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FOR, THR HAMILTON gOnmN ETO ABSOCLATION By KE TIMES PRINTING COMPANY, LIMITED, - on lusty i ASSOCIATION, MUSEUM CASES, HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC NEW Journal and Proceedings OF THE Hamilton Scientific Association For Session of 1903-1904. NUMBER “xX2G AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR STATE- MENTS MADE AND OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. PRINTED FOR THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION BY TIMES PRINTING CO. 1904. OFFICERS FOR 1903-1904. wa President. J. Mz” DICKSON. 1st Vice-President, 2nd Vice-President. REV. pb. MARSH, Sc. D. W. A. ROBINSON. Corresponding Secretary. Rey FEEL. Recording Secretary. G: L. JOHNSTON, B.-A. Treasurer. Curator. Pat] SCRIVEN. J. SCHULER. Council, ep i: WILLIAMS. GEO. BLACK. JAS. GADSBY., ROBT. CAMPBELL. R. A. PTOLEMY. Auditors. A. H. BAKER. J. F. BALLARD. OFFICE-= 1] ‘PRESIDENT. )Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D... \John Rae, M.D.,F.R.G.S.. [Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D... /Rev. W. Inglis, D.D \Rey. W. Ormiston, D.D... W. Proudfoot Judge Logie WEIS 1 Watts, WWInI2S Goacoc Jal 18 AWAttworny IN IGIES ace oe H. B. Witton 'T. MclIlwraith . D. Macdonald, M.D.... ie le \J- |Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. iN 1D). ID Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. A.,D.D ING Se Ie BRIO} osoa cc 30 Rev. S. Lyle, B.D ee as D. Macdonald, M.D .... D. Macdonald, M.D.... D. Macdonald, M.D .... CC a ee rad eee e seas B. E. Charlton se ete te eee se ee ee tee tee seer ee seer Ce eC a5 10, New © aYas= le) eialseie, 6 e:\a elise A. Alexander, F.S.Sc |T. W. Reynolds, M.D we eee T. W. Reynolds, M.D..... Sa Ace organ, bwAs.. 1D! Paed. ISueAn | Morgan, B.A., D. Paed. J. M. Dickson J. M. Dickson SECOND VICE-PRES. First WICE-PREs. John Rae, M.D.,F.R.G.S_ |J.B. Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D. Rey. W. Ormiston, D.D.. |J.B. Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D. J. B. Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D.|Charles Robb...-.... 2 Dell wiraith Ssh iyjomn epee = Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D.. J. B. Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D.|Rev. W. Inglis, D.D...-- Gls ILOBIS costo ccc ss50 Richard Bulle=] eee lake. 1B WAHT SIPS socaos Richard Bulle eee seeeeee JJo IMI. WBincloein, WING os oc A. T. Freed’. .=-eeseeee fo IMI 1einelmeym, IMIG. cose ce A. T., Freed). cee eee Evin Buches Miyata. 2 W. H. Mills “coger Rev: Wi. Po Wright, MOA... El. B:) Wattontts eee IX 18 lnleyeS, IPneID) oc ace edeo B. E) Charltontaaseseeere 1, 18, (Clemo 55 5,655eo56 AS Mic V) eeeeee BY 18, Cente vous sae code H..B. Wittoneeneneeeeeer ele 18h WAMHIOMo osches .|Rev. C. H. Mockridge, WEAN. 1D).J0); IR Sb IAMS Scasccccancee W. Kennedyae= sees INGWo SH IbWIS weolbec odo oes Matthew Leggat ..... S506 Bs 185 Qhevdioicooshocn ae WAS Childs Vir Ae eee a We Burgess, M.B:, |W. Aj Childe MayAge a tees Ce TS) WeeeBurgess, M-iB;, ||. Alston Moftate seen 18a IRo SCe EpAlstone Mo tlatier tier A. T. Neill a3 Seema iced RouINie ls 56 ed's come e oe S. BHggs).... se eee eee Ne AUSRINGI YG cuign a woe ape 5. Boggs: 4. 22 Sees XS INN oo Sebina mere aoe T. W. Reynolds, M.D.... ANS IOINIGIM: soasoo macs ouer TW: Reynolds in peer T. W. Reynolds, M.D..... ACE Walle raters erat T. W. Reynolds, M.D..... AWE. Wallkenys s-eceriereae |T. W.: Reynolds, M.D. ..../A. E. Walker: saan Ar He. Wallemsasttchom scutes J; M. Dicksoneesee eee ASE. Wallkenaieny 10): J. M. Dickson Wie ML. Dielsodaesarcsines \Wm. C. Herriman, M.D.. J. Mi: Dicksonyareere tee: Robt: ‘Campbell =asseseee Robt Campbellemece = sare W..:Ac’ Child; MeAy Serer Rev. D. B. Marsh, Sc.D...|W. A. Robinson ...... dan BEARERS. Cor. ene! | REc. SEC. TREAS. Lis. AND Cur. T. C. Keefer, C.E....|Wm. Craigie, M.D. Ae Hi Parkaeersorce A. Harvey. iin @omiecters (CoH .0..\WVm. Craigie, M.D)... /W. H. Park ...-2-- A. Harvey. Si @ulecter ©. Px.4-|VWm- Craigie, M.D.../W. H. Park ...522.. ..|A. Harvey. Mimaeerarria, Mo .-.|Wm. Craigie, M.D...|W. H. Park......... Chas. Robb. Wm. Craigie, M.D...|Wm. Craigie, M.D. .|W. H. Park......... T. MclIlwraith. J. M. Buchan, M.A..|I. B. McQuesten, M.A.|W. G. Crawford...... T. MclIlwraith. J. M. Buchan, M.A..|I. B. McQuesten, M. A. |W. G. Crawford ..... T. Mcllwraith. Geo. Dickson, M.A..|Geo. Dickson, M.A...)Richard Bull . ..|/T. MclIlwraith. Geo. Dickson, M.A..|Geo. Dickson, M.A...|/Richard Bull ....... 'T. Mcllwraith. Geo. Dickson, M.A..|/Geo. Dickson, M.A.../A. Macallum, M.A.../T. MclIlwraith. R. B. Hare, Ph.B....|Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Richard Bull........ A. T. Freed. Geo. Dickson, M.A.../A. Robinson, M.D.../Richard Bull ........ W. H. Ballard, M.A. Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Wm. Kennedy....... Richard) Bully ci. <<. W. H. Ballard, M.A. Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Wm. Kennedy....... (Richard) Bulleernee W. H. Ballard, M.A. Geo. Dickson, M.A...|A. Alexander........ Raelomesl Jl -soocoss Wm. Turnbull. Geo. Dickson, M.A..,/A. Alexander........ Richards Bull yeeerc cen A. Gaviller. Geo. Dickson, M.A...|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|/Richard Bull ........ A. Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B.A...|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|Richard Bull........ |A. Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B.A...|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|/Richard Bull........ A. Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B.A...|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|Richard Bull........ A. Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B.A....|/A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|Richard Bull........ A. Gaviller. mibosws-e VMiorrS... . - « A. W. Stratton, B.A..|Richard Bull........ A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. SOS Se VUOLLIS/e)- 1-1 C. R. McCullough....|/Richard Bull........ A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. W. McG. Logan, B.A.|/S. A. Morgan, B.A..|Thos. S. Morris...... |A. Gaviller and W. | Chapman. W. McG. Logan, B.A.|S. A. Morgan, B.A..|Thos. S. Morris...... A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. Rev. J H. Long, M.A.,|S. A. Morgan, B.A..|J. M. Burns......... A. Gaviller and W. LL.D. | Chapman. Rev. J. H. Long, M.A.,/S. A. Morgan, B.A., P. L. Scriven........ |A. Gavilier and H. iD: B. Peed. | S. Moore. Wm. C. Herriman, |S. A. Morgan, B.A.,|P. L. Seriven........ A. Gaviller and H. M.D. Be Peed | S. Moore. Whose.) Morris... ... S. A. Morgan, B.A.,|P. L. Scriven........ A. Gaviller. B. Peed. | Thos. S. Morris...... S. A. Morgan, B.A.,/P. L. Scriven.......- A. Gaviller and J. B. Peed. Schuler. ibose Ss: Morris.5. 4... |G. L. Johnston, B.A.|P. L. Scriven .......| A. Gaviller and J. | | Schuler. F. F. Macpherson, B.A.|G. L. Johnston, B.A. P. L. Scriven........ ba Gaviller and J. | Schuler. F. F. Macpherson, B.A.|G. L. Johnston, B.A. /P. L. Scriven........ A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. | Le [5 LEDUIIE Gobooe eone iG. L. Johnston, B.A./P. L. Scriven.......- \J. Schuler. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. 1857—-Judge Logie; Geo. L. Reid, C.E.; A. Baird; C. Freeland. 1858—Judge Logie; C. Freeland; Rev. W. Inglis, D.D. ; Adam Brown; C. Robb. 5 1859—-Rey. D. Inglis, D.D.; Adam Brown; Judge Logie; C. Freeland ; Richard Bull. | 1960—-]. B. Hulburt, M.A, LL.D ; €. Freeland; jmdee Logie; Richard Bull; Wm. Boultbee; Dr. Laing. 1871—Geo. Lowe Reid, C.E.; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A. ; A. McCallum, M.A.; A. Strange, M. D.; Rev. A. B. Simpson. 1872—Judge Proudfoot; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; John peat, MeAT rt. D); Cameron ; A. 1: Freed: 1873—Judge Logie; T. MclIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M.A. 1874—Judge Logie; T. MclIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M.A. 1875—Judge Logie; T. MclIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M.A. 1880—M. Leggatt; I. B. McQuesten, M.A.; A. Alexander ; ReveA, Burns, MEAS ILD. Dab: 1881—T. Mcllwraith; H. B. Witton; A. T. Freed; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; A. F. Forbes. 1882—T. Mcllwraith; H. B. Witton; A. T. Freed; A. F. Forbes ; Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M.A., D.D. 1883—A. Alexander; A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. MclIl- wraith; R. Hinchcliffe. 1884—A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. Mcllwraith; R. Hinch- cliffe ; W. A. Robinson. 1885—W. A. Robinson; S. Briggs; G. M. Barton; J. Alston Moffat ; A. F. Forbes. 1886—J. Alston Moffat ; Samuel Slater; Wm. Milne; James Leslie, M.D ; C. S. Chittenden. 1887—J. Alston Moffat ; James Leslie, M.D. ; P. L. Scriven ; Wm. Milne; C. S. Chittenden. 1888—J. Alston Moffat; B. E. Charlton; T. W. Reynolds, M.D.; S. J. Ireland; Wm Kennedy. 1889—T. W. Reynolds, M D.; S. J. Ireland ; William Turn- bull; A. W. Hanham ; Lieut.-Col. Grant. 18go—Col. Grant; A. W. Hanham; W. A. Robinson; A. E. Walker ; Thomas S. Morris. 1891—Col. Grant ; W. A. Robinson; J. F. McLaughlin, B.A. ; T. W. Reynolds, M.D. ; Wm. Turnbull. 1892—T. W. Reynolds, M.D.; W. A. Robinson; P. L. Scriven; Wm. Turnbull; Wm. White. 1893—James Ferres; A. E. Walker; P. L. Scriven; Wm. White ; W. H. Elliott, Ph.B. 1894—James Ferres; A. E. Walker; P. L. Scriven; J H. Long, M.A., LL.B.; W. H. Elliott, B.A., Ph.B. 1895—J. E. P. Aldous, B.A ; Thomas S. Morris; W. H. Elliott, B A, Ph.B.; P. L. Scriven; Major McLaren. 1896—J. E. P. Aldous, B.A.; Thomas S. Morris; W. H. Elliott, B.A., Ph.B. ; George Black ; J. M. Burns. 1897—W..H Elliott, B.A.; Thomas S Morris; Robert Camp- bell; J. R. Moodie; Wm. White. 1898 —W. H. Elliott, B.A.; Robert Campbell; W. A. Childs, M.A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M.D.; W. A. Robinson. 1899—W. H. Elliott, B.A. ; Robert Campbell; W. A. Childs, M.A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M.D.; W. A. Robinson. tg00—Robert Campbell ; W. A. Childs, M.A. ; George Black ; fe ballard ; J. H. Long-M.A., LL.B. 1901—W. A. Childs, M.A.; George Black; J. F. Ballard; J. H. Long, M.A., LL.B. ; J. R: Heddle. 1902—Geo. Black; J. F. Ballard; J. H. Long, M.A., LL.B. ; J. R. Heddle; J. M. Williams. J. M. Williams ; Geo. Black ; Jas. Gadsby; A. H. Baker; R. A. Ptolemy ABSTRACT OF MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF The Hamilton Association DURING THE SESSION OF 1903-1904. NOVETSIBER 12th, 1903. Opening meeting held, with President J. M. Dickson in the chair. Two new members were elected. President delivered his annual address, which is published in this Journal; it breathes of nature, and is a literary gem, besides. An exhibition of slides was given by Messrs. Gadsby and Baker. A well-attended and interesting meeting. DECEMBER ioth, 1903. Regular meeting held, with President in the chair. A lecture was to have been given by O. J. Stevenson, M.A., of St Thomas, on “The Wild Birds of Ontario;” but, owing to blocking of trains, lecturer did not arrive in time. Meeting was postponed to following night, but, the weather being very inclement, the attendance was small. See Journal for paper. JANUARY 14th, 1904. Regular meeting held, with President in chair. Three new members were elected. Mr. F. B. Kenrick, M.A., Ph. D., lectured on “‘The Art of Glass- Blowing from the Earliest Times.” For abstract of paper see Journal. JOURNAT. AND PROCEEDINGS. 9 FEBRUARY ith, 1904. Regular meeting held, with President in chair. Professor Pelham Edgar lectured on ‘‘Nationalism in Poetry, and Canadian Poets,” for abstract of which see Journal. MARCH roth, 1904. Regular meeting held, with President in chair. Two new members were elected. Mr. W. A. Parks, B. A., Ph. D., lectured on ‘‘Ontario’s North Land,” for abstract of which see Journal. APRIL 14th, 1904. Regular meeting held, with President in chair. One new member was elected. Mr. F. B Allen, M. A., Ph. D., lectured on ‘‘The Manufacture of Natural Products.” For abstract of lecture, see Journal. MAY 12th, 1904. Annual meeting. President in chair. Eighteen new members were elected. Feeling reference was made by Mr. Alexander, and supported by Col. Grant, to the loss to the Association by death of Mr. Alex- ander Gaviller, for 20 years faithful curator of the Museum, and Mr. Jno. Alston Moffat, one of our honorary members, and letters of condolence were ordered to be sent to relatives of these deceased members. Reports presented. Officers elected as follows: President, = - : Gro. L. JOHNSTON, B. A. rst Vice-President, : Rev. D. B. Marsx, Sc. D. 2nd Vice-President, - : R. A. PTOLEMY. Corresponding Secretary, Jha] jets et oe Recording Secretary, — - J. F. BALLARD Treasurer, - : P. L. SCRIVEN. Curator, = . . ComG.G. GRANT. Council, Wm. ACHESON, J. G. CLOKE, J. M. WILLIAMs, Jas. GADSBY AND ROBERT CAMPBELL. Auditors, = E. H. DARLING and A. H. BAKER. ie) THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. May 206th, 1904. Adjourned Annual Meeting held, with President in chair. Committee appointed to deal with Membership Fee reported “That the fee of the H. S. A. be $1 00 per annum, as at present, which fee, in case of members of Sections, is to be collected by the Treasurers of the Sections and to be paid over to the Treasurer of the Association. The Sections, as at present, may impose any additional fee for the purposes of their Section.” The report was received and adopted. Report of Geological Section was presented by Mr. A. T. Neill. This report showed the continued activity of Col. Grant in the col- lection and distribution of fossils. Dr. Marsh was appointed representative to Royal Society, with Prof. Fletcher as substitute. Meeting adjourned. J. M. DICKSON, GL JOHNSON President. Secretary. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. ; II REPORT -OF -GCOUNGIE, Your Council take pleasure in submitting their report for the session 1903-1904. During this session there have been held four meetings of Council and seven meetings of the General Association, at which the following Papers and Addresses were given : November 12, 1903—‘‘ Inaugural Address ”—President J. M. Dickson. December 10, 1903—‘‘ The Birds of Ontario ”—O. J. Steven- son, M.A. January 14, 1904—‘‘ The Art of Glass-blowing from the Earliest Times ”—F. B. Kenrick, M.A., Ph.D. February 11, 1904—‘‘ Nationalism in Poetry and Canadian Poets ”—Prof. Pelham Edgar. March 10, 1904—‘ Ontario’s North Land ”—W. A. Parks, B A., Ph.D. April 14, 1904—‘‘ The Manufacture of Natural Products”—F. BpAiien MA. Ph.D. May 12, 1904—Presentation of Reports, Election of Officers and other business. Your Council is pleased to record the continued activity and good work of the Camera, Astronomical and Geological Sections, and to hear of the resumption of active work during the present summer by the Biological Section. The Museum has been kept open regularly on Saturday after- noons for visitors. New cases have been procured for the better displaying of specimens and for the economizing of floor space. During the year the Association has been called upon to mourn the loss of its Curator, Mr. Alexander Gaviller, an old and able sup- porter of the Association. The position, however, is being ably filled by Col. Grant, who has special knowledge of the Museum and its requirements. There have been added during the year twenty-six new mem- bers ; the meetings have been fairly well attended, and altogether the Association has had a successful year. All of which is respectfully submitted. J. M. DICKSON, G. L. JOHNSTON, President. Secretary. 12 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. REPORT OF ASTRONOMICAL SECTION. We report a very satisfactory session. Meetings at which papers have been read, fourteen. These, with two exceptions, were by our own members, which we consider a matter of congratulation, evidencing the real educational results from the work of the Scientific Association. Our audiences have been very large, in many instances filling the Museum to over- flowing. We are confident that the cases which the Association have purchased will result in making the room which has been so much needed We report a membership of 53. Aberdeen observatory, through the courtesy of Dr. Marsh, has been visited by over a hundred visitors through the medium of the Astronomical Section, and in accord with the verdict of the many hundreds who have otherwise visited the observatory, have expressed themselves as favored indeed by the value of the knowledge given and the courtesy accorded to everyone by Dr. Marsh. It is worthy of comment the far-reaching influence that has resulted from Dr. Marsh coming amongst us, and the expansion of knowledge, Astro- nomical and otherwise, that has resulted, will not be easily measured, but is to be found in every quarter of our intellectual field. We have been again much indebted to our Toronto confreres ; they have, ever since our inception as a society, been ready and prompt to assist us by their excellent papers, loan of apparatus, and in very many ways exemplified the attitude of generous courtesy, which is the characteristic of the highly intellectual. We mean no discrimination when we mention the liberal use we have had of the tube of Radium from Mr. J. R. Collins, and by which one of the first, if not the first radiograph lantern slide, was made in Canada, and shown, together with the tube so kindly loaned for the occasion, to the largest audience of our season, a JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. DS courtesy which the audience appreciated, it being the first Radium shown in Hamilton. We append the papers which have been read, and desire to express our views as a Society that the grant of the Ontario Govern- ment to Hamilton is being expended in a way which must certainly meet with the approval of the same. We also wish to add our views to the general view held in this city, that the excellent valuable work of the Geological Section, under the hand of Col. C. C. Grant, deserves the recognition by the Dominion Government by a grant to enable the valuable col- lection of Col. Grant to be cased and catalogued, and we would request the Association to draw attention of the Dominion Govern- ment to the question of having the various collections catalogued and recorded by the Curator-General at Ottawa, so that a collabora- tion of Canada’s resources may be initiated in every department, including Geological and Biological collections. All of which is submitted to the Association. J. M. WILLIAMS, Secretary. 14 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION For the Year Ending May, 1904. The Section, in submitting this report, has much pleasure in informing the members of the Hamilton Scientific Association that the usual interest has been maintained and much: work has been done by the members of the Section during the year which has just closed. Many specimens have been added to the already large collection of Silurian fossils in the Museum of the Association, by Col. C. C. Grant and others. Col. C. C. Grant has made the discovery of several new varieties of Graptolites, which have been sent to different recognized authori- ties upon these obscure forms of life which existed in the ancient seas of the Silurian period, also some new Gastropods, which have been sent away for identification and classification. Although the season covered by the period from May to November for the collec- tion of the fossil sponges was not as favorable as some previous ones, yet a considerable number of these unique fossils were obtained and distributed to different parts of the world. The Barton beds in the vicinity of Hamilton have become famous for the number and variety of specimens obtained from them, and they are frequently alluded to by writers of the life history of the fossilized sponges. The thanks of the Hamilton Scientific Association is due to Col. C. C. Grant for his indefatigable zeal in the pursuit of the collection of specimens and for sending them to so many Museums, thereby being instrumental in publishing to the world this fruitful field of the fos- silized remains of the homes of the Amoeba. Letters have been received from the Directors of different Museums expressing their thanks to the Council for specimens sent them by one of our members, Col. C. C. Grant: Dr. Ray Lancas- ter, of the British Museum ; Prof. J. F. Whiteaves, of Ottawa; Prof. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 15 Clark, State Geologist of the State of New York; Dr. Gourley, at Washington, and Prof. Schuchart, of the same place. The number of specimens sent away may be approximately stated to be 200; some, as I have said, to be identified and classi- fied, and some writers have asked for specimens in order that they might give them more thorough study, with a view of writing a monograph on the subject The Museum has been kept open on Saturday afternoons, and many students have taken advantage of the opportunity to study the specimens displayed in the Museum cases. This privilege should be esteemed and appreciated by every lover of nature studies. The Section has not held as many meetings during the past year as formerly, owing to a chain of circumstances which prevented the members assembling as frequently as they wished to read and hear papers read. Col. C. C. Grant read two papers on Geological subjects ; fol- lowing are the dates and titles of the papers read: April 6—Geological Notes “« 26— ‘S ‘* continued. Respectfully submitted. Pte, IN ED ees, Chairman. 16 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. REPORT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION. The past year, though it appeared to be a rather quiet one with this Section, was, nevertheless, a year of much good work, and in many respects ahead of any previous one. ‘The number of members who contributed slides to the Interchange set, and prints to the annual exhibition, was twice that of previous year, and the work all of a good quality, which shows that the members have been active. But our regular meetings have not been as well attended as they should have been. It would be well for our programme committee to try and arrange, during the coming year, for more demonstrations and discussions along the different branches of photography. At the beginning of the season it was decided that the Camera Section should join the American Lantern-slide Interchange ; and, in order to get as many slides as possible to select from, a slide competition was held in October for prizes given by the President, and it proved to be a most successful one. About twenty-five mem- bers contributed slides, and as a result we were enabled to select a hundred very good slides, which were sent on to New York. Of these about 45 were chosen as a set to go around the Interchange circuit with the Toronto and Vancouver sets. At intervals throughout the year sets of slides from the American Interchange have been shown before fairly good audiences. There were many fine sets among them, and they were much enjoyed by the members and others who attended these exhibitions. As some dissatisfaction with the American Interchange has been expressed of late, it was suggested some time ago that an effort should be made to forma Canadian Interchange. It would, perhaps, be well to keep this matter in view, and ascertain during the coming season if such an interchange could be formed. It was very gratifying to the members of our Section to have five slides chosen from our last year’s set to go in the European set ; this was a very creditable showing. A few interesting and instructive demonstrations were given JOURNAT, AND PROCEEDINGS. Dy during the year, some of which were: ‘‘ Toning Developing-out Paper,” by Mr. A. G. Alexander; ‘‘ Development of Under- and Over-exposed Plates,” by Mr. J. G. Gadsby; ‘‘ Making of Lantern Slides,” by Mr. Land and Mr. Gadsby. The Section is much indebted to Mr. Gadsby for devoting every night for a week during the lantern-slide season in his untiring efforts to teach many mem- bers how to make good slides. . There were some improvements made to the darkroom during the year—such as a new zinc developing-table, the erection of 12 new lockers, and the addition of several large developing-trays and graduates. But things are not yet as they should be. ‘The enlarg- ing and reducing apparatus is not satisfactory ; a larger condensor is needed. It is to be hoped that our darkroom will receive a large share of attention during the coming year. There was but one outing last year—that to Guelph on Victoria Day. ‘Though no views of any note were obtained (the locality not being favorable), the members, of whom there was a good turnout, had an enjoyable time. Our annual print exhibition, held this year on the 24th, 25th and 26th of March, was conceded to be equal, if not superior, to any previous competition held by the Section. ‘There were about thirty exhibitors, and the pictures were of a high artistic merit. The successful exhibitors were : A. G. Alexander, gold medal and first trophy ; D. A. Souter, second trophy and silver medal ; W. G. Grant, landscape—medal ; C. A. Herald, genre—medal ; J. G. Gadsby, flowers—medal ; Mrs. Robt. Campbell, enlargements—medal ; Miss Dixon, best collection by lady members—medal ; T. J. Davenport, Wentworth County amateurs—medal ; J. H. Land—Mr. Cunningham’s prize for best print of tree. The medals for marine interiors and portraiture were withheld by the judges ; the work outside of that which had already been awarded prizes in other classes was not of sufficient merit to allow of a prize being given. 18 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Twenty new names have been added to the membership roll during the year, among them being many enthusiastic workers. In conclusion, as Secretary, I desire to thank all who have helped me in any way to perform the duties of office, and ask for my successor the same hearty support that I have received. Respectfully submitted, WALTER E. BEY Secretary. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1g CURATOR’S REPORT. As acting Curator of the Museum, I regret to say only a few things have been added recently to the cases. Through the late Mr. Gaviller, Mrs. T. D. Walker kindly presented to the Museum three Australian Emu’s eggs. A dealer lately stated the bird is fast becoming extinct, and such things are now difficult to obtain—of late years have risen considerably in value—-so we may regard them as an important donation. A farmer friend of mine who lives near the Hesse Spring, and who already brought us a few arrow and flint spearheads, presented the Museum with an excellent specimen of what is known as an Indian firestone. Any one who has seen the collection of Indian relics at Toronto, or Mrs. Carey’s at Dundurn, may readily perceive what a poor display of antiques we present to the public. The only thing we Can Say in its favor is that the few we possess at least are genuine, and not the fraudulent specimens we so frequently find ° in many Museums. The fine collection of native birds, donated by Mr. and Mrs. Eastwood, were removed to one of the side cases near the entrance, where they can be seen to more advantage than when suspended from the rod at the end of the room. The present position is not all that may be desired, but it seems a slight improvement on their former place. The doors of the sides can be temporarily opened on Saturdays. The Council may notice some two or three speci- mens in several cases. When our funds permit, it may be thought necessary to separate the specimens and provide a few additional cases for a very interesting and valuable collection. We may have some difficulty now, since the death o our old member, Mr. Mcllwraith, in getting the birds correctly named, your Curator’s knowledge of Ornithology (especially of bird-life on this continent), being very limited. CHAS. COOTE GRANT. 20 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION, SESSION 1903-1904. BY J. M. DICKSON, PRESIDENT. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: My appearance here to-night indicates that another year has passed, whether of profit or loss remains for your decision. We have profited by the addition of many valuable papers to our proceedings and have lost several of our active members. Death, I regret, has removed from our ranks a figure once prominent in our meetings. I refer to the past President, Thomas Mcllwraith, the noted Canadian ornithologist, who, full of years, de- parted this life in January. An earnest student, keen observer and careful writer, his works, of wider than continental repute, will perpet- uate his memory. We have also to regret the resignation of Mr. Alexander Gavil- ler, a gentleman who has held for many years the honorary office of Curator, a position which he has most zealously filled. Mr. Schuler, the active assistant Curator, has likewise been compelled, ty business pressure, to remove from our midst. The Astronomical, Geological and Photographic Sections con- tinue to carry on their good work and increase in strength. Scientific investigation of the element Radium has attracted much attention. Its remarkable production of heat and light, great rarity and almost fabulous cost have claimed the interest of all readers, while its destructive action upon the tissues has created the hope that it may prove to be a valuable germicide. Like many new discoveries its powers have probably been over-rated, and already a British scientist has concluded that it is not a true element, but a compound of helium and some other element or elements, the con- stant discharge being simply due to spontaneous decomposition. Nature study has taken a prominent position during the past year, and almost illimitable is the field it offers for our exploration. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 21 Many lessons of scientific and commercial value might be learned from the despised dwellers of the field and wood. For ex- ample, the common wasp is not a subject that commends itself to the close consideration of many, yet this creature has been engaged for incalcuable years in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp, an industry which has only recently commanded the attention of man. Health, pleasure and profit await the student of nature who roams afield. To the lover of wild flowers, or botanist, “ with what a glory comes and goes the year.” Let us glance at some of her attractions March, the first month of the Roman calendar, may also be said to be the first month of the floral calendar. We perceive signs of activity everywhere in nature. The buds of deciduous trees and shrubs are full and prominent ; the evergreens shake themselves in preparation for a general spring house-cleaning. The earliest plant to be found in flower is unquestionably the Symplocarpus foetidus or Skunk Cabbage. You will find it ere the snow and ice have disappeared. Peeping, with roguish eye, from underneath the winter’s mantle, you may see her if you chance to recognize her purple cowl. She does not wait to be fanned into consciousness by the soft spring breezes, nor revived by the warm rains of weeping skies. The first kiss of the sun upon her upturned lips is sufficient to set astir the blood within her veins. Indeed, to be concise, she is even now ready to begin her mysterious operations of growth. Already the Skunk Cabbage has woven her orate hoods of red and purple, and these noods, themselves wrapped securely in a layer or two of thick integument, protect within them the flowerets of the succeeding spring. Besides the fresh spathe are to be found also the black and decaying receptacles wherein is stored the prolific harvest of fruits matured during the past summer. If but ten per cent. of these fruits were to germinate and grow the humble bog city of the Araceae would soon require enlarged boundaries. ‘This plant blooms alone—the fairer and more pleasing gems of ‘6 Merry April and sweet smiling May Come not till March has first prepared the way.” Soon the snow has gone and “ stooping showers have sandalled the feet of May with flowers,” and wider fields present themselves to the botanist. 22 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. In the vanguard comes the familiar Hepatica, a graceful and interesting flower, the more interesting because of mythological beliefs which attach to it. Scholars of the middle ages believed it to be the Leichen of the Greeks and invested it with the interest with which mythology surrounds the fate of that unfortunate damsel. Reared by her mother to a life of piety, and educated in medicine by her father, who was himself the god of physicians, and by whom she was given in marriage to a youth of good report, she died sud- denly on her wedding eve and the gods turned her dead body into a flower, the Hepatica, because of her skill, before her death, in curing diseases of the liver, which the Latinized Greek word ‘‘ Hepatica” implies. Now the beautiful but fugacious Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Can- ademise), unfolds her gleaming petals and her palmate leaves. The Windflower (Anemone nemorosa), swings its solitary bell between a pair of compound leaves, and the pretty little pink and white fairy known as spring beauty carpets the ground. The dainty Violet next attracts attention. . It is a numerous and by no means inconspicuous household. Some species confine their flowering period to the spring, others bluom throughout the entire summer. Some adorn the low and moist ground, others prefer high and dry situations. ‘The flowers are of yellow, white, and all the various shades of purple. In passing we note the Erythronium or Adder’s Tongue, with scape bearing a single yellow gem, rising from between two long, spotted, satiny leaves. During May and June we have the most abundant wealth of bloom. Now we have the Uvularia or Bellwort, the beautiful Phlox divaricata, the Dicentra cuccularia and the feathery Tiarella cordi- folia or Foam flower. The Trilliums, abundant on every hillside, call to mind a host of happy children waving their white sunbonnets and dancing to the music of the breeze. The wild Columbine with nodding balls of red and yellow is graceful and attractive. A little later the glories of the genus Cypripedium burst upon us. This genus includes several species found in this locality, viz. : JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 23 C. Pubesens and C. Parviflora, the yellow ladies’-slippers ; C. Acaule, the beautiful rose purple moccasin flower, and C. Spectabile, the showiest of all terrestrial orchids. Side by side with these grows the Ledum latifolium, a shrub of remarkable beauty, bearing tufts of snowy flowers and scarcely less attractive foliage, the upper surface of which is shining green and the under a sunlit color resembling buffed leather. July ushers in an entirely different floral aspect. Now the gor- geous masses of Asclepias tuberosa set aflame the hillsides and sunny uplands ; in the cooler glades of the wood the fragile wood-lily, Lilium Philadelphicum, lifts her golden chalice to the dews of heaven, while her elegant and more stately sister, Lilium superbum, poises her flaming candelabrum. August gives to the floral world the many varieties of sunflowers and cone-flowers, all ‘worthy of our appreciation and study—the splendid cardinal Lobelia, that ‘‘ red-coated sentry of the-wood,” in contrast with which we find, dressed in suit of blue, its stouter but less graceful neighbor, Lobelia Syphilitica. Farther on appear the snowy masses of Chelone glabra, turtle head. Across the threshold of the year now comes September, with her crown of gentians, royal blue, a fitting color for a plant with name of kingly origin. Gentius, who reigned 167 years B.C., was the last King of Ilyria. He provoked a war with the Romans, was defeated and taken in triumph to Rome. Suffering from malarial- fever, he was treated with an infusion of this herb, hence the name, Gentiana. Our local gentians are confined to two species, the beautiful fringed blue gentian, G. Crinita, and the closed blue gentian, G. Andrewosii ; a white form of this latter species grows plentifully in our locality. We must not forget to mention the humble Monotropa uniflora, well known under the common names of corpse plant and Indian pipe. This is a very strange and interesting citizen of the vegetable kingdom. Dependent for support, and with no specialized organs of distribution, it has established itself to a degree scarcely equalled by any other species of flowering plants. Notwithstanding its wide dis- tribution and existence under so many varied conditions of environ- 24 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ment, it remains constant to type, merely becoming of shorter and stouter growth as it approaches the north, a prevalent geographical character of plants. It is a root parasite, and not, as has long been supposed, a saprophyte. This unique child of the floral race is a paradox to the human race. In youth its head is bowed to the earth, in age it stands erect. When at perfection, the entire plant is colorless, the stalk, leaves and petals are all waxy white. After maturity it takes on a pinkish coat, and finally blackens. All pre- served specimens of this plarit are black, which is characteristic of most, if not all, parasites. (The beech-drops and Hypopitis form an exception to this rule; they retain their tawny color, as in life). At our recent Horticultural Exhibition, in one of the wild- flower collections, was a carefully selected specimen of the Indian Pipe, showing the mycelium of the fungus host permeating the root ball. It is not known whether it should be classed as an annual or as a perennial. Their is evidence to support both characters. Here is a convenient field for research, worthy the attention and study of some of our younger botanists. As the season advances, still another view of the ever shifting panorama of nature is presented to the spectator. Summer, with her magnificent train, is past ; the first month of Autumn has woven her threads of color in the many-hued garment of nature, dropped her empty shuttle and fled. Now blushing October, garlanded with a wealth of fruits and flowers, sweeps with queenly grace across the land. Her brow is decked with asters, purple, and rose and white ; her arms are filled with sheaves of golden rods; her robe is pieced of painted forest leaves ; her girdle is of trailing vines dyed crimson in the life blood of the year; her face is veiled with purple haze ; her feet are sandalled with glistening frosts: for the flowers her song is the dirge of death, and when, with outstretched arms, she rises to take her farewell, we write the “ finis” to this floral biography and close the volumes as her lessening pinions rise and fall in the distance. ““ And yet, there is not lost One of Earth’s charms: upon her brow, After the flight of untold centuries, The freshness of her far beginning lies And yet shall lie.” JOURNAT. AND PROCEEDINGS. 25 Abstract from Minutes of Lecture by F: B. Kenrick, M.A., Ph.D.., on “ The Art of Glass-blowing from the Earliest Times.” The Queen of Sheba had her glass beads buried with her. Little change in the art for 5000 years. Bottles belonging to the time before Christ, and window-panes of the early Christian era, found in Rome. ‘Two methods of blowing glass—from the furnace, and by the blow-pipe—were illustrated. Glass-blowing in early times an art, and glass-blowers ranked with the nobility, and given special exemptions and privileges in the Byzantian empire. Tiny pitchers, vases, etc., made in a special stereopticon machine, which threw every movement on the screen. Hearty vote of thanks tendered. Abstract from Minutes of Lecture Delivered by Professor Pelham Edgar on “ Nationalism in Poetry and Canadian Poets.” Do we possess a literature with a distinctive Canadian spirit ? Have we nationalism in the poetry of different countries? All countries have to some extent, and some more than others, ex- hibited national characteristics in their poetry, yet all that is best in the poetry of any country is cosmopolitan, rather than national. Canada has contributed such men as Carmen and Roberts to the U. S. and Parker to England. Canada is a new country, vast in extent and resources. Splendid also in history, but lacking in legend and myth, upon which so much of the Poetry, of older countries is based. Chas. D. Roberts has gained more than a national reputation by his narrative verse. His classical poems are artistic, but imita- tive. He treated in a superior way native themes, such as Indian legends. His descriptive lyrics are characterized by limpid purity. Two sonnets were read—‘“ Where the Cattle Come to Drink” and “Burnt Lands.” Simple lyrics, such as “ Bringing Home the Cows ;” passionate lyrics, such as ‘In the Solitude of the City ;” sea poems, such as “The Laughing Sally,” showed the versatility of his genius. Archibald Lampman was described as the greatest nature poet. Far removed from human interest, his poetry is stimulated 26 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. by the bracing north air and broad expanse of varied scenery, making it abound with artistic power. His sonnets show more meditative depth and abound in the harmonies of versification. Bliss Carman, astoundingly original, is master of an aerial caressing music. His perceptions are exquisitely beautiful; his nature imagery is not forced: his rollicking sea pieces not lacking in fun; and his mystic poetry dealt with in an exceptionally clear and simple way. Reference was made to three poems which had appeared in the “Children’s Corner” of the A/az/ and Empire, written by a young girl named Margery Picthall, and which showed remarkable intellectual and dramatic power. Their titles—‘‘A Prayer,” “ Armorell” and ‘‘A Mother in Egypt.” Conclusion—we should not seek to cultivate a distinctively national poetry. The epoch of world poetry is with us. Its scope should be universal rather than local. We should get into the main current of the world’s ideas. Hearty vote of thanks tendered. Meeting adjourned. Abstract from Minutes of Lecture by W. A. Parks, B.A.,PhD., on ** Ontario's North Land.” Out of the 220,000 square miles in Ontario, about 140,000 is practically unknown. To study the geological: structure of this region we must go back to very ancient times, when there was a V- shaped axis of granite rocks surrounding Hudson Bay. This ridge of granite being exposed to disintegrating forces for countless ages, and also to the grinding forces of the immense ice fields of the glacial age, was gradually reduced to a watershed or divide of less than 2000 feet in height. The ascent of this divide is so very grad- ual that there is difficulty in ascertaining when the summit has been reached. It is frequently low and swampy, swamps being found on the ridge which give rise to rivers flowing in opposite directions. The whole country is a network of small lakes. Contrary to com- mon rumor, the lecturer stated that there was little pine north of the Height of Land, but, instead, spruce, poplar and birch, with every- where an impenetrable growth of underbrush, so dense that only with axe in hand can a path be made. The nature-of the water- JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 27 courses are such that falls are numerous, and sufficient to provide water power for the whole world. The only practicable means of transportation through this northern country is the canoe, and the streams and lakes are so numerous that any part of the country can be traveresed by this means. Forest fires have destroyed large areas of timber. Near James Bay the country consists largely of muskegs —-deposits of peat. This muskeg country may in time be drained and so made suitable for agriculture. There is on the uplands what is known as the Clay Belt, containing 16,000,000 acres of arable land. The mineral wealth of the country consists of gold, nickel, copper and iron. Canada has a monoply of nickel, on this continent at least. An interesting and extended account of Moose Factory was given. The Hudson Bay Company has had a post there for 200 years. The lecture was illustrated by maps and photographs, and was most interesting. A hearty vote of thanks was tendered. Meeting adjourned. Abstract from Minutes of Lecture by Mr. F. B. Alien, M. A., Ph.D., on “ The Manufacture of Natural Products.” As an illustration of the changes taking place everywhere, ice, water and steam were referred to; also the fact that in combustion or decay there is no loss in matter, merely a change in form—the first being an example of physical change, the second of chemical. Some changes, however, are hard to classify, such as the electrolysis of water. An element was defined as a product obtained by follow- ing out a line of reactions which give us something else than the material with which we began, until we arrive at a point where no further reactions are possibile. There are at present 80 known elements. Many of these are found in the native state, such as iron, copper and carbon. Many of them are also manufactured. We manufacture iron from compounds of iron with oxygen—hematites being the most common. Graphite, a form of carbon, is manufac- tured for lubricating purposes from coal. One of the most interest ing manufactures is the diamond. Paris is the headquarters for this industry. The theory being that the diamond is a piece of carbon which has been subjected to enormous pressure, particles 28 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. of coal were thrown into molten metal, which, on being allowed to cool, produces a diamond equal to those got from Kimberley. They are, however, extremely small. Also in Paris, by means of the electric furnace, many of the minerals have been made. One of these—the ruby—is a compound of aluminum and oxygen, without a trace of iron to give it color. Passing away from the minerals, the lecturer dealt with a much more interesting class of substances. He distinguished between organic and inorganic substances. The latter can be made in the laboratory, but the former required the life element. The organic compounds are essentially compounds of the element carbon; the other common elements in them are hydrogen and oxygen, more rarely nitrogen and sulphur, and occasionally phosphorus. By means of formulae, a shorthand description was given of the way in which the elements were related in such substances as glucose, glycerine, cane-sugar, benzine, toluene, anthracene, napthaline; the last three being coal-tar products. The manufacture of analine dyes was next treated of. In Germany, after many years of experimenting, it had been found possible and commercially profitable to manufacture indigo. A five million dollar factory has been erected for this purpose, so that the manufactured product is likely soon to displace the natural product of India. The indigo used annually in the world is worth $25,000,000. Germany exports $20,000,000 of analine dyes made from coal-tar products imported from Great Britain. The hope was expressed that the mother country, as well as Canada and the United States, will soon manufacture their own coal-tar products. In conclusion, the lecturer made an appeal for State support for the scientific chemist alongside of the technical or practical chemist. In England technical schools were being taken up, but pure science was being neglected. The State should encourage both classes. After a hearty vote of thanks the meeting adjourned. