Oe NU ara ee wis Wain & Yak’! ue ik “a ao Pa} eo Hey WF en tins VRS! Vea Ria Bead 2a 8 eG ede Mee OF meile te i ‘ PAE K be Aas eee ls ; yd dae eT Vad av pete teen ‘ j we . er Pir, ee te > PO ICMM Te AURORE AAD AY re aa awe ia eis gd e : ea) te no ) are AA Nhs Ape 8 Tt GAG aL wee ats hy ‘eat ef ‘igtted ated ied 4 % Ry CG nha babe bo ee eat ina ir tas sa. -# : tenet «ft a4 ‘be - hy Hane We ron Ti i Ps ru 1a det 4 eat Fog Serpe toh Per" | he WA tetas oat ee a (yey gedaan) ‘ PRE «4 - aed oe : a4 4 4 4 ’ Pir iaelet feist hae o +a a Poe Chat} ane he ( aA unas bre bee att yiatals ' Wit Renae 1 st talacnN Via Pe ba vats sii i ea te BA RR 1d Rh ty yard ta dade pa vei : ait , Ree Beit ahi? te i ad ’ tw te Avior hays Oa Me ! 1a my i a ac a ta ‘ Py eo as i) Maatiee 1, i He * ‘ CNTR OLEO UML RRC ier Ei hee + be " 4 ‘ Te Mb bie ete ys 4 } H Wa 4 oy many fg sei ies nr} Oe { fidepves paved as a Ce ” s t at aa ' CA eT “he ‘ wee PUY . Z Ar ylwar : i ghly Tae PMN OMA Ey joy, dL i Aen i us ' faa & aed, pane ts y s ) XXXVIII ANE >.G.0-40.4 A Kile at XL, cs XLII. ; XLIII ee XLIV an XLV. ae XLVI Mf XLVII a XLVIII i OHO. PUBLICATIONS. O 68, ,, 120, 869, be) 9 1870, ,, 106, 1871, ,, 72; 1877, ,, 305, 1878, ,, 324, 1883, ,, 324, 1884, ,, 224, 1885, ,, 240, 1914, ,, 584, 1915, ,, 587, bP) price 10s.6d. Ropal Society of Rew South Wales. Sasa AGS Jes Se asy alle alicsaoulSe Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR RONALD CRAUFURD MUNRO FERGUSON, pP.c., G.c.m.a. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Vice-—-Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR GERALD STRICKLAND, Ga.c.m.e., ete. Governor of the State of New South Wales. President: R. GREIG-SMITH, p.sz Vice-Presidents;: F. H. QUAIFE, m.a., u.p. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c.s. J. H. MAIDEN, F.R&.S., F.L.s. C. HEDLEY, F..s. Hon. Treasurer: H. G. CHAPMAN, mp. Hon. Secretaries: Rk. H. CAMBAGE, L.s., F.L.8. | Prof. POLLOCK, p.sc., F.R.s. Members of Council: D. CARMENT, ¥.1.A., F.F-A. J. NANGLE, F.B.A.s. J. B. CLELAND, m.p., ch.m. Prof. R. ROBINSON, p.se. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID, c.m.a., B.a.,| C. A. SUSSMILCH, r.a.s. W. S. DUN. [D.Se., F-R.S. | HD, WALSH, B.A.I., M. INST. C.E. T. H. HOUGHTON, m. Inst. c.z. Prof. W.H. WARREN, Lt.D., wn. Sc? € ‘ “? i. & NOTICE. THE Roya Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the ‘‘ Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the ‘¢ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the ‘‘ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, it assumed its present title, and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881. TO AUTHORS. Authors of papers desiring illustrations, ar¢ advised to consult the editors (Honorary Secretaries). before preparing their drawings. Unless otherwise specially permitted, such drawings should be carefully executed to a large scale on smooth white Bristol board in intensely black Indian ink, so as to admit of the blocks being prepared directly therefrom, in a form suitable for photographic ‘‘process.” The size of a full page plate in the Journal is 44 in. x 62in. The cost of all original drawings, and of colouring plates must be borne by Authors. ~ FORM OF BEQUEST. £ bequeath the sum of £ to the Roya Society oF New Souta Watess, Incorporated by At of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881, and I declare -hat the receipt of the Treasurer for the time being of the said Corporation shall be an effectual discharge for the said Bequest, w rich I direct to be paid within calendar months afier my decease, without any reduction whatsoever, whether on account of Legacy Duty thereon or otherwise, out of such part of my estate as may be awfully applied for that purpose. [Those persons who feel disposed to benefit the Royal Society of New South Wales by Legacies, are recommended to instruct their Solicitors to adopt the above Form of Bequest. | | NAA ANAUUULAU Ur UU Un Ue ninrnruninninnniuinnninnnn DLL ALD LLL AI ODPL INTL PALA DLA DI ITNIT AVOID NOTICE. Members are particularly requested to communicate any change of address to the Hon. Secretaries, for which purpose this slip is inserted. Corrected Address: i oe ee ee eee ee eee ee ee 2 DON ee a eA ois Se sclera c soe olow sts aii woleisinaielos. a.wais'eisies soos eesiagioadeanadeete dese SOS SOS EOS HOH + SH SHHHETTHHH CH FH CHF SEHHH LE SERTOHEHH + De ooHL CO HOHE HHT EHO HEHE OOTEH ECHO LCE FSH Foe SOR ORR OOS To the Hon. Secretaries, The Royal Society of N. S. Wales, 5 Elizabeth Street, Sydney. LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE Aoyal Society of Aew South ales. P Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the Society’s Transactions or Journal; papers published in the Transactions of the Philosophical Society are also included. The numerals indicate the number of such contributions, t Life Members. Elected. 1908 1877 1904 1898 1905 1909 4915 1878 1894 1894 1896 1908 1895 1906 1894 ‘1877 1909 1913 1915 1905 1888 1893 1898 P5 BT Abbott, George Henry, B.A., M.B., ch.m., Macquarie-street; p.r. ‘Cooringa,’ 252 Liverpool Road, Summer Hill. Abbott, W. E., ‘Abbotsford,’ Wingen. Adams, William John, m. 1. MECH. E., 175 Clarence-street. Alexander, Frank Lee, c/o Messrs. Goodlet and Smith Ltd., Cement Works, Granville. Anderson, Charles, m.a., D.sc. Edin., Australian Museum, Col- lege-street. Andrews, E. C., B.A., F.a.8., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Sydney. Armit, Henry William, m.R.c.s. Eng., L.R.c.P. Lond., 30-34 Elizabeth-street. Backhouse, His Honour Judge A. P., m.a., ‘ Melita,’ Elizabeth Bay. , Baker, Richard Thomas, F.u.s., Curator, Technological Museum. {Balsille, George, ‘ Lauderdale,’ N.E. Valley, Dunedin, N.Z. Barff, H. E., m.a., Warden of the University of Sydney. Barling, John, t.s., ‘St. Adrians,’ Raglan-street, Mosman. Barraclough, 8. Henry, B.E., M.M.E., ASSOC. M. INST. C.E., M. I. MECH. E., Memb. Soc. Promotion Eng. Education ; Memb. Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘ Marmion,’ Victoria-street, Lewisham. Basnett, Nathaniel James, Punch-st., Mosman. Baxter, William Howe, t.s., Chief Surveyor, Existing Lines Office, Railway Department, Bridge-street. Belfield, Algernon H., ‘ Eversleigh,’ Dumaresq. Benson, William Noel, p.sc., The University, Sydnev. Bishop, Joseph Eldred, Killarney-street, Mosman. Bishop, John, 24 Bond-street. Blakemore, George Henry, 4 Bridge-street. {Blaxland, Walter, F.z.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.P. Lond., Fremantle, West Australia. Blomfield, Charles E., B.c.n. Melb., ‘ Woombi,’ Kangaroo Camp, Guyra. Blunno, Michele, Licentiate in Science (Rome), Government Viticultural Expert, Department of Agriculture, Sydney. Elected 1907 1879 1910 1876 1891 1914 1878 1913 1906 1898 1890 1907 1909 1904 1907 1876 1897 1901 1891 1909 1903 1913 1909 1913 1909 1913 1896 1904 Pat ‘P8 P 4 Pl P2 P2 P 4 P 16 P2 P2 (x.) Bogenrieder, Charles, u.a., No. 2 Little’s Avenue, Balmain. t{Bond, Albert, 131 Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-street. Bradley, Clement Henry Burton, u.B., chm., D.p.H., Demon- strator in Physiology in the University of Sydney. Brady, Andrew John, u.K. and qQ.c.p. Irel., u.r.c.s. Irel., 175 Macquarie-street, Sydney. Brennand, Henry J. W., BA.,M.B., ch. Syd., ‘The Albany,’ Macquarie-st., p.r. ‘ Wobun,’ 310 Miller-st., North Sydney. Broad, Edmund F., ‘Cobbam,’ Woolwich Road, Hunter’s Hill. {Brooks, Joseph, J.P.. L.S.,F.B.A.S., F.R.G.8., ‘ Hope Bank,’ Nelson- street, Woollahra. Browne, William Rowan, B.sc., Assistant Lecturer and Demon-. strator in Geology in the University, Sydney. Brown, James B., Resident Master, Technical School, Gran- ville; p.r. ‘Aberdour,’ Daniel-street, Granville. {Burfitt, W. Fitzmaurice, B.A., B.Sc, M.B., chm. Syd., ‘Wyom- ing,’ 175 Macquarie-street, Sydney. Burne, Alfred, p.p.s., Buckland Chambers, 183 Liverpool-st. Burrows, Thomas Edward, Mm. INST. ¢.E., L.s., Metropolitan. Engineer, Public Works Department; p.r. ‘ Balboa,’ Fern- street, Randwick. Calvert, Thomas Copley, Assoc. M. INST. ¢c.E., ‘Maybank,” Manly. Cambage, Richard Hind, u.s.,¥.u.s., Under Secretary for Mines, Department of Mines, Sydney; p.r. Park Road, Burwood. (President 1912-13). Hon. Secretary. Campbell, Alfred W., m.p., ch.m. Edin., 183 Macquarie-street.. Cape, Alfred J., m.a. Syd., ‘Karoola,’ Edgecliffe Rd,, Edgecliffe.. Cardew, John Haydon, m. INST. C.E., L.s., 75 Pitt-street. Card, George William, a.R.s.M., F.G s., Curatorand Mineralogist. to the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sydney, Carment, David, F.1.a. Grt. Brit. Irel. ¥.¥.a., Scot., 4 Whaling Road, North Sydney. Vice-President. Carne, Joseph Edmund, F.@.s., Government Geologist, Department of Mines, Sydney. Carslaw, H.S., m.A., se.D., Professor of Mathematics in the University of Sydney. Challinor, Richard Westman, F.1.c., F.c.s., Lecturer in Chem-. istry, Sydney Technical College. Chapman, H. G., m.p., B.s., Assistant Professor of Physiology in the University of Sydney. Hon. Treasurer. Cheel, Edwin, Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Cleland, John Burton, m.p., ch.m., Principal Assistant Micro- biologist, Department of Public Health, 93 Macquarie-st. Cooke, William Ernest, M.A.,F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer and Professor of Astronomy in the University of Sydney, The Observatory, Sydney. Cook, W. E., u.c.u. Melb., mM. inst. c.z., Water and Sewerage. Board, North Sydney. Cooksey, Thomas, Ph.D., B.sc. Lond., F.1.c., Government Analyst; p.r. ‘Clissold,’ Calypso Avenue, Mosman. Blected 1913 1876 1906 1882 1909 1892 1886 1912 1875 1890 1876 1910 1886 1909 1892 1885 1894. 1915 1875 1906 1876 1913 1913 1908 1908 1879 1896 1868 1887 P2 Pi P3 P 21 ‘Pt P3 P12 PZ P3 P4 (xi.) 4 Coombs, F. A., F.c.s., Instructor of Leather Dressing and Tanning, Sydney Technical College; p.r. 55 Willoughby Road, North Sydney. Codrington, John Frederick, u.z.c.s. Hng., i B.0.P. Lond.,u.R.¢.P. Edin., ‘Roseneath,’ 8 Wallis-street, Woollahra. Colley, David John K., Superintendent, Royal Mint, Sydney. Cornwell, Samuel, J.P., Brunswick Road, Tyagarah. Cotton, Leo Arthur, M.A., B.Sc., Assistant Lecturer and Demon- strator in Geology in the University of Sydney. Cowdery, George R., Assoc. M. INST. C.E., Blashki Buildings, Hunter-st.; p,r. ‘Glencoe,’ Torrington Road, Strathfield. Crago, W. H., M.R.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.P. Lond., 185 Macquarie-st. Curtis, Louis Albert, L.s., ‘ Redlands,’ Union-street, Mosman. Dangar, Fred. H., c/o W. E. Deucher, 12 and 14 Loftus-street. Dare, Henry Harvey, M.E., M. INST. c.E., Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, 29 Elizabeth-street, Sydney. Darley, Cecil West, m. inst. c.z., Australian Club, Sydney. Darnell-Smith, George Percy, B.sc., F.1.c.,F.c.s., Department of Agriculture, Sydney. David, T. W. Edgeworth, c.M.G., B.A., D.Sc, ¥.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geography in the University of Sydney. (President 1895-96, 1910-11.) Davidson, George Frederick. Davis, Joseph, mM. Inst. c.E., Director-General, Public Works Department, Sydney. Deane, Henry, M.A., M. INST. C.E., F.L.S., F.R. MET. SOC., F.R.H.S., ‘Campsie,’ 14 ilececae Road, Malvern, Victoria. (President 1897-98, 1907-8.) Dick, James Adam, B.A. Syd., M.D., Ch.M., F.B.C.S. Edin., ‘ Catfoss,’ Belmore Road, Randwick. Dick, Thomas, J.p., Port Macquarie. Dixon, W. A., £.1.¢.,F.c.8., ‘Girton,’ McLaren-st., North Sydney. Dixson, William, ‘ Merridong,’ Gordon Road. Killara. Docker, His Honour Judge E. B., m.a., ‘ Mostyn,’ Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay. Dodd, Sydney, v.v.sc, ¥.R.C.v.s., Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology in the University of Sydney. Doherty, William M., Analyst, Department of Public Health, Sydney. Dun, William §S., Palzontologist, Department of Mines. Esdaile, Edward William, 54 Hunter-street. Etheridge, Robert, Junr., J.P., Curator, Australian Museum ; p.r. ‘Inglewood,’ Colo Vale, N.S.W. Fairfax, Geoffrey E., 8. M. Herald Office, Hunter-street. Fairfax, Sir James R., Knt., S. M. Herald Office, Hunter-st. Faithfull, R. L., u.p., New York, L.R.C.P., L.S.A. Lond., ‘ Wilga,’ 18 Wylde- street, Potts Point. Elected 1902 1910 1909 1881 1915 1888 1900 1879 1905 1904: 1907 1899 1881 1906 1897 1907 1899 1912 1912 1891 1880 1912 1892 1909 1912 1887 1912 1905 1913 1884 1900 Pl P 16 P 4 P8 Pa Pl Pl (xii.) Faithfull, William Percy, Australian Club Farrell, John, Assistant 'Ceacher, Sydney Technical College ; p-r. 8 Thompson-street, Darlinghurst. Fawsitt, Charles Edward, p.sc, pH.D., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Fiaschi, Thos., M.p., M.ch, Pisa. Finckh, A. E., u.B., 227 Macquarie-street. Fitzhardinge, His Honour Judge G. H., mu.a., ‘Red Hill,’ Beecroft. {Flashman, James Froude, B.A., B.Sc, M.D., ChM., ‘Eltham,’ Edgcliff Road, Edgecliff. tForeman, Joseph, m.R.c.s. Eng. u.R.c.p. Edin., ‘ Wyoming,’ Macquarie-street. Foy, Mark, ‘Humemering,’ Bellevue Hill, Woollahra. Fraser, James, M. INST. C.E., Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, Bridge-street ; p.r. ‘Arnprior, Neutral Bay. Freeman, William, ‘Clodagh,’ Beresford Road, Rose Bay. French, J. Russell, General Manager, Bank of New South Wales, George-street. Furber, T.F., F.R.4.s., c/o Dr. R. J. Furber, ‘Sunnyside,’ Stan- more Road, Stanmore. Gosche, W. A. Hamilton, 243 Pitt-street, Sydney. Gould, Senator The Hon. Sir Albert John, k.c.m.a., ‘ Eynes- bury,’ Edgecliffe. Green, W. J., Chairman, Hetton Coal Co., Athenzum Club. Greig-Smith, R., p.sc. Hdin., M.sc. Dun., Macleay Bacteriologist, Linnean Society’s House, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay. (President 1915-16.) Grieve, Robert Henry, B.a., ‘ Langtoft,’ Llandaff-st., Waverley. Griffiths, F. Guy, B.a., M.D., cH.M., 185 Macquarie-st., Sydney. Guthrie, Frederick B., F.1.¢., F.c.s., Chemist, Department of Agriculture, 137 George-street, Sydney. (President 1903-4). Halligan, Gerald H., u.s., F.a.s., ‘Riversleigh,’ Hunter’s Hill. Hallmann, E. F., B.sc,, Biology Department, The University, Sydney. * Halloran, Henry Ferdinand, t.s., 82 Pitt-street. Hammond, Walter L., B.s.., Hurlstone Avenue, Summer Hill. Hamilton, A. G., Lecturer on Nature Study, Teachers’ College, Blackfriars. Hamlet, William M., rF.1.c., F.c.s., Member of the Society of Public Analysts; ‘Strathallen,’ Blaxland Ridge, via Rich- mond, N.S.W. (President 1899-1900, 1908-9). Hare, A. J.. Under Secretary for Lands, ‘ Booloorool,’ Monte Christo-street, Woolwich. Harker, George, p.se.. Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Organic Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Harper, Leslie F., Fr.c.s., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Sydney. Haswell, William Aitcheson, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘Mimihau, Woollahra Point. Hawkins, W. E., 88 Pitt-street. Elected 1914 | 1891/P3 1899 1884 | P1 1905 1914 1892 1901 1905 1891 1906 | P 2 1913 1904 1905 | P 8 1907 1909 |P 13 1867 1911 1907 1883 1873 |P3 1914 1887 1901 1896 1878 | 1881 |P 23 1877 1913 1911 | P2 1913 (xiii. ) Hector, Alex. Burnet, 481 Kent-street. Hedley, Charles, ¥.u.s., Assistant Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney. Vice-President. (President 1914-15.) Henderson, J., F.R.5.S., Manager, City Bank of Sydney, Pitt-st. Henson, Joshua B., assoc. M. INST. C.E., Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Newcastle. Hill, John Whitmore, ‘ Willamere,’ May’s Hill, Parramatta. | Hoare, Robert R., Staff Paymaster, Royal Navy, Garden Island, Sydney. | Hodgson, Charles George, 157 Macquarie-street. Holt, Thomas §., ‘Amalfi,’ Appian Way, Burwood. Hooper, George, Assistant Superintendent, Sydney Technical College; p.r. ‘ Banksome,’ Henson-street, Summer Hill. Houghton, Thos. Harry, M. INST. C.E., M.I. MECH. E., 63 Pitt-st. Howle, Walter Cresswell, t.s.a. Lond., Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Hudson, G. Inglis, J.p., ‘Gudvangen,’ Arden-street, Coogee. Jaquet, John Blockley, a.R.s.M., F.G.s., Chief Inspector of Mines, Department of Mines. Jensen, Harold Ingemann, p.se, Government Geologist, Darwin, Northern Territory. | Johnson, T. R., uM. INST. ¢.E. Johnston, Thomas Harvey, M.A., D.sc, F.L.S., Lecturer in Biology in the University of Queensland, Brisbane. Jones, Sir P. Sydney, Kut., u.p. Lond., F.R.c.s. Eng., ‘ Llandilo, Boulevarde, Strathfield. Julius, George A., B.Sc., M.E., M.I. MECH. E., Culwulla Chambers, Castlereagh-street, Sydney. Kaleski, Robert, Holdsworthy, Liverpool. Kater, The Hon. H. E., y.r., u.u.c., Australian Club. Keele, Thomas William, L.s., M. INST. c.E., Commissioner, Sydney Harbour Trust, Circular Quay; p.r. Llandaff-st., Waverley. Kemp, William E., a.m. inst. c.z., Public Works Department, Sydney. Kent, Harry C., M.A., F.R.1.B.A., Dibbs’ Chambers, Pitt-street. Kidd, Hector, mM. Inst. ¢.u., M. I. MECH. E.,gCremorne Road, Cremorne. King, Kelso, 120 Pitt-street. Knaggs, Samuel T., m.p. Aberdeen, F.R.c.s. Irel., ‘Northcote,’ Sir Thomas Mitchell Road, Bondi. Knibbs, G. H.,1.s.,c.M.G.,F.8.8.,F.B.A.S., Member Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Memb. Brit. Sc. Guild; Commonwealth Statistician, Melbourne. (President 1898-99.) Knox, Edward W., ‘ Rona,’ Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. Kuntzen, Harold Eric. Laseron, Charles Francis, Technological Museum. Lawson, A. Anstruther, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., Professor of Botany in the University of Sydney. Elected 1906 1909 1914 1883 1906 1911 1912 1884. 1887 1878 1903 1891 1906 1891 1876 1880 1912 1903 1901 1894 1899 1909 1883 P2 P9 Bw Pi P 29 (xiv.) Lee, Alfred, ‘Glen Roona,’ Penkivil-street, Bondi. Leverrier, Frank, B.A., B.Sc. K.C., 182 Phillip-street. Lightoller, G. H. Standish, m.B., ch.m., ‘ Yetholm,”’ New South Head Road, Darling Point. Lingen, J. T., u.a. Cantab., University Chambers, 167 Phillip- street, Sydney. Loney, Charles Augustus Luxton, mM. am. soc. REFR. E., Equi- table Building, George-street. Longmuir, G. F., B.a., Science Master, Technical College, Bathurst. Lovell, Henry Tasman, m.a., ph.p., ‘Tane,’ Hodson Avenue, Cremorne. MacCormick, Sir Alexander, u.D., c.m. Edin., M.R.c.s. Eng., 185 Macquarie-street, North. MacCulloch, Stanhope H., u.B., chm, Edin., 24 College-street. MacDonald, Ebenezer, J.p., c/o Perpetual Trustee Co, Ld., 2 Spring-street. McDonald, Robert, J.p., Pastoral Chambers, O’Connell-street ; p.r. ‘ Wairoa.’ Holt-street, Double Bay, McDouall, Herbert Chrichton, m.r.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.s. Lond., D.P.H. Cantab., Hospital for the Insane, Gladesville. McIntosh, Arthur Marshall, ‘Glenbourne,’ Hill-st., Roseville. McKay, R. T.,1.s., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trusts Office, Geelong, Victoria. Mackellar, The Hon. Sir Charles Kinnaird, M.u.c.. M.B., C.M. Glas., Equitable Building, George-street. McKinney, Hugh Giffin, u.z., Roy. Univ. Irel., Mm. 1NSsT. ¢.z., Sydney Safe Deposit, Paling’s Buildings, Ash-street. MacKinnon, Ewen, 8B.sc, Agricultural Museum, George-st. N. McLaughlin, John, Union Bank Chambers, Hunter-street. McMaster, Colin J., .s., Chief Commissioner of Western Lands; p.r. Wyuna Road, Woollahra Point. McMillan, Sir William, k.c.m.g., ‘Darrah,’ 311 Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. MacTaggart, J.N.C., u.u. Syd., ASsoc. M. INST. C.E., Water and Sewerage Board District Office, Lyons Road, Drummoyne. Madsen, John Percival Vissing, D.8c., B.E., P. N. Russell Lec- turer in Electrical Engineering in the University of Sydney. Maiden, J. Henry, J.P., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Hon. Fellow Roy. Soc. S.A.; Hon. Memb. Royal Society, W.A.; Netherlands Soc.for Promotion of Industry; Philadelphia College Pharm. Southern Californian Academy of Sciences; Pharm. Soc. N.S.W.; Brit. Pharm. Conf.; Corr. Fellow Therapeutical Soc., Lond.; Corr. Memb. Pharm. Soc. Great Britain; Bot. Soc. Edin.; Soc Nat. de Agricultura (Chile); Soc. @ Horticulture d’ Alger; Union Agricole Calédonienne ; Soc. Nat. etc., de Chérbourg; Roy. Soc. Tas.; Roy. Soc. Queensl.; Inst. Nat. Genévois; Hon. Vice-Pres. of the Forestry Society of California; Diplomé of the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France; Linnean Medallist, Linnean Society; N.S.W. Govt. Rep. of the ‘‘ Commission Consulta- tive pour la Protection Internat. de la Nature’; Govern- ment Botanist and Director, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Vice-President, (President 1896-7, 1901-2, 1911-12.) Elected 1880; P 1 1897 1908 1914 1875 1903 1912 1905 1889 1879 1879 1915 1876 1893 1891 1893 1903 1913 1896 1875 1891 1880 1878 1901 1899 1877 1899 P 27 P8 P3 (xv.) Manfred, Edmund C., Montague-street, Goulburn. Marden, John, m.a., Lu.D., Principal, Presbyterian Ladies’ College, Croydon, Sydney. Marshall, Frank, B.p.s. Syd., ‘Beanbah,’ 235 Macquarie-street. Martin, A. H., ‘Glengarriff,’ Nea-street, Chatswood. Mathews, Robert Hamilton, t.s., Assoc. Etran. Soc. d’ Anthrop. de Paris; Cor. Mem. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, U.S.A.; Corr, Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Vienna; Corr. Mem. Roy. Geog. Soc. Aust. Q’sland; Local Correspondent Roy. Anthrop. Inst., Lond.; ‘ Carcuron,’ Hassall-st., Parramatta. Meggitt, Loxley, Co-operative Wholesale Society, Alexandria. Meldrum, Henry John, p.r. ‘ Craig Roy,’ Sydney Rd., Manly. Miller, James Edward, Broken Hill, New South Wales. Mingaye, John C. H., F.1.c., F.c.s., Assayer and Analyst to the Department of Mines, p.r. Campbell-street, Parramatta. Moore, Frederick H., Union Club, Sydney, c/o Dalgety’s Ltd., London. Mullins, John Francis Lane, m.a. Syd., ‘ Killountan,’ Dar- ling Point. Murphy, R. K., Dr. Ing., Chem. Eng., Consulting Chemical Engineerj and Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Sydney. Myles, Charles Henry, ‘ Dingadee,’ Everton Rd., Strathfield. Nangle, James, F.R.A.S., Superintendent of Technical Educa- tion, The Technical College, Sydney; p.r. ‘St. Elmo,’ Tupper-street, Marrickville. fNoble, Edward George, u.s., 8 Louisa Road, Balmain. Noyes, Edward, assoc. INST. C.E., ASSOC. I. MECH. E., G/o Messrs. Noyes Bros., 115 Clarence-street, Sydney. Old, Richard, ‘ Waverton,’ Bay Road, North Sydney. Ollé, A. D., ‘Kareema,’ Charlotte-street, Ashfield. Onslow, Col. James William Macarthur, ‘Gilbulla,’ Menangle. O’Reilly, W. W. J., u.v., chm... Q. Univ. Irel., m.n.c.s. Eng., 171 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. . Osborn, A. F., assoc. M. INST. c.z., Water Supply Branch, Sydney, ‘Uplands,’ Meadow Bank, N.S.W. Palmer, Joseph, 96 Pitt-st.; p.r. Kenneth-st., Willoughby. Paterson, Hugh, 183 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. Peake, Algernon, M. INST. C.E., L.S., 25 Prospect Road, Ashfield. Pearse, W., Union Club; p.r. ‘ Plashett,’ Jerry’s Plains, vid Singleton. Pedley, Perceval R., Lord Howe Island. Petersen, T. Tyndall, F.c.p.a., 4 O’Connell-street. 1909 | P1/ Pigot, Rev. Edward F., s.J., 8.a.,m.B. Dub., Director of the Seismological Observatory, St. Ignatius’College, Riverview. 1879 |P7| Pittman, Edward F., assoc. r.s.m., u.s., Uuder Secretary for Mines, ‘Carnarvon,’ Bayswater Road, Darlinghurst. Electea 1881 1879 1887 |P 10 1896 1910 1914 1893 1901 1508 1876 1912 1890 1865 1906 1914 1909 1902 1906 1913 1915 | 1913 | 1884 | 1895 1897 | 1893 Pil Pi PZ Pil Pil P2 Pa (xvi.) Poate, Frederick, u.s., Surveyor-General, Lands Department, Sydney. Pockley, Thomas F. G., Union Club, Sydney. Pollock, J.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Corr. Memb. Roy. Soc. Tasmania; Roy. Soc. Queensland; Professor of Physics in the University of Sydney. Hon. Secretary. Pope, Roland James, B.A., Syd., M.D., C.M., F.B.C.8., Edin., 183 Macquarie-street. | Potts, Henry William, rF.u.s., F.c.s., Principal, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, N.S.W. Purdy, John Smith, m.p., c.m. Aberd., D.p.a. Camb., Metro- politan Medical Officer of Health, Town Hall, Sydney. Purser, Cecil, B.A., M.B., chm. Syd., 189 Macquarie-street. Purvis, J. G. S., assoc. M. InsT. c.E., Water and Sewerage Board, 341 Pitt-street. Pye, Walter George, M.A., B.Sc.. ‘ Gainsford Lodge,’ 331 Ernest- street, North Sydney. Quaife, F. H., m.a., m.p., M.s., ‘ Yirrimbirri,’ Stanhope Road, Killara. Vice-President. Radcliff, Sidney, Radium Hill Works, Woolwich. Rae, J. L. C.. ‘ Lisgar,’ King-street, Newcastle. fRamsay, Edward P., uu.p. St. And., F.R.S.E., F.L.8.. Queens- borough Road, Croydon Park. Redman, Frederick G., P. and O. Office, Pitt-street. Rhodes, Thomas, Civil Engineer, Public Works Department, Sydney. Reid, David, ‘ Holmsdale,’ Pymble. Richards, G. A., Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Mount Morgan, Queensland. Richardson, H. G. V., 32 Moore-street. Robinson, Robert, v.se. Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Ross, A. Clunies, B.se. C. of E. Grammar School, North Sydney. Roseby, Rev. Thomas, M.A., LL.D. Syd., F.R.A.S., ‘Tintern,’ Mosman. Ross, Chisholm, u.p. Syd., M.B., 0.m. Hdin., 151 Macquarie-st. Ross, Herbert E., Equitable Building, George-street. Russell, Harry Ambrose, B.A., c/o Messrs. Sly and Russell, 369 George-street ; pr. ‘Mahuru,’ Fairfax Road, Bellevue Hill. Rygate, Philip W., m.a., B.x. Syd., ASSOC. M. INST. C.E., L.S., City Bank Chambers, Pitt-street, Sydney. Sach, A. J., ¥.c.s., ‘ Kelvedon,’ North Road, Ryde. Scammell, W. J.. Mem. Phar. Soc. Girt. Brit., 18 Middle Head Road, Mosman. : Scheidel, August, ph.p., Managing Director, Commonwealth Portland Cement Co., 4 O’Connell-street. Elected 1892 1856 1904 1883 1900 1910 1882 1893 1891 1912 1893 1874 1892 1914 1913 1900 1903 1909 1888 | 1901 1912 1906 1915 1906 1905 1893 1899 | 1861 1878 1879 1913 | (xvii. ) P 1; Schofield, James Alexander, F.c.s., A.R.S.M., Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the University of Sydnev. P 1 |{Scott, Rev. William, m.a. Cantab., Archer-street, Chatswood. P 1| Sellors, R. P., B.a. Syd., ‘Mayfield,’ Wentworthville. P 4| Shellshear. Walter, M.INST.C.E,, Consulting Engineer for N. S. Wales, 64 Victoria-street, Westminster, London. Simpson, R. C., Technical College, Sydney. Simpson, William Walker, ‘Abbotsford,’ Leichhardt-street, Waverley. Sinclair, Eric, M.D., ¢c.M. Glas., Inspector-General of Insane, 9 Richmond Terrace, Domain ;, p.r. ‘ Broomage,’ Kangaroo- street, Manly. Sinclair, Russell, m.1. mEcH.£., Vickery’s Chambers, 82 Pitt-st. P 3/ Smail, J. M., wu. inst. c.u., Chief Engineer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, 341 Pitt-street. Smart, Bertram James, B.se., Public Works Office, Lithgow. P 50| Smith, Henry G., rF.c.s., Assistant Curator, Technological Museum, Sydney. Vice-President. (President 1913-14.) P 1|\f{Smith, John McGarvie, 89 Denison-street, Woollahra. P 2| Statham, Edwyn Joseph, assoc. um. INsT. ¢.E., Cumberland Heights, Parramatta. Stephens, Frederick G.N., F.R.c.S., M.B., chM., ‘Gleneugie,’ New South Head Road, Rose Bay. Stewart, Alex. Hay, B.z., Metallurgist, Technical College, Sydney. Stewart, J. Douglas, B.v.sc., M.R.c.v.s., Professor of Veterinary Science in the University of Sydney; ‘ Berelle,” Homebush Road, Strathfield. Stoddart, Rev. A. G., The Rectory, Manly. Stokes. Edward Sutherland, m.a. Syd., F.R.c.p. Ivel., Medical Officer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply andS_ werage, 341 Pitt-street. Principal Medical Officer, Secone Jdilitary District. P 4| Stuart, Sir Thomas P. Anderson, M.D., ch.M., LL.D. lin., D.Sc. Professor of Physiology in the University of Sy ney; p.r. ‘Lincluden,’ Fairfax Road, Double Bay. (President 1893-4, 1906-07.) P 7 | Siissmilch, CU. A., F.a.s., Technical College, Newcastle, N.S.W. Swain, H. H. F., District Forester, Narrabri. ; Taylor, The Hon. Sir Allen, m.u.c., A.M.P. Society, Pitt-street. P 1! Taylor, Harold B., B.se., * Ronsahl,’ Moruben Road, Mosman. Taylor. Horace, Registrar, Dental Board, 7 Richmond Terrace, Domain, Taylor, John M., m.a., uu.B. Syd., ‘ Woonona,’ 43 East Crescent- street, McMahon’s Point, North Sydney. {Taylor, James, B.sc, A.R.S.M. ‘ Cartref, Brierly-st., Mosman. Teece, R., ¥.1.A., F.F.A., General Manager and Actuary, A.M.P. Society, 87 Pitt-street. | \P 19} Tebbutt, John, F.n.a.s., Private Observatory, The Peninsula, Windsor, New South Wales. Thomas, F. J., ‘ Lovat,’ Nelson-street, Woollahra. Thomson, The Hon. Dugald, Carrabella-st., North Sydney. Thompson, Joseph, M.a., LL.B., Vickery’s Chambers, 82 Pitt- street, Sydney. (Xvill. ) Elected 1913 Tietkens, William Harry, ‘ Upna,’ Eastwood. 1879 Trebeck, P. C., 12 O’Connell-street. 1900 Turner, Basil W., a.R.S.M., F.c.s., Victoria Chambers, 83 Pitt-st. 1913 Ullrich, Richard Emil, Accountant, 43 Bond-street, Mosman. Vause, Arthur John, M.B., c.m. Edin., ‘Bay View House, Tempe. 1883 Vicars, James, m.z., Memb. Intern. Assoc. Testing Materials; 1890 Memb. B. S. Guild; Challis House, Martin Place. Vickery, George B., 78 Pitt-street. 1892 | P 3| Vonwiller, Oscar U., B.sc., Assistant Professor of Physics in 1903 the University of Sydney. Walker, H. O., Commercial Union Assurance Co., Pitt-street. 1879 {Walker, The Hon. J. T., r.n.¢.1., Fellow of Institute of Bankers 1899 Eng., ‘ Wallaroy,’ Edgecliffe Road, Woollahra. Walker, Charles, ‘Lynwood,’ Terry Road, Ryde. 1910 Walker, Harold Hutchison, Major, C.M.F., ‘ Vermont,’ Bel- 1910 more Road, Randwick. Walkom, A. J., a.m.1.4.%., Electrical Branch, G.P.O., Sydney. 