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JOURNEY IN ASHANGO-LAND.
CHAPTER IL
THE VOYAGE,
Objects of the Journey—Preparatory studies—Difficulties in obtaining a
passage—Departure from England—Arrival off the Coast—Miss the
mouth of the Fernand Vaz—Return up the Coast—Excitement of the
Natives—Old acquaintances—Changes in the bar of the River—Choice
of a settlement near Djombouai’s Village—Bonfires and rejoicings on
the river banks—Commencement of disembarkation— Dangerous state
of the shore—The boat upset in the breakers—Saved by the Negroes—
Loss of instruments and stores.
Earty in 1863, after three years’ recreation in the
civilized countries of Kurope and North America, I
began to entertain the idea of undertaking a new
journey into Western Equatorial ‘Africa. My main
object in this journey was to attempt to penetrate still
further into the interior than I had done hitherto,
taking the route of the Fernand Vaz River, the starting
point of my principal expedition in the former journey.
I had also a strong desire to fix with scientific
accuracy the geographical positions of the places |
had already discovered, and to vindicate by fresh
observations, and the acquisition of further specimens,
the truth of the remarks I had published on the eth-
nology and natural history of the country. Beyond
ee \
2 THE VOYAGE. Cuap. I.
this, there was the vague hope of being able to reach,
in the far interior, some unknown western tributary
of the Nile, and to descend by it to the great river,
and thence to the Mediterranean.
To qualify myself for such a task, I went through
a course of instruction* in the use of instruments, to
enable me to project my route by dead-reckoninge
and astronomical observations, and supplied myself
with a complete outfit for this purpose, as well as for
taking the altitudes of places above the sea-level. I
also learnt practical photography, and laid in a store
of materials necessary to make 2,000 pictures, having
felt the importance of obtaining faithful representa-
tions of the scenery, natives, and animals of these
remote countries. In natural history I did not expect
to find many novelties near the coast, at least in the
larger animals, but I took pains to learn what was
most likely to be interesting to zoologists, and hoped
to be able to make many discoveries in the far
interior. Besides materials for preserving large
animals, I provided, myself with a stock of boxes,
glass tubes, &c., in order to collect insects, worms,
and the like classes of animals, which I had neglected
in my former journey. I also took fifty pounds of
arsenic for the preservation of stuffed specimens.
My hope of traversing the whole of Equatorial Africa
to the head of the Nile, although acting as a strong
incitement to me, was kept secret, except from a few
* Under Staff-Commander C. George, Map Curator, Royal Geographical
Society ; to whom | am, besides, much indebted for the trouble he took in
selecting instruments for me, and for his care in testing them.
¢ Under M. Cilaudet, and his son M. Henri Claudet.
~
CHap.I. DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING A PASSAGE. 3
intimate friends. I was resolved, however, that if
the achievement of this splendid feat should be denied
me, I would spare no effort in advancing as far to-
wards the east as was practicable, and in obtaining
accurate information regarding those portions of the
country which I might be able to explore.
There is no direct trade between England—or,
indeed, between any part of Europe or America—and
_ the Fernand Vaz, and this gave rise to the chief
difficulty I had to encounter at the outset. How was
I to get there? My outfit was too large to think of
transhipping it from one port to another. I must
here remind my readers that the mouth of the Fer-
nand Vaz lies about 110 miles to the south of the
Gaboon, which is the principal centre of trade in
Western Equatorial Africa. What little trade there
is is carried on by native boats, which pass from the
Gaboon to the negro villages on the banks of the
Fernand Vaz, by way of the narrow channels of the
delta of the Ogobai River, thus avoiding the detour
round Cape Lopez. The negro tribes of the Fernand
Vaz have never had much communication with the
white man; there is no permanent trading settlement
there, although sometimes the captain of a ship may
come with his vessel and put up a factory for a short
time ; indeed, I must add that I was the first to ascend
the river and make known its geography, its in-
habitants, and its productions. I chose this river as
the starting-point of my new exploration because [
was already well known to the inhabitants of its
banks, through my long previous residence amongst
them; they loved me, and my life was safe in their
4 THE VOYAGE. Cnap. J.
hands, and having acquired some influence over them,
I could depend upon obtaining an escort to enable
me to advance into the interior. I do not know any
other point of the West African coast, between the
‘Congo and the Niger, where I, or indeed any white
man, could have any chance of penetrating more
than a short distance into the interior. After making
some inquiries, I found my best course would be to
freight a vessel specially to take me to the Fernand
Vaz. I therefore engaged with the owners of the
schooner Mentor, Captain Vardon, a little vessel of
less than 100 tons measurement, and all preparations
being complete, embarked on board of her at Graves-
end on the 6th of August, 1863.
Although I looked forward with great pleasure to
my new journey of exploration, I left old England
with a heavy heart. The land where I had received
so much kindness and sympathy, so much genuine
hospitality, and where I had made so many true
friends, had become to me a second home. I could
not repress the feeling of sadness which came over
me, and the pang I felt at parting was the greater
from the thought that I might never return from
an undertaking beset with such various perils.
We were detained with a crowd of other vessels off
Deal, for several days, by a strong wind from the
south-west. JI was much struck, part of the time, by
the strong contrast between the weather we had at
sea and that which prevailed on shore. With us the
wind was blowing strong and the sea rough, whilst
on land the sun was shining beautifully on the golden
corn-fields, and the reapers were at work gathering
Cuap. I. ARRIVAL OFF THE COAST. J
in the bountiful harvest. My ardent longing to be
on shore with them and have a last look at the happy
land of England was one day gratified, for Mr. Don-
brain, the ship-missionary of Deal, kindly took the
captain and myself to the town, and we had a charm-
ing drive through the country lanes. I never enjoyed
the country so much. Every face we met seemed so
pleasant, and Nature seemed so tranquil; I felt that
England was more than ever dear to me.
I will not weary my readers by a description of
our voyage to the West Coast. As far as the weather
and the captain were concerned, it was a pleasant one.
We arrived at Accra, a British settlement, east of
Sierra Leone, in the Gulf of Guinea, on the 20th of
September. According to my agreement with the
owners of the vessel, the Mentor ought to have sailed
direct from this place to the Fernand Vaz, but I now
made the discovery that she was ordered to call at
Lagos. At this unhealthy spot I declined the invita-
tion to go ashore. We left it on the 2nd of October,
and after a few days pleasant sailing came in sight of
the Commi Coast on the 8th of the same month.
The part of the African coast in the neighbourhood
of the mouth of the Fernand Vaz has a monotonous
aspect as viewed from the sea. A long line of
country, elevated only a few feet above the sea-level,
stretches away towards the south, diversified here and
there by groups of trees, and enlivened only at inter-
vals of a few miles by a cluster of palm-clad huts of
the natives, amongst which is always conspicuous the
big house which the villagers construct for the “ fac-
tory” that they are always expecting to be established
6 THE VOYAGH. Unap. I.
at their village. The mouth of the river itself is very
difficult to discover. In my former journey it was
recognisable only by the white surf which foamed
over its bar, and by the flocks of fish-eating birds
hovering in the air above it. The bar, however,
seemed now to have shifted, for we passed by it with-
out perceiving it.
We sailed along the coast et same evening, and,
after anchoring for the night, still continued the same
course, under light sail, the next morning, looking
out for some native canoe to come to us, and tell us
our whereabouts. At length a canoe put off from the
shore and came alongside, and we then discovered that
we were several miles to the south of the Fernand
Vaz. The head man of the boat recognised me, and
thinking at first that I had come to establish a
trading post at his village, could not contain his
delight. He knew a few ‘words of English, and
shouted out: “ Put down the anchor; plenty ivory ;
load the ship in a fortnight!” It was a wretched
take-down for the poor fellow to learn that I intended
to establish my head-quarters in a rival village on
the banks of the river. He wanted to make me
believe that Ranpano, the chief of my former place,
was dead, and that his village was seattered—this
was the old African trick, which I knew too well to
be deceived by. The fellow, in his spite and dis-
appointment, on leaving us went out of his way to
prevent other canoes from coming to us, and so we
were unable to get a pilot.
As we returned up the coast, we saw the natives
running about from house to house along the beach
_
Cuap. I. OLD ACQUAINTANCES. ‘
in great excitement. In every village the big flag
kept by the chiefs for this purpose was hoisted on
the top of a long pole to attract the white man ashore
to trade, and at night a line of bonfires shone along
the coast.
At length, on the morning of the 10th, I recog-
nised the country near the mouth of the river. We
shortened sail, and two canoes soon put off and made
for the vessel. In the first, as it approached, I recog-
nised my old friend Adjouatonga, a chief of one of the
villages belonging to the clan Adjiena, which occupies
the mouth of the river. He climbed up the vessel’s side,
and after shaking hands with the captain, advanced
towards me to do the same. On my turning round to
him, he stepped back in astonishment, and exclaimed—
“ Are you Chaillie, or are you his spirit? Have you
come from the dead? Tell me quick, for I don’t know
whether I am to believe my own eyes; perhaps I am
getting a kendé (fool).” The good fellow hugged
me in a transport of joy, but so tightly and so long
that I wished his friendship had been a little less
enthusiastic, especially as his skin was dripping with
a strong-mixture of oil and perspiration. In the
second canee came another old friend, Sholomba,
nephew of the chief, Ranpano, of my own village
of former days. In short, I was surrounded by a
crowd of old acquaintances, and had to listen to
-a confused account of the chief events that had
happened since my departure, related by half-a-dozen
eager informants.
The next subject to be considered was how we were
to get ashore. Sholomba assured me that the mouth
8 ; THE VOYAGE. Cuap. I.
of the Fernand Vaz had changed much for the worse
since I had left, and that it would be less dangerous
to run a canoe through the surf to the beach than to
attempt an entry into the mouth of the river. It
was now the beginning of the rainy season, when the
winds are less rough than in the dry season, but the
surf, under the influence of the steady south-west
winds, was still frightful. However, the first landing,
in Adjouatonga’s boat, which was much steadier than
the rest, was made with safety. The frail canoe was
skilfully directed towards a promising roller at the
right moment, and we were carried on its back with
lightening speed to the beach, where we were snatched
up by the natives assembled to meet us. After this
hazardous landing, [ was hurried along amidst a crowd
of several hundred savages, all dancing and shouting
with frantic joy, across the sandy tongue of land to
the banks of the Fernand Vaz, where canoes were
ready to take us up the river to the village of
Ranpano.
Although I had eo absent only fan years—
years so full of events to me!—time had wrought
great changes in the scene of my former adventures.
The mouth of the river had altered so much that I
scarcely knew it again. The long, sandy, reed-
covered spit, which formerly projected three miles
from the southern point of the river’s mouth, had
disappeared; and the sea had washed up the sand so
much on the northern side that the village of Elindé,
whose chief, Sangala, had given me so much trouble in
former times, had become untenantable, and the people
had removed. Many little islands had also been sub-
Cnap. I. CHOICE OF A SETTLEMENT. 5)
merged or washed away, and I no longer saw those
flocks of sea birds which formerly frequented the
locality. Paddling up the stream we came to my old
settlement, which I had called Washington; it was
deserted and in ruins, a few loose bamboos and rotting
poles alone remained to show me where it stood. The
house of my honest old friend, Rinkimongani, was
there, looking like a wreck, for this excellent fellow
had gone to his rest and his family was scattered.
After a brief survey of the altered state of
the country, I resolved to fix my new quarters
at a little village near the residence of Djom-
bouai, two miles above my last place: the situ-
ation was a good one, and, besides, it would con-
ciliate the prejudices of the Commi, who opposed
my settlement at the old spot on account of the
suspicion of witchcraft which attached to it, and
which had increased since the death of Rinkimongani.
Meantime, the news spread that I had arrived in the
country, and for several days people came trooping
in by land and water to see their old friend, and the
stores of good things he had brought with him. Ran-
pano was away from home, on the Ogobai River, but
messengers were sent to him to hasten his return. I
soon felt that I had returned to wild life. At night
bonfires were lit, and the crowd of half-dressed and
rude, but good-humoured, savages danced around
them, and dinned my ears with their monotonous
drumming and songs.
_ It was now necessary to return on board the
schooner, and arrange the mode of disembarkation of
my extensive outfit and stock of goods. As the
P 7
10 THE VOYAGE. Cuap. 1.
mouth of the river had become so unsafe, from the
breaking up of the sandy spit, and as no one knew
the direction of the deep channels—for the whole
breadth of the mouth of the river was one unin-
terrupted line of breakers—we resolved to land
everything on the beach through the surf. But on
some days the breakers were so bad, continuing all
day long without a single lull, that it was impossible
to do anything.
On the 15th of October we made a commencement.
Three native canoes were brought alongside, and
I began by loading them with my most valuable
articles. In one of them I placed all my scientific
instruments, sextants, chronometers, prismatic com-
passes, barometers, &c., besides five large Geneva
musical boxes (intended as presents to the native
chiefs), and five barrels of salt meat, a case containing
1,500 rifle bullets, a box of medicines, and many other
things. Captain Vardon and myself embarked in
this boat on account of the value of its cargo, and
away we went amidst the cheers of the dusky
paddlers.
The two other canoes took the surf first. The
rollers were terrific, and the boats seemed buried in
the seething spray without a chance of coming out of
it safely, but they reached the shore without up-
setting. The captain himself had misgivings as to
the result of our venture. I advised him to put on
his life-belt, but in the excitement of the moment
he neglected the precaution. We now came near the
_ ranges of breakers, and our only chance of safety was
to ride on the back of one of those smoother rollers
Cuap. l. BOAT UPSET BY THE BREAKERS. 11
which from time to time swelled up and arched
gently over, but with headlong speed, towards the
shore. We had not, however, the good fortune to be
borne by it in safety; our boatmen, in their great
anxiety to avoid a mishap, were not venturesome
enough, they waited a few moments too long. In-
stead of carrying us onward, the huge wave broke
over our canoe, upsetting it and hurling us to a
distance away from it. Heavy, short breakers now
succeeded each other with awful rapidity ; the sea all
around became one mass of foaming billows; and in
a few moments we were almost exhausted with the
buffetings we received. The negroes who had formed
the crew of the canoe, most of whom were my own
“boys,” companions of my former expedition, swam
towards me, and with great exertions kept me from
sinking. They assisted me to divest myself of my
shoes and my coat, the pockets of which were filled
with small weighty articles, and as I became weaker,
through the effects of drinking so much salt water,
they swam under me and buoyed me up with their
own bodies. I caught a glimpse of poor Captain
Vardon at a distance from me, struggling with the
waves; the men had devoted all their attentions to
me, so I shouted to some of them to go and help him.
Meantime, several unsuccessful attempts were made
by the negroes ashore to launch canoes to the rescue,
but they were all swamped one after the other. No-
thing could be done until the tumult of the waves
subsided ; for after the breakers have spent their fury
there is usually a lull, and it is during these lulls,
which are, however, very uncertain and limited in
12 THE VOYAGE. Cuap. J.
their duration, that the only chances occur of reaching
this difficult shore. When the sea is rough, in the
height of the dry season, these lulls do not occur for
days together. A favourable moment at length
arrived ; a canoe reached us, and we were delivered
from our perilous situation.
This was the fifth time durmg my experience of
this coast that I had been upset in the breakers, and
saved by the exertions of these faithful negroes.
After landing, the magnitude of the loss which I had
sustained presented itself with full force to my mind.
All my astronomical instruments were spoilt by the
salt water, and with them the power of carrying out
the principal object of my journey. There was no
help for it but to submit to a weary delay, whilst a
second set was sent for from England.
As soon as [ reached the shore, I found myself
surrounded by the blacks; the women being con-
spicuous by their sympathies. A general shout arose
—‘‘ Who are the people who are jealous of us, de-
siring the death of our white man?”
In this country all misfortunes are attributed to
some evil influence, bewitching the sufferer ; and
they referred to the jealousy of some neighibe: aim
village, the catastrophe from which I had so narrowly
escaped.
‘el
CHAPTER II.
THE FERNAND VAZ.
Outlines of the Coast region—The Ogobai—Prairies of the Fernand Vaz—
The Commi nation—Distribution of the Clans—Chief Ranpano and
his Spells—News of arrival sent to Quengueza, King of the Rembo—
Arrival of Quengueza—His alarm at the great wealth I had brought
him—A pet Chimpanzee, and his departure for England—Visit to
Elindé and the mouth of the river—My illness—Tenderness of Ran-
pano—King Olenga-Yombi—Grand palaver of Commi chiefs—Permis-
sion granted me to ascend the river into the interior—Visit to my old
place and to Rinkimongani’s grave—Superstition of the natives—The
Bola Ivoga—Rabolo’s fetich—Departure of the Mentor for England.
In my former work on Equatorial Africa, I gave -
my readers a short account of the neighbourhood of
the Fernand Vaz and of the natives who inhabit this
part of the West African coast. The country on
both sides the river, which flows for some forty miles
nearly parallel to the sea-shore, is for the most part
level and of little elevation. Between the river and
the sea the plain is sandy, and covered with a grassy
and shrubby vegetation, with here and there a cluster
of trees, and often a fringe of palm-trees by the river
side. Travelling southward from the mouth of the
river the “islands” of trees become larger, and unite
to form a considerable forest, which contains many
timber-trees of great size and beauty. This is to-
wards Cape St. Catherine, where, between the river
and the sea, les the inhospitable jungle which forms
14 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. Il
the principal home of the gorilla, of which I shall
have more to say presently.
Towards the north stretches the delta of the great
Ogobai River, a much larger stream than the Fernand
Vaz, with its network of channels densely fringed
with mangrove-trees. The country on the right
bank of the Fernand Vaz is thickly wooded, and
consists principally of mangrove swamps. Thus, on
one side of the broad sluggish stream, lies a tract
of dense woodland, and, on the other, an expanse of
open prairie. The Ogobai is the only West African
river at present known, between the Niger and the
Congo,-which rises far in the interior and breaks
through the great coast range of mountaims. One
of the channels from the Ogobai combines with the
Fernand Vaz a few miles from its mouth. About
forty miles up stream the bed of the Fernand Vaz
becomes contracted; higher up, wooded hills hem
it in on both sides—the portals of the mountainous
and picturesque African interior, and the river
changes its name to Rembo, meaning the River par
excellence. :
The prairies of the Fernand Vaz are not unhealthy. |
During the dry season, from June to September, a
steady, strong, and cool sea-breeze blows over the
land, without, however, raising dunes or sandy hil-
locks of the beautiful white sand which forms the
soil of the prairie. All the pools and marshes dry
up; and, before the continued dryness‘ has’ parched
up the herbage, the aspect is that of an extensive
English park, especially when in the cool hours of
early morning a herd of wild cattle (Bos brachy-
Cuap. Il. THE COMMI TRIBE. 15
ceros) or a troop of antelopes, grazing’ by a wood-
side in the distance, remind one, for the moment,
of the cattle and deer of more cultivated scenes. But
as the dry season continues, the grass dries up or
becomes burnt, and the country then wears a more
desolate aspect: the sky is generally overcast. In-
numerable flocks of marabouts come to lay their eggs
on the prairies; the prodigious number of these birds
and their sudden appearance are quite astounding.
In the wet season the numerous pools and marshy
places afford another attraction, for they teem with
life; and I used to notice, especially, the quantity of
eel-like fishes which appeared in a mysterious manner
almost as soon as the pools began to form, they
having no doubt buried themselves in the mud and
passed the dry season in a dormant state. Flocks of
sand-pipers trot along the sandy margins of the rivers ©
and pools, and numbers of gulls, terns, shear-waters,
and pelicans enliven the scene with their movements
and their cries. The plain along the banks of the
river is dotted with villages of the great Commi tribe
of negroes, whose plantations, however, are on the
opposite wooded side of the Fernand Vaz, and also
along the banks of the Npoulounay channel, as the
sandy soil of the plain is unfitted for bananas, sugar-
cane, and other cultivated plants and trees. Hach
village is under the patriarchal government of its
hereditary chief, and all are nominally subject to the
king of the tribe residing at Aniambi¢, formerly a
large village on the sea-shore near Cape St. Cathe-
rine, but now reduced to a few dilapidated huts.
The king lives on his plantation.
16 THE FERNAND VAZ.. CHAP. .1.
The clan of the Commi to which IL was attached
(Abogo) had several villages occupying the banks of
the river for a few miles near its mouth. Its present
chief—at least the chief of the river-side villagers—
was my old friend Ranpano, a slow, phlegmatic negro,
with a pleasant expression of countenance and good
honest intentions. The quality in Ranpano for which
he was most lauded by the negroes was his habit of
going to sleep when he was drunk, instead of quar-
relling. Huis authority in the clan was less, how-
ever, than that of Olenga-Yombi, the superior chief
or king of the Commi tribe, which inhabits the
Hliva, or Fernand Vaz district.
The distribution of the population comprised in a
clan of these African tribes presents some curious
features; for instance, the people under the imme-
diate authority of Olenga-Yombi live near the sea-
coast, about thirty miles to the south of the villages
of Ranpano; thus they are separated, by numerous
villages belonging to other clans, from the rest of
their clan-relations. The head chiefship had_be-
longed to the family of Olenga-Yombi for many
generations, and it shows the respect these primitive
negroes entertain for hereditary rank that they con-
tinue to acknowledge the sovereignty of the present
representative of the title, although the villages
under his immediate authority have declined greatly
in population and influence.
If I could succeed in preserving the friendship of
these two men and that of Quengueza, the powerful
chief of Goumbi, eighty miles further up the river,
my objects in coming to the country would most
Cuar. Il. CHIEF RANPANO AND HIS SPELLS. 17
likely be attained, and I should not only meet with
no political obstacle, but have all the assistance the
coast tribes could give me to enable me to penetrate
into the interior. I had brought goods for the trade--
loving Commi, to exchange with them for the produce
of their country, in order to secure their good will.
The people of the West Coast have no consideration
for any one but a trader, and even amongst them-
selves a man is more respected for his trading goods
than for the territory or land that he possesses. My
first object, therefore, was to settle myself for a few
weeks amongst them, and cultivate the friendship ot
the people and their chiefs. I sent Sholomba up the
river to apprise Quengueza of my arrival, and mean-
time went to pay my court to Ranpano, who had just
arrived from the Ogobai.
I knew that Ranpano had arrived during my
absence on board the schooner, and I felt vexed that
he was not amongst the number of those who waited
for me on the beach when the accident occurred. [|
now learnt that he was in a hut at no great distance.
Thither I went, and found the fat, grey-headed old
fellow sitting motionless, with grave countenance,
over a bundle of fetiches or mondahs, muttering his
spells. I drew myself up, trying to look haughty, and
reproached him for his indifference to the fate of his
old friend, knowing, as he did, the dangers of passing
the surf at this season. ‘To all this he remained
immoveable as a stone, and replied, pointing to his
fetiches, “My white man die in the water? never,
whilst | am alive! How could it be?” and, looking
round at his people, he repeated, “ How could it be?”
18 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. II.
I let the old man welcome me in his own way. Even
his gloomy superstition could not in the end destroy
the natural benevolence of his disposition.
One night shortly after my arrival, after I had
retired to bed in the hut lent to me by the negroes,
I heard the sound of the native bugle on the river,
and the songs of a multitude of paddlers. It was
King Quengueza, who had arrived for the purpose of
welcoming me back to his country. I got up at
once, and found at the door the venerable chief;
who received me with open arms, declaring that he
could not go to sleep until he had embraced me, and
had assured me of his enduring affection. When
[ despatched Sholomba with a canoe to fetch him,
to prevent any doubt on his part, and having nothing
else to send him at the time, I sent him a bottle of
brandy, the sight of which convinced him at once
that it was I and no other. I was truly glad to see
this noble old chief, the King of the Rembo, or
Upper River. He was a man of great and wide
influence, not only on account of his hereditary rank,
but also from the energy and dignity of his character.
He was fond of Europeans, but I could never induce
him to wear in public the fine European clothes I
gave him; he had a firm idea that he should die if he
put on any dress, as he was still in mourning for his
brother, who had died several years before I made
the old chief’s acquaintance. I felt and still feel the
warmest friendship towards this stern, hard-featured
old man; and, in recalling his many good qualities,
cannot bring myself to think of him as an untutored
savage.
Cuap. II. ARRIVAL OF QUENGUEZA. 19
Next day Quengueza brought me as a present a
very fine goat, the largest I had ever seen in Africa.
Goats are regal presents in this part of the continent,
and Quengueza had reared the one he brought with
the express intention of giving it to me, if I should
fulfil my promise of returning from the white man’s
country. Our formal meeting next day was an im-
portant one; and I chose the opportunity to renew
our pact of friendship.
After the first cordial greetings were over, I told
him, in a set speech, how I had been received in
America and Europe, and how his name, and the
great service he had rendered me in enabling me to
penetrate into the far interior, had become widely
known among the nations of white men. [I also told
him, in a low whisper, that [ had brought from one
of his well-wishers in England a present of a chest-
full of fine things.* The old man rose in his turn,
and made an eloquent reply. With the figurative
politeness of a negro chief, he assured me that his
town, his forests, his slaves, and his wives were mine
(he was quite sincere with regard to the last), that
henceforth he should have no will of his own, but
that I might do whatever I chose, that “my belly
should be full every day,” meaning that I should
never be hungry, and, what was of more importance,
he would assist me with all his influence, and even
accompany me, in my proposed journey towards the
interior, quietly adding, in a tone not to be heard
* My friend, Mr. John Murray, of Albemarle Street, gave me £50 for
the purpose of purchasing suitable presents for Quengueza and other
chief, .
20 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. If,
by the bygtanders, “If you love me, do not say a
word to any one that you have brought me any
presents.”
