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SCIENCE BULLETIN

DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH
BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

VOL xa

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

LAWRENCE, Kan.

11-3273

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII.

No. 1—The Cicadellide of Kansas. Plates I to XVII. By P. B. Lawson..

No. 2—The Cicadidze of Kansas. Plates XVIII to XXVII. By P. B.
LE OLDS TED oe i GAIT RE One RS IO On Rare ae Oe ara area

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PAGE

5

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KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

VoL. XII, No. 1—MARCH 15, 1920

‘Whole Series, Vol. X XII, No. 1.)

ENTOMOLOGY NUMBER IV

CONTENTS:

THE CICADELLID2 OF KANSAS,
P. B. Lawson.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office at Lawrence as second class matter.

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SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF THE KANSAS SPECIES.............--00-- 54
TUT RP Sti. dig Ah Sek CG Sa Re i ae Sealine a nae ee ae aie re a ZO

oN)

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

Vou. XII, No. 1.] Marcu 15, 1920. vou XXIENO t

The Cicadellidze of Kansas.’

BY P. B. LAWSON.

INTRODUCTION.

The first attempt to make a list of the Cicadellide of Kan-
sas seems to have been made by Professor E. A. Popenoe,
who in 1885, in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of
Science, vol. IX, p. 63, listed a few of the members of this
family that he had personally collected in the two preceding
years. Nothing more seems to have been done along this
line till the year 1905, when there appeared a list of the Kansas
species in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science,
vol. XIX, p. 235, by Mr. F. F. Crevecceur, in which some eighty
species and varieties were reported, nearly if not all of them
taken by himself, within a few miles of his home at Onaga,
Kan. He was followed by Mr. E. 8. Tucker, who in 1906, in
vol. XX, part 2, p. 192, of the same publication, added twenty-
three species to Mr. Crevecceur’s list, all of these species being
taken in Douglas county. A fourth list was published in 1907
by the same writer in the Kansas University Science Bulletin,
vol. IV, p. 65, where were listed the species taken by him in
Douglas and Sedgwick counties. And finally, in 1911, there
appeared a complete list of all the Cicadellidx taken in the
state to date, by Mr. S. E. Crumb, who published his list, along
with available host-plant records, in the Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science, vol. XXIV, p. 232.

* Submitted to the Department of Entomology and to the graduate faculty of the Uni-
versity of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy.

Received for publication December 12, 1919.

5

6 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

It would seem that with five lists already published of the
Cicadellid fauna of the state, that some other group might
well have been chosen for further work. State lists, such as
the ones referred to, are of great value to systematic ento-
mologists in determining the geographical distribution and
limits of the species enumerated, but to the beginner, who
starts out to get acquainted with the fauna of a given region,
they cannot be of much help, other than to inform him that
he might or ought to run across the species so listed. Accord-
ingly we have thought that a systematic treatise of the known
Kansas forms might not be out of place.

It has been our aim to make this paper something more than
a state list. The attempt has been made to provide, rather,
a sort of manual for the study of our native forms. Accord-
ingly keys have been provided for the separation of all the
groups down to species, descriptions have been written for all
the species known to occur in the state, and, as far as possible;
host plant and locality records have been added to assist in
the finding of any desired species.

We have, moreover, attempted to bring together our latest
knowledge concerning the economic importance of this family.
Many articles have been written on this subject, but each
treats only of some particular phase of it. It has been thought
that a-summing up of our knowledge on this subject might
help to a correct appreciation of the economic position of this
group.

The systematic position of this and of related families is
of interest to the systematist. We have not tried to advance
any essentially new ideas on the subject, but have thought it
advisable to give what seem to be the prevailing ideas on
this line. 3

No attempt has been made to give a detailed description of
the morphology of the Cicadellidx. We have included only
a brief chapter on this phase, just enough to enable one to
properly use the keys and understand the descriptions. But
we have gone rather fully into a study of what we have called
the “‘internal male genitalia.”” This is what may properly be
considered the original part of this paper, and therefore we
have devoted a whole chapter to its discussion.

It should be said here that the list of species is by no means
complete. We know of some species, previously listed as oc-
curring in the state, which are here omitted. This has been

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 7

done because of what seem to have been doubtful determina-
tions. We have endeavored to exclude every species of the
occurrence of which in the state we had any doubt. Accord-
ingly we have practically confined ourselves to the species rep-
resented in the Snow collection at the University of Kansas.
There are other collections in the state which will yield addi-
tional records. It is our purpose to examine these as soon
as possible and add to this list. Among others, the collection
of the Kansas State Agricultural College and Crevecceur’s col-
lection will yield further records, as will the private collec-
tions of Prof. Herbert Osborn and others who have collected
in the state. These all should have been included in this paper,
but a combination of circumstances seems to have made it
impossible. .

We have, however, included in the keys, and given descrip-
tions of a goodly number of species, which, judging from
their known occurrence, are likely to be found in the state.
We believe this will add to the usefulness of the paper.

The question of bibliographies has proved to be a trouble-
some one. It was finally decided to give a rather full bibliog-
raphy for each species, but to omit, except in cases where the
bibliography was brief, the mere lists and those papers which
do not distinctly add to our knowledge of the group. Ac-
cordingly we have chosen our bibliographies with a view to
showing the course of the synonomy of the species, and to
those papers which give information as to life history, food
plants, economic importance and control, and those which give
figures illustrating the species. In addition we have tried
to include a list of the papers which have appeared since the
publication of Van Duzee’s catalogue.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

This paper was started and completed under the direction of
Prof. S. J. Hunter, head of the department of entomology in
Kansas State University. To him the writer is greatly in-
debted for making this work possible and for his ever readiness
to help with suggestion or with needed equipment or material.
Dr. H. B. Hungerford, of the same department, has also been
keenly sympathetic and helpful during the carrying on of the
work.

Prof. Herbert Osborn kindly determined much material
for me, as did Dr. E. D. Ball. I am especially indebted to the
latter for much help received from him during a period of six
weeks spent at Ames. During that time he gave me many help-
ful suggestions out of his large acquaintance with this group,
and turned over his whole collection and library, as well as the
collections of the Iowa State Agricultural College, for my use
and study. I was thus enabled to examine many of the Osborn
and Ball types, Doctor Ball’s individual types, and as many of |
Van Duzee’s types as are in the college collection. It would be
hard to conceive of any one being more free and ready to help
with the results of their years of labor and study.

Needless to say, many papers on the Cicadellidz have been
freely used. The bibliography given would have been impos-
sible without Van Duzee’s wonderful catalogue, with the ex-
ception here and there of a few papers on the economic phase,
and of the papers which have appeared since the catalogue was
issued. Besides the catalogue, we have used freely the papers
written jointly by Osborn and Ball, as well as the individual
papers of each. Van Duzee’s writings on the family have been
very helpful, as have De Long’s paper on the Tennessee species ©
and on the genus Chlorotettix.

The writer was fortunate to start his study of this group
with a very large collection already gathered together from all
over the state. Credit should be given to several of those whose
locality records are here being used. Prof. F. H. Snow’s name
appears on many of the specimens collected in Kansas. The
records of Pottawatomie county are practically all those of Mr.
F. F. Crevecour. Mr. E. S. Tucker took many species from

(8)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDE. _ 9

Sedgwick and Douglas counties. Mr. S. E. Crumb made large
collections from Douglas and Cherokee counties. Mr. F. X.
Williams should have credit for the specimens taken in most
of the extreme western and northwestern counties. Mr. R. H.
Beamer collected many species, especially in the southeastern
counties. Dr. C. P. Alexander also collected several species,
chiefly in Reno and Hodgeman counties. The records from
Riley county, as well as several others, were sent me by Dr. M.
C. Tanquary, of the Kansas State Agricultural College. Un-
fortunately this list was not received in time to be fully in-
corporated in this paper.

Thanks are also due to Miss Gertrude Standing for her great
help in typewriting this paper. To these, and to all who in any
way assisted with the work, the writer is greatly indebted.

Eeonomic Importance of the Cicadellide.

The relation of the Cicadellidx to problems of economic im-
portance has received a very varying degree of attention from
entomologists. The Homopterists, and especially those who
have studied this particular family, have always been more or
less forward in calling attention to their destructiveness. On
the other hand, many entomologists have had their attention
so taken up with insects whose damage has been so much more
evident that they have regarded the Cicadellidx as having very
little bearing or relation to real economic entomology. But
it is not our purpose to say that the one group has been too
enthusiastic, and the other too reticent, in recognizing the true
economic position of these forms. It is our purpose merely to
discuss the problem in the light of our present-day knowledge.
and let the reader decide which group is right, or whether each
is but partly right.

The damage done by the Cicadellidz is that of puncturing
the tissue of the leaf or stem of a plant, and then with its
efficient little mouth parts sucking up the plant juices. Be-
cause of this means of feeding, the damage is seldom seen, cer-
tainly not by the casual or superficial observer. The work of
insects with biting mouth parts, on the contrary, is readily
seen, for the host plant soon is distorted or destroyed by the
biting out of portions of the leaves or stems. Thus the work of
grasshoppers, beetles, etc., is soon manifest, even though they
be present in relatively small numbers. The results of the
feeding of a large number of Cicadellidx on a plant may not be
noticed, however, till the plant is beyond rescue, for it will
retain its form until pumped dry and the leaves begin to cur!
up and fall.

There are other reasons, too, why these insects escape notice
so often, even though doing damage. In the first place, they are
very small, not small as all insects go, but small as compared
with the insects which the ordinary person usually observes,
and in comparison with many of our main economic pests.
They vary considerably in size, many being under 3 mm. in
length, while others, especially South American species, may

(10)

Sire Slagheneait

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. Lt

reach 18 or 20 mm. in length. Our largest forms are about
14 mm. in length, or slightly over half an inch, while our
smallest forms are close to one-twelfth of an inch long. The
majority or our species run from three to seven millimeters in
length, or from about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch.

Their small size, coupled with the fact that they usually
remain on the under side of the leaf or blade of grass, accounts
very readily for their so easily escaping detection. Then, too,
as a rule, they are protectively colored, that is, they usually
greatly resemble their surroundings in color. Thus a green
species on a green blade of grass may not be seen even thoug!l:
in full view, and when one is looking straight at it. In some
species also the art of camouflaging seems to have reached
perfection. Though the general colors may not correspond
very well with those of the host plant, yet there is a stripe here
_ or a spot there which seem to be present solely for the purpose
of making the insect invisible, at least such is their effect.
Some species also, such as Dorycephalus, show clearly an
adaptation of form, as well as color, to their environment.
Sitting on a head of Hlymus, they so greatly resemble their
surroundings as to be practically invisible, and according to
Professor Osborn a head of the host may be carefully exam-
ined and reveai no insect until it is shaken loose.

Frequently, too, the damage done by this group of insects is
attributed to other insects or to the attacks of fungi. Usually
the result of the continued sucking of the life juices of the
plant results in more or less discoloration of the plant cells
around the puncture. These spots often resemble the spots
produced by other insects and may often be mistaken for the
presence of some fungous disease. Professor Osborn points
out the fact that the work of species infesting grasses and
grains may be readily confused with the work of aphids or
thrips, but that usually the aphids do not discolor nor produce
spots on the infested plant, at least during the early stages,
while the injury of the thrips is indicated by small dots or lines
which usually run parallel with the leaf veins and remain
white. The spot produced by the leaf hopper, on the other
hand, while at first pale, later changes to a brown or black
color. Furthermore, if the leaf hoppers are the guilty parties,
the fact will usually be recognized by the presence of their

12 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

molted skins, some of which, at least, will usually be found
clinging to the leaf or grass blade.

The injury to plants by the Cicadellide may be ueated into

two groups. First, the sucking of the plant juices till the
plant is killed or its vitality so reduced as to result in a re-
duced yield of food or fruit. Second, the transmission of
plant diseases. Much work has been done on the former
group by Professor Osborn, and on the latter by Doctor Ball.

In the following discussion I have drawn very largely from

the work done by them.

The matter of the reduction of the yield due to the sucking
of the plant juices, is rather a peculiar one. Or perhaps it
reveals a rather peculiar turn of mind in mankind. I believe
it shows that there is still a great field of development for
economic entomology and a field which should receive much
attention.

In the main, agriculturists and many entomologists nave
turned their attention to fighting those insect pests which do
very visible and usually a very serious amount of damage.
The average farmer will at once notice a pest that will destroy,

in a mass, several rows of his corn. Or he would notice at -

once, and fight with all his energy, anything that picked out
about every tenth hill and utterly destroyed it, though not
touching the other nine hills. But the same man seemingly
pays no attention to any pest that reduces in the aggregate
the yield of the whole field to the amount that would have
been produced by the‘destroyed rows or by the every tenth
hill, as long as he sees no very apparent and severe damage
and the field as a whole seems to be doing fairly well. The
same would apply to wheat and oats, rye and barley, alfalfa
and clover, prairie hay and pasture. The question ought to be,
not how much did the field raise, but what could such a field
yield if no damage whatever be done by injurious insects?

No matter what the crop, or what any one’s views may be
as to the damage done by leaf hoppers, all must agree that
every little bug takes some of the life juices that belong to
the plant, and that this multiplied by hundreds or thousands
cannot but help reduce the yield of the crop infested. So it
is with this thought in mind, namely, that we ought to strive
after the best possible yields, yields not hampered nor re-
duced by insect pests, that we turn to discuss the damage
done by leaf hoppers to the various crops.

7
Oe Se ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID®. Lo

The damage done by reducing yields may be divided into
four heads:

1. Damage to forage crops and pastures.

2. Damage to grains.

3. Damage to orchards, vineyards and gardens.

4. Damage to shade trees and ornamental plants.

The total value of our forage crops would be hard to esti-
’ mate and also to overestimate, for under this head would come
the leguminous crops such as the clovers and alfalfa, the hay
crops both wild and cultivated, and the immense amount of
food furnished by pastures. The following table, copied from
Hitchcock’s textbook on grasses, will give some idea of the
tremendous importance of such crops in a single year, 1909:

Production Value
3 Acres. (Tons). (Dollars).
=o MNEZ05 97 dae od 0p 6c Nae ieee ae ere 14,686,393 17,985,420 188,082,895
Timothy and clover mixed...... 19,542,382 24,748,555 257,280,330
RAOVCLCAIONG es oh St ee ee 2,443,263 3,158,324 29,334,356
SPUR hess oe aes Baan oe 4,707,146 11,859,881 93,103,998
Millet or Hungarian grass...... 1,117,769 1,546,533 11,145,226
Other tame or cultivated grasses, 4,218,957 4,166,772 44,408,775
Wild, salt or prairie grasses.... 17,186,522 18,383,574 91,026,169
Retetihe CULsOTCEN. 40 oo. as. 3's ee 4,324,878 5,367,292 61,686,131
Seaatse: TOtaee* 625% Se 05. 4,034,432 9,982,305 46,753,262

Thus we find nearly 75 million acres of land devoted to pro-
ducing forage crops, yielding annually nearly one hundred
- million tons valued at over 800 millions of dollars. For to-
day all these figures, especially that of the value, must be de-
cidedly low. Then too they do not include the immense value
of the forage produced by the millions of acres of pastures.

The amount of loss to such crops due to insects is hard to
estimate and it is still more difficult to correctly determine the
amount of injury due to one group of insects when there are
many different kinds infesting the crop. But we are perhaps
safe in saying that by far the most numerous and widespread
of the insects affecting such crops are the leaf hoppers, and
that a goodly share of the shrinkage in such crops, due to
insect pests, is due normally to these forms. It will require
much more accurate and persistent experimenting than has
yet been done to enable us to be at all dogmatic about the
exact relation of the Cicadellidx to the forage crops, but yet,
thanks largely to Professor Osborn’s work, we can safely
accept some facts, while holding others in abeyance till further
work is done.

14 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The seriousness of the damage to the forage crops depends
of course on the number of leaf hoppers present. Not much
has been done to get accurate data concerning their numbers,
but Professor Osborn has found that frequently the numbers
run up far above a million per acre, and he is of the opinion
that in such grasses as timothy and blue grass, a million per
acre would not be putting the figure too high. In work on
the potato-leaf hopper Doctor Ball has found that in the period
of their greatest abundance several million leaf hoppers may
be found to an acre of potatoes.

Then, as to the amount of food taken by this number of
leaf hoppers from the plants of that acre, and the resultant
depreciation in weight of the amount of hay cut, we again
have no definite figures because of the lack of experimentation.
But after years of observation, Professor Osborn gives as his
opinion that in some cases at least, from 25 to 50 per cent
of the growth of such grasses may go to feed the leaf hoppers.

In Bulletin 248 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station, Professor Osborn gives some idea as to the leaf-hop-
per damage to the hay crop of that state. In 1913 there were
1,194,000 acres of hay in the state, which yielded about a ton
of hay per acre, the value of the crop being over sixteen and
a half million dollars. That acreage should have produced |
two to three times as much as it did, and if leaf hoppers are
responsible for even ten per cent of such shrinkage, their
damage becomes very serious and their control should call for
serious attention. Applying these figures to the hay crop of
the entire country, we see that at the very conservative esti-
mate of a ten per cent loss, the leaf hoppers reduce the hay
yield by at least ten million tons, valued in 1909 at about 80
millions of dollars and to-day at perhaps fully twice that sum.
Thus these insignificant little creatures become a cause for
real consideration, for at the very least, if the above estimates
be anywhere near the truth, we can safely accuse them of
causing an annual loss of 100 million dollars to the hay crop.

But there is still more to this problem than the mere decrease
in yield. Professor Osborn, in the above-mentioned bulletin,
also considers the effect upon the quality of hay produced, and
shows that hay that has escaped the attacks of such insects is
of much more value than a similar amount of hay that has

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID-E. 15

been infested by them, for the former seems to show a dis-
tinctly higher percentage of protein and fat than the latter.
If further investigations along this line confirm this, it makes
the case against the leaf hoppers even more serious.

Attention should be called at this point to the fact that all
the above figures apply only to the cultivated forage crops.
Pastures are injured fully as much, if not more, than all the
cultivated crops. But even if we apply the same figures as the
above, and accuse the leaf hoppers of reducing the value of the
pastures by ten per cent, we add to their debt a tremendous
_ figure, for the value of such pastures is very great.

The species concerned in damaging forage crops are many,
but several stand out as distinctly more serious than the rest.
Seriously injurious to the leguminous crops is Aceratagallia
sanguinolenta, commonly called the clover-leaf hopper. Gib-
son states that as many as 600 of these have been counted on a
single plant, and that aside from the drain upon the plant the
egg punctures cause gall-like formations in the surrounding
tissue. Empoasca mali is also accused of being sometimes in-
jurious to this crop. Dreculacephala mollipes is to be consid-
ered a serious pest of grasses as well as of grains. Others of
great importance are Deltocephalus inimicus, affinis, sayi, balli,
Euscelis exitiosus, Phlepsius irroratus, and Cicadula 6-notata.
AlJl the above are very common in Kansas. In some parts of the
country Dreculacephala reticulata and noveboracensis, Delto-
cephalus configuratus, Acocephalus striatus and albifrons, and
Helochara communis, the last in low lands, are also considered
as more or less injurious to grasses. In central and western
Kansas the native pastures, composed largely of Bouteloua and
Buchloe, are very heavily infested with various species of the
genus Aconura. /

Coming now to the relation of leaf hoppers to the grain
crops, we find many instances where wheat, oats, corn, rye, and
barley have been injured. In Bulletin 108 of the United States
Department of Agriculture, Professor Osborn gives a list ot
recorded serious damage by these insects. The sharp-headed
grain leaf hopper, Drxeculacephala mollipes, is undoubtedly the
most serious of such forms, but such species as Dreculacephala
reticulata, Deltocephalus inimicus, Huscelis exitiosus, and Ci-
cadula 6-notata have also been recorded as doing some damage.

The damage to orchards, vineyards and gardens is perhaps

16 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

not as serious as the damage to the forage crops and grains, yet
here too we find serious damage at times. Few of our fruit
trees are at all seriously infested with leaf hoppers. About the
only species that seem at all troublesome are Empoasca mali
and Typhlocyba rose. The former Mr. F. H. Lathrop reports
as injuring apple, which it infests along with Empoasca uni-
color and Typhlocyba rosx, producing ‘‘a severe and character-
istic curling of the foliage and resultant injury to the tree.”
The damage done by Typhlocyba rose is described by Mr.
Leroy Childs as follows: “The insects during their twenty-
nine to forty days of nymphal development are constant feed-
ers, and when present in numbers are capable of removing
much food that would otherwise be utilized by the plant. One
insect feeding continually on an apple leaf during this period
removes or destroys from one-third to one-half of the green
chlorophyll. Four or five insects have been observed to remove,
with the possible exception of a narrow green margin on the
edge, the entire green coloration of the leaves. An injury of
this extent, in the case of a general infestation over the tree,

noticeably inhibits normal functioning of the leaves. Trees

so infested appear yellowish-brown during late summer and
are much below normal in vigor.

“The insects confine their feeding to the under surfaces of
the leaves entirely. The first indication of their presence is the
appearance of yellow spots on the upper surfaces of the leaves.
As feeding continues these spots become larger and more
numerous until the leaf shows a decided greenish-yellow color-
ation. Leaves so injured are deprived from further function-
ing and their presence on the tree only further devitalizes it by
acting as surfaces for evaporation. In cases of a severe in-
festation many of the injured leavés drop prematurely during
the latter part of August.”

Other fruit trees, such as plum trees, are frequently infected
with leaf hoppers, but no appreciable damage seems to result.

The damage to vineyards by several species of leaf hoppers
is very severe and either involves the outlay of considerable ex--
pense for spraying or else greatly reduces the amount and
quality of the crop as well as lowering the vitality of the vines.
The chief species concerned here is Erythroneura comes and
its several varieties, although Erythroneura tricincta, illinoien-
sis, obliqua, creveceeuri and others are frequent feeders on_

’

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. if

the grape. The bulletins by Slingerland, Quayle, Hartzell and
Johnson fully deal with the damage and control of these forms.

Leaf hoppers as a group do not seem to injure garden crops
seriously. But there are a few species that at times do serious
damage. Notably injurious here is Empoasca mali, which is a
serious pest of such crops as beans and potatoes. Here also
comes the injury to sugar beets by Hutettix tenellus. The in-
jury by these species in this case, however, has to do with the
relation of leaf hoppers to plant diseases, and will therefore be
discussed under that head.

In the cotton-growing region several members of the sub-
family Cicadelline have been considered injurious to the cot-
ton, though Sanderson seems to doubt their having any effect
on the plant. The supposedly injurious forms here are Homal-
odisca triquetra, Aulacizes irrorata and two species of On-
cometopia. Essig gives Cicadella atropunctata as injurious to
such plants as blackberry, grape, lemon, orange and raspberry.

It can perhaps hardly be said that leaf hoppers are injurious
to shade trees. While a large number of species normally live
on trees, and others at times may infest them, yet no really
serious injury seems to have been reported. Thus the members
of the genus /diocerus are largely confined to willows, cotton-
wood and Crategus. Cicadella hieroglyphica and its varieties,
many species of Macropsis and some species of Hmpoasca occur
on willow. Bythoscopus apicalis is confined to honey locust.
Oncopsis distinctus lives on walnut, a Scaphoideus on elm, Ty-
phlocyba lethiervyi on hard maple. The nearest to real injury
to shade trees ever seen by the writer was observed on notic-
ing the decolored condition of the leaves of a young sycamore
tree. On examination the leaves were found to be heavily in-
fested by an Evrythroneura, the damage being very similar to
that of the grape-leaf hopper to the grape.

The damage to ornamental plants also is not very serious.
Few cases are recorded of any such damage. It is sufficient
perhaps here to note the work of the rose-leaf hopper which,
in parts of the country, seriously injures rose bushes, the dam-
age being similar to that on the apple by the same species.
The writer has noticed a few leaf hoppers in greenhouses but
seemingly they are never present in large enough numbers to
demand attention.

2—Sci. Bul.—3058

18 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

When we turn, however, from the damage done by the

Cicadellidx by the mere sucking up of the sap of the plant, to _

the possible and proved relations of the insects to the trans-
mission of plant diseases, we enter at once an open and a very
important field. We will discuss this phase of the economic
importance of the group under the following heads:

1. Leaf hoppers and bacterial diseases.

a. Leaf hoppers and curly-leaf.
b. Leaf hoppers and fire blight.

2. Leaf hoppers and hopperburn.

3. Leaf hoppers as possible disseminators of fungous diseases.

The relation of leaf hoppers to the transmission of bacterial
plant diseases opens at once a very large and important field.
Who knows but what these and related insects are responsible

for many of the diseases that have hitherto baffled the plant

pathologist and been the despair of the farmer and horticul-
turist ? 3

Doctor Ball’s excellent work has opened up the way for the

future on this line. He seems to have proved definitely that
such insects may be the normal disseminators of plant diseases,

just as, in the case of the mosquito, they are responsible for —

spreading animal diseases. After years of work on the beet-
leaf hopper and its relation to curly-leaf in the sugar beet,
among others, the following facts, quoted from his bulletins,
were proved:

“The punctures of the beet-leaf hopper (Hutettia tenellus)
cause a specific disease in sugar beets called ‘curly-leaf.’

“Leaf hoppers taken from wild plants did not transmit the
disease until they fed on diseased beets. Three hours on a
beet rendered them pathogenic, but they could not transmit till
after an incubation period of one or two days.

“Curly-leaf has never been produced except through the
punctures of a beet-leaf hopper. If a single leaf hopper is
applied to a beet for five minutes, the curly-leaf disease will
appear after about two weeks, if conditions are favorable.”

The above facts, added to the fact that the bacterial agent,
Bacillus morulans, has been isolated by Boncquet, show con-
clusively that these insects may be responsible for similar plant
diseases. And since the amount of damage done in such cases
is very large, the field should prove both interesting and im-
portant.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 19

Not very much has been done on the relation of insects to
the transmission of Bacillus amylovorous- which causes “fire
blight.”” Doctor Merrill has worked on the relation of aphids
to the spread of this disease, and Mr. F. H. Lathrop has done
some work on the relation of Empoasca mali to the same dis-
ease. The latter reports that while in the tests EXmpoasca uni-
color and Typhlocyba ros& showed negative or doubtful results,
Empoasca mali seemed to be a positive agent in the spread of
the bacteria and in the infecting of new shoots. Should this
work be confirmed we would have a practically untouched field
opened to us, which, with careful work, might better enable
us to be victors in the fight against this serious disease.

But we are not yet through with E'mpoasca mali. Again it
is under indictment, this time for producing what should be
called ‘“Shopperburn,” especially on potatoes. Here again we
are indebted to Doctor Ball, who seems to have shown that
this insect produces much of what in the past has gone
under the name of “‘tipburn.”’”’ Furthermore, that hopperburn
is perhaps a disease similar to curly-leaf, and that it differs
from tipburn by readily-told characteristics, the latter being
the result of purely physiological conditions. In the past two
summers great damage has been done by this disease, if such
it shall prove to be, but for which this leaf hopper alone seems
responsible.

Again, leaf hoppers may prove to be disseminators of fungous
diseases. Any insect of course may play this role, but because
of theixy feeding and egg-laying habits, combined with their
jumping disposition, they seem to be especially suited to trans-
mit such fungi from plant to plant and thus spread the dis-
ease. This is a field as yet untouched that might yield dis-
coveries of importance to the agriculturist and horticulturist.

Perhaps this discussion of the economic importance of the
group would not be complete without a brief résumé of the
methods of control. This consists in using natural farming
methods and spraying. The chief ways to control the species
damaging forage and grain crops would be those of rotation
and clean farming. These of course are the best for the soil
and are also the way to check insects. Most of such forms
hibernate in the egg stage under the sheath of the grass blades.
If therefore the places where such grasses occur, such as the
fence and hedge rows, the corners, and land adjoining fields,

20 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

be burned over in the winter, there will follow a great diminu-
tion of the hoppers the following season. Pastures especially
should be burned over once in two or three years if they are
seriously infested with these insects. The time of planting —
certain crops, and the time of mowing grasses may be so regu-
lated as to result in escaping serious injury from the leaf hop-
pers. Thus Gibson reports that cutting the alfalfa crop from
a week to ten days earlier will often check the clover-leaf hop-
per. If acrop is mowed so as to catch most of the leaf hoppers
in the egg or nymphal stage the majority of the eggs will be
destroyed and most of the nymphs will starve before they can
migrate to other food.

Hopperdozers are sometimes used as direct controls to catch
and destroy large numbers of the leaf hoppers when they are
present in unusual numbers.

In the case of grain fields best results are obtained by plow-
ing as soon after harvest as possible and then keeping the
ground free from grass and weeds till planted. This, combined
with rotation and clean farming around the edges, would be
insurance against leaf-hopper damage. The beet-leaf hopper is
also controlled by cultural methods.

The leaf. hoppers in vineyards are mainly controlled by
spraying, though hopperdozers are sometimes used. The usual
spray material is “Black Leaf 40,” 1 part to 1,500 or 1,600 parts
of water, applied at the time of the presence of the maximum
number of nymphs. Doctor Ball gives the same contact in-
secticide for the control of Empoasca mali on potatoes, using it
at the rate of one pint to 100 gallons of water with five pounds
of soap added, two applications to be made a week or ten days
apart. The rose-leaf hopper and forms doing similar damage
can be controlled in the same way. Mr. Childs suggests also
the use of the rose as a trap crop in the control of the latter
as an apple pest. .

At this point we may also call attention to another bad habit
of Empoasca malt. In Psyche, XXV, p. 101, 1918, Mr. George
Becker called attention to this species attacking man. The
writer has had several people tell him about being bitten by
little green leaf hoppers, but not till a short time ago did he
have any personal proof of the fact. One night, while collect-
ing under a light, he felt a little prick on his hand, and on look-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. Zul:

ing down saw a little green leaf hopper at work. It was se-
cured and proved to be the species mentioned.

The matter of such biting brings up an interesting question,
for so few of the Homoptera have ever been known to be guilty
of such conduct. In fact, outside of the occasional piercing of
Cicadas, the writer does not know of any other members of this
order that have been recorded as attacking man. Whether
they merely prick the skin because it is their nature to be pierc-
ing something or whether they are really fond of an occasional
meal of blood would be an interesting question for determina-
tion.

From the foregoing discussion of the economic importance
of the group it will be seen that it is necessary to know which
are injurious species and which are not. Hence the value of a
systematic study of the group and an acquaintance with its
forms, so as to be able to single out those of economic impor-
tance.

. Life History.

The life histories of a majority, even of the economic species
of Cicadellidxz, have not been fully worked out. Some have,
however, been worked out in detail, so that it is fairly easy to
give a general life history for the group.

These insects belong to an order in which the metamorphosis
is incomplete, that is, there is no distinct pupal or quiescent
stage in the life cycle. It would, however, be better to speak of
them as having a gradual metamorphosis rather than an incom-
plete one, reserving the latter term, as pointed out by Professor
Comstock, for such water forms as dragon flies, which do not
resemble the adult at all in their imperfect stages and yet can-
not be said to have a complete metamorphosis. Thus there are
three stages in their life cycle, namely, egg, nymph and adult.

The female leaf hopper is provided with a strong enough —
ovipositor to enable her to push the eggs in under the covering
of some plant tissue. There is of course a great deal of dif-
ference in the different groups, and even among the species of
the same genus, in the kind of material chosen for egg deposi-
tion, it being the rule that the eggs are always deposited in the
kind of plant which is to furnish food for the nymphs on
emerging.

In general it may be said that grass-feeding species deposit
their eggs either between the sheath of the blade and the stem,
or else in the margin of the leaf, where a layer of epidermis
covers the egg. In either case the eggs are protected by a part
of the host plant. Other forms deposit their eggs in the veins
of leaves or sometimes under the epidermis in the tissue be-
tween the veins. Such is the case with the grape-leaf hopper,
the potato-leaf hopper and a host of others. Still others de-
posit eggs in the stems of their host plants. This is true of
such forms as the rose-leaf hopper, the apple-leaf hopper (H'm-
poasca unicolor) and others. Some, such as the clover-leaf
hopper, deposit their eggs either in the leaves or the stems of
their host plant. In a few cases also the same species may
oviposit alternately in two different hosts. This has been
shown to be the case with the rose-leaf hopper, the overwinter-

(22)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 20

ing eggs being deposited in the rose, while the eggs for the
second generation are deposited in, apple. Here we seem to
have a good case of alternation of abiiseatisac for only a very
small percentage of these insects remain on the apple, their
summer host, to deposit overwintering eggs. Of course where
a species is a general feeder, it may oviposit in any of its host
plants.

The eggs are usually whitish, elongate, and often slightly
curved. Before they hatch the eyes of the nymphs are usually
seen as distinct reddish spots.

Comparatively little is known concerning the number. of
eggs deposited by a single individual. In some cases the num-
ber seems to be quite low, while in others it is rather large.
Some grass-feeding species deposit a few eggs together; others
as many as fifty side by side. Osborn states that Parabolocra-
tus viridis may lay as many as 120 eggs in a single hour. Of
course eggs deposited under the sheaths of the grass blades are
more readily found than those deposited in the leaf or stem. In
the case of the latter, however, a blister-like swelling seems to
develop around the eggs shortly after deposition, which helps
in locating them, or the leaf may be held up to the sunlight and
the eggs often discovered.

The period of incubation varies greatly in length. Eggs laid
in the fall hatch the following spring or summer, the egg stage
thus lasting several months. Eggs laid in the spring or sum-
mer hatch in varying lengths of time. Osborn gives an aver-
age of about a month for the duration of the egg stage of
Dorycephalus platyrhynchus, and 10 to 17 days for Deltoceph-
alus inimicus. Gibson gives 5 to 17 days as the length of the
incubation period for eggs of Aceratagallia sanguinolenta dur-
ing the summer in the latitude of southern Illinois, and from 3
to 35 days, with an average of 12 days, depending upon the tem-
perature, for eggs of Drzculacephala mollipes in southern Ari-
zona.

The nymphs are readily recognized as the young of Cica-
dellids, usually having more or less of the form of the adult
except for the wings, though usually lacking most of the colora-
tion of the adult till just before or after the last molt. During
the nymphal stage the wings are represented by wing pads
which gradually increase in size, but even just before the fifth
or last molt they are much smaller than the wings of the adult.

24 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Not only do the nymphs usually look like the adults, but they
usually act like them too. They have the curious habit of
running sidewise which is so characteristic of the family, and
are also capable of jumping, as are the adults, though they are
not as active as are the perfect forms.

The number of molts is usually, if not always, five. There
are some records of but four molts in some forms, but if true,
it is only so of a very few species. Molting occurs nearly
always on the under side of the leaf, and here the molted skins
may readily be found, for they are usually firmly attached to
the leaf. |

The length of the nymphal stage varies greatly in the differ-
ent species. A few species overwinter as nymphs, in which
case this stage lasts for several months. In summer, however,
the nymphal stage usually lasts for several weeks. Thus Gib-
son gives. 18 to 35 days, with an average of 25, for the length
of the nymphal stage of the clover-leaf hopper, and 20 to 51’
days, according to temperature, for Dreculacephala mollipes
at Tempe, Ariz. Johnson gives from 19 to 37 days for the
duration of the nymphal stage of the grape-leaf hopper in the
Lake Erie valley. Childs gives above 35 days for the first
brood nymphs of the rose-leaf hopper, and about 24 days for
those of the second brood in Oregon. Osborn gives ten months
as the length of the nymphal stage of Dorycephalus platyrhyn-
chus, for this species overwinters as a nymph.

But very few attempts have been made to determine the
length of the life of the adult. Childs, however, has given us
some interesting data on this point. He found that the males
of the first generation of the rose-leaf hopper die in from four
to ten days after mating. Fertile females he found to live a
month to a month and a half after mating, while unmated fe-
males live very much longer, some specimens being kept for
70 days, and a single one for 116 days, death in both cases be-
ing due to starvation. Individuals of the second brood were
kept alive for 129 days. The unmated male, he states, lives a
much shorter period. Of course it is well known that in the
case of species which hibernate as adults, both males and fe-
males live several months.

The overwintering of the leaf hoppers is varied. Many pass
through the winter as adults, a few as nymphs, and the ma-
jority perhaps as eggs. But no set rule can be given regarding

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 25

the habits of any group, for even within the genus we do not
find uniformity as to the condition in which hibernation occurs.
Thus Empoasca mali overwinters as an adult, while FE. unicolor
hibernates in the egg stage. The nearest that we dare come to
generalizing may be to state that the majority of species which
Oviposit in grass, pass through the winter in the egg stage,
while a large number of those ovipositing in trees hibernate as
adults. It seems, therefore, that the greater number of our
forms overwinter in the egg stage.

The hibernating adults are often found under leaves and
rubbish in the woods. This is especially true of many Typhlo-
cybini. Of course where the winters are warm, we can hardly
designate any stage as the hibernating stage, for under favor-
able circumstances they may breed throughout the year.

The number of generations per season is also an interesting
question. Should we generalize we would say that the ma-
jority of species have two generations in a season. As to the
rest, some undoubtedly have three or more generations, while
some have only one. Thus Gibson claims three generations a
year for the clover-leaf hopper in southern Missouri and four
or more further south. Professor Osborn says there are two
generations a year of Dreculacephala mollipes in Ohio, while
Gibson claims six for southern Arizona. Others, like Hm-
poasca unicolor, have but a single generation. Most members
of the genus Deltocephalus have two broods, as do such forms
as many members of the genus Luscelis and many of the Ty-
phlocy bint.

Natural Enemies.

In one of his bulletins Professor Osborn has given quite an
extended account of the natural enemies of the leaf hoppers.
We will do little more than to give the substance of this and
of one or two other papers, for comparatively little work has
been done on this line.

The natural enemies of the leaf hoppers may be divided.
into four groups, as follows:

1. Predaceous enemies.

2. Parasitic enemies.

3. Fungus diseases.
4. Climatic conditions.

The predaceous enemies of leaf hoppers do not seem to be
an important means of control. Among such enemies are the
birds, but even such active foes do not seem to be very efficient
in controlling them. It has been found that while a goodly
number of birds feed upon Cicadellids, yet in the aggregate
such food forms but a small part of their dietary. Professor
Osborn sums up the relation of birds to leaf hoppers as follows:

1. 119 species of birds are known to feed upon leaf hoppers.

2. Only 700 out of 47,000 bird stomachs examined contained leaf
hoppers, or less than one out of every fifty.

3. The leaf-hopper content of a majority of these stomachs was only

from 1 to 10 per cent, so that not more than one-thousandth part of the
food of birds can be composed of leaf hoppers.

Domestic birds such as turkeys and chickens are said to
feed on leaf hoppers, but their inroads on such insects could
not be considered as serious.

Toads and frogs, being insectivorous, should use a small
proportion of leaf hoppers in their dietary. Gibson states
that the former has been observed feeding on them in alfalfa
fields.

Among the Arthropoda themselves we find perhaps the most
efficient predaceous foes of the leaf hoppers, though all com-
bined do not seem to do anything appreciable in holding them
in check. Various spiders and mites are said to be among
such enemies. Slingerland and Johnson give the names of
mites predaceous on the grape-leaf hopper in their bulletins

(26)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 27

on that species. Childs gives a list of spiders preying upon
the rose-leaf hopper, while Professor Osborn gives a large
list of spiders that have been known to feed upon leaf hoppers.

Insects themselves furnish several predaceous enemies.
Thus Osborn mentions such enemies among the Nabidxe and
Lygaeidx. Quayle mentions ladybirds, aphis lions and ants
as enemies of the grape-leaf hopper, while previously, Walsh,
Glover and Slingerland had recorded one of the dance flies, a
soldier bug, and the larve of Chrysopa, respectively, as also
feeding on the same leaf hopper. Johnson accuses a Capsid
of attacking this species also. Gibson mentions the agricul-
tural ant as an enemy of Draeculacephala mollipes. Childs
records a Scatophagid as an enemy of the rose-leaf hopper
and also observes that dragon flies have been observed attack-
ing that species. The writer one evening observed some
damsel flies flying over the grasses near the edge of a pond.
They so evidently seemed to be hunting that they were closely
watched and were soon seen to be attempting to catch some
very small Locustid nymphs and also to be after the leaf hop-
pers. Several times the leaf hoppers were seen to escape by
their characteristic shift to the under side of the grass blades.
Finally a damsel fly was observed to have caught one of the
hoppers, and we were able to get close enough to identify the
species as Deltocephalus inimicus and to catch the predator,
not, however, before the last sign of his meal had disappeared.

There are records of at least two families of wasps that
provision their nests with leaf hoppers. Comstock states that
the Nyssonide provision their nests with the immature stages
of these insects. F. X. Williams described a member of this
family, Harpactus gypone, from Grant county, Kansas, which
used the adults and nymphs of Gypona cinerea for this pur-
pose. He found also that Mimesa argentifrons, a member of
the family Mimesidex, provisioned her nest with Huscelis
exitiosus. Further studies with these and related families
of wasps might reveal the importance of these insects as
natural enemies of the leaf hoppers.

The chief natural enemies of the leaf hoppers are the
parasitic insects. These are undoubtedly responsible for hold-
ing these insects in check, so that they do only the usual
amount of damage annually. Such parasites are found in the
dipterous genus Pipunculus and among the Strepsiptera. But

28 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

far more important than these are the hymenopterous para-
sites belonging to the subfamily Anteonine and to the family
Bethylide. Dr. F. A. Fenton’s paper on this group shows
how extensive is the parasitization of leaf hoppers by these
forms which parasitize the nymphs and adults. Professor
Osborn states that sometimes 20 per cent of the individuals of
some of our native species are thus parasitized.. The members
of the genus Gonotopus parasitize the majority of the Jassini,
while Aphelopus is the only parasite of the Typhlocybini.
Various hymenopterous egg parasites are also at times very
efficient. 2

The relation of fungous diseases to leaf-hopper control is
yet an open question. Only rarely have they been recorded
as attacking these insects. Professors Garman, Webster, and
Thaxter are seemingly the only ones reporting such cases.
The first two give records of Draeculacephala mollipes being —
attacked by Empusa grylli. Professor Thaxter, in 1890, ob-
served Empusa killing the grape-leaf hopper in Connecticut.
It seems very probable, however, that in favorable seasons
this or other fungi may play some part in the natural control
of the leaf hoppers as they do for instance in the checking of
the grasshoppers.

Climatic conditions undoubtedly play an important part in
the control of insects. Thus many a foreign insect, on in-
troduction to this country, has not been able to gain a foot-
hold because of the different and untoward weather conditions.
It is well known also that even some forms which have become
more or less acclimated, as well as native forms, are often
kept in check by extremes of heat or cold. Thus in Kansas
very severe winters or very hot summers are known to pre-
vent outbreaks of Toxoptera. Undoubtedly the same is true
of large numbers -of insects, and among them, of the leaf
hoppers. Johnson quotes Trimble as observing in 1865 that
when the thermometer reached 100 degrees Fahrenheit, thou-
sands of the grape-leaf hoppers were killed. It is easily shown
that grape-leaf hopper nymphs are killed by an exposure of a
few minutes to the hot sun, so that it is very probable that
when it becomes very hot, and host plants wither, that many
may not be able to find sufficient protection and therefore
succumb to the extreme heat. No one doubts also that untold
numbers of individuals are destroyed by the extreme cold,

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 29

freezes, and snows of winter, regardless of whether hiberna-
tion occurs in the egg, nymphal or adult stage. Actual ex-
perimentation with extremes of heat and cold,.controlling also
the moisture conditions, should give us interesting and per-
haps very instructive data as to just what part climatic con-
ditions do play in the control of such insects.

Geographical Distribution.

Leaf hoppers are so well distributed over the earth that they
are truly cosmopolitan. They are well represented in all the
faunal realms, and in some countries are among the commonest
of the insects. In his catalogue of the Hemiptera of America
north of Mexico, published in 1917, Mr. Van Duzee lists about
700 species, and the number now known must be well beyond
that. I have been unable to get any estimate of the total
number of species known to science.

Professor Osborn has pointed out two facts of great in-
terest when one views this group as a whole or when the
fauna of two continents are compared. First, the fact is soon
observed, that the leaf hopper fauna of even two widely-
separated portions of the earth, are essentially and funda-
mentally alike in group characters. This is taken as showing
a common origin of the groups. And second, that though in
the main characters and larger groupings there are so many
similarities, yet there seem to be relatively very few cases of |
specific identity between the species of such separated coun-
tries or continents. Examples of this fact are numerous when
our own forms are compared with the European. The sub-
family Paropine, for example, occurs on both continents, yet
not one of our eight species seems to occur in Europe. Of our
seventy-five or more members of the genus Deltocephalus only
four are known to occur in Europe. And this is about the case
in almost any group one may choose.

This fact would argue for an early separation of our forms
from the European and for a consequently long development
here. It would seem to indicate also that introduction of leaf
hoppers into new continents, separated by oceans, is to-day
rather rare if occurring at all. And when one considers the
few adaptations of these forms for transmission, especially as
to life history, one is all the more convinced that such intro-
duction does not often take place. If such be the case it is
evident that the distribution of the leaf hoppers over the earth —
must have occurred in the early times when the different por-
tions of the earth were more connected than they are now.

(30)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDE. dl

That leaf hoppers, however, are able to push out the limits
of their environment once they are in a country and unhindered
by high mountains or climatic conditions essentially different
from that to which they are adapted, is very evident. The
range of many of our North American species is steadily being
increased. Thus Professor Osborn shows that Dreculacephala
reticulata seems to be steadily pushing northward from its
southern home, seemingly having the power to adapt itself to
such minor changes as it may meet. Euscelis exitiosus he also
believes to have recently spread over the United States. |

In the United States we find a rather general distribution of
the members of this family with the exception of the Paropine.
The members of this subfamily are seemingly confined to Cali-
fornia or at least to the west of the Rockies. The Bythosco-
pinz on the other hand, are found well across the states The
Agallia group while found from north to south and east to west,
is yet undoubtedly subtropical. The genus Jdiocerus is in the
main more northerly in its distribution. The members of whe
genus Macropsis are more abundant in the Northeastern states,
few reaching the Pacific coast. Oncopsis is practically north-
ern in its distribution, while the members of the genus Bytho-
scopus are well represented in the Western states though also
occurring in the south and east. Thus in one subfamily we
find groups which favor each of the several portions of the
country in their distribution.

The Cicadelline are tropical or subtropical as a group. Nat-
urally we therefore find the subfamily best represented in our
Southern states though many species seem to have been able
to adapt themselves to northern conditions and some are found
commonly even in Canada. They occur across the continent
from east to west. Only two or three of the nearly fifty species
of the United States are known to occur in Europe. Many
of them, however, are found in Mexico and the West Indies,
some such region seemingly being their originai home.

Comparatively few members of the subfamily Gyponine seem
to be found on our western coast. As a group they seem to
be tropical or subtropical and hence are best represented in
our Southern states, though some species extend through our
Northern states into Canada. They are found in the Eastern
as well as the Western states.

32 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Of the great subfamily Jassinx, we find representatives in
all parts of the United States. Here too, however, we see many
restrictions to certain regions. Thus the genus Acucephalus
is confined largely to the Northeastern states. Cicadula,
Thamnotettiz and others are largely northern, Uhleriella,
Aligia, Neoccelidia and others largely western, Spangbergiella
and Acinopterus essentially southern, while still others, such as
Deltocephalus, seem to find their optimum conditions in the
Middle West. Others are undoubtedly largely Rocky Mountain
forms. Some genera, on the other hand, and even some species,
seem to be able to find favorable conditions clear across the
continent and from the north to the south, so that they may be
spoken of as occurring throughout the United States.

-

Systematic Position.

~The Cicadellide were formerly placed in the great order
Hemiptera. Of late years the suborders of this order have

been given ordinal rank, so that to-day we speak of these in-

sects as belonging to the order Homoptera. This order un-
doubtedly stands as the highest among those insects which have
an incomplete metamorphosis. |

In the division of this order there seems to be a general dis-
position to follow Amyot and Serville in forming the two
groups Auchenorhynchi and Sternorhynchi, the former to in-
clude those families in which the beak arises clearly from the
posterior or lower part of the head, the latter including the
families where the beak seems to arise from between the pro-
thoracic legs. These groups may be further separated by the
character of the antennz and the number of tarsal joints. In
the former the antenne are usually awl-shaped or setaceous; in
the latter they vary in form but are never bristle-like. The
members of the former group also always have three-jointed
tarsi, while the tarsi of the latter are composed of but one or
two segments and rarely are lacking.

Some authorities in dividing the Hemiptera into suborders
make the Auchenorhynchi equal to their suborder Homoptera
and the Sternorhynchi to the suborder Gularostria.

Along with the Cicadidz, Membracide, Cercopide, and Ful-
goride, the Cicadelidz belong to the Auchenorhynchi, and it
is with this group that we are particularly concerned in dis-
cussing the systematic position of the leaf hoppers.

It now seems to be generally believed that the Cicadidz are
the lowest of these five families. Comstock and Needham
pointed out in 1899, in a paper on the wings of insects, that
this family had the nearest to the primitive condition of wing
venation of any Hemiptera. Funkhouser does not believe that
the wings of the Cicadide are as generalized as those of the
Membracide, though agreeing in placing them below the latter
in phylogenetic rank. This is Osborn’s opinion also. The fact
that they are the only Auchenorhynchi with three ocelli, the

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3—Sci. Bul.—3058

34 | THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

others having two or none, would indicate their more primi-
tive condition.

It is quite commonly believed also by Homopterists that the
Fulgoride represent the most specialized forms of this group.
This opinion was held by Kirkaldy and Hansen and is held to-
day by Funkhouser and others. One cannot look carefully at
the wonderful antenne of a large number of these forms with-
out agreeing with this disposition of the family provided the
development of the antenne and its sensory organs be consid-
ered an important criterion. Certain it is that they must be
placed by themselves, for it would be hard to try to connect
them closely with any of the four other families of the group.

The three families, Membracidex, Cicadellide, and Cercopidx
are now left for consideration. One cannot have even a casual
acquaintance with these forms without realizing their sim-
ilarity and close affinity. That they are all three derived from
a common stem seems to be plainly evident. The question is as
to their relative position.

Having made the Cicadidz the lowest and the Fulgoride the
highest families of the Auchenorhynchi, we must necessarily
place the remaining families in between, so that we now have
the Cicadide arising from a lower stem, the Membracide, Cica-
delidx, and Cercopide from a middle one, and the Fulgoridx
from a third and highest one.

When we study the families arising from this middle stem it
seems that Funkhouser has made his point in claiming that the
. Membracide are the lowest of the three. This would put them
next to the Cicadidx, but as we have indicated, their relation-
ship would not be so much with them as with the other families
of the middle stem. In support of his position he shows that
the Membracidx have a very poorly developed sensory system,
causing them to respond very slowly to stimuli, that the wings
are very generalized, and that the genital organs are simple.
In the first, if not in all of these respects, the Crcadelliidze and
Cercopide are certainly more specialized.

The question now arises as to which of these two families is
closer to the Membracidx. Here we are helped by a curious
insect which seems to be half Membracid and half Cicadellid.
I refer to A’ thalion, an insect found in this country and in
Central and South America. It looks very much like a Cica-
dellid, but instead of having a double row of prominent spines

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 35

on the hind tibiz, has those parts of the leg covered with weak
spines or hairs quite promiscuously arranged. Here is an ap-
proach to the Cicadellid leg. On the other hand, it has certain
very distinct Membracid characters though lacking the chief
characteristic of the family, namely, the Membracid pronotum.
So similar is this insect to both these families that entomolo-
gists have had much trouble in deciding to which it belongs.
Stal placed it with the Membracidx, but Ashmead included it
with the Bythoscopide. Van Duzee places it under a subfamily
of its own, as a Membracid, but as the form of that family
closest to the Cicadellide. |

Thus we seem to be safe in putting the Cicadellidz next to
and above the Membracidz because of their better sensory sys-
tem, and because of this connecting form. It is not at all im-
probable, however, that the Zthalionine will later be placed in
a family by themselves, but in any case they would still consti-
tute the link between these two families.

The Cercopide do not seem to show such close relationships
to the Membracide, nor do they seem to be as closely connected
with the Cicadellidze as is this family to the tree hoppers.
There seem to be no forms connecting them with the leaf
hoppers, and yet their relationship with them and the tree
hoppers is very evident. For this reason it seems probable
that they are an older offshoot from this middle stem than
either of the other two, and this would seem to be evidenced
also by their peculiar life history. :

It seems probable that the nymphal habit of enveloping
themselves in a mass of spittle could not be a habit easily or
quickly developed. That it is a protective habit is certain, for
as Dr. F. A. Fenton has shown, while large numbers of Cica-
dellids and Fulgorids, also a Membracid, are parasitized by the
Anteonine, we have yet to find a single instance of the para-
sitization of a Cercopid. Thus this habit has been long enough
in development to have seemingly made it an absolute success
in the protection of these insects from their parasitic foes. So
that considering their specialized life history, along with their
morphology and the absence of intermediate forms between
them and the Cicadellids, we would place the Cercopidx above
the latter and have them leaving the middle stem before the
Membracids and Cicadellids.

36 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Diagrammatically this phylogenetic relationship would be ex-
pressed as follows:

FULGORIDAE

CERCOPIDAE

CICADELLIDAE

When we consider the relationships of the different sub-
families of the Cicadellide we again find opportunity for
differences of opinion. Van Duzee in his catalogue arranges
them in the following order, beginning with the lowest:

Paropine.
Bythoscopine.
Cicadelline.
Gyponine.
JASSIN&.

Dr. F. A. Fenton in his paper on the parasites of leaf hop-
pers gives the following phylogenetic tree for these sub-
families:

TYPHLOCYBINAE

GY PONINAE

r CICADELLINAE
BYTHOSCQPINAE

PAROPINAE

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDE. 37

Here the tribe Typhlocybint has been removed from the
Jassine and given subfamily rank, the phylogenetic arrange-
ment, however, agreeing with that of Van Duzee, whose ar-
rangement seems to be quite generally accepted.

A question that yet may have to be decided differently is
that of the position of the tribe Typhlocybini or the subfamily
Typhlocybine. In many ways they appear to be the highest
members of the family. This is especially true of their wings
which show very evidently a specialized condition as com-
pared with the wings of the members of the other subfami-
lies. The loss of the ocelli in some of the genera may also
be taken to indicate specialization.

Gillette, however, in his monograph of the American mem-
bers of the subfamily, calls them the lowest of the leaf hop-
pers, and there are others who at least partially share this
view. In this connection the work on the parasites of these
forms is rather interesting.

Fenton finds that the members of the tribe Typhlocybini are
parasitized only by members of the genus Aphelopus and curi-
ously enough Kornhauser finds that our only known Mem-
bracid parasite is a member of the same genus.

While we would not argue that this was any proof that the
Typhlocybini are the closest leaf hoppers to the Membracids,
and therefore the lowest of the Cicadellidx, yet, if Kellogg can
trace the relaticnships of seemingly unrelated birds through
the agency of their parasites, may it not be possible to do some-
thing of the same kind here. If closely related Mallophaga
are found only on closely related birds, may we not expect
to find closely related parasites parasitizing closely related
Homoptera? In fact do we not find this in the case of all in-
sects? For certainly it would be easier for a parasite to
adapt itself to parasitizing a closely related form than one
distantly related. So that it may be that in a few years we
may find the Typhlocybini to be not the highest, but among
the lower, if not the very lowest of all the groups of this family.

38 | THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

PLATE I.

1. Dorsal view of Phlepsius irroratus. (v, vertex; e, compound eye;
p, pronotum; s, scutellum; c, clavus; es, elytral suture; cs, claval suture;
co, corium.)

2. Face of Phlepsius irroratus. (f, front; e, compound eye; a, an-
tenna; 1, lora; g, gena; c, clypeus; lr, labrum; la, labium.)

3. Metathoracic leg of Phlepsius irroratus. (c, coxa; t, trochanter;
f, femur; ti, tibia; ta, tarsus.)

4. Tip of abdomen of female Phlepsius irroratus. (s, last ventral
segment; o, ovipositor; p, pygofer.)

5. Tip of abdomen of male Phlepsius irroratus (s, last ventral seg-
ment; v, valve; p, pygofer; pl, plates.)

6. Hind wing of Phlepsius irroratus. (a, apical cells; m, marginal
vein.)

7. Elytron of Phlepsius irroratus. (1, first sector; 2, second sector;
3, outer branch of first sector; 4, inner branch of first sector; 5, first
cross nervure between sectors; 6, claval suture; 7, outer claval vein; 8,
inner claval vein; a, apical cells; 6b, anteapical cells; c, appendix.)

The Chief Morphological Features.

While there have been some attempts to work out the mor-
phology of the Cicadellidx, yet it does not seem that the subject
has yet received much thorough investigation. Therefore in
this paper we propose to give only as much information on the
morphology as will enable one to recognize members of the
family, and enable them to use the keys for their specific de-
termination. It is hoped at some future time to carefully study
the morphology, both external and internal, of the family.

As in all insects, the body of the leaf hopper is divided into
three distinct regions, namely, head, thorax, and abdomen.
The chief features of each are briefly described below and il-
lustrated in the accompanying plate (plate I).

The upper or dorsal portion of the head is called the vertex.
There is no distinct division between this portion and the rest
of the head, but often there is more or less of a distinct margin
between it and the face. The greater portion of the latter is
called the front. It is not separated from the vertex by a dis-
tinct dividing line or suture, but is distinctly bounded laterally
by sutures which frequently run past the antenne clear to the
anterior margin of the head. On the lower side or ventrally
the front is bounded by a transverse suture. The clypeus is
the rectangular sclerite attached to the anterior or lower edge
of the front. The lore are the rather semicircular sclerites on
either side of the front and clypeus, while the genx are the
large sclerites extending from below the eyes and surrounding
the lore. It might be stated that Cogan claims that the clypeus
proper is not clearly differentiated in the Homoptera, and that
what is usually called the clypeus is really the labrum or upper
lip.

The eyes are of two kinds, compound and simple. The
former are always large and prominent and occupy a large part —
of the head. The simple eyes or ocelli are always small, and
are lacking in many members of the Typhlocybini. In the
Paropins and Bythoscopine they are situated on the front, be-
low the margin of the vertex, in the Cicadelline and Gyponine

(40)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. Al

they are situated on the vertex, while in the Jassinx they are
on or near the margin of the vertex.

The antenne or feelers are always setaceous or bristle-like.
They are on the face between the compound eyes and the front.
-The basal segments are large but soon they become very small.
The number of segments is comparatively large. In the genus

_ Idiocerus the antenne are used in the differentiation of the

species due to the possession in the males of variously-shaped,
flattened discs at the apex.

The mouth parts consist of a large 3-jointed beak or pro-
boscts which, in a groove on its anterior or dorsal surface, bears
a minute triangular sclerite and two pairs of brown stylets
which run its whole length. The former is claimed by Cogan
to be the small epipharynx. By some it is thought to be the
labrum or upper lip, and the membrane below’‘it the epi-
pharnyx. The inner pair of stylets constitute the mavzille,
while the outer ones are the piercing mandibles. The proboscis
or rostrum is the labium or lower lip.

The thorax, as in all insects, is composed of three segments
called respectively the pro-, meso-, and metathorax. Dorsally
however, only two of these segments are seen. The large por-
tion behind the head is the tergum or dorsal sclerite of the pro-
thorax and is called the pronotum. The triangular sclerite
back of the pronotum is a part of the dorsal sclerite of the
mesothorax and is called the scutellum. The side pieces of the
thoracic segments are called pro-, meso-, and metapleure, re-
spectively.

The appendages of the thorax are the legs and the wings.
Each of the three segments bears a pair of legs and the meso-
and metathorax a pair of wings in addition. The legs have the
usual segments, but the tzbiz are very long and very charac-
teristically armed with a double row of stout spines. The tarsi
are invariably 3-jointed.

The mesothoracic wings are thicker than the membranous
metathoracic wings. The former are often called the elytra
and a few speak of them as tegmina. In the accompanying
plate the different parts of the wing are labelled according
to the terms used in the following systematic treatise of the
Kansas species. The metathoracic or hind wings are some-
times simply called the wings. They are much wider than the
elytra and when at rest have the inner portion distinctly folded.

42 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

In the Typhlocybini their venation is of importance in the
separation of the genera, otherwise they are not much used
systematically. ; :

The abdomen consists of a number of distinct segments,
but the segmentation of the terminal portion is indistinct.
Each segment consists of two pieces, a dorsal tergum and a
ventral sternum. These are connected by pleural membranes.
There are eight distinct tergites, the last one being called the
pygofer. This sclerite is usually more or less divided caudo-
dorsally and through this excision rises the anal tube which
bears the anus at its apex. The question as to the number of
segments composing the anal tube is an interesting one and
one that requires careful study. In the female the pygofers
nearly enclose the ovipositor which is composed of three pairs
of valves. The pygofers are usually exceeded in length by the
Ovipositor.

The terminal sternites are of importance in classification.
In the female, in many genera, the last sternite is characteristic
of the species and is much used in differentiating them. In-
a comparatively few species this last ventral segment is de-
scribed as being composed of an outer and inner membrane.
This is the case in the Deltocephalus compactus-weedi group.
It may be that a careful study with caustic potash specimens
will reveal the existence of such a condition in many more, if
not in all of the Cicadellide.

In the male the sternite just before the valve is called the
last ventral sternite. The valve is usually a small and tri-
angular sclerite situated just before the plates. In many
genera the valve is described as lacking, but it seems more
probable that it is never absent, but only apparently so be-
cause it is often overlapped by the last ventral segment. It
is of great value in classification. In some genera, however,
it cannot be much used.

Just caudad of the valve is a pair of usually triangular
sclerites, called plates. These also are often much used in
classification. They are fastened to the posterior margin of ©
the valve. Their homology brings up a question yet to be
worked out, for the question at once arises as to whether they
represent the divided sternite of the ninth abdominal seg-
ment, or whether they are paired reproductive appendages,
derived as are the other reproductive appendages from primi-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 43

tive locomotory organs. The plates vary much in size and
shape in the different genera and even in species of the same
genus. When viewed ventrally they frequently completely
cover the pygofers, though often they are very small and much
exceeded by the pygofers.

In systematic work on the Cicadellidx, the last sternite,
commonly called the last ventral segment, with the pygofers
and ovipositor of the female, and the last ventral segment,
valve, plates, and pygofers of the male, have been spoken of
as the genitalia. In this paper they are spoken of as the
external genitalia to distinguish them from the other, hitherto
_ little used, more or less hidden genitalia, which, to distinguish
them from the above, are here called the internal genitalia.

The Male Internal Genitalia.

The genitalia of the various groups of insects are being
studied more and more both by the morphologist and syste-
matist, for it is now well known that in many groups they
are a very great help if not the chief means of separation and
classification. Along -with the venation of the wing, they have
often furnished the chief characters for working out the sys-
tematic problems of many groups. Already much use has been
made of them as witnessed by work on the Melanopli and
other Orthoptera, many groups of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera,
Diptera, Hymenoptera, and other orders. Knight’s paper on
the genus Lygus is illustrative of their value in systematic
work. ;

In the Homoptera some use has been made of the terminal
portion of the abdomen in classification. The importance of
the pygidium in the Diasping is now well known to all, and the
use of the terminal sclerites in the Cicadellidxz has done much
to help in the differentiation of the species. As before men-
tioned, the pygofers, last ventral segment, and ovipositor of
the female, and the pygofers, last ventral segment, valve, and
plates of the male, have been the parts spoken of as the geni-
talia of this family. These are the parts that are external and
are thus readily observed. There are other parts of the
genitalia, however, which have been but little used and yet
which it seems are of much importance and could be readily
used, especially in cases where all other helps seem to fail.
These portions are what we have called the “internal male
genitalia,” using the word “internal” merely to distinguish
them from the ordinarily used organs which we have styled
the ‘“‘external genitalia.”” In reality these organs are not in-
ternal, being situated in an open genital chamber which is
the “terminal chamber” of Sharp’s Pentatomide.

These organs have been but little used in systematic work
on the Cicadellidxz. Johnson in his bulletin on the grape-leaf
hopper gives a drawing of them as he saw them in that species,
but evidently no attempt was made to get at their connection
with the abdomen and with each other. In his Hemiptera-
Homoptera of the British Isles, Edwards occasionally makes

(44)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 45

a little use of these organs and figures portions of them, but
again no effort was made to dissect them out and get at the
relative differences in the various genera or species.

Hitherto Prof. Franz Then seems to have come the near-
est to actually using these organs in systematic work on the
leaf hoppers. In his papers on several members of the genera
Deltocephalus and Thamnotettix he figures in a comparative
way the internal genitalia of several species and shows that
they vary characteristically for each species. His figures,
however, do not show the details of form and structure nor
the connection of the various parts.

The organs that we have placed under the heading of in-
ternal genitalia are three in number. These we have-called
the paired styles, the style-cdagus connective, and the
eedagus. ;

The styles are always paired and fastened to the dorsal
surface of the plates. At the point of their attachment to the
plates the latter bear distinct ridges or chitinous thickenings
usually near the antero-lateral margin. These styles are
chitinous organs varying very much in shape. They are some-
times simply columnar in form, but most often triangular in
outline. They are often fastened to the plates at about their
middle, though usually nearer the anterior end. They vary
much in their shape at either end in the different species, but
- most particularly in the form of the posterior end. There are
also usually characteristic irregularities or processes along
the margins. The greater portion of the styles usually pro-
- jects out into the genital chamber and is therefore really ex-
ternal, but the anterior part of it always passes through the
membrane forming the anterior wall of the genital chamber,
and reaches into the body cavity, often reaching into the cavity
of the seventh abdominal segment. Professor Then applied
the term ‘“‘Griffel” to a style. They are undoubtedly a pair
of claspers.

The style-cedagus connective, or briefly, the connective, is a
chitinous sclerite which connects the two styles and is also
usually connected with the cedagus at its caudal extremity.
I have been unable to find in the literature a homologous
sclerite and hence do not know whether it has already been
- named. Professor Then called it the ‘“Stutze.’”’ The term I
have suggested for it is in keeping with his name for it also

46 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

explains its function. It is undoubtedly used to codrdinate
the action of the styles in copulation and-usually also with
them, that of the cdagus. There are always more or less
prominent processes on the mesal margins of the styles to
which the connective is fastened. It varies much in the dif-
ferent genera being sometimes simply a transverse chitinous
- bar, at other times it is U- or V-shaped, and often is quite
elongate and columnar in form. In rare cases it seems to have
no connection with the cedagus and is then much reduced
in size. The question of its homology seems to afford an
interesting problem for future work.

The cedagus is commonly spoken of as the penis sheath.
peer sec-synonymoushe Professor Then called it the ‘“‘Mem-

brum virile.” It is also a chitinous sclerite, connected an-
teriorly with the connective. It assumes a great variety of
forms and is often very characteristic even in closely-related
species. Its base is usually quite enlarged or bears a more
or less strongly developed dorsally directed process. This is
for the purpose of fastening it to the wall of the genital cham- |
ber which is composed of the membranes that form the anal
tube and the ental surfaces of the pygofers. The terminal
portion of the cedagus is variously developed, sometimes simply,
often with additional chitinous lateral or ventral processes.

In addition to the above it has been found that the pygofers
themselves often bear chitinous bars or spines that are dis-
tinctive of the species. Thus the posterior margin of the
pygofers often bears a characteristic tooth or lobe, and in the
sides of these organs there are often characteristically shaped
chitinous structures. In some genera moreover the dorsal
margin bears chitinous bars which are specifically distinct
and which in some genera are united anteriorly, forming a
U- or V-shaped chitinous structure around the base of the
anal tube. These structures are, of course, too small for super-
ficial study, but because of being in the pygofers, are described,
when present, with the external genitalia. They seem to be |
of equal importance in some cases with the internal genitalia
in the separation of species and varieties that show no differ-
ences in the external genitalia.

It has been the purpose of this paper to study and describe
these internal genitalia in representatives of the more import-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZ. AT

ant and common of our genera. Although this has been done
for a goodly number of species, yet the real value of such work
will not appear till a whole genus is worked, and then its
worth will be readily seen. Accordingly what is here done is
only to prepare the way for such work, to show that there are
possibilities with the leaf hoppers on this line, to get ac-
quainted with the structures, and gain experience in the neces-
sary technique.

The technique employed is as follows: The specimens to be
examined are first soaked in a ten per cent solution of caustic
potash. The time they are left in the solution depends alto-
gether on the size and color of the specimen. Light and deli-
cate species are left-for only two or three hours. Large and
dark forms may require several days before they are clear.
Care should be taken however not to leave small species in too
long as they become too light. If plenty of material is at hand
the whole specimen may be dropped into the fluid, otherwise
only the abdomen or the tip of the abdomen need be used, thus
retaining much of the value of the desirable specimen. For
this soaking the specimens may be kept in small vials, each —
bearing a number, so that accurate records may be kept and
the mixing of the species avoided. In this way the same vial
of caustic potash can be used over and over again till the fluid
becomes too dirty.

When thoroughly cleared up by the caustic potash, the speci-
mens are removed into a watch crystal of distilled water. A
watch crystal with the middle of its convex surface flattened
is the best. This enables one to rest it without fear of tipping
on the glass stage of a binocular. The particular binocular
used was a Bausch & Lomb machine with a 32 mm. objective
and 8x oculars. The watch crystal and stage both being glass
excellent illumination can be obtained by using a spotlight on
the mirror of the binocular. Minuten Nadeln are the most
satisfactory dissecting needles for such work, ordinary dissect-
ing needles being altogether too big for work with the smaller
forms, particularly the Typhlocybini.

It was found best to first draw all the organs in situ from a
lateral view. As accurate a drawing as possible was made in
this way and any parts not clearly seen were later cleared up
when the pygofers were torn open and the organs fully exposed
to view. Then the styles may be torn loose from the plates

48 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. —

and the cedagus from the membrane of the genital chamber,

and thus the styles, the connective, and the cdagus be freed
intact. These were then usually drawn in their normal posi-
tion, that is a dorsal view of them was obtained. Thus with the
previous lateral in situ view, and a dorsal view, a fairly accu-
rate idea of these organs can be gained. Both these drawings

were later verified and if necessary corrected when the —

mounted genitalia were studied with the higher magnification
of the compound microscope.

The drawing of these organs was greatly facilitated by us-
ing, in one of the oculars, an eye-piece scale ruled into squares.
The drawing paper was then ruled into inch squares corre-
sponding to these squares. In this way drawings can be made
quickly and accurately and with all the various species drawn
to the same scale. Our drawings are about 40 times the size
of the genitalia. )

After they are dissected out and drawn, the genitalia are
transferred to 95 per cent alcohol for a few minutes, then to

xylol for a similar period, and finally mounted on slides in _

Canada balsam. A pin with a small loop in the end and with
the other end fastened into a wooden handle is an excellent
tool for the transfer of these tiny organs from one liquid to
another.

As in other groups of insects it will be found that these
genitalia show distinct and specific differences in some genera,
while in others they are, for purposes of classification, of
little or no value. In some cases however I believe they are
practically the only criterion that will enable us to correctly
decide between species and varieties, and also to decide the
generic position of some forms, which though specifically dis-
tinct, yet give much trouble as to their true generic disposition.

The value of these internal genitalia may readily be shown in
the little that has been done on the Agallia group. In their re-
view of the members of this genus Osborn & Ball pointed out
the existence of three groups within the genus. The differences

between these groups, while based partly on adult characters, —

were more particularly indicated in the nymphs, which vary
considerably both as to structure and life history. In 1907

Kirkaldy, recognizing the distinctions between these groups,

gave to them subgeneric rank, and accordingly divided_the

|

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 49 °

genus into the subgenera Agalliopsis, Agallia, and Acerata-
gallia.

In the work on the internal genitalia of these forms, repre-
sentatives of each were examined, and it was found that in
these organs there are distinct differences between the mem-
bers of the three subgenera, and that in each subgenus these
organs, though differing specifically, are yet of the same gen-
eral type. Thus in Agallia novella, a member of the subgenus
Agalliopsis, the styles are each composed of two distinct
sclerites, a condition not found in any member of the other sub-
genera. The cedagus is also characteristic of the subgenus,
being much larger and with accessory lateral processes which
do not occur in the other subgenera. Moreover, it was found
that this species has, partially imbedded in the pygofers and
partially free, a very peculiar and characteristic chitinous
process corresponding to which there is nothing in the other
subgenera.

Agallia constricta and 4-punctata were then studied as types
of the subgenus Agallia. Here the styles were found to consist
of a single piece, and though distinctly and specifically different
in the two species, were yet of the same type, each being some-
what club-shaped and terminating in two blunt apical processes.
The cedagus also in each case was found to be of the same type
and vastly different from that of novella, having an enlarged
base and a long and curved terminal process. In constricta,
however, it is much stouter and heavier basally than in 4-
punctata. 3

Agallia uhleri, sanguinolenta, and cinerea were next studied
as representatives of the subgenus Aceratagallia. The three
were found to agree in type of styles and cedagus which in the
case of both organs was entirely different from that found in
the other two subgenera. In this group the style consists of
a more or less club-shaped basal portion and a broad flat
terminal portion which has the mesal margin distinctly ser-
rate. But the styles of the three species, while of the same
type, are yet specifically distinct. Thus in sanguinolenta the
terminal portion is drawn out into a long lateral tooth, while
the style of whlevi, though much like it, lacks this lateral tooth.
The style of cinerea, on the other hand, has the mesal margin
strongly rounded apically, a condition not found in the other

4—Sci. Bul.— 3058

50 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

two, denoting the closer relationship of uhleri to sanguinolenta
than to cinerea. These three forms agree also in having a
small cedagus built on the same pattern but differing in minor
details. |

Thus it was found that representatives of these three sub-
genera, though each with its own characteristic genitalia, yet
by these organs alone could readily be divided into three dis-
tinct groups. In view therefore of this, combined with the
differences in the nymphs and the adults, it has been thought
best to raise Kirkaldy’s subgenera to generic rank. And this
leads us to believe that with similar studies in other groups,
similar changes, one way or the other, will be forthcoming.

The above shows the value of such studies in determining
generic differences. It has been found throughout the work
that they are also of great value in specific determinations
within the genus. So far we have not run across a single case
where we could not find specific differences in the genitalia of
the species of any genus. It is true, however, that in some
genera, such as Idiocerus, these differences may be very slight,
and further and careful study must be given to them before
they could be used very much in separating the species. Even
here, however, it has been found that they have some value, for
such species as Idiocerus verticis and nervatus can readily be
distinguished by the structure of the cedagus.

Furthermore, we believe these genitalia will help to settle
questions as to the specific or varietal rank of certain forms.
Illustrations of this were readily found among the Typhlocybini
as well as among other groups. Thus it was found that Ery-
throneura obliqua had a constant form of internal genitalia.
When its variety fumida, however, was examined, it was found
that in no way could it possibly be considered as belonging to
the same species, for the differences both of styles and cedagus
could not possibly be as great in mere varieties of the same
species. In the styles it was found that the terminal tooth of
the latter was invariably much longer and more slender, while
the coedagus of the latter was distinctly bifid apically as com-
pared with the bluntly apexed cedagus of the former. Then
when the variety dorsalis was examined, the style was found
to be very different apically from that of the preceding two
forms, while the cedagus had a pair of very large and con-
spicuous lateral processes of which in the two preceding forms

his.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 51

there was not even a suggestion. It seemed clear enough then
that the three forms examined must be distinct species.

With the thought in mind that such would also prove to be
the case with the variety nevus, we started in to study the
latter form, but to our surprise, we found that in no appreci-
able way did it differ from typical obliqua, and as far as the
genitalia showed was a true variety. And when one considers
the color markings, it can readily be seen that this form is
certainly far nearer typical obliqua than are either fwmida or
dorsalis. Accordingly we have decided to give the latter two
specific rank, while retaining nevus as a variety.

In the same way it was found that the variety nigra of
Erythroneura vulnerata could no longer be considered as such
because of the absolute difference in these organs, and so it
too is raised to specific rank.

Erythroneura comes and its varieties also furnished inter-
esting results. All the varieties were not at hand for study,
but all available ones were studied with the result that varieties
scutelleris, basalaris, and maculata are here given specific rank,
while the other varieties studied, namely, z7czac, vitis, infuscata,
and coloradensis, are retained as varieties. The former three
have a type of genitalia, especially the cedagus, entirely differ-
ent from that found in the rest of the comes group. The dif-
ferences are very strong and obvious. They differ, however,

_ very characteristically among themselves in the shape of the

chitinous process in the dorsal margin of the pygofers. In
basalaris this process is a simple rod tapering to an acute tip.

In maculata this process terminates in two short and stout

and widely separated teeth. In scutelleris it is of the same

_ type as in maculata, but terminates in two long slender and

approximate teeth. Thus they are readily separated from
each other.

Moreover, when one studies the color markings of these
forms, it will be seen that these three are more distant from
comes than are the four which are retained as varieties. The
variety coloradensis differs from typical comes only in the
black spots of the scutellum. In ziczac the spots of comes have
darkened and fused into the characteristic elytral lines and
these are carried on to the pronotum and head in infuscata.
And, as Gillette states, ziczac can readily be taken as an inter-
mediate form between the typical comes and the variety vitis.

52 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

It should be mentioned here, however, that even in the
case of these four varieties minor differences were observed
and further study to ascertain the limits of variation in the
genitalia of this group might make changes in the position in
which we at this time leave these varieties. For the present
though it seems best to leave them as varieties. The three
which here are given specific rank are, however, very distinctly
good species.

It should also be mentioned here that in the larger group-
ings there is more or less uniformity in the form of the geni-
talia. This is not true of all the groups. But in some cases, as
for example in the Typhlocybini, we find the styles charac-
teristic of the group.

Thus in the larger groups, the genera, the species, and in
the varieties, we find in a study of these organs much that
either confirms our present disposition of the members of
this family, or else that shows us how to improve in our
classification. All that this paper shows is simply the possi-
bility along this line. As previously stated, the real value of
such studies can only be shown when genera are treated in
their entirety. This it is hoped will be done for many, if not
all the groups, in the years to come.

Recognition of the Cicadellide.

It is not probable that the Cicadellidze would be confused
with any of the Homoptera Sternorhynchi, for in the latter,
among the differences, the beak seemingly arises from be-
tween the prothoracic legs instead of the posterior portion of
the head, the antennez are of any form except setaceous as they
are in the leaf hoppers, and the tarsi are composed of one or
two segments, while in the leaf hoppers there are always three.

Of the Homoptera Auchenorhynchi the Cicadidx, because of
their much larger size, need never be confused with the leaf
hoppers. The Fulgoride are also distinguished from them by
having the variously formed antenne situated directly below
the eyes, instead of having the invariably setaceous antennze
between and below the eyes. The Membracidx usually have the
pronotum extending back over the abdomen, whereas that of
the leaf hoppers does not. In the few tree hoppers where the
pronotum does not extend back over the abdomen, we do not
find the hind tibiz provided with the double row of stout spines
-as in the leaf hoppers. The Cercopide are separated from the
leaf hoppers by also lacking these spines, having instead one or
two stout spines along the tibie and a circlet of small ones at
the apex.

The following is a key for the separation of these families:

- A. Large insects with three ocelli. Cicadide.

AA. Smaller insects with two or no ocelli.

B. Pronotum usually prolonged backward over abdomen; hind
tibize without double row of spines. Membracidz.

BB. Pronotum never prolonged backward over abdomen.
C. Antenne setaceous, between and below eyes.

D. Hind tibiz with distinct double rows of spines.
Cicadeilide.

DD. Hind tibiz with one or two stout spines and termi-
nating in a circlet of small spines. Cercopide.

CC. Antennz of various forms but directly below the eyes.
Fulgoride.

It will be seen from the above that the characteristically
spined hind tibize alone are enough to distinguish the leaf hop-
pers from any of the other families. Indeed this is the out-
standing feature of the family.

(53)

Systematic Treatment of Kansas Species.

Van Duzee in his catalogue of the Hemiptera of America
north of Mexico, divides the Cicadellidz into five subfamilies,
which may be separated by the following key:

A. Ocelli below margin of vertex. .
B. With a distinct margin between the vertex and the front.

Paropine.
BB. Without a distinct margin between the vertex and the front.
Bythoscopine.
AA. Ocelli, if present, on or above margin of vertex.
B. Ocelli on dise of vertex.
C. Body elongate, cylindrical. Cicadelline.
CC. Body more robust, flattened. Gy pontine.

BB. Ocelli, if present, on or near the margin of vertex.
. — JASSINe. .
The Paropine do not occur in the state, being found only
west of the Rockies.

Subfamily BYTHOSCOPINA® (Dohrn).

The members of this subfamily are in the main short and
broad species, having the ocelli below the margin of the vertex
on the front, and with no distinct margin between the vertex.
and the front.

KEY TO GENERA.
A. Anterior margin of pronotum not distinctly produced beyond an-
terior margin of the eyes; vertex rounded anteriorly.
B. Head as wide as, or wider than, pronotum.
C. Elytra without a distinct appendix.
D. Pronotum finely granulated.
E. Posterior margin of vertex elevated, forming

irregular curve. Agalliopsis.
EE. Posterior margin of vertex normal, forming
regular curve. Agallia.
DD. Pronotum transversely and coarsely granulated.
: Aceratagallia.
CC. Elytra with distinct appendix. Idiocerus.
BB. Head narrower than pronotum: Bythoscopus.

AA. Anterior margin of pronotum distinctly produced beyond anterior
margin of the eyes; vertex obtusely angulate.

B. Striations of pronotum oblique. Macropsis.
BB. Striations of pronotum transverse. Oncopsis. ~

(54)

Oe
© ap wy

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. DD

Genus AGALLIOPSIS Kirk.

This genus is distinguished from related genera by the
characteristic elevated and irregularly curved posterior margin
of the vertex. This condition results from a similarly formed
vertex in the nymphs, in which, according to Osborn and Ball,
“the entire posterior margin of the vertex is elevated and car-
ried obliquely upward and forward before the eyes on the same
plane as the face, the upper carinate margin being shallowly

roundingly bilobed.”’
Only two species of this genus are found J in the United States,
one of which occurs in Kansas.

Agalliopsis novella (Say).
(Pl. 2, figs. 1-4.)

Jassus novellus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, p. 309, 1831.
Macropsis nobilis Forbes, 14th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., p. 22, 1884.
Agallia novellus Van D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 8, 1889.
Idiocerus novellus Proy., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., III, p. 293, 1890.
Agallia novella Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., V, p. 196, 1894.
Agallia novella O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci., VII, p. 54, 1898.
Agallia novella DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 13, 1916.
Agallia novella Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 571, 1917.
Agallia novella Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 20, 1919.

Form: The body outline forms almost a perfect wedge. It is com-
paratively more slender than the members of the genus Agallia. Length.
about 3.75 mm. Vertex short, gradually lengthening toward eyes, with
distinct lobe caudad of mesal margin of eyes. Pronotum twice as wide
as long, anterior margin quite convex between lobes of vertex, posterior
margin slightly concave within same limits, lateral margins obsolete,
humeral margins long, longer than in Agallia constricta. Elytra very
long, extending far beyond tip of abdomen.

Color: There is a considerable range of variation in the color. Some
specimens, especially females, are often almost unicolorously light brown,
barely showing the four black spots near the margin of the vertex.
Others, usually males, have a much more variegated appearance, being
dark brown, with lighter markings along the margin of the vertex, sides
of the scutellum, the basal half and tip of the clavus. In such forms
the four black spots of the vertex are very prominent, as is the median
line of the pronotum with its dark black spot on either side.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long laterally
but only about half as long medially, due to a deep circular excision;
pygofers exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, valve about two-thirds as
long as wide, truncate behind; plates long and scarcely tapering except
near tip and forming the lid to a box formed by the very peculiar and
very characteristic pygofers. The last-mentioned organs alone are
enough to distinguish the males of this species.

56 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Male internal genitalia: Styles composed of two unequal pieces, the
larger ventrad of the smaller; connective inverted Y-shaped, with slender
rounding arms and stem broadened to connect with edagus; cedagus with
wedge-shaped base, to end of which is fastened U-shaped structure con-
sisting of a straight anterior arm and a curved posterior one. A pair of
slender pointed stylets arise near base of the U and run caudad along
either side of the curved arm of the U. In the side of each pygofer is
imbedded a curved chitinous bar, the ends of which on emerging turn
dorsad and end in a toothed, triangular, pointed style. At the base of
the anal tube lies a well developed horseshoe, the tips of which end in
upturned points in the pygofers.

Distribution: Cherokee, Riley, Douglas and Pottawatomie
counties are the only ones in which this species has yet been
taken. Presumably it occurs throughout the eastern portion of
the State.

Hosts: The records show that grasses and weeds in woods
or shaded places have yielded all our specimens.

Genus AGALLIA Curt.

This is group I of the genus Agallia of Osborn and Ball. It
differs from the preceding genus in not having the elevated
and irregularly curved posterior margin of the vertex, and
from the following genus in that the pronotum is finely granu-
lated instead of being coarsely punctured and transversely
striated. ; ! |

Just two species of this genus occur in Kansas. These may
be distinguished by the following key.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Broader, stouter, male plates tapering regularly to acute tip, last
ventral segment of female with posterior margin usually elevated.
4-punctata.
AA. Narrower, more slender, male p!ates distinctly constricted near the
middle, last ventral segment of female with posterior half distinctly
depressed. constricta.

Agallia 4-punctata (Prov.).
(Pl. 2, figs. 5-6.)

Bythoscopus 4-punctata Prov., Nat. Can., IV, p. 376, 1872.
(Agallia flacida Uhl. MS) Van. D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 9, 1889.
Agallia quadripunctata Van D., Ent. Am., V, p. 167, 1889.
Ulopa canadensis Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XIX, p. 301, 1892.
Agallia 4-punctata G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 80, 1895.
Agallia 4-punctata O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 48, 1898.
Agallia 4-punctata Deu., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 12, 1916.
Agallia 4-punctata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 572, 1917.
Agallia 4-punctata Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 21, 1919.

Form: This species is not only larger than the other species of the
Agallia group found in the state, but it is also proportionately more ro-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. D7

bust, and hence is readily distinguished. Length, about 4 mm. Vertex
short, of about same length throughout. Pronotum more than twice as
broad as long, anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin slightly
concave, humeral margins rounding to eye. There is a very distinct
bulge to the sides of the elytra that seems quite characteristic.

Color: Varies from yellowish brown to almost dark brown. Usually
quite uniformly colored, except for the two dark spots on vertex and pro-
notum. Males and females colored alike. More uniform in color than the
following species.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment three-fourths as
long as wide, tapering through posterior third, hind margin usually ele-
vated; pygofers broad, exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve about twice as
broad as long, slightly produced medially; plates broad at base, tapering
evenly to acute tips. The straightness and evenness of the plates is
characteristic. Pygofers shorter than plates and almost hidden by the
latter.

Male internal genitalia: Styles club-shaped, terminating in two short
lobes, the inner of which is sharply pointed; connective broad and well-
developed, consisting of a short caudally directed portion and a long part
directed cephalad to unite with the cedagus; edagus consists of a broad
T-shaped portion from the base of which arises a very long slender proc-
ess extending caudad beyond the margin of the pygofers.

Distribution: Douglas, Riley, Labette and Pottawatomie
counties have furnished the Kansas specimens hitherto col-
lected. There are specimens from Kansas City, Mo., in the
Snow collection. The range of this species would seem to be
that of the preceding.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give the following host plants:
Horse-radish, beet, Helianthus, Eupatorium.

Agallia constricta Van D.
(PI._-25 figs: -1-10:)

Agallia constricta Van D., Can. Ent., XXVI, p. 90, 1894.

Agallia constricta O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sei., VII, p. 52, 1898.

Agallia constricta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 13, 1916.

Agallia constricta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 572, 1917.

Agallia constricta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 19, 1919.

Form: A good deal like preceding species but somewhat smaller, not
so robust, elytra longer and narrower. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex
slightly longer next the eyes than elsewhere, posterior margin slightly
elevated; pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly con-
vex, posterior margin slightly concave, humeral margins distinctly de-
veloped at the expense of the practically cbsolete lateral margins.

Color: Much the color of 4-punctata. The type shows a pair of large
black spots on vertex, and a pair on posterior half of pronctum. Vertex
with a median brown line extending the length of the pronotum and al-

58 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE: BULLETIN.

most entire length of scutellum. Posterior half of scutellum lighter
colored than the rest of the quite uniformly colored body.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as
wide, posterior half depressed on either side of a median carinate line,
posterior margin obtusely rounded; pygofers wide and slightly exceeded
by ovipositor. Male, valve twice as broad as long, margins parallel; plates
long and narrow, constricted near middle, making these organs very
characteristic; pygofers large, equalling or exceeding the plates.

Male internal genitalia: Styles of same type as in 4-punctata only the
processes here are much longer; connective T-shaped, not as wide as in
4-punctata, and without the bend of the former; cedagus large, horn-
shaped, with small dorsal process at base and bifid ae tip.

Distribution: This species, like the preceding, seems to be
found only in Eastern Kansas as shown by the following map:

ATCHI “
SHERMAN GRAH |ROOKS ose ruven CLAY
ea
ee
cue SALINE sane vo
LYON
COFFEY anes] in LINN

GRELY| wc er
Rice | TSPHER| MARION CHASE
en aa

nse FORD

oTEV. oe BARBER ce SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: Our specimens were taken when sweeping grasses
and weeds, on alfalfa, and at electric lights. It seems to be
quite a general feeder occurring on a variety of food plants.

Ham [KEAR.| FINNEY

MORT.

Genus ACERATAGALLIA Kirk.

This is the third group of Osborn and Ball. These forms
are readily separated from the other members of the Agallia
group by the coarsely punctured and transversely striated
pronotum. There are no round black spots on the pronotum,
which is either unicolorous or marked with dark bands.

The three members of this genus that occur in the State ~
may be separated by the following key:

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Spots on vertex large, usually dark, forms. sanguinolenta.
AA. Spots on vertex small, lighter forms.
B. Elytra greatly exceeding tip of abdomen. uhleri.