1901 | P 2| Walsh, Henry Deane, s.a.s. Dub., Mm. INST. c.E., Commissioner 1891 and Engineer-in-Chief, Harbour Trust, Circular Quay. (President 1909-10.) 1903 Walsh, Fred,, 3.p., Capt. C.M.F., Consul-General for Honduras in Australia and New Zealand; For. Memb. Inst. Patent Agents, London; Patent Attorney Regd. U.S.A.; Memb. Patent Law Assoc., Washington; For. Memb. Soc. German Patent Agents, Berlin; Regd. Patent Attorn. Comm. of Aust; Memb. Patent Attorney Exam. Board Aust.; George and Wynyard-streets; p.r. ‘ Walsholme,’ Centennial Park, Sydney. 1901 Walton, R. H., r.c.s., ‘Flinders,’ Martin’s Avenue, Bondi. 1913 | P 4| Wardlaw, Hy. Sloane Halcro, p.sc. Syd., 87 Macpherson-street, Waverley. 1883 |P 17) Warren, W. H., Lu.p., WH. SC., M. INST. C.E., M. AM. SOC. C.E., Member of Council of the International Assoc. for Testing Materials, Professor of Engineering in the University of Sydney. (President 1892-93, 1902-03.) 1876 Watkins, John Leo, s.a. Cantab., m.a. Syd., Parliamentary Draftsman, Attorney General’s Department, Macquarie-st. 1910 Watson, James Frederick, m.B., ch.m., Australian Club, Sydney, p.r. ‘ Midhurst,’ Woollahra. 1910 Watt, Francis Langston, F.1.c., A.B.c.s., 10 Northcote Cham- bers, off 163 Pitt-street, City. 1911 Watt, R. D., m.a., B.sc., Professor of Agriculture in the Uni- versity of Sydney. 1915 | P 4} Watts, Rev. W. Walter, “The Manse,’ Gladesville. 1910|P1] Wearne, Richard Arthur, 8.4, Principal, Technical College, Ipswich, Queensland. 1897 Webb, Frederick William, ¢.m.G., J.P., ‘ Livadia,’ Manly. 1892 Webster, James Philip, assoc. M. INST. C.E., L,S., New Zealand, ‘Tantallan, Middleton-street, Stanmore. Elected 1907 Welch, William, F.R.c s., ‘ Roto-iti,’ Boyle-street, Mosman. 1881 tWesley, W. H., London. 1892 White, Harold Pogson, F.c.s., Assistant Assayer and Analyst, Department of Mines; p.r.‘Quantox,’ Park Road, Auburn. 1877 tWhite, Rev. W. Moore, a.M., LL.D. Dub. 1909 White, Charles Josiah, B.sc.. Science Lecturer, Sydney Train- | ing College; p.r. ‘ Byrntryird,’ 49 Prospect Rd. Summer H. 1908 |P1]| Willis, Charles Savill, u.s., chu. Syd., M.Ro.s. Hng., L.R.C.P. Lond., p.p.u., Lond., Department of Public Instruction, | Bridge-street. 1901 Willmot, Thomas, J.P., Toongabbie. 1890 | Wilson, James T., M.B., chu. Edin., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy | in the University of Sydney. 1907 Wilson, W. C., L.s., c.s., 830 and 34 Elizabeth-street, Sydney. 1891 Wood, Percy Moore, t.R.c.P. Lond., u.R.c.s. Eng., ‘ Redcliffe,” | Liverpool Road, Ashfield. 1906 | P 6| Woolnough, Walter George, D.Sc. F.a.s., Professor of Geology in the University of Western Australia, Perth. HonorAaRyY MEMBERS. Limited to Twenty. M.—Recipients of the Clarke Medal. 1914 Bateson, W. H., u.a., F.R.S., Director of the John Innes Horti-. cultural Institution, England, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey. 1900 Crookes, Sir William, Kt., 0.m., LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., 7 Kensington Park Gardens, London W. 1905 | Fischer, Emil, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Berlin. . 1911 Hemsley, W. Botting, Lu.p. (Aberdeen), F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., - Formerly Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew;. Korresp. Mitgl. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft; Hon. Memb. Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural; New Zea- land Institute; Roy. Hort. Soc. London; 24 Southfield. Gardens, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. 1914 Hill, J. P., v.se., ¥F.R.s., Professor of Zoology, University College, London. 1901 Judd, J.W., ¢.B., LU.D., F.R.S., F.G.8., Formerly Professor of Geology, Royal College of Science, London; 30 Cumber-. land Road, Kew, Engiand. 1908 Kennedy, Sir Alex. B. W., Kt., Lu.pD., D. ENG., F.R.S.. Emeritus. Professor of Engineering in University College, London, 17 Victoria-street, Westminster, London S.W. 1908 |P 57|*Liversidge, Archibald, m.a., LL.D., F.R.S., Emeritus Professor 1915 1912 (xix. ) of Chemistry in the University of Sydney, ‘ Fieldhead,” George Road, Coombe Warren, Kingston, Surrey. (Presi-. dent 1889-99, 1900-01.) Maitland, Andrew Gibb, F.a.s., Government Geologist of Western Australia. Martin, C. J., p.sc.. F.R.S., Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chelsea Gardens, Chelsea Bridge Road, London. (xx.) Electea : 1905 Oliver, Daniel, Lu.p., F.R.s., Emeritus Professor of Botany in University College, London. 1894 Spencer, W. Baldwin, c¢.mM.G., M.A., D.Sc, F R.S., Professor of Biology in the University of Melbourne. 1900 | M | Thiselton-Dyer, Sir William Turner, K.c.M.G., C.1.E., M.A., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester, England. 1915 Thomson, Sir J. J., 0.M., D.Sc, F.B.S., Nobel Laureate, Caven- dish Professor of Experimental Physics in the University Cambridge. 1908 Turner, Sir William, K.c.B., M.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Se. D., F.R.C.S. Edin., ¥.8.8., Principal and Emeritus Professor of the University of Edinburgh, 6 Eton Terrace, Edinburgh, Scotland. * Retains the rights of ordinary membership. Elected 1872. OxsiTuaRy 1915-16. Honorary Members. 1901 Judd, Prof. J. W. - 1908 Turner, Sir William. Clarke Memorial Medallist. 1902 Bailey, F. Manson. Ordinary Members. 1903 Bruck, L. 1873 Du Faur, E. 1877 Fairfax, E. R. 1876 George, W. R. 1887 Hargrave, Lawrence. 1876 Hirst, G. D. 1877 Mullens, Josiah. 1896 Thompson, Lieutenant-Colonel, A. J. Onslow. AWARDS OF THE CLARKE MEDAL: Established in memory of THe Revo. W. B. CLARKH, m.a., F.R.8., F.G.S., ete., Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the Geology, Mineralogy, or Natural History of Australia. Thejprefix * indicates the decease of the recipient. , Awarded 1878 *Professor Sir Richard Owen, K.¢.B., F.R.S. 1879 *George Bentham, c.M.G., F.R.S. 1880 *Professor Thos. Huxley, F.R.s. 1881 *Professor F. M’Coy, F.R.s., F.G.S. 1882 *Professor James Dwight Dana, LL.D. (ea) 4 Awarded. 1883 *Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, K.c.M.G.,M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 1884 *Alfred R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 1885 *Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 0.M., G.c.8.1.,C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D.,F.B.S. 1886 *Professor L. G. De Koninck, m.p., University of Liege. 1887 *Sir James Hector, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S. 1888 *Rev. Julian E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S. 1889 *Robert Lewis John Ellery, F.R.s., F.R.A.S. 1890 *George Bennett, m.D., F.R.c.Ss. Eng., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 1891 *Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton, F.R.s., F.G.8. 1892 Sir William Turner Thiselton Dyer, K.c.M.G.,C.I.E.,M.A., LL.D., Se. D., F.R.S., F.L.S., late Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1893 *Professor Ralph Tate, F.L.s., F.G.S. 1895 Robert Logan Jack, r.a.s., F.B.G.s., late Government Geologist, ; Brisbane, Queensland. 1895 Robert Etheridge, Junr., Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney 1896 *The Hon. Augustus Charles Gregory, C.M.G., F.R.G.S. 1900 *Sir John Murray, K.c.B., LL.D., Se. D., F.B.S. 1901 *Edward John Eyre. 1902 *F. Manson Bailey, c.m.a.. F.L.S. 1903 *Alfred William Howitt, p.sc., F.G.s. 1907 Walter Howchin, r.a.s., University of Adelaide. 1909 Dr. Walter E. Roth, 8.a., Pomeroon River, British Guiana, South America. 1912 W. H. Twelvetrees, F.a.s., Government Geologist. Launceston, Tasmania. 3 1914 A. Smith Woodward, .uu.D., F.R.s., Keeper of Geology, British Museum (Natural History) London. ! 1915 Professor W. A. Haswell, m.a., D.sc., F.R.S., The University, Sydney, AWARDS OF THE SOCIETY’S MEDAL AND MONEY PRIZE. Money Prize of £25. 1882 John Fraser, s.a.,West Maitland, for paper entitled ‘The Aborigines of New South Wales.’ 1882 Andrew Ross, u.p., Molong, for paper entitled ‘ Influence of the Australian climate and pastures upon the growth of wool.’ The Society’s Bronze Medal and £25. 1884 W. EH. Abbott, Wingen, for paper entitled ‘ Water supply in the Interior of New South Wales.’ ae * Se wee) ' (xxil.) Awarded. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1889 1891 1892 1894: 1894 1895 1896 S. H. Cox, F.a.s.,F.c.8., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘ The Tin deposits of New South Wales.’ Jonathan Seaver, F.a.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘Origin and mode of occurrence of gold-bearing veins and of the associated Minerals.’ Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.s., F.L.S., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The Anatomy and Life-history of Mollusca peculiar to Australia.’ Thomas Whitelegge, F.R.u.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘ List of the Marine and Fresh-water Invertebrate Fauna of Port Jackson and Neighbourhood.’ Rev. John Mathew, mu.a., Coburg, Victoria, for paper entitled ‘The Australian Aborigines.’ Rev. J. Milne Curran, Fr.a.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The Micro- scopic Structure of Australian Rocks.’ Alexander G. Hamilton, Public School, Mount Kembla, for paper entitled ‘The effect which settlement in Australia has pro- duced upon Indigenous Vegetation.’ J. V. De Coque, Sydney, for paper entitled the ‘' Timbers of New South Wales.’ R. H. Mathews, u.s., Parramatta, for paper entitled ‘The Abori- ginal Rock Carvings and Paintings in New South Wales.’ C. J. Martin, p.sc., M.B., F.R.S., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The physiological action of the venom of the Australian black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus).’ Rev. J. Milne Curran, Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The occurrence of Precious Stones in New South Wales, with a description of the Deposits in which they are found.’ ' J | | 2 i PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSz2" By CHARLES HEDLEY. With Plates I- VII. [Delivered to the Royal Society of N.S. Wales, May 5, 1915.} ON this, our ninety-fourth anniversary, we assemble under a world wide shadow. For this year the minds of men have been turned from the quiet paths of industry and of science to the tremendousg uggle of Huropean conflict. So in this serious timer ive. refrain from such pleasure as our annual dinner or conversazione, but endeavour to carry on our work as usual. Chief among the scientific events of the past year was the visit of the British Association to Australia. For some time we had looked forward to this, and had prevared for itssuccess. Now looking back we remember it as a festival thoroughly enjoyed both by visitors and residents. The aggregate membership of the various centres totalled 4,700, a figure considerably higher than the previous maxi- mum of the Manchester meeting. Unfortunately the first crash of the Huropean war coincided with the arrival of the Association. This interfered with means of travel, forced some to return to Hngland immediately, caused a hasty revision of plans for others and made difficulties for several foreign members. The decease of the Chancellor of the University cast a gloom over the proceedings, and quenched a conversazione which had been prepared as a finale to the meeting. Both State and Federal Governments accorded gracious welcome and granted official assistance, and such privileges as free railway passes over the whole continent. A—May 5, 1915. 4 CG. HEDLEY. Many lasting friendships, much educational correspond- ence, and many novel ideas were originated by the visit to Australia of the British Association. Probably it is not too much to say that every worker here in every branch has received a stimulus to more and better work. Even before the arrival of our guests, we benefited by prepara- tion, by setting our house in order, by producing as hand- books, the best summaries of the fauna, flora, geology, ethnology, and social evolution of Australia that have yet appeared. Again, we benefited by the personal contact of student with student, of specialist with specialist; by advice or suggestions, even by communication of ideas too nebulous for print or paper, but which yet may be fruitful and far-reaching. Yet again benefits are to accrue to us from field work on long journeys conducted by our visitors, such as the researches on ethnology by Haddon, Rivers, Malinowski, Layard, and Brown; on geology by Davis; on echinoderm larva by Mortensen; on monotreme affinity by Watson; on the Formicide by Wheeler. Several grants were made by the Association in aid of Australian research in paleeobotany, marsupial anatomy, the biology of the Abrolhos Islands and Antarctic oceano- graphy. The aim of our existence, the production and distribution of knowledge, has been pursued diligently. Our annual volume may be regarded with satisfaction. In 519 pages and 12 plates the Journal includes 29 contributions from 24 authors. These range over botany, zoology, geology, chemistry, mechanics, mathematics and statistics. Indeed so wide a field has not, I think been covered in any previous year. Under the care of Professor Pollock considerable pro- gress has been made in the rearrangement of the library. — During the year location lists have been completed of the PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 3 whole of the periodical literature in the possession of the Society. The current numbers of journals are now arranged on the shelves round the basement room according to sub- jects, so that all the periodicals regularly received dealing with any subject may be seenataglance. Shelving tothe full accommodation of the basement room has been erected ata cost of £21017s.6d. This additional shelving, so long and urgently required, will allow the considerable number of foreign periodicals, hiterto stored, to be displayed and made available for ready reference. While making this addition to the library, it is considered advisable to rearrange the whole contents according tosubject matters instead of according to country of origin as heretofore. On the completion of this rearrangement, a catalogue will be available, giving the location of all the journals in the library. In the past year, 914 volumes have been bound. The tercentenary of Napier of Merchiston was com- memorated by a lecture, on the discovery of logarithms, delivered by Professor H. S. Carslaw. This interesting discourse was enjoyed by a large audience, including His Hxcellency the State Governor. The kindness of Professor Carslaw enabled us to participate in a world-wide celebra- tion in honour of this British genius. Popular Science lectures were given in our rooms to audiences of about a hundred on the following dates, June 18th, ‘“The Ore Deposits of Australia and their origin,’’ by Mr. C. A. Sussmilch; July 16th, “‘Comets,’’ by Professor Cooke; and October 15th, ‘“‘The Milk Supply of a Great City,’ by Professor Chapman. To these gentlemen, the Society is indebted for intellectual profit and pleasure. Next year we shall miss from the Council table two trusty and experienced members, both Hix-Presidents, Mr. F. B. Guthrie and Mr. W. M. Hamlet, who have intimated that other engagements will not allow them toattend. We offer 4 C. HEDLEY. them grateful thanks for the care with which they have conducted our business for so many years. Finally it is an agreeable duty to acknowledge how much the President and the Society owe to their honorary officers Professor Pollock, Mr. Cambage, and Professor Chapman. The successful management of our affairs has been at the cost of much leisure time sacrificed by these gentlemen. This year our Clarke Memorial Medal was awarded to. Professor W. A. Haswell, in appreciation of his biological researches. For thirty-six years he has continuously published important papers on the Australian fauna, usually selecting for elucidation those groups which other writers had avoided as difficult or unattractive. To such industry is happily united breadth of grasp, lucidity and finish. The text-book of zoology which he produced in conjunction with Professor Parker, is used and valued as much in Hurope and America as in Australasia. But Professor Haswell has given us men as well as memoirs, workers as well as work; from his laboratory have come Professor J. P. Hill of London, Professor Goddard of Cape Town, Professor Flynn of Hobart, Dr. Harvey Johnston of Bris- bane, Dr. Stephen Johnston and others. We have the pleasure of congratulating Professor David on yet another honour, another upward step in his dis- tinguished career. This session, the Geological Society of London awarded to him the Wollaston medal, the highest honour it has to bestow. The list of the medallists begins in 1831 with William Smith the “‘Father’’ of Geology, con- tinues with such famous names as Agassiz, Owen, Darwin, Lyell, Dana, Huxley, Geikie, Suess, Woodward, and now terminates with that of Professor T. W. EH. David. It is perhaps hardly a coincidence that this award was immediately preceded by the publication of a magnificent volume by Professor David and Mr. Priestly on the ““Geology a PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 5 of the British Antarctic Expedition under the command of Sir H. EH. Shackleton.’”’ This standard work on the climate and structure of the Polar Continent is profusely illustrated by 150 maps, photographs and sketches. It treats of the greatest glaciers of the globe, the meteorological conditions under which they form and the phenomena to which they give rise. Then it continues to deal with the preglacial formations, their structure, history and relation to the outside world. The Linnean Society of London have recently expressed their appreciation of Mr. J. H. Maiden’s contributions to Australian Botany by awarding to him the Linnean Gold Medal. ‘This coveted distinction is allotted annually alter- nately toa Botanist and then to a Zoologist. The medal has not previously come to the southern hemisphere, and the honour bestowed on our friend and colleague is a pride to the whole Society. _ It was with satisfaction that we read the announcement that the David Syme Prize for scientific research had again been awarded to a member of this Society, and based partly on the investigations published in our journal. This year it was allotted to Mr. H. C. Andrews in recognition of his work on economic geology, and on the physiography of Eastern Australia. Wecrology: A sketch of the careers of those comrades of whose company death has deprived us since our last anniversary here follows:— Mr. HENRY JOSEPH BROWN was the son of Mr. Octavius Brown, an old time Sydney lawyer. Establishing in Newcastle the firm of Brown and Mitchell, he gained, throughout the State the reputation of a sound and capable practitioner. For half a century he acted as legal adviser to the Australian Agricultural Company and other impor- 6 C. HEDLEY. tant corporations. HKducational matters, particularly interested him, and for thirty years he successfully presided over the Newcastle School of Arts. Having been elected in 1876, he was one of our senior members, but a constant residence in Newcastle rarely allowed him an opportunity of attending the meetings. After a brief illness he expired in his eightieth year, on August 12th, 1914. Mr. THOMAS JAMES BUSH, ™. Inst. c.B., Was born in London. Harly in life he entered the service of the Gas-light and Coke Co. of Beckton, England. Gaining here a reputation as an authority on gas matters, he was invited to assume the management of the engineering department of the Australian Gas-light Co. of Sydney, in 1878. He was elected a member of this Society in 1880. Retiring from business last year he returned to London, where he died at the age of 67, on September 23rd, 1914. Mr. MICHAEL CANTY was for many years secretary and registrar of the Department of Taxation. He was born on August 22nd, 1850, and educated at the Sydney Grammar School. In 1871 he entered the Lands Department, and becoming a proficient draftsman, was appointed to various positions in succession in the Roads, Charting, and Oom- piling Departments. When thirty-seven years of age he withdrew from the Public Service to embark in commercial pursuits. But on the introduction of the Land and Income Tax of 1895, Mr. Canty was invited to organise the new machinery. In 1899, he was appointed Registrar of the Department, a post that he occupied till he finally retired from the Service in April 1914. He was elected a member of this Society during the session of 1900. At the age of 64 he died on September 29th, 1914, regretted by a large circle of friends, to whom his genial disposition had long endeared him. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. t Mr. EccLESTON FREDERIC DU FAUR, F.R.G.S., was born in London, in 1832, and educated at Harrow. He arrived in Victoria when he was twenty-one, and after some years of travel settled down in Sydney in 1863, where he was engaged as a draftsman in the Lands Office, becoming Ohief Draftsman of the Department of Survey of Runs and Occupation of Lands. In 1881 he retired from the Government service and was engaged in business pursuits for the following twenty years. Turning his attention to the progress of geography, he organised in 1874 an expedi- tion to ascertain the fate of Leichhardt, and another in 1877 to despatch Wilfrid Powell on a voyage of discovery to New Britain. He assembled in 1883 a local Geographical Society of which he was the first chairman, and which in 1885 arranged a party under Captain Everill to explore the Fly River. This State owes much to the keen interest which Mr. Du Faur took in Art. For he helped to form an Academy of Art in 1871, and when this was succeeded by the National Art Gallery, he became first the honorary secretary and treasurer, and finally president. The high position now reached by the Gallery is due largely to his energy, administrative ability and taste. Mr. Du Faur joined this Society in 1873. He contributed two papers to our periodical, viz., “‘Re notable hailstorm of 17 November 1896 in parts of Parish of Gordon,’ (Journ. xxx, 1897, pp. 361 —368, pl. xxiii); ‘‘The effect of Polar Ice on the weather,’ (Journ. XLI, 1907, pp. 176—189, plates xiii — xvi. He died in his eighty-fourth year, on 24th April, 1915, leaving a family of one daughter and two sons. Science lost a staunch friend, and the State one of her most worthy citizens when the Hon. Sir HENRY NORMAND MAcLAURIN died. He was born on September 10th, 1835, at Kilconguhar in Fife, Scotland, where his father James MacLaurin was a school master. As a boy he showed 8 C. HEDLEY. remarkable ability, for at the early age of 15 he won an open scholarship at St. Andrews. Here he gained first in every Subject, and left as a Master of Arts at the age of 19. In 1857 he received a degree in medicine from the Hdinburgh University. Entering the Royal Navy, he served as a medical officer for thirteen years. Then he established himself in practice in Sydney in 1871, where he married a a daughter of Dr. Charles Nathan. He joined the Royal Society in 1876, but his many public duties allowed him little time to take part in our affairs. For several years he was associated, first as a member, then as President, of the Board of Health, where he conducted a successful crusade against typhoid and plague. His administrative talent ranged over a wide sphere. In 1889, he was appointed to the Legislative Council, and in 1893 attained Cabinet rank as Vice-President of the Hxecutive Council. It is said that the measures which ameliorated the financial crisis of that year were initiated by him. He took a vigorous part in the discussions, especially on the financial aspect, that preceded Australian Federation. The service of higher education had early enlisted his forceful person- ality; in 1883 he was elected to the Senate of the University, became Vice-Chancellor in 1887, and was appointed Ohan- cellor in 1895. To the control of University work he brought an uncommon combination of talents. For the material welfare of the institution was advanced by his shrewd fore- sight and financial ability, while the intellectual aspect was cherished by the sympathetic guidance of the scholar. A man of kindly disposition, a brilliant scholar, and a master of finance, his abilities were ever employed for the advance- ment of the public good. Rich in honour and dignity, in years and in esteem, he passed away in his seventy-ninth year on August 23rd, 1914. Mr. WILLIAM JOHN CLUNIES ROSS, B.Sc., F.G.S., was related to the famous pioneer of Cocos Keeling Island, of the same PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 9 name. He was born in London in 1850, and made his first visit to Australia in 1864. Returning to England he com- pleted his education at King’s College, London, where he was Science Scholar and Associate. In 1884 he was appointed to the charge of the Technical College Bathurst. He found the institution meanly lodged in a basement in the School of Arts, and he left it in possession of a fine building in William Street, where there was also an excel- lent Museum. This transformation was due to his guiding care, energy and enthusiasm. Among his students and fellow citizens he strove with a success to foster a love of science. Eleven years ago he was transferred to the capital and placed in charge of the chemical and mineral- ogical departments of the Technical College. For these classes he wrote various school. books. He joined our Society aS soon as he became a resident of Sydney, and from 1904 he was a regular attendant and frequent speaker at our meetings. A wide range of information and fluent expression enabled him to offer interesting comment to most scientific discussions. Also he contributed three papers to our Journal:—“‘The Geology of Limekilns, Bathurst District,’’ Vol. xxvii, 1894, pp. 289 —301; “‘Notes on the Basalts of Bathurst and the neighbouring districts,”’ Vol. xXxx1, 1898, pp. 296 — 213; “‘ Experiments with Silicate of Soda and observations thereon,’’ Vol. xLiv, 1910, pp. 583 —592. He was also author of a paper on the flora of Bathurst,* considered in its ecological aspect, a pioneer study in the relation of Australian plants to rocks. On November 7th, 1914, he died, as he was about to retire on a pension after thirty years service. He leaves a widow and four sons. Among the brave men who fell on 24th April, 1915, while storming Turkish entrenchments near the Dardanelles, was 1 Ross, Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1898, pp. 467 - 481. 10 CO. HEDLEY. Lieut-Colonel ASTLEY JOHN ONSLOW THOMPSON, V.D. He was related toa well known family of Australian pioneers, and was born at Tenby, Wales, on 3rd January, 1865, being the eldest son of Astley Thompson of Glyn Abbey, Carmarthenshire, High Sheriff of the County, and Udea Thompson, nee Onslow. He received his education at Rugby, and came to Australia when eighteen years of age. At first he was engaged in the Harbours and Rivers Depart- ment, but withdrew from the Government service to follow pastoral work. In 1887 he returned to his native land, and studied dairying in Hoagland and irrigation in Northern Italy. Hereturned to Australia in 1889, and was appointed manager of “‘Camden Park,’’ which position he filled with conspicuous ability up to the time he left on active service last year. Military matters had always interested him, so that in 1892, with Colonel J. W. Macarthur Onslow he raised the Camden Squadron of the New South Wales Mounted Rifles (now known as Light Horse) and subse- quently rose to the command of the regiment. In 1897 he acted as Adjutant and Paymaster to the detachment of this regiment which went to England to take part in the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and while there went through a course of training with the Scots Greys at Hounslow and Carabiniers at Aldershot. At the time of the Boer War he did much useful work in the training and organising of one of the contingents that was formed for active service in South Africa. His business capacity was recognised by his election to the Board of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Ltd., Colonial Sugar Refining Company, and several others. He was president of the Camden Agricultural Society for several years past, and a generous giver to all charitable objects. Our late member, who was in his fifty-first year, joined us in 1896, but asa country member seldom attended the meetings. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. tt Also I shall refer to two gentlemen, who, though not in association with us at the time of their decease, were formerly valued members of the Society. Mr. RICHARD HELMS was born at Altona, Germany, on December 12th, 1842. He was one ofa type, now vanishing, of keen, self-taught, field-naturalists, of which George Masters, John Brazier, and William Petterd were exponents and who did such excellent work in the past generation. The whole range of natural science attracted him; in botany, zoology, geology, and ethnology, he was equally interested and of these his knowledge was encyclopzedic. In the field he was an expert hunter, handy with tricks and traps and having the wisdom of a savage as to where a bird would nest or a beetle burrow. Quite careless of hardships, such as cold, hunger, or fatigue, he would explore alone in the roughest country. He arrived in Australia in 1858, and assisted his cousin in a cigar business in Melbourne. About 1862 he crossed over to New Zealand and spent some time in Dunedin. After another visit to Melbourne he commenced practice in 1876 as a dentist in Nelson, New Zealand. During the late seventies and early eighties he resided at Greymouth; in 1879 he married and engaged in business as a watch-maker. Here he made his first contributions to scientific literature.’ Becoming interested in the coleoptera, he formed a large collection. Then he added conchology to his studies and maintained an active correspondence on the subject with Capt. F. W. Hutton. The west coast of the South Island was then zoologically unknown, and as a pioneer Helms was able to add largely to the number of species recorded from New Zealand. His industry may be illustrated by some of the species discovered by, and named after him. Fereday named for him a new butterfly Dodonidia helmsi. Dr. * Helms, New Zealand Journ. of Science, i, !888, pp. 466, 516, 12 ©. HEDLEY. David Sharp’ from 1882 to 1886, in recognition of his researches named the following:—Lissotes helmsi, Cicin- dela helmsi, Anchemenus helmsi, Steropus helmsi, Zolus helmsi, Tomus helmsi, Adelopus helmsi, Dasytes helimsi, Pycnomerus helmsi, Periatrum helmsi, Somatidia helmsi, Anagotus helmsi, Iemalius helmsi, and Pentarthrum helm- sianum. Among many novelties in land shells furnished from Greymouth to Capt. Hutton, there was included Zonites helmsi.” In 1894 a marine shell from New Zealand was called Acmaea helmsi by Mr. EK. A. Smith, and in 1915, the writer named an Australian shell Erycina helmsi. In November 1888 he came to Sydney and entered the service of the Australian Museum. Harly in 1889 he was despatched on a collecting excursion to Mount Kosciusko, an interesting account of which has been published.’ Here he gathered a large series of the hitherto unknown alpine fauna. One discovery of especial interest was the primi- tive isopod Phreatoicus australis. Kosciusko exercised an attraction for Helms for the rest of his life, and he returned to it again in 1893, and again in 1901. He wrote an article “‘On the recently observed evidences of an extensive glacial action at Mount Kosciusko.’’* This evidence was subse- quently doubted by Milne Curran, but was finally vindicated in an important paper in which Helms was associated with Professor David and Mr. Pittman.’ The natives of the Monaro Highlands were described in his Anthropological Notes.° He summed up his knowledge of the climate, fauna and topography of the Range in a memoir “The ' Sharp, Trans. Entomol. Soc., 1887, p. 1xx1ii. * Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xv, 1883, pp. 184-141; xvi, 1884, p. 161. 3 Helms, Rec. Austr. Mus., i, 1890, pp. 11—16. * Helms, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xviii, 1894, pp. 349 — 364. § Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxvi, 1901, pp. 26—74, 6 Helms, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xx, 1896, pp. 387 — 408. Pa PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 13 Dy) al Australian Alps or Snowy Mountains. Concluding his alpine explorations in 1889, he proceeded on a collecting tour along the Darling River. After this he relinquished the Museum service and proceeded to the Richmond River in the interest of a private syndicate. He joined the Department of Agriculture of New South Wales in November 1890 as collector, but resigned the position in April 1891, to join the Klder Exploring Hxpedition. As naturalist he travelled through Central Australia with this expedition, which started in May 1891, and was dissolved in June 1892. Here, as usual, he proved an expert and indefatigable collector. Among his numerous discoveries, Baron von Mueller calleda new shrub Grevillea helmsiana, and Dr. J. Muller named a new lichen HEndocarpon helmsianum. In describing the results of the expedition, the Rev. J. Black- burn took the occasion to name after Helms, ten new beetles of the following genera:—Belus, Calycopeplus, Olivina, Tetracha, Thryptomene, Zonitis, Dasytes, Heteronyx, Plagianthus and Telaurina. An article on the Hthnology of the expedition was written by Helms.’ Returning to Sydney, he was re-engaged by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, as Assistant Hntomologist. He resigned this position in March 1896 to accept an appoint- ment as Fruit Inspector in Western Australia. He finally returned to Sydney in January, 1900, as Experimentalist to the Department of Agriculture, the last occupation of this versatile man. Here he was valued by Mr. Guthrie as ‘fone of the keenest and most original of workers.’’ Helms joined this Society in 1900, but relinquished his membership in 1910. In conjunction with Mr. F. B. Guthrie, he wrote three papers in our Journal on ‘“* Pot Experiments to deter- mine the limit of endurance of different farm crops for * Helms, Journ. Roy. Geograph. Soc. N.S.W., vi, pp. 75 - 96. ? Helms, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., xvi, 1696, pp. 238 - 332. {4 C. HEDLEY. certain injurious substances.’’* Tothe Agricultural Gazette of N.S. Wales, Vols. Iv to xIx, he contributed fourteen papers, dealing with apiculture, bacteriology, wheat, and manure. After he was superannuated from the Govern- ment Service he busied himself with naming, arranging and expanding the large natural history collections he had formed. Returning from a voyage to the Solomons, the sudden change of climate brought on a cold to which he | succumbed in his seventy-second year on July 17th, 1914. He left a family of two daughters. Mr. LESLIE A. B. WADE, Assoe. M. Inst. C.B., adopted the pro- fession of his father, Mr. W. B. Wade, and entered the service of the Government as an engineer in 1880. For some time he was engaged in drainage works, but on the formation of an irrigation branch he joined it, and ultim- ately rose to its control, as Commissioner for Water Con- servation and Irrigation. Amongst other works he designed the Cataract Dam, the Burrenjuck Dam, and the Murrum- bidgee irrigation scheme. His work in this direction was very sound, and will benefit a future large agricultural population. He joined our Society in 1898, contributing a paper in 1903, ‘“‘A Review of Water Conservation in New South Wales,’’ and retired in 1909. On January 13th, 1915, he died rather suddenly, at the age of 50 years, leaving a widow and four daughters. The loss of the Fisheries Investigation vessel ‘Endeavour’ with all hands, about the end of last year, off Macquarie Island, was a scientific, as well as a social disaster. For several years Mr. H. C. DANNEVIG, Director of Fisheries, equipped with every modern requisite for oceanographic research had been engaged in examining the coasts of most Australian States. His collections were remitted to the $ This Journal, xxxvi, 1902, pp.191—200; Id. xxxvii, 1903, pp. 165 - 171; Id. xxxviii, 1904, pp. 390 - 401. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 15 Australian Museum for study, and a couple of volumes of valuable zoological reports on them have been already issued by the Federal Government. But important reports which Mr. Dannevig was preparing on the physical con- ditions of the continental shelf have unfortunately dis- appeared with him and his vessel. He published in our forty-first volume an article “‘On Some Peculiarities in Our Coastal Winds and Their Influence upon the Abund- ance of Fish in Inshore Waters.”’ For the scientific portion of the address the following subject is chosen for discussion because it has been, hitherto, but little cultivated. An Ecological Sketch of the Sydney Beaches. SYNOPSIS: INTRODUCTION. ENVIRONMENT—Ground, Temperature, Salinity, Tides. ComMPARISON OF LocaL AND ForREIGN Fauna. CHANGES OF CLIMATE AND TIME. CHANGES BY EPIDEMICS AND ACCIDENTS.’ TRANSITION FROM Marine TO TERRESTRIAL. Types or Bracues—Shingle beach, Ocean sand beach, Estuarine beach, Ocean reef beach. Introduction. Marine ecology, that is the relation of marine organisms to their surroundings and to one another, is undeveloped in comparison with terrestrial ecology, because our know- ledge of the life history and physiology on which such studies depend is deficient. Yet exceptional advantages are offered to the Sydney naturalist, because a variety of stations ranging from fresh water to salt, from rock to 16 C. HEDLEY. 4 mud, and from shelter to exposure are here concentrated in an area conveniently small for comparative study. The shore line of the Port Jackson “ria” winds by so many creeks and coves that from Head to Head it extends for one hundred and eighty-three miles. ) The intertidal zone around Sydney may be grouped, ecologically, into three divisions, decided by the situation of the fauna and flora; viz., (1), the sandy beach, (2), the muddy estuary, and (3), the rocky reef. Hach of these areas Maintains a marine community which by internal relation and external distinction rank with such a ter- restrial society as may dwell in a forest, a marsh or a meadow. ‘These three associations of beach life are repeated, with slight local modifications, over such wide geographic space, perhaps even right round the world, that we may regard them as having persisted with little change for a long geologic period. As the plants of an English forest may be more closely related to those of an American forest in another bemi- sphere than to those of a fen in a neighbouring county, so the marine fauna of the Parramatta River is more akin to another estuarine fauna, even if it be one or two thousand miles away, than to the rock fauna of the nearby Bondi Beach. It is asif two cities stood side by side, yet remained foreign to each other in race, language, and customs. Though the ocean does not present to migration such barriers,—mountains, deserts or forests,—as does the land, marine species rarely, but genera frequently, attain a world wide range. The sea being more monotonous than the land would less frequently originate new types. But when it did come into existence a new marine type would spread more readily than a terrestrial one, hence the greater uniformity of marine life. In the sea as well as upon the * M’Intosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xiii, 1904, p. 130. - PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Le land, the conditions of life are fixed and the range of species limited by physical environment; thus the nature of the ground, whether hard or soft, sheltered or exposed, decides whether a particular spot shall support eel-grass or kelp, cockles or limpets, but, within broad geographic limits, temperature then decides which kind of a limpet or a cockle it shall be. As Dr. F. B. Sumner wisely observes, “any investigation not based on knowledge of physical data may be dismissed as futile.’’* Records of such physical data for this neighbourhood are scanty, and it is very desirable that more information should be collected, especially as this knowledge has an important economic bearing on the study of the migrations, spawning and abundance of food fishes. Environment. Hnvironment of the intertidal flora and fauna may be discussed under the following headings; (1) the nature of the floor, whether of sand or mud or rock, whether bare or draped with vegetation, (2) the temperature of the air and the water, (3) the purity of the sea, whether quite salt or mixed with fresh or muddy water, (4) the action of the tides and currents. The local disposition of beach animals follows naturally the.plant formation, such as a mangrove forest, a zosteretum ora hormosiretum. So that if a beach be classified for its plant contents, it will be found arranged into natural faunal areas. The intertidal, like any other fauna, ultimately depends for food and shelter upon the vegetation. ROCK FLOOR. Since the ‘“‘roots”’ or rather rhizoids of seaweeds convey no nourishment, but merely serve as anchors, it might be thought that the nature of the ground on which they grew was not a matter of importance. But actually the stones 1 Sumner, et al. Publ. Univ. Calif. Zool., xiv. 1914, p. 5. B—May 5, 1915. 18 C. HEDLEY. of the shore exercise considerable influence on the flora and fauna that inhabit it. One geological outcrop produces a broken beach of pools and crags, another a smooth flat. Loose rocks that roll about and crush are a danger to the marine community, while large immovable boulders afford a long lease of shelter to their lodgers. The rough beach presented by limestone supports a rich fauna. Alge are favoured by the harsh minutely pitted surface of basaltic rock, but granite worn smooth is distasteful both to plants and animals. Where the rock is friable, a storm tears off together the weed and the stone to which it has made fast. The nature of the rock also determines the quality of the sand or pebbles on the beach. Where rock is stained by infusions of iron, some molluscs which adhere to it, such as limpets or chitons, assume a dark hue to match the back- ground. Shale beds round Sydney are bored by Pholas which can- not face the gritty sandstone. But the sandstone is pierced both by the bivalve Venerupis and the crustacean Sphae- roma.' QOups in the sandstone are carved by the urchin Toxocidaris (Plate VII, fig. 11). . TEMPERATURE. For many years records were kept of the temperature in Sydney Harbour by the Government Astronomer of New South Wales. These readings were taken only once a day at 9 a.m. from a thermometer sunk three feet below the surface at Fort Denison, an island in mid-channel.? The following decennial average is based on Russell’s ““Monthly Record”’ for the period of 1881 —1890, expressed in Fahrenheit. + Hedley, Rep. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science, viii, 1901, p. 240. * Russell, H. C., Meteorological Observations made at the Government ‘Observatory. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 19 Mean. Maximum. Minimum. Janoary ..... 70°9 sad 72°3 see 69°1 February ... 71°2 ae 72°4 ed 70°0 March soo CAUES wp Theva ae 68°7 April .- §=68°4 ba 70°5 Sie 66°3 May ... 64°6 ap 67°0 a 61°8 June ... 60°4 was 62°95 se o7°D July Beno @ ua 59°3 ae 30°8 August romano ie 09°3 Jai 56°6 September ... 60°2 sige 61°5 te 28°9 October... 63°1 ny, 64°6 aa 61°8 November ... 66°4 Bue 68°2 da 64°95 December ... 70°3 is 71°4 ses 66°9 Such observations, limited to a single spot, and to a single hour, present too narrow a view of the water climate. Probably they convey a better idea of the maxima than of the minima. In shallow water, and in the remoter reaches of the harbour, the temperature might be warmer in sum- mer and colder in winter than this. The decennial maximum 75°5 was reached on January 15th and 20th, 1887; the minimum 50°1 occurred on July 20th, 1881. The hottest days of the year happen in either December, January, February or March, and the coldest days either in July or August. February has the highest mean temperature and July the lowest. It is noticeable that the warmest months are the most equable, the tem- perature sometimes oscillating only from one to two degrees, while the coldest months are the most variable. Compared with the range of temperatures noted at biological stations abroad, the Sydney records are singularly level. Thus at Woods Hole in the western Atlantic the temperature ranges from below freezing to 70°, and in the Bay of San Francisco from 42° to 69°.* Off Plymouth, England, some ? Sumner, Bull. U.S. Fisheries, xxxi, 1913, p. 436, Id. Univ. Calif. Zool. Publ., xiv, 1914, p. 99. 20 C. HEDLEY. incomplete sea surface temperatures range from 44°1° to 58°9°.2 The temperature of the water both in Sydney Harbour and along the coast is altogether governed by the Noto- nectian Current, the Gulf Stream of Australia.? In mid- winter this is blown off shore and the temperature normal to the latitude then prevails. But in midsummer the Noto- nectian running at its highest volume, speed and tempera- ture, hugs the land and overflows the harbour water. Thus a warmth is attained, independent of the locality, which may temporarily establish tropical conditions. If conti- nental land were to arise once more between New Zealand and New Guinea, then this current would be shut off from the Australian coast, and both our climate and our fauna would change at once. The critical temperature, that which determines life or death for plants and animals, is likely here to be the mini- mum. A low spring tide of a winter’s night must be the trial for existence of all intertidal life. SALINITY. Scarcely any observations have been made on the salinity of the sea water in the neighbourhood of Sydney. From the irregularity of the rainfall, the absence of large streams flowing into the harbour, and the clearness of the water to the eye, it is apparent that the salinity is unusually high for a coast station. At the upper ends of the inlets the water is of course more fresh and muddy than at the entrance. Mr. T. W. Fowler has published some observations on the density of sea water off the coast of New South Wales.* 1 Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., ii, 1892, p. 276. 2 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxxv, 1910, p. 9. 3 Fowler, Rep. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1898, p. 695. 21 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ‘Loupe Suissed yueLINd UeI4}09U0}0 NT oyy moys 03 ‘cH 'd ‘JOG ‘ITX jeuano ¢styy ‘aeded s,SIAUNNVG ‘) ‘ET ‘JIN Wor poyeodoyy ‘dVW HOLHMS pp CO. HEDLEY. As a contribution to this subject, Dr. H. G. Chapman has kindly handed to me the following observations :-— ‘The same constituents are found in all samples of sea water, and practically they are in the same relative proportions every- where. In other words, when the quantities of the salts in any sea water are expressed in percentages of total solids similar figures are obtained for each constituent of the sea water. The total amount of solid matter, however, is subject to much variation. “The chemical composition of ocean water off Sydney does not differ much from that of ocean water generally. A sample taken 15:56° A of 10261. Its solid contents were calculated at 35:2 gm. per kilo. of sea water. The total halogens estimated as 19°475 gm. per kilo. and the sulphates estimated as SO, were found to be 2°76 gm. per kilo.? off Coogee at a temperature of 22° C. had a specific gravity ‘“‘An analysis of a sample taken one foot below the surface about. 50 metres from the shore at Balmoral Beach, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson at half tide on the ebb gave the following data:— Temperature Le Zora, Specific gravity a 1025. Freezing point Soniye slave Ch Total solids... ... 934°7 gm. per kilo sea water. Halogens as chlorides 19°25 gm. per kilo. sea water. Sulphates as SO, .... 2°62 gm. per kilo. sea water. “When the sea water stands in a rocky pool on the shore, even if awash with the tide, concentration of the salts occurs. From a pool on the eastern shore of Bradley’s Head in which many living shells, sponges, sea weeds, etc. were present, a sample of water was obtained, yielding the following data:— Temperature eis! Oe 1027°3 Specific gravity ae ? These figures are calculated from a paper by Mr. C. J. White, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, xli, p. 55, 1907. PRESIDENTIAL ALDRESS. 23 Freezing point ww. —2'335 C. Total solids ... ... 43°8 gm. per kilo. sea water. Halogens as chlorides 24:29 gm. per kilo. sea water. Sulphates as SO, ... 3°59 gm. per kilo. sea water. The ratio of halogens to sulphates which is close to that found in all samples of sea water is evidence that this water is sea water concentrated by evaporation.” TIDES. On the open coast the tides are regular, and of consider- able amplitude. A stream of flood tide runs northwards, and the ebb southwards. At the entrance to the harbour it is high water at new and full moon at 8°15 when the Spring tides rise about six feet. Further up the harbour at Circular Quay, the tides are twenty-five minutes later, and about ten inches lower. The highest tide recorded in the harbour was that of January 5th, 1912, which amounted to six feet nine and a quarter inches. A curious phenomenon is the difference between the night and the day tides in summer and winter. In the winter the night tides are highest but in summer those of the day. After the equinoxes the difference gradually increases till, in July and January, it may amount to as much as two feet. The sedentary intertidal organisms are exposed to both extremes of air temperature, cold in winter and heat. in summer. The on and off shore winds may magnify or diminish any particular tide. Comparison of Local and Foreign Fauna. Both in species and in individuals, the local fauna is extremely rich, probably more so than in any marine area in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Rocks are turfed with ascidians for yards without exposing an inch of stone. In other places oysters sheath the rocks with a continuous crust. There is a crab that marches in regiments. Even above ordinary tide level a small gre- 24 _ ©. HEDLEY. garious periwinkle packs together in scores. Once a collector picked up a derelict bottle among the rocks at Watson’s Bay. Washing out its contents with care, he found this chance handful to contain a hundred and fifty-five different species of shells.+ In HKurope or the United States where the marine fauna is comparatively scanty and where there are a host of specialists, it has been a heavy task to catalogue the fauna. Here where the harvest is greater and the labourers fewer it is of course more difficult still. Work in this direction has, however, been proceeding steadily of late years. There is no recent Summary, but a census of the marine invertebrate fauna of Port Jackson prepared by Mr. T. Whitelegge, twenty-five years ago, enumerated 2,136 species.” No other similar area in the southern hemisphere has yet been catalogued. ‘From a larger and infinitely better studied district, the Irish Sea, Prof. Herdman reports 1681 Marine invertebrates. From the neighbourhood of Trieste in the Adriatic, Dr. Graeffe gives 1,268 species, and Dr. -Sumner repeats exactly the same total for Woods Hole, U.S.A. From an excellent summary of the fauna of the Firth of Forth, lately presented by Mr. William Hvans,* it appears that 1,213 marine invertebrates have been identified from this area. Lest we, in this young country, should be discouraged at the slow progress of our science, we may observe the confession of Mr. Evans that scarcely more than half his local fauna is yet catalogued, after two centuries of research by one of the most intellectual cities of the world. 1 Henn and Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, (2) ix, 1894, p. 165. 2 Whitelegge, this Journal, xxiii, 1889, pp. 163— 296. 3 Sumner, op. cit., 1913, p. 88. 4 Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, xvii, 1909, pp. 1— 64d. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. iN, The composition of these northern faunz appears to differ somewhat from ours. There the crustacea are the most populous group, but here it is the mollusca. The sponges form a larger proportion of the Australian than of the Atlantic fauna. In the Irish Sea the Echinodermata are but a fiftieth of the total, here they are an eighteenth. But the Protozoa of the Irish Sea contribute one-seventh of its invertebrate fauna while our list represents them only as one-fifteenth. So it may be that the discrepancy between north and south lies in the early recognition here of the large conspicuous forms and the late (or rather future) detection of the smaller and inconspicuous species; that the southern fauna though absolutely richer, may be levelled up to northern proportions as between group and group, by discovery of the smaller forms; that, for instance the crustacea may regain their supremacy over the mol- lusca by the recognition of numerous minute forms. So when a future census of the Sydney marine invertebrates attains symmetry by the due representation of small, neglected species, the total will exceed still further those of the northern fauna. About 550 species of fish are recorded from New South Wales. A catalogue of this fauna was published by Mr. KH. R. Waite* in 1904. Of marine alge, about 160 species have been recognised _ on the coast of this State. These were recently catalogued by Mr. A. H. S. Lucas,? who remarks that the local marine flora is poor and monotonous compared to that of colder seas. The great kelp forests of the south which may reach the surface from a depth of fifty feet are here wanting. As with the fauna, our shores are a meeting ground for 1 Waite, Mem. N.S. Wales Naturalist Club. ii, 1904. = Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxiv, 1909, pp. 9-60 XXXVli, 1912, pp. 157-171; xxxviii, 1918, pp. 49 - 60. 26 C. HEDLEY. tropical and temperate plants; several Japanese species extending thus far. Changes of Climate and Time, It was noticed by Darwin how the organisms of the beach leave the scantiest record in geological history. Inhabitants of the river, the lake, or the continental shelf are frequently preserved as fossils, but of the barnacles, limpets, chitons, or whelks of the intertidal zone there is hardly a trace. ‘‘The explanation, no doubt, is that the littoral and sublittoral deposits are continually worn away, as soon as they are brought up by the slow and gradual rising of the land within the grinding action of the coast waters.’’} A rare and interesting exception to this rule of destruc- tion is a raised beach which occurs at the apex of the Hunter delta, near Maitland. On investigation by David and Etheridge it proved to contain thirty-two species of mollusca, and one cirrhipede.*” The interest of the collec- tion centres on the four following shells :—Pecten stranget, Brachyodontes erosus, (=Mytilus menkeanus), Euchelus atratus and Arcularia dorsata (=Nassa livida). All these have now disappeared from New South Wales. The mussel B. erosus has even vanished from Hast Australia, though it persists as a dwarf form in Tasmania. But large speci- mens like the Maitland fossils still occur in the corres- ponding latitudes of Western Australia. Areularia dorsata (fig. 1) inhabits estuaries from Torres Strait to Port Curtis, while the other two reach Moreton Bay. That so large a proportion as one-tenth of this fauna should have now gone from New South Wales shows not only an appreciable geological antiquity, but also a change of climate. Such exact criteria do these fossils afford 1 Darwin, Origin of Species, 1860, pp. 289, 291. 2 David and Etheridge, Rec. Geol. Surv. N.S. Wales, ii, 1890, pp. 37 - 52. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Oh that they may be read as a Self-registering thermometer (fig. 2) telling that when and where they lived, a climate like that of, let us say, Bundaberg prevailed. At sucha time crocodiles may have swum up the Hunter River, a Rhizophora forest would have flourished on its banks, and turtles may have come to the predecessor of Stockton beach to lay their eggs. Fig. 1. Arcularia dorsata a member of the Maitland beach fauna. While the fauna of the deep sea is probably the most conservative in the world, that of the beach zone appears to be less stable than the ordinary land fauna. The least fluctuation of temperature evokes a response from northern species Fig. 2. Recession north- wards in recent geological time of the minimum tem- perature required by A. dorsata. pressing south and southern species moving north. Here are two armies perpetually in advance or retreat. Tropical forms such as Bonellia’ incessantly attempt to colonise our coast, when the Notonectian floods the port, 1 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxi, 1906, p. 462. 98 C. HEDLEY. these gain a footing, but perish when the stream swings off shore. Strombus luhuanus, a common and conspicuous shell on coral reefs was once abundant at the Bottle and Glass rocks. Then it disappeared from May 1865 till April 1896 when it again made its appearance.’ A living specimen of the tropical Bursa mammata, Bolten (= venustula, Reeve) was found alive in the Harbour by T. Rossiter, but in the forty years that have since elapsed, it has not once been seen again. After the passage of years changes occur in the distri- bution of species. Thus collectors constantly note that some particular species has become more or less abundant than formerly. At the time of its description (1891) Hulimella moniliforme,’? was quite abundant on Ruppia at the mouth of the Curl Curl Lagoon. Since then I have searched in vain fora single specimen. Local history does not extend back sufficiently far to register many such changes, so the following instances are quoted from abroad. The common periwinkle of the Kuropean market, Littorina litorea, was unknown at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, before the year 1876.° Migrating from the north this periwinkle took possession of a new field, and so thrived there that in thirty years it actually became more abundant than any other shell on the beach. In 1850 Prof. C. B. Adams examined and catalogued the mollusca of the beach at Panama, noting the position, and relative abundance of each species. Sixty years afterwards this area was re-examined by Mr. E. W. Presbrey,* who observed that, “‘ Everywhere in the region covered by 1 Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xviii, 1894, p. 432, and Hedley, op. cit., Xx1, 1896, p. 88. 