ¢’ ool | k tL LF 4 * 1, AZ) oy 1 16 | : 1 16 G|22 11 Fi 338 16 f i 16 ¥w} 22 5 TABLE ITI. | Measured M d | easure d. E p | p. | ° / ° / / | ° / | 2 3" <6 2 2 | 14 +44 40 =|!) 16" 4g | ~43 27 - 18 if — 43 47 —- | 18 58 4144 4 =} 18) rao - 44 43 eee} eA) —4439| = | 22 15 +4440! 1/23 47 — 43 45 1 al age SG Caleul- Calcul- NPs | Se" | ated p. Sp. | dp. / | ° / (oa / / l — 0 - 0 1 = 0 - 14. a 45° |17 10 20 28 =) Eta ss 133 51 a »» 19 49/1138 51 = ” 9 56 50 as 99 21 28 17 2 Saal asia, 22 5 21 10 e | oo | 28°23) Seana 1 ” 40 51/1 15 1 Crystal No. 4.—This was the only crystal measured on which the form f was not present. e and l. Miller Indices. O01 001 013 118 1. 1-0 | Measured od. TABLE (|TV; Measured Ed. The dominant faces are [C E ated es a ‘ r/o = | ase py | » i s | aleul- Caleul- ated p. od. (6) = 0 pa 27 1.| 14 12 12 50 LS ner 32 ” 4 ” 4 Ps 4 28 23 59 » 0 29 26 18 SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. Crystal No. 5.—The chief forms are c, f and l. former are developed symmetrically and determine the shape of the crystal. sented by Miller Pace. Indices, 001 001 '*e 2 o 2217 1 18 PRIQ a et et et AS | 1 16 * c Uy 15 f i a 25 f 9 f - f a f ” D | 6 6 23 D F b £13 b a #7, 2 TZ T 1 33 2 and 7. TABLE V. Measured d. E ¢. ie 1 0 A 5 6 - 45 ANS S4- FA — 45 2 |13 58 +44 56 = nay 26 EARP 1S | ¥4) 50 — 45 2/114 51 45 1 | 15 89 +45 4 - | 15 48 =A 21) “A | 19} 32 ~45 52 2 | 909 41 +44 45 1 a3) 7 - 45 een tS ee 4 | 23 23 +4456 21 is —45 20 ay aa a0 -45 4 1/99 8 +44 46 2/29 28 45 9 LEG VE Be be 4 | 36 12 ~16 17 0 | 56 26 +18 57 20/57 42 Caleul- Caleni= Pa ca ated p. pe 0 ae ee 0 doe lorad) 1 2 2” 2”. 1 a3 14.16 1 lone 4 al 2 99 cB) [sss ae tes 4} ,, |19 49 i! an eorae Pell 6p £6 ad Med ee 1 33 33 5 29 23 | 3 » | 29 26 25 2 29 cB) 1 » | 00 47 5 33 93 3 |1557| 57 50 4 | 18 26) 58 11 213 The two Ditetragonal pyramids are repre- 214 C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. Crystal No. 6.—Three sides of this crystal were avail- able for measurement. The dominant forms are ce, f andl. The second order pyramids are represented by e which is not however well developed. The forms d and p are also worthy of mention as they represent faces with simple indices. TABLE VI. | filler | Measur Caleul-| Caleul- ; Face.’ dias | Measured hb. | EG ariee Ba he ated . og. op. = ° / fe) ! / fo) ; ems ° ] re / ares ¢ O01 — 4 Om ee = O - 0 c O01 | 2 10 21 = | on 21 *e 011 286) — | 58 42] - | 45° | 56 49] 236/153 *y | 11 18 |4+-47 57 2| 6 47) 3 | is | GDMiaag 4, *Y - +4243) 2) 57° 7) 4) 5 3 | 2 as *y 1 19 |+43 37 2| 11 46] ¢) -» |18 80) 1/23))044 *,, 53 SAT 9 a 2h aay. o 2 Ou sae * af +4650|- |13 5] 4] ,, »» . it B08 25 »| » |—4& 80 2 || 13.20.) Baan ss = 30), 0 *| 1 18 |+-46 36 4) 14.24) 5) » | 15 (7aees aS *, . +4637) 8 | 14 51] 21/5, » | oes * 2 +4015} 4/15 30] 2] ,, |) 206) |e t. » |—44 27 87 15 40) Fae _ Bo10 aes Z - =—4557)| 2) @@bas | =a - 57/1 8 * . +4618] 4/16 22| 3] , oy NOL DSi atts * 1W -4845| 2/18 27/| (8] ,, N7 10) iio *o 1 16 -4351| 1] 20 6] 4] ,,.)| 19/40 moni Go) ere ld asia L | 20 5: | ce sees 2) | sag Hf |.3°3 16 1-45 10 1/22 5| 2| ,,. 4) 2255) sia . , =4450| 1 22 20) 517] ‘s 10| 24 is at +45 5 | oe] 221 87 | Bul »s 5| 32 f 115 |+45 1| 28 13+ 3 | jualeaee 0) ito f - —45 52| 62 | 28). 351) diiee A 52| 12 *f 1 13 -45 53) - | 24 30] -—| ,, ” 53/1 7 *q 1 14 +46 6| 20/27 44/|10/ ,, | 28.03)\cengu see . * —-45 2/13/27 56| 4] ,, 5 2) wee 7 ; +49747 | 19 | 29 2 | 7 eae | Lee ee * » |—4010 1 380. “Aa: Ve alles 1 | 4S 272 p | +4449) 4] 64 40) - | ,, |6511] 11) 381 ee, +4588 | 2 | 66-46) eae ” 58 | 135 SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. 215 Crystal No. 7.—This crystal also possessed three sides which could be measured. The forms c, f andd are promin- ently developed. least one good representative face. Cc 001 e' 001 Ss %] T2718 ] J k 7 a as Wn SS Pale Sees ot F | 3.3-16 f 115 f 33 f 33 ae 14 d | ” d | 2 d-} Measured d. All the other forms present possess at TABLE VIL. F Caleul- . Measur:d | ,, ; Caleul- Nn Ed. & Ep. ae ated p, op. | Sp. A eae ee ees ee ae ae i 0) 3 = Ont ta 0) 3 4, 4 = ) =e 4 = || br iy — | 45° | 1212 9) 24 = Loe EO" |) = oN V5, 27h lek 3 — i toe ol) = oon alekome 42| 24 = ZY ANC} 2 » Ne ANG 3 6 = Sa 2 so Org Tie Zs Be2 265 ae aoe 228 OZ 2 | 22 4 2 95 22 95 0 i =) 2a Zo | = on 23 23 25 2 Tey 23. 29 - 5 As 10 6 — | 23° 57 = On ni 32 34 = 27 56] —- Op 28 23 3l 30 ah isiata al Pea epee ee 25| 11 2A | 2e a2 - 38 BD 14 9 15 28 44 = oe) ” 6 Oi The following table gives the mean values of ¢and p and their differences from the calculated values. It also shows the number of faces considered in deducing these mcan values and the variations in their measurements. 216 C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. TABLE VIII. Borne Taare races Range of ?. | Range of p. Mezn Mean p. ann ate p | a ° / ° / | ° ! ° , Om One Onn Om, ° } io. a 7 | 1013 1 | 1 4/2817| © |27 1\|1 4)1 16m e O1l 1 | 5 | 57 16 0 | 56 49 5| 27a @ | 032 1 | 44/165 3 0 |6627| 44/124 X | 094 1 10 | 73 46 0 |73 48} 10 2 W 14118 1 5 “iat 47 57 | 647 | 45 6 51 | 257 4 S21 11°10 2 | 44 55-45 50 | 12 36-12 41 | 45 5| 12 38 | 45 122 26 y 119 6 | 44 30-46 O | 13 21-18 51 | 44 58 | 13.48 | 45 13 30 2| 13 7 ae 17 1 ma as 44 56 | 14 26 | 45 14.16 4! 10 ] 118 10 | 44 27-45 42 | 14 25-16 2 | 4457) 1513 | 45 15-7 3 6 Teer ae bE, 2 | 44 40-44 57 | 16 42-17 16:| 4450/17 2 17 104. 0 8 g 116 3 | 44 4-44 51 | 18 59-19 82 | 4440 | 19 81 | 45 1949| 20] 18 G | 2211 3 | 4443-45 2 | 21 5—21 26 | 44 56 | 21 2) | 46 21 28 4 7 F 3316 5 | 44 39--45 10 | 22 4-22 87 | 4458 | 2218 | 45 Bo. 5 13 f 115 19 | 44 28-45 5] | 23 7—24 20 | 45 23 26 | 45 23 23 0 3 d 114| 7/44 1-45 14 | 28 12-28 56 | 45 6 | 28 35 | 46 28 23 6.71 a2 D |6623| 3 | 44 46-45 18 | 29 8—29 28 |45 2) 2917) 45 29 26 2 9 b 113 2| 44 53-45 9/| 86 5-3612/45 1/86 8/45 35 47 1) 28 w | 225 | 11| a | . « [43 45| 4052/45 | 40)51) oa) aa p 111 3 | 44 49-45 60 | 64 40—65 54 | 44 58 | 65 20 | 45 65 11 2 9 Z rs 6d al 16.17 | 56 28) 1557|5750| 20/1 24 a | 133 1 | 1857 |'57 42118 26/5811] 81|° 29 x 343 1 | | 36 2/67 19136 52|68 22| 50/1 3 | | The stereographic projection (Plate XV) exhibits most of the forms in the above table. Some have heen omitted to avoid confusion. The combinations of the forms present on each crystal are shown in the table below. The asterisk has the same significance as in the previous tables :-— Crystal Cr € OXYSyZ1k gGF i @ D> eee No.1 e - @© —=— = — ye — = = = 1. == See ee a 6*X - - y- — g@t —- = {.