During the interview I showed Quengueza, amongst
other things, a copy of my book ‘ Adventures in
Equatorial Africa,’ and pointed out to him the plate
which represents him and myself seated in the palaver
house of Goumbi. It delighted him amazingly: he
shouted, “Am I then known go well in the white
man’s country that they make my picture?” Then
turning with an air of ineffable contempt to the
crowd around us, and pointing to the engraving, he
said, “ Pigs, look here! what do you know about the
white man? Quengueza is the white man’s friend ;
what would you ‘be without me?” He asked me
who made the book. I told him it was the same
good friend who had sent him such beautiful presents.
He did not forget this; and the next day he put into
my hands a handsome leopard’s skin, with the request —
that I would send it to the ntangani (white man)
who had put him in a book and sent him so many
things to do him good.
Conforming to his wish for strict secresy regarding
the presents, I appointed a day on which to receive
him alone. He chose an hour in the afternoon when
most of his people were asleep, enjoying the usual
siesta. He came accompanied by a select party of
relatives and wives, for kings in these parts must
always be accompanied by some retinue or escort.
But his Majesty was determined not to let’ his people
see what I was going to give him. Touching me
gently with his elbow, he told me, in a whisper, to
Cup. II, QUENGUEZA AND HIS PRESENTS. 21
send them all away, and not to let any of them come
in. - Entering my hut alone, he closed the door, and,
sitting down, told me that he was ready to see the
presents I had brought him.
The first thing that I displayed before his admiring
eyes was the coat of a London beadle, made expressly
to fit his tall figure, and, to please his taste, it was of
the most glaring colours, blue, with yellow fringe,
lined with red. There was also a splendid plush
waistcoat. As his Majesty does not wear trowsers
those articles did not form part of the suit, any more
than did a shirt.
“Let us try them on,” said the king, in a whisper ;
but, before doing so, he went to the door to make
sure that no one was peeping in. Having put on
the robes, and taking in his hand the beadle’s staff,
which I had not omitted to bring also, he asked for a
looking-glass, in which he admired himself vastly ;
whilst I completed the costume by placing on his
head my opera-hat, which, to his utter astonishment,
I had caused to spring up from its flattened state.
After surveying himself for some time in the glass,
with evident satisfaction, he drew himself up to his
full height, and strutted up and down the room, “as
happy as a king.” Having indulged his vanity for
a few minutes, he replaced in the chest the various
articles of this imperial. costume, and proceeded to
inspect the other presents.
I had myself brought a large amount of presents
and goods for the old chief, and besides these I had
many valuable articles of European workmanship,
some of which were purchased with money given me
22 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. IL
by another friend* in England to lay out in presents
for African. chiefs, which I thought I could not better
bestow than on the King of the Rembo. Amongst
them were a quantity of silks and fine cotton goods,
silver knives, forks, and spoons, gunpowder, trade
guns, kettles, and, beads for his numerous wives. All
were packed in chests secured with lock and key;
the chests being an important part of the donation,
for the propert of an African chief, in this part, is
estimated in slaves, wives, and chests. The sight of
all this wealth almost dumbfoundered the old man.
When I commenced showing the contents of the
chests to him he stopped me, and said—“ Do you
love me, Chaillie? Then do not tell the people what
you have given me, or they will bewitch me.” There
was an internal struggle between avarice and fear
expressed in his countenance. His fear of witchcraft
was a great defect in his character as a chief, for it
had led to the depopulation of Goumbi, his capital on
the Rembo. Going to the door, he looked out to
see that no one was listening; then he knelt down,
and clasped my feet with his hands, and, with the stern
lineaments of his face distorted by fear, begged me
again to keep secret the account of the wealth I had
given him. No sooner had he left me than I heard
him declaring to his people that the white man had
brought him nothing. As I approached, instead of
being disconcerted by my appearance on the scene,
he repeated the same statement, in a louder voice,
but looked towards me at the same time with an
expression of countenance that was clearly meant to
* Henry Johnson, Esq., of 39, Crutched Friars.
Cuar. II. A PET CHIMPANZEE. 23
implore me not to say a word to the contrary. The
people were smiling all the while, for they knew
better, and were well acquainted with the ways of
their beloved old chief. He would not remove the
chests to his canoe in the day-time, but came at night,
on the eve of his departure, when every one was
asleep, and stealthily took them himself, with the aid
of two slaves, down to the water-side.
In a few days the vessel was unioaded, and my
goods stored in several huts which were secured only
by a door tied with a rope of lianas to the bamboo wall.
My property, however, was respected, and the honest i
Commi people did not rob me of a single article.
Quengueza returned to Goumbi, and I gradually
inured myself again to the climate and ways of the
country. I made short excursions in various direc-
tions, visited numerous petty chiefs, besides receiving
visits from others, and stimulated them and their
people to the collection of produce, that Captain
Vardon might reload his vessel and return to Eng-
land. As I have described the coast country at length
in my former book, a few incidents only of my stay
need be recorded here, together with some stray
notes on the natural history, before I commence the
narrative of my expedition into the interior.
On the lst of November a negro from a neighbour-
ing village brought me a young male chimpanzee
about three years old, which had been caught in the
woods on the banks of the Npoulounay about three
mouths previously. Thomas, for so I christened my
little protégé, was a tricky little rascal, and afforded
24 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cnap, II,
me no end of amusement; ke was, however, very
tame, like all young chimpanzees. Unfortunately
Thomas was lame in one hand, several of the fingers
having been broken and healed up in a distorted
position. This was caused by his having been mal-
treated by the village dogs, who were sent in chase
of him one day when he escaped from his captors and
ran into the neighbouring woods. I had Tom tied
by a cord to a pole in the verandah of my hut, and
fed him with cooked plantains and other food from
my own table. He soon got to prefer cooked to raw
food, and rejected raw plantains whenever they were
offered to him. The difference in tameability between
the young chimpanzee and the young gorilla is a fact
which I have confirmed by numerous observations,
and I must repeat it here as it was one of those points
which were disputed in my f rmer work. A young
chimpanzee becomes tame and apparently reconciled
to captivity in two or three days after he is brought
from the woods. The young gorilla I have never
yet seen tame in confinement, although I have had
four of them in custody, while still of very early age.
One day I witnessed an act of Master Thomas
which seemed to me to illustrate the habits of his
species in the wild state. A few days after he came
into my possession I bought a domestic cat for my
house; as soon as the young chimpanzee saw it he
flew in alarm to his pole and clambered up it, the
hair of his body becoming erect and his eyes bright
with excitement. In a moment recovering himself
he caize down, and rushing on the cat, with one of
his feet seized the nape of the animal, and with the
Unar. 1. THE CHIMPANZEE SENT TO ENGLAND. 25
other pressed on its back, as if trying to break its
neck. Not wishing to lose my cat, I interfered and
- saved its life. The negroes say that the chimpanzee
attacks the leopard in this way, and I have no doubt,
from what I saw, that their statement is correct.
My pet preserved his good health and increased
in intelligence and gentleness until the departure
of Captain Vardon for England. I then sent him
home, and on his arrival he was deposited by my
friend in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, where, I
dare say, very many of my readers have seen him, and
have laughed at his amusing tricks. I am credibly
informed that his education at the Palace has become
so far advanced that he understands what is going on
when his own “cartes de visite” are sold. A feint is
sometimes made of carrying off one without paying
for it, but Thomas rushes forward, screaming, to the
length of his tether, to prevent the irregular trans-
action, and does not cease his noisy expressions of
dissatisfaction until the money is paid down.
Whilst waiting for the erection of a new house and
store-rooms, I made several little trips down the river,
visiting the Commi settlements and examining the
altered state of the river banks. The alterations in
the mouth of the Fernand Vaz I found had arisen
from the currents of the river and the sea having
broken through the long sandy spit, making the
embouchure broader but more dangerous, because
portions of the spit had been converted into sand-
banks with but a small depth of water over them ;
and, the sand having shifted, no one knew the situa-
26 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. II.
tion of the deep channel. Old Sangala, the chief of
Elindé at the mouth of the river, was dead; and his
heir, the present chief, who had taken the name of his
predecessor, was a drunkard, and was held in very
little estimation. JI missed, near the river’s mouth,
the beautiful little island on which I used to shoot so
many water birds, and where, as also on the sandy
spit, the grotesque and large crane Mycteria senegal-
ensis used to be found, together with thousands of sea-
birds of many species. The widows of old Sangala
had all married again; but they gave me a warm
welcome, especially the old kondé (head wife or
Queen) who cooked my food for me whilst I stayed,
and became eloquent in recalling the events of the
good old fimes when Sangala was alive. Her hus-
band showed no jealousy at this discourse, for here
widows: are allowed freely to praise their former
husbands.
Death had been busy in other places besides Elindé.
At the village of Makombé I found that the chief
was dead, and that [lougou, his heir, who had helped
me to build my former settlement of Washington, had
been accused of having caused his death by witch-
eraft, and forced to drink the poison ordeal, which
ended in his own life being sacrificed. Similar scenes
had been enacted in other villages. It is dangerous
in this unhappy country to be the heir of any man
who sickens and dies.
The day after my return from visiting the mouth
of the river, I was seized with a severe fit of fever,
which laid me prostrate for four days. I was obliged
to send on board the Mentor for a supply of calomel
Cuap. II, MY ILLNESS. 27
and jalap, as my medicine chest had been lost in the
upsetting of the canoe, a box of quinine only having
been saved. I was touched during my illness by the
great sympathy shown to me by the natives. The
most perfect silence was observed round the hut
where I lay, day and night; tam-tamming, singing and
dancing were forbidden, lest they should disturb me ;
and the old chief, Ranpano, came and sat every day
for hours together by my bed-side. He very seldom
spoke, but his countenance manifested the anxiety
which the good old fellow felt. He would sometimes
say “ Chaillie! Chaillie! you must not be ill while
you stay in my village. None among my people are
glad to see you ill. I love you, for you came to me,
and I have no better friend in the world.” When he
went out he used to mutter words which I did not
understand, but which were probably invocations to
some spirit to watch over me. Old Ranpano had
some strange notions about spirits good and bad,
which I think were peculiar to him. One day he
took it into his head that he should die if he entered
my hut, for he had been told that some one having
an aniemba (a witch) had made a mondah, and had
put it under the threshold of my door, so that, should
he enter my hut, the witch would go into him and he
would die.
No persuasion of mine could induce the old chief
to come into my hut, and after a time I got angry
with him, and told him that he ought not to refuse to
come and see me. The good old chief immediately
sent for some doctors, who, of course, at once declared
that it was true that some one wanted to bewitch him,
28 THE FERNAND VAZ. Ouap. I.
and had put a mondah at my door to kill him. But
they said that it could be removed now that the
people knew that there was one.
Immediately the ceremonies for banishing the
witch began. For three consecutive days they danced
almost incessantly, and invoked the good spirits; and
one fine morning, whilst I was occupied in writing
inside the hut, unaware that any one was approaching,
Ranpano came to my door, fired a gun, and entered
the hut in a great hurry, muttering invocations and
curses ; he then became easier in his manners, having
as he thought, thus cleared the moral atmosphere.
An event of great importance in relation to my
expedition occurred on the 22nd of November and
following days. During my absence in Hurope the
assembled chiefs of the Commi clans under the pre-
sidency of King Olenga-Yombi (who had now taken
the name of Rigoundo). had passed a law to the effect
that no Mpongwé (the trading tribe of the Gaboon)
or white man should be allowed to ascend the river
Fernand Vaz or the Ogobai. It is the universal rule
among the coast tribes of West Africa to prevent, if
possible, all strangers from penetrating into the inte-
rior, even if it be only to the next tribe, through fear
that they should lose the exclusive privilege of trading
with these tribes. Indeed every tribe tries to pre-
vent all strangers from communicating with the tribe
next in advance of them. The spirit of commercial and
political monopoly, so natural to the heart of uncivi-
lized as well as semi-civilized man, is the cause of
this; and the rule had only been broken through in
Cuap. IT. KING OLENGA-YOMBI. 29
my own case, on my former journey, owing to my
popularity among the chiefs and the powerful friend-
ship of Quengueza. It was now my aim to get this
new law repealed, at least as far as I was concerned ;
and on the 22nd of November King Olenga-Yombi
came in person to my village on the Fernand Vaz, to
hold a palaver thereupon.
King Olenga-Yombi still retained his old habits
of drunkenness, which I have described in ‘ Equatorial
Africa ;’ and although it was early in the morn-
ing when he came to see me, he was already fuddled
with palm wine. I made him a present of a very
long blue coat, the tails of which dangled about his
ankles when he walked, and a light yellow waistcoat
with gilt buttons ; with these he strutted about with
the true pride of an African king, and they seemed
to please him quite as much as the muskets and many
other more useful articles which I added to the gift.
A single word from Olenga-Yombi might have hin-
dered me from passing up the river; for, although in
council the head chiefs of these tribes have no more
influence than the other speakers, they have the
power of veto.in many things. There is a certain
spirit of loyalty amongst these Africans which leads
them not to disobey a positive prohibition by the
superior chief, although he may not have the physical
power to enforce obedience. It was important there-
fore for me to conciliate this drunken negro chief.
The palaver was held in the council-house of the
village, a large open shed, chairs being placed for
the principal speakers. There was a Mpongwé man
present who had recently come from the Gaboon, en-
30 THE FERNAND VAZ. Gaap. IL. |
trusted by one of the traders there with about eight
hundred pounds worth of goods. When the palaver
began, I took care that my own case and that of the
Mpongwé should be treated of separately. The result
was most satisfactory. I was allowed the right of
the river, whilst the Mpongwé was refused. Long
speeches were made, and the king finally issued his
decree that whatever village allowed the Mpongwé
trader to pass up the river should be burnt and the
plantations destroyed. The speakers argued that I
did not go into the interior to trade, but to shoot
animals and bring away the skins and_ bones.
“Truly,” they said, “we do not know what our
Chaillie has in his stomach to want such things, but
we must let him go.” Orders were given to the
Makaga to see that the law was executed; and the
king concluded by assuring me that not only would
no resistance be offered to my progress, but that, when
I was ready to depart, he would send some of his own
slaves to accompany me. He told me, when we were
alone afterwards, that I was his “big. white man.”
“What you say,” he continued, “ we do, for we know
it is for our good.” He wished me to go gnd esta-
blish a factory at his village near Cape St. Catherine,
saying that he had made a law that whoever robbed
a white man should have his ears cut off, and that
his people, who were formerly great thieves, did not
now steal any longer. On the 25th he departed,
after having made me promise to visit him at his
village.
On the 27th of November I paid a visit to the
ruins of my old establishment, ‘‘ Washington,” and
-Onap. II. VISIT TO RINKIMONGANI’S GRAVE. 31
to the burial-place of my faithful guardian Rinki-
mongani, which: were a mile distant from my new
settlement. I felt the loss of the honest old fellow
more than ever, for the man who now filled the same
office, Malonga, the brother of Ranpano, was a tricky
knave, whom I disliked thoroughly. The natives
told me that Rinkimongani was continually talking
of me during my absence, counting the seasons as
they rolled past, and carefully guarding the house
and gardens, in the firm hope that I should soon
return. It was universally believed, of course, that
he had been bewitched through jealousy of my
friendship for him, and that foul play had been used
to cause his death.
I was accompanied by one of my boys to the
burial-eround. The road to it from my place led
across the prairie and through a few groves of trees
to the margins of one of those pretty islands of wood,
which diversify the sandy grass-land of the Fernand
Vaz. The cemetery was recognisable from a distance
by the numerous poles fixed in the ground. Rinki-
monganis body had been placed in a box or coffin,
for the Commi people are now so far advanced in
civilisation that they have adopted the white man’s
customs in this respect; it is only, however, the head
men who are laid in boxes, and they are not interred
in the earth, but laid according to the old native
habit on the surface, or mserted a small depth into
the ground. The wood of my poor old friend’s coffin
was decayed, and I could see his mouldering bones
inside, together with the remains of his valuables
that were buried with him, consisting of jugs and
32 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. IT.
pots, a quantity of brass buttons, the remains of a
eoat, and an old umbrella-stick, which was all that
was left of this article, a present from me, and which
he always carried about with him. - All around were
skeletons and bones crumbling to powder, the frag-
ments of mats and cloth which had served the
corpses as their winding-sheets, and broken relics
which had been reverently buried with the dead.
It was a place that one might moralise in—the
humble, fragile grave-yard of a tribe of poor negroes,
which represented in their eyes quite as much as our
proud monuments of stone that will also in their
turn disappear.
Returning to the old settlement I saw the house
in which Rinkimongani died. It was still standing
close to my own place, which had been partly de-
stroyed by fire in the burning of the prairie. All
the out-buildings and huts of my men were com-
plete ruins, but the old man’s house was in tolerable
preservation. The faith of Rinkimongani in my
return had overcome his superstitious scruples; for
every negro believed the settlement had been be-
witched, and wondered at the old man’s folly and
obstinacy in remaining there after so many had
died. It will be remembered that the place was orice
abandoned on account of its evil reputation during
my former residence. As I wandered about the
ruins I thought of the many happy hours I had
spent here in the days-of my Natural History en-
thusiasm, when I was amassing my collections, and
the addition of a new species was the coveted reward
of a long day’s hunt. The birds which used to build
Cuap. II. THE BOLA IVOGA. 33
their nests by hundreds in the surrounding trees had
forsaken the place; and in the rank grass near the
river I saw a huge python coiled up, like an evil
spirit on the watch. When I told my companion
that I regretted not having returned to the old spot,
he looked at me with horror expressed in his coun-
tenance. The place was thought to be bewitched
and accursed.
All the fixtures and household property of Rin-
kimongani remained intact, for the bola woga, or
breaking up of the mourning-time’ and division of
his effects,* had not yet been celebrated. Contrary
to African custom, the wives of the deceased had
deserted the place before the bola ivoga, on account
of its bad reputation. They ought to have remained
here in chaste widowhood until the proper time had
arrived for the ceremony (generally a year or two
after the death of the husband), when the wives,
slaves, and other property of the deceased, are
divided amongst his rightful heirs, and the house
burnt to the ground.
Soon after this the building of my new palm-
wood house approached completion, in the little
village which I had chosen for my residence, and
which I had bought of Rabolo, a petty chief. Nothing
remained to be put up except the verandah, but an
obstacle existed to its erection which my men dared
not remove. This was a formidable mondah or fetich,
which my friend Rabolo had made in his village
before I purchased it, and which I now found was
* See, for a description of this custom, ‘ Adventures in Equatorial
Africa,’ p. 239.
34 THE FERNAND VAZ. Unap. If,
close to the site of my house, at what was formerly
the entrance to the single street of the village.
Almost all the villages in this country have some-
thing of this kind at their entrance, constructed to
prevent the entry of witchcraft and death, or to
bring good luck to the inhabitants. Rabolo’s talis-
man was considered to be a very effective one, for
since the village was established, twelve dry seasons
ago, no one had died there. This was no great
wonder, since there were only fifteen inhabitants
in the place. |
My ‘builders came to me to say they dared not
remove Rabolo’s fetich, and prayed me not to touch
it until Rabolo came, otherwise there would be a big
palaver. It seemed likely I should have some diffi-
culty, for Rabolo had already spent the purchase-
money of his village, distributing the goods amongst
his wives and numerous fathers-in-law. However,
I was firm, and when Rabolo came I was peremptory
in demanding that the rubbish should be cleared
away. He submitted at last, and commenced to cut
down the bushes which covered the talisman, and
dig up the mysterious relics. The first thing that I
saw turned up was the skull of a chimpanzee buried
in the sand; then came the skull of a man, probably
an ancestor of Rabolo, and a mass of broken plates,
glasses, and crockery of all sorts, which had been
placed there to keep company with the mondah. He
then removed the two upright poles with cross-bar
and talismanic creeper growing at their foot, which
constituted the protecting portal of the village, the
negroes all the while standing around with looks of
Cuap. II. RABOLO’S FETICH. 30
blank amazement. It is the belief of the negroes
that, as’ long as the creeping-plant keeps alive, so
long will the fetich retain its efficacy. A similar
plant covered both the heaps of skulls and rubbish.
At the foot of this portal and underneath the creeper
were more chimpanzee skulls and fragments of pot-
tery. Inthe ground near the two poles were also two
wooden idols. We removed the whole, and I need not
tell my readers that no evil consequences ensued. As
to Rabolo and his subjects, they flattered themselves
that it was this powerful fetich which brought me
to settle on this spot. They have, in common with
all the negroes of this part of Africa, a notion that
there is some mysterious connection or affinity be-
tween the chimpanzee and the white man. It is
owing, I believe, to the pale face of the chimpanzee,
which has suggested the notion that we are descended
from it, as the negro has descended from the black-
faced gorilla. I heard of other head men of villages
making mondahs with skulls of chimpanzees associated
with skulls of their ancestors, believing that these
would draw my heart to them and induce me to give
them presents or trust them with goods. I removed
all my goods and establishment to the village when
my large roomy house and store were at length
ready for me, thanks to my good friend Captain
Vardon, who had himself worked hard to get them
finished. The house was pleasantly situated between
the villages of Djombouai and Ranpano.
On the 18th of January, 1864, the Mentor, having
completed her cargo, sailed for England. It was the
first vessel that the Commi people had. loaded by
al mre
* Sh ey
>
36 THE FERNAND VAZ. Cuap. II.
themselves with the produce of their country, and
they were not a little proud of their achievement.
Besides Thomas, I sent by the vessel a live female
chimpanzee which I had obtained, and which I chris-
tened “Mrs. Thomas.” I also sent a collection of
skulls of natives, about ninety in number, for the
British Museum. I was obliged to pack these skulls
very carefully, to prevent the negroes from know-
ing what it was they were carrying on board the
ship. .
I had forbidden my lad Macondai to say a word
about it. As they placed the box in’the cance, the
negroes inquired what was in it. Macondai answered,
“Of course, mats for his friends.” As soon as the
box was on board the ship the mate and the sailors:
peeped into it, and discovering the contents, begged
Captain Vard:n to send. the box ashore again, as
the skulls were sure to bring misfortune and ship-
wreck. Luckily for me Captain Vardon had too
much good sense to pay any heed to their supersti-
tious fears. |
Mrs. Tom unfortunately died on the passage, but
Tom, as I have already stated, arrived safely in
London, and is still living.* I went on board when
all was ready, and bade Captain Vardon a hearty
good-bye. My boys in the canoe gave three cheers
for the crew, as the white sails expanded and the
little vessel glided away; and I returned to my
solitude in the wilderness with a heavy heart.
“ The fire at the Crystal Palace, to which my unfortunate pet fell a
sacrifice, occurred whilst these sheets were passing through the press.
CHAPTER III.
EXCURSIONS IN SEARCH OF THE GORILLA AND THE IPI.
Visit to King Olenga-Yombi—Storm on the Fernand Vaz—Land journey
to Aniambié—First traces of Gorilla—Form of its tracks—Drunken
orgies of the King—Magic island of Nengué Ncoma—Village of
Nkongon Mboumba—Search of the Ipi, or great Pangolin—Its habits—
Village of Mburu Shara—Nkengo Nschiego variety of Chimpanzee—
Bowers of the Chimpanzee—Group of Gorillas in a plantain grove—
Their mode of walking—Horrid form of monomania—Akondogo brings
a live Gorilla—Return to the Fernand Vaz—Three more live Gorillas
—Account of their capture—Modification of opinions concerning the
Gorilla. ‘
DvurRinG my stay in the country of the Fernand Vaz,
before departing for the interior, I made several very
interesting excursions. The most important of these
were to the residence of King Olenga-Yombi near
Cape St. Catherine, on the coast, south of the Fernand
Vaz, and to the wooded country in the interior south-
east of that place: This part of the country, I have
now reason for concluding, is the head- -quarters of
the gorilla, or the district in which he exists in the
greatest number, but where he is wildest and most
difficult to get near. I stayed there many weeks,
almost wholly occupied in hunting, and had good
opportunities of seeing this formidable ape in his
native wilds. Some account of these excursions will,
therefore, be necessary in this place.
I visited Aniambié, the residence of Olenga-Yombi,
38 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Caap. ITI.
twice during the year 1864, once in February and
again in June. During the first excursion, besides
hunting the gorilla, I spent some time in search of
a large species of pangolin, or scaly ant-eater, called
Tpi, which I had not succeeded in obtaining during
my earlier travels in this country. We left my
village, “ Plateau,” as I had named it, on the 13th
of the month, in two canoes, one manned by eleven
men in which I myself embarked, and the other
manned by six men.
As my readers will see by the map, the Fernand
Vaz runs in the lower part of its course, for about
forty miles, nearly parallel to the sea, the space
between the river and the sea-shore being a tract of
level sandy country covered with grass and isolated
groups of trees, and nowhere more than a few
miles wide. The nearest road to Aniambié, a sea-
shore town, the capital of Olenga-Yombi, is therefore
up the stream to a point nearly opposite the town,
and then across the tongue of land. A little south
of this point, and.towards the interior, the level land
ceases, and a hilly and more thickly-wooded country
commences, where are the plantations of the king.
As we put off from “Plateau” on our first journey,
Malonga, an old negro, whom I left in charge of my
house and property,* assured me that he had made a
fetich to ensure us fine weather, and that we should
have no rain. In this country the doctors are not
makers, but unmakers, of rain. He was miserably
* Ranpano had named this man to be guardian of my premises whenever
I was absent; and the guardian having been named by the chief, he and
his people became responsible for the safety of my property.
\
Cuap. III. STORM ON THE FERNAND VAZ. 39
wrong in his forecast. The evening, indeed, was fine,
and the moon shone ina cloudless sky ; but soon after
the moon had set, about ten o’clock, a thick black cloud
arose in the north-east, and before we could run the
eanoes into a safe harbour, a terrific tornado burst upon
us. The sky seemed all ablaze with hghtning, and the
thunder pealed incessantly. Our canoes were driven
ashore, but luckily in a place where the banks were
clothed with low trees and bushes. The rain came
down in torrents, and we could find no shelter until
we reached a small village, where we went ashore,
and passed the remainder of the night shivering over
our wretched little fire, for the people had neglected
to provide a supply of fire-wood.