2 Hedley and Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S, Wales, xvi, 1891, p. 247. 3 Verrill, Am. Journ. Sci., (3), xx, 1880, p. 251. * Presbrey, The Nautilus, xxvi, 1913, pp. 121 - 125. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 29 Adams thestations and the habits have materially changed.”’ Where Adams had gathered 4,500 specimens of Oliva volutella, Presbrey got three. Adams took 1,500 Nassa panamensis and 330 N. luteostoma near the old sea wall where there are none now. Where Adams took 3,000 specimens of Columbella representing 29 species, there Presbrey merely saw a few individuals of seven species. It may be that this depreciation was partly caused by the opening of the Panama Canal, but the changes involve some gain as well as heavy loss. For in other cases the species noted as rare by the first investigator had become abundant in the time of his successor. Strombus galea, of which Adams only saw a few fragments, is now plentiful, and Purpura is more common than it used to be. Both Pecten and Pectunculus were rare in 1850 and common in 1913. Striking changes which occurred in the marine fauna of Plymouth between 1893 and 1895 are noted by Mr. H. T. Browne.* Changes by Epidemics and Accidents. The desolating sweep of a bush fire is unknown in the marine world, but the sea is not exempt from destructive visitations. Our fauna though safe from being scalded by hot lava, or planed away by floating ice, has its own plagues. Sudden and widespread mortality occurred among the sedentary intertidal organisms of Port Jackson in 1866 and again in March 1891. Oysters and mussels were com- pletely exterminated over wide areas, the stench from the mussel beds at Watson’s Bay was described as unbearable. At Little Sirius Cove all the limpets and periwinkles were found to be lying about with the animals decaying in the shells. Such forms as live under stones, the zoophytes, + Browne, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. iv, 1896, p. 168. 30 C. HEDLEY. polyzoa, ascidians, echinodermata and gasteropoda also suffered. In some places half the fauna was dead, in others the rocks which usually swarm with life were so deserted that only a few worms remained alive of a great congrega- tion. Mobile creatures like fish and crabs withdrew from the putrifying beach to deeper water. Whitelegge* considered that dense swarms of a micro- scopic red Glenodinium suffocated the mussels and oysters by clogging their gills. The death and decay of these bivalves, diffusing corruption in the water, spread destruc- tion through their neighbourhood. This microbe, Gleno- diniuwm rubrum, appeared in March and April 1891, insuch vast numbers as to discolour the waters of the harbour in long streaks and patches of blood red. So immense a development of the dinoflagellate was thought by White- legge to be fostered by a heavy rainfall reducing the salinity of the surface water and by a long continuance of calm weather. The final disappearance of the Glenodinium was due partly to the fallin autumn temperature and partly to the efforts of an allied protozoan Gymnodinium, which arrived to prey on it. Had the plague Glenodinium been colourless and consequently invisible, the disaster would have been without apparent cause. Certain reefs, where both animals and plants suddenly and mysteriously perish, are described by the fishermen in Japan as having been “burnt.’? On one occasion this happened on so large a scale that the loss to the gatherers of sea-weed for food, glue, or manure, and of fish to the fishermen was estimated at £1,200 per annum per mile of the infected area. Within a few days the sea-weeds on these reefs were destroyed from low water downwards. ‘The softer plants rotted away, while the harder corallines stood, though faded from red to white. The banks grew ? Whitelegge, Rec. Aust. Mus., i, 1891, pp. 179 - 192. ilies. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 31 bare and desolate, migrant shoals of fish avoided the place, those that had lived amid the forest of brown kelp, dis- appeared, and molluscs including the valuable Haliotis also vanished. The explanation of this phenomenon supplied by Yendo* is that the fresh water pouring out of ariver in heavy flood was turned aside by the coastal current and projected on to the affected area. When thus immersed in fresh water, the marine algze at once died, and their loss carried destruc- tion to their associates. After storms of wind and rain, I have noticed numbers of the razor-shell Solen solanii and the gephyrean Dendro- stoma dehamata thrown up on a beach in Middle Harbour in a moribund condition.” A gale without rain does not dislodge these, so their destruction is probably caused by poison of tannin or other deleterious matter from decayed plants. Transition from Marine to Terrestrial. It is agreed that all terrestrial organisms had a marine origin. The beach is at last the font of all life whether aerial, fluviatile, terrestrial, pelagic or abyssal. In the higher animals, vestigal features demonstrate that respir- ation was aqueous before it was aerial. Dr. A. B. Macallum? considers that the difference in chemical composition between blood and salt water is slight, and that the Paleozoic Sea being poorer in magnesium, was still more like blood than is the existing sea water. He concludes that a circulatory system, once open to the sea, of a marine vertebrate ancestor became closed, and that the animal, then migrating ashore, carried with it a + Yendo, Econ. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soe. ii, 1914, pp. 105 - 122. * Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxv, 1899, p.432; and Kesteven, Rec. Aust. Mus., v, 1903, p. 69. $ Macallum, Trans. Canad. Inst., vii, 1904, p. 535. 32 C. HEDLEY. supply of sea water perpetuated by heredity. Hvery vertebrate thus maintains its viscera in a bath of warm sea water and its very life depends on that aquarium being kept unbroken. Soin this way we are all sea creatures still. If it had been upon the land that an animal first made bones there would have been at its disposal such hard sub- stances as iron or aluminium, while to a marine animal the softer calcium was the best material available.* Hence for the building of a firm frame it was lime that was employed by all sea dwellers, the worms, the crabs, the snails, and finally the vertebrates. The suggestion is that this choice of lime for a skeleton was made by vertebrates before migrating from the sea to the shore, after which its use became a fixed habit. At times the land has repaid the sea, as in the case for instance, of the whales, dugong, seals or sea-snakes which had terrestrial origins. There are two roads from the sea landwards, the easiest and most gradual way is to ascend a river and undergo the transformation in marshes. The other is to make the beach a changing ground, where may be learned how to endure a greater change of temperature, to support the body ina thinner medium and to breathe air. Where asea was tideless, there would be little opportunity for transformation, and in proportion as the tide had a larger range, so would be the facilities for change. Probably the process of acclimatisation from sea to land was chiefly through the estuaries, and an animal has rarely grown independent of the water by traversing the beach. The ocean existed, of course, before the rivers. Both these routes are practised here. In the streams, fish like Galaxias attenuatus and the Blue-eye, Pseudomugil signifer pass from salt to fresh water, and back again.* 1 Johnstone, Conditions of life in the Sea, 1908, p. 301. ? McCulloch, The Australian Zoologist, i, 1915, p. 47. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ob In mangrove swamps are numerous air breathers, which are immersed frequently, yet do not venture beyond the farthest reach of the sea, these include the slug Onchidium, the snails Salinator and Ophicardelus. In the tropics this amphibious fauna multiplies and includes fish in the case .of two species of Periopthalmus, crustacea as Coenobita spinosa’ and Uca, mollusca as Cerithidea, Melaraphe and Truncatella. Indeed migration from the sea to the shore, or from salt water to fresh, is easier and more frequent in a warm Climate than in a cold one.” On Funafuti I found Nerita plicata packed together in crevices of the rocks far above high tide mark, behaving like a terrestrial rather than a marine animal.° All over the world the molluscan family Littorinidee, are pioneers in emergence from the sea. Pelseneer describes how the gill plume of a Kuropean species is shortened and broadened to form an incipient lung.* Quoy and Gaimard,’ observed that the ctenidium of Littorina angulifera had shrunk from disuse in consequence of living more in the air than in the water. A correlation between the station on the beach, and embryonic life of different species is traced by Mr. W. M. Tattersall,° as follows:—‘‘Of the four British species of Littorina, L. litorea is exposed only at low spring tides, and is freed as a trochosphere, later becoming a veliger; L. obtusata is generally exposed at ordinary low water, and is freed as a veliger; L. rudis is exposed during the greater part of the day, and is viviparous; L. neritoides lives between the high water of springs and neaps and is also 1 McCulloch, Rec. Aust. Mus., vii, 1909, p. 308, pl. 88. 2 Origine des Animaux d’ eau douce, Pelseneer, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. 1905, p. 724. 3 Mem. Aust. Mus., iii, 1899, p. 409. _ * Pelseneer, Mollusca, 1906, p. 104. 5 Quoy and Gaimard, Zool. Astrolabe, ii, 1833, p. 476. 6 Tattersall, Nature, vol. lxxix, 1909, p. 478. C—May 5, 1915. 34 ©. HEDLEY. viviparous. Both in habit and life history these four seem to represent stages in adaptation to a land existence.”’ On this coast the littorinoids in ascending order are:— Bembicium melanostoma, Melaraphe acutispira, M.infans, M. mauritiana, Tectarius pyramidalis, and Melaraphe scabra. It would be interesting to prove if Tattersall’s generalisation connecting larval history with beach horizon holds good in Australian seas also. In his charming account of the animal ecology of the Cold Spring sand-spit, Prof. C. B. Davenport* relates how, near New York, Littorina palliata clings to the stems of the marsh grass, Spartina polystachys, and how near New Orleans L. irrorata climbs the rushes. He suggests that the lack of a siphon exposed Littorina to the danger of suffocation by mud, and that escape from the mud induced a habit of climbing. Thus it started on the road to adap- tation to a terrestrial life—‘‘a road that the Pulmonates must have travelled long ago.’’ Fig. 8. Avicennia branch supporting sea-snails, Melaraphe scabra, on the leaves. + Davenport, Decennial Publ. Univ. Chicago. x, 1908, p. 168. Ne ee PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 35 A remarkable expression of the landward migration of the littorinoids is Melaraphe scabra, whose special haunt is the leaf of the mangrove (fig. 3). More than two cen- turies ago Rumphius, who saw it in the Moluccas called it Buccinum foliorum in allusion to this habit. The variety filosa was gathered in November 1847 by Macgillivray on the leaves of Mgiceras at Port Curtis." A depauperated form called luteola by Quoy and Gaimard occurs on Avi- cennia about Sydney and Port Stephens. Its tropical companion Cerithidea which perches on the boughs and twigs of the mangroves does not descend so far south. Hixposed to the hottest sunshine -and watered only by spray or by the highest tide, Tectarius pyramidalis (fig. 4) creeps furthest in the ascent of the ocean rock beach. Kesteven observed that its osphradium has degenerated so as to be almost use- less, he thought that the animal was Fig. 4. Tectarius pyra- protected against evaporation by an midalis, the highest climber : from the sea on the ocean @bundant secretion of mucous, seal- beach, magnified. ing up the mouth of the shell.” In the estuary the boundaries of land and sea overlap, though a wide neutral zone separates them on the rocky ocean beach. To the amphibious fauna of the transition area, the Mangrove swamp contributes the Auriculide, the rocky beach supplies the littorinoids and the ocean sand beach has for its representatives the swift-sand-crab Ocypoda (fig. 8) and the sand-hoppers of the family Orchestidz. + Rumphius, Amboinische Rareitkamer, 1705, p. 98; Forbes, Voy. Rattlesnake, ii, 1852, p. 362. * Kesteven, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxvii, 1903, p. 621. 36 C. HEDLEY. Types of Beach. THE SHINGLE BEACH. The desert of the shore is a shingle beach. Inthe wash of the waves, each pebble grinds its neighbour’s face, so that any plant or creature seeking a home among the stones would soon be bruised to death. Such beaches are rare in this State, the nearest to Sydney is a shingle beach at Kiama. * THE OCEAN SAND BEACH. Next in order of importance is the sandy beach facing the ocean, which contains a small and highly specialised fauna, but no visible flora. Here in New South Wales, as elsewhere, the fauna of the mud or of the rocks is far richer than that of the sand. Sandy beaches occur along the whole of our coast line. North of Newcastle they extend with brief interruptions to the Queensland border, south they alternate with the rocky headlands. The changefulness of the local beach front has been well described by Mr. H. OC. Andrews.? In all countries and various climates the ocean sand beach preserves the same external appearance. If, by some cosmic change, the climate of Sydney became warmer, then in response a thicket of Rhizophora would spring up on the zostereta of Middle Harbour, and reef corals would build on the hormosireta of the Heads. But the sandy beach though sheltering another series of species, and perhaps serving as a turtle incubator, would still remain unchanged externally. It was proposed by Prof. Davenport to group the inter- tidal fauna by companies of sessile, crawling, burrowing, 1 The shape of pebbles has been studied by H. E. Gregory, Am. Journ. Science, xxxix, 1915, p. 309. , 2 Andrews, this Journal, xlvi, 1913, pp. 158 — 185. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Bs or swimming animals. Though useful in the area for which it was suggested, this classification is not of general appli- cation. Progression methods are not as sharply defined in the dense water as in the thin air, thus the glide of a marine animal may change imperceptibly from crawling to swimming. . Neither areas nor animals can be definitely arranged thus, for the upper rock zone is deficient in bur- rowing and swimming species. A Cephalopod might appropriately enlist in every company. Finally the sand- surf organisms do not strictly belong to any particular class, yet all might qualify for each. No marine community leads so strenuous a life as does the sand beach fauna. In the sand-democracy organisms | are independent, there are no dominant types like Cynthia, Ostrea or Galeolaria to afford protection to the weaklings. Since there are no plants, the animals are necessarily carnivorous; since the even surface offers no shelter, the only means of refuge is to plunge under the sand. LHxist- ence in the surf-line can be maintained only by great strength, constant activity and watchfulness. An instant’s weakness, a moment’s relaxation may bring destruction either from being seized by a prowling fish, or from being thrown high and dry upon the shore by the next wave. To resist a blow the shells of the sand-dwellers are solid, to dive quickly into the sand, they are smooth and tapering. Characteristic of the sand beach is the handsome white and purple Donax deltoides (fig. 5), which in New South Wales is called the “ pipi,’’ and in South Queensland is known by the local aboriginal name of “‘ugari.’’ Pipi isa Polynesian word which has been adopted from the Maori. In New Zealand pipi means Mesodesma australe, and in Samoa it signifies Asaphis deflorata.* Stacks of shells in + Bulow, Internat. Archiv. Ethnograph., xiii, 1900, p. 184. 38 C. HEDLEY. aboriginal camping grounds show it to have furnished many a meal to the extinct black race. Local fishermen use it for bait. Yo AN SN ay Zs Spy = f, = Ez SB > ed ——— = "ry, eZ & 14 Mp cS Ppeyasyeyet Fig. 5. The pipi, fully extended, with the disk of the inhalent siphon magnified. This Donax lives only in the wash of the surf where it occurs in companies about low tide level. To adapt itself to this existence, to quickly dig itself into the sand=and PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 39 save itself from hurt, the Donax has assumed a thick shell with a wedge shape and a slippery surface. The animal is extremely strong and active, when outstretched, the foot is as large as, and the siphon longer than, the valve. A few drives of the powerful flat pointed foot draws the creature under the sand. Here it stands upright, with the extended siphons held aloft, their tips alone projecting above the ground. The orifice of the inhalent siphon expands ina disk beset with minute branched papille. Of these there are Six main rays with secondary and tertiary intermediates on the margin. Perhaps the papille grasp small but struggling animals. The exhalent siphon has no disk, its margin is fringed with papille. LN ay Fig. 13. Blade-leaves of Zostera nana, principal plant of the zosteretum. several feet. Before the advent of civilisation disturbed the balance of nature, the dugong (Halicore dugong) would D—May 5, 1915. 50 C. HEDLEY. sometimes browse on the marine pastures of Botany Bay and furnish a meal to the blacks.* Posidonia leaves are sometimes rolled and felted together by the waves into compact balls; their fibre has lately been utilised in the manufacture of cloth.’ Characteristic of the local zostereta is the Sydney Cockle, Arca tra- pezia, @ massive boat-shaped, rib- bed, white shell (fig. 14). The animal, which protrudes a large foot with a distinct sole but no byssus, is orange- red, it is sluggish in its movements and usually rests sunk Fig. 14. Mud cockle, Arca trapezia, with foot in the mud for extended and branchial tips exserted. The three-quarters of anterior end projects above the surface of the jtg length, often mud flat, the rest is buried beneath. a CITT Mi wl ie is ol ole 7 en) wenn oO wee ies Sih ete bearing a tuft of weed to mask the projecting anterior end. The tips of the branchiz protrude above as short slender wavering ten-. tacles. Influence of environment is shown by its features. For the purpose of diving quickly into the sand the shell of Donax is smooth and wedge-shaped. But Arca, being con- structed to float on the surface of the mud, is moulded posteriorly with a swell like a buoy and girdled with nodul- 1 Etheridge, Kec. Austr. Mus., vi, 1905, p. 17. * Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxiv, 1909, p. 498; Baker, op. cit., Xxxv, 1911, p. 804. var PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Hil ous keels to prop it up. The more sedentary habits bring less development to the foot than in the strenuous Donax. Projecting as it does above the mud, no siphon is required by Arca. Great stacks of shells about the old aboriginal camps show how important an article of food it was to the blacks. * | This species is related to a tropical section of the genus and indeed itself reaches the tropics, showing it to bea northern constituent in our fauna. Though so common in New South Wales, both this and Pyrazus are absent from zostereta in the corresponding latitudes of South Australia. At Dry Creek near Adelaide, Mr. W. Howchin finds that up to a recent geological date Arca trapezia was abundant, but that it had suddenly and completely vanished, before the time of the last deposit.’ It is now suggested that its extinction, and that of its neighbour Pyrazus, in South Australia are due to refriger- ation, and may mark a period in geological climate and time subsequent to that of the Maitland raised-beach. The last cold phase was reckoned by Prof. David from the Kosciusko moraines to be from three to ten thousand years past.° The surface of the mud flats inhabited by Arca was exposed to the full severity of the cold when a frosty night coincided with low tide. Such cold would not be fatal to other species formerly associated with it in St. Vincents Gulf and now surviving there, as Ostrea angasi, because they descend to the depth of a few fathoms. On the Pacific coast, as the cold maximum approached, the Arca could escape by retreating as far north as was necessary, 1 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxix, 1904, p. 203. 2 Howchin, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., xxxvi, 1912, p. 36. 3 David, Helms, and Pittman, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxvi, 1901, p. 64. 52 CO. HEDLEY. and when the cold relaxed, could return to repopulate the former situation (fig. 15). But in South Australia, a northern retreat was cut off by the concave coast, so that when locally exterminated by frost there could be no return of: exiles when conditions im- " proved. Besides the Arca, a considerable and varied ey fauna is supported by Fig. 15. Map of Arca retreat during the the zosteretum. A cold phase. While on the east the route is SMall carnivorous open, on the west itis intercepted by the gasteropod, an active concave coast of the Great Australian Bight. scavenger, inhabiting a shell half an inch long is Arcularia jonasi (fig. 16). With S x =~ Ty St SO“r~szsenw SS SESS YE SSSSE OQ) RN S382 SS xS = MOs> \ SS S \ Fig. 16. Arcularia jonasi, a common carnivorous snail of the zosteretum. It is fully extended, in the act of gliding over the mud or weed; much magnified. great energy it glides rapidly over the sand and weed, carry- ing its long siphon so strangely resembling an elephant’s trunk, sometimes erect, sometimes arched over its back. | PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 53 The eyes are mounted half way on stalks which finish as slender lashes waved incessantly hither and thither. On the tail are planted two waving filaments, while the front margin of the foot is also provided with a pair of processes. A triangular shell about eight inches long, related to the mussels is Pinna menkei. Its habit is to sink upright in the mud, and to present to a bare footed visitor a thin concave blade capable of inflicting asevere wound. Among the narrow Zostera leaves lies commonly hid the slender zostera Pipe-fish Stigmatophora argus (fig. 17). So like is Fig. 17. The Pipe-fish of the zosteretum, Stigmatophora argus. this to its natural surroundings that, whether straight or - curled, the eye can scarcely detect it even in full view. And if detected and pursued the Pipe-fish escapes from every enemy by diving into the dense weed. The males carry the incubating eggs in a pouch on the tail. Occasionally the zosteretum is invaded by the Bubble- weed, Colpomenia sinuosa.* This pest spreads over the flat, smothering other vegetation and attaching itself to the oysters, whelks or cockles. When the gas forms in the expanding balloon it lifts the shell and floats it away, so that oyster plantations are sometimes seriously denuded by its agency. A peculiar development of the zosteretum formation is the ruppia-lagoon, of which Deewhy Lagoon (Plate VI) a few miles north of Sydney may be selected as a typical example. Here a sand-bank thrown up by the surf has dammed the mouth of asmall stream. Behind this barrier the water accumulates in a shallow brackish lake, several + Stead, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxvi, 1912, p. 632. 54 O. HEDLEY. acres in extent. At intervals of weeks or months, the lake is swollen by rain and breaks through the sand dam, the lake is partly drained, the sea enters, the waves restore the barrier and the cycle recurs. Such a sheet of water has an extreme range from salt to fresh and from warm to cool. Ona level floor two or three feet deep is a dense monotonous carpet of the slender threads of Ruppia mar- itima. The fauna isa scanty one. In Deewhy Lagoon I collected the following mollusca:—Tatea rufilabris, Pota- mopyrgus ruppice, Salinator fragilis, Modiolaria subtorta and Hrycina helmst. Such a lagoon is a favourite resort of waterfowl. The following list of the birds which frequent such a lagoon and adjoining beach was kindly drawn up for this article by Mr. A. J. North :—Pelecanus conspicillatus, Plotus novee- hollandice, Sula serrator, Phalacrocorax carbo, P. melano- leucas, P. sulcirostris, Chenopis atrata, Anas superciliosa, Biziura lobata, Hcemotopus longirostris, Charadrius dominicus, Numenius cyanopus, Tringa acuminata, Sterna bergii, Gabianus pacificus, Larus noveoehollandice, and Podiceps noveehollandice. Parasitic cycles alternating between sea fowl and marine invertebrates such as have been elaborated in Hurope,* will probably be discovered here also. | THE OCEAN REEF. Rocky ground facing the open sea supports the richest flora and fauna. For here the water is most thoroughly zerated by the surf; here is the greatest safety from mud, so inimical to many marine creatures, and here is the first landing place for immigrant spores and larvee, transported by winds and currents from abroad. Contrasting with these advantages is the constant danger of being swept away by the waves. The surf that breaks + Lebour, Parasitology, iv, 1911, pp. 416 —456. Rt PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 5D upon this open coast is heavier and more forceful than that seen on most Kuropean shores. A striking instance of its power is recorded by Mr. O. A. Stissmilch,* who described and illustrated a block of sandstone at Bondi, 20 feet long, 16 feet broad, and 10 feet high, estimated to weigh 235 tons, which was capsized, dragged 50 yards and lifted 10 feet during a gale. Marine organisms which have to endure such fury as tossed this block at Bondi, undergo special adaptation. In the first place they are skilled at taking cover, appreciating to the full the shelter afforded by a tuft of weed, a crack or a projecting ledge of rock. Without such shelter exist- ence would for most be here impossible. Hvolution has conducted various inhabitants of the surf- zone by epharmonic convergence to the same tent-like shape. Just as a similar mode of defence has imposed a superficial resemblance on the hedgehog and the HKchidna,so resistance in the sea has moulded many different stocks to the same external form. Though of unlike origin and widely different. in anatomical features, the gasteropods Hmarginula, Siphonaria, and Acmaea have now assumed a shell hardly to be distinguished on the outside from the real limpet. Travelling an even longer road, the barnacle has changed from a mobile crustacean to a fixed limpet-like cone. For example, Catophragmus polymerus (fig. 18), common in the surf zone and distinguished by its whorls of scales, like a daisy’s petals, shows the last stage of transition from a stalked to a sessile barnacle, as if it were a telescoped Scapellum. The limpet itself is doubtless the last term of a series of trochoidal, multispiral gasteropoda. For this low cone or tent shape is that on which rushing water takes the least grasp, the stream shearing off from its evasive sides. Asa further mechanical advantage, the 1 This Journal, xlvi, 1912, pp. 155 — 158, pls. iv, v, vi. 56 C. HEDLEY. wall of the cone may be strengthened by radial corruga- tions. Ifa stream be received on one side only, the shell develops a long front slope, and steep rear, but where the pressure is endured on various aspects the apex is central and the shell symmetrical. So in the rapid moun- tain streams of the tropics, Navicella has for the same purpose evolved from Neritina to a limpet like shell. By adaptation to surf environment the limpet has thus arrived at the Fig. 18. Catophragmus polymerus, a sessile bar- best Shape forresistance. A group of nacle from the surf zone. Jimpets Helcioniscus variegatus,' is Showing descent from a pedunculate form modi- shown by Plate V, fig. 10, as planted fied to a limpet shape to 00 a bare space of rock exposed to resist the blows of the the full sweep of the ocean surf at eee: Long Reef. Here there is not the least cover or protection of weed or rock. Relying on con- tour alone for their defence, the naked limpets withstand the full force of the waves. The shield of the shell is held in position by the limpet’s foot. This is a muscular disc closely applied to the rock. If taken unawares a brisk, though slight, tap removes the limpet, but if warned, the limpet can resist a pressure which Reaumur measured as thirty pounds weight. The exact operation of the mechanism is not ascertained,’ but it is probably concerned with atmospheric pressure, or in popular language, suction. Other molluscs, whose shells are less perfectly moulded for evasion, rely for defence on the strength of some detail of construction. Characteristic of rocky surf-swept head- * Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxix, 1915, p. 714. * Davis and Fleure, Liverpool Marine Biol. Committee, Memoir x, Patella, 1903, p. 4. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 57 lands is the genus Thais, in whicha large and solid shell is fortified by various devices. On the coast of New South Wales this genus is represented by a common species, T. succincta, which is yellow, ovate and about three inches long (fig. 19). In sheltered waters this shell has a com- 2 paratively smooth surface, but on ZAMAN 6 ST exposed beaches it develops mas- = 2ammmlee Orthoclase ... 35°03 Ilmenite woe 0 OER Albite ee Seer Apatite se ioe Anorthite ... 5°84 H,O, CO, ete. 3:45 Corundum ... 0:92 Hypersthene... 2°69 100:26 Class I. Persalane Rang 2 Alsbachase Order 3 Columbare Subrang 2 Mihalose Magmatic name Muihalose. B. The Andesites. In naming these rocks andesites, the writer may appear to be inconsistent, because if adhering strictly to the lines laid down in the description of the quartz-porphyrites of this area, these rocks should also be called porphyrites. These two rock types, however, possess so many points of difference that it would have been confusing, particularly to students, to have called them both porphyrites. The rocks now under consideration, although they are intrusive, have all the appearance, both in hand specimens and under the microscope, of typical andesites, whereas the rocks we are calling quartz-porphyrites are more inclined to a plutonic than to a volcanic type. It is not unusual to call certain dyke rocks andesites, as for example, Harker in his ‘“Petrology for Students,’’ figures and describes a dyke- rock from Northumberland as an augite-andesite. GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 399 As already described in Part I, two distinct types of andesite occur, these will be described separately :— (a) ANDESITE (NON-PORPHYRITIC TYPE). MEGASCOPIC DESCRIPTION.—The colour is dark grey with a tinge of green; phenocrysts are always small and rarely visible to the eye, but on a smooth surface one can, with a pocket lens, see that the rock is crowded with small felspar phenocrysts. Inclusions of black chert are fre- quently noticed, besides the more abundant inclusions of the porphyritic andesite referred to in Part I. Microscopic DESCRIPTION.—The rock is holocrystalline and microporphyritic, with a microcrystalline to crypto- crystalline and somewhat turbid groundmass. The pheno- crysts are mainly plagioclase with a subordinate amount of augite and hornblende. Felspar.—The phenocrysts are for the most part small, averaging about 0°4 mm. in diameter, but crystals up to 1 mm. in size occur. These crystals are for the most part rounded or irregular in shape, only occasionally idiomorphic and often encircled by a ring of dark kaolin-like material. These felspars constitute about fifty per cent. of the rock, but are so much altered that any exact determination is impossible. Multiple twinning can be detected in some crystals. The analysis indicates that both orthoclase and plagioclase are present, the latter largely predominating. Augite.—This is not plentiful. In colour it is pale-green to almost colourless, and is fairly fresh. The crystals vary from 0°25 to 0°50 mm. in size, some few crystals reaching 1 mm. in diameter. Hornblende.—This is less plentiful than the augite, is yellowish-green in colour and quite fresh. It occurs in typical prismaticand basal sections with strong pleochroism, but the crystals are rather smaller than the augites. Both the hornblende and augite are remarkably fresh, considering the amount of alteration which the felspar phenocrysts and the groundmass have suffered. 360 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. ~ Iron ores.—These are very sparingly present, pyrites. being the most abundant; a little magnetite is present. Groundmass.—This is much altered, and where it admits } of any examination it is seen to consist of a microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline base of felted microlites of felspar with some ferro-magnesian mineral, probably augite. A few small patches of calcite were noted. Chemical Composition (x 63). Per cent. Per cent. SiOm ie. Se DOEROS) Cl ae ae .oe,,, braces AIO: see SRO) S(FeS ,) woo, RBG Fe,O, 22. 0290 Cr, 0; ... absent FeO ... nak 6°48 NiO and CoO _ trace* MoO :: wel |) 6830 MnO ... ee GHO8 C207 ne: see § O20) Ba@ ee s+?) Oe Na,O oe 2°49 SION Pace sos, jexage KOR oes oS) IBM) Se ... absent H,O (100° C.) 0:43 WaQaces a ORGS H,O(100°C.+) 3:90 COs. He O23 929F iO Ares wb 14(0°do Tid ON ... absent Specific gravity 2°775 Po Osta. i A AOIOO * Trace less than 0:01%. SORT ap ten OOe + Spectroscopic reaction only. Norm. Per cent. Per cent. Orthoclase ... 18°35 Magnetite ... 1:39 Albite 23) 20°96 ilmenite > peleOis Anorthite ... 23°63 Apatite 3 ee Corundum ... 3:47 H,O, CO, etc. 4-65 Hypersthene... 24-00 7 Olivine ee a Sire, Class II. Dosalane. Rang 3 Andase. Order 5. Germanare. Sub-rang Shoshonose. Magmatic name Shoshonose. GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 361 Although the analysis only gives traces of pyrites the sections certainly show more, this is due to the fact that the material chosen for analysis was carefully selected, any showing pyrites being rejected. The calculation of the norm also indicates that the bases present are not sufficient to satisfy all the alumina, the balance 3°47 per cent. entering into the norm as corundum. _ The microscopic examination shows the rock to be much altered, particularly the felspars, which are now repre- sented largely by a sericite-like material with some kaolin. It illustrates an example of metasomatism, through the action of percolating superficial water acting on the sili- cate of lime in the felspar, resulting in a loss of lime and a gain in alkalis, particularly potash, and probably alu- mina, as indicated by the development of sericite and kaolin. The result of Termiers* investigations has shown that in general the above action has resulted invariably in the loss of lime and a gain in alkalis. Silica remains approximately constant, the alumina varies and the magnesia fluctuates between a small loss or gain. Allotting all the hypersthene molecules together with some of the anorthite to form the augite and hornblende present in the rock, the average plagioclase would be about andesine of a basic character. Plagioclase would also largely predominate over orthoclase. In arriving at the actual mineral constitution from the norm it is also necessary to bear in mind that this rock, particularly the felspar, has undergone a good deal of alteration, which has probably resulted in a loss of lime anda gain in potash and alumina, giving to the norm a higher percentage of ortho- clase than actually existed in the unaltered rock. * Sur lV élimination de la chaux par métasomatose dans les roches éruptives basiques de la région du Pelvoux, P. Termier. Bulletin de la société Géologique de France, series 3, Vol. xxv1, 1898, p. 165. ‘4 Lag 1 362 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. (b) AUGITE-HORNBLENDE-ANDESITE (PORPHYRITIC TYPE). This occurs near the Cave House as included fragments and masses of varying size in the compact, non-porphyritic, andesitic dyke previously described. Two phases of this type occur, one characterised by porphyritic augite only, the other by phenocrysts of both hornblende and augite, the hornblende predominating. In all other essentials they are similar, and are undoubtedly cognate, and represent inclusions from the same rock mass. The phase in which augite only occurs, is the one more frequently met with. These rocks also outcrop at the locality marked A on the geological map (Plate LV), as described in Part I, but the porphyritic type from here differs so much from that occur- ring near the Cave House, that it should really be called a lamprophyre, and will be described separately as an augite- kamprophyre. MEGASCOPIC DESCRIPTION.—The augite and hornblende phenocrysts are set in a greenish aphanitic base, and have an average size of 2to3 mm., but individual crystals range up to 9 mm. in diameter. Small oval-shaped cavities con- taining chalcedony and calcite may be seen in some speci- mens, and where these have fallen out during weathering the rock presents asomewhat vesicular appearance. These cavities may represent in part an original vesicular struc- ture, although some are undoubtedly due to replacement of augite phenocrysts by serpentine, calcite and secondary silica. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION.—Holocrystalline and _ por- phyritic with a microcrystalline groundmass, which has in some sections a distinctly pilotaxitic fabric. Besides the phenocrysts of augite and hornblende observable in the hand specimen, some small phenocrysts of felspar also occur. (i.) Phase containing augite only (slide x 32). Augite isa pale yellow-green to almost colourless variety, and occurs in beautiful idiomorphic, well cleaved, crystals; GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 363 some crystals have an almost colourless central zone with an outer zone of yellowish-green. The crystals in general havea very fresh appearance, but some show various stages of alteration into serpentinous material and calcite. In those sections in which the augite only occurs it occupies up to 40% of the volume of the rock. Felspar. This occurs insmall idiomorphic crystals ranging up to 1 mm. in diameter, the average being about 0°5 mm. The quantity present varies considerably in different sec- tions, reaching as muchas 30%. These felspars are always much altered; any twinning noticeable is always multiple. A few approximate extinction determinations place it as being a basic andesine. Iron ores.—Pyrite is the most plentiful, there being but little magnetite or ilmenite present, and this is mainly associated with the alteration of the augite. Apatite is only sparingly developed. Secondary minerals are abundant and include kaolin and sericite as alteration products of the felspars; serpentine, calcite and iron ores as alteration products of the augites; secondary silica due to infiltration. Serpentine is the main product of the alteration of the augite and is sometimes completely pseudomorphous after that mineral. In this connection it is often associated with calcite, which in some sections is fairly abundant, and in patches up to 2 mm. in diameter. The serpentine also occurs filling oval or circular shaped cavities often in association with secondary silica, the latter occupying the central zone. Some of the cavities are filled completely with secondary silica largely chalcedonic in character, and showing well marked concentric structure. Pyrite is sometimes associated with the serpentine and secondary silica often forming a complete border zone. 364 CO. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. The groundmass is microcrystalline with a pilotaxitic fabric in some sections. It is essentially a matrix of minute felspar laths with microscopic augite grains in which are embedded the phenocrysts. It is for the most part much altered and inclined to opacity. In some sections secondary silica is plentifully scattered through it in microscopic aggregates. (ii.) Phase in which hornblende occurs. In slide x 64, which isa good example, the hornblende is abundant in beautifully fresh crystals of a green colour, exhibiting strong pleochroism. T’winning is common, and some good zoning is present. The augite is generally above the average in size for this phase, one crystal measuring 3 mm. in diameter. It shows slight alteration to horn- blende in places. Augite-andesite phase (x 32). Chemical Composition. Per cent. Per cent. SLOmee ee OO Clo ar ... trace IO: eo 20 S(FeS, ) ... , trace Fe,0O3; cee OO Cr,O, ... absent FeO ... 2 1630 NiO and CoO trace MeOu® CO COR MnO ... a. URORINE CaO ... bo: iBaQl.:. ws |) WOROE Na,O ae 1°84 Sr 424 ... + trace KO-... ae 12d? Hise s ... absent H,O (100° C.) 0:22 Vi, Ogre. sa OE H,0 (100° C.+) 1:86 COERT..s: ch) (Lele ae 100°33 MiOs 14. ot) E50 aoe AOD ae ... absent Specific gravity 2:°892 PEO es. by Opa Trace = less than 0:017/ OF oe reaiyn) “OsO2 + Spectroscopic reaction only. (ou) lop) nr GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. Norm. Per cent. Per cent. Quartz eaemae Or) Magnetite ... 3:02 Orthoclase ... 8°90 Iimenite aia Oil Albite Pay ran20 Apatite A) er OE6 F Anorthite ... 20°57 HO,, CO, ete. or20) Diopside i... (2861 Hypersthene... 13°32 100-40 Class IIT. Salfemane. Rang 3. Camptonase. Order 5. Gallare. Sub-rang 4. Camptonose. Magmatic name Camptonose. The high percentage of quartz in the norm would be accounted for in large part, if not entirely, by the amount of secondary silica present. The diopside and hypersthene molecules together with a portion of those allotted to anorthite would be combined to form the augite present, and thus give a good idea of the high percentage of that mineral. Bearing in mind that a portion of the anorthite should be transferred to form the pyroxene, the average plagio- clase felspar would probably approach a basic andesine or an acid labradorite. The amount of orthoclase present would be small. The fact that the felspars have undergone a good deal of alteration, resulting probably in a loss of some lime, should be taken into consideration when trying to arrive at the actual mineral constitution from the norm, In taking a sample of this rock for analysis, fragments as free as possible from the secondary minerals were chosen, therefore the amount of these present, as shown in sections, would probably be more than indicated by the analysis. (c) AUGITE LAMPROPHYRE. From McEwan’s Creek, Locality A. MEGASCOPIC DESCRIPTION.—A dark green aphanitic rock with numerous fresh looking augite phenocrysts. Small 366 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. patches of a darker and much softer serpentinous material are also abundant. Microscopic DESCRIPTION.—Holocrystalline and por- phyritic with a microcrystalline groundmass tending to a pan-idiomorphic fabric. The porphyritic constituent is augite, while the groundmass contains felspar, augite, biotite and apatite. Augite.—The augite phenocrysts constitute 30 to 40%, of the rock by volume; they have an average size of 1 to 2mm., but crystals up to 4mm. occur. It is a pale green to almost colourless variety, and occurs in beautifully fresh looking, idiomorphic, well cleaved crystals, sometimes showing typical examples of twinning; and are similar in every way to those occurring in the andesites at the Cave House. A serpentinous material is abundant, occurring — in patches of about the same size as the augite phenocrysts. It is pale green to colourless and probably pseudomorphous after the augite. Hxcept that a similar serpentinous material is noticed along cracks and cleavage directions in some of the augites, there appears to be no transition stage, as one would expect to find, between the remarkably fresh looking augite on the one hand, and the complete serpentine patches on the other. The groundmass is comparatively fresh with a distinctly holocrystalline texture, the average grainsize being from 0°'1 to 0°2 mm. It consists of felspar, with lesser amounts of augite and biotite, while fine needles of apatite are plentifully scattered through it. Felspar is strictly confined to the groundmass, pheno- crysts being typically absent. It has a general lath-shaped appearance and includes both plagioclase and orthoclase, the former predominating. The felspar would constitute about 40% of the rock by volume. . GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 367 The augite occurs in typical stumpy crystals and is not quite so fresh looking as the phenocrysts. It is more abundant than the biotite. The biotite is ofa brown colour, and rather plentifully and regularly scattered through the groundmass. It is unaltered with fairly strong pleochroism; has a somewhat smudgy appearance, the outline of the crystals being indefinite, seldom distinctly idiomorphic. Besides apatite the only other accessory minerals are iron ores, consisting chiefly of pyrite as small crystals and grains generally associated with the serpentine patches. It willbe seen that this rock differs from the porphyritic augite-hornblende-andesite of the Cave House in (a) con- taining a fair amount of biotite, (b)containing no hornblende, (c) its lamprophyric texture. C. The Quartz Porphyrites. As already pointed out in Part I, two distinct varieties. of this rock occur, which owing to their colour were referred to as the pink and green varieties respectively. It will be seen from the following description, that not only do they differ in colour, but to some extent also both in their structure and chemical composition. The pink variety has a granophyric structure and quartz phenocrysts are not conspicuous. This will be described as a granophyric- quartz-porphyrite. The green variety does not display any granophyric structure, but is crowded with smal! quartz phenocrysts. The classification of rocks of this type 7.e., of hypabyssal occurrence and of intermediate chemical composition, is a vexed question. If classified on a chemical and mineralogical basis only, a system some petrographers are strictly following, they would be placed with the dacites, é.g., the green variety with the magmatic name Tonalose 368 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. would according to the quantitative scheme of classification outlined in Iddings’ ‘‘Igneous Rocks,’’ fall within Division II, Group C, i.e., Quartz-diorites and their equivalent aphanites, to the latter of which he gives the name dacite or dacite-porphyry, the latter being the equivalent of the paleotypal variety quartz-porphyrite. Adopting the scheme in which mode of occurrence has also a bearing on nomenclature, and as outlined in Harker’s text book ‘Petrology for Students,” the name quartz-porphyrite’ is applied. (a) GRANOPHYRIC QUARTZ-PORPHYRITE (Pink Variety). MEGASCOPIC CHARACTERS.—This rock has a _ pinkish- ‘brown colour, mottled with dark green, creamy and light yellowish-green patches. It is porphyritic with an aphanitic base of a pinkish-brown colour. The phenocrysts present are chlorite, felspar and quartz. The chlorite is of a dark green colour, dull lustre, and varies considerably in size, reaching 5 mm., the average size being about 2mm. Occas- ionally harder patches with a fair lustre are noticed, which represent not entirely altered phenocrysts of a ferro- magnesian mineral. Yellowish-green patches of what appears to be epidote are associated with the chlorite and scattered through the groundmass. Quartz occurs very sparingly as phenocrysts which are only noticed here and there witha diameter of about 1 mm. The felspar is pale yel- lowish-green to dull white in colour, and shows evidence of much alteration to kaolin etc. The average size of the crystals is about 2mm., but ranges up to4or5mm. The chlorite and felspar phenocrysts appear to be developed in about equal proportions. 1 Porphyrite as defined by Harker is a rock of hypabyssal type, with intermediate chemical composition and porphyritic structure with a groundmass, and characterised by a soda-lime felspar. GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 369 MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS.—Slide x 888 is described in the main as being typical of the rock type. This rock is holocrystalline and porphyritic with medium to fairly coarse micro-crystalline groundmass. It is much altered, in some places to such an extent as to render description difficult. The phenocrysts in their order of abundance are felspar, augite, quartz, and would occupy between 30 and 40% of the rock by volume. Feispar.—lIs in an advanced stage of alteration and it is Oiten difficult to define its boundaries, except between X nicols, as it merges into the groundmass in ordinary light. Both plagioclase and orthoclase are present, the former predominating; only occasionally is the multiple twinning of the plagioclase clear enough to obtain measurable extinc- tions, and approximate determinations place it about andesine. A faint zoning is sometimes seen. The colour is variable depending upon the type of alteration, being brownish, greenish, grey, clouded etc. The decomposition products are kaolin, sericite and chlorite mainly, with calcite and epidote. In some sections the phenocrysts are either completely sericitised or kaolinised; others show an alteration to both kaolin and sericite, often having a zonal arrangement, the outer zone being kaolin with the central part sericite; and others still are a mixture of kaolin, sericite, chlorite and calcite. Quartz occurs only sparingly as phenocrysts and is of small size compared to the felspar; generally speaking it is more a constituent of the groundmass. Large and numer- ous phenocrysts as in the quartz-porphyrite being typically absent. It is often interstitial in habit, separated grains being often optically continuous. Augite—Slide x 889, shows a very pale green augite somewhat sparingly in patches, not yet completely altered. In other slides, no trace of an original ferro-magnesian X—December 1, 1915. 370 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. \ mineral was detected. The augite when present is associ- ated with its alteration products, chlorite mainly, calcite, epidote and iron ores. A few small phenocrysts of horn- blende were noticed. Iron ores (in part secondary). Both ilmenite and mag- netite are present mainly in groups of grains and crystals associated with chlorite, where it represents segregations during the alteration of the ferro-magnesian minerals. It is also scattered sparingly through the groundmass. Ilmenite appears to be the most plentiful, but as they generally occur together, it is often impossible to distinguish between them. Ilmenite frequently shows a typical skeleton form of growth arranged in three parallel groups which cut each other at 60° in cross section. In some instances it is altered to leucoxene. Apatite occurs in the matrix as small prisms and needle- like crystals. It is also rather plentifully included in the chlorite patches and less sparingly in the felspars. It is more abundant here than in the other types of rock described. The secondary minerals are chlorite, calcite, kaolin, sericitic material and epidote. Chlorite isthe most abundant of these products and occurs in patches up to 5 mm. in size. It is present as an alter- ation product of the phenocrysts and the groundmass. It is undoubtedly the principal alteration product of a ferro- Magnesian mineral, and from its association in x 889 with augite, it is probably in large part derived from that mineral. It is of a fibrous nature and pale green colour and generally faintly pleochroic. Between xX nicols it shows a deep ultramarine blue, and in some instances is almost isotropic. Calcite occurs rather plentifully, and according to the analysis occupies about two per cent. of the rock. Itisan GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 371 alteration product of the ferro-magnesian minerals, felspar and groundmass. Hpidote is present both as an alteration product of the phenocrysts and of the groundmass. It is of a yellowish- green colour with fair pleochroism, and occurs as crystals with thetypical columnar structure, andasirregular patches and grains. It is more plentiful in some slides than in others. - The groundmass.—This is generally much altered and does not admit of detailed description. It is of a yellowish or brownish clouded colour, changing to pale green where chlorite is plentiful. It may be briefly described as a micro-crystalline mixture of felspar, orthoclase and plagio- clase, the former predominating, and quartz with the secondary products chlorite, kaolin, calcite and epidote. Quartz is fairly plentiful and is more or less interstitial in habit. Where the groundmass of this rock is at all fresh it shows distinct micrographic structure; especially is this the case in slide x66 where exquisite examples of this structure occur, and in which it constitutes a large part of the groundmass. Frequently the groundmass encloses these patches of micropegmatite, like porphyritic crystals, with irregular boundaries, arranged around a centre and with an average size of about 0°4 mm. but reaching 1 mm. Often the orthoclase is twinned on the Carlsbad law when the structure assumes a delicate feather-like appearance, the composition plane of the orthoclase corresponding to the ribof the feather and the parallel intergrowths of quartz to the barbs. This rock with its distinctly holocrystalline groundmass is inclined more to plutonic than volcanic types. In struc- ture it is closely allied to the granophyres of the acid group. With a silica content reaching only 617%, and characterised by a porpbyritic soda-lime felspar, it must however, be included in the intermediate group. one Cc. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. Chemical Composition. Per cent. Per cent. S1Oe ui. en 00290 Cl e. +s +) URGE Al,O, ene OU: S (FeS,) ... absent Fe,O, af 2°60 CrsOe .. absent KeOy 2: An eR NiO and CoO trace* MgO ... the a PES? MnOee® so | CA CaO ... weit 4°30 BaO) os woo ORs NEW) Koen Onl SRO? wise ... present KAO oe. H56, e UG LiG@ ... absent HL O00; 0-17 Vv OF sul H,O(100°C.+) 2:08 CuO. wos Ce ees CO mee ee 10280 MO se a ane 10265 99°83 AiO: ... absent POF os see 0°20 Specific Gravity 2°796 OG 1 o8o ae O202 * Trace less than 0°017%. + Spectroscopic reaction only. Norm. . Per cent. Per cent. Quartz Pe LOGOS Magnetite’ -" "75 sani Orthoclase ... 17°79 Ilmenite i Albite een 25 Apatite =.) DEG Anorthites 7 2:s1))) eo H,O, CO, »ete;d ieee Diopside LN Ot Hypersthene... 9°80 99°76 Class II. Dosalane. Rang 3. Tonalase. Order 4. Austrare. Sub-rang 3. Harzose. Magmatic name Harzose. The diopside and hypersthene molecules together with some of those allotted to anorthite will constitute the pyroxene and its particular alteration product present in the rock. The plagioclase felspar is one which contains. an excess of soda over lime and would approach andesine in character. This soda-lime felspur is in excess of the ortho- clase, although the proportion of the latter is fairly high. — W ~I ww GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. (b) THE QUARTZ-PORPHYRITE (Green Variety). Meraascopic DgescripTion.—The colour at a distance is dark green, near at hand it is dark green speckled white. The rock is porphyritic with an aphanitic groundmass. On casual inspection the rock appears to be phanerocrystalline, but on closer study the apbanitic character is distinctly seen; the phenocrysts of felspar and quartz being set ina matrix of chloritic material, the latter obscuring somewhat the aphanitic nature, and giving to the rock its prevailing green colour. The quartz phenocrysts are very plentiful and have an average size of from 1 to 2 mm., occasionally up to 4or5mm. It is of a dark glassy to faint milky colour. With the aid of the lens the groundmass is seen to invade some quartz crystals. The felspar is white to faint pink in colour, with an average size of 1 to 2 mm., occasionally ranging up to 4mm. It is somewhat more plentiful than the quartz and shows various stages of alteration, some being fairly fresh in appearance, the majority, however, have a more or less dull lustre. Traces of twinning are consequently seldom noticed. Chloritic material of a greasy lustre and dark green colour comprises the balance of the rock. A yellowish green mineral of a secondary nature which appears to be epidote, is noticed here and there up to 3 mm. in size. Small fragments of foreign rocks, viz., limestone, slate, etc., are seen to be included occasionally, these are probably the remnants of larger lumps and blocks which have not been completely absorbed by the magma. Microscopic DESCRIPTION.