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 29 NOTES ON PAST COLLECTING SEASON. Read before the Geological Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, April 6th, I90¢4. BY COL. C2 C. GRANT. The early part of the collecting season of the Geological Sec- tion proved, as was anticipated, an almost complete failure as far as Chert Sponges, Bryozoons, etc, were concerned. This was owing to the nature of the crops, clover, etc., which prevented examination of the fossiliferous fields which presented so many fossils to our members formerly. It was expected that a newly ploughed field on the brow of the escarpment, near the reservoir, might offer some compensation for the disappointment experienced nearer the city, but such was not the case, its appearance proved highly deceptive. Tons of broken chert lay on its surface, but merely a few poor sponge sections were obtainable there—no Bryozoons or other organic remains. The material was derived from some of the barren chert layers probably. Potato fields, between the escarp- ment and corporation drain, often contain Niagara Sponges and sections, but last season was so wet that a farmer friend remarked there are more weeds than spuds to be found there. On a recent visit I was pleased to find the old reliable hunting ground, adjoin- ing the drain, which formerly displayed the majority of the flint-flake fossils obtainable here—Cornulites, Bryozoons, etc.—had been ploughed up after many years once more. ‘The locality in question is particularly rich in Cladoporz ; several species of Professor Jas. Hall’s “‘ Lichenalia Fenestillide” have been found there. When first examined, many years ago, some fine specimens of “ Avicula Undata” and ‘‘Avicula Emacerata” were discovered there. ‘The ornamental markings and well defined wavy lines of the former were in perfect preservation. Neither had that dwarfed appearance which flint-flake specimens so frequently present. No Lamelli- branchs have turned up there since, although crops favorable to 30 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. collecting have been raised there in several seasons. Our local Niagara Chert Corals, or in shales, are presumably restricted, yet they clearly indicate a time when Corals lived and flourished under conditions absolutely impossible under modern conditions. Since the above notes on Field Geology were taken, I find some additional fields have been recently ploughed near the city from -which many sponges were formally obtained, as well as glaciated flint-flake specimens. When staying at Winona during the past summer I received a letter from Dr. Whiteaves, Palzeontologist to the Dominion Geologi- cal survey, in which he mentioned that the Smithsonian Institute intended to publish a Monograph on the Niagara Bryozoons, and asked if I could obtain any for the publication. The shale at Grims- by formerly contained a good many fairly preserved specimens, but I think few can be had now. ‘The writer remembers forwarding some fine specimens to the Redpath Museum, in Sir W. Dawson’s time, and also to Dublin. Very few are obtainable there now. The ones secured on two or three visits to Grimsby were sent on to Ottawa, together with specimens from the local glaciated Chert beds of Hamilton. The latter, as you know, may be considered to present some varieties of Dr. Jas. Hall’s ‘‘ Lichenalia.” I think the prospects for collecting now far brighter than they have been for many years, at least as far as Sponges and glaciated Chert specimens go, but I fear we must experience much disappointment with regard to the Grap- tolites. The new City Quarry’has no protecting bed of Erie clay, and the Chert there is greatly decayed and improves very slightly when worked inwards from the face of the escarpment on the Stone- man road. ‘This is not favorable to the preservation of such organ- isms. The Indian corn has been cut down near the city, but the stalks, etc., have not been removed yet, and the clay clods (protected by the crop), require rain to break them up and frost to bring speci- mens to the surface. Still, despite all these disadvantages, I secured on the first visit I paid lately to one well known locality some good Sections, as also three or four Sponges. Unfortunately the latter are not very well preserved, and a bad attack of inflammation of the eyes prevented the writer from further researches for more than four weeks before the snow put in its first appearance. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 31 Extract relating to Barton Niagara beds from another source. GUELPH FAUNA (Clarke & Rudeman). SOUTHERN ONTARIO—SECTION AT HAMILTON. “The composition of the Niagara escarpment, which is finely continued along Lake Ontario (Hamilton Bay), just south of the City of Hamilton, has been carefully studied by Col. C. C. Grant, of that place, who has published various data in regard to it. Dr. J. W. Spencer also some years ago studied this region stratigraphi- cally, and described some of the fossils therefrom. From these sources we gather that the section here is the following, beginning at the top: The Barton bed (Spencer), summit formation mostly dark dolomite with interbedded shale and soft hydraulic layers, the latter considerably employed in the manufacture of cement, 87 feet ; Magnesian Silicious beds filled with irregular nodules of light or white chert, 20 feet maximum; Blue Dolomite, 5 feet 6 in.; Rochester Shale, 17 feet, 6 in. For our immediate use we need not carry the section further down, though the outcrop of the deposits extends well into the Medina, as on the Niagara river. To return to No. 1: these heterogeneous strata, consisting of shales, soft water-limes and hard dolomites (Barton beds) contain distinct faunas. In the hydraulic layers are ‘“‘ Atrypa reticularis,” ‘ Enteno- lasma Caliculus,” while the dark dolomites bear a distinct associa- tion. With the aid of Colonel Grant, and by the study of his collection and that of the Hamilton Scientific Association, we are able to cite these as characteristic species: ‘‘Orthorites Subplanus,” “‘Lepteena Rhomboidalis,” ‘‘ Orthoceras Bartonense” (Spencer), a ‘“* Dawsonoceras,” identical with ‘‘ Dawson Annulatum.” More im- portant, however, are the following, each of which has been seen by Col. Grant in but a single specimen: “ Pleurotomaria perlata,” “Cceli- dium Macrospira,” “ Trochoceras,” like ‘‘T. Waldronense,” of the Waldron. The first two of these are of distinctively Guelph charac- ter, and ‘‘P. perlata” has not been found outside that fauna. Col. Grant finds that the upper layer of these Barton beds, whenever stripped of soil, is everywhere deeply scored by glacial shearing, and believes that some part of the dolomites has been carried away. 32 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Hence we get in these Barton beds a clue to, or suggestion of, the true Guelph fauna, which we may well believe was more fully devel- oped in the later deposits removed by glacial erosion.” WINONA—LAKE SHORE. On arrival at the Winona camp in May last, the writer found the water in the lake unusually high for that time of the year; he ‘also discovered the ridge of sand at the east end along the shore was gradually extending westward. This would prove an excellent barrier to the waves and a great protection to the high banks there if permanently fixed. On enquiry I ascertained after I left Winona the residents had the worst storm that was known there for forty years, and that this sand-bar had been carried off into the lake and the particular portion referred to had disappeared altogether—not a vestiage of it was left. A large number of Cambro Silurian fossils rewarded research, bnt I fear not many can be claimed as new species. The Lingula submitted for inspection of the Section was found in a slab containing a ‘“‘ Trenton fossil.” A small portion was con- cealed by the matrix, but it was more completely developed by one of our members (Mr. Schuler), who now resides at Rochester, U. S. A. Ina work published by the late Palzeontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey (E. Billings), in 1865, containing description and figures of new or little known species of organic remains from the Silurian rocks, he figures a very fine ‘‘ Lamellibranch Cyrtodonta (Cypricardites) Hindi,” the only one known to him. The writer succeeded in obtaining another this last summer at Winona (Lake Shore), in good preservation, now in the British Museum A few other members of this family group are submitted, which probably have been already described ; however, the writer thinks it unsafe and strongly objects to names attached to fossils without comparison with the originals—figures are often misleading on certain points. The Section can see from the extract taken from the Geological Magazine, London, July 1903, that Prof. T. R. Jones, F.R.S., F.C. S., credits the Glacial Drift of Hamilton, Ont.; with producing some new minute ‘‘Crustaceans,” which he describes and figures in this well known scientific publication. Since the paper was written a few fine slabs have been for- JOURNAI, AND PROCEEDINGS. 33 warded, which the Professor, no doubt, will be pleased to receive. The writer holds over others for future transmission, but many more were left behind ; not removed from Winona camp yet. On Victoria Day some members of the Geological Section and friends from Dundas proceeded on an excursion to Grimsby. One of the party, Mr. Schuler, was provided with a hand-rake, furnished with long close teeth, which was suggested as an improvement on a claw-like implement. I used these on the loose shale formerly ; it proved very useful for the purpose of raking in the Niagara shale Crinoids. He displayed no less than six specimens of ‘“Caryo- crinus ornatus,” and two heads of ‘‘ Rhodocrinus,” independent of Bryozoons, etc , when he produced his collection for our inspection. The most perfect specimen of a Crinoid, however, found on this occasion, was one secured by a young fellow from Dundas. Mr. Freeborne of the same place was successful in obtaining from the upper Clinton there a well defined plant of this upper Silurian age, and to which I may call your special attention. Under the name **Fucoides Harlani,” Conrad described (and figured probably) a sea plant from the Medina sandstones in the annual report, New York State Survey, 1838. This name was changed subsequently to ‘‘Arthrophycus Harlani” by the late Dr. James Hall, who men- tioned it as occurring at this horizon. I have not seen the plant from the New York Medina beds, but Mr. Schuler informs me the ones he observed in the Rochester Museum resembled the large “‘ Arthrophycus Harlani” found in the massive upper Clinton sand- stone bed at Grimsby. A mistaken idea was entertained, even by members of this section, that the layers in which the Fucoid occurs at place above mentioned represented Medina—not the Clinton series—and that the latter was altogether absent there. It was difficuit to imagine that our Hamilton Iron-band, with its soft red shales, should be there represented by the mottled sandstone used in building houses in that neighborhood. Closer observation has since convinced many that the writer was not mistaken in correcting a very erroneous idea. The plants discovered at Grimsby require further. investigation. They are found in three or more distinct layers, varying considerably in size; all are in good preservation there, and it hardly seems possible to’ look upon the smaller ones as young representatives of the family group. I think pale- 34 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ontologists generally would feel inclined to view them as different species, although others may classify under the head of “© Varieties.” On Victoria Day Mr. Schuler called my attention to the pro- jecting under-surface of one of the thick, massive blocks of sandstone, displaying a magnificent specimen of the large “‘ Arthrophycus ” in situ. It is in a difficult position to reach, and a dangerous one in addition, as loose layers are lying above it. Even when released I fear it may be found impossible to make it sufficiently portable to carry it to the stone road or railway station. The smaller specimens ~ of the ‘‘ Arthrophycus ” are found on thin sandstone slabs, and are exceedingly numerous in particular parts of the abandoned quarries. It is not unusual to find six or seven in places after heavy rain or when the snow has disappeared. Mr. Schuler, a member of the Geological Section, extracted even more than this number from their position in situ this last summer. Having left my hammer behind at Winona, the writer, on Victoria Day, was compelled to restrict his fossil-hunting to the Niagara Shale Bryozoons, in which he was not particularly success- ful. This is the more to be regretted, for the reason referred to in a letter received from Dr. Whiteaves, the Chief Palzontologist of our Dominion Geological Survey. The boxes sent through the Canadian parcel post to Ottawa contained Bryozoons (also from our local chert beds), a few of which may be hitherto undescribed. GEOLOGICAL NOTES. The wonderful discovery of the Dutch Surgeon, Dubois, of the skull of the great ape in the river bed of Java, remarks Professor Herman Klaatsch, of Heidelberg University, goes far to prove that the ancestors of the contemporary types of apes bore a far closer resemblance to man than do their degenerate successors. The Gibbon’s arms, for example, have lengthened in answer to his needs as an inveterate climber of trees. A still more remarkable discovery has been recently made in Borneo—a race of men (dwarfs) with webbed feet. How is this for the pollywogs? In digging recently under the foundations of the Daily Chronicle office, in Fleet street, London, England, a well-preserved JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 35 skeleton of the extinct woolly rhinoceros was found. It has been sent to the South Kensington Museum. Dr. Scharff, in a paper read recently before the Royal Irish Academy, maintained that the Atlantes of Plato was a reality and not a myth, and that in ancient times it joined Morocco to Portugal, and extended to St. Helena Island. Greek and Roman historians state that the submergence of Atlantes occurred 9,600 years B. C. 26 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, IN DEFENCE OF LATE ASSERTIONS—COoNCLUDED. Read before the Geological Section of the Hamilton Sctentific Association, April 22nd, 1904. BY COL. CG. C. GRANT. The writer was not greatly surprised to learn recently that some of the members of the Association thought such things as the creation, the deluge, etc., were matters outside geological investiga- tion. To men of inherited religious prejudice it may appear so, but few geologists will be found to agree with them. The beginning of life upon the earth is an important point for their consideration. To submit, as was suggested, scientific matters to the public for decision, would not be entertained for an instant. The Hamilton Association has a Journal with a wide circulation among scientific societies in all civilized countries, and that publication is the proper place for scientific papers. In Ontario one seldom meets a person possessing even a faint acquaintance with geological matters (Scotchmen excepted). As a general rule you will find them intelli- gent and well acquainted with Hugh Millar’s works ; they are justly proud of their famous countryman. The writer remarks that even astronomers cannot always escape the censure of piously-inclined individuals. In a lecture delivered in New York on the 3rd April, 1875, by R. A. Proctor, on “ The Past and Future of our Earth,” which you will find in selections of Zhe Canadian Monthly of January, 1875, or Zhe Contemporary Review, 1 may be permitted to extract a few passages : “It has been in vain thus far that men have attempted to lift the veil which conceals the beginning of life upon the earth. In any case, we need not feel hampered by religious scruples in consid- ering the possibility of ‘spontaneous generation.’ It would be straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel if we found a difficulty of that sort here after admitting, as we are compelled by clearest JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 37 evidence to admit, the evolution of the earth itself, and of the sys- tem to which the earth belongs, by purely natural processes. The student of science should view these matters apart from their supposed association with religious questions—apart, in particular, from interpretations which have been placed upon ‘the Bible records.’ Repeatedly it has been shown that ideas respecting creation, which had come to be regarded as sacred because they were ancient, were altogether erroneous. It may well be so in this matter—the creation of life, My readers may remark, whenever practicable, I make it a point to furnish my authorities for every statement recorded. In doing so I can hardly be accused of omitting the names of men of various christian denominations. This in itself may, no doubt, be looked upon as unbelief in the doctrines of your respective churches ; the question is ¢hezrs—not mzne. I may be permitted to call attention to a work lately published in England by six Oxford tutors, entitled ‘Transitional Theology.” The reverend gentlemen, I understand, are among the best known professors, who prepare the students of the university for ordination in the Established Church. In the work in question occurs the following: We are agreed that as christians and churchmen, no less than lovers of truth, we have cause to be thankful for the new light which science and criticism have within the last half century thrown upon religious problems. They are agreed that scientific and critical methods ought to be applied to such questions, and that authority should not be invoked to crush or stifle enquiry. A very considerable restatement, and even reconstruction, of parts of our religious teaching is inevitable. A writer in the London Zimes states: Drs. Parkdale and Juge are well-known to the thoughtful and religious public, the one as an acute and powerful philosopher, the other as an accomplished and erudite divine. Their colleagues are widely known outside Oxford, and hold high academic positions of importance. Compare the foregoing with the language attributed to Ontario clerics towards higher criticism and science ; language which clearly indicates their own ignorance. The Rev. Dr. Milligan, Toronto, thinks truth stands to gain by such enquires, and expects the church to honor the men some rash preachers are now vilifying. 38 ‘THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Professor Delitzsch, a well-known German historian and Assyri- ologist, on his return from the recent excavations in Chaldea, delivered two lectures in presence of the Kaiser and Court, entitled “Babel and Bible.” In the address he exhorted his audience not to cling to antiquated dogmas which lacked any scientific basis, expressing his belief that theology was progressive; other remarks I -may refer to subsequently. The Kaiser himself published a reply in which he rebukes the Professor, alleging the excellent lecturer in his zeal rather forgot the principle that it is really very important to make a careful distinction between what is appropriate to the place, the public, etc., and what is not. It is to me self-evident that the Old Testament contains a number of passages which are of the nature of purely human history and are not God’s revealed word. This will certainly undergo considerable alterations under the in- fluence of research and inscription. His Majesty’s attempt to explain how the Mosaic Laws (claimed to be delivered on Mount Sinai) should be symbolically regarded— when they are clearly shown to have existed during the reign of Hammurabi, King of Chaldea, more than 2000 years B. C.—seems . slightly illogical. We now come to the reply by Professor Harnak. The writer in the London Times claims he is one of the foremost scholars and men of letters of his day and an authority on Biblical criticism— enjoying the personal friendship of his sovereign. The professor begins by reminding his readers that the Babylonian origin of many of the myths and legends of the Old Testament has long been recognized. He adds that in the general opinion of scholars the fact is recognized as fatal to the popular conception of the inspira- tion of the Old Testament. He complains that church and school, in alliance with one another, have suppressed the knowledge of these facts by banishing them from their domain. He thinks theology cannot slur over these questions, and while he agrees with the Emperor that religion requires to be expressed in forms, he thinks Professor Delitzsch has achieved his main object when it is acknowledged that the traditional forms in which the Old Testa- ment has been authoritively handed down are urgently in need of alteration. I have already encroached on the patience of my hearers by JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 39 co placing before them quotations from German professors, etc., at considerable length. Indeed, other matters in the letters and lec- ture have little to do with the subject of my paper, and a critic in the Zzmes appears to be as much surprised as the writer at the late- ness of what was known to many outside Germany for years. It seems to be as far behind in antiquarian research as our own Ontario clery themselves. I wonder if many of them ever remarked the following, taken from the London 7Zzmes: We must say, remarks a critic in the London Zzmes, we are extremely puzzled to know what all this out- burst of wrath on the part of the Evangelical party is about. Dr. Delitzsch, in his two famous discourses, has said nothing more than may be found in a dozen English works, which are supremely orthodox, besides such works as Professor Duff’s ‘‘ Hebrew Ethics.” Many critics of the modern school will wonder on reading this work, not at what the Dr. as said, but rather at what he has not said, ‘The controversy has certainly done good in drawing some valuable notes from the author—that on the Sabbath being very important. The Sabbath was essentially a priestly function in Babylonia, and as such foun? its way into the Hebrew code. It is never found in any civil dccument. The writer adds that the real cause is an attempt on the part of the orthodox school in Germany to keep the general public in the dark as to the real bearing of Assyriological research ; and now that the hidden knowledge has passed beyond the portals of the university the consternation is great. A work, entitled “‘The First of Empires—Babylon of the Bible in the light of recent research,” by W. St. Chad Boscawen—a history of the ancient empire from the earliest times to the consolidation of the empire in 2000 B. C., has lately been published in England (The American Edition by Harper Brothers, New York). The work itself the writer has not seen yet, but he is in possession of many extracts. It is a most fascinating yolume, remarks a critic— illustrative of the extraordinary results of scientific historical research. We are carried off at one gigantic step for close on six thousand years, and the remarkable feature is that one feels convinced he is reading authentic history. The author insists (rightly in the opinion of the critic) that some of the most cherished beliefs of the 40 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Christian must be traced directly to the Babylonian in preference to the Hebrew—so called. As we peruse the evidence here brought forward we are certainly less inclined to accord to the Jew the exclusive claim to his having laid the foundation of our religion. Beneath the mounds of Eski Harran (unexplored) there must be the remains of the famous temple, adds the author. Perhaps there still lies perdu, amid the debris of that ancient fane, the record of ~ Abraham and his fellow colonists from ‘‘ Ur of the Chaldees.” We have here a clue to the early history of the Chosen People. For example, writes the Kaiser, the act of the giving of the law on Mount Sinai can only symbolically be regarded as inspired by God, inasmuch as Moses was obliged to resort to the revival of laws which perhaps had long been known. Possibly they originated in the codex of Hammurabi. The writer doubts if His Majesty’s explanation would be considered satisfactory by any of his German | subjects who dare to think for themselves. Few may be found to dispute his assertion. This form (¢. ¢., the Old Testament) will certainly undergo considerable alteration under the influence of research and ofinscription. The writer does not know what grounds the Kaiser had for stating the Chaldean king Hammurabi was the friend of Abraham. I have carefully examined the extracts in my possession, and can find nothing regarding the departure of a por- tion of the Chaldean people quitting the country. We learn from one of the leading English daily papers the recent Babylonian discoveries have created an extraordinary sensa- tion in church circles in France. One of the best known and eloquent theologians there (the Abbe Loisy) published a work a short time since entitled “‘ I’ Evangela et L’Eglise.” Those who are in a position to know declare that two-thirds of the younger clergy . are on the side of the Abbe. It is also known that some of the French—the most able and learned bishops—are strongly in favor of freedom for historical research and investigation into the origin of the Bible and Christianity. Our Vienna correspondent, writes the Abbe, recently published a second work entitled ‘“‘ Antour @’ un Petite Liver.” He denies the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, criticizes the value of. the first chapter of Genesis, attributes an Assyrian origin to the accounts of the Flood and the Fall, declares the books of Daniel and Ezra to be apocryphal, and denies that St. JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS. 4! John was the author of the Gospel attributed to him, or that it is the work of any witness. The eminent position and great authority of the Abbe as a biblical critic have caused this book to be received in Rome and elsewhere with considerable excitement The reader may notice how extensively I have borrowed from others. This was purposely done in order to meet the objection that I have been putting forth views not in accordance with papers published by others, better known in scientific circles—in a land of “shams” and ‘‘cant.” We can hardly avoid censure, but who cares for such when actuated by the certainty that what is true will be established, and what may be erroneous must certainly be rejected. Extensively as he has already appropriated the views of others, the writer cannot refrain from calling attention to a leading article in the London (England) Zmes of the 15th April, with the heading “Things New and Old.” ‘This paper is credited with engaging only the very best writers, antiquarians and scientists, on such a subject. _ The following is an extract which I borrow from it: ‘‘ Archzeologi- cal research is not, perhaps, always welcomed by those whose accepted conclusions it reverses. If it confirms some old traditions, it discredits others ; and when such traditions are consecrated in venerated religious literature, doubts thrown upon them are apt for a time, but only for a time, to be regarded as a slur upon religion itself. The code of Khammurabi adds one more to a series of discoveries which have proved to every open mind that the ideas, religious and secular, of the early Hebrews enshrined for us in the ‘Old Testament, were not all original, but were largely influenced by an older Babylonian civilization. ‘The Biblical accounts of ‘The ‘Creation and ‘The Deluge’ are shown to be variants of traditions common to the Hebrews, with or perhaps borrowed from other na- tions of antiquity. The chronology of Archbishop Usher, still preserved in the authorized version of the Bible, has been utterly discredited by modern discoveries. ‘The days of the Mosaic account of the Creation need no longer be understood literally, nor is ‘The Fall of Man’ an early attempt to explain the insoluble problem of the origin of evil—now received with the pious horror of even half a century ago.” Inherited religious prejudice must be dense indeed 42 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. which demands additional proof in defense of the writer’s late assertion. One would expect to find our spiritual guides to take a little more interest in modern researches amid the ruins of Egypt and Chaldea, both so closely connected with the history of the Hebrew people. They may find it more profitable than the classical tales regarding ““Thim Haythen Goddesses Who wore no boddices, And cut such capers Round the walls of Troy,” whose morals certainly were not beyond reproach. As some of the city clergymen may not have noticed in the Public Library a London Weekly Times of last month (March), I take the liberty of calling their attention to a sermon preached at St. Paul’s Cathedral by the Archbishop of Canterbury on Bible Sunday, and of which the following is an extract: ‘‘ The guardians and champions of orthodox belief, as based on Holy Scripture, have times without number, on the authority of their own interpretation of the Bible, denounced as presumptuous or even blasphemous error, the discoveries and aims of science. ‘True science and true religion are twin sisters, each studying her own sacred book of God. Nothing but disaster can arise from the petulant scorn of the one, or from the timidity or the tyrannies of the other. Let there be light. And so with the scientific knowledge which has been so strangely supposed to be contradictory to the scriptures, rightly understood so, too, with every reverent investigation into the history . of the sacred volume itself. Let there be light.” The essence of the scientific spirit is first—that it is free and disinterested ; second—that it knows nothing of tradition or authority, but lays down laws for itself, and refuses to be bound by any others. Scientific education starts in simple communion with nature. The process is at once opposed to and subversive of the old order of things. Between a system based on authority and one founded on freedom of thought and opinion there can never be united action.— Sir Henry Roscoe, F R. S. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 43 NOTES ON SPECIMENS FIGURED. The figures given in our proceedings represent the following organic remains. No. 1.—A species of Monticulipora, a family very numerous in the drift (lake shore), formerly known as Chetetes in Ontario Palzontology (Nicholson). No. 2.—A pretty little Dendrograptus from the chert, city quarry, Jolley cut. No. 3.—This cup-shaped (now flattened) circular graptolite does not present the connecting bars of a Dictyonema—the branches bifurcate ; the writer thinks it may be the type of a new genera, holding three or more distinct species in the Niagara limestones or shales. No. 4 seems a different species, and was obtained by Mr. Nichol in the new city quarry. A graptolite in the chert beds here can hardly be distinguished from Oldhamia radiata of the Irish Cambrian rocks. Although No. 4 has something of the appearance in the figure of a Dictyonema, it possesses no true bars, merely the bituminous matter spreading from one branch to another. 44 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 45 ASSOCIATION. THE HAMILTON JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 47 ASTRONOMY FOR BEGINNERS. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, November 6th, 190}. BY J. M. WILLIAMS. Every seat in the museum of the Hamilton Scientific Associa- tion was occupied last night when J. M. Williams gave his address on Astronomy for Beginners. Printed slips were passed among the audience with the words earth, sun, moon, stars, planets, day, night, seasons, morning and evening stars, eclipses, transits, longitude, lati- tude, declination and ascension printed on them. The address was delivered under these headings, and the speaker succeeded in ex- plaining the meaning of each very clearly. He had a large light on the table to represent the sun. A globe stood for the world. At- tached to the globe was a smaller body, the moon. ‘The planets of the solar system were represented by mounted balls. The fixed stars were indicated by candles burning in different parts of the room, while the north star and the dipper were shown by small metal balls suspended above the speaker. On the globe of light that stood for the sun Mr. Williams had drawn a sun spot, and by turning the globe he gave the audience a very good idea of the ap- pearance of one of the great holes in the flames of the sun. At the conclusion of the lecture Rev. F. E. Howitt moved, and Stuart Strathy seconded, a vote of thanks to Mr, Williams, which was tendered with very hearty applause The meeting was a very interesting one, and the large audience was more than delighted with the instruction it had received. 48 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. THE ASTRONOMY OF MILTON’S “PARADISE LOST.” Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, November 20th, 1903. BY JOHN A. PATERSON, K. C., M. A. Three poets in three distant ages born, Greece, Italy and England did adorn ; The first in loftiness of mind surpassed The next in majesty, in both the dast ; The force of Nature could no further go, _To make the third she joined the former two. And thus blind John Milton, shut in “from sight of vernal bloom or summer rose, or flocks or herds or human face divine,” sung of “things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme,” and made the ages eloquent with that song that swept at large through the com- pass of the whole universe, and through all heaven beyond it, and surveyed all periods of time from before the creation to the consum- mation of all things. We are not, however, to speak to-night of him as a poet, well called “that mighty Arc of Song—the Divine Mil- ton,” but rather of his astronomical knowledge, when he knew of the starry heavens, and what purposes he worked out by that knowledge in the exercise of his powers of imagination and description Young in his ‘‘ Night Thoughts,” says ‘‘the undevout astronomer is mad,” and we might venture to express the correlate of that thought that the devout man who knows not something of astronomy is also mad, in that he fails to cultivate as he should the faculties that God gave him whereby his worship would be advanced. Is it too strong a statement to make that an average scientist knows a greater and more puissant God than an average Christian ? Milton was one of the most—if not the most—deeply read men of his day. His mind was saturated with the “classics,” learned in French, Italian and Hebrew ; and in science, in philosophy and in general learning he was regarded as the foremost scholar of the University of Cambridge. His travels in Italy, where he met the JOURNAT. AND PROCEEDINGS. 49 distinguished literati of the day, gave breadth and polish to his robust intellect. When Milton wrote this great poem the basis of astronomical knowledge was shifting. The Almagest of Ptolemy, which taught the geocentric theory, had been the text book of science, ‘‘falsely so-called,” for more than fourteen centuries. The older Greek astronomers had conceived the heliocentric motions of the planets, but the ingenuous Ptolemy had flattered the egotism of man by brushing aside this theory and explaining the motions of the planets and sun and moon by a cumbrous mechanism of cycles and epicycles round the central earth, and as all that corresponded -so well with the old legends and myths, and had thus become inter- woven with the literature and the religion of these centuries, the Ptolemaic system sat enthroned. Students of prehistoric man trace the advancing history of our race by the records of the kitchen middens—the refuse of the food of primeval man, perhaps our arboreal ancestors—as they lie in strata now uncovered. And so we may to-day read the intellectual and scientific history of our race when we lay bare the strata of old doctrines and exploded theories, the debris of ages, the ‘‘ middens ” of old libraries. Milton in his early years visited Galileo, the great Italian phil- osopher. Two years before Milton saw him he had become totally blind, and thus the inventor of the telescope, the discoverer of Jupiter’s satellites, which showed a Copernican system in miniature _in the sky, was compelled to relinquish his favorite pursuit. His friend Castelli writes : ‘‘The noblest eye is darkened which nature ever made, an eye so privileged and gifted with such rare qualities that it may with trutb be said to have seen more than all of those eyes that are gone and to have opened the eyes of all who are to come.” Galileo endured his affliction with rare fortitude, and thus writes: ‘Alas, your dear friend and servant Galileo has become totally blind, so that this heaven, this earth, this universe, which with wonderful observations I had enlarged a hundred and a thous- and times beyond the belief of bygone ages, henceforward for me is shrank into the narrow space which I myself fill in it. So it pleases God ; it shall then please me also.” We know not the details of that interview between the astrono- mer and the poet, who afterwards immortalized his name in heroic 50 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. verse, and who in his own old age also suffered as the astronomer did, and to which he alludes so pathetically in these lines : “« Thee I revisit safe, And feel thy sovran vital lamp ; but thou Revisit’st not these eyes that roll in vain To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn, So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs Or dim suffusion veiled. “¢ Nor sometimes forget Those other two equalled with me in fate, So were I equalled with them in renown. Blind Thamyris and blind Maeonides, And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old, Then feed on thoughts, that voluntary move Harmonious numbers ; as the wakeful bird Sings darkling, and, in shadiest covert hid, Tunes her nocturnal note.” Milton has not given us any account of this remarkable visit, yet it was one which made a lasting impression on his mind, and was never afterwards forgotten by him. That was a remarkable meeting of two remarkable men—a great Italian of the same land as Virgil, who wrote the greatest Latin epic, and the Cambridge scholar, who was yet to write the greatest English epic. Ulysses, that wild rover over land and sea, said: “I am a part of all that I have met;” and so with Milton. This meeting with Galileo touched his nature. ‘There is a veritable communion of Saints on this earth outside the Apostles’ creed—a communion of men devoted to truth, and holy because so devoted. ‘They were Apostles of truth, these men. One revealed to us the physical heavens, and solved for us the riddle of the universe ; the other lifted us in contemplation to the great Creator’s throne, and we heard the symphonies of Crea- tion and learned that though “death came into the world and all are woe,” yet one greater man was foreshadowed “to regain the bliss- ful seat.” ‘Great men,” says Carlyle, “are the inspired speaking and acting Texts of that divine Book of Revelations, whereof a chapter is completed from epoch to epoch, and by some named History.” Galileo was indeed an inspired Text, read to mankind from the manuscripts of God. Milton was, too, an inspired Text JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 51 that sang to mankind such rhymes of the universe that all stood enthralled by their melody. When Milton met Galileo Copernicus had been dead nearly a hundred years, and yet the Ptolemaic theory, by which it was believed that the earth was the immovable centre of the universe, and round it all the heavenly bodies circled in a daily revolution, still retained its ascendency over the minds of men of learning and science. The Copernican theory, by which the sun is assigned the central position in our system, with the earth and planets revolving in orbits round him, obtained the support of a few persons of advanced views and high scientific attainments. Milton had read science at Cambridge and afterwards, along the lines of current belief, so far as a true soul could assimilate error. His studies in Dante, which he absorbed, had also fastened on him the Ptolemaic cosmology. According to the Ptolemaic system, the earth—the immovable centre of the universe—was sur- rounded by ten crystalline spheres or heavens, arranged in concen- tric circles, the larger enclosing the smaller ones, and within these was situated the cosmos or mundane universe, usually described as the heavens and the earth. To each of the first seven spheres there was attached a heavenly body, which was carried round the earth by the revolution of the crystalline. This was called the firmament, as it gave steadiness to the inner spheres. Ptolemy made this last his boundary. But after he of Alexandria had settled the cosmos and pronounced the plan of the great world builder unrolled, some discrepancies and difficulties arose. The precession of the equi- noxes, discovered by Hipparchus in the second century B. C., had to be dealt with, as this phenomenon very ungraciously disturbed the harmony, and insisted upon being explained, and so later astronom- ers put, so to speak, another story on the building. An extra sphere or two was always at hand, and so they added as an evidence of good faith, and to stop all awkward objections, a ninth sphere, which they called the “Chrystalline,” and thus accounted for the precession of the equinoxes. Thereafter, in order to demonstrate the inexhaustibility of their resources, a tenth sphere was added, which they called ‘‘ Primum Mobile,” or first moved, which brought about the alternation of day and night by carrying all the other spheres round the earth once in every twenty-four hours. 