We stayed here till noon the next day, and then
resumed our voyage in the rain till six o'clock, when
we arrived at the landing-place, where the path com-
mences that leads to Aniambié. King Olenga-Yombi
had here ordered a large shed (ebando) to be built for
me, and we found a store of fire-wood and provisions,
including a goat, ready for us. The ebando stood on
the banks of a little creek, the mouth of which lay
opposite the lower end of the Island Nengué Shika.
Inland from this place the scenery is varied and
beautiful; stretches of grassy prairie and patches of
luxuriant forest. Some parts of the district, however,
are swampy, and in these the forest is very rank.
Such places are calied by the natives “ivolo,” which
means a wooded bog, and they are the haunts of the
gorilla. My first day’s chase was not very successful.
We hunted with two dogs, and after we had struggled
through the thorny and swampy thickets for a long
40 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Czaap. III.
time, one of the dogs broke away from us, and spoilt
what might have been very good sport. We heard
distinctly the rustling and crashing noise in the bush,
which denoted gorillas in the act of feeding, for, in
searching for berries, they are continually pulling
down the branches of the lower trees, and letting
them go again. Before we could get within sight of
them we heard a sharp cry, and they then made off.
My men agreed with myself that they were two
females; but they also added that the male was not
far away, and would soon come towards us to see what
drove his females off, and fight us. We traversed
the jungle for two or three miles, but had not the
good luck to see a male gorilla. Foot-tracks were
very abundant in the moist soil wherever we came
~ upon bare places. .We followed the tracks of the
two females until we lost them in the midst of a
great number of foot-marks of other gorillas. All
around were numerous young trees broken down,
and, in an old plantation, we saw some sugar-cane
which had been broken, and the stems presented signs ~
of their having been bitten by the gorillas.
I may state in this place that I took particular note,
on this day’s hunt; of the marks which the feet and
hands of the gorilla made in the soft soil. The tracks
were very plain, but those of the feet never showed
the marks of the toes, only the heels, and the tracks
of the hands showed simply the impressions of the
knuckles.
During the following days I traversed other
patches of jungle lying nearer the sea-shore, and,
although unsuccessful with regard to bagging a
Cuap. III. DRUNKEN ORGIES OF THE KING. 4]
gorilla, added a number of specimens in other depart-
ments of Natural History to my collection. On the
25th of February I proceeded to Aniambié to see the
king, who had returned from a big palaver he had
had with the Ngobi tribe south of Cape Catherine.
The Ngobi are the next tribe to the Commi, going
southward along the coast. They’ have not yet
arrived at that stage of African civilization which
forbids selling their own people into slavery. The
Mpongwe of the Gaboon and the Commi of the Fer-
nand Vaz, since they have become a little civilized
by contact with the white man, have quite abandoned
the practice of selling people of their own tribes ;
such an act would be now looked upon as shameful.
I have already described Aniambié in my former
work; all that it is now necessary to say is, that I
found it much reduced in its population, and looking
very wretched. The king, as usual, was drunk when
I arrived. Indeed, he was too tipsy to stand on his
legs; nevertheless, he was bullying and boasting in a
loud tone of voice. I had not been in his place long
before he ordered another calabash full of palm wine,
and drank off about half a gallon of it. This finished
him up for the day; he fell back into the arms of his
loving wives, ejaculating many times, “I am a big
king! I am a big king!” The voice soon became
inaudible, and he fell asleep.
In the neighbourhood of Aniambié there is one
island covered with trees, which is held in great awe.
It is called Nengué Ncoma. ‘“ Whosoever enters
this island,” said to me one of my guides, “is sure to
die suddenly, or to become crazy and wander about
: :
42 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. III.
till he dies.” This is another of the wild superstitions
with which this land is teeming, so fertile are the
busy brains of the imaginative Commi people. My
guide added that it was the home of a great crocodile
whose scales were of brass, and who never left the
island. To show the people how vain were their
fears, I immediately walked towards the place, and
traversed the patch of jungle in various directions.
When I came out again the poor negroes seemed
stupified with wonder. They were not cured, how-
ever, of their belief, for they only concluded that I
was a spirit, and that what would be death to them
did no harm to me. |
Early in the morning of the 26th of February,
before the drunken king was awake, I started for
Nkongon Mboumba, one of his slave villages, there
to hunt the ipi or large pangolin, which was said to
inhabit the neighbouring forest. During my former
journey I sought in vain for the ipi, it being very
rarely met with. The place is situated about ten
miles south-east of Aniambié, in an undulating well-
wooded country. ° It is built on the summit of a hill,
at the foot of which flowed a charming rivulet, which
meandered through the valley for some distance, and
then became hidden from the view by the dense
forest. This district was wholly new ground to me,
as I had not visited it in my former travels. Among
the slaves residing here to work the king’s planta-
tions were specimens of no less than eleven different
tribes. Some old slaves from the far interior seemed
very little removed from the Anthropoid apes in their
shape and features—lean legs, heavy bodies with pro-
IPI, OR SCALY ANT-EATER.
(Pholidotus Africanus.)
Cuap. III. THE PANGOLIN OR IPI. * 48
minent abdomen, retreating foreheads and projecting
muzzles—they were more like animals than men and
women. A Portuguese slave-schooner had just: left
the coast for the Island of St. Thomas with seventy-
eight slaves on board. The king, as well as the chiefs
and people, never sell the slaves they have inherited,
and I saw some in this village who had lived there
fifty years. The children of slaves, also, are not sold.
The sale of inherited slaves is contrary to the customs
of the country, and, to use their own expression,
would bring shame upon them.
The next morning I went with a number of men
in search of the ipi. From the description given
me by the natives I was sure that I had never before
met with this species, and had some hope of its being
new to science. The pangolin genus (Manis of
zoologists) to which it belongs is a very singular
eroup of animals. They are ant-eaters, like the
Myrmecophaga of South America, being like them
quite destitute of teeth, and having a long extensile
tongue, the extremity of which is covered with a
elutinous secretion, by means of which they catch
their prey. But, whilst the South American ant-
eaters are clothed with hair, like ordinary mammalian
animals, the pangolins have an armour of large scales,
implanted in the skin of the upper surface of the body
from the head to the tip of the tail, and imbricated or
overlapping, like the slates on the roof of a house.
The animals look, at first sight, like curious heavy-
bodied lizards, but they have warm blood, and nourish
their young like the rest of the mammalia. |
The ipi lives in burrows in the earth, or sometimes
44 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. IIL
in the large hollows of colossal trunks of trees which
have fallen to the ground. The burrows that I saw
were in light soil on the slope of a hill. There are
two holes to each gallery, one for entrance and the
other for exit. This is necessary, on account of the
animal being quite incapable of curving its body
sideways, so that it cannot turn itself in its burrow.
The bodies of pangolins are very flexible vertically,
that is, they can roll themselves up into a ball, and
coil and uncoil themselves very readily, but they
cannot turn round within the confined limits of
their burrows. In hunting them we had first to
ascertain, by the footmarks, or more readily by the
marks left by the trail of the tail, which was the
entrance and which the exit of the burrow, and then,
making a trap at the one end, drive them out by the
smoke of a fire at the other; afterwards securing
them with ropes. The freshness of the tracks told
us that the animal had entered its burrow the pre-
vious evening; for I must add that the ipi is
nocturnal in its’ habits, sleeping in its burrow
throughout the day. When it wanders at night the
natives say that they can hear the rattling of *
large scales.
A long and wearisome day’s hunt produced no
fruit. We wandered over hill and dale through the
forest and streams, leaving the beaten paths, and
struggling for hours through the tangled maze, with
no other result than to tear our clothes to rags, and
cover ourselves with scratches from the thorns and
cutting edges of sword-like grasses which grew in,
many places. I nevertheless persevered, searching
Cuap. IIT. RESULT OF THE IPI HUNT. 45
the whole country for many miles round, and had, at
any rate, the melancholy satisfaction of feeling that
I was hardening myself for any amount of endurance
that might be required in my future explorations.
At length, on the 5th of March, I was rewarded
by finding two specimens, an adult female and a
young one; the skins and skeletons of both I pre-
served and afterwards sent to the British Museum.
The adult measured about four feet and a half from
the head to the tip of the tail. The flesh of the ipi
is good eating. Those that I captured were very
lean, but I was informed by the natives that they
are sometimes very fat. I found, on dissection, no-
thing but the remains of ants in their stomachs. The
tail is very thick, and makes a large track on the
ground in walking. |
On my return to England I found, as I had
expected, that my ipi was a new species; but it
appears that, some time after the arrival of my
two specimens, another was bought from a dealer,
who said that it had come from Dr. Baikie, having
been found by him in the neighbourhood of the
River Niger. It has been described by Dr. Gray
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society, April,
1865, under the name of Pholidotus Africanus, so
that it belongs to a different genus from the rest
of the African species of these curious animals,
which are ranged under Manis. It is interesting
to find that the animal is more nearly allied to an
Indian form than to the other African pangolins.
My adult skeleton fortunately turned out a fine and
perfect specimen, the largest yet known, and it may
46 SEARCH FOR. THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. III.
now be seen mounted in the collection of the British
Museum.* |
My first journey to the gorilla district having been
unsuccessful in its main object, namely, the capture
of a gorilla (although I obtained several skins and
skeletons), I resolved to pay it a second visit. The
16th of June saw me again on my way thither.
On the 17th I diverged from my route to visit
my friend Mburu Shara, a negro chief, whose vil-
lage was situated on the right or eastern bank of
the Fernand Vaz, just opposite to the landing-place
of Aniambié. Mburu Shara was a younger man
than African chiefs usually are, but he was one of
the finest fellows in the country, and well-disposed
towards the white man. I spent three most delightful
days at his place, which I had never before visited.
Soon after I landed, the villagers came forth, laid
mats at my feet, and piled up their presents of
plantains; a fat goat was given to me, and my
* The specimen of Pholidotus Africanus on which the describer of the
species founds his measurements, and the skull of which he figured, I have
ascertained, by my own examination in the British Museum, is not the
one said to be received from the Niger, but the specimen which I sent.
The Niger specimen is very much smaller. I mention this, because
Dr. Gray, doubtless through inadvertency, has omitted to mention my
name at all in connection with the species. This omission is important
only from the circumstance that the locality of the animal, “‘ Fernand
Vaz,” is also left out; the localities and ranges of species being always
considered, and very rightly, important facts in zoological science. I
presume there is a possibility of a mistake in the locality of the Niger
specimen; however, I may as well mention that I know that a third speci-
men of the ipi was taken by the natives whilst I was at the Fernand Vaz,
exactly the size of the one described as coming from the Niger: but the
natives asking too high a price for it, I would not purchase it, and it came
into the possession of Captain Holder, the master of the Cambria, a vessel
trading to Bristol; where the specimen is at present I do not know, but it
may possibly be the one Dr. Gray purchased for the British Museum.
Onap. III. NEW VARIETY OF CHIMPANZEE. 47
reception altogether was most hearty. I hunted in
the neighbourhood during my stay. The country
was varied in its surface, prairie land and scattered
woods. The woods were inhabited by a good many
chimpanzees, but the gorilla was not known in the
district. We succeeded in killing an adult female
chimpanzee of a variety new to me, and called by
the natives Nkengo Nschiego. It is distinguished
from the common form of the chimpanzee by its face
being yellow. All the specimens of the old bald-
headed chimpanzee (Nschiego Mbouvé) that I have
found had black faces, except when quite young,
when the face is white and not yellow, as I have de-
scribed in ‘ Equatorial Africa ;’ and the common chim-
panzee, although yellow-faced when young, becomes
gradually black as it grows old. There are, there-
fore, three varieties of the chimpanzee distinguished
by the negroes of Equatorial Africa. I do not here
include the Kooloo Kamba.* I was extremely sorry
at not being able to obtain further specimens of this
last-mentioned ape on my present journey; it appears
to be very rare. I was told that the Nschiego
Mbouvé was also found in these woods.
I found here also several of the bowers made by
the Nkengo Nschiego of branches of trees, and they
were somewhat different in form from those I found
in my former journey. I had two of them cut
down, and sent them to the British Museum.
They are formed at a height of twenty or thirty feet
in the trees by the animals bending over and inter-
twining a number of the weaker boughs, so as to
* Figured in ‘ Adventures in Equatorial Africa, pp. 270 and 360,
4§ SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. Il.
form bower, under which they can sit, protected from —
the rains by the masses of foliage thus entangled
together, some of the boughs being so bent that they
form convenient seats; on them were found remains
of nuts and berries.
I found Olenga-Yombi at his slave-plantation,
drunk as usual. His head wife, thinking to appease
my wrath at the vile habits of her husband, told me
the following curious story of the origin of the vice.
When he was quite a child his father used to put him
in a big bag which he had made for the purpose, and
carry him to the top of a high tree, where he plied
him with the intoxicating palm wine. LHvery day he
repeated the dose until the child came to like palm
wine better than its mother’s milk, whereat the father
was greatly delighted, because he wished him to be
renowned, when he was grown up, for the quantity
of palm wine he could drink. “So you see, Chaillie,”
she said, “ you must not be angry with him, for it is
not his own fault.” The wife, however, promised he:
should keep sober whilst I was with him, and the
slaves, amusingly enough, in the presence of the king,
declared they would throw away every calabash of
wine that should be brought to his Majesty.
I had not been at the village long before news came
that gorillas had been recently seen in the neighbour-
hood of a plantation only half a mile distant. Early
in the morning of the 25th of June I wended my
way thither, accompanied by one of my boys, named
Odanga. The plantation was a large one, and
situated on very broken ground, surrounded by the
virgin forest. It was a lovely morning ; the sky was
ap. III. GROUP OF GORILLAS. 49
almost cloudless, and all around was still as death,
except the slight rustling of the tree-tops moved by
the gentle land breeze. When I reached the place, I
had first to pick my way through the maze of tree-
stumps and half-burnt logs by the side of a field of
cassada. I was going quietly along the borders of
this, when I heard, in the grove of plantain-trees
towards which I was walking, a great crashing noise,
like the breaking of trees. I immediately hid myself
behind a bush, and was soon gratified with the sight
of a female oe but before I had time to notice
its movements, a second and third emerged from the
masses of colossal foliage ; at length no less than four
came into view.
They were all busily engaged in tearing down the
larger trees. One of the females had a young one
following her. I had an excellent opportunity of
watching the movements of the impish-looking band.
The shaggy hides, the protuberant abdomens, the
hideous features of these strange creatures, whose
forms so nearly resemble man, made up a picture like
a vision in some morbid dream. In destroying a tree,
they first grasped the base of the stem with one of
their feet and then with their powerful arms pulled it
down, a matter of not much difficulty with so loosely-
formed a stem as that of the plantain. They then set
upon the juicy heart of the tree at the bases of the
leaves, and devoured it with great voracity. While
eating they made a kind of clucking noise, ex-
pressive of contentment. Many trees they destroyed
apparently out of pure mischief. Nowand then they
stood still and looked around. Once or twice they
50 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. TL
seemed on the point of starting off in alarm, but re
covered themselves and continued their work. Gra-
dually they got nearer to the edge of the dark forest,
and finally disappeared. I was so intent on watching
them, that I let go the last chance of shooting one
almost before I became aware of it.
The next day I went again with Odanga to the
same spot. I had no expectation of seeing gorillas in
~the same plantation, and was carrying a light shot
gun, having given my heavy double-barrelled rifle to
the boy to carry. The plantation extended over two
hills, with a deep hollow between, planted with sugar
cane. Before I had crossed the hollow I saw on the
opposite slope a monstrous gorilla, standing erect
and looking directly towards me. Without turning
my face I beckoned to the boy to bring me my rifle,
but no rifle came,—-the little coward had bolted, and
I lost my chance. The huge beast stared at me for
about two minutes, and then, without uttermg any
ery, moved off to the shade of the forest, running
nimbly on his hands and feet.
As my readers may easily imagine, I iid excellent
opportunity of observing, during these two days,
the manner in which the gorillas walked when in
open ground. They move along with great rapidity
and on all fours, that is, with the knuckles of their
hands touching the ground. Artists, in representing
the gorilla walking, generally make the arms too
much bowed outwards, and the elbows too much
bent ; this gives the figures an appearance of heaviness
aud awkwardness. When the gorillas that I watched
left the plantain-trees, they moved off at a great pace
Caay. III. _ A LIVE GORILLA CAUGHT. 51
over the ground, with their arms extended straight
forwards towards the ground, and moving rapidly.
I may mention also that having now opened the
stomachs of several freshly-killed gorillas I have
never found anything but vegetable matter in them.
When I returned to Nkongon Mboumba I found
there my old friend Akondogo, chief of one of the
Commi villages, who had just returned from the Ngobi
country, a little further south. To my great surprise
and yas he had brought for me a living gorilla,
a young one, but the ne I had ever seen ‘captaaiad
alive. Like Joe, the young male whose habits in
confinement I described in ‘ Equatorial Africa,’ this
one showed the most violent and ungovernable dis-
position. He tried-to bite every one who came near
him, and was obliged to = bya forked stick |
closely applied to the back of his neck. “This mode of
imprisoning these animals is a very improper one if
the object be to keep them alive and to tame them,
but, unfortunately, in this barbarous country, we had
not the materials requisite to build a strong cage.
The injury caused to this one by the forked stick
eventually caused his death. As I had some more
hunting to do, I left the animal in charge of Akon-
dogo until he should have an opportunity of sending
it 1o me on the Fernand Vaz.
I cannot avoid relating in this place a very curious
instance of a strange and horrid form of monomania
which is sometimes displayed by these primitive
negroes. It was related to me so circumstantially by
Akondogo, and so well confirmed by others, that I
— «2 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cnap. III.
cannot help fully believing in all the principal facts
of the case.
Poor Akondogo said that he had had plenty of
trouble in his day; that a leopard had killed two of
his men, and that he had a great many palavers to
settle on account of these deaths.
Not knowing exactly what he meant, I said to
him, “ Why did you not make a trap to catch the
leopard?” To my astonishment, he replied, “The
leopard was not of the kind you mean. It was a
man who had changed himself into a leopard, and
then became a man again.” [I said, “ Akondogo, I
will never believe your story. How can a man be
turned into a leopard?” He again asserted that it
was true, and gave me the following history :—
Whilst he was in the woods with his people, gather-
ing india-rubber, one of his men disappeared, and,
notwithstanding all their endeavours, nothing could
be found of him but a quantity of blood. The next
day another man disappeared, and in searching for
him more blood was found. All the people got
alarmed, and Akondogo sent for a great Doctor to
drink the mboundou, and solve the mystery of these
two deaths. To the horror and astonishment of the
old chief, the doctor declared it was Akondogo’s own
child (his nephew and heir), Akosho, who had killed
the two men. Akosho was sent for, and, when asked
by the chief, answered that 1t was truly he who had
committed the murders; that he could not help it, for
~ he had turned into a leopard, and his heart longed
for blood; and that after each deed he had turned into
aman again. Akondogo loved his boy so much that
Unap, IIT. HORRID FORM OF MONOMANTA. 53
he would not believe his own confession, until the boy
took him to a place in the forest where lay the two
bodies, one with the head cut off, and the other with
the belly torn open. Upon this, Akondogo gave
orders to seize the lad. He was bound with ropes,
taken to the village, and there tied in a horizontal
position to a post, and burnt slowly to death, all the
people standing by until he expired.
I must say, the end of the story seemed to me too
horrid to listen to. I shuddered, and was ready to
curse the race that was capable of committing such
acts. But on careful inquiry, I found it was a case
of monomania in the boy Akosho, and that he really
was the murderer of the two men. It is probable
that the superstitious belief of these morbidly imagi-
native Africans in the transformation of men into
leopards, being early instilled into the minds of their
children, is the direct cause of murders being com-
mitted under the influence of it. The boy himself, as
well as Akondogo and all the people, believed he had
really turned into a leopard, and the cruel punish-
ment was partly in vengeance for witchcraft, and
partly to prevent the committal of more crimes by
the boy in a similar way, for, said they, the man has
a spirit of witchcraft.
The natives of all the neighbouring country were
now so well aware that I wanted live gorillas, and
was willing to give a high price for them, that many
were stimulated to search with great perseverance ;
the good effects of this were soon made evident.
One day as I was quietly dining with Captain
o4 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cuap. II.
Holder, of the Cambria (a vessel just arrived
from England), one of my men came in with
the startling news that three live gorillas had been
brought, one of them full grown. I had not long
to wait; in they came. First, a very large adult
female, bound hand and foot; then her female
child, screaming terribly; and lastly, a vigorous
young male, also tightly bound. The female had
been ingeniously secured by the negroes to a strong
stick, the wrists bound to the upper part and the
ankles to the lower, so that she could: not reach to
tear the cords with her teeth. It was dark, and
the scene was one so wild and strange that I shall
never forget it. The fiendish countenances of the
Calibanish trio, one of them distorted by pain, for
the mother gorilla was severely wounded, were lit up
by the ruddy glare of native torches. The thought
struck me, what would I not give to have the group
in London for a few days!
The young male I secured by a chain which I had
in readiness, and gave him henceforth the name of
Tom. We untied his hands and feet; to show his
gratitude for this act of kindness he immediately
made a rush at me, screaming with all his might;
happily the chain was made fast, and I took care
afterwards to keep out of his way. The old mother
gorilla was in an unfortunate plight. She had an
arm broken and a wound in the chest, besides beg
dreadfully beaten on the head. She groaned and
roared many times during the night, probably from
pain.
I noticed next day, and on many occasions, that the
Cuap. ITI. THREE MORE LIVE GORILLAS. 5d
vigorous young male whenever he made a rush at
any one and missed his aim, immediately ran back.
This corresponds with what is known of the habits of
the large males in their native woods ; when attacked
they make a furious rush at their enemy, break an
arm or tear his bowels open, and then beat a retreat,
leaving their victim to shift for himself,
The wounded female died in the course of the
next day; her moanings were more frequent in the
morning, and they gradually became weaker as her
life ebbed out. Her death was like that of a human
being, and afflicted me more than I could have
thought possible. Her child clung to her to the last,
and tried to obtain milk from her breast after she
was dead. I photographed them both when the
young one was resting in its dead mother’s lap. I
kept the young one alive for three days after its
mother’s death. It moaned at night most piteously.
I fed it on goat's milk, for it was too young
to eat berries. It died the fourth day, having
taken an unconquerable dislike to the milk. It
had, I think, begun to know me a little. As
to the male, I made at least a dozen attempts to
photograph the irascible little demon, but all in vain.
The pointing of the camera towards him threw him
into a perfect rage, and I was almost provoked to
give him a sound thrashing. The day after, how-
ever, I succeeded with him, taking two views, not
very perfect, but sufficient for my object.
I must now relate how these three animals were
caught, premising that the capture of the female was
the first instance that had come to my knowledge of
; |
56 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cnap. II.
an adult gorilla being taken alive. The place where
they were found was on the left bank of the Fernand
Vaz, about thirty miles above my village. At this
part a narrow promontory projects into the river.
It was the place where I had intended to take the |
distinguished traveller, Captain Burton, to show him
a live gorilla, if he had paid me a visit, as I had
expected, for I had written to invite him whilst he
was on a tour from his consulate at Fernando Po
to several points on the West African coast. A
woman, belonging to a neighbouring village, had
told her people that she had seen two squads of
female gorillas, some of them accompanied by their
young ones, in her plantain field. The men resolved
to go in chase of them, so they ‘armed themselves
with guns, axes, and spears, and sallied forth. The
situation was very favourable for the hunters; they
formed a line across the narrow strip of land and
pressed forward, driving the animals to the edge of
the water. When they came in sight of them,
they made all the noise in their power, and thus
bewildered the gorillas, who were shot or beaten
down in their endeavours to escape. There were
eight adult females altogether, but not a single male.
The negroes thought the males were in coneeal-
ment in the adjoining woods, having probably been
frightened away by: the noise.
This incident led me to modify somewhat the
opinions I had expressed, in ‘ Adventures in Hqua-
torial Africa, regarding some of the habits of the
gorilla. I there said that I believed it impossible to
capture an adult female alive, but I ought to have
Cuap. III. MODIFICATION OF OPINIONS. 57
added, unless wounded. I have also satisfied myself
that the gorilla is more gregarious than I formerly
considered it to be; at least it is now clear that, at
certain times of the year, it goes in bands more
numerous than those I saw in my former journey.
Then I never saw more than five together. I
have myself seen, on my present expedition, two
of these bands of gorillas, numbering eight or ten,
and have had authentic accounts from the natives of
other similar bands. It is true that, when gorillas
become aged, they seem to be more solitary, and to
live in pairs, or, as in the case of old males, quite
alone. I have been assured by the negroes that
solitary and aged gorillas are sometimes seen almost
white; the hair becomes grizzled with age, and I
have no doubt that the statement of their becoming
occasionally white with extreme old age is quite
correct.
After reconsidering the whole subject, I am com-
pelled also to state that I think it highly probable
that gorillas, and not chimpanzees, as I was formerly
inclined to think, were the animals seen and captured
by the Carthaginians under Hanno, as related in the
‘Periplus. Many circumstances combine in favour
of this conclusion. One of the results of my late
journey has been to prove that gorillas are nowhere
more common than on the tract of land between the
bend of the Fernand Vaz and the sea-shore; and, as
this land is chiefly of alluvial formation, and the
bed of the river constantly shifting, it is extremely
probable that there were islands here in the time of
Hanno. The southerly part of the land is rather
58 SEARCH FOR THE GORILLA AND THE IPI. Cnap. HI.
hilly, and, even if it were not then an island, the
Carthaginians in rambling a short distance from the
beach would see a broad water (the Fernand Vaz)
beyond them, and would conclude that the land was
an island,
Gorillas are attracted to this district by the quan-
tity of a little yellow berry, called mbimo, growing
there on a tree resembling the African teak, and
by the abundance of two other kinds of fruits, of
which they are very fond, and which grow on the
sandy soil of this part of the coast-land; one of these
fruits is called nionten, about the size of a nectarine,
and of the colour of the peach, but not having the
rich bloom of this fruit; it is produced by a shrub
that creeps over the sandy soil; the other resembles
in size and colour the wild plum, and is a fruit of
which I am myself very fond.