—The rock is holocrystalline and porphyritic with a microcrystalline base. Like the granophyric-quartz porphyrite, it is much altered, and description becomes rather difficult, especially in connection with the groundmass. Although chlorite is abundant and undoubtedly represents the alteration of a ferro-magnesian “ ". +” . a " 374 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. mineral or minerals, in all the slides examined, primary ferro-magnesian minerals were not detected except in the case Of a few flakes of biotite, included in the quartz and felspar phenocrysts. The primary minerals present are quartz, felspar, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite. The secondary minerals are chlorite, kaolin, calcite, sericite, epidote, and iron ores in part. Quartz occurs plentifully and is practically confined to. the phenocrystic stage. Tbe crystals vary in size (see megascopic description) till some approach fragments of microscopic dimensions, although the quartz enters but sparingly into the composition of the groundmass. Idio- morphic crystals are somewhat rare, the phenocrysts being generally of an angular or irregular form, where not other- wise rounded through corrosion. It also exhibits much fracturing, fragments of the same phenocryst often having slightly different extinction, but very little strain-shadow- ing, indicating subsequent differential movement of the fragments. This taken in conjunction with its angular character would appear to be the result of fracturing prior to the solidification of the rock, and due probably to change of molecular stress, consequent upon changes of tempera- ture within the magma, subsequent to the crystallization of the quartz. Hxamples of typical corrosion are numer- ous, the groundmass commonly penetrating the crystals as. tubular pockets or shallower bays, and often occurring as - rounded inclusions. It is possible that such rounding of phenocrysts, inclusions and deep embayments of the ground- mass, were formed during the crystallization of the quartz. phenocrysts, and were due to an unequal supply of silica molecules from the magma, instead of being, as generally considered, the result of solution of the quartz by the magma. Felspar is somewhat more plentiful than the quartz, and also ranges down to microscopic dimensions. It is often GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. aye idiomorphic, but a greater number of crystals are irregular or rounded in shape. It shows the typical method of cor- rosion along boundaries and lines of weakness as cleavage planes and cracks, instead of the pocket-like intrusions of of the groundmass, as in the case of the quartz. Plagioclase predominates, but the multiple twinning is too obscured by alteration to admit of the measurement of extinctions except here and there. The results of several determina- tions place it mainly as andesine, approaching in some to oligoclase-andesine. Orthoclase seems to be fairly plentiful, but this conflicts with the percentage of potash returned in the analysis, so a Second determination of the alkalis was undertaken, on a sample secured recently at a different spot to that upon which the analyses were made, the material for which was collected some time previously: Recent sample. Earler sample. Potash 0°56% 0°88 (analysis) The quantity of orthoclase present in this rock must con- sequently be small. It is therefore probable that what is assumed to be orthoclase in section represents plagioclase twinned on the Carlsbad and albite laws, the finer lamellze of the latter being obliterated by alteration, while the more prominent Carlsbad type is still noticeable. The felspar is never fresh, but has undergone more or less alteration into kaolin, sericite, chlorite, calcite and epidote. These secondary products occur in abundance in the order named. The amount of alteration varies in different sections, some showing almost complete change to the above products. Biotite—Only noticed on a few occasions as small flakes enclosed in felspar and quartz phenocrysts. Iron ores—These occur as irregular patches and grains mostly associated with the light green chlorite patches, and no doubt here represent mainly an alteration product a ing 7 + i . of a ferro-magnesian mineral. It is sparingly scattered through the groundmass. A little of it appears to be leucoxene, but generally it is impossible to distinguish between the magnetite and ilmenite. A few specks of iron 76 Oil C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. pyrites were detected with aid of lens in hand specimens. Apatite occurs sparingly as small crystals in the chlorite patches and groundmass. It is included also occasionally as needle-like crystals in the felspars. The secondary minerals are chlorite, calcite, epidote, kaolin, and a sericite-like material. Chlorite is very plentiful and occurs in patches of a light green colour up to 2 or 3 mm. insize. The average size is about 1 mm. It is slightly pleochroic, shows very low interference colours, and is sometimes practically isotropic. It is probably the variety pennine. It undoubtedly repre- sents, in a large part, the alteration of a ferro-magnesian mineral, and is often associated in this connection with calcite andiron ores. It also probably represents complete pseudomorphs after felspar as these show various stages of alteration. Chlorite, also of a fibrous nature, constitutes in large part the groundmass, giving to it the prevailing brownish-green to green colour. In most sections examined the matrix has been largely chloritised, insome completely So. Calcite is fairly plentiful and would reach in quantity that indicated by the analysis, about 4/4. It occurs some- times in patches up to 3 mm. showing typical cleavage. Some of it no doubt is entirely secondary, t.e., been intro- duced wholly into the rock by the action of percolating water, but the main bulk is probably due to the alteration in situ of lime bearing minerals by the action of percolating solutions containing carbonic acid. It is an alteration product of the felspar, ferro-magnesian mineral, and ground- mass. The felspar shows various stages of alteration and Go GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. some of the calcite patches from their general appearance appear to represent complete pseudomorphs after that mineral. As a secondary product of a ferro-magnesian mineral it is often associated with the other alteration products, chlorite and iron ore. Hpidote of a yellowish-green colour is occasionally noticed as an alteration product of the phenocrysts and groundmass. It is rather plentiful in slide x 65, which shows typical replacement of felspar. The other secondary products, kaolin and _ sericitic- material as already indicated, represent the alteration of the felspar. The groundimass is microcrystalline, of a brownish. green colour. It is much obscured by alteration, and inclined to opacity, and does not admit of any detailed description. It is generally composed of felspar and its decomposition pro- ducts, intimately mixed with a finely fibrous chloritic mineral. Wherever it penetrates the quartz and felspar phenocrysts it is of a brighter green, and more transparent, and illustrates well the alteration of the matrix into chlorite by infiltration. From the result of the analyses the con- clusion is drawn that the felspar is essentially plagioclase, as the low percentage of potash would not allow much room for the presence of orthoclase, the potash present constituting orthoclase as phenocrysts. Microscopic quartz is present in small amount only. Calcite is scattered throughit plentifully in patches and microscopic aggregates. A few inclusions of small fragments of other rocks were noticed, principally of sedimentary origin, viz., slate etc., also of a finer-grained igneous rock of a cognate type. One of the features of this rock is the high proportion of phenocrysts to groundmass. This is apparent in both hand specimen and section, giving to the former a phaneo- erystalline appearance at first sight. The phenocrysts represent fully 75 per cent. of the rock by volume. 378 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. SVKOR akc Al,O, Fe,O, FeO ... MgO ... CaOn. Na,O UCR (Oy one one HO (100° C.) Chemical Composition. Per cent. 62°85 13°58 1:95 5°45 92 4°10 3°32 0°88 0-20 H,0 (100° C.+) 2-50 COL MMOs bone Jbl, nue POV: SOD hee Cl Quartz Orthoclase Albite Anorthite Hypersthene... Magnetite 1°85 0:90 absent 0-18 trace* trace* Per cent. 25°56 5°56 PRET T 19:74 11-80 2°78 Class IT. Dosalane. Order 4. Austrare. Norm. Per cent. S (FeS,) . absent Cr,O¢ . absent NiO and CoO absent MnO ... 0°14 BaQ™ ... 0:10 SEO (Ge + present iv, OF ..- 7 absent V 5 O58 . trace * CuOee . trace * 99°92 Specific gravity 2°753 * Trace less than 0:01 + Spectroscopic reaction only. Ilmenite Apatite HO,, CO, ete. Per cent. 1:67 0:34 4°55 Rang 3 Tonalase. Subrang 4 Tonalose. Maematic name Tonalose. Arriving at the actual mineral constitution from the norm, it is evident that the average plagioclase felspar is one in which soda predominates over lime, and, therefore, approximates to the andesine group, and plagioclase also largely predominates over orthoclase. GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 319 Both in hand specimens and under the microscope this rock is seen to be distinct in character from the grano- phyric quartz-porphyrite already described. Quartz pheno- crysts are abundant and typical of this rock, and the quartz is practically confined to the phenocrystic stage, and enters only slightly into the composition of the groundmass. In the granophyric quartz-porphyrite, quartz as phenocrysts is only sparsely present, but it enters largely. into the composition of the groundmass. The extreme chloritization of the groundmass of quartz-porphyrite is also very charac- teristic. The analyses of both these rocks is somewhat similar, except in the percentages of potash present. The amount of potash in each is characteristic and constant, as already indicated by two determinations of the alkalis of Material collected from different places. This difference is manifested mineralogically by the proportions of ortho- -. elase present in each, being much more plentiful in the granophyric-quartz-porphyrite, and giving rise in it, in conjunction with the quartz, to the fairly abundant micro- pegmatitic structures. The texture of the groundmass of the latter is also dis- tinctly coarser and the rock generally approaches a more plutonic type. From a petrographical and chemical aspect these two occurrences appear to represent separate intru- sions, aS opposed to considering them as different phases of the one intrusion. D. The Quartz Felsites. The specimen selected for description is from the road- cutting at the head of Hinchman’s Oreek, (Slide x 894). MEGASCOPIC DESCRIPTION.—OColour greyish-green to white. The groundmass has a distinctly felsitic appearance and contains numerous small phenocrysts of quartz and 380 Cc. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. felspar. Some specimens show evidence of intense silicifi- cation, the groundmass in some instances being completely changed to a fine-grained compact quartz. Microscopic DESCRIPTION.—The rock is holocrystalline and porphyritic with a cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline groundmass. The phenocrysts, quartz and felspar occupy from about 10 to 15 per cent. of the rock. They are present approximately in equa] quantity and generally of about the same size. The quartz is irregular in outline and shows more or less corrosion, numerous instances of a typical character being noticed. Shadowy extinction is sometimes present. Felspar.—Both orthoclase and plagioclase are present the latter predominating. The average size being from 0°5 tolmm. It is never quite fresh, being somewhat kaolin- ised and of a faint cloudy appearance. The amount of : alteration is not so great as in the quartz-porphyrites. It generally shows incipient alteration to sericite, microscopic whisps of that mineral being scattered through the pheno- crysts. Hxtinctions measured from the twin lamelle of the plagioclase gave angles corresponding to albite. The orthoclase only occasionally shows twinning. The pheno- crysts generally show more or less rounding through cor- rosion. Calcite occurs as an alteration product replacing the felspar along cleavage directions and cracks, also on boundaries, some of the phenocrysts being completely enveloped by a border of calcite. Apatite is very sparingly present as needle-like crystals in groundmass, and to a less extent in the felspars. Iron ore is scantily scattered as microscopic grains through the groundmass. Here and there small aggregates occur. A little iron pyrites was detected. GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 381 Calcite etc. is plentiful, occurring as grey patches up to 1 mm. in size and also scattered microscopically through the groundmass. It shows strong absorption and rarely traces of cleavage. It is an alteration product of the felspar, both phenocrysts andin groundmass. The amount present in this rock is high, as indicated by the presence of 2°83% of CO, in the analysis. No doubt magnesite and possibly dolomite are present, as it is not at all likely that the lime only is combined with the CO,. The appearance of the carbonate mineral in section suggests this also. The carbonates are due in part to infiltration and not entirely the result of the alteration in situ of lime-bearing minerals. The groundmass is cryptocrystalline mainly, to micro- crystalline in texture, and is generally distinctly felsitic in character. It is ofa grey colour and somewhat altered to. a kaolinised product. Where determinable, it is seen to be composed of a microscopic mixture of orthoclase and quartz, the former predominating. EHlow structure is well marked in places. Calcite is plentifully scattered through it in large patches and also in microscopic aggregates. A little sericite has also developed mainly along lines of flow. Some sections show complete silicification of the groundmass to . a microcrystalline granular quartz. Chemical Composition. Per cent. Per cent. Si 8 Fees Bo Ort COR) 4. wt (2883 ALO. ee nial ORS siass ee Ose Fe,O, vet alte) LE OP a ... absent Be@ 2. Re wie PEOR o. OOS MeO «.. we. - O64 SOM. we SH bFACEe Cae): 2.2 see ee A CE x. wee eGbace™ Na,O cee, OPE S (FeS,) ... absent IO. Pass ADDY) Cr,O, ... absent H,O (100° C.) 0°15 NiO and CoO absent H,0(100°C.+) 1°35 MnO... eal 0°04 ‘ 382 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. Per cent. Per cent. BaOn... son OOH Cul =: ... trace” pro) oe + present Ilae(C) Bas ... absent 100°39 V2O8 at ... absent Specific gravity 2°688 * Trace less than 0:017 + Spectroscopic reaction only. Norm. Per cent. Per cent. id Quartz ... 34°86 Magnetite ... 1°86 Orthoclase ... 12°79 Ilmenite we pe@otal Albite coo ghee -Apatite ve, Oias Anorthite ... 12°51 H,O, CO, etc: (42am Corundum ... O41 ———. Hypersthene... 3°18 100°31 Class I. Persalane. Rang 2 Alsbachase. Order 3 Columbare. Sub-rang 4 Alsbachose. Magmatic name Alsbachose. Bearing in mind that the lime in the anorthite and hypers- thene molecules, is represented in the rock mainly by calcite, which is in part due to infiltration, the plagioclase must be essentially a soda variety. Another example of quartz-felsite, also from the road- cuttings at the head of Hinchman’s Oreek (Slide N 2) shows the following points of difference from that just described: (1) the quartz phenocrysts predominate largely over the felspar. (2) The comparative paucity of this rock in plagio- clase, indicated by the much lower percentage of soda present, the amounts as given in the analyses being respec- tively (x 894) 3°47 per cent. and (N 2) 0°98 per cent. (3) Flow structure is more marked and there isa much greater development of sericite which forms a plentiful constituent GEOLOGY OF THE JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT. 383 of this rock. The sericite occurs largely along lines of flow, anditsappearance along certain planesas this would suggest that it is an alteration product as the result of pressure. The apparent flow structure might therefore be in part a foliation due to dynamic action subsequent to consolidation. The strain-shadowing sometimes noticed in the quartz phenocrysts, with some fracturing, and the remarkably bent felspar phenocrysts (slide x52) may also have been due to dynamic action, but these characteristics could have been produced prior to consolidation, 7.e., during flow. (4) Carbonates are more plentiful in this rock, the analysis of which gives 6°01 per cent. of CO.. The calcification etc. is due in large part to infiltration instead of the alter- ation in situ of lime or magnesia bearing minerals. The analysis indicates that there is not enough CaO present (4°567%), to satisfy all the CO, to form calcite, therefore some of the CO, must be combined with the MgO, to form magnesite or dolomite, with probably a little isomor- phous ferrous carbonate. The presence of ferrous carbonate is indicated by the separation of yellow oxide of iron from the carbonate patches. Chemical Composition. Per cent. Per cent. S10 ee oy H,0(100°C.) 0-26 Al.O, ets sin H,0(100°C.+) 2-10 Fe,0, ies 0 Commeal nk) (6:01 HeO1,. LIFE W2EOG MO es: VI MLOLO MoO) 2. 2 4280) MniOny.. tee OOO CaO’... ... 4°56 Na,O ety Hue 100:48 K0%.:. tte OMOL Nore.—The rock and slide numbers quoted refer to registered specimens and rock sections in the Sydney and Newcastle Technical College collections. C. A. SUSSMILCH AND W. G. STONE. Table of Analyses. Ti Aleta ae SiO, 74:18 | 50°05 | 53°62 OR ed 7) Ooo Ge a ant Fe,0O, 0-907) 0:90") 2:00 FeO 131_| 6°48 6:30 MgO 0-624) 265500) 3 0700 CaO 1:35) 9:20 11564 Na,O 1:00 | 2:49) 1°84 K,O | BOrS6y | SOON Mea? H,O(100°C), 0°15 | .0°43) 0°22 NEO CMOOsC2= E27) 5 320 Ou Malsso COs bh 2-00 120325) nel TiO, 0-25) O75) 1) 2Oz00 LrOs absent) absent] absent Ox at Orlio a 02385 Ong SO, | trace | 0:03] 0-02 Cl trace | trace | trace S(FeS, ) 0:01 | trace | trace Cr,O0, ...| absent) absent} absent NiO & CoO) absent} trace | trace MnO 010275705095) BOny BaO 0710; O15] 0:04 SrO .| trace | trace | trace Li,O _...| absent] absent! absent VO, ....| absent} 0°05) 0°02 Cu®* 3) trace aM LOO 320920 TACO rae IV. CONOWWARN WR aorowwwdm 0°65 absent 0-26 0:02 trace absent absent trace 0:08 0-13 trace absent 0:02 trace 99°83 S OSU eS WwrOmwwis absent 0-18 trace trace absent absent absent 0-14 0-10 trace absent trace trace Sao OwrNrN DH OW Ww LO Ww onow N _ trace absent absent absent 0:04 0:04 trace absent absent trace 100-39] 100-48 | OS Se Be a eee ROH WDSUBOAADYD SHOCOaAWNaacortornyw I.—Rhyolite-porphyry from near Grand Arch. I].—Andesite (fine grained, non-porphyritic type) from near Caves House. III.—Augite-andesite (porphyritic type) occurring as inclusions in 11. from near Caves House. IV.—Granophyric-quartz-porphyrite (pink variety). V.—Quartz-porphyrite (green variety). VI. VII. Quartz-felsite from road cutting at head of Hinchman’s Crk. Plate LV. @ 20 \ \ . SRS ZS OK \S \e NS OSG Ff See L See O Ie ANN Ve LE Phe NANA \. RO COG YY See GRniN \ BS Ve wal ee : so = ali ‘ : a: AIS GEOLOGICAL MAP i Set ay Lae oF “ JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT AY , e > \\ = \\ Compiled by C.A.Sussimilch EGS o Faia __Segle ot’ Chajps ; ay oe aed Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. XLLX, 1915 Plate LV. \ AO NSS . We INO renee Eee ANY wit 153 QNO. ~ ‘GEOLOGICAL MAP - JENOLAN CAVES DISTRICT Compiled by C.A.Sussmileh EGS. x Syncing = Plate LVI. yal Society of N.S.W., Vol. XLIX., 1915. Journal Ro ‘HOUW GNVYY AH], JO pus us9ysvoa oyy MN “SS \ ga re) ULMOYS ¢ SAB) UBlOUEL ‘souoqsomIy UeLaNy } TWO LORD HOWE ISLAND POLYPODIA. 38) TWO LORD HOWE ISLAND POLYPODIA. By the Rev. W. WALTER WATTS. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, Deeember 1, 1915. | In the earlier determinations of the Ferns of Lord Howe Island, too much appears to have been taken for granted; and, unfortunately, the two short papers published by me in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,’ in 1912 and 1914, rested upon the decisions of the earlier pteridologists, save in two cases, which resulted in the publication of Asplenium bulbiferum, var. howeanum, var. nov., determined earlier, at least in Sydney, as Asplen- ium pteridoides Bak.; and Polystichum Whiteleggii, sp. noy., known earlier as Aspidium capense (Polystichum adiantiforme). Recently I have seen reason to question the correctness of the view, that the two Polypodia, of the section Grammitis, found on the island, are respectively P. australe (R. Br.) Mett. and P. Hookeri Brack. My scepticism related, first, to the supposed P. Hookeri, but soon extended to the associated species. I. Polypodium Hookeri Brack. belongs to a series of ferns, mostly tropical or subtropical, which have been involved in considerable confusion. They belong to the Grammitis group, i.e., small Polypodia with undivided fronds; and they are clothed, more or less densely, with reddish-brown hairs. Dr. Christ’ makes of them a Section *“Setigera,’’ but selects, for mention, only P. setigerum BI. and P. Hookeri Brack. P.Hookeri was named P. seti- gerum by Hook. and Arn. in 1832, they having apparently overlooked Blume’s P. setigerum published in 1828; the name was changed by Brackenridge in 1854. 1 Vol. xxxvi, part 3, and Vol. xxx1x. part 2. * Die Frankriuter der Erde, 1897, p. 78. Y—December 1, 1915. ee 386 W. W. WATTS. Blume,’ in 1828, had described and figured several species of this group; but Hooker,’ in 1862, in a note following his description of Polypodium hirtum Hook., said, ‘‘The smaller Indian grammitoid Polypodia, if I may so call them, are attended with great difficulty in their study, and neither the costly figures nor the descriptions of Blume tend so much as they ought to do to remove the difficulties.” Mettenius, he adds, referred to three of Blume’s species as belonging to Grammitis hirta Bl. Christensen (Index Fil.) identifies Blume’s G. hirta (also G. setosa Bl.) with Poly- podium diplosorum Ohrist (1896). Hooker, in describing his own Polypodiwm hirtum, expressed a doubt as to whether it was the P. hirtum of Mettenius (vide supra). Christensen, loc. cit., makes Hooker’s P.hirtwm cover three separate species, viz., P. diplosorum Christ, P. Rein- wardtii (Bl.) Pr., and P. pubinerve (Bl.) Christ. The result of aJl this is, that the name, Polypodium hirtum, has lost validity, and has disappeared, except as a synonym. This example of the difficulties that beset the “‘grammitoid Polypodia”’ is given, because, curiously enough, while in the Sydney National Herbarium the Lord Howe plant is labelled P.. Hookeri, in Hooker and Baker’s Synops. Fil., p. 320, one of the localities given, for P. hirtwm Hook., is ‘““Lord Howe’s Island, C. Moore.’’ In my opinion, the Lord Howe hairy Grammitis differs, in essential respects, from any of the described species within my knowledge, and must be regarded as a new species. POLYPODIUM (GRAMMITIS) PULCHELLUM, sp. nov. (P. Hookert Brack. et P. hirtum Hook. in Herbariis err.) Rhizoma robustiusculum, subrepens vel subadscendens, densis- sime fibrillosum, seepe cum parvis discis (ostendentibus casorum bases stipitum) multo preditum, apice dense paleaceum, paleis subintegris, brunneis, a basi lata lineari-lanceolatis, acumine in 1 Enum. Fil. jav. p. 106 ff. ? Sp. Fil., 1v, p. 170, fig. 273 A. TWO LORD HOWE ISLAND POLYPODIA. 387 longam, subflexuosam, integram setam, interdum geminam, pro- ducto. Stipites dense approximati, subczespitosi, c. 3 — 4 cm. longi, in attenuatam frondis laminam mergentes. fFrons integra, 1 — 2 dm. longa, et cir. 1 cm. lata, basin versus sensim tenuissime angus- tata, supra oblongo-lanceolata, breviter acuminata, acumine obtusiusculo, utrisque faciebus (et marginibus, stipitibus, et soris) cum levibus, integris, brunneis, longiusculis, subflexuosis pilis preditis; nervo tenui, fere ad apicem attingenti, venulis erecto- patentibus, plerumque dichotomis, interdum trifurcatis, furcis fere ad marginem attingentibus; soris sat numerosis, obliquis, in seriebus singulis, subjuxtacostalibus, dispositis, juventate sublinearibus, maturitate ovalibus, prope basin superioris furcee venulee positis. Textura tenui-coriacea. On the upper slopes and the summit of Mount Gower; also on Mount Lidgbird. This handsome little fern differs from P. Hookeri, (1) in size: it is considerably larger; (2) in venation: in P. Hookeri the lower fork of the dichotomous venule is much longer than the short upper one that bears the sorus, while in our species the two forks (sometimes three) are of equal or nearly equal length; (3) in the shape and position of the sori, which, in P. Hookeri, are larger, rounder, more closely set in the rows, and closer to the midrib; (4) in the surface hairs, which are shorter and stiffer in P. Hookeri; (5) especially in its basal scales, which are very short and broad, and lighter in colour, in P. Hookeri; (6) in texture: the veins in our species are, with a lens and transparent light, more or less visible, while in P. Hookeri they are altogether obscured. The basal scales of P. pulchellum are apparently quite distinctive, with their long, sometimes geminate, sete, which character would have made the name P. setaceum suitable, but for its too close approximation to P. setigerum Bl. and the syn. P. setosum. 388 W. W. WATTS. II. PoLyPpoDIuM (GRAMMITIS) HOWEANUM sp. nov. _ (P. australe in Herbariis err.) -Rhizoma robustiusculum, adscendens vel subcespitosum, densis- sime fibrillosum, apice dense paleaceum, paleis longiusculis, lanceo- latis, subflexuosis, mollibus, longe subulatis, subula flexuosa. Stipites dense approximati, glabri, fere ad basin per attenuatam frondis laminam alati, plus minusve brunnei. Frons glaberrima, integerrima, ad 3 dm. vel ultra longa et prope ad 1 cm. lata, sed plerumque multo angustior, sicca subfalcata, distincte recurva, infra longissime in brevem stipitem sensim attenuata, supra oblongo-lanceolata, longe acuminata, nervo valido, fere percurrente, subtus prominenti; venulis numerosis, dichotomis, utrisque furcis equalibus vel subequalibus, fere ad marginem attingentibus, erecto- patentibus, indistinctis; soris in superiore tertia frondis parte et in superioribus furcis venularum positis, obliquis, sublinearibus, seepe confluentibus. Color dilute viridis, haud nitens Textura coriacea. Upper slopes and summit of Mount Gower, also on Mount Lidgbird; often associated with P. pulchellum. Hitherto identified with P. australe (R. Br.) Mett., from which, however, it differs through its stouter rhizome, its. much longer fronds, its long, subulate, flexuose scales, its very short, smooth stipes, and, especially, its finer and more closely set venules with their long equal or nearly equal forks. P. australe has venules with one long fork and one short one (bearing the sorus); it also shows its. venules more or less distinctly in slightly raised ridges on the upper surface, and its venules are much farther apart than those of P.howeanum. The fronds, also, of P. australe are more or less distinctly crenulate. NATIVE FLORA OF TROPICAL QUEENSLAND. 389 NOTES ON THE NATIVE FLORA OF TROPICAL QUEENSLAND. By R. H. CAMBAGE, F.L.S. With Plates LVIIT-—LXI and Map. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 1, 1915. ] THE notes for this paper were obtained during a visit to Queensland in August 1913, and the references are practi- cally confined to the conspicuous members of the flora as seen from the train and coaches, and as examined and discussed with bushmen during stoppages of a few hours in various localities. The route followed was from Cairns to Alma-den, Forsayth, Georgetown, Croydon and Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. From Normanton the journey was continued to Cloncurry, Hughenden, Prairie, Winton, Longreach and Rockhampton. . By far the greater portion of the area traversed is west of the Great Dividing Range, and consequently the vege- tation for the most part consists of open forest. The same conditions prevail in Queensland as in New South Wales in regard to the eastern and western floras being responsive to the moist and dry climates respectively.* Cairns is situated a few feet above sea-level, at the base of steep mountains whose eastern sides are clothed with luxuriant brush (the term scrub is used in Queensland) or jungle to their summits. To the westward of Cairns the Main Divide is crossed by the railway at about 1,700 feet above sea-level, while about thirty miles southwards from Cairns the great mountain masses of Bellenden Ker and * Mountains of Eastern Australia and their effect on the Native Vegetation. By R.H. Cambage. This Journal, xvii, (1914), p. 267. 140° 390 R. H. CAMBAGE. Bartle Frere rise to elevations exceeding 5,000 feet, and these are for the most part walls of brush to within a few feet of their actual crests. In all these mountain scenes, the Malayan element of the tropical flora, which includes fig trees, climbing vines, palms, dense jungle, etc., adds a magnificence and grandeur unsurpassed, and in only a few instances equalled in any portion of Australia. PART of TROPICAL # j QUEENSLAND x ; Ss ° 5 CALE ‘ “Se WY MAREEBA Miles 0, APCALEL ga doowiles _ ij} Qe, Kon Abe _——————— L tA ox AE iat oo A \ ZZ : we, SZ QNORMANTON Se, TN 4 BS 1s ENG s Eeesee eee, — e *e0, ooo 26 e “ ae CROYDON QGEORGE, OWN e y beset ° fojs ONORS HILL \ ORSAYTH tes — ° > e cays AS : & 5 vy : oy ) CHARTERS : > i Z TOWERS ° Eee ° RICHMO 2 te e ease esesecesseed ‘ CLONCURRY eerie 53 eel : ; NS 2) S a MACKAY o}} eal . e . 22° ° e 2 dwinton *e, Ce i ‘ | *e, | zie : | ok LM | Jo | Fegea eR Capeasen hoc a apes es — %| BARCALDIN S teens cast } ‘Ol 3 ‘ = a tl24 4 tt The impressions formed by botanists from the Southern States on arrival at Cairns will vary to some extent accord- ing to the season of the year, and flowering plants which may appear common at one season may bescarcely noticed at others. One cannot fail to be impressed however, with the tropical nature of the flora, and in the course of a short — NATIVE FLORA OF TROPICAL QUEENSLAND. 