52 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Thus was evolved the Alphonsine system, as having been adopted and taught by the famous king and astronomer, Alphonso X. of Castile (A. D. 1252-1284). Beyond this last sphere there was believed to exist a boundless chaotic region of immeasurable extent, called the Empyrean, or Heaven of Heavens, where the deity was enthroned, the place of eternal mysteries, which was to the mind unfathomable and to the imagination inconceivable. ‘Thus the cosmogony remained until Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo shook the structure with swift and mighty blows, and New- ton, with the sledge-hammer force of his great principle of universal gravitation, laid it low, and the Heliocentric theory took its niche in the temple of eternal truth. When Milton returned to England from the continent he lived in London, and undertook the education of his two nehpews, John and Edward Phillips, and other sons of his intimate acquaintances. Amongst other subjects of a polite education, he took astronomy from a text book, ‘‘ De Sphcera Mundi,” which was an epitome of Ptolemy’s Almagest. This book was written in the 13th century, and was so popular that it went through forty editions. When Milton taught his pupils the principles of astronomy from it that text book was four hundred years old. Do you know of any school or university which has on its curriculum of science books four hundred years old, or indeed even forty years old, saving, perhaps, Newton’s Principia? But Newton’s Principia is sacred ; it is the Bible of mathematical truth. This was, however, in the darkness of the middle ages, when the lamp of knowledge burned dimly. We shall find that Milton’s knowledge of astronomy was com- prehensive and accurate. He was familiar with its technicalities, and ready with all the arguments in support of the old and the new theory, from both scientific and theological points of view. He had a mind which, notwithstanding all his early and later manhood training in the Alphonsine theory, was not darkened by tradition, but was open to the sunbeams of truth. If he had lived in later days he would have made an intelligent and reverend higher critic, both scientifically and theologically. ‘‘Custom,” says the Chelsea. philosopher, ‘‘makes dotards of us all,” but it made no dotard of John Milton. Most men are too anxious to get Truth on their own side, rather than to get themselves on the side of Truth. It is JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 53 pitiful and unprofitable for a man to try and force the rigid body of Truth to accommodate herself to the narrow circle of his views ; but it is a far different thing for a man to get his beliefs within the sphere of Truth herself, and then to let them expand. Astronomy enters largely into the composition of ‘ Paradise Lost” ; indeed, it is difficult to understand how such a poem could have been written without a knowledge of the heavens and celestial orbs and the theory of the universe. In Book VIII. he introduces a scientific discussion between Raphael the angel and Adam, upon the respective merits of these different theories. The configuration of celestial and terrestrial orbs and the great circles by which they are circumscribed he also knew. The causes which bring about the changes of the seasons—the obliquity of the ecliptic—Zodiacal constellations through which the sun travels and the periods of the year when he occupies them, are embraced in Milton’s knowledge of the science of astronomy. ‘The motions of the earth, including the precession of the equinoxes, the number and distinctive appearance of the planets, their direct and retrograde courses, and their satel- lites, are also described by him. Milton, too, was familiar with the constellations and their relative positions, the principal stars, star groups and clusters and the galaxy, and in the elaboration of his poem all these bear their part. Milton adopted the Ptolemaic theory as the groundwork of his cosmogony, not so much from conviction, but because it provided a more convenient working plan for localizing these regions of space wherein the chief incidents of his poem enter, viz.: Heaven or the Empyrean, Chaos, Hell and the Mundane Universe. All space above the universe newly created and beyond the Primum Mobile was known as Heaven or the Empyrean, a region of light, glory and joy—the dwelling place of the Deity, who, though omnipresent here, was visibly revealed to myriads of angels, veiling their faces with their wings and hymning Him throughout eternity. Underneath there existed a vast illimitable region called Chaos, occupied by embryo elements of matter that with incessant turmoil struggled in battle array— “¢ The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave.” The lower portion of this region was divided off, and embraced 54 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. the locality known as Hell, the place of torment, where the rebellious angels were driven and shut in after their expulsion from Heaven— “* As far removed from God and light of Heaven As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole.” The new universe, which included the earth and al! the orbs of the firmament known as the starry heavens, was created out of ‘Chaos, and hung as if suspended by a golden chain from the Empy- rean above, and although its magnitude and dimensions were incon- ceivable, yet according to the Ptolemaic theory it was enclosed by the tenth sphere, or Primum Mobile. In his description of the creation, the earth is formed first, then the sun, followed by the moon, and afterwards the stars, all of which are described as being in motion round the earth. In this he closely follows the traditional understanding of the Mosaic cos- mogony. Allusion is made to this ancient system in several prominent passages, and in the following lines there is a distinct reference to the various revolving spheres : “* They pass the planets!seven, and pass the fixed, And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs The trepidation talked, and that first moved.”—-Book T//., 48r. The seven planetary spheres are mentioned, then the eighth sphere—that of the fixed stars—then the ninth or crystalline, which was believed to cause a shaking or ‘‘ trepidation,” to account for certain irregularities in the motion of the stars, and lastly the tenth sphere, or Primum Mobile, called the “ first moved” because it set the other spheres in motion. It is much to be doubted if Milton’s clear mind, with that poetic insight that discerns truth, ever accepted the Ptolemaic theory, although adopted as a poetic convenience. As if he were watchful of his reputation and to keep himself right with posterity, we find that he first makes an incidental allusion to the theory of Copernican in Book IV., 590-8, and further on in the 8th Book he introduces a discussion between Adam and Raphael, and we may with good reason take it that Adam’s reasoning represented Milton’s own view. By a bold poetic liberty he endows Adam, the first of men (according to the traditional belief) with a prophetic insight which stretched through many future centuries in propounding as JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 55 he did the Copernican cosmogony. At this time the law of gravita- tion was unknown. It had not yet leaped Minerva-like, fully armed, from the brain of the Jupiter of Natural Philosophy—Isaac Newton. Although the elliptical orbits of the planets had been discovered by Kepler, the nature of the motive force which guided and retained them in their path still remained a mystery. It was believed that the planets were whirled round the sun as if by the action of mag- netic fibres, a mutual attractive influence having been supposed to exist between them and the orb, similar to that of the opposite poles of magnets. Milton alludes to this theory in the following lines : ** They as they move Their starry dance in numbers that compute Days, months and years towards his all-cheering lamp, Turn swift their various motions or are turned By his magnetic beam.” Milton may have builded better than he knew—may have written more wisely than he dreamed. The sun’s “ magnetic beam,” in the light of our new astronomy, has a meaning past Milton’s ken. Galileo imagined he discovered with his telescope on the face of the moon continents and seas, and that therefore the moon might be the abode of intelligent life, and so Milton presents this possi- bility. Since then the moon has been more closely studied, and we have now the theory of the moon being a ruined world—a burned out cinder, a derelict in space—acting as the sun’s deputy tide- raiser, and filling the office of a large reflector for the solar lamp, lighting up the dark earth, and for lovers to swear by and then for- swear themselves, and by which almanac mechanics prophesy the wind and rain. One would almost believe that in Newton’s day the study of lunar possibilities was in the same condition as is now the study of Martian possibilities. Pecival Lowell is supposed to have as conclusively settled to-day the habitability of Mars as Galileo settled the habitability of Luna 300 years ago. Some “ mute inglorious Milton” of to-day may loosen his pen and write an epic on Mars, based on the investigations of Flagstaff Observatory, and some cold, soulless being in future years may criticise the science of that epic, as I am now daring to criticise Milton’s line that speaks of “rain producing fruits on the moon’s softened soil.” It is possible that we need not wait long for a critic, for has not Dr. A. R. Wallace 56 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. already spoken in unsympathetic language of the doctrine of planetary habitation. But let me forbear. Milton must not be trifled with. Milton was no doubt a Copernican. He in the Third Book describes the sun as occupying a supreme position in une system, having the planets with their satellites, “That from his lordly eye keep distance due,”’ (ze 578) circling in majestic orbits round him, acknowledging his controlling powers, and being held by a strong arm, that Newton afterwards proved was not only strong, but gravitating. The angel, in bringing to a conclusion his conversation with Adam, deems it unadvisable to vouchsafe him a decisive reply to his Enquiry regarding the motions of celestial bodies, and in lines 159-167, Book VIIL., gives a beautifully poetical summary of this elevated and philosophical discussion, which ends with these words : es “¢ Solicit not thy thoughts with matters hid, Leave them to God above; Him serve and fear.” Raphael was doubtless a good angel, but he was a bad philoso- pher. We have read that ‘‘ Fools rush in, where angels fear to tread.” Weare thankful that a chosen band of Adam’s descendants in later years, and their name have been legion, have declined to take Raphael’s advice, but had greater courage, and that they have “solicited their thoughts with matters hid,” and that by their laborious investigations they have made for the world a galaxy of truth, and held vigorously to the principle that the search for truth is the noblest occupation of man, and its publication is a duty, and “‘Wise men walked where Baviael feared to tread” ‘‘ Felix gui ae cognoscere causas omnium rerum.’ And in our own humble way, whether we are only plain mem- bers of the Astronomical Society of Toronto, or of the Hamilton Scientific Association, or whether we have become exalted to that dazzling eminence of Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, let us pursue investigation and reflection. It is not what we are called that counts, it is what we know and what we do with what we know. “Great truly is the actual,” as Carlyle puts it. The lecturer then pointed out the passages where Milton referred to the so-called science of astrology, his allusions to the JOURNAT. AND PROCEEDINGS. 57 course of the seasons, the obliquity of the ecliptic, the Pleiades, the stars as being suns and centres of planetary systems, the phases of Venus, the comets, etc. The pages of his poem rival the arch of the firmament in glory —gems of literary beauty here, myriads of glowing sapphires there. It is a strange coincidence, as a stray piece of contemporary history, that while in the year 1665, Milton, driven out of London by the plague, was in a country house revising and rewriting his “Paradise Lost,” Newton, driven out also by the plague, was in the same year, 1665, thinking out the theory of gravitation, aroused to enquiry by a well-known trivial occurrence in his garden, and was testing his theory of calculating the distance the moon fell to the earth in one second of time. Thus, at the same time and in the same country, we have the poet philosopher Milton dealing with the great problems of creation and eternity, and revealing to his fellow- men, by the spell of his immortal song, the counsels of God from before the beginning, and also the mathematical philosopher Newton dealing also with the great problems of the universe and revealing also to his fellowmen in that work of God-given genius, the “ Prin- cipia,” those eternal, unchangeable and universal methods of God’s government in nature, based as they are on adamantine truth, and read by him in the shining scriptures of the sky. Before closing something must be said of Milton’s theory of creation. His was the Divine Fiat theory—‘‘ Let there be,” and all things instantaneously were. It was the spectacular method—the traditional theory taken as the author understood it from— ‘¢ That Shepherd who first taught the chosen seed In the beginning how the heavens and earth Rose out of Chaos,” and it possessed all those elements of majesty that entered into this greatest of. all poems, and which most sublimely interpreted a .transcendentally sublime theme. Milton died 100 years before Kant or LaPlace had suggested the nebular theory of creation, and although evolution had been slowly working out her results, no Darwin yet had sought to interpret her movements and no Christian philosopher had arisen to point out the good gifts that the truly wise men of modern time were to lay at the feet of our Christ. 58 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Tennyson wrote under the sunlight of a later and clearer science— “¢ This world was once a fluid haze of light, Till toward the centre set the starry tides, And eddied into suns, that wheeling cast The planets.” The Muse of Poetry and Urania, her sister, clasped hands, and ‘have in all ages sung to the world the sweet rhymes of Mother Nature. But Milton’s muse did not as beautifully and as fully interpret the teachings of Urania as Tennyson’s muse in the “Princess.” When the Divine Fiat theory is propounded mankind says, ‘‘What effort.” When the Creation theory of growing from more to more under a Divine Architect is explained then mankind says, ““What power and also what wisdom.” Ruskin writes: ‘Is not the evidence of ease on the very front of all the greatest works in existence? Do they not say plainly to us not ‘there has been a great effort here,’ but ‘there has been a great power here’ ?” In conclusion let me say that changes in human ideas and the rapid advance of science have to a large extent thrown the poem into conflict with present day knowledge of the physical universe. Had Milton’s astronomy been more modern and had he clothed its truer principles with that glorious imagery that flowed from him in such harmonious numbers, would the poem have been more pleas- ing because more scientific and equally poetic? It is, I think, reasonably clear that if Milton had adopted the evolutionary theory of creation we could have had no “ Paradise Lost.” It would have lost its dramatic power and its dynamic fervor. Satan was to launch into space and decry a completely created world, and to visit and tempt and ruin a completely created man. He could not have been depicted as watching through eons of time a slowly revolving habit- able globe and wait for milléniums to visit a prehistoric vertebrate growing to completeness and acquiring knowledge and reason and conscience, and then to destroy him mortally. The first three chapters of Genesis constitute an oriental poem in prose, teaching deep spiritual truths, and not, when properly understood, unscientific, and Milton has made of all that an occi- dental poem in blank verse. The world is all the richer and better for this, but no evolutionary theory could have brought forth such JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 59 an epic. We know now that this universe of ours is not built up like so many concentric shells ; that there is no limit or Primum Mobile. We have burst through all that, and we have found no chaos beyond fenced off on this side by a definite limit. We find what we believe to be chaos within our universe—vast pulps or welters of unformed matter lying disintegrated—the raw material of new universes; but they are not dead like Milton’s chaos, and irresponsive to the thrill and throb of movement, and therefore of life, but being governed and moved by those laws that pierce the : remotest limits of space, are being fashioned by the hand of the Divine Architect according to his eternal plans. Milton’s divisions of space are poetic only, but yet they have their own philosophy and teach their own lessons. Is not after all our universe-a mere drop hung from the Empyrean—heaven above it and close touching it, and impenetrable gloom all round it, and Hell far beneath it? If heaven does not closely touch us, then indeed we are banished and Paradise is Lost, never to be Regained. Let life be such that we shall have— ‘* arth crammed with heaven, And every common bush aflame with God.” ’ - 60 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, December 4, 1903. BY DR. CHARLES I. KELLY. Mr. President and Members of the Hamilton Astronomical Society. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : I thank you for the honor you confer upon me this evening, and I trust I may say something which may be of interest to you. Our subject is Electricity and Magnetism. It would seem most opportune just as this, our electrical city, is celebrating the reality of the utilization of electrical power for commercial and in- dustrial purposes, that we should devote our time this evening in considering this mysterious force. I propose to divide my discourse into three parts— a. Historical Part, b. Elementary Part, c. Terrestrial and Solar Part. To yield the thunder bolt was the marked attributes of the chiet gods of old ; the lightning flash was the surest proof of the presence of divinity. Indra, the Jupiter of the Hindoos, was the god of thunder. The Etruscan tinia always yielded the electrical storm. Jupiter Tonans waved his thunder bolt over trembling Rome, and in every form of ancient superstition a belief in the divine origin of the most startling of the heavenly appearances lay at the basis of the national faith, When it thundered, the grave Romans dissolved their public meetings and the wise Greeks listened with unfeinged awe. ‘The gods spoke from the heavens in the rattle of the passing storm, or wrote their age upon the earth in the ruin of the lightning stroke. Some such sentiments of mysterious awe pressed upon the mind of Thales, when twenty-five centuries ago he probably dis- covered Electricity. A sage of Greece, the philosopher’s keen eye watched the minute phenomena of nature. His mind was eager for JOURNAL AND -PROCEEDINGS. 61 every kind of knowledge. ‘Phcenician voyagers who were in the habit, in the dim age, of sailing out of the Straits of Hercules, and perhaps of coasting along the desolate shores of Europe until they reached the Baltic, brought back from the savage seas of Prussia a substance greatly prized by the ancients for its fair color and trans- parency. It was amber or elektron (the Greek for amber). To the Phoenicians it was an article for commerce, but to Thales it possessed a mysterious value. He discovered that elektron, when rubbed, had the property of attracting to itself various light articles, as if en- dowed with volition. This discovery was the first step in the great science of Electricity. But the philosopher did no more than record his observation and attempt to account for it by ascribing to amber a soul. He supposed some hidden principal of life lay in the yellow jewel from the northern seas. ‘The discovery was never forgotten, and the peculiar property of elektron was noticed and commented upon by various ancient philosophers, but no one for a moment sup- posed that there was any connection between the animated elektron and the wild electricity of the thunder storm ; that the same power was active in both, and that the secret of amber was that of the thunder bolt of Jove ; that the precious elektron was to create and to give a name to the most wonderful of modern discoveries. Yet Electricity in all its varied phenomena never suffered the puzzled ancients to rest. It flashed along the spears of their long array of soldiers and tipped every helmet with the plume of fire. It filled even the immovable Cesar with a strange alarm. It leaped down from the clouds and splintered the temples and statues of Rome. It was seen playing around the ramparts of fortified towns, crowning their sentinels with strange effulgence. Often the Roman and Greek sailor far from land on the stormy Mediterranean saw pale, spectral lights dancing along the ropes of their vessels or clinging in fitful outlines to the mast, and called them Cesar and Pollux. In ancient Etruria countless students were instructed in the act of reading the will of the gods by lightning. The heavens were divided into various compartments. If the lightning flash appeared in one it was a favorable omen, if in another it was fatal. | The accomplished augurs stood upon lofty towers watching for a sudden gleam or a sudden peal of thunder, and knew at once by their divine art what undertaking would be successful when their 62 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. warriors, clad in brass, should go forth to battle. The religion of ancient Etruria was almost a worship of electricity. Centuries passed away, but the observations of Thales was never lost, and at length, at the opening of the 17th century, an Englishman named Gilbert made his name famous by a series of discoveries, yet they were so meagre as to make little advancement. Otis Guericke, a Prussian, invented the first machine by which electricity could be readily produced. He placed a globe of sulphur on an axis to be turned by the hand of the operator, while with the other he applied a cloth to the sulphur to produce the necessary friction. It was a rude, imperfect machine, but it made a great revelation in the science. Electricity, which had hithertofore been known only in its feeble forms, was now given out in sharp sparks, and displayed a thousand curious properties. Sometimes it attracted objects— sometimes repelled them. It seemed at times to exert a kind of volition. The weather affected it sensibly, dampness dissolved its strength ; it was capable, too, of influencing bodies at a considerable distance. Yet the 17th century glided away with its fierce religious wars and its wonderful voyages and discoveries, while little progress was made in the knowledge of electricity ; but in the next century electricity sprang at once into startling importance. Hawkesbee invented the glass electrical machine, and in 1730 Stephen Gray made a course of experiments that unfolded the leading principles of the science. Dufaye suspended himself with a silken cord, thus insulating himself, and was then charged with electricity. He presented his hand to his companion, half doubting the truth of his speculations, when a brilliant spark shot from one philosopher to the other, and filled both with an equal surprise. Not long after Prof. Musschenbroek discovered the layden jar. He had been endeavoring to enclose electricity in a safe receptacle from which it could not escape, except with his permission, and at length he succeeded in imprisoning the genii in a glass vessel partly filled with water. Suddenly he formed a connection between the two surfaces of the jar. The imprisoned electricity sprang through his body and shook him with a wild convulsion. Novelty added its terror ; his imagination was filled with an indefinite alarm. He shrank from the glass bottle as if it was tenanted by an evil spirit. Yet the shock of the layden vial soon became the favorite of court. It was exhib- JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 63 ited before Louis XV. at Versailles, and a chain of 200 people, having joined hands, received at once the mysterious blow. But to Franklin of Philadelphia electricity owed the most wonderful of all its achievements in the 18th century. He showed how iron points attracted electricity, and at length he declared that lightning and thunder were produced by the same agent that was enclosed in the mysterious layden jar, and he urged the English philosophers to draw down the electricity of the skies by placing iron points upon towers or poles, and thus test the accuracy of his theories. His suggestions were received by the Royal Society of London with shouts of laughter, and they refused to print his papers in their Transactions. His theories remained untested by experiment, and the philosopher prepared with doubt and dismay to attempt their verification. He felt that his fame must rest upon the success. If he could draw down the lightning from the skies by presenting his iron point to the thunder cloud, he must attain a renown that would live forever. If he failed he would seem to merit the scorn which European philosophers were prepared to pour upon him. His inventive mind suggested a simple expedient. He formed a com- mon kite from a silk handkerchief stretched upon two cross sticks ; upon the upper part was placed the iron point. The string was of hemp, terminating in a short silken cord, and at the end hung an iron key. Such was the simple apparatus with which the philos- opher set forth from his home on a cloudy June day to draw the lightning from the clouds. He raised his kite. A cloud passed by, but no trace of electricity appeared ; the heart of the philosopher sank with dismay. But suddenly the falling rain made the cord a good conductor, and Franklin saw that his fibres began to be stirred by some unusual impulse. He applied his hands to the key, and at once drew sparks from the skies. ‘Thus the 18th century elevated electricity into a science. Franklin often sighed at its uselessness, but he would have been amply repaid if he could have forseen how powerful an agent his favorite science was destined to become. GALVANISM. The next great step in electrical progress was discovered by Prof. Galvani in 1790, by a very accidental circumstance. Madame Galvani was slightly ill, and a diet of frogs’ broth had been recom- mended to her. Several of the animals chanced to be on the table 64 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. near an electric machine. When sparks were drawn from the machine it was noticed that the frogs’ legs became distorted and assumed the appearance of life. Galvania sprang to the conclusion that he had discovered the origin of life, but Volta, Professor of Natural Philosophy at Coma, soon showed that two different metals would produce the same action, and in 1800 Volta announced to the world his invention of the Voltaic pile. It was composed of alternate layers of zinc and copper, separated from each other by discs of wet cloth. Two currents of electricity, one positive and the other negative, were found to flow from respective poles of the pile; thus from the merest accident was discovered the foundation of our magnetic telegraph and telephone. What is electricity? The latest and most plausibie theory re- garding this mysterious force is that it is a mode of motion or other manifestation of a very exceptional form of matter called the ether. The properties of this ether are: 1—It permeates ail bodies and pervades all. known space even to the most distant stars; 2—it is affected by the matter of bodies in which it is (it appears to be con- centrated in it to an extent depending upon the density of the matter) ; 3—it is continuous, not granular; 4—its density is to that of water as is unity to unity followed by twenty naughts, while its rigidity is one billionith that of steel. This ether, then, is electricity in a latent or passive state, but in order to convert it into energy it is necessary to destroy its equilibrium and kinetic energy, and power is generated when it seeks to restore that lost equilibrium much the same as water when water raised above its level can be made to do work by the pressure it exerts. If we take a rubber tube open at both ends and immerse it in a lake, the tube will be filled with water, but we can do no work with it because the water does not flow; but put a force pump at one end of the tube and cause a flow and the work that can be done will be in proportion to the pressure exerted by the pump. A copper wire is strung along the street on poles, and although the wire is immersed, as it were, in ether, and is a good conductor of the same, we have no current or flow bécause the electric level is not disturbed ; but put a force pump (a dynamo) at one end of the line and we can do work in proportion to the work exerted by the dynamo. JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS. 65 VOLTS, AMPERES, OHMS, The volt, ampere and ohm are the first three measurements in electricity, and it is necessary for us to have a proper conception of them before we can hope to proceed intelligently. Voltage is pres- sure or push power, or velocity, and is not electricity, but the force which impels. Amperege is electricity or current, and is not to be confounded with voltage, for although each is a component part of electric energy and are interchangeable, they serve an entirely different purpose. Voltage is that which tends to move current over a conductor, while amperege is electricity, and is that which is moved. We often read in our dailies about a person losing his life by having ten thousand volts pass through his body. This is simply not intelligent, and means nothing, for in static work we often use two hundred and fifty thousand to one half a million volts ; what we would say is that the person was eloctrocuted by having three or ten amperes, as the case may be, driven through his body by ten or twenty thousand volts. The water in a river would represent the amperege, the swift+ ness with which it flows the voltage. We may have a very large river flowing slowly, or a small stream flowing swiftly, and just so we have electric currents of high amperege and low voltage, or of high voltage and low amperege. ‘The ohm is the unit of resistance, and resistance in the electrical sense does not differ in meaning than that used with the other forces, and simply means that which opposes the passage of electricity through a circuit. An ohm is the resistance offered by a piece of copper wire 250 feet long and 1/20” thick. Metals have different powers of resistance, Silver offers the least resistance, copper is next ; platinum has five times the resisting properties of copper. It requires 50,000 volts to send a spark of electricity through an inch of space. For convenience we may divide electricity into four divisions—1, Galvanism : 2, Farradism ; 3; Franklinism ; 4, Roentgenism. ‘Though we have divisions do not think we have different kinds, but it is the ether so modified by mechanical apparatus that different results are obtained. GALVANISM. The galvanic current, sometimes called the direct dynamic or continuous current, is for Therapeutic purposes generally produced 66 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. by chemical decomposition, or is merely the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The simplest of galvanic cell consists of a plate of carbon and a plate of zinc immersed in an exciting fluid, that is, some fluid containing an acid or some similar substance that will act upon one or both of these immersed elements. If the car- bon and zinc were equally acted upon there would be no current, but the zinc is easily acted upon by the acidulated water; chemical - decomposition takes place, the potential of the zinc is raised, and a - current of positive electricity starts at the zinc pole and flows towards and out of the carbon pole through any conducting medium that may join the elements together. The word Magnetism is named from the town Magnesia in Lydia, where an iron ore was found possessing remarkable attractive powers for iron. It is now applied to all the phenomena having a selective attraction for iron. We have three kinds of magnet: 1— The loadstone or natural magnet; 2--The piece of hardened steel which, when once magnetised, retains its magnetism and is called the permanent magnet ; 3—The electric magnet, of which I shall speak of later. By the invention of the mariner’s compass the fol- lowing scientific discoveries of capital importance are demonstrated : 1—That the loadstone can transmit to iron with which it comes in contact a permanent property like its own ; 2—That a magnetized needle will, if suspended, freely assume a fixed position relative to the geographical meridian, a certain part of the needle turning always to the north and the part opposite to the south (the opposite parts are called the poles); 3—That like poles repel and unlike poles attract; 4—If a magnetized needle be broken into many pieces each piece is a miniature magnet with a north and south pole; 5—That every magnet has a space or field over which it acts, shown by the influence the magnet exerts upon the compass needle some distance from it; 6—That the geographical north pole and magnetic north pole are not identical, therefore the magnetic needle does not point due north and south, but a little to the east and west, according to the locality (this is called the declination or variation of the needle); 7—-That when a magnetized needle is balanced on a horizontal axis so that it can turn a vertical plane, it is found to set itself at an angle depending upon the locality with a north seeking pole pointing downwards if north of the equator, and JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 67 the south pole downwards south of the equator (this is called the inclination or dip of the needle); 8—That every purely magnetic action on the magnet has its source in some other magnetic body, and therefore we are naturally led to the conclusion that the reason why at every point of the earth’s surface the magnetized needle assumes a definite position is that the earth itself is a huge magnet. FARRADISM AND THE ELECTRO MAGNET. The electrical faker largely prefers this field of electricity, be- cause this current manifests itself by a buzzing noise more or less intense, and gives a current of considerable sensation, both of which tend to impress the patient, but in reality the quality of electricity received into the patient’s system is very small. ‘The Farradic bat- tery in medicine is simply the mechanical apparatus driven by electricity constructed to produce contraction of the muscles and in this way is good in massage treatment, just as the motor is a mechanical apparatus driven by electricity constructed to produce power and motion. In the mercantile world it has its great use, as upon Farradism or the electric magnet depends the magnetic telegraph and X-ray. An electro magnet is usually a very soft iron cord surrounded by a coil of insulated wire, in which magnetism is induced by a flow of electricity through the coil of wire. The value of the electric magnet depends upon the fact of its being enabled to rapidly acquire its magnetism on the passage of the magnetizing current, and as readily to lose its magnetism on the cessation of such currents. X-RAY. It will surprise many of this intelligent gathering who are here this evening to learn that X-rays are invisible. No living being has ever seen an X-ray or ever will, unless in time to come through the great process of evolution the obliging cells of which the retina of ° our eyes are composed still further specialize themselves into a new organ for their recognition. The Spectrum shows that composite light is made up of many rays, among which are heat rays, chemical rays and actinic rays of active properties, but without luminous effect upon the eye, and X-rays belong to this class. Farrady, Giesler, Crooks and many other distinguished scientists had experi- mented upon the passage of electric currents of high tensure through . 68 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. glass tubes from which a portion of the atmosphere had been exhausted, and thereby discovered many strange and wonderful phenomena. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Professor of Physics in the University of Wursburg, discovered in 1895 that not only could the shadows of inert objects be depicted, but the tissues of the living human being could be examined and photographed. He placed his hand between the tube and a photograph plate, and beheld to his amazement the likeness of his bony structure. What are X-rays? They are Cathoid or negative rays, or in simple language a modifi- cation of the electric light rays. LIGHTNING AND INDUCE CURRENTS. Franklin showed that the thunder bolt of Jove and the lightning stroke were the same, and by his kite drew the electricity from the clouds. With awe and fear we watch the great phenomena of nature as the vivid flashes play through the stormy heavens, yet how easy it seems to imitate. I have shown you the electric discharge between the two poles of the Static, which has the appearance of miniature lightning, and in fact is identical. ; In this we have two accumulators or layden jars, one charged with positive electricity, the other with negative. Revolutions of the glass plates induce more and more electricity into the jars till the resistance within is greater than the resistance offered between the two terminals, and the opposite elements rush together, pro- ducing the light and noise we heard. In the atmosphere the clouds are layden jars or accumulators. They become polarized, that is, one is charged with positive electricity and the other with negative electricity. The clouds gather moisture as they float over ocean and lake. Water is a good conductor of electricity, and when the atmosphere and clouds have absorbed sufficient moisture to make a suitable passage for the electricity, the opposite elements rush together, causing the lightning flash and roar of thunder, producing condensation of the moisture, which falls in-the form of a shower. This lightning flash which is seen is not electricity, but a column of intensely heated air, which becomes luminous due to the intense resistance offered to the passage of the electric fluid through the air. We have grasped the important truth that the earth is a great magnet, but unlike ordinary magnets its magnetic system has four JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 69 poles or foci of magnetic force, two situated in the northern hemi- sphere and two in the southern hemisphere. Of the two northern poles the stronger is situated in the upper region of North America, near Hudson Bay ; the weaker is situated above Siberia. Explana- tion: With the dipping needle, if we start at the equator and travel northward towards the focus of magnetic force, we find that the dip or inclination is increased until we reach a point where it points vertically downward. This corresponds with the focus of declination or variation. ‘Thus we have a point in the north of America which has the following properties: 1—The various lines of declination converged to it ; 2—The needle points vertically downward ; 3—The horizontal force vanishes and the needle will point in any direction. Likewise we have another focus with same properties in Siberia and corresponding foci in the southern hemisphere, but with reversed poles. The reason for these two foci is hard of explanation. ‘There is a supposition that the world was composed of two separate masses, but through the magnetic moulding influences of ages they became united. In support of this hypothesis note may be taken of the remarkable relation the orbits of the Leonids bear to the orbit of the comet Leo. It would seem difficult to find any cause that should bring into such a strangely shaped group bodies that have had originally orbits distributed at random. Hence we are appar- ently forced to the conclusion that these meteorites have something common in their past history, in fact they would seem to have been once part of a single body, and these common elements are essenti- ally those of the parent mass. By some process they have become separated from the comet—thrown out of control of the attractive power, and so left to travel each in its own orbit. It is found the declination, the inclination or dip, and the intensity of magnetic force vary not only in different places, but also in the same place from year to year, from month to month, and even from hour to hour. There are also changes which proceed gradually for years. They are called secular. All changes are now recorded in tracings at our observatories by specially adapted instruments, and if we study these tracings we will find the sun produces its effect upon the declination of the magnetic needle, causing it to reach the easterly extreme of range about eight in the morning, and the westerly about two in the afternoon, and that this diurnal fluctuation is greatest in 7° THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. mid-summer and least in mid-winter—that is, it is greatest when the sun is north of the equator and least when south. Frequently dis- turbances occur which cause a temporary irregular effect on all the needle over a considerable area. These are termed magnetic storms, and are often connected with manifestation of electrical phenomena, such as aurora borealis, violent thunder storms, and still more gen- -erally with those solar outbursts known as sun spots. To give some idea of the extent of the magnetic disturbances during the aurora we may mention that on May 13th, 1869, the declination at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, varied one degree, twenty-five min- ~ nutes, while the vertical force experienced four successive maxime. During April of the same year the declination at Stonehurst varied two degrees, twenty-three minutes and fourteen seconds in nine minutes. The electric force produced at such times in telegraphic wires, though transient, are often very powerful. Professor Lomis mentions cases where wires had been ignited, producing brilliant flashes, and combustible material kindles by the discharges. On August 13th and September rst, 1858, the electric waves noiselessly worked the telegraphic needles and violently rang the alarm bells in the city of Paris. In addition to the resemblance between the aurora phenomena and those of electrical discharges in rarified tubes which I have shown you, we have seen that the aurora display is accompanied by marked disturbance in the direction and force of terrestial magnetism, and taken in conjunction with the strong earth currents which are at such times produced and with manifest polari- zation or setting at right angles of the arches and rays with regard to the magnetic meridian, may be considered as conclusive that the aurora is some sort of electric discharge. Professor Lomis states in an excellent article in the American Journal of Science that he has registered the extent of sun spots for six days preceding and follow- ing each of the great magnetic disturbances at Greenwich, and has compared these values with that for the very day of the disturbance. In this manner he has treated all the days of the great magnetic dis- turbance at Greenwich for a period of twenty-three years. The cases of disturbance thus treated amounted to 135, and from the results he draws the following conclusions: 1—Great disturbances of the earth’s magnetism are accompanied by unusual disturbances of the sun’s surface on the very day of the magnetic storm; 2—The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, ffi great disturbance of the sun’s surface which accompanies a great terrestrial storm is generally heralded by a smaller disturbance three or four days previous, succeeded by a comparative calm, which immediately proceeds the magnetic storm. There is one instance on record of a sudden solar change which was practically simultan- eous with a magnetic disturbance on earth. We cannot suppose that a small black spot on the sun exerts any direct influence on the earth’s magnetism or electricity, but we must rather conclude that the black spot is a result of a disturbance at the sun, which is accompanied by an emanation of some influence from the sun, which is almost instantly felt upon the earth in an unusual disturbance of the earth’s magnetism shown by the tracings of the needle. The appearance favors the idea that there is a direct flow of electricity from the sun. It has been demonstrated that the declination and inclination of the needle are affected by the time of day by the aurora borealis by the position of the sun north or south of the equator at the time when sun spots appear. To produce a change in the declination it is necessary that the needle should receive some magnetic influence from without, and only through a magnetic influence can it be affected ; therefore I argue that the cause of light, the aurora borealis and the sun spots must be electrical, and that there is a most intimate connection existing between the solar magnetism and terrestrial magnetism—in fact they are the same— and for every effect produced in the sun’s magnetism there is an analogous effect in the terrestrial magnetism ; for example: the electric light system, if there is a break or any irregularity at the power-house, though situated many miles away as at Hamilton, at Decew Falls, there is a corresponding effect produced in the most distant light, but the connection between sun and earth is not by wires, but wireless. I would, from the electrical standpoint, prefer to regard the sun as a mass surrounded by atmospheric cushion, and that solar laws are practically identical with terrestrial laws, and therefore I claim that the sun is not hot and its rays are not hot, and do not directly heat the earth, but that the sun furnishes the elec- trical power and that the earth heats itself. The sun’s rays come to the earth as electricity, which is convertable into light, heat and all vital force. This light, heat and vital force is generated in the dense atmosphere of the earth at its surface, where it is needed for 72 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. animal and vegetable life. The rays are shot by the laws of electri- cal repulsion from the sun, and drawn by the laws of electrical attraction, to the earth, where, coming in contact with the earth’s opposite electric polarity and the resistance of the atmosphere, these electric sun currents burst into new form, light and heat down near the surface. This it does in exactly the same manner that two . wires oppositely electrified and brought together with a resistance between produce the arc and incandescent light. A good example of this is furnished in our electric light system, and especially at Hamilton. Decew Falls is situated some miles out of the city ; the electric power house is there, but the light is produced at the city. The necessity for an atmosphere for producing heat is remarkably shown by the frozen condition of the moon, which is void of atmosphere. This remark does not coincide with Professor Pickering, of Harvard, who claims that there is a lunar atmosphere. It requires 50,000 volts to send a spark of electricity through an inch of air, so great is its resistance, and it is known that meteors fiying in space are invisible until they come into contact with the earth atmosphere, when they burst into life and become a heated mass so intense that many are shattered to pieces and fall as a shower of stones. And I claim the same conditions prevail at the sun as on earth. From the etherial of space, or more correctly from planets which throw out electricity into space, rays of elec- tricity are shot by the laws of repulsion and drawn by the sun’s great magnetic force coming into contact with the sun’s opposite polarity, and the increasing resistance of the sun’s atmosphere produces what astronomers call the chromosphere, and then burst into magnificent splendor—the photosphere. The analogous condition I have shown you in these beautiful tubes. The earth and sun has used wireless telegraphy since creation began. Heat cannot come to the earth through the intense cold of the upper atmosphere of the earth, which increases with its altitude. How is it possible to have snow-capped mountains near the sun when the valley is filled with verdure if heat comes from the sun? Nor can heat come through the ninety-three miles of frigid ether, 460 degrees colder than ice ; no heat could penetrate such cold. All heat must come in the form of electricity, which is converted into heat. The sun’s corona, that beautiful light which we view as the sun’s rays, is like our aurora borealis, which JOURNAT. AND PROCEEDINGS, 73 are electrical, which is the earth’s surplus of electricity thrown off to the north and south, which is earth’s attempt to form corona like the sun, but the earth lacking in electricity must content itself with its gorgeous streamers as they reach out on their return voyage to the sun. The sun is one million three hundred thousand times larger than the earth, therefore if we multiply our beautiful aurora borealis by one million three hundred thousand the splendor would equal that of the sun. I have said from the ethereal realm of space the sun receives its great electric life-giving energy and power. It only gives as it receives, and by the convertability of electric energy into light and heat by friction and contact with opposite polarity we can readily understand that it is not essential to consume millions of God’s beautiful spheres or suns to afford us light and heat. There is no waste or loss of light, heat or vital energy in the sun or in the universe ; what is lost in one place is regained in another. Not one atom of matter or ampere of electricity has been destroyed or manufactured since the universe began, The sun sends its rays by wireless telegraphy to earth, and Marconi in sending electricity without wires simply imitates nature. Their transmitters and re- ceivers are attuned to each other like the sun and the earth, which send their electric energy from one to the other in perfect harmony and accord. ‘The earth has two hundred miles of atmosphere sur- rounding it. The sun is one hundred and eight times the diameter of the earth, and by the law of analogy and proportion should have an atmospheric cushion of twenty thousand miles surrounding it, and in this atmospheric belt is developed all the sun’s light, heat and vital force needed for his existence. There is an unanswerable fact that proves the sun’s corona is cold like our aurora, and that is the unquestioned fact that comets have passed through it three thousand miles without being affected in the slightest. These comets were excessively cold, and the corona must have been cold or there would have been a disastrous explosion. If I take two horseshoe magnets and place their positive and negative poles together they will cling until some stronger force overcomes their mutual attraction. If I reverse them and place their like poles together they will not cling but will repulse each other. In chemistry molecules of opposite polarity unite, and this is called chemical affinity. Molecules of like polarity will not unite, and this is called chemical repulsion. 