BB. Elytra seareely exceeding tip of abdomen. cinerea.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 59

Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Prov.).

(Pl. 3, figs. 5-8.)
Bythoscopus sanguinolentus Prov., Nat. Can., IV, p. 376, 1872.
Bythoscopus siccifolius Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., I, p. 359, 1876.
Agallia siccifolius Van D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 9, 1889.
Agallia sanguinolenta Van D., Ent. Am., V, p. 166, 1889.
Agallia sanguinolenta G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895.
Agallia sanguinolenta O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 58, 1898.
Agallia sangvinolenta Gibs., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 737, 1916.
Agallia sanguinolenta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 14, 1916.
Agallia sanguinolenta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 573, 1917.
Agallia sanguinolenta Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., XVIII, No. 6, p. 182, 1918.
Agallia sanguinolenta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 22, 1919.

_ Form: A short, broad and quite flattened species. Length about 3
mm. Vertex longer than in preceding members of Agallia group and
distinctly longer at middle than next to eyes. Pronotum twice wider
than long, transversely striated, especially on posterior two-thirds, with
anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin truncate or very
slightly concave, lateral margins very short, humeral margins straight.
Elytra broad, little longer than abdomen in female, considerably longer
in some males.

Color: Light grey, with markings varying from very light to very
dark. Vertex with two large black spots, broad median brown band and
brown lines next the eyes. Face with suture, six or seven pairs of
frontal arcs, and a median line on clypeus, brown. - Pronotum with an
interrupted are of six brown dashes parallel with anterior margin, and
with three longitudinal brown lines running caudad from the arc, the
median band with a light band in its middle. Elytra with a mottled
appearance, nervures brownish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as wide as
long, posterior margin sinuate, appearing to have two small lobes sepa-
rated by a median notch; pygofers broad and exceeded by the ovipositor.
Male, valve short, about six times as wide as long, truncate, lateral mar-
gins strongly narrowed posteriorly; plates broad, tapering to truncated
_ tips, bases appearing constricted because enclosed by pygofers whose
tips, thickly set with coarse hairs, slightly exceed tips of plates.

Male internal genitalia: Styles composed of cephalic club-shaped por-
tion with the clubs bent mesad and a caudal flat part with the inner
margin strongly serrate for its entire length and the latero-caudal corner
drawn out into a long stout point, the points for attachment of con-
nective very prominent; connective with broad, rounded base, slightly
concave on anterior margin, and with well developed stem; cedagus short
and stout, U-shaped, with arms short. Collar at base of anal tube
V-shaped with sides strongly divergent and appearing to be composed
of five segments.

Distribution: This species seems to be more widely dis-
tributed in the state than any other of the Agallia group. The

60. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

records show it reaching further west than the others, as
shown by the following map:

CLOUD
| SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS EJ MuUTCH CLAY
wnat) coca | cove race ELLIS | RUSS
cue] SAUNE| sane |B
GREVY| WicH.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS oa
Tra M=PHER|MARION| cya g¢| LYON

HAM po ee RENO HARVEY
STAN. |GRANT ask ro coe KinG, | SEDGE. ere Se

ELK. CRAW.
mort STEY. ook COMAN. | BARBER 2 Vek: Cow.

Hosts: This is one of the species of economic importance
feeding especially on members of the Leguminose. It is very
common on alfalfa and clover but may be often found in large
numbers on wheat, barley and rye, and also on wild grasses.

Aceratagallia uhleri (Van D.).
(Pl. 8, figs. 1-4.)
Agallia uhlert Van D., Can. Ent., XXVI, p. 91, 1894.
Agallia uhleri G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895.
Agallia uhleri O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 59, 1898.
Agallia uhlerti Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 574, 1917.

Form: Not as broad and flat as sanguinolenta, elytra much longer.
Length, 3 to 3.25 mm. Vertex shorter than in sanguinolenta, very
slightly longer medially than next to the eyes. Pronotum with anterior
margin broadly rounded, posterior margin slightly concave, lateral mar-
gins long, reaching the eyes.

Color: The type shows the vertex bearing two black spots, smaller
than in sanguinolenta; pronotum shows two small, brown spots closer
together than spots of vertex, and about a fourth of the way back from
the anterior margin; scutellum with two large, black, triangular, basal
spots, the greater portion of which show up black through the pronotum;
elytru light gray with darker nervures, thin, showing nervures of hind
wings.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broader than long,
slightly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin appearing bilobed be-
cause of large median incision which reaches nearly half the distance to
the base; pygofers broad, slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve
about five times as wide as long, lateral margins fusing with posterior
margins to form a regular curve; plates short and stout, slightly tapering

LAWSON: KANSAS: CICADELLIDAS. 61

and cupping to very broad truncate tips, base enclosed by pygofers,
which, slightly exceeding tip of plates, form a median keel.

Male internal genitalia: Styles of same type as in sanguinolenta but
without latero-caudal corner drawn out; connective much as in sanguwin-
olenta and yet differing in several details; cedagus with rather long arm
for attachment to connective and two arms forming a very shallow V, the
whole forming an irregular V with the base formed by the part attached
to the connective.

Distribution: This species seems to have a state-wide dis-

tribution, as shown by the following map:
ose decom

AV.

as AWA E aoe

WALLACE] LOGAN cise ELLIS nse [ENE | =s 8 ep
SALINE

se S| MORRIS sn £
ae Witn.| SCOTT | LANE aes Balen
COFFEY ana] Li | LINN
HAM po rooge | Reno ner
& —
sss Sam CLARK | COMAN. | BARBER Be SUPINER | COW.

ea
Hosts: Definite host plants seem to be unknown. It is gen-

erally taken sweeping the prairie grasses.

Aceratagallia cinerea (O. & B.).
CPl2, fies: 14-135)

Agallia cincerea O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sei., VII, p. 62, 1898.
Agallia sanguinolenta var. inconspicua Bak., Psyche, VIII, p. 198, 1898.
Agallia cinerea Ball, Psyche, IX, p. 128, 1900.
Agallia cinerea Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., II, De 52> 1914"
Agallia cinerea DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 14, 1916.
Agallia cinerea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 574, 1917.
Agallia cinerea Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 22, 1919.

Form: Smaller than the other species of the Agallia group, broad
and flattened. Vertex broad and as long as in any member of this group,
distinctly longer at middle than next the eyes. Pronotum more than
twice as wide as long, coarsely punctured, anterior margin broadly con-
vex, posterior margin slightly concave, humeral margin long, reaching
the eyes. Elytra a little longer than the abdomen.

Color: Generally uniformly light cinereous except for two small

black spots on vertex. Much lighter than uhleri, being the lightest
colored member of the Agallia group.

62 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment a little less than
three times as long as broad, posterior margin slightly sinuate and with
a faint median notch; pygofers broad, barely exceeded by tip of oviposi-
tor. Male, valve about five times as wide as long, the posterior, and
lateral margins forming a regular curve; plates not as broad proportion-
ately as in uhleri, tapering to somewhat truncate tips; pygofers enclosing
base of plates and slightly exceeding them, meeting in a median ridge.

Male internal genitalia: Styles with broad basal club-shaped portion .
much as in two preceding species, but terminal half sinuate and terminal
fourth broadly rounded and serrate medially, with caudo-lateral corner
drawn out into strong point much as in sanguinolenta.

Distribution: So far this species has been taken only in the
southeastern corner of the state, as shown by the following

map:

ren
SHERMAN voor [se | GRAH |ROOKS PUT GH. ae
a
LINC
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO! ELLIS } RUSS
cave] SAU sane MORRIS
WICH.| SCOTT LANE] NESS Rust BARTON oe
Rice | M°PHER| MARION] cy ase
COFFE ANOCR

av
KEAR. FINNEY HODGE RENO HARVEY

FORD
stan | ean pas on AS King, | SEBGE

i)
MORT| STEV. |SEW. | MEAD |CLARK |COMAN. | BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | COW. |cHaut mont. | LAB

Hosts: The definite host is unknown, our specimens being
taken when sweeping in pastures. .

GRELY

GREEN:| W000. | ALLEN BOUR.

WILSON] NEOS. | @
ELK.
)

Genus. IDIOCERUS Lewis.

This genus contains rather large wedge-shaped insects which
taper gradually from the wide head backward. The vertex is
short, the margins parallel. The male antenne frequently end
in flattened discs. The elytra are long and narrow, usually
exceeding the abdomen, and have a very large appendix. All
of our forms live in trees, chiefly willow, cottonwood, and -
Crategus.

Eight species of this genus have been taken in the state, but
four other species likely occur in our fauna and are therefore
included in the key.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 63

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Vertex with two round black spots.

B. Spots on vertex large, scarcely more than their own diameter
from the eyes.

C. Without black spots on pronotum and scutellum.

D. Clavus unicolorous. fitchi.
DD. Basal half of clavus bright yellow.
provanchert.
CC. With black spots on pronotum and scutellum.
cratzgi.

BB. Spots on vertex small, two or more times their own diameter
from the eyes.

C. Nervures of elytra not distinctly alternating in color;
outer anteapical cell, if present, triangular.

D. Green forms, dark line along sutural margin of

elytra. snow.
DD. Brown forms, without dark lines on sutural margin
of elytra. ramentosus.

CC. Nervures of elytra usually alternately light and dark,
outer anteapica! cell long and narrow.

D. Cross nervure between first and second sectors
broadly white. monilifere.

DD. Cross nervure between first and second sectors not
broadly white.

KE. Species larger, 5 mm. or over, darker; male
antennz with moderate discs on longer fila-
ments. alternatus.

EE. Species smaller, 4.5 mm. or less, lighter; male
antenns with very large discs on very short
filaments. verticis.

AA. Vertex without round black spots.
B. With dark band on sutural margin of elytra. —sutwralis.
BB. Without dark band on sutural margin of elytra.
C. Size large, over 5 mm. long.

D. Outer anteapical cell present, male antennal discs
large. pallidus.

DD. Outer anteapical cell absent, male antennal discs
very small. duzeei.

CC. Size smaller, less than 5 mm. long, elytra hyaline, show-
ing dark nervures of the wings. nervatus.

Idiocerus fitcht Van D.

Idiocerus fitcht Van D., Can. Ent., xli, p. 383, 1909 (n.n. for maculipennis Fh.).
Idiocerus maculipennis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 59, 1851.

Bythoscopus maculipennis Walk., List Homop., IV., p. 1161, 1852.

Idiocerus maculipennis Van D., Psyche, V, p. 388, 1890.

Idiocerus maculipennis O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 73, 127, 1898.
Idiocerus maculipennis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 507, 1905.

Idiocerus fitchi Britt. & Saund., Can. Ent., xlix, p. 149, pl. IX, 1917.

Idiocerus maculipennis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 580, 1917.

Idiocerus maculipennis Nic., Ent. News, XXX, p. 277, 1919.

ee

* Adapted from Osborn and Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 125, 1898.

64 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

This species has not yet been reported from the state, but likely occurs
here. It is a chestnut brown species with two large, black spots on the
vertex, the costal margin of the distal half of the wings has two large,
dark-brown spots which are separated by a large hyaline band. Length,
5.25 to 5.75 mm. Ball records it as abundant on hawthorn and crabapple.

Idiocerus provanchert Van D.

Idiocerus provancheri Van D., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 111, 1890. (n.n. for clitellarius
Prov.)

Bythoscopus clitellarius Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 288, 1890.

Idiocerus provancheri Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., I, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.

Idiocerus provanchert O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 127, 1898.

Idiocerus provancheri Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 77, 1916.

Idiocerus provancheri Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 580, 1917.

This is another of the forms which, though not yet reported from
Kansas, likely occur here. The females are fulvous brown, the males
darker, but both are readily recognized by having broad, yellow stripes
on the base of the clavus. Length, 5 to 5.3 mm. Occurs on Cratzgus.

Idiocerus crategi Van D.

Idiocerus crategi Van D., Can. Ent., XXII, p. 110, 1890.

Idiocerus crategi O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 128, 1898.
Idiocerus crategi Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 507, 1905.
Idiocerus crategi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 580, 1917.

This ‘species will likely be found in the state sooner or later, though
it has not yet been taken here. It is slightly smaller than the preceding
species, olive drab~in color, and at once recognized by the two rows of
black spots on the vertex, prothorax and scutellum. Length, 4.75 to 5.25
mm. Feeds on Cratzxgus

Idiocerus snowi G. & B.
(Pl. 3, figs. 9-11.)
Idiocerus snowi G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 79, 1895.

Idiocerus snowi O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 129, 1898.
Idiocerus snowi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 579, 1917.

Form: larger and usually more slender than preceding species.
Length, 5.25 to 5.75 mm.

Color: Pale green except for two small, black spots on vertex, a dark
band on sutural margin of elytra from tip of scutellum to tip of clavus.
Elytra hyaline and with tips often somewhat dusky or brownish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment less than three times
as wide as long, lateral margins short, broadly curving with posterior
margin to point of greatest length of the segment on either side of the
broad but shallow median notch. Pygofers large, but exceeded by the
ovipositor for more than a third of their length. Male, last ventral seg-
ment short except on median line, posterior margin sinuate with a
large, obtusely pointed, median tooth; plates rather slender, somewhat
exceeding the pygofers.

Male internal genitalia: Styles large, basal portion slender and
straighter, distal portion stout and broadly curved; connective broad,

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 65

corners attached to styles prominent, bearing a large ventral proeess,
slightly concave at the end where it attaches to the cedagus; cedagus
composed of a dorsal shorter heavy process for attachment, and a longer
ventral process terminating in a sharp point, and bearing, at about its
distal third, a pair of diverging anteriorly directed processes, giving
this process an arrow-head appearance. Around the base of the anal
tube is a heavy-set U-shaped collar with the arms of the U slightly di-
verging.

Distribution: This species likely occurs throughout the
state, for specimens have been taken in the extreme western
and eastern portions, as shown by the following map:

ote THOMAS SHERI GRAH ROOKS jos8. ' ren CLAY
ee
aaLe Seen
WALLACE] LOGAN aa ELLIS | RUSS ep be
nue] SAUNE| saune ro
GREY] WiCH.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS rusn foro he
M=PHER|PMARION CHASE

corre ance i |

HODGE. Ceies| |
al a

GREEN:} WOOD. =o
ae Sain cn eo ara BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | COW. els

Idiocerus ramentosus (Uhl.).

Bythoscopus ramentosus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., III, p. 465. 1877.
(Idiocerus inscriptus Uhl. MS.) in collections.

Idiocerus ramentosus Van D., Psyche, V, p. 389, 1890.

Idiocerus verticis Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., III, p. 292, 1890.

Idiocerus mimicus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 76, 1895.

Idiocerus ramentosus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 79, 1895.

Idiocerus brunneus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci, VII, pp. 72, 129, 1898.
Idiocerus ramentosus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 137, 1898.
Idiocerus ramentosus Gibs., Can. Ent., XLIX, p. 75, 1917.

Idiocerus ramentosus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 579, 1917.

This is another species which though not yet reported, will likely be
found in Kansas.

It is a rather broad form, of a cinnamon-brown color, and having two
small, black spots on the vertex. Length, 5.5.mm. It is a willow-feeding
species.

Idiocerus monilifere O. &. B.

Idiocerus monilifere O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 71, 131, 1898.
Idiocerus monilifere Tuck., Kan. Univ. Sci. Bul., IV, p. 65, 1907.
Idiocerus monilifere Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 578, 1917,

Form: Rather broad and somewhat flattened. Length, 5.5 mm.
- Color: Brownish species. Vertex and pronotum rather irregularly

5—Sci. Bul.— 3058

66 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

marked with dark-brown, scutellum with large, dark, triangular basal
marks, and light-brown median band between the two, and two similar
light-brown bands on posterior portion. Face with dark band above
ocelli, and other irregular markings. Elytra hyaline, with nervures al-

ternately light and dark, and differing from alternatus and verticis by -

having the cross nervure between the sectors broadly white.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment medially produced
posteriorly and slightly notched; pygofers broad and long, only slightly
exceeded by tip of ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment with very short
lateral margins, posterior margin greatly produced posteriorly, forming a
very large obtusely-pointed median projection; plates short and stout,
exceeded by tips of pygofers; antennez without discs.

Distribution: Douglas, Riley, and Wallace counties are the
only ones in which specimens have been taken.

Host: Cottonwood.

Idiocerus alternatus Fh.

Idiocerus alternatus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 59, 1851.

Bythoscopus alternatus Walk., List Homop., III, p. 876, 1851.

Idiocerus interruptus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 74, 1895.

Idiocerus alternatus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 70, 131, 1898.
Idiocerus alternatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 506, 1905.
Idiocerus alternatus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 2388, p. 98, 1915.
Tdiocerus alternatus Del. Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 10, 1916.
Idiocerus alternatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 577, 1917.

Idiocerus alternatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 18, 1919.

Form: Smaller and not as robust as preceding species. Length, 5 tc
5.25 mm.

Color: Brownish species, much as in preceding species. Vertex with
two small, black spots. Broad median white band on pronotum and ex-
tending on to vertex. Elytra with nervures alternately light and dark,
a distinct broad light band across the tips of the outer claval nervures
and a smaller one at the tip of the clavus; cross nervure between the
sectors dark.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment short, posterior mar-
gins truncate or slightly sinuate, with faint median notch, lateral mar-
gins strongly narrowed posteriorly; pygofers broad and long, but ex-
ceeded by the ovipositor for a third their length. Male, ventral segment
very short except for two large lateral lobes which are separated by a
wide and deep median incision in which is a very small median lobe;

plates, slightly exceeded by the long pygofers; antennal discs nearly

circular. |
Distribution: So far, we have records of the collection of this
species from four northern counties, namely: Douglas, Riley,
Decatur and Rawlins.
Hosts: Willows.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 67

Idiocerus verticis (Say).

(Pl. 4, figs. 4-6.)

Jassus verticis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, p. 308, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 383.

Bythoscopus verticis Uhl., Bul. U S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 465, 1877.
Idiocerus verticis Van D., Psyche, v, p. 389, 1890.
Idiocerus verticis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 80, 1895.
Idiocerus verticis O. & B., Proc. Dav. tocar Sci., vii, p. 132, 1898.
Idiocerus verticis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. p. 507, 1905.
Idiocerus verticis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. ee Bull Ly. p. ti 1916;
Idiocerus verticis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 577, 1917. .

Form: The smallest member of the genus in Kansas. Length, 4.25 to
4.5 mm.

Color: Pale brownish to nearly white. Pair of small, black spots on
vertex. Pronotum with light-brown markings on disc. Scutellum with
basal angles black or brown. Brown nervures of elytra usually inter-
rupted with white, dark specimens showing light spot across middle of
clavus.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment much as in alter-
natus, short, posterior margin usually slightly sinuate on either side of
the slightly produced and faintly notched median portion, lateral margins
strongly narrowed posteriorly; pygofers exceeded by the ovipositor by
about one-third their length. Male, last ventral segment as in alternatus,
with long lateral lobes, large median incision with small median lobe,
median incision sometimes not as deep as in alternatus; plates, long and
slender, equalling the long pygofers; antenne very short and with very
large discs.

Male internal genitalia: Styles smaller than in snowi, basal part more
slender; connective with three basal processes, as in snowi, but upper
portion narrow, only half as wide; cedagus Y-shaped, with distinct base
and siender upper arm, lower arm simple, without the arrowhead ap-
pearance as in snow; collar around base of anal tube slender and open
slightly at tip, forming almost a complete circle.

Distribution: A species seemingly occurring over the state,

as shown by the following map:

r CLOUD
SHERMAN [THOMAS |SHER! 1GRAH |POOKS | ose | ™ ren ial

JE V
a ae
tg | me ol [yp elon
GRELY SCOTT|LANE] NESS Seq ‘

es ANDER| LINN
noose Se
fen woo | ALLEN
FORD BUTLER
STAN cea nase KIOWA eo KING ais pois ncos|
Feu par

Hosts: Willows.

68 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Idiocerus suturalis Fh.

Idiocerus suturalis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 59, 1851.
Bythoscopus suturalis Walk., List. Homop., iv, p. 1162, 1852.
Idiocerus suturalis Van D., Can Ent, xxi, p. 8, 1899.

Idiocerus suturalis Van D., Psyche, v, p. 388, 1890.

Idiocerus suturalis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 80, 1895.

Tdiocerus suturalis O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 134, 1898.
Idiocerus suturalis Ball, Can. Ent., xxxiv, p. 311, 1902.

Idiocerus suturalis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 506, 1905.
Idiocerus suturalis Osb., Me, Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 288, p. 95, 1915.
Idiocerus suturalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 576, 1917.

Form: Larger than preceding species. Length, 5 to 5.75 mm.

Color: Light yellow, with pronotum and scutellum frequently marked
in places with light brown, the basal angles of the latter sometimes with
black triangles; elytra with sutural margins broadly marked with brown
band which narrows to tip of clavus and then expands on membrane into
a smoky area.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment with lateral mar-
gins about half as long as median length, due to a broad median lobe;
pygofers broad and long, exceeded by ovipositor by about one-fifth their
length. Male, last ventral segment very narrow, median incision broad
and with a broad, short, triangular process; plates long and narrow, ex-
ceeding the short pygofers.

Distribution: Hitherto taken only in Douglas and Logan
counties. ;

Hosts: Willows seem to be the ordinary host. Van Duzee
reports taking specimens from poplar and birch, also.

Idiocerus pallidus Fh.
(Pl. 4, figs. 1-3.)

Idiocerus pallidus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 59, 1851.
Bythoscopus obsoletus Walk., List. Homop., iii, p. 873, 1851.
Bythoscopus pallidus Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1162. 1852,
Idiocerus pallidus Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 8, 1889.
Idiocerus unicolor Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Idiocerus pallidus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 76, 1895.
Idiocerus pallidus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 135, 1898.
Idiocerus pallidus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 93, 1915.
Idiocerus pallidus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 11, 1916.
Idiocerus pallidus Gibs., Can. Ent., xlix, p. 75, 1917.
Idiocerus pallidus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 575, 1917.
Idiocerus pallidus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p.-182, 1918.

Form: This and the following species are the largest members of this

genus known to occur in the state. Broad. Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Dis- ~

tinguished from duzeei by usually having long, triangular, outer ante-
apical cell. }

Color: Our specimens are almost uniformly pale green with the eyes
reddish-brown. Elytra are frequently iridescent but not fuscous-tipped
as in duzeet.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 69

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about one-fourth as
long as wide laterally, but nearly one-half as long as wide medially, due
to large rounded median lobe on posterior margin; pygofers exceeded by
ovipositor for about one-third their length. Male, last ventral segment
narrow, the tip of triangle, in the wide median incision, reaching pos-
teriorly to point in line with lateral lobes; plates very long and narrow,
frequently greatly exceeding the short pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large with basal portion much larger
proportionally than in verticis; connective of same type as in verticis but
with dorsal portion wider, though not as wide as in snowi, and with end
fastened to edagus much more deeply emarginated than in the latter;
cedagus without basal portion as in verticis, dorsal arm very heavy and
with heavy ventral portion provided with retrorse lateral- processes
which, however, are nearer the apex than in snowt, giving the arrowhead
appearance; antennze with moderately large oblong discs.

Distribution: Taken in Harvey, Harper, Riley, Pottawato-
mie, and Wyandotte counties.

Hosts: Willows. Doctor Osborn gives poplar as a host, too.
Crevecceur records sweeping specimens from weeds in a
pasture.

Idiocerus duzeei Prov.

Idiocerus duzeei Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 292, 1890. ©

Idiocerus perplexus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 78, 1895.

Idiocerus perplexus Bak., Ent. News, vili, p. 54, 1897.

Idiocerus duzeei O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 136, 1898.

Idiocerus duzeei Bak., Can. Ent.. xxxii, p. 207, 1900.

Idiocerus perplexcus Tuck, Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 65, 1907.

Idiocerus perplexus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 95, 1915.

Idiocerus perplecus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 577, 1917.

Form: Slightly larger than pallidus. Elytra longer, broad, rarely
having outer anteapical cell. Length, 6 to 7 mm.

Color: Yellowish-green, pronotum greenish, scutellum and elytra gol-
den-yellow, latter becoming smoky at tip in female and darker still in
male.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer laterally than
in pallidus, and therefore having a less prominent lobe medially on the
posterior margin; pygofers broad and long, slightly exceeded by ovi-
positor. Male, last ventral segment much as in pallidus but with median
triangular lobe not quite as long; valves long and narrow, greatly ex-
ceeding the short pygofers; antennal disc more slender than in pallidus.

Distribution: Taken only in Pottawatomie and Riley coun-
ties.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give cottonwood as the host of this
Species.

70. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Idiocerus nervatus Van D.
(Pl. 4, figs. 7-9.)

Idiocerus nervatus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, pp. 194, 205, 1894.
Idiocerus nervatus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 76, 1895.
Idiocerus nervatus O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, p. 137, 1898.
Idiocerus nervatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 506, 1905.
Idiocerus nervatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 11, 1916.
Idiocerus nervatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 575, 1917.
Idiocerus nervatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 18, 1919.

Form: Next to verticis the smallest member of the genus found in
the state. A small, stout species with long elytra. Length, 4.5 to
4.75 mm.

Color: Quite uniformly greenish to yellowish in color. Elytra quite
hyaline, showing clearly the dark nervures of the under wings.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment little over twice as
broad as long, lateral margins rounding, posterior margins truncate or
slightly sinuate to two very small median lobes, separated by suggestion
of a median notch; ovipositor exceeding pygofers by nearly one-third their
length. Male, last ventral segment short, very wide median excision
bearing distinct, acutely pointed lobe; valves long and narrow, but not
exceeding the long pygofers; male antennal disc small and nearly circular.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with very small basal portion, even
smaller than in verticis; connective of same type as in verticis except
that dorsal portion is more slender; cedagus like that of verticis except
for the small pair of retrorse processes near the tip.

Distribution: Taken in Crawford, Douglas, Riley and
Ottawa counties.

Hosts: Willows.

Genus BYTHOSCOPUS Germ.

To this genus belong short, stout species, with the head nar-
rower than the prothorax, the anterior margin of which is not
produced beyond the anterior margin of the eyes. The vertex
is short, often with the margins nearly parallel, but frequently
much longer on the median line than next the eyes. The pro-
notum is large, with very distinct, parallel, transverse stria-
tions. The elytra are subcoriaceous, short, deeply punctured,
and with the punctures bearing short hairs.

Only one species of this genus has been recorded from Kan-
sas, but it is probable that the following two occur.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Size 5.75 mm. or over, more slender forms. letus.
AA. Size 5 mm. or less, short, broad forms. apicalis.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 71

Bythoscopus letus (Uhl.).

Pachyopsis letus Uhl, Bul. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 466, 1877.

Macropsis letus Ball, Ohio Nat., iii, p. 397, 1903.

Bythoscopus letus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 589, 1917.

This large green species has not yet been taken in Kansas. Its host
plant, Rhus aromatica, occurs here as well as on the plains of Colorado,
where it has been taken. Its pink variety, pxtus Ball, reported by Ball

~ to occur on the fruit clusters of the plant, should also be found here.
Length, 5.75 to 7 mm.

Bythoscopus apicalis (O. & B.).
IPil-5, fies -4:)
Macropsis apicalis O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 64, 1898.
Macropsis alabamensis Bak., Psyche, ix, p. 58, 1900.
Macropsis apicalis Ball, Psyche, ix, p. 129, 1900.
Macropsis apicalis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 9, 1916.
Bythoscopus apicalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 589, 1917.

Form: Short and broad. Vertex very short and narrow. Pronotum
distinctly striated transversely, much broader than head, lateral margins
‘long and widening posteriorly, humeral margins about as long as lateral
margins, posterior margin broadly and slightly concave. Elytra appear-
ing broad and short but exceeding abdomen, appendix large and glabrous,
but rest of elytra deeply punctate with each puncture bearing a prom-
inent hair.

Color: Uniformly bright green, except for small black spots on apex
of elytra.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment a little over twice as
long as broad, posterior angles prominent, with posterior margin sinuate
to slightly produced broad median lobes which have a shallow notch
between them; pygofers long, barely exceeded by tip of ovipositor or
equalling or even exceeding ovipositor. Male, valve very large, prom-
inently elevated on median line, as long as broad, posterior margin
broadly convex.

Male internal genitalia: The plates are completely covered by the
valve and are therefore here described with the internal organs. They
are over twice as long as wide, having the outer anterior angle produced
to connect with the styles and also having the inner posterior angles
greatly produced and pointed, outer posterior angle large and broadly

_ rounded, making the plate the broadest at this point. They are peculiar
also in their position, standing almost vertically instead of being in the
ordinary horizontal position. Styles are long and slender and somewhat
curved, arising from the top or really the anterior end of the plates.
The connective here seems to be composed of a U-shaped piece attached
to the top of the plates. This piece has a small anterior lobe to which
are fastened a pair of long chitinous organs, widest near the middle, and
tapering to ends, one anteriorly curved and the other posteriorly. These
organs look much like styles but judging from their vertical position and
their relation to the other parts, I would conclude they are parts of a very

12 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

characteristic connective rather than a second pair of styles. To a
point near the middle of thesé latter organs is fastened the cedagus, con-
sisting of a large, triangular dorsal piece, when viewed laterally, from
the base of which there extends caudad the lower portion of the cedagus,
which consists of two slender processes very much shorter than the
styles. In the sides of the pygofers are imbedded two long chitinous or-
gans as illustrated.

Distribution: Douglas county is the only place within the
state where this species has been taken. There are specimens
in the Snow collection from Kansas City, Mo. It should occur
wherever its host is found. |

Hosts: Seemingly confined to honey locust. -

Genus MACROPSIS Lewis.

In this genus the vertex forms only a narrow margin to the
pronotum, the head being almost entirely deflexed. It is as
wide as the short and broad pronotum, the anterior margin of
which is distinctly produced beyond the anterior margin of the
eyes. The lateral margins of the pronotum are short, the pos-
terior margin broadly or angularly concave, and its surface is
distinctly and obliquely striated. The scutellum is broadly
triangular and with a transverse depression before the apex.
Elytra are thin and rather long.

Seven species of this genus likely occur in Kansas, five of
which have been taken here. These may be separated by the
following key:

KEY TO SPECIES *

A. General color above fuscous or rusty brown. .
B. Face marked with fuscous. tristis.
BB. Face unicolorous. trimaculata.
AA. General color, orange or green.
B. Elytra brownish or with dark brown median stripe.
C. Pronotum green, elytra with broad median band.
suturalis.
CC. Pronotum yellow, elytra brownish. crocea.
BB. Elytra greenish or slightly fuscous in male.

C. Larger species, vertex pointed, propleure of both sexes
marked with black spots. erythrocephala.

CC. Smaller species, vertex more obtusely angled, propleure

of female unmarked.
D. Females 5 to 6 mm. long, males with spots on pro-

pleure. viridis.
DD. Females less than 5 mm. long, males with pro-
pleure unmarked. gleditschiz.

* Adapted from Osborn & Ball, Proe. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 114, 1898.

——

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. Mies

Macropsis tristis (Van D.).

Pediopsis tristis Van D., Can. Ent., xxii, p. 249, 1890.

Pediopsis tristis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.

Pediopsis tristis O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, pp. 66, 115, 1898.

Pediopsis tristis Ball, Ohio Nat., ili, p. 398, 1903.

Macropsis tristis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 585, 1917.

This species very likely occurs in Kansas. It is a grayish-brown form
with face marked with a black band above and large spot below the
ocelli. Striations of pronotum very distinct. Scutellum with dark tri-
angular spots on basal angles. Elytra with light nervures, heavily
fuscous-margined, making them very distinct and characteristic. Length,
4.75 to 5.5 mm.

Hosts: Dr. Ball gives wild plum as the host of this form.

Macropsis trimaculata (Fh.).

Pediopsis trimaculatus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 60, 1851.
Bythoscopus trimaculatus Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1162, 1852.
Pediopsis insignis Van D., Ent. Am., v, p. 171, 1889.

Pediopsis insignis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Pediopsis trimaculata O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 116, 1898.
Pediopsis trimaculata Ball, Ohio Nat., iii, p. 398, 1903.

Pediopsis trimaculata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 504, 1905.
Pediopsis trimaculata Van D., Can. Ent., xli, p. 383, 1909.

Pediopsis trimaculata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 91, 1915.
Macropsis trimaculata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 584, 1917.

Form: Smaller than preceding species. Length, 4 to 4.5 mm. Vertex
and pronotum obtusely angled, latter distinctly striated and with pos-
terior margin broadly and rather deeply concave.

Color: Yellowish-brown to dark brown, face unicolorous. Scutellum
with triangular dark spot in each basal angle. Elytra with three white
spots in a row on each elytron, the anterior one frequently wanting. Pro-
pleura with dark spot in both sexes. Differs from tristis in having face
unmarked.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about twice as broad
as long, lateral margins greatly narrowed posteriorly, reducing posterior
margin to less than one-half width of anterior margin, posterior margin
broadly incised between the distinct lateral angles; pygofers long and
narrow, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment about
twice as broad as long, posterior margin slightly emarginate medially;
plates long and narrow, somewhat flattened, much exceeding the pygof-
ers; broad and short, widest near the tip and ending truncately.

Distribution: Pottawatomie county is the only place in the
state where this species has yet been taken.

Hosts: Occurs with the preceding form on wild plum.

74 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Macropsis suturalis (O. & B.).

Pediopsis suturalis O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vil, pp. 67, 119, 1898.

Pediopsis suturalis Wirtn., Ann. Carn. Mus., iii, p. 217, 1904.

Pediopsis suturalis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 92, 1915.

Macropsis suturalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 583, 1917.

Form: A large species. Length,6 mm. Vertex and pronotum obtusely
angled, the latter with the striations not as distinct as in preceding
species. Elytra long and slender.

Color: Green all over except for dark brown lines starting on pronotum
behind the eyes, including all the clavus, extending beyond clavus at
about their distal half and continuing, as a narrow stripe, to tip of
elytra.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as in trimaculata
but proportionately larger; pygofers very long and narrow, slightly ex-
ceeded by tip of ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment broad, slightly
emarginate posteriorly; plates long and narrow, much exceeding the
short but broad pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Ottawa and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: Occurs in both counties on Salia amygdaloides.

Macropsis crocea (O. & B.).

Pediopsis crocea O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, pp. 68, 120, 1898.

Macropsis crocea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 583, 1917.

Form: Stout. Length, 4 to 5.5 mm. Vertex and pronotum obtusely
angled. Pronotum coarsely striated, posterior margin deeply concave,
almost parallel with anterior margin. Elytra long and usually somewhat
spread apart at tip.

Color: Yellow, but with elytra, especially clavus, clouded with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment characteristic of the
genus; pygofers long and narrow, exceeded by ovipositor. Male, last
ventral segment over twice as broad as long; valve appearing to be short
and triangular; plates long, narrow and flattened, exceeding the short,
broad and truncate pygofers.

Distribution: This form has not yet been reported from
Kansas.
Hosts: The types were taken on honey locust.

Macropsis erythrocephala (G. & B.).

Pediopsis erythrocephala G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 72, 1895.

Pediopsis erythrocephala O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 120, 1898.

Pediopsis erythrocephala Ball, Ohio Nat., iii, p. 398, 1903.

Pediopsis erythrocephala Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 65, 1907.

Macropsis erythrocephalus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 583, 1917.

Form: A large, stout species, larger than other green species of this
genus. Length, 5 to 5.75 mm. Vertex and pronotum more acutely pointed
than in most members of the genus. Striations of pronotum distinct, but

rather fine.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 15

Color: Green, varying to reddish-orange on face, pronotum, and
scutellum of female. Male, greenish brown, with dark-brown spots
laterally near anterior margin of pronotum and on basal angles of the
scutellum. Propleurz with large black spots in both sexes.

Genitalia: Characteristic of the genus.

Distribution: Gray and Pottawatomie counties have so far
yielded specimens of this species.

Hosts: Salix fluviatilis seems to be the willow on which it
occurs.
Macropsis viridis (Fh.).
(Pl. 5, figs. 7-9.)

Pediopsis viridis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 59, 1851.
Bythoscopus viridis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1162, 1852.
Pediopsis viridis Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog: Surv., ili, p. 467, 1877.
Pediopsis viridis Van. D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 9, 1889.

Pediopsis viridis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Pediopsis viridis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 73, 1895.

Pediopsis viridis O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 121, 1898.
Pediopsis viridis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 504, 1915.
Pediopsis viridis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 89, 1915.
Pediopsis viridis DeL. Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 16, 1916.
Macropsis viridis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 582, 1917.
Macropsis viridis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 24, 1919.

Form: Medium sized, smaller than erythrocephala, larger than gledits-
chiz. Length, 4.5 to 5.56 mm. Species with vertex and pronotum ob-
tusely angled, the latter distinctly striated.

Color: Female green, with tips of elytra slightly fuscous; males green,
but tinged with fuscous, elytra brownish practically all over. Males with
black spot on propleure, thus differing from gleditschiz.

External genitalia: Characteristic of the genus, with a very strong
chitinous band bounding the posterior margin of the pygofers and ex-
tending dorsad in a prominent spine.

Male internal genitalia: Styles very long, with a distinct bend pos-
terior to point of attachment with connective, terminal portion broadly
curved and with sides about parallel clear to the tip, except for slight
bulge about midway; connective large and stout, Y-shaped when viewed
dorsally, with base of Y very heavy and with a dorsal terminal process;
cedagus with distinct basal portion from which there extends dorsad a
strong process and a longer, posteriorly tapering but dorsally curved por-
tion.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Pottawatomie and Ottawa
counties. |

Hosts: Willow.

76 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Macropsis gleditschiz (O. & B.).

Pediopsis gleditschie O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, pp. 67, 122, 1898.

Pediopsis gleditschie Wirtn., Ann. Carn. Mus., iii, p. 218, 1904.

Pediopsis gleditschie DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 16, 1916.

Macropsis gleditschie Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 581, 1917.

Form: Smaller than viridis. Pronotum obtusely angled and with very
distinct striations.

Color: Deeper green than viridis. Males slightly fuscous and in both
cases the subhyaline elytra slightly brownish. Differs from other green
forms in lacking the black spot on the propleure in both sexes.

External genitalia: Characteristic of the genus.

Distribution: Found so far only in Hamilton county, but
likely occurs in eastern portions of the state as well, for speci-
mens have been taken at Kansas City, Mo.

Hosts: Honey locust.

Genus ONCOPSIS Burm.

Like Macropsis, the members of this genus have the pro-
notum angularly produced beyond the anterior margin of the
eyes, but the pronotum differs in being rather more reticulate
than striate and with the reticulations running more trans-
versely than obliquely. The pronotum is short and deeply con-
cave posteriorly, with the lateral margins very short.

A single species of this genus has been taken in Kansas.

Oncopsis distinctus (Van D.).
(Pl. 5, figs. 5-6.)

Bythoscopus distinctus Van D., Ent. Am., vi, 224, 1890.
Bythoscopus distinctus O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 65, 1898.
Bythoscopus distinctus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 504, 1905.
Bythoscopus distinctus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 15, 1916.
Oncopsis distinctus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 588, 1917.
Oncopsis distinctus Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 310, 1918.

Form: A short robust species. Length, 4 to 4.5 mm. Vertex very
short, posterior margin raised up from pronotum which is not as sharply
angled as in Macropsis. Pronotum very deeply reticulate and scutellum
somewhat less so. Elytra greatly exceeding abdomen and characterized
by having only two anteapical cells and four apical cells.

Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum usually greenish, sometimes
' brownish, and usually pitted with black, the scutellum with triangular
dark spots on basal angles, In light forms these black pits and spots may
be absent. In typical and dark forms the elytra are quite dark across the
base, have a dark band across tip of clavus and the apex darkened. In
light specimens the elytra are gray with the dark spot at tip of clavus,
cephalad of which appears a light area.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. FA

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment sinuately produced
medially and with small median notch; pygofers short and broad, widest
at beginning of distal half and then tapering suddenly, slightly exceeded
by ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment long, posterior margin trun-
cate; plates long and narrow, about equal to the long narrow pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with anterior portion distinctly club-
like, fastened to connective at middle of club, terminal portion long,
slender at base, and gradually thickened to broad and plump tip, this
terminal portion slightly curved; connective with three basal processes,
the median one long, upper part slender and widening at tip attached to
coedagus; cedagus, viewed dorsally, club-like, with a broad, heavy base and
tip somewhat bifid, fastened at about its middle to a very characteristic
broadly U-shaped structure with the tips of the arms directed strongly
caudad; imbedded in the side of the pygofers, at their caudal end, are two
small, pointed chitinous bars, one much smaller than the other.

Distribution: Reported only from Douglas and Pottawato-
mie counties. Probably occurs wherever its host is found.

Hosts: Taken abundantly on walnut.

Subfamily CICADELLINZ Van D.

This subfamily and the Gyponine are at once distinguished
from all other members of the Cicadellidx by having the ocelli
situated above the margin, on the disc of the vertex. The mem-
bers of the Cicadellinz, however, are cylindrical and elongate
in form, as distinguished from the robust and flattened
Gyponine.

‘Seven genera of this subfamily occur in Kansas.

KEY TO GENERA.*

A. Antennal sockets usually overhung by a distinct ledge which pro-
jects beyond curve of head, anterior tibiz sulcate above or dilated at

the extremity. Elytra narrow, not covering lateral margins of ab-
dominal terga.

B. Thorax roundingly six-angular, posterior margin rounding,
with a slight median excavation. Vertex longitudinally fur-
rowed. Claval veins distant. Aulacizes.

BB. Thorax four-angular, posterior margin broadly emarginate,
anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel. Claval veins

often united in the middle or approaching and tied by a cross
nervure.

C. Vertex triangular, longer than basal width, side mar-
gins nearly straight; face as seen from side nearly
straight. : Homalodisca.

CC. Vertex obtusely rounding, shorter than, or as long as
basal width; face as seen from _ side, roundingly
angled. | Oncometopia.

* Adapted from key by Prof. E. D. Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 38, 1901.

18

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

AA. Ledge above antennal sockets small, not projecting beyond curve of
head. Anterior tibiz slender, round or triangular. Elytra broad,
covering abdominal terga.

B. Elytra not reticulately veined at apex, head not greatly pro-

duced.

C. Margin of vertex roundingly obtuse, front inflated.

D.

DD.

Antenne of male not enlarged at the apex, pro-
notum not twice as long as scutellum, posterior
margin slightly emarginate.

EK. Lateral margins of vertex not distinctly in
line with the outer margins of the eyes.

Cicadella.
EE. Lateral margins of vertex in line with the
outer margins of the eyes. Kolla.

Antenne of male enlarged at apex, pronotum more
than twice as long as scutellum, posterior margin
deeply emarginate. Helochara.

CC. Vertex flat, margin distinct, acutely angled with front.

Graphocephala.

BB. Elytra reticulately veined on apical third. Head often pro-
duced into a triangle, longer than pronotum.

Dreculacephala.

Genus AULACIZES A. & S.

In this genus the antennal sockets are overhung by a dis-
tinct ledge which projects beyond the line of the head. The
rather long vertex is bluntly rounded. The pronotum is six-
sided, widest at the lateral angles, and with posterior margin
slightly emarginate. The anterior tibiz are sulcate above.

The elytra are long and narrow, not covering the terga of —

the abdomen.
A single specimen of this genus occurs in Kansas.

Aulacizes irrorata (Fabr.).

(Pl. 6, figs. 1-3.)

Oicada irrorata Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 33, 1794.

Cicada nigripennis Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 39, 1794.

Tettigonia trvrorata Burm., Handb. d. Ent., ii, p. 119, 1835.

Proconia nigripennis Walk., List. Homop., iii, p. 783, 1851.

Aulacizes rufiventris Walk., List. Homop., iii, p. 796, 1851.

Aulacizes irrorata Walk., List. Homop., Suppl., p. 236, 1858.

Aulacizes irrorata Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 64, 1869.

Aulacizes irvrorata Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., 1, p- 357, 1876.

Aulacizes irrorata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 15-18,

1887.

Aulacizes irrorata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 40, 1901.
Aulacizes irrorata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905.
Aulacizes irrorata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 17, 1916.
Aulacizes irrorata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 594, 1917.

Aulacizes irrorata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 2, 1918.
Aulacizes irrorata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 27, 1919.

Form: A large, long species. Length, 11.5 to 12.5 mm. Head a little
wider than pronotum, slightly longer than broad. Vertex very obtusely

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 719

angulate, its surface irregular and with a prominent median furrow which
widens greatly anteriorly. Pronotum 6-sided, surface irregular, posterior
margin slightly concave. Elytra long and narrow, not completely cover-
ing terga of abdomen.

Color: Varying from light to dark reddish-brown, irrorate with yel-
low. Scutellum with an extra large yellow spot before apex; vertex and
pronotum with more yellow than elytra except for yellow costal band on
the latter. Front irregularly black below, pale above, with four black
spots in a square above. :

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment a little over twice as
long as broad, lateral margins much narrowed posteriorly, posterior
margins produced with rather straight sides to a distinct but shallow
median notch; pygofers narrow basally and still more distally, but wide
at middle, equal to or exceeded by tip of ovipositor. Male, valve very
small, often barely seen from under tip of last ventral segment; plates
together forming a triangle a little broader than long, clothed with fine
hairs; pygofers broad and short, about equalling the plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles broad and slightly chitinized at base,
tapering rather suddenly a little past their middle to heavily chitinized
neck-like processes which widen distally into the shape of a bird’s head,
the attachment to the plates being a large conspicuous lobe at the base
of the neck; connective long and slender, U-shaped, with arms sinuate
. at base and then reaching to cedagus as a long strap, with median longi-
tudinal third heavily chitinized, this heavy chitinous band broadening
toward the tip; edagus with heavy body portion and three pairs of pro-
cesses, a pair of blunt dorsal ones and two pairs of caudal processes, one
pair short and lightly chitinized apically and situated dorsad of a longer
and heavily chitinized pair.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee and Montgomery counties.
Occurs further north too, for specimens have been taken near
Kansas City, Mo.

Hosts: Collected from weeds and shrubs. De Long reports
taking it on oak. :
Genus HOMALODISCA Stal.

Antennal ledge as in Awlacizes, head with prominent eyes,
wider than pronotum, and as long as width between eyes.
Front and vertex forming an acute angle. Pronotum four-
angular, short, anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel.
Elytra long and narrow, hyaline, claval nervures united near
the middle. Anterior tibie sulcate.

80 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Homalodisca triquetra (Fabr.).

(Pl. 6, figs. 4-6.)
Cicada triquetra Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 63, 1803.
Tettigonia vitripennis Germ., Mag. d. Ent., iv, p. 61, 1821.
Tettigonia coagulata Say, Insects of La., p. 13, 1832.
Tettigonia ichthyocephala Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Ser. 3, iii, p. 494, 1854.
Tettigonia triquetra Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Ser. 3, iii, p. 240, 1855.
Ciccus triquetra Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 243, 1858.
Proconia admittens Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 227, 1858.
Proconia aurigena Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 228, 1858.
Proconia excludens Walk., Ins. Saund., Homop., p: 98, 1858.
Homalodisca triquetra Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 64, 1869.
Homalodisca triquetra Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 221, pl. 14, fig. 1, 1899.
Homalodisca triquetra Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 47, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1901.
Homalodisca triquetra DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 19, 1916.
Homalodisca triquetra Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 594, 1917.
Homalodisca triquetra Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 2, 1918.
Homalodisca triquetra Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 30, 1919.

Form: A long narrow species. Length, 138 mm. Vertex as long as
basal width, apex bluntly rounding, with longitudinal median depression.
Pronotum very coarsely pitted, short, anterior and posterior margins
about parallel. Elytra long and narrow, hyaline, venation prominent.

Color: Brownish, with vertex, pronotum and scutellum irrorate with
yellow. Elytra smoky, especially apically, with an opaque red spot of
varying size on costal margin of the apical cells.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very large and long,
slightly narrowing to acute lateral angles between which the posterior
margin is broadly incised to fully one-third its depth by a triangular,
obtusely pointed and sinuately margined incision; pygofers broadest at
their middle, and slightly exceeded by tip of ovipositor. Male, plates to-
gether forming a triangle wider than long, tips very acute; pygofers
short but very broad, narrowed at base, slightly widening posteriorly,
and covered with long fine hairs, with a short blunt chitinous process im-
bedded in side of each.

Male internal genitalia: Styles very small for such a large form,
broadest at base and tapering sinuately to blunt apex, apical half much
roughened with fine teeth; connective very short, consisting of a trans-
verse band widest at the middle, especially posteriorly; cedagus very
large and peculiar, body with a long anteriorly and vertically directed
process to meet the connective which extends ventrad from the styles,
with a stout dorsal process and two pairs of terminal processes, an outer
short and blunt process and an inner large, sharply pointed process.

Distribution: A southern species not yet reported from Kan- -
sas. It may occur in the southern portions of the state.

Hosts: Unknown.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 81

Genus ONCOMETOPIA Stal.

The members of this genus have a distinct ledge over the
antennal socket. The eyes are prominent, making the head
wider than the pronotum. Vertex is rounded and obtusely
joined to the front. Pronotum is short, four-angular, the an-
terior and posterior margins nearly parallel, lateral margins
slightly narrowed behind. Elytra long and narrow, not cover-
ing abdominal terga. Anterior tibie are slightly sulcate above.

Two species and one variety of this genus have been found
in the state.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Size large, 12 mm. or more, cross nervure cephalad of fork of first
’ sector. undata.

~AA. Size smaller, 9 mm. or less, cross nervure caudad of fork of first

’ sector. lateralis.

Oncometopia undata (Fabr.).
(Pl. 7, figs. 1-3.)

Cicada undata Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 32, 1794.

Cicada orbona Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 530, 1798.

Tettigonia undata Germ., Mag. d. Ent., iv, p. 61, 1821.

Proconia undata Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 783, 1851.

Proconia nigricans Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 783, 1851.

Proconia clarior Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 784, 1851. |

Proconia lucernea Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 785, 1851..

Proconia marginata Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 785, 1851.

Proconia badia Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 786, 1851.

Proconia scutellata Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 786, 1851.

Proconia tenebrosa Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 787, 1851.

Proconia plagiata Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 788, 1851.

Tettigonia undata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 486, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1854.

Oncometopia undata Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 62, 1869. é

Oncometopia undata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iit, p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 10-14,
1887.

Gypona? badia Van D., Ent. News, v, p. 157, 1894.

Oncometopia undata Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 231, pl. 14. figs. 19, 20,
1899.
Oncometopia undata Ball, Proc., Ia. Acad. Sci., vill, p. 41, 1901.
Oncometopia undata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905.
Oncometopia undata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 18, 1916.
Oncometopia undata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 591, 1917.
Oncometopia undata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 2; 1918.
Oncometopia undata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 28, 1919.

Form: A large, almost parallel-sided form. Length, 13 mm. Head
broad, with prominent eyes. Vertex with sides very broadly rounded,
very obtuse at apex, about two-thirds as long as basal width. Pro-
notum half wider than long, elevated. Elytra long and narrow, claval
veins slightly approaching each other and usually with a cross nervure.

Color: Vertex, anterior margin of pronotum and scutellum rusty
orange. Vertex with an incomplete black circle from which run out six
or eight radiating lines. Scutellum also marked with dark lines. Pro-

6—Sci. Bul.— 3058

82 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

notum, except anterior margin, and elytra varying much in color from
slaty blue to brown and bright red. Elytra sometimes bear a large
pruinose spot just back of the middle. Front orange with black median
and lateral lines. :

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than pre-
ceding, slightly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin composed of three
lobes, the lateral ones distinctly longer than the median; pygofers broad
and short, sparsely covered with short, stout hairs and about equalled
by the ovipositor. Male, plates small, forming a triangle about as long
as wide, half the width of the last ventral segment; pygofers tapering
posteriorly from the broad base, nearly twice the length of the plates;
pygofers bearing an upturned chitinous process on caudal margin.

Internal male genitalia: Styles small for such a large species, pointed
at anterior end, with a very large process for attachment to connective,
slightly narrowed medially and:then widened and narrowing to slightly
out-turned and pointed tip, bearing several stout hairs on distal third
of lateral margin; connective U-shaped with the loop very wide; cedagus
large, prolonged anteriorly to meet connective, and with a very large an-
terior process extending dorsad, main portion dividing at apex into
large rounded anterior process, a median smaller triangular one, and a
posterior, acutely pointed still smaller one, a posterior process, also ex-
tending dorsad, long and narrow; long, crooked, slender chitinous bars
extend down from base of anal tube to cephalo-dorsal portion of cedagus.

Distribution: Found in the eastern part of the state, as

shown by the following map:

SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHER! |GRAH rons | os | Giclimaa CLAY ce
eH Sa
i
LOGAN on ge ee te RUSS
a sau
‘Tce | re ee
paolo COFFE anos

i in |
ban oc EEcE a
GREEN: . | ALLEN
reer Feo BUTLER
| STAN. GRANT hes coe SEDGE

wb al

Hosts: Taken sweeping among weeds. De Long took speci-.
mens from ironweed.

GRELY

| |

MORT| STEV. ae arm om omer HARP. | SUMNER | COW

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 83

Oncometopia lateralis (Fabr.).
(Pl. 8, figs. 1-2:)

Cercopis laterulia Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 524, 1798.
Cercopis marginella Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 96, 1803.
Cercopis costalis Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., errata, 1803 (n.n. for marginella Fabr ).
Tettigonia striata Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 775, 1851.
Tettigonia lugens Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 775, 1851.
Tettigonia pyrrhotelus Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 775, 1851.
Proconia costalis Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 224, 1858.
Proconia costalis Stal, Homop. Fabr., ii, p. 118, 1869.
Proconia costalis Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 9, 1889.
Proconia costalis Osb., Proc, lay Acad) Sci-, 1; pt. 2, p. 125, 1892.
Onecometopia costalis Sloss., Ent. News, v, p. 5, 1894.
Oncometopia costalis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895.
Oncometopia lateralis Ball., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 44, 1901.
Oneometopia lateralis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905.
Oneometopia lateralis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 99, 1915.
Oncometopia lateralis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 18, 1916.
Oncometopia lateralis Van D., Cat. Hemip., N. A., p. 592, 1917.
Oncometopia-lateralis Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 2, 1918.
Oncometopia lateralis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 29, 1919.

Form: Shorter than preceding species, but quite broad. Length, 7 to
8 mm. Head, about half as long as wide, vertex obtusely angled, eyes
prominent. Pronotum short, anterior and posterior margins about par-
allel. Elytra broad and only slightly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum black, irrorate with yellow.
Elytra red to slaty blue, nervures black, frequently with light or yellow
margins. Face black irrorate with yellow. Narrow yellow lateral stripe
starts from eye, cresses thorax, and extends along margin of abdomen
to pygofers.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about twice as long
as preceding, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin with
broad incision on median third which reaches about one-fourth of way to
base; pygofers large, widest at middle, exceeding ovipositor. Male, plates
together forming a triangle longer than wide; pygofers long and nar-
row, exceeding plates, covered with fine hairs as are the plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles much as in undata, proportionally
broader, outer margin nearly straight, inner margin with broad lobe half
way between apex and process for attachment to cedagus, apex with
slight inwardly directed point, lateral margins of apical third serrate, a
few slender hairs near lateral margin about one-third the distance from
the tip; connective consisting of a broad strap-like piece between the
styles with the ventral surface bearing a large square portion medially;
edagus large, produced anteriorly to meet connective, with a large dorsal
process running first caudad and then cephalad, and two pairs of long
slender terminal lobes running dorsad, the first pair broader and longer
than the posterior pair.

Distribution: This species occurs throughout the state as
shown by the following map.

84 THE. UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

CLOUD HATCH,
am eae ms EEeHee
whan Seen eg se ay ae
= a sane OSAGE
GRE'LY} wict.| SCOTT| LANE ‘BARTON
rice | reo pie ere

corre \
HAM |KEAR. be = HARVEY
Ss
&
Ggsees ee > = See

Hosts: Osborn reports this octet as occurring in bogs and
low ground; De Long records it from grasses and weeds.

Oncometopia lateralis var. imbata (Say).

T'ettigonia limbata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 340, 1825.

Tettigonia costalis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, iii, p. 821, 1855.
Tettigonia septentrionalis Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 193, 1858.
Oncometopia limbata Van D., Psyche, v, p. 389, 1890.

Oncometopia lateralis var. limbata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 45, 1901.
Oncometopia lateralis var. limbata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 593, 1917.

Form: Somewhat smaller and narrower than preceding form, elytra
longer.

Color: Black, vertex and face somewhat irrorate with yellow. Two
small orange spots about one-third distance from anterior margin and in
line with ocelli. Lateral yellow line broad and distinct.

Distribution: Rawlins county has furnished us our only
specimen of this variety.

Hosts: Unknown.

Genus CICADELLA Latr.

In this genus the ledges over the antennal sockets are not
prominent. The vertex is bluntly conical, and slightly sloping,
with the lateral margins not in a distinct line with the curve
of the eye. Pronotum rather long, broadest at lateral angles.
The elytra cover the terga of the abdomen and are not reticu-
lately veined at the apex.

Two members of this genus and two varieties have been col-
lected in Kansas, but two other species likely occur and are
therefore included in the key.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 85

KEY TO SPECIES.
A. Head as wide as pronotum, vertex wider than long, face in profile
strongly curved. .
B. Head marked with distinct lines forming a pattern.
C. Head pattern complex, no parallel lateral lines; length

over 6 mm. hieroglyphica.

CC. Head pattern simple, with median and lateral parallel
lines; length 6 mm. or less. gothica.

BB. Head marked with definite spots, not forming a distinct pat-
tern. atropunctata.

AA. Head narrower than pronotum, vertex as long as wide, face in pro-
file only slightly curved. occatoria.

Cicadella hieroglyphica (Say).
CRIe 9s fiess-1-35)

Tettigonia hieroglyphica Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 313, 1831.

Tettigonia hieroglyphica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, iii, p. 805, 1855.

Tettigonia hieroglyphica G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895.

Tettigonia hieroglyphica Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 51, 1901.

Tettigoniella hieroglyphica Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 52, 1914.
’ Tettigoniella hieroglyphica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1916.

Cicadella hieroglyphica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917.

Cicadella hieroglyphica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918.

Form: Rather stout. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Vertex bluntly conical,
wider than long. Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, posterior angles
broadly rounded, posterior margin medially emarginated. Elytra broad,
but exceeding the abdomen. .

Color: Varying from brick-red to greenish and. slaty blue. Black
markings on vertex very strong and distinct, enclosing a light colored T
on basal half. Elytra with pale bands along costal, claval and sutural
margins.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as wide as
long, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin triangu-
larly produced; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or slightly exceed-
ing ovipositor, bearing a few stout hairs. Male, last ventral segment less
than twice as wide as long; plates long, broad at base, but tapering to
long acute apices, margins fringed with short hairs; pygofers long and

narrow, equalling or exceeding plates and bearing stout hairs.

Male internal genitalia: Styles short, distinctly bent in at point of at-
tachment to connective by a large, heavily chitinized lobe, then curving
outward and tapering gradually to blunt apex, with an outwardly pro- -
jecting process; connective slender, Y-shaped, stem of Y broadening to
broad base; cedagus with pair of short processes extending dorsad from its

- point of attachment to connective, a long process leaving it dorsally from
a point a little past its middle, and a similar longer one leaving it apically,

the latter to the left of the former. These two processes are narrow and
long, narrowest at the base, and widening to a point shortly before the
apex where they are the widest, the right one wider than the left one,

and then tapering to the acute tips. A pair of somewhat narrow tri-
_ angular chitinous processes extend from the base of the anal tube to the

main body of the cedagus.

86 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: This species is well distributed over the state
as shown by the following map:

SHERMAN a SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS urea a eo
en wa
se
LINC
ge \goan GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS
saune
cua] SALINE MORRIS pa
GRE'LY| WiCH.| SCOTT |L @.) ness aa a
ia L

S2e
ae Bac
FORD
ea Eeae
ae SEW. je] eo cre corm BARBER ere COW.

pote
Hosts: Taken abundantly on willows.

Cicadella hieroglyphica var. dolobrata (Ball).

Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. dolobrata Ball, Proc. Ia., Acad. Sei., viii, p. 52, pl. 3,
fig. 2, 1901.

Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. dolobrata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1915.

Cicadella hieroglyphica var. dolobrata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917.

Cicadella hieroglyphica var. dolobrata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 3, 1913.-

This is a smaller form than the preceding, appearing more robust. In
color it is typically black, retaining a few of the light markings of the
typical hieroglyphica on the front, vertex, pronotum and scutellum, and
generally having the claval sutures light.

Genitalia as in preceding form.

Distribution: Occurs along with the typical form.
Hosts: Willows.

Cicadelia hieroglyphica var. uhleri (Ball).

Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. uhlert Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 3,
1901.

Cicadella hieroglyphica var. uhleri Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917.

‘Cicadella hieroglyphica var. uhleri Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 3, 1918.

This variety is slightly larger than typical hieroglyphica, being more
robust and with longer elytra. It varies very greatly in color, running
from a brick-red through several shades of bluish or grayish green, and’
even to a fairly distinct bright green. The black markings of the vertex

are much reduced in size, appearing only as narrow lines. Genitalia as
in typical hieroglyphica.

Distribution: Much rarer with us than the two preceding

forms. Reported from Douglas, Cherokee and Riley counties.
Hosts: Willows.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID As. 87

Cicadella gothica (Sign.).

Tettigonia gothica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 345, pl. 11, fig. 6, 1854.

[ettigonia hieroglyphica Harr., Hitchcock’s Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835.

Tettigonia similis Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii. p. 25, 1887.

Diedrocephala hieroglyphica Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 267, 1889.

Tettigonia hieroglyphica Harr., Ottawa Nat., vi, p. 32, 1892.

Tettigonia similis Van D., Ent. News, v, p. 156, 1894.

Tettigonia similis Van D., Ent. News, v, p. 156, 1894.

Tettigonia similis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 231, 1897.

Tettigonia gothica Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 54, 1901.

Tettigonia gothica Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 510, 1905.

Tettigonia gothica Van D., Can. Ent., xli, p. 383, 1909.

Tettigonia gothica Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 100, 1915.

Tettigonia gothica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 21, 1916.

Cicadella gothica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., 597, 1917.

Cicadella gothica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918.

Form; Much like hieroglyphica but smaller. Length, 5.5 to 6 mm.
Vertex more pointed than in preceding species, wider than long. Ner-
vures of elytra distinct.

Color: Varies from light reddish to grayish-green. Vertex reddish
or greenish-yellow, apex with black spot, margins of reflexed portions, a
line from these to ocelli, and a pair of loops on the disc, black. Scutel-
lum with distinct black marks. Elytra grayish-green or reddish, unicolor-
ous, or irrorate with yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, raised
medially, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin triangu-
larly produced; pygofers long, bearing a few heavy hairs and equalled or
slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment about
twice as broad as long, anterior and posterior margins parallel; plates
very long and slender, margins with fine hairs and also with a row of

stout hairs or bristles, slightly exceeding the spiny pygofers.
Distribution: Taken only in Douglas, Riley and Pottawa-
tomie counties.
Hosts: Osborn reports taking this species from grass land

_and on birch and willow. De Long records taking it from oak.

Cicadella atropunctata (Sign.).
(Pl. 9, figs. 4-5.)

Tettigonia atropunctata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 354, 1854.

Tettigonia circellata Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 285, 1898.

Tettigonia atropunctata Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 266, pl. 17, fig. 27, 1900.
Tettigonia atropunctata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1901.
Tettigonia circellata Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 53, 1914.
Tettigonia circellata Essig, Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., edn. 2, p. 66, 1915.

Cicadella circellata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 598, 1917.

Cicadella circellata? Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 3, 1918.

Form: Longer and more slender than gothica. Length, 6 to 7 mm.

_ Vertex bluntly rounded, about three-fourths as long as broad, two-thirds

the length of the pronotum. Elytra long and narrowing posteriorly, giv-
ing the insect a wedge-shaped appearance.

88 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Color: Vertex, front, face, anterior margin of pronotum and under
side, yellowish; posterior part of pronotum and elytra bluish or bluish-
green. Front with short median line, two broken lateral lines and
margin, black. Clypeus black medially at apex; vertex with spot at apex,
in the middle, outside of each ocellus, and a crescent on each side an-
teriorly, black. Pronotum with seven black dots near anterior margin
and three on basal half. Nervures of elytra black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment much longer than
broad, about three times as long as penultimate segment, keeled, pos-
terior margin greatly and acutely produced; pygofers very long and
narrow, exceeding the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer than
preceding one, anterior and posterior margins parallel, as are the lateral
margins; plates very long and slender, acutely pointed, and with row
of stout hairs or spines along margin, slightly exceeded by the long and
narrow pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles small, basal portion heavier, posterior
portion slender, curved, terminating acutely; connective slender, Y-shaped,
the stem of the Y broadened basally; cedagus with broad, rather truncate
base, a stout, blunt process running dorsad, and a pair of larger, broad-
based, and acutely pointed, dorsally directed, terminal processes.

Distribution: Has not yet been reported from Kansas, but
should occur in southern part of the state.

Hosts: Essig reports this species as a general feeder on such
plants as grape, blackberry, raspberry, sunflower, etc.

This species so closely fits Signoret’s description of Tetti-
gonia atropunctata, that, with Dr. E. D. Ball, we do not follow
Van Duzee’s synonomy.

Cicadella occatoria (Say)..

Tettigonia occatoria Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vi, p. 311, 1831; Compi. Writ. ii,
p. 385.

Tettigonia occatoria Say, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 353, pl. 18, fig. 11, 1854.

Tettigonia compta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 271, 1900.

Tettigonia occatoria Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 279, pl. 18, fig. 29, 1900.

Tettigonia occatoria Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1901.

Tettigoniella occatoria Van D., Bul. Buf. Soe. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 212, 1909.

Tettigoniella occatoria Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 462, 1909.

Tettigoniella occatoria Del., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 21, 1916.

Cicadella occatoria Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 598, 1917.

Cicadella occatoria Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 3, 1918.

Cicadella occatoria Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 31, 1919.

‘This species, though surely in Kansas, has seemingly not yet been taken. -
It is a long narrow form, about 6 mm. in length. The color is yellow,
and it may be readily recognized by the longitudinal, brown stripes, four
on the vertex, five on the pronotum, and with the elytra also striped.
Female, last ventral segment less than twice as long as preceding one,
posterior margin obtusely rounding or truncate; pygofers long and

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 89

“narrow, equalling ovipositor. Male, plates broad at base, very acute

apically; pygofers long, narrow, scarcely tapering, much exceeding plates.

Hosts: According to De Long this species was taken on
weeds and shrubs.
Genus KOLLA Dist.

Distant describes this genus as follows: ‘Allied to Tetti-

goniella, but differing by the structure of vertex of the head,

which is subconically narrowed anteriorly, with the lateral
margins in a line with the outer margins of the eye; near the
inner margin of the eyes the vertex is also more or less foveate ;
face with the lateral areas somewhat strongly, transversely
striate, and centrally, longitudinally sinuate and flattened.”
Three species of this genus have been collected in Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Conspicuously marked with bands and stripes.
B. Elytra striped; over 5.5 mm. in length. bifida.
BB. Elytra not striped; 5 mm or less in length. geometrica.

AA. Not marked with bands and stripes, rather uniformly brownish or
black. hartu.
Kolla bifida (Say).

(Pl. 7, figs. 4-5.)

_ Tettigonia bifida Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 313, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii.

p. 387.
Tettigonia bifida Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab:, p. 55, 1851.
Tettigonia tenella Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 770, 1851.
Tettigonia bifida Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 11, pl, 1, fig. 11, 1854.
Helochara bifida Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 338, 1890.
Tettigonia bifida Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v. p. 196, 1894.
Tettigonia bifida O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 175, 1897.
Tettigonia bifida Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 58, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1901.
Tettigonia bifida Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905.
Tettigonia bifida Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 63, 1912.
Tettigonia bifida Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 99, 1915.
Kolla bifida DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 22, 1916.
Kolla bifida Van D., Cat. Hemip., N. A., p. 598, 1917.
Kolla bifida Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918.
Cicadella bifida Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 31, 1919.

Form: A fairly large, robust species. Length, 5.5 to 6 mm. Vertex
about twice as wide as long, bluntly conical. Pronotum slightly wider
than head, and nearly twice as long, anterior margin broadly convex,
posterior margin very slightly concave, lateral and humeral margins about
equal. Elytra broad, venation very simple, there being no cross nervures
before the apical cells.

Color: Vertex black with two white spots at apex and a median and

basal band yellowish or white. Face very dark brown, lighter laterally.

Pronotum greenish with anterior margin black, followed by a yellow band,
posterior margin white or greenish-white, preceded by a black band.

90 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Scutellum yellow with black transverse impression. Elytra green, ner-

vures broadly black, apical cells smoky.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, convex, lateral
margins tapering posteriorly and posterior margin with median half
roundingly produced; pygofers long and narrow, forming a keel medially,
exceeding ovipositor and clothed with very coarse large hairs. Male,
plates short, wide at base, apices quite acutely produced, less than half the
length of the long and narrow pygofers; lateral margins of plates and the
pygofers with large, coarse hairs.

Internal male genitalia: Styles short, anterior end acutely pointed,
distal half broad, apex truncate with laterally directed tooth; connective
T-shaped with short cross piece and long stem, dorsally directed, to meet
cedagus, the two parts seeming to be distinct pieces; cedagus consisting of
two L-shaped pieces, the short branches directed dorsad and the long
_ slender ones caudad and generally crossing each other; a pair of L-shaped
processes with thickened terminal portions extend down from the anal
tube to the cedagus.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Cherokee, Pottawatomie
and Riley counties.
Hosts: Swept from grasses in low places.

Kolla geometrica (Sign.).
(Pl. 8, figs. 5-6.)

Tettigonia geometrica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 12, 1895.
Tettigonia psittacella Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 290, pl. 19, fig. 26, 1900.
Tettigonia geometrica Ball, Proc, Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 59, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1901.
Kolla geometrica Dist., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, i, p. 530, 1908.
Tettigonia geometrica Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 461, 1909.
Kolla geometrica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 23, 1916.
Kolla geometrica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 599, 1917.
Kolla geometrica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918.
Kolla geometrica Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 119, 1918.
Cicadella geometrica Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 32, 1919.

Form: Like bifida in structure but smaller. Length, 4.5 to 5 mm.
Vertex about twice as long as wide, bluntly rounded. Pronotum as in
bifida, wider than the head. Elytra long, not as broad as in bifida, vena-
tion simple, lacking cross veins before apical cells.

Color: Vertex black, with two yellow apical spots and median and
basal yellow bands. Face black. Pronotum and scutellum as in bifida
but with narrower bands and therefore a larger green discal portion.

Elytra green, except for smoky apical cells, with three spots in front of

these and costal margin light.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as in bifida,
perhaps not produced quite as much on posterior margin. Male, plates
as in bifida though perhaps more acutely pointed.

Internal male genitalia: Styles relatively shorter and broader than
in bifida; odagus with upright arms of the L relatively longer than in

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. is

bifida; lower portion of chitinous processes extending down from anal
tube also relatively heavier than in bifida.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county only.

Hosts: De Long reports sweeping this species from weeds
and grasses in pastures, and especially from the ironweed,

Vernonia glauca.
Kolla harti (Ball).

: (Pl. 7, figs. 6-7.)

Tettigonia hartit Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 61, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1901.

Tettigonia hartii DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1916.

Kolla hartii Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 599, 1917.

Kolla hartti Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 5, 1918.

Form: Shorter and stouter than preceding species. Length, 3.75 to
5mm. Vertex conical, obtusely rounding, twice as wide as long. Prono-
tum twice as long as vertex, about three-fifths as long as wide. Elytra
broad, venation simple, as in bifida.

Color: Female, brownish. Vertex with pair of black spots on pos-
terior margin and brown arcs that cover front on either side of a light
median line extending up on to apex of vertex. Pronotum with irregular
dark spots near anterior margin. Scutellum with dark triangular spots
in basal angles. Elytra with nervures pale, claval margins lined with
light blue. Male, shining black, with space around ocelli and apex of
scutellum pale. Spot on apex of vertex white, front pale with dark arcs
on either side of median pale line which has black borders that often
enlarge to eliminate the pale line.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three-fifths
as long as wide, posterior margin truncate, very slightly sinuate on
either side of a very small median tooth; pygofers broad and long, form-
ing median keel, exceeding ovipositor and bearing few large coarse hairs.
Male, plates wide at base but tapering to long acute point posteriorly,
with coarse hairs on lateral margins, much exceeded by the long, coarsely
haired pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles longer than in preceding members of
the genus, apices curved inward; connective as in preceding species;
ceedagus U-shaped when viewed laterally, having two short processes ex-
tending more or less dorsad and a single process, twice as long, extend-
ing caudad, the base of the U being formed by this process; a very
characteristic club-shaped process extends downward from the base of
the anal tube.

va THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: This species seemingly occurs only in the
southeastern portion of the state as shown by the following

Map:
re a a SS
a ortava
cue] SAUNE| sane

OSAG
GRE'LY| WiCH.|SCOTT|LANE] NESS =n a seers
price, (reac
COFFE aggee
noose. |

lHam |KEAR. HARVEY
FORD

| STEV. MEAD cn corn arm SUMNER | COW. oS Ole

Hosts: De Long reports this species as common on grasses,
especially Aristida gracilis.

Genus HELOCHARA Fh.

In this genus the head is slightly wider than the prothorax
and considerably broader than long, slightly obtusely angled,
and with the reflexed portion of the front distinctly elevated.
The pronotum is long, being twice as long as the scutellum, and
with such distinct lateral and humeral margins as to appear
six-angular. Scutellum small, partially covered by pronotum.
Elytra coriaceous, except for apical cells, veins distinct. An-
tenn of males plate-like on apical third.

The single species of this genus occurring in the United
States is found in Kansas.

Helochara communis Fh.

(Pl. 10, figs. 3-4.)
Helochara communis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851
Tettigonia herbida Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 769, 1851.
Tettigonia communis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1156, 1852.

Helochara communis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 730, pl. 21, fig. 17, 1854. ~

Helochara communis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892.
Helochara communis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895.

Helochara communis Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1901.
Helochara communis Osb., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 60, 1912.
Helochara communis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 103, 1915.
Telochara communis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 24, 1916.

IIlelochara communis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 600, 1917.

"ST6L ‘¢ ‘M ‘IMAXXx “4SIFT “JRN ‘sny ‘Wy [Ng “SIO s2wnwuwood vAnyro2a

si i

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 93

Form: Rather small, robust species. Length, 4 to 7 mm. Vertex
broader than long, slightly and obtusely pointed and with the elevated
portions of front strongly elevated. Pronotum large and long, anterior
margin broadly rounded, posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Scutel-
lum short, overlapped by pronotum. Elytra coriaceous except at apex.
Whole dorsal surface distinctly punctate.

Color: A green form. Head and anterior region of pronotum more
yellowish. Front, including reflexed portion, with lateral brown arcs.
In male, face black because of broadening and fusing of the arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over two-thirds as
long as broad, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin in-
cised on either side of the medially produced lobe; pygofers long and
narrow, slightly exceeding ovipositor and bearing a few, coarse, short
hairs on either side of the ovipositor. Male, valve short and broadly
triangular; plates broad at base but tapering and prolonged acutely, ex-
ceeding the short pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with basal half gradually tapering, a
large process on mesal margin for attachment to connective and poste-
riorly a large lateral bulge, the distal portion curved slightly outwardly,
toothed on mesal margin and terminating rather truncately with a dis-
tinct outward point; connective T-shaped, the cross piece heavier than
the standard; cedagus consisting of a pair of heavy dorsally directed
processes and a pair of narrower, larger, sinuate and acutely pointed
terminal processes.

Distribution: This species probably occurs throughout the

eastern portion of the state, but hitherto has been reported

only from Cherokee county.
Hosts: Found only on swamp grasses.
Genus GRAPHOCEPHALA Van D.

In this genus the head is narrower than the pronotum, the
vertex is fiat, obtusely rounding and with a distinct margin.

The front is not inflated. The pronotum is narrowed anteriorly

and with the posterior margin slightly emarginate. The
elytra are long and coriaceous, venation obscured, and with

rather long apical cells.

Two of the three United States’ species have been taken in

_ Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Large, 9 mm. or over, vertex unmarked. coccinea.
AA. Smaller, 6 mm. or under, vertex marked with black lines.
versuta.

94 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.).

‘ (Pl. 8, figs. 3-4.)

Cicada coccinea Forst., Nov. Spec. Ins., p. 69, 1711.

Tettigonia quardivittata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 312, 1831; Compl. Writ ,
ii, p. 386,

Tettigonia coccinea Hary., in Hitchcock, Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835.

Proconia quadrivittata Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 55, 1851. .

Tettigonia picta Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 758, 1851.

Tettigonia quadrivittata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.. ser. 3, ii, p. 348, pl. 11, fig. 11, 1854.

Aulacizes quadrivitiata Fh., Trans. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc., xvi, p. 450, 1856.

Diedrocephala coccinea Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 357, 1876.

Diedrocepha’a quadrivittata Glov., U S. Dept. Agr., Rept. for 1876, p. 33.

Diedrocephala coccinea Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 9; 1889.

Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 28, 1890.

Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892.

Diedrocephala coccinea Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 177, 1897.

Tettigonia quadrivittata Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, 1900.

Tettigonia idonea Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, 1900.

Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 510, 1905.

Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 60, 1912.

Diedrocephala coccinea Oshb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 101, 1915.

Diedrocephala coccinea DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 25, 1916.

Diedrocephala coccinea Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 178, 1916.

Graphocephala coccinea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 601, 1917.

Graphocephala coccinea Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 5, 1918.

Graphocephala coccinea Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 120, 1918.

Graphocephala coccinea Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 32, 1919.

Form: A large, cylindric, elongated form. Length, 8to9 mm. Vertex,
wider than long, two-thirds length of pronotum, roundingly acutely
angled. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly with lateral and humeral angles
about equal, posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Elytra long and
narrow.

Color: Face yellow, separated from orange-yellow vertex by broad
black line on margin.. Vertex with two, small, black marginal lines be-
fore the ocelli, and frequently the posterior half reddish or green medially. ~
Pronotum red with narrow light green band on anterior margin, and a
posterior large dark green W, with outer arms turned mesad. Elytra
red with costal, claval and sutural margins and median stripe on corium,
green, the apex and appendix black. 4

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
wide, lateral margins slightly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margins
broadly rounded and medially produced; pygofers long and narrow,
equalling ovipositor and bearing a few coarse hairs on either side of
median line. Male, plates long, broad at base but apically greatly pro-
duced and concavely tapering to long acute tip, lateral margins bearing
stiff hairs; pygofers long and narrow, greatly exceeding plates and
covered with numerous coarse hairs.

Internal male genitalia: Styles tapering at anterior end, curved out-
ward medially and ending in distinctly out-turned apices; connective slen-
der, Y-shaped; cedagus with triangular body when viewed laterally, a
‘long, slender process leaving it from near distal end, and a still longer,
heavier one extending dorsad from the distal apex; a V-shaped chitinous
tar at base of anal tube.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 95

| Distribution: Reports and specimens at hand seem to show
this species as occurring only in eastern Kansas. It undoubt-
edly occurs further west in the state than is shown by the

following map:

ircn|
SHERMAN {THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH ROOKS PUT CH
et
oe sel ee
LINC
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS
cus] SALINE sane OSAGE mie
GRELY} WICH.| SCOTT} LANE] NESS =n aa
Tra TM°PHER
COFFEY] ANDER nae] Ry

HAM pox once. | RENO
=a an
STAN. {GRANT as ole Bae KING, | SEBGE. WILSON] NEOS.
CRAW.
ror arex [sew =a COMAN. | BARBER ae SUMNER COW. ~

iar

Hosts: Seemingly we have here a very general feeder. It
has been taken from numerous weeds, shrubs: and trees. The
writer this season found the nymphs of the last instar in large
numbers on Ambrosia trifida during the last week in July and
the first week in August. By the last week in August the
nymphs had all molted into adults.

Graphocephala versuta (Say).

Tettigonia versuta Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. vi, p. 311, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 386.

Tettigonia versuta Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, p. 348, pl. 11, fig. 10, 1854.

Diedrocephala versuta Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., tii, p. 22, 1887.

Diedrocephala versuta Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 27, 1890.

Tettigonia redacta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, pl. 18, fig. 21, 1900.

Diedrocephala versuta Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 64, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1901.

Diedrocephala versuta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 25, 1916.

Diedrocephala versuta Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 177, 1916.

Graphocephala versuia Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 602, 1917.

Graphocephala versuta Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918.

Graphocephala versuta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 33, 1919.

Form: Like coccinea but smaller. Length, 5 to 6mm. Vertex broader
than long, a little shorter than pronotum, apex blunt, lateral margins
distinctly rounding. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly, humeral margins
slightly longer than lateral margins. Elytra not quite as long as in
coccinea.

Color:. Vertex with black marginal lines and with pair of median
parallel lines connecting anteriorly with broken lines which run back
parallel with the margin, between the margin and the ocelli. Space be-
tween parallel lines and around the margin whitish or yellowish, the rest

> eS 4
lee

a

. r j

96 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

reddish. Face yellow, pronotum yellowish anteriorly, greenish posteriorly,
often with red bands continuous with red bands of clavus and of head,
between which are blue bands. Scutellum red or yellowish with black
markings. Elytra blue, claval suture with a blue stripe either side of
which is a broader red one, apex and posterior third of costal margin
pale with several small, dark, triangular spots.

HKaternal genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as long as broad,
lateral margins strongly tapering posteriorly, the disc longitudinally
elevated, posterior margin produced angularly; pygofers long and narrow,
equalling or slightly exceeded by ovipositor, forming distinct keel on
mesal margin, bearing a few short, coarse hairs. Male, plates long and
narrow, often twice as long as the last ventral segment and bearing
coarse hairs on the lateral margins; pygofers exceeded by the plates.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county.

Hosts: Gibson gives cowpeas and clover as hosts. De Long
took specimens from shrubs and weeds. Probably a general
feeder like the preceding.

Genus DRASCULACEPHALA Ball.

The following is the original description of the genus:
“Similar to Diedrocephala, the vertex usually longer and more
acutely angled. Face, as seen from side, usually straight, or
slightly concave to the middle of clypeus, where it is broken
backwards. Disc of clypeus quite gibbous. Pronotum with
the lateral margins parallel, narrower than or only equalling
the eye. Elytra long, narrowing apically, greenish, the nerv-
ures raised, distinct, the apical and the ante-apical cells ir-—
regularly reticulate veined. Anterior tibiz slender, round.

“Type of the genus D. mollipes Say.”

Two members of this genus have been collected in Kansas.
D. noveboracensis has not yet been reported in the state but
likely occurs in the northeastern portion and is therefore in-—
cluded in the key. D. reticulata should be found in the south- —
ern part.

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Front, as seen from side, almost straight. Sides of front with - i
dark arcs. :
B. Vertex long, acute, margins as seen from above straight, spots —
on apex minute or none. Profile of front straight.
C. Size small, vertex of fema'te distinctly longer than
broad. Lines on vertex usually faint. Last ventral seg-
ment of male broad. mollipes

* Adapted from key by Dr. BE. D. Ball, Proc, Ta. Acad. Sci., viii, p- 67, 1901.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZ. 97

A. Front, as seen from side, almost straight—concluded.
CC. Size larger, vertex of female distinctly shorter than
broad. Lines on vertex usually distinct and broad.
Last ventral segment of male long, cylindrical.
angulifera.

BB. Vertex shorter, roundingly acute, margins as seen from above
slightly rounding, spots on apex distinct. Profile of front

slightly rounding. noveboracensis
AA. Front, as seen from side distinctly rounding. Sides of front mottled
with brown or unmarked. reticulata.

Dreculacephala mollipes (Say).
(Pl. 9, figs. 6-7.)
Tettigonia mollipes Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 312, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 383.
Tettigonia mollipes Harr., in Hitchcock Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835.
Aulacizes mollipes Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851. :
Tettigonia innotata Walk., List Homop., ili, p. 770, 1851.
Tettigonia antica Walk., List. Homop., iii, p. 771, 1851.
Diedrocephala mollipes Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 726, pl. 21, figs. 12, 13,
1854.

Acopsis viridis Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 352, 1872.
Diedrocephala mcllipes Osb., Rept. Ia. St. Agr. Soc., for 1892, p. 687.
Tettigonia mollipes Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am,, Homop., ii, p. 273, pl. 18, fig. 15, 1900.
Dreculacephala mollipes Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viil, p. 67, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1901.
Dreculacephala mollipes Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 511, 1905.
Dreculacephala mollipes Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 56, 1912.
Dreculacephala mollipes Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 103, 1915.
Dreculacephala mollipes Gibs., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 254, 1915.
Dreculacephala mollipes Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 178, 1915.
Dreculacephala mollipes DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 27, 1916.
Dreculacephala mollipes Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 177, 1916.
Dreculacephala mollipes Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 603, 1917.
Dreculacephala mollipes Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 6, 1918.
Dreculacephala mollipes Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 37, 1919.

Form: Rather long and slender. Length, 6 to 9.5 mm. Vertex very
long, acutely angled, sides straight, disc flat, longer in female than in
male. Face straight in profile. Pronotum with lateral margins parallel,
anterior margin rounding, posterior margin emarginate. Elytra long,
nervures distinctly raised, apical portion reticulate.

Color: Vertex, anterior part of pronotum and scutellum yellow, latter
two sometimes greenish. Vertex with two small apical spots, lines on

_reflexed portion of front, a median and a pair of lateral lines, brown.

Face yellow to fuscous with nine pairs of brown arcs laterally. Disc of
pronotum and elytra bright green, nervures light, costal and apical mar-
gins light.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment akout two-thirds as
long as broad, posterior margin sinuate on either side of obtusely rounded
median lobe; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or exceeding ovipositor
and bearing a few stout, coarse hairs along sutural margin. Male, valve
short, angularly produced; plates large, as long as pygofers, and with
short, stout hairs on margin.

7—Sci. Bul. —3058

98 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with proximal portion large and
scarcely tapering, large lobes for connection to connective, distal half
first curving outward and then with a seeming terminal inwardly pro-
jecting segment which is toothed on the inner margin near the apex, and
then curved outward at the extreme tip; connective T-shaped, with the
cross bar heavy; cedagus consisting of a T-shaped heavy piece with a
very short standard, from the sides of which extend out two long,
tapering and twisting processes, the points of which extend laterad; a

heavy characteristically shaped chitinous process extends downward from
the base of the anal tube.

Distribution: Occurs throughout the eastern portion of the

state as shown by the following map:

SHERMAN rors cae GRAH rons | os | ren H. coo
a Bs
pre ae
aes
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO] ELLIS .| RUSS:
|euse saune ee
GRE'LY| WicH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS =a
Tat = MARION] cas

; '
eS
HAM je HARVCY|
otal
FORD
Bate MEAD. cr eon arm BARBER |. HARP | SUMNER | COW.

acest

Hosts: This is a very general feeder, but because it occurs
on so many cultivated crops, often in very large numbers, it
is to be considered an insect of economic importance. The
writer has taken it on corn, many native grasses and at lights.
Gibson gives the following hosts: Wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa,
Johnson grass, kafir corn, sorghum, cowpeas, Bermuda grasses
and many native grasses. Osborn gives rye, bluegrass and

brome grass as additional hosts. It is also known to feed on
timothy.

CHAUT |MONT. i £

Dreculacephala angulifera (Walk.).

Tettigonia angulifera Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 771, 1851.

Diedrocephala angulifera Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 727, pl. 21, fig. 14,
1851.

Diedrocephala angulifera Van D., Ent. News, v, 156, 1894.

Dreculacephala angulifera Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 69, pl. 7, fig. 4, 1901.

Dreculacephala angulifera Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 511, 1905.

Dreculacephala angulifera Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 178, 1915.

Dreculacephala angulifera Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 102, 1915; Bul.
248, p. 78, 1916.

Dreculacephala angulifera Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 603, 1917.

Dreculacephala angulifera Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 310, 1918.

Dreculacephala angulifera Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 6, 1918.

a ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 99

Form: Larger and broader than preceding species. Length 8 to 11
mm. Vertex distinctly shorter than broad, disc concave anteriorly.
Pronotum wide with long lateral margins. Elytra long, but broader than
in mollipes though with similar venation.

Color: About as in mollipes except that the lines on the vertex are
broad and distinct.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three-fourths
as long as wide, lateral margins strongly tapering posteriorly, posterior
margin strongly and angularly produced medially; pygofers very long
and narrow, equalling or slightly exceeded by ovipositor, and bearing a
very few coarse, stout hairs along either side of the ovipositor. Male,
last ventral segment characteristic, distinctly longer than wide, cylindri-
eal; valve semicircular, strongly and angularly produced medially; plates
long and slender, slightly divergent, nearly equalling pygofers, tips

' curved upward and inward, and bearing a few hairs on lateral margins.

: Distribution: Sedgwick county is the only place in the state
from which specimens of this species have yet been taken.

Hosts: Doctor Osborn reports this species as occurring in
the coarse grasses of lowlands and in timothy.

q Drexculacephala noveboracensis (Fh.).

Aulacizes noveboracensis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851.

Tettigonia prasina Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 768, 1851.

Tettingonia noveboracensis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1158, 1852.

Diedrocephala noveboracensis Sign., Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 5,

1854. ;

Diedrocephala noveboracensis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 27, 1890.
Diedrocephala noveboracensis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892.
Diedrocephala noveboracensis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895.

Diedrocephala noveboracensis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., p. 177, 1897.
Dreculacephala noveboracensts Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vili, p. 71, pl. 7, fig. 6, 1901.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., 5, 511, 1905.

a Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 59, 1912.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 101, 1915.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 179, 1915.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 605, 1917.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviil, p. 6, 1918.
Dreculacephala noveboracensis Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 309, 1918.

Dreculacephala noveboracensis Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 121, 1918.

This species has not yet been reported from Kansas, but should be
found in the eastern and northern portion. It is a rather large, stout
species, 8 mm. long, with a shorter vertex than the preceding species.
The vertex, when seen from above has slightly rounding margins, and
the profile of the face is slightly rounding. It occurs, according to Osborn,
on the coarse grasses of low ground.