The passage in the ‘ Periplus’ which I mentioned
in ‘ Equatorial Africa’ is to the following effect :—
“On the third day, having sailed from thence,
passing the streams of fire, we came to a bay
called the Horn of the South. In the recess was an
island like the first, having a lake, and in this there
was another island full of wild men. But much the
greater part of them were women with hairy bodies,
whom the interpreters called gorillas. . . . But,
pursuing them, we were not able to take the men;
they all escaped from us by their great agility, being
_ cremnobates (that is to say, climbing precipitous rocks
and trees), and defending themselves by throwing
stones at us. We took three women, who bit and
tore those who caught them, and were unwilling to
Cuap. III. THE CARTHAGINIANS AND THE GORILLA. 4} )
follow. We were obliged, therefore, to kill them,
and took their skins off, which skins were brought
to Carthage, for we did not navigate farther, pro-
visions becoming scarce.”
These statements appear to me, with the fresh
knowledge I have gained on the present expedition,
to agree very well with the supposition that the bold
Carthaginians reached the country near the mouth
of the Fernand Vaz in their celebrated voyage, and
that the hairy men and women met with were males
and females of the Trolodytes gorilla. Even the name
“gorilla,” given to the animal in the ‘Periplus,’ is
not very greatly different from its native name at
the present day, “ngina” or “ngilla,” especially in
the indistinct way in which it is sometimes pro-
nounced. I now think it far more likely that the
gorilla was the animal seen and not the chimpanzee,
which is generally less gregarious, and is not often
found near the sea-coast. As to the theory that
Hanno’s hairy men and women were some species of
baboon, I think that very unlikely; for why would
the Carthaginians hang the skins in the temple
of Juno on their return to Carthage, and preserve
them for so many generations, as related by Pliny,
if they were simply the skins of baboons, animals so
common in Africa that they could scarcely have been
considered as anything extraordinary by a nation of
traders and travellers like the Carthaginians.
The gorilla is of migratory habits at some seasons
of the year. He is then not found in the districts
usually resorted to by him when the berries, fruits,
and nuts are in season. —
CHAPTER IV.
START FOR THE INTERIOR.
Arrival of a fresh supply of Scientific Instruments—The first Steamer on
the Fernand Vaz—Preliminary trip to Goumbi—Astonishment of the
Natives at the fire-vessel—Despatch Collections to Engiand—Live
Gorilla embarked for London—His habits in confinement—Narrow
escape of drowning when embarked—Preparations completed—Last
look at the sea—Outfit—Body guard of Commi men—Affecting part-
ing scenes—I am deceived by Olenga-Yombi—The renowned doctor,
Oune-jiou-e-niaré—Arrival at Goumbi—Observations to fix latitude
and altitude of Goumbi—Quengueza’s invocation of his Forefathers—
Disobedient Wives—Excessive Drought—Obindji— Opposition of
Bakalai—Arrival of Ashira Porters—Passage of the hills to Olenda.
On the 30th of June, I bade adieu to my friend
Olenga-Yombi, and started for Plateau. I hardly
left the ebando, when I espied the sail of a canoe that
was coming towards us from the direction of the
mouth of the river. On our meeting, the men in
the canoe shouted out, “ Your vessel has arrived.”
How glad I was—no news could have been more
welcome! My men pulled with renewed vigour, and
we reached Plateau that night. There I found
awaiting me a letter from Messrs. Baring of London, ©
who had kindly sent a vessel with goods and stores
for which I had written, and also with a fresh supply
of scientific instruments, to replace those spoilt in
the surf. My sets were not, however, completed
until a month afterwards, when other instruments
reached me by way of the Gaboon; my best chro-
Cnap. IV. ARRIVAL OF FRESH STORES. 61
nometer was brought me by Captain Vardon on his
return voyage from London in September. I had
then three sets and was prepared for accidents which
might occur in crossing rivers and so forth. I had
sent the damaged chronometers and sextants to Hng-
land through the Rev. W. Walker of the Gaboon ;
this being the only way I could send them at that
time. They went to the Gaboon in a native boat,
and were sent by Mr. Walker to the English consul
at Fernando Po, who kindly shipped them in the
mail steamer for Liverpool. I must here record my
thanks to Mr. Graves, now M.P. for Liverpool, who
took the trouble to receive the instruments and trans-
mit them to London, where my friends had them
repaired or replaced by new ones. Not the least
welcome was a box of medicines sent to me by
my good friend, Robert Cooke. My kind friends,
the American missionaries at the Gaboon, also sent
me a supply of medicines and other things. But
their letters were not of a kind to bring me much
consolation : they were not so hopeful as I was of
success in my undertaking, and although they did
not so express themselves, I could see they thought I
should never return.
An interesting event occurred in July, which is
worth recording here. It was the arrival ofa French
steamer, the first steam vessel ever seen in the waters
of the Fernand Vaz. Some of my negroes came
into my hut one morning in great consternation, and
breathless with running, to say that a great, smoking
ship of war had come down the Npoulounay river.
I asked how many guns it had. “ Ten,” they replied
62 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cunap. IV.
without hesitation. The vessel turned out to be a
small flat-bottomed river boat forty feet in length,
belonging to an old friend of mine, Dr. Touchard
_(Chirurgien de Marine, 1” classe), which he had
bought with the intention of exploring in it the
rivers of Equatorial Africa, and which he had lent
to the French authorities at the Gaboon ; it was now
commanded by Lieutenant Labigot of the French
Navy. I need hardly say that the ten guns were
only products of the imagination of my excited
negroes, the vessel had no guns at all. It was
ironically named the Leviathan, and had been built,
originally, as a pleasure boat, for the navigation of
the Seine near Paris. It entered the Fernand Vaz by
way of the Npoulounay river, having first explored,
in company with a larger vessel, the river Ogobai.
The present trip was planned simply from a desire to
pay me a visit.
The service on which Lieut. Labigot and Dr.
Touchard were employed was the completion of the -
survey of the Ogobai river, which had been com-
menced three years previously by Messrs. Serval and
Griffon du Bellay, the French Government having
shown recently great enterprise in the exploration of
this region. On neither expedition were the larger
vessels able to ascend the Ogobai, on account of the
shallowness of the water, the season chosen not being
favourable. Lieut. Labigot and Dr. Touchard had,
however, the perseverance to ascend in boats, or in
the little steamer, as far as the junction of the
Okanda and Ngouyai rivers; they were the first
Europeans who had reached this point, and it is to
Cuap. IV. TRIP TO GOUMBI. 63
be hoped, in the interests of science, that the result
of their voyage will soon be made public.
The Leviathan afterwards foundered in a squall
at the Gaboon, and I was extremely sorry to hear
that the loss was not made good to my friend Dr.
Touchard by the French Government, but I hope
that it has been by this time.
On July 12th we started in the steamer for an
excursion to Goumbi, about seventy miles up the
river, setting at defiance the law of the Commi that
no white man (except myself) should ascend the
stream. For the first twenty miles we had a stiff
breeze; we had then reached a small village on the
left bank where a Portuguese trader, agent for an
English house of business, was settled; there we
passed the night. On the 13th we started early and
reached Goumbi at half-past five p.m.
The apparition of a steam vessel in these solitary
waters put the whole country into a state of excite-
ment. The natives came forth in troops from the
villages and crowded the banks. Some were stupified;
others, recognising me on the deck as we passed, put
out in their canoes and paddled might and main in
their attempts to catch us. At the point where the
river, in descending from the interior, bends from
_its westerly course, the banks are high and wooded ;
here the steamer puffed its way right up to the villages
before it was seen, and the frightened natives peeped
from the top of the banks and ran away again.
Old Quengueza was proud of this visit of the white
men in their fire-vessel, and turned towards his
attendant Bakalai and Ashira with looks of supreme
64 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap, IV,
contempt. We remained in Goumbi all day on the
14th, and, on the 15th, ascended the river to three or
four miles beyond the junction of the Niembai. The
vain old African chieftain accompanied us unat-
tended, and he seemed thoroughly to enjoy his trip.
I made him put on a European coat and cap for the
occasion, although nothing would induce him to wear
a shirt, and had a chair placed on deck for him to sit
upon. Here he remained the whole time, with a self-
complacent smile on his grim features which was
almost laughable to look at. He took care to let the
people of the villages we passed see him, and calcu-
lated no doubt on increasing his influence on the
river by this important event. At this point we
were obliged to stop in our upward progress, on
account of the numerous fallen trees obstructing the
navigation, and on the 16th we returned to Plateau.
A few days after this excursion with Lieut.
Labigot and Dr. Touchard, I was honoured by an —
intended visit from the British Commodore Com-
manding the West African squadron, Commodore
A. P. Hardley-Wilmot. He called on his way along
the coast, in his flag ship, off the mouth of the river,
and learning from the master of the trading vessel
anchored there that the bar was unsafe for the ship’s
boats, he left a message for me expressing his regret
that he was unable to come up the river and see me.
He inquired regarding the preparations for my expe-
dition into the interior. I much regretted being
unable to see Commodore Wilmot, who I knew took
a warm interest in all scientific enterprises in the
countries of Western Africa, and would, I am sure,
Cuar. IV. COLLECTIONS DESPATCHED TO ENGLAND 65
have done anything in his power to have helped me
in my undertaking.
On the 18th of August I despatched by Captain
Berridge to England, all the collections in Natural
History that I had made up to that date. They in-
cluded a second collection of skulls of various tribes
of negroes, fifty-four in number, in illustration of the’
Anthropology of this part of Africa; six skins and
seven skeletons of the gorilla; one skin and two
skeletons of the chimpanzee, two skins and skeletons
of the large scaly ant-eater (the Ipi), three skeletons
of the manatee, one skeleton of Genetta Freldiana,
besides other mammals, and 4500 insects as specimens
of the entomology of the Fernand Vaz region. The
collection I am glad to say arrived in London safely,
and a great part of it was afterwards deposited in the
British Museum. I also sent a living specimen of
the singular wild hog of this region (Potamocherus
albifrons), and two live fishing eagles. The hog I
presented to the Zoological Society of London, and I
believe it is still living in their gardens in Regent’s
Park.
The whole of the mammals, including the skins and
skeletons of the gorilla, I sent to the British Museum,
with a request to my honoured friend, Professor
Owen, the Superintendent of the Zoological Depart-
ment, to select any specimens from. the collection
that the Museum required, and present them in my
name to the national collection. I was much pleased
to learn afterwards that several of the specimens
were accepted. I felt that I had done something to
repay the debt of gratitude which I owed to the large-
66 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV
hearted British nation who had so generously wel-
comed me when [ arrived in England, an unknown
traveller, from my former arduous journey. One of
the male gorillas proved to be a much larger and
finer specimen than the former one, which many must
have seen at the end of the Zoological Gallery in the
museum; it has therefore been mounted and set up
in its place, where I would recommend all who wish
to see a really fine specimen of this most wonderful
animal to go and see it.
The large collection of skulls made in so short a
time will surprise many people, especially travellers
in other wild countries who find skulls of natives
_ generally very difficult to obtain. But with the
money and trade-loving negro many strange things
are possible. It was necessary first to overcome the
scruples of the Commi people, and this I did by
explaining to them why I wanted the skulls; so I
told them that there was a strong party among the
doctors or magic-men in my country who believed
that negroes were apes almost the same as the
gorilla, and that I wished to send them a number
of skulls to show how much they were mistaken.
When I backed up this statement by the offer of
three dollars’ worth of goods for each skull they
might bring, I soon obtained a plentiful supply; in
fact, I was obliged afterwards to reduce the price.
The skulls brought me were almost always those of
slaves from the far interior, who had died in the
coast country; and, as corpses are laid simply on
the ground in the native cemeteries, the transaction
was much simplified. Nevertheless, the sale of a
Cap. IV. TRAFFIC IN SKULLS. 67
skull was always treated as a secret matter. The
negroes would bring them only at night and by
stealth, carefully wrapped up in a parcel, and dis-
guising the shape of the contents, or covering the
top with a few sweet potatoes, to mislead any one
whom they might meet.
Sometimes two negroes engaged in this sort of
contraband traffic would meet, by accident, in my
house, each with a suspicious-looking bundle under
his arm. They would look at each other in a shy,
half-ashamed manner, and then burst out laughing,
but finally swearing to keep one another’s secret.
Skull-selling, however, never became an open, public
business. One day old Rabolo came to me, his
countenance beaming with satisfaction, and said, in
a half whisper :—
“ Chaillie, I shall have something for you to-night
which will make your heart glad.”
“ What is that?” I inquired.
“Rogala, my little Ishogo slave, is sick, and will
die to-night: I know it. You have often asked for
an Ishogo head, and now you shall have one.”
I was horrified at the old chief’s coolness in thus
dispensing skulls before their owners were dead, and
insisted upon his showing me the sick boy. He led
me to the dark shed where the poor slave lay ill.
The child was dreadfully emaciated with dysentery,
the disease of which a great many slaves die when
brought from the interior. He thought himself
he was going to die; but I undertook to prescribe
for him. I ordered one of Rabolo’s wives to give
him warm food. I sent them chickens to make broth
68 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV.
with, and myself administered quinine and a little
wine. Ina few days he was much better, and finally
recovered. Thus Rabolo was disappointed in his
little skull-dealing transaction, but in compensation
saved his slave.
Besides these collections I embarked a live gorilla,
our little friend Tom, and had full hopes that he
would arrive safely and gratify the world of London
with a sight of this rare and wonderful ape in the
living state; unfortunately, he died on the passage.
He did very well for a few weeks, I am told, as long
as the supply of bananas lasted which I placed on
board for his sustenance. The repugnance of the
gorilla to cooked food, or any sort of food except the
fruits and juicy plants he obtains in his own wilds,
will always be a difficulty in the way of bringing
him to Hurope alive. I had sent him consigned to
Messrs. Baring, who, I am sure, never had any such
consignment before. I promised the Captain that he
should receive one hundred pounds if he succeeded in
taking the animal alive to London.
During the few days Tom was in my possession
he remained, like all the others of his species that I
had seen, utterly untractable. The food that was
offered to him he would come and snatch from the
hand, and then bolt with it to the length of his
tether. If I looked at him he would make a feint of
darting at me, and in giving him water I had to
push the bowl towards him with a stick, for fear of
his biting me. When he was angry I saw him often
beat the ground and his legs with his fists, thus
showing a similar habit to that of the adult gorillas
Cnap. IV. LIVE GORILLA EMBARKED FOR LONDON. 69
which I described as beating their breasts with their
fists when confronting an enemy. Before laying
down to rest he used to pack his straw very care-
fully as a bed to lie on. Tom used to wake me in
the night by screaming suddenly, and in the morn-
ing I more than once detected him in the attempt to
strangle himself with his chain, no doubt through
rage at being kept prisoner. He used to twist the
chain round and round the post to which it was
attached until it became quite short and then pressed
with his feet the lower part of the post until he had
nearly done the business.
As I have before related, I took photographs of
Tom, and succeeded very well. These photographs
I was unwilling to send home, and kept them
until I should have completed my whole series of
photographs of African subjects. They are now,
unfortunately, lost for ever; for they were left
behind in the bush during my hurried retreat from
Ashango-land, as will be related in the sequel.
When the last boat which took on board the Captain
and the live animals left the shore for the vessel, I
trembled for the safety of the cargo, for the surf was
very rough. The negroes, however, could have ma-
naged to get her safely through if they had not been too
careful. They were nervous at having a white man
on board, and did not seize the proper moment to pass
the breakers; their hesitation was very near proving
fatal, for a huge billow broke over them and filled
the boat. It did not, happily, upset, but they had
to return. Captain Berridge thus escaped with
a wetting, and the Potamocherus and eagles were
70 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV.
half drowned. As to poor Tom, the bath, instead
of cooling his courage, made him more violent than
ever. He shouted furiously, and as soon as I
opened the door of his cage he pounced on the
bystanders, clinging to them and screaming. A
present of a banana, which he ate voraciously,
quieted him down, and the passage was again tried
in the afternoon with a better result.
At length my preparations were completed.
Towards the end of September my canoes were
loaded, and I had selected the men who were to
accompany me on my journey.
On the 28th I crossed the tongue of land which
separated my village from the sea-shore, to test my
boiling-point thermometers and aneroids at the level
of the sea, preparatory to my departure inland.
Having finished, and wishing to be alone, I sent
back my negro lad with the instruments and took a —
last solitary walk along the sands. I watched the long
waves breaking on the beach, and my mind gradually
turned to the other shores in the far north washed —
by the same sea: I thought of the dear friends I had
left there, and a spirit of sadness filled my mind. I
thought of the dangers of the undertaking to which
I was pledged, and felt that perhaps I might never
more return. I believe there was not a friend, or a
person from whom I had received a kindness, that I
did not call to mind; and I also thought of those
other persons who had tried to do me all the
injury in their power, and forgave them from the
bottom of my heart. I took a last look at the
Cuap. IV. BODY-GUARD OF COMMI MEN. 71
friendly sea, and prayed God that I might live to
see it again. |
My expedition was an affair of great importance for
the whole of the Commi tribe. Quengueza, who was
more disinterested than the other chiefs—for he was
actuated only by a sense of the importance the friend-
ship of the white man conferred upon him—came down
the river to bear me company; Olenga-Yombi came
from Cape St. Catherine to assist in the ceremony of
my departure, with an eye to getting as much out of
me as he could, and Ranpano, with his nephew and
heir, Djombouai, attended to accompany me part of
the way.
My stores and outfit filled two large canoes. I had
no less than forty-seven large chests of goods, besides
ten boxes containing my photographic apparatus and
chemicals, and fifty voluminous bundles of miscel-
laneous articles. I had also in ammunition 500 lbs.
of coarse and fine powder, 350 lbs. of shot, and 3,000
ball cartridges. For the transport of these things by
land I should require, including my body-guard of
the Commi tribe, more than 100 men. I chose for
my body-guard ten faithful negroes, some of whom
had accompanied me on my former journey. It was
on these men that my own safety, among the savage
and unfriendly tribes we might expect to meet with in
the far interior, depended. I knew I could thoroughly
rely upon them, and that, come what might, they
would never hurt a hair of my head. It would have
suited my plans better if I could have obtained
twenty-five Commi men, but this was not possible.
Many were willing to go, but their parents objected.
‘|
72 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cap. IV.
The best of them were my boy Macondai, now
grown a stalwart young man and completely devoted
to me, and my hunter Igala, a good and faithful
friend. Macondai will be recollected by some of the
readers of my former book, as having accompanied
me on almost all my wanderings in this region.
I had brought him, as a present, a double-barrelled
gun from England, and he soon became a good
shot. He was more attached to me than any of
the others, and I could more safely trust him, as he
was free from the superstitions and vain fears of his
countrymen and cared nothing for fetiches. He was
brave and honest, and helped me to guard my property
in our long marches in the interior. Igala I considered
my right-hand man. He wasa negro of tall figure and
noble bearing, cool and clear-headed in an emergency,
brave as a lion, but with me docile and submissive.
In our most troublesome marches he used to lead the
van, whilst I brought up the rear to see that the porters
did not run away with their loads. I could always
rely upon him; and, with twenty such as he, there
would be little difficulty in crossing Africa, He was
also my taxidermist, for I had taught him to skin and
preserve animals. Huis reputation was great amongst
the Commi as a hunter, and he used to make quite a
trade by selling fetiches to the credulous people who
wished to possess his skill and good luck in this
respect. Igala, however, had a weakness; he was too
amorous, and his intrigues with the wives of chiefs
gave me no end of trouble. Another good man was
Rebouka, a big strapping negro, whose chief faults
were bragging and a voracious appetite. Then there
Cnap. IV. AFFECTING PARTING SCENES. 73
were Igalo, next to Macondai the youngest of the party,
a licht-coloured negro, excitable and tender-hearted ;
and Mouitchi, Retonda, Rogueri, Igala (the second),
Rapelina and Ngoma—six slaves given to me by the
various chiefs whose friendship I had acquired on the
banks of the Fernand Vaz. I dressed my men all
alike in thick canvas trowsers, blue woollen shirts
and worsted caps. Shirts being the more important
article of dress, they had three each. Trowsers
I had found it quite necessary for negroes to
wear on a march, as they protected the legs from
the stings of insects, from thorns, and many other
injuries to which they are liable. Moreover each
man had a blanket to keep him warm at night.
All the six slaves had volunteered to accompany
me; they were not forced to go, against their will,
at the command of their masters. It would have
been much better if all my Commi attendants
had been free-men, for some of the slaves after-
wards gave me much trouble by ill-conduct, the
result of that absence of self-respect and sense of
responsibility which the free men alone possessed.
Most of these men now handled fire-arms for the first
time, and the possession of a gun to the six men who
had been slaves all their lives was one of the induce=
ments which made them willing to accompany me.
Nearly all the people of the neighbouring villages
came down to see us off. It was an affecting sight to
see my negroes take leave of their families and
friends. At the last moment, the young daughter of
Ieala clung to her father, and with a flood of tears
begged him not to go with the white man on the okili
74 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV.
mpolo {the long road). Igala consoled her by saying,
“ Do not cry, my child, I am coming back; we shall
reach the other side, and bring plenty of beads for
you from the white man’s country.” It was,the
universal belief of the Commi people that we were
going across the land to England, and I was obliged
to encourage them in this idea, which was the only
way of rendering the journey comprehensible to
them. My old friend, Captain Vardon, who had
lately returned to the Fernand Vaz with the intention
of establishing a factory, lent the villagers guns to
fire off salvos on our departure, and was not behind
hand in wishing me God speed.
On the second of October we left “ Plateau :”
on the 3rd we reached an ebando, or palaver shed, on
the banks of the river where King Olenga-Yombi,
together with the other chiefs and people, had to
settle some outstanding disputes of the neighbourhood,
and to mpanga nché, or “make the land straight,” in
general. To my great mortification, this council of
wise-heads hindered us a whole week. I could not
leave at once, as I had to receive from Olenga-Yombi
the slaves that he had promised to give me to carry
my goods, the payment for whose services he had
already received in ‘the shape of presents having
that end in view. The palavers were numerous and
difficult. to settle. They related either to run-away
wives (a fertile source of ill-will and bloodshed) or
to homicides. When a man is killed here, if only
by accident, satisfaction must be given. Deaths by
accident are not more excusable than wilful murder.
“ An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” is the
Cuap. IV. THE DOCTOR OUNE-JIOU-E-NIARE. 75
maxim of the tribe, and the settlement of the compen-
sation generally requires a formal palaver like the
present one.
_ As regards runaway wives the laws are very severe.
Any wife refusing to remain with her husband, or
running away, is condemned to have her ears and
nose cut off. Any man debauching his neighbour’s
wife has to give a slave to the injured husband; and,
if he cannot pay this fine, he must have his ears and
nose cut off. |
They have no laws to punish robbery.
At length, on the 10th of October, I left the place
alone and proceeded to the olako where the road to
Aniambié commences. Here Olenga-Yombi followed
three days afterwards and had the impudence to tell
me his slaves had all run away and that I could not
have any, as they were all afraid to come with me.
I left in disgust, and in company with Quengueza
proceeded on my voyage.
We stopped for the night at a small Commi
village, where lived a renowned Doctor named Oune-
jiou-e-niaré (head of a bullock). This was a most
singular old man, possessed of much natural acuteness
and at the same time a good deal of kindly humour.
He was about seventy years of: age, short of stature,
very thin, and with a remarkably prominent chin, and
piercing, deep-sunken eyes. He had the reputation
of being a great prophet, and all: the Commi people
had great faith mm what he said. My men asked
him whether our journey would be prosperous. He
replied that we should go very far, and that a chief
would ask Chaillie to marry his daughter, and then
76 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV,
if Chaillie gave her all she asked and made her heart
glad, she would lead us from tribe to tribe until we
reached the far-off sea where we wished to go. This
speech inspired my men with new confidence. I must
say that I felt very grateful to the old man. We all
sorely needed encouragement in the great enterprise
we had undertaken, and nothing was better calculated
to buoy up the spirits of my half-hearted followers
than these oracular sayings.
We resumed.our voyage, with quite a little fleet
of canoes in company, on the 14th; the heat was
intense, and almost insupportable i the confine-
ment of the boat; we paddled till twelve o'clock at
night, and towards the afternoon of the next day
arrived at Goumbi.
Here friend Quengueza behaved most royally.
We revelled in plenty, and, if my object had been
merely to stay here, all would have been pleasant.
He soon made up his mind to accompany me to the
capital of the Ashira country, and resolved to do it in
a triumphal sort of way. But he continued to detain
me, day after day, long after all our preparations were
completed. The presence of a white man with stores
of goods gave him consequence in the eyes of the
neighbouring Bakalai, and he wished to prolong the
novel enjoyment as long as he could. In his great
generosity he franked all his wives to my men, but Iv
overheard them one day complaining that the royal
ladies were a grasping lot and drove very hard
bargains.
During my stay at Goumbi, I undertook several
short excursions in the neighbourhood and made
J . 7
Cuap. IV. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 77
observations to ascertain the altitude of the place and
its geographical position ; which was very necessary,
as it was placed on my map by mere calculation of
distances travelled. Unfortunately I was unable to
obtain lunar distances here, and therefore cannot fix
its longitude; but the mean of several observations
of the meridian altitude of the planet Mars and of two
fixed stars gave the latitude as 1° 35’ 34” south—. e.
no less than 23 miles further south than it had
been placed on my former map, where it had been
placed simply on calculation of distances travelled.