°0° — = | oe » 68 ¢ aS es —~ k @* GF f = =]w" o> ae » 4 et —- —-- -—- SF -- 1 - - —- == 60) ae) en- —- = = —- -~- yh, 1 - gg = — 1 2 eee 3» 16 e- ct — = ¥—y=— 1 &* g* GE t 4. — eee fe = — —- = = B= — | ke G Pot eee = The most prominent faces developed as shown by the above tables are:—c, y, 1, k, g, G, F, f and d, of these the faces c, y, | and p are the most common. SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. 2AT Form C.—In all the crystals two basal planes were present, one of which showed a fairly good signal and the other a poor one. The angles between the basal planes as recorded vary from 4’ to 21’. Forms y and 1.—These are closely related as they represent the 119 and 118 faces respectively. The former has been found prominently developed on stolzite.* Form f.—The faces belonging to the form f (115) are developed on all the crystals measured, with the exception of crystal 4. This crystal appeared on inspection to be similar to the others measured. Very possibly this is due to the form d (114) being more prominently developed than in the case of the other crystals. The readings for the faces of the form ff were so constant that this face was taken as the standard. WHighteen faces of this form were developed. The p’s of four of them were exactly 23° 23; the mean reading of the 19 faces developed gave the value as 23° 26’. Knowing that the crystals measured were related to wulfenite and stolzite, the measurement of these minerals as recorded in Goldschmidt were referred to, in order to connect them with the crystal measurements if possible. The standard value 23° 23’ was nearest the value 26° 22’ which was the p for the 229 faces on wulfenite. Assuming the indices of the standard face to be 115, the p for the 011 face was brought into the closest agreement with that for the 011 face of both wulfenite and stolzite. By means of this standard face the value of the “‘c’”’ axis was determined as :— 1. 5291 That of wulfenite is iP D174) , That of stolzite is 1. 5606° 1 E. Artini, Uber den Stolzit von Bena, Padru (Ozieri) Zeit. f. Kryst. Vol. XLIII., pp. 422-3, 1907. * Goldschmidt, Krystallographische Winkeltabellen. 218 C. D. SMITH AND L. A. COTTON. The examination of the crystals from the measurements. in the tables show that they belong to the tetragonal. system. Thescanty development of ditetragonal pyramids and the entire absence of any prism faces renders it some- what doubtful as to which group the crystal belongs. The marked difference in the degree of development of the basal planes suggests that the crystals may be hemimorphic. This unequal development of the basal planes has been recorded both for wulfenite’ and stolzite.* Provisionally, therefore, the crystals have been classed in the pyramidal hemimorphic group. The following table shows the faces common to the crystals measured, wulfenite and stolzite respectively :— 1. Chillagite. 2. Wulfenite. ‘3; Stolzite 013 T T i 011 c e e 032 4 6 Z ca fl Ie b b b 11 Pp p p 133 7 1 T sap Le 9 f = f way k = k os RY y = y The forms marked with an asterisk have been recently recorded as new for stolzite.* It thus appears that though in their occurrence the crystals are associated with wulfenite, their crystal measurements are more nearly related to stolzite. The value of c axis is not intermediate to that of stolzite or wulfenite, but is less than that of either of these minerals. * Charles A. Ingersoll, On Hemimorphic Wulfenite Crystals from New Mexico. Am. Jour. Science, 1894. 2 Dr. C. Hlawatsch, On Stolzite and a new Mineral Raspite from Broken Hill. Ree. Geol. Surv. N.S.W., 1898, Vol. v1, Part 1, pp. 51-61. 8 E. Artini, loc.: cit. SOME CRYSTAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILLAGITE. 219 It is possible that a small percentage of scheelite or fer- gusonite molecules may be present, and this might account for the low value of c.* Moreover the value c for chillagite differs considerably from the range of values recorded for stolzite or wulfenite. The values of c recorded for stolzite are :— (1) 1.5576 * (6) 1.56132 (2) 1.55792 - (7) 1.5631 2 (3) 1.5586 2 (8) 1.5667 + (4) 1.5597 2 (9) 1.5692 ° (5) 1.5606 ° For wulfenite the only values of ec found were :— Lay aw 1.7774 ° There thus appears to be some evidence in favour of the crystals representing a new mineral, but more is needed before this can be definitely established. Our thanks are due to Dr. C. Anderson of the Australian Museum for advice in connection with part of the work. EXPLANATION oF PLATES. Plate XV is the Stereographic Projection of most of the forms found. A number of important forms have been omitted to avoid confusion in the figure. The forms represented by open circles are not so well developed as those represented by the black dots. Plate XVI, fig. 1 is an Orthographic Projection of Crystal 2. Fig. 2 is the corresponding Clinographic Projection of Crystal 2. 1 Zeit. f. Kryst. Vol. xxi, 1907. * Hlawatsch, loc. cit. * Hlawatsch, Uber Stolzit and Raspit von Brokenhill, Zeit f. Kryst. Vol. xxix. ‘* Zeit. £. Kryst. Vol, xiv, 1908, p. 93. ° A. Levy, Onatungstate of lead, Ann. of Phill,, Neue Serie, x11, p. 364. © Goldschmidt, loc. cit. ABSTRACT oF PROCEEDINGS poli ACl OPP ROCEE DINGS OF THE AMopal Society of Met South ales, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, MAY lst, 1912. The Annual Meeting, being the three hundred and forty- eight (348th) General Meeting of the Society, was held at the Society’s House, No.5 Hlizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. J. H. MAIDEN, President, in the Chair. Fifty-one members and nine visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. | The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; one for the second, and one for the first time. Dr. C. ANDERSON and Mr. O. A. SUSSMILCH were appointed Scrutineers, and Dr. J. B. CLELAND deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society :— Dr. FREDERICK PARNELL PAUL, Point Piper, Sydney. It was announced that the Council had awarded the Clarke Memorial Medal to Mr. W. H. TWELVETREES, Government Geologist of Tasmania, and a letter from that gentleman, expressing his appreciation of the honour, was read. iv. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.. Dr. OC. J. MARTIN, F.R.S., Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, was nominated by the Council as an Honorary Member of the Society, and on the nomination being put to the meeting, he was elected wlth acclamation. It was announced that Professor Davin had been elected Ohairman, aud Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH, Secretary, of the Geological Section for the forthcoming Session. The President then delivered the Annual Address. Professor DAVID moved and Mr. R. T. BAKER seconded a proposal that the thanks of the Society be accorded to the President for his address, and also for his services during the past year. There being no other nominations, the President declared the following gentlemen to be Officers and Council for the coming year :— President: R. H. CAMBAGE, L.s., F.L.S. Vice-Presidents: H. D. WALSH, B.a.1., M.INsT.c.zn. | Prof. T. W. E. DAVID, cime seus D.SC., F.B.S. ¥. H. QUAIFE, M.A., M.D; F. B. GUTHRIE, F.1.¢., F.G.s. Hon. Treasurer: D. CARMENT, ¥.1.4., F.F.a. (Dr. H. G, CHAPMAN, Acting.) Hon. Secretaries: J. H. MAIDEN, F.1x.s. | Prof. POLLOCK, mee: Members of Council: H.0«G. CHAPMAN, m.p. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.us. J. B. CLELAND, m.p., cH.M. T. H. HOUGHTON, M. Inst. c.£. Ww. S. DUN. F. LEVERRIER, B.A,, B.sc., K.c. Rk. GREIG-SMITH, p.sc. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c.s. W. M. HAMLET, £&.1.c., F.c.s. W.G. WOOLNOUGH, D.sc., F.G.5. Mr. MAIDEN, the outgoing President, then installed Mr. CAMBAGE as President for the ensuing year, and the latter returned thanks to the members. As the Report of the Council and the Financial State- ment had not been presented, it was resolved, on the motion of Mr. MAIDEN, seconded by Professor Davin, that this ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, Vv. meeting stand adjourned until Wednesday 5th, June, 1912, such adjourned meeting to precede the usual General Monthly Meeting of members. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, JUNE 5th, 1912. The three hundred and forty-eighth (348th) General Meeting of the Society, adjourned from May 1st, was continued in the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. Twenty-one members and two visitors were present. Apologies were received from Professors DAvID and POLLOcK, and Dr. WOOLNOUGH. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. A certificate duly signed by the office-bearers, on the state of the Society’s House, in accordance with Rule 36, was read. The following Financial Statement for the year ended dist March, 1912, was presented by Dr. H. G. CHAPMAN (Acting Honorary Treasurer), received, and adopted :— GENERAL ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS. Sung aK 18 et sen ay Cs To Balance on 1st April, 1911 ... aan Y AS AMOS ieQ es », Cash in Hand Ist April “96 ie Be Te me Py MT One Guinea ... cas’ a 49 7 O | Pr a Arrears ... 523 2 2e =O) Subscriptions / Two Guineas ... or eS Lien O | - ~ Arrears ... a 50 10 O »» ” In Advance ... 4 4 0 — 49411 0 To Parliamentary Grant on Subscriptions received — Vote for 1911-1912 ... ae vee ae es ep 400 O 0O » Rent oad ay Ae pee ee it Mz, Pe) GOT ET PG », Sundries... ne aap she AM ne) Bae an 65 8 », Clarke Memorial Fund igy Bec ses he aM 22 0°0 ee O—Dec. 1912. £1548 14 8 Vas ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. PAYMENTS. By Advertisements Assistant Secretary ... Assistant Librarian ... Books and Periodicals Bank Charges ... Caretaker Electric Light... Engineering Association Canmpenenien Entertaining ... Freight, Charges, Packing cee Gas sie Insurance : Interest on Mortgage Office Expenses and Sundries Office Boy Printing Printing and Publishing J oarnae Rates Repairs ... Lanteruist Stamps... Stationery te Miscellaneous Expenses ‘ Clarke Memorial Mend! pepaiae aida General Account Interest Repaid on Account Loan to Building aaa Investment Fund Interest Less amount due to General Fund from Clarke Memorial Fund Cash in Bank . Cash in hand ... sie Deficiency ascertained to fate 18 15 11 013 2 19 Oa 2 3 6 BUILDING AND INVESTMENT FUND. Dr. To Loan on Mortgage at 4% 93 Clarke Memorial Fund—Loan 31st Mache 1911. ll 22 4 4 = © nluronn £. ex ee. 31000) 0 18 15.11 £3118 15 11 : ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Vil. Cr. sage Se Oh By Deposit in Government Savings Bank, March 31st, 1912 Lest es » Loan Repaid to General Account ... eae ae 5 18 15 11 » Balance of Account, 3lst March, 1912 ... ae ... 8098 11 10 £3118 15 11 CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND. Dr. ts. ae To Amount of Fund, 31st March, 1911 ... od Tid ae ea wolGry 2) 8 5, Lnterest to 3lst March, 1912 . ae a ae za LG 92.3 », General Account Repaid on Lie Loan a “Ot DO OO) », Repaid on a/c of Building and Investment Tandes tees 1) 21S toy de » General Account, Balance, 31st March, 1911 sas a 2, SG £575 11 4 Cr. eu Sede By Loan to General Fund... vet 22 0 0 », Loan to Building and Investment monde 31st March, 1911 18 15 11 » Repaid to General Fund Es af oe far aa Wy 83 » Balance— Deposited in Savings Bank of N.S. W., March 31,1912 31114 2 Government Savings Bank, March 31,1912 ... oe ecOU Wiig £575 11 4 Compiled from the books and accounts of the Royal Society of New South Wales and certified to be in accordance therewith. W. PERCIVAL MINELL, Auditor. HENRY G. CHAPMAN, Acting Honorary Treasurer. SypNEy, May 23rp, 1912 Mises The adjourned Annual Meeting then resolved itself into the General Monthly Meeting, being the three hundred and forty-ninth (349th) General Meeting of the Society. The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; one for the second, and four for the first time. His Honour Judge DocKkER and Mr. W. S. DUN were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. H. G. SMITH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society:— H. J. MELDRUM, Science Master, Fort-st. High School. Vill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “‘A new Mineral,’ by A. J. Uttmann. Read by Mr. MAIDEN in the absence of the author. — Some remarks were made by Dr. ANDERSON. 