Dreculacephala reticulata (Sign.).
: (Pl. 9, figs. 8-9.)

Tettigonia reticulata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 10, 1854.
Diedrocephala flaviceps Ril., Am. Ent., iii, p. 78, 1880.
Tettigonia flaviceps Johns. & Fox, Ent. News, iii, p. 69, 189%.

100 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Tettigonia diducta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 274, pl. 18, fig. 17, 1900.

Dreculacephala reticulata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 73, pl. 6, fig. 8, 1901.

Dreculacephala reticulata Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 463, 1909.

Dreculacephala reticulata Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 52, 1912.

Dreculacephala reticulata Van D., Ent. News, xxiv, p. 179, 1915.

Draculacephala reticulata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 27, 1916.

Dreculacephala reticulata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 606, 1917.

Dreculacephala reticulata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 6; 1918.

Dreculacephala reticulata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 38, 1919.

Form: Smallest of the members of this genus that occur in the state.
Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex blunt, much broader than long. Face in
profile convex. Pronotum longer proportionally than in other members of
the genus, humeral margins longer than lateral margins, posterior margin
distinctly emarginate. Elytra characteristic because of the numerous
apical reticulations.

Color: Face lacks the dark arcs characteristic of the three preceding
species, being yellow or orange-yellow, as is the vertex, except for two
light spots which include the ocelli. Anterior portion of pronotum and
scutellum yellow. Disc of pronotum and scutellum grayish green with
nervures and costal margin light.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly wider than
long, lateral margins slightly tapering posteriorly, posterior margin with
median half roundingly produced; pygofers are long but rather stout,
equalling the tip of the ovipositor and bearing a very few stout scattered
hairs. Male, valve rounded on posterior margin; plates long, tapering
regularly to acute tips from broad base, almost equalling pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles of same type as in mollipes, but shorter
and stouter; connective T-shaped, but with cross piece distinctly curved;
cedagus much as in mollipes though smaller.

Distribution: Should be found in the southern part of the
state.

Hosts: A general grass feeder. De Long reports it from
Bermuda grass. It has been reported on oats and wheat.

Subfamily GYPONIN AS (Stal).

The members of this subfamily are for the most part large
forms, having a broad, somewhat flattened body. Their flat-
tened form, together with the fact that the ocelli are situated
on the disc of the vertex, is enough to separate them from the
other subfamilies. Three of the four United States genera
are known to occur in Kansas.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Very short and broad, clavus truncate at tip. Penthimia.
AA. Elongate forms, clavus not truncate at tip. ,
B. Head with sharp narrow margin, elytra oblique at apex.
Gypona.
BB. Head with broad flat margin, elytra perpendicular at apex.
Xerophloea.

4 S.
nub ie at rid

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 101

Genus PENTHIMIA Germ.

The members of this genus are short, ovate, Cercopid-like
insects. The head is narrower than the pronotum, the vertex
being very broadly rounded. Pronotum is widened posteriorly,
distinctly transversely striated, and with the posterior margin
broadly concave. The elytra, though exceeding the abdomen,
are very short and broad and the broadly truncate apex of
the clavus is very noticeable. There is a distinct appendix.

The single American species of this genus has been taken in

Kansas.
Penthimia americana Fh.

Penthimia americana Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 57, 1851.
Penthimia vicaria Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 841, 1851.
Penthimia picta Prov., Nat. Can., p. 352, 1872.
Penthimia americana G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 83, 1895.
Penthimia americana Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 514, 1905.
Penthimia americana Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 100, 1915.
Penthimia americana DeL., Tenn., St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 29, 1916.
Penthimia americana Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 610, 1917.
Penthimia americana. Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 41, 1919.
Form: The above generic description gives the form of this species.

Length, 5 to 6 mm.
Color: Varies from reddish-brown to black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior corn-
ers rounded, posterior margin slightly concave on either side of a median
lobe which itself is slightly or sometimes distinctly emarginate, forming
two teeth; pygofers very short and broad, slightly exceeded by ovipositor.
Male, valve triangular; plates broad at base, tapering to acute apex,
bearing fine hairs on margins, as long as very short pygofers.

Distribution: Taken only in Pottawatomie county.

Hosts: Osborn records this species as occurring on hickory,
maple and other trees and shrubs. De Long reports it from

oak.
Genus GYPONA Germ.

This genus contains some of our largest Cicadellidx. They

- are more elongate than Penthimia and differ from Xerophloea

in lacking the broad thin-margined head of the latter. The
head is short and broadly rounded on the anterior margin. The
pronotum has distinct lateral and humeral margins and is
narrowed anteriorly. Its anterior margin is broadly rounded,
while the posterior margin is broadly, though slightly, con-
cave. 3

The five members of the genus listed below are known to
occur in the state.

102 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. With longitudinal stripes on vertex, pronotum and scutellum.
octo-lineata.
AA. No longitudinal stripes on vertex, pronotum and scutellum.

B. Very broad species, green or black. melanota.
BB. More slender species, gray or brown, usually spotted.
C. Brownish species, veins not punctate laterally.

D. Without submarginal spots on pronotum; not irro-
rate with red. pectoralis.

DD. With four, anterior, submarginal spots on prono-
tum; often irrorate with red. puncticollis.

CC. Grayish species, veins distinctly punctate laterally.
cinerea.
Gypona octo-lineata (Say).
(Pl. 10, figs. 1-2.)

Tettigonia octo-lineata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 340, 1824; Compl. Writ.,
ii, p. 257.

Gypona striata Burm., Genera Ins., i, pl. 16, No. 9, 1838.

Gypona cana Burm., Genera Ins., i, pl. 16, No. 10, 1838.

Gypona flavilineata Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 57, 1851.

Gypona quebecensis Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 352, 1872.

Gypona flavilineata Spangb., Spec. Gyponx, p. 8, 1878.

Gypona scrupulosa Spangb., Spec. Gyponsx, p. 9, 1878.

Gypona olivacea Spangb., Ent. Tidskr., p. 24, 1881.

Gypona octo-lineata Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 247, 1884.

Gypona octo-lineata Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890.

Gypona octo-lineata O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 179, 1897 (part).

Gypona octo-lineata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 512, 1905.

Gypona flavilineata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 105, 1915.

Gypona octo-lineata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 31, 1916.

Gypona octo-lineata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 611, 1917.

Gypona octo-lineata Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 90, 1919.

Gypona octo-lineata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 41, 1919.

Form: A large oval species. Length, 7 to 10 mm. Vertex broadly
rounded, thin-margined, over half as long as basal width. Pronotum
characteristic of the genus, narrowed anteriorly, anterior margin broadly
though slightly convex, posterior margin about equally concave, lateral
margins long, humeral margins shorter. Scutellum large. Elytra long,
tapering posteriorly, sometimes reticulately veined, including the clavus.

Color: Light green usually, often darker. Vertex with six yellowish
or red longitudinal lines, pronotum with eight, scutellum with four.
Nervures of elytra varying from yellow to red. The red stripes and veins
give the brightly-colored forms a distinct reddish look.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than pre-
ceding segment, narrowed posteriorly, longest laterally partially due to
posterior margin being turned downward and forming a broad, rounded,
median excision extending a third of the distance to the base; pygofers
broad and long, exceeding ovipositor, bearing a few stout hairs on apical
third. Male, last ventral segment very long, slightly notched medially,
concealing valve; plates long and narrow, longer than last ventral seg-
ment, widely separated at base, overlapping apically, nearly or quite
equalling the short pygofers.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 103

Internal male genitalia: Styles very large, thickest just beyond the
middle, apical third bent laterad, terminating in a foot-like form, toothed
on inner margin apically; connective broad and stout, with a short stout
median process to wdagus; cedagus V-shaped, very heavy basally,
terminal portion tapering, long and slender, terminating bluntly and bear-
ing near apex a pair of long, slender lateral processes.

Distribution: Our commonest member of the genus. Is

found all over the state as shown by the following map:

CHEYENNE

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Hosts: Occurs on a great variety of weeds, grasses, shrubs
and trees. The writer has observed the nymphs very commonly
on Carya ovata around Lawrence.

Gypona melanota Spangb.

Gypona melanota Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 19, 1878.
Gypona bipunctulata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 30, 1887.
Gypona nigra Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., ili, p. 31, 1887.
Gypona bipunctulata O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 181, 1897.
Gypona melanota Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 112, 19038.
Gypona melanota Van D., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 513, 1905.
Gypona bipunctulata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 513, 1905.
Gypona melanota Smith, Cat. Ins. N. oe end. 3, p. 101, 1910.
Gypona melanota Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 613, 1917.

Gypona melanota Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 95, 1919.
Gypona bipunctulata Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 98, 1919.

Form: This species is the most robust looking of the members of this
genus, being very broad and flat in proportion to its length. Length of
female, 9 to 11 mm.; male, 8.25 mm. Vertex, about twice as long medially
as next to the eye, anterior margin broadly rounding, slightly concave
preapically, the oblique striations very distinct. Pronotum about twice

as long as vertex, distinctly transversely striated. Elytra very broad,

slightly exceeding abdomen.

Color: The females are all greenish, frequently bearing a pair of
black spots laterally on the pronotum not quite half way back, and a

104 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

black spot on base of each elytron, just under outer edge of pronotum.
The males may be of the same color as the females, or they may be black
forms. In the latter, the vertex may be partly or entirely black except
for light marks around the ocelli, a pair of light spots on the posterior
margin a little further apart than the ocelli and another pair of light
spots near the anterior margin a little in front of the eyes. The pronotum
may have the disc blackened, showing the pair of black dots, or it may
be entirely black except for a strip of light along the lateral margins.
The scutellum may have the disc blackened, or it may be entirely black
except for touches of light markings near the apex. The elytra are very
smoky, but are usually light and hyaline enough to let the black abdomen
show through, showing the black spot at the base, as in the female.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, longest at lat-

eral angles, shortest medially, posterior margin breadly concave with a -

very small median lobe; pygofers broad and long, slightly exceeding
ovipositor and bearing, especially on apical half, a few coarse hairs. Male,
valve hidden by last ventral segment; plates broad, obliquely truncate
and overlapping apically, exceeded by the large pygofers which bear a
few stout hairs laterally.

Distribution: Specimens have been taken in Pottawatomie
and Douglas counties.

Hosts: Seemingly confined to native grasses.

In 1905 Professor Osborn suggested that G. melanota
Spangb. might be a melanotic form of G. bipunctulata Woodw.
Dr. Ball is of the opinion that such is the case and in his col-
lection are to be seen the large females and the smaller males
of both colors. Many of these were taken together, so there
seems to be no doubt as to the synonomy of these two forms.

Gypona pectoralis Spangb.

Gypona pectoralis Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 46, 1878.

Gypona pectoralis Spangb., Ent. Tidskr., i, p. 33, 1881.

Gypona albimarginata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 31, 1887.
Gypona hullensis Proy., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 269, 1889.

Gypona pectoralis Wirtn., Ann. Carn. Mus., iii, p. 220, 1904.

Gypona pectoralis Van D., Ottawa Nat., xxvi, p. 68, 1912.

Gypona pectoralis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 614, 1917.

Gypona pectoralis Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 94, 1919.

Form: Not as broad as preceding species. Length, 8.5 to 10.24 mm.

Vertex less than twice as long medially as next to the eye, broadly .

rounded. Pronotum characteristic of the genus. Elytra long, well ex-
ceeding the abdomen, subcoriaceous.

Color: Brownish; vertex and pronotum having a mottled appearance
as does anterior portion of scutellum. Posterior portion of scutellum
lighter. Elytra darker than other parts, often having large or small dark
spots on the cross veins and sometimes on the cells.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad, slightly longer

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 105

than preceding segment, posterior margin truncate, with a small median
excision; pygofers broad and long, exceeding ovipositor, and bearing,
chiefly on distal half, quite a few large coarse hairs. Male, last ventral
segment long, semicircular, covering the valve; plates very broad and
obliquely truncate apically with the outer angles more prominent than
the rounding inner angles; pygofers about as long as the plates, narrow,
and covered with numerous very large hairs.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Sumner
and Montgomery counties.

Hosts: Probably a grass-feeding species.

Gypona puncticollis Spangb.

Guypona puncticollis Spangb., Spec. Gypene, p. 54, 1878.

Gypona puncticollis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 30, 1916.

Gypona puncticollis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 615, 1917.

Gypona puncticollis Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 98, 1919.

Form: As in preceding species. Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Color: Reddish brown with vertex, pronotum and scutellum lighter
than the elytra, the scutellum the lightest. Head, pronotum and basal
and costal portion of elytra often irrorate with red. Spot behind each
ocellus light brown. Pronotum with four black spots near the margin.
Elytra with black spot on humerus, on some cf the cross veins and also in
some cells.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad and long,
posterior margin sinuate, lobe on median third with a median notch;
pygofers broad and long, exceeding ovipositor and with coarse hairs on
apical half. Male, genitalia as in preceding species except that last
ventral segment is more produced medially and the plates are longer and
further apart.

Distribution: Taken only in Pottawatomie and Riley coun-
ties.

Hosts: De Long gives Elymus virginicus as one of the grass
hosts of this species.

Gypona cinerea Uhl.

Gypona cinerea Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 460, 1877.
Gypona cinerea Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 32, 1887.
Gypona cinerea Will., Kan. Univ. Sci. Bul., viii, p. 223, 1913.
Gypona cinerea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 615, 1917.

Gypona cinerea Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 100, 1919.

Form: This species varies very greatly in size. Length of females 6
to 11 mm., males 5 to 9 mm. Vertex produced more than in other mem-
bers of the genus, about three times as Icng medially as next the eyes
and almost as long as the pronotum. Pronotum twice as bread as long.
There are long- and short-winged forms in both sexes. In the long-
winged females the elytra just exceed the abdomen; in the short-winged
forms they are exceeded by the abdomen. The elytra of the long-winged

106 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

males greatly exceed the abdomen, whereas in the short-winged males the
elytra are shorter than the abdomen. In any case the elytra are quite
broad. :

Color: The color varies from a light, brownish-gray to a dark ciner-
ous. Vertex and pronotum densely punctate with black. Vertex with

pair of black spots on posterior margin, a little further apart than the —

ocelli. Pronotum often with series of anterior, submarginal dark spots.
Scutellum slightly punctate with fuscous, the basal angles dark. Elytra
very characteristically marked with fuscous, with impressed punctures

on either side of the nervures, and frequently having small fuscous spots

in the cells. Head, pronotum and scutellum sometimes lightly irrorate
with red.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment. longer than preced-
ing, posterior margin with a large excavation, reaching one-third of the

distance to the base, the base of which bears a distinct, obtusely-pointed ©

or rounded lobe; pygofers are broad and long, exceeding the ovipositor,
broadest at the middle, each bearing preapically a lateral, black, impressed

fo dh. ‘ei ii ei

line. In the long-winged male the last ventral segment is somewhat —

longer than the preceding one and the posterior margin is slightly con-
cave and elevated; plates are long and narrow, overlapping apically,
about equalling the ovipositors which bear a few stout hairs on apical half.
In the short-winged male, the plates seem to be further covered by a
relatively longer last ventral segment, so that they appear shorter. In
the specimens examined they were not found to overlap apically.

Distribution: Taken in Grant and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: Williams records this species as common on Buffalo
grass in Kansas.
Genus XEROPHL@A Germ.

The members of this genus differ from the other members of
the Gyponine in having a much flatter head, with broad thin
margins. They also have the apices of the elytra perpendicu-
lar in position rather than in the more horizontal position
characteristic of the other genera.

One of the two United States’ species nad been taken in the

state.
Xerophlea viridis (Fabr.).

(Pl. 10, figs. 5-6.)
Cercopis viridis Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 50, 1794.
Xerophlea grisea Germ., Zeits. f. Ent., i, p. 190, 1839.
Xerophlea virescens Stal, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., xi, p. 253, 1854.
Xerophlea viridis Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 59, 1869.
Parapholis peliata Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, 461, 1877.
Xerophlea peltata G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895.
Xerophlea viridis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 179, pl. 19, fig. 1, 1897.
Xerophlea viridis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p.512, 1905.
Xerophlewa viridis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 28, 1916.
Xerophlee viridis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 616, 1917.
Xerophlewa viridis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 40, 1919.

pecially abundant on Aristida gracilis.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 107

Form: Wedge-shaped, robust. Length, 6 to 7.25 mm. Head very flat
and thin, narrower than pronotum. Vertex about twice as broad as
long, obtusely angular apically. Pronotum broadest at posterior lateral
angles, humeral margins longer than the lateral margins, sinuate,
roundingly angled with the posterior emarginate margin, anterior mar-
gin quite convex. Apex of scutellum long and acute. Elytra broad and
long, much exceeding abdomen and perpendicular apically. Entire dor-
sal surface coarsely and deeply pitted.

Color: Female bright green, elytra faded apically. Occasionally a
female will be very light green, very irregularly mottled all over with
dark brown, giving her a brownish rather than a greenish color. Males
are usually a dirty yellowish-green. The vertex bears a broad brown
median stripe which extends on to the pronotum and makes the dise and
posterior margin brown. Elytra with a brown spot before the clavus
and often with a series of smaller spots along sutural margin to the
apex.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, as long
as wide, and incised medially clear to the base, forming two large approxi-
mate lobes; pygofers are broad and long, slightly exceeded by ovipositor,
and bearing short appressed hairs. Male, last ventral segment long,
posterior margin somewhat convex, hiding the valve; plates very long
and narrow, pointed apically, exceeding the short pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large and very characteristic, basal
half club-shaped, then suddenly narrowed and gradually thickening to a
broad truncate apex with a distinct inner acutely pointed angle, the outer
angle being rounded; the connective is broad basally, tapering sinu-
ately to the apex; the cedagus has a small basal, dorsally directed proc-
ess followed by a sharp constriction, and terminates in a bluntly pointed
process, which, viewed laterally, appears triangular.

Distribution: A common form found throughout the state as

* | SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHER: [GRAH | ROOKS ose raven 18 | CLAY ae
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Hosts: A grass feeding species. De Long records it as es-

shown by the following map:

é

108 . THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Subfamily JASSINZE (A. & S.).

In this subfamily are included a great variety of forms and
more than three times as many species as in the preceding sub-
families combined. It is rather hard to give distinct charac-
teristics for the group for it contains a very heterogeneous
mass of species. The members of one of its tribes frequently
lack ocelli, a condition not found in the other subfamilies. In
the other tribes the ocelli are on or very near the margin of the
vertex and thus these two tribes differ from the members of
the other subfamilies where the ocelli are either on the front,
below the margin of the vertex, or on the disc of the vertex,

above the margin.
KEY TO THE TRIBES.

A. Ocelli either just above margin of vertex or distant from the

eyes. Acucephalini.
AA. Ocelli, if present, on margin of vertex and not distant from the eyes.
B. Nervures of elytra branching on disc. Jassint.

BB. Nervures of elytra not branching on disc. Typhlocybini.
Tribe ACUCEPHALINI (Dohrn).

The members of this tribe are in the main broad, robust
forms in which the ocelli are either situated just above the
margin of the vertex, or on the margin, but much further from
the eyes than is normally their situation for the members of
the tribe Jassint.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Head flattened, vertex long, distinctly angled apically.
: Memnonia.
AA. Head conical, vertex shorter, rounded apically.

B. Head mederately jong, pronotum not produced beyond anterior

margin of eyes. Xestocephalus.
BB. Head short, pronotum prcduced beyond anterior margin of
eyes. Nionia.

Genus MEMNONIA Ball.

The following is the original description of the genus: “Gen-
eral form of Acucephalus, vertex convex, sloping, nearly right

angled, about half as long as the width across the eyes, the an-.

terior margin thick, ocelli on the margin above the frontal
sutures, distant from the eyes; face convex, forming an acute
angle with the vertex, front above broad, narrowing below and
abruptly rounding to the parallel margined clypeus; pronotum
as long or longer than vertex, strongly, transversely wrinkled,
the lateral margins less than half the middle length, anterior

at ‘
4 *
Son Delete ela

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 109

and posterior margins nearly parallel; elytra macropterous,
covering the abdomen in the male and all but the ovipos'tor in
the female, with long apical cells and a narrow appendix, or
brachypterous, covering about two-thirds of the abdomen, the
apical cells very small; under wings rudimentary ; venation, the
inner branch of the first sector tied to the second sector near its
origin, again forking near the middle, its outer form tied to the
outer branch beyond its middle, anteapical cells of very dif-
ferent lengths.”

One of the two American forms has been taken in Kansas,
but both are likely to be found.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Females larger, 4 mm. or more, greenish-brown, ovipositor well ex-

serted; males 3 mm. long, black. consobrina.
AA. Females smaller, 3.5 mm. or less, creamy buff, ovipositor shorter,
male similar to female in size and color. fraterna.

Memnonia consobrina Ball.

Memnonia consobrina Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad.-Sci. for 1899, p. 66, pl. 5, figs. 6-10, 1900.

Memnonia consobrind Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 621, 1917.

Form: Females larger than males. Former robust, widest at begin-
ning of posterior half. Length, 4 to 4.25 mm. Males smaller. Length, 3
mm. Vertex twice longer on middle than against eyes, more pointed in
males. Pronotum twice wider than long. Elytra covering the abdomen
_in the males and in some females, leaving part of abdomen exposed in
other females.

Color: Females, vertex, pronotum and scutellum yellowish-green,
elytra brownish. Males black with white spots in a row across the ante-
apical cells.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly three times
_ as long as preceding, posterior margin emarginate, with a distinct median
lobe; pygofers tapering greatly caudad and much exceeded by the ovi-
positor which bears a few hairs apically. Male, valve small, triangular,
plates together about half as wide as ultimate segment, long, tapering to
acute tip; pygofers slightly exceeding plates, bearing large coarse hairs
on margins.

Distribution: Has not yet been taken in the state.

Hosts: Ball reports this species as breeding on Schedon-
nardus texanus and Muhlenbergia gracillima.

Memnonia fraterna Ball.

Memnonia fraterna Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 67, 1900.

Memnonia fraterna Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p.-621, 1917.

Form: Smaller than consobrina, all forms brachypterous. Length, 3
to 3.5mm. Vertex about two-thirds as long as basal width, pronotum of
about the same length. Elytra broad and short, exposing last abdominal
segment and pygofers.

110 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Color: Creamy buff, seemingly covered with a whitish bloom; apical
nervures and posterior margin of abdominal segments fuscous.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly larger than
in consobrina; ovipositor usually but slightly exceeding the posteriorly

tapered pygofers. Male, valve small, triangular, plates similar to conso- — |

brina but shorter, much exceeded by the stout pygofers which bear a few
stout spines on the apical half.

Distribution: Taken only in Reno county.

Hosts: Doctor Ball reports this species on the same plants as
consobrina. |

Genus XESTOCEPHALUS Van D.

The members, of this genus are ovate in form with the head

narrower than the pronotum, subconical, the vertex sloping,

and with the ocelli on the rounded anterior margin of the head, .

distant from the eyes. Pronotum narrow, over twice as wide —

as long, anterior and posterior margins about parallel and with
distinct lateral and humeral margins. Scutellum large, nearly
as long as the pronotum. Elytra almost coriaceous, long,
greatly exceeding the abdomen.
Two of the three species of this genus which likely occur in
Kansas have been collected in the state.
KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Vertex marked with distinct yellow lines. pulicarius.
AA. Vertex without distinct yellow lines.

B. Vertex practically unicolorous. superbus.

BB. Vertex irrorate, brown and yellow. tessellatus.

Xestocephalus pulicarius Van D.

Xestocephalus pulicarius Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, pp. 197, 215, 1894.
Xestocephalus pulicarius O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 284, 1897.
Xestocephalus pulicarius Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 515, 1905.
Xestocephalus pulicarius Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 109, 1915.
Xestocephalus pulicarius DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 35, 1916.
Xestocephalus pulicarius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 621, 1917.

Xestocephalus pulicarius Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 46, 1919.

Form: The smallest of the three species mentioned. Length, 2.5 to
3 mm. Head subconical, vertex rounded, more than twice as broad as

long. Pronotum twice as broad as long, half longer than vertex. Elytra

large, broad and very long, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Brown, marked with yellow. Vertex with yellow spots on apex
and next each eye, latter connected by an m-shaped line on the disc of

——T

the vertex, posterior margin yellow. Pronotum with four yellow anterior —

submarginal spots and scattered spots on disc. Scutellum with two

anterior median yellow spots. Elytra with many yellow spots of various ©

sizes.

ee a

%
’

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 111

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding one, with posterior margin broadly though shallowly emargi-
nate; pygofers broad but short, bearing only coarse spines, especially on
apical half, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer
laterally than medially; valve very small; plates about twice as long

as last ventral segment, broad basally, tapering apically to obtuse apices,

bearing many long fine hairs and a few stout spines, slightly exceeded

by the pygofers.

Distribution: This species has been taken in Cherokee,

Douglas, Pottawatomie and Hodgeman counties.

Hosts: Van Duzee reports this species from Swampy pas-
tures where Carex vulpinoidea abounds. De Long reports it
on grasses throughout Tennessee.

Xestocephalus superbus (Prov.)

Deltocephalus superbus Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 339, 1890.

Xestocephalus fulvocapitatus. Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, pp. 197, 215, 1894.
Xestocephalus fulvocapitatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 515, 1905.
Xestocephalus superbus Van D., Can. Ent., xliv, p. 329, 1912.

Xestocephalus fulvocapitatus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 109, 1915.
Xestocephalus fulvocapitatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 35, 1916.
Xestocephalus superbus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 622, 1917.

Form: Larger and more robust than pulicarius. Length of female,
3.5 mm., length of male, 2.25 mm. or more. Otherwise like pulicarius.
Color: Head, pronotum and scutellum almost unicolorously brown.

Elytra distinctly marked with semi-transparent spots on corium and
apically, latter more or less coalescent.

Genitalia: As in pulicarius.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: This is also reported as living on Carex.

Xestocephalus tessellatus Van D.

Xestocephalus tessellatus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, p. 216, 1894.
Xestocephalus tessellatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 35, 1916.
Xestocephalus tessellatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 622, 1917.
Xestocephalus tessellatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 47, 1919.

Form: The largest of the species of this genus that should occur in
Kansas. Length, 4 mm. Otherwise form of preceding species.
Color: Vertex and pronotum brown, irrorate with white. Scutellum

with basal angles dark. Elytra with nervures alternating brown and
white and with two large brown spots on costal margin and five large

apical spots.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment with posterior mar-

gin slightly concave and slightly notched medially. Male, valve hidden
by last ventral segment; plates strongly narrowed from near the base

_ to a slender point.

Distribution: Not yet reported from this state.
Hosts: Gibson and Cogan report taking specimens from elm

leaves.

daz THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Genus NIONIA Ball.

In this genus the vertex is very short, produced medially
till twice as long as next the eye. Ocelli distant from eyes.
Pronotum long, anterior margin produced beyond anterior
margin of eyes, posterior margin emarginated medially,
coarsely punctured. Elytra moderately long, slightly exceed-
ing abdomen, veins margined with lines of coarse deep punc-
tures.

Nionia palmeri (Van D.).

Goniagnathus palmeri Van D., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 171, 1891.

Goniagnathus palmeri Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 529, 1905.

Goniagnathus palmeri Osb., Ohio Nat., v, p. 274, 1905.

Nionia palmeri Ball, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, p. 166, 1915.

Goniagnathus palmert DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 33, 1916.

Nionia palmeri Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 622, 1917.

Nionia palmeri Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 46, 1919.

Form: Much like a Macropsis in general appearance but stouter.
Length, 4mm. Vertex very short except medially where it is produced
till twice as long as next the eye. Pronotum with anterior margin
greatly produced, reaching far beyond anterior margin of eyes, lateral
margins practically none, posterior margin emarginate. Scutellum large,
about as long as wide, punctate. Elytra broad and moderately long,
nervures margined with coarse punctures.

Color: Shining black except for brownish apices of elytra, antenne
and tarsi.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as pre-
ceding, posterior margin slightly produced medially; pygofers broad and
short, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, valve covered by last ventral
segment, plates tapering to acute apices.

Distribution: Reported from Cherokee, Pottawatomie and
Riley counties.

Hosts: Definite host unknown.

Tribe JASSINI (Dohrn).
This is a very heterogeneous tribe, but all its members have
the ocelli on the margin of the vertex near the eyes, and the
nervures of the elytra branch on the disc.

Of the 34 genera of the tribe known to occur in America

north of Mexico, we have 24 genera in Kansas.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Head flattened, anterior margin thin, sharp, or foliaceous.
B. Head, at least in female, strongly foliaceous.
C. Head about twice as long as width across the eyes; head
of both male and female foliaceous. Dorycephalus
CC. Head about as long as width across the eyes; head of
male distinctly less foliaceous than head of female.

oy Saha deh ee

‘ b 4
a Per BA +; ca
, yi

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 113

A. Head flattened—concluded.

BB. Head thin but not foliaceous.

8

D. Species unstriped or with longitudinal yellow

stripes on vertex and pronotum; females brachyp-
terous. Hecalus.

DD. Species with converging red lines on vertex and

pronotum, both sexes macropterous.
Spang bergiella.

C. Greenish species, elytra not ramosely pigmented.

Parabolocratus.

CC. Brownish species, elytra more or less ramosely pig-
mented. Dicyphonia.
AA. Head not flattened, anterior margin neither sharp nor foliaceous.

B. Vertex longer than wide or not much wider than long, disc
flattened, separated from front by more or less of a distinct

margin.

C. Elytra with three anteapical cells.

D. One cross vein between sectors of elytra.

Scaphoideus.

DD. Usually two cross veins between the sectors of

elytra.
EK. Vertex greatly produced and acutely angled,
front long and narrow. Platymetopius.

EE. Vertex moderately produced, front broad,
clypeus narrowed at tip. Deltocephalus.

CC. Elytra with two anteapical cells. Lonatura.
BB. Vertex usually much wider than long, disc sloping and margin

rounding to front.

C. Inner sector of elytra twice forked, elytra with three
anteapical cells.

D. Inner branch of first sector forking on disc of

corium.

EK. Elytra usually short, seldom longer than ab-
domen, often very short, vertex large.
F. Ovipositor long, exceeding pygofers.
G. Gray, or with golden iridescence.

Aconura.
GG. Black or dark species.
Driotura.
FF. Ovipositor short, seldom exceeding py-
gofers. Euscelis.

EE. Elytra longer, usually distinctly exceeding
abdomen; vertex smaller.

F, Elytra marked with fine ramose pig-
ment lines, or, if not, with transverse
furrow on vertex.

G. Ramose lines, if present, restricted
to a cross band behind middle of
elytra.

H. Elytra with one cross ner-
vure between sectors.
Futettix.

Se... Bul.-—3058

114 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

AA. Head not flattened—concluded.

HH. Elytra with two cross ner-
vures between the sectors or
supernumerary veinlets to
costa or both.

I. Anterior margin of ver-
tex rounding to front,
no black line under ver-
tex. Aligia.

II. Anterior margin of ver-
tex acutely angled with
front, black line under
vertex. Mesamia.

GG. Ramose lines always present, not
restricted to transverse band.
Phlepsius.

FF. Elytra not marked with ramose pig-
ment lines.

G. Elytra with apex pointed.
Acinopterus.

GG. Elytra with apex rounded.

H. Vertex usually distinctly
longer medially than next
the eye, sides of pronotum
short; species usually slen-
der. Thamnotettix

HH. Vertex usually not much
‘longer medially than next
the eye, sides of pronotum
longer; species Way
broad and green.

Chlorotettix.
DD. Inner branch of first sector not forked on dise of
corium.
E. Vertex not produced, scutellum very large.
Jassus.
EE. Vertex well produced, scutellum smaller.
Neocelidia.

CC. Inner sector of elytra not forked, elytra with two ante-
apical cells.
D. Wing with 3 apical cells. Cicadula.
DD. Wing with 2 apical cells.

E. Head narrower than pronotum.
Balclutha.

EE. Head wider than pronotum.
Eugnathodus.

Genus DORYCEPHALUS Kirsch.
This genus is at once characterized by the unusually pro-
longed foliaceous vertex. They are grayish or brownish, stick-

like insects, especially the brachypterous forms.
Both the North American species occur in Kansas.

beg

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDS. 115

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Head broadly foliaceous, elytra more than half the length of the

abdomen in both sexes. platyrhynchus.
AA. Head narrowly foliaceous, elytra less than half the length of the
abdomen in both sexes. vanduzet,

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus Osb.

Dorycephalus sp., Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 127, 1892.

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus Osb., Can. Ent., xxvi, p. 216, 1894.

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus O. & B., Proce. Ta. Acad. Sci., p. 185, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1897.

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus Ball, Ia. Acad. Sci., for 1899, p. 68, 1900.

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 65, fig. 7,
1912.

Dorycephalus platyrhynchus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 623, 1917.

Form: Long forms, characterized by the very broad, flat head. Length,
female, 14.5 mm.; male, 9 mm. Female, vertex about twice as long as
width across eyes, very flat and with a longitudinal median carina. Pre
thorax more than twice as broad as long, with five elevated longitudina}
ridges, anterior margin sinuate, lateral margins long and parallel, pos
terior margin emarginate medially. Elytra strongly veined, extending
to fourth abdominal segment, or longer, extending to last segment, leav-
ing only a part of the pygofers and ovipositor exposed. Abdomen long
and tapering, ending in a long ovipositor. Male, vertex shorter, elytra
long, equalling the tip of the pygofers.

Color: Female, pale yellow, with carina on vertex darker, the dark
stripe sometimes extending on to the middle of the pronotum and the
scutellum. Lateral portions of vertex and pronotum often mottled with
brown. Visible abdominal segments with a pair of usually basal brown
spots dorsally. Males darker, grayish-brown, vertex and pronotum
mottled with brown in addition to the median dark line.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, posterior margin truncate, somewhat sinuate, with a small, but dis-
tinct, rounded median tooth; pygofers very long, tapering from broad
base to acute apex, much exceeded by the very long and steut ovipositor.

_ Male, valve small, just visible from under the large last ventral segment;

plates at base about half the width of the last ventral segment, tapering
rapidly to the long and slender apices; pygofers broad at base but taper-
ing regularly to acute apex, the two together forming a triangle about
twice as long as the plates, bearing a scant covering of short hairs.

Distribution: Taken only in Gove and Sumner counties but
should occur throughout the state.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give Elymus canadensis and virgini-
cus as the chief grass hosts. It also occurs on Aristida.

116 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Dorycephalus vanduzei O. & B.

Dorycephalus vanduzei O. & B., Proc. Dav. Aead. Sci., vii, p. 74, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1898.
Dorycephalus vanduzei Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 68, 1900.
Dorycephalus vanduzei Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 216, 1909.
Dorycephalus vanduzei Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 623, 1917.

Form: More slender than the preceding species, being about ten times
as long as wide. Length, female, 13 to 14 mm.; male, 8.5 to 12 mm. Fe-
male, vertex about two and a half times as long as width across eyes,
with three longitudinal carine. Pronotum nearly three-fourths as long
as wide, with three longitudinal caringz, and posterior margin not quite
concave in front of scutellum. Elytra strongly veined, very short, reach-
ing only to third abdominal segment. Abdomen very long and acutely
tapering posteriorly. Male, smaller and narrower than the female, elytra

-very short, abdomen long and slender, terminated by the very long

pygofers.

Color: Female, straw yellow, frequently unmarked, often with black
median spots on anterior and posterior margins of pronotum and apex of
scutellum and four on each abdominal segment, arranged in two dorsal
and two more lateral rows. Maile, darker than the female, vertex tipped
with black and with basal black spot as well as with the spots on pro-
notum and scutellum, as in the female.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as
the preceding, posterior margin slightly produced medially; pygofers re-
markably long, their tips divergent below, and fringed with fine hairs.
Male, last ventral segment short, about two-thirds as long as preceding,
valve very small, triangular, plates nearly as broad at base as last ventral
segment, very long and slender apically; pygofers very long and slender,
over four times as long as the plates, divergent below for the greater part
of their length, and covered with fine hairs.

Distribution: Reported from Pottawatomie and Hamilton
counties.

Hosts: Aristida purpurea is given as the host plant by Os-
born and Ball.

Genus HECALUS Stal.

In this genus the females have broad, rather parallel-mar-
gined heads which are quite foliaceous but not to the extent
seen in the two members of Dorycephalus. The males have a
much shorter and pointed head, not at all or much less folia-
ceous than in the females.

One member of this genus has been taken in the state, but

_ two should occur.
KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Straw colored forms, rarely striped. bracteatus.

AA. Greenish forms, with longitudinal, yellowish or reddish stripes.
. lineatus.

are | ihn Sin ely. sce sali

4 eae?
ale Sl ve

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 117

Hecalus bracteatus Ball.

Hecalus bracteatus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 4, 1901.
Hecalus bracteatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 624, 1917.

Form: Females long and oval, males smaller, resembling a long-
headed Deltocephalus. Length, females, 7 mm.; males, 5 mm. Female,
head not quite as long as width across the eyes, margin foliaceous. Pro-
notum over twice as broad as long, lateral margins long, posterior angles
slightly produced, posterior margin slightly emarginate medially. Elytra
short, covering first abdominal segment. Male, vertex roundingly tri-
angular, one-third broader than long, margin not at all foliaceous.
Elytra narrow and long, much exceeding abdcmen.

Color: Females, straw colored, abdomen with narrow median fuscous
line and four, broader, lateral lines which are bordered with fuscous
lines. Male, milky white, often with five fuscous stripes on vertex and
pronotum. Broad, whitish nervures of elytra thickly margined with
fuscous dots.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
preceding, posterior segment broadly emarginate, with very small median
lobe; pygofers widest at about one-third the distance from their base, then
tapering to acute apex which equals the ovipositor. Male, valve large,
triangular; plates broad at base; together forming a triangle about as
long as broad, margins straight, armed with a row of stout spines;
pygofers small, much exceeded by the plates.

Distribution: Should occur in western Kansas.
Hosts: A grass feeder, but definite host unknown.

Hecalus lineatus (Uhl.).

Glossocratus lineatus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., ili, p. 463, 1877.
Glossocratus fenstratus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 464, 1877.
Glossocratus fenstratus Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 5, ix, p. 268, 1879; x, p. 42,
1, fig. 37, 1880.

Hecalus lineatus Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 5, ix, p. 267, pl. 7, fig. 25, 1879.
Hecalus lineatus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 188, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1897.

Hecalus lineatus Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci., for 1899, p. 68, 1900.

Hecalus lineatus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 64, fig. 6, 1912.
Hecalus lineatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 624, 1917.

—

pl.

Form: Intermediate between Dorycephalus and Spangbergiella.

_ Rather large, flat forms, with smaller males. Length, female, 10.5 to 13

mm.; male, 7 to 8 mm. Female, vertex about as long as width across
eyes, slightly narrowed in front of eyes, then widening to spoon-shaped

tip which is quite foliaceous and slightly reflexed. Pronotum over twice

as broad as long, lateral margins long and parallel, posterior margin con-

_ cave in front of scutellum. Scutellum broad and short. The elytra may

be short, leaving last three segments of abdomen exposed, or long, expos-

ing only the pygofers. In the smaller long-winged forms, the vertex does

44

not widen in front cf the eyes and is shorter. Ovipositor is long and
exserted. Male, vertex not as long as width across eyes, more acute
anteriorly and not as foliaceous as in the females.

118 - THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Color: Bright green with four parallel orange-red lines on head, pro-
notum and scutellum. Nervures of elytra also orange-red and abdomen
also striped. In the long-winged males there is a black band across the
wings about medially and a larger apical one, between which is a white or
hyaline area; the pygofers are black. Jn the short-winged males there is
just a suggestion of a black band across the tips of the wings and the
pygofers are often merely tipped with black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding segment, posterior margin sinuate on either side of a short,
rounding, median lobe; pygofers broad at base, acute apically, greatly
exceeded by the very long, apically haired ovipositor. Male, valve very
small, triangular; plates wide at base, tapering regularly to long, acute,
upturned and frequently overlapping tips; pygofers very characteristic
of the species, being very long and style-like, ending in two widely
separated and acute apices, finely serrate along inner margin and bearing,
laterally, a brush of long spines in front of the middle, with a few along
apical portion of dorsal margin and a brush at the apex.

Distribution: Occurs in the eastern portion of the state, as

shown by the following map:

REPU
Ae es nae

SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHER) |GRAH | ROOKS jose ae CLAY
JEFF. “>
— ooo Bef
aes ae — ie]
FRANK
GRELY}| WICH.| SCOTT |LANE| NESS Eee aa
Tor prs CHASE
corre ANOEL ace in |
ied ane
HAM |KEAR. in roost. | Reno [HARVEY cts
a AQ BOUR
FoRD ee
oe ao

Genus SPANGBERGIELLA Sign.

This genus stands between Hecalus and Parabolocratus, the
head not being as foliaceous as in the former genus, and thin-

ner than in the latter. The head of the female is much pro- —

duced and foliaceous, but in the male the head is shorter and
thicker. Very characteristic of the genus are the bright red
converging lines on the vertex and pronotum. The elytra are
always long.

7 “ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 119

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Head broadly rounded anteriorly, foliaceous in female, oblique
stripes of pronotum not in line with those of vertex. vulnerata.

AA. Head distinctly acute, not foliaceous in- female, oblique stripes of
pronotum nearly in line with those of vertex. mexicana.

Spangbergiella vulnerata (Uhl.).

Glossocratus vulnerata Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 464, 1877.
Glossocratus lacerte Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Soc. Fr., ser. 5, ix, pl. 8, fig. 29, 1879.
Spangbergiella vulnerata Sign., Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., ser. 5, ix, p. 274, 1879.
Spangbergiella vulnerata Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 247, 1884.

Spangbergiella vulnerata Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 68, 1900.
Spangbergiella vulnerata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 516, 1905.
Spangbergiella vulnerata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 624, 1917.
Spangbergiella vulnerata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 50, 1919.

Form: Larger than following species, broad. Length, female, 7.25 to
8 mm.; male, 5.5mm. Vertex of female about as long as width across the
eyes, broadly rounded apically and foliaceous. Vertex of male about two-
thirds as long as basal width between eyes, rounded apically, not at all
foliaceous. Pronotum twice as wide as long, posterior margin emarginate
in front of scutellum, with distinct humeral margins. Elytra long, leav-
ing only tip of cvipositor exposed and exceeding the abdomen in the male.

Color: Greenish or yellowish-green. Vertex with two converging red
lines which start from near the eyes. Pronotum with.median red line on
posterior half and a pair of converging lines which start from the inner
angle of the humeral margin and extend across to the anterior margin to
points that divide the distance between the bases of the lines on the
vertex into equal thirds. Scutellum either unicolorous or with three faint
yellow stripes. Elytra either unicolorous or with nervures slightly
orange-yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, truncate posteriorly; pygofers acutely tapering posteriorly, exceeded
by ovipositor. Male, valve small, rounded, plates broad at base, tapering
to long acute tips, margins with few spines near the base; pygofers acute
apically, slightly longer than plates, covered with coarse spines.

Distribution: Collected in Lakette county.
Hosts: Probably a grass feeder.

Spangbergiella mexicana Bak.

Spangbergiella mexicana Bak., Can. Ent., xxix, p. 157, 1897.

Spangbergiella mexicana Barb., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxili, p. 533, 1914.
Spangbergielia vulnerata Del., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 36, 1916.
Spangbergiella mexicana Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 625, 1917.
Spangbergiella mexicana DeL., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 233, 1918.
Spangbergiella mexicana Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 50, 1919.

Form: Smaller than vulnerata. Length, 5 to 6.5 mm. Vertex about
as long as basal width, shorter in the male, acutely pointed, not at all
foliaceous. Pronotum about twice as broad as long, narrowed ante-
riorly, humeral margins distinct, posterior margin slightly concave.
Elytra long, reaching ovipositor in female, exceeding abdomen in male.

120 - THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Color: Pale or yellowish-green. Vertex with two oblique red lines,
nearly in line with a pair on pronotum which also bears a median basal
red line. Elytra with veins, except apical ones, yellow or red, with
black dots at end of claval suture, a pair near inner and outer margins
apically and sometimes one almost two-thirds back on costal margin.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as

preceding, posterior margin slightly rounding; acutely tapering pygofers

much exceeded by ovipositor, both pygofers and ovipositor with a few
stout spines. Male, last ventral segment broader and longer than pre-
ceding, widest posteriorly and with posterior margin broadiy concave;
valve small and triangular; plates about half. as wide basally as last ven-
tral segment, sinuately tapering to acute upturned apices, margined with

stout spines; pygofers broad, much exceeding plates, separated ventrally

at apex and covered with stout spines.

Distribution: Seemingly more abundant than preceding
species. Specimens have been taken in Cherokee, Douglas, Mc-
Pherson and Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: Taken on grasses in rather open woods.

Genus PARABOLOCRATUS Fieb. —

The members of this genus differ from the preceding genera
of the Dorydiaria in not having foliaceous heads, which in-
stead are parabolic in outline in the female, produced angu-
larly, and in the male, wider than long. They are uniformly
greenish or yellowish-green species, with both brachypterous
and macropterous females and macropterous males.

Three of the North American species should occur in the |

state, two of which have been collected here.

KEY TO SPECIES.
A. Female vertex broadly rounded; male vertex with thin margins
often lined with black beneath. viridis.

AA. Female vertex more or less angulate; male vertex with thicker mar-
gins and never lined with black beneath.

B. Female vertex thin-margined; males yellowish-green, over 5

mm. in length. flavidus.
BB. Female vertex thick margined; male brownish-green, less than
4 mm. in length. brunneus.

Parabolocratus viridis (Uhl.).

Glossocratus viridis Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 462, 1877.
Gypona reverta (Uhler MS.), Hayden's Surv. Tenn., Rept. for 1870, p. 472, 1872.
Parabolocratus viridis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 5, ix, p. 275, pl. 8, fig. 80, 1879.
Selenocephalus cyperace (Fitch MS.) Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 5, ix, pp. 88, 275,
1879. :

Parabolocratus viridis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 175, 1892.

Parabolocratus viridis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 84, 1895.

Parabolocratus viridis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 189, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1897.

Parebolocratus viridis Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 71, 1900.

<i aaet ia akul dag dein

Cie. se Th

§ o & ay 3 Bul ws ae } _ eva m + oe
Ft og Pa AAR Se Ses, od OU Bhs ek ie AD el ON Ct en!

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LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 121

_ Parabolccratus viridis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 515, 1905.

Parabolocratus viridis Gibs., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 68, fig. 8, 1912.
Parabolocratus viridis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 37. 1916.

Parabolocratus viridis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 625, 1917.

Form: The largest of the members of this genus. Length, females, 6
to 8.25 mm.; males, 5 to 6 mm. Vertex of female broadly rounding, thin-
margined, two-thirds as long as width between eyes. Vertex of male
distinctly angular, thin-margined, about two-thirds as wide as long.
Pronotum over twice as broad as long, lateral margins long and parallel,
humeral margins distinct, posterior margin emarginate. Scutellum large
and broad. Elytra of female either short and broad, exposing last two
segments of abdomen, or long and narrower, just showing ovipositor,
apically broadly rounded. Elytra of male long and narrow, exceeding
abdomen.

Color: Yellowish-green, with nervures of elytra a bright green.
Vertex of male often with black line under margin.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, lateral margins parallel, posterior margin rounded, with sometimes
a wide but very short lobe on median third; pygofers tapering acutely,
exceeded by ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, widest posteriorly; valve small and triangular; plates wide basally,
tapering suddenly at basal third and then evenly to long acute tips, median
half of lateral margins with coarse spines; pygofers broad, separated
ventrally at the apices, exceeding the plates and covered with spines.

Distribution: Found throughout the northern and eastern
portions of the state as shown by the following map:

@
CHEYENNE | RAWLINS | DECATUR

NORTON ou SMITH | JVEWELL REPUB | wasH | MARSH Neen ae

|
SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI a oor ose mire A |
EFFILEAV
og WA
| = e Saeae
WALLACE| LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS ae
sau ove [s
race] SUN MORRIS ose
GRE LY] WICH.|SCOTTI|LANE! NESS =a =
eice | M<PHER L
correfne

ee.
STAN. |GRANT ae EEE SEDGE WILSON] NEOS

ELK Cay.
MORT rex SEW a cue ran BARBER | HARP | SUMNER | COW

Hosts: A grass feeder. Taken by the writer on coarse

grasses on low land.

122 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Parabolocratus flavidus Sign.

Parabolocratus flavidus Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 5, ix, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 31, 1879.
Parabolocratus flavidus Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 71, 1900.
Parabolocratus flavidus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 37, 1916.

Parabolocratus flavidus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 625, 1919.

Parabolocratus flavidus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 183, 1918.

Parabolocratus flavidus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 48, 1919.

Form: Somewhat narrower than viridis. Length, 5 to 6.25 mm. Ver-
tex in both sexes distinctly angularly produced, about three-fourths as
long as wide, concave,-margins rather sharp. Pronotum characteristic
of the gehus. Elytra long, exceeding the abdomen, frequently a black
spot at tip of clavus and another at tip of inner apical cell.

Color: Yellowish-green. Elytra with greenish nervures and frequently
with brownish apices. Tip of ovipositor reddish.

External genitatia: Female, last ventral segment very long, posterior
margin roundingly produced; pygofers short, much exceeded by the
spiny-tipped ovipositor. Male, valve very small, triangular; plates broad
at base, spiny, lateral margins concavely tapering to long acute tips;
pygofers much exceeding plates and thickly covered with long spines.

Distribution: Fairly common over the state, as shown by
the following map:

SHERMAN [THOMAS oe GRAH | ROOKS jose a CLAY ate
JEFF Se
rai pre es
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO} ELLIS | RUSS
sane
ELLOYY MORRIS wa

GRELY} WICH.| SCOTT} LANE NESS Ss ues
corr ane in LINN
ea ae

FORD
ink eta

Hosts: Taken on coarse grasses on low land.

Sect
eee w00 | ALLEN ee

Parabolocratus brunneus Ball.

Parabolocratus brunneus Ball., Rept. Ia. Acad. Sei. for 1899, p. 71, 1900.
Parabolocratus brunneus Van D., Hemip. N. A., p. 626, 1917.

Form: Smaller than other members of the genus. Length, female,

6 mm.; male, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex relatively shorter than in preceding ~

species, but in both sexes the margin is quite thick. The elytra may either
reach the last ventral abdominal segment, or, in some females, cover
about two-thirds of the abdomen, the nervures always distinct.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 123

Color: Female, pale green, nervures of elytra greenish, ovipositor
tipped with red. Male, pale green, most of pronotum and elytra brownish,
nervures of elytra darker brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, posterior margin truncate, with a very small median lobe;
pygofers longer than in flavidus but much exceeded by the ovipositor.
Male, valve very small, triangular; plates tapering suddenly near base
and then extending into long and slender apical processes, margins bear-
ing a few spines; pygofers long, bearing many long brown spines.

Distribution: This species has not yet been reported from
Kansas but should be taken in the western part of the state.

Hosts: Doctor Ball described this species from specimens
taken from Distichlis maritima.

Genus DICYPHONIA Ball.

In this genus the head is as long or slightly longer than the
width between the eyes. The vertex is narrower than in
Parabolocratus, the apex obtusely rounding in the female,
rather acute in the male, the disc concave, and the margins
sharp. The pronotum is about twice as wide as long, broadly
rounding in front, emarginate posteriorly, and with long lat-
eral margins. The elytra are short in the female, long in the

male. The genus includes brownish forms, due to ramose pig-
mentation.

The single species belonging to this genus occurs in Kansas.

Dicyphonia ornata (Bak.).

Platymetopius ornatus Bak., Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 49, 1900.
Dicyphonia ramentosa Ball, Rept. Ia. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 69, pl. 5, figs. 1-5, 1900.
Dicyphonia ornata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 626, 1917.

Form: Females large and robust. Length, 6.25 to 7 mm. Males smaller,
like Platymetopius in general appearance. Length, 4 mm. Female, ver-
tex long and narrow, longer than wide, obtusely-rounding apically, an-
terior margin elevated, disc concave. Pronotum over twice as wide as
long. Elytra either covering abdomen entirely or only half way. Male,
vertex a little longer than wide, more pointed than in female, elytra
always completely covering abdomen, strongly flaring apically.

Color: Female, creamy yellow, vertex with a broad, irregular brown
band which extends on to the pronotum and scutellum. These also have
brown markings laterally, and the elytra show ramose, brown markings.
Exposed portion of abdomen striped with brown. Males either like
female except for dark brown apices of elytra, or, more usually, with
all the markings much darker and heavier, giving the insect a dark
brown or black appearance with triangular light markings, most con-
spicuous of which are three large costal and several smaller hyaline spots
on the apical half of the elytra.

124 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as the
preceding, posterior margin truncate except for small median projection;
pygofers short, bearing a very few spines, much exceeded by the very
long ovipositor. Male, valve hidden by last ventral segment; plates to-
gether about half as wide as last ventral segment, sinuately narrowed
laterally to long, acute apices; pygofers together forming a triangle a
little wider than long, bearing a few long spines.

Distribution: Occurs in western Kansas. pleas have
been taken in Decatur and Greeley counties.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives Sporobolus cryptandrus as the host.

Genus SCAPHOIDEUS Uhl.

Prof. Herbert Osborn states that the most important char-
acters of this genus are “the deeply sinuate occiput, the long
antennz, the large lore, approximate to margin of cheeks
(except in sanctus group), the narrow vertex, the width and
length of which are usually about equal, and the recurved
nodal or costal veins. The clypeus is usually widened at tip,
and for the more typical members of the genus the outer ante-
apical cell is narrowed behind, becoming pointed, and, in some
species, stylate.”’

Of the nine species keyed below, six have been taken and
the other three should occur in the state.

_KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Lorz remote from the margin of the cheeks; common elytral pic-
ture cruciate; claval vein straight, meeting suture at acute angle.

sanctus.
AA. Lore contiguous to or merging with border of cheeks; elytral pic-
ture not cruciate, outer claval vein curved or hooked at the distal

end.
B. Postnodal cell scarcely widened distally.
C. Nodal vein arising from discal cell, transverse orange
band on vertex and a black one just before.
aurontens.
CC. Nodal vein arising from anteapical cell.

D. Vertex flat with transverse impressed line.
jucundus.
DD. Vertex convex, without impressed line.
scalaris.
BB. Postnodal cell much widened distally.
C. Outer claval not strongly hooked at distal end, cross
nervure to claval suture indistinct or wanting.
D. Outer claval sinuate, approaching inner near its

middle, marked with fuscous. productus.
DD. Outer claval nearly straight and parallel to inner,
curved at tip. intricatus.

* Adapted from key by Professor Osborn, Ohio Nat., xi, p. 250, 1910.

wa 3 ‘Bee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA:. 125

AA. Lore contiguous—concluded.

CC. Outer claval strongly hooked at distal end, usually with
distinct cross nervure from outer claval to claval suture.

D. No distinct cross veins between claval veins.

immastus.

DD. A distinct cross vein between claval veins.

E. Outer claval approximating claval suture pos-

teriorly, face black. melanotus.

EE. Outer claval remote from claval suture pos-
teriorly, elytra entirely gray.
cinerosus.

Scaphoideus sanctus (Say).

Jassus sanctus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 307, 1831; Compl. Writ., li, p. 383.
Scaphoideus picturatus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., v, p. 243, 1898.

Secaphoideus picturatus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 193, 1900.

Scaphoideus sanctus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 251, 1910.

Scaphoideus sanctus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 55, 1916.

Scaphoideus sanctus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 629, 1917.

Form: Length, 4 to 5 mm. Vertex slightly shorter than width be-

_ tween the eyes, quite angulate. Pronotum about twice as wide as long,

anterior margin convex, posterior margin truncate or slightly concave,
lateral margins very short, humeral margins long. Elytra long, much

_ exceeding the abdomen.

-Color: Vertex whitish or yellowish with two small brown spots near

_ apex, one back of each ocellus, and with a brown median line. Pronotum

yellowish-brown except for white rectangular spot on disc, the posterior
half darker. Scutellum yellow. Elytra white, with large brown cruci-

form mark on middle, the arms enclosing a white spot and extending to
the costal margin; apical third irregularly marked with brown spots.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as

_ preceding, posterior margin with large, long, lateral lobes between which
is a pair of shorter lobes separated by a median notch; pygofers long

yt

and narrow, widest at the middle, with spines on posterior two-thirds,
slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve large, posterior margin

roundingly produced; plates wide and long, exceeding pygofers, spined

laterally and tapering to obtuse apices, each with a black disc basally;

-pygofers spiny and short.

Distribution: Not yet reported from the state, but should

; be taken in the eastern part.

Hosts: De Long reports taking specimens from wild rose.

Scaphoideus auronitens Prov.

Jassus areatus (Harris MS.) in Hitchcock, Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835.
Scaphoideus auronitens Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 277, 1889.
Scaphoideus auronitens Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 194, 1900.
Scaphoideus auronitens Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 524, 1905.
Scaphoideus auronitens Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 254, 1910...

Scaphoideus auronitens Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 115, 1915.
Scaphoideus auronitens DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 56, 1916.
Scaphoideus auronitens Van D., Hemip. N. A., p. 630, 1917.

Scaphoideus auronitens Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 66, 1919.

> pe

otha ti take a

126 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Form: Length, 4.5 to 5.75 mm. Vertex wider than long, not as
pointed apically as in sanctus. Pronotum about twice as wide as long,
quite convex anteriorly, slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins
long, about the length of the humeral margins; elytra long, nodal vein
arising from the discal cell, postnodal cell scarcely widened distally.

Color: Vertex yellowish-white with very characteristic broad orange
band across middle in front of which is a short black band, and also a
larger one parallel with the anterior margin. Pronotum with orange
band on anterior margin and a fainter one on the posterior half, parallel
to the posterior margin. Scutellum with the basal angles dull orange,
the disc darkened medially. Elytra brownish, nervures darker, three
spots on clavus along median suture, black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly four times
as long as preceding one, cleft by broad excision, reaching nearly to the
base, into two large rounding lateral lobes; the spiny pygofers are long
and narrow, exceeded slightly by the ovipositor. Male, valve broad and
short, truncate posteriorly, or with very small median tooth; plates large
and broad, obtuse apically and with an impressed line parallel to the
lateral margin which is covered with long silky hairs; long, membranous
and hairy tail-like structures terminate the plates; Suing pygofers long
and narrow, much exceeding plates.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Pottawatomie and Riley
counties.

Hosts: Professor Osborn gives Geranium Robertianum as
a host. De Long reports taking it on canebrake.

Scaphoideus jyucundus Uhl.

Scaphoideus jucundus Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 34. 1889.
Scaphoideus jucundus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 195, 1900.
Scaphoideus jucundus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 524, 1905.
Scaphoideus jucundus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 254, 1910.

Scaphoideus jucundus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 114, 1915.
Scaphoideus jucundus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 56, 1916. |
Scaphoideus jucundus Van D., Hemip. N. A., p. 630, 1917. a
Secaphoideus jucundus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 68, 1919.

Form: Larger than preceding species. Length, 5 to 6 mm. Vertex
wider than long, flat, with transverse impressed line, roundingly angled —
anteriorly. Pronotum twice as broad as long, lateral margins long, an-
teriorly convex, posteriorly slightly concave. Elytra long and somewhat
flaring posteriorly, nodal vein arising from discal cell, postnodal cell
scarcely widened posteriorly. e:

Color: Orange-yellow marked with white. Vertex with median line; —
six spots near anterior margin of pronotum, two spots on sides, apex and '
two lines on dise of scutellum and several spots on elytra, white.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding one, posterior margin rounded and medially produced;
pygofers long and narrow, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, spiny on pos-
terior half. Male, valve triangular, narrow but long; plates long, some-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 127,

what fine haired, truncate tips bearing membranous tails which are much

shorter than in auronitens, lateral margins spined; pygofers long and

narrow, much exceeding plates, spiny on posterior half.

Distribution: This species though not yet taken in-the state,
should occur in the eastern portion.

Hosts: De Long reports it on oak.

Scaphoideus scalaris Van D.

Scaphoideus scalaris Van D., Ent. Am., vi, p. 51, 1890.

Seaphoideus scalaris Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 198, 1900.
Scaphoideus scalaris Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 523, 1905.
Secaphoideus scalaris Osh., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 464, 1909; xi, p. 255, 1910.
Seaphoideus scalaris Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 114, 1915.
Scaphoideus scalaris DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17. p. 56, 1916.
Scaphoideus scalaris Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 631, 1917.
Secaphoideus scalaris Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 67, 1919.

Form: Length, 5 to 5.6 mm. Vertex as long as wide, quite angulate
anteriorly. Pronotum with anterior margin very convex, posterior mar-
gin slightly concave. Elytra much exceeding abdomen, nodal vein rising
from anteapical cell, postnodal cell scarcely widened distally.

Color: Grayish-brown. Vertex light, marked with brown lines,
median spot near apex, preapical marginal lines and ocelli appearing
white, as does the portion between the brown lines on the basal portion.
Pronotum having mottled appearance. Scutellum frequently appearing
to have six light spots. Elytra with three very characteristic light spots
on claval suture, nervures dark.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment three times as long
as preceding, lateral angles broadly rounding to nearly truncate, slightly
excised posterior margin; pygofers long, widest near middle, spiny on
distal half, slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve small, broadly
triangular; plates wide and short, slightly haired marginally, about haif
as long as spiny pygofers and tipped with membranous tails reaching to

tips of pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: Osborn records a single specimen from Maine ‘‘on

blueberry.” It of course has some other host in Kansas.

Scaphoideus productus Osb.

Scaphoideus productus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 200, 1900.
Scaphoideus productus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 258, 1910.

Scaphoideus productus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 115, 1915.
Scaphoideus productus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 632, 1917.
Scaphoideus productus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 68, 1919.

Form: Larger than preceding species. Length, 5.5 to 6mm. Vertex
nearly as long as wide, disc flat, apex acutely pointed. Pronotum more
than twice as wide as long, anterior margin convex, posterior margin
slightly concave, lateral margins slightly longer than humeral. Elytra

128 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

with postnodal cell much widened distally, outer claval not strongly
hooked at distal end and approaching inner claval near its middle.

Color: Vertex yellowish-white, with a broad brown band which is pro-
duced medially to meet a darker marginal band: Pronotum and scutellum
whitish, irregularly marked with brown. Elytra whitish with fuscous
patches and dark nervures, giving them a general brown appearance.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding, lateral angles rounded, posterior margin produced medially
and with a small median notch; pygofers long, slightly exceeded by ovi-
positor, bearing bunches of spines at middle and near apex. Male, valve
short; plates broad and short, obliquely truncate, less than half the
length of the long, somewhat spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee and Pottawatomie coun-
ties.

Hosts: Osborn reports sweeping specimens from blueberry
in Maine. Kansas host unknown.

Scaphoideus intricatus Uhl.

Scaphoideus intricatus Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 34, 1889.
Scaphoideus intricatus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 202, 1900.
Scaphoideus intricatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 525, 1905.
Scaphoideus intricatus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi;-p. 258, 1910.

Scaphoideus intricatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 58, 1916.
Scaphoideus intricatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 632, 1917.

Form: Length, 4.75 to 6 mm. Vertex slightly longer than wide, flat,
acutely pointed. Pronotum short, humeral margins long. Elytra with

postnodal cell widened distally, outer claval nearly straight and parallel

to inner.
Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum yellowish-white. Vertex with

brown marginal and an irregular transverse band. Pronotum with large —

median brown band on anterior margin and two large brown ones on
posterior margin. Scutellum with three basal brown spots. Elytra

whitish or hyaline with brown spots and dark brown nervures, with three —

white spots on clavus along suture.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly twice as long

as preceding, truncate posteriorly, very slightly produced medially;

pygofers long and narrow, nearly equalling ovipositor, a patch of brown —
bristles near the apex and whitish scattered bristles near the middle. |

Male, valve broad and roundingly angulate posteriorly; plates broad and

long, nearly equalling pygofers, margined with a few silky hairs; PY- - 7

gofers with tuft of black bristles near apex.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.

Hosts: De Long has swept specimens from weeds. Profes-
sor Osborn mentions clover, Cornus, grape and Cratzegus as _

host plants.

“AR

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 129

Scaphoideus immistus (Say).

(Pl. 11, figs. 1-2.)

Jassus immistus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 306, 1831; Compl: Writ., ii,
p. 382.

Scaphoideus immistus Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 33, 1889.

Scaphoideus immistus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 94, 1895.

Scaphoideus immistus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 204, 1900.

Scaphoideus immistus Osb. 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 525, 1905.

Scaphoideus immistus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 259, 1910.

Scaphoideus immistus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 116, 1915.

Scaphoideus immistus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 58, 1916.

Scaphoideus immistus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 632, 1917.

Scaphoideus immistus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 183, 1918.

Scaphoideus immistus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 69, 1919.

Form: Length, 4.75 to 6 mm. Vertex about as long as broad, flat,
somewhat obtusely angled. Pronotum with anterior margin produced
medially, twice as wide as long. Elytra with postnodal cell widened
distally, with two to four oblique reflexed veins from outer anteapical
cell to costal margin and with no distinct cross veins between claval
veins.

Color: Vertex white with narrow black or brown marginal line and a
broad, transverse, brown band with a median tooth. Face white, two
black lines on upper part. Pronotum brown with faint whitish trans-
verse band in front of middle. Scutellum white, with three fuscous
bands, the apical half usually light. Elytra brown with darker nervures’
and scattered white spots, of which usually two are on the clavus along
suture.

External gemtalhia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as pre-
ceding, posterior margin somewhat produced, black, and often slightly
notched medially; pygofers long and narrow, bearing a few scattered
bristles till near the apex, where each bears two tufts of long black
bristles; ovipositor exceeding the pygofers. Male, valve short, plates
broad but short, obtusely pointed, spiny margined, much ‘exceeded by the
long pygofers, each of which bears two bunches of long, black bristles

- preapically.

Internal male genitalia: Styles short, with long process for attach-
ment to connective equalling anterior end, a rounding lobe laterally past
middle, terminating in an acute, outwardly curved apex; connective
Y-shaped, the arms very short and curved, the stem long and thickened
basally; cedagus with a short, thick, knobbed process for attachment to
anal tube and two long obtusely pointed caudal processes.

9—Sci. Bul.—3058

130 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Our commonest member of the genus, well
distributed over the state as shown by the following map:

= EEECES aan
s orrava
oy
cum

rors} al] fee
GRELY} WICH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS |} RUSH wea

HAM |KEAR.

WILSON| NEOS
em fem e

RENO HARVEY

oTEV paints ora SUMNER | COW

Hosts: Van Duzee reports it on witch hazel. Professor
Osborn gives willow as a host. This is its food in Kansas. It
is frequently taken at lights.

BUTLER

MORT

le

Scaphoideus melanotus Osb.

Scaphoideus melanotus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 206, 1900.
Scaphoideus melanotus Wirtn., Ann. Carn. Mus., ili, p. 224, 1904.
Scaphoideus melanotus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 259, 1910.

Scaphoideus melanotus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 59, 1916.
Scaphoideus melanotus Van. D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 633, 1917.

Form: Length, 5 to 5.25 mm. Vertex about as long as basal width,
flat or slightly concave, apex obtuse. Pronotum over twice as broad as
long, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior slightly concave, lateral
margins short. Elytra with postnodal cell much widened distally, a dis-

tinct cross vein between clavals and the outer claval approximating

claval suture posteriorly.

Color: Vertex white, with narrow brown marginal band, heavier
brown transverse band which is produced medially, and a black border on
posterior margin medially. Face black. Pronotum white with light
brown anterior band and broken posterior band, with large dark brown
spots laterally. Scutellum white with three large light brown basal spots
and two small black preapical ones. Elytra brown with three large
white spots along suture and others irregularly placed. |

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding, posterior portion black, posterior margin produced, with
narrow but distinct median notch; pygofers widest at the middle, much
exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely bristled except for two preapical tufts.
Male, valve barely visible from under broad and long last ventral seg-
ment; plates a little over half as long as pygofers, scarcely tapering to

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. © ton

obtuse, separated apices, with few marginal bristles; pygofers long and
slender, sparsely bristled.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Cherokee and Pottawa-
tomie counties.

Hosts: Unknown.

Secaphoideus cinerosus QOsb.

Scaphoideus cinerosus Osb., Jl. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 525, 1905.
Scaphoideus cinerosus Osb., Ohio Nat., xi, p. 259, 1910.
Scaphoideus cinerosus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 633, 1917.

Form:. Length, 4 to 4.5 mm. Vertex nearly as long as basal width,
dise flat, apex rather acute. Pronotum about twice as wide as long.
Anterior margin quite convex, posterior margin slightly concave, lateral
margins rather short, humeral margins longer. Elytra with outer claval
strongly hcoked at distal end, and with cross veins to inner claval and
claval suture, and not approximating claval suture posteriorly.

Color: Light ashy-gray. Vertex white with narrow black marginal
line and a brown transverse line between the anterior margin of the
eyes. Pronotum light gray, marked with brown on anterior margin and
several brown spots along posterior margin. Scutellum white, with three
broad brown stripes and two black spots on each lateral margin. Elytra
whitish with dark brown nervures and several cells spotted or irrorate
_ with the same color. |

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding, posterior margin black medially, roundingly and medially
produced and with a small median notch; pygofers long and narrow, ex-
ceeded by ovipositor, with scattered bristles and two tufts on each side
near the apex.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.
Hosts: Unknown.

Genus PLATYMETOPIUS Burm.

This genus is characterized by its long pointed vertex, nar-
row front, and characteristic venation. The elytra have three
anteapical and five apical cells, two cross veins between the
first and second sectors, and eight to ten oblique veins in the
costal cell. They are also marked with fine brown pigment
lines, and the cells, especially the anteapical and apical, may
contain oval white spots.

Only five species of this genus have been taken in Kansas.

132 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

KEY TO SPECIES.*
A. Vertex flat, not channeled toward its apex, anterior margin round-
ing to the front; elytra without white areolar spots. dorsalis.

AA. Vertex more or less channeled toward the apex, anterior edge thin,
acute or subacute.

B. Face pale or yellow, usually infuscated at base and sides.

C. Markings of vertex in the form of lineations, usually a
pale median line and a faint, slightly divergent one

s either side.
D. Face distinctly infuseated at sides; elytral mark-
ings distinct; length, 5 mm. acutus.

DD. Face obscurely infuscated at sides; elytral mark-
ings indistinct; length, 4 mm. or less. =

cinereus.

CC. Markings of vertex in form of a broken transverse vitta,
median line short and apical. frontalis.
BB. Face entirely brown or fuscous. scriptus.

Platymetopius dorsalis Ball.

Platymetopius frontalis var. dorsalis Ball, Ent. News, xx, p. 164, 1909.
Platymetopius dorsalis Van D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., iii, p. 224, 1910.
Platymetopius dorsalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 637, 1917.

Form: Length, 4mm. Vertex three-fourths as wide as long, flat, not
channeled toward the apex, margins rounding. Pronotum nearly three
times as wide as long, anterior margin convex, posterior margin slightly
concave, lateral margins short, humeral margins long. Elytra broad and
exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Yellow and fulvous; vertex creamy yellow, pronotum bright

brown or fulvous with sides yellow, scutellum yellow, elytra bright ful-
vous with distal half of clavus and apices lighter. Face and below pale
yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin roundingly and medially produced; sparsely spined pygofers are long
and narrow, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. :

Distribution: The only specimens of this species taken are
the type specimens from Pottawatomie county.

Platymetopius acutus (Say.).
CPly Th ofrss-5- 1)

Jassus acutus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vi, p. 306, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii, p. 382.
Platymetopius acutus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Surv., iii, p. 473, 1877.

Platymetopius acutus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.

Platymetopius acutus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 84, 1895.

Platymetopius acutus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 192, 1897.

Platymetopius acutus Van D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., iii, p. 219, 1910.

* Adapted from key by Van Duzee, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., iii, p. 216, 1910.

/ ” - F :
de m £e \ od=ta o 4 d ee par ars
Ae” tee ae ee SE eC eer, eee, SS

Vases oe ee eee ree a

et ia

airey =>, a r
2 .
ply | hae a

Ta ee 4 wn <a he 4 a ag tt,

_ _

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 133

Platymetopius acutus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 69, fig. 9, 1912.
Platymetopius acutus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 111, 1915.

Platymet pius acutus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 39, 1916.

Platymetopius acutus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 635, 1917.

Platymetopius acutus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 183, 1918.

Platymetopius acutus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 53, 1919.

Form: Length, 4.5 to 5 mm. Vertex of male distinctly longer than
width between the eyes, in female almost half longer than basal width.
Pronotum twice as broad as long, anterior margin quite convex, posterior
margin slightly concave, humeral margins longer than lateral margins.
Elytra wide, exceeding abdomen.

Color: Vertex yellowish, irrorate with brown, an indistinct line near
each eye, a pair on the disc, one on apical third, and four spots on pos-

terior margin, whitish or yellowish. Pronotum brown, with five white
longitudinal stripes. Scutellum brown, with two whitish longitudinal

stripes. Elytra light brown with dark ramose lines and spots and dis-
tinct round or oval milky white spots. Face yellow, infuscated on base of
front and outer portions of cheeks, former with broad, white, angular
line which continues behind the eyes. Beneath black, marked with
whitish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, sinuate, nar-
rowed posteriorly, lateral and posterior margins forming regular curve;
pygofers long and narrow, scarcely exceeding ovipositor, sparsely bristled.
Male, last ventral segment very short; valve very iarge, nearly as long
as wide, broadly and obtusely angled posteriorly; plates long, nearly
equalling sparsely bristled pygofers, widening after leaving base, then
tapering regularly to subacute apices, lateral margins spiny.

Internal male genitalia: Styles broad basally, with large process for
attachment to connective, terminating in a finger-like inner process about
half the width of the middle. portion; connective very characteristic of
the genus, consisting of a broad, short-armed U-shaped piece from
which there extend out, separated by a small process, two long styles
which each curve entirely around the cedagus and extend far beyond it,
ending in a somewhat flattened and then acutely pointed apex; cedagus
viewed from the side is V-shaped, with two processes directed caudad
for attachment to base of anal tube, the cedagus proper being a gently
curving, obtusely pointed organ with its surface roughened or serrated,
directed dorso-caudad.

134 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Occurs throughout the state, though more
abundant in northern part as shown by the following map:

CLOUD
ong gel on
‘inched oven Ati as
sane IN
ELisw | no sane ao ey
GRELY| Wich |SCOTT|LANE| NESS | RUSH [BARTON
oo M<PHER LYON

ra Bes
cecen |wooo fault

BUTLER
ELK
cor sey rev cen | CLARK an mee = cow

WILSO! 5

/
f heh 2
wi eciapiaialilidudall

Hosts: Taken Gently on grasses on which it seems to be a

general feeder.

Platymetopius cinereus O. & B.
(Pl. II, figs. 3-4.)

Platymetopius cinereus O. & B., Proc. Ta. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 193, pl. 26, fig. 1, 1897.
Platymetopius cinereus Van D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., iii, p. 223, 1910.
Platymetopius cinereus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 72, 1912.
Platymetopius cinereus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 39, 1916.
Platymetopius cinereus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 637, 1917.
Platymetopius cinereus Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 56, 1919.

Form: Smallest member of genus in Kansas. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm.
Vertex of female three-fifths as wide as long, in male nearly as wide as

long. Pronotum characteristic of the genus, lateral margins short. Scu- °

tellum large. Elytra long and broad.
Color: Cinereous; vertex yellowish, irrorate with brown, with light

ad oe Ane eo

es huh

lines on disc and median line on apical third. Pronotum of same color —
with five faint longitudinal lines. Scutellum yellowish, with basal and —

apical angles darker. Elytra light or hyaline with brown irrorations —
and with whitish hyaline spots, costal and apical veins black, especially

in the male.
External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, narrowed pos-

teriorly, posterior margin medially produced and with a slight median ~

notch; pygofers long, widest at the middle, slightly exceeded by ovi-
positor. Male, posterior margin of last ventral segment obtusely and
angularly incised; valve large, obtusely rounded at apex, over half the
length of the spiny-margined and obtusely pointed plates; pygofers spiny,
acute at apex, slightly exceeding plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles much as in acutus, but differing in
small details, especially the relatively longer terminal finger and the

angle it makes with the rest of the style; connective in the shape of a
>

i

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 135

flat ““W” with all the bends rounded, distinctly flatter and smaller than
in acutus, and with two long curling processes, flattened for a much longer
distance than in acutus and ending in a sharp point; cedagus, viewed
laterally, U-shaped with anterior arm straight and posterior curved,
former extending beyond curve of U to form a short stem.

Distribution: Common in the eastern portion of the state
as shown by the following map:

“re Spee
CLOUD
SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHER! |GRAH |ROOKS | OSB ren] “1
sane e172.
gees MORRIS OSAGE
GRELY| WICH | SCOTT|LANE| NESS Sec
rice | re eae

corr cw LINN

nonce. |
pan foe aac ee =
eas GREEN. | W000 | ALLEN! 45),

Fo |

stan | GRANT es conn [PT an SEUGE ex NEOS ote
Hosts: Osborn and Ball give Bouteloua as the probable host.
De Long reports it on “various grasses.”

Platymetopius frontalis Van D.

(Pl. II, figs. 8-9.)

Platymetopius frontalis Van D., Can. Ent., xxii, p. 112, 1890.

Platymetopius frontalis Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, p. 198, 1894.
Platymetopius frontalis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 193, 1897.

Platymetopius frontalis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 517, 1905.

Platymetopius frontalis Van D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ili, p. 225, 1910.

Platymetopius frontalis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 71, fig. 10, 29:2
Platymetopius frontalis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 113, 1915.
Platymetopius frontalis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 40, 1916.
Platymetopius frontalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 637, 1917:

Platumétopius frontalis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 57, 1919.

I’orm: Short and stout. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex about one-
fourth longer than wide in the male, slightly longer in the female, rather
obtusely pointed and with a longitudinal depression. Pronotum obscurely
and transversely wrinkled, short, over twice as broad as long.

Color: Dark brown or black; vertex with white apical line, transverse
vitta of similar lines in front of the eyes and four basal white spots.
Face yellow, infuscated at sides and base, angled line indistinct. Prono-
tum dark brown, showing five faint longitudinal lines. Scutellum with
two faint longitudinal lines and apex white. Elytra with distinct milky
white spots, costa! area whitish with heavy black veins.

136 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad, slightly
keeled, posterior margin rounding and with a slight median notch;
sparsely spined pygofers broad and slightly exceeded by the ovipositor.
Male, last ventral segment distinctly and roundingly emarginate; valve
large, slightly wider than long, rounded posteriorly; plates, spiny-mar-
gined, broad at base, subacute apically, about as long medially as the
valve, somewhat exceeded by the spiny pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles larger than in preceding species,

broad at base, then of nearly uniform diameter to terminal finger-like ©

process which is relatively long and slender; connective in:the form of
an are with a slight median swelling on the inside and two small proc-
esses on the convex surface, between which arise two very long, slender
and curving processes, which in the specimen dissected did not encircle
the cedagus as in the two preceding species; edagus much as in cinereus,
but apically broadened rather than tapering and with distinct apical
teeth dorsally.

Distribution: Our most abundant member of this genus,
though seemingly largely confined to the eastern portion of the
state, as shown by the following map:

CHEYENNE | RAWLINS | DECATUR] NORTON ae on

SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHER! | GRAH rons | ove | waren] | PReEEe
JETFILEAV
rm a
ote
= LOGAN | GOVE TREGO ELLIS | RUSS
saune
cue SALINE MORRIS | — [Sue a

GRELY| WiCH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS = Ao
Trt M<PHER aoe
COFFE ANDER

HODGE
ee ‘s fe =a
FORD

®

Hosts: Taken commonly on grasses and weeds.

Platymetopius scriptus Ball.

Platymetopius scriptus Ball, Ent. News, xx, p. 165, 1909.
Platymetopius scriptus Van D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am;,iii, p. 228, 1910.
Platymetopius scriptus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 42, 1916.
Platymetopius scriptus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 638, 1917.

Form: Much like frontalis. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex slightly —

longer than basal width, dise slightly convex but with distinct median
longitudinal depression. Pronotum over twice as wide as long, anterior

margin quite convex, posterior slightly concave, humeral margins nearly ©

twice the length of the lateral. Elytra broad and rather short.

+ i Bowe bit " ¢ } .
[. ~ eee 8 ee eee

ee

“@

> o1Ern~ get

$992 Bt Gn

. rahe

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 137

Color: About like frontalis except for the dark face. Vertex with
three apical white lines and two faint basal and median ones, the latter
between a pair of white spots near the apex, and another pair near
their base. Face irrorate with brown, with short, light, oblique marginal
lines. Pronotum irrorate with brown and with traces of five light, longi-
tudinal lines. Scutellum brown with two large orange spots between
which are two broken, white, longitudinal lines, the apex light. Elytra
heavily irrorate with brown, costal region lighter, dark nervures usually
narrowly light margined, many cells with white spots.

External genitalia: DeLong describes the female genitalia as fol-
lows: “Last ventral segment of female long, slightly keeled, posterior
margin roundingly produced, pygofers constricted near base, broad and
rather short.” Male, last ventral segment angularly excised posteriorly;
valve large, nearly as long as broad, posteriorly roundingly pointed;
plates broad basally, median length less than that of the valve, spiny-
margined, subacute apically, completely hiding short pygofers.

Distribution: The only Kansas record for this species is that

of the five male type specimens taken in Pottawatomie county.
Hosts: De Long records sweeping this species from weeds.

Genus DELTOCEPHALUS Burm.

— To this genus belong medium-sized or smail species charac-
terized chiefly by the shape of the head in which the vertex
is acutely triangular, usually longer than broad, though often
wider than long, disc flattened or convex and separated from
the front by more or less of a distinct margin. The front is
broad and the clypeus is narrowed at the tip. The elytra may
be long or short, usually having five anteapical and three apicai
cells, and two cross nervures between the sectors. All the
members of this genus are grass feeders.

Twenty-one species of this genus have been taken in Kansas
and five other probable native species are included in the key.

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Vertex rather angularly produced, dise flat or concave, definite mar-
gin between vertex and front.
B. Pronotum short, more than twice broader than long, elytra
without a distinct appendix.

C. Elytra moderately long, two outer apical veinlets
strongly reflexed, the next one meeting the costa at
nearly right angles.

D. Pronotum with distinct, black, longitudinal lines.
E. Vertex longitudinally lined or spotted.
bilineatus.

; EE. Vertex transversely lined before the eyes.
albidus.

* Adapted from keys by Osborn & Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 198, 1897, and
DeLong, Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 42, 1916.

138 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

A. Vertex rather angularly produced—continued.
DD. Pronotum cinereous, without distinct black lines.
E. Face usually entirely dark. ;

F. Vertex without median transverse bars. ~

G. Elytra with large, black median
spot, face entirely black.
areolatus.
GG. Elytra without black median spot,
face sometimes with light spot on

apex of front. imputans.
FF. Vertex with median transverse bars.
visendus.

EE. Face dark above, light below.
F. Face fuscous above, shading out below,

no sharp line of demarcation; species —

nearly unicolorous above. inflatus.

FF. Face black above, light below, line of
demarcation sharp. Species marked
with fuscous. reflexus.

CC. Elytra shorter, two outer apical veinlets short, at nearly

right angles to the costa, third veinlet running distinctly —

to the posterior margin.

D. Size larger, over 3 mm.; female segment distinctly
emarginate, plates of male produced with almost
parallel margins. say.

DD. Size smaller, 8 mm. or less; female segment pro-
duced or truncate, plate of male short, rapidly
narrowing to acute apices. misellus.

BB. Pronotum longer, hardly twice broader than long, elytra long,
with appendix, costal veinlets never reflexed.
C. Front with numerous black ares; central anteapical cell
distinctly constricted. signatifrons.
CC. Front without black arcs; central anteapical cell not dis-
tinctly constricted.
D. Elytra distinctly green.
E. Form slender; length 3 mm. or less.

F, Vertex unlined; female segment black-_
tipped, medially notched, valve of male

large and obtuse. minimus.
FF. Vertex with two oblique lines; fe-
male segment unicolorous and broadly
rounded, male valve smaller and acute.

parvulus.

EE. Form stouter; length 3.25 mm. or more. |

F. Vertex acutely angled, usually longer

than broad. debilis.

FF. Vertex ghinseyy. angled, as wide as long.-

collinus.
DD. Elytra not distinctly green, hyaline yellowish, or
with nervures fuscous margined.
E. Male valve enlarged, inflated, covering all

but tips of plates; female segment slightly ~

angularly excavated. affinis.

es an se ee ee

<7
§
A.
‘A
«
:

4
3

» utc
a © a

te ee

ene hs

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 139

A. Vertex rather angularly produced—concluded.

EE. Male valve normal, less than half the length
of the plates; female segment produced, more
or less notched.

F. Yellow species; male plates not longer
than broad. oculatus.
FF. Greenish species, marked with fuscous;
male plates longer than: broad.
sylvestris.
AA. Vertex short, disc convex or sloping, more or less rounding to front,
without well-defined margin.
B. Black species with white points on vertex, costa yellow.
flavicosta.
BB. Lighter species, marked with black.
C. Clavus reticulated between outer claval vein and suture.
D. Species small, not exceeding 3.5 mm.

E. Vertex acutely produced in the middle; elytra
longer than abdomen; male plates convexly
pointed. weed.

EE. Vertex more obtusely rounding.

F. Markings dull, elytra usually longer
than abdomen. Male plates convexly
narrowed; over 3 mm. obtectus.

FF. Markings bright, elytra not exceeding

abdomen. Male plates concavely nar-
rowed; 2.75 mm. long. compactus.

DD. Species larger, 4.5 mm. or over. inimicus.
E CC. Clavus not reticulated between outer claval vein and
suture.
D. Species large, about 5 mm. long. osborni.

DD. Species smaller, length 4 mm. or less.
E. Vertex with two large black spots.
punctatus.
EE. Vertex with four smaller black spots.
F. Broader robust species; face with black

arcs. nigrifrons.
FF. More slender species; face with light
arcs. sonorus.

Deltocephalus bilineatus G. & B.

Deltocephalus bilineatus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 85, 1895.
Deltocephalus bilineatus Bak., Psyche, vili, p. 115, 1897.

Deltocephalus bilineatus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 200. 1897.
Deltocephalus bilineatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 640, 1917.

Form: Rather long and narrow. Length, 3.5 to 4mm. Vertex as long
as wide, subacute at apex. Pronotum a little over twice as broad as
long, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior slightly concave, lateral
margins short, humeral margins long. Elytra long and narrow, exceed-
ing abdomen, two outer apical veinlets strongly reflexed.

Color: Ashy or yellowish-white, marked with brown or black. Vertex,
pronotum and scutellum with two broad longitudinal bands, a similar
oblique pair laterally on pronotum and elytra, just inside the outer claval

140 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE. BULLETIN. .

vein. Vertex white, with brown bands margined with two long black
stripes and two short outer ones, also with short median stripe. Prono-
tum whitish with four brown stripes. Scutellum yellowish to black. |
Elytra whitish with white nervures margined with brown or black,

especially along the suture, apically, and along the reflexed nervures, with

some of the cells brownish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, narrowed pos-
teriorly, posterior margin deeply and angularly excavated, the sides of

the notch slightly sinuate; pygofers narrowed basally, long, and covered, —

especially on apical half, with long bristles, equalling or only slightly
exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment short; valve
broad and roundingly produced posteriorly; plates broad, margined with
long fine hairs clear to the broad, truncate, black-spotted apices; pygofers
acute posteriorly, long-bristled, much exceeding plates.

Distribution: Though not yet taken in Kansas, it should be

found in the northern part of the state.
Hosts: Baker took the type specimens from Carex.

- Deltocephalus albidus O. & B.

Deltocephalus albidus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 201, pl. 23, fig. 1, 1897.
Deltocephalus albidus Psyche, viii, p. 115, 1897.

Deltocephalus albidus Gibs. & Cog., Ohio Jl. Sci., xvi, p. 75, 1915.

Deltocephalus albidus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 640, 1917.

Form: More robust than bilineatus. Length, 4 to 5 mm. Vertex .

slightly longer than width between the eyes, acute apically. Pronotum
a little more than twice as wide as long, convex anteriorly, distinctly
concave posteriorly, humeral and posterior margins rounding into each

other, lateral margins short. Elytra short or moderately long, flaring, —

two outer apical veinlets strongly reflexed.

Color: White; vertex with a broken median line, a poe ena brown
transverse line, and two narrow lines extending from ends of latter to
apex. Pronotum with six brown longitudinal stripes, the middle pair
extending forward on to vertex and backward across the scutellum.
Elytra with sutural and apical margins and reflexed nervures lined with
brown and also with two broken brown lines, one on clavus, the other
extending from the humeral angle to the middle. Tergum with two pairs
of stripes, the outer pair meeting in a V on the pygofers.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, much narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles prominent, with a
distinct median lobe which is medially notched; pygofers sparsely brist-

led, short and broad, equalling ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment —
narrower than preceding; valve triangular, broad and long, acutely

pointed; plates the width of valve basally, laterally spined, apices sub-
acute, nearly equalling the short, bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie and Ottawa counties.

Hosts: Taken in pastures where Bouteloua and Buchloé
abound,

4

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 141

Deltocephalus areolatus Ball.

Deltocephalus areolatus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 188, 1899.
Deltocephalus areolatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 520, 1905.
Deltocephalus areolatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 640, 1917.

Form: Short, robust, wedge-shaped, the head forming the apex of
the wedge. Length, 2.75 to 4mm. Vertex nearly twice as long as width
between the eyes, apex roundingly acute. Pronotum over twice as broad
as long, lateral margins very short, humeral margins rounding into
slightly concave posterior margin, anterior margin strongly convex;
elytra short, flaring, two outer apical veinlets strongly reflexed.