The altitude of the town I found by means of my
aneroid barometers to be 143 feet, and that of the
hill-top behind the town 238 feet, above the sea-
level. From the hill-top a wide view is obtained of
the country round. It is hilly, but there are con-
siderable tracts of level low land between the hills,
and few of the hills appeared higher than that of
Goumbi.
I was obliged to resort to an artifice which I knew
would be effective to get Quengueza to move. I
pretended to be deeply offended with him for delay-
ing me so long; and, giving Macondai orders to
remove my bed away from the village, I left one
evening and made preparations for sleeping under
a shed at some distance from the place. Night had
hardly set in when the old king, discovering my
absence, made a great fuss, and, coming to where
I lay, expressed his sorrow and repentance. He lay
down by wy side, and said that he would sleep
where I slept.
Thus, by dint of coaxing and threatening, I got
IR SE iene
78 . START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV
him, at length, to give the order for our departure,
after we had spent thirteen days at Goumbi. It was
scarcely day-light, on the 28th October, when I was
awoke by the beating of the Kendo (royal bell) and
the voice of the old chief invoking, in loud tones, the
spirits of his ancestors to protect us on our journey.
The roll of his ancestors was a formidable one,
Igoumbai, Wombi, Rebouka, Ngouva, Ricati, Olenga
Yombi; but they were rather the deceased relations
whose heads he had preserved in his mondah or
alumbi* house. Quengueza was prouder than any
chief I knew of the prowess of his deceased relatives,
and there were, I believe, men of great bravery and
ability amongst them. Quengueza himself was a bold
and courageous warrior in his younger days. It is
the rule in Western Africa, when chiefs have been
warlike and enterprising in the days of their prince-
hood, to become quiet and settled when they succeed
to the chief authority, and then the people rob them; -
for, as they say, if they do not steal from their
father, from whom should they steal ?
There were great difficulties as usual on the a of
departure. Firstly, Quengueza’s chaste and faithful
wives refused point blank to accompany him: This
did not seem to concern him much, for, in every
village of the Bakalai, a wife would be offered to him
as the lord of the land; but he was greatly excited
when his slaves were not ready for the journey.
Some of them had hid themselves, and others had
run off to distant plantations. A large number of
men were absolutely necessary to carry our loads
* For description of the Alumbi house, see p. 199.
Cuar. IV. STORY OF THE DRY AND WE'! SHASONS. 79
when we commenced our land journey. The old
chief threatened to shoot them down right and left if
they forced him to use strong measures, and in this
way about thirty were mustered.
We started at 10 a.m. on the 28th of October,
halting at night at the junction of the Niembai
and the Ovenga. It being the dry season, and fish
plentiful at this place, we resolved to pass the night
here. Our camp was a lively one in the evening, for
we caught a great quantity of fish; the smoke of many
fires ascended amongst the trees on the river’s bank,
and all had their fill. Jokes and laughter and tale
telling were carried on far into the night.
I was much amused by the story one of the men
related about the dry and wet seasons. The remark-
able dryness of the present season had been talked
over a good deal, and it was this conversation thar
led to the story. As usual with the African, the two
seasons were personified, Nchanga being the name of
the wet, and Hnomo that of the dry season. One
day, the story went, Nchanga and Enomo had a
great dispute as to which was the older, and they
came at last to lay a wager on the question, which .
was to be decided in an assembly of the people of the
air or sky. Nehanga said, “ When I come to a place
rain comes.” Knomo retorted, “ When I make my
appearance the rain goes.” The people of the air all
listened, and, when the two disputants had ceased,
they exclaimed, “ Verily, verily, we cannot tell which
is the eldest, you must both be of the same age.”
The dry season this year was an unusual one for the
long absence of rain and lowness of the rivers. The
80 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuar. IV
uegroes have a special name for a season of this sort,
calling it enomo onguéro; it lasts five months, and
they assure me that it always comes after a long
series of dry seasons of the usual length. We have
had a few showers, but they have produced no im- .
pression. The effect of the tide is perceived as far
as the junction of the Niembai, at least at this time
of the year (the dry season); above this point the
current of the Ovenga is too strong to allow it to
pass further. I took here only one meridian alti-
tude of Fomalhaut, and have fixed the latitude by
computation of my dead reckoning.
Next day. we proceeded up stream. The Ovenga
was very low, about twenty feet below the high-water
mark of the rainy season; the current was generally
three miles an hour, but, in some places, four miles ;
_ it was encumbered with fallen trees, and our journey
was difficult and slow.
A little before reaching the village of Obindji we
found an obstacle in the way of our further progress.
The Bakalai had made a fence across the river to
bar the passage, leaving only a gap near the shore
for small canoes to pass. This had been done on
account of some petty trade-quarrel which the people
of this tribe had had with their neighbours.. Nothing
could have happened more offensive to the pride of
~ Quengueza than the erection of this bar without his
having been consulted—he, the king of the Rembo
(river), travelling in company with his ntangani!
It made him appear as though he had no authority.
As soon as he saw the obstacle his face changed
colour, and, getting up in a violent rage, he called
§
Cuap. IV. OBINDJI. Sl
for axes and cutlasses. The fence was demolished in
a few seconds, a number of Bakalai looking on from
the bank armed with guns and spears.
From the 30th October to the 5th November we
were detained at Obindji, waiting for porters from
the Ashira country to carry my baggage overland.
Our camp was pitched on a wooded point of land
opposite to the village, and below the junction of the
Ofoubou with the Ovenga.
The town of Obindji has been erroneously placed
in maps, published since my first exploration of this
country, on the eastern bank of the Ofoubou; it is
in reality situated on the western side. It is built
at the foot of a fine wooded hill; indeed, the whole
country around is clothed with forest of great luxu-
riance and beauty. From the northern bank of the
Ovenga, on which our camp was placed, stretches
a long point of beautiful white sand; this sand, in
the dry season, connects the point with the mainland
of the right bank of the Ovenga. The sand is then
most delightful to walk on, especially in the early
morning, when the natives ramble about to dig up
the eggs of a species of fresh-water turtle laid during
the night. The turtle was the species that I dis-
_ covered in my former journey, Aspidonectes Aspilus.
I was glad to find my old acquaintance Obindyji,
one of the chiefs of the Bakalai of the Ovenga, look-
ing as well as ever. He was a faithful ally and
friend of Quengueza, who was his superior chief, in
the sense of his being king of the river, and having
the right of road and trade both up and down. This
section of the Bakalai tribe had been led to abandon
82 re START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuar. IV
the migratory and warlike habits which distinguish
their brethren, chiefly through the civilizing in-
fluences of trade. Their settlement in one of the
richest districts of the river, where ebony abounded
in the forests, almost necessitated their becoming
traders, and they now collect large quantities of
this valuable wood, which is getting scarce here.
They have adhered loyally to the treaties made
many years ago with Quengueza, who allows them
- to trade on the river on condition that they abstain
from war. Their women have, besides, become wives
of the Commi in many cases. One of the privileges
of Quengueza, attached to his acknowledged sove-
reignty, is the choice of the wives of the Bakalai
chiefs whenever he sleeps at a village. He has the
same right over the Ashira; the chief is obliged to
give up even his kondé, or head wife, if Quengueza
takes a fancy to her, and his host considers it a great
honour so to provide for the entertainment of his
liege lord.
When the porters arrived, and, on the eve of
our departure into new countries, old’ Quengueza
made a speech to my men. “ You are going into
the bush,” said he; “you will find there no one of
your tribe; look up to Chaillie as your chief, and
obey him. Now, listen to what I say. You will
visit many strange tribes. If you see on the road,
r in the street of a village, a fine bunch of plantains
@ eround-nuts lying by its side, do not touch
them, leave the village at once; this is a tricky
village, for the people are on the watch to see what
you do with them. If the people of any village tell
ao am *
Cmap. IV. ARRIVAL OF ASHIRA PORTERS. 83
you to go and catch fowls or goats, or cut plantains
for yourselves, say to them, ‘Strangers do not help
themselves ; it is the duty of a host to catch the goat |
or fowl, and cut the plantains, and bring the present
to the house which has been given to the guest.’
When a house is given to you in any village, keep
to that house, and go into no other; and, if you see
a seat, do not sit upon it, for there are seats which
none but the owners can sit upon. But, above all,
beware of the women! I tell you these things that
you may journey in safety.” The speech of the old
sage was listened to with great attention. Like most
other good advice, it was not followed; if it had
been, many of my subsequent troubles would have
been avoided.
Twelve more days were occupied in getting ready
to start for Olenda. Messengers were sent to
Olenda for more porters. Supplies of food had to be
fetched from a distance, as there was great scarcity
in the neighbourhood of Obindji; otaitais, or baskets
of a peculiar shape, had to be made for each porter
to carry his load on his back; and there were, be-
sides, all the usual delays which are encountered
when one has to deal with a body of negroes.
Olenda only sent fifty men in all, whilst my bag-
gage required at least a hundred porters. We were
obliged, therefore, to send half of it on, and wait for
the return of the men to carry the other half. I w
quite frightened at the amount of my outfit, althoug
I left behind everything that seemed not absolutely
necessary. It was impossible to preserve any sort
of discipline amongst these vivacious savages; they
84 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV 7
struggled and quarrelled over their loads— the
strongest anxious to carry the lightest burdens,
‘ and loading the youngest with the heaviest; and,
when the provisions for the journey had to be di-
vided, there was a perfect scramble for the lots, the
biggest and strongest getting the lion’s share. The
presence of two of King Olenda’s nephews, Arangui
and Mpoto, who were sent to command the unruly
body, was of no avail.
The otattai, or porter’s basket, as manufactured by
these Africans, is an ingenious contrivance for the
.. carriage of loads in safety on the back. It is iong
and narrow, being formed of a piece of strong cane-
work (serving as the bottom) two and a half feet in
length and nine inches in width, with sides of more
open cane-work, capable of being expanded or drawn
in, so as to admit of a larger or smaller load. Cords
of bast are attached to the sides for the purpose of
making fast the contents, and the bottom of the
basket is closed in by a continuation of the sides,
leaving the top-end (the part nearest the head when
carried on the back) open, so as to allow of the aug-
mentation of the load at the top. Straps made of
strong plaited rushes secure the basket to the head
and arms of the carrier. The wicker-work is made of
strips of a very tough climbing plant, or rotang, and
is always a neat specimen of workmanship.
The first party started on the 8th, going up the
Ofoubou river, a southern affluent of the Ovenga, in
canoes, to the landing-place on the Olenda road.
We had about this time several heavy showers, and
the Ovenga rose so much that I was obliged twice
\
; Minny
snd "
hi
4
OTAITAI, OR PORTER’S BASKET.
-¢
Cuar.1V. PASSAGE OF THE HILLS TO OLENDA. 85
to shift my hut to a higher position, and the point
of land on which I was encamped, with its beach
of white sand, became an island. By a series of
observations I found the river-level at Obindji to be
fifty-four feet above the sea-level. I made many
additions to my collections during my stay here.
Insects were not numerous, but some of the lepidop-
tera, attracted to the moist sand at the edge of the
water, and floating about the flowering bushes on
the skirts of the forest, were very beautiful. Some
of the butterflies (vomaleosoma) were magnificent,
with their green and black wings ornamented be-
neath with patches of crimson and yellow. These
flew very swiftly, and were difficult to capture.
Birds were scarce. I hunted in vain for the Jusci-
peta Duchaillui, of which I had only shot one speci-
men in my former journey.
The porters at length returned, and the remaining
loads having been cleared off, Quengueza and I
departed from Obindji on the 17th November.
Paddling up the Ofoubou, we saw a very young cro-
codile sunning itself on a log. One of our boys im-
mediately swam off to seize it, but, just as he was
about to grasp it by the neck, the reptile slid off and
disappeared. It took us three hours and a half to
reach the landing-place, Djali Coudié. Here we
slept, and commenced our march the next morning
(18th) at day-break. At a quarter-past eight we
reached a steep hill, Nomba Rigoubou (369 feet), at
the summit of which we stopped for breakfast. Then,
resuming our march, we arrived at four p.m. at the
base of a hill, called Ecourou, where we stopped for
8
86 START FOR THE INTERIOR. Cuap. IV.
the night. There was here nothing to shelter us but
au old shed, loosely covered with pieces of bark. I
wanted to roof it with fresh leaves, but we were
guaranteed against rain by an Ashira doctor who
was with us, and who blew his magic horn to drive
itaway. In the middle of the night a shower fell
and almost drenched us. This did not, however,
discompose the doctor and his believers, for he said
if he had not blown his horn the rain would have
been much heavier.
Quengueza was an amusing companion on a march,
for the oddities of his character seemed to be endless.
He never travelled without his fetich, which was an
ugly little pot-bellied image of wood, with a row
of four cowries embedded in its abdomen. As he
generally wore an old coat when he travelled with
me, he used to keep this dirty little thing in one of
the pockets. Waking or sleeping the fetich was
never suffered te be away from him. Whenever he
ate or drank he used to take the image and gravely
pass its belly with the row of projecting cowries over
his lips, and when I gave him liquor of any sort
he would always take it out and pour a libation over
its feet before drinking himself. Libations are great
features in the religious rites of these Western
Africans, as they were amongst the Ancient Greeks.
It used to puzzle me where the four sacred cowries
came from; they are unknown on the Fernand Vaz,
and I believe came across the continent from Eastern
Africa.
Next morning (November 19th) we marched over
a wild, hilly, and wooded country until eleven
Cuap. IV. ARRIVAL AT OLENDA. 87
o'clock, when we emerged on the pleasant undu-
lating grass-land of Ashira, An extensive prospect
here lay before us; to the south extended the
Igoumbi Andele and Ofoubou Orere ranges of hills,
and to the north the lofty ridges of the Nkoumou
Nabouali, near which lie the Falls of Samba Nagoshi.
At two p.m. we entered, in the midst of the firing
of guns and great hubbub, the village of Olenda.
CHAPTER V.
VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS.
King Olenda, his great age—Preparations for the journey to the Falls—We
cross the Ovigui—Opangano Prairie—Ndgewho Mountains—-Bakalai
Villagze—A flock of Gorillas in the Forest—The Louvendji River—
Dihaou and the Ashira-Kambas—Navigate the Ngouyai River—The
Aviia Tribe—Village of Mandji—River Scenery—Nkoumou Nabouali
Mountains—Nami Gemba—Village of Luba—The Spirit of the Falls—
Village Deity—Arrival at Fougamou, the principal Fall—Legend of
Fougamou—Night Encampment—Return to Dihaou—We sup on a
poisonous serpent—Forced March through flooded forest to Olenda.
My old friend, King Olenda, gaverme a warm wel-
come. He had changed but little since I saw him
last. His age must have been very great; his cheeks
were sunken, his legs and arms excessively thin and
bony, and covered with wrinkled skin. He seemed
to have hardly strength enough to support his own
weight. The negroes say he has a powerful fetich
to guard him against death. I believe he was the
oldest man I ever saw, and to me he was quite a
curiosity. Olenda came constantly to see me during
the few days I remained in his village. He was
never tired of telling me that he loved me like a
sweetheart ; but, when I called him to give him his
present, he became rather too exacting. I said to
him, “I thought you only loved me as a sweetheart,
but I am afraid you love me for my goods.” “Qh,
Cnap. V. PREPARATIONS FOR THE JOURNEY. 89
no!” said the old man, smiling, “I love you like a
sweetheart for yourself, but I love your goods also.”
{ have already, in the narrative of my former
journey,* given a description of Ashira-land, and the
customs of its people; it will be unnecessary, there-
fore, to recur to the subject in this place. It was not
my intention to make any lengthened stay here on
my present expedition ; but unforeseen obstacles, and
an appalling calamity, as will presently be related,
kept me here for several months. I had intended to
stop in the country only a short time, sufficient to
enable me to visit the Falls of Samba Nagoshi, to the
north of Olenda. The preparations for this excur-
sion, out of the line of my eastward march, com-
menced soon after I had paid our porters, and gone
through the ceremony of making a suitable present
to the king and the principal chiefs.
It will be recollected by some of my readers that
I made an abortive attempt to reach these Falls from
the Apingi country on my former expedition. I now
learnt that my guides in that journey never intended
to take me there; orders having been received from
the Commi country to that effect, my good friends
there being afraid that some disaster might happen
tome. No obstacle being now placed in my way,
and having the powerful support of my friend
Quengueza, Olenda showed tolerable readiness in
furnishing me with porters and guides, and we set
off on the 1st December.
We started in light marching order; the only
heavy baggage being my photographic camera,
* « Adventures in Equatorial Africa,’ chap. xxiv,
90 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Cnap.\
which I was determined to take in order to bring
away accurate views of the splendid scenery which
I expected to behold. Besides three Ashira guides,
Arangui, Oyagui, and Ayagui, and two boys to
carry the cooking-pots and ammunition, I took with
me two Ashira Kambas, natives of an outlying district
of Ashira-land lying along the banks of the Ovigui
river near its junction with the Ngouyai. These,
with four of my faithful Commi boys, formed my
party. I left my guns behind, taking only my
revolvers. My boys carried their guns, but left
behind their woollen-shirts and blankets, and every-
thing that was not indispensible.
We left Olenda at nine a.m., and pursued a N.-H.
direction until we struck the Ovigui river. We
had to cross this on a bridge formed of a single
tree-trunk lying about fifteen feet above the water.
We passed it with some difficulty, nearly losing my
camera, owing to the timidity of the carrier when
half-way across. From the eastern bank of the river
the path led to the foot of a high range of hills,
which bounds the Ashira plain on this side. At
four p.m. we encamped for the night on the banks
of a small stream. In the evening we had a frightful
thunder-storm, and had to he down for the night in
wet clothes.
December 2nd. Resumed our march at six a.m.
The path lay along the western foot of the hilly
range, through a dense forest, the rich and varied
foliage of which was dripping with moisture. Not
« sound was heard, as we trudged steadily aleng in
Indian file. At nine o'clock we came upon a beau-
NES
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GROUP OF BAKALAI,
Cap. V. OPANGANO PRAIRIE. 91
tiful prairie encircled by a wall of forest. This
prairie was called Opangano. From it I-had a clear
view of the Ndgewho mountains. At ten o’clock
we arrived at a Bakalai village. Like many of the
primitive villages of this warlike tribe, it was art-
fully constructed for purposes of defence. The single
street was narrow, barred at each end by a gate, and
the houses had no doors in their cuter walls. This
would effectually guard the place against nocturnal
surprise by other Bakalai with whom the villagers
might be at war. This mode of construction had also
another object, namely, to allow the people to kill
and plunder any party of traders whom they might
entice into the village and prevent from escaping
by closing the two gates. The neighbouring tribes,
especially the Ashiras, dread the power and treachery
of the Bakalai. The chief of the village was absent.
I bought, for a few beads, a quantity of smoke-dried
wild hog of one of the inhabitants.
Leaving this place at one p.m., we pursued a north-
easterly direction, and passing eel other Bakalai
villages, two of which were abandoned on account of
some one having died there, reached at five o’clock
the Lambengue prairie. It rained nearly the whole
afternoon, and we had a. disagreeable walk through
the mire and over the slippery stones of the forest
paths. We built sheds, and passed the night in the
prairie.
3rd. At sixa.m. again on the march. My men were
tired with the exertions of yesterday, for we had been
wet all day, so, to keep them up to the speed, I led the
column myself. We were soon buried again in the
92 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Cuap. V
shades of the forest. It was a wild, desolate district,
and I marched along in anything but a cheerful mood,
thinking of the hard task I had imposed upon myself
in attempting to cross Africa. I was going along,
a little ahead of my party, when my reverie was
suddenly disturbed’ by a loud crashing and rustling
in the trees just before me. Thinking it might be a
flock of monkeys feeding on some wild fruit-tree, I
looked up, peered through the thick foliage, and was
thoroughly roused by seeing on a large tree a whole
group of gorillas. I had nothing but a walking-stick
in my hand, but was so struck at the sight that I
was rivetted to the spot. Meantime the animals had
seen me, and began to hurry down the tree, making
the thinner boughs bend with their weight. An old
male, apparently the guardian of the flock, alone
made a bold stand, and stared at me through an
opening in the foliage. I could see his hideous
black face, ferocious eyes, and projecting eye-brows,
as he glared defiance at me. In my unarmed condi-
tion I began to think of retracing my steps, but the
rest of my party coming up at the moment, with
clatter of voices, altered the state of things. The
shaggy monster raised a cry of alarm, scrambled to
the ground through the entangled lianas that were
around the tree-trunk, and soon disappeared into the
jungle in the same direction as his mates.
How I regretted to have left my double rifle
behind me at Olenda! I had this morning even
divested myself of my revolvers, having given them
to my man Rebouka to carry, as I wished to be in
light trim for leading the day’s march, We were all
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GORILLAS SURPRISED IN THE FOREST.
Cuapr. V. THE LOUVENDJI RIVER. 93
tired, and more or less unwell from the constant wet-
ting we had had, and from sleeping in damp clothes.
The gorillas were ten in number, and of different
ages and sizes, but apparently all females except the
one male. My men rushed after the beasts with
their guns, but the chase was useless; the forest had
resumed its usual stillness, and we continued our
march.
At noon we arrived on the banks of the Louvendji
river, a stream similar to the Ovigui, and flowing
from the south towards the great Ngouyai river, in
which were the Falls of Samba Nagoshi. We break-
fasted on the brink of this pleasant stream flowing
through the silent forest; our breakfast, as usual,
consisting of boiled plantains, poor fare for the
weary traveller whose bones were aching with the
effects of overwork and exposure. The altitude of
the river-level above the sea, according to my ane-
roids, was 490 feet.
Resuming our journey about one p.m. we soon got
into a district of swamps, and had to wade at times
up to the waist. In places where the water was
only ankle-deep the mud had a fetid smell. I found
that my Ashira companions were taking me by a
very roundabout way, and our journey was long and
fatiguing, although we accomplished but a very
moderate distance in a straight line. Their object
was to avoid some of the Bakalai villages, with the
inhabitants of which they had trade-palavers remain-
ing unsettled. At half-past five p.m. we came again
upon the Ovigui, where we had resolyed to pass the
night. As we emerged from the jungle, we were
94 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Cuap. V.
not a little surprised to see an encampment of
natives. My Ashira companions soon fraternised
with them, for they were Ashira Kambas who, with
Dihaou their chief, were spending a few days fishing
in the river. The chief received me with wild de-
monstrations of joy, and thanked Olenda for sending
the white man to him.
4th. Passed a wretched night. My bed was sim-
ply a row of stieks, each about four inches in dia-
meter, laid to protect me from the damp ground, and
a foraging party of the horrible Bashikouay ants
came in the middle of the night and disturbed us for
about an hour, inflicting upon us severe bites.
Karly in the morning we embarked on the Ovigui
in a long, narrow, leaky, and cranky canoe, provided
by the chief to enable us to make the rest of our way
by water. The Ovigui was now a wide and deep
stream, with a rapid current. We were nearly upset
several times in the course of the first hour of our
voyage. At the end of the hour we came to the
mouth of the Louvendji, which here joins the Ovigui.
In my former journey I was under the impression
that the Louvendji falls into the Rembo, but it does
not. It joims the Ovigui before that river falls into
the Rembo. Below this we passed several Bakalai
and Kamba villages, which are built a short distance’
away from the river bank. About four miles from
the mouth of the Louvendji we arrived at the village
of Dihaou, the chief town of the Ashira Kambas,
where we had to stay in order to obtain proper intro-
duction to the Aviia tribe, in whose territory were
situated the Falls.
Cusp. V. DIHAOU AND THE ASHIRA KAMBAS. 95
Dihaou is a cluster of three or four little villages,
each containing about fifteen houses. Soon after 1
arrived presents came from the chief: twelve fowls,
five bunches of plantains, and a goat. Our welcome
was most friendly, and I felt almost sure of attaining
the object for which I had come.
5th. We were all glad of rest after the fatigues
of our long march. My men all complained of sore
feet. In the evening the chief, Dihaou Okamba,
made me a formal visit to receive his return present.
I gave him a few articles, and the gift, although |
felt it to be an inadequate one, for I had not brought
goods with me, seemed to please the old fellow very
much. I promised him, however, a big coat, a neck-
lace of large beads, and some salt, on my return to
OJenda, on condition that he would send one of his
sons with me to the Falls. I had forewarned him by
message, that I could not make a sufficient return for
the goat I heard he intended to give me; but the old
man had all the pride and generosity which these
African chiefs usually show in dealing with the white
man—at least, whilst the friendship is new. He sent
back the reply: “I should not like it to be said that
Chaillie, the friend of Olenda, Chaillie my ntangani,
came to my town, and that I had not a goat to give
him to eat; never.”
These Ashira Kambas consider themselves a distinct
people from the Ashira of the prairie, over which
Olenda and other chiefs ruled, and which are called
Ashira Ngozai. I could not, however, detect any
difference between them worthy of note, either in
their physique or customs, and the language of the
96 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Cunap, V
two peoples is the same. By immemorial law of the
country, the Ashira Ngozai are allowed to trade
direct with the Kambas, but they are not permitted
to go beyond them in their trading expeditions If
an Ashira of the prairie wishes to trade with any
tribe north of the Kamba country, he is obliged to
employ Kambas as his agents, and must remain in
Dihaou until the business is arranged. Otherwise he -
is compelled to leave his goods in the hands of some
Kamba man, and trust to him in bartering them for
produce with other tribes. I believe there was not a
single Ashira Ngozai who had ever seen the Samba
Nagoshi Falls, so effectual are the political barriers
which are opposed to the travels of natives beyond
the limits of their own and adjoining tribes.