2. ‘Some observations on the bio-chemical characteristics. of bacilli of the Gaertner-Paratyphoid-Hog Cholera Group,’’ by BURTON BRADLEY, M.B., Ch.M., M.R.C.S. Drs. CHAPMAN and GREIG-SMITH and Mr. MAIDEN took part in the discussion. Dr. J. B. OLELAND then delivered a Lecturette entitled:— ‘** Injuries and diseases to man in Australia attributable to animals (except insects).”’ Remarks were made by Dr. QUAIFE, Mr. W. J. CLUNIES Ross, and His Honor Judge DOCKER. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, JULY 3rd, 1912. The three hundred and fiftieth (350th) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. Twenty-one members were present. The minutes of the Adjourned Annual Meeting of the 5th June, and of the General Monthly Meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; four for the second, and one for the first time. Dr. H. |. JENSEN and Dr. C. ANDERSON were appointed Scrutineers, and Dr. QUAIFE deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 1X: The following gentlemen were duly elected as.ordinary members of the Society:— L. A. OURTIS, L.S., Union-street, Mosman. R. H. GRIEVE, B.A., Llandafi-street, Waverley. HK. MACKINNON, B.Sc., Bureau of Microbiology, Sydney. B. J. SMART, B.Sc., Public Works Office, Lithgow. The President made the following announcements :— 1. That the Popular Science Lecture on “Shifts for a living in the Plant World,” by Mr. G. P. DARNELL-SMITH, B.Sc. Would be delivered in the Society’s House on July 18th, 1912. 7 2. That an exhibition of the Federal Capital designs would be held in Sydney, and he invited members to inspect them. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “On a new Prostanthera and its Hssential Oil,” by R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., and H. G. SMITH, F.C.S. The President, and Mr. MAIDEN took part in the discus- sion. 2. “*The Differential Phenomenaof the Prospect Intrusion,”’ by H. STANLEY JEVONS, M.A., B.Sc., H. J. JENSEN, D.Sc., and C. A. SUSSMILCH, F.G.S. Remarks were made by Mr. E. C. ANDREWS and the President, and the latter took the opportunity of offering the congratulations of the Society to Dr. JENSEN on his appointment as Government Geologist of the Northern Territory. EXHIBITS: Mr. MAIDEN exhibited some specimens to illustrate a paper read by Mr. Epwarp PALMER (afterwards M.L.A. of Queensland), on plants used for various purposes by the aborigines of the Gulf‘of Carpentaria, before this Society on ist August, 1883. The specimens had been presented to the National Herbarium, Sydney, by Mr. PALMER’s widow. p.s ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, AUGUST 7th, 1912. The three hundred and fifty-first (351st) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. Twenty-six members were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificate of a candidate for admission as an ordinary member was read for the second time. Mr. W. J. CLUNIES Ross and Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. W. M. HAMLET deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. | The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society :— | SIDNEY RADCLIFF, Radium Hill Works, Woolwich. Dr. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON, The University, Brisbane, having been nominated by the Council as a Corresponding Member, was, after a ballot, declared to be duly elected. The President made the following announcements :— 1. That at the meeting of 4th September the question of popularising Forestry in Australia would be discussed. 2. That a Popular Science Lecture, on ‘“‘The wonders of the Soil,’ would be delivered by Professor R. D. WATT, M.A., B.Sc., in the Society’s Hall, on the 15th August, 1912. 3. That the Geological Section would meet on the 14th August, 1912. 4. That donations consisting of 12 volumes, 227 parts, 6 reports, 9 pamphlets, and 6 maps had been laid upon the table. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. x1. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “‘ Notes on a Model of New Hngland and the Associated Topographical Forms,’’ by EH. C. ANDREWS, B.A., read in abstract by Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH, by whom also the model was exhibited. 2. “‘Notes on Two Lightning Flashes near Sydney,” by Dr. F. H. QUAIFE, M.A. EXHIBITS: Mr. R. T. BAKER exhibited models of the Cullinan Diamond and the stones cut therefrom. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH exhibited apparatus used in deter- mining precious stones. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE exhibited specimens recently col- lected by him of Carboniferous fossils known as Rhacopteris from Currabubula near Tamworth, which are of interest in extending the known range of this type from the Stroud- Clarence Town district. Mr. J. H. MAIDEN exhibited the following botanical specimens collected by Mr. Srpney W. JAcKson, Ornith- ologist:— Two specimens of young bark of the large Queensland Kauri Pine, Agathis Palmerstoni, K.v.M., Tinaroo Scrubs, Upper Barron River, North Queensland. One is a dancing figure of a male native, 125 inches in greatest length and breadth. The other is roughly in the form of a cross and denotes a female native. The blacks originally cut figures of these shapes through the bark, which they removed. The young bark closes over the wounds, forming objects like those shown. The following specimens were obtained from the Ool- larenebri District :— Portions of the stems of the Hurah Tree, EHremo- phila bignoniflora, F.v.M., which were once used by Xi. ABSTRACT OF. PROCEEDINGS. the natives for making fire by friction, the inflammable material round the hole of the horizontal stick being dry kangaroo dung. Specimens of Budda or Budtha, Hremophila Mit- chelli, Benth., green logs of which were used in the early days for obtaining tar for branding by a rough process of dry distillation. Fruits of Pittosporum phillyrceoides, DC., Butter Bush, from the play-grounds of the Spotted Bower Bird. It will be observed that the birds have only selected those fruits which are markedly heart-shaped, and which have not dehisced. Specimens of the Nypang, Capparis lasiantha, R.Br., in flower and showing the recurved hooks which are particularly abundant on the young stems, and which enable the plant to scramble up trees and shrubs. Fruits etc. of the allied Capparis Mitchelli, Lindl., sometimes called the Native Orange. Fragments of the scale bark of the Carbeen, Eucalyptus tesselaris, ¥.v.M., which forms tessere, roughly in one inch cubes, and from which the specific name tesselaris is derived. The various specimens were accompanied by herbarium specimens. ABSTRACT OF PROCKEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 4th, 1912. The three hundred and fifty-second (352nd) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. | Twenty-three members and eighteen visitors were present. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xill. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; three for the second, and one for the first time. Dr. C. ANDERSON and Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. H. G. SMITH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected as ordinary members of the Society :— Dr. FREDERICK GUY GRIFFITHS, B.A., 135 Macquarie- street, Sydney. EK. H. FULCHER SWAIN, District Forester, Forest Department, Narrabri. EK. F. HALLMANN, B.Se., 65 View-street, Annandale. The President made the following announcements:— 1. That a Popular Science Lecture, entitled ‘* Pre-historic Man,’’ by Dr.S. A. SMITH, would be delivered in the Society’s Hall, on September 19th, 1912. 2. That donations consisting of 5 volumes, 92 parts, 8 reports, 7 pamphlets and 4 maps had been laid upon the table. ' THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ** Note on Some Recent Marine Erosion at Bondi,’’ by Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH, F.G.S. At the request of the Forest Department, the Council decided to invite members and friends to consider the question of popularising Forestry in New South Wales, and - an informal discussion took place. The President made some opening remarks and then invited Mr. MAIDEN to introduce the subject. Mr. R. D. Hay (Director of Forests) gave an account of the work of the Interstate Conference on Forestry at which XIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. the subject was first brought up, and also of the American Forestry Association. | Mr. R. T. BAKER spoke of the value of the Hucalyptus. Oil industry. Dr. FARNSWORTH spoke of the scarcity of timber in South Africa. Mr. J. BRECKENRIDGE spoke of the scarcity of timber in New South Wales, and also the approaching famine in Oregon timber. Mr. WHITE emphasised the remarks of the previous. speaker. Mr. R. Mc. C. ANDERSON urged the Minister for Agri- culture and other politicians to take the matter up. Mr. J. M. PRINGLE spoke of his travels in the Pine forests. of Gascony, and, as a builder, alluded to the increasing scarcity of timber. Dr. J. B. CLELAND suggested an informal meeting of members of the Society with the view of helping in the inauguration of a Forestry League. Mr. J. LANGLEY asked the Society to pass a resolution in favour of the formation of a League. Mr. McKELL suggested that the constitution of the ** Millions Club’’ covered the objects of such a League, and indicated that the Club would help. The President gave statistics in regard to the land set apart for forests in New South Wales, and advocated the study of the introduction of useful exotic trees, and the advancement of forestry education. On the motion of Dr. CLELAND, seconded by Mr. BAKER, the following resolution was carried unanimously :— ‘*That this Society considers that the formation of a. Forestry League in New South Wales is desirable.’’ ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XV. On the motion of Mr. HAY, the visitors passed a hearty vote of thanks to the Society for permitting the discussion. EXHIBITS. 1. By the Rev. B. F. Picgot, s.J., Riverview College Observatory. The exhibit shews the exact copy, to scale, of a portion of the record of the recent Dardanelles earth- quake on August 9th. The large waves seen are those of the third phase, at the time of Sydney’s maximum move- ment. The largest wave here shewn hada complete period of 18 seconds, and ,5th of the amplitude on the seismograph record, viz. 0°162 of a millimetre, was the maximum dis- placement from zero position of the earth-particles. This wave reached Riverview at 12h. 52m. 55s. p.m., Sydney standard time, about an hour and a quarter after the shock itself. The earliest wave of the first phase of course arrived much sooner, at 11h. 50°0m. a.m., or 14 minutes after the catastrophe. ) 2. By Mr. J.H. MatpEen. Volume I of two folio volumes of original contemporary water colour drawings by John William Lewin (1770—1819) of Sydney, of plants collected by Allan Cunningham in various parts of New South Wales, in 1817 and 1818. The writing in pencil is by Allan Cunningham himself. The volumes, which are of considerable value, were pre- sented to the Botanic Gardens by Lady W. PHIPSON BEALE of London, a native of Sydney, through the kind inter- mediation of Professor LIVERSIDGE. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 2nd, 1912. The three hundred and fifty-third (353rd) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth-street North at 8 p.m. XVi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Mr. R. H. CaAMBAGs#, President, in the Chair. Thirty-one members and four visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. ° | Two new members, Mr. R. H. GRIEVE and Dr. F. G. GRIFFITHS, enrolled their names and were introduced. The certificate of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; one for the second, and two for the first time. | Mr. J. C. CARNE and Dr. C. ANDERSON were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. H. G. SmirH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society :— | HENRY TASMAN LOVELL, M.A., Ph.D., Hodson Avenue, Cremorne. The President made the following announcements :— 1. That a Popular Science Lecture entitled ‘* Drought- resisting Plants,’’ by Mr. A. G. HAMILTON, would be delivered in the Society’s Hall, on October 17th, 1912. 2. That a meeting of the Geological Section would be held on the 9th instant. 3. That donations consisting of 1 volume, 129 parts, 10 reports, 2 pamphlets and 5 maps, had been laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ‘Beach Formations at Botany Bay,” by H. C. ANDREWS, B.A. Mr. BROOME P. SMITH, late of West Africa, then gave a brief lecturette, illustrated by lantern slides, on some of his observations in Tropical Africa~-—Ethnological, topo- graphical, etc. ; ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XVil, On the motion of Professor DAVID, a hearty vote of thanks was given to the lecturer. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, NOVEMBER 6th, 1912. The three hundred and fifty-fourth (354th) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. | Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. Forty-four members and four visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary: members were read; two for the second, and one for the first time. Dr. CooKsEY and Mr. HALLIGAN were appointed Scru- tineers, and Dr. WOOLNOUGH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected as ordinary members of the Society :— | ARTHUR JOHN HARE, Under Secretary. for Lands, Monte Ohristo-street, Woolwich. Dr. HERBERT JERMYN FARNSWORTH, Bannerman- street, Neutral Bay. Ces Seven volumes, 174 parts, 20 reports, 3 catalogues, and 1 map, were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: **On the Crystalline Deposit occurring in the Timber of the Colonial Beech (Gmelina Leichhardtii) by HENRY G. SMITH, F.C.S. The paper was discussed by Mr. BERTRAM J. SMART and Dr. Cooksey. Mr. SMITH replied. ‘ XVlll. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. A lecturette (with lantern slides) on ‘‘A recent visit to New Guinea,” by J. H. CARNE, F.G.S., was then given. By invitation of the President, Professor J. MACMILLAN Brown, of Christchurch, New Zealand, who had travelled much in the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, addressed the meeting on the ethnology of the natives of the islands. Votes of thanks to Mr. CARNE and Professor BROWN were cordially tendered. Mr. R. H. MATHEWS, L.S., then exhibited the method of lighting a fire by flint and steel. In the box he used the fungus of a species of Polyporus as tinder, as bushmen used to do, and also Stringybark for the fire. Mr. W. M. HAMLET also brought a tinder box and made a demonstration to supplement that of Mr. MATHEWS. Mr. HAMLET exhibited an Immisch thermometer. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, DECEMBER 4th, 1912. The three hundred and fifty-fifth (355th) General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth-street North, at 8 p.m. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, President, in the Chair. Thirty-four members and three visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificate of one candidate for admission as an ordinary member was read for the second time. Mr. R. T. BAKER and Mr. W. J. CLUNIES ROSS were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. F. B. GUTHRIE deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. X1x, The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society :— ALEX. GREENLAW HAMILTON, Lecturer on Nature Study, Teachers’ College, Blackfriars. Fourteen volumes, 228 parts, 16 reports, and 4 maps were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. ‘“‘Some Crystal measurements of Chillagite,’’ by Miss ©. D. SMITH, B.Sc. and LEO A. COTTON, B.A., B.Sc. The paper was read by Mr. Cotton, and Dr. WOOLNOUGH offered some observations. The crystals examined were presented to the Sydney University by Mr. ULLMANN, of the Christmas Gift Mine, Chillagoe. Analyses by the Queensland Department of Mines show the presence of lead, molybdenum and tungster. The crystals are therefore related to both stolzite and wulfenite. Crystal measurements show distinct differ- ences from both of these minerals. The result of these measurements and the evidence of the analyses suggest that the crystals may belong to a new mineral species. This cannot however be certainly established on the present data. The name Chillagite has been adopted to distinguish the new crystal combination. 2. “‘The occurrence of the genus Spirangium in the Hawkesbury Series,’’ by W. S. DuN,. Mr. W.S. DUN read a preliminary note on the discovery of Spirangium in the Wianamatta Shales at Brookvale, near Manly. Spirangium is a fossil, the interpretation of which is a vexed question. It is usually regarded as the fructification of some plant, and consists of a stalked elongated cone, formed of tetragonal scales arranged spirally and termin- ating in a long spine. It has been regarded as the egg of XX. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. a Shark, or else a coprolite, but it is usually considered to be of vegetable origin. Remarks were made by Professor DAVID. 3. ‘*On two new Grass Smuts,’’ by HwEn MAcKINNON, B.Sc. Remarks were made by Mr. MAIDEN, EXHIBITS: 1. A hydrous aluminium phosphate from Reservoir Hill, Murwillumbah, by Professor Davip. It is abundant, and the impure mineral is used for road making. 