Color: Olive-green or yellowish; vertex with two black spots apically,
elytra with large dark brown spot back of cross nervure, margin of
third apical cell and anterior margin of reflexed veinlets dark brown.
All but tarsi and part of genitalia below, black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles strong, posterior
margin broadly and deeply excavated with a large, medially cleft tooth
which equals the lateral angles; sparsely spined pygofers broad, equalling
ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment shorter than preceding, slightly
concave posteriorly, valve broad, triangular, posterior margin rounding
medially; plates the width of the valve basally, twice as long as valve,
spiny and slightly concave margins narrowing to slightly divergent apices
which are slightly exceeded by the spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Reported by Van Duzee from Kansas. Taken
in Riley county.

Host: Specific host unknown. Probably a grass feeder.

Deltocephalus imputans O. & B.

Deiltocephalus imputans O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 75, 1898.
Deltocephalus imputans DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 43, 1916.
Deltocephalus imputans Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 640, 1917.
Deltocephalus imputans Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: Wedge-shaped like areolatus. Length 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex
about one-third longer than basal width, acutely pointed, margin dis-
tinct. Pronotum as in areolatus. Elytra short, equalling abdomen, flar-

ing, outer anteapical cell and second cross nervure sometimes wanting,

two outer apical nervures strongly reflexed.

Color: Creamy yellow; vertex with two black spots apically, from
which lines to ocelli and median line are reddish-brown. Elytra with
anterior margin of reflexed veins and margin of third apical cell broadly

black. Face black with sometimes a light spot on apex of front.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than

_ preceding, narrowed posteriorly to acute lateral angles, posterior margin

emarginate on either side of a wide, roundingly produced and medially
notched median lobe; pygofers sparsely bristled, broad, equalling ovi-
positor. Male, last ventral segment about half as long as preceding,
valve broad, two to three times as long as ultimate segment, subacute

142 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

apically, lateral margins somewhat sinuate; plates long, sparsely bristled
margins narrowed from base to divergent, rounded tips which are well
exceeded by the bristled pygofers.

J

Distribution: Van Duzee reports this species from Kansas.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives Muhlenbergia as the grass on
which this species lives.

Deltocephalus visendus Crmb.

Deltocephalus visendus Crmb., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., viii, p. 189, 1915.
Deltocephalus visendus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 641, 1917.

Form: That of reflecus. Length, 3.25 to 4.25 mm. Vertex flat, nearly
one-fourth longer than width between the eyes, acutely angled. Pro-
notum over twice as broad as long, strongly convex anteriorly, slightly
concave posteriorly, lateral margins short, humeral margins rounding
into posterior margin. Elytra flaring, slightly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Pale cinereous. Vertex apically white with two black lines
from which reddish lines extend to the ocelli; median line reddish, with
a pair of dark median transverse bars. Pronotum with six faint, brown-
ish longitudinal stripes. Elytra with black spots near anterior junction
of claval veins and on the disc. The anterior margins of the reflexed
nervures, the margin of the third apical cell and often the margins of
other veins, brownish or black. Face black, becoming brownish below.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as pre-
ceding, narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles acute, posterior margin
emarginate on either side of a large, median, obtusely pointed and
slightly notched lobe; sparsely spined pygofers broad, equalling ovi-
positor. Male, last ventral segment half as long as preceding; valve tri-
angular, margins somewhat concavely narrowed to acute apex; plates
about twice as long as valve, characteristic because of apices being
separated by small median excavation; bristly pygefers exceeding plates
and distinctly compressed from near the base.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, ‘Miami and Chautauqua
counties.
Hosts: Swept from native grasses.

Deltocephalus inflatus O. & B.

Deitocephalus inflatus O. & B., Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 202, pl. 22, fig. 2, 1897.

Deltocephalus inflatus Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 115, 1898. |

Deltocephalus inflatus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 220, 1909.

Deltocephalus inflatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 640, 1917.

Form: Not as strongly wedge-shaped as reflexus. Length, 4.25 to
4.75 mm. Vertex slightly longer than basal width, more obtusely pointed
than in reflexus. Pronotum over twice as broad as long, lateral margins
short. Elytra longer than in reflexus, flaring, two outer costal veinlets
strongly reflexed.

Color: Yellowish-white; vertex with white apex margined with brown
and with reddish line to ocelli, with a pair of.spots on either side the

ae
,

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 143

- center and a pair near the base, light brown. Pronotum with six faint

longitudinal stripes, the median ones extending across the scutellum.

_ Elytra subhyaline, nervures white, frequently margined with brown, es-

pecially the anterior margin of the reflexed veinlets, and with black
spots near middle of clavus, on the first cross vein of sectors and in third
apical cell. Face fuscous above, shading gradually to light below.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as

preceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly, laterai angles obtuse, apex in

line with central third which is suddenly produced, slightly notched
medially, and sinuate and darkened on either side of the notch; pygofers
sparsely spined, narrowed basally, broad and equalling ovipositor. Male,
last ventral segment nearly as long as preceding; valve triangular, sub-
acute at apex, margins concave medially; plates short, about twice the
length of the valve, apices acute, margins spiny; pygofers greatly exceed-

ing plates, but tergite inflated and pressed laterally and terminally

against the pygofers.
Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.
Hosts: A grass feeder. Specific host unknown.

Deltocephalus reflexus O. & B.

Deltocephalus reflecus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 203, pl. 22, fig. 1, 1897.
Deltocephalus reflecus Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 115, 1897.

Deltocephalus reflexus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 44, 1916.
Deltocephalus reflexus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 641, 1917.

Deltocephalus reflecus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 61, 1919.

Form: Distinctly wedge-shaped. Length, 4 to 4.5 mm. Vertex half
longer than wide, acutely angled. Pronotum as in preceding species ex-
cept posterior margin more nearly truncate. Elytra strongly flaring, two
outer costal veinlets strongly reflexed.

Color: Soiled white or yellowish; vertex with white apex encircled

with dark brown, reddish-brown marginal lines to ocelli, pair of median

transverse bars and two basal spots, brown. Pronotum yellowish with six
faint longitudinal lines. Elytra with spot on clavus and corium, margins
of veins, especially anterior margin of reflexed veins and third apical cell,

brown. Face black above and light below.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than pre-
ceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin concave on
either side of a notched median tooth; pygofers sparsely bristled, broad,
equalling ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment three-fourths as long as
preceding; valve triangular, broad, acutely pointed, spiny margined;
plates a little more than twice the length of the valve, elongate, apices
somewhat divergent, nearly equalling the spiny pygofers.

144 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Common throughout the eastern part of the —

state as shown by the following map:
ele

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Hosts: Grasses.

Deltocephalus sayi (Fh.).
(Pl. 12, figs. 7-8.)

Amblycephalus sayii Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 61, 1851.
Tettigonia sayiti Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1158, 1852.
Deltocephalus sayi Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iv, p. 511, 1878.
Deltocephalus sayi Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Deltocephalus sayi O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 207, pl. 23, fig. 2, 1897.
Deltocephalus sayi Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 519, 1905.
Deltocephalus sayi Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 84, fig. 20, 1912.
Deltocephalus sayi Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul, 238, p. 117, 1915. =
Deltocephalus sayi De L., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 46, 1916.
Deltocephalus sayi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 642, 1917.
Deltocephalus sayi Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 183, 1918.

Form: Short, robust forms, not distinctly wedge-shaped as preceding
species. Length, 3.25 to 3.5 mm. Vertex a little longer than width be-
tween eyes, rather acutely pointed. Pronotum short, two and a half times
as broad as long, humeral margins seemingly forming a part of the
posterior margin. Elytra short and broad, almost truncate apically, ex-
ceeded by abdomen, outer costal veins not strongly reflexed.

Color: Brownish; vertex nearly reddish-brown with margins, tip,
median and basal transverse lines and a median longitudinal line, light.
Pronotum with six faint longitudinal lines. Elytra with lighter areas
across base and a broader one across tip of clavus, the rest with the light.
nervures heavily margined with brown. Face ‘light brown with heavy
dark arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment moderately long,
posterior margin emarginate; broad spiny pygofers equalling or slightly
exceeded by ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment as long as preceding;

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 145

valve, broad, obtusely produced posteriorly; plates broad basally then
narrowed and running with parailel margins to obliquely truncate apices:
margins with bristles on proximal two-thirds, exceeding the short
pygofers. .

Internal male genitalia: Styles very large, with large triangular
process for attachment to connective, lateral margin broadly and deeply
incised apically, incision bearing fine hairs forming a slender, curving
apex, crenulated on extreme inner margin; connective narrow proximally,
then widening, then narrowing to parallel-margined apical portion, hol-
lowed for nearly entire length; edagus very characteristic with broad
base sending two short arms dorsad, then slightly tapering to apex
where it widens and flattens out into two wings, from between which there
extend dorsad two long slender processes with a pair of stout recurved
spines cephalad of these.

Distribution: 'Yaken in Douglas, Decatur and Pottawatomie
counties.
Hosts: Blue grass seems to Le the chiet host.

Deltocephalus misellus Ball.

Deltocephalus misellus Ball, Can. Ent., xxx1, p. 191, 18yy.

Deltocephatus misellus Barb., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxili, p. 533, 1914.
Deltocephalus misellus Gibs. & Cog., Ohio Jl. Sci., xvi, p. 75, 1YLo.
Deltocephalus misellus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 117, 1915.
Deltocephalus misellus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 642, 1917.

Form: Resembling sayi, but smaller. Length, 2.75 to 3 mm. Vertex
flat, as long as width between the eyes, obtusely angled apically. Prono-
tum over twice as wide as long, strongly convex anteriorly, posterior
margin slightly emarginate, fusing with humeral margins, lateral mar-
gins very short. Elytra broad and short, broadly rounding apically,
shorter than abdomen in female, exceeding abdomen in male.

Color: Cinereous, marked with brown; vertex white, with two oblique
lines at apex whose base is joined by a brown line, two large brown spots
on the disc, and two smaller ones at the base. Pronotum showing faintly
four broad longitudinal lines, otherwise irregularly fuscous marked.
Elytra cinereous with white nervures generally strongly margined with
fuscous. Face fuscous marked with light ares.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin somewhat
produced, especially medially; pygofers sparsely bristled, slightly ex-
ceeded by the ovipositor. Male, valve triangular, obtuse apically; plates
together forming a triangle broader than long, spiny margins regu-
larly tapering to the acute, slightly divergent apices; pygofers very short,
very sparsely bristled, exceeded by the plates.

Distribution: This species has not yet been taken from this
state but should be found in the northeastern portion.

10—Sci. Bul.— 3058

146 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Hosts: Professor Osborn reports it from Canadian blue
grass.
Deltocephalus signatifrons Van D.

Deltocephalus signatifrons Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 305, 1892.
Deltocephalus signatifrons G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 89, 1895.

Deltocephalus signatifrons O. & B., Ia. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 34, p. 135, 1897.
Deltocephalus signatifrons Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sei., iv, p. 215, pl. 25, fig. 1, 1897.
Deltocephalus signatifrons Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 645, 1917.

Form: Males appearing rather slender, females more robust. Length,
3 to 3.5 mm. Vertex slightly sloping, broader than long, obtusely to
roundingly produced apicaliy. Pronotum less than twice as broad as

long, strongly convex anteriorly, lateral margins very short, humeral |

margins distinct but rounding with slightly emarginate posterior margin.
Elytra usually exceeding the abdomen, but only equalling it in some
females, middle anteapical cell distinctly constricted.

Color: Ashy-gray tinged with fuscous; vertex slightly yellowish, with
four large quadrate brown spots on the disc, a pair of smaller and darker
ones at the apex and frequently a spot between the latter and the ocelli.
Pronotum, grayish, mottled with brown and with five faint, light, longi-
tudinal lines. Scutellum with basal angles dark and disc irregularly
mottled with brown. Elytra with nervures light, in some places milky
white, and usually strongly margined with fuscous. Face heavily marked
with black arcs and dots.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment a little longer than
preceding, lateral angles prominent, posterior margin broadly excavated
and bearing two prominent obtusely pointed teeth which are separated
by an incision reaching about one-third of the distance to the base;
pygofers broad, spiny, and equalling or slightly exceeded by the oviposi-
tor. Male, last ventral segment about the length of the preceding; valve
broad, short, broadly rounded posteriorly; plates very broad, a little
over twice the length of the valve, very widely truncate apically, margined
with moderately fine hairs; pygofers short, barely exceeding plates, bear-
ing long bristles.

Distribution: Taken hitherto in four western counties,
namely: Decatur, Sheridan, Wallace and Hodgeman.

Hosts: Gillette and Baker report this species from beans—

and alfalfa, while Osborn and Ball report it as infesting weedy
places.
Deltocephalus minimus O. & B.

Deltocephalus minimus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 211, pl. 24, fig. 4, 1897.
Deltocephalus minimus Metce., Jl. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., xxxi, p. 24, 1915.
Deltocephalus minimus De L., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 47, 1916.
Deltocephalus melsheimerit Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 647, 1917.

Form: Small and slender. Length, 2.25 to 3 mm. Vertex a little
longer than wide in the female, about as long as wide in the male, more
rounded apically in the male. Pronotum not quite twice as broad as long,

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 147

strongly convex anteriorly, lateral margins very short, long humeral
margins rounding with very slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra
long and narrow.

Color: Yellowish-green; disc of pronotum and basal portion of elytra
darker green, distal portion of elytra lighter. Face fuscous with lighter
arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than pre-
ceding, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly with slight lateral angles
or rounding with posterior margin which is slightly convex, with three
small median notches margined with black; pygofers bristly and long,
equalling or slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve large, triangu-
lar, apex rather obtuse; plates broad, three times length of valve, regu-
larly tapering to acute tips; pygofers long and narrow, exceeding plates,
very bristly.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee and Franklin counties.
Hosts: Grass feeders. Osborn and Ball suggest pe eels

‘and Stipa as hosts.

After studying the types of this species in Professor Ball’s
collection, and comparing them with specimens of Deltocepha-
lus melsheimeru Fh., sent him by Professor Osborn from
Maine, it is impossible to agree with Mr. Van Duzee in making
these species synonymous. The genitalia, both male and fe-
male, are entirely alike. Deltocephalus minimus has the fe-
male ultimate segment distinctly notched three times medially,
and the lateral margins are distinctly narrowed posteriorly,
so that the posterior margin is clearly narrower than the an-

terior. Deltocephalus melsheimerii, on the other hand, has a

more truncate and unnotched posterior margin which is as

- wide as the anterior margin, for the lateral margins are not

narrowed posteriorly, forming right angles with the posterior
margin. In the male genitalia the differences are even more

- noticeable. In Deltocephalus melsheimervi the valve is shorter

and more rounded posteriorly than in Deltocephalus minimus.
The plates, however, are very characteristic. In the former
they are very broad, and continue, almost parallel-margined
to the broad, upturned, obtusely-pointed or truncate apices.
In the latter the plates are longer, more slender, and tapering
posteriorly to the acute apices which are not upturned.

Deltocephalus parvulus Gill.

Deltocephalus parvulus Gill., Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 43, p. 23, 1898.
Deltocephalus parvulus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 647, 1917.

Form: Much like preceding species. Length, 2.5 to 3 mm. Vertex
slightly longer than wide in female, about as long as wide in male, sub-

148 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

acute apically in female, more rounded in male. Vertex long, not twice
as wide as long, strongly convex anteriorly, lateral margin very short.

long humeral margins rounding to slightly concave, posterior margin.

Elytra long and slender, exceeding abdomen.

Color: Greenish-yellow; vertex yellowish with two brown lines ex-
tending from apex to base. Pronotum yellowish-green, sometimes with

two brown longitudinal lines. Scutellum yellow. Elytra yellowish-green, |

subhyaline, nervures brighter. Face pale fuscous with pale arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as —

preceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin strongly and round-
ingly produced, unicolorous; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or
slightly exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely bristled. Male, valve small,

triangular, apex subacute, smaller and more acute than in minimus, |

plates long and narrow, spiny margined, apices acute.

Distribution: Collected in large numbers in Ottawa county. 4

Hosts: Professor Gillette reports this species on short

prairie grasses. The writer swept them in abundance from —

pastures composed chiefly of Bouteloua and Buchloé.

Deltocenhaine dep Ui:

Deltocephalus debilis Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 360, 1876.
Deltocephalus melsheimeri Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Deltocephalus debilis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 210, pl. 23, fig. 2, 1897.
Deltocephalus debilis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 520, 1905.

Deltocephalus debilis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 49, 1916.
Deltocephalus debilis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 646, 1917.

Deltocephalus debilis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 65, 1919.

Form: lLarger and more robust than two preceding species. Length,

3 to 4.75 mm. Vertex longer than wide, or width equal to length, acutely ,

angled. Pronotum not over twice as broad as long, strongly convex an-
teriorly, lateral margins very short, humeral margins rounding into
slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra varying in length, sometimes
shorter, usually longer than abdomen.

Color: Greenish; vertex, anterior portion of pronotum and scutellum
yellow, median line of vertex and ocelli black. Elytra subhyaline with
veins light. Face brownish with pale arcs and median line.

External genitalia: Female, last. ventral segment long, posterior
margin rounded with narrow, deep, median notch or sometimes nearly —

truncate with a shallow notch between two small lobes; pygofers broad,
broadest at middle, and sparsely spined, equalling or slightly exceeded by

ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment shorter than preceding, valve ~

roundingly produced posteriorly; plates together as broad at base as
long, margins spined, each with a black spot, apices obtuse, exceeded by
the acutely pointed and long-bristled pygofers.

Distribution: Collected in Doveglas and Pottawatomie coun-
ties.

Hosts: Found on low grounds and in wooded regions.

=|

, ~~
ala Gx af
iyi tis |

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZ. 149

Deltocephalus collinus Boh.

Deltocephalus collinus Boh., Kong, Vet. Akad. Handl. for 1850, p. 261.

Deltocephalus aridellus Boh., Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. for 1850, p. 263.

Deltocephalus collinus Fieb., Verh. Zo6l.-Bot. Ges. Wien., xix, p. 216, pl. 6, fig. 42,
1869.

Deltocephalus collinus Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 264, pl. 29, figs. 4, .5,
1896. :
Deltocephalus collinus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 80, 1898.

Deltocephalus collinus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 647, 1917.

‘Form: Robust-and like affinis. Length, 3.25 to 4 mm. Vertex about
as long as wide, sometimes wider, rather obtusely angled. Pronotum

_less than twice as broad as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral

margins short, humeral margins rounding into slightly concave posterior
margin. Elytra narrow, either short, reaching to base of penultimate
segment and diverging from the tip of the clavus, or long in some females,
exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Greenish-yellow, practically unicolorous; vertex sometimes
marked with light brown on either side of a light stripe enclosing the
dark, median, impressed line. Pronotum sometimes with signs of six
fuscous longitudinal lines. Elytra with light nervures, tip hyaline, ab-
domen sometimes marked with fuscous stripes. Face fuscous marked
with light median line and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin seemingly with five lobes, the
two outer light colored ones small, and separated shallowly from the
small black lobes next to them, and these in turn separated by a deeper
excavation from the light colored median lobe; pygofers narrowed basally,
long and narrowed, bristly, slightly exceeding the ovipositor. Male, last

ventral segment two-thirds as long as preceding; valve large, nearly twice

as wide as long, obtusely angulated posteriorly; plates broad, margins
convex till near the apex, then concavely narrowing to the obtuse apices
which are slightly exceeded by the spiny pygofers.

150 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Fairly common in western portion of the state,
as shown by the following map:

CLOUD
cae rons ee GRAH |RoOKs | ose, | MITCH an eK
She eer con
nace LOGAN cove frac ELLIS | RUSS ie
eve] SAUNE| sane ssc
— WICH.|SCOTT|LANE] NESS Simic ra a

noose,
HAM pe RENO HARVEY
STAN. |GRANT eon alee Ee KING, | SEDGE.

oe te miedo BARBER ca SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give eae as the host.
Deltocephalus affinis G. & B.

(PI. 12,..figs: 5-6.)
Deltocephalus afinis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 84, 1895.
Deltocephalus melsheimerii Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890.
Deltocephalus debilis Osb., Ia. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul.-13, p. 100, 1891.
Deltocephalus debilis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 30, p. 45, 1893.

Fn
ae

COFFE aN

Deltocephalus melshéimerti O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 211, pl. 24, fig. 1, 1897.

Deltocephalus afinis Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 118, 1897.

Deltocephalus afiinis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 522, 1905.

Deltocephalus afinis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 82, fig. 18, 1912.
Deltocephalus afinis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 122, 1915.

Deltocephalus afinis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 648, 1917.

Deltocephalus afinis Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, 184, 1918.

Form: Length, 3 to4 mm. Vertex wider than long, obtusely pointed.
Pronotum a little longer than the vertex, lateral margins short, humeral
margins distinctly angled with the slightly emarginate posterior margin.
Elytra long, barely exceeding the abdomen sometimes, and again greatly
exceeding it.

Color: Pale ashy-green, usually marked with fuscous. Vertex and -

pronotum often unicolorous or mottled with fuscous, the latter sometimes
showing five pale longitudinal stripes. Elytra often unicolorously green-
ish-brown, sometimes with nervures heavily bordered with fuscous. Face
fuscous with light median line and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, slightly nar-
rowed posteriorly, posterior margin broadly and angularly emarginate;
pygofers spiny on distal half, broad, equalling ovipositor. Male, last
ventral segment as long as preceding, valve very characteristic, large and
inflated, concealing all but the obtuse and divergent apices of the short
plates; pygofers very short, each with a tuft of long bristles.

aie ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 151

Internal male genitalia: Styles with a very large and characteristic
projection to meet the connective, main body of about uniform diameter
till near the apex, then excavated lateraliy, forming an outwardly curved
and knobbed apex, connective very long and slender, notched basally for
nearly one-half its length; cedagus with a pair of lateral, dorsally pro-
jected processes, and a longer median and terminal process.

Distribution: Very abundant wherever its host occurs. The
following map shows counties in which it has been taken:

SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS \ ren “Te
ac US
ae
Bee LINC
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS nel me
= aa — 8
GRELY| WicH.! SCOTT|LANE| NESS =s Cae rs ar
Tato re pel
cOrFEY
Ee bal

Lin
a ee
HAM proves. | RENO al
FORD
STAN. GRANT es KIOWA ae ie ules nos]
ae
EEE MEAO cue eon ara] mee HARP. ver COW. ena pont a

Hosts: Blue grass.

Deltocephalus oculatus O. & B.

Deltocephalus oculatus O. & B., Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 212, pl. 23, fig. 4, 1897.
Deltocephalus oculatus De L., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 48, 1916.
Deltocephalus oculatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 648, 1917.
Deltocephalus oculatus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci-, xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: Like affinis, smaller. Length, 3.5 mm. Vertex slightly longer
than width between eyes, obtusely pointed. Pronotum not twice as broad
as long, lateral margins short. Elytra long and narrow, much exceeding
abdomen.

Color: Distinctly yellow, face marked with fuscous ares. Elytra not
as bright yellow as vertex, pronotum and scutellum.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about length of pre-
ceding, lateral angles acute, middle third of posterior margin truncately
produced, dark, and thin lobed; pygofers bristly, broad, equalling ovi-
positor. Male, valve broad, triangular, acute apically; plates broad at
base, much narrowed apically to the slender, produced apices; pygofers
long and very acute at apices, exceeding plates and spiny.

152 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: As shown by the map, this species is seemingly
more abundant in the eastern part of the state.

SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH rons | os in| 1 | CLAY aoe
eh Sis
eo
Ea
WALLACE] LOGAN } GOVE’ |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS

ean saune |

ce | vw reg
COFFET

re LIN nN

HAM |KEAR, ee no JRE HARVEY
. Shee BOug
na BUTLER :
STAN. |GRANT [as KIOWA Bee KING, | SEDGE.
ek. CRAW.

mort} STEV. [sew | MEAD [CLARK |COMAN. | BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | COW. or hon | ne fl

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give Andropogon scoparius as a
host, while De Long records it on Aristida gracilis.

Deltocephalus sylvestris O. & B.

Deltocephalus sylvestris O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 213, pl. 25, fig. 4, 1897.
Deltocephalus sylvestris Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p.“119, 1915.
Deltocephalus sylvestris DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 49, 1916.
Deltocephalus sylvestris Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 49, 1917.

Deltocephalus sylvestris Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: More slender than oculatus. Length, 3.5 mm. Vertex dis-
tinctly longer than wide, acutely pointed. Pronotum long, with short
lateral margins and distinctly emarginate posterior margin. Elytra long
and narrow, distinctly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Greenish-yellow marked with fuscous; vertex greenish-yellow,

with two brownish lines from apex towards each eye and with a dark
median line. Pronotum with traces of five longitudinal lines; elytra

greenish, nervures light, sometimes margined with fuscous. Face fus-

cous with median line and arcs pale.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment narrowed posteriorly, —

short, except for long median third which is strongly and abruptly pro-
duced and black. Male, valve broad, apex obtusely angulated; plates very
broad, three times the length of valve, spines divergent and acute, mar-
gins spiny; bristly pygofers slightly exceeding plates.

Distribution: Taken only in Douglas and Cherokee counties.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball report this species from blue grass

in wooded areas.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 153

Deltocephalus flavicosta Stal.
CPI S12. fies. -3o=4:)

Jassus (Deltocephalus) flavicosta Stal, Rio Jan. Hemip., ii, p. 53, 1862.
Deltocephalus flavicosta Van D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 116, 1892.
Deltocephalus retrorsus Uhl., Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond. for 1895, p. 78.
Deltocephalus harrisi (Fh. MS.) in collections.
Deltocephalus flavocostatus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 217, 1897.
Deltocephalus flavicosta Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 117, 1897.
Deltocephalus retroversus (Uhl. MS.) Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J., edn. 2, p. 95, 1900.
Deltocephalus flavocostatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 49, 1916.
Deltocephalus flavicosta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 645, 1917.
Deltocephalus flavicosta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 64, 1919.

Form: Length, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. Vertex distinctly wider than long, an-

terior margin nearly round, disc convex and sloping, without well-de-

veloped margin. Pronotum long, strongly convex anteriorly, lateral
margins very short, humeral margins long and rounding with slightly
emarginate posterior margin. Elytra long and narrow, exceeding the
abdomen.

Color: Dark brown to black; vertex with four apical spots in form of
a square, three against each eye, and two at middle of posterior margin,
yellow. Pronotum with five yellow spots on anterior portion and five
faint longitudinal lines. Elytra very characteristic because of the yellow

_ two-thirds of costal area and two outer costal veinlets sometimes broadly

light.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin roundingly produced

and sometimes with a small median notch; pygofers sparsely spined,

broad and short, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment

as long as preceding; valve broad, triangular, margins slightly concave

/

to obtuse or rounded apex; plates broad at base, longer than valve, mar-

_gins with few spines, narrowing to acute apices which exceed the sparsely

spined short pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles acute at either end, apically toothed
on inner margin and sending long, parallel-sided processes from near
their middle length seemingly direct to the cedagus, which is semicircular

when viewed laterally, and broad till near the apex, then greatly nar-

- rowed, but ending obtusely.

154 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Common throughout the eastern part of the
state. Often attracted to lights. The following map shows

counties furnishing specimens:
an ee:

3 ortana

sane
ere noc

Ht fila) po

root |

: GREEN |w000 | ALLEN]

BUTLE
aco ee E2123 poee
ELK

Hosts: Taken on weeds and grasses.

a

Deltocephalus weedi Van D.

Deltocephalus weedi Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 306, 1892.
Deltocephalus weedi O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 216, pl. 25, fig. 2, 1897.
Deltocephalus weedi DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 52, 1916.
Deltocephalus weedi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 643, 1917.

Deltocephalus weedi Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.
Deltocephalus weedi Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 62, 1919.

Form: Small and robust. Length,3 mm. Vertex a little longer than

wide, rather acutely pointed, at least more acute than in two following
species. Pronotum Jong, not over twice as broad as long, strongly con-
vex anteriorly, lateral margins very short, humeral margins long, broadly
rounding with slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra slightly longer
than the abdomen, somewhat flaring, the clavus well reticulated, the
central anteapical cell divided.

Color: Brown; vertex with two triangular fuscous, apical spots, a
black spot above each ocellus, a medially widened, transverse, broad band
on the disc, with a pair of light fuscous basal spots and a dark median
longitudinal line. Pronotum with five white longitudinal lines, two large
fuscous apical spots and irregular fuscous spots posteriorly, parallel to

anterior margin. Scutellum with dark basal angles. Elytra with nervures ©

broadly white and uniformly bordered with fuscous, sometimes the cells
entirely fuscous. Face black with white arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-third longer
than preceding, posterior margin broadly and roundly slightly concave;
pygofers broad, bristled on distal half, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor.
Male, last ventral segment as long as preceding, posterior margin dis-

Natl aie

ds
Hed

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 155

tinctly concave, valve broad, broadly rounded posteriorly; plates together
half broader than long, spiny margins rounding to obtuse apices; pygofers
broad and short, equalling or slightly exceeding plates, and with long
bristles.

Distribution: Found in the eastern part of the state, as
shown by the following map:

SHERMAN ROOKS 058. Gilead tee
LFF

= EN
tae
usw SE ce Eten
cian | SANE | MORRIS OSAG

GRELY| WICH.) SCOTT|LANE] NESS as
oo M*PHER

noose,
GREEN Fa
FORD
STEV. Jnco ue corms SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: Taken when sweeping grasses and weeds.

Deltocephalus obtectus O. & B.

Deltocephalus obtectus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 78, 1898.
Deltocephalus obtectus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 521, 1905.
Deltocephalus obtectus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 118, 1915.
Deltocephalus obtectus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 53, 1916.
Deltocephalus obtectus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 643, 1917.
Deltocephalus obtectus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Col., Bul. 199, p. 63, 1919.

Form: Resembles weedi, slightly larger. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm. Ver-

tex slightly wider than long, disc sloping and broadly rounding with

front, vertex distinctly more obtuse than in weedi. Pronotum about the
length of vertex, lateral margins very short. Elytra usually exceeding
abdomen, flaring, clavus reticulated, central anteapical cell divided.

Color: Light gray marked with fuscous, duller colored than either
weedi or compactus. Vertex whitish or yellowish, two brown dashes at
apex, two brown curved lines outside these, a black spot inside each
ocellus, back of these a dark transverse band on each side, from whose
inner end short dark lines run back parallel to the dark median line, and
with two large brown basal spots. Pronotum with large dark spots back
of each eye, other smaller ones parallel with anterior margin, and with
faint indications of the five longitudinal stripes. Scutellum with basal
angles dark and often bearing a pair of dots on disc. Elytra with nerv-

ures broadly white and more or less margined with fuscous, with black

spots on clavus, corium, and then on distal half of costal margin. Face
brown with light arcs.

156 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment consisting of two
membranes, the lateral margins only of the inner one visible from under

the outer membrane which is about half as long as it is wide, much

narrowed to slightly rounded nearly truncate posterior margin; pygofers
broad, distally spined and equalling the ovipositor. Male, last ventral
segment as long as preceding, distinctly shortened medially by the broadly
rounded excavation of the posterior margin; valve large, margins dis-
tinctly concave medially and then rounding to obtuse apex; plates broad,
spiny margins quickly narrowing to the attenuate and acute tips; py-
' gofers densely bristled, their acute tips exceeding the plates.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county only.
Hosts: DeLong reports this species from small grasses.

Deltocephalus compactus O. & B.

Deltocephalus compactus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 217, pl. 25, fig. 3, 1897.
Deltocephalus compactus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 521, 1905.
Deltocephalus compactus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 52, 1916.
Deltocephalus compactus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 643, 1917.

Deltocephalus compactus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 63, 1919.

Form: Much like weedi. Length, 2.75 mm. Vertex with length 3

equalling width or slightly longer, disc sloping and roundingly meeting
front, quite obtuse apically. Pronotum as in obtectus. Elytra short,
broad, sometimes nearly equalling abdomen, sometimes exceeding it,
clavus reticulated, central anteapical cell divided.

Color: Very much like weedi, brown; vertex yellowish, with ocelli, a
pair of spots inside them and a pair at apex, black, a large broad pair
light brown and curved marginally, a pair of transverse median and
median longitudinal lines, black. Pronotum brown with the five faint
longitudinal lines. Scutellum with basal angles and two spots on disc,

dark. Elytra brown with nervures broadly light and usually heavily ~

margined with fuscous. Face black with light ares.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment consisting of two

membranes as in obtectus, the inner deeply and circularly emarginate

behind, nearly covered by the outer membrane which is twice as broad —

as long, with its posterior margin roundingly and medially produced;

pygofers broad, distally spined, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last

ventral segment as long as preceding except medially, due to broad and
angular excavation of the posterior margin; valve small, posterior margin

—— 7

slightly rounded; plates broad at base, but with spiny margins concavely
narrowed to attenuated and acute apices, which exceed the short, bristly

pygofers.
Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball report this species from Sporobolus
hookeri; De Long reports it as abundant on Aristida gracilis.

ee ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 17

Deltocephalus inimicus (Say).

4 (Pl. 12, figs. 1-2.)

| Jassus inimicus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 305, 1831; Compl. Writ., 1},
© p. 382.

- Amblycephalus inimicus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 61, 1851.

Tettigonia inimica Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1158, 1852.

Jassus 6-punctatus Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 378, 1872.

Jassus inimicus Forbes, 14th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., pp. 22, 67, 1884.

. Deltocephalus inimicus Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 11, 1889.

$ Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., Ia. St. Agr. Soc., Rept. for 1892, p. 687.

é Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., Insect Life, v, p. 113, 1892.

i Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 30, p. 45, 1893.

= 4 Deltocephalus inimicus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 215, pl. 24, fig. 3, 1897.
Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 523, 1905.
Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 72, fig. 11, 1912.
Deltocephalus inimicus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 123, 1915.
Deltocephalus inimicus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 51, 1916.
Deltocephalus inimicus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 644, 1917.

Deltocephalus inimicus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: A large, fairly robust species. Length, 2.75 to5 mm. Vertex

distinctly wider than long, disc slightly concave and rounding with front,

4 very obtusely or roundingly angulate apically. Pronotum long, not

twice as broad as long, lateral margins very short. Elytra long and

rather narrow, exceeding the abdomen, clavus reticulate, middle ante-
apical cell constricted and divided.

Color: Grayish or light fuscous marked with brown. Vertex whitish
or yellowish in light forms, fuscous in dark ones, with two small apical
spots, a pair of large round black ones before the eyes and between and

_ behind these a pair of smaller fuscous spots. Pronotum with two large
black spots on anterior margin, sometimes others near anterior border,
and with five faint, longitudinal, light lines. Scutellum with black basal
angles. Elytra with the nervures broadly light, bordered with fuscous,
especially in the apical region. Face fuscous with light median line and
ares. The color of this species varies very greatly from almost unmarked
_ forms to very dark ones. The three pairs of spots, however, on vertex,
pronotum and scutellum, are quite constant and thus readily distinguish
_ the species.

pte

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as
preceding, composed of two membranes, the inner broadly excavated
posteriorly, only the rounded, lateral angles showing from under the

outer membrane, which is suddenly narrowed posteriorly and terminates
in a three-lobed posterior margin, which is about half the width of the

_ broad anterior margin; spiny pygofers long and narrow, equalling or
_ only slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment as
_ long as preceding, posterior margin roundingly emarginate; valve short,

_ triangular, apex obtuse, margins slightly concave; plates nearly as broad
as valve at base, spiny margins concavely narrowed to attenuate and
_ acute apices; pygofers broad, apically obtuse, sparsely spined, slightly
_ exceeding plates.

i,

158 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External male genitalia: Styles triangular, with a long process to
connective, lateral margin with a small, but distinct notch preapically,
apex obtuse and granulated; connective flat, with middle portion cut
away; cedagus long and robust, heavier basally, sinuate to obtusely
rounded bifid apex, with a slightly chitinized basal, dorsally projecting
process for attachment to the base of the anal tube.

Distribution: One of the commonest species as shown by the
following map. Sometimes a in swarms at lights.

CHEYENNE | RAWLINS non NORTON PHILL. SMITH REPUB “ar a
TG
SHERMAN TNs. SHER! |GRAK |ROOKS ose, |rren MUTGH. CLAY
ae Ie
a aoc
WALLACE] LOGAN TREGO] ELLIS | RUSS
nue] SAUNE| sane orn ces
GRE'LY mgt ScoTT NESS =e a ere nian
Trot Stet MARION} case
COFFEE anor

HODGE
HAM ae HARVEY
ps5 i a= a
LK.
° eo
mort} stev. |sew. | MEAD ne COMAN. | BARBER | HARP | SUMNER | COW. cur fron

Hosts: Blue grass chiefly, among many grasses and weeds.
Osborn records it as injurious to wheat and oats also. One
of the most destructive of our leaf hoppers. :

Be

LAB

Deltocephalus osborni Van D.

Deltocephalus osborni Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., xix, p. 304, 1892.
Athysanus osborni O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 220, 1897.
Athysanus osborni O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 4, 1902.
Athysanus osborni Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 527, 1905.
Ahtysanus osborni Kirk., Haw. S. P. A., Exp. Sta. Bul., iii, p. 58, 1907.
Deltocephalus osborni Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 649, 1917.

Form: Large and robust. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex about one
and a half times as wide as long, dise flat, rounding with front, apex ob-
tusely or roundingly angled. Pronotum short, over twice as wide as long,
lateral margins very short. Elytra usually longer than abdomen, some-
times shorter, flaring, clavus not reticulate, two cross nervures between
the sectors, middle anteapical cell divided.

Color: Almost uniformly straw- or tawny-yellow; vertex with four

black marginal spots, the middle ones larger. Pronotum with five pale
longitudinal lines. Elytra with light nervures, often margined with
fuscous. Face with pale median line and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment composed of two ~

membranes, the rounded lateral corners of the deeply excavated inner
one showing at the sides of the basally broad, posteriorly much narrowed

dag

©

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 159

outer membrane whose posterior margin is then lobed, the middle one
being smaller than the lateral lobes; pygofers rather narrow, broadest
at the middle, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor, and spined on distal
half. Male, last ventral segment as long as preceding, posterior margin
concave; valve very small, rounded posteriorly; plates broadly triangular,
acute at tips, few spines on margins, exceeded by the basally broad,
acutely-tipped, long bristled pygofers.

Distribution: Collected in Douglas and Pottawatomie coun-
ties. ©

Hosts: Van Duzee took this species from “‘grass and weeds
near the borders of a low, swampy wood.”

Deltocephalus punctatus (O. & B.).

Athysanus punctatus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 94, 1898.

Deltocephalus punctatus Van D., Univ. Calif. Publ., Div. Ent., Tech. Bul., i, p. 249,
1916.

Deltocephalus punctatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 650, 1917.

Form: Short and rather robust. Length, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. Vertex
slightly wider than long, disc sloping, apex obtuse. Pronotum longer than
vertex, not twice as broad as long, lateral margins very short, humeral
margins long, rounding with slightly emarginate posterior margin.
Elytra long and narrow, exceeding abdomen and overlapping apically, or
short and broad, reaching sixth abdominal segment, venation indistinct.

Color: Practically uniformly brown; vertex with two large black
spots, dark median longitudinal line and ocelli and two apical spots red-
dish. Black abdomen showing through elytra.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, sides
broadly rounded to truncate posterior margin which has a slightly ex-
cavated median portion; pygofers broad apically, spiny, equalling or
slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment shorter
than preceding, slightly concave posteriorly; valve very broad, broadly
rounded posteriorly, three times as broad as long; plates broad basally,
spiny margins concavely narrowing to acute tips, two and one-half times
the length of the valve; pygofers broad at base, acute and long-bristled
apically, equalling the plates.

Distribution: This species has not yet been taken in the
state but should occur here, at least in the northeastern portion.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball took the type specimen on Sporo-
bolus.

160 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Deltocephalus balli Van D.

Deltocephalus ballti Van D., Check List Hemip., p. 71, 1916.

Deltocephalus nigrifrons Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 293, 1894.
Deltocephalus nigrifrons O. & B.: Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 218, 1897 (in part).
Deltocephalus nigrifrons Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 116, 1897.

Deltocephalus nigrifrons Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 122, 1915.
Deltocephalus nigrifrons DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 50, 1916.
Deltocephalus balli Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 650, 1917.

Deltocephalus bal Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: Length, 2.5 to 4mm. Vertex over half wider than long, sloping,
broadly rounding with front, obtusely angulated or broadly rounding api-
cally. Pronotum distinctly longer than vertex, lateral margins very short,
humeral margins long. Elytra long and narrow, much exceeding ab-
domen.

Color: Yellowish-green. Vertex yellowish with row of apical black
spots. Pronotum showing five pale stripes. Scutellum with basal angles
and apex reddish, and the transverse impressed line black. Elytra with
light nervures, cells often fuscous. Face almost black with coalescing
arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced-
ing, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin broadly emarginate; pygofers
long and broad, broadest at middle, spined on distal half, nearly equalling
ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment wider than preceding, concave
posteriorly; valve broad but short, rounded posteriorly; plates broad at
base, spined margins tapering to acute apices; pygofers bearing long
spines, acute, and exceeding plates apically.

Distribution: Records are at hand only from Riley county,
but it probably occurs well over the state.
Hosts: Grasses and weeds. De Long records it on wheat

and rye.
Deltocephalus sonorus Ball.

Deltocephalus sonorus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 344, 1900.

Deltocephalus sonorus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 220, 1909.

Deltocephalus sonorus Osb., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 79, 1912.

Deltocephalus sonorus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 651, 1917.

Form: Like balli but more slender. Length, 3.25 mm. Vertex dis- —
tinctly broader than long, sloping, broadly, rounded apically. Pronotum
distinctly longer than vertex, lateral margins very short, humeral mar-
gins long. Elytra long and narrow, venation distinct.

Color: Fuscous; vertex pale yellow with six marginal black spots,
the middle ones larger than the others, and back of each spot a light brown
spot on disc. Pronotum greenish-yellow with five light longitudinal lines.
Elytra subhyaline, nervures light, often margined with fuscous. Face
fuscous with light median line and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin slightly _
emarginate medially; pygofers rather narrow and long, spiny on distal

a

y

hy

x

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 161

half, equalling the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment as long laterally
as preceding; but with posterior margin concave; valve broad but short,
-rounded broadly posteriorly; plates broad basally, spined margins taper-

- ing to acute tips; pygofers exceeding plates, armed with a few stout and
many fine bristles.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.

Hosts:

Osborn reports it as occurring on annual grasses.

Genus LONATURA O. & B.

The members of this genus have a conical head, over three

/

times as wide across the eyes as the length of the vertex, which

is obtusely angled. The pronotum is short, scarcely as long

as the vertex, only slightly emarginate posteriorly, covering

base of elytra and scutellum in brachypterous forms. Elytra

with obscure venation and only two anteapical cells, long and

- narrow, with large appendix, or short and broad, covering only
second abdominal segment.

At least three species of this genus should occur in Kansas,

only one, however, having yet been taken.
KEY TO SPECIES.
A. Forms smail, less than 3 mm. catalina.

'AA. Forms larger, 3 mm. or over.

B.

BB.

Lonatura
Lonatura
Lonatura
Lonatura

Forms large, elytra covering only first two abdominal segments

and each with at least one black spot. noctiwaga.
Forms smaller, elytra longer, covering all but two last seg-
ments of abdomen and without spots. nebulosa

Lonatura catalina O. & B.

catalina O. & B., Proc.. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 83, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1898.
catalina DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17; p. 93, 1916.

catalina Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 651, 1917.

catalina Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 184, 1918.

Form: Very small, robust. Length of brachypterous form, 2.75 mm.

_ Macropterous females slightly larger than macropterous males, vertex

about as long as wide, sloping, broadly rounding to front, obtuse apically,

5 whole surface distinctly granulose. Pronotum shorter than vertex, an-

_ terior margin strongly convex, lateral margins short, humeral margins
distinct, broadly rounding with slightly emarginate posterior margin.

Scutellum large. Elytra long and narrow, exceeding abdomen. Brachyp-
_ terous forms have a slightly longer head, very short truncate elytra, the
ae pronotum seemingly covering the kase of the elytra and the scutellum,

the latter

Color:

appearing small, the abdomen of the male being shorter and

_ more robust than that of the female.

Macropterous females have yellowish vertex, pronotum, scu-

i. tellum and elytra greenish-gray. Macropterous males have a yellow ver-

I >. on
ae ,

| tex, pronotum and scutellum yellowish-brown and elytra deep, smoky-

11—Sci. Bul.— 3058

162 - THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

brown. Brachypterous females are uniformly orange-yellow, except for
dark eyes and ocelli. Brachypterous males of same color as brachypterous
females, or dark, with vertex, pronotum and scutellum a yellowish-brown,
elytra smoky-brown, and abdomen brownish-black.

Diwan

ett

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment short, broad, slightly

emarginate posteriorly and with a small, median, bilobed process; py-

gofers broad, slightly exceeded by black ovipositor, bristled apically. —

Male, last ventral segment about length of preceding, emarginate pos-
teriorly; valve small, rounded posteriorly; plates broad basally, con-
cavely narrowed to attenuate and acute tips which exceed the short,
bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Though not yet reported from Kansas, this
species surely occurs in the state.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball report it from Sporobolus. De Long
took it in great numbers on A7vistida gracilis. |

Lonatura noctivaga Ball.
Lonatura noctivaga Ball, Can. Ent:, xxxil, p. 342, 1900.
Lonatura noctivaga Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 652, 1917.
Form: Large and robust. Length, 4 to 5.5 mm. Vertex at least one-
fourth wider than long, sloping and broadly rounding with front, apex
obtusely angled. Pronotum short, scarcely as long as vertex, anterior

margin broadly convex, lateral margins long, humeral margins long, _
scarcely angled with the somewhat emarginate posterior margin. Elytra

short and broad, obliquely truncate, covering first two abdominal seg-
ments, venation obscure and reticulate.

Color: Creamy-yellow; vertex with four large marginal black spots,
the outer the larger, with a faint transverse band behind the latter, back
of which may be irregular brownish spots, and with a dark median line.
Pronotum with five light longitudinal lines. Elytra with nervures light,
one or two black spots on posterior margin and often one or more be-
tween these and the scutellum. Abdomen dark olive with creamy stripes.

External genitalia: Female, last. ventral segment one-third longer
than preceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles broadly
rounded, posterior margin twice notched, with a small median lobe;
pygofers long and narrow, narrowed basally, sparsely spined, exceeded
by the very long ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer than the
preceding, posterior margin concave; valve very small, rounded pos-
teriorly; plates broad and long, spiny margins tapering to acute tips
which are slightly exceeded by the short, sparsely spined pygofers.

Distribution: This species has not yet been reported from
Kansas but should occur in the northeastern portion of the
state.

Hosts: Unknown.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 163

eo

Lonatura nebulosa Ball.

Lonatura nebulosa Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 341, 1900.

Lonatura nebulosa Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 652, 1917.

Form: Distinctly smaller than noctivaga. Length, 3 to 3.6 mm. Ver-
tex nearly one-third wider than long, sloping, broadly rounding with
front, obtuse apically. Pronotum longer than vertex, strongly convex
anteriorly, lateral margins short, humeral margins distinctly angulate
with the slightly emarginate posterior margin. Elytra short, covering
all but two segments of abdomen, rounded apically, not reticulate.

Color: Straw colored; vertex with four large marginal black spots
back of which are two brown transverse bands, and a brown spot basally,
near each eye. Pronotum with a pair of light brown spots on anterior
margin and very faint trace of the five light longitudinal lines. Elytra
subhyaline, unspotted. Abdomen with transverse row of fuscous dots
on middle of each segment and sometimes with lateral black markings.
Pygofers marked with black above.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment shorter than the
preceding, composed of two membranes, the inner broadly concave medi-
ally, only its lateral rounded angles visible from under the outer basally
broad, but apically narrowed membrane which has the posterior margin
truncate or slightly produced, and the disc distinctly elevated; pygofers
long and somewhat narrow, widest at the middle, very bristly apically
and exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment as long as
the preceding, valve small, broad but short, rounded posteriorly; plates
broad basally, spiny margins concavely narrowed to long acute apices
which exceed the very short, very bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county.
Hosts: Unknown.

Genus ACONURA Leth.

The members of this genus are usually yellowish or grayish
species, small and robust. The vertex is broad, obtusely angu-
late, transversely depressed and rounding to the front. The
pronotum is short, usually shorter than vertex and with pos-
terior portion transversely wrinkled. There are some macrop-
terous forms, but usually the elytra are very short, and with
weak venation. The ovipositor is very long, and the male geni-
talia are characteristic due to the abnormally large, chitinous
Styles and coedagus. Many males also possess a very large
dorsal spine at the tip of the hind tibiz which seems to vary
for the different species. |

Several undetermined species belonging to this genus have
been taken in Kansas, but at present we have been able to
make sure of only two species.

164 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

; KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Robust forms; female segment with large median lobes, pygofers —

of male rounded. robusta.

AA. More slender forms; female segment with a very short or no median —
lobe in the broad excavation, pygofers of male acute, ending in long :

chitinous processes. argenteolus.

Aconura robusta (Bak.).

Athysanella. robusta Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 187, 1898.
Aconura robusta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 653, 1917.

Form: Broad and robust. Length, 3 to 4 mm. Vertex short, half —

broader than long, transverse depression distinct, very obtusely angled. |

Pronotum short, nearly three times as wide as long, lateral margins long,

humeral margins indistinct, appearing like part of the medially emargi- —
nate posterior margin, covering the base of the elytra and the scutellum, —

making the latter appear small. Elytra short, reaching just beyond third —

abdominal segment, rounded apically, venation weak.

Color: Grayish-yellow; vertex lighter than rest of body, with small to e 3

large brown spot near margin half way between eye and apex. Pronotum
and elytra in specimens at hand unmarked. Abdomen usually with
transverse row of dark spots on anterior portion of each segment and
with faint longitudinal lines.

Eaternal genitalia: Female, last ventral segment deeply emarginate

between the long acute lateral angles, with a distinct tooth in the emargi-—
nation, which, in our forms, does not reach quite half way to the tips of —
the lateral angles; pygofers long and narrow, very sparsely bristled,

*

greatly exceeded by the very long ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment z
posteriorly emarginate; valve small, obtusely angled; plates broad and —

short, diverging, broadly rounding apically; pygofers broadly rounding ~

apically. Apex of hind tibizw with a large, acutely pointed, dorsal spine,
which reaches to about the middle of the first tarsal segment.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Ottawa county.

Hosts: Taken in pastures where buffalo grass and Bouteloua

abound.
Aconura argenteolus (Uhl.).

Deltocephalus argenteolus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Surv., iii, p. 473, 1877.
Deltocephalus argenteolus Bak., Psyche, viil, p. 119, 1897.

Aconura argenteolus Hory., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hung., vi, p. 567, 1908.
Aconura argenteolus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 653, 1917.

Baty +e

er

Form: More slender than preceding species. Length, 2.75 to 4.5 mm. —
Vertex as long or slightly longer than wide, transversely depressed, more —

pointed apically than robusta. Pronotum shorter than vertex, anterior

margin convex, lateral margins parallel and long, humeral margins fus-

ing with slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra short, covering third
abdominal segment, or long, reaching to pygofers, there being both
macropterous and brachypterous forms in both sexes, venation weak.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 165

Color: When alive this species is bluish-green and silvered. The dead
_ specimens are yellowish, unmarked, or with the dark colors of the body
- showing through the pronotum and elytra, and each abdominal segment
with a transverse row of dots on anterior portion.
External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment short, broadly and
deeply emarginated medially and sometimes with a small tooth in the
middle of the emargination; pygofers long and narrow but greatly ex-
- eeeded by the very long ovipositor. Male, valve large, triangular, apex
obtuse; plates large, diverging, outer margin sinuate, inner margin
broadly rounding to meet outer margin in a subacute apex; pygofers
_ drawn out into long black chitinous points which run down between the
_ plates.

Distribution: Ottawa, Greeley and Lane counties.

Hosts: Taken in very large numbers with the preceding
species in pastures where buffalo grass and Bouteloua are the
chief grasses.

Genus DRIOTURA O. & B.

_ The members of this genus are very robust forms with short
heads, vertex twice as wide as long, and parallel-margined.
Face broad and short, twice as wide above as at parallel-mar-
-gined clypeus. The pronotum is very short, a little longer than
the vertex, transversely striated on posterior two-thirds.
_ Elytra rarely long, reaching to ovipositor, usually short, cori-
aceous and coarsely rugose, barely covering second abdominal
segment. Abdomen short.in male, much inflated in female.
Two species and a variety of this genus have been taken in
Kansas.
KEY TO SPECIES.

_A. Color black or brownish, usually unicolorous. gammaroideda.
AA. Color gray, vertex and pronotum marked with white. robusta.

Driotura gammaroidea (Van D.).

Athysanus gammaroidea Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, p. 209, 1894.

Driotura gammaroidea O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., ee p. 89, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1898.
_ Driotura gammaroidea Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 529, 1905.

Anoterostemma gammaroidea Horv., Ann. Mus. Natl. ao g., v1, p. 568, 1908.

Driotura gammaroidea Osb., Me. gee Hxps Sta:, bul, 238, p132; 1915.

Driotura gammaroidea DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 64, 1916.

Driotura gammaroidea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 654, 1917.

Driotura gammaroidea Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 74, 1919.

_ Form: Short and robust. Length, 3 to 4mm. Vertex twice as wide
as long, front margin more convex than posterior, broadly rounding with
front. Pronotum very short, over three times as wide as long, lateral
Margins distinct, in brachypterous forms humeral margins seemingly a
‘part of the slightly emarginate posterior margin, more distinct in
macropterous forms. Scutellum small. Elytra rarely long, reaching the

166 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. ~

iy ake

ovipositor, usually short, covering second abdominal segment, coriaceous ©

and coarsely rugose. Akdomen broad, inflated in female.

Color: Shining black; vertex sometimes with reddish-brown markings,
legs and ovipositor reddish-brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than pre-—

ceding, three times as wide as long, narrowed posteriorly, margins about
parallel; pygofers broad and short, much exceeded by the very long ovi-
positor. Male, last ventral segment longer than preceding, emarginate
posteriorly; valve broad, rounded posteriorly; plates broad, diverging
from the base, broadly rounded apically, equalling the short pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie and Cherokee counties.

Hosts: Doctor Ball informs me that Grindelia is the host
plant of this species.

Driotura gammaroidea var. fulva Ball.

Driotura gammaroidea var. fulva Ball, Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 231, 1903.
Driotura gammaroidea var. fulva DeL., Tenn. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 64, 1916.
Driotura gammaroidea var. fulva Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 654, 1917.

Form: In size and shape as in gammaroidea.

Color: Nearly uniformly reddish-brown. Last segment of abdomen
and ovipositor dark. Eyes and ocelli dark.

Genitalia: As in gammaroidea.

Distribution: Reported from Cherokee county only.
Hosts: That of preceding form.

Driotura robusta O. & B.

Driotura robusta O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 87, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1898.
Driotura robusta Metc., Jl. Elisha Mitchell Soc., xxxi, p. 28, 1915.

Driotura robusta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 64, 1916.

Driotura robusta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 654, 1917.

Driotura robusta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 73, 1919.

Form: Slightly smaller than gammaroidea. Length, 2.75 to 3.5 mm.
Vertex slightly longer than in gammaroidea, otherwise structure much
the same.

Color: Vertex varying much in markings, sometimes being light yellow
with several small dark spots, often the anterior part with a few black

marks and the dise with two large irregular spots. Face light above

with dark arcs, then greater part of front black, tip of front light, and
elypeus with large black spot. Pronotum anteriorly black, posterior two-
thirds white, sometimes partly blackened. Elytra black with the nervures
and ramose lines white. Abdomen maculately black and white. .

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, lateral margins broadly rounded with slightly medially emar-
ginate posterior margin; pygofers wedge-shaped, much exceeded by the
very long ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer than preceding,
emarginate posteriorly; valve broad but short, rounded posteriorly;

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 167

plates broad, divergent, outer margin concave, inner margin broadly
rounding to meet outer margin in obtuse apex; pygofers slightly ex-
ceeding plates, covered with short bristles.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.

Hosts: Doctor Ball informs me that Grindelia is the host
plant of this species.

Genus EUSCELIS Brul.

The members of this genus are generally robust with the
head slightly wider than the pronotum. The vertex may be
distinctly angulate. The pronotum is rather short. The elytra
are long in the forms with a transverse vertex, but usually
short in the others. The ovipositor is rather uniformly short,
thus distinguishing it from some nearly related genera. The
genus is distinctly lacking in positive characters.

Twelve species of this genus have been reported from Kan-
sas and are keyed below.

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Vertex transverse, much wider than long, margins nearly or quite
parallel, anterior margin obtusely rounding to front.
B. Size very large, 7 mm. or over. magnus.
BB. Size smaller, 6 mm. or less.
C. Ground color white, not greenish, margin of vertex with
black spots. exitiosus.
CC. Ground color green, vertex with transverse bands.
D. Vertex slightly longer on middle than against eye,
transverse band on vertex narrow and straight.
striolus.
DD. Margins of vertex strictly parallel; transverse
band on vertex broader, parallel with the margins.
parallelus.
AA. Vertex not distinctly transverse, usually produced and angulate; an-
terior margin meeting front at an angle.
B. Vertex distinctly wider than its middle length.
C. Markings of vertex in form of transverse lines or absent.
I). Species stout, elytra shorter than or only slightly
exceeding abdomen, central anteapical cell rarely
constricted.
E. Straw-colored species. extrusus.
EE. Black species.
F, Vertex distinctly angular, nearly twice
as long on middle as against eye; a yel-
low band at base of vertex and usually

the nervures yellow. uhleri.
FF. Vertex rounding, but little longer on
middle than at eye. anthracinus.

* Adapted from key by Osborn & Ball, Ohio Nat., ii, pp. 231-257, 1902.

168 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

AA. Vertex not distinctly transverse—concluded.

DD. Species more elongate, elytra longer than abdo-
men; anterior and middle legs with the black fen-
ora orange-tipped. striatulus.

CC. Margin of vertex with four black spots; pronotum

PaANG:

Cab Fiadbquil

striped with black and with four stripes on each elytron. ~

* comma.
BB. Vertex narrow, its basal width rarely equal to its middle
length.
C. Face marked with a fuscous “Y”; ovipositor rarely ex-
tending beyond elytra. curtisi.

CC. Face without fuscous “Y”; ovipositor usually extendin »
beyond elytra.

D. Face with a transverse white band below eyes, pro-

notum black and yellow. bicolor.
DD. Face unicolorous; pronotum with a row of sub-
marginal spots. obtutus.

Euscelis magnus (O. & B.).

Athysanus magnus O. & B., Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 225, pl. 26, fig. 2, 1897.
Athysanus magnus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 273, 1902.
Euscelis magnus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 655, 1917.

Form: Very large and robust, by far the largest member of the genus.
Length, 7 to 8.5mm. Vertex practically parallel-margined, four times as
wide as long, broadly rounding with front. Pronotum transverse, about

three times as wide as long, nearly parallel-margined, lateral margins —

long and parallel, humeral margins broadly rounding with emarginate
posterior margin, disc distinctly transversely wrinkled. Elytra broad, but
distinctly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Ashy-gray; vertex yellowish, sparsely irrorate, with brown
along anterior and posterior margins, so that there seems to be a light
transverse band between. Pronotum brownish, with a transverse yellow
band just back of the middle. Elytra with light nervures marked with
brown, the center of the cells irrorate with brown and the costal margin
yellowish-white. Face yellow, irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment scarcely longer
than the preceding, lateral margins produced and broadly rounded,
posterior margin deeply and broadly emarginate between the lateral

lobes, slightly produced medially and with a distinct notch, so that there

seem to be two small median lobes; pygofers robust and long, nearly 4
equalling ovipositor, with a distinct longitudinal depression on the sides ©

along apical third, bearing a few short spines distally. Male, valve tri-.

angular, narrow, about half the length of the last ventral segment, apex
obtuse; plates nearly three times the last ventral segment, spiny margins
rounding basally, then tapering to long acute tips which exceed the shore
bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas and
Neosho counties. Reported also from Pottawatomie county.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball report taking this species from

Spartina cynosuroides exclusively.

a
ie Se
<8 Ss N

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 169

Euscelis exitiosus (Uhl.).

(Pl. 12, figs. 9-10.)
Cicadula exitiosa Uhl., Am. Ent., iii, p. 72, 1880.
Limotettia exitiosa Van D., Psyche, v, p. 306, 1892.
Eutettiz exitiosus O. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 100, 1895.
Athysanus exitiosus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 234, pl. 16, fig. 2, 1902.
Athysanus exitiosus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 86, fig. 21, 1912.
Athysanus exitiosa Will., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., viii, p. 226, 1913.
Phrynomorphus exitiosus Barb., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiii, p. 534, 1914.
Athysanus exitiosus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 60, 1916.
Euscelis exitiosus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 655, 1917.
Euscelis exitiosus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 185, 1918.
Euscelis exitiosus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 70, 1919.

Form: Varying greatly in size. Length, 3.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex one-
shied longer on middle than next the eye, over twice as broad as long,
broadly rounding with front, obtusely angled at apex. Pronotum one-
third longer than vertex, lateral margins short, posterior margin dis-
tinctly emarginate. Elytra greatly exceeding the abdomen, somewhat
flaring apically, appendix large, extending entirely around the end of the

wing.

Color: Varying greatly from quite light to dark forms. Vertex pale,
with orange-yellow tinge, especially apically, with two black spots on
margin, two black spots, usually fused into a line across the basal angle,
and a brown crescent between the eyes, parallel to the anterior margin.
Pronotum light brown with four black spots behind anterior margin, disc
darker. Scutellum yellowish with black basal angles and a brown divided
median line. Elytra milky, hyaline, nervures brown and distinct. Face
light, marked with brown arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, posterior margin truncate or slightly emarginate; pygofers
rather long and narrow, greatly exceeded by the ovipositor, sparsely
spined.. Male, valve small and triangular, apex obtuse; plates narrow
and long, three times as long as the valve, divergent, submarginally spiny,
exceeding the pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with long anterior process and stout
process to connective, then narrowing rapidly to about the middle, the

_ Margins then about parallel up to the much bent terminal hook; con-

nective slender, Y-shaped, the arms slightly longer than the stem which
widens distally; cedagus with basal portion broad and triangular when
viewed dorsally, terminal process heavy, widest at middle, ending in a
blunt hook.

170 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: One of the commonest Kansas species and
found throughout the state as shown by the following map:

CLOUD

fetes: THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS ren CLAY

ae soaeee
yen cove frrea| cus pis

eve] SAUNE| saune MORRIS —— ae
GRE'LY| WICH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS — %

rice | MBHER LYON

corres ae

a
BUTLER
staN. GRANT 3 Bd a SENCE cas

Hosts: Abundant on grasses and weeds and attracted to
the lights in great numbers. _A distinctly economic species.

Euscelis striolus (Fall.).

Cicada striola Fall., Acta Holm, xxvii, p. 31, 1806.

Jassus frenatus Germ., Mag. d. Ent., iv, p. 86, 1821.

Jassus striola Flor, Rhyn. Livl., ii, p. 315, 1861.

Limotettix striola Sahlb., Cicad., p. 226, 1871.

Athysanus striolus Fieb., Kat. Eur., Cicad., p. 12, 1872.

Athysanus striola O. & B., Proce. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1898.
Athysanus striolus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 235, 1902.

Athysanus striolus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 527, 1905.

Athysanus striolus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 132, 1915.

Euscelis striolus Van D., Univ. Calif. Publ., Div. Ent., Tech. Bul., i, p. 249, 1916.
Euscelis striolus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 656, 1917.

Form: Long and narrow, resembling an Jdiocerus. Length, 3.5 to 5

mm. Head wider than pronotum; vertex slightly longer on middle than

next the eye, over twice as wide as long, broadly rounding to front. Pro-
notum not quite twice the length of the vertex, twice as broad as long,
lateral margins very short, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra
long, greatly exceeding abdomen, appendix large, nervures indistinct.

Color: Greenish; vertex with a rather narrow transverse black stripe
just behind the reddish ocelli, not parallel with the margin, having broad

green bands before and behind, the margin of vertex showing the topmost |

of the black facial ares. Pronotum a little darker than the vertex or the
scutellum, the latter with a black transverse impressed line. Elytra pale
green, often clouded with fuscous apically. Face greenish, with sutures
and arcs of front, black.

External genitalia: Female, Jast ventral segment twice as long later-
ally as preceding, lateral margins convex, posterior margin roundingly
emarginate to about one-third the distance to the base; pygofers long
and narrow, nearly or quite equalling the ovipositor, fairly spiny, es-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 171

pecially apically. Male, valve broad, over half longer than last ventral
segment, obtusely angled apically; plates together forming a triangle —
about as long as broad, three times as long as the valve, obtuse apices
somewhat divergent. Margins heavily and surface sparsely spined.

Distribution: Occurs throughout the state as shown by the

following map:
oe
oo La et Jona “>
is
5 e Sy pwc
FRANKI MIAM
RELY} WicH.| SCOTT en ness | ose PEE
: aaah as Pasa ong

corr ane Lv LINN

A huns 3s wo00 | ]wooo | ALLEN BOUR
FORD PRATT
STAN rans ae KIOWA KING.

Soane

Hosts: Professor Osborn records sweeping this species

from grasses in low, boggy places; Van Duzee from sweeping
meadows and pasture lands.

im)

Euscelis parallelus (Van D.).

Athysanus parallelus Van D., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 169, 1891.
Limotettix parallelus Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 306, 1892.
Athysanus parallelus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 235, 1902.
Euscelis parallelus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 653, 1917.

Form: Resembling striolus but larger and broader. Length, 5.25 to 6
mm. Head distinctly wider than pronotum; vertex not produced as in
striolus but parallel-margined, two and one-half times as wide as long,
broadly rounding to face. Pronotum about twice as long as vertex,
lateral margins short, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Elytra
long and narrow, appendix large, apically flaring.

Color: Greenish; vertex pale yellow or greenish, with a heavy trans-
verse band between the eyes, leaving only a narrow green band in front
and a band about as wide as itself behind. Pronotum pale green, anterior
Margin narrowly black and sometimes the entire disc is darkened or even
quite black, transverse striations distinct on disc. Scutellum pale yellow,
unmarked, or with two black dots. Elytra usually pale green with lighter
nervures, but often the elytra appear dark brown, due to the darkening

of the cells. Face with the sutures, a line on the clypeus and the arcs
on the front, black.

172 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly twice the
length of the preceding, posterior margin slightly rounding, with a wide
median incision reaching nearly to the middle; pygofers rather robust,
equalling ovipositor, well covered with spines. Male, valve as broad and
as long as last ventral segment, obtusely angled apically; plates very
broad and stout, about twice as long as the valve, outer margins round-
ing to the very broad and slightly divergent apices, the whole ventral
surface thickly covered with spines; pygofers completely hidden.

Distribution: Seemingly confined to the eastern portion of
the state, as shown by its occurrence in Cherokee, Pottawato-
mie, Riley and Russell counties. :

Hosts: Taken sweeping grasses and weeds.

Euscelis extrusus (Van D.).

Athysanus extrusus Van D., Can. Ent., xxv, p. 283, 1893.

Athysanus extrusus O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 92, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1898.
Athysanus extrusus-O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 237, 1902.

Athysanus venosus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. HEnt., p. 526, 1905.

Athysanus extrusus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 527, 1905.

Athysanus extrusus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 127, 1915.

Athysanus eatrusus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 61, 1916.

Euscelis extrusus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 656, 1917.

Form: Short and very robust. Length, 4.25 to 5.5.mm. Head as wide
as pronotum; vertex twice as long on middle as next the eye, over one-
third wider than long, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum short, equalled
in length by the vertex, nearly three times as wide as long, lateral mar-
gins long, humeral margins broadly rounding with emarginate posterior
margin, disc transversely wrinkled. Elytra short and broad, broadly
rounding apically, just equalling abdomen in the macropterous female,
and equalling or slightly exceeding it in the macropterous male, in
brachypterous females leaving last abdominal segments and pygofers ex-
posed.

Color: Yellowish, marked with fuscous and black. Vertex pale yel-
low with five dark triangular spots and with base of inner margin of
eye fringed with black. Pronotum and scutellum yellowish marked with
light brown. Elytra with nervures light, usually strongly bordered with
fuscous. Face pale, the suture, two lines on the clypeus and the ares on
the front, black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice the length of

the preceding, narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles produced, between -

which the posterior margin is broadly and deeply excavated; pygofers
broad, equalling ovipositor, sparsely spined. Male, valve triangular, as
long as last ventral segment, obtusely angled apically; plates broad,
three times as long as valve, lateral margins parallel, inner margins
roundingly divergent to meet lateral margins in an obtuse apex, sparsely

spined along margin and surface, more spiny apically; pygofers very.

3) ss

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 173

characteristic, compressed beneath the plates, terminating in long style-
like processes which extend beyond the plates by the length of the latter.

Distribution: Hitherto taken in Douglas county only.
Hosts: A grass species.

Euscelis uhlert (Ball).

Athysanus uhleri Ball, Can, Ent., xliii, p. 200, 1911.

Athysanus plutonius Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 282, 1889.
Athysanus plutonius O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, 240, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1902.
Athysanus plutonius Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 528, 1905.
Athysanus plutonius Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 126, 1915.
Euscelis uhleri Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 657, 1917.

Form: Robust, widening distally.. Length, 4 to 4.5mm. Vertex nearly
twice as long on middle as next the eye, twice as long as broad, obtusely
angled apically, margins straight. Pronotum half longer than vertex,
lateral margins short, posterior margin slightly emarginate, disc trans-
versely wrinkled. Elytra moderately long, equalling or slightly exceed-
‘ing abdomen, broad, nearly truncate posteriorly.

Color: Black; vertex with broad line, a spot against either eye, several
apical and preapical spots, yellow. Pronotum with a few yellow spots.
Scutellum with yellow spots along margin and at apex, two curved basal
lines on either side of the middle. Elytra with nervures broadly yellow.
All the above yellow markings may be lacking, resulting in a shining
black form. On the other hand, the yellow markings may be much
stronger and the elytra may be smoky or fuscous with the nervures
broadly margined with fuscous. Face black with yellow arcs and some-
times with yellow spots. Front and middle legs yellow from tip of
femora on.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment a little longer than
the preceding, lateral angles produced, subacute, between them the pos-
terior margin is widely emarginate, the middle portion slightly roundingly
produced; pygofers broad and short, exceeded by the ovipositor, sparsely
spined on distal half. Male, valve about half as long as last ventral seg-
ment, rounding posteriorly; plates about two and one-half times as long
as valve, tapering to subacute apices which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Reported from Riley county.
Hosts: Taken from grasses.

Euscelis anthracinus (Van D.).

Athysanus anthracinus Van D., Can. Ent., xxvi, p. 136, 1894.
Athysanus anthracinus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 241, 1902.
Athysanus anthracinus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 528, 1905.
Athysanus anthracinus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 126, 1915.
| Athysanus anthracinus Del.., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 61, 1916.
Euscelis anthracinus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 658, 1917.
Euscelis anthracinus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 71, 1919.
(Schleroracus anthracinus Uhl. MS.) in litt.
(Conogonus gagates Ashm. MS.) Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.

Form: Much like preceding species. Length, 3.5 to 4.5 mm. Vertex
slightly longer on middle than against eye, two to two and one-half

174 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

times as wide as long, and obtusely conical and broadly rounding with
front, blunter apically than uhleri. Pronotum apout twice as long as
vertex, lateral margins short, posterior margin distinctly concave, disc
transversely wrinkled. Elytra broad, exceeding abdomen, broadly round-
ing and slightly flaring apically.

Color: Shining black; vertex with ocelli, two basal spots and some-
times an apical spot, yellow. Face with a few yellow arcs on front.
Front and middle legs yellow from the apex of the femora.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
preceding, posterior margin broadly and shallowly emarginate, slightly
produced medially, lateral angles obtuse; pygofers broad, nearly or quite
equalling ovipositor, sparsely spined on distal half. Male, valve broad,
triangular, very obtuse apically, nearly or quite as long as last ventral
segment; plates over twice the length of the valve, roundingly triangular
to blunt apices, margins and tips spiny, equalling the apically rounding
pygofers. .

Distribution: Seemingly found only in the eastern portion of
the state as shown by its occurrence in Douglas, Pottawatomie,
Linn and Chautauqua counties.

Hosts: A grass species.

Euscelis striatulus (Fall.).

Cicada strialuta Fall., Hemip. Suec., Cicad., p. 45, 1826.

Jassus striatulus Flor., Rhyn. Livl., ii, p. 361, 1861.

Limotettia striatula Sahlb., Cicad., 253, 1871.

Jassus plutonius Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 470, 1877.

Athysanus striatulus Mel., Cicad. Mitt. Eur., p. 264, 1896.

Thamnotettix striatulus Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 172, pl. 19, fig. 9, 1896.
Athysanus striatulus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1898.
Athysanus vaccinit O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 242, 1902.

Athysanus vaccinii Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent.. p. 528, 1905.

Athysanus vaccinii Osb., Me. Agr. Exp®Sta., Bul. 238, p. 130, 1915.

Euscelis striatulus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 658, 1917.

Form: Rather long and slender, especially the males. Length, 3.5
to 4.5 mm. Vertex about one-fourth longer on middle than near the eyes,
twice as wide as long, disc sloping and broadly rounded with front, apex
obtusely angled. Pronotum nearly or fully twice the length of the ver-
tex, lateral margins short, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra
long, much exceeding the abdomen, somewhat flaring.

Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum dirty or greenish-yellow. Ver-
tex with two curved marginal lines, a median transverse band and pos- —
teriorly a band or a row of two or four spots, brown. Pronotum irregu- —
larly marked with brown spots, often a row of them near and parallel to
the anterior margin. Scutellum pale or marked with brown spots, basal
angles often marked with orange-brown. Elytra greenish-brown, ner-
vures light and narrowly fuscous-margined. Face light, with sutures and
arcs black. Basal two-thirds of femora black, apices and tibiz yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
the preceding, posterior margin emarginate between the produced lateral

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 175

angles and slightly rounding in the middle; pygofers broad, slightly
exceeded by the ovipositor, spiny on distal half. Male, valve broad, tri-
angular, obtusely angled apically, three-fourths as long as last ventral
segment; plates triangular, over twice as long as the valve, spiny mar-
gins convexly narrowing to subacute apices which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.
Hosts: A prairie grass species.

This is the form that Osborn & Ball identify as Euscelis
vaccinii (Van D.). In his catalog Mr. Van Duzee, while still
giving Huscelis striatulus (Fall.) and Huscelis vaccinu (Van
D.) separate numbers, remarks that they are probably not
distinct. If this is true then of course Fallen’s name stands.
Dr. Ball, however, thinks they are separate species and that
the form described above is Euscelis vaccinit (Van D.). Until
some one goes into a careful study of the two above species,
Euscelis instabilis (Van D.) and probably others, it might be
well to follow Van Duzee’s synonomy.

Euscelis comma (Van D.).

. Athysanus comma Van D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 114, 1892.
Athysanus comma O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 223, 1897.
Athysanus comma O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 246, pl. 17, fig. 1, 1902:
Euscelis comma Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 660, 1917.

Form: Broad and stout. Length, 4 to 5 mm. Vertex three-fourths
longer on middle than next the eye, almost twice as wide as long, disc
flat, obtusely rounding with front, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum
one-third longer than vertex, two and one-half times as wide as long,
lateral margins long, humeral margins fused with slightly emarginate
posterior margin. Elytra long, exceeding the abdomen, parallel-margined
or short and somewhat flaring, reaching the last abdominal segment,
venation indistinct.

Color: Creamy, marked with black and brown. Vertex with four
large black marginal spots which extend on to the front, and two large
basal ones. Pronotum with four black longitudinal lines, the inner pair
extending across the scutellum. Elytra pale with black or dark brown
lines on claval suture, around apex, and along inner branch of first
sector. Fulvous brown bands are found on the clavus, dividing anteriorly
to meet the lines on the pronotum and scutellum, and one parallel with
the outer and posterior margin. In the brachypterous forms a large
black comma is found on either side of the pygofer. Face and below pale
with a black spot below the antennez, a pair below the lateral margins
of the pronotum and a stripe on the lateral margin of the connexivum.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than the
preceding, lateral angles obtuse and produced, posterior margin round-
ingly emarginate with a black-margined median slit; pygofers broad and

176 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

stout, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor, sparsely spined. Male, valve
large, triangular, apex very obtuse or truncated, sides notched; plates
twice the length of the valve, margins rounding basally to the middle,
then nearly parallel to the truncate apices which nearly or quite equal the
robust and short pygofers.

Distribution: Probably occurs Pian the state as
shown by the following map:

cLoup
SHERMAN |THOMAS oa GRAH |ROOKS ee CLAY
WALLACE] LOGAN Aalst Russ =
cue] SAU sane line OSAGE
GRE'LY| wich.| SCOTT |LANE| NESS BARTON
Rice | MEPHER ere
ee
HO ogee.
a GREEN, sh a01R

stan. = Tiking, | SEDGE.
LK.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give Elymus canadensis as the host —
of this species.

Euscelis curtiswu (Fh.).

Amblycephalus curtisii Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 61, 1851.

Tettigonia curtisii Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1159, 1852.

Jassus nervatus Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 378, 1872.

Deltocephalus curtisti Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 278, 1889.
Athysanus curtis Van D., Psyche, v, p. 290, 1890.

Athysanus curtisti Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Athysanus curtisti O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 221, 1897.

Athysanus curtisii O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad Sci., vii, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1898.
Athysanus curtisii O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 251, 1902.

Athysanus curtisii Osh., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 529, 1905.

Athysanus curtisii Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 91, fig. 22, 1912.
Athysanus curtisw Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, -pei20), 11915.
Athysanus curtisii DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 62, 1916.

Euscelis curtisii Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 660, 1917.

Euscelis curtisii Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, No. 6, p. 185, 1918. -

Form: Short and stout. Length, 3 to 3.6 mm. Vertex one-half longer

on middle than against eye, about as wide as long, broadly rounding with-

front, right-angled apically. Pronotum slightly longer than vertex, lat-

eral margins very short, humeral margins distinct, long, posterior margin

we = “:
putty wba aaa

°

very slightly emarginate. Elytra broad and short, usually equalling or |

exceeding the abdomen, venation simple.

Color: Vertex yellow with two large black spots before the middle -
and sometimes black marks apically. Pronotum with broad, shining, —

black anterior band, a wide median yellow band and a narrow, black pos-

4

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 177

terior one. Scutellum yellow, with two brown spots on the disc. Elytra
fuscous or nearly black, margins and all nervures but those of the apical
cells broadly greenish-yellow. Face pale with dark spot on apex of front,

a dark stripes on margins of front and on clypeus, forming a black Y.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding, composed of two membranes, the rounding lateral angles only
of the inner one showing from under the posteriorly narrowed outer
membrane, whose posterior margin is slightly emarginate with sometimes
a very small median lobe; pygofers robust, nearly or fully equalling the
ovipositor, sparsely spiny. Male, valve broad, as long as last ventral

segment, posterior margin rounding; plates together forming a triangle

about as broad as long, spiny margins convexly narrowing to acute apices
which exceed the spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee, Douglas and Riley coun-
ties.

Hosts: A very common blue-grass species.

Euscelis bicolor (Van D.).
GE iol =2s)

Athysanus bicolor Van D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 114, 1892.
Deltocephalus virgulatus Uhl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for 1895, p. 78.
Athysanus bicolor O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 222, 1897.
Athysanus bicolor O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1897.
Athysanus bicolor O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 251, 1902.
Athysanus bicolor Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 92, fig. 23, 1912.
Athysanus bicolor DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 62, 1916.
Euscelis bicolor Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 661, 1917.
Euscelis bicolor Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 71, 1919.

Form: Very much like curtiswz. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm. Vertex nar-
rower than in curtisti, about as wide as long, one-half longer on middle

than against eye, conical apically. Pronotum as long as the vertex,
lateral margins very short, humeral margins long, posterior margin

barely emarginate. Elytra rather short and broad, rounding apically,

venation simple.

Color: Vertex yellow, with a pair of large black spots on anterior half
in the female which may be confluent and cover the entire anterior half
of the vertex as is the case in the male. Pronotum with anterior margin
black, the remainder bright yellow. Elytra greenish-yellow with humeral,
sutural and apical margins and claval suture fuscous or black, and some-
times with subhyaline and fuscous arcs extending obliquely backward
from the costal margins. Face black or fuscous above, pale below, a
fuscous lower band sometimes present in the male.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as the
preceding, posterior margin angularly emarginate; pygofers moderately
robust, widest at the middle, much exceeded by the long ovipositor, very
sparsely spined. Male, valve very small, forming an equilateral triangle
one-third as wide as the last ventral segment; plates small, short, little

'~ 12—Sci. Bul.— 3058

178 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

longer than the valve, together nearly semicircular, their margins spiny 2 ¢

pygofers exceeding the plates, light apically.
Internal male genitalia: Styles with long, parallel- air einba process ¢

to connective, a large quadrangular lateral process at about the middle, |

a distinct notch on the inner margin at the base of the finger-like, granu-

lar, terminal process; connective, with sides close together for a short —

distance at the base, then spreading and running parallel to tip where

they fuse and join the long cedagus which narrows to the acute, bifurcated

apex, the points close together at the tips, a circular excision between

them basally. ;

Distribution: Common in eastern portion of the state as
shown by the following map:

C“EYENNE | RAWLINS DECATUR] = _ PBR ase

cLoup
SHERMAN a, [RooKs ren Fige ;
ones =a
june. | june. |
GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS, | RUSS

cas
LANE] NESS rust BARTON a ar a ar
=e Senses

roost, HARVEY| :
ce oc roe ~..b 2
jeurek| a

WA, LACE,

GRE'LY| WICH.

Hosts: Feeds on several different grasses, especially those i in
low places.

Euscelis obtutus (Van D.).. =

Athysanus obtutus Van D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 115, 1892.

Athysanus obtutus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 222, pl. 21, fig. 2, 1897.
Athysanus obtutus O. & B., Ohio Nat., ii, p. 252, 1902.

Athysanus obtutus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 93, fig. 24, 1912.
Phrynomorphus obtutus Barb., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiii, p. 534, 1914.
Athysanus obtutus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 63, 1916.

Euscelis obtutus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 661, 1917.

Euscelis obtutus Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 199, p. 72, 1919.

Form: Much like bicolor. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm. Vertex longer and
narrower than in bicolor, slightly longer than wide, conical apically. Pre-
notum about as long as vertex, lateral margins very short, humeral mar-
gins long, posterior margin very slightly emarginate, disc transversely
wrinkled. Elytra rather narrow, apex rounding, not reaching tip of
ovipositor and much exceeding abdomen in male. |

Color: Vertex brownish, with a pair of large round black spots on
disc and usually a smaller pair behind them. Pronotum brownish, with a

=

e

a!
4

Z LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 179

row of small dark spots near and parallel to anterior margin. Scutellum
w th four dark spots along base. Elytra fuscous, subhyaline, nervures
pale except for the apical ones, which are strongly fuscous. Face brown-
ish, with darker stripes and sometimes the apex of the clypeus fuscous.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about the length of
the preceding, posterior margin slightly emarginate; pygofers rather
narrow, much exceeded by the long ovipositor, very sparsely spined.
Male, valve very small, equilaterally triangular, one-third as wide as last
ventral segment; plates but little exceeding the valve, bristly margins
broadly rounding, exceeded by the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee, Douglas and Riley coun-
ties.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball give Andropogon scoparius as a host
plant. It likely occurs on other grasses also.

- Genus EUTETTIX Van D.

Doctor Ball characterizes this genus as follows:

“Rather stout, head of about the same width as pronotum.
Vertex rather short, slightly sloping, distinctly transversely
depressed, the apex often slightly concavely upturned. Elytra
moderately long, usually slightly flaring, venation simple, only
one cross nervure between the sectors. Elytra witnout super-
numerary veinlets or ramose lines, or with these reduced or
aggregated into oblique bands.”

Mr. Van Duzee adds E. cinctus O. & B. to this group. It
usually has but one cross nervure between the sectors, but has
supernumerary veinlets to the costa.

The six species keyed below have been taken in Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Elytra without distinct transverse bands.
B. Large species, over 5 mm. long, elytra black, with large yellow

commissural spot. pictus.
BB. Small species, less than 4 mm. long, pale yellowish-green.
tenellus.

AA. Elytra with oblique bands, obscure in albidus.
B. Elytra with oblique bands distinct.

C. Anterior half of elytra white or but faintly reticulated.
seminudus.

CC. Anterior half of elytra distinctly marked.
D. Insect reddish, no oblique spot on base of clavus.

strobi.

DD. Insect not reddish, a black oblique spot on base of
clavus. cinctus.

BB. Elytra without distinct oblique band, with whole elytra
sparsely reticulate. albidus.

_ * Adapted from key by Doctor Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 31, 1907.

*

180 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. | 7

Eutettix pictus Van D.

Eutettix pictus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 301, 1892.
Eutettix magnus Osb., Ent. News, xi, p. 395, 1900. ‘
Eutettix subenea var picta Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1907.
Futettix subenea var picta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 65, matt:
Eutettix pictus Van D., Cat. vecinie: NZA> pr B63, 719L7 =

Eutettix pictus Lathr., 'g. Cy Aer. Hxp. Stan, Bula 199) -pa Gor Lo19.

Form: Large and robust. Length, 5 to 7mm. Vertex little longer on
middle than next the eyes, over twice as wide as long, disc sloping to a
preapical transverse~ depression, then elevated, sloping portien longi-
tudinally striated, raised portion transversely striated. Pronotum over
twice as broad as long, lateral margins shorter than the humeral, pos-
terior margin slightly emarginate, disc transversely wrinkled. Scutellum
broad, elytra moderately long, exceeding the abdomen, venation im
only one cross nervure between the sectors.

Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum lemon-yellow; anterior half
of pronotum dark brown or black, a band of like color across the pronotum
just in front of the yellow posterior margin. Elytra dark brown or black,
a common oval spot on the suture before the apex of clavus and anterior
two-thirds of costal margin, pale yellow, these varying greatly in size,
sometimes absent. Sometimes a large hyaline spot before the apex. Face
in males dark, in females black above and below but light in the middle.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than pre-
ceding, posterior margin shallowly emarginate on either side of a small
median lcbe; pygofers broad, exceeded by the ovipositor, slightly spined.
Male, valve broad, triangular, margins concave just before the subacute
apex; plates large, convex, over three times as long as the valve, spiny
margins rounding to blunt apices which equal the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county only.
Hosts: DeLong reports this species from oak shrubs.

Eutettix tenellus (Bak.).

Tham. stettix tenellus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 100, 1895 (MS. name).

Thamnutettia tenellus Bak., Psyche, vii, Suppl., p. 24, 1896.

Eutettia tenella Ball, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 66, pt. 4, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. I,
1904.

Eutettix tenella Ball, Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 41, pl. 1, fig. 11, pl. 4, figs. 4, 4,
1907.

Eutettix tenella Essig, Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., edn. 2, p. 64, 1915.

Eutettix tenella Smith & Boneq., Phytopathology, v, p. 335, 1915.

Eutettix tenella Boneq. & Hart., Phytopathology, p. 348, 1916.

Eutettia tenellus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 664, 1917.

Eutettix tenella Ball, Utah Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 155, 1917.

Eutettia tenella Ser. & Thom., Jl. Ec. Ent., xi, p. 308, 1918.

Eutettix tenella Sev. & Thom., Jl. Ee. Ent., xi, p. 308, 1918.

Eutettia tenella Stahl & Carsn., Jl. Agr. Research, xiv, p. 393, 1918.

Eutettia tenella Sev., Jl. Ec. Ent., xii, pp. 303, 312, 1919.

Eutettia tenella Sev., Facts About Sugar, 8, Nos. 7-13, 1919.

Form: Length, 3 to 3.5mm. Vertex one-fourth longer on middle than
next the eye, about twice as wide as long, transverse depression lacking

=. 2

or My

‘
-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 181

or obscure, broadly rounding with front, apex rounding. Pronotum twice
as long as vertex, lateral margins very short. Elytra long, greatly ex-
ceeding the abdomen.

Color: Pale yellowish-green. Vertex yellowish or pale orange-yellow.
Pronotum pale green, the disc darker than the margins. © Scutellum
greenish-yellow. Elytra greenish-yellow, subhyaline, the black abdomen
showing through. Face yellowish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as the
preceding, lateral angles broadly rounded and slightly produced, median
portion of posterior margin slightly produced, with a semicircular ex-
cision reaching about half way to the base; pygofers long, slightly ex-
eeeded by ovipositor, sparsely spined on apical third. Male, valve large,
semicircular or truncated apically; plates together wider than long, sub-
marginally spined, margins practically parallel to the broad, roundingly
truncate apices which are slightly exceeded by the pygofers.

Distribution: The only specimens at hand are from Clark
county. This species probably occurs in other southwestern
counties.

Hosts: This is the well-known leaf hopper of the sugar beet.
Wherever the latter are grown this species is of great economic
importance as shown by Ball’s work.

Hutettix seminudus (Say).
: (Pl. 13, figs. 5-6.)
Jassus seminudus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 307, 1831: Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 383.
Bythoscopus seminudus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 58, 1851.
Thamnotettix seminudus Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 246, 1884.
Athysanus seminudus Van D.,- Psyche, v, p. 389, 1890.
Butettix seminudus Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 307, 1892.
Eutettix seminudus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 529, 1905.
Eutettix seminuda Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1907.
Butettix seminuda DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 66, 1916.
Eutettix seminudus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 664, 1917.
_ Eutettix seminudus Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 310, 1918.
Eutettix seminudus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 76, 1919.

Form: Length, 4 to 5 mm. Vertex one-fourth longer on middle than
next the eye, two and one-half times as wide as long, a distinct transverse
depression just behind the broadly rounding apex. Pronotum scarcely
twice as wide as long, lateral margins very short, humeral margins long.
Elytra moderately long, venation indistinct.