We had the usual difficulty in getting away from
Dihaou. The African is never in a hurry to resume
a march, and it gratifies the pride of the chief and
gives him consequence amongst his neighbours to
have the ntangani in his possession. Arangui, nephew
of Olenda, who was my chief guide, gave me some
trouble with his fears that the villagers wished to
bewitch him through jealousy of the white man’s
friendship. I found it necessary, on the 6th of
December, to address a speech to the chief and his
subjects, telling them that I must go forward without
further delay to the Samba Nagoshi, that I had to
sherra mpaga, “a wager to win,” that our feet had
rested long enough, and, finally, that I must be off
the next day. Dihaou and his people, as usuai.
retired a short distance to deliberate, and returned,
the chief saying that it should be as I wished; that
Cuap. V. NAVIGATE THE NGOUYAI RIVER. 97
no harm should come to me from the Aviia people,
for they were all his friends, several of his sisters
were married amongst them, &., &c.
ith. The canoe given me for the voyage was a
leaky, rotten affair, and on trial I found that it would
not contain all our party, with my instruments and
the provisions for the journey. I was obliged to
leave three men behind with half the plantains.
Even then the wretched vessel was only an inch-and
a half above the water. It seemed to me to be
running too great a risk to trust my chronometers on
such a journey. If the canoe upset we might swim
or scramble ashore, saving what we could, but the
loss of the watches would put an end to lunar
observations, which I felt to be one of the principal
objects of my expedition. So I determined to confide
them to Dihaou till my return. The three men we
left out of the canoe were to go a tedious march by
land and meet, us at the Falls.
We left the town at a quarter to nine a.m. and
entered the great Rembo (the river Ngouyai) at ten
_ minutes past ten a.m., the distance being about ten
miles. It was with some pride that I greeted again
this fine river, which I had the honour of discovering
on my former journey, at the upper part of its course
in the Apingi country ;* up to the present time I
was the only white man who had ever embarked on
its waters.
The Ovigui, at its junction with the Ngouyai, is
* «Adventures in Equatorial Africa,’ p. 488. In the Apingi country
it is called the Rembo (river) Apingi, under which name I described it
loc, cit,
i)
98 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Cuap. V
about thirty-five yards broad, and is, at this time of
the year (the rainy season), a deep stream. The
banks are clothed with uninterrupted forest, leaving
only little entrances here and there at the ports of
the villages, which lie backwards from the river.
Silence and monotony reign over the landscape, un-
enlivened by the flight and song of birds or the
movement of animals.
After a few miles’ pull down the Ngouyai, we
arrived at a village of the Aviia tribe, called Mandji.
As soon as we stepped ashore, the timid villagers—
men, women, and children—set off to run for the
forest, and all the shouting of my Ashira Kamba
companions was for some time of no avail. We took
possession of the empty huts, and the people, after the
assurance that we had not come to do them harm.
dropped in one by one. Confidence had not quite
been restored when a gun fired by my man, Rebouka,
on the beach, again put.to flight the timid savages.
This time one of.our Ashiras had to follow them into
the thicket and coax them to come back.
It was the dirtiest village I had yet seen in Africa,
and the inhabitants appeared to me of a degraded
class of negroes. The shape and arrangement of the
village were quite different from anything I had seen
before. The place was in the form of a quadrangle,
with an open space in the middle not more than ten
yards square, and the huts, arranged in a continuous
row on two sides, were not more than eight feet high
from the ground to the roof. The doors were only
four feet high, and of about the same width, with
sticks placed across on thetinside, one above the other,
Ouap. V. AVIIA VILLAGE OF MANDJI. 99
to bar the entrance. The place for the fire was in
the middle of the principal room, on each side of
which was a little dark chamber, and on the floor was
an ordla, or stage to smoke meat upon. In the
middle of the yard was a hole dug in the ground
for the reception of offal, from which a disgusting
smell arose, the «wretched inhabitants being too lazy
or obtuse to guard against this by covering it with
earth.
The houses were built of a framework of poles,
covered with the bark of trees, and roofed with
leaves. In the middle of the village stood the public
shed, or palaver-house, a kind of town-hall found in
almost all West African villages. A large fire was
burning in it, on the ground, and at one end of the
shed stood a huge wooden idol, painted red and
white, and rudely fashioned in the shape of a
woman. The shed was the largest building in the
village, for it was ten feet high, and measured fifteen
feet by ten. It is the habit of the lazy negroes of
these interior villages—at least, the men—to spend
almost the whole day lying down under the palaver-
shed, feeding their morbid imaginations with tales of
witchcraft, and smoking their condoquais.
We stayed in this wretched abode of savages only
to take our mid-day meal.
LP
106 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Caap.,V.
the foot of Fougamou my aneroids gave an altitude of
347 feet above the sea-level. |
We had brought my photographic camera down to
the foot of the Falls, and I ordered a tree to be felled
in front in order to get a clear view, finding a large
snake twisted round one of its branches, as though it
had come there to listen to the music of the waters.
The day, however, was cloudy, and after several
unsuccessful attempts, I was obliged to give up the
intention of taking views of the scenery. I wanted
to encamp for the night near the place, and make
another trial the next day. But at this suggestion
my Avia guide took great fright, and intimidated
my other followers by saying that Fougamou would
come in the night and roar with such anger into our
ears that we should not survive it; besides which, no
one had ever slept there.
Like all other remarkable natural objects, the Falls
of the Ngouyai have given rise, in the fertile imagi-
‘mations of the negroes, to mythological stories. The
legend runs that the main Falls are the work of the
spirit Fougamou, who resides there, and was in old
times a mighty forger of iron; but the rapids above
are presided over by Nagoshi, the wife of Samba,
who has spoiled this part of the river in order to
prevent people from ascending and descending. The
Falls to which the name Samba is given lie a good
day’s journey below the Fougamou, but, from the
description of the natives, I concluded they were only
rapids, like Nagoshi above. The Fougamou is the
only great fall of water. It takes its name from the
spirit (mbuiri), who is said to have made it, and who
Cuar. V. LEGEND OF FOUGAMOU. 107
watches it constantly, wandering night and day
round the Falls. Nagoshi, the rapid above, takes its
name from a spirit said to be the wife of Samba, as I
have already stated.
A legend on this subject was related to us
with great animation by our Avia guide, to the
following effect: In former times people used to
oo to the Falls, deposit iron and charcoal on the river
side, and say, “Oh! mighty Fougamou, I want this
iron to be worked into a knife or hatchet” (or what-
ever implement it might be), and in the morning
when they went to the place they found the weapon
finished. One day, however, a man and his son went
with their iron and charcoal, and had the impertinent
curiosity to wait and see how it was done. They hid
themselves, the father in the hollow of a tree, and the
son amongst the boughs of another tree. Fougamou
came with his son and began to work, when suddenly
the son said, ‘‘ Father, I smell the smell of people!”
The father replied, “ Of course you smell people ; for
does not the iron and charcoal come from the hands
of people?” So they worked on. But the son again
interrupted his father, repeating the same words,
and then Fougamou looked round and saw the
two men. He roared with rage, and to punish the
father and his son, he turned the tree in which the
father was hidden into an ant-hill, and the hiding-
place of the son into a nest of black ants. Since
then, Fougamou has not worked iron for the people
any more.
The sky being cloudy all day, I could not take
observations to fix the latitude of the rapid, Nagoshi,
108 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHJ FALLS. Cuar. V.
but as I took a series of bearings, and a meridian
altitude of a star at Mandji, and was careful in
registering my dead reckoning in the journey from
the junction of the Ovigui to the Falls, the position
can be fixed with tolerable accuracy. This will
enable geographers to clear up much that was doubt-
ful in the cartography of this part of Africa.
It was nearly dark when we had packed up the
camera, and we had a difficult walk to accomplish be-
fore reaching the place where we intended to pass the
night, namely, a fishing encampment of Aviia people
on the banks of the river. We were still struggling
through the entangled forest when night came on,
and through breaks in the foliage we could see the
misty moon peering through the light clouds. The
loud roar of cataracts and rapids accompanied us
every step of the way, and the uncertain track
lay over broken and stony ground near the river.
Scrambling through thorny bushes, climbing and
wading, we at length reached the ebando (encamp-
ment) at half-past eight p.m. On the road Igalo,
who was just before me, killed a venomous snake
which was lying in the path. It had a hideous
triangular flat head, and fangs of enormous length.
To my dismay the ebando was full of people, and
there was scarcely room to move under its shelter. I
was quite exhausted with fatigue and hunger; my
hands and legs were bloody with the laceration of
thorns, and my clothes wet through. At length I lay
down by the side of one of the fires and thus passed
the night. My Commi men were greatly discontented,
and Macondai cursed the vkenda 1 mialai (the good-for-
Cuap. V. MOUNT MURCHISON. 109
nothing journey), which did not take us a step nearer
to London.
The next morning, the 11th, I succeeded in as-
cending, in a frail canoe, part of the river which was
difficult to navigate, being full of rocks and small
islands. In many places the river seemed broader:
than at Luba. One of the many islands was called
Olenda.
Leaving the ebando, I returned to Luba. The
scarcity of food here had reached starvation point, so
we lost no time in continuing our journey to the
Ovigui; we had just sufficient plantains left to last
us; the river was rising fast, and the current was
very strong. I found the Ngouyai had risen about
four and a half feet in three days.
In ascending we kept close to the aun bank, in
order to get a good view of the Nkoumou Nabouali.
When Wis highest part of the mountain bore W.,
then the summit, which had appeared only as a
single peak, showed. distinctly two sharp peaks.
Trees covered the peaks to the summit. I named
this conspicuous mountain Mount Murchison, after ,
my honoured friend Sir Roderick Murchison, the
illustrious President of the Royal Geographical
Society of London. In my former travels I had
estimated the distance of Nkoumou Nabouali from
Olenda at sixty miles, being misled by my recollec-
tions of the appearance of the peak of Fernando Po.
I now found the distance was only thirty-five miles.
A few miles below the junction of the Ovigui the
Ngouyai seems to run parallel to the hilly ridges,
110 _ VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. Caap. V
which are five or six miles distant. At the little
Aviia village Mandji, where we passed the night, I
succeeded in taking the meridian altitude of a
Hridani, the resulting latitude being 1° 16’ 26” 8,
12th. In early morning a dense fog enveloped the
forests and the broad river; we could not see the
opposite bank. We reached the Ovigui at ten min-
utes past eight am. On its banks we stopped at a
small village, the chief of which gave us a bunch of
plantains and a fowl, and the people sold me a
quantity of smoke-dried fish for my men. How we
enjoyed the meal after the famine of the previous
three days! At half-past two p.m. we arrived at
Dihaou; the chief was absent fishing.
13th. The good old chief Dihaou returned this
morning, and expressed unaffected delight at seeing
me. As usual [ heard a harrowing tale of witcheraft
in the course of the day. Few weeks pass away in
these unhappy villages without something of this
kind happening. A poor fellow was singing a
mournful song, seated on the ground in the village
street ; and on inquiring the cause of his grief, I was
told that the chief of a village near his having died,
and the magic Doctor having declared that five
persons had bewitched him, the mother, sister and
brother of the poor mourner had just been ruthlessly
massacred by the excited people, and his own house
and plantation burnt and laid waste. |
14th—16th. Delayed at Dihaou by Arangui'’s
trading affairs. Took three observations for latitude,
which gave the position of the village as 1° 21’.3"S.
Cap. V. SUP ON A POISONOUS SERPENT. 111
17th. It was useless to think of ascending the Ovi-
gui in a canoe, as the current had become so strong
with the heavy rains, and the canoe was too small
to carry all our party; so we were ferried across to
the opposite side, where a path commenced leading to
Olenda.. Our march for several miles led through
forest. About four p.m. a storm burst upon us, and
we arrived at an old ebando, where we were to pass
the night, drenched to the skin.
As we were entering the shed, eager to find a
shelter from the soaking rain, my men gave a
sudden shout of alarm, and all started backwards,
tumbling over a fallen log, and floundering in the
mire. The cause of their fright was a huge poi-
sonous snake which lay coiled up on the ground
within the shelter. The snake was of a species con-
sidered by the negroes to be ‘the most poisonous of
all the kinds known in Western Africa, the Clotho
nasicorms. In colour it can scarcely be distin-
guished from the ground and dead leaves on which
it crawls. It is of great thickness round the middle,
tapering very suddenly at the tail, and its head is
very large and hideous, being triangular in shape,
and having an erect process or horn rising from the
tip of its nose.
One of our Ashira men killed it. They were de-
lighted with their good fortune, for, being large
and fat, it furnished them, when roasted, with a good
supper; some of the meat was boiled for broth, and
the rest was carefully packed away for another meal.
After our arrival at Olenda, I saw the Ashira man
112 VISIT TO THE SAMBA NAGOSHI FALLS. (Cnap. V.
roast and eat the head of this poisonous snake: when
I examined it I did not see the poison fangs, pro-
bably they had been extracted.
18zh. Travelled all day, reaching the tp
prairie at five p.m.
19¢h. On the march again by daylight, through a
fearful storm with deluges of rain. The rain fell in
such sheets, that we had difficulty in seeing the path
before us, and it lasted till eleven o'clock. One or
two rain-falls of this kind happen every wet season.
I was afraid my watches would have been spoiled,
but the leather case proved a good protector. This
case had been given to me by my good and honoured
friend, Sir George Back; and was of the same pat-
tern as the one used by him in his celebrated Arctic
voyage. The kind letters I received from him just
before my departure for the interior were full of
‘good and valuable advice, and will always be grate-
fully remembered by me. We waded for hours
through water up to the ankles. The rivulets we
crossed had become too deep to ford, and as I could
not swim, trees had to be felled, to fall across and
serve asa bridge. I felt that another night passed in
the forest would be almost insupportable, besides the
great risk of fever to which we should be exposed.
We pushed forward at our best speed, crossed the
Ovigui, and at length, at halfpast five p.m., arrived
at Olenda utterly exhausted.
Quengueza came out to meet me. As soon as I
reached my hut I had a bath of warm water, took a
cup of tea and a dose of quinine, and went to bed.
Cnap. V. ILL EFFECTS OF FORCED MARCHING. 113
The forced marches, exposure and privations of this
arduous journey, laid me up for several days. I
suffered much from a pain in the left side in the
neighbourhood of the heart, which was accompanied
with fever, and distressed me much. I had also
rheumatic pains in my shoulder. My faithful Ma-
condai also had a slight attack of fever, which,
however, gave way to a few doses of quinine.
I made also another excursion about this time, to
my friend the chief Adingo, whose village is situated
at the foot of the Igoumbi Andele mountains, south
of Olenda. As a description of this neighbourhood
is given in ‘ Kquatorial Africa, it is unnecessary here
to repeat further details of this excursion. I need
only say that I have now named the fine wooded
peaks of Igoumbi Andele after my much respected
friend Professor Owen.
CHAPTER VL.
ASHIRA-LAND.
Grand Palaver to discuss the route into the interior—I am forbidden to pass
through the Apingi country—Messengers sent to the Chief of Otando—
Changes in Ashira Customs—Decrease of Population—The Potamogale
Veloxz—lts habits—My former description of this Animal—Visit to An-
gouka—Immense Plantation of Plantain-trees—Quarrel with Mpoto,
nephew of Olenda—Difficulties and anxieties—First rumours of the
Small-pox.
Dec. 23rd, 1864. To day there was an assembly of
the head-men of Ashira-land, presided over by King
Olenda, to discuss the important subject of my jour-
ney towards the east. My intention was to have
followed the same route from Olenda as I took on >
my former expedition, namely, through the Apingi
country. But obstacles to this arrangement were
raised by Olenda and the Ashira people, who argued
that my best course would be to proceed to the
Otando country, lying a little to the south of Apingi.
I learnt, in the course of the palaver, the cause of
Olenda’s opposition. It appeared that after I had
left the Apingi, the people could not comprehend
what had become of me, and Remandji their chief had
much trouble with them. They declared he had hid
me in the forest, with the intention of keeping me
for himself. So they came in a body to ask him
what had become of me. They also demanded that
Cuar. VI. PALAVER TO DISCUSS THE ROUTE. 115
he should give them some of the presents I had given
him.
Fa has
bee tb aathotae
Cuar. XI. MUSHROOM-HIVED TERMES. 215
soldier class of the ants, which I took to be males,
all striving to bite the intruder with their pincer-like
jaws. On breaking open the ball—which, when
handled, divided itself into three parts—I always
found it full of young white ants in different stages
of growth, and also of eggs. The young were of a
milky-white colour, while the adults were yellowish,
with a tinge of grey when the abdomen is full of
earth. Besides these young ants, there were a great
many full-grown individuals, whom I took to be
females, and who appeared to be the workers or
labourers described by entomologists. These have
not elongated nippers like the soldiers, but have very
bulky abdomens, and they are inoffensive. We shall
see presently what their distended abdomens are used
for. Besides these soldiers and workers, I always
saw, whenever I broke a hive, a very much larger
specimen than the other two, which came in from
the inner galleries, looked round, and went away
again. ‘These large ants were very few in number.
There were, therefore, three distinct sets of indi-
viduals. To these large ones I shall give the name
of head men or chiefs.
In order to examine the rest of the structure I
often took an axe and broke the nest into several
pieces ; but the material was so hard that it required
several blows before I succeeded. I tried then to
make out the structure of the chambers and galleries
of which the interior was composed. But before I
could do this, I was somewhat perplexed at dis-
covering that there was another distinct species of
white ant mixed up with the proper architects of the
16: ° ANTS. Ciap oc
edifice. The soldiers of this other species were much
smaller and more slender, and, as I broke the pieces,
these two kinds fell to fighting one another.. On
close. inspection I found that these slender fellows
came out of cells composed of a yellow earth, whilst
the others inhabited cells of black earth. The yellow
colour was due to a coating of some foreign substance
on the walls of the cell. The chambers inhabited by
the slender species did not communicate with those
peopled by the lords of the manor; they seemed
rather to be inserted into the vacant spaces or par-
tition walls between the other cells. No doubt they
had intruded themselves, after the building had been
finished, from under the ground. In the fight the
larger kind showed no mercy to the smaller. It was
quite marvellous to witness the fury with which the
soldiers of the one kind seized the bodies of the others
with their powerful pincer-jaws, and carried them
away into their own chambers. The soldiers of the
slender kind also possessed long pincer-like jaws, and
I noticed in one instance, when a worker of the larger
kind had seized a small worker, who was in her last
struggle for life, that one of these slender soldiers flew
to the rescue, and snapping into the soft abdomen of
the assailant, twice its size, let out its contents; the
slender one then fell from the pincers that had
eripped her, but life was extinct. The rescuer came,
examined the body, and seeing that she was dead,
went away and disappeared; if she had been only
wounded she would probably have been carried away,
as they do the young. I may here remark that,
with the exception of the head, the body of the ter-
Cuap. XI. MUSHROOM NESTS.. 217
mites is exceedingly soft. On examining the struc-
ture of the soldiers, it is evident that their powerful
pincer-jaws are made for wounding and piercing,
while the structure of the workers shows that their
pincers are made for the purposes of labour. Nothing
astonished me more than this impetuous attack ; my
attention was intense on this deadly combat; the
weaker species knew the vulnerable point of his for-
midable enemy, who was too busy to protect himself.
A further examination showed me that the mush-
room-like cap of the whole edifice was composed of
both black and yellow cells. This curious mixture
of two species, each building its own cells and yet
contributing to form an entire and symmetrical
edifice, filled me with astonishment. The wonder did
not cease here, for in some of the mushroom-like
heads there was still a third kind quite distinct from
the other two, and not a white ant.
The mushroom nests are built very rapidly, but
when finished they last, in all probability, many
years. The ants work at them only at night, and
shut out all the apertures from the external air when
daylight comes, for the white ant abhors daylight ;
and when they migrate from an old building -to
commence the erection of a new one, they come
from under the ground. Sometimes they add to
their structures by building one mushroom-head
above another; I have seen as many as four, one on
the top of the other. The new structures are built
when the colony increases; new cells must be found
for the new comers. The shelter is quite rain-proof.
I passed hours in watching the tiny builders at
>
218 ANTS, Cuap. XI.
their daily labours in the cells, wh*ch I was enabled
to do by laying open some of their cells, and then
observing what went on after all was quiet. So soon
as the cells are broken, a few head men or chiefs are
seen ; each one moves his head all round the aperture,
and then disappears into the dark galleries, appa-
rently without leaving anything. Then the soldiers
come; these do no work, but there must be some
intention in these movements; they no doubt were
on guard to protect the workers. I was never able,
even with my magnifying glass, to see them do any-
thing. The workers then come forward, and each of
them turns round and ejects from behind a: quantity
of liquid mud into the aperture, and finally walls it
up. They come one after the other, and all of
them leave their contributions; this is done first
in a row from one end of the aperture to another, -
then each ejection is put on the top of the other
with a precision that would do honour to a brick-
layer or stonemason. ‘The question to me was to
know if the same ants went away to eat more
earth and came again. How much would I have
given to be able to see into the dark recesses of the
chambers! but I do not see how this will ever be
done. The apertures of the cells were only closed
during the day, and during the following night the
part of the structure which I had demolished was
rebuilt to its original shape. Some of them brought
very small grains of sand or minute pebbles, and
deposited them in the mud; when demolishing their
shelter, I saw several cells filled with these little
pebbles, which I had also collected and preserved.
CHap. XI. MODE OF BUILDING. 219
Soon after others came and closed up the celly The
earth which they eat can be seen shining through the
thin skins of their bodies, but I was unable to see
where it was stored in the interior of the edifice.
The mud is mixed with gluey matter, through the
digestion, when it is ejected, and with this material
the little creatures are enabled to build up the thin
tough walls which form their cells, and, in course of
time, the firm and solid structure of the entire nest.
Sun and rain are equally fatal to the white ants;
thus it is necessary that they should build a hive
impervious to light, heat, and rain. I have put
white ants in the sun, and they were shortly after-
wards killed by its heat. I thought each cell was,
perhaps, inhabited only by one ant, but the great
number I saw in each mushroom-like edifice made it
quite improbable that it should be so.
I believe these white ants of the prairie are quite a
different species from those which live in subterranean
dwellings, and which make their appearance suddenly
through the floor of one’s hut and devour all sub-
stances made of cotton or paper; these are very fond
of eating wood, and are often found in dead trees,
In these species, the sense of smell, or some other
sense equivalent to it, must be very acute. One may
retire to bed in fancied security, with no sign of
white ants about, and in the morning wake to find
little covered ways overspreading the floor and chests
of clothing and stores, and the contents of the chest
entirely destroyed, with thousands of the busy ants
engaged in cutting the things with their sharp jaw-
blades. Everything made of wool or silk is, how-
H,.
(
.
|
220 ANTS. Cuap. XI.
ever, invariably spared. At Mayolo this kind of ant
was very abundant, and was a cause of much anxiety
to me.
Tree Ant.—Now that I have tried to the best of
my abilities to give an account of what I call the
mushroom-building white ant, I will speak of another
species which lives in the forest, and which is often a
near neighbour ot the other. In the forest there is
a species which makes its hives or nests between the
ribs of the trunks of trees. The nests are from four
to seven feet long, and six to eight inches broad, and
are formed externally of several slanting roofs, one
above the other. The ants that make these struc-
tures have long black bodies and white heads, and
are unlike the mushroom-building ants.
The structure begins from the ground in a some-
what irregular cylindrical piece of walling or build-
ing about a foot high, but varying to as much as
eighteen inches, and full of cells and galleries; then
occurs the first slanting roof. The larger the struc-
ture, the more of these slanting roof-like projections
it possesses, and they become smaller towards the
top, the middle roof being the broadest; sometimes
a few inches will separate one roof from the other ;
the roofs communicate with each other through the
cells by the same cylindrical piece of masonry; the
material of which the whole is built is very thick,
hard, and impermeable to rain. The structure of
this ant is not common in the forest; but having
found a nest in the prairie near Mayolo, I had not to
vo far to study them.
Cuar. XI. THE TREE ANT. 221
I frequently broke open portions of this singular
structure, and tried to observe the movements of the
inhabitants in the interior of their dark chambers.
As in the mushroom hives of the prairie, I found
numbers of little pale young ants in the cells; there
were also a few head men or chiefs, soldiers, and
workers, the soldiers doing no work, whilst the
workers were full of activity; the immature indivi-
duals moved but slowly, and seemed very delicate ;
the very young ones did not move at all. Whenever
I broke into the cells, the first care of the adults was
always to place the young progeny out of danger;
this they did by taking them up in their mouths and
carrying them into the inner chambers. Those, how-
ever, who could walk unaided were driven in. As
soon as the young ones had been taken into the cells,
the soldiers came to the apertures of all the cells that
had been broken, to defend the breach from any
enemies that might come: and then the workers
began to work with great rapidity. In breaking
the structure I killed a few of the young ones—the
adults came to them, and seeing them dead, left them
on the field.
I observed the soldiers engaged in an occupation
which was at first incomprehensible to me, but I after-
wards came to the conclusion that it was the act of
tracing with their mouths the outline of the work of
closing up the cells, which was to be completed by
their fellow ants the workers. The soldiers came and
stood at the opening of every broken cell in a row,
quiet for a little while, then they disappeared. By
the enc of their heads I thought they might be
202 ANTS. Cua. XL
taking some earth away, but I was not able to see
this with my magnifying glass. I thought also that.
they might be throwing some moisture in order to
dampen the soil where the walls were to be built,
there again my magnifying glass failed me. The
worker ants would then come in and apply their
mouths intently to the bottom of the cells in the
places where the mud had been ejected by the others,
and this was done so frequently that it appeared a
regular occurrence. It was interesting to watch the
regularity with which the ants worked, in compact
rows, side by side, until the chambers were covered
in. Before building, they carried away the little
pieces of clay which had been broken off, and which
were in their way. The material they used for
building seemed to me almost the same as that of the
mushroom-building ants. After having disposed of
their loads, the ants disappeared, and others took
their places; what I wanted to find out was whether
the same ants came again, but, as in the case of the
mushroom-building ants, I was not able to settle this
point. The head men were far less numerous in pro-
portion to the total population of the community
than in the mushroom hives. The ants of this
species only once rebuilt their hive in its original
shape, after I had broken it. When I again de-
stroyed part of it they only closed the open cells.