2. Experiments with colloidal solutions or silicic acid gels, by Mr. W. J. CLUNIES Ross. These exhibits illustrate the various ways in which gels of silicic acid may be obtained from water glass, silicate of soda, by means of hydrochloric acid: First, coloured gels. Crystals of salts are dropped into a solution of water glass, and allowed to grow. The solution is then partly poured off, and HCl added. With dilute HCl an opaque gel is formed. With excess of concentrated HOl a clear gel, the growth becoming white and the gel coloured, if from coloured salts. Second, solution of water glass taken, chloride of gold added. Then the solution converted to gel by hydrochloric acid. Solutions of various reducing agents poured on to gel. Result shewn, after about a fort- night. Remarks were made by Mr. HAMLET. 3. Miscellaneous botanical exhibits, by Mr. J. H. MAIDEN, (a) White Pine fruits (Callitris robusta) from the Gunnedah district, which had been attacked by green leek parrots for their seeds, and thus a scarcity of seedlings had been caused. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1. (b) Fruits and flowers of Grewia polygama from Papua, received from the Papuan Government as a remedy in dysentery. (c) Leaves of Hucalyptus alba from Mackay, Queens- land, up to 12 xX 11 inches, dry. (d) Branches of Daphnandra micrantha called Socket Wood, because of the marked articulation of the branches to the stem. (e) Copy of the recently passed West Australian Act for the Protection of Native Flora. 4. Dr. J. B. CLELAND drew attention to the recent dedication of a window in memory of Captain Cook in the Church of S. Cuthbert, Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England. Xxll. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION. =<=+- Monthly Meeting, 10th April, 1912. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE in the Chair. Six members were present. On the motion of Mr. W. 8S. Dun, seconded by Dr. WooLnouGH, Prof. T. W. EK. DAVID was elected Chairman, and on the motion of Mr. EH. C. ANDREWS, seconded by Dr. Woo.LnouaH, Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH was re-elected Secretary for the ensuing year. A motion was carried congratulating Mr. T. G. TAYLOR, B.A., B.Sc., on his safe return from Antarctica. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH then gave an account of his recent visit to America. Monthly Meeting, Sth May, 1912. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID in the Chair. Nine members and four visitors were present. The chairman formally welcomed Mr. A. GIBB MAITLAND (Government Geologist of Western Australia), and Mr. L. K. Warp (Government Geologist of South Australia) to the meeting. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH exhibited specimens of Ferberite from Tungsten, Nevada, U.S.A., and specimens of Stolzite and Wulfenite from Broken Hill, N.S.W. A discussion took place on the correlation of the Permo- Carboniferous formations of Australia in which Messrs, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Xxill. A. GIBB MAITLAND, L. K. Warp, Prof. Davip, W. S. DUN, Dr. WooLNnouGH, EH. C. ANDREWS, A. B. WALKOM andC. A. SUSSMILCH took part. While no definite conclusions were arrived at, much useful-information was presented and valuable suggestions were made as to the lines upon which further investigations should be made. Monthly Meeting, 5th June, 1912. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID in the Chair. Ten members present and eight visitors. The chairman, on behalf of the members, congratulated Dr. H. I. JENSEN on his appointment as Federal Geologist to the Northern Territory, and wished him every success in his new position. Professor DAVID gave a detailed account of the geological results of the Shackleton Antarctic Expedition. The address, which summarised the present knowledge of the geology of Antarctica, was illustrated by geological sections and many specimens. Some remarks on the petrology of this region were made by Dr. W. G. WOULNOUGH. Monthly Meeting, 9th October, 1922. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID in the Chair. Hight members were present. Dr. C. ANDERSON exhibited a new meteorite from Binda near Goulburn. Dr. W. G. WOOLNOUGH exhibited a number of rock gpeci- mens from Perth, W.A., illustrating a succession of igneous intrusions in the one quarry. The chairman, on behalf of the members, congratulated Mr. J. HK. CARNE on his safe return from his New Guinea Expedition. XXIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Mr. J. EK. CARNE then gave an account of the geological results of his New Guinea expedition with particular refer- ence to the probable occurrence of coal and oil in that country. Monthly Meeting, 13th November, 1912. Prof. T. W. E. Davin in the Chair. | Five members were present. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE exhibited a specimem of Rhacopteris inequilatera and some igneous rocks from Currabubula, New England, N.S.W., and some photographs of the locality. A discussion took place on Messrs. JEVONS, TAYLOR, JENSEN and SUSSMILCH’s paper on the geology and petrology of the Prospect intrusion. Monthly Meeting, 11th December, 1912. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID in the Chair. Six members were present. Dr. OC. ANDERSON exhibited specimens of a radio-active copper mineral from Moonta, South Australia. Prof. DAVID gave a summary of some recent geological work by Messrs. DUNSTAN and RICHARDS in the Mary- borough District, Queensland, as a result of which they have expressed the view that the Burrum formation is of younger geological age than the Rolling Downs formation. A discussion followed on the general correlation of the Mesozoic Freshwater Beds of Kastern Australia. xxvV, INDEX. A PAGE PAGE Abstract of Proceedings ii. | Forestry Notes—Wood Pulp... 71 Andrews, E. C., Beach Hormas Fresh-water Aquarium... ei, SO tions at Botany Bay ... 