Color: Vertex and pronotum creamy white, latter sometimes faintly
irrorate with brown. Scutellum white, with basal angles and broad
median stripe brown. Elytra milky white, a broad brown saddle across
the posterior half of the clavus, a few brown reticulations on the base of
the clavus and between the saddle and the brownish apices. Face creamy
white.

182 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

,

4

Pag! pe

> Wipe ayes

SO bare OE Sea

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as the _
preceding, notched on either side of a median tooth which itself is
slightly notched; pygofers moderately broad, exceeded by ovipositor,
sparsely covered with white spines which arise from black dots. Male, —
valve large, rounded posteriorly; plates together forming a triangle —
about as long as wide, over twice as long as the valve, spined margins
convexly narrowing till near the subacute apices which equal the broad —
pygofers. :

Internal male genitalia: Styles large, triangular in outline, anterior
process large, with a deep incision on-the outer margin apically, leaving a
long, somewhat curved, bluntly pointed, terminal process; connective
short, Y-shaped, the stem slightly longer than the branches; cedagus
heavy basally and with a large dorsal process to the membrane of the
anal tube, divided terminally into a moderately stout median process and |
two slender lateral processes.

Distribution: Common throughout the state, especially in-
the eastern part, as shown by the following map:

raven .o
=e ee,
LINC
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS
saune oo sxe
GRE'LY| WICH.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS =a ae
te T° BHER
corre Moc
roost. |
HAM pe REN as
GREEN: D. BOUR
STAN. {GRANT Ho fee a rane. [=m
ELK.
“9 -
MORT| STEV, |SEW. | MEAD eure COMAN. | BARBER mas SUMNER | COW. |[cHauT IMONT. | LAB. CHERO

Hosts: The plant or plants on which the nymphs feed are
not yet definitely known, but the adults are taken on a large
number of plants such as grape, garden vegetables and many
others.

Eutettix strobi (Fh.).
(Pl. 138, figs. 3-4.)

Bythoscopus strobi Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 58, 1851.
Phlepsius strobi Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890.
Eutettix strobi Bak., Psyche, vii, Suppl. i, p. 24, 1896.
Eutettix strobi Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 531, 1905.
Eutettix strobi Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 44, pl. 2, fig. 2, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1907.
Eutettix strobi Ball, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 66, pl. 4, p. 49, 1909.
Eutettix strobi Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 138, 1915.
Eutettix strobi DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, .p. 67, 1916.
Eutettix strobi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 665, 1917.
Eutettix strobi Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta, Bul. 199, p. 76, 1919.

|

re a a

aa

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID As. 183

Form: Much like seminudus. Length, 4.5 to 5.25 mm. Vertex one-

- fourth longer on middle than next the eye, two and one-half times as
wide as long, with a faint transverse depression, and broadly rounded
apically. Pronotum over twice as wide as long, lateral margins rather

short. Elytra moderately long.
Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum varying from yellowish ir-

_ rorate with brown, to reddish-brown. Elytra usually milky-white with
_ bands of brown at base, and across apical half of clavus. Frequently

these bands are so run together as to give the entire elytra a brownish
appearance. Face the color of the vertex.

External gemtalia: Female, last ventral segment long, lateral angle

broadly rounding, posterior margin notched on either side of a small

- median notched lobe which gives the appearance of two median teeth;
_ pygofers broad, nearly or quite equalling the ovipositor, sparsely spined.

Male, valve broad, rounded posteriorly; plates broad basally then rapidly
narrowed, ending in elongate filamentous tips which exceed the pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large, triangular, broad basally, termi-
nal process slightly convex on mesal margin, posteriorly straight on outer
margin; connective very stout, Y-shaped, arms about equalling the

_ basally broadened stem; cedagus with a wide, dorsal process to anal tube

membrane, terminal portion composed of a broad median strap-like and
terminally bifid process and a pair of lateral narrower and acutely pointed
processes.

Distribution: Seemingly our most widely distributed mem-

ber of the genus, as shown by the following map:

WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS
fear SE sane aaa

OSAGE
Sac
Tece | M*PHER|TARION] cy ace ae
OF FEQ ANDER) LINN
aE evel Re

gate |woon re
FORD
CRAW.
MORT] STEV ew [rev et ne COMAN. | BARBER | HARP | SUMNER | COW.

CHAUT |MONT. ‘S | Po
Hosts: This is the species producing the purple spots on
Chenopodium. DeLong reports taking specimens from wild

— rose.

"LAS

184 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Eutettix cinctus O. & B.

(Pl. 13, figs. 7-8.)
Eutettixc cinctus O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 97, 1898.
Eutettix jucunda Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 307, 1892.
Eutettix cincta Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 530, 1905.
Eutettic (Mesamia) cincta Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1907.
Eutettia cincta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 67, 1916.
Eutettia cinctus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 665, 1917.
Eutettix cincta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 77, 1919.

Form: Rather large and robust. Length, 5.25 to 6.25 mm. Vertex
one-third longer on middle than next the eye, two and one-half times or
over as wide as long, a distinct transverse depression just back of the
broadly rounding apex, margin subacute. Pronotum over twice as wide
as long, lateral margins short, humeral margins long, posterior margin
distinctly concave, disc transversely wrinkled. Elytra moderately long
and broad.

Color: Vertex greenish-yellow, apex with reddish tinge. Pronotum
yellowish or greenish, irregularly marked with brown. Scutellum dirty-
yellow, a small pair of black spots on dise and a larger pair on each
lateral margin. Elytra milky, nervures reddish-brown, a large oblique
black spot on the base of clavus of each elytron, a broad, brownish band
on posterior half of the clavus and sloping back to the costa, costal vein-
lets broadly black. Face color of vertex above, dark below.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-half longer
than the preceding, Jateral margins strongly narrowed posteriorly, pos-
terior margin sinuate on either side of the slightly produced median half;
pygofers broad and short, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor, quite spiny
on distal half. Male, valve broad but short, triangular, apex very ob-
tuse; plates large, spiny margins concavely narrowing to upturned apices
which exceed the pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large, with an unusually long process

to the connective, very strongly hooked distally; connective very long,
Y-shaped but with the branches close together, the stem and the branches

a ble gaa il

about equal length; cedagus with an interior process to membrane of anal \_
tube directed cephalad, and two sword-shaped caudal processes, one di- —
rectly above the other, the dorsal one slightly broader.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 185

Distribution: Fairly common throughout the state as shown

by the following map:
a ete
eo a

AS
SHERMAN [THOMAS seer, GRAH | ROOKS ren H
Sh orn |e)
M<PHER| MARION] case
cored ane) Ln LINN

HODGE.
HAM rage | RIO HARVEY

FORD
MoRT| STEV. |SEW. | MEAD un COMAN. mee HARP. | SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: The definite host is unknown. The adults are com-

2.
monly taken on weeds and grasses.

Kutettix albidus (Ball).

Phlepsius albidus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 203, 1900.
Eutettix albidus Ball, Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 10, 1907.
Eutettix albidus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 666, 1917.

BUTLER

Form: Rather small but fairly robust. Length, 3.75 to 4 mm. Ver-
tex one-fourth longer on middle than next the eye, about twice as wide as
long, disc barely depressed, broadly rounding with front, quite rounding
apically. Pronotum over twice as wide as long, lateral margins short,
posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Elytra moderately long, vertical.
and appressed behind.

Color: Vertex creamy-white with six faint brown dots on anterior
margin and disc slightly irrorate with brown. Pronotum pale, sometimes
with a few brown irrorations. Elytra milky-white, sparsely marked with
irregular brown pigment lines which are more distinct in the male, a
black spot at tip of clavus and three smaller ones on basal half of clavus
at the edge of the markings.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three times
as long as the preceding, keeled, posterior margin slightly rounding and
with a small median notch; pygofers stout, nearly equalling ovipositor,
sparsely spined. Male, valve broad, margins slightly concave to broadly
rounded apex; plates together forming a triangle as broad as long, mar-
gins spiny, pilose apices exceeded by the spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Clark county.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives Atriplex confertifolia as the host
plant of this species.

186 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Genus ALIGIA Ball.

Doctor Ball characterizes this genus as fellows:

“Vertex short, sloping, rounding to front, without a def-
initely angled margin except near apex, transverse depression
faint or curved posteriorly in the middle and ending at the
ocelli; front long, wedge-shaped, margins not constricted be-
tween antennal sockets. Elytra subhyaline, the nervures dis-
tinct, dark, two cross nervures between the sectors and usually
a number of supernumerary veinlets aleng costa and claval
sutures.”

None of the members of this genus have yet teen reported
from Kansas, but the following species should be found:

Aligia modesta (O. & B.).

Eutettix modesta O. & B., Dav. Acad. Sci., vii,.p. 98, 1898.
Eutettia (Aligia) mitbeste Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 48, pl. 3, fe. 24, 190%.
Eutettix modesta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 628, 1917.

Form: A moderately stout species. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex
barely longer on the middle than next the eye, two and one-half times as
wide as long, disc sloping, rounding to the front, distinct transverse im-
pression just back of the apex. Pronotum over twice as broad as long,
lateral margins very short, humeral margins long, posterior margin very
slightly concave. Elytra moderately long, two cross nervures between the
sectors.

Color: Pale fulvous or tawny. Vertex whitish with a pair of apical
spots, a pair of short lines in each basal angle and often the transverse
depression, tawny. Pronotum faintly irrorate with tawny. Elytra red-
dish-fulvous, subhyaline, with whitish spots and more or less definite
bands across the base and before the tip of the clavus. Face pale.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as the preceding, lateral angles broadly rounded, posterior margin trun-
cate except for a broad but short rounding lobe on the median third;
pygofers stout, widest at the middle, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor,
sparsely spined apically. Male, valve broad and triangular, rounded
apically; plates large, convex, nearly four times the length of the valve,
apices acute, margins spiny.

Distribution: This species has not yet been reported from
Kansas, but very likely occurs in the eastern part of the state.
Hosts: Doctor Ball records this as an oak-feeding species.

Genus MESAMIA Ball.

Doctor Ball describes this genus as follows:
“Vertex with the disc depressed, anterior margin usually
elevated and acutely angled with the front, margin often

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 187

slightly produced, front narrow, slightly constricted at an-
tennal socket, then angularly widened to the ocelli; surface
smooth polished, nearly flat above. Elytra subhyaline, the
second cross nervure present (Sometimes obscure) and the
central anteapical cell slightly constricted. Usually with a
number of supernumerary veinlets along the clavus and costa.”

Three of the four species keyed below have been collected in

Kansas.
. KEY TO SPECIES.*
A. Species with fuscous markings or at least with fuscous nervures.

B. A dark saddle on elytra between the cross nervures.
nigridorsum.
BB. Without a definite dark band.

C. Size of nigridorsum, vertex depressed, with four spots on
anterior margin, connected by a line posteriorly, with a
broad band below vertex. straminea.

CC. Smaller than nigridorsum, vertex flat, sometimes with
a narrow line akove and below margin.
coloradensis.

AA. Species fulvous-yellow with hght spots. vitellina.

Mesamia nigridorsum Ball.

Mesamia nigridorsum Ball,-Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 4, fig. 6,
1907. :

Paramesus twiningi Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 290, 1894.

Paramesus jucundus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 84, 1895.

Eutettix nigridorsum DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 68, 1916.

Mesamia nigridorsum Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 628, 1917.

Form: Length, 3.75 to5 mm. Vertex one-third longer on middle than
next the eye, not quite twice as broad as long, disc depressed, anterior
margin elevated and acutely angled with front. Pronotum scarcely twice
as broad as long, lateral margins somewhat shorter than the humeral.
Elytra long, flaring, with characteristic venation, two cross nervures
between the sectors, several cross veins along clavus and claval suture
and with six or seven refilexed costal veins.

Color: Vertex white apically, back of which is an irregular black line
connected anteriorly with two large quadrangular spots, disc brown.
Pronotum brown anteriorly back of which is a light line containing two
dark spots on either side, rest of pronotum brownish, irrorate with
fuscous. Scutellum brown with one white spot on each margin and one
apically. Elytra milky-white, nervures brown, a dark brown saddle across
posterior two-thirds of clavus, apex and costal veinlets black. Face
brownish, black above, arcs pale.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin broadly and deeply emarginate and with a median lobe which is
slightly notched apically; pygofers stout, exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely
spined apically. Male, valve very small, posteriorly broadly rounded:

* Adapted from key by Doctor Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 60, 1907.

188 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

plates a little longer than basal width, margins spiny, acute apices
equalling or exceeding pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Riley and
Clark counties.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives Helianthus as the host of this
species.
Mesamia straminea (Osb.).
Paramesus stramineus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., v, p. 241, 1898.
Eutettix (Mesamia) straminea Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 7, ‘pl.
4, fig. 7, 1907.
Mesamia straminea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 628, 1917.

Form: That of nigridorsum. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex slightly
longer and more angled than in nigridorsum, about twice as wide as
long, disc depressed, margin acute. Pronotum about twice as wide as
long, lateral margins short. Elytra long and narrow, often flaring, two
cross nervures between the sectors, central anteapical cell sometimes
divided, with six or seven costal veinlets.

Color: Straw-colored with a greenish tinge. Vertex with white an-
terior and posterior margins, former with an interrupted black line often
reduced to four spots, disc yellowish-green. Pronotum anteriorly yel-
lowish-green, posteriorly darker, irrorate with brown, the two parts sepa-
rated by a darker line which is produced medially. Scutellum olive-brown,
basal angles with orange spot, and with seven light spots around the
edge. Elytra milky-white, subhyaline, disc brownish, nervures brown,
costal nervures and apex fuscous, three pairs of white spots along the
suture. Face pale, darkening with dark bands above to a black line
under the margin of the vertex.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin broadly and deeply emarginate, with a median lobe which is slightly
emarginate apically; pygofers broad, exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely
spined. Male, valve very small, rounded posteriorly; plates together
forming a triangle a little longer than broad, margins spiny, apices acute,
exceeding the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie and Riley counties.

Hosts: Doctor Ball reports this on the rough-leaved species
of Helianthus.

Mesamia coloradensis (G. & B.).

Allygus coloradensis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 91, 1895.

Paramesus immaculatus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxvii, p. 211, 1905.

Eutettixa (Mesamia) coloradensis Ball, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sei., xii, p. 63, 1907.
Paramesus coloradensis Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 66, 1907.
Mesamia coloradensis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 628, 1917.

Form: Like straminea, but smaller. Length, 3.75 to 4.5 mm. Vertex
one-half longer on middle than next the eye, about twice as wide as long,
depression slight, acutely angled with front, apex a trifle more pointed
than in straminea. Pronotum about twice as wide as long, lateral mar-

f ;
ws

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 189

gins short, broadly rounding with humeral margins. Elytra rather short
with the two cross nervures characteristic of the group.

Color: Whitish, sometimes tinged with green or brown. Vertex un-
marked or usually with thin interrupted marginal line and a pair of
basal spots, brown or black. Pronotum usually unmarked or with disc
irrorate with brown and a few dark spots behind the eyes. Elytra milky-
white with nervures brown, sparsely reticulated with brown. Face pale,
unmarked, or with dark bands darkening above.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
the preceding, narrowed strongly on posterior half, posterior margin
broadly and deeply emarginate, with a median lobe which has brown
margins and is very slightly notched apically; pygofers broad, exceeded
by ovipositor, sparsely spined on distal half. Male, valve small, rounded
posteriorly; plates about equal in length to their combined basal width,
margins spiny, acute apices exceeding pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Ottawa county only.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives Artemesia dracunculoides as the
host plant of this species.

Mesamia vitellina (Fh.).

Acocephalus vitellinus Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 57, 1851.

Jassus twiningi Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iv, p. 511, 1878.

Selenocephalus vitellinus Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890.

Paremesus furcatus Osb., Can. Ent., xxxili, p. 285, 1900.

Paramesus vitellina Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 516, 1905.

Eutettix (Mesamia) vitellina Ball, Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., xii, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1907.
Eutettix vitellina Osb., Me. Agr. Exp: Sta., Bul. 238, p. 139, 1915.

Mesamia vitellina Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 628, 1917.

Form: Our largest member of the genus. Length, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. Ver-
tex long, almost as long as the pronotum, one-half longer on the middle
than next the eye, less than twice as broad as long in the female, very
slightly depressed, margin acute. Pronotum over twice as broad as long,
lateral margins not greatly shorter than the humeral, posterior margin
emarginate. Elytra long, venation indistinct, but with the two cross
nervures between the sectors and several costal veinlets.

Color: Fulvous-yellow. Vertex yellow, unmarked. Pronotum fulvous
with anterior margin yellow, with a fairly distinct median line and lateral
ones, light. Scutellum pale, basal angles fulvous. Elytra golden or
fulvous-yellow with darker oblique basal band and a parallel band ending
on tip of clavus, darker, whole surface with white spots. Face yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly twice as long
as preceding, narrowed posteriorly to broadly rounding lateral lobes, be-
tween which the posterior margin is emarginate with a strap-like median
lobe; pygofers broad, exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely spined. Male,
valve triangular, two-thirds as long as last ventral segment, obtuse
apically; plates nearly four times the length of the valve, apices atten-
uate, acute, exceeding pygofers, margins spined.

190 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Not yet reported for Kansas, but should be
found.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives wild rose as the host plant of this
species.
Genus PHLEPSIUS Fieb.

The members of this genus are generally robust species with
vertex broad, usually distinctly longer on middle than next the
eye and obtusely angled. Their chief characteristic is the
marking of the elytra with brown ramose pigment lines which
are not confined, as in Hutettix, to any particular part of
the elytra. Due to these lines the species are, with few excep-
tions, brownish, but even in these exceptions, the ramose lines
are found.

All of the twenty-one species keyed below have been found
in Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.*

A. Head narrower than the pronotum.

B. Species large, 7 mm. or over; head much narrower than prono-
tum; elytra long and narrow.

C. Reddish-brown, length, 9 to 10 mm. mayjestus.
CC. Paler, grayish or cinereous, length 9 mm. or less.
~ spatulatus.

BB. Species smaller, 7 mm. or less; head slightly narrower than
pronotum; stouter species with shorter elytra.

-C. Sutural margin of elytra not definitely marked with
ivory lobate markings.

D. Elytra marked with numerous ivory areoles.
areolatus.
DD. Elytra without ivory areoles. superbus.
CC. Sutural margin of elytra definitely marked with ivory
lobate markings. _
D. Species longer, length 6 mm. or over.
E. Rather slender species, female segment ex-
cavated to base or nearly so. excuitus.
EE. More robust species; female segment exca-
vated half way to base. decorus.
DD. Species smaller, length less than 6 mm.
ovatus.
AA. Head as wide or wider than pronotum.
B. Vertex short, but little longer on the middle than next the eye,
edge obtuse.
C. General color yellowish or brownish, closely inscribed.
D. Uniformly colored species.
E. Distinctly robust species, narrowed apically.
F. Margin of vertex black on either side
of a light tip. lascivious. ;

* Adapted from keys by Van Duzee, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 65, 1892, and De
aie Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 68, 1916.

EN ay

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 191

AA. Head as wide or wider than pronotum—concluded.

FF. Margin of vertex not black.
G. Species dark or dirty brown.
H. Species not over 5.5 mm.

long. altus.
HH. Species longer, 6 mm. or
over. incisus.
GG. Species fulvous-brown; length, 6
to 7 mm. turpiculus.
EE. More slender species, elytra narrowed api-

cally.

F. Species about 6 mm. long; female seg-
ment not produced at sides into dis-
tinct lobes.

G. Female segment excavated, with
median tooth; male valve long,
apex rounded. irroratus

GG. Female segment truncate, with-
out median tooth; male valve
short and truncated.

truncatus.

FF. Species smaller, less than 6 mm. long:
female segment produced at sides into

distinct lobes. lobatus
DD. Vertex, pronotum and scutellum yellow, elytra
dark brown. collitus.

CC. General color cinereous, sparsely inscribed.
cinereus.
BB. Vertex longer. distinctly longer on middle than next the eye;
dise depressed, edge acute or subacute.
C. Elytra closely dotted, not reticulated, with some of the
dots in irregular lines. punetiscriptus.
CC. Elytra reticulated.
D. Size medium, 6 to 7 mm. long.
E. Head, pronotum and scutellum not distinctly
vellow. elytra with two clearer transverse

bands indicated. apertus.
EE. Head, pronotum and scutellum pale yellow,
elytra evenly inscribed. fulvidorsum.

DD. Size large, 7 mm. or over.

E. Length, 8 to 8.5 mm.; elytra distinctly nar-
rowed apically, female segment not produced
medially. nebulosus

EE. Length, 7 to 7.5 mm.; elytra scarcely nar-
rowed apically, female segment produced me-
dially. solidaginis.

Phlepsius majestus O. & B.

Phlepsius majestus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 229, pl. 26, fig. 6, 1897.
Phlepsius majestus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 533, 1905.

Phlepsius majestus DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 76, 1916.

Phlepsius majestus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 667, 1917.

Phlepsius majestus Ball, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xi, p. 382, 1918.

Phlepsius majestus Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 101, 1919.

192 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Form: Our largest Phlepsid, elongate. Length, 9 to 10 mm. Head
much narrower than pronotum; vertex distinctly produced, twice as
broad as long, front long and narrow. Pronotum over twice as broad as
long, broadest at lateral angles, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral
margins longer than humeral, posterior margin slightly emarginate.
Elytra long and narrow, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Reddish-brown; vertex yellowish, two apical and two basal
spots black, disc with a large black transverse band on each side, median
longitudinal line brown. Pronotum yellowish marked with brown or
black. Scutellum yellowish marked with brown on basal angles and api-
cally. Elytra pale yellow to milky-white marked with reddish-brown

irrorations.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-third longer
than preceding, posterior margin emarginate, with two distinct median
points between which is an incision extending fully half way to base;
pygofers broad and short, equalling ovipositor, spiny medially on distal
half. Male, last ventral segment truncate; valve scarcely twice as broad
as long, roundingly produced to very broad apex; plates long, spiny mar-
gins convexly rounding to blunt tips which exceed the short spiny pygo-
fers.

Distribution: Taken in Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: DeLong reports sweeping this species from weeds

in open woods.

Phlepsius spatulatus Van D. :

Phlepsius spatulatus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 78, 1892.
Phlepsius personatus Bak., Can. Ent., xxx, p. 30, 1898.

Phlepsius spatulatus Snow, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., ii, p. 349, 1904.
Phlepsius spatulatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 667, 1917.
Phlepsius spatulatus Ball, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xi, p. 384, 1918.

Form: Smaller than majestus. Length, 7 to9 mm. Head much nar-
rower than the pronotum; vertex one-fourth longer on middle than next
the eye, not quite twice as wide as long. Pronotum about twice as wide
as long, lateral and humeral margins about equal, posterior margin
slightly emarginate, transversely wrinkled.

Color: Pale grayish or cinereous, sometimes fulvous-brown. Vertex
whitish, with broad transverse brown band between eyes and usually with
brown spots before and behind this. Pronotum irrorate with brown and
yellow. Scutellum yellowish. Elytra cinereous, regularly inscribed with

brown, darker apically. Face pale or yellowish, marked with brown arcs. _

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than the
preceding, longest at the rounding lateral lobes between which it is
emarginate, with a pair of stout acute teeth in this emargination and be-
tween them an acute median notch; pygofers broad and short, slightly
exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely spined. Male, last ventral segment as
long as preceding, valve narrow, two to two and one-half times as wide as

i
~ sees ae

:

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 193

long, obtusely angulated, or rounded apically; plates long, spiny margins
at first convex and then suddenly narrowed at proximal third, then taper-
ing regularly to long attenuate and acute tips which exceed the spiny
pygofers, with a brown line, parallel to margin, on the proximal third.

Distribution: Found in western Kansas, specimens having
been taken in Reno, Stafford, Thomas and Sherman counties.

Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepswus areolatus Bak.

Phlepsius areolatus Bak., Can. Ent., xxx, p. 30, 1898.
Phlepsius areolatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 668, 1917.

Form: A stout robust species. Length, 5.5 to 6.75 mm. Head nar-
rower than pronotum; vertex not quite twice as broad as long, rounded
apically, disc strongly depressed, the margin thin. Pronotum about twice
as long as the vertex, twice as broad as long, widest at lateral angles,
humeral margins a little longer than the lateral, posterior margin about
truncate, transversely wrinkled. Elytra moderately long, flaring at tips.

Color: Cinereous, marked with dark brown; vertex yellowish with four
black spots along margin, the median pair larger and triangular, with
two small apical spots, and disc with two large brown patches. Prono-
tum irrorate with yellowish and brown. Scutellum yellowish or whitish,
marked with brown. Elytra milky-white, irrorate with dark brown, with
a strong areolate appearance. Face yellowish irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than the
preceding, lateral margins strongly narrowed on their distal half, hind
margin broadly emarginate and with a small median notch; pygofers
broad and short, exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely bristly. Male, last
ventral segment longer than preceding; valve very small, rounded pos-
teriorly; plates broad, together forming a triangle broader than long,
spiny margins narrowed evenly to the obtuse tips which exceed the very
short, bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Sherman, Pottawatomie and Douglas counties.
Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius superbus Van D.

Phlepsius superbus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 81, 1892.
Phlepsius superbus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 77, 1916.
Phlepsius superbus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 668, 1917.
Phlepsius superbus Ball, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xi, p. 383, 1918.
Phlepsius superbus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 98, 1919.

Form: A medium-sized, semirobust species. Length, 6.25 to 7 mm.
Head slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex half longer on middle
than next the eye, twice as broad as long, obtusely but distinctly angu-
late. Pronotum twice as long as vertex, twice as wide as long, anterior
margin strongly convex, humeral margins longer than the lateral, pos-
terior margin clearly concave, transversely wrinkled. Scutellum large.

13—Sci. Bul.— 3058

194 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Elytra, long, distinctly narrowed apically, slightly flaring, appendix pres-
ent.

Color: Yellowish or yellow-fulvous; vertex and pronotum yellowish,
irrorate with brown, scutellum lighter, with traces of two yellow lines.
Elytra yellowish, nearly evenly inscribed with brown, white lobate sutural
line not distinct. Face yellowish, irrorate with brown and marked with
darker arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very characteristic,
over twice longer than preceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly and with
a very large median incision reaching nearly to base, making the seg-
ment appear almost like two widely-separated lateral lobes; pygofers
very broad, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, distal half bristly. Male,
last ventral segment slightly longer than preceding; valve small, narrow,
posteriorly rounded; plates very broad, short, inner margins contiguous,
outer margins broadly rounding, together describing a semicircle, slightly
exceeded by the bristly pygofers, and with a row of spines, well in, but
parallel to outer margin.

Distribution: Found throughout the state as shown by the’

following map:

CHEYENNE RAWLINS DECATUR] NORTON] PHILL. | smuTH |vewert}| REPUB | was |rarsn | nen. [BROWN

CLOUD
SHERMAN ITHOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS MUTCH an Elo
ortava en wa
nave] SAUNE| sane MORRIS OSAGE
GRE'LY| WicH, san LANE ve) M58 | sua | BARTON

corre ie LINN
noose.
Sesaces
STAN. oo Ca ee Th king, | SEDGE.

eee

Hosts: De Long records sweeping this species from pas-
ture and grass land.

Phlepsius excultus (Uhl.).

Jassus excultus Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 467, 1877.
Phlepsius excultus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 80, 1892.
Phlepsius excultus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 534, 1905.
Phlepsius excultus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 77, 1916.
Phlepsius excultus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 667, 1917.
Phlepsius excultus Ball, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xi, p. 387, 1918.
Phlepsius excultus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 97, 1919.
(Jassus infumatus and scalaris Uhl., MS.) in collections.

Form: Semi-slender species. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Head slightly
narrower than pronotum; vertex less than twice as wide as long, half
longer on middle than next the eye, disc sloping, broadly rounded with

sie f .

roma Ue

—s ee

Sal
)

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 195

front, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum twice as wide as long, slightly
emarginate posteriorly, lateral margins as long as humeral, posterior
half of disc strongly wrinkled, pits distinct. Elytra long, not strongly
narrowed apically, appendix distinct.

Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum pale to orange-yellow, irrorate
with light brown; vertex with two brown spots on posterior margin near
the eyes, pronotum usually with four spots along anterior margin and
scutellum with two spots on anterior margin. Elytra light cinereous,
closely and evenly inscribed with dark brown and with the trilobate
sutural line ivory-white. Face fulvous-yellow, heavily irrorate with dark
brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment with lateral angles
triangularly or truncately produced, broadly incised medially nearly or
quite to base, exposing base of ovipositor with its overlapping plates;
pygofers broadest at the middle, exceeded by the ovipositor, spined dis-
tally. Male, last ventral segment longer than the preceding; valve broad
but short, rounded posteriorly; plates broad basally, triangular, sub-
marginally spined margins somewhat concavely narrowed to acute apices
which exceed the spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Reported by Van Duzee from Kansas.
Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius decorus O. & B.

Phlepsius decorus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 230, pl. 26, fig. 7, 1897.
Phlepsius decorus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 533, 1905.
Phlepsius decorus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 141, 1915.
Phlepsius decorus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 76, 1916.
- Phlepsius decorus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 668, 1917.
Phlepeius decorus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 99, 1919.

Form: Broader and shorter than excultus. Length, 5.5 to 6.25 mm.
Head slightly narrower than pronotum; vertex one-third longer on
middle than next the eye, nearly or quite twice as wide as long, disc flat,
rather acutely angled with the front, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum
short, about half longer than the vertex, usually more than twice as wide
as long, humeral margins distinctly longer than the lateral, posterior two-
thirds transversely wrinkled. Elytra short and wide, broadly flaring.

Color: Usually dark brown. Vertex white, with a few broad marginal
markings and with brown irrorations forming a broad transverse band
between the eyes, and a pair of more or less definite dark spots near
posterior margin. Pronotum yellowish marked with brown, with two
crescentiform dashes near posterior margin and a black spot behind each
eye. Scutellum yellowish with two spots on disc and two on anterior
margin, fuscous. Elytra milky-white to nearly smoky, marked with dark
brown nervures and irrorations, scutellum and sutural margins usually
white, the latter with the three ivory-white lobate markings, usually
distinct. Face yellowish, strongly irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment little longer than

preceding, lateral margins quite short, posterior margin truncate and

196 3 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

ee a>
{red vee

with a broad median notch reaching half or two-thirds the distance to
the base; pygofers broad, exceeded by ovipositor, very sparsely spined on
distal half. Male, last ventral segment longer than preceding; valve

small, triangular, obtusely angled apically; plates broad and short, inner
margins contiguous, submarginally spined, lateral margins convexly
rounding to obtuse apices which are distinctly exceeded by the preapically
spiny pygofers.

Distribution: Fairly common in eastern Kansas as shown by —

its distribution on the following map:

CLOUD
SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH |ROOKS | OSB. ren] an elo
ee con
LINC
il oe eae Stes
sve | SAUNE| sane OSAGE
GRELY| Wich.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS =n
Ta M*PHER LYON "e
corres ac

OFFEY ANOER
co
STAN. = el ee Txine, | SEDGE:

Fee i
Hosts: Found on pasture grasses.

@
CHAUT |MONT. | LAB. |GHERO

Phlepsius ovatus Van D.

Phlepsius ovatus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 79, 1892.

Phlepsius ovatus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 94, 1895. -
Phlepsius ovatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 75, 1916.

Phlepsius ovatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 668, 1917.

Phlepsius ovatus Ball, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xi, p. 387, 1918.

Form: A small robust species, smaller than two preceding. Length,
5 to 6 mm. Head slightly narrower than pronotum; vertex one-half
longer on middle than next the eye, nearly or quite as wide as long, ob-
tusely rounding with front, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum a little
over half longer than the vertex, twice as broad as long, lateral margins
nearly or quite as long as the humeral, posterior margins slightly emar-
ginate, posterior two-thirds transversely wrinkled. Elytra short and
broad, moderately exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Usually lighter than decorus, yellowish-white inscribed with

dark brown. Vertex yellow, irrorate with light brown, the latter forming ~

two spots on either side of the apex and two broad transverse bands on
the disc, connected by a short curved line with the posterior margin. Pro-
notum with brown marks which are less prominent on the posterior por-
tion of the disc. Scutellum with large brown triangles in basal angles.

~

ee

See
>

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 197

Elytra whitish, heavily inscribed with brown nervures and ramose mark-

ings, lighter on costa, and suture with distinct ivory trilobate markings.

Face yellow, marked with brown irrorations and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad and short,
roundingly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin broadly excavated to
nearly one-half the distance to the base and with a median notch extend-

ing nearly to the base; pygofers broad, slightly exceeded by ovipositor,

4

apical half bristly. Male, last ventral segment longer than preceding;
valve narrow, triangular, about one-half wider than long, apex acute;
plates broad and short, submarginally spined, margins convexly rounding
to obtuse apices which extend beyond the valve less than the length of the

_ latter and nearly or quite equalling the short bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie and Morton counties.

Hosts: The only host plant record is that given by De Long
who swept a single female from pasture grasses.

Phlepsius lascivius Ball.

Phlepsius lascivius Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 200, 1900.
Phlepsius lascivius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 670, 1917.

Form: Medium sized, semi-robust species. Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Head

as wide as the pronotum; vertex one-third longer on middle than next

the eye, two and one-half to three times as wide as long, broadly rounded
apically. Pronotum twice as wide as long, humeral and lateral margins
about equal in length, rounding into each other, posterior margins some-

“what emarginate. Elytra broad and moderately long, flaring behind,
_claval nervures parallel, not united by a transverse nervure.

Color: Faintly light brown. Vertex, pronotum and scutellum yellow-

‘ish, irrorate with brown ; elytra whiter. Vertex with irregular black

markings on either side of the white apex, back of this a lighter area and
then irrorate with fulvous brown to the base. Scutellum with two light
spots on margin and at apex, and a dark spot on each margin. Elytra

_ finely and evenly inscribed with fuscous dots which fuse into lines costally
and apically. Face heavily irrorate with fuscous, black above.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, slightly
narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin truncate, with a small median
notch between which and the lateral angles the margin is slightly con-
cave; pygofers not as broad as in preceding species, slightly exceeded by
Ovipositor and sparsely spined. Male, valve very broad, triangular, with
obtuse or subacute apex; plates large, broad at base, narrowing rapidly
on basal third and then produced as parallel-margined, bluntly pointed,
divergent lobes which completely hide and exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Gove county only.
Hosts: Unknown.

198 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Phlepsius altus O. & B.

Phlepsius altus O. & B., Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 228, pl. 26, fig. 5, 1897.
Phlepsius altus O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 99, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1898.
Phlepsius mimus Bak., Ent. News, ix, p. 67, 1898.

Phlepsius mimus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci.,ix, p. 225, 1909.
Phlepsius altus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 670, 1917.

Form: Small and stout. Length, 5.5 mm. Head slightly wider than
pronotum; vertex one-third longer on middle than next the eye, three
times as wide as long, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum twice as wide
as long, basal half transversely wrinkled, lateral margins short, humeral
margins longer, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra short,
flaring, claval veins slightly approaching each other near the middle.

Color: Dark fulvous; vertex, pronotum and scutellum soiled yellowish-
white, usually nearly uniformly irrorate with dark brown, posterior
two-thirds of pronotum often darker. Elytra whitish, heavily inscribed
with dark brown, leaving spots here and there. Face yellowish-white,
nearly uniformly irrorate with dark brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice longer
than preceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin broadly emargi-
nate nearly one-third of distance to the base, emargination with a deep
median slit, lateral angles lobular and appressed to the pygofers; py-
gofers semirobust, exceeded by the ovipositor, very sparsely spined. Male,
last ventral segment as long as preceding; valve broad, triangular,
slightly longer than ultimate segment, margins indented just before the
acutely pointed apex; plates broad, ventrally convex, submarginally
spined margins narrowing to obtuse tips which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie, Riley, Gray and
Sheridan counties.

Hosts: Osborn and Ball report this species as abundant on

Bouteloua hirsuta.

Phlepsius incisus Van D.

Phlepsius incisus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 73, 1892.
Phlepsius incisus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 533, 1905.
Phlepsius incisus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 148, 1915.
Phlepsius incisus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 71, 1916.
Phelpsius incisus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 570, 1917.

Form: Rather robust, larger than altus. Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Head
slightly wider than pronotum; vertex slightly longer on middle than next
the eye, over three times as wide as long, disc depressed, margin acute,

apex obtusely rounded. Pronotum about three times as long as vertex, .

twice as broad as long, lateral margins short, posterior margin emargi-
nate, not transversely wrinkled. Elytra broad, not narrowed apically,
appendix distinct.

Color: Yellowish, irrorate with testaceous-brown. Vertex yellowish,
irrorate with light brown. Pronotum yellowish with posterior two-thirds
heavily irrorate with light brown. Scutellum pale, somewhat maculate

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 199

with brown. Elytra cinereous, heavily irrorate with dark brown, tips of
claval veins often white. Face yellowish, heavily irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice the length of
the preceding, keeled, posterior margin obtusely produced with a broad
and deep median notch. Male, last ventral segment widened posteriorly;
valve large, very broad, triangular, obtusely pointed; plates large, broad
basally, spiny margins sinuately narrowing to broad rounded apices
which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county.
Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius turpiculus Ball.

Phlepsius turpiculus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 200, 1900.
Phlepsius turpiculus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 671, 1917.

Form: Rather large and robust. Length, 6 to 7mm. Head as wide
as the pronotum; vertex slightly longer on middie than next the eye,
over three times as broad as long, obtusely rounding with front, ob-
tusely angled at apex. Pronotum with lateral margins shorter than the
humeral, posterior margin slightly emarginate, disc transversely wrinkled.
Elytra long, narrowing apically.

Color: Dirty-yellow, irrorate with fulvous. Vertex, pronotum, and
scutellum yellowish, marked with dirty fulvous, margins of latter some-
times with two dark spots. Elytra whitish, heavily irrorate with light
or dark brown. Face yellowish, quite evenly irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as the
preceding, posterior margin slightly notched medially, either side of
which it is sinuate to the prominent lateral angles, pygofers semi-robust,
long, usually equalling or slightly exceeding the ovipositor, rather spiny
except on basal third. Male, last ventral segment wider than preceding;
valve large and broad, triangular, margins indented midway to the obtuse
apex; plates four times the length of the valve, slightly constricted
basally, then broadening before narrowing again to long finger-like
processes whose acute tips exceed the pygofers. A brown line, parallel
to the margin and ending in a brown basal spot, on the proximal half
of the plates.

Distribution: This species occurs in western Kansas, speci-
mens having been taken in Thomas and Morton counties.

Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius irroratus (Say).
(PPS TA hess d-2)

Jassus irroratus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 308, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 384.
Jassus testudinarivs Burm., Genera Ins., i, pl. 14, 1838.
Jassus inornatus Pack., U. S. Ent. Comm., Bul. 7, p. 80, 1881.
Allygus irroratus Uhl, Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 245, 1884.
| Phlepsius irroratus Van D., Ent. Am., vi, p. 93, 1890.
Phlepsius irroratus Van D., Trans. Am. -Ent. Soe., xix, p. 71, 1892.

200 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Phlepsius irroratus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.

Phlepsius irroratus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 533, 1906. 3
Phlepsius irroratus Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 94, fig. 25, 1912.
Phlepsius irroratus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 139, 1915.

Phlepsius irroratus Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 178, 1916.

Phlepsius irroratus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 72, 1916.

Phlepsius irroratus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 671, 1917.

Phlepsius irroratus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Phlepsius irroratus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 90, 1919.

Form: <A rather slender and elongate species. Length, 5.5 to 7 mm.
Head as wide as pronotum; vertex one-third longer at middle than next
the eye, over twice as wide as long, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum
long, barely twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex,
lateral margins short, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra long,
narrowed apically.

Color: Grayish to yellowish, strongly and evenly inscribed. Vertex
yellowish with an apical median line and spots on posterior margin whit-
ish. Dise of pronotum more heavily irrorate than margins. Scutellum
irrorate, with two or three marginal dark spots, an apical and two pre-
apical marginal spots, white. Elytra whitish with fuscous nervures and
closely inscribed with fuscous. Face yellowish, closely irrorate with
fuscous.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, rounded laterally, rounded lateral angles exceeded in length
by three median teeth, the wider middle one separated by deep excava-
tions from the outer two; pygofers rather slender, widest at the middle,
exceeded by ovipositor, spined on apical half. Male, valve as broad as
last ventral segment, triangular, apex rounded; plates broad basally, then
narrowing to constriction near middle, and then broadening to obtusely
pointed apices, each with a row of submarginal spines and bearing soft
silky. hairs, greatly exceeding the very short apically bristled pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles triangular, very large basally, with a
long finger-like terminal process which is strongly roughened, especially
on the lateral margin; connective Y-shaped, with the cleft deep and more
strongly chitinized on outer part, stem ending in a broad base; cedagus
broad basally, gradually widening to an enlarged tip which is serrate,
and with a small dorsal process for attachment to anal tube.

inne lalate

ee ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 201

Distribution: This is our commonest Phlepsid. It is found
throughout the state as shown by the following map:

a Ne
eae

aos
hnsce LOGAN Se Faiele RUSS

sa se Sau saune |
GRELY| WiICH.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS fn

Tat eo
sell a

=e BUTLER
STAN. {GRANT 2 ple KING. SENCE WILSON NEOS-[egaw
craw.
&
mort] sTev. |sew. Jeo ue COMAN. | BARBER | HARP dence cow. ie ie Seo

Hosts: One of our most destructive leaf hoppers. Common
on grasses, grains, alfalfa, and clover.

wae

gan |woo0 [au

Phlepsius truncatus Van D.

Phlepsius truncatus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 72, 1892.
Phlepsius truncatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 72, 1916.
Phlepsius truncatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 672, 1917.
Phlepsius truncatus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Form: Similar to trroratus, narrow and elongate. Length, 5.5 to
6.25 mm. Head slightly wider than pronotum; vertex one-fourth longer
on middle than next the eye, over twice as broad as long, dise slightly
transversely depressed, obtusely angulate apically. Pronotum slightly
over twice the length of the vertex, lateral margins shorter than the
humeral, posterior margin slightly emarginate, without transverse
wrinkles. Elytra broader than in irroratus, narrowed apically.

Color: A trifle darker than irroratus. Vertex yellowish, irrorate with
brown, sometimes with whitish spots on posterior margin. Pronotum with
disc darker than margins. Scutellum pale with two black spots on each
margin. Elytra whitish, very closely inscribed with brown. Face yel-
lowish, closely and evenly inscribed with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
the preceding, lateral margins sinuate, posterior margin truncate, lateral
angles rounded; pygofers rather long and narrow, slightly exceeded by
the ovipositor, sparsely spined distally. Male, valve as broad as last
ventral segment, triangular, cbtusely rounded apically; plates wide, not
quite four times as long as the valve, submarginally spined margins
sinuately tapering to obtuse apices which greatly exceed the very short,
apically bristled pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Riley and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: Found on grasses with irroratus.

202 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Phlepsius lobatus Osb.

Phlepsius lobatus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. v, p. 247, 1898.
Phlepsius lobatus Van D., Cat.°Hemip. N. A., p. 673, 1917.

Form: Much like preceding species, but smaller. Length, 5.5 to 5.75
mm. Head as wide as pronotum; vertex one-third longer at middle than
next the eye, over twice as wide as long, obtusely angled apically. Prono-
tum over twice as wide as long, lateral margins short, posterior margin
slightly emarginate, transverse wrinkles on basal half indistinct. Elytra
long, narrowed apically. |

Color: Light brown. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum dirty-yellow,
evenly inscribed with light brown, disc of pronotum sometimes darker.
Elytra whitish, evenly irrorate with dark brown except on costal area
where irrorations tend to form spots. Face yellowish, quite evenly
irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, strongly
narrowed posteriorly, with two distinct lateral lobes, between which the
margin is deeply and truncately incised, the median portion slightly
produced, carinate, and with a very small incision; pygofers long and
narrow, barely exceeded by the ovipositor, spiny on distal half. Male,
valve triangular, obtusely angled; plates broad, spined margins tapering
slightly sinuately to obtuse apices which greatly exceed the short py-
gofers.

Distribution: Taken in Riley and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius collitus Ball.

Phlepsius collitus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 227, 1903.

Phlepsius collitus Osb., Ohio Nat., v, p. 275, 1905.

Phlepsius collitus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 142, 1915.
Phlepsius collitus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 73, 1916.
Phlepsius collitus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 672, 1917.
Phlepsius collitus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 95, 1919.

Form: Rather slender and elongate. Length, 5.5 to 6 mm. Head as
wide as pronotum; vertex scarcely longer on middle than next the eye,
three times as wide as long, disc convex, obtusely rounded apically. Pro-
notum two and one-half times as long as vertex, strongly convex ante-
riorly, lateral margins shorter than humeral, posterior margin angularly
concave. Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum fulvous. Vertex mottled with
brown, often with two darker spots basally. Pronotum often with disc
darker than margins which are marked with brown. Scutellum with two
dark spots on each lateral margin. Elytra whitish hyaline, heavily in-
scribed with brown, with suggestions of two whitish bands starting from
the first and the third of the three white spots on the clavus. Face
yellowish or fulvous, heavily irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than the
preceding, narrowed posteriorly, emarginate between the lateral lobes,

7

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA:. 203

the median third roundingly produced and medially notched; spiny
pygofers long and narrow, very slightly exceeded by the ovipositor.
Male, valve broad and triangular, obtuse apically; plates broad and con-
vex, submarginally spined margins narrowing to obtuse tips which
greatly exceed the short pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county.

Hosts: De Long reports this species as abundant on grasses
and weeds. ig wae
Phlepsius cinereus Van D.

Phlepsius cinereus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 68, 1892.
Phlepsius cinereus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., viii, No. 5, p. 69, 1907.
Phlepsius cinereus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 70, 1916.

Phlepsius cinereus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 672, 1917.

Phiepsius cinereus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 88, 1919.

Form: Moderately large and elongate. Length, 5.5 to 7mm. Head
as wide as pronotum; vertex short, very slightly longer at middle than
next the eye, three times as wide as long, nearly rounded apically. Pro-
notum nearly three times as long as vertex, lateral margins shorter than
humeral, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra moderately long
and broad, apically flaring.

Color: The lightest of the Kansas species, light cinereous with pale
irrorations. Vertex evenly inscribed though often with two darker basal
spots. Disc of pronotum often darker. Scutellum with two black spots
on each margin and often a pair on disc. Elytra sparsely inscribed. Face
yellowish-white, faintly inscribed.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, slightly narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles broadly rounding,
posterior margin concave between lateral angles and the median notched
tooth; pygofers rather stout, constricted basally, exceeded by ovipositor,
sparsely spined on distal half. Male, valve broad, longer than ventral
segment, triangular, apex obtuse; plates broad, over twice the length of
the valve, submarginally spined margins slightly constricted basally, then
tapering to obtuse apices which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken in Logan county.

Hosts: Van Duzee reports taking this species on low tangled
vines.
Phlepsws punctiscriptus Van D.

Phlepsius punctiscriptus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 75, 1892.
Phlepsius punctiscriptus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 74, 1916.
Phlepsius punctiscriptus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 673, 1917.

Form: Medium-sized, rather wedge-shaped. Length, 5.75 to 7 mm.
Head slightly wider than pronotum; vertex at least half longer at middle
than next the eye, two and one-half times as wide as long, disc depressed,
Margin subacute. Pronotum twice as long as vertex, lateral margins
shorter than humeral, posterior margin slightly emarginate, disc trans-

204 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

versely wrinkled. Elytra rather long and broad, usually vertical apically,
appearing to narrow the insect posteriorly.

Color: Somewhat darker than cinereus. Vertex yellowish-white, not
inscribed along most of anterior margin, but brown back of this. Pro-
notum and scutellum also yellowish-white, quite evenly inscribed with
fulvous brown, disc of pronotum often darker, tip of scutellum white.
Elytra milky-white, dotted with fine brown points, apically darker. Face
yellowish-white, marked with light brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as the
preceding, lateral margins strongly narrowed near apex to the obtuse
lateral lobes between which the posterior margin is slightly emarginate,
with the median portion produced and broadly and shallowly notched;
pygofers broad, widest at the middle, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor,
sparsely bristled on the distal half. Male, valve about half as long as
wide, obtusely angled apically; plates broad basally, nearly four times
the length of the valve, the submarginally spined margins narrowing to
the long acute tips which greatly exceed the short pygofers.

Distribution: This species has been taken in Riley, Potta-
watomie, and Gove counties.

Hosts: Unknown.

Phlepsius apertus Van D.

Phlepsius apertus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 76, 1892.

Phlepsius apertus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 532, 1905.

Phlepsius apertus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 140, 1915; Bul. 248, p. 79.
1916.

Phlepsius apertus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 673, 1917.

Phlepsius apertus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Form: Medium-sized, fairly robust, posteriorly narrowed. Length,
5 to 6.5 mm. Head as wide as pronotum; vertex distinctly produced
medially, nearly one-half longer on middle than next the eye, disc de-
pressed posteriorly, apex distinctly obtusely angular, margin subacute.
Pronotum twice as long as vertex, anterior margin strongly convex, pos-
terior margin slightly emarginate, humeral margins slightly longer than
the lateral, dise distinctly wrinkled. Elytra moderately long, strongly
overlapping and flaring apically. .

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum dirty-yellowish, elytra milky-
white. Vertex irrorate with light brown, apex light with a black spot
either side, and usually two dark spots on posterior margin. Pronotum
irrorate with light brown, disc darker. Scutellum irrorate with light
brown, two dark spots on each margin, between which and apically’ there
is a light spot. Elytra with an indistinct oblique light band before the
middle where the dark brown irrorations are not as heavy as on the other
portions which are tinged with fulvous. Face yellowish, irrorate with
brown, darker above.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as pre-
ceding, lateral angles rounded, with a broad median incision, widening
basally, nearly or quite reaching the base, leaving two large lateral lobes,

ay ; ee ws

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID”®. 205

with prominent inner angles; pygofers moderately broad, exceeded by ovi-
positor, spiny apically. Male, valve broad, triangular, slightly longer than
last ventral segment, obtuse apically; plates large and very broad basally,
margins convex to about the apical third, tips parallel-margined and di-
vergent, submarginal spines and marginal hairs not reaching the apex;
pygofers completely hidden by the plates.

Distribution: Our only specimen of this species is from
Lincoln county.

Hosts: Taken on grasses.

Phlepsius fulvidorsum (Fh.).

Jassus fulvidorsum Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 62, 1851.

Phlepsius fulvidorsum Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890.

Phiepsius fulvidorsum Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 74, 1892.
Phlepsius fulvidorsum Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Phlepsius fulvidorsum Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 532, 1905.
Phlepsius fulvidorsum Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 142, 1915.
Phlilepsius fulvidorsum DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. nt. Bul. 17, p-72;-1916.
Phlepsius fulvidorsum Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 673, 1917.

Form: Females robust, males more slender. Length, 6 to 7 mm.
Head as wide as pronotum; vertex two and one-half times as broad as
long, one-half longer on middle than next the eye, with basal and pre-
apical transverse depressions, the margin acute. Pronotum over twice
as wide as long, lateral margins short, posterior margin emarginate.
Elytra moderately long and fairly broad.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum yellow, elytra darker. Ver-
tex irrorate with light brown, frequently with five or six darker mar-
ginal spots. Pronotum irrorate with brown, disc darker. Scutellum
pale, with two dark marginal spots. Elytra ivory-white to fulvous,
coarsely and darkly irrorate. Face yellowish, heavily irrorate with dark
brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding, narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles not prominent, posterior
margin sinuate on either side of the produced median half which is
medially notched; pygofers semi-robust, barely exceeded by ovipositor,
distal half somewhat spiny. Male, valve large, broad and triangular,
obtusely angled apically; plates large and broad, completely hiding the
pygofers, over twice as long as valve, margins strongly spined and con-
vexly narrowed to the blunt apices.

Distribution: Taken in Pottawatomie county only.

Hosts: Recorded by Van Duzee on hemlock, spruce and pine.
Professor Osborn gives birch, strawberry and blueberry as
hosts. DeLong records it from grasses.

Phlepsius nebulosus Van D.

Phlepsius nebulosus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 77, 1892.

Phlepsius nebulosus O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 100, pl. 6, fig. 4, 1898.
Phlonsinus nehulosus Osb., 20th Rent. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 532, 1905.

Phiepsius nebulosus Van D., Oat. Hemip. N. A., p. 674, 1917.

206 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Form: Large, somewhat elongate. Length,8to9mm. Head slightly
wider than pronotum; vertex one-fourth to one-half longer on middle than
next the eye, two and one-half times as wide as long, dise depressed,
margin acute, apex rounded to obtusely angulate. Pronotum transverse,
over twice as wide as long, anterior margin broadly rounding, humeral
margins a little longer than the lateral, posterior margin emarginate,
disc distinctly wrinkled. Elytra moderately long, broad, slightly over-
lapping apically and slightly flaring.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish, elytra . whitish
fulvous. Vertex and pronotum irrorate’ with light brown, latter darker
on the disc. Scutellum pale with two dark marginal spots. Elytra
rather evenly and closely inscribed with light to dark brown. Face
yellowish, irrorate with brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three times
as long as preceding, narrowed posteriorly to rounded, moderately pro-
duced, lateral angles, between which the posterior margin is emarginate
and with a small median notch; pygofers moderately robust, exceeded by
Ovipositor, sparsely spined on distal half. Male, valve broad and tri-
angular, nearly as long as last ventral segment, obtusely angulated
apically; plates large, broad basally, three times as long as valve, margins
with submarginal spines nearly to the obtuse diverging tips which greatly
exceed the short and broad pygofers.

Distribution: Found chiefly in western Kansas as shown by _

the following map:

=f | ede
JEFF USS
fe anes
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE fle RUSS eae
sane
ea SH ror sx

GRELY} WICH.| SCOTT/LANE] NESS aso ei

HAM pee HOD nage
a
FORD
ait wi ue SEDGE.

i reg ces
STEY. Bie onan ome HARP SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: Osborn & Ball record this species from Panicum vir-

gatum. ,
Phlepsius solidaginis (Walk.).

Acocephalus solidaginis Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 847, 1851.
Phlepsius humidus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., xix, p. 76, 1892.
Phlepsius humidus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 532, 1905.
Phlepsius solidaginis Van D., Can. Ent., xli, p. 384, 1909.

Phlepsius humidus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 143, 1915.
Phlepsius humidus Del, Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 74, 1916.
Phlepsius solidaginis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 674, 1917.

MORT.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID4Z3. 207

Form: Smaller than preceding species. Length, 7 to 8 mm. Head
slightly wider than pronotum; vertex one-half longer on middle than next
the eye, two and one-half times as wide as long, disc depressed, margin
acute, obtusely angled apically. Pronotum transverse, twice as broad as
long, humeral margins a little longer than the lateral, posterior margin
emarginate, disc transversely wrinkled. Elytra moderately long and
bread, slightly flaring apically.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish, elytra fulvous.
Vertex sparsely inscribed with light brown, pronotum with dise darker,
scutellum with two dark marginal spots and light spots between. Elytra
irrorate with dark brown, with whitish areas on base and at tip of claval
area, there appearing to be two dark transverse bands behind these, and
with a few dark spots on costal area. Face yellowish, irrorate with
brown.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, lateral angles large and obtuse, posterior margin deeply
emarginate and sinuate on either side of a large median lobe which is
notched and slightly exceeds the lateral angles; pygofers rather long
and narrow, exceeded by ovipositor, distal half spiny. Male, valve broad
and triangular, longer than last ventral segment, apex obtuse; plates to-
gether forming a triangle almost as wide as long, submarginally spined
margins tapering regularly to subacute apices which greatly exceed the
short pygofers, margins pilose, especially basally.

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken in
Pottawatomie, Riley and Clark counties.

Hosts: Van Duzee gives Sagittaria and Polygonum as host
plants. It is found on low ground.

Genus ACINOPTERUS Van D.

In the members of this genus the head is narrower than the
pronotum and the vertex is nearly twice as long on the middle
as next the eye. The pronotum is rather short, the lateral
margins nearly as long as the humeral, and with the disc trans-
versely wrinkled. The scutellum is finely but very distinctly
granular. The moderately long elytra are very characteris-
tically narrowed apically, the nervures strong.

The one species of the genus and one of its varieties have
been found in the state.

Acinopterus acuminatus Van D.

(Pl. 14,. figs. 3-4.)
Acinopterus acuminatus Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 308, 1892.
Acinopterus acuminatus G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 94, 1895.
Acinopterus acuminatus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., viii, No. 5, p. 69, 1907; ix,
p. 225, 1909.
Acinopterus acuminatus Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 466, 1909.

i . i y,
jo alee Ris

208 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Acinopterus acuminatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 89, 1916.

Acinopterus acuminatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 675, 1917.

Acinopterus acuminatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 102, 1919.

Form: Rather robust, slightly tapering posteriorly. Length, 5 to 6.5
mm. Head distinctly narrower than pronotum, vertex nearly twice as ©
long on middle as next the eye, about twice as wide as long. Pronotum —
over twice as wide as long, lateral margins long, posterior margin con-
cave, disc transversely wrinkled. Scutellum large, entire surface granu- —
lar. Elytra moderately long, tapering to acute apices, venation distinct.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum greenish or olive-green, scu- |
tellum with two light longitudinal lines. Elytra shining dark brown, the —
nervures lighter, some of the cells, especially along the costa and on the ©
clavus, subhyaline or greenish. Face olive-green, unmarked.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding, broadest basally, lateral margins broadly rounding to slightly
produced posterior margin, which has an indistinct median notch; py-
gofers rather narrow, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, bearing a few
scattered large spines. Male, valve covered by the large ventral segment;
plates long and narrow, parallel-margined, obtuse apices somewhat diver-
gent; spiny pygofers greatly exceeding plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles fastened to a large round lobe at the
base of the plates, margins of anterior half sinuately tapering, distal
half stout and strongly curved, the large club-shaped and coarsely granu-
lar apices strongly diverging; connective small, heart-shaped, with the ~
incision wide and the apex broadly rounding; cedagus very characteristic |
of the genus, broad basally, narrowing to the middle, distal half with two
small ventral sword-like processes and a larger dorsal one, the latter
fimbriate apically on the ventral margin.

Distribution: Specimens have been taken in Cherokee,
Bourbon, and Miami counties. It is likely well distributed
over the southeastern part of the state. ;

Hosts: De Long reports this species as abundant on grasses.
Dr. Ball believes wild geranium to be the host plant.

Acinopterus acuminatus var. viridis Ball.
Acinopterus acuminatus var. viridis Ball, Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 231, 1903.
Form: That of typical acuminatus.
Color: Entire insect greenish, vertex with a yellowish tinge, ocelli

reddish-brown. Nervures of elytra usually dark greén, apical nervures
sometimes bordered with fuscous.

Distribution: Our only specimens of this variety have come
from Morton county. ;
Hosts: Probably the same as those of typical acwminatus.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 209

Genus THAMNOTETTIX Zett.

The members of this genus are slender bodied, with long
and narrow elytra, giving them a distinctly elongate appear-
ance. The vertex is always wider than long, sometimes about
parallel-margined, usually distinctly produced. The pronotum
is rounded anteriorly with rather short and sharp lateral
margins.

Nine of the eleven species keyed below have been taken in
the state.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Vertex short, nearly parallel-margined, apex with two large black
spots.

B. Elytra without large yellow spot on clavus.
C. Reddish-brown large species, usually 6 mm. or over.

kennicotti.

CC. Lighter and smaller species, less than 6 mm. in length.
; brittoni.
BB. Eiytra with large yellow spot on clavus. clitellarius.

AA. Vertex distinctly produced medially, without two large black apical
spots.
B. Margin of vertex without definite dark markings.

C. Brownish species. : longulus.
CC. Greenish species. imornatus.

BB. Margin of vertex with definite dark markings.
C. Disc of vertex marked with fulvous lines.
perspicillatus.
CC. Disc of vertex unmarked (spots behind ocelli in ciliatus).
D. Margin of vertex with four black spots.
E. Size larger, over 4.5 mm. in length.
F. Vertex produced, about one-third wider
than long, no spots on disc.
: melanogaster.
FF. Vertex shorter, nearly twice as broad
as long, two black spots behind ocelli.
ciliatus.
EE. Size smaller, less than 4.5 mm. in length.
F. Face not black.

G. Color dull yellow; female segment
with distinct median tooth, male
plates with long attenuate tips.

fitchu.
GG. Brighter yellow in color; female
segment without distinct median
tooth, male plates not at all at-

tenuate. pallidula.
FF. Face black, due to coalescing arcs.
nigrifrons.

14—Sci, Bul.— 3058

210 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Thamnotettix kennicottt (Uhl.).

Jassus kennicotti Uhl., Proc. Am. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 161, 1863.
Thamnotetiix kennicottt Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., p. 246, 1884.
Thamnotettix kennicotti Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Thamnotettix kennicotti Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 534, 1905.
Thamnotettia kennicotti Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.°238, p. 134, 1915..
Thamnotettix kennicotti DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 79, 1916.
Thamnotettia kennicotti Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 676, 1917.

Form: Large and elongate. Length, 5.75 to 7 mm. Vertex short,
over twice as broad as long, margins nearly parallel, sloping, and broadly
rounding to front. Pronotum twice as long as vertex, lateral margins
convex, widening posteriorly, humeral margins straight, distinctly angled
with slightly emarginate postericr margin. Scutellum large. Elytra
very long and narrow, greatly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Rich reddish-brown; vertex yellowish, two large black apical
spots between red ccelli, a fulvous transverse band on basal portion.
Pronotum fulvous with a broad median band and sometimes a narrow
yellow band on posterior margin. Elytra fulvous with lighter nervures
and a distinct yellow stripe along costal suture. Yellow beneath.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as preceding, lateral margins rounding into rounded posterior margin,
sometimes with a broad median keel; pygofers rather narrow, slightly
exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely bristled. Male, last ventral segment as

long as preceding; valve small, triangular, apex obtuse; plates broad on
proximal half, then tapering to long attenuate tips; pygofers short, equal-—

ling or slightly exceeding plates, sparsely bristled.
Distribution: Taken in Cherokee and Pottawatomie coun-
ties.

Hosts: Doctor Ball gives this as a Cratzgus species. De
Long records sweeping specimens from oak.

Thamnotettia brittont Osb.

Thamnotettix brittoni Osb., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., x, p. 166, 1907.
Thamnotettia brittont Metc., Jl. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe., xxxi, p. 26, 1915.
Thamnotettix brittoni DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 79, 1916.
Thamnotettix brittont Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 677, 1917.

= s

Form: Smaller and narrower than preceding species. Length, 5 to 6 —

mm. Vertex even less produced than in kennicotti; twice as broad as
long, sloping, broadly rounding with front. Pronotum, scutellum and
elytra as in kennicottt.

Color: Lighter, otherwise as in kennicottt.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly as long as”

broad, lateral margins broadly rounding with somewhat produced pos-
terior margin, keeled medially; pygofers rather narrow, slightly exceeded
by ovipositor, slightly bristled. Mhle, valve broad and short, obtuse
apically; plates broad basally, spiny margins concavely narrowing to
long attenuate tips which nearly equal the bristly pygofers.

ys } ee {Ate

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. ATL

Distribution: Labette and Cherokee counties are the only
ones in which this species has yet been taken.

Hosts: De Long reports taking this species from oak shrubs.

Thamnotettia clitellarius (Say).
(Pl. 14, figs. 5-6.)
Jassus clitellarius Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 309, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii.
p. 384.
Bythoscopus clitellarius Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 58, 1851.

* Thamnotettizx clitellarius Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 246, 1884.
Bythoscopus clitellarius Saund., Ins. Inj. Fruits, p. 185, 1886.
Thamnotettia clitellarius Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Thamnotettia clitellarius Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 534, 1905.
Thamnotettix clitellarius Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 134, 1915.
Thamnotettix clitelarius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 678, 1917.
Thamnotettia clitellarius Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 79, 1919.

Form: Length, 4.5 to 5.6 mm. Vertex short, over twice as broad as
long, sloping, rounding to front. Pronotum twice as broad as long,
strongly convex anteriorly, humeral margins longer than the lateral,
posterior margin slightly emarginate. Scutellum large. Elytra charac-
teristic of the genus.

Color: Vertex bright yellow except for two large black spots apically
and the somewhat brown posterior margin. Pronotum brown on anterior
third and along posterior margin, with a broad yellow band between.
Scutellum brown. Elytra brown with costal area hyaline and a very
characteristic oval yellow spot covering the greater part of the clavus.
Yellow on face and beneath.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, lateral mar-
gins rounded with posterior margin which is deeply excavated on either
side of a median tooth, which exceeds the rest of the margin and has
its truncate apex slightly notched; pygofers long and narrow, basally
constricted, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely spiny. Male, last
ventral segment shorter than preceding; valve broad, triangular, margins
slightly concave, apex obtuse; plates very long, exceeding bristly py-
gofers, margins slightly concave past middle, tips divergent preapically
and apices curved. Pygofers with a large spine on apical margin.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large, with very large laterally rounded

anterior process, a strong process to connective, after which the mesal

margin is weakly chitinized for a short distance, then tapering sinuately
to the obtuse apex which has a short but distinct lateral tooth, the entire
apical portion quite roughened, so as to give the lateral margins the
appearance of being serrate; connective stout, cleft at both ends, the
arms at the anterior end rounded, those at the caudal end straight;

_ @dagus with a weak dorsal basal projection which widens dorsally, the

terminal portion long and deeply bicleft apicaliy, forming two strap-like,
curling, and acute appendages.

Distribution: This species has been taken in Douglas, Potta-
watomie, and Riley counties.

Hosts: Found on many different plants.

212 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Thamnotettix longulus G. & B.
(CGR ed 4a nei)

Thamnotettix longula G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 97, 1895.

Thamnotettix longula O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 226, 1897.

Thamnotettiz longula DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 82, 1916.

Lhamnotettia longulus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 6880, 1917.

Form: Quite elongate. Length, 5 to 6 mm. Vertex more produced
than in preceding species, being distinctly longer on middle than next the
eye, twice as wide as long, sloping, and rounding obtusely with front.
Pronotum long, scarcely twice as broad as long, strongly convex an-
teriorly, slightly emarginate posteriorly, lateral margins nearly as long
as the humeral. Elytra very long and narrow.

Color: Nearly unicolorously fulvous, marked with brown. Vertex ful-
vous, white ocelli connected by light band, with median longitudinal line
and two basal spots, darker. Pronotum irregularly mottled with darker
spots anteriorly. Scutellum with basal angles and two spots on disc
darker than the fulvous background. Elytra light fulvous, nervures
lighter, some of them tending to be darker margined. Face marked with
brown arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as the
preceding, narrowed posteriorly, the posterior margin angularly emargi-
nate one-third the length of the segment, slightly elevated; pygofers long
and narrow, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, bearing many long bristles

. és aces

ee

on posterior half. Male, last ventral segment two-thirds the length of —

the preceding, valve broad, triangular, obtuse at apex; plates broad
basally and long, spiny margins tapering somewhat concavely to the
acute tips which nearly equal the long-bristled pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles very broad anteriorly due to large an-
terior processes and large processes to the connective, with a very defi-
nite lateral incision apically, leaving a large outwardly curving apical
tooth which has its outer margin quite rough with small teeth; connective
large, deeply bifid anteriorly, slightly so apically; cedagus broad basally,
with a small basal and dorsal process, then gradually tapering till it
divides into two long, apical, acutely-pointed processes.

Distribution: This species has been taken only in Cherokee
and Douglas counties.
Hosts: DeLong reports this species as abundant on grasses.

Thamnotettix inornatus Van D.

Thamnotettix inornatus Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 303, 1892.

Thamnotettix inornatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 536, 1905.

Thamnotettix mornatus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 137, 1915.

Thamnotettix inornatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 81, 1916.

Thamnotettia inornatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 684, 1917.

Form: Long and narrow. Length, 4.75 to 5.5 mm. Vertex distinctly
produced, half longer on middle than next the eye, flattened, subacute
apically. Pronotum long, not twice as broad as long, humeral margins a
little longer than lateral, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra
very long and narrow. .

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 213

Color: Nearly uniformly yellowish-green. Ocelli brown or black, a
brown curved line from each to the apex. Elytra subhyaline, tips smoky,
nervures bright yellow to brown. Face yellow, with brown arcs and with
sutures of front black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding, broadly but not deeply emarginate medially, having distinct
lateral angles; pygofers long and narrow, exceeded by ovipositor, bristly
on posterior half. Male, valve broad, triangular, very obtuse apically;
plates large and broad, margins armed with very long, white spines, con-
vexly tapering to subacute apices; pygofers very characteristic, viewed
laterally they are long and triangular, tapering to long and slender apex
which terminates in a chitinous point, just exceeding plates, and bearing
a tuft of white bristles just before the middle.

Distribution: This species has not yet been collected in Kan-
sas, but undoubtedly occurs in the eastern part of the state.

Hosts: DeLong collected this species from Elymus virgini-
cus and from other tall grasses.

Thamnotettix perspicillatus O. & B.

Thamnotettix perspicillatus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 227, 1897.
Thamnotettix perspicillatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 81, 1916.
Thamnotettix perspicillatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 680, 1917.

Form: Smaller than the preceding species. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm.
Vertex about half wider than long, broadly rounding apically, disc sloping,
rounding obtusely with front. Pronotum twice as broad as long, anterior
margin strongly convex, lateral margins very short, humeral margins
distinct, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Elytra typical of the
genus though not as long as in the two preceding species.

Color: Grayish or brownish; vertex whitish, tinged with orange, with
a wavy black line on each side from apex to ocelli, two brown median
lines bending at right angles just before the middle, and two brown
circles on the disc. Pronotum gray, with six white spots along the an-
terior margin, two small black spots back of each eye, and five faint
longitudinal lines. Elytra subhyaline, marked with brown and black
spots, nervures darkened apically. Front gray, with light median line
and arcs.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-half longer
laterally than preceding, posterior margin strongly and angularly pro-
duced; pygofers long and narrow, exceeded by ovipositor, bristly medially
and apically. Male, last ventral segment as long as preceding; valve
broad and short; plates broad basally, the spiny margins concavely nar-
rowed to long attenuate tips which are slightly exceeded by the bristly
pygofers.

Distribution: This species has not yet been reported from.
the state, but probably occurs here.

Hosts: Various grasses.

214 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Thamnotettix melanogaster (Prov.).

Jassus melanogaster Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 378, 1872.

Thamnotettix melanogaster Proy., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 284, 1890.
Thamnotettix melanogaster Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Thamnotettix melanogaster Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 537, 1905.
Thamnotettix melanogaster Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 136, 1915.
Thamnotettix melanogaster DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 80, 1916.
Thamnotettix melanogaster Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 682, 1917.

Form: Long and narrow. Length, 4.75 to 5.25 mm. Vertex distinctly
produced, nearly half longer on middle than next the eye, one-third wider
than long, disc flat or slightly concave. Pronotum nearly twice as wide
as long, lateral margins-distinct. Elytra very long.

Color: Brownish or yellowish-green, sometimes washed with orange.
Vertex with four large black spots on margin, the two middle ones larger

than the outer, disc unmarked. Scutellum with dark transverse im-

pressed line. Face yellow. Abdomen black beneath.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as long as preceding,
narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin slightly emarginate; pygofers
long, widest at the middle, exceeded by ovipositor, quite bristly on distal
half. Male, valve large, broad and triangular, obtusely angled apically;
plates very characteristic, broad basally, outer margin sinuately convex
to acute, dark, chitinous apex, inner margin concave, so that apices are
turned toward each other, a row of bristles running diagonally across
before the middle, while on the outer margin and apically are long silky
hairs; pygofers taper to long acute tips that exceed the plates.

Distribution: Reported from Riley county.

Hosts: Professor Osborn records this species as being com-
mon on coarse grasses and sedges on low ground.

Thamnotettix ciliatus Osb.

Thamnotettia ciliatus Osb., Proce. Ia. Acad. Sci., v, p. 244, 1898.
Thamnotettix ciliatus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 138, 1915.
Thamnotettix ciliatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 683, 1917.

Form: Elongate like preceding species. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Ver-

tex nearly twice as wide as long, about one-third longer on middle than
next the eye, broadly rounded apically and obtusely rounding with front.
Pronotum less than twice as wide as long, lateral margins short, humeral
margins long. Elytra characteristic of the genus.

Color: Green or yellowish-green. Vertex yellow with four large black
spots on margin, a spot, varying greatly in size, back of the ocelli and
often two small parallel lines on the disc about half’ way between the
base and the apex. Pronotum with disc greenish, margins frequently
more yellow. Scutellum yellow. Elytra greenish, hyaline, apex some-
times smoky, nervures yellow or whitish. Face yellowish-green with
antennal pits and sutures of front black, sometimes with black ares.
Nearly entirely black beneath.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
preceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin slightly concave; pygo-

a

av

~

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 215

fers long and narrow, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, spined on distal
half. Male, valve large and broad, rounded posteriorly; plates broad

and short, outer margin sinuately and convexly rounding to meet the

divergent inner margins, the truncate apex with an acute inner angle, a
few spines on the disc, margins and apices with long white silky hairs;

_ pygofers long, exceeding plates, obtuse apically.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county.
Hosts: Grasses or sedges in low places.

Thamnotettia fitehw Van D.

Thamnotettix fitchiti Van D., Ent. Am., vi, p. 133, 1890.

Thamnotettia fitchiti Smith, N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. K, p. 42, fig. 62, 1890.
Thamnotettix fitchii Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 535, 1905.
Thamnotettix fitchii Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 137, 1915.
Thamnotettix fitchii DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 79, 1916.
Thamnotettix fitchiti Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 683, 1917.
_ (Cicadula 4-punctata Fh. MS) in collections.

Form: Small but fairly robust for this genus. Length, 3.75 to 4.25

mm. Vertex distinctly wider than long, produced, obtusely angled. Pro-

notum with very short lateral margins, humeral margins long. Elytra
long.

Color: Pale or dirty-yellow. Vertex with four black spots near mar-
gin, median longitudinal line and faint spots on either side, brown.
Pronotum with five pale longitudinal lines. Scutellum yellow. Elytra
smoky yellow with paler nervures. Face brownish, with pale median
line and arcs, antennal pit and small spot below each ocellus, black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as long on lateral
margins as preceding but with posterior margin broadly emarginate;
valve broad and short, not at all angulate; plates broad basally, spiny
margins concavely narrowed to long attenuate tips which exceed the short
bristly pygofers.

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken in
Douglas, Riley, and McPherson counties.
Hosts: This species occurs on grasses in low and moist
places.
Thamnotettiz pallidulus Osb.

Thamnotettix pallidulus Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., v, p. 245, 1898.

Thamnotettix pailidulus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 684, 1917.

Form: Very much like fitchii. Length, 3.75 to 4.25 mm. Vertex
nearly one-third wider than long, one-third longer on middle than next
the eye, roundingly angulate apically. Pronotum strongly convex anter-

iorly, lateral margins very short, humeral margins long, posterior margin

practically straight. Elytra characteristic of the genus.

Color: More yellow than fitchii. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum
bright yellow. Vertex with four black marginal spots, ocelli black.
Elytra a dirty-yellow, nervures yellowish or whitish, more distinct basally.

_ Face with brownish arcs and sometimes a black spot below ocelli.

216 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Kxternal genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about length of the
preceding, composed of two membranes, the outer strongly narrowed pos-
teriorly, exposing the sides and lateral angles of the inner, posterior
margin of the outer nearly truncate, sometimes slightly emarginate;
pygofers short and stout, nearly equalling ovipesitor, distal half quite
bristly. Male, valve broad and short, broadly rounded posteriorly; plates
broad basally, spiny margins slightly convex, tips acute, exceeded by the
strongly bristled pygofers which, viewed laterally, are triangular, drawn
out into long, attenuate, and acute apices.

Distribution: Taken in Cherokee and Douglas counties.
Hosts: Probably a grass feeder.

Thamnotettix nigrifrons (Forbes).

Cicadula nigrifrons Forbes, 14th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., p. 67, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1864.
Thamnotettix perpunctata Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v, pp. 200, 212, 1894.
Deltocephalus nigrifrons O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 218, 1897 (part).
Thamnotettix perpunctata Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 116, 1897.

Deltocephalus nigrifrons Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p, 77, fig. ie
1912 (part).

Thamnotettix nigrifrons Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 684, 1917.
Thamnotettix nigrifrons Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 81, 1919.

Form: Smaller than preceding species. Length, 3.25 to 4mm. Ver-
tex wider than long, one-third longer at middle than next the eye, round-
ingly obtuse apically. Pronotum nearly one-half longer than the vertex,
not twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral mar-
gins very short, humeral margins long, posterior margin very slightly
emarginate. Scutellum broad. Elytra long and narrow, strongly over-
lapping apically, only one cross nervure between the sectors.

Color: Yellowish-green; vertex yellowish, with four large black mar-
ginal spots, ocelli black, median longitudinal line brown. Pronotum with
whitish or yellowish spots along anterior margins sometimes with black
showing through the disc. Scutellum yellowish or whitish, with basal
angles and apex rather more strongly yellow, and with black transverse
impressed line. Elytra subhyaline, rather smoky apically, nervures whit-
ish or yellowish. Face yellow, strongly marked with black coalescing arcs.
Beneath black marked with yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as long as preceding,
composed of two membranes, the outer strongly narrowed posteriorly, ex-
posing lateral angles of the shorter inner membrane, posterior margin of
outer membrane truncate or elevated and seemingly broadly emarginate;
pygofers long, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, bristly, especially on distal
half. Male, last ventral segment as long as preceding; valve broad and

short, posteriorly broadly rounded; plates broad and triangular, spiny”

margins rather slightly concave to acute apices which are slightly ex-
ceeded by the bristly and acute pygofers.

Thanet

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. ZAG

Distribution: Very common in the eastern part of the state

as shown by the following map:
re
ans eK cos

ar LEAV
ee
WALLACE] LOGAN SPE ELLIS | RUSS
us| SE saune | ace
GRELY| WICH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS | RUSH |BARTON me
act PHER
COFFEY nein LINN
ct ote

FORD Ea SEDGE.
Hosts: Doctor Forbes when describing this species reported

SEE MEAQ eine COMAN. ome LoS COW.
it as injurious to oats, wheat, and corn. Professor Osborn says
it shows a distinct preference for annual grasses such as fox-
tail and the panic grasses from which it migrates into the cul-

tivated crops on the withering of the former. He also says it
is very common on bluegrass and timothy.

Genus CHLOROTETTIX Van D.

The members of this genus are mostly rather large species
of a uniform green color, often fading to a yellowish-green in
preserved specimens. A few species, however, are small and
some are marked with spots or bands on the head, pronotum,
or scutellum. The vertex is broad, either rounded or distinctly
bluntly angled apically. The sides of the pronotum are moder-
ately long. The elytra are long and thin, subhyaline, with a
distinct appendix, the nervures indistinct.

All the members of the genus are grass feeders and so no
mention will be made of the specific hosts of each species.

The seven species keyed below have all been recorded from

Kansas.
KEY TO SPECIES.*
A. Vertex with anterior margin rounded, not distinctly angulate.

B. General color brownish, elytra appearing striped.
Necopmnus.

* Adapted from key by DeLong, Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, No. 15, p. 4, 1919.

218 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

BB. General color greenish.

C. Female ventral segment with broad spatulate process;
male plates long, gradually tapering. spatulatus.

CC. Female ventral segment notched but without spatulate
process.

D. Size large, 7.5 mm. long; female segment uni-

formly, concavely and deeply notched, male plates

narrowed at half their length then produced.
unicolor.

DD. Size smaller, not over 7 mm. long; female segment
with sides of notch each bearing a lateral tooth,
male plates very short, broadly rounded. -

viridius.
AA. Vertex with anterior margin distinctly but bluntly angulate.
B. Size smaller, not exceeding 6.5 mm. in length.

C. Vertex distinctly angled, almost twice as long at middle
as next the eyes; female segment broadly and triangu-
larly notched half way to base. vividus.

CC: Vertex more bluntly angled, not over one-half longer at
middle than next the eyes; female segment narrowly
incised nearly to base. galbanatus.

BB. Size larger, 7 mm. or longer; female segment broadly but
shallowly emarginate, a minute notch and brown spot at
center. tunicatus.

Chlorotettix necopinus Van D.

Chlorotettix necopinus Van D., Can. Ent., xxv, p. 282, 1893.

Chlorotettix necopinus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 228, 1909.

Chlorotettix necopinus DeL., Tenn: St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 84, 1916.

Chlorotettix necopinus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 688, 1917.

Chlorotettix necopinus Fent., Ohio Ji. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Chlorotettix necopinus DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 8, 1919.

Chlorotettix necopinus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 83, 1919.

Form: Length, 7 mm. Vertex slightly longer on middle than next
the eye, over twice as wide as long. Pronotum twice as wide as long,
anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin distinctly concave,
short lateral margins rounding into the humeral margins, dise trans-
versely wrinkled. Elytra long, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: General color brownish. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum with
a greenish tinge. Vertex with a broad transverse black band on the dise.
Pronotum marked with brown, the median line and anterior margin paler.
Scutellum with triangular spots in basal angles, a median line with a
small spot on either side, brown. Elytra brown with the nervures lighter,
giving them a striped appearance. Face with ten pale arcs and two
brown spots at base of clypeus.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over twice as long
as the preceding’, strongly narrowed posteriorly, lateral angles acute, be-
tween them the posterior margin being broadly and deeply cleft, the cleft
with a small blunt tooth; pygofers rather broad, nearly equalling ovi-
positor, spined on distal half. Male, valve about twice as long as preced-
ing segment, broad, margins concave on either side of the rounded apex;

s

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 219

_ plates broad basally, suddenly constricted beyond middle and then pro-
duced to the slightly divergent tips, exceeded by the blunt and spiny

pygofers.
Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken

only from Cherokee county.

Chlorotettix spatulatus O. & B.

(Pl. 14, fig. 8.)

Chlorotettia spatulatus O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 225, pl. 26, fig. 4, 1897.
Chlorotettix spatulatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 86, 1916.

Chlorotettix spatulatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 686, 1917.

Chlorotettix spatulatus DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 12, 1919.

Chlorotettix spatulatus Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 86, 1919.

Form: Length, 6 to 7mm. Vertex slightly longer on the middle than

next the eye, over twice as wide as long, broadly rounding with front.

Pronotum twice as wide as long, posterior margin distinctly emarginate,

_ short lateral margins rounding with humeral margins, disc transversely

wrinkled. Elytra rather broad, greatly exceeding abdomen, venation
weak.

Color: Uniformly greenish or yellowish-green.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-half longer than
the preceding, posterior margin broadly notched nearly three-fourths of
the distance to the base, the notch with a median spatulate process over
one-half the length of the notch; pygofers long and narrow, exceeding
the ovipositor, sparsely spined. Male, valve broad, longer than last ven-
tral segment, obtusely rounded apically; plates about three times as long
as the valve, broad basally, convex, spiny margins tapering to the sub-
acute apices, which are exceeded by the bristly pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with large anterior curving process
and very broad at point of attachment to connective, then tapering rather
gradually till terminal fourth, when they are suddenly narrowed to long
and slender apical portion; connective Y-shaped, the stem also some-
what divided apically; cedagus long and curving, dividing into two

branches apically, which in turn divide again, there being thus four

slender curving and acutely-tipped terminal processes, the inner pair of
which are longer than the outer.

220 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: This is our commonest member of the genus.
It is found all over the state, as shown by the following map:

CLouD
‘SHERMAN mae sa GRAH |ROOKS MITCH. cw slot

Linc ortava ree “>
WALLACE Logan Aalst ELLIS | RUSS
ELLOYY sane OSAGE
cre wet sean vd nese Pus rus fone e
—- PHER re

correla
roast,
STAN. an ran ase FO Tan T king, | SEOGE. oni a
LK.

E RAW.
@
ae STEV. |SEW. | MEAQD ne orm BARBER | HARP |SUMNER | COW. IcHauT shee LAB.

Chlorotettix unicolor (Fh.).

Bythoscopus unicolor Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 58, 1851.
Jassus unicolor Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iv, p. 511, 1878.
Grypotes unicolor Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 246, 1884.
Thamnotettix unicolor Harr., Ottawa Nat., vi, p. 32, 1892.
Athysanus unicolor Southw., Science, xix, p. 288, 1892.
Chlorotettix unicolor Van D., Psyche, vi, pp. 306, 308, 1892.
Chlorotettix vanduzei Bak., Can. Ent., xxx, p. 219, 1898.
Chlorotettix unicolor Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 538, 1905.
Chlorotettix unicolor Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 144, 1915; Bul. 248, p. .
76, 1916.
Chlorotettix wnicolor Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 685, 1917.
Chlorotettix unicolor Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.
Chlorotettix unicolor DeL., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 227, 1918.
Chlorotettix unicolor DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 13, 1919.

Form: One of our largest species. Length, 6.75 to 8 mm. Vertex
slightly longer at middle than. next the eye, two and one-half times as
broad as long, broadly rounding with front. Pronotum short, over twice
as broad as long, anterior margin broadly but not strongly convex, short
lateral margins rounding with the humeral margins, posterior margin
distinctly emarginate. Elytra long, greatly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Almost uniformly pale green or yellowish-green. Elytra hya-
line, the nervures often dark green in color.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment nearly twice as
long as the preceding, with a fairly broad median notch the apex of
which is surrounded by a brown spot, the posterior margin sinuate on
either side of the notch; pygofers rather long, spiny, slightly exceeding
_the ovipositor. Male, valve broad, posterior margin somewhat sinuate
on either side of the obtuse, nearly truncate apex; plates broad basally,
submarginally spined margins concave on apical half, tips preduced, sub-
acute, slightly diverging, greatly exceeded by the pygofers.

>

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 221.

Distribution: Van Duzee reports this species from Kansas.
The specimens in the Snow collection are from Colorado,
Nebraska, and Maine.

Chlorotettix viridius Van D.

Chlorotettix viridius Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 309, 1892.

Athysanus viridius Southw., Science, xix, p. 288, 1892.

Chlorotettix viridius Weed, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 278, 1892.

Chlorotettix viridius Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 538, 1905.

Chlorotettix viridius DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 86, 1916.

Chlorotettix viridius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 687, 1917.

Chlorotettia viridius DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 15, 1919.

Chlorotettia viridius Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 84, 1919.

Form: Like unicolor but smaller. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Vertex
slightly longer at middle than next the eye, over twice as wide as long,
broadly rounding with front. Pronotum scarcely twice as wide as long,
anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin slightly concave.
Elytra greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Bright or apple-green. Vertex and anterior portion of pro-
notum yellowish. Elytra hyaline, nervures greenish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment with acute lateral
angles between which is a broad incision reaching nearly to the base, the
margins of the incision each with an obtuse blackish tooth near the
middle; the long sparsely spined pygofers slightly exceeding the ovi-
positor. Male, valve broad, slightly shorter than last ventral segment,
broadly rounded posteriorly; plates short, produced beyond the valve
about the length of the latter, together nearly semicircular, margins
spiny, apices somewhat divergent; thin pygofers greatly exceeding the
plates.

Distribution: Specimens of this species have thus far been
found in Labette, Bourbon, and Cherokee counties. Thus it
seems to be confined to the southeastern part of the state.

Chlorotettia vividus Crmb.

Chlorotettix vividus Crmb., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., viii, p. 197, 1915.
Chlorotettix vividus DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 88, 1916.
Chlorotettix vividus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 687, 1917.
Chlorotettia vividus DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 19, 1919.
Chlorotettix vividus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 84, 1919.

Form: The smallest species of the genus in Kansas. Length, 5.5 to
6mm. Vertex nearly twice as long at middle as next the eye, one and
one-half times as wide as long, convex. Pronotum scarcely twice as wide
as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral margins short, posterior
margin slightly emarginate. Elytra strongly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Brownish-green; elytra more distinctly green than vertex, pro-
notum, and scutellum.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice the length of
the preceding, lateral angles obtuse, posterior margin broadly and tri-

poe THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

angularly notched nearly half way to the base; pygofers narrow, very

slightly exceeded by the ovipositor, spiny on distal half. Male, valve

2
:

broad, longer than last ventral segment, margins sinuate on either side

of the slightly notched apex; plates long, spiny margins narrowing to the ;
attenuately produced apices which are equalled by the bristly pygofers.

Distribution: The only Kansas records for this species are ~

from Douglas and Cherokee counties.

Chlorotettix galbanatus Van D.

Chlorotettix galbanatus Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 310, 1892.

Athysanus galbanatus Southw., Science, xix, p. 288, 1892.

Chlorotettix unicolor Bak., Can. Ent., xxx, p. 219, 1898.

Chlorotettix galbanatus Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 538, 1905.
Chlorotettix galbanatus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 1438, 1915.
Chlorotettix galbanatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 88, 1916.
Chlorotettix galbanatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 687, 1917.
Chlorotettix galbanatus Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.
Chlorotettix galbanatus DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 22, 1919.
Chlorotettix galbanatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 83, 1919.

Form: A little larger than vividus. Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Vertex —

quite obtusely angled, one-half longer on middle than next the eye, over
twice as wide as long. Pronotum long, less than twice as wide as long,
anterior margin strongly convex, lateral margins short, posterior margin
slightly emarginate. Elytra greatly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Uniformly pale yellowish-green. Elytra hyaline, slightly iri-
descent. :

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, divided into
two large lateral lobes by a rather broad incision reaching nearly to the
base; pygofers slightly exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely bristly, especially

apically. Male, valve large, broad, longer than last ventral segment, very —

obtusely angled apically; plates large, broad, hairy margins rounding
to the obtuse apices which are slightly exceeded by the pygofers.

Distribution: So far this species has been taken only in >

Douglas and Wyandotte counties.

Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball.
Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 340, 1900.
Chlorotettix tunicatus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 87, 1916.
Chlorotettix tunicatus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 688, 1917.
Chlorotettix tunicatus DeL., Ohio St. Univ. Bul., xxiii, p. 25, 1919.
Chlorotettix tunicatus Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 83, 1919.