In this kind of building the slanting roof pre-
vented the rain from getting in; but in the mush-
room hives, if the damage had not been entirely
repaired, the rain would have penetrated the struc-
ture.
Onar. XI. THE BARK ANT. 223
Bark Ant.—Another much smaller species of white
ant is found under pieces of loose dry bark on the
forest trees, on which they feed. The colonies were
composed of a very scanty number of individuals,
and the ants were so small and obscure that it was
not easy to detect them. They always choose trees
that are old and have these scales of loose bark on
their trunks from place to place. It is under these
small patches or scales that the ants live. They feed
on the wood, and build covered ways, or rather
tunnels, which start from the ground and communi-
cate to the different places where the colony has
scattered ‘itself. Now and then, scraping under the
bark, I found that the settlement had moved some-
where else as soon as they had come to the green of
the tree. The material which this ant uses to build
its tunnels is not earth, but wood-dust. This proves
clearly that these white ants, with, perhaps, the ex-
ception of one species, build their nests of the same
material as they eat, but not till after it has passed
through their stomachs, and received an admixture
of glutinous fluid. The quantity thrown by this
little species was so minute that I could hardly have
seen it with the naked eye. They worked exactly
like the others I have just described. I was unable
to recognise the three distinct classes of individuals.
There seemed to be only two sets—soldiers and
workers. They worked very slowly when joining
the broken portions of the tunnels I had demolished.
This was accounted for by the extreme smallness of
the particles of material ejected by them, and also by
the fact that, in consequence of the tunnel being
224. | ANTS. | Cap. XI.
very narrow, only one or two ants could work at the
same time. at ha
Forest Termes.—Now I come to another species of
white ants much larger than those I have described
before, and building far larger structures.
The shelters of this ant are found in the forest, and
are rather uncommon ; they are always found single,
their light yellow colour makes them: quite con-
spicuous in the midst of the dark foliage by which
they are surrounded; this yellow colour comes from
the soil which the ants use in building, and which
they get from below the black loam. .
The height of the structure I examined was four
feet and a half, and the diameter at the broadest
part two feet and a half; after breaking one sinuo-
sity I found the cells to be about one inch and a
half in length and about half an inch in height,
each cell corresponding with the others by corridors
or round tunnels varying from half an inch to one
inch in length, and about a quarter of an inch in
diameter.
In demolishing the sides, I found that the thickness
of the wall was only one inch before the cells were
found; but I found the earth at the top much harder
than on the sides, as though the builders had put a
much larger quantity of glutinous matter in this
part of the structure.
After demolishing three inches of this yellow top
of the nest I came suddenly to another layer, half an
inch thick, full of little holes or cells, so small that
they had no doubt been built on purpose for the ants
ANTS.
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App. I. DIMENSIONS. 453
| ayaa | ear a | a ee Ge fee GRE | Length ) Breadth Circum-
| e 2 of | No. ©) of of ference of
es Skull | Cranium. b ongaante Cranium. | Skull. Cranium. Cranium. Cranium.
in. art aa lines.| in. lines. in. lines. ee ce lines. in. lines. in. lines. in. lines.
me Eth ete 6. | SE |, 8 2. erhi ames do. o
mere. Gl 5 STi 9) aos ob 7 OPP Sig: 3
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ory 7 0) 8 8) 18 97857 0) 6) 61e be O17 3
ru 7 31. os, 6| 19 6 | 86) 7 10 7 O} 8 (i dds 2
meee v- 01. 5) 8) ie 9/87) 8 38) 7, 3/05. Blass
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aor. O| & 3 (18 6 feels |
Making allowance for difference of sex—the skulls
not exceeding seven inches eight lines in length,
being most of them plainly female—the range of
diversity is here much less than would be found in
the same number of European skulls from a locality
of the same extent as the ground from which M. Du
Chaillu gathered the above collection.
And this comparative conformity appears to de-
pend on a corresponding uniformity in the manner
of life, in the fewer wants, the less diversified pur-
suits, of the Equatorial Africans. Their food, the
mode of obtaining it, the bodily actions, muscular .
exertions, and mental efforts stimulating and govern-
ing such acts, vary comparatively little in the people
visited by M. Du Chaillu. The cannibal habits of
the Fans offer the main difference, and with them
Bis)
454 SKULLS OF WESTERN AFRICANS. Ares:
are associated the larger cranial dimensions, as a
general rule. But, in all, the prevalent low social
status, the concomitant sameness, and contracted
range, of ideas—the comparatively limited variety
in the whole series of living phenomena, from child-
hood to old age, of human communities of the grade
of the Ashiras and Fans—govern the conformity of
their low cranial organisation.
In my work on the Archetype skeleton I note,
among other characters of the general homology of
bones of the human head, the degrees of variability
to which the several vertebral elements were respec-
tively subject.*
The centrums and neurapophyses of the cranial
vertebra maintain the greatest constancy, the neural
spines the least, in the vertebral column of mammals,
as in the cranial region thereof in the vast series of
the varieties and races of mankind : the hemal arches
and their diverging appendages are the seats of in-
termediate degrees of variation.
Accordingly, between the lowest forms of African
and Australian skulls and the highest forms of Huro-
pean skulls, the difference in size and shape is least
in the basi-occipito-sphenoids, in the ex-occipitals,
alisphenoids, and orbitosphenoids: it is greatest in
the super-occipital, parietals, frontals, and nasals. The
maxillary and mandible are next in degree of varia-
bility, especially at the terminal anterior part which
represents the hemal spine, and is the seat of the
characters which Ethnology terms “ prognathism,”
* ¢On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton.’ 8vo.
1848, p. 187.
App. I. CONDITIONS OF VARIABILITY. 455
“orthognathism,” “ opisthognathism.” As in the
neural, so in the hemal arches, the parts become sub-
ject to variety as they recede from the centrum. The
palatal bones (pleurapophyses) show most constancy,
the maxillaries (hemapophyses) the next degree, the
pre-maxillaries (hzmal spines) the least constancy.*
So, likewise, with regard to the centrums them-
selves, the terminal one or “ vomer” is more variable
than those behind it.
The tympanic (pleurapophysis) offers as few cha-
racteristics to the ethnologist, as does the palatine.
The malar bones and zygomatic arches—diverging,
as appendages, from the maxillary arch—are seats of
variety only inferior to the neural spines. The
pterygoid processes are almost, if not quite, as vari-
able as the malar bones.
Accordingly, the variability or value of ethnolo-
gical admeasurements depends on the vertebral ele-
ments, or general homology, of the parts they may
happen to include. The length of the skull is more
constant than that of the cranium, in the entire
series of human races, because it includes the ver-
tebral centrums, whilst the other includes only neural
spines. Moreover, the parts that chiefly vary the
length of the skull are those behind the foramen
magnum, and those before the palatine bones. —
The dimension from the anterior border of the
foramen magnum to the fore part of the pre-sphe-
* The range of variety in this vertebral element may be estimated by
the fact that all the ordinal characters of the class of birds derived from the
“rostrum” are furnished by modifications of the premaxillary and pre-
mandibular bones.
456 ETHNOLOGICAL TERMS OF ART. App. I.
noid, or to the palato-maxillary suture, is, perhaps,
regard being had to sex, as constant as any. The
part behind the cranial centrums is chiefly affected
by the super-occipital; the ‘part in front by the
pre-maxillary.. The extreme height, breadth, and
length of the cranium, with the curves and con-
tours of the dome, help the ethnologist with the
range of differences which it has pleased him to
express by the terms: brachycephalic, brassocephalic,
brachistocephalic, subbrachycephalic, _ mesocephalic,
‘mecocephalic, mecistocephalic, dolichocephalic, doli-
chistocephalic, pyramidocephalic, doidocephalic, cym-
bocephalic, stenocephalie, eurycephalic, cylindroce-
phalic, hypsicephalic, orthocephalic, phoxocephalic,
sphenocephalic, platycephalic, sphcerocephalic, cubi-
cephalic, &c., with the terminal varieties, as in brachy-
cephalous and. brachycephaly, played upon each
compound; to which add “ pheenozygous,” “ crypto-
zygous,” as the cranial dome may give or hide a view
of the zygomatic arches ; also dolichorhinous, brachy-
rhinous, platyrhinous, or platyrhinal, &c., &c., for all
the gradations of diversity of the neural spines of
the foremost vertebra.
There is no particular harm in such array or dis-
play of terms of art—save where they are extended
from signifying a gradation or variety of cranial
form to the constant character of a race, a nation, a
family, or a period—in the absence of that extent
and amount of observation which is absolutely requi-
site to prove or disprove such constancy. In the
extensive series of skulls of the natives of a limited
tract of the northern part of the peninsula of Hin-
#
Apr. I. SKULLS OF AMERICAN INDIANS. 457
dustan, varieties of shape of the cranium were observed
which might be expressed by at least half a dozen
of the above-cited Greek polysyllabics, and even of
opposite extremes, and this, not only in the general
series of Nepalese skulls, but sometimes in the minor
series of a tribe or village.* Very analogous are the
results as affecting “ brachycephalic,” dolicocephalie,”
&c., “families,” “ varieties,” or “races,” to which a
correspondingly expanded survey of the skulls of the
aboriginal Indians of America has led the accurate
and painstaking ethnologist, Dr. Aitken Meigs.f
In the first place he finds that, in the general
series of aboriginal American crania, there is a
range of diversity of proportions of the cranial
eavity, which would give the ethnologist grounds for
distributing them into three groups: 1, Dolichocephali ;
2, Mesocephali; 3, Brachycephali; but these are not
coincident with areas or periods. Not any of them
is distinctive of a particular family, or race, or nation,
or other group, either according to time or to space.
Thus the skulls of the Creek Indians may be, in a
general way ‘eurycephalic, 7.¢. shorter and more
broadly oval than those of the Assinaboins, and
these, in like manner, than the crania of the Ottawas.
But among the Creeks is a specimen (No. 441) which
is “ brachycephalic,” and a skull of one of the Dacota
Indians “stands between the Assinaboin’s and the
Creek’s” (p. 37). Among the Osages of the Upper
* « Report on a series of Skulls of various Tribes of Mankind inhabiting
Nepal,” in ‘Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science,’ for 1850.
+ ‘Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
May, 1866.
e
458 SKULLS OF AMERICAN INDIANS. App, L
Missouri is a “ longish head, inclining to the Swedish
form, occupying a position intermediate setween the
long and short heads” (p. 20); a third (No. 54) has
“the coronal region almost round, like that of the
true Germanic head” (p. 19). Another specimen
(No, 54) “ belongs to the angularly round or square-
headed Gothic type” (p. 19). Others, again, are
“ brachycephalic.” Among the Blackfoot Indians are
some skulls ‘decidedly dolichocephalic”’ (p. 17) ; but
in No, 1227, of a Chief (and probably, therefore, with
a more laterally expanded brain) the skull “ occupies
an intermediate place between the long and short
heads” (p. 17). The skull of a Mohican also occupies
“a position intermediate between the long and short
heads, and approaches the Mongol form” (p. 20).
“The Ottawas of Michigan may be partly referred to
the arched type” (p. 22). But “ No. 1007 is brachy-
cephalic” (7.). Others of this tribe, Nos. 1006,
1008, 1009, “depart from this type and approach
the Swedish form. I have consequently placed them
in the “dolichocephalic” division” (p. 22). The
State of Michigan, however, was once occupied or
hunted over by other aboriginal tribes, the Meno-
minées, ¢. g., “the cranial specimens of which differ
from each other not a little” (p. 22).
The details of these differences are very instructive
as to the degree of value of the terms of cranial
shapes as denoting ethnological groups. Thus, after
pointing out those approaching or attaining the
“ Brachycephali,” Dr. Meigs writes :—“ Among the
Miamis of Indiana we again encounter the dolicho-
cephalic type” (p. 22). But here also it is added
App. I. CONDITIONS OF VARIABILITY. 459
that the skull of a Chief, No. 542, “is in many
respects like the German heads in the collection,
especially those from Tiibingen, Frankfort, Berlin :
it has the Swedish occiput” (i.). “No. 1055 ap-
proaches the angular Gothic form” (7.). In others
“the outline of the crown forms a more or less
rounded oval” (ib.). “No. 106 approaches the
arched type.’ “The specimens in the collection
constituting the Seminole group vary not a little
from each other” (p. 25). After descriptive details,
Dr. Meigs proceeds: “It will thus be seen that in
this group there are at least two, if not three, distinct
types” (p. 26).
How often one feels the desire to ask an author
the meaning in which he uses the word “type”! As
applied to cranial configuration, the grades or shades
of transition are such that the choice of any one step
in the series for a term of comparison must be arbi-
trary.
With regard to the aborigines of America, the
ethnologist may classify them according to their
tribes, family names, or autonomy, or according to
the districts inhabited by them, or according: to their
cranial characters. But, it is abundantly shown by
Dr. Meigs, as, indeed, was to be inferred from the
‘Crania Americana’ of Moreton, that, with the arbi-
trary assumption of certain proportions, dimensions,
&e., as ‘‘type-characters,’ the cranial classification
would differ from the tribal or national, geographical
or epochal one.
What constitutes the prevalent “ dolichocephalic
type,” ethnologically speaking, among the African
460 SKULLS OF WESTERN AFRICANS. App, I..
skulls which have called forth the present remarks, is
not, as the term would imply, a greater length of
cranium than in Indian and European skulls which
would be called “ brachycephalic,” or “ hypsicephalic,”
but merely a want of filling out of the brain-case by
lateral or verticai expansion. The dimension of
“length” is more constant than that of “ breadth”
or “depth” in the cerebral hemispheres of the human
brain. |
Were the natives of Western Equatorial Africa, dis
covered or visited by M. Du Chaillu and represented
by the skulls ‘which he collected and transmitted, as
constant, keen, and clever hunters as the North
American Indians, there might then be expected to
rise among them here or there an individual with
qualities making him superior in his craft, and
enabling him to direct and dominate over the more
common sort. And in proportion as the brain might
have a concomitant increase of size in such “Chief,”
we should expect the long (“dolichocephalic type”)
to merge into the broad (“ brachycephalic”), or lofty
(“hypsicephalic), or globular (sphcerocephalic) modi-
fications of cranial configuration.
In all the Negro skulls in the present collection,
as in those of Boschismen, Mincopies, Australians,
and every other variety that has come under my
observation, the essential characters of the archence-
phalous subclass and of its sole genus and species
are as definitely marked as in the skulls of the
highest white races.
meee HIN OL. EE
INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE EXPEDITION TO
ASHANGO-LAND.
First Supply. (From Mr. Potter, successor to Cary.)
1 Aneroid, brass, in morocco case, 2 inches in diameter, registering
from 15 to 31 inches. *
2 Compasses, prismatic, with stand, shades, and reflector, 3 inches
diameter (Singer’s patent).
2 Compasses, pocket (Singer’s patent), 14 inches diameter.
Drawing instruments, one set in German silver, in case, 6 inches
by 94 inches.
Drawing pins, 2 dozen.
2 Horizons Artificial, folding roof, improved iron trough and
bottle, in sling case.
Hypsometrical Apparatus, viz. :—
Bull’s-eye lantern, copper boiler, 3 reservoirs for spirits, oil,
or candle. ‘
3 Thermometers for heights by boiling water, marked to
215°, in brass case.
2 Thermometers, thermal or sun, marked to 230°, in brass
case.
2 Thermometers, graduated for Fahrenheit and Centigrade.
1 Thermometer, graduated for Centigrade and Reaumur. |
Magnetic-electro machine, with 90 feet of cord or conducting
wire.
2 Magnifiers, or reading glasses, large size.
Mercury, 7 lbs. in stone bottle, as reserve supply.
Parallel-ruler, Acland’s pattern, 18 inches.
462 LIST OF INSTRUMENTS. App. II.
Protractor, circular, with compass rectifier, in mahogany box.
Protractor, circular, in brass. “
Rain gauge and spare glasses (Livingstone’s pattern).
Scale, 18 inches metal, graduated to inches, and subdivided to
tenths and hundredths, in box.
Sextant, 4 inches radius, silver arc, cut to 20”.
Tape, 100 feet.
Extras.
Spare glass for rain gauge; spare compass cards; leather skins
to ciean glasses; tin foil, &ec.
Most of the above instruments were damaged by the canoe being
upset, in attempting to land through the surf.
Second Supply.
2 Aneroids, brass, 2 inches diameter, registermg from 15 to 31
inches. ; .
2 Compasses, prismatic, 3 inches diameter, shades and reflector.
1 Compass, pocket.
1 Sextant, 6 inches radius, silver arc, cut to 10”.
4 Watches, by Mr. J. Brock (George Street, Portman Square).
1 Watch, by Frodsham (Strand).
BOOKS, &e.
Nautical Almanacks, 1863-4-5-6.
Work books, ruled to form.
Skeleton Map, ruled in squares, 75 sheets.
Memorandum books.
EXTRA INSTRUMENTS.
1 Sextant, 8 inches radius, presented by G. Bishop, Esq.,
» Twickenham ; cut to 10”.
1 Baw doslar, presented by the Directors of the Night Asylum,
Glasgow, after the lecture I delivered for that institution.
1 Telescope, presented by the same.
Universal Sun Dial, presented by the Royai Geographical
Society.
App. ll. REMARKS ON INSTRUMENTS. 463
No.
No.
No.
All
All
Remarks on the Instruments used in taking the Astronomical
Observations.
1 Sextant, 4 inches radius, by Cary, was used for the altitude
of the stars and planets in connection with a lunar,
2 Sextant, 6 inches radius, by Cary (the best instrument),
always used for time, and in taking the distance in a lunar
and meridian altitude.
3 Sextant, used for altitude of the moon under 120° (art.
horiz.), and when more than that quantity one of the other
sextants was used.
the above were lost in my retreat, except the watches and
two aneroids.
————ccquwuwW~
the instruments above enumerated were carefully tested
before leaving England. The aneroids brought back were
again tested after my arrival.
watches proved to have kept very good time; and I ought
to express here my thanks to Mr. Brock, of George Street,
Portman Square, for the care he took in supplying me with
the best watches. They are still in good order; and I am
greatly indebted to Sir George Back for recommending Mr.
Brock to me. The instruments by Mr. Potter, successor of
Mr. Cary, of 181, Strand, proved to be excellent, and stood
well the rough travelling they had to go through.
464
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App. I.
466
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467
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES.
App. II.
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| ¢.18
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OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES
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OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES App. II.
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472
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473
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App. Ii.
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WV XDI
quay 4Sou]}
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‘o0uvysiq
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eee IV nye
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ea LV ad):
quiy 489
-TBou ‘odUBISICT
eve 41V »))
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ea. |)
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eee ¢
eee ec
*** QOURISICT
|
Ot mi A
HH wD W
&P
tt judy
Pg ee Pe te
we ce«
FH Ht Ht
“i Peer eee ee
ee J
qTV wanyeg
App. II.
~<
"MOO JO"M JURA FOL see Ot sen | * 91 08 6
Ogee. 1092 1 et ny) | sep ape 36
0S FB LZ 8 9% 6
c 0g Ge OT GPS OD SCO | SAO are EG, | oe ce nergy || 09 see 08
iS | 02 2% L% Sh SI 6
5 Glecenia e er pp—aie: stv ler crow
2S ae 0 9 to | 0% zw 6 |* ‘HY UMyg.| zo 8 6 «s fi
B OUT} 10,7 LL shies 0% IS #9 Ree nase Par ere 92 68 8
pg Q, 2bg9.469, | yates ath! e6 1g 8
e OPO) MOR Oey igh gig 66 II
App. II
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES
480
i | | Se A Sk 89 I | |
] og 43 98° ic 0 9¢ 1 | |
ele | of 0 Pederges ec Os \0i a ep 4¢ |
| Or 62 @e > | - coummig | 0g “es IT | |
| O« Gg suo 20" 9G 88 Peay Opane! | 8 ate VL |
soa Se ee eee ‘
"UOOPT JO “W YouLLT 0-LL ok Quer GGmeGOle eo yey Opa Oe Tel
0 46 92 | °**. “STV aepidng: |e «Ge “TI
0 98 &8 oe loge OL s¢ LI
: 0 Le gg eee sce sao ep Ig IL
Gk Tr. i | 0% 0 wo ie a ee eanetase Wace 81 9G I
0 8g gs ss gouesiq | $6 36 IT
06 ¢ wo or 46 OL |°" “‘MVaendne | L 2 CL |
Ee ( 0¢ 9 wo OF oie Cha Sy De Gr UL a4 2
“WOOTY JO “GT your[g 0-LL ge ORG: Sea eee see ec ie eL
0 18 249 |°* “Wysendng| OL I TI |
On Gp 98. ae eek os We | |
ieee Fes 06 = CPE Ge ipere sere AG s¢ II It |
| | Oe rp ce ee | uP OXLL | |
: | oF sp gs "sss oouvsig | GZ L IL |
03 ¢ wo 03 Fr 9 2 ay aotdie | Of F tL |
( eS g uo OF GE I@k j°" °° UV D | OF LT LL | (pyuoo) ofokey | “9 Aetq
iy See “AYU Raaier Ee 6 oe ' G98
"aq ‘opnyisuoyT Suyjnsoy ‘dua y, Pong ‘1OLIQ, Kopuy ‘90UBISIC, PUB “ITV “qo0[qO *OULLT, | "208d a as
SHONV.LSIA UVNOT YOH SNOLEVAUASAO
—— =
481
AT. MAYOLO AND MOUENDI.
App, I.
"MOLT jo: ‘7 youey a | G-.ZL Lh
Of SOL Sit 0% cee
0. ¢ wo
0 9 uo
GGL ok
*OUIT} 10, os €& wo
0 *F wo
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0 ss OTL OL [ wo
0 g¢ wo
\ 0 kL uo
0-LL bas
"OOP JO “GL JOURLY
O IT& Fér
og §& GZ
& tr Gal
OF Sb 96
UZ; 3 U6
06 LI 8
02 LZ 96
0€ 06 G8
OT 16 G8
02 Zo L8
0S 6 06
0 69 L8
0 96 G6
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ote STV. wy
ITV topdne
eee ee
*** QOURYSICT
‘ITV toydue
7 VD |
oes apy
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*** QOUBISICT
4TV topidne
a TE
eee 4[1V >)
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|
Or Lb 6
OS Gh 6
cS Gb 6
9¢ 6&8 6
ch 8& 6
0. -46 6
ch GE 6
6 $& 6
8f O¢ OT
G6 8h OL
cI 9F OT
cv &P OT
A Gy OL
6& OF OT
¢ & GI
bE 16 GL
) -6L .6L
cg OL GI
0€ GI aI
0 +L GI
ou. Li Gp
0g 6 ZI
co Fb «OGT
i ek mes |
*** TpuOnoyy
ce
———- ————_ — --
eee I oun
App. Il.
482
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES
OF 93 66 | ch ¢s OL
Oe ORR GGa site Bt 4S L && OL:
cE LS OL | og §& a Gh on “aa, PNT Ch 02 07
\ 0. 22 66. | °* ‘*ooumstq | 0 62 OL
OF F uO Og tee 9, ive Dyes Cor 96. OL
OF g uo OF 9F 88 | °° ‘Hy swendne | Zo FZ OL se
“HOO JO “Y yourld Gch | fe 02 IL L9 Aves | Wee Gm OE
03 Gb gs "apy doytdne | 9F LI OL
| OF SE 66 iy SS ike oG Gt OL
| (Ge SG Gar. Hess ee et 0S FL OL
SF s¢ OL 4! og & oa fig ee | oe ee op een
On $8 «66 «|S “seoumsig | IT aE OL
0 g¢ wo 02 9L 28 “say doyidne | ZL OL OT
\ 0 9 wo Olen olere wea |e teehee ca yc oseca a OF ge
"HOO JO "WY JouRT | GOL ca CGE 00s Gasp edie) «Oe =O) 0)
| 06 8ST LL |** ‘Myrendng | Ip gc 6
| | OSES 0% 660. tage hs ea cg -9¢ 6
! GG .Gb: 66:2 |E tte Wee tt 63 Gc 6
0 6 IT | 0€ § ae GG) qa Gar (ss came =o Zo OG |
| | \ or a 66 |" ‘‘eouRsIG | OF Bo 6 |
| 02 ¢ wo 0G: 6G 2) |x py sondne| OF 1G G | |
\ 0l 9 wo OG 9G ce |) 25s. 32. vee | OF Sh 6 | (‘pyU00) Ipuenoyy | *** 7 ou?
= Oe a ere ee a ere ee | Soe es UE
"Gq ‘opnyisuoT Suryjnseyy | ‘Iwoy, | ‘1o1iq{ xopuy ‘Q0URISIC, PUL “IV “yoolag ‘OUIL], | ‘208d | ayeq
‘SHONWALSIG WVNOAT TOA SNOILVAUASAO
AT MOUENDI AND MOKABA. 483
App, II,
uooPT JO MA IVIg ( 9.GL | “- | gp op Lb. [° ‘apyaondne | zo 92 8 |
| | reapers ne ee OR Pee | |
( 0% 8% 06 | ie. %e 8 |
| i
0¢ LE 06 93 13 8
cory 480
Pee 1 OF 6 1 og ze 06 |f -twou'soursiq }| ¢ 06 8
| | QO 248 06 ce Sl 8 |
| OF LI uo | 0; % 96 |[°" “= awd 4 28 or 8
eis oer }or ¢ wo | oO 6L s8 |“ HvenmMsy] 0 GI 8 ee “6
WOO JOM IIS | TOL ve 0 2b 8 | c vsnmsoy | co IT 8 |
6368 0. | ye | oe se
| | og 28 06 | Wiebe @
02 ZS 06 tr 9 8
| | quart 480
LA ea | 0¢ @ U4 oF ge o6 |{-xeou‘oounstq |] Sl F 8
| QO, 08 06 i SF O. 8 :
| OZ Zi 00 | 6¢ St ge ic "yy ce ag 2
|
| 0b ¢ wo | 02 L 36 |" MVenmBex | os 9g 2 |" “ vaMHoRE | *** Lemme
SS ee ee ee
uooyg Jo" sourtg |. | . 0 of Lor | ‘Wysendng | ze 6 IT
| | G6". oP eee | ee a
| oF St 6 fe ea pO
hips | On Ae a. ets ee ae we «WL
IT OT ¢§ uo 0g FI 66 eee eee ce 9% G Il
| Ol st 66 |" ‘soouesig | 9 T IZ |
: 0 ¢ wo oo ¢ ob ole’ MVD ¢ 6g OL
| 0 9 wo oz sz zor | ‘wy xondne | og Lo OT | os “6
“e | 02 6¢ &6 s ary soyidne | $ LE Ob |
“MOO JO "HT ouvlT | GGL
OT 3& 69 ht wv D | r§ GE OL
App. II.