74 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, Magnets attract only when their poles are reversed, and suns and worlds do the same. Why does the sun revolve on its axis? Why do planets revolve on their axis? if it is not to produce induced magnetic currents converting them into magnets. Therefore I-claim that the universe of suns and worlds is held in position by the mag- netic influence one exerts on the other and the great magnetic in- fluence the sun exerts upon all the solar system. My theory is that the sun is the great central magnet and dynamo of the solar system which supplies all the electricity necessary for heat, light and vital force for the planet, and that the planet supplies the component part of electrical energy which is requisite for the life and existence of the sun, and I believe that the outer envelope or corona of the sun is electricity given off, which becomes beautiful, rich and lumin- ous, corresponding to earth aurora borealis, with all the varied hues of a million rainbows with mighty arches of flaming light and sap- phire domes, and streaming banners of varying colors of orange and gold and purple, waving and flaring out into space thousands and millions of miles as the electric currents speed on their life-giving mission to the earth and planets. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 7% POLARIZED LIGHT. ead before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, December 18th, 1903. BY SPROR) CoA; (CHANT, IM. Aj. PH.D, The great essential fact which has been demonstrated in. inves- tigations into the nature of light is that the light-effect is due to definite periodic actions. Now, the simplest physical hypothesis we can suggest to account for the transmission of a periodic action is that it is due to a wave-motion. Hence we have the wave-theory of light, the substantial correctness of which no one properly informed now questions. The great method used to test for an undulatory motion is to apply the phenomenon of interference. If two wave-motions are travelling through the same space, or over the same surface of liquid, the motion of the substance at any particular point in the space will be the sum ot the two motions from the two sources, and it is possible for these two to be in opposite senses and so destroy each other’s effect; or the motions may be in the same sense, in which case the substance at the point will be moved through a double distance. When one motion is destroyed by another they are said to interfere, and this interference will occur when the waves are “out of step,” or the distances of the point under consideration from the two sources of the motion (which are supposed to be identical in behavior) differ by 1, 3, 5 or any odd number of half- wave lengths. The waves will be “ in step” and the action be intensified when this difference of path is 2, 4, 6 or any even num- ber of half-wave lengths, 7. e., any number of whole waves. We know that sound is due to wave-motion, and in this case the motion of the particles of the medium (usually the air) trans- mitting the sound are back and forth in the direction of propagation. For many years after the distinct promulgation by Huygens of the wave-theory of light it was thought that the ether, the medium transmitting the light, was gaseous in nature, and that the motions of its particles were longitudinal, or the same as in sound. 76 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Now Huygens had observed that the two beams of light into which a single incident beam traversing Iceland spar is broken had peculiar properties, which Newton described as ‘‘two-sides.” In 1810 Malus, when examining the light of the sun reflected from the windows of the Luxenbourg Palace in Paris, observed that the reflected light had properties similar to those possessed by lights which has traversed Iceland spar. It was he who applied the term “polarised ” to describe the effect. About the same time it was discovered that light which had passed through tourmaline in the proper direction was also polarised. Thus the problem of deter- mining the precise nature of polarised light became a live question. It was solved by Fresnel and Arago, who made many beautiful experiments on the interference of polarised light. The conclusion reached by them was that the vibrations in light cannot be longi- tudinal as in sound, but must be transversal, 7. e., in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation ; and further, that in polarised light this transverse motion must be limited to a certain direction. Thus, if the axle of a carriage represent the direction in which the light is moving, then the particles of the ether may vibrate along any spoke if the light is common, but if it is polarised they are restricted to be along some particular spoke—for instance, in the vertical or horizontal plane. Thus polarised light is of a more simple, regular, restricted nature than common light. ‘This latter has a certain go-as-you-please freedom about it; the former is tied down to definite limitations. Hence when we use polarised light in an investigation we use a tool much simpler in nuture, and which will show more easily interpreted effects. Polarised light can be utilised in many important investigations and to show some transcendently beautiful phenomena. In working with it the common light is first polarised, usually by a Nicol prism— which is made from a crystal of Iceland spar and is named after its inventor—and then after passing through or being reflected from whatever we are investigating, it passes through a second Nicol. The first one is called the polariser, the second one the analyser, and the combination of the two with any suitable lenses is called a polariscope. Of course, in place of the Nicols we may use any other polariser or analyser, ¢. g., a slice of tourmaline or a glass plate inclined at the proper angle. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 77 Let, now, light enter the polariser from a powerful source (arc lamp). It emerges polarized. ‘Then let it pass through the analy- ser and be received in the eye or on a screen. We can turn the analyser so that no light can get through, and the screen is dark. It must be remembered that the analyser and polariser, when examined in common light, are perfectly transparent, and yet when placed one after the other can completely shut out the light. If the analyser is turned either way, the light gets through and illuminates the screen. When arranged so that no light gets through, polariser and analyser are said to be crcssed; when turned, that maximum light gets through, they are said to be parallel. Suppose, now, polariser and analyser are crossed ; the screen is dark. On inserting between polariser and analyser a piece of mica or any other thin crystalline plate, very beautiful colors are seen on the screen. These are due to interference. When the white light, polarised by the polariser, enters the crystalline plate, it is broken up by the crystal into two portions, each polarised, one with vibra- tions in a certain direction, the other with vibrations at right angles to these, these two directions being determined by certain lines in the crystal. Now, one portion travels faster than the other, and so when they emerge on the other side of the plate the latter lags behind. At once comes the suggestion that the two portions should interfere. But they are polarized in planes perpendicular to each other, and as motions at right angles can never destroy each other, they cannot. And so we make them pass through the analyser which brings them together again and makes interference possible. But the various components of white light—red, yellow, blue, etc.—do not travel in the crystal with the same speed, and so while the waves proper to one color interfere and cause that color to disappear, other colors will not go out, and we get on the screen what is obtained by subtracting certain components from the white light. Again, if the crystalline plate is not of uniform thickness, there will be seen a color proper to each thickness. Hence by making a pattern by using sheets of mica of varying thickness, we can show any figures we desire on the screen in gorgeous colors. By rotating the analyser through go* the colors become com- plementary to the former ones. Every sheet of doubly-refracting crystal shows these effects, but mica is the easiest to work with. 78 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. An amateur can easily construct a polariscope, and the production of these gorgeous colors is extremely interesting. Again, common glass when put in the polariscope does not exhibit colors, but when strained in a press shows them beautifully. No test for annealed glass is comparable with the polariscope. The very inner arrange- ment of the molecules seems to be thus revealed. Ifa sample of rock be ground to about the thickness of ordinary writing paper it will show in the polariscope most beautiful colors, and, what is more important, will show to the petrologist the precise composition of the specimen. Another application of polarised light is in the analysis of sugar and sugar solutions. The levying of duty is pro- portional to the strength of the sample, and the polariscope is in daily use in the custom house to determine this. There are many other applications of polarised light of commanding importance in science and industry, and in many cases extremely beautiful as well. In addition to the Society’s projecting lamp, a powerful lantern polariscope, with its numerous accessories, belonging to the Univer- sity of Toronto, was used to exhibit the various effects described, and in the management of the apparatus the lecturer was most efficiently assisted by Mr. W. P. Near, B. A., who accompanied him from Toronto. | ie JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 79 THE EXTENT OF THE UNIVERSE. Delivered before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, January 19th, 1904. BY REV. D. B. MARSH, SC. D. That stately ceiling fretted with gold and bedecked with living points of light, supported by no pillars, having no abutments or foundations ; that azure canopy embroidered with stars, and suff- ciently spacious to form a covering for unnumbered suns and their planetary companions, has from all time been the study of him who is made like unto his God From time unknown man has sought to learn the great book open before his gaze. To know something of these mighty orbs that roll along the space of the sky and trace the Creator’s steps in yonder starry plains has been the desire of thoughtful man from time immemorable. We have seen the touches of God’s pencil glowing in the colors of spring. We have seen a sample of His beneficence as exhibited in the stores of nature. We have seen a ray of His brightness beaming in the blaze of a meridian sun ; but what an infinite field for the display of His perfections and power is to be seen in the unmeasurable wilds of ether. Man stands to-day with the knowledge of centuries at his feet, proud in his armour of the most recent scientific equipment, coupled with faith ; yet as he looks at that majestic dome he is able only to catch but a glimpse of the Almighty’s glory, and spell but a syllable of His eternal name. On a clear, moonless night, if you look upwards to the stars a countless number of shining points will meet your gaze in every direction your eye is turned, and if you are a thoughtful observer you will pause and try to take in the wonderful sight. As you gaze up to that gilded roof with those celestial luminaries glittering through the gloom, methinks I hear you say: ‘Stars, as you twinkle you beckon me; stars, your wonderful splendor inspires me. Yes, ye majestic monitors, I understand your meaning, and will strive also to obey Him who said: ‘Let your light so shine among men.’” 80 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Without the aid of the telescope an observer on a clear, moonless night can see about 4,000 stars, but by the aid of the telescope mil- liont of suns, whose variety and beauty will be revealed. From early times scientific men have tried to gain some clear and definite ideas of the extent of the starry Heavens, in fact this subject although immensely difficult has been the one great theme of astronomers of every clime and age, and as knowledge has in- creased throughout the world, both general and specific, the study of the stars has not dimished but has rather quickened its pace, so much so that within the last half century old methods have been changed, new ones have been introduced and multiplied, and all branches of astronomy are bounding with vigorous life. The question before us to-night is: Is this star-lighted canopy an endless thing, or has it limits? Is the stellar universe boundless ? Is it infinite, or has it somewhere definite limits? This is a great question. I have, however, not ventured a paper on it without, to some extent at least, having counted the cost. The first question that came to my mind when contemplating this subject was, to what section of the field of knowledge must I look for material to answer this question? Something suggested the philosophical field, but I soon discovered that philosophy would not solve the problem. Phil- osophy, as you perhaps all know, deals with pure reason, analogy and the general fitness of things in the order of nature. The great philosopher Kant proved most admirably the universe to be limited and just as admirably he proved it to be unlimited or infinite. Hamilton, whilst to a certain extent assisting Kant out of his dilemma, fell into a pit hole himself, pointing out by philosophy the impossibility of the finite mind conceiving of space being infinite and the impos- sibility of the finite mind conceiving of space being bounded. If I leave not the philosophical field to answer this question I fear I will make no progress to-night. Failing in the philosophical field for material to answer this question I set myself immediately to ex- plore in the field of astronomical science, this being to me apparently my only hope. While the science of astronomy does not as yet give us all we would like to know, yet the astronomer is not discouraged but is hopeful, and says: ‘Give me clear skies, good instruments and time enough and I will give you full information regarding all that JOURNAI, AND PROCEEDINGS. 81 comes within the range of the telescope, spectroscope and camera plate, and perhaps sound, sensible speculation of what is beyond, if a beyond there is.” Differing from philosophy, astronomical science has facts for its data. These facts are determined from observation, From these facts combined the astronomer gets working theories, from working theories he gets data, and by the combination of these he discovers nature’s laws, which to him are facts. Thus in this way the astronomer learns the laws that govern those worlds and suns, and thus in time he will be able to trace nature’s operations back to Alpha, and look forward to Omega, if there be an Omega, at the same time to pry into those secrets which reach beyond Hamil- ton’s philosophy, and discover facts relevant to the size of the universe which the finite mind cannot grasp, and which in my mind he need not grasp. Mortal mind can conceive of the distance of two objects separated from each other, the distance say of a mile or five miles, or even five hundred miles, but what mortal mind can conceive of the distance of the sun and A Centauri separated from each other 202 billions of miles, or 61 Cygnus three times that dis- tance, 606 billions of miles, or from Sirius 120 trillion, and yet these are some of the nearest fixed stars. Man cannot conceive of it, but this deficiency in man does not interfere with the facts that be. I will now seek to present to you some of the arguments which, if they do not enable us to come to some conclusion and enable us to have some idea of the extent of the universe, they will supply us with food for reflection and thought. That bright belt of glittering star dust known as the Milky Way is probably the groundwork of the universe, but I make this remark without reference to Dr. Wallace or his teaching. I may say, however, for the benefit of those who may not know much about Dr. Wallace’s particular holdings, that his most fatal fallacy is that our system is so related in its situation to the Milky Way that our sun is the only one of the myriads of suns that can have life- bearing planets. And, moreover, he states that the earth is the only life-bearing planet that our sun has, and this is because it is so peculiarly telated in size, position, atmospheric conditions, etc., to the sun, that this earth is the only celestial body that can possibly have life. It was stated about ten days ago by one of our Hamilton 82 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ministers that the teaching of Dr. Wallace was quite correct, and that he agreed with it; but that the teachings of the venerable old doctor was misunderstood. It behoves me, as President of the Hamil- ton Astronomical Society, to correct this. I do it kindly, but firmly. I may say that those most likely to understand an astro- nomical work written by Dr. Wallace or any other on the subject _would be the astronomers, and I think his article previous to his book was so well understood by astronomers and so properly criticized by them that Dr. Wallace has modified considerable of his teachings in the book so recently published. Moreover, a number present here to night have the distinguished honor of belonging to the Society whose criticisms sent direct to Dr. Wallace was instru- mental in modifying some of his extreme views. I refer here to the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, whose worthy President, Prof: Chant, of Toronto University, was with us only a few nights ago and gave us that admirable paper on ‘ Polarized Light.” That galaxy of stars being the fundamental plan of the universe divides the great structure into two parts, and to the up-to-date astronomer suggests the sphericity of the universe. Close to the Milky Way and on either side of it the stars are so numerous that it is impossible to count them even with the aid of the telescope or camera plate. In a space the size the full moon appears to the naked eye there are hundreds of stars. In many places the stars are sO numerous they are termed star clouds. By over 3,000 actual star counts in all parts of the sky Herschal found that they were evenly distributed on each side of the Milky Way ; That there are over thirty times as many stars in the Milky Way as there are distributed in space on either side of it ; That from either side of the Milky Way from a close proximity to it, the stars gradually decrease in number down to go degrees. But the recent introduction of the spectroscope has much en- couraged the astronomer; and whilst he has not mastered this instrument fully, yet it has given him a great step forward towards the goal which he hopes sooner or later to reach in determining this great question—the size of the universe. By carefully examining stars as to the color, it is found that certain colors prevail in certain JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 83 localities, that is, the blue stars prevail in and about the Milky Way, whilst those approaching the poles are prevailingly yellow. We do not understand fully the reading of the spectroscope yet in this con- nection, but we look forward hopefully. It is known and accepted by astronomers in general that the number of the stars of each of the fainter magnitudes rapidly increase in numbers until about the 9th magnitude is reached, after which there is a marked falling off. This fact must speak loudly when considering the size and form of the universe. Whilst there are some bright stars very far away and some faint stars comparatively close, yet it is known that the larger stars as a class are nearer to us than the fainter ones, and that the fainter ones as a class are more remote. If the law of increase in the number of stars was the same down to the faintest visible in the telescope, and so on indefinitely as holds true from the 1st magnitude stars down to the 9th magnitude, starlight at night would be as bright as noon- day, but as a fact the total of starlight is less than one thirty- seventh millionth of the sun. But to go further in the study of the extent of the universe we must study the nature and distance of some of these stars, and I may say right here that the work of ascertaining the distance of the stars is no small task. However, this work has been pursued vigorously for many years past and is being pursued vigorously at the present moment. Dr. Gill, of the Observatory of Good Hope in South Africa, published in 1891 the results of attempts to measure the dis- tance of Canopus and Rigel. These stars are amongst the brightest in the sky. Although having the best instruments the world could then produce, and he a very able scientific man, said that their distance is so great I cannot measure it. If, therefore, this be true of some of the bright stars in the sky, what can we say of the distance and the size of the fainter ones that bedeck our canopy? Up till now the distance of about 100 stars is ascertained with considerable accuracy, but the stars being so far away the mile unit of earth forms too small a part ; as a grain of sand is to the entire globe, so the mile unit is to star distance. In measuring the distance of the planets the astronomer uses the distance of the earth to the sun as a unit, that is to say Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are so many times 93 millions of miles remote from the sun, but when we look into the 84 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. stars even 93 millions of miles as a unit is by far too small and would make our mathematics stagger with the abundance of figures. Light, we know, travels 186,330 miles per second. In a year there are 31,558,000 seconds ; thus light would travel 45 millions of miles. Thus a light year is 45 millions of miles, or in other words, a light year is 63 thousand times the distance the earth from the sun. _* Now let us take a light year as our measuring rule and let us go out to measure the distance of the nearest fixed star, which is A Centauri, which is more than 4 light years distance or nearly 4% light years distance, which were we to use the mile unit would be 202 billions of miles. Leaving A Centauri we go out to 6 light years, and were we to describe a circle at that distance round the sun not likely more than A Centauri and the sun would be included in it, omitting our planets of course. Now let us double the radius and go out 12 light years, not likely in all this circle with a diameter of 24 light years would there be more than 8 stars. Add another 6 light years to this radius and describe another circle of 36 light years in diameter, and probably not more than 27 stars would be enclosed. But let us go another 6 light years and describe our circle this time 48 light years in diameter, and not more than 64 stars would be reached. Now, if we call a radius of 6 light years a unit, the first sphere having one star beside our sun, the second sphere with twice the radius contains 8 stars, the cube of the two; the third circle, the cube of 3 or 27 stars ; the fourth circle, the cube of 4 or 64 stars. Now, speed on in flight until we have reached the eighth sphere, or a distance of 48 light years, and we will have reached our old familiar pole star. After we have thus done we then will have left behind us perhaps only 600 stars of the millions that we must consider in describing the size of the universe.” But with all this the astronomer has yet another step in consid- ering what is called the proper motion of stars. We speak of some stars as ‘‘fixed stars”; perhaps we should not do this, as the term is very misleading. We believe that probably every star in the sky is in motion, moving from one mile to one hundred miles per second, and some perhaps with greater velocity than this. There are two stars in the sky moving with such velocity that they move round the whole circle of the sky in the brief period of 160 thousand and 180 thousand years respectively. The proper JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 85 motion of a star is the angular motion which the star seems to make from the point of observation measured not in miles, but in seconds of arcs ; sometimes this motion is called “the right line motion or the star speed.” Astronomers have studied the speed of stars for years, and their work agrees well in making the average speed of stars about 21 miles per second. ‘The study of the proper motion of the stars has been prosecuted even longer and more generally than that of their speed, and the conclusion reached by this means that stars which have an apparent proper motion of 10 seconds of arc in 100 years must not be far from a distance of 180 light years, or describe the whole circle of the sky in 12,960 years. Now, then, if we apply the law of the cube of the number of stars related to distance, then we shall have reached the 30th sphere of light year distance and would have included in the list only about 27,000 stars. We know that there are about 10,000 stars whose proper motion is as large as to seconds of arc which have been made the basis of calculation. Astronomers have made careful study of this part of our argument, and have said: ‘‘On the whole it seems likely that out of a distance of 300 or 4oo light years, or 18 trillions of miles, there is no marked inequality in star distribution.” If we go on and on and on, until we have reached a distance of 3000 light years, or 135 trillions of miles, possibly there would be a beginning of the thinning of the stars ahead of us; but let us make the journey 10,000 light years, or 450 trillions of miles, then we might find our- selves nearly through that great ring of stars which we call the Milky Way, and the stars before us might probably have been thinned out so much that the great mass of them which we see from our terrestrial home would be left behind us. Suppose we set a celestial mark ro thousand light years from our sun and describe a great circle, the sun being the centre thereof, this circle would be 20 thousand light years across, or goo trillions of miles in diameter. I do not say, and astronomers do not assume, that such a circle would enclose the universe, but I do say that this is approxim- ately the size of the universe as conceived by the astronomer of to-day. But don’t misunderstand me. I do not say that this is the size or form of the universe, but this is the astronomers’ conception, 86 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. and although this is the astronomers’ conception of the universe, yet he can fully follow the sentiment in the following words: “* Come forth, O man, yon azure round survey, And view those lamps that yield eternal day ; Bring forth thy glasses, clear thy wondering eyes ; Millions beyond the former millions rise ; Look further, millions more blaze from remoter skies.” And he can also with equal grace repeat from his inmost soul those undying words by Richter, as recited to the Society some weeks ago by Mr. G. P. oe F.R.A.S., which by his permission is here appended : “God cailed up from dreams a man into the vestibule of heaven, saying : “Come thou hither, and see the glory of My house.’ And to the servants that stood around His throne He said: ‘Take him and undress him from his robes of flesh ; cleanse his vision, and put a new breath into his nostrils ; only touch not with any change his human heart—the heart that weeps and trembles.’ “Tt was done, and with a mighty angel for his guide, the man stood ready for his infinite voyage, and from the terraces of heaven, without sound or fare- well, at once they wheeled away into endless space. «© Sometimes with the solemn flight of angel wing they fled through Zaarahs of darkness, through wildernesses of death, that divided the worlds of life ; some- times they swept over frontiers, that were quickening under prophetic motions from God. Then, from a distance that is counted only in heaven, light dawned for a time through a sleepy film; by unutterable pace the light swept to them, they, by unutterable pace, to the light. In a moment the rushing of planets was upon them, in a moment the blazing of suns was around them. Then came eternities of twilight, that revealed, but were not revealed. On the right hand and on the left towered mighty constellations, that by self- repetitions and answers from afar, that by counter positions, built up triumphal gates, whose architraves, whose archways, horizontal, upright, rested, rose, at altitudes by spans that seemed ghostly from infinitude. Without measure were the architraves, past number were the archways, beyond memory the gates. ** Within were stairs that scaled the eternities below; above was below, below was above, to the man stripped of gravitating body—depth was swallowed up in height insurmountable—height was swallowed up in depth unfathomable. Suddenly as they thus rode from infinite to infinite, suddenly as thus they tilted over abyssmal worlds, a mighty cry arose, that systems more mysterious, that worlds more billowy, other heights and other depths, were coming, were nearing, were at hand. “‘Then the man sighed and stopped, shuddered and wept. His overladened heart uttered itself in tears, and he said: ‘Angel, I will go no farther ; for the ‘spirit of man acheth with this infinity. Insufferable is the glory of God. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 87 Let me lie down in the grave and hide me from the persecution of the infinite ; for end, I see, there is none! And from all the listening stars that shone around issued a choral voice: ‘ The man speaks truly, end there is none, that ever yet we heard of !’ “«< End is there none? the angel solemnly demanded. ‘Is there indeed no end? and is this the sorrow that kills you!’ But no voice answered, that he might answer himself. ““Then the angel threw up his glorious hands to the heaven of heavens, saying: ‘End is there none to the universe of God. Lo! also, there is no 299 beginning. I do not claim originality for some portions of this paper.— D. B. M. 88 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. JAMAICA. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scentific Association, February 2, 1904. BY ADAM BROWN, ESQ. When I was invited by the President to contribute something to the winter programme I told him I could not pretend to write on an astronomical subject, but if he would be satisfied with an address on Jamaica I would be glad to accede to his request, so my theme to-night is ‘‘ Jamaica.” Jamaica is a lovely island—a tropical paradise—in the Carib- bean Sea. A crown colony 5,000 miles south of England, 2,000 south of Halifax, 1,500 south of New York, and 80 miles south of Cuba. It is 144 miles long, and varies from 21 to 49 miles in width. Its area is 4,193 square miles, and the population is about 850,000, nearly all blacks. There is a great variety of temperature, according to the height above the sea. The form of the coast is like a turtle, the mountain ridges representing the back of the turtle. Some of the peaks are 6,000 feet above the sea ; the famed Blue Mountains rise in some cases to 7,000 feet. There are 114 streams in the island, but none are navigable. Jamaica has 16 harbors. Its principal exports are sugar, rum, ginger, bananas, oranges, coffee, pimento, logwood, pineapples, cocoanuts, cigars. Of late years the banana trade has increased enormously ; it will take three or four years, however, to overcome the injury caused by the recent terrific hurricane. Canadians do not know what a first-class banana or orange is until they enjoy the genuine Jamaica article. I have heard it said that three good sized bananas contain as much nutri- ment as a fourteen ounce loaf of bread. Jamaica, the Isle of Springs, was discovered by Columbus in May, 1495. Who has not read of the trials of the intrepid Genoese mariner in his voyages of discovery? Joaquin Miller, in his marvel- lous way, gave the fine pen picture of the sailors in their despair— ie JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS. 89 ‘* They sailed, they sailed, then spoke the mate : This mad sea shows its teeth to-night ; He curls his lip, he lies in wait, With lifted teeth as if to bite. Brave Admiral, say but one good word— What shall we do when hope is gone ? The word leapt as a leaping sword— Sail on, sail on, sail on, and on.” Columbus gained a world and gave that world its greatest lesson—“ On and on.” When he returned to Spain the Queen asked him what kind of a country he had discovered. He took up a sheet of paper, crumpled it up, and said “Ya ma ka,” which means a land of mountains. The Spanish surrendered the island to the British in 1655, it having been under Spanish rule for 161 years. It is, as I said at the outset, a crown colony. The members of the Government are all Imperial appointments. The members of the Legislature are elected by the people. I went to Jamaica as Honorary Commissioner, representing Canada at the great International. Exhibition, held in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1891, leaving New York in the good steamer “ Hondo” on the r7th of January of that year. The voyage was delightful. One the second day out one began to feel like parting with sea wraps, and by the fourth day it was quite summer like, and gauzy garments were all that were required. The sight of the firmament in the tropics at sea is one of indescribable splendour. The “heavens are so beautifully blue and the stars so festally bright.” These stars are like moons, and have to be seen to give any idea of their glory ; they cannot be described. ** The starry firmament on high, With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled heavens a shining frame, Their great original proclaim.” I cannot trust myself to say all I felt when I first saw the Southern Cross, which was about midnight on the fifth day out, or of my surprise at the shoals of flying fish, like sea birds skimming the waves. We pass Hayti, that island of great fertility, and “ where every prospect pleases and only man is vile.” It is almost a con- tinual scene of turmoil and bloodshed. Then we have a peep at go THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Cuba, and on to Morant Bay, but a few hours’ steam from Kingston. As I stood on the deck, glass in hand, the distant hills looked as if covered with green fur, the whole scene suggesting one’s conception of the Garden of Eden. What inviting spots—the green canes, cocoanut groves, and away up the mountains the huts of the natives, as if glued to the hillside. The sun had kissed the sea when we came to anchor at Port Royal. It was too late to enter Kingston harbour that night. There was a luxurious calm about everything as we sauntered about the deck ; the electric lights in the distance sparkled like stars. Port Royal is an historic place. In time of war it is an important naval station. My British heart beat with pride as I saw the evidence of Britain’s power—the guard ship, the batteries, the dear old flag. Memory became busy with the history of the gallant deeds of British heroes. “« The spirit of our fathers Might rise from every wave, For the deep it was their field of fame And the ocean was their grave.” Nine-tenths of Port Royal was buried beneath the sea in 1692. There was an awful earthquake, and in two minutes Port Royal was swallowed up. The ruins of the place now submerged are still visible in a certain condition of the water. It was a place given up to wickedness of the grossest description, and by many the calamity was regarded as a visitation of an offended God on a place “ wallow- ing in riches and abandoned to wickedness.” Only 300 houses out of 3,000 were left standing. As we steamed along in the morning what a glorious scene feasted the vision. The island fresh, as if just out of a bath; the peaks of the Blue Mountains towering in silent yet glorious majesty ; the hills and valleys glittering under the bright and azure sky, as a garden of the Lord. No two travellers will see the same picture. One will be looking in one direction and catch the grand amphitheatre of hills, the other may rest on the placid harbor ; but look which way you will, you will find a charm, and one so different to anything you ever expected that you are filled with wonder and delight. After landing at Kingston I was soon off to Constant Spring Hotel, six miles from the city of Kingston, and about 200 feet above the sea. Kingston is a busy place, with a population of about JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, OI 50,000. ‘The scavenger bird of Jamaica, John Crow as they call him, a beautiful large bird, keeps things sweet in the city, as they pick up all garbage. It is a crime to injure these useful birds. I speedily sent-my credentials to His Excellency the Governor, Sir Henry Blake, a splendid man, one of the best Governors Jamaica ever had. I was summoned to King’s House by telephone almost at once, and from that moment until I left the representative of the Queen showered attention on the representative of Canada. The Exhibition was, considering all things, perhaps the most wonderful thing of the kind ever held. Just fancy, away right under the sun, all the nations of the earth except China represented, and in a place to be reached only by long voyages. The main building was 510 feet long and 81 feet wide, cruciform in shape, with minarets 74 feet high. It was a “thing of beauty.” Besides the main building there were dozens of other buildings. Canada could not get half its exhibits in the space allotted in the main building, and had another one entirely for surplus exhibits. Prince George of Wales, now Prince of Wales, opened the Exhibition. His landing from the “Thrush” was a grand sight. He passed through an avenue of war ships to the landing. The streets were lined with troops, white and native, the latter brave fellows. They fought like tigers in the Ashantee war. Many had medals, and I was told some had the Victoria Cross. After the open- ing ceremony I left the dais to receive His Royal Highness in the Canadian court. Well do I remember how his face lighted up as he read on our banner: ‘The Dominion of Canada welcomes the grand- son of Britain’s Queen.” When leaving our court he said “‘ Canada has done nobly.” We carried off 94 gold medals, 74 silver, 15 bronze —183 medals in all ; 37 honorable mention, 2 honorary diplomas for special services rendered, one being to myself, which adorns the walls of my hbrary. As you know, my mission was to extend trade. I am glad to say in that respect it was a success. To give you an idea of methods adopted, I may tell you that I took out a baker with me, and had bread baked from Canadian flour, giving it to the visitors daily. Thus it was that our flour found its way to all the West Indian Islands, and better flour than that made from Manitoba No. 1 hard wheat they never had. One day it was understood that Scotch scones were to be baked and distributed to the crowds. The Q2 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, baker had forgotten my instructions, and only baked a few for Lady Blake, the wife of the Governor. I heard a lady with a Scotch tongue say toa friend: ‘‘There’s nae scones the day.” I at once said to her, and put on the Scotch as I spoke: ‘I see you are dis- appointed, but you shall not be; I will divide with you what was to go to King’s House.” The scones were handed to her. How her face lighted up as she said: “I’ve no tasted a scone since I left Glasgow.” So you see the Scotch are there, as they are everywhere. There were 35 energetic young fellows who went out from Canada to represent various exhibits, and they did a good business. While it is very hot in the middle of the day, there is always a good breeze morning and evening. Care should be taken to avoid draughts at night; if not prudent in this respect one is apt to get a chill, then fever follows. I say it is hot during the day, yet I have seen the officers of the regiment stationed at Kingston playing hockey at 2 o’clock. After I felt that the Canadian court was in full swing I visited various parts of the island, speaking on Canada. My first trip for that purpose was to Brownstown, on the north side of the island. Let me endeavor to picture the journey to you, even though my description will be far from conveying all that my vision feasted upon. I took the train early one morning from Kingston to Ewar- ton. I had heard a great deal of the grandeur of the country, of the magic scenic effects, and the ever-changing character of the views, but all I heard was as nothing to what presented itself to my aston- ished vision. What scenes met the eye as we ascended Mount Diabo.a. At every twist and turn as the road wound its way up the mountain were sights which will be unfading as long as life lasts. As I speak to you I am in fancy enjoying that drive. After we had ascended some 1,500 feet, there were for miles and miles at our feet as far as the eye could reach, away in the valleys bounded by distant mountains, groves of cocoanuts, graceful palms, bamboos bending to the breeze, great banana leaves, and around the mountain side rare and marvellous creeping plants, hugging the trees from the roots upward. ‘*O’er it all a soft and purple mist Hung like a vaporous amethyst.” We passed huts made of bamboo, thatched with broad tropical JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 93 * leaves ; people clustered about them, from the little picanninies to the wrinkled grandmothers, all looking happy and contented. Here was this panorama before us, not to be surpassed in the world, of everlasting hills in the distance, with the sun and shade presenting one of the most magnificent sights that man could conceive. One became weary in speech and silent in admiration, as new scenes greeted the vision at every turn. Everywhere, as we drove along, we found God’s messengers of love—stars in earth’s firmament, flowers of every kind and of the most gorgeous hues. They seemed to enjoy the very air they breathed, as much as we did who delighted in their loveliness. In this land of cloudless skies, this land of eternal summer, were plants regarded almost as weeds there which would be treasured in Canadian greenhouses. Passing on we see coffee trees, pimento bread fruit, custard apple, figs, oranges ; and I might go on and fill a page detailing the plants and trees which came within our reach of vision. It was a pretty heavy pull up this grand mountain, and our horses gave indication that the load was too heavy. I felt that I must set an example, in the interest of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, so I jumped from the carriage. The others followed suit, and we made our way to the summit of the mountain on foot. We were somewhat thirsty when we got to the top, and our intelligent dusky driver, seemed to anticipate our wishes. He climbed a cocoanut tree, knocked down some green cocoanuts, chopped off their heads with a machette, and we drank the cool, refreshing water of the nut. Every man in Jamaica owns a machette ; he uses it for almost everything. As we commenced our descent to the Carribbean Sea, we came upon a scene which no pen of writer or brush of painter has ever or can ever describe or portray. It is called the “Fern Valley.” It has never been photographed, because it is impossible to do so. Three and one-half miles long, precipitous rocks on either side, and these covered with ferns to the very summit, creeping plants and flowers, with only here and there bits of the rock projecting, giving you an idea of its formation. There were great caverns with entrances festooned with tangles of vines and flowers. The drive down this wonderful place was cool, calm and inspiring. It was like a glimpse of heaven. The variety of scenic effects appear to be endless. Sometimes the rocks so nearly met over our heads that ; 94 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. they formed a thick roof, and one had to look straight up to see the light, then the gully becomes more open and filled with the most fantastic shadows. ‘The road was one of continual graceful curves, and the skill of some of the best engineers had been enlisted in its construction ; but I saw a sight distressing to any Canadian ideas— women breaking stones for road purposes. The day will speedily come when the women in Jamaica will find work consistent with their position and sex. At a meeting a day or two after I witnessed this sight, at which I addressed fully 1,000 people, I denounced this, and was cheered to the echo. On we go, singing as we rolled along in the carriige till we reached Ocho Rios, the town of eight streams, snugly cuddled together on the seashore. ‘The broad expanse of sea was not hidden, but beautified by groves of cocoanut trees. When Roaring River burst upon our vision it was in some places tumbling, rushing, roaring and tearing along; in other places sparkling and gurgling like a Scotch burn or graceful brook quietly flowing to the sea—a picture of restfulness, after its racing and chasing down the mountain side. As we drove along to St. Anne’s Bay in the evening the air was laden with the most delicate odours, the perfume of a thousand flowers being brought out with the falling dew. As Lady Blake one day said to me, the island was “the Garden of Eden without the serpent.” There is not a snake to be seen in Jamaica. We started off in the morning to Brownstown, and oh, what a drive was that. The morning was cool and breezy ; the sea to the right of us washed the golden sands, and the everlasting hills to the left were covered with verdure to the very top. Cabins of the natives away up the hillside, creeping flowering plants adding beauty to the logwood hedges, mingled with orange. There were the graceful tops of the cocoanut trees waving in the morning breeze, as far as the eye could reach, the invigorating breeze filling one’s lungs and making boys of us all, causing us to burst into song. It was enough to make a dumb man speak, to say nothing of making us sing. As we drove along we saluted the natives, and in return received the graceful curtsey of the women and the respectful recog- nition of the men. Here and there we saw piles of limes on the roadside ready to be carted to market, carts filled with oranges ; we met vans with tires on the wheels very many inches broad, laden by JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 65 with coffee and sugar, some of them drawn by as many as sixteen oxen. The cattle feed on guinea grass. This grass grows all over, and is a great blessing. I came upon the ruins of an old sugar estate, every- thing showing great age. As I gazed upon this relic of the past, and thought of what some people called “the grand old days of slavery,” when there were men who estimated glory and grandeur by the gold which they heaped up under the curse and cruelty of slavery, as a Briton I felt proud that that day had passed, and that the pure and stainless flag of our country now floated in Jamaica over a free people—free from the shackles of the slave and enjoying the bless- ings of schools and colleges—and humble though many of them -were, yet having ‘‘ Temples of God o’er all the pleasant land,” the people all happy, loyal and contented, feeling that wherever our flag floats the subject is protected, no matter what may be the colour of his skin or the shrine at which he bends the knee. **Tt flutters o’er tropical seas, As free as the wind and the wave, And bondsmen whose fetters unloosened, Neath its shadows no longer a slave.”’ The slaves were emancipated in 1834. £6,000,000 was paid as a compensation to the planters. Over 300,000 slaves were liberated. On we go, and reach Run-away Bay. It is said that it was near this spot that Columbus landed in 1495. Our road wound up through the mountains. We saw a group of young girls resting on the roadside, and hearing that the natives were fond of singing, I asked them to sing something. At once they responded, and sang “Far, far away, in heathen darkness dwelling,” and one or two more well-known hymns. We soon reached the lovely home of Rev. and Mrs. Johnston. The Johnstons have done and are still doing a great work among the natives, not only teaching them the lesson of the Cross, but also impressing on them that cleanliness is next to godli- ness, and that they must keep themselves and their houses clean and pure. In making our return trip to Kingston we took the interior road, passing through the centre of the country. There was in this drive a combination of pastural and tropical scenes. Whata spirit of freshness and beauty there was that morning rising with the sun, as we drove along amid perfumed oranges and delicious 96 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. pineapples. ‘‘ The dewy morn, with breath all incense and cheek all bloom.” It was like an enchanted land. How lovely it was to see the morning dew glistening on the leaves like diamonds, and the mist veiling the distant mountains as if they were modest maidens or mountain queens concealing their beauty. Our road skirted the mountains, the morning breeze blowing odors sweet as violets, every flower and fern, and even the mosses, bejewelled with dew drops. ~ Oh, what a drive that was ! Whenever I had an opportunity and the time to spare, it was a great pleasure to me to take a run out with Canadians who had come over to show them Castleton Gardens, Bog Walk, Gordon- town and any other places of interest and importance. Castleton Gardens rank as second among the tropical gardens of the world. I accepted the invitation of the Director for myself and friends, and visited the wonderful gardens. We pass more ruins of old sugar estates of the ancient days of slavery, now covered with moss and creeping plants. There was a great acqueduct used originally by the sugar company at Constant Spring, and now used to convey water to Kingston. We pass hundreds of women on the road going to market with loaded baskets. on their heads; _ light-hearted, modestly dressed. We visited the Industrial School—the build- ing was formerly a barracks, and the site one of the finest in the world. It was interesting to visit tobacco plantations worked by Cuban refugees, who sought the shelter of the free flag of Britain from the rule of the hated Spaniard. The tobacco raised is used in the manufacture of cigars, and is profitable. ‘The ping-wing hedges, over which flowers of every hue creep, are won- derfully beautiful. We travel over lovely winding roads, parts constructed in the very rocks sheltered in every way from the sun, cool and refreshing, and we involuntarily exclaim: ‘‘ A great rock in a weary land.” 1 could well fancy how pedestrians long for these shady bits of road. We pass lots of coffee and lime trees, orange groves, until there bursts upon our vision perhaps the grandest sight upon which anyone can gaze. We look down into the valley and up the opposite side, and see graceful bamboos with their feathery-like tops, as if waving their welcome to us. At length we reach the gates of Castleton Gardens. Men were there ready to carry our hampers, and they were all filled with JOURNAJ. AND PROCEEDINGS. 97 Canadian things—Canadian bread, Canadian canned fruit, Canadian everything. There was a cool, shady spot beside the banks of the Wag- water. Here we unpacked our good things, and did ample justice to them. Spaniards used to call this river ‘‘ Agua Alta,” because in the rainy season it rose to a great height. Breakfast being disposed of, we set out forthe gardens. ‘These are laid out largely on the hill- sides. The walks are beautiful; there was the Royal palm of Cuba, and you could almost fancy it was endowed with reason and knew it was king among trees; there was the Phimax palm, the Sago palm, the Ruttan palm, and others, and wonderful tree ferns. Perhaps the most marvellous of all trees was the Travellers’ tree, which, when an incision is made at the base of the stem of the large leaves, pure water flows out. One was tapped and we all had a drink. Some were a little doubtful about trying it, but I first quenched my thirst,and then the rest followed. It is not a native of Jamaica, but is a native of Madagascar, and flourishes where water is scarce. One of these large leaves was cut off to show the marvellous provisions of nature. I cannot conceive how any man could examine this leaf and deny the existence of a God. There was the Victoria Regia in the foun- tain ; the wonderful flowering banana ; and then, to cap the climax, there was a tree fully 60 feet high, without a branch or stem until the top is reached, and there the umbrella-shaped foliage is to be seen—a lovely mass of scarlet flowers, like a rocket bursting in the sky into balls of red fire, but then the balls of fire are evanescent, while these flowers are forever being renewed as the others fall ; lovely orchids under the shade of trees. We saw the fernery, where -were 440 different species. On our return it rained. We were protected in our carriages. The natives, who were walking, just had a banana leaf balanced on their heads, and that was their umbrella. As I sat that night on the balcony of my hotel at midnight, waiting to see the Southern Cross, the lines of Mrs. Hemans came forcibly to my mind— <‘Ts it where the feathery palm trees rise, And the date grows ripe under sunny skies ; Amidst the green islands in glittering seas, Where fragrant forests perfume the breeze, And strange wild birds on their starry wings Bear the rich hues of all glorious things ; Is it there, sweet mother, that better land ? Not there, not there, my child.” 98 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, In the tropics the sun’s rim dips, the stars rush out ; at a stride comes the dark. The sun goes down with a jerk—no gloaming. I sat up until early morning in order that I might have a good view of the Southern Cross, and I had it. There are many crosses in the heavens in these latitudes known as false crosses, but there is a real Southern Cross, which cannot be mistaken. I do not wonder at the religious sentiment of the Portu- guese and Spaniards regarding this constellation with holy reverence as the sign of their faith. It is an interesting theme to travellers. There every morning about one o'clock the Southern Cross is erect ; after that it declines. In South America the herdsmen used to say : ‘It is past midnight, the Southern Cross begins to bend.” The stars in the tropics are like moons. “Tt is a land where the hue Of sea and heaven is such a blue As men dream not of; where the night Is irradiate with the light Of stars like moons, which, hung on high, Breathe and quiver in the sky.” On a dark night the effect on the vision of the fire-flies is some- thing surprising. ‘They are different to ours. They show light in their eyes, ours under their wings ; they positively light up things on dark nights, and are called gig lamps ; they shoot through the gloom in myriads; they glow like torches. In the old and cruel Spanish days these fire-flles were snared and made into necklaces for the Spanish women to wear at dances, the glitter remaining for hours. One seldom sees white troops in the city of Kingston; it is considered safer to keep them in the breezy atmosphere among the hills. Newcastle, the principal military station, is 3,800 above the sea. ‘There it is seldom over 60 degrees of heat. Talking of churches in Jamaica, Haster Sunday the number present at morning service in the Parish church at Kingston was at least 2,500, and over 1,000 remained for Communion. It was a grand sight—all hues, all classes kneeling together recognizing a common Father. Half-way Tree church is most interesting. Its walls are covered with tablets, in memory of British heroes who fought and died for British honour. The church was built in 1699. Admiral Benbow’s tomb is there, and bears the date of 1702. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 99 Jamaica is as healthy as any tropical country. There is the greatest care taken to insure good health. Each parish has an official doctor ; the last six appointed were from Queen’s and McGill Colleges,Canada. When I heard this I felt proud. In the lowlands the temperature rises trom 75 at night to 85 inthe day, sometimes more. I brought out a great many curios with me—everybody wanted to load me— among others the wonderful lace bark from which the most beautiful things are made ; the counterpane on Prince George’s bed at King’s House is made of this. You may think it strange, the people all walk in the middle of the road in Jamaica. I mean outside of Kingston. The very horses seem to know how to keep out of the way of pedestrians. In the space of two and three quarter miles we counted 764 women going to market with loads on their heads, and 74 laden donkeys. The women are all light-hearted, laughing and talking as with swinging gait they sail along. They travel night and day ; they think nothing of a thirty mile walk, carrying a basket with a load on their heads at that, enough to break any one of our backs. They area little bit superstitious, and when they come to the bed of a dry river they generally stop until thirty or forty of them get together, and then they start across singing to keep up their courage, knowing that during the rainy season many people are drowned, and they have an idea that duppies or ghosts are fluttering round. As you pass along you see on the pillars of the gates of private residences the names of the places after great heroes of centuries ago, recalling names of men enshrined in British history for deeds of valor. The constabulary of Jamaica are all colored— good-looking fellows, well uniformed. ‘The people are law abiding, with some vices, like others. They are easily led by those who win their confidence, and all are anxious for information. ‘They are extravagant in language. For instance, one day in a tram car, I said to a negro that the climate of Jamaica was delightful. “‘ Yes, sah,” was his reply, ‘‘all in consecution ob de morning and evening breezes.” It is great fun to hear some of their sayings. I will give you a few of them : “ Beggar beg from beggar neber get rich.” “‘ Ebery dog know him dinner time.” “* Hab money—hab friend.” “‘ Hoss hab no business at cow fight.” I0O THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. . “ Man can’t smoke and whistle at one time.” “‘ No trus’ pigeon in corn field.” ‘‘ Neber trow ’way your stick till you get a top ob de hill.” “Play wid monkey, no play wid him tail.” ‘Spider and fly can’t make bargain.” Often I have heard the people speak of the grand old days of slavery, but grander still and more glorious will be the position of Jamaica, when, awakened, she takes her place with other countries of the world in the march of progress, developing her vast possibili- ties. She will yet rise again the “ Pearl of the Antilles,” in greater glory than ever, her history illumined by an industrious and pro- gressive people, free from bondage and enjoying all the blessings and influence of Britain’s rule, recognizing the dignity of honest labor, a re-awakened people, ever loyal to the flag which freed the slave, and which is to-day the emblem of hope as well as protection the world over. Jamaica was among the first of Britain’s colonies to offer to send a contingent of her sons to Africa to teach the tyrant Boer that he who insults the mother must answer to her sons. Nowhere have I witnessed more devoted loyalty to the British Crown—not even in Canada—than among the people of Jamaica, and their loyalty has had a severe test in their submitting in the past to British free trade policy destroying the sugar industry, but which injustice I hope will soon be remedied. ‘Their love for our late beloved Queen was beyond description ; they called her the Supreme Lady of Jamaica. They loved her not alone for her regal graces, but her noble womanhood and her tender-hearted goodness. They felt that love was her law. Never, indeed, was there such a monarch since the day of creation ; her throne was an altar and her home a temple of God ; death moulded into full completion the statue of her life. While the world was bowed with woe at her death, the records from Jamaica told how the natives and white people mourned as “one that mourneth for his mother.” ‘That same loyal devotion which they gave to the mother they render to-day to the son of his mother. After bidding good-bye to the officials at the Exhibition I called at the Collegiate Institute to present the Principal with the large map of Canada we had in the Exhibition building, for the use of the school. I addressed the scholars, told them about Canada, and JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. IOI wound up by asking for a holiday, which was granted. Most of the leading merchants of Kingston were at the dock to say good-bye, and they followed me on board. The gallant captain had the good ship “ Alpha” gayly decorated with flags. The last bellrang. “All ashore !” was shouted from the bridge, and soon after the good ship began to move slowly from the dock. We were stormed at by the crowd on the dock with a perfect fusilade of oranges. The blue mountains of Jamaica by degrees receded from our view until they became specks on the horizon, and lovely Jamaica became but a beautiful memory. Leaving kind hearts behind us, we were rolling home to meet loving hearts in Canada: sky above, ocean beneath, trusting in Him ‘“ whose arm hath bound the restless wave.” Clear and distinct as is the lovely picture of Jamaica on my mind, and charming as everything was to me, yet after all there’s no place like home. To the tourist who may desire to escape our winter months and has the money to spend, I say go to Jamaica between November and April. To the invalid who requires to recuperate, I say under advice go to Jamaica, to some such delightful spots as Mandeville, St. Annes, Brownstown—anywhere among the oranges and the odours of a thousand flowers. But for a land to live in, year in and year out, give me dear old Canada. No doubt about it, for a healthy life and the land for a happy home, there’s no place under the blue sky to compare with Canada. Each country is the complement of the other in articles of produce, and as regards climate, many from the West Indies who can afford it will pay Canada a visit during their summer or hotter months, while Canadians who need it or desire it will take a run to the island of eternal summer during our winter, and each while enjoying their respective trips will do much to strengthen trade relations. But life for life, land for land—all in all—who would change? NotI! Canada for me ; the Maple Leaf forever! Years have passed and gone since I left Jamaica, but its enchanting beauties are continually spreading out before me like a lovely panorama, and seems to me like a mid-summer dream. A word or two more and I have done. I felt as I said good-bye, and grasped the hands of warm-hearted friends, that friendships had been made that would last through life. I can never forget Jamaica and 102 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. its warm-hearted people ; both will be forever green in my remem- brance, and unfading in my memory will be the glorious scenery of this earthly paradise; its grand mountain peaks pointing heaven- wards in silent majesty, its feathery palms, its graceful bamboos, its wonderful gardens, its golden canes, its marvellous foliage, its gorgeous flowers, its spicy breezes, its Southern Cross, its ‘‘ firma- ment of living sapphires,” its ‘seas like skies and its skies like seas” And in all these I see a,vision of the people of the British West Indies, true and loyal to King and country, grateful for the blessings which they enjoy, will in far greater measure than they have yet. done, realize in all its vast significance what it is to be British subjects ; guided by wise counsels, elevated by religion and education, recognizing the dignity of labor, the lethargy of the past will give way to such activity as may be possible in a tropical country, and apart from the teaching of the churches, influenced by those modern missionaries of progress, the locomotive and telegraph, cable communication with other lands, fast steamships, the people of Jamaica will yet take no mean position in the general advance- ment of the Empire, which to them and to us has bequeathed her spirit and her fame. ‘They will realize more than ever what it is to be subjects of Great Britain, sharers in all the glory of the Empire, heirs to the vast privileges which to Britons belong, and what it is to live under the protecting folds of the stainless Union Jack—the emblem of freedom, protection and power. The new day dawned upon Jamaica when the wonderful Exhi- bition, to which I have referred, was opened. ‘There was new life put into the people ; it was a revelation to them, not only showing them through the exhibits the advancement of the world, but it revealed to them what might be brought to pass in the development of the resources of their fertile island by their enterprise and energy. Should Mr. Chamberlain’s policy prevail, and with proper provision for the fiscal conditions of each colony it ought to prevail, it will be a grand thing for Jamaica, especially the revival of the sugar industry, which Britain’s extreme free trade policy has practically ruined, building up foreign interests in that great staple to the destruction of that industry of our West Indian colonies. Every true Canadian, no matter what his politics may be, ought to desire to see the foreign trade of Canada and of all the colonies of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 103 Empire grow and extend, especially extend within the Empire, thus strengthening the ties which bind us all to the greatest Empire the world has ever seen. In the grand movement for the unity of the Empire inaugurated by Mr. Chamberlain, Canada is destined to play a great part. With preferential treatment of our products, Canada’s illimitable and fertile prairies would attract settlers as it has never done in the past, and with its enormously increased population ere long fulfil the prediction that Canada will raise grain enough to supply the wants of the Empire, and a long way to feed a hungry world besides. As Canadians our cry is, ‘‘ Canada forever!” Britain over all. “* Britain’s myriad voices call, Sons be welded, each and all, Into one harmonious whole ; One with Britain heart and soul— One life, one flag, one fleet, one throne, Britons hold your own.” 104 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. RADIUM. Delivered before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Sctentific Association, February 16th, 1904. BY J. M. WILLIAMS. The museum of the public library building was the scene last evening of one of the most interesting lectures ever delivered in Hamilton—a lecture on the wonderful substance, Radium. It was the regular meeting of the Hamilton Astronomical Society, and the lecturer was J. M. Williams, well known in this city as an astro- nomical enthusiast. In point of interest, the lecture could not be equalled, as just at this time Radium is interesting all the civilized world. It was not a stereotyped lecture—one that was read mo- notonously from written document—but an address delivered in Mr. Williams’ own words and ideas. He went over each thought care- fully, repeating the idea twice when he considered that it was hardly understandable, and so lucid was the description, so interesting the subject, that those present departed with a better knowledge of Radium than they could have procured in reading innumerable books on the subject. Mr. Williams paid a well expressed tribute to Madame Curie and her work, and described it as woman’s triumph at the opening of the twentieth century. The lecturer dwelt some time on Radium’s great power of radio- activity, or its powers of inducing heat and light, saying that the rays of a small amount could penetrate through a foot of solid iron. He gave all its peculiar powers of penetration, the scope of its rays. These rays were entirely different from the rays of uranium or bar- ium, inasmuch as they were more powerful and unlimited. He went on to show how the scientists worked step by step in their search for Radium, until success crowned their efforts. In the laboratories, they saw that there were scintillating rays of light in water, in a phosphorescent sea. But these rays, as from no other metals, produced an effect on exposed photographic plates, and the scientists devoted their years of toil and patience in endeavoring to discover the hidden RADIOGRAPH OF SATURN. 3y Dr. Marsh and Mr. J. M. Williams, from drawing made at the telescope (5-in. Wray) by G. Parry Jenkins, F.R.A.S. [eek ee 5) fi AG = “tg are oe JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS, 105 source. The other chemicals already experimented with would not transmit radio-activity, but, on the discovery of Radium the rays travelled far and wide, and would stop at nothing. They would pen- etrate cloth, glass, and the chemicals on a photographic plate, and would not stop there. Radium rays went with ease through sub- stances where uranium shafts failed to penetrate. And in their rooms, the discoverers of Radium found there were three degrees of rays—-one that stopped at and would not penetrate paper ; the second that pierced paper and failed to pass a magnet on the other side, and the third and most powerful that pierced both paper and mag- net and was strong enough to print on a photographic plate. In the cure of human ailments, Radium would prove a valuable factor. When physicians and scientists realized the disassociation of the link from the link in the human body, and understood the proper application of the rays of light and heat, the substance could be used. In a light-proof box a diminutive quantity of Radium inter- mixed with fifteen grains of other chemicals was passed around the audience. ‘The powder was sealed ina glass tube, and by looking into the box the rays radiating from the chemical could be seen. The powder seemed to be highly phosphorescent, and the two chem- icals mixed would hardly fill a thimble. The Radium contained there, little as there was, is the first ever seen in Hamilton, and is the property of J. R. Collins, Toronto. This little tube has been in Paris, New York, Toronto and other places, and when it is remem- bered that there are only four ounces of Radium in the world, its value can readily be perceived. It is in the temporary possession of Rev. Dr. Marsh and J. M. Williams, and these gentlemen made a few interesting experiments with the rays. They placed an exposed camera in a dark room facing a photo of Saturn, made by Mr. Jenkins, of this city, the only light being that proceeding from the powders contained in the tube. The exposure was of seven hours’ duration, and the plate being developed it was found that the radiating light had been sufficient to make a fine impression of the view contained in the original photo. ‘This view, with a few others, including a photo. of Madame Curie, were shown by lantern. At the close of the lecture a hearty vote of thanks, moved by 106 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, Adam Brown and seconded by Ald. Findlay, was tendered Mr. Wil- liams. The owner of the tube was also thanked for the loan of it. Mr. Jenkins, F. R. A. S., made a few remarks, in the course of which he declared that Radium might possibly settle vexed ques- ions of perpetual motion and the material of which the sun was composed. The half-tone of Saturn accompanying this article is one of the slides shown at the lecture, being one of the first radiographs pro- duced in Canada, and was made at the observatory of Dr. Marsh, who produced it in this way: He placed a sensitive Illford lantern plate in direct contact with the negative copy of the drawing ; these together were put in the camera, and a small tube containing 1 gram of Radium (240 radio-activity), the property of and kindly lent by Mr. J. R. Collins, Toronto. The tube was placed inside the camera in the position of the inner lens of the camera; the bellows was then drawn until the Radium and plate holder were three inches apart ; the slide of plate holder was drawn, and the sensitive plate exposed to the Radium light for thirteen hours. On being developed this picture of Saturn was the result. The drawing of the planet is the work of G. Parry Jenkins, F. R. A.S., of Hamilton. Mr. Jenkins drew the planet at the eye-piece of his own telescope in Wales, in 1895. ‘The telescope was a 5-inch Wray. This drawing has been favorably commented on by astronomers of note. The shadow produced by the ball on the rays is especially well defined, which is only possible by the astronomer choosing the proper year in which to observe it. It was worthy of being the object to be first reproduced to demonstrate the power of Radium. Rey. Dr. Marsh presided, and the attendance was large, stand- ing room being hardly obtainable. ae JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 107 SKYWARD NOTES. Read before the Astionomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, March 15th, 1904. BY DR. BEAVIS. Residence of a year in Colorado has confirmed me in the con- viction formed -years ago, that this State is one of nature’s favorites. With his feet on the earth, a man is conscious that his head is in a different air from anything he has been accustomed to. By day and by night he realizes that he is breathing an element which cannot be found even in the region of the great lakes, nor on the ocean shore, and certainly not in the Mississippi valley. On the line where Kansas and Colorado meet you stand 3000 feet above the sea ; entering the door of the capitol at Denver your footsteps tread one mile above sea level. Colorado, comprising 104,000 square miles, is half mountain and half plain. Come to think of it, the mountainous half must greatly outmeasure the plains, as so much of it is set up on edge. The Colorado sky seems to mean one thing out on the plains, and quite another where it is punctuated by the ascending Rockies. The former region is known as the “rain belt,” while in the latter (comprising a wide strip of open country) irrigation is resorted to. But the ‘term “rain belt” is rather misleading, for when you are well acquainted with that particular region you will conclude that it is so called because most of the time the people are praying for rain, and the rest of the time they are praying for it to stop. If you look southward for the approach of rain you will be surprised at its absence, but when the clouds are massed in the east you will be wise to seek shelter. As Colorado, mountain and plain, has the reputation of exag- gerated dryness, it is interesting to note the precipitation of moisture. At Wray, away out on the plains, there fell 21 inches in 1899 and 27 inches in 1902, Over at Grand Junction, thirty miles from the Utah line, and famous for fruit culture, the precipitation was 36 inches in 1899 and 32 inches in 1902. In the northwestern 108 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. section of the mountains the sky released 112 inches of rain in 1899 and 113 inches in 1902. But you are correct in judging that sun- shine is the predominant feature of the Colorado sky. Long cloudy spells are rare. Clouds cannot long survive; they must either be precipitated in moisture or be dissipated. At the same time it 1s to be noted that there is a marked tendency to the recurrence of given conditions for several days at a time. A start in snow or rain seems to develop a positive enthusiasm for moisture. As I write, this entire aerial region has resolved itself into a settled state of liquidation. At the present rate the atmospheric forces will sooa have paid all back claims due this portion of the earth. It is in the nature of a rather grim joke to thousands of invalids from various parts of the world who are trying to fathom the moral per- verseness of those who informed them that ‘‘ Colorado is a land of perpetual sunshine.” Years ago I was told ‘‘ There is no winter in Denver nor thereabouts,” and one day of the first January of my sojourn in that city the mercury registered 20° below zero at eight o’clock in the morning, at the suburban village of Arvada. It is comparatively easy to cherish a patient and charitable feeling towards an obstreporous opponent, but whe1 one is inveigled by treacherous promises of climatic salubrity into an atmosphere belonging to Manitoba, or to the Pacific Coast in the rainy season, man’s spirit becomes hard as he meditates upon suitable punish- ment for unconscionable prevaricators. This morning’s paper contains the following : First DENVER Man: ‘‘ Whom do you regard as the greatest humorist ?” x SECOND DENVER Man: “The man who first spoke of this as the arid region ” But this will soon be past, and Colorado’s characteristic sky of indescribable clearness and beauty will cheer the heart, brace the nerves and heal the lungs of many a poor invalid. In 1899 there were on an average 181 days, or 50 per cent. perfectly clear ; 122, or 33 per cent., only partly cloudy; while 62, or 17 per cent., were cloudy. The average number of rainy days was 65, the least number, 40; but the western slope of the moun- tains enjoyed 113 rainy days. At Denver the average sunshine for the year was 75 per cent. of the possible, or 6 per cent. more than ~_ JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 109 the normal—a rather surprising exhibit to those who take it for granted that the sun never ceases smiling at Denver. The rarity and dryness of the atmosphere are very favorable to astronomic observation, as distant objects can be so clearly seen. In tracing the path of the comet last autumn, Prof. Howe, of Den- ver University, was able with a 20-inch telescope to hold the celestial wanderer as long as did Lick University with its 36-inch glass. That surely is a remarkable demonstration of the value of elevated dry atmosphere to the astronomer. And the same thing is to be noted when we compare this area with that of the Atlantic slope. ‘The University of Virginia operates with a 26-inch lens, and it so happened that her astronomer and Denver’s were at the same time closely examining the Milky Way. On comparing notes it was discovered that Colorado held the great cluster fully as long as did Virginia. Another advantage of our aerie dryness lies in the fact that our astronomers see objects lower on the horizon than is possible in a denser atmosphere. But lest you conclude that I am afflicted with the alleged western propensity to exaggerate, and of claiming every- thing that is out of doors, I hasten to admit a single drawback. And it is our own blessed, boasted mountains that are the dis- counting element. ‘These giant ranges are veritable storm centers. Around their heads the elernents are battling. It is interesting to the ordinary beholder, but to the student of the heavens it is a dis- tracting phenomenon, for atmospheric steadiness is impaired by this warfare, and sometimes observations must be suspended in conse- quence. This is the thorn amongst the roses, the fly in the oint- ment ; but if Denver will indulge in the luxury of these ramparts of the continent—well, she must pay the cost. In stating my impressions of the Colorado sky by day, it is obvious that the color must receive attention. “Cerulean blue” is a thoroughly orthodox term, but you will notice that it has a stronger significance out here, whether you gaze into the sky from the depths of the Royal Gorge (awe-inspiring), or contemplate its azure expanse from the apparently boundless plains, meeting the level horizon everywhere. I am at a loss to say which I find more impressive—the standpoint of the mountains (dark, grand, immense), or that of the plains, whose vast stretches of “ flats” and “divides,” IIo THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. make man seem as insignificant as the beast he drives. The open season lends itself readily to a playful imagination. ‘Travelling through the intoxicating morning air, charmed by the view of animal and vegetable lifey you are sure an island stretches before you a few miles away. That sod house, with its adjoining ‘‘tree claim,” is surely surrounded by water; and off yonder a “bunch” of bronchos are standing in a lake. You lessen the distance and discover the tricks of the fantastic mirage. The effect of the clouds in ever-changing variety—cumulus, cirrus, or stratified—impresses any observer. Mountains are differ- ent things as clouds of varying form and color partially conceal their massive fronts, or rest crown-like on the higher peaks, or form a magnificent background to the range of snow-capped heights. A sunset is everywhere nature’s coronation. From the heart of the Rockies, from the prairies of Illinois and Manitoba, from the romantic channels of Muskoka, from Mount Royal, overlooking the Metropolis of Canada, from Hamilton’s beautiful mountain, I have watched the sinking god of day, but nothing can surpass his splen- dor as he clothes the sky of the great plains with his royal evening robes. Sometimes a huge cloud stands in the heavens, ‘* A pillar’d bastion, fringed with fire; ” then the long-drawn strata appear as the stairway to eternity ; then he waves aside each vaporous mantle, filling the firmament with indescribable color, as he leads poor, sordid, insensate man in the Doxology, ‘‘Great and marvellous are Thy works, Lord God Almighty, in wisdom hast Thou made them all !” Whittier might well make his “‘ Barefoot Boy” explain : “*O’er me, like a regal tent, Cloudy ribb’d, the sunset bent ; Purple-curtained, fringed with gold, Loop’d with many a wind-swept fold. x a pean tre, ae I was monarch ; pomp and joy Waited on the barefoot boy.” You will not likely forget the impression of a drive on the star- lit plain, silent and sombre, making you almost question the existence of a busy world. You are alone ; no—two prophets, one of the older and one of the later time, share your ride; and one JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, at calls out, ‘‘The heavens declare the glory of God and the firma- ment showeth his handiwork,” while the other murmurs : ‘ And when I am stretched beneath the pines, Where the evening star so holy shines, I laugh at the love and pride of man, At the sophist schools and the learned clan ; For what are they all in their high conceit, When man in the bush with God may meet !” (Of course you understand him to mean “plain,” though he says “ bush.”) On one particular night last autumn I was impressed with the practical value of the Milky Way, for it enabled me to keep in my eye a beautiful star in the south, and my journey was successfully made by the aid of that celestial guide. Henry Kirke White sang the praises of the Star of Bethlehem—that was his light, his guide, his all ; and I shall always hail first in night’s diadem that beauteous, though nameless, orb to me, which held its glittering finger over the nocturnal trail. If one thing more than another is calculated on such a night to fix one’s mind on strictly terrestrial concerns, it is the short, sharp, shrill yelp of the coyote. These rather undersized wolves are a combination of ferocity, cunning and cowardice. And though it is a far cry from stars to coyotes, yet the ranchman of the plains sees an intimate connection between the two, and keeps a sharp watch on his poultry yard and calf lot. More than once have I been cautioned not to be overtaken by night on the plains unless I could count on a clear sky. Last win- ter a horizontally driven storm overtook me just before nightfall. Pushing on I reached an old:sod cabin, and thought it wise to wait and see what the storm would do. In half an hour there were signs of improvement, and I concluded to strike out again for my object- ive point, four or five miles further on. I had not made more than a mile when the storm transformed itself into a regular blizzard. Now if you want to feel that business has accumulated on your hands, just make your way in such a storm, sitting first on one side of your buggy and then on the other, to keep the craft from capsiz- ing, and aiding a horse whose percentage of blindness would be expressed by 75 per cent. for one eye and 1oo per cent. for the I12 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. other. The Milky Way, with whom or which I had established such friendly relations in the fall, declined to render any assistance at this juncture ; and Miss Luna, whose genial service had more than once saved me from trouble, showed no signs of appearing—in fact seemed very much “put out.” I lost my trail in consequence, and, after driving “ Old Baldy” point blank against a barb-wire fence _ (whose points were not at all blank), the situation presented itself thus: either find that back trail to the old sod cabin or pass the night exposed to the storm. Fortunately the missing trail was found, and, after what seemed a whole night of painful effort, most thank- fully the shelter was reached, and I finished my journey the next morning—tne storm still on. By day and by night this sky of Colorado is a helper, guide and friend—physically, mentally, and spiritually. Blazing in the noon- day sun over the plain, or sparkling in stellar brilliancy above the mountains’s crest, it is a boon to the weary invalid and an inspira- tion to all. JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS. 1 CLOUDS. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scaentific Association, March 15th, rgo4. BY SENECA JONES. When the Rev. Dr. Marsh asked me to supplement the reading by Rev. Mr. Howitt of Rev. Dr. Beavis’ paper on Colorado clouds, by my observations of Northwest clouds, I was taken, to use a familiar political expression, in a moment of weakness, with the idea that I might tell you something interesting of what I observed on one occasion at least, as it was certainly, to me, a very remarkable phenomenon. ‘The moment I began to get my thoughts into shape, however, which I regret was put off till the last moment owing to pressure of other matter, it dawned on me that I could say, in about two and a half minutes, all there was to say of this remarkable appearance, and then, unless I had developed a severe enough cough with which to fill up the balance of my time, I would have to sit down. There is one thing certain, and that is, in looking up the subject of clouds I have found it a very fertile and interesting theme, and well worth all the time which might be devoted to it. It is so extensive, however, that the difficulty is to know how to do anything with it in the few minutes at my disposal. There is no part of the world, I believe, without clouds, and for the reason that there is no part which is not more or less influenced by the sun. It is a mere truism to say that without the heat of the sun there could be no clouds. We learn that clouds are composed of extremely minute particles of water, called water dust ; that is, the composition more nearly resembles dust than anything else. The interest, therefore, seems to centre in the varied cloud condi- tions and manifestations which we observe. One time they are very high, another quite low. Sometimes they are dark and dense, other times light and vapory. Abercrombie has divided them into ten principal classes, with numerous sub-divisions, as follows : Cumulus, pure rocky cloud ; Stratus, pure sheet cloud ; Cirrus, pure wispy cloud; Cirro-Stratus, thin, high, wispy or striated sheet cloud of all IT4 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. sorts ; Strato-Cirrus, a similar low cloud; Cirro-Cumulus, fleecy cloud at high level ; Cumulo-Cirrus, the same, lower down ; Strato- Cumulus, extended, lumpy cloud ; Nimbus, low rain cloud ; Cumulo- Nimbus, rocky rain cloud. It is said that 90 per cent. of skies in all parts of the world can be sufficiently and accurately defined by these ten divisions. There are many forms of pure, hairy cirrus that indicate fine weather all over the world, while others, such as ‘cMiares’ Tails,” ‘Cats’ Pails” “* Goats” Hain?” “Sea Grass sane ‘“‘ Gashes ” are forerunners of bad weather in every country. If I were disposed to worship “ other gods” I think the clouds would take me quicker than most other objects. Who has not seen them, especially in our Canadian climate, when they have been simply gorgeous and awe-inspiring in the extreme? If you should wish to describe mountain scenery, how could you illustrate it better than by the clouds, as you see them sometimes. I was once in our Canadian Rockies when the tables were turned, and on retracing my steps towards my hotel I mistook the side of the mountain for a great rain cloud, which I-feared would burst upon me before I could reach shelter. Referring to the cloud conditions which I have observed while in the Northwest, had I ever thought of trying to give others the benefit of my observations I certainly would have been a closer observer. The phenomenon I especially refer to, and which impressed me so deeply, was a cloud which I would classify Cumu- lus—pure rocky cloud. I think I will never forget the sight and impression which it made on my mind, as I had never seen anything like it before. It was at Yorkton, Assiniboia, at about 4.30 in the morning. We had been on the train all night, trying to get as much rest and sleep as usually falls to the lot of those who are obliged to make the best of a very ordinary passenger car four to five hours late. On reaching Yorkton I roused myself, and looking out of the car window everything had such a weird and ominous appearance as to really terrify me. I gathered up my traps as quickly as I could and got out of the car, my first thought being the safest place for shelter, for I felt that the worst storm and cyclone I had ever heard of might easily come out of that dreadful cloud bank. I ran as rapidly as I could with my grips to a brick hotel building across the street, which I thought would be the safest place, and JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, IIS there I waited the breaking of the storm, I soon observed that the residents did not seem specially alarmed, and that the terrible cloud remained almost stationary, and the wind, while becoming pretty fresh, did not seem particularly violent. The cloud appeared to be only about three or four hundred feet distant to the northwest, and seemed to extend from the ground upward, at an angle of about 85 to go degrees, to a mile or more in height. It appeared absolutely dense and solid with folds, shaded from a kind of dirty white to darker, interspersed with quite black streaks running perpendicular. I stood around for about half an hour, and all the outcome was a light shower of rain in very large drops, and by nine o’clock the sun was shining and the cloud had nearly disappeared. Speaking generally of clouds in the Northwest, I would desig- nate them as of the Strato-Cumulus class—extended, lumpy, or what we term thunder clouds. ‘They are often very attractive from the standpoint of the admirer of the grand and wonderful in Nature, but to the farmer who is looking forward to reaping an abundant harvest of No. 1 hard these sights are less attractive, and more likely to bring visions of being ‘hailed out,” and consequently heavy loss. I have never witnessed a sky free of clouds in the Northwest, but I understand they are clearer after the weather turns cold in the fall, 116 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, NEBULZ AND STAR CLUSTERS. Delivered before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, March 29th, 1904. BY G. PARRY JENKINS. On March 29th our members were delighted with an address on the above subject by Mr. G. Parry Jenkins. The speaker gave in popular language a description of the best. known Nebulz and most familiar clusters from his personal obser- vations with the various telescopes he had employed at different times ; while the numerous experiments he made, at the close, by burning various chemicals, helped materially to explain how the com- position of both Nebulee and Star Clusters was revealed by “reading the light” from the Spectroscope. He said the word Nebula was derived from the Latin and signified a little cloud, on which account all the misty patches of light we come across in the sky are appropriately termed Nebule. In our hemisphere a few Nebulz could be detected without optical aid. One was the great Nebula in Orion, of which several magnifi- cent drawings and photographs were exhibited. Another was that in Andromeda, and was illustrated by Dr. Isaac Roberts’ famous photograph, taken December 29th, 1888. Through the courtesy of the late Professor Pritchard, of Oxford, Mr. Jenkins was privileged to see this photograph a few days after it was taken, and the Profes- sor expressed the opinion that no amount of time during which a normal eye could endure to gaze on a field ina 15-inch mirror, would disclose all the traces of feeble lights brought into easy view on photographs taken by the aid of such an instrument. The ex- planation lay in the fact that the impressions made on a photographic plate were cumulative, while those on the retina of the eye were only transient. It was thus possible to actually photograph the invisible. It had been proved that the Nebula surrounding the trapezium of Orion was composed of glowing gas, probably containing the raw material of a new world. It was a remarkable fact, that long before the famous Nebular Hypothesis was framed by LaPlace, the immor- 7 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. TUF tal Milton had anticipated it in a passage from Paradise Lost, which runs: ‘‘Sphered in a radiant cloud, for yet the Sun was not.” As- tronomy taught that worlds as well as individuals have a birth, mature and decay. The wonderful Spiral Nebula in Canes Venatici, as drawn by Lord Ross, was exhibited and compared with recent photographs from the Lick Observatory. In speaking of the Ring Nebula in Lyra, Mr. Jenkins said he had lately seen it to great advantage through the President’s fine 5-inch telescope. The different orders of Nebulze—gaseous, stellar, planetary, ring formed, elliptical and spiral, were all touched upon by the speaker. With regard to Star Clusters, it was shown that a fundamental difference existed between them and Nebule proper. Many of the so called Nebulz are resolved into stars by instruments of sufficient power, but the true Nebulze have defied every effort at their resolva- bility, and the Spectroscope showed that the Nebulz which could not be separated into stars, as in the ordinary clusters, were not col- lections of stars at all, but masses of glowing gases. Examples of various clusters in Hercules, Capricornus, Aquarius, Libra and other constellations, were exhibited. The cluster in Hercules was one of the finest in the whole heavens, and was discovered by Halle, in 1714, who says of it: “This is but a little patch, but it shows itself to the naked eye when the sky is serene and the moon absent.” Messier was quite sure it did not contain a single star, but Professor Pickering, of Harvard, had succeeded in photographing this cluster, so that the stars of which it is composed can be easily numbered. In conclusion a graphic description of some of the latest results of Spectrum Analysis was given relating to Nebulz and Star Clusters. 118 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. THE EARTH AND ITS MOVEMENTS. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scentific Association, April 12th, 1904. BY REY. FATHER BRADY. The subject naturally involves the different changes and evolu- tions of the earth, said the lecturer, but beware of false theories of evolution, such as Darwinism, where man’s noblest ancestry would be the monkey, or which asked man to sit in dreamland until the oceans would merge forth into immense drinking fountains of lemonade. Beware of that more dangerous evolution which would exclude all creative and preservative power. ‘‘Science,” says Lord Kelvin, “ does not merely assert that there is.a creative power, but that it is a miracle in itself.” The earth, our planet, has gone through ages of evolution, and is still progressing ; but we all believe it to be an integral part of this vast universe created by God. The lecturer then described the earth and its component parts ; its position in the solar system, and its double movements around the sun in twelve months, and on its own axis every twenty-four hours. Attention was called to the fact that both those movements, as well as the movements of all planets, were from west to east. The rapidity and regularity with which we are carried through the heavens, riding on our favorite planet, is surprising. The earth is round, said the lecturer, notwithstanding the many articles appearing just now in our newspapers in favor of the flat earth theory. Then followed many proofs, elementary and scientific. The gradual disappearing of a ship at sea, as though it were sinking ; the declining of the north star towards the horizon as we travel towards the equator; a journey around the world, which becomes shorter when made a greater distance from the equator, were all proofs of the sphericity of the earth. Seeing is believing, and the eclipse of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 119 the moon showed the shadow of the earth as being that of a globe. This proof, and that of Foucault’s pendulum, were shown and explained by lantern slides. A few interesting remarks were made regarding the relations between tbe earth and the moon, in size, gravitation, etc. The longitudinal and latitudinal lines and degrees were explained. The lecture was brought to an end by a few words in favor of the astronomer’s day and time-piece, which were not divided into two parts of twelve hours each, but formed one continuous day of twenty-four hours. 120 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. THE PLANET VENUS. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Sctentific Association, April 26th, 1904. BY J. jn EVED. You will remember that on a former occasion our President explained to you the difficulty he at times experienced in finding speakers and subjects for our meetings, and the method he adopted to induce certain gentlemen to read a paper on some astronomical subject. In my case, one of the arguments he used was that the date would be set about three months hence, and although I cannot say that distance lent enchantment in this case, yet, considering his readiness at all times to assist the members of this Society by the use of his instruments and works on astronomy, I found there was no way out of the difficulty, and against my better judgment con- sented to be responsible for this evening, and this must be my apology for appearing before you to discuss a subject requiring a more thorough knowledge than I claim to possess. Most men feel the awkwardness of the situation when called upon at some little social event to respond on behalf of the ladies. Judge, then, of my feelings when it dawned on me that the subject assigned was nothing less than the Goddess of Love herself, and while I am free to confess that the pursuit of information in respect of this beautiful subject has been enjoyable and beneficial, for this reason: to form an acquaintance with Venus one has often to rise early on a winter morning, and then receive a cold reception for the pains : ‘““For morning rises stormy and pale, No sun, but a wanish light,”— yet, if one perseveres, he will be favored with her presence, when he may study the different phases of her character. When she beams upon you in all her loveliness, introduces you to her glorious JOURNAT, AND PROCEEDINGS, I2I mysteries, you will understand why ancient and modern poet and sage alike sang of her beauty. You catch the spirit of him who wrote ‘© For a breeze of morning moves, And the planet of love is on high, Beginning to fade in the light that she loves, On a bed of Daffodil sky, To fade in the light of the sun she loves, To fade in his light and die.” Before we enter upon a proper consideration of the planet Venus, let us, for the benefit of beginners, try to get a clear under- standing of our view point—the Earth. ‘Two planets revolve between us and the Sun; the first is Mercury, the second is Venus. The first revolves at the mean distance of 36 millions of miles from the Sun, the second at 67 millions, and the Earth at 93 millions. Then outside and beyond our orbit we have Mars, 139 millions of miles ; then a belt of minor planets beginning with Flora, 201 mil lions, and ending with Hygeia, 288 millions ; then Jupiter with his five moons, 477 millions ; Saturn with his nine moons, 871 millions ; Uranus with four moons, 1752 millions, and Neptune with one moon, 2743 millions of miles. Besides these we have a number of known and unknown comets, thousands of meteors and shooting stars. This constitutes our solar system, which is totally distinct and separate, to the finite mind, from what is known as the stellar universe, the nearest star of which is “A Centauri,” 25 billions of miles. Prof. Alfred Russell Wallace, in his latest book on astron- omy, says truly that few of us have any visual idea of what a million miles mean, and tells us that if a wall 100 feet long and 20 feet wide was covered with paper and was ruled into 4 inch squares, and every alternate square was covered with a black spot YY of an inch round, we could then see one million spots. Extend each spot a mile in length, place them end to end, join them together, and we would have a million miles in length. Multiply this length twenty- six times, and we have twenty-six million miles—the mean distance from the earth to Venus. Revolving around the Sun in 225 days, so flooded with his light that she needs no satellite such as the more distant planets have, yet shining with a brilliancy at times to cast a shadow upon the earth. Piercing the azure of the sky when the sun is above the horizon and shines in full daylight, peerless among the 122 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. starry host, she is without comparison the most magnificent star in the sky. To those who consult their almanacs the movements of Venus are well known, but most people discover the planet while admiring a beautiful sunset. Venus has not been thought of for months until she is seen just above the horizon. For week after week she rises higher and brighter in the western sky, until she attains to full bril- liancy. After weeks of brilliancy the height of Venus at sunset lessens, its brightness diminishes, and it sinks again below the hor- izon to become once more a morning star. When Venus is at its greatest brilliancy it is between forty and sixty times more brilliant than any other object in the stellar sky, and yet at the time of its greatest brilliancy we see actually less of the planet than at other times. To the ordinary observer at such times it seems hard to believe that Venus is a dark body like the earth, and is only reflect- ing the light of the Sun. In her course around the Sun she presents to us all the phases of the Moon. When Venus occupies the region of its orbit behind the Sun, with reference to us, this is called the point of her superior con- junction ; it is then at its greatest distance from the earth, and comes almost imperceptibly towards us till it reaches its quadrature, then it is at its mean distance ; here it presents the aspect of a half- moon. It attains its most brilliant light at the epoch when it shines at a distance of thirty-nine degrees from the Sun, and shows the third phase sixty-nine days before its inferior conjunction. Finally when it reaches the region of its orbit nearest the earth it shows us nothing more than an exceedingly thin crescent. Since it is then between us and the Sun, and presents to us its dark hemisphere, sometimes it passes directly between us and the Sun and appears a little larger, about 63 to 64 seconds of arc, but it is then an abso- lutely black disc, and is no longer, ordinarly speaking, a star. The phases of Venus were first seen by Galileo towards the end of 1610, and the discovery of these phases overthrew one of the first objec- tions which were raised against the system of Copernicus. Venus is frequently visible in full daylight in astronomical instruments, even at the moment of its superior conjunction. It is then round and quite small. It has been noticed by those who make a close study of Venus, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 123 that the interior of her crescent is less dark than the background of the sky, called the ashy light, though Venus has no satellite to pro- duce it. It is supposed to arise from clouds on the planet, which hide its disc and perhaps the stellar light scattered through space. The eye instinctively continues the crescent shape, and imagines rather than sees its completion. The revolution of Venus is per- formed in an orbit almost exactly circular, in a period of 224 days, 16 hours, eight seconds. As to the days of Venus, a great divergency of opinion exists. Camille Flammarion and Elard Gore, Cassini, Bianchini, Schroter and a host of others maintain that it turns on its axis in 23 days, some minutes, and it was supposed to be definitely determined in 1841, at Rome, by Devico, and fixed at 23 hours, 21 minutes, 22 seconds, but Schiaparelli, of Milan, turned his attention to this planet in 1877 and noticed a dark shade and two dark spots, all situated not far from the southern end of the crescent. He watched for 3 months and found there was no change perceptible in the position they occupy. This showed that Venus could not rotate in 23 hours, nor in any other short period. Week after week the spots remained unaltered until Schiaparelli felt convinced that his observation could © only be reconciled with a revolution between 6 and 9 months. He naturally concluded that the period was 225 days, that is to say, the time which Venus takes to complete one revolution of the Sun. In other words, Venus always presents one face to the Sun. This has been confirmed by Mr. Lowell, who has published a number of drawings of Venus made by his twenty-four inch refractor. He finds that the rotation is performed in the same time as the orbital revolution, the axis of rotation being perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. Man is a social being, and the question is Venus inhabited and if so what are its people? has engaged the minds of many able writers. The discussion of this subject alone would require more time than is at our disposal. It is admitted by all that Venus has an atmosphere twice as dense as ours, that her light and heat is twice as great as we receive from the Sun, and while some maintain that owing to her axial revolution the conditions are inimical to life, others are equally certain that under those conditions Venus would constitute an ideal abode. 124 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. When the light of the planet is examined by the Spectroscope we find the lines of the solar spectrum, and this is natural since the planet has no light of its own and merely reflects the light of the sun, but we also find several absorbtion lines similar to those which the terrestrial atmosphere gives, and particularly those of cloud and water vapor. The observations of Huggins, Secchi, Respighi and Vogel are in agreement. At the transit of Venus in 1874, Tacchini, stationed at Bengal, examined with care the solar spectrum at the point occupied by Venus, and also inferred the existence of an atmosphere probably the same as ours. 2500 miles from there, at the Island of St. Paul, and in Eygpt, the missionaries of France and England made a very different but confirmatory observation, at the ingress and egress of the disc of Venus onthe Sun. The half of Venus outside the Sun was seen outlined by a faint arc of light, which was nothing else but the illuminated Venusian atmosphere. Mr. Lyman followed Venus day by day at the epoch of inferior conjunction, and saw its crescent elongated until the two points ended by passing all round the dark disc and meeting, so that the planet showed in the telescope the aspect of a complete ring. ‘This lead Mr. Lyman to complete the data, and he shows most con- clusively the atmosphere on Venus to be twice as dense as our own. This dense vapor of water and these clouds appear very well adapted to temper the heat of the Sun and to give to this globe a mean temperature, but little different from that which characterises our own abode. Attentive observation of the indentation of the surface of Venus shows it to be quite as uneven as that of the earth, and even more so. There are the Andes, Cordelleres, Alps and Pyrenees Moun- tains, and the most elevated summits attain the height of twenty-seven miles. It has even been ascertained that the northern hemisphere is more mountainous than the southern. Even the geography of Venus has been studied, but is extremely difficult, as the hours of pure atmosphere and possible observations are very rare. This will be understood, if we reflect, that it is exactly when Venus arrives nearest to us that she is least visible, its illuminated hemisphere being always turned towards the Sun. It is its dark hemisphere which is presented to us. The nearer it approaches us the narrower the crescent becomes. Add to this its vivid light and JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 125 its cloud, and we can imagine the difficulty that astronomers have in dealing with it, but by observing it in daylight, to avoid the glare, and not waiting till the crescent becomes too thin by choosing the quadratures and making use of great atmospherical purity such as we find in Italy, observers succeed from time to time in perceiv- ing greyish spots which may indicate the place of its seas. This paper would be wanting in completeness without some reference to what is known as the transit of Venus. This cannot be described as a very attractive sight, or a spectacle challenging the attention of ordinary people, because it has taken place for thousands of years without astronomers even suspecting it. It is not a sight such as a comet, for instance, nor even as an ordinary shooting star, yet scientifically of the greatest importance, because it helps enquir- ing minds to solve one of the greatest problems that has ever engaged the mind of man. By the transit of Venus, astronomers determine the scale upon which the solar system is constructed. We have mentioned before, in the early part of the evening, the bodies composing our solar system. We may know the relative distance of the planets from the Sun, their size, etc. Difficulty arises as to the actual size of the system, as well as the shape. Flammarion says we may draw a map of Europe or America, outline its continent with rivers and mountains, or we may get an architect to draw the plan of a building ; we may see the position of the doors and windows, the shape of the roof and the position of the chimneys, but we know nothing of its size without a scale, showing us how much the scale is to the foot. Having the scale, the plan is intelligible and conveys to our mind the exact idea of the extent and proportion of the building. So astronomers need a scale to tell how many millions of miles on the heavens correspond to an inch of scale on the map. It is at this point that great difficulty has been encountered, and while there are several ways of settling the difficult problem, one of the best is that presented by the transit of Venus across the Sun’s disc. Herein lies the importance of this rare event—rare because that while the transits of Venus occur in pairs of eight years between each transit, yet, after a pair of transits, one hundred years elapse before another transit, followed by another in eight years. A transit took place in 1761 and again in 1769 ; in 1874 and 1882. Then a long period, for another transit will not occur until 2004, followed by 126 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. another in 2012. Why is this? How can astronomers tell to such a nicety? ‘This is a question frequently asked, and one is of the opinion that if more pains were taken at our meetings to insure our members an acquaintance with some of the simple methods of ascertaining sizes of planets, distances and time measurements, the recurrences of eclipses and the appearance of comets, much needed information would be scattered abroad, much good would be accom- plished, and one would not be called upon to give a reason in this day for believing in the theory of the earth’s rotundity. I will try to make clear the reason for the recurrence of transit in pairs. The periodic time of Venus bears a remarkable relation to the periodic time of the earth. Venus accomplishes thirteen revolutions around the Sun in the same time that the earth requires for eight revolutions. If, therefore, Venus and the Earth were in line with the Sun in 1874, then, in eight years’ time, the Earth having made eight revolutions, and Venus thirteen, a transit having occurred on the first occasion, a transit must occur in the second. Now we said that transits occur in pairs at an interval of eight years. ‘This is only approximately true, that thirteen revolutions of Venus are coincident with eight revolutions of the earth. Each re- currence of conjunction takes place at a slightly different position of the planets, so that when the two planets came together in 1890, or eight years after 1882, the point of conjunction was so far removed from the critical point, that the line from the earth to Venus did not intersect the Sun, and thus, although Venus passed very near the Sun, no transit occurred. Although many transits must have taken place hundreds of years before the year 1631, it was only in that year that attention began to be directed to the matter. The attention and success of Gassendi in observing the transit of Mer- cury, lead him to believe that he would be equally fortunate in observing the transit of Venus, which Keppler had foretold. Gas- sendi looked at the sun on the 4th, 5th and 6th of December, but saw no signs of Venus, We know now the reason the transit took place between the 6th and 7th, during the night, and must therefore have been invisible to European observers. Kepler had not noticed that another transit would occur in 1639. This discovery was made by a young astronomer named Horrocks, and it is the one which the history of the subject may be said to commence, as it JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 127 was the first occurrence on which the phenomenon was ever actually witnessed, and then only by himself and a friend named Crabtree. Horrocks was a clergyman and had made calculation, and watched with great care, assisted with very poor instruments, and nothing of the data to guide him that we have at the present day. Add to this the fact that the transit was timed to occur on Sunday, when he had other important duties to perform, we can imagine, and only our President fully understands the perturbation of mind of this young enthusiast, divided between the delivery of a sermon and the expectation of seeing such an important sight as the first known transit of Venus, His name is handed down to us through his fidelity to science and as an astronomer. But for this fact his name would likely have been forgotten. Is it too much to say that his zeal in the cause of science carries with it an assurance of his faith- fulness in his profession as a clergyman? Those of us who desire to learn how the transit of Venus will tell the distance from the Sun must prepare to encounter a geometrical problem of no little com- plexity. But we will try and explain the conception which is known to astronomers by the name of parallax, for it is by parallax that the distance of the Sun, or indeed any other celestial body must be determined. A simple illustration will enable us to understand. If we hold a pencil in front of us and look at a background, close one eye and note the position of the penci} on the screen or back- ground, then close that eye and open the other eye, we will notice a difference in the position of the pencil on the background. Now our friends at the back of this room will see a different displace- ment to those nearest the front of the room, and so we can thus associate with each particular distance a corresponding particular displacement. Thus we have the means of calculating the distance from the observer to the screen. It is this principle applied on a gigantic scale which enables us to measure the distance of the heavenly bodies. Let Venus correspond to the pencil, let the Sun correspond to the object on the screen. Instead of the two eyes of the observer, we place two observatories in two distant parts of the earth ; we measure the displacement of the observers and from that calculate the distance of the planet. All depends then upon the means we have of measuring the displacement as seen from the two stations, and the scale of the solar system is known. It was to 128 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ascertain this that the first of the celebrated voyages of Captain Cook was undertaken to Otaheite. It may be asked what is the use of all the expense of time and money to ascertain the facts regarding Venus. What does it matter whether the Sun is 93 millions or 95 millions of miles from the Sun ? Mariners tell us that a yard of room is of the utmost importance on a stormy night, and so many a gallant crew and many a splendid ship may be saved by the compliment of information which Venus is able to add to our nautical almanac. And if for no other reason, is it not far better for us to be in pursuit of information suchas is to be found in nature and science ? To illustrate this lecture Mr. Evel used a set of slides which he presented to the Astronomical Section of the Society. JOURNAJ. AND PROCEEDINGS. 129 WHERE THE EARTH FIRST CRUSTED ; WHERE MAN FIRST LIVED. Read before the Astronomical. Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association, May 27th, 1904. BY SREY. D> B: MARSH, SC:. D: It is thought by some that this is purely a religious problem, others that it is purely scientific; but looking at the subject carefully, as I have been doing for some years back, I have no difficulty in concluding that it requires the united efforts of theology, philosophy and science in all their varied branches. You will see at a glance that I have two problems to deal with: rst, Where the earth first crusted ; 2nd, Where man first lived, or, in other words, the location of the Garden of Eden. Now, in dealing with the first, I shall have to confine myself chiefly to scientific facts, and enter perhaps somewhat into general geogony, that is, the science of the origin of the earth. I wish to say nothing for or against the so-called Nebular Hypothesis of the origin of the world, as the friends and foes of this unproven hypothesis believe in what is termed the secular cooling or refrigeration of the earth, which is sufficient for my purpose, although, let me say, that I have no sympathy for the six-day creation theory as held by some, that is, that the earth was created in six literal days. That the earth was millions of years in reaching the conditions of habitability I think is without doubt, although I see by the Mail and Empire of May 23rd an account of Professor McDonald, Professor of Physics at McGill University, in a lecture before the Royal Institute, submitted the striking suggestion that the earth’s heat was not attributable to the theory of a molten mass which has been slowly cooling for millions of years, but to the presence of Radium. I think that it is premature for us to lay any particular stress upon the suggestion that the earth’s heat is due to Radium, and for the present, at least, I hold to the old orthodox theory as has just 130 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. been stated. He who considers the Bible a scientific text book knows but very little about either the Bible or science. The sacred volume opens with, ‘In the beginning God created,” etc. Nothing can exceed the grandeur of this declaration, and no words are more suitable to express the creative fiat. How far back these words ‘‘in the beginning” go no man can tell, and as to the creation days, certainly those were periods whose length is beyond our finding out. All authors hold that the time was when the earth was too hot to allow the existence of any form of life, and that by the process of cooling it has reached the present condition and temperature adapted to the necessities of living creatures and things. The question comes: On what portion of this planet’s surface would the proper. conditions and temperature first be reached suitable to sustain life? Would such conditions be-reached all over the earth’s surface at the same time, or would there be one place more favorable than another for this cooling process? If so, what are those favorable conditions, and where is that place? The heat of the Sun in early geological ages could not have been less than at the present time, and no doubt, as you likely are all aware, geologists and astronomers claim it to have been greater then than now. However, it matters not materially, for as soon as the earth’s atmosphere became penetrable by the sun’s rays, local differences of temperature must have been produced at the base of that atmosphere whether the body beneath that atmosphere was crusted or not. That fiery, molten mass doubtless would have orbital as well as axial motion. These motions would cause sphericity of form and create equator and poles and thus, then as now, granting, if neces- sary, equal interior heat, and equal interior radition, the equator would receive more exterior or solar heat than the poles, and for the following reasons : 1. Owing to the more rapid motion at the equator of this great molten ball, whilst molten to the poles, the heat would by centrifugal gravitation be less at.the poles and more intense at the equator. 2. The present axes doubtless correspond to the original axes, thus by their inclination to the sun the North Polar regions, receiv- ing the sun’s rays obliquely, would cool first. —_—— 3 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 131 3. As the earth at present, with its solid crust, is not a true sphere, but flattened a little at the poles, such, more or less, must have been its shape while it was still molten ; thus the rays of the sun fell more obliquely at the poles then as now, thus receiving less heat from the sun than at the equator. The most advanced opinion of scientific men is, that from the reasons given the earth first crusted at the poles. I think I can produce convincing evidence that man first began life at the North Pole ; that I can establish the fact that the Garden of Eden was sit- uated at the North Pole, and that Captain Bernier, in his effort to reach that spot, struggles only to reach the old homestead. Whilst accepting the scripture statement in reference to the ejection from the garden, yet man, by the cold, was driven from his most northern home and was compelled to flee before the ice monster. Driven by necessity, he did what no other amimal has done—clothed himself, made a fire, not only to warm himself, but to cook his food and to _ Offer sacrifice to his God. Perhaps in dealing with this subject I ought to begin first of all with the theological side of the statement, and I may say that theo- logians, both Christian and Jewish, have in all ages differed as to the cradle of the human race. The early Church, and also that of the middle ages, held many conflicting and curious opinions on this subject. Some say that Eden was nota place at all, but a state only ; that the four rivers spoken of in Genesis were not rivers, but four cardinal virtues. Others, however, held the historical character of the narrative, but it matters not to us; the earth is here, and man is here, and as the earth was not always habitable, man could not always have lived upon it, hence a time for the habitability and a time for man to come upon it. The time was when some part of it was sufficiently cool, as it has, I think, been shown that it was not all equally cool at the same time. ‘The first cool portion was evidently at the North Pole, and the place where man first lived, I think, can be shown was there. Let an ordinary reader of the Bible, unbiased, read the second chapter of Genesis, 8th verse—‘‘ And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.” Scarcely can such a reader doubt that this places the garden to the east of Palestine. But let the reader look care- fully and he will see that the verse does not affirm anything as to the 132 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. direction. It may mean that the garden was in the eastern part of the land, and many theologians hold this view ; but let us not forget that the word Miqquedem, here translated eastward, is frequently translated “in the beginning.” It is only the Septuagint translates Miqquedem “in the east,” or eastward. Other Greek versions and Jerome, Vulgate, the Chaldee paraphrase, and the Syriak render it “from the beginning,” so that the verse with this rendering of the word Miqquedem reads: “And the Lord God in the beginning planted a garden in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.” But our enquirer reads verses 10 to 14—“ And a river went out to Eden to water the garden, and from thence it was parted and became four heads. The name of the first is Pison, the name of the second river is Gihon, the name of the third is Hiddekel, and the fourth river Euphrates.” Our reader. has difficulty with all these rivers but the last one, and here he thinks that all is plain. Con- sulting theologians, however, he finds difficulty with even this fourth. Some one expresses a doubt about the genuineness of the verse. Another considers it an interpolation. At last he finds that the word Perath or Phrath, that is the Hebrew name for a river, is from the older form Buratti or Puratti, a word signifying ‘‘ the broad” or “‘the deep,” and, of course, such a term was used to describe other ancient rivers. Moreover, I think it can be clearly shown that in ancient times Phrat or Eu Frata, Euphrates, was the name of pos- sibly two rivers in Persia ; one of these even in Pliny’s time bore the name in the hardly changed form Ophradus. Many of the best Biblical scholars do not hesitate to consider the Phrath of the khorda-avesta identical with the Persian River Helmend. Africa also had its sacred broad Phrath or Euphrath, Euphrates ; therefore if this passage in Genesis is genuine, and if Moses wrote of the Phrath, it is not absolutely certain what Phrath or abounding river he had in his mind. Moreover, in ‘any case the Euphrates ot Mesopatamia is not one of the four off-shoots into which the one river proceeded out of Eden, dividing itself according to the statement of the text. Its source is from mountain springs, not from another river, hence then the Euphrates of Mesopatamia could not have been one of the rivers from Adam’s home. I think we should be reminded here of the language of Josephus, according to which the Ganges, Tigris, the Euphrates and the Nile are all parts of one river 7 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 133 which ran about the whole world, and he wonders whether the old shemetic term from which the modern Euphrates is derived was not originally a name for the general water system of the world before the flood, a name for that river which Aristotle describes as rising in the upper heavens, that river of which Homer speaks as feeding all fountains—as feeding every sea, and in like manner in mythology the term Euphrates was applied to the circling river—‘ the rope of the world ; the heavenly river which surrounds the world.” ‘Thus the reader discovers that it would not do to take the term Phrath or Eufrata as always and everywhere referring to the historic river of Mesopotamia. Thus, then, I hold that God planted a garden in the beginning where he placed man. That garden was at the North Pole, and from that place ran out the waters of the world, the Eufrata, the broad, the deep, the supply of the rivers, the supply of the fountains of which Aristotle and Homer wrote. The plural origin of man is a doctrine now superceded. ‘The polygeny of the human race has no respectable support. The com- mon descent of all races from a common stock is accepted virtually by all schools of reputation. If, therefore, this be the case, there must be some primeval point of departure for the race. The North Pole is the place of departure, as it was the natural watershed of the world. I think I am correct in stating that philologists, mythologists, anthropologists and archeologists of late years are strongly inclined to place the cradle of the human race within the Arctic circle. One of the most recent writers of note on this subject says: “ The three fundamental types of all races can be traced to the Northlands, the negro races being the furthest removed in location.” Another says: ‘“‘No other region on the face of the globe presents similar reunion of extreme types of the human race distributed around a common centre as these northern regions.” “One of the weightiest arguments,” says a certain writer, “ is drawn from philology. The three fundamental forms of human language are found in the same region and in analogous connection.” To our first parents, at the North Pole there would be but one day and one night during the whole year. The sun, the moon, planets and stars, instead of seeming to rise and set, would have an apparent horizontal motion, round and round, the pole directly over 134 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. their heads. This would seem to them the fixed and the unmovable, hence the changeless seat of the Supreme Being. Every departure of a few miles in any direction from this polar position would impress man that his home was the centre of the whole world, and that God had placed him as monarch of all he surveyed, and that his God reigned supreme above him. Moreover, the stream already referred _ to, the Eufrata, flowing at his feet, being obviously fed not from any visible source, but from the sky in rainfall, would impress him with the idea that this broad Eufrata was part of a celestial stream flowing from his Maker’s side, and there flowing in all directions, dividing the circumpolar lands into four quarters, would constitute a never- forgetting feature of that first home, and this would be and is no other than the broad or Eufrata, the rope of the world, flowing in four rivers out of Eden; Eden rivers, methinks that this is the proper interpretation of the sacred Scripture. The north land, the home of the sun, combined with the nocturnal splendors of the aurora borealis, the whole top of the dome or the seat of the Eternal over- canopied with quivering curtains and banners of living, leaping flame, the equitable tropical temperature—ail combining to make a home of beauty and joy—no wonder man could well have had a stature, strength and longevity never attained since the deluge. It is singular indeed that in this enlightened age such gross ignorance exists regarding those northern regions. Only recently my boy brought home from school some questions on astronomy which he was expected to answer. One of these questions was: ‘‘ What portion of the earth north of the equator was there six months of day and six months of night?” The answer expected was: ‘At the North Pole.” I may say that no such conditions exist at the North Pole. The most recent, and perhaps the best authorities, give the following table ve the divisions of darkness and light in those far north latitudes : 30 days dark, except starlight. 30 days of moonlight. 