391 walk many plants are met with which are never seen wild in the latitude of Sydney, but which are recognised as cosmoplitan tropical types. Within the limits of the town may be seen huge spreading examples of various species of Wicus; shapely trees of Wormia alata Rottb., (Dilleniacee), with beautiful large yellow flowers three inches in diameter, and large oval leaves with winged stalks; palm-like arborescent plants of Pandanus aquaticus F.v.M., ? (Pandanacese); shrubs of Taberncemontana orientalis, R.Br.,(Apocynaces), rendered conspicuous by the three-angled, falcate, yellow fruits; small plants of Vinea rosea Linn., (Apocynacez), a natur- alised species common in the sand; beach plants of Ipomcea pes-caproee Roth., (Convolvulaceze), common on the sea coasts of most tropical countries; masses of succulent herbaceous plants, near the beach, of Bryophyllum caly- cinum Salisb., (Crassulacez), a naturalised plant several feet high with attractive reddish-green to pink tubular flowers, from tropical Africa; large trees of Castanosper- mum australe A. Cunn., (Leguminose), Moreton Bay Chestnut or Bean Tree; smaller trees of Alphitonia excelsa Reissek., (Rhamnacez), a species distributed from the Pacific Islands to the south coast of New South Wales, where it is in places known as Red Ash, and whose identi- cation is assisted by its clusters of berry-like drupes, and leaves with an almost white underside; tall twining plants of Hardenbergia retusa Benth., (Leguminosz) with beau- tiful purple flowers; species of Macrozamia, Melaleuca, and phyllodineous Acacias, including A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn., with its falcate phyllodes and spike flowers; and A. flavescens A. Cunn., with its prominently three-nerved, broad phyllodes, with sinuate upper margins, and its flowers in globular heads. 392 R. H. CAMBAGE. BELLENDEN KER. An ascent was made of Bellenden Ker from the Harvey’s Creek side, but it is not proposed to give an account of its flora, as a comprehensive list has already been published by F. Manson Bailey, Colonial Botanist, Queensland.! The ascent, though strenuous, may be conveniently made from Harvey’s Creek, but it is necessary to secure a guide as there is no track whatever. The beautiful Dracophyllum Sayeri F.v.M.(Epacridacez), was found flowering on the summit in August. This is the only species of Dracophytlum recorded for Queensland, and although the genus is represented in New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, and Western Australia, its home is usually regarded as being in southern latitudes. The native guides, one of whom had spent much of his early life on the slopes of Bellenden Ker before the arrival of white men, gave me several native names of plants. It seems evident that in their wild state the natives kept very much to their own districts in this rough, wooded country, for different dialects arise at fairly short distances. As an example, the native names of Bellenden Ker and Bartle Frere have been recorded from the Russell River dialect as Wooroonooran and Chooreechillum respectively; * while the names given me by natives representing the Harvey’s Creek dialect, a dozen miles away, were Charor- jimburra (the accent being on the third syllable), and Chigweaya (the accent being on the first a or third syllable). Among the native names (Harvey’s Oreek dialect), sup- plied of plants on the lower slopes of Bellenden Ker were the following :— 1 Report of the Government Scientific Expedition to Bellenden Ker Range (1889). See also “‘ Botanical Notes in Queensland, the Mulgrave River,” by Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. VII, (1882), p, 305. NATIVE FLORA OF TROPICAL QUEENSLAND. 393 Elceocarpus grandis F.v.M., ‘‘Mooregan”’ (Tiliaceze, Blue Fig or Quandong). Castanospermum australe, ‘‘Dongera’’ (Moreton Bay Chestnut or Bean Tree). Backhousia Bancroftii Bailey et F.v.M., ““Cowarda,”’ with the accent on the first syllable, (Myrtacez, Johnstone River Hardwood). Alstonia scholaris R.Br., ‘‘Jalgan,’’ (Apocynaceze, Milky Pine). Cordyline terminalis Kunth., ‘‘Midgenbil’’ (Liliacez, Lily Palm). Colocasia macrorrhiza Schott., ‘‘Culgum,”’ (Aroidez, Cun- jevoi of the natives of parts of the southern Queensland coast). Some of these plants were noticed to be prostrate, and it was pointed out by the natives that the roots are eaten by the Brush Turkeys (Talegallus Lathami) which undermine the plants when scratching for their food. This is evidently the plant referred to by Professor Baldwin Spencer as being eaten by the Native Turkeys near Cooran, south of Gympie.* Angiopteris evecta Hoffm., ‘‘Chillimother,’’ (Filices). + 3°3°; refractive index 1°4655, and contained 31% cineol by the phosphoric acid method, representing 20% cineol for the second hour oil. 257% came over as the second fraction, boiling between 193° and 227°C. This had specific gravity 0°9283; rotation ap — 0°2°; and refractive index 1°4760. The saponification number for the esters in the second hour oil was 11°4, while in the acetylated oil it was 95°1. This latter figure represents 33% of ester if calculated for a ©,.H,,OH8H alcohol. i rie Se one oat : as x mn + ee int se a % then Ta 2 ae 4 ; _ EUCALYPTUS AUSTRALIANA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. 525 THIRD Hour OIL. This sample was also forwarded by Mr. Gough. It shows but slight chemical differences from the oil of the second a hour, except that the alcohol is a little more pronounced. It had specific gravity at 15° = 0°9266; rotation ap. + 2°6; rs refractive index = 1°4747, and was soluble in 1°1 volumes 70% alcohol. Addition of more alcohol determined the presence of paraffin in both the second and third hour oils. = >The saponification number for the ester plus that of the po: Iree acid was 9° & while oh the aoe lated oil it was = peat 03. On distillation 55% came over below 193°, and 35% between 193° and 225°. 26% of cineol was. found to be | __ present in the first fraction. The specific gravity of the _ first fraction was 0°9145; and the refractive index =1°4669. The second fraction had specific gravity 0°9267; rotation @ — 1°4; refractive index = 1°4770. The saponification _ humber for the ester plus that of the free acid was 9.4. A — _ portion of the second fraction of the third hour oil was acetylated, when the saponification number had increased to 124°5. This indicates an ester percentage of 43° 6ifthe — alcohol has the CioHy O)al molecule. The determination of this alcohol is reserved for a later jee communication. 2 l= qt aw * ee Lhe i “ if De CONTENTS. Art. XII. nied Art. XIJI.—The Australian ‘Grey Nino (Avicennia o: ci alis, Linn.). Bye T. Baker, F.ts, [ With Plates XXVII- REVI ART. Maldiva, Giseuslind: By C. ANDERSON. Ree D.Sc. Plates LII— LIV and six text Pogues: J ART. ees No-IV. By Ns H. MAIDEN, F.L.S. ... Art. XVII.—Geology of the Jenolan Caves District. By C. ee SussMILCH, F.G.s.,and W.G.Stony. [With Plates LV, LVI] Arr. XVIII.—Two Lord Howe Island Polypodia. By the mee ~ Waxtrer Warts. ... ec : ART. By R. H. Campaae, F.L.S. [With Plates LVII —LXI and map.) Art. XX.—Some Geo-physical Observations at Burrinjuck. By Leo A. COTTON, B.A., B.SC. [With Plate LXITI and three teat figures}. se ee ART. coe eee wes eoe XXI.—Notes on Acacia, Gaits description of new species), mes No. I. By J. H. Marpen, F.1.s... Pas Art. XXII.—Eucalyptus australiana sp. nov., Peppermint) and its essential oil and H. G. SMITH, F.c.s. (Narrow leaeel By R. T. Baxsr, F.u. wee pp. ae (xxii Dy. i. - -xxxvill). Here 4 (DE “comouemxe VOL. XLIX. GEORGE gee ices yooh ate LIMITED, VW Warwick, Square, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonpon, E. C. ees ABI, Ot EUCALYPTUS AUSTRALIANA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. 52 THIRD HouR OIL. This sample was also forwarded by Mr. Gough. It shows ‘but slight chemical differences from the oil of the second hour, except that the alcohol is a little more pronounced. It had specific gravity at 15° = 0°9266; rotation ay + 2°6 refractive index = 1°4747, and was soluble in 1°1 volumes 70% alcohol. Addition of more alcohol determined the presence of paraffin in both the second and third hour oils. The saponification number for the ester plus that of the free acid was 9°7; while with the acetylated oil it was 116°03. On distillation 557% came over below 193°, and 35% between 193° and 225°. 26% of cineol was found to be - present in the first fraction. The specific gravity of the first fraction was 0°9145; and the refractive index =1°4669. The second fraction had specific gravity 0°9267; rotation Ay — 1°4; refractive index = 1°4770. The saponification number for the ester plus that of the free acid was 9.4. A portion of the second fraction of the third hour oil was acetylated, when the saponification number had increased to 124°5. This indicates an ester percentage of 43°6 if the alcohol has the C,,H,7,OH molecule. The determination of this alcohol is reserved for a later communication. yey e ; 7 +4 OE | 2 ae i at : an ei | ABSTRACT oF PROCEEDINGS ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE Royal Society of Hew South Wales. MAY 5th, 1915. The Annual Meeting, being the three hundred and seventy-second General Monthly Meeting of the Society, was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, at 8 p.m. Mr. C. HEDLEY, President, in the Chair. Thirty-six members and six visitors were present. The minutes of the General Monthly Meeting of the 2nd December, 1914, were read and confirmed. The certificates of three candidates for admission as ordinary members were read for the first time. Professor R. D. WATT and Mr. J. H. CARNE were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. H. G. SmirH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected Honorary Members of the Society :— Sir J. J. THOMSON, 0.M., D.Sc, F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge, and ANDREW GIBB MAITLAND, F.G.S., Government Geologist of Western Australia. The President announced that on account of the War, it had been decided not to hold the Annual Dinner this year. It was also announced that the following members had either gone or were preparing to go to the front:— lv. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Dr. H J. W. BRENNAND, Sir ALEXANDER MACOORMIOK, Dr. J. A. DICK, Mr. A. M. McINTosH, Dr. THOMAS FIASCHI, Dr. JOHN S. Purpy, Mr. C. F. LASERON, and Lieutenant-Colonel A. J. ONSLOW THOMPSON (killed in action). The recent death of Mr. E. Du FAurR was referred to, as well as that of Lieutenant-Colonel ONSLOW THOMPSON, and it was resolved that letters of sympathy be written to the relatives of the deceased members. On the motion of Professor POLLOCK it was unanimously decided that the special thanks of the Society be conveyed to Dr. QUAIFE for his handsome donation of a valuable lantern, automatic lamp, and projecting microscope. The President tendered the congratulations of the Society to Professor DAVID and to Mr. J. H. MAIDEN, who had been awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London, and the Linnean Medal by the Linnean Society of London, respectively, and mentioned that these gentlemen had thereby become the first Australian recipients of the respective medals. The receipt, during the recess, of 509 parts, 14 volumes, 35 reports, 3 maps, 2 catalogues and 1 calendar was reported. The President congratulated Mr. H. C. ANDREWS on behalf of the Society, on his having been awarded the David Syme Prize. It was announced that a series of Popular Science Lec- tures would be delivered. The Annual Financial Statement for the year ended 31st March, 1915, was submitted to members, and, on the motion of the Honorary Treasurer, Dr. H. G. OHapMaN, seconded by Mr. SUSSMILCH, was unanimously adopted :— ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, Vo GENERAL ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS. on 'S:) ida 2S Shr ae ‘To Subscriptions ... ade & “a .. 54513 O > Rents— Offices... sa .. 805 14 0 Hall and Tibeary ion pe Zhe 1G 4G ———— 54710 6 », Sundry Receipts... wi Ai As vee MO! TEES — 11038 14 9 », Government Subsidy for 1913 and 1914 799 19 10 ,, Clarke Memorial Fund--- Advances for the year... $50 he a 270 0 O £2173 14 7 PAYMENTS. & sod: LPS a: ‘By Balance brought forward Ist April, 1914— Unpresented cheques .. ih Hr MZ? GIRO Less :—Credit Balance a kien Bank dee 9 87-0 a Lie 1S y20 », salaries and Wages— Office Salaries and Accountancy Fees ... 15516 8 Assistant Librarian... ti es co LOO 63 Caretaker... ae one ee oe LOOe LOR @ ——__ 418 12 11 », Printing, Stationery, Advertising, Stamps etc. Stamps and Telegrams _... ne ene 140), 50)7.0 Office Sundries, ay (oHOs, Bes Sek lo, ot Ai Advertising . “a fe sae oe eal) ie) [=== 68 3 4 5, Rates, Taxes and Services— Electric Light a ae ss ee OF 2G Gas... Be ioe se uss ak 6,1 8 Insurance ... a see ee a te cOmor sD Rates ... ae a : hs a2 So 10.20 Telephone _... “i acc Bae one OmPILT/ Ms) 13825) wl ,, Printingand Publishing Society’s Volume— Printing, &e. .. Bi ae ve au. 191 OO 5, Library— Books and Periodicals ne am 7. ao 18-6 Bookbinding... ae ene Se nena Can LO e —— 10617 1 4, Sundry Expenses— Repairs nt sik a bat ae dds, oO Lantern Operator ... ads Be oe LO: 92-6 Sundries sei es a6 Pa en) 6388 Tid 62. OF 2 Carried forward uu a 996 16 7 vi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. PayMENTS—continued. £ 8s. da. £ sg. du Brought forward fs = 996 16 7 » Fixtures & Electric Light Fittings in Library 210 17 6. » Interest on Mortgage .. «. . 20) Sone Clarke Memorial muna sae 6 3 4 ; 7610 0O- » Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science—On account of repayment of Loan 200 0 0 », Clarke Memorial Fund— Refund of Loan =H bap a: i 620 0 0: » Balance— Credit Balance, Union Bank of Australia, Ltd. 67 5 O On hand ... vr ae a Ans ae) ORG — 69 10 6. £2173 14 7 Compiled from the books and accounts of the Royal Society of New South Wales and certified to be in accordance therewith. (Signed) H. G. CHAPMAN, wu.v., Honorary Treasurer. W. PERCIVAL MINELL, F.c.P.a. SvDNEY, 13TH APRIL, 1915. Auditor. BUILDING AND INVESTMENT FUND. RECEIPTS. ae gre To Loan on Mortgage from the A.A.A. Science— Balance as at 3lst March, 1914 ... nan =f -. ~2500) 0550 » General Fund— Amount received to date... ae bt mo Sas 70 <6 8 £2570 6 8& PAYMENTS. & s. dk By A.A.A. Science— Amount repaid during the year... ra wish > -— 200 “Ore », Interest Account— Amount paid to A.A.A. Science... ae He fe 70 658 » Balance owing at this date ... me ed ea ... 2800-0 © £2570 6 8 CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND. BALANCE: SHEET, 31st Marcu, 1915. LIABILITIES. Accumulation Fund— Amount at 31st March, 1914 Ban 574) 8 2 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. vii. eit Sen On 1 he, 8:9 ie, ee Bade Brought forward ... ie wee O14 Se —2 Additions during the year— Interest Savings Bank ci ol, oa ms Government Savings Bank ee ial, eal Es Commonwealth on ings Bank ... cp nO? eG a General Fund 6 3 4 ll 8 4 585 16 6 £585 16 6 ASSETS. ZS de “SP sid, Royal Society General Fund ae, : 50 0 0 Cash Deposited in Savings Bank of N. S. Ww. 197 8 5 3 Government Savings Bank 187 17 3 re Commonwealth ,, ye 150 10 10 ‘ ———._ 535 16 6 £585 16 6 STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAymeEnNtTS, 3lst Marcu, 1915. RECEIPTS. Sree Gas cause eG To Balance at 31st March, 1914— Savings Bank of N.S.W. ... 6c ie M6460 Government Savings Bank aa ae 5 2 2 Commonwealth Savings Bank ... we oa, -O)0 », Lnterest to date (Six Months)— — 174 8 2 Savings Bank of N.S.W. By" 4B) Government Savings Bank ue [lot Commonwealth Savings Bank _... ee Oi General Fund on Advances 6 3 4 » General Fund— —. Lipsy 4: Amounts refunded to date... Se ie 620 0 O £805 16 6 PAYMENTS. Se Sede So some By General Fund— Advances to date eke be fo aa 270 0 0 » Balance at this date— Savings Bank of N.S.W. sof aa So LOY 86 Government Savings Bank iis on Lote a es Commonwealth Savings Bank sw ee L500) 10) 10 — 585 16 6 £805 16 6 Vill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, A report on the state of the Society’s property and the annual report of the Council were read as follows :— ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1914-15. (1st May to 28th April). The Council regrets to report that we have Jost by death six ordinary members. Ten members have resigned. On the other hand, twelve ordinary and two Honorary mem- bers have been elected during the year. | To day (28th April, 1915) the roll of members stands at ols. During the Society’s year there have been nine occasions when members have assembled as a body, namely,—eight «monthly meetings and the Annual Dinner which took place at Farmer’s Restaurant on the 30th April, 1914, when we were honoured by the company of the Hon. W. A. HOLMAN, M.L.A., Premier and Colonial Treasurer, and the Presidents of several Societies. The Council held ten meetings. A special meeting was held on the 21st May, 1914, in commemoration of the Tercentenary of the publication of the Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, when Professor H. S. CARSLAW, Sc.D., delivered an address on **Napier and the Discovery of Logarithms.’ Three Popular Science Lectures were given, namely:— June 18—“The Ore Deposits of Australia and their Origin,” by C. A. SussMILcH, F.G.S. July 16—“Comets,” by Professor Cooks, M.A., F.R.A.S. October 15—“ The Milk Supply of a Great City,” by Professor CHAPMAN, M.D. Twenty-nine papers were read at the Monthly Meetings and these, with a good number of exhibits, afforded much instruction and interest to members of the Society. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 1x. On the motion of Mr. HOOPER, seconded by Mr. CARNE, Mr. W. P. MINELL was elected Auditor for the current year. The President, Mr. CHARLES HEDLEY, then delivered his Presidential Address. On the motion of Mr. SUSSMILCH seconded by Mr. A.G. HAMILTON, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring President for his valuable address. Mr. HEDLEY briefly acknowledged the compliment. There being no other nominations, the President declared the following gentlemen to be Officers and Council for the coming year :— President: R. GREIG-SMITH, p.sc. Vice-Presidents: F. H. QUAIFE, m.a., up. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c.s. Ja oH. MAIDEN, F.1.s. C. HEDLEY, F.u.s. Hon. Treasurer : H. G, CHAPMAN, mp. Hon. Secretaries: R. H. CAMBAGE, L.s., F.LS. | Prof. POLLOCK, p.sc. Members of Council: D. CARMENT, t.1.4., F.F.A. J. NANGUH, F.R.A.S. J. B. CLELAND, m.p., cH.M. Prof. R. ROBINSON, p:sc. Prof. T. W. E. DAVID, c.m.a., B.a., | C. A. SUSSMILCH, F.a.s. Ww. S. DUN. [D.SC., F.B.S.| Fp, WALSH, B.A.1., M. INST. C.E. T. H. HOUGHTON, m. inst. c.z. Prof.W. H. WARREN, Lt.D., wH.cs. JUNE 2nd, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-third General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Dr. R. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Twenty-six members and two visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. ‘ X. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. The certificates of four candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: three for the second, and one for the first time. Judge DocKER and Mr. W. WELCH were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. H. G. SmirH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— WILLIAM WALTER WATTS, Presbyterian Clergyman, **The Manse,’ Gladesville. ALLAN CLUNIES Ross, B.Sc. Science Master, Church of Kngland Grammar School, North Sydney. ALBERT JOHN SACH, F.C.S., (formerly in charge o the Technical College, Goulburn), ‘‘Kelvedon,’’ North Road, Ryde. On the motion of Professor PoLLOcK, seconded by Dr. CHAPMAN, it was resolved—That members on Active Service be exempted from the payment of annual subscriptions during the period of such service without loss of any of the rights of membership. The President announced that a Popular Science Lecture would be delivered by Mr. D. G. STEAD, F.L.S., on the 17th June, entitled “‘ Whales and Whaling in Australian Seas.” The death was announced of Mr. G. D. HIRST, F.R.A.S., an old member of this Society, and it was resolved that a letter of sympathy be sent to his relatives. A letter was read from Mr. A. GIBB MAITLAND, F.G.S., expressing his appreciation of the honour which the Society had conferred upon him in electing him an Honorary Member. Mr. G. C. Du FaurR wrote thanking the Society for Sympathy in the death of his father Mr. EH. Du Faur. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Xl. A letter was read from Mr. IvoR ONSLOW THOMPSON thanking the Society for sympathy in the death of his brother Lieutenant-Colonel A. J. ONSLOW THOMPSON, who was killed in action at the Dardanelles. Hleven volumes, 217 parts, 10 reports and 6 catalogues were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: “‘A note on the occurrence of Urease in Legume nodules and other plant parts,’’ by M.S. BENJAMIN (Communi- cated by Mr. F. B. GUTHRIR). Remarks were made by Dr. CLELAND, Mr. MaIpEn, Dr. HARKER and the President. EXHIBITS: 1. A model showing the path of the present Comet (Mellish) in the Solar System, by Professor W. E. Cooxn. 2. Samples of fifty-one species and varieties of Acacia seeds and seedlings, in various stages of development, by Mr. H. CHEEL. JULY 7th, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-fourth General Monthly Meeting of the Roval Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Twenty-seven members and two visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of two candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: one for the second, and one for the first time. Mr. G. H. HALLIGAN and Mr. A. G. HAMILTON were appointed Scrutineers, and Dr. CLELAND deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. Xil. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society:— ROBERT KENNETH MURPHY, Consulting Chemicak Engineer and Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Sydney. The President referred to the death of Mr. F. MANnson BAILEY, C.M.G., etc., Colonial Botanist of Queensland, and a Clarke Memorial Medallist of this Society, and on the motion of Mr. MAIDEN it was resolved that a letter of sympathy be forwarded to the members of his family. The President also announced the deathof Mr. LAWRENCE. HARGRAVE who was elected a member of this Society in 1887, and on the motion of Professor POLLOCK, seconded by Mr. HEDLEY it was decided that the sympathy of members be conveyed to Mrs. HARGRAVE. A letter was read from Mrs. G. D. Hirst thanking the Society for sympathy in the death of her husband. Seventy-six parts, 6 reports, and 1 map were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “Acacia Seedlings,” Part I, by R. H. CaMBAGE, F.L.S. Remarks were made by Mr. A.G. HAMILTON, Dr. CLELAND, Messrs. MAIDEN, CHEEL, BAKER and the President. 2. ‘*Some notes on Blechnum capense, with description of a new variety,’’ by Rev. W. WALTER WATTS. 3. “‘The Mosses of the New Hebrides,”’ by Dr. V. F. BRro- THERUS and Rev. W. WALTER WATTS. EXHIBIT: Dr. J. B. CLELAND and Mr. H. CHEEL exhibited speci- mens of two Huropean Fungi, Pholiota adivosa and Fistu- lina hepatica, found at Mount Wilson, Blue Mountains, and not hitherto recorded for New South Wales. Remarks. were made by Mr. MAIDEN. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. X11l. (1) Pholiota adiposa,—This handsome species, with an orange- yellow glutinous cap and brown gills, is recorded as a destructive timber-parasite in Europe. Several smooth-barked trees, probably Coachwood, were found close together in dense brush at Mount Wilson in June bearing the fruiting bodies. ‘These were attached to the upright trunk, some near the ground and others out of reach twenty or thirty feet up. The mycelium spreading through the wood, renders this useless, whilst the health of the tree is affected. Annually the fruiting caps appear, growing from the perennial mycelium, thus by liberating their spores tending to distribute the parasite. The attention of the Director of Forests has been drawn to the occurrence of this possibly dangerous parasite, and it is to be hoped that effective measures may be taken to eliminate it before any economic loss occurs. This fungus has not hitherto been recorded for Australia. (2) Fistulina hepatica.—The Beef-steak Fungus, an edible polypore that occurs in Europe. This was found growing ona fallen log. The tubes of one specimen were pinkish, of the others yellowish, when gathered. Hitherto only recorded in Australia from Western Australia. Six species of Pistulina are known; of these one is recorded from the Caroline Islands, and one on Fagus from Patagonia. The occurrence of these two European species of fungi, hitherto unknown in this State, at Mount Wilson, suggests that they may have been introduced with European plants or their accompanying soil, and, finding the climatic conditions suitable, have been able to obtain a footing. On the other hand their occurrence in Aus- ' tralia may antedate the white man’s appearance here, but their distribution may be limited by climatic requirements, thus accounting for their having remained unreported until now in New South Wales. AUGUST 4th, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-fifth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was XIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, Sydney, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Twenty-five members were present. The minutes of the preceding menere were read and confirmed. Mr. OLLE and Mr. Hooper were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. CARMENT deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society:— HENRY WILLIAM ARMIT, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Hditor, “‘The Medical Journal of Australia, 30 — 34 Eliza- beth Street, Sydney. Letters were read from Mrs. L. HARGRAVE and Mr. J. F. BAILEY thanking the Society for sympathy in their recent bereavements. The death was announced of Mr. EH. R. FAIRFAX who was elected a member in 1877. It was also announced that Mr. F. MARSHALL and Dr. J. EF. FLASHMAN had gone on Active Service. The Honorary Secretaries reported that the Council had approved of the formation of a Section of Public Health and Kindred ‘Sciences, and that the first meeting of the Section would be held on the 14th September. The President announced that on the 19th August a special lecture by Colonel HUBERT FOSTER, R.E., would be delivered, entitled:—‘“‘The Strategy of the War in Hurope.”’ A letter was read from Captain F. WALSH drawing atten- tion to certain awards which were being offered by the Russian Government for inventions in connection with the present war. One hundred and eighty-one parts, 5 volumes, 8 reports, and 2 maps were laid upon the table. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XV. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ. 1. “On the Hssential Oil of Eucalyptus Smithii, from vari- ous forms of Growth,”’ by H. G. SMITH, F.c.s. Remarks were made by the President. 2. “On the Oomposition of Human Milk in Australia,’’ Part I, by H. S. H. WARDLAW, B.Sc. Remarks were made by Dr. CHAPMAN, Professor FAWSITT and the President. 3. ‘“‘Notes on Australian Fungi,’’ No. 2, by J. B. CLELAND, M.D., Ch.M., and HK. CHEEL. 4. “Description of New Australian Blood-sucking Flies belonging to the family Leptide,’’ by Hustacr W. FERGUSON, M.B., Ch.M. (Communicated by J. B. OLE- LAND, M.D.) SEPTEMBER Ist, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-sixth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Thirty-six members and two visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The President made the following announcements :— 1. That the Council had been considering the question of local scientific assistance in connection with the present war, and a copy of the following resolution had been for- warded to the Premier:—*‘ That the Council of the Royal Society offers the services of the Society to the Govern- ment, in connection with any scientific matter arising out of the present war, on which the Government desires its assistance.”’ Hu—December 1, 1915. Xvi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 2. The Oouncil bad also decided ‘‘that a circular be issued to the members of the Society drawing attention to the need of special enquiries, and asking them to forward to the Council for transmission to the special Committees any suggestions or results of investigations that they con- sider may be useful at the present time.”’ 3. That a Popular Science Lecture, entitled ‘‘ Plant Life in the Sea,’’ would be delivered by Professor A. ANSTRU- THER LAWSON, on the 16th September. 4. That the Inaugural Meeting of the Section of Public Health and Kindred Sciences would be held on the 14th September. 5. That donations of 83 parts, 4 volumes, 4 reports, and 1 map had been received during the month. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ‘*The Age of the Southern Coal Field Tableland Basalts,”’ by L. F. HARPER, F.G.S. Remarks were made by Messrs. SUSSMILCH and BENSON. EXHIBITS : 1. Specimens of Khaki dyes with myrticolorin, the dye of the Kucalypts, by H. G. SMITH, F.c.s. Mr. Suir exhibited samples of this dye material, together with specimens of wool dyed with it. These were dyed by Mr. J. A. Eastwoop, at the Australian Woollen Mills, Marrickville, and clearly demonstrated the efficacy of this material for the purpose of Khaki dyeing. When it is considered that the leaves of this particular Eucalypt contain myrticolorin to the extent of over 8 per cent., it is at once seen that sufficient material is available in New South Wales to satisfy all the requirements of Australia for this purpose. Myrticolorin, which was discovered at the Techno- logical Museum, is a glucoside of quercetin and is readily extracted from the finely powdered leaves, as it is soluble in hot water, although almost insoluble in cold water. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XVll. 2. Photograph of the Moon, by J. NANGLE, F.R.A.S. 3. Various forms of Acacia discolor, also Specimens with notes of Hruca sativa, Hibiscus esculentus, Taraxacum officinale, Peucedanum graveolens and Foeniculum vulgare, by H. CHEEL. The specimens of Acacia discolor Willd., showed considerable variation, and suggested that it may be possible to separate the forms under distinct names as originally described by Bentham. The forms may be briefly described as follows :— (1) Branches nearly terete, the young branches thickly clothed with pubescence. Specimens which agree with the above descrip- tion were collected by Banks and Solander in 1770, and from Port Jackson by R. Brown in 1802-1805; Centennial Park, E. ‘Cheel, July, 1898; Bullahdelah, J. L. Boorman, August, 1911; Bellingen, Assistant Forester Swain, March, 1910. The above agree with the description given in Bot. Mag. t. 1750; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., i, p. 384; DOC., Prodr. u, p. 468, and Don in Hist. of Gard. and Bot., ii, p. 419. (2) Branches more or less angular and quite glabrous. Speci- mens which agree with the above description are much more common, having a wide range from Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains and Southern Tablelands into Victoria and Tasmania. 1t is interesting to note that plants of this form may be found with very pale yellow coloured flowers growing side by side with those plants producing the normal darker yellow ones. These seem to agree with the description of A. discolor Willd. var. Prasert Benth., in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., i, p. 384, which he appears to have suppressed, as the name does not appear in his “Flora Australiensis.” The description of A. maritima Benth. l.c. also agrees with this form, and it would appear to be advisable to adopt the name /raseri as a varietal name in preference to mar- itima for this series. A. discolor Willd. var. (2) angustifolia Benth., Fl. Aust., ii, p. 414, Specimens in the National Herbarium from Conjola, W. XVill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Heron, April, 1898, and May, 1899, and Bolaro Track, near Braidwood, W. Baeuerlen, May, 1890, have much narrower and more numerous leaflets, and may belong to this variety. The Council having authorised a discussion on the subject. of Medicinal Plants rendered scarce in Australian markets owing to the war, Mr. J. H. MAIDEN was called upon by the President to open the discussion. The plants that he brought under review were Buchu (Barosma spp.), Belladonna (Atropa belladonna), Lobelia. (L. inflata and other species), Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), Foxglove (Digitalis pur- purea), Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Chiretta (Ophelia chirata), Senna (Cassia spp.), Rue (Ruta graveolens), Savin (Juniperus sabina), Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Taking the list, Mr. MAIDEN pointed out that most of them could be grown in one part or other of New South Wales, but quoted the writings of EK. M. HoLmgs, Dr. F. V. KILMER, and others, pointing out the economic difficulties. in the way which were additional to the methods and uncertainties of cultivation. He recommended the employment of trained gardeners. for special work such as this, and considered that it was desirable that the Government by means of its Experiment. Farms should undertake preliminary work in regard to the cultivation and preparation for market of drugs as an object lesson to our people. Mr. FRED. WRIGHT, of Messrs. ELLIOTT BROS., was present by invitation, and addressed the members in a very interesting way. He pointed out that in a number of cases. the prices of drugs had gone up to such a great height that the prospect of successful cultivation in Australia seemed to be very favourable. Further remarks were made by Messrs. R. T. BAKER and EK. CHEEL. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XIX. OCTOBER 6th, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-seventh General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Twenty-six members were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The Pesident announced that through the instrumentality of Mr. J. H. MAIDEN, a very fine portrait of Sir EDWARD DEAS THOMSON, a former Vice-President, had been received from his son, Mr. HK. R. DEAS THOMSON. It was also announced that Mr. H. B. TAYLOR’s name had been added to the list of members who had gone on Active Service, and that Dr. H. S. STokkEs had returned from the front owing to illness. . + Sir J. J. THOMSON wrote expressing his thanks for having been elected an Honorary Member of this Society. One hundred and thirty-three parts, 8 volumes, 9 reports and 2 maps were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. ‘‘A note on the Relation between the Viscosity and the Thermal Conductivity of Gases, with reference to Molecular Complexity,’’ by Professor J. A. POLLOCK, D.Sc. 2. ‘““The Wave-length of the Electrical Vibration associated with a thin straight terminated Conductor,”’ by Pro- fessor J. A. POLLOCK, D.Sc. EXHIBIT: Mr. J. H. MAIDEN exhibited three glass tanks of aquatic plants, viz.:—Aponogeton fenestralis Hook., f. (Aponoge- tonacee), Madagascar; Potamogeton ochreatus F.v.M. xX, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. (Potamogetonacez), N.S. Wales; Vallisneria spiralis Linn. (Hydrocharitacez), N.S. Wales, in order to draw attention to the collection of such plants in the Botanic Gardens. He observed that at that institution there is a fine collec- tion of such plants which cannot be exhibited to the general public since there is no house available for their display, but he cordially invited members of the Society to inspect them, and pointed out that the study of aquatic life was charming alike from the beauty of the vegetation itself, and also because of the facility for the examination of plants which, from their environment, are not so accessible to students as most other plants. NOVEMBER 3rd, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-eighth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held — at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Thirty-two members and one visitor were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificate of one candidate for admission as an ordinary member was read for the first time. The President announced the death of Mr. JOSIAH -MULLENS who was elected a member of this Society in 1877. It was also announced that Professor DAVID’S name had been added :to the list of members who had enlisted for Active Service. Donations consisting of 4 volumes, 104 parts and 2 reports were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. ‘““The Grey Mangrove (Avicennia officinalis), by R. T. BAKER, F.L.S. Remarks were made by Dr. MURPHY, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1. Messrs. J. NANGLE, A. G. HAMILTON, C. HEDLEY, J. H. MAIDEN and the President. 2. ‘*The Origin of the Heliman or Shield of the Coast Aborigines, N.S. Wales,’’ by THoMas DIck, (com muni- cated by R. T. BAKER). 3. ‘“* Cerussite Crystals from Broken Hill, N. S. Wales and Muldiva, Queensland,” by Dr. O. ANDERSON. 4. ** Notes on Hucalyptus (with descriptions of new species) No. IV,” by J. H. MAIDEN, F.L.S. Remarks were made by Mr. BAKER. EXHIBITS. 1. Specimens and Micro-slides showing structure of leaves, timber and bark of the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia officinalis) by R. T. BAKER. 2. Professor DAVID sent a specimen of Metcerinus cyaneus, Clark, dredged by a State Trawler off the coast south of Sydney, and forwarded to him by Mr. MURRAY SINCLAIR. DECEMBER ist, 1915. The three hundred and seventy-ninth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President, in the Chair. Forty-four members and one visitor were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: one for the second, and two for the first time. Mr. CaRNE and Dr. HARKER were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. NANGLE deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. XXil. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society:— THOMAS Dick, Merchant, Port Macquarie. Mrs. EH. R. FarrFrax and Mr. A. L. MULLENS wrote thank- ing the Society for sympathy in ther recent bereavements. Four volumes, 113 parts, 5 reports and 2 calendars were laid upon the table. THE FULLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “‘ The Geology of the Jenolan Caves District,’’ by OC. A. SUSSMILCH, F.G.S., and W. G. STONE. Remarks were made by Professor WARREN and Mr. H. O. ANDREWS. 2. ‘*Two Lord Howe Island Polypodia,’? by Rev. W. WALTER WATTS. 3. °* Notes on the Native Flora of Tropical Queensland,”’ by R. H. CAMBAGE, F.L.S. Remarks were made by Dr. CLELAND and Mr. MAIDEN. 4. ‘Some Geo-physical Observations at Burrinjuck,’’ by L. A. COTTON, B.A., B.Sc. Remarks were made by Father PIGorT. 5. ‘*Notes on Acacia (with descriptions of new species),”’ No. 1, by J. H. MAIDEN, F.L.S. 6. “‘Hucalyptus australiana and its Essential Oil,’’ by R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., and H.G. SMITH, F.c.S. Remarks were made by Mr. CAMBAGE, Mr. ANDREWS and Dr. HARKER. EXHIBITS: Mr. W. CHEEL exhibited living plants of Acacia intertexta Sieb., and A. longifolia Willd., showing further development since the December, 1914 meeting, when a series of speci- mens were exhibited. (See this Journal xiviir (1914) xxii.) The juvenile plants of A. intertexta show the same characteristic thick leathery phyllodes of the parent plants, and it is noticeable that each phyllode is of a bright purplish-red colour at first, which s ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. _ Xxiil. gradually becomes greenish as the phyllodes reach maturity. The growth of the plants is much slower than those of A. longifolia. He also exhibited herbarium specimens of different forms of A. juniperina as follows :— The Spit, Sydney, Dr. J. B. Cleland, July, 1911. Hill Top, E. Cheel, September, 1913. These show very prominent spinescent bracteoles between the unexpanded flowerets, which no doubt prompted the name A. echinula DC. for these forms. Wiseman’s Ferry, Dr. J. B. Cleland, August, 1915. Como, EK. Cheel, August, 1900. These specimens are perfectly glabrous, the flowers a richer yellow and belong to A. acicularis R. Br., united with A. juni- perina under the name var. browne by Bentham, a Wie ; pn i“ ee GEOLOGICAL SECTION. ABSTRACT PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION. —<- Monthly Meeting, 14 July, 1916. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, in the Chair. Ten members and three visitors were present. Apologies for absence were received from Professor Davip and W.S. Dun. Professor Davip and Mr. W. 58. DUN were proposed and elected as Chairman and Honorary Secretary respectively. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. WATKIN BROWN exhibited specimens of nickeli- ferous and other ores from Canada and the United States, and a specimen of Wardite. 2. Dr. ANDERSON exhibited zeolites from Ardglen, associ- ated with apophyllite. 3. Mr. W. N. BENSON showed plants and other fossils from the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of the Currabu- bula and Werris Creek area—of special interest was the occurrence of Sphenophyllum. 4, Mr. H, C. ANDREWS exhibted molybdenite ores from the Yetholme and Whipstick Mines. Unlike many other molybdenite deposits in Hastern Australia, the molybdenite in these areas occurs with massive and crystallized garnets. Mr. W. N. BENSON described the Devonian and Carboni- ferous beds of the Currabubula and Werris Creek District. He drew attention to the occurrence of huge pitchstone sills extending N.N.W. andS8.S.H. in parallel series for many XXVill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. miles. Interesting fossils, especially the plant Spheno- phyllum were exhibited from the sedimentary formations of the district. The topography is peculiar and is deter- mined by the differential erosion of dense sills and weaker sediments, all folded and intruded by numerous dykes. The area mapped lies south and west of that already described in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. In this, as in the © more northern and eastern areas the Carboniferous is con- formable to the Devonian. Hvidence was also brought forward to show the intrusive nature of the Tamworth tufis. Monthly Meeting, 8 September, 1915. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, in the Chair. Seven members and two visitors were present. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. W. N. BENSON exhibited specimens illustrating tertiary basalt intrusions into mudstone, showing intense crystallization and the formation of sapphire and anorthite felspar from Skye, Scotland. 2. Judge DockER exhibited enlargements of photographs of trachyte plugs and necks at the Warrumbungle Moun- — tains, taken in 1895. 3. Mr. G. H. HALLIGAN exhibited views of the Grand Canyon. Mr. W. N. BENSON described the volcanic geology of Skye basing his remarks on A. Harker’smemoir. He illustrated his remarks by maps, photographs and specimens. Monthly Meeting, 13 October, 1915. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, in the Chair. Thirteen members and three visitors were present. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1X. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. H. C. ANDREWS exhibited specimens of molyb- _ denite from New England, and remarked on the nature of the occurrence. 2. Mr. W.S. Dun exhibited a specimen of Medusina from the Cambrian of Sweden. Mr. EK. F. PITTMAN gave notes on experiments conducted with regard to the composition and porosity of the sand- stones of the Intake Beds of the Artesian System of Hastern Australia. [Since published by the Department of Mines, Sydney.|] A discussion followed. Monthly Meeting, 10 November, 1915. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE, in the Chair. Hleven members and four visitors were present. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. W. N. BENSON exhibited specimens of intrusive tufis from Tamworth and thin sections. 2. Mr. W. R. BROWNE exhibited a Oycad, closely related to Pterophyllum, from Newcastle. The fossil is very similar in general character to P. distans of the Upper Gondwanas of India. The specimen is of particular interest as the occurrence of Oycads in the Permo-Carboniferous of Australia has not been recorded since Alexander Berry’s remarks in his essay on the geology of the coast of N.S. Wales, in speaking of the cliffs at the entrance to the Hunter River, ‘‘I think I have been able to recognise the leaf of the Zamia spiralis.”’ (Barron Field, Geographical Memoirs on N.S. Wales, 1825, p. 286). 3. Judge DOCKER exhibited enlargements of photographs taken in the Warrumbungle and Nandewar Ranges and of geological] interest, and other views. 4. W.S. Dun exhibited a new species of fish from the Brookvale brick pit. XXX. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Mr. EK. C. ANDREWS delivered an address :— PERIODS OF FOLDING AND ORE DEPOSITION IN AUSTRALASIA ¢ AND THE ASSOCIATED ISLANDS. 1. With the progress of geological time the great periods of folding in Australasia retreated from the south-west in directions both easterly and northerly. The periods of ore deposition were intimately associated with certain of these periods of folding with the possible reception of the Waihi and associated fields in New Zealand, which appears to have been related to volcanic eruptions. 2. According to Maitland, the great bulk of the plateau of Western Australia appears to consist of crystalline schists and other highly altered rock types, associated with plutonic masses, the general strike of the series being north-west and north-north- west, all being Pre-Cambrian in age. Howchin, David, Carne and others, have described the Cambrian and Ordovician as having a general north-westerly and north-north-westerly trend from South-eastern Australia (south of Sydney, to the north of the Northern Territory. In detail, however, these folds have immense corrugations developed along their general direction of strike. It is possible that this period of folding belongs to the close of the Ordovician. During the Silurian and Devonian times, the Epi- continental seas were greatly extended, and they encroached as far west as the Darling River in New South Wales near Bourke. Both these periods appear to have been closed in Australia with strong folding. A great zone of weakness with a strike almost north-north-west and, stretching from Sydney beyond Narrabri, appears to have divided New South Wales, if not indeed, Australia, into two distinct geological provinces, about the Devonian or earlier period. West and south of this zone, the area of Australia does not appear to have been affected by strong folding movements since the commencement of the Carboniferous, but north and east of this zone, according to Benson, the Devono-Carboniferous sedimentation appears to have been closed by a strong movement of folding, while farther east and north again, the Permo-Car- boniferous sediments appear to have been folded strongly along ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXX. the peripheral portion of the Continent. The continent of Aus- tralasia does not appear to have been affected by strong folding movements in Post-Paleozoic times, nevertheless powerful folding -movements, both of Mesozoic and Tertiary age occurs along curves sympathetic with the periphery of Eastern Australia. These features traverse the longer axes of New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand. The latest movement of uplift which affected the areas under consideration appears to have been one of an eperiogenic nature, probably late or Post-Tertiary in age. It was of differential nature, the amount of vertical movement becoming increasingly great, in a direction as from south-west to north and east. Thus there are three plateaux existent, separated by two negative areas, namely, the Great Western Plateau with an aver- age height of little more than 1,000 feet in the south-west ; an Eastern plateau varying from 1,700 feet to 7,300 feet high, and farther north and east a New Guinea plateau reaching a height -of 15,000 feet, and a much dessicated plateau in New Zealand reaching a height of 12,300 feet. The Australian plateaux are separated by the central plains, and these in turn are separated from the high New Guinea and New Zealand examples by the deep Coral and Tasman Seas. A remarkable story is revealed also by a study of the mineral ‘distribution in Australasia and associated regions. Two only are ‘selected here for mention, namely, the gold and tin-wolfram-molyb- -denite-bismuth groups. The gold deposits in West Australia appear to be of Pre-Cambrian age. In the great belt running through West Tasmania, Bendigo, Ballarat, Cobar, Canbelego, up to a point where it disappears under the great plains, the gold is commonly in ‘saddles,’ and of an age which may be closing Ordo- vician, Silurian, or Devonian. Immediately east of the great Hunter zone of weakness, the gold veins are closing Carboniferous in age, according to Benson, while the goldfields east and north -of them appear to be closing Paleozoic in age. The Hauraki gold deposits in New Zealand are cited as late Tertiary in age, but unlike the older groups, they do not appear to be associated with bP ire XXX1l. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. orogenic movements, but instead they appear to be arranged near the foci of volcanic eruptions. Wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth in Australia are associated with siliceous granites, the tin-wolfram types being character- istically more siliceous than the molybdenite types. Siliceous granite appears to be the original host of the minerals, and the deposits are most frequently arranged within the granites near their intrusive contacts with other rocks, and they occur as ‘pipes,’ ‘veins,’ or ‘segregations,’ but whereas the tin and wolfram fre- quently leave their host and form deposits in the associated sedi- ments, the molybdenite very rarely forsakes the original granite host. In Western Australia the tin and molybdenite is of Pre-Cam_ brian age, and is almost negligible commercially. Similarly for Central Australia. In Tasmania these minerals appear to belong to the close of the Devonian, so also the Victorian and New South Wales areas south of the Hunter zone of weakness. North and east of this zone the tin, wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth deposits belong probably to the close of the Paleozoic. Tin occurs: in large amounts in Tasmania, New South Wales, and Queensland, while molybdenite is hardly known in West Australia, it occurs. as an ancient deposit in South Australia, but not as yet proved to be commercial. In Tasmania it becomes a little more abund- ant. In New South Wales south of the Hunter depression it is. much more abundant, increasingly so in New England, and also in Northern Queensland. The group has not been recorded except. as mineral curiosities from New Zealand. A study of these fold movements and mineral regions might be: expected to throw considerable light on the real geological relations. which may exist between New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand on the one hand, and Australasia on the other. Discussion. of such relations, however, is beyond the scope of this brief note. Messrs. C. A. SUSSMILCH and W.G. STONE gave an account. of their work in connection with the geology of the Jenolan Caves area, which is published in extenso in this Journal, pp. 332 — 384. | SECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND KINDRED SCIENCES. La ys, hel lel alia ” raga oe Cali ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND KINDRED SCIENCES. The Council of the Royal Society having considered the advisability of forming a section of Public Health, a number of members were invited to meet and consider the question. The meeting took place at the Royal Society’s House, at 4 p.m.,on the 8th July, 1915. There were present Dr. GREIG-SMITH, President of the Royal Society, in the Chair, Dr. H.G. CHAPMAN, Mr. ALGERNON PEAKE, Mr. C. HEDLEY, Dr. CLELAND, Mr. R. H. CamBaGs, and Dr. C. SAVILL WILLIS. The meeting decided unanimously to recommend . the Council to form a Section of Public Health and Kindred Sciences. The following resolutions were passed :— 1. Meetings to be held four times a year. 2. The Section to elect a Chairman and Honorary Secretary. 3. That there be an inaugural meeting at an early date. 4. That Dr. C. SAvILL WILLIS be elected Honorary Secretary pro tem. to arrange the inaugural Meeting. The inaugural meeting was held at the Royal Society’s House, on the evening of the 14th September, 1915. His Excellency the State Governor, Sir GERALD STRICKLAND, and a large number of the members of the Royal Society and visitors were present. The following Officers of the Section were appointed :— - Ohairman—Sir THOMAS ANDERSON STUART. Hon. Secretary—Dr. C. SAVILL WILLIS. XXXVI. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. A discussion on Military Hygiene was opened by the following members, who dealt with that aspect of the subject shown after their names. Sir T. ANDERSON STUART—The necessity of some organ- isation for the teaching of Personal Hygiene to men in training. Mr. ALGERNON PEAKE, M. Inst. c.E.—Water Supply. Mr. HouGHTON, ™. Inst. c.z.—Sanitary Services and disposal of wastes. Dr. CLELAND—Protection against disease. After His Excellency the Governor and some other members had contributed to the discussion, the meeting adjourned for a month. At the adjourned meeting, held at the Royal Society’s House, on 12th October, 1915, the discussion on Military Hygiene was continued by various members, including Drs. Guy GRIFFITHS, H. G. CHAPMAN, OC. SAVILL WILLIS, and Mr. HouGutTon. At this meeting, Colonel STOKES, A.A.M.C., gave a very interesting account of Military Hygiene as actually carried out under war conditions at Gallipoli. The Royal Society is to be congratulated on the successful inauguration of the new Section of Public Health and Kindred Sciences. It is, however, necessary to point out that this Section will almost certainly have a struggle for existence for the next year or so, owing to the fact that many of the Society’s members likely to be interested in the Section are at present away with the Hxpeditionary Forces. INDEX. A PAGE eS PAGE Abstract of Proceedings ... i. | Composition of Human Milk in Acacia Seedlings, Part I. 81 , (with descriptions of new species), No. 1. Notes on ... Anderson, C., Cerussite Crystals 463 from Broken Hill, N.S.W.,~ and Muldiva, Queensland 289 Australian Fungi, No. II, Notes (0) 0 cae Soft ae Alre See oY) B ; Baker, R.T. The Grey Man- grove (Avicennia officinalis) 257 —_ Eucalyptus australiana and its Essential Oil . ol4 Benjamin, Maurice S., A note on the occurrence f: Urease in Legume Nodules and other Plant Parts . 78 Bipinnate Leaves 89 Blechnum capense (L.) Schlecht. Some notes on 122 Blood-sucking Flies belonging to the family Leptide. De- scriptions of new Australian 233 Brotherus, Dr.V.F. The Mosses of the New Hebrides 5 LE Burrinjuck, CacePayetea Obser- vations at . 448 Cc Cambage, R.H., Acacia Seed- lings, Part ie be 81 — Notes on the Native Flora of Tropical Queensland ... 389 Cerussite Crystals from Broken Hill, N.S.W.,and Muldiva, Guecasland |. 289 Cheel. E. Notes on Australian Fungi, No. IT. = elO9 Clarke Memorial Medal .. (Xx) Cleland, J. Burton. Notes on Australian Fungi, No. IT. 199 —— Descriptions of New Aus- tralian Blook-sucking Flies belonging to the family Leptide _... 233 Coal Field Tableland Basalts. The age of the Southern... 244 Australia, Part I. On the 169 Cotton, L. A., Geo-physical Ob- . servations at Hee COTES 4.48 Cotyledons 86. Council, Members of (vii.) Report of ... viii. D : Dick, Thomas, The Origin of the Heliman or Shield of the New South Wales Coast Aborigines Le . 282 E Essential Oil of Eucalyptus ; Smithit from various forms of Growth. The... ae Rate) Eucalyptus australiana and its Essential Oil retay OLAS Eucalyptus, No. IV. Notes on 309 F Ferguson, E. W. Descriptions of New Australian Blood- sucking Flies belonging to the family Leptide . 233 Financial Statement TONG Fungi, Notes on Australian ... 199 G Geasters . . 220 Geological Section XXVil. Geo- physical Observations at Burrinjuck. Some .. 448. Geology of the Jenolan Caves District. The s Grey Mangrove. The . Avicennia officinalis) Oe 332 H Harper, L. F. The age of the Southern Coal Field Table- land Basalts Hedley, C. Presidential Ad- dress... 1 —— An Ecological Sketch of the Sydney Beaches 24.4. XXXVIii. PAGE Heliman or Shield of the New South Wales Coast Aborig- ines. The Origin... ... 282 Jenolan Caves District. The Geology of the ne wee BOD M Maiden, J.H. Notes on Acacia (with descriptions of new species), No. I... 468 — Noteson Eucalyptus (with descriptions of new species) No. IV. ug ae ... 3809 Members, Honorary (xix.) — Listof... .. (ix.) — Newly elected iii, x, xii, 6 Xiv, XXil. Milk, Human, in Australia. On the Composition of soon ee) Mosses of the New Hebrides. The .. a Sey! N Native Flora of Tropical Queens- land. Notes on the ... 389 Necrology ie at ares 5) New Hebrides. Mosses of the 127 O Ocean Reef. The Sia eee Oe Officers... (vii.) Origin of the Heliman or shield of the New South Wales Coast Aborigines ... ie 202 P Petrology and Analyses . 353 Phalloids.. di Bh . 199 | Pollock, I. A., A note on the relation between the Ther- mal Conductivity and the Viscosity of Gases with reference to Molecular Com- plexity 249 —— The Wave-length ‘of the Electrical Vibration associ- ated with a thin straight terminated Conductor... 253 Polypodia. ‘Two Lord Howe Island 385 Presidential Address. C. Hedley 1 PAGE Primary Leaves.. Public Health and Kindred Sciences Section XXXV. R Rhyolite Porphyry sae ... 308 Ss Seedlings, Acacia, en | Smith, H. G. Eucalyptus austra- liana andits Kssential Oil. 514 — The Essential Oil of Euca- lyptus Smithu from various forms of growth ... . 158 Stone, W.G. The Geology of the Jenolan Caves District 332 Sussmilch, C. A. The Geology of the Jenolan Caves Dis- trict,. 332 Sydney Beaches. An Heological Sketch of the cs 15 T Thermal Conductivity and the Viscosity of Gases with reference to Molecular Com- plexity. A note on the ' Relation between the .. 249 Tides “oe 23 Tropica Qu3e sland. Noteson the Native Flora of .. 389 Twin Stems cat we hos Urease in Legume Nodules and other Plant Parts. A note on the occurrence of ico. ae Ww Wardlaw, H. S. H. On the Composition of Human Milk in Australia, Part I. 169 Watts, Rev. W. Walter. Some Notes on Blechnum capense (L.) Schlecht. Ay 122 — The Mosses of the New Hebrides... 127 — Two Lord Howe ‘Island Polypodia ... 385 Wave-length of the Electrical Vibration Associated with a thin straight terminated Conductor ... . 253 3 Sem a Nae I i Nera “ag pace 7m < cg oy 4 o> es TION 3. PROCEEDINGS oF THE PuBLIc HeauttTH AND KINDRED Sc} iS) A wa 4 v Loa! S) & ido) a cs _ & cS) nN S zi ml a a EI od re) a Aa ABSTRACT OF PROCEZDINGS SKcTIOoN -TirLz Pacs, Contents, Pusuicarions, Noricss, ... OFFIcers FoR 1915-1916... List or Mremspers, &c. InpEx TO VoLUME XLIX. uy iT a 1 4 | ; ied | | ‘ - { { ,*¥ ~ ae t bie ry SS hal eri ioakt ny