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES
484
——__-—
“UOOW JO “WY Jouslq ( ¢. GL
CT 02 IT
"MOOR JO “AL mg
cI &@ IT
"mOOT, JO “AM reg
Of ae LE
“ ‘ °
"GY ‘apnyisuo'yT Suryynsoxy
as
"ICT
“dua J,
06 G wo
A (Olle CIOL
€ 61 90T
0G LI uo 0€ 86 GOT
OF 9 uO 06 Fr IL
“
1 7 ‘ °
“e0UvISI PUL “41
“LOLI XOPUT
SHONVISIG YVYNN'T UGS SNOLLVATASAO
eee eee ‘WV ae
“* aTy Joyidne
quar] qs}
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(
se ary reqidn pe
eee eee 41V yy
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eee eee ‘ITV aye
eee eee 66
ees ace 6¢
see *** OOUBISTC,
eee eee ‘ITV y
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—
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(‘p} M00) Bqexyoy
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Se
‘OV
AT MOKABA AND IGOUMBIE. 485
Arp. IL.
“Moo JO “ML JOULE
0s 8
"MOO Jo “Y ourld
9.
IL
= I
0 g uO
“SIT eee .
IV toyidne | 0% SP OL
9¢ ree see te | Ce Tg OL
8z 0S 6.1 OL
8z quay 4souy 8&§& 8I OT
8z -IvJ ‘ooueSICT L@ LI OT
| Ch CL OL
ae | soe aw] oe BL OT
101 | ~ Sy. tedne | ¢ ZL OL
og |" a 3G 8% IT
Te | tie eee #8 93 IL
16 aTWenIngIy | § GZ IT
6Z1 SCiciemeroc oe og 8 OL
oer fot ote te SF 8 «(OL
SI | “ity Snmmjory | GL FP. OT
gg eee eee ‘e Te, R86) 1G
18 | coe ee oe OF 9G 6
98 “" —~a1ysojtdne | gg $$ 6
Zel sre eee at G & 6
6L “* ‘ary qeyidn¢ | —T¢ LE 6
9% OT 98 6
96 | quiy ysoqy | a
9% | -Inj ‘oouvysiqg)| IF I§ 6
95 SCS | Ti O& 6
cL “* 4py doqidne | 8h 8% 6
9ZI vic tied | 3. Zl) c 1): Say
*** J1qUMosy
ce
ae
ft
:
‘EL ouue
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES App. IL.
486
| OL LP 8@ ) Gz We TT
|
0¢ 9F 8Z 02 98 IT
quary 4sot(4
sie eal og 8 M5 0 oF BG, [my coum) st os TT
0 Gh 82 eer fee Ti
0g LI uo 0 0 68 cree) ee Ce: UE |
02 9 wo OF Ch G6zI | °° ‘aTy4endng | OL TS IL |
"OOTY JO “AA JOULTT F-Sh ee 0 Cr Sel |" “Tv sondng:| 9¢ 02 Tt
. 02 FE 38 oe er EV OE coal: LE
Ol 68 83h 9p LI IL
OF 8& 82 cg 9L IL
Quay 4sot]}
a vem | og 26 83 if xe ‘ooumsia }] $9 ST IL
0 88 8 \ 2b PL 1
OF LI uo 0 0% 08 Beis “Wye eo ser Tt
( 0 9g wo OF 0m Fol eae aly toon es ep TT It
OOM JO"MIOUMT | F-8L ba 02 GZ Sol |° ‘3tyvroudne!) 0 O1 TI
06 186, eee Vigil. We Ad
| 0g €€ 8% | JOG" TT
OF ZS 8Z On. pe= EE
quily ysouy
0g 82 II Ger ae oe }/ OF 63 82 |f ay ‘ooumsig 9) og FE OT
| 0 66 82 GG 2c OL
OL LT uo 0 6 OL ane Ht Save) sO alee (OL !
jo 9 wo 0 Gb PIL | °° ‘Sy soydne | FL Gh OL | (p}u00) stqumosy | “rroue
“ 1 fe) | “TCH fed 1 rl r) fo) 8 tu q s98t
| *IOIIG XOPUT ‘90UBj]SI, PUB “ITV uiTay=) 0 (@) ull}, "208i g 8 ‘aye
|
"q ‘opnysuoo7y Buiyinsexy | ‘dua y,
“SHONV.LSIG UVNO'T FOX SNOLLVAYASAO
487
AT IGOUMBIRE.
App. II.
"NOOTT JO "MA JOURTT (
¢-GL
0 & II |
‘LOOP JO "AA JOURTT
“MOOME JO “AL JOULE | 0-8L
|
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7 8 Tt
or
OF
OF
02
0€
OF
0G
g uo
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¢ uo
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60T : = av él 6L GL
6Z | -6 ESL
63 qu yoy | 8 AT BL
62 -Iey ‘oouRysiq | 06 SL GI
6z fe tee ay
BHT sess ss avy | OF SI GTI
L§T | °° ‘$ry aeytdne B: LL OL
9st | °° ‘ayrendne | 91 9 GL
BOG ce De led, PSE
gzCid Ly °C GL
8% die aeets ees Ga At
8z -1ey ‘aomeysICy Go) le wae
82 6& 6¢ TI
DOL Hie 38> AN Dy) Sal “eg “TL
cel |" ‘Hw endne | 68 9¢ II
cst | ** ‘Wy dondne | 2b t¢ I
16 eo arp | eg zo TT
82 Nae Aas
8% qua ysenp sj), 8% 98 Tt
4 -IvJ ‘OoULISTC, The Or il
8z og Lb IT
FG ee sere ae Da a ee ORL
ost | °° ‘3ysendne | ¢h Sh IT
ost | °° Wy sopdne | g¢ TF IT
een ey 0... eo. it
6é
6é
6
App. II.
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES
488
suo} Jo ‘ ouelg ue Le0r og Clie ay wydue | $F 8 6 ;
Lt 0 0.18 Se NEVE TD) la LEG
O Ge= 9 AT aseiail 8 SI 6
OF 68 OL Eee 7% FL 6
ch FF IT OF a ote ae te ea ee eae
( 0 OF OL ae Aguela | ap TL
| OF LI uO 0g LI +8 Ses avy | cl OL 6
On 72 a0 OF GE GOI | °° ‘WvwHdug, 0 6 6 = ce
-uooyy jo T ouryg Py! 69 69 ve 02 FF SOL | ° “‘MwteHdng| es 2 6 |
06 §¢G 98 ee Vee) =a) 8S $= 66
OL Gb OL per eran OF € 6
0¢ Gb OL pee OF 2 6
0 & II log ¢ wo OL SF 92 pe of 2 6
| 06 &F OL + 90uRysig | OF 6G 8
| OF LI uo 0 8. 06 i eV), | 2c. 89 8
ee 03 L wo (Ge s0b ee Iiyaeninp eG 9o 68 ge es
9.19 se (| 03 % , 86 oe ms te -S «OTT
j 0S Zh 6 om 2 98 § II
oon oe) 0 oe co ee gs Si Soil
og 9¢ 16 == TV @e2A | b- 6S OL
Oeste. eon os 91 SG OT
OUT, 107 ; 08 § UO On ip Gale i se s¢ OL
02 SL 9ZL | °" ‘My soreuy | 03 [G OL | °° Penoquioln | **°0g oune
“ 1 ° | “TYR Wash i ; o ma 7 COST
‘YW ‘opnyisuoy Surj[nsoyy ‘day, "1OLIQ XOpuy *90UBISIC, eee eee a | “OUIL], as *908Td =e
| =
———
‘SHONVISIG UVNOT WORX SNCTTYAYASAO
489
AT NIEMBOUAL
App. Il.
—
"WOOP JO “ Joue[g 0-89
i 7h C)
UOOWT JO “ JOUrTY 0-89
ct Le I
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|
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|
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9¢ 62T
61 9L
06 9L
06 9L
6I 92
GB OL
06 LL
0s 09
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86 9L
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9 OI
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TE 92
T§ 92
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*** 90UBISI(T
TV royrdne
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sav)
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*** QOURISICT
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ae MY
‘ITV stoyrdne
Lo If OL
06 6 OT
cé LOT
9¢. 9 OL
ae OF
G2 SP UL
66<¢° “OT
GL Or OL
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6G =-UF..6
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GP. ALE, G
6% OF 6
9¢ L& 6
8I 98 6
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8 + 6
6 && 6
0 && 6
6B O& 6
te 86 6
OBSERVATIONS FOR LUNAR DISTANCES Ape. []
490
"W ‘Opnyisuoy Surjjnsey
og L
®
“MOOTT JO “AA IBID
Oy Fe ZI
\
OUT} ION,
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|
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ooo 66
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‘SHONVISIG GVNOT FOX SNOLLVATHSAO
| ee
<6); Cs SG Gd Od mamowDnmnnonmnonown ©
*** TOSHOT,
es
66
* g¢ Aque
C981
—
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AT MONGON. 49}
App. Il.
‘AI0PVAIOSGO YOIAUIeLH Jo “bsg “uryung urapo Aq poyepnozeo [ye us9eq oAVY SPS1oy pus ‘sepnyztsuo] ‘sopnytye] Suly[UseL Oy,
‘opnyypy vordg Jo UOTVALOSqO PITY} OU} UI 1O1IO WB ST OLY, — ALON
“UOOTT JO "AA IRIS
; OF 81
OF O
MOO] JO "AA TRIG
OIL
6ST
‘TV voidg
eee
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*** 9OUBISICT
"ty 2:
‘4aTV vordg
‘apy voidg
ay a
_
LT)
awmOwWDD OO DO
sH
=
ie 3)
66
HEIGHTS OF STATIONS. APP.
492
6L A Ag | ze Gz | Gy 6Z ssid! Misieteie atwmiaw = Sate nett malas anSuoquury | Z
€8 | 66 66 25 6% 20 6Z eee eoe eee eee ooe eee eee oursuedyg Z
fe fe ak 6 ake ZB eg lot tt ee oe peoreyyug | 1 seq
Bere es ONG Hewe0NG als Gee GC |r RG cence ert £78 Pe O88 SBNOIO: "OF
8), . 66 66 ze 6Z £6 82 eee coe eee eos eee eee eee 66 £Z
: Z8 66 66 - 6% 0 62 eee eee ece eoe oes eee eoe epuoyoN . FZ
Q), | 66 ¢eé G 6Z I 62 ove ooe 505 cece ooo eee ove Bpus[O | 0Z
08 * aS EO. -66- |G 206 |e ee) Sat ees noquosiey Sqn | LT
“posh weaq you sey “ZL, 18 a ves i0 08 | 8G 63 Jo" tt tt oct tte afpurqg “yuRq-reary | ST
as ae 18 5 “|. 8 6 | 8 63 | tt — ifpurqg Jo Hoeq ‘dor-ymez | eT
‘AON UO UOHeATesqo ONT, | LL | * Ns 0 0g | # 6% | ** ** (aorearosqo) Hfpurqo “easT-TeATY | BT
E112 “Stig mys prt | 28 éT1Z | #II@ | #8 62 | #F 6B {oc ts ifpurqg Jo yoeq ‘doy-TTH | GI
28 ms e *1 08 |. 2 66 es a | SI
98 ‘a os 6 62 | i 62 " ase >
oT EL1G ziz | #0 og | $9 6% = os i ‘AON
Gg ZIG | +11Z 0 08 | ¢ 6% |(Mdqnoyo ITA uopounf) eSuorQfoaot-roany | 1g
€8 es a e- s ¢ 6% |(eSu0aQ yA UoyoUnl) requir feAaT-roATY | 8%
6L ee | 8 6 P66 [ot tt ott (doy-tTq Yorq) tqumoy | 92
6L L1G | ésI1Z 6 64 G 6% | ‘* ‘7 (Womearosqo Jo sou) THT IqUMoH | 93 “390
08 CIS | TEIs By TOrsOG aa t9e 0G>) peace See ft Se eee "ydog
‘Tye 6 ° ee ey | 798
‘GL ON “TL “ON ‘SON | “T ‘ON | ae
*SHLVUOY dno ————— — “SUOI}EIG *a1eg
qulog suyttog | *plo1ouy
‘SNOLLV.LS 4O SLAHOIGH
HEIGHTS OF STATIONS. 498
App. IT.
"SOU JUSLI OY} O1V TOTYA AOYS ][IA Splolouy : F[TZ pue
LL
08
#8
GL
08
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6L
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68
08
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88
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68
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64
64
66
|
86
83
66
66
66
66
66
62
66
66
63
64
63
66
63
66
66
63
62
62
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pvor oy} UO | Z
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peor oy} ud
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nopunosog
uoreyueyd ravl yy
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**TTBSUOIO NT
ee OpOAB
OSUI[ILA Novy
nowwesno,7
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*** {puoanory
LT
cT
ST
él
¢ oung
Tg Avy
6 [udy
Cost
cI
§I
SI
App. I]
HEIGHTS OF STATIONS.
494
Bo): AULD S|
—
oe ss 0 8Z iG LB
om Se kd #3 LB
oe EL0G ee ikke nOneLe
e i #9 LG AE = he
rig ESE RER SeliG gg LZ
= | ee 8Z 4L LG
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3 ae 49 82 81 82
a oe 79 82 £1 83%
si a ret 83 | £0 a
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see
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App. IL, FINAL RESULTS. 495
SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS.
By Epwin Dongny, Esq., F.R.A.S., Superintendent of the Altazimuth Depart-
ment, Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
After discussing the foregoing observations, and taking into
consideration that there is always a considerable difference
between the results determined from East stars and those de-
termined from West stars, 1 have concluded that the final results
are as under :—
Height above
Adopted Adopted Sea-level by
Name of Station. Latitude, Longitude, ey
South. Kast.
|
Barometer, | Boiling
| Water.
fo) ' a6 ' " |
Feet. Feet.
Goumbi, about 40 ft.aboveriver | 1 35 34 << 143 179
>> (back hill-top)... ... aah oes 238
Junction of Niembaiwith Ovengu) 1 38 23 - 143 a
Junction of OfoubouwithOvenga) 1 36 14 oe 39 55
Hill-top, back of Obindji__..... die ce 258 268
River-level, Obindji wae. dee she ae 54
Nomba, Rigoubou ... S fas | +P 369
POMBE Sane cas. ves oes ven’ 2 44 22 | 10 30 34 526
Nchonda ... eee ee Bae tes 636
1 OE 5 ll — 8 429
Opangano... eee 503
Lambengué f “EP 478
Louvendji siehisanh cae "was oon see 490
Luba... a ae ae | mp 383
TRGEEREOS ob ase ccsutt ioc |) ond be? kG: nO | me e
Nagoshi | 322
Fougamou nas | 347 ve
Dihaou (Ovigni) Pig: Ae ie 323 326
Mayolo LL. ob, 14 Al. | 0. 37 496
Nehiengain 1 51 10/11 14 35] 325 |
Mokaba ; 1 58 29 | ll 21 51 ik
Njavi plantation ... 0 6. oe ee | ait 610 |
MaPOnHGOn si) sae hese, ne eee | oes 473
496 : FINAL RESULTS. App, I,
| | Height above
Adopted Adopted | Sea-level by
Name of Station. Latitude, Longitude, =
South. Kast. Barometer. Boiling
far EN sues aes
. ‘ FR 3 ; a | Feet. | Feet *
ASOUIMPIC Hee) wae eee) eked eee oo ean oe 410 ae
“On the road”’ es aie 305
Yengué se | 2 220: 49 |) 369 ee
Mokenga ... cade toc Mae 2 eae 530 | 508
“ On the road ” can eeesce ieee 206 738 |
Macdomibor . tieel “ate. eee leee mae 1226 :
CCOn Mine POA yh ssa aveemrlone aes 1486
Olako SOS ola Neen aa 1480
Njaviand Ashango village ... 35 “int 1481 Bee
Niembouai veo) a 08) o4 4 E156) S87 ieee | 1910
Ouano river Pemnce Gd Bear | 1285!
BOMtneimadt sy coh tfeghi eee | 1908 |
Mogiama ... 58a Soc 2264
Mongon sen ake este Wy LOG 4b) 2 Seta aneaene
Birogou-Bouanga dtinaisl\ toes 360 500 2574 |
Miobaintart si.) ccc noe. latesutaeseth dooyoo Sas 2369
Mouaou Kombo ... ... «.. es | a 2074 see
* By my own calculation of the boiling-point of water observation, the altitude is 2432 feet.
Nore.—The apparent discrepancy in the relative height of
places near the sea-level arises principally from the fact that the
method of observation usually adopted is not sufficiently accurate
for the determination of low elevations. ‘The variation in the
pressure of the atmosphere during the interval between the
observations made on different days at two or more stations, may
cause a discordance of several hundred feet, unless a correction
be apphed for the amount of the variation. The only way to
obtain this correction is to have corresponding barometric obser-
vations statedly made near the sea, or at a station of known alti.
tude. By this means we obtain materials for correcting the
observed barometric readings, or of those deduced from the
boiling-point thermometer. In practice, however, it has been
App. II. NOTE. 497
found impossible for travellers in the interior of a continent to
be assisted in this manner; consequently all heights of African
stations lately published, determined from similar observations,
are liable to an uncertainty ranging from + 200 feet, on account
of this constant varying pressure of the atmosphere. From this
it can be easily seen that the absolute and relative heights of
stations on a river near the sea-level, must be subject to apparent
inconsistencies, or at least to irregularities, if the observations
be faithfully made and compnted.
Eowin Dunkin.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WORDS IN SEVERAL
English.
sun
moon
star
clouds ...
water
rain
river
fire...
prairie ...
firewood
warm
cold
I eat
face
nose
mouth ...
ears
head
hair
body
arm
ler:
hand
wife
finger
nail
foot
eyes
beard
chin
woman ...
man
teeth
mother ...
fowls
oat = eee
Commi.
kombé...
ogouaili
igaigaini
pindi ...
aningo...
mbéné ...
ogoni ...
otobi
coni
mpiou ...
ifeu
mi nia...
oune jiou
mpombo
ogouana
arouille
ounejiou
étoué ...
ocouva...
ogogo ...
ogolo ...
VEO” (Mies
ouinto ...
niongon
nchoujou
intcho ...
etoué ...
ouinto ...
olome ...
ANO: —\ Sse
ngouai...
njogoni
mboni ...
APPENDIX
Bakalai, or
Bakele.
diobo ...
gondai...
yiatédi...
diti
madiba
mboulo
shoulou
VEd|O/ beak: eee
soungon ...
yédjo ...
mbédjé
diyebi ...
boshe ...
diolo
gouano...
baolé ...
molé
longo ...
niolo
mbo
nkodo ... Ee
dikoundjou, hongo
ino
nialo sche the
Gio Mss! Seewte eee
mishi ...
diédou...
nkéke ...
momiadi
molomo
mashoungou
miaouen
couba ...
ambodo
-
Apono, Ashira,
Ashango.
dioumbi
soungul
bouaileli ...
disoungou ...
manba...
fouta
rembo ...
rdbi
koumou
misandjou ...
kagaza
yiole ...
O20 Gameee
mbasho
mono ...
maro
morou ...
nanga ..
niora
miogo ...
quero ...
dikako...
milembo
niala
ditanbi
disho ..
minionni
gaudou
mogueto
dibagala
bei ce
ngouya Sale
makoko ...
étava
Ii].
LANGUAGES OF WESTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA.
Mpovi.
akombé...
_* nshoungui
milanga
epindi ...
manba ...
boula
mbene ...
iko...
koni
piou...
eshodi
niongo ...
diata
ekaka
misho
yiédou ...
mogueto
molome...
ngia
shozo
étaya
Njavi.
ditati ...
soungui
fouelila
manba...
foula
nehali ...
bisandjou
iviouviou
moshou
meésoucha,
mboushou ...
mbashou
mouunou
itougué
moushoué ...
shougul
nioto
igogo ...
igolo
lekaka...
moshévi
niadia, niadi
matembi
misho ...
daidou...
mogashou ...
momoga
mamo ...
makoko.
tava
Ishogo.
kombé...
gondai...
monanga
oba.
maiba...
boua.
bei.
shoto ...
motobé.
ezako ...
edioukou.
shodi.
0z0,
opombo
monia ...
iato, or éato
moshé ...
shogué
mokouba.
ogogo.
okodo.
dikaka...
mizavi.
diata.
etambé
misho ...
kaidou.
édeko.
mogueto
momdg6
mino.
mobota.
étava ...
Obongo,
dioumbi.
soungui.
niechi.
manha.,
rounl,
bisandjou.
djiou.
mouna.
diarou.
mourou.
nchouié.
miemba, or miemh-
mouaito.
itambi.
mishou.
mokasho.
bagala.
étava.
500
English.
plantain...
HALBEP lace, ves
one Beet wen
two Sanlioms
OU 8) Sie Aso ace
four site
five eaten thes
BUX wos
seven
eight
nine
iRSISIGAS) wand
roll Bigvee nae
house :
dog AC
tobacco...
hemp) ~~...
pipe || .-%
palm win
plaintain wine
girl
boy San ore
king, chief
antelope
parrot
fish... 2225
fowl
eges
iron
slave
freeman...
sugar-cane
ground-nut ...
cassada ... s6.
pmllock se. * jas.
honey
I go
morning
evening...
night ...
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WORDS
eee
Commi.
ocondo... ...
ririo, tata
MOTs oa, Rone
mbanil. sc
raro
nai nine
LC) are
EQUA Yee ee
rolguenon ...
ananal...
enongoume...
igoume
agali ...
nago
mboi
I 0
liamba...
OZO0- Mie
mimbo...
ouana ouinto
ouana olome
oga
kambi...
NgozZO ...
njogoni
aque
obo, mianga
shaka ...
nehé
coco...
benda ...
ogouasha
niaré
olembai
mikenda
ibanga 505
ncolo
ogouaira ...
Bakalat, ox
Bakéle.
ako...
shaouen ...
TedOIOwe.2 eee
DEWAR iss See
bilali ...
benal ...
bitani ...
na icéuoto
bitani nabiba
bitani nabilali
bitani na benai ...
dioum ...
alaouen
talaeco
madouma - mbila
madouma - moco
moguéto
momogo.
mpoumou
kambi ...
cozhe
bashe ...
couba ...
. mague...
doubandja ...
shako ...
nshé
couquai
benda ...
ouondo...
niaché ...
bio a
makemo
macouadiéshé
angolomé
mboulai
App, IIL
Apono, Ashira,
Ashango.
dicondai, or digon-
dai
tata.) 23.
moshi ...
béi
1réro ) J. ee eee
ifano: ‘3. /iseee ee
samano aie
InaNar ao eek
kambo moshi_ ...
kambo béi ...
ISOUM <<) scheieee
mashi .5. -s-cugeen
bouendi ...
malamou - samba
maloumou-mishi
mouana wre
madomba ...
kambi ...
COZO
niama ...
coco f
maqué... ...
doubandja ...
movega
foumou woah anes
fondax tec ueesmmeeee
digongo ac. aes
pagaza.
bouya ..
magouendo ...
ngouali makali ...
nshishiga ...
dibeti.
App, III.
IN SEVERAL WESTERN AFRICAN LANGUAGES.
Mpovi.
makondo
Njavi.
mako ...
tato
mo
bioli
bitato ...
bina
bitano ...
esamouna
sanbo ...
pombo...
oua
goumi..
medi
neho
501
Tshogo. Obongo.
ocondon ... ... diondi.
teta,
mpoco ... moi.
mbani... bei.
tcharo... meta‘o,
inai djimabongo.
itani djio.
moroba samouna,
nehima,
misamouno,
nchouma.
= mbo-ta.
miasadé,
aiba shoubou,
. bouendi.,
mbolo,
liamba,
ae site incho.
magueshadi - ma-
doucou.
madoucou-macondo.
mouanengué.
pai.
mobanga.
nyozho,
niama miagonbei.
nchdésho.
magueé,
mezago.
movega.
koumou.
mococo.
benda.
ndjoma.
onbon.
re oan mia kaii.
diko.
ebiti.
FL ABMS eagle ¢ ‘ a
aol 5
‘
ee +
TARAS.
“W )
ay. : . Ben
: a. Ce
ts ™NIIWN
asa
. . Z
Nn
S|
= |
fembou: Shas
‘ aiiang
ar
.
SINS:
re ie > = Ny . . ¥ SS ; :
a(purZrro:
é i ba, ih
RS
‘2.
a
MAP
Lise 2 = JLLUSTRATING
Piha oe M.DU CHAILLU’S ROUTES
EQUATORIAL AFRICA,
IN 1864 & -G5.
® Comune Uabi
J eViltones
\os
Miteiin Villager
Bughsh Miles
20 70.
M.du Challis Kowtes ——
Flat Country Wooded
Lda -
Gahpade DY
Geert
a
—~ *
Ya soatiliages 25
Satter ed. eR.
Villages »
HS
— Longaiide Bast fron Gre
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