105 days twilight and dawn. 2co days sunlight—continual sunlight. I would like had I time to describe those divisions of darkness and light, but only a word, and in the words of another: “The moon obscured the stars seem to hang out like lanterns, and the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 135 aurora so beautiful that no poet can describe.” ‘‘ For 30 days the moon walks amid the hosts of the sky in majestic grandeur.” Those 105 days of dawn and twilight are beautiful beyond the artist’s power to portray. Here, indeed, is the true city of the sun. Here is the only spot on earth respecting which it would seem as if the Creator had said as of his own heavenly abode, ‘‘ There shall be no night there.” Physiographical geography strongly supports the theory of a North Polar Eden. Prof. Wallace says: ‘The rich and varied Funa inhabited Europe at the dawn of the Tertiary period, as shown by abundant remains of Mammalia wherever suitable deposits of Eocene age have been discovered, proves that an exten- sive Polearctic continent then existed.” Prof. Hur, of Zuric, states in one of his works: ‘‘The Arctic fossils plainly point to the existence in Meocene time of a no longer existing Polar continent, it being submerged, and that evidence is abundant that this now submerged continent was the abode of primative man and all forms of primeval life.” The Arctic explorer, Baron Nordenskjold, speaks as follows of the territory north of 69 degrees north latitude: ‘‘ That an extensive continent occupied this portion of the globe, but now submerged.” To say that a circumpolar Arctic continent existed, now sub- merged, is not merely assumption, but is supported by the best authority. In fact, it is known very well that within a comparatively recent geological period a wide stretch of Arctic land, of which Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen formed a part, is now submerged. As to the forces which brought about this physical change it is not for me to discuss in this paper, as it would involve the question of the deluge, which cannot within the limits of this paper be gone into. I might, however, say in a word that as the earth’s crust thickened at the equator the poles flattened, allowing the water to flow over. This pressure of water still flattened the earth at the poles, hence a submerged continent. Will this continent reappear ? It may to some extent. As the earth’s crust thickens the water penetrates deeper, hence less surface water, and the poles may yet, to some extent, protrude. Then tidal retardation might also be con- sidered. This would lessen the size of the earth at the equator, deepening the water at the equator and causing the Poles to re- 136 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. appear. However, it is not necessary to discuss this now. I think it is clear that physical geography teaches us that the islands of the Arctic Ocean, with Nova Zembla and Sanjos and Spitzbergen, are mountain tops of a sunken continent, and this continent pro- duces strong evidence of the early forms of life, which we will see more as we deal with the climate of prehistoric times relative to the ‘north land home. Leading scientific authorities agree that at one time the regions within the Arctic Circle enjoyed a tropical climate. Prof. Nicholson says: ‘‘In the early Tertiary period the climate of the northern hemisphere, as shown by the Eocene animals and plants, had a much hotter climate than at present, and that these conditions extended to the Arctic Circle.” Mr. Grant Allen says: ‘“‘One thing at least is certain, that until recently, geologically speaking, our earth enjoyed a much warmer climate even to the Poles, and that its vegetation was much of the same type as that which prevails in the modern tropics.” Nadullac, in alluding to distant ages, says that life freely abounded at the North Pole. Prof. Croll says: ‘‘ The Arctic regions even to the Pole was free from ice, and covered with luxuriant vegetation.” Dr. Koerl holds that the Pole was originally warmer than our equator is now, and tropical foliage abounded, and probably even reached to the Pole itself. He says: “In the Mesozoic ages the predominance of reptile life, and the general character of the fossil types of that great class of vertebrata, indicate a warm climate and an absence of frost between the 40 parallel of latitude and the North moles The best authorities in Paleontological Botany, both in Europe and America, have reached the conclusion that all the floral types and forms revealed in the oldest fossils of the earth originated in the region of the North Pole, and thence spread first over the north- ern and then over the southern hemisphere, proceeding from north to south. To give a chronological history in proof of the above statement would take too much time. Let me just mention their names : Prof Asa Gray, of America; Prof. Oswald Heer, of Switzerland ; Sir Joseph Hooker, of England ; Otto Kunbze, of Germany ; Count ot a JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 137 de Saporta, of France, and many others whose names should be added. Sir Joseph Hooker’s studies of the floral types of ‘Tasmania has gone far to establish the trans-latitude doctrine. Oswald Heer, of Zuric, in his Fossil Flora of the Arctic Regions, modestly affirms that in the northern region all the floral types of the more southern latitudes were originally in a great continuous Miocene continent within the Arctic Circle, and. that from this centre they migrated southward. I ask you to note that the migration is from north to south, and not w/ce versa—never from south to north. In Geikie Text Book of Geology, p. 874, we read : ‘*We have now only to notice the singular want of reciprocity in the migrations of northern and southern types of vegetation. In return for the vast number of European plants which have reached _ Australia, not one single Australian plant has ever entered any part of the North Temperate Zone, and the same may be said of the typical southern vegetation in general.” Also, Sir Joseph Hooker affirms, geographically speaking : “ There is no Antartic flora, except a few lichens and seaweeds ; all have come from the north.” If we circle our globe in any latitude from west to east or east to west we find, as we pass from land to land, we encounter animals specifically unlike. Everywhere we find, along with like climate and telluric conditions, different animals. As soon, however, as we reach the Arctic zone, and there make our circuit, we everywhere meet the same species ; or, on the other hand, if we take circles of lati- tude and pass from the Arctic region southward, we find in the abundant fossil evidences that we are moving from the seat of earlier life—leaving home; that we are following the footprints of pre- historic migration of animal or plant life, and if we return from the south northward we find the reverse, that we are advancing counter to their movements. From the above facts there seems but one conclusion, that the Arctic Pole is the mother region of all plants and animals, and, if so, certainly the region where in the beginning God created every beast of the earth and cattle after its kind, and where God placed the man whom He had formed. As with other branches of science, so anthropology points to 138 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. the North Pole as the cradle of the human race. Dr. Winchelles tells in “ Preadamites” his belief that the Garden of Eden, the first abode of man, is to be sought in the now submerged continent situated at the North Pole. Count Saporta says we are inclined to remove to the circum- polar regions of the north, the probable cradle of primeval humanity, and he says that this theory best agrees with the data to hand. Prof. F. Muller, also Dr. Moritz Wagner, both eminent anthropolo- gists, place the cradle of the human family in the Polar regions. Prof. William F. Warren, of the Boston University, also Mr. G. Hilton Scribner, of New York, men with much learning and ability, have no hesitation in stating plainly that in their opinion the evidence is conclusive that the earth first cooled at the Poles, and that there life to plants, animals and man first began. Were we to turn to mythology and classics, much evidence could be produced in favor of the Polar region being the first abode of mankind. I have shown that those parts which received the least heat from the sun, and under centrifugal influence cooled first, were at the North Pole. I have brought an array of scientific fact to sup- port and confirm the assumption, the force of which must be apparent. I have, moreover, shown that the creation story in Genesis, when properly interpreted, points to the North Pole as the place where was situated the Garden of Eden, and I have confirmed the same by astronomical geography, physical geology, prehistoric, climatology, paleontological botany, paleontological zoology and anthropology. I have shown that these all point to the Pole as the place from whence came the earliest life to plants, animals and man. Man began life on earth in that paradise at the gravitating centre of the earth ; being driven from thence he wandered home- less with weary feet, finding, like the dove, no rest or shelter. He by the eye of faith seeks that heavenly paradise looking to Christ, that magnetic gravitating centre of both earth and heaven, who said : “‘ And I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto Me.” . So a a ay a _ JOURNAI. AND PROCEEDINGS. 139 THE SPHERICITY OF THE EARTH. Abstract of Paper read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Sctentific Association, April 12th, 1904. BV REV. DR. MARSH. This lecture was illustrated by means of an equatorial telescope, transit instrument, compass, spheres, various drawings and lantern plate illustrations, which cannot here be represented. Below, how- ever, are twelve of the principal arguments for believing that our Earth is a sphere. 1. The Sun is a sphere—so are the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. ‘The earth is of the same family, governed by similar laws and conditions. Why should it be otherwise than a sphere ? 2. The shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse is circular. 3. ‘he horizon to an observer is circular, which would not be if the Earth were other than a sphere. 4. The Earth has been circumscribed in various directions. 5. Stars appear to rise and set, except the north and south Polar Stars. These appear to describe a circle. 6. The Earth’s crust at the Equator passes stars 1ooo + miles per hour; at longitude 60 degrees north or south of the Equator, but 500 miles per hour. , Lines of longitude diverge till the Equator is reached, then converge till the Poles are reached. A degree at the Equator east or west is about 69 miles ; at Hamilton a degree east or west is a little over 50 miles. 8. The Sun is rising every moment of time on our Earth, because it is round. Were the earth flat the Sun would rise at the same moment al] over its surface. I4o0 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. g. Perpendicular lines are not parallel. Two perpendicular lines may form an angle of 45 degrees, or an angle of any size, or two perpendicular lines may make one straight line, because of the sphericity of the earth. 10. In digging canals an increase depth of 8 inches to the mile is required to maintain uniform depth. 11. Surveyors in laying out large tracts of territory have ‘““excess measurement” to deal with, because of the earth’s sphericity. 12. The angles at the intersection of parallel and longitudinal lines are not right angles, because the earth is a sphere. a Z os i eae REV. D. B. MARSH. PH. B., SC. De, PRESIDENT HAMILTON ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, AND VICE-PRESIDENT HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOC IATION. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. I4!I ABERDEEN OBSERVATORY, HAMILTON. BY G. PARRY JENKINS, To those members of ours and friends who have not yet availed themselves of the invitation so kindly extended by the President to visit his Observatory, with the object of secing for themselves the various instruments in use, and, if the clouds permitted, of a peep at the stars through a good telescope, it has been felt by the officials that some account of the Observatory, and the nature of the work carried on therein, would be of interest and profit. The task of supplying a short narrative for insertion in dur Annual Proceedings has fallen to my lot, and having spent many a pleasant evening under the revolving roof of Dr. Marsh’s Observatory while the building was in construction and afterwards, space alone forbids a more extended account of the instruments and their doings. In erecting the Observatory due regard was taken of a suitable location, with the absence of any impediment to a commanding view of the heavens, and this is well provided for on the outskirts of our city in Aberdeen avenue, from which the Observatory appropri- ately derives its name. The building itself is a modification of the Berthon model, so well known to readers of the English Mechanic and the Intellectual Observer, and from which so many private observatories to house telescopes up to 66 inches aperture have been made. It is con- structed of wood, and is circular in form, with a dome which is easily operated so as to allow access through a shutter to any part of the sky at the will of the observer. Much ingenuity and mechanical ability has been bestowed upon its construction, all of which is practically the handiwork of its owner. As the performance of the best glass is easily marred by the slightest tremor of an insecure foundation—because the telescope magnifies all imperfections in proportion to the powers it bears—the greatest pains has been taken to have the groundwork of thick con- crete, so that the iron pillar which carries the instrument rests on a solid base. ‘The result of this, combined with the optical qualities 142 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. of the object glass, is good definition, when climatic conditions are favorable, as I can testify from many repeated observations. Attached to the Observatory proper is a very handy Transit Room, to which reference will be made later, and also a Laboratory, containing chemicals of assortment, two lathes, and many necessary appliances in the construction of scientific instruments. The principal telescope in the Observatory is a Refractor of 5 inches aperture and 82 inches focal length, the object glass and tube of which were manufactured by Prof. J. A. Brashear, of Alleghany, Pa., an optician of world-wide reputation and of whose work it would be superfluous to add any praise. All the fittings to the instrument were made by Dr. Marsh. It is mounted equatorially and driven by clockwork to counteract the motion of the earth, which enables a star to be examined for an indefinite period in apparently a fixed position in the sky. ‘The telescope has a battery of eight eyepieces ranging from 50 to 550 powers. In addition to the above it is fitted with a Brashear micrometer, star and solar prisms, a photographic attachment, together with a spectroscope (also by Brashear) with rotary grating and two eyepieces of 150 and 200 powers, for viewing the solar prominences. Lastly, but by no means least, the telescope is fitted with double hour and declination circles of 6 inches diameter, graduated to read seconds of arc, and made on the premises. It is only those who know the luxury of using this device, by which the instrument can be turned to an object, although invisible to the unaided eye, that can appreciate the time and labor saved in the course of working with a telescope equatorially mounted. I feel I am justified if I go out of my way here just to give an instance of the truth of the old saying, ‘ Necessity is the mother of invention,” and of comparing the happy position of our President with another astronomer in a humble sphere of life whom I knew, and had the honor of writing an account of his work in the trans- actions of the Astronomical Society of Wales ten years ago. Like Dr. Marsh, he felt the need of graduated circles with his home- made telescope, but, alas, he was poor and could not afford to buy the orthodox, costly article of brass ; so he constructed them him- self out of slate! Surely the first of their kind and last in existence. They read to minutes of arc, and are now preserved in the museum of Bangor city. But with finer tools, and consummate skill for an THE BUILDING, SHOWING tHE FIVE INTERIOR VIEW OF BRASHEAR TELESCOPI 2 t Ne Ee ee EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE OBSERVATORY. THE CRESCENT MOON: PHOTOGRAPHED BY DR. MARSH WITH THE FIVE-INCH TELESCOPE AND COLOR SCREEN. (THE TELESCOPE REVERSES THE ACTUAL IMAGE. ) JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 143 amateur, the President of the Hamilton Astronomical Society has made his of brass, and they read to seconds. It thus happens that when it is required to see a first magnitude star, or a planet in broad daylight, he has only to find the position as recorded by the Nauti- cal Almanac for his longitude, adjust his circles accordingly, and the object desired is in the field of view of his refractor, located in full sunshine to a second of time on the great dial-plate of the sky. _ In the Transit Room is a Transit instrument of 2-inch aperture, by Troughton, which is firmly fixed on a concrete pillar reaching five feet into the ground. All determinations of time, which, by the way, form an important part of the work carried on in Aberdeen Obser- vatory, are made with this instrument, and it has been verified from Toronto Observatory and other important astronomical centres that Dr. Marsh can obtain the time from both Solar and Stellar observa- tions to a fraction of a second. As photography has of recent years played such an important part in astronomical matters, it is interesting to note that some very good photographs of the moon have been secured with the 5-inch Telescope of the Observatory, as the accompanying photograph will bear out. Those who have had any experience of celestial photography will know the difficulty of taking photographs with a Refractor, as in this kind of instrument the visual and actinic foci are different. It thus follows that a suitable adjustment has to be made in the focus of the telescope before taking a negative. To overcome this difficulty a color screen has recently been utilized to exclude the out-of-focus blue light, which would destroy the sharp- ness of the photograph and allow only the sharp yellow or visual image to reach the sensitive plate. Dr. Marsh experimented inde- pendently in this field of research, and he is probably one of the first in Canada who has succeeded in producing photographs of the celestial bodies by this method. General observations of the Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars are constantly made at the Observatory, the results of which are from time to time laid before the Society, and the enthusiasm which our President throws into all the work he undertakes acts as an incentive to further study and research on the part of all the mem bers who come in touch with him. 144 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. NATURAL HISTORY, METEOROLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BURFORD TOWNSHIP. BY WM. YATES, HATCHLEY. Feb. 14, 1904.—The present winter is proving an exceptionally severe one, with long continued blizzards, my thermometer indicating 14° below zero at 8 a.m. Let us hope that the Arctic cold will soon be exhausted. Some Chicadees come almost every day near to our house, and even in the coldest winds sing at times their pensive Phoebee note. My son found a half-dead muskrat two days ago burrowing through frozen snow drifts, seemingly on its way to our farm. Qn the same day the dog captured a stoat apparently after our poultry, while a pretty red squirrel got caught and killed in a rat-trap in our barn the day before yesterday. I observe that the Chicadees, and occasionally two Pine Grosbeaks, harbor in a hollow apple tree in my orchard. The Snow-buntings have not been seen much since the recent deep snow falls and drifts have covered the Solidago and other tall weeds. We think spring will be doubly enjoyable after such a prolonged and unintermitting cold period. The small streams are now frozen nearly solid, and some of the local ice harvesters say it will be impossible to cut and gather the usual supply. The more far-sighted got in stores of itin December. The frost is also very deep in the ground, but if all goes well that fact is esteemed a favorable augury for maple syrup making operations. March 7, t904.—Winter seems now drawing towards its end. Rain and fog here to-day, with the thermometer at 42°. My son reports having seen ten or twelve Shore Larks on the highway near here a few days ago. Ina piece of woodland about 2% miles from here, in the midst of an extensive cedar swamp, my son tells me that Chickadees are numerous and familiar near to the wood-cutters’ lunching spot. ‘The dense evergreen growth gives warmth, food and security from many enemies to some hardy species of forest birds and rodent animals. When the trees fall there is debris and beetle JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 145 larve, and pupa and hibernating insect irnago disinterred, and the birds know that crushing sounds of falling trees means to them food supply. Last week his companion chopper noticed a big white Ow] perched on a tree being mobbed by from twenty to thirty noisy Crows swooping near the Owl, who merely turned its big head from side to side as if to keep a weather eye on its tormentors. March 22, 1904.—The much longed for spring-time seems looming up at last. ‘The thermometer shows 50° this morning, and the Robins are proportionately “chirrupy.” ‘They were noticed here about two weeks ago. One frosty morning about ten of them in a party of pioneer adventurers appeared around our dwelling. I think they must have been very tired of ‘‘ Dixie Land” to come here to an inhospitable snow-covered region, to explore fresh horizons of snow. The Song Sparrow was heard singing blithely on the 17th inst. What an amazing effect on the animal creation has a rise of a few degrees in the aerial temperature. It is now 49 at 2 p. m., March 22nd. The big Hawks are screaming and wheeling in their upper air flights. They, like the bees and wasps, pair aloft, and are seen to tumble to earth with talons clinched, male and female. In spite of this the Snow-buntings were said to be about several of our fields yesterday and to-day. My son assures me that . the date of his first hearing the Blue-birds this year was the roth of March. O hers who are much in the woods daily corroborate this fact for 1904. There is much evidence that wild birds have strong local attach- ments. One of my friends has just been telling me the story of a Robin that had lost one leg by some misadventure returning in several successive spring seasons to a certain clump of verdurous grape vines in his garden for the purpose of nesting and rearing a number of families of young Robins. Another instance of local affection or attachment was observed by the writer, and may be narrated as follows: A few summers ago a peculiar unfamiliar bird warble was heard to proceed from a small tree growing among other shrubs on the margin of a clover meadow. Curiosity impelled me to attempt to discover what new species of musician had sprung into notice, and an approach to the strange bird sufficiently near ta ascertain its species was accomplished, and the adventurer was seen to be an ordinary Bob-o-link, with a 146 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. damaged vocal apparatus, probably resultant from some accidental physical injury. Many of the well-remembered Bob-o-link quavers were poured forth,.but the medley in toto was unmusical, and an unharmonious jangle. To our surprise the same bird (or what we logically believed to be the same) returned to the same field the year following, and showed a decided “penchant” for its first noted ~ ‘song perch, on the upper branch of the identical tree where its “bizarre” vocal effusions first rivetted our attention, and was repeated still another year. A pair of Wrens nested and reared Wren families eight or ten summers in succession ona small shelf put up for bird conveniences under the projecting roof over the gable peak of an outbuilding. The good fortune of the birds came to an end eventually through the marauding propensities of a cat, who accomplished what had been supposed impossible—inserting a fore paw into the auger hole entrance to the Wren habitation, and so tearing out a large part of the nest material. Whether the ornithic occupants of the nidus escaped or not we were unable to determine. Anyhow, the site as a bird breeding convenience was never afterwards utilized. Although English Sparrows tried to enlarge the auger hole entrance by perse- _veringly nibbling the same with their strong pincer-like beaks, they ultimately gave up the attempt in seeming despair. The Swifts evince the same propensity to occupy year after year the same inaccessible point on the boarding on the gable inside of a barn as long as unmolested, but if misfortune overtakes the enter- prise a new locality is selected and the unlucky lodgement studiously given the go by, and there seems an evident power of communicat- ing a dislike and abhorrence of a scene of bird tragedy to all of their kith and kin to contemporaries, if not to succeeding generations. Some purple Finches occupied for quite a number of years as an annual nest site some clustered branches of a tall, solitary spruce tree, growing near to the door of our dwelling. At length, in an evil hour, perhaps, a pair of Grackles were allowed to nest and breed lower down on the same tree, and these aggressive interlopers soon piratically raided the nest home of the red Finches, who paid a final good bye to the home of their childhood. One of the writer’s friends is at considerable trouble to evict breeding-disposed Grackles from the shelter of his home grove of ae. si rs JOURNAI, AND PROCEEDINGS. 147 conifers, averring that the dusky thieves live on the callow young that they plunderously remove from adjoining nests of Robins and _ Thrushes to feed their own omnivorous crow-like young ones. _A similar affection for the scenes and surroundings of their earlier experiences, and comings on or dawning of consciousness, is to be observed in the families of the Ruffed Grouse, who are seen to stay in the same wooded valley or limited park-like area for at least the first season of their existence, unless driven away by malevolent enemies. And the notorious fact of these Grouse using the same “drumming log” or prostrate tree at breeding time for successive generations, is so familiar to foresters as to render comment super- fluous. The catamounts, foxes, racoons and porcupines were well known to affect the same sheltering conveniences in caves or big hollow trees for winter dwelling places year after year, and a rather remarkable rendezvous, where a number of partly upturned large cedar trees served to over roof a big knowl in the heart of an exten- sive cedar swamp near here (this refers to a date fifty or more years ago), was known and referred to by the human forest frequenters as the * Wolt’s Ancient Den,” and with every sign of appropriateness. April 25, 1904.—We are now experiencing a more genial tem- perature. There was some thunder heard here about 11.30 a. m., and several showers of rain. The syrup making is now about over, as the maple buds are enlarging. The first Swallows were seen here on Saturday, the 23rd inst., and again yesterday. The Robins have been seen at work nest- building for several days past. The pastures are assuming a greener hue. I happened to find a few Hepaticas in full blossom in our woods on the 22nd inst., and I believe they had opened the evening previous. It is hardly probable that any spring seeding will be done in April this year, as the ground is wet now and frost not entirely out near to fences. I am informed that there has been great mortality among bees during the past winter. My nearest neighbor had sixteen colonies last fall, and he tells me now that he has only six hives with living 148 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. bees. He is an experienced apiarist. Others report that they have lost every colony. I love to hear the song of the Meadow Lark ( Alanda Magna), who are all around our pastures now. ‘Their song is brief, but melodious, and though not very varied, the notes are rich in tone, and have a decided resemblance (regarded separately) to those of the Skylark, and I can perceive but a very slight affinity in these birds to the European Starling, which some say exists. The Grass Finches are now melodious. ‘There are two or three species. The Red-wing Grackles are now much in evidence in the swales where Zypha latifolia grows. _In an extensive timbered swamp about two and a-half miles from here Crane Clans are numerous. I was observing a day or two ago, in the presence of a young man (a well-known local gunner), that dozens of Crane nests could now be seen amid the leafless branches of the big trees, when the youth added : “‘ It would be more correct if you averred that there are hundreds of Crane nests in that cedar swamp ; they are like wicker-work, and as big as a bushel basket.” Where these birds nest is a perfect solitude and quite undrained. The Cranes could be seen during the snow and frigid spell of eight days ago cowering and wretched looking in their dreary last year’s nests right down to the rgth, with a frosty gale blowing, and no visible open water. Yet the Vesper Sparrows came out about the hour of sunset from under their temporary shelter of the bottom rail of old fences, and sung falteringly a few blithesome notes. The date of the Swallows’ spring arrival here is with but little variation from the 24th April, and the Wrens almost invariably appear here, about their familiar nest houses put up for them on high posts, during the last three days of April. The Orioles and Bob-o-links and Rudicella Musicapa now-a-days come a week or more earlier than in the former days ; to these may be added the yellow Orchard Warbler. For some thirty years past I have been rather puzzled with a shrub very much resembling Pyrus arbutifolia of the botanies. It grows in bogs in rather dense patches, or did years ago. It is pretty when in blossom, and always reminds one of the hedge hawthorn of England, but has plum-like leaves. In ‘ Floral Life” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 149 for last November it is called Symplocos evataegtotors. About an acre of this shrub formerly grew in a secluded bog near here, but it is now nearly exterminated. I used to believe it was a spirea or else Crataegus pruntfolia, The berries are bluish black, and insipid sweetish, and about the size of a hawthorn berry, and have two pits. Many years ago Lonicera hirsuta was found near here in great abundance, but that shrub, too, is nearly exterminated. In Wood’s Manual of American Botany the plant is named Z. Airsuta var. Goldianum, as the father of Mr. James Goldie, of Guelph, was said to have been.the first to bring the shrub to the notice of plant classifiers. The faculty of the honey bee for the construction of hextagonal cells seems to have existed in antediluvian ages, for among the drift fragments turned up by the plow in the soil of our fields fragments of well-preserved fossils of the Favosites Mtagarensis are quite fre- quently met with and spoken of locally as petrified honeycomb. In Nicholson’s ‘Palaeontology of Ontario” they are referred to the Guelph rock formation as follows : ‘‘ The hexagon cells in the fossil of unknown aeons past are identical in size and form with the wax cells of the hive bee of the present day, and there seems to be no perceptible difference in geometrical design with the comb cells of our common wasps and hornets.” A recent writer in one of our bee journals thus speaks of the hexagon : ‘“‘ Put a soap bubble on a plate, and surround it with six other bubbles ; the equal tension of the meeting films will make the central bubble a hexagon, just as the thin wax with the bees working in it and pressing against each other makes it a hexagon. O, the marvellous geometry of the honey bee and also of the foam flecks on troubled waters !” The writer above alluded to goes on by saying: “It is as cer- tain as anything can be, that at one time the bee was simply male and female, but somehow they came to see the advantage of com- munal effect.” The queen of a bee-hive does not rule; she lays eggs, and a very prolific queen has the power to lay two or three thousand eggs in a day twice her own weight. She possesses the power, too, of choosing which of her offspring shall be drones (or males) and which shall be workers. Some have thought that this was auto- matic, but the queen will lay worker eggs in drone cells if she thinks 150 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. fit;.so that settles that. The worker in a hive is really the “new woman” of beedom, and she has given up her motherhood for a business career ; sometimes, though, she lays eggs, but they always hatch out drones, of whom it is strictly true to say they have a mother, but no father, for if the queen’s wings are crippled so that she cannot make her marriage flight her children are all drones, An Italian queen bee in a hive of black bees will produce work- ers of mixed blood, but her sons are pure Italians. Once when going a journey on the railway passing through a piece of bush pasture land near here, one of our relatives noticed a swarm of wasps clustering about the head and neck of a fine heifer that seemed to have aroused the wrath of the insects by inadvert- antly rubbing against a decayed hollow stump in which the wasps’ nest was situate. The bovine had evidently been goaded by the stings of the enraged wasp swarm to a state of temporary insanity, but the rapidly moving train afforded no opportunity of ascertaining what the denouement might be. On a somewhat similar occasion, whilst we were driving to the harvest field with a span of horses and wagon, one of the horses in stepping near to a stump happened to disturb some humbles bees which evidently had a nest just underground in the vicinity of the stump. Several of the bees buzzed angrily around the horse’s head and breast, and a few more bees seemed in a hurry to join in the fracas, and we were apprehensive of a runaway and smashup of our wagon ; but such a misfortune was probably prevented by the non- chalent or unexcitable temper of our equine team, and the animal first assailed vetoed the danger by promptly stamping a number of times in quick succession with his expansive hoofs of one of his forelegs on the hole in the ground whence the venemous flies were emerging from the honey stores! The underground occupants of the citadel must have had an experience similar to what might have been produced by the descent of an aerolite on their habitation. Men engaged in the work of mowing were sometimes unex- pectedly assailed by hornets whose nests, perhaps attached to the forks of some tall weed growing among the meadow grass, had been levelled by the operation of the scythe. One of our neighbors, in one of these escapades a few years ago, to avoid being stung by the buzzing swarm that sorrounded his features, fell to the ground, and ee eee ee ne ee. SS EE ee. “eT a » . 2 f a ; JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 151 trying to protect himself by rolling about and half burying himself among the swathes of new-mown grass, calling excitedly to his son, who stood convulsed with laughter (at what he afterwards styled “the old man’s harlequin antics),” ‘‘Come, drive him off, Jim”—-the pros- trated one vigorously whisking a bunch of grass about his ears— * Drive him off, or he’ll jab me! he’ll jab me!” then speedily, with loud emphasis, ‘‘ He Zas jabbed me!” followed by sensational retal- iatory flourishes of the hay wisps. Accidents have been known to occur, caused in a similar way to the above, and also when the horse hay rake was being used, that unfortunately did not end as farcially as the above narrated. One of our neighbors, when engaged plowing during the month of August, seven or eight years ago, was subject to so much annoyance from colonies of humble bees that had nested in different parts of the field, stinging his plow horses to such an extent as to render them unmanageable, that his only recourse was to search carefully over the field, spade in hand, and with fire and weapons drive off or put to death the aggressive hymenoptera tribe. Once as we were wending our way homeward about the gloaming time, after a day’s work in clearing off fallen timber on an acre of fresh cut down timber land, we chanced to pick upa piece of a broken branch, on the under side of which a very large humble bee had apparently taken up its quarters for the night. The bee was probably a queen of the species indicated, and perhaps in an ill- tempered mood for lack of courteous attendants or wooers ; how- ever, the untimely and rude interruption to the quietus must have created an instantaneous resentful purpose. The bee arose and flew with great force and directness towards our face, and planted an exquisitely painful sting on our forehead, and then immediately disappeared with angry buzzing flight into the dusky distance. The manner of the act indicated that bee indignation is quickly raised to a white heat by such flagrant infringement of ‘squatters’ rights,” and that (unlike the Foolish Virgins of scriptural celebrity) bees are accustomed when in repose always to keep their “powder dry.” The sting was a cause of severe pain, which lasted several hours, and was of a more acute sort than that resulting from the sting of the ordinary hive bee. ‘The incident served to show quick insect perception of the logic of ‘‘ cause and effect,” and that even unin- 152 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. tentional injustice is usually closely followed by its appropriate Nemesis. The assumption that Glaciation, or the superincumbency of an ice-covering of vast thickness and immense pressure, in an age long since past, would give a clue to the explanation to some peculiar phenomena that continually attract notice in a survey of the undu- ' Jating valleys and hills of our local scenery, the universal distribu- tion of boulders of various sizes, and differing much in their mineral composition, causes frequent comment and excites curious enquiries among land tillers, road makers and others, and to read the descrip- tions of travellers and explorers of Alpine regions, such as have lately been published in Govermental reports regarding the formation of so-called ‘‘ Moraines” by the downward motions and melting of vast ice accumulations in the elevated valleys in the Canadian Northwestern Territories, as our knowledge of such remarkable natural processes has become more precise and accurate, we may be better able to judge and to guide one’s thoughts towards a solution of problems that have at times appeared inexplicable. Prof. Agazzis was said to be one of the first theorists to an- nounce (nearly seventy years ago) that, in his opinion, the numerous swampy depressions of the general level in North America had their origin in stranded glaciers, towards the break-up and termina- tion of a glacial epoch, conjectured to have existed all over the temperate latitudes of North America many thousand years since. That eminent scientist stated that in numbers of ice choked up valleys in the Swiss Alps, glaciation was continually to be seen pro- ducing changes in the earth’s surface identical with the condition of much of the agricultural areas of North America. In many parts of Canada where level rock surfaces happen to be exposed there can be seen ‘‘Strie” (so called) or glacial “‘scratchings,” indelibly grooved into the face of the hardest rocks. Many of these peculiar “‘ testimonials” are to be seen on Lake Erie shore, near Selkirk, near Kingston, on Lake Ontario shore, and in innumerable other localities. At the edges of almost all our swamps heaps and ridges of rounded gravel of greater or less degrees of fineness exist, sore ot them thirty to forty feet high, and usually having one perpendicular side, as if deposited against an upright, solid, resisting rampart, ‘ Ca ee ee Ne Cee ee ee q a te JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 153 whilst the opposite sides of the accumulated mass of “debris” slopes down gradually to the general surface level of the region around. And in a number of our deeper vales there is to be seen lying at the bottom long lines of big boulders, varying in form and mineral composition, that suggest the idea of having been spilled out of some mighty moving wagon (big as the wagon of “ Thor ”), whose hind board had suddenly given way. The occurrence of what are commonly termed erratic boulders is of common frequency in almost all parts of this Province. In gathering some of the less massive ones that are found on the sur- face in boggy depressions, a few have been noticed having an unmistakeable resemblance to a coarse-grained rock of square fracture, and with eddy marks (or impressions that resemble such), and rocks in sztu of this species are in immense abundance on the water edge of the Niagara river from Clifton to the Falls. The brink of the precipice not far below the Suspension Bridge is what is here meant as the rocky top of the river bank. ‘These travelled fragments, always here in Burford, about ro or 12 inches square, are found scattered among other boulders of distinctly different mineral composition and greater variety in form and size. The cube-like form and uniformity in size and unworn angles and eddy marks is what at once distinguishes the so-called Niagara river wanderers to ordinary non-geological land tillers. In the Muskoka district, very bulky boulder masses, some as big as a load of hay, are to be seen resting on ledges on the lofty hill sides, where a slight leverage would suffice to tumble them into the valley below, thus indicating that they had been brought to their present situation, imbedded in some matrix that has gently dissolved, for a slight impetus would have rendered their present perch-like stand an impossibility. Several years ago, when enjoying a stroll on the high rocky river bank, about a mile and a-half below the village of Elora, our attention was drawn to a curious scene, known locally as “‘ the hole in the rock,” where a tunnel-like opening just a few feet below the steep cliff edge had afforded an entrance to the river of the waters of a small rivulet that drained the surface of a large field on the south side of the river. Into this tunnel, which seemed to be 18 or 20 feet long, and jagged in its sides and roof, the sewer-like opening being through the regular limestone formation of that region, a very 154 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. large, well-rounded granite, or gneiss boulder, had become fast jammed about two-thirds the way through the tunnel. The erratic must have been perhaps one and a-half tons in weight, and there would seem to be no possibility of a current of water having formed in modern times of sufficient power to force the monstrous pebble into its present imprisonment. At varying distances from the river edge, in the same locality, are outlying isolated pinnacle like masses of stratified limestone, some of them with a base of several roods of superfices, which are apt to excite the curiosity of an observer, and suggesting in his mind that the whole region around was once a con- tinuous area of these ancient rock layers, and that denudation agencies have formed the now fertile pastoral and arable surround- ings. The rock strata all through the Elora region shows innumer- able perpendicular fissures, as if since the deposition and hardening of the horizontal beds the entire formation had been violently dis- turbed and shaken by subterranean upheavals. The local Elora geological theorists differ in opinion as to the original cause of the tremendous Grand River chasm there existing, whether water-worn or of volcanic earth eruptions? Is there not probability of both these agencies having contributed? The jutting promontories or miniature capes are much worn away below high- water mark, and the curious pillar-like rock left standing in mid- stream at the Elora Falls is so eroded near the water level and below as to have become now quite top-heavy looking, and with portions of the same cedar shrubbery and botanical growths as still are to be seen on the near-by river margin, thus testifying unequivocally that the intervening space was once occupied by the continuous lime- stone layers, and the testimonial relic monument seems destined to topple over by the assaults of the ice masses that strike it with such force and impetuosity at the period of the spring break-up. Lime- stone is more easily corroded by rain water than many other sorts of either sedimentary or primary igneous rocks. The river chasm has curves, and varies much in width. Some narrow rifts give but faint tokens of grinding abrasion from the river current. The prob- lem presented is interesting from the point of view of mental culture, elevating and profitable in the science of logic and tracing of cause and effect. The large object lessons written everywhere on the earth’s surface compel inferences and inuendoes that are never to be forgotten or treated with indifference or disdain as “‘finger-pointing” to wisdom. a a ee ee ee ee ~JOURNAI, AND PROCEEDINGS. 