Form: Larger than galbanatus. Length, 7 mm. Vertex one-half
longer at middle than next the eye, twice as wide as long, broadly round-

ing with front. Pronotum long, less than twice as wide as long, anterior —

margin broadly convex, posterior margin slightly concave. Elytra greatly
exceeding the abdomen.

Color: Uniformly pale yellowish-green. Elytra subhyaline.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment one-half longer than
the preceding, lateral angles broadly rounding, posterior margin round-

ua ree

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLICAE. 223

ingly emarginate nearly one-half the distance to the base, brownish
medially; pygofers slightly exceeded by the ovipositor, distal half spiny.
Male, valve broad, slightly longer than the last ventral segment, margins
concave on either side of the obtusely angled apex; plates broad basally,
convex, spiny margins rounding to the obtuse apices.

Distribution: Fairly common in eastern Kansas as shown

by the following map:

a CLOUD
SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH ons | 38 | riren| H. “tte
inag
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS Pan
ee ECE
eave] SAUNE| MORRIS
BARTON

OSAGE
GRELY| WICH.) SCOTT|LANE] NESS | RUSH ae a ar
Teta T° PHER| MARION -
CHASE
COFFEY ANDER) LINN
Hoos: ES

THAM po RENO HARVEY
ey woo | Al ot oun
STAN. |GRANT rs er SEE:
— ELK. - :|CRAW.
&
mort| Srey. |sew. | MEAO |CLARK coms] cor ae HARP sce COW. exaut front. LAB

Genus JASSUS Fabr.

In the members of this genus the head is distinctly narrower
than the pronotum, and seems to be set back on the latter.
The vertex is quadrate, not at all produced in front. The front
has distinct transverse striz. The pronotum is very short,
about the length of the vertex, the lateral portions well covered
by the head, with short lateral margins, long humeral mar-
gins, and the posterior margin slightly concave. The scutellum

is very large, wider than long. The elytra are rather short

and broad, broadly rounded apically, the nervures strong.
A single species of the genus occurs in Kansas.

Jassus olitorius Say.
CE betes 1-2)

Jassus olitorius Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 310, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii, p. 385.
Jassus subbifasciatus Say, Jl. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 310, 1831.
Celidia olitorius Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 58, 1851.

Jassus fuscipennis Spangb., Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxv, No. 8, p. 26, 1878.
Celidia semifasciata Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 245, fig. 311, 1884.
Jassus olitorius Van D., Psyche, v, p. 389, 1890.

Idiocerus subbifasciatus Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 292, 1890.
Pediopsis subbifasciatus Harr., Ottawa Nat., vi, p. 31, 1892.

Jassus olitorius Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 539, 1905.

Jassus olitorius Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 145, 1915.

Jassus olitorius DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 91, 1916.

Jassus olitorius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 689, 1917.

Jassus olitorius Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 104, 1919.

224 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Form: Length, 6 to 8 mm. Head much narrower than the pronotum.
Vertex about as wide as long, rounded anteriorly. Pronotum about as
long as the vertex, three times as wide as long, widest at lateral angles,
lateral margins short, humeral margins long, posterior margin slightly
emarginate. Scutellum very large. Elytra rather short and broad,
rounded apically, venation distinct.

Color: Varying from light to dark brown. Vertex dirty-yellow,
ocelli, a median longitudinal line, and often a pair of spots on disc, brown-
ish. Prognotum brown, darker posteriorly in the male. Scutellum brown,
sometimes with basal angles and two spots on dise black. Elytra brown,
nervures usually darker, females with two light transverse bands. Face
the color of the vertex, the front usually darker. Males lack the light
bands on the elytra and are uniformly darker.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment laterally twice as

long as the preceding, keeled, and with posterior margin strongly pro-
duced medially; pygofers short, broad basally but strongly narrowed api-
cally, much exceeded by the long stout ovipositor. Male, valve hidden by
the short last ventral segment; plates very long and narrow, becoming
vertical and spiny on their apical half, their apices exceeding the ven-
trally shortened but dorsally produced pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles long and slender, curving, enlarged

distally, apices obtuse, proximal end with two chitinous processes, the ~

ventral one the larger, the whole end spreading out into a thin chitinous
fan-shaped base; connective of two pieces, the first is V-shaped and con-
nects the styles, the second is columnar, deeply cleft at the upper end for
the reception of the apex of the V-shaped portion and connecting with the
cedagus at the lower end, and the whole connective projecting ventrad,
instead of dorsad, as is usually the case; edagus widened a short distance
from its base for the attachment of a long dorsal process which runs up
for the attachment of the membrane from the anal tube, then continuing
as a long narrow curving process which is suddenly bent and narrowed
preapically, and finally ending in a delicate spine-like tip.

Distribution: This species occurs in eastern Kansas as
shown by the pores map:

SHERMAN ITHOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH ors EF a
WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |[TREGO] ELLIS | RUSS
cue] SAUNE| saune| MORRIS che
GRE'LY| WICH.| SCOTT|LANE| NESS | RUSH |BARTON ee
een ei

COFFEY ae Lin LINN
a a oot _[paRver|
KEAR. reno [HARVEY

GREEN. woo | ALLEN! aoye
“srr FORD
STAN. |GRANT KIOWA ae King, | SEOGE.

HAM

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 225

Hosts: This seems to be a very general feeder. The adults
are especially common in Douglas county on Ambrosia trifida.
The nymphs have frequently been taken on oak.

Genus NEOCGLIDIA G. & B.

The members of this genus are generally short and robust
though some are distinctly elongate. The head is narrower
than the pronotum and is obtusely conical. The pronotum is
very short and broad, the anterior and posterior margins being
nearly parallel. The elytra are short and broad, with usually
four apical cells, though sometimes there are but three. The
valve of the male is very characteristic being very large and
produced posteriorly so as to completely cover the rest of the
genitalia.

One of the two species keyed below has been taken in the

state. The other one probably occurs here too.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Color yellowish-green, apex of vertex without black spot.
tumidifrons.
AA. Color whitish, apex of vertex with black spot. candida

Neocelidia tumidifrons G. & B.

Neocelidia tumidifrons G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 104, 1895.

Neocelidia tumidifrons O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 1838, 1897.
Neocelidia tumidifrons Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 145, 1915.
Neocelidia tumidifrons DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 91, 1916.
Neocelidia tumidifrons Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 690, 1917.
Neocelidia tumidifrons Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 103, 1919.

Form: Short and very robust. Length, 4 to 5 mm. MHead narrower

. than the pronotum. Vertex one-half longer at the middle than next the

eye, a little broader than long, tumid and obtusely conical. Pronotum
shorter than the vertex, over three times as wide as long, lateral margins
convex, humeral margins long, anterior and posterior margins about
parallel, transversely rugose. Elytra short and broad, barely reaching
to tip of abdomen.

Color: Uniformly yellowish or yellowish-green, the vertex and face
sometimes washed with orange. Elytra subhyaline, the nervures in-
distinct.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment large, posterior mar-
gin slightly sinuate on either side of a small median notch, lateral angles
slightly produced and rounded; pygofers large, slightly exceeded by

Ovipositor and sparsely spined. Male with the large triangular valve
characteristic of the genus.

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been lees in
Cherokee and Douglas counties.

15—Sci. Bul.—3058

226 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Neocelidia candida Ball.

Neocelidia candida Ball, Ent. News, xx, p. 166, 1909.
Neocelidia candida Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 55, 1914.
Neocelidia candida Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 690, 1917.

Form: Stout and robust. Length, 4.25 to 4.5 mm. Vertex a little
wider than long, bluntly oval apically, disc convex, rounding to the tumid
front. Pronctum shorter than the vertex, over three times as wide as
long, anterior and posterior margins about parallel, humeral margins
long and rounding with the shorter lateral margins. Elytra short but
exceeding abdomen, venation distinct.

Color: Whitish, sometimes tinged with pale green. Vertex with black
apical spot, ocelli and sometimes a pair of spots on disc, brown. Pro-
notum and scutellum unmarked except for brownish impressed line of
the latter. Elytra milky-white, nervures pale brown, apical cells some-
times brownish. Face pale, unmarked.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment three times as long
as the preceding, curved around the pygofers, posterior margin slightly
medially produced; pygofers broad, nearly equalling the ovipositor,
sparsely spined. Male, valve as broad basally as last ventral segment,
longer than broad, apex acute, nearly equalling pygofers, with two round
black spots on disc.

Distribution: Not yet reported from Kansas but should

occur in the western portion of the state.
Hosts: Doctor Ball informs me that Atriplex canescens is-
the host plant of this species.

Genus CICADULA Zett.

In general the members of this genus are rather small and
elongate. The vertex is longer on the middle than next the
eye, but not strongly produced. The pronotum is short, the
anterior margin more or less convex, the posterior margin
slightly concave. The elytra are long, exceeding the abdomen,
overlapping apically, with a distinct appendix, and with the
inner sector not forked, there being only two anteapical cells.
The wings have three apical cells, thus differing from the
wings of the two following genera where there are but two
apical cells.

Four species and a variety of this genus have been taken in
Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Species large and robust, 4.5 mm. or more in length.
punctifrons.

AA. Species smaller, elongate, 4 mm. or less in length.
B. Vertex with four black spots. variata.

: LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 22

AA. Species smaller—concluded.

BB. Vertex with six black spots.
C. Four of the black spots in a row on the margin of ver-
tex; basal angles of scutellum black. leynda.

CC. Black spots of vertex in two rows of three each, the two
anterior pairs usually forming lines; basal angles of
scutellum unmarked. sexnotata.

Cicadula punctifrons (Fall.).

Cicada punctifrons Fall., Hemip. Suec., Cicad., p. 42, 1826.

Thamnotettix punctifrons Boh., Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. for 1847, p. 33.

Jassus punctifrons Flor., Rhyn. Livl., p. 328, 1861.

Limotettix punctifrons Sahlb., Cicad., p. 244, 1871.

Cicadula punctifrons Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iv, pp. 50, 58, 1885.

Cicadula punctifrons Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 305, 1892.

Cicadula punctifrons Mel., Cicad. Mitt. Eur., p. 34, pl. 11, figs. 1-4, 1896.

Cicadula punctifrons Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 185, pl. 21, fig. 3, 1896.

Cicadula punctifrons Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 540, 1905.

Cicadula punctifrons Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A.. p. 692, 1917.

Form: A robust species. Length, 4to 5mm. Vertex nearly parallel-
margined, very slightly longer on the middle than next the eye, broadly
rounding with front. Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin
broadly convex, posterior margin very slightly emarginate, lateral
“margins very short, humeral margins long. Elytra long and narrow,
greatly exceeding the abdomen, strongly overlapping apically, appendix

distinct.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum dirty-yellow. Vertex with
two large round black spots anteriorly. Elytra milky-white, washed with
yellow.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as
preceding, posterior margin slightly produced medially; pygofers large,
widest at the middle, equalling or slightly exceeding the ovipositor. Male,
valve broad, rounded posteriorly, about three-fourths as long as last
ventral segment; plates broad basally, about twice as long as valve, spine-
less margins narrowing somewhat concavely to the subacute somewhat
divergent apices; pygofers broad, bristly, slightly exceeding plates.

Distribution: Hamilton county has furnished the only speci-
mens of this species yet taken in the state.

Hosts: Willow.

Cicadula punctifrons var. repleta Fieb.

(Pl. 15, figs. 3-4.)
Cicadula punctifrons var. repleta Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iv, p. 49, 1885.
Macrosteles punctifrons var. repleta Horv., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hung., vi, p. 566, 1908.
Cicadula punctifrons var. americana Van D., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 169, 1891.
Cicadula punctifrons var. americana Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 540, 1905.
Cicadula punctifrons var. americana DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 93, 1916.
Cicadula punctifrons var. repleta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 693, 1917.

Form: like the preceding but usually larger. Length, 5 to 6 mm.
The lateral margins of pronotum relatively longer than in typical puncti-
frons.

228 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Color: Ground color like the preceding, variously marked with brown
or black. In lightly marked specimens there are faint brown stripes on
the elytra and two brownish spots on the margin of the apex between

the two usual large black spots. Moderately colored specimens show five

dark stripes on the elytra, two on the clavus and three on the corium,
with sometimes black triangles in the basal angles of the scutellum. In
dark forms the black stripes of the elytra may fuse and make the whole
elytron, except the costal margin, almost black.

EKaternal genitalia: As in typical punctifrons.

Internal male genitalia: Styles very characteristic, broadest at point
of attachment to connective, then narrowing to middle and again widen-

ing, the preapical incision on lateral margin deep and extending cephalo-

- mesad, forming a distinct shoulder on lateral margin which bears several
hairs, the terminal process long, directed caudo-laterad, obliquely trun-
cate apically, forming a produced and acute lateral angle, the inner
margin with a few preapical small teeth; connective Y-shaped, the arms
bending distally around the styles, the stem about as long as the arms,
divided and slightly emarginate basally; oedagus with a large wide dorsal
plate-like process at the base which extends dorsad to the membrane from
the anal tube, the distal portion wide at base, then narrowing, widening
again, and then gradually tapering to the blunt, slightly concavely-tipped
apex just before which there are two small sword-shaped, acutely-tipped
lateral processes. .

Distribution: Most of our specimens are from Hamilton
county. It has also been taken at Kansas City, Mo.

Hosts: Willow.

Cicadula variata (Fall.).

Cicada variata Fall., Acta Holm, xxvii, p. 34, 1806.

Jassus variata H. S., Nomen. Ent., i, p. 70, 1835.

Jassus fumatus H. S., Fauna Germ., fase. 153, 5, 1838.
Thamnotettia variata Kirschb., Cicad. v. Wiesbd., p. 99, 1868.
Limotettix variata Sahlb., Cicad., p. 250, 1871.

Cicadula variata Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iv, p. 51, 1885.

Cicadula variata Van D., Psyche, vi, p. 305, 1892.

Cicadula variata Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 185, pl. 21, fig. 6, 1896.
Cicadula variata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 540, 1905.
Cicadula variata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238; p. 145, 1915.
Cicadula variata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 94, 1916.
Cicadula variata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 693, 1917.

Cicadula variata Lathr., S: C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 106, 1919.

Form: Fairly elongate. Length, 3.75 to 4.25 mm. Vertex about one-
half longer on middle than next the eye, nearly or fully twice as wide
as long, apex obtusely angled. Pronotum twice as wide as long, lateral
margins very short, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Elytra
moderately broad, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Yellowish or yellowish-green. Vertex with two large black
spots near posterior margin and a pair on the anterior margin between
the vertex and the front, Scutellum with two large black spots in basal

{

of! Leonia

<_<.

Kanth she
nantes Me

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID:. 229

angles, the anterior portions showing through the pronotum. Elytra
whitish hyaline, often smoky, especially on basal two-thirds, and with a
light spot on the claval suture. Nervures light. Face unmarked, or with
sutures of front black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment short, about as long
as the preceding, posterior margin truncated; pygofers nearly or fully
equalling the black ovipositor, the apices with a few white spines. Male,
valve long, triangular, apex obtusely rounded, nearly covering the narrow
plates. *

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas, Potta-
watomie, and Riley counties. It prebably occurs throughout
the eastern part of the state.

Hosts: This species is reported from grasses and weeds.

Our specimens were taken at lights.

Cicadula lepida Van D.

Cicadula lepida Van D., Can. Ent., xxvi, p. 139, 1894.

Cicadula lepida Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 540, 1905.
Cicadula lepida DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 94, 1916.
Cicadula lepida Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 694, 1917.

Cicadula lepida Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Cicadwia lepida Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 106, 1919.

Having no specimens of this species at hand, we copy the following de-
scription from De Long:

“Resembling variata, but distinguished from it by the vertex more

_ produced on the middle, and with a black spot next each eye. Length,

3.5 to 4 mm.

“Vertex bluntly angulate, slightly more than half longer on the middle
than next the eye, more angulately produced than variata.

“Color: Yellow, often tinged with green; vertex with two spots near
the base, two iarge spots on apex, a vertical mark either side, between
ocellus and eye, and often short, frontal arcs, black. Elytra whitish,
often tinged with yellow, smoky at apex, nervures pale.

“Genitalia: Female, last ventral segment rather short, slightly emargi-
nate at middle; pygofers as long as black ovipositor, clothed with white
spines. Male, valve large and rounded, plates short, convexly rounding to
rather blunt apices, outer margins with long white spines.”

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken in
Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.
Hosts: DeLong reports sweeping specimens from small

grass in low, swampy ground.

-Cicadula sexnotata (Fall.).
(Pl. 15, figs. 5-6.)
Cicada sexnotata Fall., Acta Holm, xxvii, p. 34, 1806.
Jassus sexnotata Burm., Genera Ins., pl. 14, 1838.
Cicadula sexnotata Zett., Ins. Lapp., column 297, 1840.
Thamnotettix sexnotata Stal, Stet. Ent. Zeit., xix, p. 194, 1858.
Macrosteles sexnotata Fieb., Verh. Zo6l.-Bot. Ges. Wien., xvi, p. 504, 1866.

230 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Limotettia sexnotata Sahlb., Cicad., p. 247, 1871.

Cicadula sexnotata Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iv, p. 47, 1885.

Cicadula 4-lineata Forbes, Rept. Ill. St. Snt., xiv, p. 68, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1884.
Cicadula sexnotata Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 75, 1888.

Cicadula sexnotata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 539, 1905.

Cicadula sexnotata Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 97, fig. 27, 1912.
Cicadula sexnotata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 147, 1915.
Cicadula sexnotata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 248, p. 59, 1916.
Cicadula sexnotata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 95, 1916.
Cicadula seanotata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., np. 694, 1917.

Cicadula sexnotata Ell., Vort. Landburg, xxxvii, No. 40, p..453, 1918.
Cicadula sexnotata Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 185, 1918.

Cicadula sexnotata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 107, 1919.

rorm: Distinctly elongate. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex slightly
longer at middle than next the eye, nearly or fully twice as wide as long,
broadly rounding with front. Pronotum broadly convex anteriorly, very
slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins very short. Elytra greatly
exceeding abdomen.

Color: Yellowish or yellowish-green. Vertex with a pair of black spots

posteriorly, and two pairs of black transverse lines, one pair on the an- —

terior margin, the other pair between these and the posterior spots, also

a black line between the reddish ocelli and the eyes. Pronotum frequently

darker or with black showing through, especially on posterior portion.
Elytra yellowish-gray, often smoky apically. Face with sutures, arcs on
front, and median longitudinal line, black.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment rather short, pos-
terior margin truncated; pygofers equalling the black ovipositor, with
a few white spines apically. Male, valve large, triangular, apex ob-
tusely rounded; plates small, projecting beyond the valve about the
length of the latter and then produced into two attenuated apices which
nearly or quite equal the bristly pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with large anterior process, a fair-
sized process to connective, concave laterally just before the middle and
then mesally concave just after the middle, strongly notched laterally
to form a somewhat curved bluntly pointed terminal process; connective
in the shape of a broad Y, the arms rounding, the stem widening distally;
cedagus curved at base, long and slender, deeply cleft at apex to form
two strap-like subacutely pointed processes, the dorsally extending basal
process quite large.

“= =

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 231

Distribution: This is one of our most abundant species. It
is found in every part of the state as shown by the following
map:

LINC
WALLACE} LOGAN TREGO RUSS
[sane Baa a
GRELY SCOTT BARTON Soret

nage | : corre ana} Lin | LINN
HODG
KEAR. nage | RENO HARVCY|
2 ccs a2
| ORO

tJ

$
HARP | SUMNER | COW.

eco Erg

Hosts: Feeds on a great variety of plants. Often is a pest
to crops because of its large numbers. Doctor Osborn records
it as feeding upon oats, timothy, corn, potatoes, and pasture
grasses.

Genus BALCLUTHA Kirk.

The members of this genus are rather elongate slender
species. The head is narrower than the pronotum and the ver-
tex is short, the margins nearly parallel. The elytra are very
long, greatly exceeding the abdomen, overlapping apically,
with a distinct appendix, and with only two anteapical cells.
The hind wings have only two apical cells.

Only two members of this genus have been taken in Kansas.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Elytra with black or brown spots. punctata.
AA. Elytra unicolorous. impicta.

Baleclutha punctata (Thunb.).
(Pl. 16, figs. 1-2.)
Cicada punctata Thunb., Acta Upsala, iv, p. 21, 1782.
Eupteryx clypeata Curt., Brit. Ent., xiv, p. 640, 1837.
Cicadula spreta Zett., Ins. Lapp., column 298, 1840.
Jassus punctatus Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 877, 1851.
Typhlocyba vernalis Fh. MS., in collections.
Gnathodus punctatus Fieb., Verh. Zo6l.-Bot. Ges. Wien., xvi, p. 505, 1866.
Thamnotettix punctatus Kirschb., Cicad. v. Wiesbd., p. 90, 1868.
Typhlocyba rosea Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 378, 1872.
Typhlocyba punctata Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 301, 1890.
Typhlocyba jacosa Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 300, 1890.

232 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Gnathodus punctatus Mel., Cicad. Mitt. Eur., p. 314, pl. 12, figs. 5-8, 1896. ~
Gnathodus punctatus Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 191, pl. 21, fig. 10, 1896.
Balclutha punctata Mats., Termes. Fuzet., xxv, p. 358, 1902.

Balclutha punctata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 149, 1915; Bul. 248, p. 79,
1916.

Balclutha punctata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 96, 1916.
Balelutha -punctata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 696, 1917.

Form: Distinctly elongate, narrowing posteriorly. Length, 3.5 to 4
mm. Head much narrower than pronotum, vertex slightly longer on
middle than next the eye, over three times as wide as long, sloping, and
broadly rounding with front. Pronotum long, anterior margin strongly
convex, posterior margin slightly concave, broadest at lateral angles.
Elytra very long, overlapping at apex.

Color: Greenish or yellowish-green. Vertex yellowish-green, un-
marked, or with three faint brownish longitudinal stripes. Pronotum
yellowish-green, darker on the disc, unmarked, or with five brownish
longitudinal stripes. Scutellum pale, often with basal angles and two
spots on disc fuscous. Elytra greenish with hyaline smoked tips or
milky-white with green nervures, always marked with black or brown
spots. Face yellowish-green, often washed with fuscous.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin truncate; pygofers long and narrow, spiny, equalling ovipositor.
Male, valve very small, just visible from under last ventral segment,
rounded posteriorly; plates broad, triangular, spiny margins convexly
narrowing to the produced and filamentous apices which nearly equal the
pygofers.

prrerear

; ahs: wa

Internal male genitalia: Styles truncate anteriorly, lacking the usual —

anterior process, then narrowing on both sides, especially the inner, to

the middle, then widening to a subacute angle on the lateral margin

formed by a deep and fairly wide lateral incision which bears a few hairs,
the apical process long and narrow and curving strongly to the acute
tip; connective Y-shaped, the arms widest at point of attachment to
styles, then narrowed and bent mesad anteriorly, the stem longer than the

rounding arms, and widened and slightly concave basally; cdagus with a

large swollen base, then suddenly narrowing to a long delicate terminal
lash.

Distribution: Douglas county seems to be the only one in
which this species has yet been taken. The Snow collection
also contains specimens from Kansas City, Mo. It probably
occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state.

Hosts: Professor Osborn counts this species as of probable

economic importance due to its occurring in grasses and cereal ~

crops. He mentions Canadian bluegrass as a definite host. The —

writer has taken this species on Klymus in Douglas county.

.. ee ~ ae

as

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 233

Balclutha impicta (Van D.).
(Pl. 16, figs. 3-4.)

Gnathodus impictus Van D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 113, 1892.

Balclutha impictus Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 229, 1909.

Balclutha impictus Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 149, 1915.

Balclutha impictus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 96, 1916.

Balelutha impicta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 697, 1917.

Form: Slightly smaller than punctata. Length, 3.5 to 3.75 mm. Head
narrower than pronotum, vertex very slightly longer on middle than next
the eye, over three times as wide as long. Pronotum long, anterior mar-
gin strongly convex, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Elytra
very long, greatly exceeding abdomen, narrow, overlapping apically.

Color: Greenish, sometimes tinged with yellow, Elytra EACENS
basally, becoming whitish apically.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment rather long, pos-

terior margin truncate; pygofers long and narrow, widest at middle,

spiny, equalling ovipositor. Male, valve distinct, nearly semicircular;
plates small, margins convexly narrowing to the attenuate tips which are
strongly exceeded by the pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles produced anteriorly into a wide proc-
ess, widest at point of attachment to connective by a rounded inner lobe,
preapical lateral incision nearly semicircular, the terminal process rather
short, curved, the apex more heavily chitinized and roughened; con-
nective Y-shaped, the arms stout and triangular, separated by a rather
narrow incision, the stem longer than the arms, widened to the truncate
apex; cdagus with a broad rectangular dorsally-directed attachment
process at the base, the main portion swollen basally and gradually taper-
ing to the bread but rather deeply bifid apex, so that it seems to end in
two delicate processes.

Distribution: This species seemingly is found throughout
the eastern part of the state as shown bv the following map:

me
waccace} L068 gus
cur a — |]
saline NESS | RUSH oe
jth pee roost | | Reno |
en as
FORD
stan. ae ieee Te KING. ome foe e0s|
sae
MORT| STEV. CLARK |COMAN. | BARBER sae Js INER | COW eS hint |e

Hosts: No definite host plant seems yet to have been found
for this species. It is undoubtedly a grass feeder.

CHEYENNE

oho

234 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. “ai

9? $5 ar ee

Genus EUGNATHODUS Bak.

The members of this genus are very much like those of Bal- ©
clutha, being long and slender, the elytra long and greatly ex-
ceeding the abdomen, with only two anteapical cells, and a
distinct appendix. The wings also possess but two apical cells.
Here, however, the head is distinctly wider than the pronotum
and thus these forms are readily separable from those of the
preceding genus.

One member of the genus occurs in Kansas. tf

Eugnathodus abdominalis (Van D.).

(Pl. 16, figs. 5-6.)

Gnathodus abdominalis Van. D., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 113, 1892.

Eugnathodus abdominalis Bak., Invert. Pacifica, i, p. 2, 1903.

Balclutha abdominalis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 95, 1916.

Eugnathodus abdominalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 697, 1917.

Eugnathodus abdominalis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 107, 1919.

Form: Distinctly elongate, tapering posteriorly. Length, 3 to 3.5

mm. Head as wide or slightly wider than the pronotum. Vertex short,
slightly longer at middle than next the eye, about three times as wide as
long. Pronotum broadly rounded anteriorly, not as much produced as in
Balclutha, lateral angles sharp, posterior margin very slightly emargi-
nate. Elytra very long, greatly exceeding abdomen, strongly overlapping
apically, appendix distinct, only two anteapical cells. Wings with two
apical cells.

Color: Greenish, tinged with whitish on elytra and fuscous on ver-
tex, pronotum, and scutellum. Pronotum sometimes with three dark
longitudinal lines.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment short, slightly sinu-
ate on either side of a very slight median prominence; pygofers long and
narrow, widest at the middle, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. Male,
valve broad, rounded posteriorly; plates broad basally, short, spiny
lateral margins convexly narrowing to the divergent apices, which are
exceeded by the pygofers.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with an anterior process, a large
rounded lobe to connective, then suddenly narrowed, the terminal process
curved outward, rather short and stout; connective Y-shaped, the arms
widely separated and curved apically around styles, the stem longer than
the arms, widened basally; cedagus enlarged basally, with a small dor-
sally directed plate, then rapidly narrowed to long terminal process,
which curves dorsad and ends rather obtusely.

Sooo = ahi Been
rma
Saceee = Pte ee
SALINE
aa
Rice, |rsPaee
nn |vEaR

FORD

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 235

Distribution: Most abundant in the eastern counties of the
state, as aie by the following map:

RANKI MIAN)
2s

GREEN. ALLEN! aoip

BUTLER
WwW,
ILSON| NEOS CRAW.
@ r)
* fenaut fron LAB |ceRo

Hosts: Probably a grass feeder.

Tribe TYPHLOCYBINI (Kirschb.).

The members of this tribe are rather uniformly small species,
elongate and fragile. They differ from the other tribes of the
Jassine and from other Cicadellidx in two particulars chiefly,
namely, that the four sectors of the elytra run to the cross
nervures without branching so that there are no anteapical
cells, and in the fact that the ocelli are often wanting.

The tribe is divided into a number of genera, six of which
are represented in our fauna. The genus Hupteryxz, though not
represented in the state, is included in the key.

The following key to the genera is adapted from Gillette,
Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 710, 1898. I have followed the
nomenclature given by McAtee, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxxi, p.
109, 1918.

A.

AA.

KEY TO GENERA.
Sectors of posterior wings ending in a marginal vein.

B. Elytra with an appendix. Alebra.
BB. Elytra without an appendix.

C. Two apical cells in posterior wing. Dikraneura.

CC. One apical cell in posterior wing. Empoasca.

Sectors of posterior wings ending in wing margin, no marginal vein.
B. All four sectors extending to the wing margin. Eupteryx.
BB. Sectors one and two uniting so that only three veins extend to
the wing margin.
C. First and third apical cells of elytra contiguous at base,
second apical cell triangular. Typhlocyba.

236 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

AA. Sectors of posterior wings—concluded.~

\

od, 7
Side eae
ee

fen

CC. First and third apical cells of elytra completely sepa- _
rated by the second oblong apical cell. on

D. Scutellum thickened and distinctly elevated api-

cally. Hymetta.
DD. Scutellum not thickened and elevated apically.
Erythroneura.

Genus ALEBRA Fieb.

The members of this genus are slender forms with a bluntly

rounded head which is narrower than the pronotum. Ocelli are
present. The elytra greatly exceed the abdomen, overlap at
the apex, and have a distinct appendix. The sectors of the
under wings end in a marginal vein and there are three apical
cells.

One species and a variety have been taken in the state. Bt

Alebra albostriella (Fall.).

Cicada albostriella Fall., Hemip. Suec. Cicad., p. 54, 1826.

Cicada elegantula Zett., Fauna Lapp., i, p. 536, 1828.

Cicadula elegantula Zett., Ins. Lapp., column 298, 1840.

Typhlocyba albostriella Flor, Rhyn. Livl., ii, p. 382, 1861.

Typhlocyba pallidula Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 315, 1864, ~
Compsus albostriella Sahlb., Cicad., p. 156, 1871. :
Alebra albostriella Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iii, p. 40, 1884.

Alebra pallida Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Alebra albostriella Mel., Cicad. Mitt. Europ., p. 316, pl. 12, figs. 9, 10, 1896.

Alebra albostriella Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 193, pl. 22, fig. 1, 1896.

Alebra albostriella Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 713, 1898.

Alebra albostriella DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 97, 1916.

Alebra albostriella Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 699, 1917.

Alebra albostriella Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 109, 1919.

The following description of this species is given by De Long:

“Rather robust, long, yellow or white in color. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm.
“Head blunt, paraliel-margined, slightly curved anteriorly. Pronotum

wider than head including eyes, elytra long, rather narrow.

“Color: Male, usually bright yellow, apices of‘elytra fumose. Female,

varying, usually white, pronotum with two stripes, a broad one on suture
and one along costa of elytra, yellow, head and pronotum often brown.”

Distribution: The only record of this species for the state is 4

from Pottawatomie county.

Hosts: De Long records taking specimens from willows,

grapevines and weeds. Crevecoeur took specimens from burr
oak.

Alebra albostriella var. fulveola (H.S.).

Typhlocyba fulveola H. S., Fauna Germ., exiv, No. 16, 1839.

Typhlocyba aurea Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 315, 1864. .
Compsus fulveola Sahlb., Cicad., p. 158, 1871.

Alebra albostriella var. fulveola Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iii, p. 41, 1884.

Alebra albostriella var. fulveola Edw., Hemip. Homop. Brit. Isds., p. 193, pl. 22, fig.
1896.

Alebra albostriella var. fulveola Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 699, 1917.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 237

Form: That of the preceding. Length, 3.5 to 4mm. Head narrower
than the pronotum, blunt anteriorly, the vertex one-half wider than long.
-Pronotum twice as wide as long, broadly rounded anteriorly, lateral
_ margins fairly long, posterior margin somewhat emarginate. Elytra very
long, greatly exceeding the abdomen.

Color: The specimens at hand are almost uniformly orange-yellow,
the elytra pale apically, and often with a pruinose spot along costal
margin. Beneath and legs the same color except for the black tarsal

~ claws.

External genitalia: Male, last ventral segment half longer than the
preceding, strongly narrowed posteriorly, keeled posterior margin trun-
cate or slightly emarginate; valve present, but hidden under last ventral
segment unless the latter be raised up, small and rounded posteriorly;
plates very large, suddenly narrowed preapically and then parallel-
margined to the blunt bristly apices which far exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas county
and also from Kansas City, Mo., indicating its occurrence in
_ the eastern portion of the state.

Hosts: Unknown.

Genus DIKRANEURA Hardy.

The members of this genus are small and quite slender. The
vertex is usually obtusely produced anteriorly. The elytra
greatly exceed the abdomen but lack an appendix, thus differ-
ing from Alebra. The sectors of the hind wings all end in a
marginal vein and there are two apical cells, differing in the
latter respect from Empoasca where only one apical cell is
found.

Two species of this genus have been collected in Kansas.
These may be separated by the following key:

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Vertex strongly produced, two reddish longitudinal lines on vertex

and pronotum. abnormis.
AA. Vertex shorter, usually reddish apically, without longitudinal lines.
fieberr.

Dikraneura abnormis (Walsh).

Chloroneura abnormis Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 316, 1864.
Dicraneura abnormis Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Dicraneura abnormis Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 719, 1898.
Dicranéura abnormis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd.-Ent., Bul. 17, p. 98, 1916.
Dikraneura abnormis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 700, 1917.
Dikraneura abnormis Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul, 199, p. 110, 1919.

Form: Very slender. Vertex over twice as long at middle as next the
eye, one-third wider than long, acutely angled apically. Pronotum long
and narrow, one-half longer than vertex, lateral margins long, slightly

238 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

widening posteriorly, humeral margins short, posterior margin distinctly
concave. Elytra very long and narrow.

Color: Vertex and pronotum yellowish, with two broad reddish longi-
tudinal stripes. Scutellum yellowish. Elytra greenish, nervures yel-
lowish especially apically where the elytra become hyaline. Face pale.
Abdomen black.

External gemtalia: Female, last ventral segment rather short, narrow,
posterior margin broadly but slightly convex; pygofers long and narrow,
exceeded by ovipositor, somewhat hairy along mesal margins and apically.
Male, valve large, broad, lateral margins roundingly narrowed pos-
teriorly, posterior margin truncate; plates broad, narrowing rather con-

cavely to the attenuate and divergent tips which are upturned and exceed
the pygofers.

Distribution: This species seemingly is found only in the
eastern portion of the state as shown by the following map:

SHERMAN [THOMAS |SHER?} |GRAH |200KS | 058 Bee:
Busy one orn OSAGE
GRE'LY| WiCH.|SCOTT|LANE] NESS | RUSH |BARTON oe ae
RICE |M*PHER
HAM |KEAR. HODS ee le aoe HARVEY]
; “epee
STAN. |GRANT pes Fo Tn PRET e eae cee =e
ELK craw

Re alee lm

BUTLER

Hosts: Occurs on a large number of grasses.

Dikraneura fiebert (Loew).

Notus fieberi Loew in Then, Kat. Ostr. Cicad., p. 39, 1886.

Notus forcipatus Fieb., Revue d’Ent., ili, p. 53, 1884.

Dicraneura fieberi Mel., Cicad. Mitt. Eur., p. 325, 1896.

Dicraneura fieberi Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 722, 1898.
Dicraneura fieberi Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 151, 1915.
Dicraneura fieberi DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 98, 1916.
Dikraneura fieberi Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 701, 1917.
Dikraneura fieberi Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.

Dikraneura fieberi Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 110, 1919.

Form: Length about 3.5 mm. Vertex not as produced as in abnormis,
more rounded apically, over one-half longer at middle than next the eye,
nearly twice as wide as long. Pronotum long, only about one-third wider
than long, lateral margins straight, humeral margins short. Elytra long
and narrow.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZE. 239

Color: Light yellow. Vertex yellowish, often with the apical portion
distinctly reddish. Pronotum yellowish, the disc sometimes reddish or
orange colored. Elytra yellowish, nervures yellow, often quite hyaline,
especially at the tips.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very short laterally,
posterior margin incised on either side of a large produced median lobe
whose margins taper slightly from the broad base to the rounded apex;
last abdominal tergite large and inflated, appearing as two broad lobes
at the base of the pygofers, which are broad, mesally spiny, and nearly
or fully equal the ovipositor. Male, valve very large and inflated, a
little wider than long, lateral margins rounded, posterior margin truncate
or slightly concave, with a longitudinal median line; plates projecting
from under the valve as two large style-like processes, spiny, curved
dorsally, with a distinct black tooth on inner margin before the black-
tipped apices, which exceed the pygofers.

Distribution: Taken hitherto only in Cherokee and Douglas
counties. Probably occurs throughout the eastern part of the

state.

Hosts: This is a grass-feeding species which, according to
Osborn, may be of economic importance because of occurring
in large numbers on cultivated grasses, such as timothy.

Genus EMPOASCA Walsh.

The forms belonging to this genus are slender, greenish
species, very largely unicolorous. The elytra are long and lack
an appendix. The sectors of the hind wings end in a marginal
vein, thus agreeing with the two preceding genera, but in this
genus there is only one apical cell. Ocelli are present.

The six species keyed below have been collected in the state.
Other species have been taken, but I am not quite certain as to
their specific identity.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Vertex rounded, at most but slightly produced medially.
B. Elytra with two transverse dark stripes. trifasciata.
BB. Elytra without transverse stripes.
C. Size large, robust, length usually about 4 mm., elytra

unicolorous. . obtusa.
CC. Size smaller, more slender, seldom exceeding 3.5 mm.,
claval suture of elytra whitish. | albolinea.

- AA. Vertex distinctly produced medially.

B. Pronotum with a pale median line, nervures of elytra pale.
alboneura.

BB. Pronotum without pale line, nervures not pale.
C. Pronotum with six or eight white spots on anterior mar-
gin. mali.
CC. Pronotum with three white spots on anterior margin.
flavescens.

240 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Empoasca trifasciata Gill.

Empoasca trifasciata Gill., Proc, U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 726, 1898. ~
Empoasca trifasciata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 542, 1905. :
Empoasca trifasciata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 99, 1916.

Empoasca trifasciata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 702, 1917.

Empoasca trifasciata Weiss & Dick., Can. Ent., L, p. 201, 1918. =

Empoasca trifasciata Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 310, 1918. oi

Form: Length, 4 to 4.25 mm. Vertex very slightly longer at middle
than next the eyes, obtusely rounded apically, twice as wide as long.
Pronotum long, one-half wider than long, lateral margins long, widening
posteriorly, humeral margins shorter, posterior margin slightly emargi-
nate. Elytra very long, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Greenish. Vertex greenish-yellow. Pronotum yellowish an-
teriorly, with a dark brown band on the posterior part. Scutellum yel-
lowish basally, greenish apically. Elytra greenish, with broad smoky or
brownish bands across middle of clavus and at apex. Face yellowish
above, greenish below, sometimes with a white median longitudinal line.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin roundingly produced medially; pygofers moderately robust, long,
slightly exceeded by ovipositor.

Distribution: Douglas and Riley counties seem to be the only
counties in the state where this species has yet. been taken.

Hosts: Weiss and Dickerson give Carolina and Lombardy

poplars as hosts.
Empoasca obtusa Walsh.

Empoasca obtusa Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 316, 1864.

Empoasca obtusa G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 109, 1895.

Empoasca obtusa Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 733, 1898.

Empoasca obtusa Webs., Ent. News, xxi, p. 265, 1910.

Empoasca obtusa Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 153, 1915..

Empoasca obtusa Leon., Ent. News, xxvii, p. 49, 1916.

Empoasca obtusa DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 100, 1916.

Empoasca obtusa Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 703, 1917.

Empoasca obtusa McAt., Can. Ent., L, p. 360, 1918.

Empoasca obtusa Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 111, 1919. .

Form: Rather robust. Length, 4 mm. Head broad; vertex slightly
longer medially than next the eye, over twice as wide as long, broadly
rounded apically. Pronotum long, less than twice as wide as long, lateral
margins long and widening posteriorly, humeral margins short, posterior
margin distinctly emarginate. Elytra long and narrow, greatly exceed-
ing the abdomen. : ;

Color: Pale green or yellowish-green.. Vertex sometimes marked with
fuscous. Pronotum usually with three fairly large white spots on ante-
rior margin, and sometimes the posterior margin marked with bright
green. Scutellum frequently with a broad white median line. Elytra
yellowish or greenish, subhyaline, sometimes smoky and with some of the

nervures bright green.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 241

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin roundingly produced, but with the sides not sinuous; pygofers long,
rather bristly, slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, last ventral seg-
“ment over twice the length of the preceding, broad, posterior margin

broadly rounding, covering the valve; plates broad and long, spiny, the
_ upturned tips being laterally compressed and obtuse apically; pygofers
very short, completely hidden by the plates.

Distribution: Fairly common in the eastern portion of the
state as indicated by its occurrence in Douglas, Pottawatomie,
Riley and Sedgwick counties.

Hosts: This species is usually abundant on willow. Leonard
gives poplar as another host.

Empoasca albolinea Gill.

Empoasca albolinea Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 732, 1898.
Empoasca albolinea Tuck., Kan. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 68, 1907.
Empoasca albolinea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 704, 1917.

Form: Length, 3.5 mm. Head not as broad and more rounding an-
teriorly than in obtusa Vertex slightly longer on middle than next the
eye, over twice as wide as long, broadly rounding apically. Pronotum
nearly three times as long as the vertex, less than twice as wide as long.
Elytra characteristic of the genus.

Color: Greenish-yellow. Vertex with median white line and two white
lateral spots or lines. Pronotum with three white spots on anterior mar-
gin and a characteristic pale median longitudinal line. Scutellum with
white median line. Elytra yellowish, sometimes smoky, the claval suture
broadly pale. Face yellowish above, greenish below, sometimes unmarked,
sometimes with a median longitudinal line, a line next each eye, and a line
between these and the median line, white.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin produced and entire; pygofers moderately robust, spiny mesally, ex-
ceeded by ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment broad and long, cover-
ing the valve; plates as in obtusa but with a much thicker covering of
much longer spines and hairs; pygofers very short, completely hidden by
the plates.

Distribution: Our only records for this species are from
Douglas county.

Hosts: Our specimens were taken at electric lights. Gillette
gives willows as the host plant.

Empoasca alboneura Gill.
Empoasca alboneura Gill., Proc. U. 8S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 743, 1898.
Empoasca alboneura Del, Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 101, 1916.
Empoasca alboneura Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 705, 1917.
_ Form: Short and fairly robust. Length about 3 mm. Vertex about
one-third longer at middle than next the eye, over twice as wide as long.

16—Sci. Bul.— 3058

Sere
5 “hy

ty

242 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral
and humeral margins about equal, pong ses margin distinctly concave.
Elytra moderately long.

Color: Greenish-yellow. Vertex yellowish, a median line, a spot on
either side, and one on posterior margin near each eye, white. Pronotum
yellowish, becoming greenish posteriorly, anterior margin with three
white spots, and with a distinct pale median longitudinal line. Scutellum
yellowish, often with a broad white median line. ° Elytra greenish, apices
smoky, nervures broadly pale. Face yellowish above, greenish below.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin medially produced; pygofers rather robust, spiny, considerably ex-
ceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment large, concave,
and therefore the posterior margin appearing notched; plates long and
narrow, each bearing two rows of long bristles, the tips upturned; py-
gofers very short, comrletely hidden by the plates. ia

Distribution: Gillette’s record of specimens from Greeley
county is our only record of this species in the state.

Hosts: De Long reports sweeping this species from weeds,
grass, and red clover, and also taking it around lights.

Empoasca mali (LeB:).
(Pl. 16, figs. 7-8.)

Tettigonia mali LeB., Prairie Farmer, xiii, p. 330, 1853.

Empoa albopicta Forbes, 13th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., p. 181, pl. 14, 1884. t
Empoasca mali Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 126, 1892.
Empoasca mali Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl Mus., xx, p. 744, 1898.

Empoasca mali Lugg., 6th Rept. Minn. St. Ent., p. 131, 1900.
Empoasca albopicta Washb., 9th Rept. Minn. St. Ent., p. 59, 1904.
Empoasca mali Washb., 9th Rept. Minn. St. Ent., p. 91, 1904.
Empoasca mali Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 543, 1905.

Empoasca mali Washb., U. S. Dept Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 52, p. 43, 1905.
Empoasca mali Washb., 12th Rept. = St. Ent., p. 11, 1908.
Empoasca mali Webs., JL Be; Mut. ti p24, 1909.

Empoasca mali Webs., Ent. News, xxi, p. 266, 1910.

Empoasca mali Webs., Ia. St. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 111, 1910.

Empoasca mali Washb., Jl. Ec. Ent., 111, p. 162, 1910.

Empoasca mali Sand., Jl. Ke. Ent., 111, p. 210, 1910.

Empoasca mali Washb., 13th Rept. Minn. St. Ent., p. 31, 1910.
Empoasca mali Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 100, fig. 28, 1912.
Empoasca mali Hase., Jl. Ec. Ent., vi, p. 240, 1913.

Empoasca mali Ess., Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., edn. 2. p. 62, 1915.
Empoasca mali Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 153, 1915.
Empoasca mali Webs., Ia. St. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 155, p. 395, 1915.
Empoasca mali Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 178, 1916.

Empoascea mali DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 102, 1916.
Empoasca mali Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 705, 1917.

Empoasce mali Lathr., Jl. Ec. Ent., xi, p. 144, 1918.

Empoasea mali Lathr., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 451, p. 185, 1918. :
Empoasce mali Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.

Empoasca mali Ball, Jl. Ec. Ent., xii, p. 149, 2 pl., 1919.

Empoasca mali Ball, Wisc. Dept. Agr., Bul. 23, p. 76, 5 pl., 1919.
Empoasce mali Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 122, 1919.
Empoasca mali Fluke, Jl. Ec. Ent., xii, p. 256, 1919.

Empoasca mali Ack., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 805, p. 1, 1919.

of,

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZA. 243

Form: Length, about 3.5 mm. Vertex one-third longer on middle
than next the eye, distinctly produced, less than twice as wide as long.
Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral
and humeral margins about equal, posterior margin distinctly emarginate.
Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Yellowish-green. Vertex with median line, dashes on either
side anteriorly and posteriorly, white. Pronotum with six, sometimes
with eight, white spots along anterior margin. Scutellum with a white
“H” on anterior portion, and three white lines on posterior half. Elytra
greenish, sometimes smoky. Face yellowish above, greenish below, with
white median line and other white markings between it and the eyes.

_ External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin slightly produced or truncate; pygofers rather robust, spiny mesally,
exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment very large, pos-
terior margin rounding; plates long and narrow, apices obtuse, upturned,
and laterally compressed, thickly covered with white hairs and spines;
pygofers very short, completely covered by the plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles long and slender, sinuate; connective
the form of an equilateral triangle with the corners rounded and the
sides slightly concave; cdagus long and slender, very slender basally,
then widening and again narrowing to tip when viewed laterally. Viewed
dorsally it is enlarged apically into a blunt spearhead.

Distribution: This is by far the commonest member of this
genus. Its recorded distribution for the state is shown by
the following map:

REPU ron

fo baal er a LEAV
oe
LIN
WALLACE| LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS | RUSS
saune
muse] SRE MORRIS OSAGE

GRE'LY)| WICH sco LANE] NESS fe e
Te M<°PHER

corre ney |
oh i:
FORO
stax [oma Seeag scott

Hosts: Taken on a large variety of hosts and very abun-
dantly at lights. Because of feeding on so many cultivated
plants it is of decided economic importance. It is common on
many members of the family Leguminosz, especially on alfalfa
and beans. It is often an apple pest. In the last year it has
been attracting much attention due to its work on potatoes.
Doctor Ball has shown that it is the means of producing ‘‘hop-

Tear

MORT

244 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

perburn” on this crop, and he has therefore proposed the name
of ‘potato leafhopper”’ for this species, for it is now known to
pass its life cycle on potato.

Empoasca flavescens (Fabr.).

Cicada flavescens Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 46, 1794.

Typhlocyba flavescens Flor., Rhyn. Livl., ii, p. 394, 1861.

Cicadula flavescens Sahlb., Cicad., p. 161, 1871.

Chlorita flavescens Fieb., Revue d’Ent., ili, p. 57, 1884.

Empoasca flavescens Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 745, 1898.
Empoasca flavescens Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 543, 1905.
Empoasca flavescens DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 102, 1916.
Empoasca flavescens Van D., Cat. Hemip.:N. A., p. 706, 1917.
Empoasea flavescens Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.

Empoasca flavescens Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 112, 1919.

Form: Very much like mali. Length, about 3.5 mm. Vertex one-

third longer at middle than next the eye, distinctly produced, one-half —
longer than wide. Pronotum less than twice as wide as long, anterior
margin broadly convex, posterior margin distinctly concave. Elytra long

and narrow.

Color: Yellowish or yellowish-green. Vertex with median line, and
a pair each of anterior and posterior oblique lines, white. Pronotum usu-
ally with three white anterior spots. Scutellum usually with three

white longitudinal lines on basal portion and a broad transverse white
band back of impressed line. Elytra pale green, nervures indistinct, api-
cally hyaline. Face yellowish above, greenish below, with broad white
median line and whitish markings between this and the eye. ee

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin produced; pygofers rather robust, spiny mesally, exceeded by oviposi-
tor. Male, last ventral segment over twice the length of the preceding;

plates broad basally, regularly tapering to the rounded upturned apices,

with a row of submarginal spines, and hairy marginally and apically;
pygofers short, completely hidden by the plates.

Distribution: A very common species which is distributed
all over the state as shown by the following map:

=e e pres)

ortava BS

Srascose = Eee
|S
Saacao=

Hone.

eae

2 eect woo alata
FORD
- ELK. :

nl e

MORT.

OR aoe cea

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 245

Hosts: Taken in abundance at lights. De Long records it
from the same hosts as mali, namely, beans, peas, alfalfa, and

apple.
Genus EUPTERYX Curt.

No members of this genus have yet been reported from Kan-
sas. Unlike the three preceding genera the sectors of the hind
wings end in the wing margin instead of in a marginal vein,
and they differ from the two following genera in having four
sectors instead of three.

McAtee shows that the old name Hupteryx should be re-
tained for the genus rather than the name Typhlocyba as used
by Van Duzee in his catalogue.

Genus TYPHLOCYBA Germ.

The members of this genus are characterized by having the
first and third apical cells of the elytra contiguous at the base,

- by lacking a marginal vein in the hind wings, and having only

three sectors reaching the margin of the wing.
Only one species has been taken in the state.

Typhlocyba rosez (Linn.).
(Pl. 16, figs. 9-10.)

Cicada rose Linn., Syst. Nat. edn.'10, i, p. 439, 1758.

Cicada (Tettigonia) rose Geoff., Hist. Aberg. des Ins., i, p. 428, 1762.

Typhlocyba rose Burm., Handb. d. Ent., ii, p. 107, 1835.

Cicadula rose Zett., Ins. Lapp., column 300, 1840.

Tettigonia rose Harr., Ins. Inj. to Veg., p. 199, 1842.

Typhlocyba pteridis Dahlb., Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. for 1850, p. 179.

Tettigonia rose Harr., Rept. Ins. Mass., edn. 2, p. 182, 1852.

Typhlocyba lactea Dougl., Ent. Mo. Mag., xii, p. 77, 1875.

Anomia rose Fieb., Revue d’Ent., iii, p. 124, 1884.

Tettigonia rose Lint., 2nd Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 31, 1885.

Tettigonia rose Lint., 6th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 166, 1890.

Tettigonia rose Lint., 7th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 345, 1891.

Empoa ros@ J.int., 8th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 256, 1893.

Typhlocyba rose G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 112, 1895.

Typhlocyba rose Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 771, 1898.

Typhlocyba rose Lugg., Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 69, p. 131, 1900.

Typhlocyba rose Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 545, 1905.

Typhlocyba rose Felt, 25th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 90, 1910.

Typhlocyba rose Webs., Ent. News, xxi, p. 267, 1910.

Typhlocyba rose Felt, Jl. Ec. Ent., iv, p. 413, 1911.

Typhlocyba rose Felt, 27th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., 1912.

Typhlocyba rose Ess., Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., p. 62, 1915.

Typhlocyba rose Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, Prokose 195:
4 rose Wils. & Childs, 2d Bien. Crop Pest Rept., Ore. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 189,

5.

Typhlocyba rose Britt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Nova Scotia, No. Oe De AS, ao G:

Typhlocyba rose Del., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent. Bul. 17, p. 109, 1916.

Typhlocyba rose Britt., Nova Scotia Col. Agr., Cire. ga Bb ly

246 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Empoa rose Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 710, 1917.

Empoa rose Childs, Ore. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 148, 1918.

Empoa rose Lathr., Jl. Ec. Ent., xi, p. 144, 1918.

Empoa rose Lathr., N. Y. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 451, 1918.

.Typhlocyba rose McAt., Can. Ent., 1, p. 361, 1918.

Empoa rose Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 119, 1919.

Empoa rose Ack., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 199, p. 20, 1919.

Form: Length, about 3.5mm. Vertex one-third longer on middle than
next the eye, less than twice as wide as long. Pronotum less than twice
as wide as long, lateral margins long and broadening posteriorly, pos-
terior margin emarginate. Elytra very long and narrow.

Color: Uniformly white or yellowish-white except for dark eyes and
tarsal claws.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment twice as long as
the preceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin truncate; pygofers
moderately broad, rather short, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely
spiny apically. Male, valve broad but very short, lateral margins strongly
narrowed posteriorly; plates long and narrow, lateral margins slightly
concave just before middle and rather strongly emarginate apically, the
black-tipped apices being divergent and curved dorsad; pygofers large,
touching the tips of the plates, with a small terminal dorsal tooth.

Internal male genitalia: Styles very large, with a long cephalic
process, after which is a distinct dorsal process, the tip of which is
spiny, the terminal portion long and curving strongly .apically; con-
nective short, with three basal processes, the inner one more pointed
than the outer two, the base broad; cedagus with a basal dorsally di-
rected process which is narrow and straight at first, then widening and
forming a large curving process running caudo-dorsad, terminal por-
tion long and slender, curving, deeply bifid into two processes whose
tips are suddenly narrowed and acute.

Distribution: This species is not as common in the state
as might be expected. It perhaps is distributed well over
the eastern part, but it is recorded as having been taken
only in Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: Childs gives the following as hosts of this species:
Wild and cultivated rose, apple, blackberry, raspberry, Logan-
berry, strawberry, dogwood, prune, cherry, and Cratzxgus.
Gillette gives plum, cherry, currant, and grape in addition.

Genus HYMETTA McAtee.

This monotypic genus was lately erected by McAtee for
the species till lately known as Typhlocyba trifasciata, but
which Van Duzee placed under the genus Hrythroneura in his
catalogue. It differs from the latter genus, however, in hay-
ing the scutellum thickened and distinctly elevated apically.
Moreover, the second apical vein is curved, reaching the mar-
gin at the exterior angle of the elytra and often nearly or

ee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDS. 247

quite forming a stalk with the first apical vein. In Hryth-
roneura, on the other hand, the second vein clearly reaches the
posterior margin of the elytra and does not form a stalk with
the first apical vein. It agrees with the latter genus in having
the second apical cell oblong instead of stalked as in Typhlo-
cyba.
Hymetta trifasciata (Say).
(Pl. 16, figs. 11-12.)

Tettigonia trifasciata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 343; Compl. Writ., ii, p.
259. .
Typhlocyba trifasciata Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Tuphlocyba trifasciata Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 755, 1898.

Tuphlocyba trifasciata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 544, 1905.

Typhlocyba trifasciata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 106, 1916.

Erythroneura trifasciata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 712, 1917.

Hymetta trifasciata McAt., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxxii, p. 121, 1919.

Erythroneura trifasciata Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 113, 1919.

Form: Rather robust, widest at the middle. Length, about 3 mm.
Head narrower than pronotum; vertex strongly produced, nearly twice
as long at middle as next the eye, about one-half wider than long.
Pronotum long, less than twice as wide as long, widest at lateral angles,
anterior margin strongly convex, lateral margins widening posteriorly,
posterior margin slightly concave. Elytra rather short and broad,
nearly truncate apically.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum creamy-yellow, elytra milky-
white. Vertex and pronotum often unmarked, former sometimes with
a pair of apical dashes and a pair of small circles on disc, red, besides
other red marks. Pronotum sometimes with reddish marks back of
the eyes and a red median line. Scutellum with tip always black.
Elytra more or less irrorate with red, with a broad brownish to reddish
transverse band just back of apex of scutellum, a faint smoky band,
bounded posteriorly near the costa by a red line, and another faint
band near the tip. Face pale, unmarked, or with a few reddish lines.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about two-thirds as
wide as preceding segment, triangular, about three-fourths as long as
wide, the margins ccncavely tapering on the posterior two-thirds to the
blunt apex; pygofers rather stout, spiny along ovipositor, exceeded by the
latter. Male, valve broad but short, posterior margin truncate; plates
broad basally, suddenly narrcwed just before the middle, then tapering
to acute upturned tips which exceed the short pygofers, margins with
three or four spines at point where plates are narrowed.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with long anterior process, widening
after union with connective, then narrowing again before their widest
portion just cephalad of the preapical lateral incision which is very deep
and U-shaped, the outer angle before the incision very prominent, the
terminal process quite narrow basally but widening apically into two
lateral teeth, the outer being longer and more pointed than the mesal
one, the apex distinctly concave; connective stout, U-shaped; cedagus with

248 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

two pairs of slender and acute lateral processes and a large curved ter-
minal process, the blunt tip of which is serrate on the dorsal margin.

Distribution: Probably occurs throughout the eastern part
of the state. Reported from Dauglas, Pottawatomie and Riley
counties.

Hosts: Very common on grape and easily gathered from
leaves in winter. McAtee also gives hickory as a host.

Genus ERYTHRONEURA Fh.

The members of this genus are very similar to the members
of the genus Typhlocyba, but differ in having the second apical
cell of the elytra completely separating the first and third
apical cells. The hind wings lack a marginal vein and there
are but three sectors extending to the margin.

After studying the internal male genitalia of the material
available we find our state list to contain thirteen species and
five varieties of this genus. In this paper six of the varieties
have been given specific rank. —

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. General color above yellowish or whitish.
B. Elytra with definite transverse bars. :
C. Bands across pronotum and middle and apex of elytra.
tricincta.,
CC. Broad brownish band across hase of elytra.

basalaris.
BB. Elytra without definite transverse bands.

C. Species marked with red spots above.
D. Vertex and pronotum usually marked with red
spots. .
E. Scutellum entirely red. rubroscuta,
EE. Scutellum not entirely red.

F. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum each
with a red spot. illinoiensis.

FF. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum each
with several red spots. macilata.

DD. Vertex and pronotum usually marked with re
lines. ,

E. Scutellum black. scutelleris.
EE. Scutellum not black.
F. Elytra blood red to near the cross veins.
ereveceurn.
FF. Elytra with zigzag red or blood red
lines or spots. comes.
CC. Species marked with oblique red lines above.

D. Species yellowish, oblique lines distinct.
obliqua.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 249

A. General color above—concluded.
DD. Species smoky or, if yellowish, with cblique lines
fused.
E. Species yellowish with broad dorsal stripe
running the length of the insect.

‘dorsalis.
EE. Species smoky, without dorsal stripe.
fumida.
AA. General color dark above.
B. Reddish brown species. vulnerata.
BB. Species black above, marked with white. nigra.

Erythroneura tricincta Fh.
(Pl. 16, figs. 15-16.)

Erythroneura tricincta Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 63, 1851.
Typhlocyba tricincta Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Typhlocyba tricincta G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p.-113, 1895.

Typhlocyba tricincta Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 753, 1898.
Typhlocyba tricincta Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 544, 1905.
Typhloecyba tricincta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 104, 1916.
Brythroneura tricincta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 712, 1917.
Erythroneura tricincta Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.
Erythroneura tricincta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 113, 1919.

Form: Length, about 3 mm. Vertex strongly produced, nearly twice
as long on middle as next the eye, one-half wider than long. Pronotum
about twice as wide as long, anterior margin broadly convex, lateral
margins moderately long, slightly widening posteriorly, humeral margins
rounding into slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra moderately long,
widest at middle, giving insect oval outline.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum pale yellow, elytra whiter.

_ All but median anterior portion of pronotum, and usually base of scu-

tellum, with a red to black transverse band. Elytra with a broad red
band near middle, becoming black costally, and with a brown band api-
cally, and with transverse veins, red, and sometimes with red streaks
running backward from the middle band.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior mar-
gin strongly medially produced; pygofers fairly robust, spiny along
mesal margin, exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment
concave posteriorly; valve large, longer than last ventral segment and
wide, closely appressed to plates; plates broad basally, then suddenly
narrowing and tapering to acute upturned and black-tipped apices, mar-
gins with three or four spines on basal third; pygofers fairly long, but
completely hidden by plates.

Internal male genitalia: Styles long, anterior portion slender and
with straight margins, lateral margins broadly rounded after attachment
to connective, the style then narrowing till just before a sharp tooth on
the inner margin, after which it is of about the same width as before the
tooth to the broad two-cornered apex, between which it is slightly con-
cave distally; connective rather slender, cup-shaped; cedagus with a club-
shaped dorsal process near the base which has an anterior process at
about its middle, the main portion broad basally, then rapidly narrowed

250 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

to the slender curving terminal portion, which is composed of two acutely-
pointed terminal straps.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas, Potta-
watomie, Riley and Johnson counties. Probably occurs
throughout the eastern part of the state.

Hosts: This species is very common on grape. Often it is
nearly as injurious to its host plant as comes. It is also very
common in leaves in winter and is attracted in numbers to

lights in summer. besuberte (Scy.).
Erythroneure tapboscuimeeGie), .

(Pl. 17, figs. 5-6.)

Tettigonia basalaris Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 344, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 260.

Erythroneura afinis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 63, 1851.

Erythroneura basalaris Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 317, 1864.

Typhlocyba afinis Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Typhlocyba comes var. basalaris Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 760, 1898. :

Typhlocyba comes var. basalaris DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 107, 1916.

Typhlocyba comes var. basalaris Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 713, 1917.

Form: Like comes in size and structure.

Color: Yellowish, marked with blood brown. Vertex brownish, uni-
colorous, or marked with white median line and two white spots on either
side. Pronotum brownish, the anterior portion marked with white spots.
Scutellum with the basal angles darker than the tip. Elytra with the
basal third brownish or reddish, posterior half with faint reddish oblique
bands and with a black spot in the first apical cell. Face brownish, uni-
colorous, or marked with white median line or spots.

_ External genitalia: As in comes, except that leaving the pygofers at
about the middle of their dorsal margin, are two long and sinuate processes
whose acute tips considerably exceed the pygofers. .These processes arise
from the thickened and chitinized margin of the pygofers, these margins
being thickest and giving off a slender branch that runs caudad into the
pygofers, just before the large processcs leave the pygofers. Th» corre-
sponding processes in comes are U-shaped, and therefore these two
species are not to be confused.

Internal male genitalia: Here, too, we see distinct differences from
comes. The styles, while of the same general form, differ strongly api-
cally, the upturned portion being much longer here, its sides running
straight to the short anterior or upper tooth, and to the much longer
lower one. The connective is much flatter than in comes, being very

broadly V-shaped and lacking the distinct stem at the apex as in comes.

The cedagus shows still greater differences. It curves broadly from the
connective and sends up a short dorsal process after the middle, which
curves caudad and then sends out an anterior and a pair of very slender
latero-caudal processes. Then it continues on backward, terminating in
a single, heavy, dorsally roughened and obtusely pointed process.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDAS. 251

Distribution: While undoubtedly occurring throughout the
eastern portion of the state, yet specimens have been recorded
only from Douglas and Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: This species is very common in Douglas county on
wild gooseberry in the spring. In winter it is found hiber-
nating in leaves.

Erythroneura rubroscuta (Gill.).

Typhlocyba rubroscuta Gill., Proce. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 755, 1898.

Erythroneura rubroscuta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 712, 1917.

Form: Length, 3.25 mm. Vertex about twice as long on middle as
next the eye, one-half wider than long, rather acutely pointed. Pronotum
about one-half longer than vertex, scarcely wider than. head, less than
twice as wide as long, lateral margins longer than the humeral margins,
posterior margin clearly emarginate. Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Vertex pale yellow, tip and a basal spot near each eye usually
reddish. Pronotum varying from yellow, tinged with red, to bright red
with a large yellow median spot on anterior margin. Scutellum entirely
red or with a median rectangular paler portion. Elytra pale yellow with
broad red band just before tip of clavus which does not reach the costal
margin, and with base of costal margin and cross nervures reddish. Face
yellow, with reddish tinge.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment half longer than pre-
ceding, narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin with a large median lobe;
pygofers narrow, slightly exceeded by the black-tipped ovipositor, with
a few apical spines. Male, valve nearly as broad and fully as long as
last ventral segment, posterior margin very slightly emarginate; plates
over twice as long as the valve, lateral margins slightly concave medially,
with a few bristles in the concavity, apices subacute, exceeding the short
pygofers.

Distribution: This species has been taken only in Douglas
and Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: The writer swept one specimen from Symphoricarpos
orbiculatus. Crevecoeur took many specimens hibernating in
leaves.

Erythroneura illinoiensis (Gill.).
(Pl. 16, figs. 13-14.)

Typhlocyba illinoiensis Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 758, 1898.
Typhlocyba illinoiensis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 545, 1905.
Typhlocyba illinoiensis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 109, 1916.
Erythroneura ilinoiensis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.
Erythroneura illinoiensis Lathr., 8. ©. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 118, 1919.

Form: Long and slender, tapering at both ends. Length,3 mm. Ver-
tex nearly twice as long on middle as next the eye, about one-half wider
than long. Pronotum long, scarcely twice as wide as long, anterior
margin broadly convex, lateral margins long and widening posteriorly,

252 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. ‘

humeral margins fused with slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra
very long and narrow.

Color: Whitish or pale yellow. Vertex pale yellow with large red

spot just back of apex. Pronotum with similar spot in the middle. Tip
of scutellum with large red spot. Elytra whitish, irregularly marked
with pale yellow or reddish spots and each with three large black spots,
the largest one just laterad of the middle of the clavus, one near the

middle of the costal margin, and one at the base of the inner apical cell. ©

A red spot also on the mesopleure. Any or all of the red spots may be
entirely absent or present only as yellowish spots.

External genitalia: About as in comes.

Internal male genitalia: Styles of the general form of the other mem-
bers of the genus but with the broad apex distinctly convex between the

two terminal teeth. Connective stout, broadly U-shaped; cedagus broad — |

basally, with a small Y-shaped dorsally directed process at about its
middle, and terminating apically in a large obtusely pointed process be-
low which are two slender acutely pointed and terminally diverging strap-
like processes.

Distribution: While undoubtedly occurring over a large por-

tion of the eastern part of the state, the only specimens at hand _

are from Douglas county.

Hosts: This is a very common species in Douglas county on —

grape.
Erythroneura maculata (Gill.).

(Pl. 17, figs. 3-4.)
Typhlocyba comes var. maculata Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 764, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. maculata Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 68, 1907.
Erythroneura comes var. maculata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.
SS

Form: In size and structure like comes.
Color: Yellowish with bright red spots. Vertex with apical red spot
and transverse band on disc which is curved strongly caudad medially.

Pronotum with two broad red lateral lines and a broader, often Y-shaped
median stripe. Scutellum with red lines on margins near the base and

a large apical spot. Elytra with three spots on clavus, the first two often —

fused, five spots on corium forming a zigzag line, and the transverse
veins, red. Face marked with red above.

External genitalia: Asin comes. The chitinous process on the dorsal
margin of the pygofers is, however, entirely different. It is not U-shaped
as in comes, but consists of a long process which for most of its length
is not in the pygofer, and which ends in two widely separated prominent

teeth. This difference alone is enough to justify its separation from

comes.

Internal male genitalia: Styles for the most part as in comes, but the
terminal or upturned portion is much larger, the preapical tooth on the
mesal margin being much further back. The terminal tooth is always

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. » 253

long, sometimes very long, thus also differing from comes. The connec-
tive is V-shaped. The cedagus is entirely different to that of comes. It
sends up a small dorsal process which has a small anteriorly directed por-
tion, while the terminal part is a large obtusely pointed and roughened
process, instead of being composed of two slender, curving, and acutely
pointed processes as in comes. Viewed dorsally, the cedagus consists of
a heavy portion terminating in three small lobes, the median one larger
than the outer, and a terminal, more slender portion.

Distribution: Specimens of this species seem to have been
taken only in Douglas and Riley counties. It is undoubtedly
distributed over much of the eastern part of the state.

Hosts: The specific host is unknown, all of our specimens
being taken when hibernating in leaves.

Erythroneura scutelleris (Gill.).

(123 Bs pF tere ie)
Typhlocyba comes var. scutelleris Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 764, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. scutelleris Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 68, 1907.
Typhlocyba comes var. scutelleris DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 108, 1916.
Erythroneura comes var. scutelleris Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.

Form: Size and structure of comes.

Color: Most of our specimens are yellowish except that the pos-
terior portion or most of the pronotum and all of the scutellum are
dark brown. Occasionally the head too is washed with brown. The
elytra are sometimes unmarked, and at times faintly marked with red

as in comes. The black spots near the middle of the costal margin and

- just beyond the clavus are quite distinct and constant.

External genitalia: As in comes except for the chitinous process
of the dorsal margin of the pygofers of the male. In this species the
process is as in maculata but instead of ending in two rather short and
widely separated teeth, it terminates in two long teeth which are close
together, the dorsal one being slightly but distinctly longer than the
ventral.

Internal male genitalia: Practically as in maculata except that the
small dorsal process of the cedagus has two small but distinct lateral
processes.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas county.
It surely occurs in many more counties of the eastern part of
the state.

Hosts: Its definite host is unknown. DeLong reports beat-

ing it from grape and honey locust. It is also very common
at lights.

254 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Erythroneura creveceurt (Gill.).

Typhlocyba creveceurt Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 767, 1898.
Erythroneura creveceurt Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 716, 1917.

Form: Length, 3 to 3.5 mm. Vertex nearly twice as long on the
middle as next the eye, one-half wider than long, obtusely angled apically.
Pronotum one-half longer than the vertex, widest at the lateral angles,
lateral margins long, humeral margins shorter, posterior margin slightly
emarginate. Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Vertex and pronotum yellow, with two broad longitudinal red
lines which sometimes widen enough to cover the vertex. Scutellum
entirely red or blackish. Elytra red up to tip of clavus, yellow beyond
except for reddish veins, the base of costal margin more or less yellow.
Middle portion of reddish area usually smoky in color. Face and be-
neath yellow, marked with reddish.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, narrowing
posteriorly, posterior margin with a prominent median lobe; pygofers
robust, slightly exceeded by the black-tipped ovipositor, very- sparsely
spined. Male, valve broad, as long or longer than last ventral seg-
ment, posterior margin truncate or slightly emarginate; plates about
twice as long as valve, lateral margins concave near middle and spined
in the concavity, subacute apices exceeding the pygofers.

Distribution: Our specimens were taken in Douglas and
Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: The writer has taken specimens of this species from
grape. It is also found hibernating in leaves.

Erythroneura comes (Say.).
(Pl. 17, figs. 1-2.)
Tettigonia comes Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 343, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 259.
Typhlocyba comes Woodw., Psyche. v, p. 213, 1889.
Typhlocyba comes G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 111, 1895.
Typhlocyba comes Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 759, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes Sling., Corn. Univ. Exp. Sta., Bul. 215, 1904.
Typhlocyba comes Smith, Rept. N. J. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta., p. 651, 1904.
Typhlocyba comes Quaint., U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer’s Bul. 284, p. 19, 1907.
Typhlocyba comes Quayle, Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 192, p. 111, 1907.
Typhlocyba comes Quayle, Jl. Ec. Ent., i, p. 182, 1908.
Typhlocyba comes Quayle, Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 198, 1908.
Typhlocyba comes Hartz., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 331, p. 568, 1910.
Typhlocyba comes Johns., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 97, pt. i, 1911.
Typhlocyba comes Hartz., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 344, 1912.
Typhlocyba comes Sand., Ins. Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, p. 520, 1912.
Typhlocyba comes O'Kane, Inj. Ins., p. 311, 1912.
Typhlocyba comes Johns., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 116, pt. i, 1912.
Typhlocyba comes Johns., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 19, 1914.
Typhlocyba comes Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 156, 1915.
Typhlocyba comes Ess., Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., edn, 2, p. 64, 1915.
Typhlocyba comes DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 106, 1916.
Erythroneura comes Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 712, 1917.
Erythroneura comes Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.
Erythroneura comes Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 114, 1919.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 255

Form: Length, 2.75 to 3 mm. Vertex over one-half longer at middle
than next the eye, nearly one-half longer than wide. Pronotum twice
as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex, lateral margins long
and gradually widening posteriorly, humeral margins indistinct, fusing
with slightly concave posterior margin. Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Pale yellow. Vertex with two longitudinal red lines, often
meeting apically, thus forming an inverted V. Pronotum with two
lateral lines and a median Y-shaped line, red. Basal angles of scutellum
red. Elytra marked with red, clavus with red band along claval suture,
widened at base and extending to the elytral suture at about the middle
of the clavus, also a red spot at tip of clavus; corium with a long red
line, narrow basally, then suddenly widening and reaching to claval
suture and again reaching toward apical claval spot, finally ending in the
red transverse nervures, laterally reaching to costal black spot at about
the middle of costal margin, with a black spot on inner margin just
beyond tip of clavus and another, often lacking, in second apical cell,
the apical portion of the elytra often smoky. The above markings all
vary greatly in intensity, being light in the summer and becoming

’ brighter and darker in the fall and winter.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment large, triangular,
posterior margin strongly produced medially, slightly concave on either
side of the obtuse apex; pygofers moderately robust, with a row of
spines on either side of the usually black-tipped ovipositor which slightly
exceeds the pygofers. Male, valve large, broad, posterior margin trun-
cate or slightly concave; plates wide basally, suddenly narrowed and
spiny at basal third, then gradually narrowed to upturned and usually
black tips which slightly exceed the pygofers. The latter bear a U-
shaped chitinous process on the dorsal margin near the apex, of which
the lower tcoth is the larger.

Internal male genitalia: Styles long, with long anterior portion nearly
parallel-margined, a lateral constriction opposite swollen place of attach-
ment to connective, then widening laterally to widest point, again nar-
rowing and then slightly widened just before lateral preapical incision,
tips turned outward, ending in two acute points, the outer the larger,
between which the end is slightly concave, and with a large tooth on the
mesal margin a short distance back of the apex; connective V-shaped,
stout, the apex with a distinct dorsally directed portion; cdagus sending
up an anterior process a short distance from the base, which expands
dorsally and shows, when viewed dorsally, an anterior tooth and two
pairs of lateral processes, the anterior ones more slender and more acute
than the shorter but much stouter posterior pair, the apex quite obtuse.
Then the main or posterior part curves dorsad and divides into two slen-
der and acute processes, the tips of which are seen one on either side of
the bifid apex of the anterior process.

256 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: Occurs throughout the state where wild or cul-

tivated grapes are found. The following map shows where
specimens have been taken:

CLOUD
SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS ee CLAY
WALLACE] LOGAN niger, ELLIS | RUSS
si] SH sane ae oan
GRE'LY WICH.| SCOTT |LANE! NESS Seu Bee
PI BHER)TARION| cas ae
once. Soa i |
HAM po we aR
etn lad ES
STAN. |GRANT ho eee Pee KING. | SEDGE. WILSON] NEOS.
STEV. Buen CLARK |COMAN. | BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | COW.

CHEYENNE

MORT.

Hosts: The nymphs seem to be confined to the grape. On

this host it is of great economic importance, as shown by the

bulletins listed in the above bibliography. The adults, how-—

ever, are known to feed on almost any host that happens to be
convenient. It is frequently found on various trees, grasses,
and shrubs, though the grape is the favorite plant.

Erythroneura comes var. ziczac Walsh.

Erythroneura ziczac Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 317, 1864.
Typhlocyba ziczac Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 214, 1889.

Typhlocyba comes var. ziczac Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 761, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. ziczac Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 156, 1915.
Typhlocyba comes var. ziczac DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 107, 1916.
Erythroneura comes var. ziezac Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 713, 1917.
Erythroneura comes var. ziczac Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 116, 1919.

Form: Like comes in size and structure.

Color: Pale yellow, marked with red and reddish-brown. Vertex with
two reddish longitudinal lines. Pronotum with lateral margins and a Y
on dise reddish or blood-brown. Scutellum with basal angles and tip

blood-brown. Elytra with a zigzag blood-brown line on basal half of

clavus, then to black spot at about middle of costal margin, from there
to dark spot just beyond apex of clavus, and then as a smoky band nearly

reaching black spot near tip of wing, the edges of this line and the ee

on tip of clavus sometimes red, as in comes.
External genitalia: As in comes.

Internal male genitalia: There seem to be slight differences between
the ceedagus of this and typical comes, but seemingly not enough to make it
a distinct species.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. — 257

Distribution: Should occur throughout the eastern portion
_ of the state wherever its host occurs. Specimens are at hand
from Douglas county.

Hosts: Our specimens were all taken from Ampelopsis quin-
_quefolia. Gillette records it as sometimes occurring on grape.

Erythroneura comes var. vitis (Harr.).

Tettigonia vitis Harr., Encye. Am., viii, p. 43, 1831.

Erythroneura vitis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 63, 1851.

Erythroneura vitis Saund., Ins. Inj. to Fruits, p. 286, fig. 297, 1883.
Typhlocyba vitis Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Typhlocyba comes var. vitis Gill., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, p. 761, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. vitis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 107, 1916.
Brythroneura comes var. vitis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 713, 1917.

Form: Like typical comes in size and structure.

Color: Head yellow, vertex sometimes marked with reddish lines or
the base reddish. Pronotum with anterior portion yellowish, remainder
reddish or blood-brown, the lateral margins often brighter. Base of
elytra reddish, followed by a yellow transverse bar, back of which is a
large red spot which reaches the black spots on the costal margin, the

_ interior of this spot often being brownish-red. Back of this spot is an-
other yellow transverse band which reaches just beyond the red transverse
veins. The apex of the elytra is smoky with a black spot in the second

~ apical cell.

External genitalia: As in typical comes.

Internal male genitalia: Very much as in typical comes. The cedagus,
however, seems to show some differences, which, should further study re-
veal as constant, would justify us in advancing this variety to specific

rank.

Distribution: Specimens of this variety have been taken in
Douglas, Pottawatomie and Riley counties. It of course has a
larger distribution in the state than this indicates.

Hosts: Our specimens were taken on grape.

Erythroneura comes var. infuscata (Gill.).

Tuphlocyba comes var. infuscata Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 764, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. infuscata Del.., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 108, 1916.
Erythroneura comes var. infuscata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.
Erythroneura comes var. infuscata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 116, 1919.

Form: In size and structure like typical comes

Color: Yellowish. With a dark blood-brown band starting at apex of
vertex, gradually widening on head and pronotum, and forming zigzag
bands on the elytra. Most of costal margin of elytra yellow, and on each
elytron are three yellow spots around the reddish tip of the clavus.

External genitalia: As in typical comes.
Internal male genitalia: The terminal tooth of the styles seems to be

17—Sci. Bul.— 3058

“7

~~

~

258 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

distinctly longer than in typical comes. Should this prove to be constant,
this variety ought to be recognized as a distinct species. At present,
however, we do not have enough material at hand to enable us to deter-
mine this point.

Distribution: There are specimens in the Snow collection
from Douglas county and from Kansas City, Mo.

Hosts: Unknown.

Erythroneura comes var. coloradensis (Gill.).

Typhlocyba vitifex var. coloradensis Gill., Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 19, p. 16, 1892.
Typhlocyba vitifex var. coloradensis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 113, 1895.
Typhlocyba coloradensis Cock., N. M. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 19, p. 114, 1896.
Typhlocyba comes var. coloradensis Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 763, 1898.
Typhlocyba comes var. coloradensis Delu., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 108, 1916.
Erythroneura comes var. coloradensis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.

Form: In size and structure like typical comes.

Color: Yellowish. Vertex with large red spot or unmarked. Prono-
tum with red lines on lateral margins and a V-shaped mark on middle or
unmarked. Scutellum with two large black basal spots, the anterior por-
tion showing through the pronotum. Elytra marked much as in typical
comes, though the markings on the corium are usually less distinct. The
three black spots of the elytra are usually very distinct. Tip of oviposi-
tor black.

External genitalia: As in typical comes

Internal male genitalia: These show some fairly distinct differences
from those of typical comes yet in many respects they are so alike that it
does not now seem wise to give this variety specific rank. The styles
seem to be more slender, especially the part just before the broadly ex-
panded apex. : The cedagus seems to lack the terminal process of the
dorsal expansion of the anterior process.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas and
Sedgwick counties. It undoubtedly occurs throughout the
eastern part of the state.

Hosts: Our specimens were taken on grape.

Erythroneura obliqua (Say).

CE) Ais shies, 20-1605)

Tettigonia obliqua Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 342, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 259.

Erythroneura obliqua Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 63, 1851.

Typhlocyba obliqua Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 2138, 1889.

Typhlocyba obliqua G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 112, 1895.

Typhlocyba obliqua Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 756, 1898.

Typhlocyba obliqua Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 545, 1905.

Typhlocyba obliqua Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 155, 1915.

Typhlocyba obliqua Del., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 105, 1916.

Erythroneura obliqua Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 714, 1917.

Erythroneura obliqua Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., xviii, p. 186, 1918.

Erythroneura obliqua Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 117, 1919.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 259

Form: Length, 3mm. Vertex one-half longer on middle than next the
eye, one-half wider than long. Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior
margin strongly convex, lateral margins moderately long and widening
posteriorly. Elytra long and narrow.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum pale yellowish, elytra whitish.
Vertex with two broad red lines which meet at the apex and then extend
back across the pronotum. Scutellum red except for yellow median line
on basal half. Elytra with oblique reddish or orange lines on clavus and
on disc, and with the basal portion of costal margin red. Face marked
irregularly with reddish which sometimes covers the front and the clypeus.

External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, produced
posteriorly into a large obtuse median lobe, on either side of which the
margins are distinctly concave; pygofers robust, slightly exceeded by the
black-tipped ovipositor. Male, valve large, quadrate, posterior margin
slightly concave; plates broad basally, margins suddenly narrowed near
base and spiny at this point, apices upturned and acute.

Internal male genitalia: Styles large, widest at point of attachment
to connective and just before upturned apex, between which it is slightly
narrowed, the terminal claw very characteristic, being large, curving, and
pointed mesad; connective V-shaped, its arms about of equal thickness
throughout; cedagus, when viewed laterally, with long anterior arm to
connective, a pair of delicate ventral processes, a stout but tapering me-
dian process and a large dorsal process of which the anterior two-thirds
projects cephalad.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Cherokee, Doug-

las, and Pottawatomie counties. It probably occurs through-
out the eastern portion of the state.

Hosts: Found very commonly on grape and hibernating in
leaves.

Erythroneura obliqua var. nevus (Gill.).

Typhlocyba obliqua var. nevus Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 757, 1898.
Typhlocyba obliqua var. nevus Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 68, 1907.
Typhlocyba obliqua var. nevus DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 105, 1916.
Erythroneura obliqua var. nevus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 715, 1917.

Form: In size and structure like typical obliqua.

Color: Just like typical obliqua except that the scutellum has the
basal angles black or is entirely black, and the pronotum often has the
posterior margin darkened.

External genitalia: As in typical obliqua. *

Internal male genitalia: Agree in every particular with typical
obliqua.

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas and
Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: Usually taken on grapevines.

¥
, ; “ Cae
ot) A) alt
a ol m
aye
ht i a ee

260 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Erythroneura dorsalis (Gill.).
GPT. 2145 figs 447)

Typhlocyba obliqua var. dorsalis Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 757, 1898.

Typhlocyba obliqua var. dorsalis Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. p. 57,
1914.

Typhlocyba obliqua var. dorsalis DelL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 105, 1916.

Erythroneura obliqua var. dorsalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 715, 1917.

Erythroneura obliqua var. dorsalis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 118, 1919.

Form: Length, 3 mm. Like odliqua except that vertex seems to be pro-
portionally longer.

Color: Yellowish or whitish, with a broad dark red stripe running
the length of the insect to the smoky apical cells of the elytra. In addi- —
tion the costal margin of the wing, especially basally, is reddish, and
there are one or two dark spots before the transverse veins, just outside
of the red discal stripe. The face is red except for two broad white
stripes just below the margin of the vertex and whitish spots on the
lore.

External genitalia: As in obliqua.

Internal male genitalia: Styles as in obliqua except apically where
they are entirely different, for instead of having one long curving apical
tooth, there are two much shorter and practically straight ones; connec-
tive V-shaped and as in obliqua; cedagus very different from that of the —
latter for the dorsal process is very much smaller, the main terminal —
process is more slender, and has two apical and curving lateral processes, _
and in addition the base of the cedagus bears a pair of very large and —
conspicuous horn-like processes which extend laterad. The pair of small
ventral processes are present as in obliqua.

Distribution: The only specimens at hand are from Douglas
county.
Hosts: Grape seems to be the common host of this species.

The very clear differences in the tips of the styles and in the -
whole structure of the cedagus, show clearly that this cannot
possibly be a variety of obliqua. Its genitalia are very char-
acteristic and seem to be very constant, the specimens dissected
agreeing in every particular, as did those of typical obliqua
among themselves.

Evrythroneura fumida (Gill.).

ee (Plas figs? 8-95)
Typhlocyba obliqua var. fumida Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 758, 1898.
Eruthroneura obliqua var. pemnde Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 57,

1914.
Typhlocyba obliqua var. fumida DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 105, 1916.
Erythroneura obliqua var. fumida Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 715, 1917.

Form: Length, 3 mm. Like obliqua, except that vertex seems rela- —
tively shorter.
Color: Yellowish, but smoky throughout. Vertex and pronotum un-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDE. 261

marked or with the red bands as in obliqua. Elytra marked as in
obliqua, though faintly, or the reddish coloration evenly diffused over the
anterior two-thirds.

Externat genitalia: As in typical obliqua.

Internal male genitalia: Very different from that of typical obliqua.
Syles very broad just before the very characteristic slender terminal
tooth; connective V-shaped; cedagus with an anterior dorsal process
which expands horizontally and a very large and stout terminal process
which terminates in two small lateral teeth. .

Distribution: Specimens are at hand from Douglas and
Pottawatomie counties.

Hosts: The writer has taken this species by the hundreds
from wild gooseberry in the spring. It is also reported from

grape. :

The very characteristic styles, and especially the cedagus,
show such great differences from the corresponding organs in
typical obliqua, that it is certain that the two forms cannot be-
long to the same species. Accordingly this variety is here
given specific rank.

Erythroneura vulnerata Fh.

(Pl. 17, figs. 12-13.)

Erythroneura vulnerata Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 62, 1851.

Typhlocyba vulnerata Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 213, 1889.

Typhlocyba vulnerata G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 113, 1895.

Typhlocyba vulnerata Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx. p. 764, 1898.

Typhlocyba vulnerata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. ‘St. Ent., p. 545, 1905.

Typhlocyba vulnerata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 156, 1915.

Typhlocyba vulnerata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 110, 1916.

Erythroneura vulnerata Van D.. Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 715, 1917.

Erythroneura vulnerata Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci., p. 186, 1918.

Erythroneura vulnerata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 114, 1919.

Form: Length, 2.5 to 3mm. Vertex nearly twice as long on middle as
next the eye, over one-half wider than long. Pronotum long, scarcely
twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin

slightly concave. Elytra moderately long.

Color: Whitish, marked with reddish or brownish. Vertex, pronotum,
and scutellum dull reddish, but with distinct white median line and lateral
white lines or spots on the vertex and pronotum. Elytra whitish,
strongly marked with red on clavus and corium, the costal margin in the
main white, the apex strongly smoky.

External genitalia: Practically like obliqua, though the plates of the

' male seem usually to be more produced and acute apically.

Internal male genitalia: Styles of about the form characteristic of the
tribe, the terminal upturned portion long, posterior terminal tooth long,
anterior one very short; connective V-shaped; cedagus widening pos-
teriorly into a very broad, three-pointed organ, the lateral points longer

262 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

than the middle one, also with a small dorsal process extending backward
from before the apex.

Distribution: Found in the eastern part of the state, as
shown by the following map:

CLoup
SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH |ROOKS | OSB. | MITCH CLAY POTTA
ae orrava ae.
WALLACE] LOGAN als ELLIS | RUSS pte Ss
See sane ror ssc
GRE'LY| WicH.|SCOTT|LANE] NESS | RUSH eae
Tato MPHER| MARION] cian se a me
ees

HAM pe rose, reno [HARVEY

ae ee mee | SUMNER | COW.

Hosts: Gillette gives Virginia creeper, grape and Clematis
as hosts for this species.

Erythroneura nigra (Gill.).
(Pl. 17, fig. 15.)
Typhlocyba vulnerata var. niger Gill., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., xx, p. 765, 1898.
Erythroneura vulnerata var. nigra Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 716, 1917.
Form: Length, 2.5 to 2.75 mm. Vertex over one-half longer on middle
than next the eye, one-half wider than long. Pronotum long, less than
twice as wide as long. Elytra moderately long.

Color: Black or dark brown above, marked with white. Vertex with
median line and a pair of short lateral lines, white. Pronotum with short
white median line on anterior part, usually a pair of lateral spots, and
sometimes several white spots along anterior margin. Elytra with large
white spot just back of the scutellum, tip of clavus and transverse veins
usually light and broad, the white costal band on posterior two-thirds
interrupted near the middle and apically. Face pale yellow.

External genitalia: As in vulnerata.