158 | Functions of a Botanic Garden 49 — Notes on a model of New Englana and the associated G topographical forms - 148 | Geological Section xxii Antarctica 28 | Grass Smuts, Two New 201 Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, H Melbourne Meeting 20 | Hooker, Sir Joseph D.. ee Australasian Meeting of the Horticultural Hall, proposal for 68 British Reeegaun 20 J Baker, R. T. On a new species po ee are in of Prostanthera and _ its Prospect Intrusion 111 Essential Oil - 103 | Jovons, H. Stanley, The Differ- ve Formations at Botany ee entiation Phenomena of the a 5 . BioChemical Characteristics of EWORVSOE Lanensuion cs Bacilli sof the Gaertner- eee Cae ig Cholera z4,| Lectures, Popular Science ix, 5 coe ere ge x, xiii, xvi ee ee Oe ees Lightning Flashes, Notes on ations on the Bio-Chemical tae 138 Characteristics of Bacilli fe : ce of the Gaertner-Paraty- ee? bare Lord e phoid Cholera Group 74 M Brief memories of Baron von ’ iiastice g | MacKinnon, Ewen, Two New Grass Smuts ee ... 201 Cc a J. H., Presidential : : f Address 1 ee ee i 207 | Marine Erosion at Bondi, Note Colonial Beech, On the Crystal- on some Recent . 155 line Deposit occurring in Members deceased, Honorary... 3, 6 the timber of the ... EST eum, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15 Cotton, Leo A., Some Crystal measurements of Chillagite 207 | 70 Council of Horticulture Dun, W.S., The occurrence of the genus Spirangium in | —— List of the Hawkesbury Series ... 205 Financial Statement ... Nig Flashes of Lightning, Notes on TWO 7 ae 7 bos ; _ (ix) —— Newly elected iii, vi, ix, 3 x, Xlli, Xvi1, XVii, xix Mineral, A New... . 186 N New England and the Associ- ated Topographical forms Northern poe Wea: 1911. 143 24, Oo Officers iv, (vii) XXVI1. PAGE P Popular Science Lectures ix, x, xili, xvi Portraits of Scientific Men of New South Wales.. Presidential erent: ‘st H. Maiden Piss tert ik Prickly Pear _... 38 Proceedings, Abstract of ii Prospect Intrusion, The Differ- entiation Phenomena of the 111 Prostanthera, On a new species of, and its essential oil 5, 168 Q Quaife, F. H., Notes on two Lightning Flashes . 138 Ss Sequence of early Scientific Societies in N. S. Wales ... ily 21 Pages Some Botanical Matters 41 Smith, H. G., On the Crystal- line Deposit occurring in the timber of the Colonial Beech ie . 187 — On a new species ‘of Pro- stanthera and its Essential Oli fs —— Miss C. D., “Some ‘Crystal Measurements of Chillagite 207 Spirangium in the Hawkesbury Series, The occurrence of the genus ... . 205 Siissmilch, C. A., Note « on some Recent Marine Erosion at 103 Bondi 155 — The Differentiation Phe- nomena of the Prospect Intrusion he oe ae U Ullmann, A. T., A new Mineral 186 lea Ane. Il IDIZ. Vor XVL. yf N.S.W. ty o e Journal Roval Soci R,T.B, del. PROSTANTHERA CINEOLIFERA, sp., Nev. Ne yelp Plate IT. Journal. Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. XLVI., 1912. Photograph of part of one of the large Segregation Veins, Plate IIT. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. XLVI, 1912, Queensland astings R. HH agnning is. BN, YOR Photograph of Model of New England District. Plate IV. Journal Royal Society of N.S,W., Vol XLVI, 1912. tiie Miles : ' + ra # ‘ ¢ ' brs Plate V. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XLV I., 1912. a Plate VI. Journal Royal Society of N.S W., Vol XLVI, 1912. Journal Royal : r re ; ( _ | ENFIELD & CORS Campsi Journal oy! 5 BRONTE! oydoti=_ Ashfield ; ae = : eae ae WAVERLE > = ° Ww, SummerH ill 5 co e Q x \ 5 = a ‘ eo NMR © ; AND ace rhe ees TLE COOGEE BAY ADDISON, / ExanpRIA), ZETL [fours RANDWICK [exnete oun A'S*Peters wensincron acer) P cB ECOOGEE | 1 Society of N.8.W., Vol. XLVI, 1912. ROSEBERY PARK RACECOURSE aN \ IRI FALE(RA| E NIK BOTANY Veit sa QNG BAY IGHTON-LESANDS oO ITTLE BAY COASTgHOSPITAL ‘SANDRINGHAM C Solander e 'OOLOQWARE RAY mv 7) U Potter Pt ©) Plate VII. SOUTH oo Map of Botany Bay. Scale two miles to an inch. Dotted area, alluvium and sand. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. XLVI, 1912. Plate VIII. Crystalline deposit of gmelinol nm the timber of GmMELINA LEICHHARDTII. Natural size. Plate IX. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XLVTI.,1912. 8 BCom, I Ed «> ae oe 4 me Mi oe , Ps Ky 5 : : Bi ; @ ie iG yy 5 a 4 C4 t* A, 4 Kai ve ' SMA : Gmelinol from natural deposit in the timber of GMELINA LEICH- Magnified 35 times. Crystallised from water. HARDTII. INA NG y of N.S.W., Vol. XLVL, 1912. ty yal Socie Journal Ro te i Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XLVI, 1912. Plate XI. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. XLVI, 1912. JG AGUE = x a " a rs ae t 4 = a ~ . - » ® = Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XZVI,1912. Plate XIII. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XLV.,1911, Plate XIV. Journal Royal Society of NS.W., Vol. XLVI, 1912. Plate XV. \ Sa Shs IN Rs eo eee Ae 5 aN i {es = hy tA Se TENT, Zoe 4 Journal Royal Society of N.8.W.,Vol. XLVI, 1912. Plate XV 1. CONTENTS. A wy. sV 1. Continued’. ue eo Se a ee Arr. VIL—Note on some Recent Marine Hrosion at Bondi: C. A. Sussmineu, r.c.s. [With Plates IV-VI.J] |... Arr. VIII.—Beach Formations at Botany Bay, By ESC AD B.A. F.G.S: [With Plate VII.] ... +A Pe et Tila iy)) Art. IX.—A New Mineral. ‘By A. T. ULLMANN, iia | Ucn ete ” Art. X,—On the Crystalline Deposit occurring ‘in the ies of the ‘ Colonial Beech,” Gmelina Leichhardtii. By Hmnry ‘Go , Smire, F.c.s. [With Plates VIII, IX.].;. 6 (sie gee ee Art. XI.—Two New Grass Smuts. By EwEn ‘MacKinnon, 1 B. SC. (With Plates X-XIII,] ... a ine aie fee nae Had techie Series in New South Wales, [With Plate XIV.) .. res ys die eh a eas ART. C. D. Situ, B.sc., and LEo A. CorTon, BA.,; B.Sc. yea ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS _.., fe an na o J o he ah he PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION ., yl vs XR Titte Pace, Notices, PusBLicaTIons, Conrmys, Ha, 2: tes Owritens POR 1912-1918... 00 ei Oh aN ae ee List or Mempers, &. ...00 oe ee i tae ae ie) INDEX TO VoLuME XLVI. i te , - 14 i) i fea . an ey ¥ 1 if iF a ’ i i Pe.) © aa | es » fs au ‘eu 9088 01308 4405