155 - BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF ONTARIO. Read before the Hamilton Association December roth, 1903. BY O. J, STEVENSON, M. A. : The lecturer introduced his subject by the recitation of a poem from Whitcomb Riley, entitled “The Hoosier Folk Child,” and concluding, “The Hoosier Folk Child ! rich is he In all the wealth of poverty ! f He owns nor title nor estate, Nor speech but half articulate ; He owns nor princely robe nor crown ; . Yet, draped in patched and faded brown, He owns the bird songs of the hills, The laughter of the April rills ; And his are all the diamonds set In morning’s dewy coronet ; And his the dusk’s first minted stars That twinkle through the pasture bars, And letter all the skies at night ~ s With glittering scraps of silver light, The rainbow’s bar from rim to rim, In beaten gold belongs to him.” The lecture proper was divided into four parts, dealing respec- tively with Autumn, Winter, Early Spring and Later Spring. The first section dealt chiefly with the common mammals found in Southern Ontario. These were divided into two classes—those which are active during the day and these which are nocturnal in their habits. The former class includes the squirrels, black and red, the chipmunk and the woodchuck—the habits of all of which were described. The latter class includes the wood hare, the skunk, the raccoon and others, which were considered in turn. — In connection with the birds and animals whose habits are nocturnal, F _ the owls were described, and the following passage from the lecture gives an account of the two most common species : “Among the various sights and sounds of an autumn evening 156 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. are two which the nature lover cannot readily overlook or forget— the quavering and not unmusical whistle of the little screech owl, and the hoarse horn of the Great Horned Owl, Bubo Virginicanus, coming faint and far from the distant woods. “The little screech owl is the farmer’s best friend, though mercilessly hunted out and shot down by the thoughtless and ‘ignorant who know nothing of his better qualities. Most people know the screech owl only by the quavering whistle or screech, which has given him his name. But for my own part I like to think of him at his best by his song—yes, the screech owl’s song, for song he has—the peculiarly sweet and musical trill, tremulous, quavering and faint, which sometimes comes up from the heart of the woods in a dim October afternoon, or which mingles with the evening note of the wood thrush and adds an additional charm to the tender airs and faint indefinable earthy odors of twilight in early spring. ‘But the big brother of the little owls, Bubo Virginicanus, the Great Horned Owl, the black sheep and rascal of the family, is in reality of greater interest to the student than the smaller screech owl. Bubo is the hen thief, the midnight marauder, the mortal enemy of-hawks, crows and farmers alike, who never fail to make it warm for the rascal when they catch him abroad in the daytime. “Watch his eyes and you will see a curious thing, for the black pupil is small in the daytime, but at night the yellow covering is drawn back and the big black glowing disc remains, with the retina set to catch every wandering glint of faintest light. Besides this he has a special covering of film which he can let down over the eyes when the light is too strong. His tongue too is curious, and is set in his mouth ‘‘t” fashion, so that it literally wags at both ends. An- other interesting feature is his ability to turn his head in any direc- tion so that he can look directly over his back, as illustrated in the slide. Try it for yourselves and see if you can do it. “When the Great Horned Owl eats a hen or a rabbit he de- vours it entire, fur, feathers, bones and all, and in a short time a little ball of feathers or fur is disgorged, the indigestible part of the feast. But the strangest feature of the owl’s conduct is his fashion of feigning death. I have seen these owls in captivity many a time relax their wings, fall over, and lie for a long time apparently dead. But touch their wings with a stick and they soon come to life again. : . j JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 157 And what wonderful wings! Strong, soft, beautiful ; but withal, to the wild creatures of the wood, the sure, swift and inevitable minis- ters of death.” The second division of the lecture, dealing with the winter months, was devoted in the first place to the consideration of the evidence of the snow regarding animal life in winter. The common winter birds were then described, including among others the red- bellied woodpecker, the juncos and tree sparrows, the chickadee, nuthatch and kinglet, and the cedar wax wing. The lecturer con- cluded with an interesting account of the pine grosbeaks, the wonderful red birds of the north, who occasionally spend a part of the winter in Southern Canada when the weather is severe. The song of some of these birds in captivity was described as follows: “So far I was familiar only with their rather plaintive call or twitter, and I fancied that, as with the cedar wax wings, they had in reality no song. But one morning in late February as I put my head into the loft I heard from the top of the little evergreen that I had set up the delicate tinkle of a bird’s song. I listened. Sure enough! I could not be mistaken—tinkle, tinkle, tinkle! At first it seemed to me like the purling of a little brook in the leafy summer woods ; and then as it sounded clearer it seemed like the purest notes of the cat birds’ song among the evergreen boughs on an evening in June; and then I caught the sweet note of the thrush, and the plaintive call of the wood-peewee and the far away melody of the blue-bird on the wing. ‘Tinkle, tinkle, tinkle. It ran on without a pause or a break, and without a variation in its sweet and delicate strain. The inspiration of the sunshine was infectious. A moment later another took up his position on the bough, and then a third, and another and another still, until the whole wide loft chamber was for the moment a winter paradise of sunshine and song.” The third section of the lecture, dealing with Early Spring, was introduced by some general remarks on the migration of birds, after which the commoner birds of early spring were described in turn, including the robin, blue bird, song sparrow, chipping sparrow, kildeer, horned lark, meadow lark, flicker, phaebe and marsh _ black- bird. The following account of the kildeer may serve as an illus- tration : ri 158 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. “The land call of the kildeer—‘ kildeer, kildeer, kildeer’-—is - well known to those who are familiar with the river sides and the rough and broken pastures in the less cleared portions of the country. The kildeer is the first cousin of the spotted sandpiper or peetweet, and the nest and eggs of the two species are similar. The eggs are always arranged with the pointed ends together, and as the _young, like young chickens, are able to run as soon as hatched, the nest is not elaborate, being composed of only a few dried straws placed in a shallow depression in the ground. — If you approach the nest or young of the kildeer the old bird adopts the ingenious artifice of pretending to be lame, limping and trailing the wings, in order to attract your attention and draw you offin pursuit. A short time ago I read an interesting account of the kildeer’s nesting opera- tions, written by an invalid who watched them closely. When the young were hatched the mother bird used the empty shells to carry water to the nest to wash the fledgelings off, and afterwards destroyed all traces of the shells by dropping them into the stream.” This section of the lecture was concluded with an account of some of the common migrants, notably the white-crowned and the white-throated sparrows. In treating the birds of later spring the lecturer divided them into three groups, classifying them according to beauty of song, brilliancy of plumage and peculiarity in nesting habit. Under the first group were considered the brown thrasher, cat-bird, Wilson’s thrush, wood thrush, bobolink, and rose-breasted grosbeak. The song of the Wilson’s thrush, for illustration, was described as follows : ‘“'The weirdest music of spring-time is, without doubt, the song of the Wilson’s thrush or Veery. The leaves are already coming out in the thickets when I hear it for the first time in the evening twilight on the hill-side. I do not know why, but the peculiar alto diminuendo seems to suit with the growing dusk, and with the mystery of the bird itself, for as I pass from thicket to thicket the song appears likewise to advance or recede, until on every side of me, from hill to hill, runs the weird incantation, and the whole circle of the valley is for the moment over flowing with eddying waves of song.” i _ > = i abies SND RA EID Nyse Pais Sint meee JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 159 ‘* The laverock sings a bonnie lay Above the Scottish heather ; It sprinkles down from far away Like light and air together. He drops the golden notes to greet His brooding mate, his dearie ; I only know one song more sweet, The wood notes of the Veery.” In considering the class of birds noted for their brilliancy of plumage three come in for special attention—the tanager, the oriole and the indigo bird. In this connection the account of the nesting operations of the oriole was perhaps especially interesting. : “The oriole or ‘hang-bird,’ is an adept at house building. I watched one last spring weaving the threads of its nest together in the bough of an elm, and truly an interesting operation it was. It began by tying four strings to the twigs and joining them together at the lower ends. Then other bits of string, bark, hair and other materials were added and carefully woven together by the bill of the architect. Then, by and by, when the structure began to take shape, the feet and body of the bird came into play also, till the nest ‘was rounded out and given its proper form. Sometimes a string was brought which was not needed, and it was carefully tied to a twig near by until it should be required. ‘The neighborhood around was of course thoroughly searched for building materials, and I noticed among other things that a last year’s nest was despoiled of its available strings and hair. A little fellow warbler was building at the same time in a tree across the road and the little rascal some- times made sad havoc of the oriole’s carefully collected materials. She did not seem to be in the least disturbed by the morality of the thing, for she evidently deliberately watched until the oriole was ab- sent on other business, and then slipping quietly over, took her choice of a string or a hair to line her own nest. Once or twice the oriole returned rather sooner than was expected and then the little yellow pilferer beat a precipitate retreat. During the whole opera- tion of nest building the bright coated paterfamilias was enjoying life at its sweetest among the apple trees in my garden, leaving the solicitous mother bird to perform her arduous task and warn off in- quisitive intruders alone and single-handed.” In dealing with the last group of birds four were selected to 160 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. illustrate a few of the peculiarities and points of interest in bird study, viz., the king bird, the oven bird, the chimney swift and the cuckoo. “ Tn a review of this nature,” the lecturer concluded, “‘it is im- possible to touch on the thousand and one items of interest which the mention of each well known name may suggest, and still less is it possible to give in language, which is all too gross, the impression of grace and beauty and the memories of the delightful hours spent in the study of nature and her beautiful forms.” “« Age cannot wither her Nor custom stale her infinite variety.”’ ‘No one, whether grounded or not in the knowledge of scienti- fic detail, can come into contact with nature without being impressed and influenced by her beauty and her variety. And whatever our religious creed may be we can at least join with the psalmist of old in the expression of our admiration and delight in the never-failing wealth and beauty which the passing seasons bring to one and all.” “*Q, Lord ! how manifold are thy works ! in wisdom hast thou made them all ! the Earth is full of thy riches!” The lecture was illustrated throughout by limelight views, many of which were colored, and the numerous quotations of passages in prose and poetry, both in the body of the lecture and between the divisions, were an interesting feature. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 161 NEW MUSEUM SHOW CASES. The half-tone engraving forming the frontispiece is of the new cases installed by the Association. They are made up of three wings, hinged together for mutual support. When closed they 4 _- occupy a small space, the necessity for which is due to the Museum being used as a lecture room by the Association and its sections. It was with the object of saving the large space occupied by lateral cases that these cases were designed by J. M. Williams, of the Astronomical Section. The cases are of oak ; they are eight feet long by seven feet high, and eighteen inches wide, and, being nearly all glass, objects can be seen from all points, and when the wings are open the cases are accessible for viewing to a number of people at once, an improvement over the lateral cases which are generally used, and in which objects can be seen by but one or two at a time. The cases are provided with shelves and screw-pointed wire brackets, specially designed and made for the purpose. ‘The cases were made in the Alex. Thomson cabinet works, of Hamilton. The illustration is from the office of P. L. Scriven, Hamilton. The objects will be labelled and numbered as they are assembled in the cases, so that in catalogueing they. can be made easy of reference. 162 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 2 ae x HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. . Treasurer’s Statement, May, 1904. RECEIPTS: a a ae Balance from) O08 sents 21.6 Vee aie ase seen ene eee tee Ree ceva $129 31 Goverment Grants te ee ae eee Shee pain Sa Berets 400 00 Members ices joss eee ertn aenreee elena iS ee pete cer Sr ae es ese eS 99 00 HMorticuliunalgs ocietysandvother iene eyeyetesr eye ire hae ee 16 50 Unelassiticdsstr ein oc eioey at oe rece rege cael ah Re ania fe ees 4 10 $648 of EXPENDITURE emt vor Niasernin ci; ait sy. cy Soe ce elec eat Qe tia 5 quads Sten scr aie Seen te tear $130 00 INS OF IDewAs INGom eG We AIRGWES, sigan canons Hons 6eeapsauwe - 26 00 Gare taker apes iscsi uite id canta te terns peels te eenta Ns cua eRe 62 50 Gals SAccommt UM. ice ahaha atid oi tates poet atin eR bole oat (PSR a Carte ee en a II 10 Rants Annitial MReportSs anise 2. Seen ie bins Aged pare matiats sano _ 162 00 Printing and Engraving............ RECON arena ater IA ihe See Printing, Astronomical’ Section *Accommta) 2.) <2 oo oe 50 00 Postage stand Statiomery: 1. eee k tytn settee bey seein Sa sit ates, eae ee 18 50 TEC CbUPES er resi Bcc ie 5 Sia dente Peaaonectinret on Aan cee gee eee ce ee eta 43 80 Expenses tow Ottawa (ev. ry Vieiisln)) ein see eran oe en ae ee enn 24 10. Photographic ‘Sectiontlxpenses «race ie eke: et eee ee ere 38 88 IMSUTANEE 352). A Maar sie, 25 ueeaere te rae erfin Slee eae Peas UE ES 10 0O Sundny wAccounts. 6.0 Vinee fas. Geeanuesoscrs ogee ean oie iiss ines a Sateen 28 60 $648 73 Balance: onan dics. ¢ is teeis ei ee eee nei amen eee 18 $648 91 P. L. SCRIVEN, Treasurer. This is to certify that we have examined the vouchers and found them correct. ALF. H. BAKER, : Auditors. TORE ue gee F MAy 11th, 1904. JOURNAI, AND PROCEEDINGS, 163 LIST OF EXCHANGES. I—AMERICA. (1) Canada. Astronomical and Physical Society .......... Toronto. sat Toronto. _ Natural History Society of Toronto.......... Toronto. ieeatment Of. Agriculture. ................ Toronto. Meoreryeor the University .................. Toronto. Pelee WOTATy.... 0-2-2. 6- fee ee er etue eons. LOFOETO. Geological SUMvey Ot anda... css sst« sass Ottawa. Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club.............. Ottawa. ~ Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society ....... Ottawa. Bemarmocicty of Canada.............-..'.. Ottawa. Meparmment of Agriculture. ................ Ottawa. Eomeamaroricall SOcicty... 2... 0.5.20. ee te London. memevinie Naturalists’ Club:..........-..-.- Kentville, N.S. Ag Mlasenison scientific Society. .4......56..08- Belleville. Meee Natural History Society............ ..... Montreal. Pilar Gt McGill University..........+... Montreal. Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science..... Halifax. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec... . Quebec. Mm tasiitut Canadien de Quebec............. Quebec. Natural History Society of New Brunswick.. .St. John. Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society... .. Winnipeg. Guelph Scientific Association............... Guelph. Beenieers UMIVEFSILY.. cor. ee eee eee Kingston. Niagara Historical Society.................Niagara. (2) United States. Kansas Academy of Science...............-Topeka, Kan, Kansas University Quarterly ....-.......... Lawrence, Kan. American Academy of Arts and Sciences..... Boston, Mass. eopeieteeniGa )- ys. ee se ee bere ee ess Cambridge, Mass. 164 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. IMbrany of Oberlinn€ college nat erratic Oberlin, Ohio. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 24. Yai ete eee ate gate Museum of Comparative lore American Dialect:Soctety< - :..= sees = ere ae United States Department of Agriculture..... Biological Society of Washington.......... Philosophical Society of Washington ........ Smithsonian Institute ......... United States Geological Surveys American Society of Microscopie, bcp er ANCE Bufialomsociety,of Naturalsselencess .. ajo oer Caliorniamcademy ol SClences).e. a ae California State Geological Society.......... Santa Barbara Society of Natural History ... Winiversity of California: Fen. yew k ey Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences..... Acadenny iNet uraly Sciences). 279 ash. eet Neademy- Of SCleMCeS) 5.3) ca anf, eles cats: Missouri Betanteal)Gardenss sme et tee Salem, Mass. ...Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. .....»Washington, D.C. .. Washington, D.C. Buffalo, N.Y. Buffalo, N.Y. San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. .San Francisco, Cal. Berkley, Cal. Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. American) Chemical; SOCiehy as. p sci ee eee New York City. New York Microscopical Society ............ New York City. Thea inneany SOcietyni.) cree Oe ee ae New York City. American Astronomical Society...........-. American Geographical Society........... New York City. . New York City. New Vork Academy, of Science... ec New York City. Merry. BotamiealiGlw: 7.) eae eee aire ie . New York City. Central "Parke Wienagenios pga ere New York City. American Museum of Natural History........ Scientitic: Alliance en. 0.72 eee ae Saran Cornell Natural Elstony societyer- see Johns Hopkins ia Kansas City Scientist . New York City. New York City. Ithaca, N.Y. .. Baltimore, Md. . Kansas City, Mo. Wisconsin Academy af Science tage Sand WGtters)-4 ano ke oy. oa chcace hae oe eee Madison, Wis. Society of Alaskan Natural History and Kthnology ..... REA ase |S Mater tcc 5 ae te University, of Penn :. 74.5. lc. 2-0 eee eres Sitka, Alaska. Philadelphia, Pa. 3 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 165 Franklin Institute. sd ...... Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn Institute oF Aits aaa ae ... Brooklyn, N.Y. PemenaktMent,....0..........,...+..... + Washington. Seeeeicia Columbian Museum.................Chicago. Meee eademy Of sciences......................Chicago. omenmeural College.) .................... Lansing, Mich. Sn Colorado Scientific Society.................Denver, Col. . Museum of Natural History................Albany, N.Y. State Geologist. . RPE ela n.4 Saul vey 2s ADA Yy Nes 4 Rochester Meaemy a Rapaees: it} Je 2x5 oc Lndianapolts; tae: z mitmdiana Academy Of Sciences............... Indianapolis, Ind. Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences.. .. . Davenport, Iowa. Pasadena Academy of Sciences............. Pasadena, Cal. U.S. Board of Geographic Names...........Washington, D.C. Mee RIOEATY ge ence. ce eye obs.» ~.» Cincinnati, O. 3 alorado Collese.:.. ........-.........+..Colorado Springs. (3) West Indies. Institute of Jamaica.......................Kingston, Jamaica. (4) South America. The Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana..........-... Georgetown. ; 1-—EKUROPE. (x) Great Britain and Ireland. England. British Naturalists’ Club... ..: Ee er ee Bristol. Literary and Philosophic Society of Leeds.. . . Leeds. Conchological Society. ...........+ ess eee: Leeds. PWN SOCIETY 6 ee eee ee oe ee eee London. Royal Colonial Institute. eee oe . London. Society of Science, Ptercture aa Art. : a mosidesy Geological Society......---- +2 see serene: London. Manchester Geological Society......-++- ++: Manchester, Mining Association and Institute of Cor nwall. Camborne. Cardiff Photographic Society. . sh oat: Owens College Conchological Aon Oe San hors Manchester. 166 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, Scotland. Glasgow Geographical Society.............. Glasgow. Pinlosophical Society .... 2 0e eee oie eee Glasgow. Ireland. Royal TrshyAcademy 28:22 ese eee ee Dublin. ‘Royal Geological Society of Ireland......... Dublin. Naturalists: Pield@lub 5. eee ee eee Belfast. (2) Austria-Hungary. Anthropologische Gesellschaft.............. Vienna. K.K. Geologische Reichsanstalt............ Vienna. Prentschinws lente SOCle tye aay ie ee Trentschin. (3) Belgium. societe Geologique de Belgique... 244... Liege. (4) Denmark. Societe Royal des Antiquaries du Nord...... Copenhagen. (5) France. Academic Nationale des Sciences, Belles Wetiresset SArts 3c ley es eee toutes Bordeaux. Academic Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Bellés Ieettreseyti-: 2). See Rae ask Gres Caen. Academic des Nationale Science, Art et Belles Lettres 6.2... 0. Fe eee ee eee ee Dijou. Societe Geologique du: Nord: je a eect: Societe (Geologique du Prance ss cue see Paris. (6) Germany. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein...,......... Bremen. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein...... shed eee et. Carlsruhe. Comite \Geolosique:) 22 eee eae LORS BRUT St. Petersburg. Russich-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesell- Shall A i nv oe oe eee Ob. SP Ete Ksmtnas Oe Asiatic Societies of Bombay and Ceylon Asiatic Society of Bengal. Geological Survey of India AY < Royal Society of Tasmania. . TT, —-ASTA. (1) India. Sie 8 on 8) w JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PAL A eT errr tthe Calcutta. (2) Straits Settlements. (3) Tasmania. Calcutta. a ‘The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Singapore. ie (3) Japan. E Asiatic Society of Japan.. .. Tokyo. IV.—AFRICA. oe (1) Cape Colony. o South African Philosophical Society......... Capetown. : V.—AUSTRALIA. ‘ (1) Australia. ‘The Australian Museum. .. Sydney. Royal Society of New Bawth. Wales. Maeda. __ Linnean Society of New South Wales. .. Sydney. Royal Anthropological Society of New South os a arts eens ee we ws Sydney __ Australian Natural History Museum......... Melbourne _ Public Library of Victoria..... _..Melbourne. Royal Society of aie .. . Brisbane. ~ Queensland Museum. .. Brisbane. z x New Zealand. New Zealand Institute... .. Wellington. . .Hobartown. 167 168 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. OBITUARY. Che Late John Alston Moftat. Death has again thinned the already small number left of the old time active members of the Hamilton Scientific Association by claiming John Alston Moffat, who for many years was one of the most regular and active members of the Association. Mr. Moffat was born on the family estate of Milton, about three miles from the City of Glasgow, Scotland, in the year 1825. Through business misfortune his father lost his wealth and removed to the City of Glasgow and engaged in mercantile pursuits, but not liking city life he came to Canada alone, purposing to seek a home for his family in this new country. Soon after he left- Scotland his wife, Mr. Moffat’s mother, died. He at once sent for his family, who landed at New York on July rst, 1836, and settled in the Town- ship of Nassagaweya. ‘There the father married again. The homestead is still in possession of the’ only son of that marriage. After a time John’s eldest brother, William, took up land and settled in the Township of Binbrook, and John Alston made his home there for some years. After a time he came into this city and engaged in business as a merchant tailor, but being in indifferent health he was in the habit of taking long walks in the open country as a relaxation from busi- ness. It was during these walks that he formed those habits of ob- servation in relation to insect life which he saw around him that shaped all his future career. He found so much enjoyment in the capturing of insects and observing their life history, and became so absorbed in the science of entomology that in spite of considerable good natured ridicule from his friends he gave up his city business altogether, and ‘‘ going from bad to worse,” as he expressed it, de- voted his whole time to the study of insect life. He soon became well known to all the entomologists of Canada, as well as to many in the United States, and was a most industrious THE LATE J. ALSTON MOFFAT. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 169 collector of specimens. His habits of observation were exact, and as a result he found a new species, which was acknowledged to be so by Grope, an entomological expert, and named by him Scope/o- soma Moffatiana. It figured in Holland’s “ moth book,” plate xxvi., fig. 33, Moffat’s Sallow. Mr. Moffat never married. He was appointed Librarian and Curator of the Entomological Society of Ontario in London some years ago, a position he was well suited for, and the duties of which he discharged with great acceptance to the members. He long suffered from weak digestion, and died on the 26th February, 1904. He was a nephew of the well-known Dr. Wm. Moffat, who was surgeon to Wellington during his conflict with Napoleon, and also of Bailie Alston, a well known philanthropist of Glasgow. “Mr. Moffat was a man of quiet and retiring disposition—one of nature’s noblemen. At his death he was in his eightieth year. He was to the end as straight of body and clear of mind as he was in youth. He passed away honored and respected by all who knew him as a friend, and our Society and the one he was most intimately con- nected with are much the poorer. 170 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Alexander Gauiller. BORN 1814, DIED 1904. Mr. Gaviller, who for nearly twenty years acted as Curator of our Museum with so much care, has also passed over to the great majority. He was born in the year 1814 in Lower Clapton, Hack- ney, London, and the meeting of the “allied sovereigns” was respon- sible for his name. He was educated at the well-known Mill Hill School near London. After engaging in business for some years in the City of London his health gave away and he came to Canada in the year 1844, via New York, from which he travelled by boat and stage to the Township of Tecumseh, County Simcoe. He was one of the earliest settlers, the deed of his farm being direct from the crown. He was also among the very few who were taxed for being the owner of a spring carriage. For many years he acted as Justice of the Peace, and his decisions, always savoring more of justice than of law, were never questioned or appealed against. He acted tooas one of the Board of Examiners of those aspiring to the position of school teachers, while as a member of the County Council he was for long a well known figure in the County of Simcoe. As astaunch member of the Anglican Church he was in cone kan stant requisition as a speaker at missionary meetings, and with hardly one intermission was chosen as lay delegate to the Synod of Toronto for seven consecutive years. About 1876 Mr. Gaviller came to this city and was soon asked to assist the Lady Managers of the Boys’ Home, during the building of the present institution on Stinson street. In this and kindred in- stitutions he always took an active interest. For more than twenty years he was connected with the Hamil- ton Scientific Association, during most of that period being the efficient and painstaking Curator of the Museum, the specimens and objects of interest in which he guarded with the most jealous care, and spent much time in attanee and keeping in order the various collections. By his death we are again reminded that the number of the old and steadfast friends of the society are reduced to a very few. THE LATE ALEX. GAVILLER. JOURNAJ. AND PROCEEDINGS, LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. HONORARY. 1881 Grant, Lt.-Col. C. C., 293 Bay south, Hamilton Macoun, John, M.A., Ottawa Fleming, Sanford, C.E., C.M. G., Ottawa 1882 1885 1887 Charlton, Mrs. B. E., 280 Bay south, Hamilton 1887 Dee, Robert, M.D., New York 1887 Keefer, Thos. C.. C.E., Ottawa 1890 Burgess, T. J. W., M.D., FR. S. C. Montreal 1885 Farmer, Wm., C.E., New York : ; E : % 2 1898 Carry, Mrs. S. E., Caroline 1885 Small, H. B., Ottawa cae eagle tog akira Rie cay south, Hamilton CORRESPONDING. 1871 Seath, John, M1.A., Toronto 1885 Frood, T., Sudbury 1881 Clark,Chas. K.,M.D., Kingston 1889 Yates, Wm., Hatchley 1881 Spencer, J. W., B.Sc., Ph.D., 1889 Kennedy, Wm, Austin, Texas F.G.S., Savannah, Ga. 1891 Hanham, A. W., Quebec 1882 Lawson, A.C.,M.A.,California 189t Woolverton, L., M.A., Grimsby 1884 Bull, Rev. Geo. A., M.A., Niagara Falls south Herriman, W. C., M.D. Ami, Dr. H. M., Ottawa I9OI 1902 ORDINARY. Would members kindly notify the Secretary, Mr. J. &. Batlara, ot change of address or Acheson, Percy, 164 Emerald north Acheson, Wm., 165 Queen south Adam, John, 55 Victoria ave. south Alexander, A., F. S. Sc., 182 Went- worth south Alexander, A. G., south Anderson, John, 259 York Arnott, Mrs. H., 1 Emerald south Asman, H. O., B. A., 150 Victoria ave. south 182 Wentworth omisston of name. Bailey, W., Ontario Normal College Baker, Hugh C., Bell Telephone Co. Baker, A. H., 99 King east Ballard, John F., Sophia street school Bale, F. Baldwin, T. O., 294 Hannah east Bartlett, H. F., 168 Market Barton, Geo., 274 Hannah west Beasley, Thos., 421 Main east Beasley, Mrs. Thos., 421 Main east Bertram, James B., Dundas, Ont. J., 217 Victoria ave. north 172 Black, Geo., 70 East ave. south Blake, A. C., P. O. Dept. Blatz, Adam, 187 Hannah east Brown, Hillhouse, Alma street Broughton, Benj., 18 Inchbury Brady, Rev. R. E. M., 475 Mary Bradwin, F. W., 204 Catharine south ‘Brass, Peter J. B., 109 Bay south Bruce, Wm., 17% King east Burnside, J. W. Campbell, Robt., 222 Main west Campbell, Mrs. R., 222 Main west Campbell, C. C., 38 Queen south Campbell, Mrs. C. C., 38 Queen south Caswell, Rev. W. B., 139 Herkimer Child, W. A., M.A., 377 Hess south Clark, D., D.D.S., 54 King west Cloke, J. G., King west Coburn, H. P., 262 James south Crawford, A., King west Crossley, Miss M. E., 182 Herkimer Darling, E. H., 109 Hughson north Davenport, T. J., 170 Young Dickson, J. M., 22 Bruce Dixon, Jessie B., 61 East ave. south Duffield, Miss E., 123 Duke Eastwood, Jno. M., Times office Easter, Arthur, Main west Evel, J. J., 51 Stanley ave. Fearman, F. W., 90 Stinson Fearman, R. C., 17 McNab n Findlay, W. F., 47 James south Findlay, W. M., 387 Aberdeen ave. French, Thos. E., 114 Maria Gadsby, J., 314 Caroline south Gaviller, E. A., M.D., 70 Main west Gill, James, B.A., 45 Maria Grant, W. J., 137 East ave. south Grant, A. R., 144 Erie ave. Greene, J. J., Sanford Mfg. Co. Hansel, Franklin, D.D.S., 40 East ave. north Hamilton, Aubrey M., 276 Hannah west iBI@mayy) TRS Wher Noa IME Ng. Inox Church THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Herald, Chas. A., 91 Queen south Herald, Wm. C., 91 Queen south Hardy, Capt., 129 Erie ave. Hill, R. J., 56 Erie ave. Hill, W. E., 6 James south Hore, J. G., 249 Victoria ave. north Howitt, Rev. F., 108-George Hunt, Fred, Turnbull’s book store James, W. A., 86 Bay south Jenkins, J. P., F.R.A.S., Burlington Jones, C. J., 6 James south Jones, Seneca, liughson south Johnston, Geo. L., B.A., 11 Walnut south Kelley, Chas.’ T., M.D:;) 225 Kong west Kemp, Geo. B., 198 Herkimer Knott, Thos. O., 20 Blyth Lee, Lyman, B.A., 15 West ave. south Lees, Geo., 5 James north. Lees, W. A., Poplar ave. Leggat, Matthew, 23 Duke Little, Hector J., 59 East ave. north Livingstone, Rev. H. J., 18 William Lucas, E. H., 309 King east Luxon, James, 5 Nightingale Marsden, Miss, Main west Marsh, Rev. D. B., Sc.D., 258 Aber- deen ave. Marsh, Mrs. D. B., 258 Aberdeen ave. Millard, J. W., Meriden Britannia Co. Milne, C. G., Hamilton Bridge Co. Morrow, J. A. C., 79 King east Moodie, J. R., Main and McNab Moodie, Jas., Main and McNab Moore, H. S., 23 Grant ave. Moran, J. Morgan, S. A., B.A., D.Paed, Emer- ald south Morton, Jas., Markland street Mulvaney, W., 20 Stinson ; Macpherson, F. F., B.A., Wellington south. McKenzie, A. M., 134 Erie ave. McLaren, Col. Henry, 301 James south. Be flake i JOURNAL AND McNair, W. G., 52 Rebecca McMillan, Miss M. G., care B. Green- ing Wire Co. Neill, A. T., City Hall Orr, Thos., 16644 Main east Patterson, Jessie, 176 Victoria ave. north Peene, Miss M. W., Blythe street Pennington, E. D., Dundas, Ont. Pearce, Henry, Dundas, Ont. Powis, A., 64 King east Presnail, H., 74 George Ptolemy, R. A., 209 McNab south Penson, S.R.G. Reid, Miss Louisa, 220 Hunter east Robinson, W. A., 34 Hannah east Roger, Thos. A. Ross, Chas. M., Prov. & Loan bldg. Rutherford, Geo., Winer & Co. Saeger, W., King west. Scriven, P. L., 13 King Wm. Seymour, A. J., Box 264, City Shannon, E. S., Bank of Montreal Sintzel, John, 63 Victoria ave north. Souter, D. A., 275 Caroline south Steele, R. T. PROCEEDINGS. 173 Strathy, Stuart, Traders Bank Tansley, Harry, 170 East ave. north Taylor, A. J., 130 Markland Tilley, Leonard F., 103 Wellington South Tyrrell, J. W., C.E., 42 James north Unsworth, Miss C., 20 Hannah west Wallace, R. S. Walker, Miss I. M., 116 George Wegoner, Wilhelm, 25 York White, Miss F., care D. Moore Co. White, Wm., 9 James north White, J. G., Hamilton Prov. bldg. Whitney, H. A., Room 2, T. H. & B. Ry. y Whitton, F. H., 353 Bay south Witton, H. B., 16 Murray west Witton, W., 24 James south. Wilson, Wm., 78 Victoria ave. south Williams, J. M., 8 Devenport Winfield, H., 52 Locomotive Wodell, J. E., 123 Emerald north Woolverton, Mrs. Dr., 225 James north Wuntz, Frederick, 176 Bay north Young, J. M., 194 Park south = - amit ion = ee i sociation _ SESSION 1904- 1905. 3 a ae ees a - : ee onmen xxI oe OE wee oe Dancers for 1904.5 BaP Sys Cate oie 3 | Notes General aad Geological... 74 Officers since 1857... 0.5.0. 0..5.. 4| Notes on a Few Deep-Sea Dredg- - Members of Council, 7c es 28) Ings, 6tes 35 evil eys Ree 17 3o3 Abstract of Minutes ...../...... 8 | Additional Notes... ..0:.....000. SOR = Report of Council... ............ _ 12.| The Probable Course of Rvolu- ; e © Inaugural Address. . ss... Tents c dos. AION PIONS 5 oe scs sees 87 ie of heat tae of Paper on * Eclipses” 24 | Report: of the Astronomical Sec: 1 t Sete, _ Chemistry. Eisen to Industry. 20 tion, . ig PERE RU Re eee DE ee “ees ~ Synopsis of Lecture on Panama ~ Tones ‘of the Camera Section: cf Gea ee ‘BuccLevel Waterway.......:-. 35 | Report of the Geological Section 99 onquest of Wild Canada....... 39 Bi ogical NObeR: js i.e eae oc LOR = -_ Origin of Banking in pee a Curator’s Report... :..... 00.5.4. 102 Ss ~ Noted Observatories. ...... Petes | Treasurer’s Statement....; Srp: es The Sun and Family............ 6 List of Exchanges,.......- Magaes 7104-— a? sis of Paper on Hormation Laist-of Members, 3.206 on. Se 109 - oal eas ME Oe ey _ 67 | Extract: from ** Geological Mag-. BAAD is sles ay a eo ee Pra SKE 113° aad _PRINTED FOR THE HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION Z BY DROPE AND HARPER, » 1005. | o : “aa Journal and Proceedings OF The Hamilton scientific Association FOR SESSION OF 1904-05. NUMBER XXI. AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR STATE- MENTS MADE AND OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN, PRINTED FOR THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION BY DROPE & HARPER 1905 OFFICERS FOR 1904-1905. PIM President G. L. JOHNSTON, B. A. Ist Wice-President 2nd Vice-President weReY. D. B: MARSH, Sc.D. R. A. PTOLEMY Corresponding Secretary Icey fea 9 6 i) DW Recording Secretary J. F. BALLARD Treasurer Curator Pak. SCRIVEN COL. C. C. GRANT Council . WM. ACHESON JAMES GADSBY J. M. WILLIAMS ROBT. CAMPBELL J. G. CLOKE Auditors A. H. BAKER BE. H. DARLING OF FICE=- ae 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 PRESIDENT. Rey. W. Ormiston, D. D. John Rae, M.D.,F.R.G.S. Rev, W. Ormiston, D. D. Rey. W. Inglis, D.D. . Rey. W. Ormiston, D.D. W. Proudfoot... . [mers IiereS od 6 H. B. Witton, M.P.. . H. B. Witton, M. P. H. B. Witton. . . T. McIlwraith. . .. J. D. McDonald,M.D. . J. D. McDonald,M.D . J. D. McDonald,M.D . J. D. McDonald, M. D Rev. C. H. Mockridge,M. Jeren iD )ga) DY Sis Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. JX. OI0) CCC Dae yon C) IE. Bo Witton: MAP | | FIRST VICE-PRES. John Rae, M.D., F.R.G.S Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D. J.B.Hurlburt,M.A.,L L.D a Mcllwraith . ies J.B.Hurlburt,M.A. sept D . |Judge Logie . J. M. Buchan, M.A... . |B. E. Charlton . |B. KE. Charlton -|H. B. Witton. . . . .|J. M. Buchan, M.A... . .{J. M. Buchan, M.A... . |Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A . |B. E. Charlton. . R. B. Hare, Ph. D Rev. S. Kyle... Rev. S. Kyle , . Rey. S. Wyle wR sD en BC bar tOnemelantalcs Rev. S. Lyle, B.D. . .|T. J. W. Burgess, M. B., Be S.C: Basa Chanltonyseeen eine T. J. W. Burgess, M. B., ay ets Ss (Ce B. HE. Charlton. .... T. Alston Moffat... AQ Mlexander: VE SeS5c) 4) Al ils eNenUlieyec mel iilel te A, Niexeynelesc, I S396 6 5 AAS TINS Ss 66 eo 6} A, Alexander, F.S.Sc. ./A. T. Neill. . . S. Briggs. . . AUT PIN eae iene sts Ae MNetllte ye) . |T. W. Reynolds, M. D.. Ae I INS 5s T. W. Reynolds, M. D. A. Alexander, F.S. Se ./T. W. Reynolds, M. D. T. W. Reynolds,M.D. . T. W. Reynolds,MD. S. A. Morgan, B. A., D. Paed. S. A. Morgan, B. A., D. Paed. Yo Mua Oveikeomn aoc J. M. Dickson... G. . Johnson, B. A. . |A. E. Walker . -|Robt. Campbell. . A. E. Walker . . J. M. Dickson . . Jen MEoDicksomy 217 . |Richard Bull . |Richard Bull . |W. Kennedy SECOND VICE-PRES. J.B.Hurlburt,M.A.LI.D. J.B.Hurlburt,M.A, me D. Charles Robb BR Rev, W. Ormiston, D. ion Rev. W. Inglis, D. D, @ 0) ey hteh Mle nie: ©) joc) elt orm vehi ke A. T, Freed... A. T. Freed. . W. H. Mills. . H. B. Witton... J. A. Malling Meee EL BS Wattontegee . |Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M, A,, DDoS oa . |Matthew Leggat. . W. A. Child, M. A. W. A. Child, M. A. J. Alston Moffat. . SWAG TAN en ees -|o. BUSES 37 en aevaemne 5. Brigash 2h 2 -anee . |T. W. Reynolds,M.D. . T. W. Reynolds, M.D . AH: Walker 2) 27am .|A. K. Walker . A. E. Walker .... vis Dickson nee Pee ViewDieksonis nae . .; Wm. C. Herriman, M.D. . .|Robt. Campbell . . eu NW Aa) Ohad GV Ase - -|Rev. D. B. Marsh, Sc. D.}W. A. Robinson. . .. . |Rev, D. B. Marsh, Sc. D.JR. A. Ptolemy. . , BEARERS. Cor. SEC. REc. SEC. TREAS. LIB. AND CuR. T. C. Keefer, C. E. (Wm. Craigie, M.D . |W. Park . ,’. .|A. Hatvey. 1s (5 T. C. Keefer, C. E. |Wm. Craigie, M.D.|W. H. Park... .| A. Harvey. meceiseefer,.C, H. |Wm. Craigie, M.D.|/W. H. Park... .| A. Harvey. Wm. Craigie, M. D.|Wm. Craigie, M.D.|W. H. Park... Chas. Robb. Wm. Craigie, M. D.|Wm. Craigie, M.D.|W. H. Park. . . .|T. MclIlwraith. J. M. Buchan, M.A.|I. B. McQuesten,M.A|W. G Crawford . .|T. Mcellwraith. J. M. Buchan, M.A./I. B. McQuesten,M.A\W. G. Crawford. . | T. Mcllwraith. Geo. Dickson, M.A.|Geo. Dickson, M.A . |Richard Bull . T. Mellwraith. Geo. Dickson, M. A.|Geo. Dickson, M.A. |Richard Bull. . . T. Mcllwraith. Geo. Dickson, M. A.|Geo. Dickson, M.A . |A. Macallum, M. A. T. Mcllwraith. R. B. Hare, Ph. B . |Geo. Dickson, M.A . |Richard Bull . A, T.. Freed. Geo. Dickson, M.A.|A. Robinson, M.D . |Richard Bull. . . .| W. H. Ballard. NCA. Geo. Dickson, M. A.|}\Wm. Kennedy. . . |Richard Bull- . . .| W. H. Ballard. My As Geo. Dickson, M.A.|Wm. Kennedy. . . |Richard Bull. . . .| W. H. Ballard. Mie AS Geo. Dickson, M.A. Alexander . . . |Richard Bull. - . . | Wm. Turnbull. Geo. Dickson, M.A. Alexander .. .|Richard Bull. . . . Gaviller. Geo. Dickson, M.A./A. Alexander,F.S.Sc.|Richard Bull . . Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B. A. H. B. Witton, B. . Alexander,F.S.Sc./Richard Bull. . . ./A. Gaviller. A A A A A A. Alexander, F.S.Sc./Richard Bull. . . .| A. Gaviller. .|A. Alexander,F.S.Sc./Richard Bull. . . .| A. Gaviller. A A A A A A H. B. Witton, B. A. A . Gaviller. H. B. Witton, B. . Alexander,F.S.Sc./Richard Bull... . Thos. S. Morris. .|A. W. Stratton, B. A|Richard Bull. . . . | A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. Thos. S. Morris . ./C. R. McCullough _|Richard Bull. . . .|A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. W. McG.Logan,B.A|S. A. Morgan, B.A. |Thos. S. Morris . . | A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. W. McG.Logan,B.A|S. A. Morgan, B.A . |Thos. S. Morris . .| A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. Rev. J. H, Ones M.|S. A. Morgan, B.A.|J. M. Burns... . A. Gaviller and A.. LL.D W. Chapman. Rev, 7. 0. Long, M.|S. A. Morgan, B.A.|P. L. Scriven. . .|A. Gaviller and Rewer... |. '. |, 7B. Peed. ’ H. S. Moore. Wm. C. Herriman,|S. Sigs Morgan, B.A .|P. L. Scriven. - - A. Gaviller and McD: . Peed. H. S. Moore. Thos. S. Morris. . |S. WC Morgan, B.A.|P. L. Scriven. . « |A. Gaviller. B. Peed. : Thos. S. Morris. . |S. A. Morgan, B.A.|P. L. Scriven. . «| A. Gaviller and BP: J. Schuler. Thos. S. Morris. . |G. L. Johnston, B.A.|/P. L. Scriven. . .| A. Gaviller and ~ J. Schuler. F.F Macpherson,BA|G. L. Johnston, B.A. P. Ty.) Scriven’... < | A. 8c iss and chuler, F.F Macpherson,BA|G. L. Johnston, B.A.|P. L. Scriven. . .| A. Gaviller and J. Schuler, R.J. Hill. . . . .|G. L. Johnston, B.A.|P. L. Seriven.. . | J. Schuler. 1 83 0 J. F. Ballard. . . . (P. UL. Scriven . . .| Col, C. C.Grant MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1857—Judge Logie ; Geo. L. Reid, C. E., A. Baird; C. Freeland. 1858—Judge Logie; C. Freeland ; Rev. W. Inglis, D.D.; Adam Brown ; C. Robb. 1859—Rev. D. Inglis, D. D.; Adam Brown; Judge Logie; C. Freeland; Richard Bull. 1860—J..B. Hulburt, M. A., LL. D;.C. Freeland ; Judge Logie; Richard Bull; Wm. Boultbee; Dr. Laing. 1871—Geo. Lowe Reid, C. E.; Rev. W. P.Wright, M.A.; A. McCallum, M. A.; A. Strange, M. D.; Rev. A.B. Simpson. 1872—Judge Proudfoot ; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.; John Seath, M. A.; H. D. Cameron; A. T. Freed. 1873—Judge Logie; T. McIlwraith ; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. 1874—Judge Logie ; T. McIlwraith ; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander ; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. 1875—Judge Logie ; T. McIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. | 1880—M. Leggatt ; I. B. McQuesten, M. A.; A. Alex- ander ; Rev. A. Burns, M. A., LL.D., D. D. 1881—T. MclIlwraith ; H. B. Witton; A. T. Freed ; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. F. Forbes. 1882—T. MclIlwraith; H. B. Witton; A. T. Freed; A. F. Forbes ; Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. A., D. D. 1883—A. Alexander; A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. Mcllwraith ; R. Hinchcliffe. 1884—A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. MclIlwraith ; R. Hinchcliffe ; W. A. Robinson. 1885—W. A. Robinson; S. Briggs; G. M. Barton; J. Alston Moffatt ; A. F. Forbes. 1886—J. Alston Moffat ; Samuel Slater; Wm. Milne ; James Leslie, M. D.; C. S. Chittenden. ' rse7— Ji. Alston Moffat; James Leslie, M.D.; P. L. Scriven ; Wm. Milne; C. S. Chittenden. 1888—J. Alston Moffat ; B. E. Charlton; T. W. Rey- nolds, M.D.; S. J. Ireland; Wm. Kennedy. 1889—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; S. J. Ireland; Wm. Turnbull ; A. W. Hanham; Lieut.-Col. Grant. 18g90—Col. Grant; A. W. Hanham; W. A. Robinson ; A. E. Walker; Thos. S. Morris. 1891—Col. Grant ; W. A. Robinson ; J. F. McLaughlin, B. A.; T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; Wm. Turnbull. 1892—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; W. A. Robinson; P. L. Scriven ; Wm. Turnbull; Wm. White. 1893—James Ferres; A. E. Walker; P. LL. Scriven; Wm. White; W. H. Elliott, Ph. B. 1894— James Ferres; A. EK. Walker; P. lL. Scriven; J. feos, M. A., LL.B.; W. H. Elliott; B. A:, Ph. B. 1895—J. E. P. Aldous, B.A.; Thomas S. Morris ; W. H. Elliott, B. A., Ph. B.; P. L. Scriven ; Major McLaren. 1896—J. E. P. Aldous, B.A.; Thomas S. Morris; W. H. Elliott, B.A., Ph. B.; George Black ; J. M. Burns. 1897—W. H. Elliott, B.A.; Thomas S. Morris; Robert Campbell; J. R. Moodie; Wm. White. 1898—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Robert Campbell; W. A. Childs, M.A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M. D.; W. A. Robinson. 1899—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M.A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M.D.; W. A. Robinson. 1900—Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M.A.; George Black ; J. F. Ballard ; J. H. Long, M.A., LL.B. 1901—W. A. Childs, M.A.; George Black ; J. F. Ballard, wo. Lone, M.A., LL.B.; J. R. Heddle: 1902—Geo. Black ; J. F. Ballard; J. H. Long, M.A., LL.B.; J. R: Heddle; J. M. Williams. 1903—J. M. Williams; Geo. Black ; Jas. Gadsby ; A. H. Baker ; R. A. Ptolemy. 1904—Wm. Acheson, Jas. Gadsby; J. M. Williams; Robt. Campbell; J. G. Cloke. ABSTRACT OF MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE Hamilton Scientific Association DURING THE SESSION OF 1904-1905. CEL Sr THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10th, 1904. OPENING MEETING. Retiring President, J. M. Dickson, introduced President . George L. Johnston, B.A., who, in the course of a masterly essay on War, really gave an epitome of the world’s great historical events. At the conclusion of his address, the President gave the meeting over to the various sections. The Camera Section showed a _ set of Interchange slides, consisting of very fine amateur productions. The Astronomical exhibit of instruments and apparatus, by Messrs. Marsh and Darling, was very instructive. The Biological display, by Mr. Alexander, wus the most ela- borate attraction of the evening, although many were deeply in- terested in the Microscope, by Mr. Bailey, and in the exhibit of Metals, by Mr. Willams. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1904. Special business meeting to consider the affairs of the As- sociation as to future occupation of premises. THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 9 DECEMBER 13th, 1904. Combined meeting addressed by Professor