Internal male genitalia: Styles with long apical portion, posterior
tooth longer than anterior; connective V-shaped; cedagus dividing api-
cally into an anterior and a posterior process, the latter ending in an
obtuse apex with a dorsal and two ventral small processes.

——

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken in

Cherokee, Douglas, Pottawatomie, and Hodgeman counties.

Hosts: Unknown, probably grape.

The great differences between the cedagus of this species
and vulnerata preclude the possibility of their belonging to the
same species.

+
1

~~

>

—— Expla

(263)

é
3 .
ay 4

4

-

nation of Plates. :

"

-

/
~~

4 as
5

PLATE II.

Agalliopsis novella—

1. Lateral view.

2. Caudal view.

3. Anal tube collar.

4. Style.
Agallia 4-punctata—

5. Lateral view.

6. Dorsal view of connective and styles.
Agallia constricta—

7. Lateral view.

8. Ventral view of connective and cedagus.

9. Ventral view of style.

10. Anal tube collar.
Aceratagallia cvnerea—

11. Lateral view.

12. Ventral view of style.

13. Ventral view of connective and cedagus.

(264)

PLATE II.

PLATE III.
Aceratagallia uhleri—
1. Lateral view.
2. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.
3. Dorsal view of styles, connective and cedagus.
4, Anal tube collar.

Aceratagallia sanguinolenta—
5. Lateral view.
6. Dorsal view of styles, connective and cedagus.
7. Ventral view of a style.
8. Anal tube collar.

Idiocerus snowi— us
9. Lateral view.
10. Anal tube collar.
11. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.

(266)

PLATE III.

PLATE IV.
Idiocerus pallidus—
1. Lateral view.
2. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.
3. Anal tube collar.

Idiocerus verticis—
4, Lateral view.
5. Ventral view of style and connective.
6. Anal tube collar.
Idiocerus nervatus—
7. Lateral view.
8. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.
9. Anal tube collar. |

(268)

PLATE IV.

(269)

PLATE V.
Bythoscopus apicalis—

1. Lateral view.

2. Ventral view of plates and part of connective.

3. Ventral view of cedagus.

4. Remainder of connective.
Oncopsis distinctus—

5. Lateral view.

6. Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.
Macropsis virdis—

7. Lateral view.

8. Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.
9. Anal tube collar.

(270)

PLATE V.

(271)

1

Aulacizes irrorata—

1. Lateral view.

+

ive.
f cedagus.

triquetra—

a
o

les and connect

Styl :

z

= in
>

>
r ~

Caudal view of cedagus.

Caudal view o
Lateral view.

a.
Homalodisca
. 4

5.

6

.

4
ive.

. Dorsal view of styles and connect

(272)

PLATE VI.

® LTTE ae OE ie 4
ee rN xe ~
ee Se ~ \
Sse i ve . aN X: ae SS be
(273)

18—Sci. Bul.— 3038

PLATE VII.
Oncometopia undata—

1. Lateral view.

2. Dorsal view of styles and connective.

3. Plate, showing chitinized style attachment.
Kolla bifida—

4. Lateral view.

5. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.
Kolla hartui—

6. Lateral view.

7. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.

(274)

PLATE VII.

(275)

PLATE VIII.
Oncometoma lateralis—
1. Lateral view.
2. Styles and connective.
Graphocephala coccinea—
3. Lateral view.
4. Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.

Kolla geometrica—
5. Lateral view.
6. Ventral view of style, connective and cdagus.

(276)

PLATE VIII.

(277)

PLATE IX.

Cicadella hierogly phica—

‘1. Lateral view.

2. Styles and connective.

3. Ventral view of cedagus.
Cicadella atropunctata-—

4, Lateral view.

5. Ventral view of style, connective and cedagus.
Dreculacephala mollipes—

6. Lateral view.

7. Ventral view of styles, connective and cdagus.
Dreculacephala reticulata— :

8. Lateral view.

9. Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.

(278)

PLATE IX.

(279)

PLATE X.

Gypona 8-lineata-—

1. Lateral view.

2. Ventral view of styles, connective and edagus.
Helochara communis—

3. Lateral view.

4, Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.
Xerophlea viridis—

5. Lateral view.

6. Ventral view of styles, connective and cedagus.

(280)

(281)

PLATE XI.

Scaphoideus immistus—

1. Lateral view.

2. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Platymetopius cinereus—

3. Lateral view.

4. Style and connective.
Platymetopius acutus—

5. Lateral view.

6. Style and connective, latter without one terminal process.

7. Ventral view of cedagus.
Platymetopius frontalis—

8. Lateral view.

9. Styles and connective.

(282)

PLATE XI.

(283)

PLATE XII.
Deltocephalus inimicus—
1. Lateral view.

2. Dorsal view of style, connective and. cedagus.

Deliocephalus flavicosta—

3. Lateral view.

4. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Deltocephalus affinis—
5. Lateral view.

6. Dorsal view of style, connective and cdagus.

Deltocephalus sayi—

7. Lateral view.

8. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Euscelis exitiosus—

9. Lateral view.

10. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

(284)

PLATE XII.

(285)

PLATE XIII.
Euscelis bicolor—
1. Lateral view. is
2. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Eutettia strobi—

3. Lateral view.

4. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Eutettix seminudus—

5. Lateral view.

6. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Eutettix cinctus—

7. Lateral view.

8. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

(286)

PLATE XIII.

PLATE XIV.
Phlepsius irrovatus—
1. Lateral view.
2.. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Acinopterus acuminatus—
3. Lateral view.
4. Dorsal view of plate, style and connective.

Thamnotettia clitellarius—
5. Lateral view.
6. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Thamnotettix longulus—
7. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Chlorotettix spatulatus—
8. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

(288)

PLATE XIV.

(289)

PLATE XV.
Jassus olitorius—
1. Lateral view.
2. Dorsal view of plates, styles, connective and cedagus.
Cicadula punctifrons var. repleta—
3. Lateral view.
4, Dorsal view of plate, style, connective and oedagus.

Cicadula 6-notata—
5. Lateral view.
§. Decrsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

(290)

PLATE XV.

(291)

PLATE XVI.
Balclutha punctata—
1. Lateral view.
2. Dorsal view of style, connective and cdagus.

Balclutha wmpicta—
3. Lateral view.
4. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Eugnathodus abdominalis—
5. Lateral view.
6. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Empoasca mali—
7. Lateral view.
8. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Typhlocyba rosx—
9. Lateral view.
10. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Hymetta trifasciata—

11. Lateral view.

12. Dorsal view of styles, connective and cedagus.
Erythroneura illinoiensis—

13. Lateral view.

14. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Erythroneura tricincta—

15. Lateral view.

16. Dorsal view of style, connective and edagus.

(292)

(298)

PLATE XVI.

aye et Ai) oh

PLATE XVII.
Erythroneura comes—
1. Lateral view.
2. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Erythroneura maculata—
3. Lateral view.
4. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Erythroneura basalaris—
5. Lateral view.
6. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.

Erythroneura scutelleris—

7. Dorsal view of style, connective and De hee and lateral view

of process in dorsal margin of pygofer.

Erythroneura fumida—

8. Lateral view.

9. Dorsal view of style, connective and edagus.
Erythroneura obliqua—

10. Lateral view.

11. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Erythroneura vulnerata—

12. Lateral view.

13. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Erythroneura dorsalis—

14. Dorsal view of style, connective and cedagus.
Erythroneura nigra—

15. Dorsal view of style, connective and edagus.

(294)

N
eS ee

PLATE XVII.

(295)

INDEX.

PAGE

ements: TUsnaLnhOGUS. NM ocss os oo he oe. nd es wk eS a 234
NIMC DERIK CRT MOTEL A et cet Se rg ES co ce Sens ta ene na WA el 24
Se 5 SBS OMS Oi ea See he ge ce a 58
EES ee ek 0 te san ere Soe Sot er eS, ae Seas ed ps 61
RI SIRE RI ee a me NE, ai he TS ak eh Sy hy aes bs 58
PONTE AEN, MO Ge eee tao ae oP Sasi ke ee HL hes cots 59
Re PO eS eet OR eat Yk Se acts WS ST alas 60
NE eS ey oe ea eS ee cy al Sneed 207
OSES Soe SR OSSD ES acy? tee 1 ae fila een Se AIR Pence CE 207
SNIISEERTIS WAT? VAT ICL fot oo orsc.c oes: Se Se et Soe ee See sce 208
a a at SRE SE ee MEAS ee gir ee ae i ae re or ae 163
MERRY io at CREO CPS re Sg a ee tt See eee me oe eR ee tes 164
MMR RDC CIC 2 nee Se oa. es he ee ee Foes eed 164
IRE oe Oe ese gS Se ASS ny 5 Pe ee PF ok eee 164
NE in ao ER ET ae oT oS oR Sinn oe eee 108
EST SE ne Se SS ca ec ae en aa ce ae 108
EMIS PV CIEDIIGCT US o = a a) ee a a OS Oe ts Se a RS 207
NE EIMELOINGS 0S Gok, | Yr, Sn RS hs ee Re 132

_ affinis, Deltocephalus......... SB PS I ee a eae 150
IES, 0 So Gc he or teal ee eS Se ete 56
(SEER ee a SS oth gs SSI rm i ng Sag a ae Se ee 57
RN ECISS fo5 oe wee et Fe a 56
PIRI TUC TAL Ale ro ee Se ee eS ee ee a eee 56
Ie OO rate ot it he eae le es ea he ee 55
RE ne wee eh ee ee et, Ce See ee ee ef 55
mumaus, Deltocephalus.............2.0...% Se ERE RECS 140
MIRREN re at a Se Pn ae ee oa 185
IEE EIRENE ete SS I a Seip ae aS es, See ee Re 241
RIIEMIL EHTS AE ias 9c ee Se Seg Sw 241
IR ROR at ers Mn a et ee yok esha Sa he 236
so 3 Be RS iy Doe ie 8 eh ieee at Aa Sains SR ee 236
TE SRR Rte te TG a gn ES Rn en cae ee a eta 236
IEE Roar aR Puen Aes ne et Se Bo ee ay 236
NE pes ee en) Se eee, ok A oe Pd en 186
b NER SE Oe Sp eg Bee OFS ar nas ye ae PR aa 186
IE SIOCETUS a0 no 8 a ee OS ee a sea 66
i RRSIRLS = a ee hee SOG ass eg nS a ee ee 198
IIE E-CIMG ATI et Cee cons age bt ek oni OSs Ce ee 101
EE PR OCI ACED NALA 6 oS 2 oo ee ee Se 98
IES EL JISCTN PS) nn Ore ee ten See: 173
SUS PRIS ie SR a rc scene ne TS. oe ee
EERIE OICONS Se 8 en Se ee oe Saas St Spo) ae EE 71
se GE DS iia SOS ES Se no pe are A eet 141
REE SIiteay 2) a Se So ae ee SS. 193
ITER See eee ei ee Sct ge SR 164
AREA ASICAUOU TS. ee ee es ee ae OS ne es 87
CH reer ea steer: hel ee StS ON 33
SRS SUEUR pate ms ce see at eal esa i a aa 78
a SR ie Re PRS ies RS a seo rates en eran ae a ae 78
IMAI HICEIS oS he sh ee a, eo SN une > 125
RR ey ened oN ee eer eG a ae Zot
IONE ee knee kr ena ee tee eT eS RS es 233
_Key to species...... LEE ee aS SSE ae ieee ee SRE ec SaaS 231
EE an ae aces ea tien, ao eae At cr ee ne Ae eee 231

298 INDEX.
PAGH
balli,. Deltocephalis 3.°3205) ic be ee ee ee eee 160
basalaris, Eeryehroneura dy svar 2 ieee eee bj ato eee oor 250
bicolor; (Huscelis 20553) 75. Pain ec 2 auese atte Ce hn rare in ete eet et ATE
bifida: Kolla’ te oe re ER, Silage eee Be ie etic ge nae 89
bilineatus, Deltocephalus............. Oe pital See Bh eee a 139
Birds,naturdal enemies’ 0% a a ea ee ee ee ee 26
bracteatus, Hecalts...2-4 05 ek a a eae ee 117
brittoni;, Thamnotettix. 0. (5 22 ce see ee ee 210
brunneus, Parabolocratuss..i5. 0 Ane Ee eee bere
By thoscopinie 02 2 eye ES ee rs eign oe Sen a 54
Key to. genera 0.8 cr site ere etree a ere ee ee 54
Bythoscopus..2: 42. Sears seks egy hae Be ee nee ae cee 70
apicalis eo sci) Gear ants 5 Oa Sate a pe area Oe he enema 71
Key to species: 2 3 fe ee a a ae ae AY ir oe 1 eee 70
laetus 7 iPS. seer. Vee Caen OW aN oie RE atte Be Rs tee i 71
candida; Neocoelidiay. 4 e442 ee Oe eee 226
catalina, Lonatura oe. 1 5 eee areae Re ne e 161
Chiorotettix ease ri es EE he erg Ne ae 217
galbanatus 24 5 235. ort Soe ee ee 2am
Key to speéctes 3.97 2.6 ee A ees 217
NECOPINUS s ei ee Se a ee ee 218
spatulatus.c a ot Seo ee a eee oti Sr RC sem) ee Eee a 219
tunicatus.. io nb te ae ae eg cae OR nic 2 bere ee ee Poy fo’
UNICOLOR ecg Mees he ee ee eee ene 220
VIPUCIUS oe Ee Tas ae 221
VIVICUS rou See ie Ree eae A Le en Zag
Cicadella zs 5 oer ASE Ge A ca ee rae re oe 84
atropuneta ta 313m eee os a ee 87
POtHe a oo AY ae ES eee NN ae a nae a 87
hierogly piniea 05 oR PP eee ae cee han any ge 85
hieroglyphica -var.dolobrata 0. 9a ce and oe oe ee eee 86
hieroglyphica Var-uhlerig ye oo ie Oe a ee eee 86
Key to species: ose eS Ra he io acre an 85
OCCALOTIA: 2.336 oe OR Ei ie ae ed ee eee 88
Cicadellide; subfamiltes..; 6 S200 OOS Se a eee ee 54
Cicadelline® i022 255 Se a ae Be ik as ed Stee ee 77
Key: to-genera 6325 SP ae ot Pe ee ee ee 77
Crcadula oo ao eee eer Sat oe heen aes eee a i eee 226
Key to-speciesin ek ie ee a pea ea 226
Pepi ores crete ee er roe i A i Deel A ee a Pepe.
DUNC MONS.) 3 ek Le ees SCM, 7 ee tea Pe ee 227
punctifrons var. repletan!) sch). Lees gt A tee Cee ee 227
sexnotatae cS 5s 2g cle alten Ve Lowe a ark Cee 229
VWarlata. ge ea ely SA I oes Si SN ee ea Se ie ee 228
ciliatus, Thamnotettix so Se rn ns ee en 214
emctus; -HMutettix 30 oe a aa ee 184
cinerea, Aceratagallia’: 54s es ee ee ee ee eee 61
cinerea; Gyponal( Pt 8 POY Bes ecg cn aoe 105
einereus, Phiepsius.. 32 2 ste 8s eee eee eo 203
cinereus, Platymetopius cae yee ig ee en 134
Cinerosus,«ScCaphoOwdeus 0 ace Bry pee aa 131
Climatic eonditions’as natural enemy 2s. 3. oe ee ee eee 28
clitellariis:: "PFhamnotettix: 3). 2 2O See as eee ee ee 211
éollinus, Deltocephalus’ 21.0 i 20-4 vot 5 G tke el a ee ee ee 149
Gollitus; Phkepsitiss oS eek RS bee at ee eee 202
coloradensis; Erythroneura comes Var... > .2 ic. ie ee eee. coe 258
fFoloradensis,. Miesamias Sty fee. = Zoe nei oh ee nS 188
comes; Nrythroneura cts Ae Ces os M2 ee ee 254
campactus, /Deltocephalus of igor 6 05. oa ok eee ee 156
eoccinea, Graphocephale.:. or cc kos sa ee wee eae eis eee es. 94

: a
comma, ‘Mscelise: sie os Fee Sea le an nie ine pce iTS

INDEX.

ELAINE t= fae ha Ok ole Ae gene ee
EE ORE CHIVIISTNG SE 6, Sh oes er So es Se Se ye en, oS
STE OP Bees Sag Se ans ah Ae a oy ae RN a a Eee Sahl a eee
EE RRS oh a at i ee, oat so pte a a ay aera
NEE LECT EBC Ay. pois tuo Pe een Ce ese Pe Se eet
I LEER REIS «ie ece Ca a a Ee a ce es bine! a OS bap ee
SS ae ie SNE eS Se ig eae ee ay hn a a
Ries Sere Or Ee LN eee Me Set ee a AE
Pi meen nine fn 8 te Pee en feta sae
MRNAS are As oS sg Ow Rs oe ge ee PEE
INO crm ret ee eg Re OR a le ok oti:
REMMI ae tee ep ce pes he ee Be LS Sk le SRD NG
EE SR SE ath ARI it aS «5 Cara ae Rie: Pen Gee oh ae dD

NI cae Se rr ak RE te tS ea) eS Ne,
INTER ae gre i en et i ae ee ee TA PT FS
TI Aotn RO eet) a ae feo eens Ee te

8 SREY Sua ES Re Saline es) See Sees col an a Bee
RIES Berrie foe Uae et ge a Ee wn ee 7S ee OR ES

iP ERnMe Desi mare Bae tan oe Noe Se Nee eo ae iy,
ENO So See aoe NO I en ae es BS ee
IESE ee ees ee ee A rg eet i eee Or ee
PISMO Lg afer ee yee oe Se eee a
RTS ie Gee dee eg a Se ee Oe eSAea e be
Mer OR eh yn Ce 8 Te wie Bee ea BAD NR
Ree at ay! See git ey, Bian Syn Sy tee ies de, Po ks
MINES et, LA ei ae a ee Mr te ge E Te OS oe Be ate
os Bere i gies baie fig Uae ee eta ea eae Se ee eed
0 ESS SS 2 eRe ce ae re eee a eae re
EET Si toler ne I i SS gd SA eg Re eS sage ES ee eR te
0 2 oe ne ee en ae aan oe nl a ca
IER OSe Roe pp 8 foes ee Am eS es teh eS
0 7 SOS ESS wae Fe pe a oe aan a ae eee ee Pe eae
IN a tat ie nag Wet tS CR = ES FB Oe oe Fe

0 7S a Sees i a ya aie Se eee ene ee eee ee
EE re Ete he Le A Ae ten a, eee C= eS Ne

UL 2 aE eee

I Peel ip aes Aer rs he a Pe on A LE te ake
Ea SSS SPR See ae Se rao eae end i ee er ene
ee IRIPSTRIGEE: Coed, CAL fa 8S ce hae oe ae eS se
eC netgella Neroglyphiea var... 2... 2 oe. ee oe
I ILCHCSRE EE Ogos Oo un ch ier ay = Sn pe
dorsalis, Platymetopius
NE SE RSE Aa Saree on Saran he Oe eens fen ae ae
EE Ey ata eee ae ir mehererteee re ane ane aera See ae
platyrhynchus
ee oe a a ee ie ea oes
Draeculacephala
a ee eee Pens os ee” ree ee SS PL ye

Key to species
ates Ge Cl edn! fas ee re
noveboracensis

. reticulata
I, eS Boh oa rae ee eg Se aes oo
UEMIRMMEE AEs. See ih rng tk ay Se ee
gammaroidea var. fulva

300

INDEX.

Key t6 species-- = 3) 3.25 a eee, ee, See ee ee

FODUStA..3 =.
duzeei, Idiocerus.

elegy te: in Te ee |e wo 0) Te ae epishye a. e667 a. 6 Olle. ce) te. whee, oho semieuis: saps * 6s: isles 9's

oa 7 86 be cine jefe Tense pin secure! ode nema Te) 9 she. (qiae ss ae 0)\ al tevicuts Mele salty sete tauie eee

Keonomic inmportanee +220. ee ee ee ee eee

Egg-deposition...
Empoasea.......
albolinea....

en RH oo Fe Page ee gee 6h jer Kee Sy ae Wate w) ere, 9) 28 Ke ke, let eae, oi) hee See. nt) Pokal iil anne

Cee. OW eS ws elke elite Lepre Lee le! e” im. ew Ae ein tele Der. elvis ag) Kol eure) Ol sure miwlee ee taoE al Case 9 naa

oor 6 ote ple oes je os udrlarde (eo a iste salts) wie, \S (a i6twwelleruas el er eam ua” ses Fbn lel ie hots meme

ow ee eho: jade ie te As tee Ve ve, f tle ge gains) ls flex a nisinle (ie) mates eo) ey Wie Pine neal eeee ihe ote queer ne

ote af eS, 0 er a. ee Ww ee bee) sje lea oy belive, om elm mie Leh s Ven ete ahs. =e e ei foie ete

elects, 6 evga se E. eriet Sle Tels ie! cme bun em yerie's us) iopke We; sw) mie) lariat oy ae eis = bs ian ee oe ae

erythrocephala, Macropsis. #00 824 te a ee ee

Erythroneura....
basalaris....

ee O 9s ep ee” 8 Det iet—ey 6) per eis, “p erie gi \e) ey enone ne ces een LLae 6. pip Wetipe iin aia ine 01's, wit ee Taeep)

comes var. coloradensis 35 40s ee ee ee ee ee
eames var. Infuseata... =. Pos Se Oa See ee
comes: Varte Vitis. 2 See eee eS ee ee
COMeS ‘Vary ZlezaAC’ > ha GS ek ae ee ee eee

crevecceuri. .
dorsalis. .... .
fumidas = Ss.

illinoiensis.. .

oe. 6 ble ete ye pee mw ley © ce epbe"ce elfe 6, vl mb 0 hwuis -e=.e) Sue” oe Welle) xa: sigeainey wear le) ale alee ne

So ees me) wat en eens, el wiken yr? eube pe. .6) 8a Olof fers en of we Pie, 18 pe Ody Rolie ie Gs =e) Ohler Orain ie aeeaneee

Key toispecies 332g ei a ea ee eee

maculata... .-
obliqua......

obliqna-vati MGeVUS 3s 224.2 is RAR eo ee ee ee

TURTAs a eases

rubroscuta...

seutelleris. ..
tereincta es:

vulnerata....

Eugnathodus... .

abdominalis. .

Eupteryx........

parallelus....
striatulus....
striolus 7s.
Unleri |: Hae

Fel pide le mee eis. oe on Meio ol "en let emir ol le 6x ot hele e Teves dm ce Seiden & o> eet Sigge ae ania eee
op Eb sia ce) saw je Veer ual S66 6 TU jee. Pi we be le Wier bine ye yw e: ¢h 6 aw 6° ac | oh te Sele ae Dele Saar
ons fee agen <0) 0) so ipnre”¢ 20) ek @-b,- 9) ,0) Uae) & 6 Pelt “o mey elie oe «a ente. of lryenw, et ming Oe ie Oe ce
a oe Natere Te 0. “o oé. a, 6 te le 8! lophal \eh fe es wi he, eh ead ey (oer Kostet kee) Cele) Se ae meee Ie ws
Oe Se ee a we eye, 6) a te 10 nl a ee eh at felte misao 6) alle een eek (eis eouket Thy sie a6) “a le egae aie "(et aaa
6 se Jee 6. te So. ome, Loe oe 8 elds, 010 eiios a! else « tomer, 6. (a, ieee) 1h of lebLeje: (o, lekbenss «9a fe. le) ata iwi Maen
® eat ste. oP lee 8) ce heh fe, , ey Oe 1B, Veneto Siete Sew ise 869 Pw icerieg ar eld) Cller = eos) Ko) i aie ee sees
6950 "Ste ele KB re ache” oi ee Lote ets he ues eyfe” 6) ow, em alo ae: YS tatglel Wk 6.) wane. @ | te Omiels SURE e see
Ce Se op Oe eek ee ee oy or pet cmle) mw, 8) Te ineehalt eh ahd “we ie seme). Olé) at et de.” oie ens
BP ss py en ee: Ven el ee (oe wes Bowe ist alte ue > omens. 0, eke Cekie® le) le pee ele a0 ecw lm ee as mse aaa ona
wi 0, 8 gts oF rel ale, velo. Ne Si keh ot wiv erg ze len sie sa” a a Tey eee le Cesk, Rwy en _ 9 le ten lmt coke ote Oar ial ee

op WS Ae Leen je De, ef ‘oem ee eee, e-em cease) 0) 6 6 pias eum ea a OMe lo, is" ieee oils taene® (> bk eee

oes, 90 oe 0 or eX ee, ‘el etyjie) 0 es 0) Sn eee el @ Me snake \S¥ ie, /00)pelise © ) 6 06s para iie! eltet ain
onde lpite je *) 0 be. 6 Ve 5.0 -elfe te! es, aap ew Nell ee” ef erie wesde estgh-e te, hse =. «iim sere eee) | <caee re
oer ee) a Je ae ele, 8 Je Mel ce feb eal @ eple ehidt he” © ow mile ie! eo ja Mewes e-ae. = areiNe De, 6) ino aie
ee te 0 S16) 0 (ete o, 5e_ le Ne (et eet 6 ay 6 le Ss ape ® », eaten @ 8 2s oe walelts) Sas ws 6 eles
te ST sy ce) wap lees Yee fe Wg estas" Ip vache © 0110) (@ sup Sh gue” b ue We) eh cee. enien (een
ote jetiel. ble levis» age fe. imiceh si) ee se 6 ane ee 0) Oph, « er eu ale Late o fetus (= lee. @ ee «ee

0 ee we. beh whe a! a Bee 6 8) a) a emia ie je “9/0! let ue we) Wel ener © Pow o:, ww eel ane ee

Key toispeeies: 22 0 NE BOR ee ES ee ee ee

pictus: /—.. 2
seminudus...
Str, coos see

wen oliesete ore © (@ 8 let ale fe, cl» Other sefients Bw lwne ee "6 5 See) eh we) @ tet ses ae ee eres ae ee

oa. wee: Mb, fey ee ee ete fe She erie oe oe 0" erievys, “Sole eke) e Me ata erns, 6. se ae 6 ee

eS 08 0 pe, ate fe) 2a) oer en eRe ee eee 8 idiere: eR > Ole” Se. We ek We ls Ore

Sioa ee ey Oe we Se bem! iby eer aes Tees ere CeCe s © Ue el eee) ee Var iw epee One | s)e ee

excultus, Phiepsrus. 6: 5S he oS eS CG oe ee

exitiosus, Euscelis

ae ant ier ete ee ee et ee ee Pe ee ee Ser ee ee ee RE ek Me

‘& ogc ‘ta
>a
:

INDEX. 301
PAG)
SISOS IT Si yaa SS Fe RS Sa i op ing SS ana aL RS aC LEZ
PRIISE MICH Ta 2 eS tn eis ets a. ke foot Sa Es Se 237
SIIIICCLU Ss COs es Oe rire ee ee ee Sc eh te a as 63
EMM HOLOLUIN. = 5 2th. ne | oe Skt. ee kok Se Ae ie I 215
DIE DODSCA 8 te) ones ne ne re Eye a Sa ee Ms ae 244
Eee MECILOCE DN aluis 647 So eke es Sea ee Re poe 153
MME APANOIOGEAGIS eg gs ee bale es Pe Bea OE aS 122
RES TINONTI C0 2A Ote ee Se es ne es ER Ne 109
-frontalis, Platymetopius ..... 2 Acie? OR emer SM i Gg AENCE SP cr gteh SACRE Paar 135
Reem erignita Sammaroidea Var. |<) 02 ss. eo oo ns ees So oe bo 166
etre ibbra albostriellavar o-oo ee ee os. 236
RETIRE BC SIUS eee eon er JO ees eGo a ets SES whe SS 205
SN UTONEUT Sf fin tose cerns Fs eka cee VES es 260
RN COTO CL CIN face Rose oe as Ago sete bes Dee ES 222
RENNES TRE TIO AR ote Sa See Vy eke he A 165
SIE ta CUR ta PS gig de ee See ales hbase ait 90
EMEA ACEO SIS 92 8 Sir n acs, oy hg se Ste A Ps oe 76
EE EMEA aye aC des aay een FE Re 87
MINE MLGIStTIDUIOl so ow ele oe Se ee cnt in 30
ENN aa ia Fae 8 REY oe USERS I ew 93
ME ES Bee ete fsa ee. Pond es Se at eed se ee 94
IES CIO Re es ea os een ee Co Ae ae a SS 93
EEN ES eee 3 Pa Sy Me es Se a he es SD es 95
I sede Se B65 So area dg ee OS BS Se 101
MIRE 2s ered, areas 9 eee Yes nes te Le cs eee ir oe 105
Pee SCCIOS = St ae Dee ce Gor acne re ey Pee 102
RMI a est tere ee is ee Sn os i Re 103
MEMEMMOCAL AL. sa-) o.oo RE (a a Ree nee 102
ANS et ener 0 Sree a i i hs a el Le 104
PERRIS oy he ee eg ee an Nm Pg ee Se Ge Pe ee ar 105
NE EES ho See Sr ieek se tae Oe wah ER ei eet = 400
PENOD orcws fp Boer AR @ OK SOY So a Ss ee, oe yas 100
NE tO Genre SO ga ee ea eS el ri ee 91
ERR) gece nt St ge TS eee he Ah 116
ee Pe 0 epg ca ee I ae se SS ee WW?
PPE CNS era aA) es ee es et ee 116
SES eS Sa aaa Sli le ar ee oe meee ei Ee ee eee ike ley
MES ees 009 foe ne ae eer re eS Be Be es 92
; NEES SEL een ee eh ty eas SE ee a es 92
NID MR SEU 8 8 aca So ia i Ee re, BN a ae Pt tee 24
Te OC AMON A an ts Pe ee, Be 85
EEC tics ccs te es ee a ee See, £ is)
RMIT rte F sa Co Reh AS hal Oe eS 80 -
ME Grete Sy oe ead ce ae ee nS
Rte ra es fA ee ee Oe 246
MM i 2 cae ary on ee Ne ey ee 247
I ries eer Or Mert Pie as A 62
RD Met art ae Gala a eae eo ee ee i ee 66
at SETS Sa Ra Se Se tr ee See aa eg on emcee ne Rena oe 64
I rat Stearn Sad Se SINS Niagra Ee ee 69
IED i so eee gin OS ne ADS OE ot SS es oe 63
RM On resi Ts ee Seana ese Mt ee ee eS 63
NN SERN AE SG Men Oe ni Wehr, nhs eae oe gs eT) has Gide eR 65
RMN es 9 oe ce en okra STE tt oa ee Hee ee 70
I eis eee ae ren at teas Sad Rey Ak 68
IMENT erat freee yk oe na ee te ei 64
TES CE RGR Serge ie Saran Shs Ben ina 0 ar ae Ra a eee onan Sai cae Se <r eS 65
MEERA ohio ee tre ea tet Se Nee 64
ig SE SNES SERA TIT Cat a Recency RE Sapte eal Gan a ee 68
EIN Rio eno) See Re vw VE eS 67
IE StaeOMCUTa = oe a ee a 251

=
302 INDEX.
PAGE
immistus, .Scaphoideusi: 624 20 hg ees ee 129
impicta, Baleluthas)2 arf: ec Ss Slee ae eee 233
imputans, Deltoeephalus. - 0 .- 7 Sa Ga ee ee ee ee 141
incisus;, Phlepsivss: 2 ese er ee ae cn Oe ea ee ee 198
inflatus, Deltocephalus:)'=.\s0%5.3 Se ee es, Fo eee eee 142
inimicus, Deltocephals: 2200 9 Aas ae Ee ee ie 157
infuseata,:Lrythroneura_comes-var: hs *..36) = § oe eee ee ee 257
inornatus,’/L hamnotegix a huis ee aes a ee ee 212
intricatuss Scaphoideuss (7. seca ae ae ee oe 128
irrorata; Aulacizes 2 8.455. fe ee WS ae eee a ee ee ie
irroratus; Phlepsius:< 2425 6.2 2 teh ne eee Oe Oe 199
Jassinge. 5055 2 Se a ee ne 108
Key-to- tribes... 0. eee So eae a ee 108
JASSINE., S35 WL SR ls eke ae eh sa ee 112
Key-to genera sia a ee ee 112
FASSUS 50.0 ah Sg es DRS oe ee, aa es ae eee 223
Olitorias or). de SP AS es ae ee ae 223
jucundus, Scaphoidetts 22... (5 ee eee ee ee 126
kennicotti,, Thamnotettix. 22. 7.4 a oo eee ee 210
Krolla’. e202 NA gy oe ot ae ad ae ee eae ee 89
bifida ta). SN SO Pa Se © eee oe 5 ena pe 89
geometri€a u7 40 ont ek OUR eee 90
Harty. ibs Ne eS SSS ah ee ee a oS Satna 91
Key to speciese. es s5ii ree ea eh ee 89
wetus, Bythostopus':.:5 20 sete ie Cee eds ot Ee ae eee eer 71
laseivius;, Plilepstus <°) 22:22 o 5 ch eee a a se 197
lateralis; Oneometopla x52 iis mute Geis pons ee) ee 83
Length of adult stapes: Sa Pek en ee ee ee 24
lepida,,Gicadula: n> fisq. Fae ea age d29 a sai ae aa a 229
Gaile. history vos. cos eg ee eS Sr ee ee 22
hmbatas Oncometopia. lateralis vare.32 (3s ae eet oe ee oe ee 84.
lintkeatus; Heécalus sc. 365 cae Ae tite acd el eee 1VG
lobatus,sPhiepsius< 303 i 2\ 4) (ea ves 6 oe oe. See a ee 202
Lénatura ct i SAE eo Oa a nk i ok ae 161
eatalinaz #4 sek ere ee Re ee ek 8 161
Key to species?) i 6 Pe nee a ae oe 161
hebuloSa ys: ;). Py Pa GR ee a eis re Si ea ee 163
NOCtihVags Pale ee See ae ae Mee oe 162
longulus,“Chamnotettix.) & es<s see e Pa ae oe me ieee 212
Macropsis ! i035 oe a ee ee 12
CT OCC Se aia aed oe IRS ce Rad Ss Rn ne 74
erythrocephala: sf. Fre hs Se ee) ee 74
gleditschite =.) vec v2 oe ae ics ea en Ae nee 76
Key: to species’: 2 sti OSs. prs een pada oe ee 72
SUtUPANMS Fe Re le ae ae Se Rie he De ee 74
trimaculata 9 7seN So ss Be re ee 73
tHISTIS oie RS As Lee a eee ie Se a ee 73
VATICIS.. 68 05 eis ye eS a eee eee OR les ea 75
maculata;.Erythronéura,:.<. .. Seer 4 ie va eee eee 252
magnus, Museelis: cri io AS 5 Vo a ee ee. Be a ee 168
majyestus; Phiepsits, 090% 2S ee ee ee eee ee 191
Male ariternal-genitalias ..*) oes SS a ee a 44
mah, Pmpoasea.:. ) iS Se eee oe eo oh Rae ee 242
melanogaster, ‘Thamnotettix. 2.0). 27g aa Se ba ee 214
melanota, Gy ponas <2 bose leh Pied AON a iead Gee ee 103
mélanotus, Seaphoideus 2 a. sds se Pao Ho, BOA ee 130
Merminonia ey feo rh ae Bote CAG ie) a oe Re ee 108
GansObrina: 202. Pathe oo ha kl Bele oo ne eo en en 169
fraterna ti Oe a Pe a ee ke eae Ree oo ee 109

4 INDEX.

BEEN 6 25, ne we oR Sees See I eT he RPE ea a 0 eee rd
SNCUMENS See tet eR eS ua ere oT Se OS
MCMC CIES Ak ae coe Os Sec fe MRIS Os Oe RUA Poh ae TS
MME TNR Mere Pc SUR Oee Ri REN Mea), ee ed ON Ee Bes
NCE RE ee ee ay SLT TALES ote ee Le A ia PD ee
RR a ae er ae ey tA Ceo cl Se Sete Any isd fe dee ae

RE SEAT OPEC TCA 3 6G we oe Ae Wk ik Spee PRE ne ae mad

MICHEL COP IALS Serre oa Sires aioe ek PR es Ree te ows Ra's SE

UE LOCUM hia het ce Paice St Fc) a Un OER Pk

PEE TETS DCHCMIUCS oi 5 ale de db ie eae als oh Pag AL ERECTA wk

SS Sa SS AAS ie hy BAG ae ae SG es ER ES 8. once ere

ne CU acep nals een 2 Pi Ae ed eg

Pe or ak eh SEN Spe ee ee a Reeds eS weak See

EMCO GL IS er isd ced oe hla masa ate Fa & ok SE ee

IPR ee Go we ce Ma een Sait tis ted td ees aI a

IESE anise Coe Rete ray. Sa an eaters el STL eS

EMERGE IC) oe © de ga ie I he us Ph lee SS

EEE STs e wept sy oe oe acces eae Se ee brs ee a

PMEMCINIOCOLCELIN: ten, cok SOS A Ys ae a Peee wlan Maes I

ME Oat irehe oy Oe) Uy en pe Sle Re de CG ae
IEEE ee ieee SY as oad yrs CANO LS tt Ut otal eee pe
RMR SIRCETE Si tg Ss Es 8) Asya ke Mia ooo easiest y Cah Ge
MIMENIN Sere Parr AS ee are NG ee ae down

EE UIIG@ CR Ells etre fs niet ae Bk Sen eet FS Se ht Ie Bay) Ls

DEEADCUEAC Oh he es oe Ae kan tee ee Poy se theo PO

EN TISISE SIC TPE les a Na AE a ra rt a CO A

EC MMATTUNOLELLIN Cr ee er ta aa Pe eee Pele bes

RRC 2 ie eee GPE te i SS eal eel a Sg) Rly oe
Tae ere a ene irae weed Pe as are thes OMe ae ae Sel gt Nae ren Sly et se

EGR ACUIA br 2 St ae hs aha yk te eed ee cee

eeereteryinroneura. obliqua var. i. 66 bees ee ci

nein bE yrreuiacephala: 2-2 Sk he oe be ee A a

EEAULL OCIS 18 a9 25 ee ee oh es te ta SPOR

8 SESE HERRET Gti pic ie Ss cea Sa a EC Re a a

CP ERCHOCL AGI OMS sca 0s Oe sk eS A eae se Be eS hee ee

0 oo ae, ek ONS P04, Se wae he

IME SEODEW I, Nk a Sg VR Rl ce cabeonany Sete

EEC P RN ALISe si a nh ne, Pai he eh nee tas Ou ees Uiek

MMO ASC no Suton ENS eG er: SER ncg tape Se PRR Ae ae

RSE Ses 18 ie NS a ies oe Py See ENN ee AL ee RET

INN LGU ek eh BR i Ne oa RS hie age ar oS

EE MTOM re yiat oo nee Pe he a hele CE es SESE eee

PELE GEE DFAS ce oe ee ica Sas lente oe th ee a ee

Gr ie re IS Zire ie techy et Mae ns

SEES ele 3 See Th yg Me oe A a ee ee oO
NR I at ne Ste ri Ke ES or. in nye pte a gt oT Len are
DEERME SIICCICS. Ps Be Reha Feet ie ee a at OP eh et Uae he
Ey Prt cre Se ens rgd Me ee hk bis Bl art at Lh eae Z

EI Pacha Pets oe Se ke NE an ea! Sy ae Gel ais ERS Gh
I en pe se cars Bn elie Soe Ue a TE ES
AMIRI ag hg ee ee ce NS A Po oe Sh gs
EEA SR lea ee an a ca Or ar SR a ee
ECE SD) MDNIS 20) 2 eek hk sw Soe oe ee CO es es

ICE Ri che PSS oe PA eh a ee BLES
TIRE ER Sere. To Ea a Ae es eta ae
EE ake ee ee AE ea ee a

Teen tarte h or en ee i re PR Oe Go Mee ut
INI Set" 200 Sore Ae et el a aa ES wo

304 INDEX.
PAGE
Key. to:species 2.79 nih esd So i a ee eee ee 120
WATTS: Sea, eee Me ee ee ee BOS ee STE RE eae, ae ee ees 120%
parallelus; Huseelis". 2cc0. bots, Fee oO, i eee Se 171.
Parasitic funvi se. 6 on Ce ee et WA eS ah ask ae ee 28
PHrasitic- Insects moe as a ee ee Ee ee CO a 21%
Paropimies: 2. noes RE sg a anole = eee ea KS RE Ck OR A Teo ED 54
parvulus, Deltoceplalus jays cor aes ee bw Ie pt ee ee 147.
pectoralis; Gyo a sane oe sie al ne ee re ee 1¢4.
Penthimia sein SS Fo So eh es ee ee 161
AMEFICANA v2 FAS eh ge oh REE, em ee ns ee ane eee 101
perspicillatus,; Thamnotetux. fa. eke ok ee es ee 213 —
pletus,-Mutebtix sis. eae a= one a eee ee ee ees 180
PHS PSH 228 ye ae er oa ce ac 190
al tiie oe ho ee ae toe 2 ee ee aan ee 198
ApCTUUSs B.S ese ta Ne So aoe ne a ee 204
areolatuse ss 235 tec pics Ge es ee tlh wk Bee ee eee 193
cipereus: 2752 3a. 3 ea ee Ses oe ee yAt)
collittis 45 6 en a ee i ee 202
GECOLTUS 25) Sa Se ee es cl eee ae 195
excultus.. 6 so A Re nie Seg ale tc oe ete eee 194
fulVidersum so ahs ee ea ae ee eee 205
THIS IS os NTS et a ee ae ek ce 198
ITFOTACUS — oS eae Ee i Sk et 199
Key to: Species +2 3ictace 2 aarp ee ee te SoS Soa ee 190°
LASCI VIS Soe ee a eee sg kl
lobatus; Sst FSS ee ee iS Se es ee 202
WiA|CStUS; ESAs oo es we ee a ong ree
nebuldsus Alsi aS ao as Gees 2 a oe ee eee 205
GVA PLIST EIS Re ee ee trea mee Re trae 196
purnetiscriptuses. out ee a eee aes ee tee 203
SOHGAGINIS ¢ osc55-7 nf Roe WEE es acl elo oe ae ee BOR = he ae 206
spatulatus f2s2c5... 4 Get et ee Speen Pana yee 192
superbUs vot SEO ea as oles aie acts akan oe ne ee 193)
TYUMCATUS. Ss i cst eT eer ee ae ain eS ee ee 201
WHEEDILCUINS 26 i) bee ee SS ews wheal OS eke aaa ate 199°
Platymetopiis:.. S520. sie eg oe ee 131
ACUTUS ose SS ai ae ee Pe ae ga aan ea +. de
CINETCUS LS oS x. a ee eee ali eee 134
dorsalis. 222 esl Rs PSS ae alge a ee ee 132
frontalig,c: ose CN, a ee eee et ge 2 ew ae eee 135
Key to speci@s oat os oe a ee ee 132
SCPIPEUS ose seus eee ee eae ee eae ee ee 136
platyrhynchus, Derycephalus. 2.2). op: a eee 115
Predaceous-insect. enemies... 2-2. ves. ec Sh OS eee ee eee 2t
productus; Scaphoideus 22 2.45 Jay. Pa OO ae 2 Rel, ee ee ee ee 127
provancheri,- lGloceruss- 636200. a ee ee ine eed ee 64
pulicarius,. Xestocephalus? a. sso Faw. ig oy tee ete =, 0 am 110
punctata, Balelutha sss an ev ace eas te ee 231
punctatus, Deltocephalus ..-4.3> 26. nee are ee ee PENG: 159
puncticollis, -Gypona 24 es en ee eee ee eae ae 105
punctifrons,, Cicadwla na 27S i ee rot Oe en 227
punctis¢riptus, Phlepsius.4° (cee 7 eos hes teas ee a 203
quadripunctata, Agallia 3.5 in Fe eee 2 eee ee ee 56
ramentosus,.: bdiocerusic 2.02 scsi Wats ean a Mane Ree Se €5
Recognition.of the -Cicadellidze’ -.c... 5 Les ie. ou Seeks 53
repleta, Cicadula. punctifrons Varis. 25-02. saat ine te oe 227
reflexus, .Deltocephalus. sy on ko. Foo ies wi 143
reticulata, Drecilacepliala ts. ice ce te eee ee emer ee 99
robusta; Aconura.=) a wo ee oa ee ee et eee a 164
robusta, Drigtina 2. aac eS on it pe i ee 166

TOsH, “Typhloey ba soy) okie nes San wh soon gk Nea ac ae ea 245

r = >
f * _ te "
—

w ¥

INDEX. 305

ed PAG
Pe ry thnroneura + v0.50. x. Sos datas | OO OR Areas es oa 251
ECE NOLOICTIS. re cs 0, ng Ke ke BS Soe se oe GY PS 125
sanguinolenta, PaaS aied eek UN acy eens Oe Ge Oe ec es eee oA 59
PIE MELISS 8 ae Fe wn a ce Ble, owe wa NS oS dmg la BS 144
SEITE RETIOIGCUS © enc o Sys a. i as a nae Hs a RS DRC eet es VA
ee eepholdeus Rah eee CA ee ete oe Ee ha eee. aN EE on OER 124
REMIIEEP NS 6.5 nf Seok BS BA ee skater es. Ei ROI et een d 125
IEAM PRP ah Sr Bho Nes se Ree PR x gtk ree SES AL he Sa aa 131
(SESE URN cia ap aE TN SP gy eM A ae leptin eg Peg nO na al 129
SPeIeatUS...2. 2 =. Pe wr ban hai re Be aN nit ine, rae a eee a nn Seah 128
‘ MNMEMATIS ene 0 te ee OPS Be SERRE ee ae a dine sr Os aN 126
NEE SIINOCN OS cn OS ce ag sea pt fiar ss a Tc 124
RNR Sees Se eh ee tee Pei an et ec ee 1380.
MMT ete Se hie ie eet ess ok an ey hou Cine eas Ce Se LUALE
PR te ee aa, Per ints Sen Fx Sis een PRE, eel arth ee oa age 125
3 (Sg ENGST ae 9 URSA ati 6 Par Ye ng ening <node te aang ae nee 127
SEEM ar ticlOpiUSs-<55t0 20. 2S oh 136
SEG HTOREUC sion of 2 et Se eee ee ed eS ORE TS A aes 253
SLSR i RE ce rp ge a al Wp a ae eat 181
ere lcl 2 ene ee oe ee ne ee Re oe oes 229
nei ehLOecepUaAle os ipa heal oa ye as a ae a eRe 146
ROOD cere Sas. ie ae ie ne Ot ee ee ia OY See eU. 64
PIRI LET ISEMS oft nc We enc Ps oo fs soe ne Se ee Ea eee 206
EMRE LO CEDNAIIIS§ cic os oe oe ae bed = esi ee 160
ernie EA ew ie enh mR a ks On. Swe ee Ok a ae Sates Z 118
RRR apt et OaN aie Pent es yee Ba a ea, EES bee,
Rie oe tn ae Re Cele oie ee Shee ES Vi See a )
IEE EU IMOTOLC DUK 2. hae oe Se Se ee es 2a
ETRE TISIUIS oe oni, a. Sain GE Heke ah A eh ES 192
PPEELIAREALCMETINES #0 kota te Fs Bo ors toh aso pe RE ES cs Pes 26
NRE SE ettN RI At Be Ne ee nee ae, Se oe a ee as SS 188
ER SEES 9 ES SRS Mi 9 Migs eT eae a pai pe ole aaa RR 174
IEEE ern eRe tee ee Re as ee ee ae 170
RE aie et ne ee Pl S- eoe e g et Se ERE 182
Ae COMIMNEE ENV Oe ty 4) es a DS es Pa oe ai ee 45
Ee Bn es i eta aa Baa? Pals Ee EL oe 45
EER SIIS ee ant ante oe i ak ns Os Se ge ee EE 133
mmperpus, Xestocephalus..—-. 2... see. tee ee IVAN tr te ateal ocala ttt
UIT SRC OTIS ote or eet se NT es a es we ae oe 68
RII IOEO DSS ene Sa ORT i he ee Pe i ee 74
IIRL OCOD AI Soce- oy eek 2 Oe +5 eee ee ee aE Oe iy 2
DEE OttlOlaO! Cicageid. 7 oe 2 Noe ee AO BEI oo
IRE Es eee ees, a a (ree ibe ee eg oo yy 180
MMEEPeStOCephalis: 3... sa. <soe A e e eee Lek
NMR S55 lores rn 2 cee se el at ee 209
MIA SS Seria ue eee Ses, Ne ee eS te See pin 210
MOE Pea Beh eas as eS ene eS wg EPS 214
: ME RE Peete Cad ee ee eae ee ae eee eS oe 211
RM sr ol ie a EN aga he ee ae ey 215
REST Nett) ane Pea ei ee aa oho eC ee Ee ae ey 242
SNMRRRNR Me brah ote, Fs 25) atl Says es es Mate bre ee 210
ERIIOCIOS cers th, Se es eS ee ENE ee es 209
I teh fee ed ie Wino BATS, as, oS 212,
MAC rg era Mien Terie ki) aes at gras Sb bre Sees creck Soke 214
ee of ot ey ee ie Re a 216
MMIEIHIG. se ES AREE oy iP OE ir, BO ME ta ne 215
ET BLIS ME Gadel) ae pre Pn ee I Sa eS ee Tas Dike
IC CReMICUICA 2. So on Sy fe ee a Se ee 240
- trifasciata, Ree EC eee re Py. Bee iy A a 246
trifasciata, Ee EE SOR ee a Ais Ae APN Ae gig a IR SA Ot 247
CENT APTQDMS =o). 2 ho tea OS ca eS ks 73

Pp 4 20—Sci. Bul.—3058

306 | INDEX.

triquetra;: Homatlodisea. i630) ae, oe ee ee
tristis; Macropeis 62.) SUS ae ee eee Bs
truncatus, Philepsius = 255. pos ee ee ee ee ae eee
tumidifrons, Neocodlidia; <. 2: 3.2... beeen ue C. Oa eee
tunieatus; Chlorotettix = si: o. ates ee ee ee eee eee
' Surpiculus, -Phlepsiuss ei = re, ae
Typhiocy baz Pe A oe hice hae es ee eee i

TOSACS pao A RL er Rd Ee
Typhlocy bine Ae Pa Shea ee ee Le ee

Key- to genera... = $e 55 pee ae, a ee ee es
whleri; Aceratagallia v3 Re aes 2A ee eee eee
uhiéri, Cicadella hierogly phicawar, 1:3. oe ee oe ee eee
. Uhlerti;: Buscelis 2 Sey pcan cee a Sed See Oe ee eee ee
undata, Oncometopia 30.06 «scan Be ae ee ee
unicolor,. Chiorotettix 0:50 boo be eee ee ee ee
vanduzei, ‘Dorycephaltis =< 25220. oie SE en ee ee ee
variata, Cicadula.. . ss SA ea) oe ee ieee ee
versuta, Graphocephala.: 3.350 45 Hea eae ek ee eee ee
verticis, [dioG@rus 36.3) 5 aaa ee ee a ee cea eae
viridis, Acinopterus*acuminatus Varoe: oasvno. es ea eee Pst
Virtdis, Macro psisn Ai ater Se aE la ee er ee
viridis; Parabolecratusey 1 sae eee ao ee ot ene i. ee ee ee
viridis, Xerophiqad c3%, S85 vice ee A aan ok en ee
viridius,' Chierotettix 263.0547. 35.2 Wee oe RS ca ee eee
visendus, Deltocephalus*-) 35k oo ee aS Sa es eee
vitellina, Mesamiat. 5.52 Su See oo ee ee
vitis, ‘Brythroneura comes: var’ 200 6) 2 a5 cee ee ee ee
vividus, Ghiorotettix. 2.4 oS 5 me ee eee Re oe ee ee
vulnerata; Erythroneura si. 33 3 a a ee eee
vulnerata spangbergiella ssn 2k Ea ec ee ee ee
weedi, Deltocephalus: .si-6. 53 Se a as oe lene ee ae
Meroplilosa esses Si ete it peg See Dec on

dt hs Ut en ee ee nee Oe ag Wa Se Sears Hig RT ee oe Pee EU
Xestoceplialuss. <0 cel ro ae oie we eee ee

Key to Species 2355.)s. 25.055. Ts SaaS eee ee

PUliGariise 6 vs L3S- RL ASE GSE Sa ca oe ee

SUPCEDUS tcf. OST aes A he ne Be ee ee ree

tessellatus 2.2. S205 ON Se ea a ee ea

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

VoL. XH; No. 2—MARCH 15, 1920

(Whole Series, Vol. X XII, No. 2.)

CONTENTS:

THE CICADIDH OF KANSAS.
By P. P. Lawson.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

8-3058

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XII, No. 2.| MARCH 15, 1920. Vero XIE No. 3.

=

The Cicadidze of Kansas.
BYP. B.. LAWSON.

For several years the writer has been interested in the
Homopterous fauna of Kansas. He has in recent years written
systematic papers on the Coccidex and Cicadellidxe found in the
state, and after working on the latter family, found himself
much interested in the Homoptera-Auchenorhynchi as a group.

In looking over the material belonging to this group in the
Snow collections, he found that a very representative collec-
tion of cicadas was on hand and at once became interested in
studying them. Most of this material had been gathered and
arranged by Mr. R. H. Beamer, formerly assistant curator of
the Snow collections. He himself had intended to publish on the
group, but just as he was about ready to undertake the work,
he gave up active work in entomology, and so his material fell
into the writer’s hands. The writer wishes therefore to ac-
knowledge his indebtedness to him and also to Mr. Wm. T.
Davis, who not only identified all the material sent him by Mr.
Beamer and myself, but also sent me for study other ppeCNEnS
necessary for the prosecution of the work.

In the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol.
xxvi, Nos. 3 and 4, 1918, Mr. Davis published a paper on the
cicadas of Mississippi. In this paper he records eighteen
species from that state and remarks on this relatively large
number of species within a single state. Records show that
twenty-one species have been taken in Kansas, and specimens
of these are now in the Snow collection. A pair of Tibicen
resonans was very kindly given us by Mr. Davis for the collec-

Received for .publication, March 1, 1920.
(309)

oo _
b <
“se
~

esi bi 8, THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

tion as this species has been taken only a single time in the
state.

It is very likely that with more thorough and extensive col-
lecting several more species will be found in Kansas. The —
writer has been greatly impressed with the number of cicadas
that apparently reach one of the limits of their geographical ©
distribution in the state. Thus the Kansas members of the
western genus Okanagana seem to reach their eastern limit in
the state. Similarly the eastern and southern genus Tibicina
seems to reach its western limit with us. Various members of
the genus T7bicen also just enter Kansas. Thus we have T. bi-
. fidus reaching eastward into the western counties. The eastern
T. pruinosa seems to be very common in eastern Kansas but ©
does not occur in the western part. The eastern and southern T.
lyricen seems to reach its northwestern limit in the southeast- |
ern counties of our state. The southern 7. vitripennis reaches
its northern limit in the southern counties. The relatively
eastern T. marginalis is found in the eastern two-thirds of the
state, while the closely related T. dealbata evidently does not
go much further east than central Kansas. Again, 7. linnei
seems to reach its western limit with us while T. superba and
T. eugraphica are not found further north. Proarna venosa
likewise finds its northern boundary in the state, and Tibici-
noides hesperius is confined to the western counties and likely
reaches its eastern limits with us.

This convergence in one state of so many species of varied
distribution is undoubtedly due to its central geographical posi-
tion, to the extremes of its rainfall, and to its varying eleva-
tion. Thus the eastern part of the state is distinctly mesophy- |
tic, starting with an elevation of 800 feet and with an average
rainfall of as high as 45 inches. This condition gradually
changes as one goes west over the gradually rising and drier
portions of the state, till at its western border the elevation has
reached 3,600 feet and the average rainfall has decreased to as
low as 16 inches. With this change one finds a corresponding
change both in the flora and fauna which is very evident even
to the casual observer, at least as far as the flora is concerned.
This latter change, combined with those causes which produce
it, is undoubtedly responsible for the variety of insect forms
and their distribution in the state, for it has repeatedly been
found that in many if not all groups of insects, the eastern and

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA#. dll

western faunas meet somewhere in the central portions of our

‘state. This condition seems to prevail in spite of the fact that

most life zone maps show nearly all of the state as belonging

to the Upper Austral while just a few southeastern counties
come into the northern limits of the Lower Austral.

An attempt has been made in this paper to start on a study
of various structural characters to determine their importance
as aids in systematic work. Thus a beginning has been made
in the study of the ovipositors of the species occurring in the
‘state. Much more work will be necessary before one could be
dogmatic about their value, but at present it seems certain
that in some cases at least the ovipositors are characteristic of
the species. The writer hopes to continue this study with a
larger series of each species as well as with more species and
give his results in a future paper. Similarly the study of the
last ventral segments of both sexes will in some cases reveal
good taxonomic characters.

The form of the descriptions here given will also be rather
new, but the attempt has been made to bring this form more
into harmony with that used to describe the members of the
other families of the same group. It is hoped that this might
be an aid in the study of these families.

sisson

312 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Characteristics of the Cicadide.

The Cicadide are a very interesting family belonging to the
Homoptera-Auchenorhynchi, this group being distinguished
from the Homoptera-Sternorhynchi by having the beak arising
from the lower part of the head instead of apparently arising
from between the prothoracic legs, as in the latter group. _

To the Homoptera-Auchenorhynchi belong five families, of
which the Cicadide are easily the largest insects. Aside, how- |
ever, from their relatively larger size, there are very distinct
and characteristic structural differences between this family
and the others. Thus the members of the Cercopide and Cica-
dellidx usually have their fore wings distinctly thicker than the
hind wings, whereas in the Cicadidx both pairs of wings are
similar in texture. The antennz of some of the Fulgoride
are very irregular and peculiar in form, while those of the Cica-
dids are always setiform. Rarely do the members of the other
families, the Aphididx excepted, ever have three ocelli, this ©
being a distinct characteristic of the Cicadidz. The front
femora also of these insects are quite characteristic, being
thickened and toothed beneath. Finally the group is charac-
terized by having males which are musical, so that each species
has its peculiar song, a condition unknown in any other
Homoptera. |

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. oka

Systematic Treatment of the Kansas Species.

Van Duzee in his catalogue has divided the Cicadidex into
three subfamilies, each of which is represented by one or more

genera in Kansas. The following is his key to these sub-

families:

KEY TO SUBFAMILIES.

Tympanal coverings present in the male, 1.

Tympanal coverings absent in the male.
Subfamily 3 Tibicinine (Dist.)

‘1. Tympanal coverings entirely concealing the. orifices.

Subfamily 1 Tibicenine Van D.

Tympanal coverings imperfect, leaving the orifices more or less ex-
posed. Subfamily 2 Cicadine Van D.

Subfamily TIBICENINZ Van D.

The members of this subfamily are distinguished from those

_ of the other two subfamilies by having the tympanal coverings

entirely concealing the tympanal orifices. Most of our cicadas
belong here.
The genus Tibicen is the only genus belonging to the Tibi-

cenine that is represented in our Kansas fauna.

Genus TIBICEN Latr.

This genus contains species that vary much in size, ranging
from very large to rather small forms. They all, however,

have characteristically broad heads and their opaque abdomens
taper regularly behind. The mesonotum completely covers the

middle of the metanotum and the tympanal orifices of the male

are completely hidden by the tympanal coverings. The oper-
cula are large and usually are close together or overlap me-

dially.

-

This is by far the largest genus in Kansas, fourteen of the
twenty-one species of the state belonging here. These may be

separated by the following key:

KEY TO SPECIES.
A. Large, heavy bodied species; uncus simple.
B. Uncus distinctly longer than broad, not triangular.

C. Uncus long, slender and curved, bifid apically.
bifida.

314 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

A. Large, heavy bodied species—concluded.

CC. Uncus broader, with broadly rounded apex.
Species light, not strongly marked with black;
apex of wings strongly infuscated. superba.
Species dark, strongly marked with black; apex of
wings slightly infuscated.

1B

DD.

BK.

EE.

Hind margin of pronotum or collar greenish.

F. Larger species, averaging 30 mm. or
over in length, and with a distinct lon-
gitudinal black band on under side of
the abdomen.

G. Margin of fore wings not bent;
opercula broad, broadly rounded
behind; males usually with atten-
uated pruinose stripe on dorsum
of third segment. prwinosa.

GG. Margin of fore wings suddenly
bent near the middle; opercula
narrowed apically and more angu-
late behind. linnet.

FF. Smaller species, averaging about 25 mm.
in length and without a distinct longi-
tudinal black band on the under side of

the abdomen. aurifera
Hind margin of pronotum or collar blackish.
lyricen.

BB. Uncus usually about as wide as long, usually triangular, but
with the apex often truncate.

C. Wings long and slender; a large ferrugineous and black
species.

CC. Wing's broader; species greenish and black.

Very large species, expanding over 110 mm. Flaps
of wings gray. - auletes
Smaller species, seldom expanding 110 mm. Flaps
of wings usually with yellowish or orange tinge.

1:

DD.

E.

EE.

resonuns.

Fore wings with cross veins between R,; and
R,,; and between the latter and M:; distinctly
darkened. Posterior margins of abdominal
terga not lighter. :

F. Abdominal terga with a dorsal row of
pruinose spots; uncus somewhat tri-
angular, apex obtuse. dorsata.

FF. Abdominal terga without dorsal prui-
nose spots; uncus broadly truncate api-
cally. resh.

Fore wings with cross veins between R; and

R.,; and between the latter and M:; not at all

or slightly darkened. Posterior margin of

abdominal terga lighter.

F. Head broad, wings rather narrow; ab-
dominal terga without dorsal pruinose
spots and not strongly pruinose later-
ally. marginalis

FF. Head narrower, wings broader; ab-
dominal terga with dorsal row of prui-
nose spots and strongly pruinose later-
ally. dealbata.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDZ. oa)

AA. Small species; uncus wishbone shaped.

B. Orange and black species; arms of uncus strongly curved and
widely separated apically, arms of ventral piece stout when
viewed caudally. eugraphica.

BB. Green and black species; arms of uncus straighter and not
as widely separated apically, arms of ventral piece slender
when viewed caudally. vitripennis.

Tibicen bifidus (Davis).

CPi xsi, Aigs.1-2~ pl. xxv, fic. 45 plo xxvi; fig: 93. pl. xxvii, fig- 13.)
Cicada bifida Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiv, p. 47, 1916.
Tibicen bifidus Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 489, 1917.
A black and yellowish-brown species of medium size. Specimens at
hand measure from 25 to 29 mm.

Color: Head black, with the following marked with yellowish-brown,
sometimes tinged with green: The antennal ledges, a triangular spot in
front of ocelli, a spot of varying size just in front of this, and irregular
spots along the caudal margin laterad of the ocelli. Pronotum yellowish-
to brownish-green, pruinose in spots, with a large black median T-shaped
or triangular spot extending from the collar to the head, which often con-
tains a yellowish-green spot. The grooves are blackened in varying de-

_ gree and often have black spots between them. Collar with black spots in

the humeral angles and often some between these and the median spot.
Mesonotum black, often pruinose in spots, with the W-shaped mark and
the sides yellowish-green, as is also the cruciform elevation, the anterior
arms of the latter almost touching the W. Abdominal terga black with
the sides brownish-yellow, the last tergum being almost wholly light, with
a faint dorsal row of pruinose spots and often with pruinose markings
laterally. Wings with the branches of the veins nearly all black, the
costal margin and the bases of the veins, radius and extreme base of
media excepted, yellowish-brown; cross veins between R; and R:,; and be-
tween latter vein and M; distinctly darkened. Basal areoles of fore
wings with dark dash; flaps of both wings whitish, those of fore wings
often with an orange tinge. Eeneath nearly unicolorously yellowish-
brown except for darker head. Legs, especially prothoracic pair, streaked
with dark.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the speci-
mens at hand:

Ene Pit Ol OU. eee ac uets sodeo eos et eas 7S ean Kaa AS,
RARE OE SNEAK. 2. Ge satis 2k Re coe ee Gere top AOS
Mrapanise Or Ore WANES. 20.0 is Boos os Se [fs Vienne ove
Greatest width of fore wing............ dio toe t2~5
Greatest width of operculum........... 6

Greatest length of operculum.......... 9

The opercula are fully half as long as the abdomen, overlapping nearly
two-thirds their length, then evenly narrowing on both margins to the
subacute apices.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with small, stout, median process
and with the lateral angles rounded. The uncus, when viewed laterally

316 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

is long and slender and strongly curved and when viewed caudally is.
widest at the base, then narrowed till near the broadened and distinctly

bifid apex. The ventral piece is strongly U-shaped, the arms: stout,
slightly notched apically, and connected with membranous tissue till
near their apices. The last ventral segment of the male is over one-half
longer than wide, lateral margins nearly straight, the posterior margin
distinctly but not deeply emarginate. The pygofers of the female have
a strong median process. The last ventral segment is broadly notched
posteriorly nearly one-third the distance to the base. Each of the lateral
pieces of the ovipositor bears about fourteen teeth or ridges, at least in
the specimen examined, of which the basal ones are small and far apart,
the median four or five being quite large, and the terminal four small and
crowded.

Distribution: The specimens at hand were taken in the west-
ern part of the state in Morton, Hamilton, Logan and Finney
counties. In the collection of the Kansas State Agricultural
College are specimens from Logan and Riley counties. Outside
of Kansas this species is reported to occur in Colorado, Utah
and Arizona. The following map shows its distribution in
Kansas as far as is now known:

THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH- | ROOKS 058 = paeh LAY EE
ortava a ei cos
se sane vo
FRANK] MIAMI
GRE'LY| WICH. SCOTT|LANE| NESS eae en ae
Rice | ra
em COFFEL

SHERMAN

avoce} ein LINN

oi ste a

@ debe eon |
GRAY | FORD re ne
inte STEV ser re CLARK |COMAN.) BARBER | HARP. une COW. Sse ron

Remarks: Of the large number of specimens at hand four
are paratypes.

Tibicen superba (Fh.).
(Pl. xxi, figs. 8-4; pl. xxiv, fig. 4; pl.-xxvi, fig. 12; pl. xxvii, fig. 18.)
Cicada superba Fh., Trans. N.-Y. St. Agr. Soc., xiv, (1854), p. 745, 1855.

Cicada superba Uhl., Trans. Md. itas Bei, i, p. 152, 1892.
Tibicen superba Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 494, 1917.

A fairly large insect of a beautiful greenish-buff color, sparingly
marked with black. Specimens at hand measure from 30 to 33 mm.

Color: Head greenish-buff with a broad transverse black band between
the eyes and two small black spots at the base of the front. Pronotum in

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 317

our specimens is entirely greenish-buff. Mesonotum of the same color
with black spots as follows: A pair between the arms of the W, a
small triangular pair laterad of these, a still smaller pair just above base
of fore wings, and a small spot mesad of the tips of the anterior arms
of the cruciform elevation. Abdominal terga not as green as the rest
of the body, with small pruinose spots laterally at the base of the first
segment and with the base of the second segment sometimes narrowly
black. The wings are distinctly smoky apically, the veins being olive-green
basally, becoming brown apically. The cross veins between R; and Ri;
and between the latter and M; are strongly and widely infuscate. The
basal areoles of the fore wings are greenish anteriorly. The flaps of
both wings are dark gray. Beneath the insect is brownish or buff and
entirely pruinose. The legs are of the same color as the underside, dis-

_ tinctly striped and slightly darkening apically.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

NATAL OF IDON 5 sare he iar ae be eo 30 to 393
PPI OT MEAG ss tee ae Se en ale a 18:2 52<to -15.. 15
Hiapanse-of LOre-wiMes 22 0. oo. Se. 86 to 90
Greatest width of fore wing.......... 12 ton AZ S5
Greatest width of operculum ........ Ga Ow ot
Greatest length of operculum........ oa ma 1s eee 8)

The opercula are distinctly longer than wide, the lateral margins are
slightly sinuate, the mesal margins slightly overlap, and the posterior
margins are rounded but with the mesal portion distinctly longer and
straighter than the outer part.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with a stout median tooth which
exceeds the rounded lateral angles. The uncus, viewed laterally, is dis-
tinctly curved and widens distally to the obtuse apex. Viewed caudally
it is a large sclerite nearly twice as long as wide, scarcely narrowing to
the broadly rounded apex, and with the usual depression on the dorsal
part of its caudal aspect. The ventral piece has its arms widely but not
deeply separated. The last ventral segment of the male is distinctly less
than twice as wide as long and is strongly rounded posteriorly. The py-
gofers of the female have a stout and rather short median spine which
exceeds the obtusely angulate lateral angles. The last ventral segment
of the female has the lateral margins distinctly sinuate, the posterior mar-
gin with a broad angular emargination which reaches half way to the
base. The lateral pieces of the ovipositor each bear at first five low
ridges followed by two prominent teeth and- then about six small and ~
indistinct teeth.

Distribution: The only record we have of the occurrence of
this species in the state is from Barber county. It seems to
be a distinctively southern species as shown by its distribution
as given by Van Duzee, who records it from Arkansas, Okla-
homa, New Mexico and Texas.

318 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Tibicen pruinosa (Say).
(Plaxvinte figs 3-4 “plixxiv, fies 3 pl oxxyitie~ Oo tples xoxyal ete On)
Cicada pruinosa Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 330, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii, p.
Pays be
Cicada pruinosa Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 176, 1841.
Cicada bruneosa Wild, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, x, Bul., p. xviii, 1852.
Cicada pruinosa Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., edn. 3, p. 218, 1862.
Cicada canicularis Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 211, 1889.
Cicada pruinosa Davis & Jout., Ent. News, xvii, p. 237, 1906.
Cicada pruinosa Sm. & Grsb., Ent. News, xviii, p. 123, 1907.
Tibicen pruinosa Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 490, 1917.
Tibicen pruinosa Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 145, 1918.

A green and black species of fairly large size. Specimens at hand
measure from 29 to 33 mm.

Color: Head black, with the following marked with green or brownish-
green: The antennal ledges and the space between them and the eyes,
a median elliptical spot on upper portion of front, sometimes three spots
at base of the front, and the posterior margin between the ocelli and the
compound eyes. Pronotum green or brownish-green except for two large
black median spots which taper caudad, uniting just before the collar,
and enclosing an elongate greenish spot. Frequently some of the grooves,
parts of the lateral margins, and the portions just behind the eyes, are
tinged with black. Mesonotum green, marked with black as follows:
The spaces between the arms of the W, a spot on each side laterad of
the arms which are joined sometimes by a slender line with a spot on
the posterior margin, laterad of these a third pair of spots which may
join the second pair posteriorly, and with a large spot between the W
and the light cruciform elevation, its apex reaching up between the inner
arms of the former. Abdominal terga entirely black, first segment with
large lateral pruinose spots which sometimes reach over to the second
segment, the third segment sometimes with attenuated lateral stripes, the
eighth segment and the seventh of the female also pruinose laterally.
Wings with veins greenish basally, except the base of media, becoming
brown on apical half, and with the cross veins between R; and Ru; and
between the latter vein and M; distinctly darkened. Basal areoles of
the fore wings greenish but without distinct dash; flaps of fore wings
grayish, those of hind wings gray, becoming white posteriorly. Beneath
more or less strongly pruinose except for shining black median portion
of the abdomen. Legs light, darkening towards the tips of the tibie.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Leneth-of body? fi s.8 Yee nee 25 to 29
Wadth of heady arc Ai. tate ee Beene 12 to» 33.5
Expanse of fore wings ......... ee ot 1 to 100
Greatest width of fore wing ........ 13.755: t6. 715
Greatest width of operculum ....... 7 ton. TS
Greatest length of operculum....... 9325 to 79.2%

Opercula, excluding the extension beyond the coxal cavity, about as
long as broad, overlapping medially, and rounded apically but with inner
apical margin straighter and longer than the outer.

eee

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 319

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with a strong median process
which exceeds the rounded lateral angles. Uncus, when viewed laterally,
is stout, straight, and parallel-margined till near the apex, when the
caudal margin suddenly tapers to the acute apex. Viewed caudally it
is a large sclerite, over one-half longer than wide, with a broadly round-
ing, nearly truncate, subapically depressed apex, and with a large trian-
gular depressicn on the dorsal part of its caudal aspect. The ventral piece
is strongly V-shaped, with the arms rather slender when viewed caudally
but appearing stout from a lateral view. The last ventral segment of
the male is twice as wide as long, the lateral margins very slightly sin-
uate, the apex broadly rounded. The pygofers of the female have a
slender and acute median process which greatly exceeds the lateral angles.
Last ventral segment of the female with a broad, distinctly angulate
notch reaching nearly half way to the base. In the specimen examined
the lateral pieces of the ovipositor each bore about a dozen ridges or
teeth, of which the first four were ridge-like and the rest more tooth-like.

Distribution: This is one of our commonest species. In
and around Lawrence it is by far the commonest form. As
shown by the following map it is decidedly eastern in its dis-
tribution in the state. The record from Riley county is that
of the Kansas State Agricultural College. Van Duzee records
it from the following other states: Pennsylvania, Indiana,
Missouri, Nebraska and Texas. Davis says its distribution is
that of the general region of the valley of the Mississippi.

; CLouD
SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHERI. |GRAH | ROOKS MITCH. a
LING
LOGAN | GOVE, |TREGO ue RUSS

Jew SNe saune sae

aly Lo
Tat rs purr MARION] cys se
COFFEL

roost, |
se al sh
FORD Clee es
stax. | cas KIOWA KING. @ he 08 Trav
ase
= see BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | COW. ele

Remarks: Davis speaks of the song of this species as fol-
lows: ‘The song of pruinosa is quite unlike that of any of the

| CHEYENNE

WALLACE

GRE'LY| WICH.

CHAUT

other large native cicadas, and may be rendered as 2z-zape,

2-zape, z-zape. The insect often remains quiet all day, singing
from about 3 or 4 p. m. until dark.”

320 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Tibicen linnet (Sm. & Grsb.).

(PIS xviit). fies: 1-1; pl. xxiv, figs 2 pl: xxvijsiig.-t ple xxvii, 1.6. )
Cicada linnei Sm. & Grsb., Ent. News, xviii, p. 127, 1907.
Cicada tibicen Germ., Mag. d. Ent., iv, p. 95, 1821.
Fidicina tibicen Walk., List Homop., i, p. 94, 1850.
Thopha chloromera Walk., List Homop., i, p. 43, 1850.
Cicada tibicen Fh., Trans. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc., xv, p. 367, No. 73, 1856.
Cicada tibicen Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., edn. 3, p. 219, 1862.
Cicada tibicen Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 227, 1884.
Cicada tibicen Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 68, 1888.
Cicada tibicen Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 149, 1892.
Cicada tibicen Macg., Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 82, 1901.
Cicada tibicen Felt, N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir, 8, i, p. 237, pl. 46, fig. 1, 1905.
Rihdna tibicen Dist., Cat. Homop., Cicadide, p. 36, 1906.
Cicada tibicen Davis & Jout., Ent. News, xvii, p. 238, 1906.
Cicada tibicen Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 64, 1907.
Cicada linnei Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 10, 1915.
Tibicen linnei Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 490, 1917.
Tibicen linnei Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent Soc., xxvi, p. 146, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1918.

A green and black species looking like T. pruinosa in form and color.
Specimens at hand measure from 30.5 to 33 mm.

Color: Head mostly black, with the following marked with green: A

broad stripe on each side along antennal ledge from front to eyes, these -

stripes each with a small black spot near the front, an elliptical spot on
upper portion of front connected with a median triangular spot at base
of front, and with irregular marks along posterior margin laterad of
each lateral ocellus. Pronotum green, with two large black posteriorly
tapering median spots which enclose a wedge-shaped green mark, and
with the grooves and back of the eyes frequently black, there sometimes

being a black spot also on the lateral margins. Mesonotum green, marked —

with black as follows: Between the arms of the W, a large spot on each
side laterad of this which extends taperingly to posterior margin, a
smaller spot on each side laterad of these, and a large spot cephalad of
the light cruciform elevation, this spot having a narrow anterior process
which reaches between the median arms of the W. Abdominal terga
black, the posterior margins sometimes being testaceous. First segment
in males with a pair of small but distinct pruinose spots. The wings
have the veins, with the exception of media, greenish basally and becom-
ing brownish apically. The cross veins between R; and R:.; and between
the latter vein and M,, are strongly and broadly infuscated. The basal
areoles of the fore wings are green. The flaps of both wings are grayish
or brownish. Beneath the insect varies from greenish to testaceous, the
opercula being lighter than the rest of the under side and fresh specimens
are entirely pruinose with the exception of the black median portion of
the abdomen. The legs are light brown or greenish with a tendency to
darken apically.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Leneth of body. i533 Vee re eee TA 30:5. to- 33
Width of Head: syHo.2.-4 fs wake paaiee mana 14.25 to: 15
Expanse-of-fore wiflZs. ..7. -\ 0s 5 em 94 to 100
Greatest width of fore wings....... 14 to 14.5
Greatest width of operculum......... 6.5

Greatest length of operculum........ 8 to-.3ita

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. ook

The costal margin of the fore wings is slightly but distinctly bent.
near the middle. The opercula are longer than broad. They slightly
overlap along their mesal margins, the lateral margins are sinuately
narrowed posteriorly and the posterior margin runs cephalo-mesad in a
straight line from the rounded lateral angles.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with a very broad but short
median spine which scarcely exceeds the rounded lateral angles. Uncus,
when viewed laterally,-is curved on its posterior margin to the semi-
obtuse apex. When viewed caudally it is a large sclerite less than twice
as long as wide and gradually tapering from the base to the broadly

rounded apex. The upper portion of the caudal aspect shows a large

triangular depression. The ventral piece is U-shaped with the arms
fairly deeply divided. The last ventral segment of the male is over
twice as wide as long, and slightly emarginate apically. The pygofers

of the female have a prominent and acute median spine which strongly

exceeds the strongly-angled lateral angles. The last ventral segment
of the female has the lateral margins sinuate and the posterior margin
broadly and angularly emarginate nearly one-half the distance to the
base. The lateral pieces of the ovipositor each bear about twelve teeth
or ridges, of which the median four alone are distinct.

Distribution: The only Kansas records for this species are
from Sedgwick, Douglas and Clay counties, the former two
by E. S. Tucker and the last by Wm. T. Davis. Outside of
Kansas it is found in Massachusetts, New York, Michigan,
Tennessee, North Carolina, Illinois, and Mississippi, so that
Kansas would seem to be its western limit.

Remarks: Davis says that the song of this species is a con-
tinuous z-ing, generally of a short duration. All the speci-
mens examined by the writer were from North Carolina.

_Tibicen aurifera (Say).
GE ieeie tee lo ple xxiv Mo. Oe pl. xxVvin tie E> pli sxxwil, figs 12.)
Cicada aurifera Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 332, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 252.
Cicada aurifera Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 68, 1888.
Cicada aurifera Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 158, 1892.
Cicada aurifera Kirk., Ent., xxxili, p. 242, 1900.
Cicada aurifera Macg., Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 80, 1901.
Cicada aurifera Davis, Jl. N. Y..Ent Soc., xxiv, p. 44, 1916.
Tibicen aurifera Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 492, 1917.

A rather small species usually green and black but sometimes vary-

ing to reddish-brown and black, having the body covered with a golden
pubescence. Specimens at hand vary from 23 to 26 mm. in length.
Color: Head black, with the following marked with greenish to
brownish: The antennal ledges and a broad spot between them and
the eyes, a median elliptical spot on upper portion of the front with
sometimes a spot caudad of this, spots at basal angles of the front, 2
spot laterad of each lateral ocellus, and irregular spots between thesa

21—Sci. Bul.— 3058

322 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. ae

and the eyes along the posterior margin. Pronotum largely greenish,
sometimes varying to reddish-brown, with two irregular black spots
enclosing a median wedge-shaped green spot. Mesonotum green to red-
dish-brown, marked with black as follows: Between the arms of the
W, a large spot tapering to-posterior margin on each side laterad of
the W, and a smaller spot on each side laterad of this, the latter two
spots on each side often fusing, and a large black spot in front of the
cruciform elevation with a long slender point reaching between the
two middle arms of the W. Abdominal terga usually black, though some-
times the posterior margins are testaceous. Wings with veins all
greenish to reddish-brown basally, becoming darker apically. The cross
veins between R; and Rx; and between the latter and M; are distinctly
darkened and practically spot-like. The basal areoles of the fore
wings are greenish anteriorly; the flaps of both wings are grayish.
Beneath brownish, entirely pruinose when fresh, rubbed specimens
showing oblong black spot at base of each abdominal sternite. Opercula
usually lighter than rest of under side. Legs light, excepting front
legs, becoming darker apically. ;

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Lencth.-of:-b0d yc siuet wie tes 6 tae ee 23. - to 26
Wrdth-of head 2%. aon a ea oe ee LO? tees
Expansé: of: fore: Wits —. «ot os eae 66 to 76
Greatest width of fore wing.............. 10 ~=to 1il
Greatest width of operculum..........:... 5 to 5.5
Greatest length of operculum............. 7.5 to 8

The opercula are slightly overlapping medially, the apices are very
broadly rounded, the inner margin being slightly longer than the outer.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a stout but acute
median spine, which clearly exceeds the rounded lateral angles. The
uncus when viewed laterally is curved and widens till near the apex,
when the inner margin suddenly tapers and forms an angle with the
outer margin. Viewed caudally it is a large sclerite, about twice as long
as wide, scarcely tapering to the broadly rounded apex, and broadly and
rather deeply emarginate dorsally. The ventral piece is deeply U-shaped.
The last ventral segment of the male is fully twice as wide as long and
hemispherical in outline. The pyfogers of the female have a stout but
very acute median spine which strongly exceeds the lateral angles. The
last ventral segment of the female is distinctly sinuate laterally and the
posterior margin is broadly but angularly emarginate fully one-half of the
distance to the base. The ovipositor has lateral pieces, each bearing about ~
fourteen teeth or ridges, which are for the most part separated by deeper
incisions than in the other species examined. The ovipositor in this case
seems to be specifically distinct.

Distribution: This species has so far been reported from —

Kansas only. It is apparently most abundant in the eastern
part of the state, as shown by the county records on the follow-

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 323

ing map. The records from Riley, Cowley and Russell coun-
ties are those of the Kansas State Agricultural College.
- Further collecting will doubtless reveal this species from the
neighboring states.

ren | coud
SHERMAN. bone GRAH rons | 088. rend H a
EFF|LEAV
We a aa ae
LOGAN Ale ELLIS Rus Bie
ELLSWY SALINE ror
WICH.| SCOTT|LANE] NESS rust rust [ono ae
fai ae

corre age? correc in |
Han po roves. | RENO:
GREEN: woo. | pe a0uR
be BUTLER
D a SEDGE
STAN. | ca [HAS KIOWA KING. a NEOS
mort| Srey. CLARK |COMAN. | BARBER ce SUMNER | COW ea Mace

Tibicen lyricen (DeG.).

Sel xvii nes. 5-Ge pl xxiv, fic 1 > pl.-xxyl, fie: 8 pl. xxv; fig: oT.)

GRELY

Cicada lyricen DeG., Memoires, iii, p. 212, pl. 32, fig. 23, 1778..

Cicada fulvula Osb., Ent. News, xviii, p. 322, 1906.

Cicada lyricen Sm. & Grsb., Ent. News, xviii, p. 125, 1907.

Cicada lyricen Barb., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xiv, p. 210, 1912.

Tibicen lyricen Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 491, 1917.

Tibicen lyricen Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 147, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1918.

A black and fulvous species of about the same size or slightly larger
than T. pruinosa. Specimens at hand measure from 31 to 34 mm.

Color: Head black, with the following marked with fulvous: The an-
tennal ledges and a spot from them to the eyes, a median elliptical spot on
the upper portion of the front, caudad of this a triangular median spot,
a spot laterad of this at each corner of the front, a spot laterad of each
lateral ocellus, and irregular spots on posterior margin of head laterad
of the latter. The eyes are dark fulvous. Pronotum mostly fulvous in
our specimens but with collar and lateral margins always black, and
with two large black median lines which, narrowing posteriorly, meet at
the collar, thus enclosing an elongate, median, fulvous spot. Mesonotum
fulvous, with space between outer arms of W entirely black, a black spot
on each side laterad of this, a black line on each side near the margin,
and a large black spot between the W and the usually fulvous cruciform
elevation. Abdominal terga black, the posterior margin of the first seg-
Ment sometimes fulvous. Pruinose markings on first segment either
absent, reduced to lateral spots, or forming a narrow line. In some
‘specimens lateral pruinose spots on the seventh tergite are visible from
above. Wings, with the exception of the black basal portion of media,
have the veins greenish on basal half and dark fulvous apically. Some-

324 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

times the green is largely replaced by the fulvous. The cross veins
between R; and Rs; and between the latter vein and M: are distinctly
darkened. The basal areoles of the fore wings for the most part are —
greenish; flaps of fore wings dark gray, those of hind wings lighter.
Beneath the body is entirely pruinose with the exception of the black
median portion of the abdomen. The opercula are paler than the rest of
the body. The legs are fulvous, becoming paler apically.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Length: of: bodys i iteda. ans +s thepelane hee Bil E04
Width of head &..., Lui San ere tee bls eee 14°: * to“ -25
Expanse of fore, WINGS os 7 32% ose som ol 100 ~=—to 102
Greatest width of fore wing .......... 14 toni
Greatest width of operculum .......... 6.5) to72.5 7
Greatest length of operculum .......... SW Ko ae! HY

The opercula are about as broad as long, excluding the extension be-
yond the coxal cavity. They overlap medially and the posterior margins
are broadly rounded, the inner margin of the apex being longer and
straighter than the outer margin.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a stout median spine
which scarcely exceeds the rounded lateral angles. The uncus, when
viewed laterally, is stout and curved, the inner margin tapering rather
suddenly apically to the obtuse apex. Viewed caudally it is a large
sclerite, distinctly narrowed toward the obtusely rounded apex, and with
a large triangular depression on the dorsal portion of its caudal aspect.
The ventral piece is strongly U-shaped. The last ventral segment of the
male is fully twice as broad as long and slightly but distinctly emarginate
apically. The pygofers of the female have a slender and acute median
process which greatly exceeds the lateral angles. The last ventral seg-
ment of the female is very broad and narrow, the lateral margins dis-
tinctly sinuate, and the posterior margin with a large and broadly
rounded emargination which reaches about one-third of the distance to
the base. The ovipositor is rather sparsely toothed, each lateral piece
bearing about ten rather blunt teeth or ridges.

Distribution: Specimens of this species have been taken in
Cherokee, Wilson, Elk, and Riley counties. It may be that this
state is its northwestern limit for Van Duzee records it as an
eastern and southern form found in Ontario, Rhode Island,
New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Florida, Alabama,
Ohio, and Indiana. Smith and Grossbeck record it from New
Brunswick also.

Remarks: Davis states that the song of this species is a
monotonous zing.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. BAS)

Tibicen resonans (Walk.).

(Pl xix, figs. 3-4; pl. xxiv, fig. 6; pl. xxvi, fig. 13; pl. xxvii, fig. 9.)

Cicada resonans Walk., List Homop., i,.p. 106, 1850.

Cicada resonans Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1915.

Tibicen resonans Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 493, 1917.

Tibicen resonans Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 148, 1918.

A ferrugineous and black species of large size. Specimens at hand
measure from 38 to 40 mm.

Color: Head black, with ferrugineous spots as follows: Along the
antennal ledges and on to the eyes, a median and two lateral spots at the
base of the front, and irregular marks along the posterior margin laterad
of the lateral ocelli to the eyes. Pronotum mostly ferrugineous with the
grooves, an almost continuous line along the anterior margin, parts of
the lateral margins and other variable spots, black. Mesonotum ferrugin-
eous with black spots as follows: Between the arms of the W, a usually
smaller spot on each side laterad of this, a spot along each lateral margin,
and a large transverse spot cephalad of the ferrugineous cruciform eleva-
tion which has a slender anterior process reaching between the median
arms of the W. The wings have the veins entirely ferrugineous as are
the basal areoles of the fore wings. The cross veins between R; and be-
tween R:.; and between the latter vein and M; are clearly but not strongly
darkened. The flaps of both wings are grayish or buff. The abdominal
terga are black. Beneath the insect is dark brown or ferrugineous with
the opercula lighter. The specimens at hand are partly pruinose. The
legs are ferrugineous. .

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

eH eU iO LADOUY. -.9 2 seers etn. ch ake ae ovale he 38 to 40
ONG CPCS ay see 16 Ralie ure a aia See a ea maar ta AT tosl725
MPEGS Gi lol? WINS. cea. dock tule 's se hs 115
Greatest “width: of ‘fore wing... . 2.0... 15
Greatest width of operculum............. 8
Greatest length of operculum............ 8

Opercula, excluding extension beyond the coxal cavity, broader than
long, overlapping for a short distance medially, the posterior margins
forming a broad and nearly regular curve.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with a broad but shallow median
emargination which bears a broad and short but distinct median tooth
which is shorter than the lateral angles. The uncus, when viewed later-
ally, is broad basally, narrowed medially, and then expanding apically
much like a horse’s foot. Viewed caudally it is broader than long,
slightly narrowing to the broad, truncate apex. The ventral piece is
strongly U-shaped, its arms turning strongly laterad apically. The last
ventral segment of the male is distinctly less than twice as broad as long,
the lateral margins regularly narrowing to the broad truncate apex. The
Pygofers of the female have an acute median tooth which distinctly ex-
ceeds the lateral angles. Last ventral segment of the female with sinuate
lateral margins, the posterior margin broadly and angularly emarginate

326 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

half way to the base. ‘The ovipositor is characterized by the regularity
of the teeth of the lateral pieces each of which bears about ten teeth or ~
ridges. :

Distribution: The only record of this species for the state
is that given by Mr. Wm. T. Davis who reports a single speci-
men from Kansas in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Van
Duzee gives North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama
as the other states in which it occurs. Davis reports specimens
from Mississippi and Louisiana in addition. Thus it is seen to
be a distinctively southern species.

Remarks: Davis reports this species as being found in the
sand ridges in North Carolina. The specimens examined were
kindly sent me by him from this state.

Tibicen auletes (Germ.).

(Pl. xix, figs: 5-6: ploexxv,.he 25; plo xy, fies Tsp xxv, fie. 1.)
Oicada auletes Germ., Silb. Rev. Ent., ti, p. 65, 1834.
Tettigonia grossa? Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 678, 1775.
Cicada grossa Oliv., Encyc. Meth., v, p. 747, 1790.
Cicada auletes Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 176, 1841.
Cicada sonora? Walk., List Homop., i, p. 105, 1850.
Cicada literata Walk., List Homop., i, p. 91, 1850.
Cicada auletes Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., edn. 3, p. 218, 1862.
Cicada marginata How., Insect Book, p. 282 (emarginata), pl. 28, fig. 19, 1905.
Cicada marginata Sm. & Grsb., Ent. News, xviii, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1907.
Rihana grossa Dist., Genera Ins., fase. 142, p. 29, 1912.
Cicada auletes Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1915.
Cicada auletes Weiss, Ent. News, xxvii, p. 162, 1916.
Tibicen auletes Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 492, 1917.
Tibicen auletes Davis, J]. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 149, 1918.

A greenish-brown and black or nearly fulvous and black species of
very large size. This is the largest of our cicadas, the specimens at hand
measuring from 40.5 to 42 mm.

Color: Head black, marked with greenish-brown as follows: A spot
along antennal ledges which broadens on towards the eyes, an elongate
median spot on upper portion of front, a median and two lateral spots at
base of front, and irregular spots beginning laterad of the lateral ocelli
and extending along posterior margin to the eyes. Pronotum mostly
greenish-brown, with two, black, triangular, median spots tapering pos- —
teriorly to the collar and enclosing an elongate light stripe and each, in
our specimens, with a fulvous spot in anterior portion. The portion back
of the eyes is also black and connects with a black narrow line which
runs along the groove in front of the collar. The lateral margins are
narrowly black. Mesonotum mostly black, the median arms of the W
being fulvous, these fulvous lines broadening and extending laterad and
caudad to the cruciform elevation which is greenish-brown. The lateral
margins of the mesonotum are also fulvous. Abdominal terga black, the _

basal segment and the last three segments being pruinose in fresh speci- ;

ts \ Sh a
PRS TF a
it, oe

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDZA. Sot

mens. The wings have the veins, with the exception of the basally ful-
yous media, greenish-brown basally, becoming darker apically. The
cross veins between R; and Ru; and between the latter and M;, are dis-
tinctly darkened. The basal areoles of the fore wings are greenish-brown.
The flaps are grayish to brownish in color. Beneath the insect is olive-
green and pruinose in fresh specimens. The legs are of about the same
color.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand: :

MeEMPLD: OF DOGG ce toh oer ete PRES 40.5 to 42
Wig oe NEA «ye och SS Oe ee fo £00. TS
Beapanse Of TOTre WINES. =... asic. S's D6. ate. 27
Greatest width of fore wing.......... FOES Oh LOSS
Greatest width of cperculum......... 9.5

Greatest length of operculum......... 12

The opercula are very large and broad, separated at base medially,
but overlapping quite strongly for a short distance, the outer margins
slightly sinuate, and the apices broadly rounding.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a very broad but short
median process which does not equal the rounded lateral angles. The
-uncus, when viewed laterally, is broad basally, narrowed medially, and
then enlarged at the apex which somewhat resembles a horse’s hoof.
Viewed caudally it is a comparatively short and very broad sclerite with
its truncate apex slightly but distinctly emarginate. .The last ventrai
segment of the male is fully twice as wide as long, the margins slightly
sinuately tapering to the rounded, almost truncate apex. The pygofers
of the female have a broad and short but acutely-pointed median spine
which scarcely exceeds the lateral angles. The last ventral segment of
the female has the lateral margins practically straight and the broad
angular emargination of the posterior margin extends half way to the
base. The lateral pieces of the ovipositor each bears three slight ridges
followed by about ten fairly distinct, rounded teeth.

Distribution: In the collection of the Kansas State Agricul-
tural college are specimens which were taken in Riley county.
Davis records specimens from Labette county also. As far as
the writer knows these are the only two records of the occur-
rence of this insect in the state. Davis states that it is found
from eastern Kansas and Nebraska to Michigan and Massa-
chusetts, and southward along the coast to Florida. Van
Duzee records it from Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Maryland, District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Michi-
gan, Missouri, and Kansas. It would seem, therefore, that
Kansas is its western limit.

Remarks: Concerning the song of this species Davis writes:
“Its song is monotonous in tone and not loud, considering the

_

|

size of the insect. It often commences to sing late in the after-

noon and continues off and on until dark.”
The specimens examined by the writer were taken in _

Georgia.

328 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Pr ee

Tibicen dorsata (Say).

(Plo'xx, figs. 5-62 ple xxiv ofios 8% pl.txevi; fe 4s spleexxvil sfc 7)
Cicada dorsata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 331, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii, p. 252.
Thopha caria Walk., Last Homop., i, p. 42, 1850.
Fidicina crassa Walk., Ins. Saund., Homop., p. 10, 1858.
Cicada dorsata Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 342, 1876.
Cicada dorsata Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 152, 1892.
Cicada dorsata Tuck., Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., iv, p. 64, 1907.
Cicada dorsata Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, pp. 161, 164; 1915.
Tibicen dorsata Van ,D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 495, 1917.

A large greenish-yellow and black species. Epecimens at hand vary in
lencth from 31 to 38 mm.

Color: Head mostly black but with yellowish-green spots running
along antennal ledges to eyes, each of which spots usually contains a
small black spot, and with irregular light spots along posterior margin
faterad of the lateral ocelli. Also on the upper part of the front there is
a small elliptical! light spot. Pronotum yellowish-green, usually with the
two attenuated, black, median triangles which enclose a light median line,
and usually widen out making the groove cephalad of the collar black.
Often only parts of these triangles are present. Sometimes the part
back of the eyes is black as is also a very narrow portion of the lateral
margins. The mesonotum has the following parts black: Between the
arms of the W, a long posteriorly narrowing line on each side laterad of
this, and a pair of narrower lines on the lateral margins, also a large
triangular spot cephalad of the light cruciform elevation which sends an
anterior process cephalad between the inner arms of the W. The arms of
the W apically, the lateral margins and the depressions around the cruci-
form elevation, are all heavily pruinose. The abdominal terga are black
with a row of dorsal white spots. The first segment has lateral white
spots, the third segment often with a narrow pruinose line along the
anterior margin, and the rest of the segments pruinose laterally, the last
segment often being entirely pruinose. The wings have the veins, with
the exception of the usually black base of media, yellowish-brown and be-
coming darker apically. The cross veins between R; and Riu; and between ~
the latter and M, are distinctly darkened. The basal areoles of the fore
wings are brownish, and the flaps of both wings are grayish, the first ones
with an orange tinge. The wings appear strongly vitreous due to the
unusual corrugation of the membrane, and are slightly clouded apically.
Beneath the insect is testaceous, the opercula lighter, and in fresh speci-
mens is entirely pruinose. The legs are of about the same color as the
under side, the posterior ones being darkest. They are distinctly striped.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. ooo
Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

PASTE OSSNOG Ye Ba 8 oe cots 8S a's oo cia eyon SRG. ks

Pee Ei OF Oa te Sree 1S Se a eud aie. a sete MS ese 125.60. - 85

MXPANSS Ol LOPE WINES jon. Kc oe are ce 8 90 to 105

Greatest width of fore wing........... 15 =to* 9

Greatest width of operculum .......... One OA oo

Greatest length of operculum ......... DB ain 0 ae |

The opercula are distinctly longer than broad, slightly overlapping
medially, the lateral margins recurved, and the pemeeries margins evenly
and broadly rounded.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male roundly emarginate posteriorly,
without any signs cf a median tooth, the lateral angles strongly angulate.
Uncus, viewed laterally, is broadest at the base, curving, the apex obtuse.
Viewed caudally the general form is triangular, but the apex is quite
broad and almost truncate. The ventral piece has two short and stout
arms which are not deeply cleft. The last ventral segment of the male is
not quite twice as broad as long and is very broadly rounded cr nearly
truncate posteriorly. The pygofers of the female have a short median
spine which does not exceed the well-rounded lateral margins. The last
ventral segment of the female has the lateral margins straight, the pos-
terior margin with a rcunded emargination reaching half way to the
base. The lateral pieces of the ovipositor have well-developed teeth or
ridges, about six of the thirteen on each side being prominent.

Distribution: Our records indicate that this species is our
most widely distributed form in the state. It has been taken
in over thirty counties from all parts of the state. The records
from Russell and Riley counties are those of the Kansas State
Agricultural College. Those from Clay and McPherson coun-
ties are by Davis. Van Duzee records it from the following
other states: Missouri, lowa, Nebraska, Arkansas, New Mex-
ico, Texas and Colorado. The following map shows its distri-

bution in Kansas:
a =e es

ac ws
WALACE) LOGAN aoe Russ
cise] SALINE sauné MORRIS peal
Lront

corre agoce ratio | |

ree

ets
®
CHAUT MONT. LAB.

GRELY - SCOTT|LANE] NESS | RUSH es

oan eae =:
=e
—— Sesh
GRAY} FORD
Secale ra

A

330 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Tibicen resh (Hald.).

(Pl. «xx, figs: 3-43 pl: xxiv, fic= 7+ pk xxvii, fig. 2: pl. xxvii, fig. 5.)
Cicada resh Hald., Stansb. Salt Lake Exped., p. 369, pl. 9, fig. 17, 1852.
Cicada robertsoni Fh., Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc., xiv, (1854), p. 745, 1855.
Cicada robertsont Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 164, 1915, (synon. of resh).
Cicada resh Davis, J]. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1915.
Tibicen resh Van D., Cat. Hemip N. A., p. 493, 1917. __
Fibicen resh Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 149, 1918.

A large yellowish-green and black species. Specimens at hand meas- ©

ure from 32 to 35 mm.

Color: Head mostly black, but with large triangular spots along an-
tennal margins to eyes, an oval spot on upper portion of front, triangular
spots at base of front, a spot just caudad of this, and irregular spots on
each side along posterior margin laterad of the lateral ocelli, yellowish-
green. Pronotum yellowish-green, marked with black as follows: Two
small triangular spots on anterior margin which sometimes run back-
ward and fuse with the black converging lines in the grooves which run
back to the collar, and with two spots laterally in groove cephalad of
collar. In dark specimens the entire anterior margin of the pronotum
may be black, as well as the entire groove cephalad of the collar. Such
forms have the two large black characteristic median triangles which en-
close a median elongate greenish spot. Mesonotum largely black, with
two elongate lateral greenish to brownish spots on each side and a
median pair of spots of the same color which form the Hebrew letter resh
inverted. The abdominal terga are black as a rule, but often have the
posterior margins brownish. The wings have the veins greenish basally,
with the possible exception of media, but they become brownish apically.
The cross veins between R; and R:,; and between the latter and M; are
strongly darkened. The basal areole of the fore wings is greenish while
the flaps of both wing's are a brownish-gray. Beneath the insect is usually
testaceous and in fresh specimens is pruinose. The legs are also testa-
ceous, the femora streaked, and the tarsi and tibie darker.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the

specimens at hand:

Leneth:.of bodys... Sae os eeae So. =. te: 355
Width of headacas 3S cen pots eee 14.5 to 16.5
Expanse of fore wings .............-- 98! - tertOT
Greatest width of fore wing........... ba "te=, 16
Greatest width of operculum .......... (te ie
Greatest length of operculum ......... Os tex: Sip

The opercula are about as broad as long excluding the extension. be-

yond the coxal cavity. They overlap very slightly medially, and the

posterior margins are broadly and evenly rounded.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a broad and then
but very low median process which does not equal the rather pointed
lateral angles. The uncus, viewed laterally, is widest at the base, some-

what curving, and widened again apically, with the apex rather truncate.

Viewed caudally it is a broad and short sclerite, the apex quite truncate
and shallowly notched. The ventral piece has the slender arms widely

Bi
i
“hs
‘e 4 aft y y
+ ‘gus Da
Poy) One Sorgen

A LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. See

‘and deeply separated and each curves laterad apically. The last ventral
segment of the male is nearly twice as wide as long, with the apex broad
‘and truncate and with a very slight median emargination. The pygofers

of the female have the usual stout and acute median tooth which far ex-

ceeds the distinctly angulate lateral angles. The last ventral segment of

the female has the lateral margins distinctly sinuate and the broad

angular emargination of the posterior margin reaches fully half way to
the base. Each of the lateral pieces of the ovipositor bears about seven

-_yery indistinct and rounded teeth. Should this condition prove constant

it would be of taxonomic value.

Distribution: While we have a goodly number of specimens
of this species, an examination shows that they were all taken
in Elk county and this seems to be our only record for the state.
Van Duzee gives Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and
Utah as the states in which it has been taken. Thus it seems
to be more common in the Scuth, and may prove to be distinctly
southern if, as Davis surmises, the Utah record may not be
authentic.

Tibicen marginalis (Walk.).

(Plo xa ses. 1-2 plexxiv, fie. 9 pl. xxvi, fig. 5s-pl. xxvii, fig: 3s)

Cicada marginalis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1128, 1852 (n.n. for marginata Say).

Cicada marginata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 330, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 251.

Cicada marginata Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 227, 1884.

Cicada marginata Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 68, 1888.

Cicada marginata Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 150, 1892.

Cicada marginata Macg., Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 81, 1901.

Cicada marginata Sm. & Grsb., Ent. News, xviii, p. 128, 1907.

Cicada marginata Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1915.

Cicada marginata Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, p. 240, pl. 18, figs. 2, 4, 1915.

Tibicen marginalis Van D., Check List Hemip., p. 55, 1916.

Tibicen marginalis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 493, 1917.
Tibicen marginalis Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 150, 1918.

A very large greenish and black or greenish-yellow and black species.
Specimens at hand measure from 36 to 39 mm. Smith and Grossbeck state

_ that specimens examined by them averaged over 40 mm.

Color: Head mostly black, with a broad greenish-yellow stripe along
anterior margin from the front to the eyes, a spot of the same color on
upper portion of front and also along posterior margin laterad of the
lateral ocelli. Pronotum greenish-yellow with two, small, black, median,

triangular spots at anterior margin and sometimes with black spots ex-

tending cephalad from collar to meet these, thus enclosing an elongate,

light, median dash which frequently contains a black median line. Meso-

notum mostly black, the W being greenish-yellow with the angles greatly
enlarged and laterad of this is a large, almost fulvous spot on each side.

_ The cruciform elevation is of about the same color as these lateral spots.

Abdominal terga black with the posterior margins fulvous or testaceous

_ as are also the tympanal coverings of the male. The wings have the veins
_ greenish basally and brownish apically. The cross veins between R; and

332 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Ris and between the latter and M; are not at all, or only slightly, in-
fuscated. The basal areoles of the fore wings are green; the flaps of
both wings are greenish-yellow. Beneath, the entire surface is brownish
or testaceous and fresh specimens are pruinose, with the exception of
the median portion of the abdomen in rubbed specimens. Legs of the same
color as the under side, slightly darkening apically, and showing dis-
tinct ridges on the femora.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the speci-
mens at hand:

' Length of body. 23) oe ee ee 36: = to 39
Width of heads = ai ion eerie Ly ac tor ean. 2o
Expanse of fore wittt'Ss Vad. 22% som ee LOTS S46" 12
Greatest width of fore wing......... PEA tO ELS
Greatest width of operculum ........ NAM On ys
Greatest length of operculum........ Seb Oe a8

The costal margin of the fore wings is distinctly bent near its middle.
The opercula are only slightly longer than broad, overlap slightly for
a short distance medially, and the posterior margins are broadly and
evenly rounded.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate cf the male is roundingly and deeply
concave between the lateral angles, and there are no signs of a median
tooth. The uncus, viewed laterally, is stout and curving, and tapers to
a rather obtuse apex. Viewed caudally it is triangular, the apex dis-
tinctly pointed but obtuse, and with the usual triangular depression on
the upper portion of its dorsal aspect. The ventral piece is strongly
V-shaped, the arms being quite stout. The last ventral segment of the
male is nearly twice as broad as long, the sides slightly sinuate and
the apex very broadly rounded or nearly truncate. The pygofers of the
female have distinct but rounded lateral angles and a rather long, slender
and acute median tooth. The last ventral segment of the female has
the margins straight and the posterior margin is broadly and roundingly
emarginate almost one-half the distance to the base. Each lateral piece
of the ovipositor has about twelve teeth or ridges of which the median
six teeth are quite distinct.

Distribution: This species has been taken in six counties in
the state as shown by the following map. The localities here
given would indicate its distribution at least over the eastern
two-thirds of the state. The records from Riley, Russell, and
Ellis counties are those of the Kansas State Agricultural Col-
lege. Van Duzee records its occurrence in Florida, Ohio, Ken-
tucky and Texas, as well as in Kansas. Davis says it is a cen-
tral United States species.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDAE. 339

WALLACE} LOGAN
ae ne
ern we Seuse nes | rus | rust fore

ns ree

HODGE.

Tibicen dealbata (Davis).

Cele fies ple xxiy, ie Ofe pl xxvii fice 3 ple xxvii, heel 2)
Cicada marginata var. dealdte Davis, in N. Y. Ent. Soe Xxill, p. 162, 1915.
Tibicen dealbata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. Sie 1917.

i
es
corre a

; 5.
Feo es

@
erat front LAB. |CHERO

jr ae aran cara iar HARP. SUMNER COW

A large green and black species, some specimens, however, being yel-
lowish-brown and black. Specimens at hand measure from 32 to 37.5
mm., most of them averaging about 35 mm.

Color: Head yellowish-green, with a black transverse band between
th2 eyes which is broadened medially to touch the posterior margin and
the base of the front, the latter being black but with a greenish elliptical
spot on its upper portion. Pronotum greenish, with two irregular median
lines usually running from the anterior margin to the collar and en-
closing a broad median stripe. These black lines, however, are often
reduced to mere spots at the anterior margin and just cephalad of the
collar. Mesonotum greenish or brownish, marked with black as follows:
Between the arms of the W, a long posteriorly tapering line on each side
laterad of this which attains the posterior margin and is connected to
the W by a black line at about its middle, a narrower lateral stripe on
each side, and a large spot cephalad of the cruciform elevation which
sends a median process cephalad between the median arms of the W.
In the specimens at hand the lateral margins, the portion in front of
the cruciform elevation, and three short narrow stripes at the tips of
the arms of the W are pruinose. The abdominal terga are black with
the posterior margins of the segments and frequently the sides of the
terminal segments, yellowish or brownish. Usually there is a dorsal
median row of pruinose spots and the sides are strongly pruinose. The
wings have the veins greenish basally and brownish apically. The cross
veins between R; and R:.; and between the latter and M: are usually
slightly darkened. The basal areoles of the fore wings are greenish
and the flaps are brownish while the flaps of the hind wings are more
grayish. Beneath the body is greenish and in fresh specimens is en-
tirely pruinose. The legs are also greenish but with a tendency to
become brown apically.

; a 2
334 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. |}

Form: The following are the pieaoarcwtniie in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Length Of DOGGY, 4... tee eh ee eee Ba tO-Coleo
Width.of head oo n2e0- 5 2, 42 ae eee 14.5 to 16.5
Expanse:.of fore; Wints.. Azo. ul io ee 97 -.to-£10
Greatest width of fore wing.......... LM lee Fs dae |)
Greatest width of operculum.......... 6.6 62S
Greatest length of operculum.......... 9.5 to 10

The opercula are distinctly longer than broad if the extension beyond
the coxal cavity be included. They overlap slightly for a short distance
medially and the posterior margin is broadly rounded, the ag portion
distinctly longer and straighter than the outer part.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male is roundingly excavated
apically and without a median tooth or with the bare suggestion of a
very broad one. The uncus, viewed laterally, is regularly curved and
narrowed to the cbtuse apex. Viewed caudally it is distinctly triangular,
the apex being quite pointed. The ventral piece has the arms deeply
and rather narrowly divided to receive the apex of the uncus. The
last ventral segment of the male is less than twice as wide as long
and the apex is distinctly rounded. The pygofers of the female have
a large but acute median spine which strongly exceeds the distinct
lateral angles. The last ventral segment of the female is comparatively
long, with the lateral margins distinctly sinuate and with the angular
excavation of the posterior margin reaching slightly over one-third of
the distance to the base. Each of the lateral pieces of the ovipositor
bears three faint ridges followed by about ten teeth, the third to sixth —
of which are large and distinct.

Distribution: This species seems to be well distributed over
the western two-thirds of the state as shown by the following
map. Davis reports it from Colorado also.

“e THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH ele a CLAY ae
JEFF Bs
es per — a a
LOGAN cove fren cuss | RUSS
cae] SALINE sane MORRIS
GRE'LY| WICH. | SCOTT |LANE Nee oa ans
sees MARION] cyase
COFFEH ANC

in
-- yee:
aS
MORT| STEV. |SEW. CLARK | COMANS oath &. SUMNER | COW. °*

|

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 339

CW tae
:
4

Remarks: Davis originally described this species as a va-
riety of T. marginalis, saying that he considered it as more of
a mountainous form than the typical marginalis. Its recorded
distribution in Kansas would seem to indicate the correctness
of his view as to its ecological distribution.

Tibicen eugraphica (Davis).
CPi ssi pfs. -1-O4-pl xxv hie. 235 pl xxv, fea? plo xxvily fig: -2.
Cicada eugraphica Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiv, p. 52, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1916.
Tibicen eugraphica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 492, 1917.
A small black species marked with yellowish-orange. The speci-
mens at hand measure from 18 to 24 mm., the average being about 22 mm.

Color: Head black, marked with yellowish-orange as follows: An
elliptical spot on upper part of front, a spot on each side above antennz
and running along base of front, a spot on each side above the antennz
and between the latter and the eyes, and irregular spots laterad of

- lateral ocelli and running along posterior margin. Pronotum yellowish-
orange, often with the two black median triangles entire though some-
times broken with orange, the grooves, humeral angles, and anterior
margin of collar also irregularly black. Mesonotum yellowish-orange,
marked with black as follows: Between the arms of the W, a pair of
large spots laterad of these and extending to the posterior margin, small
spots on the lateral margins, and caudad of the W a cross-shaped spot
which, however, is often reduced to just the standard, on either side of

_ which there are always two black dots. Abdominal terga usually black,

_ sometimes dark brown, the posterior margins yellowish-brown. Fore
Wings with costal margins light to about the middle, beyond this, along
with the rest of the veins, dark brown. Cross veins between R; and
R:; and between the latter and M; are perfectly clear. The basal
areoles of the fore wings are also clear, while the flaps of both wings
are grayish. Beneath the insect is brownish, the opercula lighter, and
in fresh specimens the whole surface is pruinose. The legs are yellowish-
orange and streaked with testaceous.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

eet OT DOU Y 60s. a tak os he beaks es. AO. to 24
META OT SN CAC ie se eis rh eaeteks alo Rahs 8 to 9.25
Beep ANsO=Ol- fore WINCS. tus. . 6s howe wae. s 62 to 69
Greatest width of fore wings............ 9 to 10
Greatest width of operculum............ 5

Greatest length of operculum............ 6

The opercula are distinctly wider than long excluding the extension
* beyond the coxal cavity. The mesal margins nearly or just touch, the
lateral margins are sinuate, while the posterior margins are broadly

_ and evenly rounded.

Gentalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a broad rectangular

notch apically in which is just the suggestion of a median tooth. Viewed
laterally the lateral angles have a small but distinct anteriorly project-

isn
“ie hh wie
Qsiebledi M

336 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 5

ing tooth. The uncus, viewed laterally, appears stout, with a distinct —
backwardly-projecting knob at its central portion, and terminates in a
stout but acutely-pointed claw which extends cephalo-ventrad. Viewed
caudally it is wish-bone shaped, the arms strongly curving and rather
well separated apically. The ventral piece has the arms separated by
a broadly rounded incision so that they are pressed against the sides
of the supra-anal plate. The last ventral segment of the male is about
twice as wide as long, the lateral margins slightly sinuate, and the apex
nearly truncate. The pygofers of the female have the lateral margins
rounding to the acute median tooth. The last ventral segment of the
female is a little over twice as wide as long, the angulate emargination
of the posterior margin reaching about one-fourth of the distance to the
base. The lateral pieces of the ovipositor each bear about nine rounded
and quite distinct teeth cephalad of which there is an indistinct ridge.

Distribution: While there are a goodly number of specimens
of this species in the Snow collection, an examination reveals
that all our Kansas specimens were taken in Barber county.
And this seems to be the only record for Kansas. Davis re-
ports this species from Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. Thus
it seems to be a distinctively southern form, and possibly
reaches its northern limits in Kansas.

Remarks: Two of the specimens at hand are paratypes.

Tibicen vitripenmis (Say).

CRP sxsxi fies-5-65, plz xxypaneio. Dla soxvie on Oo lp extxauad stl Oreecens)

Cicada vitripennis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 236, 1830; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 372.

Cicada albipennis Woodw, Psyche, v, p. 68. 1888.

Cicada vitripennis Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p? 153, 1892.

Cicada vitripennis Macg., Can. Ent., xxxWi, p. 83, 1901.

Cicada vitripennis Snow, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., ii, p. 349, 1904.

Cicada erratica Osb., Ohio Nat., vi, p. 497, 1906.

Cicada erratica New., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 60, p. 52, 1906.

Cicada vitripennis Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiv, p. 58, pl. 6, figs. 3-4, 1916.

Tibicen vitripennis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 497, 1917.

A rather small, usually greenish and black species which, however,
varies to reddish-brown and black. Specimens at hand measure from
21 to 23 mm.

Color: Head black, with a broad, green band extending from the
front along each side, along the antennal ledges to the eyes, and with
large, green spots laterad of the lateral ocelli and extending along the
posterior margin to the eyes. This leaves the black portion of the head
in the form of a cross with a short and broad standard extending from
the front to the posterior margin, and long and slender arms reaching tv
the eyes. Pronotum mostly green, with two black triangular spots on
anterior portion which taper posteriorly and then widen just cephalad
of the collar into triangular spots, the four enclosing an elongate median

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 337

green mark. The furrows are also more or less blackened and the lateral
angles bear black spots which sometimes extend in a narrow line along
the anterior margin of the collar. Mesonotum green, strongly marked
with black as follows: Between the arms of the W, large triangular
spots laterad of these tapering to posterior margin, and just caudad of
the W, a distinct cross with a short and stout standard and with the
apices of the arms enlarged. The cruciform elevation is light. Ab-
dominal terga are black, the posterior margins testaceaus, the first seg-
ment and sometimes also the second, with a distinct median testaceous
line. The wings, as described by Say, are “vitreous immaculate,” the
cross veins being not at all darkened. The veins of the fore wing, with
the exception of media, are green basally and testaceous apically. The
basal areoles of the fore wings are entirely clear, while the flaps of both
wings are gray. Beneath the body is entirely pruinose in fresh specimens.
except for the median black stripe on the abdomen. The opercula are
lighter than the rest of the under side. The legs are pale brown, with a
distinct tendency to have ridged femora and greenish tibie.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

PINE ENS Ol “DOW vec os Secta ois eb ee ake ane 21 to 23
MNT PE EO NEA. 2°05. cee eek os wae Scare Ao es 9

Preeanse Of fore: WINSSs 62% 12 cee 66

Greatest width of fore wing.......... 9 tOnto.D
Greatest width of operculum.......... 5e25. to 0.0
Greatest length of operculum......... Ono 10. OTD

The opercula are broad and short, the inner margins strongly angled,

with the points of the angles distinctly separated, and with the posterior
margins broadly rounded.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male broadly and deeply excised be-
tween the rounded but slightly toothed lateral angles. Uncus, viewed
laterally, is stout basally, with a short inner tooth and an outer larger
curving and acutely-pointed one. Viewed caudally it is wish-bone shapeil,
the arms gradually separating to the apices. They are not as widely
separated or as curving as in T. eugraphica. The ventral piece is strongly
U-shaped, the arms rather short and slender and widely separated,
fitting against the sides of the supra-anal plate. The last ventral seg-
ment of the male is not quite twice as wide as long, the sides sinuately
tapering to the well-rounded apex. The margins of the pygofers of the
female curve evenly to the base of the well developed and acute median
spine. The last ventral segment of the female has the sides roundingly
narrowed to the deeply emarginate posterior margin, the emargination
reaching nearly half way to the base and having its margins slightly but
distinctly emarginate. Each of the lateral pieces of the ovipositor bears
about eleven teeth or ridges, of which six are large enough to be very

distinctly seen.
Distribution: The only counties in the state from which we
have records of this species are Clark, Sumner and Barber.

22—Sci. Bul.— 3058

bsvigtc ieee aie NER |
q

338 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

These being in the extreme southern part of the state, indicate
the southern distribution of this species. This is confirmed by —
the distribution given by Van Duzee, who records it from the
following states: Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, Oklahoma,
Texas, and Arizona. Davis reports it from Nebraska also.

Remarks: Davis quotes Prof. R. W..Harned as stating that
this species is found only on low ground or in swampy places.
In his article on Mississippi cicadas he makes Cicada erratica
a synonym of this species.

Subfamily CICADINA® Van D.

The members of this subfamily do not have the perfect tym-
panal coverings possessed by the males of the preceding sub-
family, nor are these coverings entirely absent, as in the males
of the following subfamily. Our species are medium sized or
small forms. |

The two genera of this subfamily represented in the state
may be separated by the following key: 3

KEY TO GENERA.

A. Abdomen translucent; cross vein between A; and R..; strongly
oblique; tympanal coverings of male large. Cicada.

AA. Abdomen not translucent; cross vein between R; and Rus perpen-
dicular or very slightly oblique; tympanal coverings of male very
small. Proarna.

Genus CICADA Linn.

The members of this genus that occur in the United States
are rather small forms. They agree with the genus Tibicen in
having the tympanal orifices concealed by tympanal coverings,
but not perfectly, and yet much better than in the genus Pro-
arna. They also have relatively much smaller heads than do
the members of the genus Tzbicen. The abdomen is very char-
acteristic, being distinctly translucent. The opercula are quite
small and are widely separated. They differ also from the
genus Proarna by having the cross vein between R, and R,,,
strongly oblique instead of perpendicular, as in the latter.

A single member of the genus occurs in the state. i

Cicada hieroglyphica Say.

(PI> xxiii, figs. 1=25—pl) xxv, fig..6;. pl. xxvi, fig: 16; pl xxvii; fe. ZOD)
Cicada hieroglyphica Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., vi, p. 235, 1830; Compl. Writ.,
I epi | 9 ees fel
Cicada characterea Germ., Thon, Ent. Archiv., ii, p. 40, 1830.
Cicada hieroglyphica Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 176, 1841. |
Tettigia hieroglyphica VDist., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., i, p. 11, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1881.

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 339

Tettigia hieroglyphica Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 227, 1884.

Tettigia hieroglyphica Macg., Can. Ent., xxxili, p. 83, 1901.

Cicada hieroglyphica Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 184, 1909.
Cicada hieroglyphica Davis. Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., p. 60, pl. 6, fig. 5, 1916.
Cicada hieroglyphica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 496, 1917.

Cicada hieroglyphica Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 152, 1918.

A rather small green and black species with the abdomen more yel-
lowish-brown. Specimens at hand measure from 20 to 25 mm.
Color: Head yellowish-green, with two transverse black lines before

the eyes and four black longitudinal lines, the outer ones short, running

caudad from these. Just mesad and caudad of each eye there are alse

black spots. Pronotum greenish-yellow, marked with two black median tri-

angular spots, enclosing between them a long light band, and uniting in
two smaller triangular spots just cephalad of the collar. The grooves are

also black and there are black spots on the humeral angles and small

black spots are scattered here and there over the surface. Mesonotum
yellowish-green, marked with black as follows: A longitudinal median
line, spots between the arms of the W, a small triangular spot on each
side at anterior margin laterad of these, and a large spot laterad of these
small spots, and a black spot on each side of the median line just cephalad
of the light cruciform elevation. The abdominal terga are yellowish-
brown, the last segment and supra-anal plate being darker and the second
segment has a median dorsal black line. The wings have the veins tawny
to brown and all four cross veins are darkened, there also being small
brown dots near the tip of each vein. The basal areoles of the fore wings
are clear and the flaps of both wings are gray with a tawny tinge.

_ Beneath the insect is a little lighter than above and fresh specimens are

.

quite pruinose. The legs are of about the same color as the under side,
striped with testaceous, and darkened apically.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

PSE ORDO Y p55 8 eo ace eee oe 7A i Beams #02745)
Wmaribii-ot sHeads 2 sale el eee WS fie GOR S
Pap anSe- Of TORE. WINES « 25 i.e he sac ce es 56 to 60
Greatest width of fore wing.............. 8 -to* 9
Greatest width of operculum............. 3.0
Greatest length of operculum............. 3

The-opercula are very small, evenly curving from the antero-lateral
corner to the point where the two opercula come nearest together, but
even at this point they are far apart. In the male the sternites of the
abdomen are distinctly keeled.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male is lightly chitinized
dorsally at the apex and bears a small median process. The uncus, viewed
laterally, is large, tapering ventrally, and ending in an obtuse apex
which bears a small point extending cephalad. In the upper portion of
its lateral aspect is a triangular membranous part which seems quite

_ characteristic. Viewed caudally the uncus is narrow at the top, widest

just below the middle, and its lower margin has a smali median emargina-
tion. The last ventral segment of the male is nearly as long as broad,

340 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

the margins are slightly sinuate and the apex is broadly rounded. The
pygofers of the female bear a long median spine and the margins are
distinctly and obtusely angulate. The last ventral segment of the female
is of about equal length throughout, the posterior margin bearing two
small lobes on either side of a small median triangular excavation. The
lateral pieces of the ovipositor bear rather weak teeth of which only two
or three on each side are prominent, the remaining four or five being
very indistinct. Cephalad of the teeth is a very weak ridge on each side.

Distribution: The only record of the capture of this species
in Kansas comes from Chautauqua county. Van Duzee records —
it from the following states: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.
Thus it would seem that Kansas forms the northwestern limit
of this species.

Remarks: The males of this species seem to be much more
common than the females. Mr. Davis kindly loaned me one of
the latter and states that they are comparatively uncommon.
He says they occur most commonly in the pine barrens, ““where
in June and July their songs constitute an almost continuous
performance.”’

Genus PROARNA Stal.

The members of this genus are very small cicadas. The
tympanal coverings are very imperfect, leaving most of the
tympanal orifice exposed. The abdomen is not translucent and —
the cross vein of the fore wings between R:; and Rss is very
characteristically perpendicular instead of oblique. The oper-
cula are small and do not approach each other very closely.

A single member of the genus occurs in Kansas.

Proarna venosa (Uhl.).

(PI. xxiii; fies. 5-6; pl.-xxv; fig. 8; pl: xxvi, tig. 20; pl=xxyi; fig. 85)

Prunasis venosa Uhl., Ent. Am., iv, p. 82, 1888.

Prunasis venosa Macg., Can. Ent., xxxili, p. 77, 1901.

Prunasis venosa Dist., Cat. Homop., Cicadide, p. 152, 1906.

Proarna venosa Dist., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vili, p. 134, 1911.

Proarna venosa Dist., Genera Ins., fase. 158, p. 16, 1914.

Proarna venosa Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 497, 1917.

A very small pale green to straw-colored species. Specimens at hand
measure from 11 to 13 mm. i

Color: Head greenish or straw-colored, with a more or less continuous
brownish transverse band between the eyes and extending backward
medially to enclose the ocelli. The antennal ledges also are usually some-
what brown. Pronotum yellowish-green, immaculate, or with the humeral
angles darkened, and sometimes the grooves slightly darkened also. Some-

_

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 341

times there is a suggestion of the two dark median triangles on the
anterior margin. Mesonotum yellowish-green, marked with brown as
follows: Between the arms of the W, a large posteriorly tapering spot
on either side laterad of this, the tips of the anterior arms of the hght
cruciform elevation, and two faint dots just cephalad of these. Ab-
dominal terga straw-colored, with the bases of the segments, especially
laterally, more or less marked with fuscous. The wings have the veins
straw-colored or greenish basally, becoming brownish apically. The cross
veins between R: and R:;, between R:.; and M:, and between M, and
M. are sometimes slightly, but usually distinctly darkened, and there is
a tendency for all the veins to be slightly smoky apically. The basal
areoles of the fore wings are clear and the flaps of both wings are milky-
white to straw-colored. Beneath, the insect is straw-colored or yellowish-
green, with the opercula lighter. The legs are straw-colored with the
femora distinctly banded with fuscous.

_ Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the speci-
mens at hand:

EIEN E OGY viccd ot seh as Fin bc ao lee Lon LS
Rnteh On Neda A2 i 7 Wee So St oto A
Pex parise Of LOre “WINGS. ao <5. 2 oe ike es 29 tosa2,
Greatest width of fore wing........... 4 to 5
Greatest width of operculum.......... 2 top 220
Greatest length of operculum.......... ich, CO to

The opercula are distinctly wider than long excluding the extension
beyond the coxal cavity. They are widely separated medially and are
broadly rounded from the cephalo-lateral angle to the angulate meso-
caudal angle which slightly overlaps the metasternum.

Genitalia: Supra-anal plate of male with a very wide emargination
posteriorly. Viewed laterally there is a very strong and acute dorsal
point. The uncus, viewed laterally, enlarges apically and is bifid. Viewed
caudally it is narrowest basally, widest just below the middle, and ends in
four rounded lobes. The ventral piece consists of two very widely sepa-
rated arms which lie against the supra-anal plate. The last ventral seg-
ment of the male is about twice as broad as long and the truncate pos-
terior margin is very slightly emarginate medially. The pygofers of the
female have a small median tooth which does not exceed the sinuated
posterior margins. The last ventral segment of the female is about three
times as wide as long, the posterior margin being broadly emarginated
about one-third of the distance to the base, the sides of the emargina-
tion themselves being slightly notched. The lateral pieces of the ovi-
positor each bear two or three indistinct ridges which are followed by

four prominent teeth and these by three smaller and indistinct ones.

_ Distribution: The only counties from which this species
Seems to have been taken are Sumner and Barber. Van Duzee
records it from Texas and New Mexico. Accordingly Kansas
seems to be the northern limit of its range.

342 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Subfamily TIBICININ (Dist.).

The members of this subfamily differ from those of the pre- —
ceding in that the males do not have any tympanal coverings —
at all. In the main they are small to medium sized forms. —_

There are four genera of the Tibicinine represented in our
Kansas fauna. These may be separated by the following key: —

KEY TO GENERA
A. ss of median area of fore wings distinctly longer than marginal
cells.

B. Head about as broad as base of mesonotum. Opercula nearly
touching medially. Tibicina.

BB. Head distinctly narrower than base of mesonotum. Opercula
widely separated.

C. Median transverse suture of elytra not very evident.
Okanagana.

CC. Median transverse suture of elytra very evident.
Tibicinoides.

AA. Cells of median area of fore wings not distinctly longer than mar-
ginal cells. Melampsalta

Genus TIBICINA Kol.

The tympanal coverings are entirely absent in this genus, in
this respect agreeing with the following three genera. It dif-
fers from them, however, in having a relatively broader head
which is as broad as the base of the mesonotum. Added to this
is the characteristic of the opercula which nearly touch me-
dially. As in the two following genera the cells of the median
area of the fore wings are distinctly longer than the marginal
cells.

The single member of the genus and its variety occur in the
state. Only the 17-year race has been definitely recorded from
within our borders though the 13-year race comes so close in
Missouri that it would be surprising if it did not extend west-
ward over into the state.

Tibicina septendecim (Linn.).

(Pl. xxiii, figs. 9-10; pl. xxv, fig. 5; pl. xxvi, fig. 14; pl. xxvii, fig. 19.)
Cicada septendecim Linn., Syst. Nat., edn. 10, i, p. 436, 1758; edn. 12, ii, p. 708, 1767.
Tettigonia septendecim Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 679, 1775.

Tettigonia costalis Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 516, 1798.

Cicada septendecim Germ., Thon, Ent. Archiy., ii, p. 4, 1830.

Cicada septendecim Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 167, 1841.

Cicada septendecim Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., edn. 2, p. 180, 1852.
Cicada septendecim Jag., Life of N. Am. Ins., p. 64, 1859.

Tibicen septendecim Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 4, i, p. 618, 1861.
Cicada septendecim Harris, Treat. Ins. Inj. Veg., edn. 3, p. 206, 1862.
Cicada septendecim Ril., 1st Mo. Rept., p. 18, 1868. =

Bed : LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 343

Tibicen costalis Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 116, 1869.

Tibicen septendecim Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 116, 1869.

Cicada septendecim Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 227, 1884.

Cicada septendecim Lintn., 2nd Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 167, 1885.

Cicada septendecim Ril., Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1885, p. 233.

Tibicen septendecim Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 160, 1892.

Cicada septendecim Marl., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. n.s. 14, 1898.
Tibicen septendecim Felt, N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir, 8, i, p. 231, pl. 46, fig. 2, 1905.
Tibicina septendecim Dist., Cat. Homop., Cicadide, p. 125, 1906.

Cicada septendecim Marl., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 71, 1907.
Tibicina sepltendecim Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 500, 1917.

> Tibicina septendecim Davis, Jl. N: Y. Ent. Soc., xxvi, p. 152, 1918.

A medium sized black and orange species. Specimens at hand measure
from 28 to 30 mm. J

Color: Head entirely black except sometimes for a small orange med-
ian triangle at the posterior margin. The eyes are either black or orange
in the dead specimens. Pronotum black except laterally, the inflexed por-

tions being of an orange tinge. Sometimes the collar is faintly tinged

with the same color. Mesonotum black except for narrow lateral orange
stripes. Abdominal terga black, the conjunctive often appearing orange
as does the posterior portion of the last segment in the male. The wings
have the costal margin and the veins distinctly orange basally, but
apically they become brown. The whole wing, especially basally and
apically is more or less smoky. The W at the cross veins is quite promi-

nent. The basal areoles of the fore wings are a very dark brown. The

~

flaps are grayish, tinged with orange. Beneath, the insect is mostly black
but with at least the posterior margins of the abdominal segments nearly
orange and with the light color extending up the sides. Often the ab-
dominal sternites are entirely brown. The legs are an orange-brown,
striped with testaceous, the tarsi darker. ;

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Length of body ..... Rear ahem na Gat cee 28 to 30
Meeabdth Ol Head. 65. sss oon eee oh ee ees 8.75 to 9.25
Expanse of fore wings .............. 80 to 88
Greatest width of fore wings......... P2292 ~ COTES oO

Greatest width of operculum ......... 3
Greatest length of operculum ........ 4.5

The opercula are quite narrow, having the outer and posterior mar-

gins forming a semicircle, and their postero-mesal margins well separated.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male has a very large median
projection. Viewed caudally its margins are inflexed below this median
tooth, and each bears near its middle two curving, mesally projecting,
finger-like processes and near the base a larger and more strongly haired
one. The uncus, viewed laterally, has the form of a triangle with its apex
bent strongly cephalad. Viewed caudally it has the form of two sclerites
extending downward from the anal tube, encircling the penis, and widen-
ing below it into two triangular processes which taper to acute apices.
The penis is usually strongly protruded from between the two parts of
the uncus and possesses terminally two very characteristic little sclerites

344 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

which meet dorsally and are wide apart ventrally and whose rounded
margins are strongly serrate. The last ventral segment of the male is
about twice as wide as long, the lateral margins sinuate to the rounded
posterior margin. The pygofers of the female have the margins evenly
rounding to the prominent median spine. The last ventral segment of
the female has a very large incision posteriorly which reaches over -one-
half the distance to the base. The ovipositor is provided with about
thirteen quite even and similar teeth on each side.

Distribution: According to Marlatt, only Broods I and IV
are known to occur in Kansas. The former brood is recorded
by him (Bul. 71, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., 1907) from Leav-
enworth and Dickinson counties. Brood IV is our big brood
and is recorded from the counties marked on the following

map. In addition to Marlatt’s record, specimens have been

taken from Atchison, Butler and Riley counties and these, with
the records of Brood I, are included in the map. None of these
broods go further west than Kansas, and it is very likely that
other broods of the 17-vear race and some broods of the 13-
year race occur in the state, but there seem to be no records

of them.

SHERMAN THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH rons | os ren H “ee
ame oe
: ae
eu SNE |saune| age
GRE'LY| WICH.| SCOTT |LANE| NESS RUSH BARTON > | rane] ar}
rice | TM°PHER
= Sto ze oe
ager
: FORD rs
See sents PRATT SEDGE

ELK. RAW,
STEY. ° a= ne ny cow.

ox | So

Remarks: Marlatt gives the three different notes charac-
teristic of the song of this species as follows:

1. At the height of the season, when many males are sing-
ing together, the most characteristic note is represented by the
letters tsh-e-e-E-EK-E-E-e-ou. Thus it was described by Fitch.

2. Early in the season when few males have emerged the
Pha-r-r-r-aoh note is heard.

i}

®
BUTLER

NN A

=

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 345

3. The clicking note “consisting of from 15 to 30 short,

quick sounds, sometimes double, the whole lasting about five

seconds.”

Tibicina septendecim var. cassinti (Fish.).

Cicada cassinti Fish., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 272, 1851.
Cicada septendecim var. cassinti Ril., 1st Mo. Rept., p. 21, 1868.
Cicada septendecim var. cassiniti Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 501, 1917.

This variety occurs along with typical sentendecim. It dif-
fers from the latter in being distinctly smaller and in usually
having the under side of the abdomen entirely black. Riley
states that the genital hooks of the male (uncus) vary con-
siderably in this variety whereas they are constant in typical
septendecim. At any rate they are often just like those of the
latter.

Genus OKANAGANA Dist.

This is a very large genus the member's of which are most
abundant in the western states. As in T7bicina the cells of the
median area of the fore wings are distinctly longer than the
marginal cells. The head is clearly narrower than the base of
the mesonotum. The opercula are widely separated. The
transverse suture of the fore wings is not as distinct as in the
following genus.

Only two species belonging to this genus are known to occur
in Kansas. They may be separated by the following key:

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Species smaller, less than 20 mm.; black and hconey-yellow in color.
synodica.

AA. Species larger, over 20 mm.; black marked with reddish or orange.
bella.

Okanagana synodica (Say).

Siigeexi he s.25-0- Dl. xxyenion Ile plexxya es lO pl exxyid. te >.)
Cicada synodica Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 334, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii
Dp: 250.

Cicada synodica Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 341, 1876; iii, p. 455, 1877.
Tibicen synodica Woodw., Psyche, v, p. 68, 1888.

Tibicen synodica Macg., Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 78, 1901.

Okanayana synodica Dist., Cat. Homop., Cicadidx, p. 126, 1906.

Okanagana synodica Van D., Jl.-N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii. pp. 27, 40, 1915.

Okanagana synodica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 503, 1917.

’

A small black and honey-yellow species. Specimens at hand measure
from 15 to 18.5 mm. |

Color: Head mostly black, with a transverse line across antennal
ledges and base of front, three triangular spots on posterior margin and
median line on front, honey-yellow. Pronotum with entire margin honey-

346 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

yellow except for black spots on humeral angles. On either side of the

pale median line are two large usually quadrate black spots, the grooves —

on either side of these are broadly black and parallel to the lateral mar-
gins, and extending on parallel to the adjacent portions of the posterior
margins, are right-angled black marks on either side. The mesonotum is
honey-yellow marked with black as follows: Between the arms of the W,
a line extending back from these to the pale cruciform elevation with a
dot on either side, and laterally two large triangular posteriorly tapering

spots which reach the posterior margin. Abdominal terga black with the -

posterior margins honey-yellow, the terminal segments almost wholly
light. The wings have the veins almost entirely honey-yellow but slightly
darkening apically, and usually distinctly infuscated. The basal areoles
of the fore wings are opaque and dark brown or brownish-yellow. The
flaps are grayish tinged with yellowish or orange. Beneath the insect is
almost wholly honey-yellow. The legs are of the same color but strongly
marked with dark brown, the tarsi being dark.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the speci-
mens at hand:

Léneth-et> body: :ty5 22 se ee 15 £02 18:5
Width-of heads... = coe oe ee 475 to ee
Expdnse of fore win?'S.2..-20% <.<.5 6 38 to 44
Greatest width of fore wing.......... 0.1) tO 6
Greatest width of operculum......... P23 tos 2
Greatest length of operculum......... 22D: DLO tO

The opercula are very small and narrow, strongly curved on both sides
and ending in an obtusely pointed apex which points mesad and ends in
about a line with the exterior margin of the coxa.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male is slightly but broadly
emarginate on the posterior margin. The uncus, viewed laterally, is nar-
row basally, then widens to widest point and then tapers to rather obtuse
apex. Viewed caudally it is broadly- elliptical and slightly emarginate
ventrally. The ventral piece has very stout arms which are deeply
divided and whose apices suddenly narrow and turn slightly mesad. The
last ventral segment of the male is distinctly less than twice as wide as
long, the lateral margins are distinctly sinuate and the apex is truncate.
The pygofers of the female have the posterior margins distinctly sinuate
to the very small but distinct median tooth. The last ventral segment of
the female has the lateral margins slightly sinuate and the posterior mar-
gin is broadly and deeply emarginate nearly three-fourths of the distance
to the base. The ovipositor is stout and the lateral pieces are each sup-
plied with about thirteen very regular ridges and teeth.

>
Sse ee

wy
¢
4 4
a

”

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 347

Distribution: This species occurs in the western part of the
state as shown by the following map. The records from Wal-
lace, Logan and Rooks counties are those of the Kansas State
Agricultural College. Van Duzee records it from Colorado and
New Mexico. Accordingly Kansas would seem to be the east-

ern limit of its range.
=
SHERMAN THOMAS SHER}. | GRAH pas MITCH CLAY
eet Ws
f2 SS = NYS
Sauine | ae eae
ae

GRE'LY| WICH.| SCOTT} LANE] NESS ap
COFFEL na} Ln | LINN

* KEAR. root | ac HARVEY
sey auea!
Gray | FORD
[staN. GRANT — PRATT | KING SEDGE
ELK CRAW.

oa Saree aw | SUMINER | COW.

Oueaagine bella Davis.
(Pl. xxii, figs. 3-4+ pl. xxv, fig. 10; pl. xxvi, fig. 17; pl. xxvii, fig. 21.)

Okanagana bella Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxvii, p. 198, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1919.

A medium-sized black species, marked with reddish or orange. Speci-
mens at hand measure from 21.5 to 22 mm.

Color: Head black, with antennal ledges, dash back of median ocellus,
sometimes two spots at base of front and median line on upper portion of
front, reddish-orange. Pronotum black, sometimes margined all around
with orange, but always along the posterior margin. Mesonotum black,

-anterior arms of dark cruciform elevation spotted with orange and in

front of them are two orange spots. The metanotum is black, the pos-
terior margin being orange. Abdominal terga black, posterior margins
narrowly orange dorsally, the orange band wider laterally. The wings
have the costal margin orange to the end of the radial cell, the remainder
of the veins being brown. The basal areole of the fore wing is dark
brown, the flaps of both wings and parts of the bases of each wing being
strongly orange. Beneath the insect is orange and black, the abdominal
sternites with the posterior margins orange, the orange replacing the
black more and more on the posterior segments. The legs are orange but
strongly marked and striped with black.

»

348 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Denethcotsbody fsck bo ce eee 21. 5 sto 122
Wiidthot heady ee eee 7940 i tee
Hxpanse of fore wiNtsess | 0... Le eee 60." -to-65
Greatest width of fore wing.......... 10s toctt
Greatest width of operculum.......... 3

Greatest length of operculum ......... 4

Leneth: of -valvie-i ck oe a ace eee 5

The opercula are very small, widest basally, then suddenly narrowed
due to a sudden incurving of the lateral margin. Then they slightly
widen again before the lateral margin meets the mesal margin in an ob-
tuse point which points mesad. The valve is quite elongate and acutely
‘pointed apically.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male is very slightly emar-
ginate apically. The uncus, viewed laterally, is narrow basally, then
widened, the margins subparallel till near the very slightly hooked apex.
Viewed caudally it is emarginate apically and the emargination appears
slightly notched on each side. ‘The ventral piece has the arms very widely
separated and each is slightly notched apically. The last ventral seg-
ment of the male is nearly as long as wide, the lateral margins distinctly
sinuate and the posterior margin truncate. The pygofers of the female
have the posterior margins slightly sinuate on either side of the stout
median terminal projection. The last ventral segment of the female has
the lateral margins strongly narrowed and the posterior margin is
angularly emarginate fully one-half the distance to the base. The ovi-
positor is stout, the lateral pieces each bearing about a dozen broad teeth.

Distribution: The only record of the occurrence of this
species in Kansas is that given by Davis who states that there
is a pair of specimens of this species from this state in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Presumably it occurs in the western part of the state. The
specimens examined are from Colorado, Arizona, Utah and
Oregon. In addition Davis names the following states where
this species is known to occur: New Mexico, Wyoming, Mon-
tana, Idaho, California and Washington, and it also occurs in
Alberta and British Columbia.

Remarks: As Davis mentions, members of this species have
in the past been confused with Okanagana rimosa (Say).

Genus TIBICINOIDES Dist.

The members of this genus are very like those belonging
to the genus Okanagana. The chief difference lies in the very
evident median transverse suture of the fore wings which is
much less distinct in the members of the latter genus.

A single member of the genus occurs in Kansas.

—s: a cil

> some

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 349

Tibicinoides hesperius (Uhl.).
(Pl. xxiii, figs. 3-4; pl. xxv, fig. 9; pl. xxvi, fig. 18; pl. xxvii, fig. 14.)

Cicada hesperia Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 342, 1876.

Tibicen hesperia Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 161, 1892.

Tibicina? hesperia Dist., Cat. Homop., Cicadide, p. 125, 1906.

Tibicinoides hesperius Van D.. Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xxiii, pp. 27, 43, 1915.

Tibicinoides hesperius Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 504, 1917.

Okanagana hesperia Davis, Jl. Nw Y. Ent. Soc., xxvii, p. 218, 1919.

A rather small honey-yellow and black species with the wings clouded
basally and strongly marked with reddish or orange. The specimens at
hand measure from 19 to 21 mm.

Color: Head black, marked with yellowish as follows: The antennal
ledges, a large median elliptical spot on upper portion of front, often
three spots at base of front, and a median line caudad of median ocellus.
Pronotum black, bordered entirely with a narrow yellow collar, with
yellowish markings in grooves and on lateral parts. Mesonotum black,
marked with yellowish as follows: Tips of outer arms of W and its bases,
the extreme lateral margins, and cephalad of the black-spotted anterior
arms of the light cruciform elevation. The metanotum is mostly yellowish.
Abdominal terga mostly yellowish, the first two segments darker and
with median and lateral darker lines on all the segments. Sometimes
the abdomen is entirely black with only the posterior: margins yellowish.
The wings have the costal margin yellowish up to the tip of the radial
cell, otherwise the veins are brownish to black. Usually the veins are
heavily infuscated up to the marginal cells, giving the basal portion a
brownish color. The basal areoles of the fore wings are heavily clouded
with brown. The flaps of both wings are reddish or orange as are
other parts of the base of the hind wings. Beneath, the insect is honey-
yellow, strongly marked with black, the abdomen being lighter than
the other parts. The legs are so heavily marked with black as to appear
nearly entirely dark.

_ Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

Beneth of body . 2... ; Re tices ese e caakine LOO a
NOt Ode CAG! 325.22 ays wre ke Se once he Gpbstose 5
Prepanse’ Of TOre WINES 20. 2 soo Sis alah 8 bia. t0.¢ 5D
Greatest width of fore wing .......... Te. tO 9
Greatest width of operculum.......... 3

Greatest length of operculum.......... 2.5

The opercula are broader than long, widest at the base, then suddenly
narrowed by the excavation of the lateral margin, the obtuse apex point-
ing mesad. The nodal furrow of the fore wings is very marked, forming
a distinct transverse V with its arms widely separated.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male is very slightly but dis-
tinctly emarginate posteriorly. The uncus, viewed laterally, is widest
near the base, the apex having a distinct downward hook due to a ventral
preapical rounded incision. Viewed caudally it narrows apically and
_ shows the lower margin to be distinctly emarginate. The ventral piece
has its arms separated by a wide rounded incision and their apices are

350 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

turned distinctly mesad. The last ventral segment of the male is con-
siderably less than twice as wide as long, the lateral margins are strongly
sinuate, and the broad truncate apex is broadly and clearly incised. The
pygofers of the female have the margins regularly curving to the small
but stout median tooth. The last ventral segment of the female is
quite characteristic, the lateral margins being sinuate while the posterior
margin is deeply and angularly excavated over one-half the distance to
the base, the margins of the excavation being distinctly notched. The
ovipositor is short and stout, the teeth on the lateral pieces being quite
rounded and even, about a dozen on each side.

Distribution: This species has been taken in the three west-
ern counties of Trego, Ellis and Russell. The latter two records
are those of the Kansas State Agricultural College. Van Duzee
records it from Colorado, Nevada, and California. Davis men-
tions New Mexico, Arizona and Montana as states where it
occurs. It is very evidently a western species which reaches
its eastern limits in Kansas. .

Remarks: There seems to be some doubt as to the proper
generic disposition of this species. Davis places it in the genus
Okanagana because the relative size of the marginal cells and
those of the median area of the fore wing is about the same
as in the members of that genus. On the other hand the color-
ing of the fore wings is that of the genus Tibicinoides as is
also the very conspicuous nodal furrow.

Genus MELAMPSALTA Kol.

These are very small cicadas. The tympanal coverings are
lacking, and the venation of the fore wings is very characteris-
tic in that the marginal cells are of about the same size or even
longer than the cells of the median area.

The single member of the genus occurs in Kansas.

Melampsalta calliope (Walk.).
(Pl, xxiit, figs.7-8; pl. xxv, fig.c7 y ph xxvighe 20 phe axvis Be b)
Cicada calliope Walk., List Homop.; i, p. 212, 1850.
Cicada parvula Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 233, 1825; Compl. Writ., ii,
p. 253.
Cicada pallescens Germ., Thon, Ent. Archiv., ii, p. 8, 1830.
Carineta parvula Uhl., Ent. Am., iv, p. 22, 1888.
Cicada parvula Uhl., Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., i, p. 165, 1892.
Cicada parvula Macg., Can. Ent., xxxili, p. 76, 1901.
Cicada calliope Kirk., Can. Ent., xli, p. 390, 1909.
Melampsalta parvula Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 184, 1909.
Melampsalta calliope Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 506, 1917.
Melampsalta calliope Davis, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soce., xxvi, p. 154, 1918.

A very small yellowish-brown to greenish species. Specimens at hand
measure from 12.25 to 15.5 mm.

ae

* < € , > ae al : a he ond! ; ¥ we |
a aye i Rpttase PRAY By ata late

LAWSON: KANSAS CICADIDA. 351

Color: Head in brown forms either practically unmarked or with an
irregular broad transverse black band with a distinct dash projecting
cephalad on each side of the base of the front which itself is basally dark
except for the light median portion. Pronotum of brown forms either
unmarked or the grooves irregularly marked with black. The mesonotum
of the brown forms has two short median and two large lateral black
lines. The abdominal terga of the brown forms may be unmarked or

darkened basally and laterally. The wings of the brown forms have

brownish veins, the basal areoles of the fore wings are clear and the flaps
of both wings are grayish with a brownish tinge. Beneath, the body is
nearly uniformly brown, the legs being marked with darker lines. The
green forms at hand are uniformly green except for a transverse black

band on the head cephalad of the eyes, black spots below the antenne, and

the rostrum and tips of tarsi blackish.

Form: The following are the measurements in millimeters of the
specimens at hand:

ae ens Ols NGO y <. <5... 4s ok 12.25 to 15.5
DMitdote ter DEN ee, ee ot ao 3.5 to -4.5
Expanse of fore wings ............... 33 to 40
Greatest width of fore wing ........... 5b tat
Greatest width of operculum........... 3

Greatest length of operculum.......... 3.25

The cells of the median area of the forewing are of about the same

_ size or shorter than the marginal cells. This is most. constant in regard

to the relative length of cells Ist R; and 2nd R:.
The opercula are quite small, about as broad as long, widely separated
medially, and broadly rounding laterally and posteriorly.

Genitalia: The supra-anal plate of the male when viewed laterally is
seen to be strongly pointed dorsally and to have a distinct caudally-pro-
jecting dorsal lobe on the posterior margin, just below which is a smaller
rounded lobe. The uncus, viewed laterally, appears like a short, acute,
curved process. Viewed caudally it consists of two diverging processes
which taper to subacute apices. The last ventral segment of the male is
triangular, about one-third wider than long, the lateral margins sinuately
tapering to the obtuse apex. The pygofers of the female have the mar-

gins sinuate to the base of the large median spine. The last ventral

segment of the female is very short and the posterior margin is broadly

and triangularly emarginate nearly to the base. The ovipositor is
“equipped with about ten distinct and well rounded teeth on each side.

302 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Distribution: This is a quite common species in the state.
The records show it to be well distributed over Kansas as

shown by the following map. The records from Riley and
Russell counties are those of the Kansas State Agricultural Col-
lege. Van Duzee records it from the following other states:
New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee,
Louisiana, Arkansas, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado and
Texas. Davis reports it from Mississippi also.

CHEYENNE | RAWLINS | DECATUR sop. [ne vewert| REPUB See nent own son
MITCH

SHERMAN 5 ora ors | ose |
ae LEAV
aon
WALLACE| LOGAN a Russ
rue] SALNE| net i
ao
ear

GRELY| WICH.|SCOTT|LANE| NESS oa
Te TPHER|PARION
CHASE
corre ee ee

GREEN:| WOOD. | ALLEN BOUR
stax | GRANT rs a fan. [sete a

B= aoe Pics BARBER | HARP Aaa ®.

oe

CRAW.

aulee

Explanation of Plates.

(353)

23—Sci. Bul.—3058

PLATE XVIII.

MALE GENITALIA—

ap Le a oes Ne

Lateral view of Tibicen linnet.
Caudal view of Tibicen linnet.
Lateral view of Tibicen pruinosa.
Caudal view of Tibicen pruinosa.
Lateral view of Tibicen lyricen.
Caudal view of Tibicen lyricen.

(354)

(355)

PLATE XVIII.

PLATE XIX.

MALE GENITALIA—

SPR Cteion aoe e ne

Lateral view of Tibicen marginalis.
Caudal view of Tibicen marginalis.
Caudal view of Tibicen resonans.
Lateral view of Tibicen resonans.
Caudal view of Tibicen auletes.
Lateral view of Tibicen auletes.

(356)

PLATE XIX.

PLATE XX.

MALE GENITALIA—

UR RE eth ooh Stel

Caudal view of Tibicen dealbata.
Lateral view of Tibicen dealbata.
Caudal view of Tibicen resh.
Lateral view of Tibicen resh.
Caudal view of Tibicen dorsata.
Lateral view of Tibicen dorsata.

(358)

PLATE XxX.

(359)

he

“PEATE SX Es

US
ica.
hica.

ripennis.

ripennis.

Caudal view of Tibicen eugraph

t
t

4

fid

.
.
.

S

icen eugrap

wen VL

.

icen vi

D

a

8. Lateral view of T

f Tibicen superba.

4. Caudal view of Tibicen superba.

Lateral view of Tib

=

ALIA— _

Lateral view of Tibicen b

Caudal view of Tib

2. Caudal view of Tibicen bifidus

3. Lateral view o

at
D.
6
7

MALE GENIT

t u ty ‘ o Cea
i 4 . T 5 A
S 4+ x h ’ m
ra F P
nt a - .
aK : Me _ f r i
hot i . I ¢
:
’ amis : a Ni \ ‘ j Ka OL
S d as v’ °
ite) yates i ; L
cA \ J 7 j 7)
Ka i « , q a
~ y -
t , *
L YR ce pe ’
\ , ts 4
1 y r - “
: - > ;
t
viteey
é /
iy ,
,
;
'
- m 2
j ;
f ‘ t
“
t
‘
‘ t
J :
i 4)
‘
j
4
z i
:
.
Hl j
u \ ' i
,
v
.
|
:
f
;
4
‘
: 4 ‘
P is rt
eteiea tM, ‘ 4 f Ls +

PLATE XXI -

y

tae We
x

.

“PLATE XXII.

MALE GENITALIA—

Eat A eae e Scar

Lateral view of Tibicen aurifera.
Caudal view of Tibicen aurifera.
Caudal view of Okanagana bella.
Lateral view of Okanagana bella.
Lateral view of Okanagana synodica.
Caudal view of Okanagana synodica

(362)

PLATE XXII.

(363)

PLATE XXIII.

MALE GENITALIA—

be

Net Ope er pee ree

Lateral view of Cicada hieroglyphica.
Caudal view of Cicada hieroglyphica.
Lateral view of Tibicinoides hesperius.
Caudal view of Tibicinoides hesperius.
Caudal view of Proarna venosa.
Lateral view of Proarna venosa.
Caudal view of Melampsalta calliope.
Lateral view of Melampsalta calliope.

Caudal view of Tibicina septendecim var. cassinit.
Lateral view of Tibicina septendecim var. cassinti.

(364)

PLATE XXIII.

OVIPOSITORS—

i:

ee

abr as Fu canes carte

Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen

PLATE XXIV.

lyricen.
linnei.
pruinosa.
superba.
aurifera.
resonans.
resh.
dorsata.
marginalis.
dealbata.

(366)

(367)

PLATE XXIV

PLATE XXV.
OVIPOSITORS—

1. Tibicen auletes
Tibicen eugraphica.
Tibicen vitripennis.
Tibicen bifidus.
Tibicina septendecim.
Cicada hieroglyphica.
Melampsalta calliope.
Proarna venosa.
Tibicinoides hesperius.
Okanagana. bella.
Okanagana synodica.

Rant eee rae od a ae eee

be

(368)

(369)

PLATE XXV.

3058

24—Sci. Bul.

ite

v
a
i
ye
<3
ne
De
re
—
3
he ~
-
*

PLATE XXVI.

LAST VENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE MALE—

Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen
Tibicen

auletes.
resh.
dealbata.
dorsata.
marginalis
vitripennis

eugraphica.

lyricen.
bifidus.
pruinosa.
linnei.
superba
resonans.

Tibicina septendecim.
Tibicen aurifera.
Cicada hieroglyphica.
Okanagana bella.
Tibicinoides hesperius.
Okanagana synodica

Proarna venosa.
Melampsalta calliope.

(370)

PLATE XXVI.

PLATE XXVII.

LAST VENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE FEMALE-—

PO Sie ee Perel es

Tibicen auletes

Tibicen eugraphica.
Tibicen marginalis.
Tibicen vitripennis

_ Tibicen resh.

Melampsalta calliope.
Tibicen dorsata.
Proarna venosa.
Tibicen resonans.
Tibicen pruinosa.
Tibicen lyricen
Tibicen aurtfera.
Tibicen bifidus.
Tibicinoides hesperius.
Okanagana synodica.
Tibicen linnet
Tibicen dealbata.
Tibicen superba
Tibicina septendecim.
Cicada hieroglyphica.
Okanagana bella.

(372)

(373)

PLATE XXVII.

Nm <>

INDEX.

2 PAGE
IESE TERE Seen Sara Mi Py hn os a ee SE 326
SME e sera MCI SOR Se hn eT os we, ee ae Oe 321

er caniorana oS on Re ee ee eee. 347
ifidus, MeMMOC ed Mak pete ya CN Se 2 es ee ee 315

ealliope, Melampsalta.............. Se ee ah a ce ei toe a 350

Serene Vdket tpicina-sepLengeenn: 2.8. os Net ee 345
I ae Seas Pere eG Ye 5 Soe yee oa te ka 338
SRE RNO DAA Pee eet ETL) Se EAL lee len tS thas a Be es ees 338

oe a a tee SSE RD a cM are CRC el As OE aE BA ti 309
Neier ee ON a ee Fie ee ee oh 338
| ELS TAT ENTTS FTN icge mn oe uae er eleanor 338

nga EET igi SSI ae pS ear nr olin Ot CES ce te MP ae 333
ETT OO TS ee oo oO i a ee ee AE fe Oe ee 328
RIE VEC Ste Peat eee an, oe ok Sa no ee ee San

NINE aI GOIN aay see ee as pence Be a COR Oo 353

hesperius, PRISMA O oe eet ee a PR ae OR Oe 249

h nieroglyphica, RUC a eee et ter Stn eae ee ee Se So aS 58
linnei, ipiCe <a. 3S ie nee Bene ene hae he A ee RE de ein) 320
a EM CNN re oe ele atte he ps hn Fg FO RN ee 323

SE SELGTCGTS. SINE ih Si ator Pie Sa Si ie NS cre 331

Et) Gree ele Po ai ee oe Pe a SS 350

IRIS a he the sc ee EE. | AGES he Pe SEG BE
INS Seg hee rere ry re ee ee rere ee ae 345
See Pid es aT ge 2 Re a I ol ck PRT eS as Se ite se ee
REE IOC ICR notte eee ty SNe ig eee ee ee ee es e495
ee eh etn ee oe Bae Pe ashe oS se Snes ea eG °45
SR LS a ee a ine een ten Ss Ss 340
Net ME i an SN ne LN a eR Pee ge iS a A a 340
oruinosa, SPR ape er ee Ge Pe ee a gee age ee age ro 318
fem, libicen.-..+...2:.. or ea Fos MM goa) en dia cube ee les a ee ce a RO 320
EE A ISECE II 5s ce ee Ee ce nS ee el 325

Seotcndecim, PRISE ULI a eta a oe te nee tie EU ae te ay NT fd £42
INURE ERE hh oe Nee SS 55 cel toc ge an bases Sek Rd he Eh he ba 313

EME DN Colne Sears wank ee OER a i eee ee ee ee 376

sy ~ alae RRP ANA oe a gy ei. Peds ee ee ee eS 345

Ba
DMCS eer ae Pe ee A i ORB Reet RS a yee G9 es eRe « 26
; RIUM ER eR ead fe Bee ns ci ee ST ee oie ce ek, 3 ORV o2l
IIS es Se HE a at on Vn aS iat Baka 315

I fa ee ne sh a eae een, ok SE Pag Skee 3
MM tae oS. Ss Beer ery te Lae Np tee Beret etna he ae Sa 328
Seeeupraphica.. (2... - ot SNe ele MANS ME ren PRS Geir aM meee te Sas Bb)
Beumey £O Species =... ..... ee oe ee anh eR a eR EES ce as 313
IC shd pasa et ee OR ny tee rt yt as eer SS CR: 320
It tine te ro Sj See RN 6 ese RR ORS ais Rte “A 323
TEES Sh >. RO a gee ee ee Renee ee aes |
IME fee Na role A 22. bay viet 9 Se of See Sn Se 318

er EA eM eee wie Sateen Pee ee Fed Fae RS Sst doa! oS eS 88
AS yp ge SS SPE IE soe Sechn ele Se SPR Nae Me Ps ne eo a ae » 25

‘4 ELE SER RS all RR ric A A ee ae ae 3/6

a ETE ESE RSS SE a A ra Akela Di rea 3.6

. fibiceninz eS EI a ie ae ia erg a Sa eR I a= i 313

Rea ee eg ee ERP Sie Pe. we Pls oo PP 342

EMAIL Ress. eer cA Es a et Ok ee eS ks ES 342
| septendecim Siete SIG re gee SN a oe ea meee: ©45
(375)

| Tibicinine A aus ete
Key to ernera the
Tibicinoides.
“hesperius. .
_ venosa, Proarna. . RoR Me

- vitripennis, Tibicen .. ree Oo Le ieee ese ea oo cee

opts

Bs os do!

meNSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH
BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

VOL. XIII

Papi Nos: 1-9
Parr il. --Nos.eJf=15

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

LAWRENCE, . KAN.

1920-1922

11-3273

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIIT.

1—Miocene Land Shells from Oregon. Plate I. By G. Dallas Hanna.

2—Pleistocene Mollusks from Wallace County, Kansas. By G. Dallas
' Hanna.

3—Moisture Requirements of Germinating Seeds. By Rupert Peters.

_ 4-—A Special Riemann Surface. Plates II to V. By A. H. Conwell.

5—A Calculation of the Invariants and Covariants for Ruled Surfaces.
By E. B. Stouffer.

6—Possible Methods of Classifying White, Yellow and Orange Staphy-
locoecei. By Martha Bays.

7—Anguillavus hackberryensis. Plate VI. By H. T. Martin.

8—Continuation of Investigation of a Possible Rainfall Period Equal to
One-ninth the Sun-spot Period. By Dinsmore Alter.

9—Application of Marvin’s Periodocrite to Rainfall Periodicity. By
Dinsmore Alter. :

. 10—On the Preparation of the Aryl Isothiocyanates. By F. B. Dains,

R.Q. Brewster, C. P. Olander.

. 11—A Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth of the Sun-spot Period. By

Dinsmore Alter.

. 12—Indications of a Giant Amphibian in the Coal Measures of Kansas,

Plate I to Tl. By 7. 7. Martin.

. 13—On Some Isothionrea Ethers. By F. B. Dains and W. C. Thompson.

. 14—The Size of the Thymus Gland in Relation to the Size and Develop-

ment of the Foetal Pig as Studies in a Varied Range of Stages. By
Donald N. Medearis and Alexander Marble.

. 15—A Comparison of the Antigenic and Cultural Characteristics of a

Number of Strains of Bacillus typhosus. By Cora M. Downs.

paar a

2 :
& « 7

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4

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fg)

Sg

€

Pr eee ee

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XITI, No. 1—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:

MIOCENE LAND SHELLS FROM OREGON,
G. Dallas Hanna.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

tee 0 cr my
rvs ay) ans)

eye

oe
nat

-

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN,

VoL. XIII. ] MAY, 1920. [No. 1.

Miocene Land Shells from Oregon.*
BY G. DALLAS HANNA,

Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology, California Academy of Sciences.

(Plate I.)

HE exposures of fossiliferous rocks in the valley of the
John Day river in Oregon have been known as a collecting
ground for mammalian remains since 1861. Many expeditions
have worked there and an extensive literature exists in which
numerous types have been described. Fossil mollusks were
obtained by the earliest collectors and subsequently and sev-
eral papers have been written about them since 1870.

In 1907 an expedition was led into the region by Mr. H. T.
Martin, curator of paleontology of the University of Kansas.
Numerous specimens of vertebrate animals were secured and
Mr. Martin also collected the land shells which form the basis
of this report. Sixteen specimens belonging to eight species
were found at Cove Inlet of John Day river. Four species
appear to be new and are named and described herein.

Altogether thirteen species of mollusks have been collected
in the John Day deposits, eleven being land pulmonates, one a
fresh-water pulmonate and a fresh-water mussel. All are spe-
cles not now known to exist but no genus has been considered to
be new. The preponderance of the land forms has an inter-
esting bearing upon the question of the lacustrine, fluviatile
or ezolian method of deposition of the strata.+

* Received for publication on February 2, 1920.

7 For a full account of the geological, stratigraphical, and paleontological features of
the region see, Merriam, ‘‘A Contribution to the Geology of the John Day Basin,” Uni-
versity of California publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, vol. 2, No. 9,
pp. 269-314, April, 1901. Also, same author and series, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-64; De-
cember, 1906. Also, vol. 5, No. 11; Merriam and Sinclair for fairly complete bibliography,
etc.; October, 1907.

(3)

4 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The age of the beds is believed to be Miocene, a conclusion
reached from a study of the fossil mammals and plants, and
other geological features. A sufficient number of land and
fresh-water shells has not been collected to have an important
bearing on the subject. However, the long geological life of
the molluscan genera found in these strata as compared with
the disappearance of families and perhaps orders of mammals
is a valuable commentary on the correlation of deposits else-
where by the two classes of fossils when they are found singly.
Not only have the mollusks passed through epochs of intense
climatic change but they have withstood one of the most violent
outflows of lava visible on the surface of the earth. Yet the
genera found in the John Day and Mascall beds are repre-
sented in and near the same region to-day with closely allied
species.

Ammonitella lunata Conrad.

Planorbis (Spirorbis?) lunatus Conrad, Am, Journ. Conch., vol. VI; p. 315, pl. XIII,
fig. 8, 1870. Condon collection. Bridge Cr., Ore.

Planorbis (Spirorbis?) lunatus White, 3d. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 448, pl.
XXXII, figs. 24, 25, 1880-’81. Published, 1883.

Gonostoma yatesi Cooper. Stearns (in White), Bul. 18, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 16, pl.
III, figs. 8-12, 1885. Cope and Condon Coll.

Ammonitella yatesi precursor Stearns, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. II, p. 656, pl.
XXXV, figs. 8-12, 1900. Same figures reproduced as in Bul. 18, U. S. Geol. Surv., cited
above.

Ammonitella yatesi precursor Stearns, Science, New Series, vol. XV, p. 153, 1902.
University of California Collection.

Ammonitella yatesi precursor Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, No. 3, p. 67,
1906.

Although Conrad’s description is very meager, taking it to-
gether with his figures leaves no doubt that he first described
the shell which seems to have been collected by many exploring
parties into the John Day region. His specimens were col-
lected by Thomas Condon, the pioneer in the field and it is
stated that they came from “Bridge Creek, Oregon.” The
error in considering it to be a species of the fresh-water genus
Planorbis is not strange since Cooper says of Ammonitella
yates. (Am. Jour. Conch., IV, 210, 1868) : “It would have been
supposed to be a Planorbis if found near water, and if the
streams of that country (Calaveras county, California) had
not been thoroughly searched by many collectors.”

Stearns first identified the fossils as A. yatesi Cooper but
later reconsidered the matter and made them a new subspecies
based chiefly on size. He says: ‘Though the fossil specimens
are considerably larger than any of the recent ones, I am un-

HANNA: MIOCENE LAND SHELLS. 5

able to detect any other difference.” (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
vol. II, p. 657, 1900.)

The University of Kansas expedition secured two specimens
of this interesting form and although they are not perfect I
am able to point out specific differences which are of sufficient
importance to continue the separation of the fossil from the
living form. Comparison has been made with several fossil
specimens in the collection of the University of California;
also with 16 excellent specimens of Ammonitella yatesi Cooper
from the Hemphill collection which now forms a part of the
museum of the California Academy of Sciences. The recent
shells came from “near Murphys, California,” and were col-
lected by Henry Hemphill.

One important difference is in size. The largest yatesi is but 9 mm.
in greatest diameter, whereas the largest lunata (and it is imperfect)
is 15 mm. The former also has eight whorls while the latter has nine.
The umbilicus of lunata is proportionately wider and the apex is a hol-
low cone. The apex of yatesi is truncated inside and therefore shallower.
On the ventral side of yatesi the last whorl swings out over the one pre-
ceding, but this is not true in the best specimen of lunata, although figure
1 of Stearns (White) indicates that there may be some variation in this
respect in the fossil species.

MEASUREMENTS.
(All measurements are in millimeters.)
A. yatesi. ——A. lunata.—,
Greatest diameter .......... 9.00 15.00 12.50
Least rdiameter’ (2.5... oe. 8.00 13.50 11.00
Greatest, altitude. ..53 ieee. 4.50 7.50 6.50

No measurements of the fossils studied by Conrad, Stearns
and White have been published. Their figures show that the
shell substance of the body whorl has been lost, a condition
which is almost always the case. The University of Kansas
specimens are in that condition, but through the kindness of
Prof. Bruce L. Clark, I was permitted to examine well-pre-
served material in the University of California. It was learned
that the shells are smooth and shining as in the recent species,
with growth wrinkles barely showing on the latter part of
the body whorl.

Gastrodonta imperforata Hanna. New species.
(Plate I; figures 1, 2, 3.)
Whorls six; spire high and dome-shaped; sutures moderately im-

pressed; apex marked with fine regular growth lines; growth lines on
the body whorl slightly uneven but without an approach to a ribbed con-

6 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

dition; last whorl slightly descending at the aperture; peristome thin
and acute, slightly expanded on the basal portion; umbilical region deeply
impressed, the perforation being minute. Greatest diameter, 17.50. Least
diameter, 16. Altitude, 13.

Type in the University of Kansas from Cove Inlet, John Day river,
Oregon, collected by H. T. Martin in 1907.

A single specimen was obtained. The dome-shaped shell and
thin, acute peristome prevents its being classed as Polygyra
dalli, the species with which it is most apt to be confused. Its
correct generic position cannot be stated because of minor
shell differences which separate many of the groups of recent
pulmonates. It resembles in general shape some of the Gas-
trodontas as intertexta, for instance. The fact that the lip is
slightly expanded below is the chief character which casts
some doubt upon its being a Gastrodonta. This condition is
met with in Oreohelix and our shell resembles in form and size
some of the dome-shaped varieties of O. coopert, as, for in-
stance, apiarium Berry. It might be placed directly in this
genus were it not for the differentiating characters of the -
umbilicus.

The specimen is slightly defective as shown by the photo-
graphs but it is sufficiently intact it seems to make the species
easily recognizable in the future.

There is a second specimen in the collection of the Univer-
sity of California which is similar in ail respects to the type,
except perhaps it is a little better preserved.

Pyramidula mascallensis Hanna. New species.
(Plate I; figures 4, 5, 6.)

Whorls six and three-fourths, rounded below and flat above; spire not
greatly elevated; suture apparently channeled; last whorl carinated
through the first two-thirds, the carina gradually disappearing; latter
part of last whorl depressed below the carina of the one preceding; the
shell substance of the apical whorls is preserved but sculpture is absent;
the body whorl is an internal cast but shows on the upper side some
coarse uneven growth ridges; umbilicus widely open. Greatest diameter,
33.50. Least diameter, 30.25. Altitude, 28.

Type in the University of Kansas from Cove Inlet, John Day river,
Oregon, collected by H. T. Martin in 1907.

Only the type specimen was secured so that a statement of
variation cannot be given. The flattened upper whorls and
the apparently deeply channeled suture distinguish this shell
from other species. It may represent a new generic type, but
the genera of land shells were so often based upon anatomical

HANNA: MIOCENE LAND SHELLS. vf

and minor shell characters that it seems best for the present
to include this under Pyramidula, the genus which it most re-
sembles. Perhaps better material will eventually be secured
and enable the correct genus to be determined. The specimen
is not perfect. The aperture has been lost, together with the
shell substance of the last two whorls. It has also been
crushed but not in such a manner as to distort the shape. The
original shell had over seven whorls and was considerably
more elevated than the measurements given show. But the
diameter was but little if any greater on account of the last
whorl growing in beneath the one preceding. Also when the
shell was complete the last whor! was but little angulated on the
periphery, this seeming to be a character which applies only to
the whorls up to and including the sixth.

It is named for the Mascall, one of the subdivisions of the
John Day series.

At first it was believed that this specimen was Conrad’s
Helix (Zonites) marginicola because it was the only form
found with the “‘spire scarcely raised above the margin of the
last volution.” However, he states that his shell had six whorls
and was narrowly umbilicate. He gave no measurements, but
his figure shows that he had a young specimen. He states fur-
ther that his shell was narrowly umbilicate, a condition which
would not be true in the young of mascallensis. There is, in
my opinion, little doubt that one of the species subsequently
described under another name is marginicola, but this cannot
be recognized because of the inadequate original description.
It is to be hoped that if the type specimen is in existence it will
some day be fully described.

Polygyra dalli Stearns.

Helix (Monodon) [error for Mesodon] dalli Stearns. In White, Bul. 18, U. S. Geol.
Sie. 14 pl, Lib fies 4-6) aS.

Polygyra dal Stearns, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., vol. II, p. 655, pl. XXXV, figs. 4-6,
1900. Same figures as above reproduced.

Polygyra dalli Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 153, 1902.

Polygyra dalli Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, No. 3, p. 67, 1906.

One almost perfect specimen and four young and broken
ones were obtained at Cove Inlet, John Day river, by Mr.
Martin. A large number of specimens in the University of
California indicates that this is probably the most abundant
species in the region. As Stearns has shown, it is very closely
related to Polygyra columbiana Gould, which is common in the

8 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Pacific coast states to-day. The latter, however, is smaller;
some specimens of dalli are almost as large as thyroides of
Kansas and Missouri. The umbilicus of the fossil species is
covered by the narrowly reflected peristome and its junction
with the body whorl is deeply seated. There appears to be
no tendency for the peristome to descend more or less abruptly
near its outer termination with the body whorl.

Polygyra expansa Hanna. New species.
(Plate I; figures 7, 8, 9.)

Whorls about seven, somewhat flattened above and below; sutures not
deeply impressed; lines of growth apparently uneven on the last whorl
and broken into ridges parallel thereto; the last whorl of the type is sub-
carinate at its beginning due to pressure, but is flattened naturally on the
lower side; axis imperforate and covered with heavy shell substance; the
junction of the peristome with the body whorl in the umbilical region is
marked with a distinct angular depression; it is not a gently concave
depression as found in such recent Polygyras as albolabris. Greatest
diameter, 32. Least diameter, 28.50. Altitude, 17.

Type in the University of. Kansas from Cove Inlet, John Day river,
Oregon, collected by Mr. H. T. Martin.

A single specimen was secured and it is not in as good con-
dition as would be desired. Its characters aré so distinct,
however, that it cannot be referred to any known form. The
imperforate axis covered with heavy callus places it in Poly-
gyra rather than in E'piphragmophora. However, it is flat-
tened on the base and has a tendency to be slightly carinated
as some forms of fidelis Gray of the latter genus.

A single, and better preserved specimen in the University of
California shows, in addition to the above characters, that the
outer lip abruptly descends at its junction with the body whorl
for a distance of 4 mm.

Polygyra martini Hanna. New species.
(Plate I; figures 10, 11, 12.)

Whorls five, well rounded, the last being conspicuously enlarged
vertically; sutures moderately impressed; lines of growth very fine for
a shell of this size and very regular, crossed by less impressed revolving
strize which are most noticeable on the body whorl; umbilical region
deeply impressed; lip thickened by callus and reflected over almost the
entire umbilicus; no indication of a noticeable deflection of the peristome
at its junction with the body whorl. Greatest diameter, 34.50. Least
diameter, 25. Height of body whorl, 19. Altitude without body whorl,
18. Altitude (total), 28.

HANNA: MIOCENE LAND SHELLS. 3

Type in the University of Kansas from Cove Inlet, John Day river,
Oregon, collected by Mr. H. T. Martin in 1907.

A single well-preserved specimen was secured. While it
resembles in general shape some of the old world species, as
Pomatia aspera for instance, it is believed to be more closely
related to the albolabris group of Polygyra. It must be
stated, however, that important differences exist. The shell is
more globose than other species of this genus and the umbilical
region is more deeply impressed. While most of the margin
is broken away, enough remains to show that it was folded
back upon itself in the basal region and the body whorl was
obtusely keeled in this region.

The shell resembles in some respects the Helix leidyi of
Hall and Meek (White, 3d. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 455,
pl. XXXII, figs. 32, 33, 1881-’82), but it is proportionately
more elevated and the body whorl] is deeper in a vertical direc-
tion. The two species belong to the same section of the genus
which may be defined by the form of the lower apertural mar-
gin and the angular body whorl in the umbilical region.

The species is named in honor of Mr. Martin, an indefatiga-
ble collector of fossils.

Epiphragmophora dubiosa Stearns.

Epiphragmophora dubiosa Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 1538, 1902.
(Original description.)

Epiphragmophora dubiosa Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, p. 69, figs. 3, 4,
1906. Original description repeated and figures provided.

Only one specimen of this interesting species was found. The shell
is imperfect, as was the type, but enough remains to show that it is
narrowly umbilicated; very flat below and spire but little elevated;
whorls flattened above and sutures but little impressed; the pitting on
the apex mentioned by Stearns cannot be seen, but this may be due to the
worn condition of the shell substance; for the same reason the growth
strie are not well preserved. Greatest diameter, 23. Altitude, 12.
Whorls, five and three-fourths.

It is not certain that the form is placed in the correct genus,
but without better preserved material for study it would be
useless to attempt any other disposition. Doctor Stearns
states and shows in his figure that the sutures are deeply im-
pressed. It is believed, however, that this is not natural, as
the Kansas University specimen and four others seen in the
University of California did not show them noticeably deep-
ened. Snails of this group are known to be subject to con-

10 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

siderable variation in this respect so that it would not seem to
be justifiable to consider them distinct on this character when
otherwise all which have been seen agree with the description
and figures. Unfortunately the formation of the aperture in
the species cannot be determined.

Epiphragmophora antecedens Stearns.

Helix (Aglaia) fidelis Gray. Stearns (in White) Bul. 18, U. S. G. S., p. 14, pl.
i esses ltsep

Epiphragmophora fidelis antecedens Stearns, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. II, p. 653,
pl. XXXV, figs. 1-3, 1900.

Epiphragmophora fidelis antecedens Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 153,
1902.

Epiphragmophora fidelis antecedens Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, p. 67,
1906.

Four specimens which clearly belong to this species were found. One
is fully grown. It shows that the umbilicus was normally completely
closed and thickened with callus, a condition which does not obtain in
E. fidelis. The umbilicus, however, is of the general form found in EF pi-
phragmophora and not that which is common in Polygyra. The best
specimen Stearns had was imperforate, but it seemed to have been caused
by crushing. This is now known to be normal.

In order to complete the record the other species of mollusks
known from the John Day Miocene will be mentioned. The
original generic terms ascribed to them are retained. No ob-
ject would seem to be gained by attempting a rearrangement
at this time. The full synonomy of Unio condoni White has
not been searched for.

Unio condoni White, Bul. 18, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 13, pl. II, figs. 1-3, 1885.
2. Limnea maxima Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 154, 1902.
Limnea maxima Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, p. 70, fig. 1, 1906.
Limnea stearnsi Hannibal (in Baker) Limnawide of N. and Mid. Am., p. 102, pl.
XVII, fig. 11, 1911. New name for L. maxima above, preoceupied by Collin,
Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., VII, p. 94, 1872.
3. Helix (Zonites) marginicola Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. VI, p. 315, pl. XIII,
fig. 9, 1870. Bridge creek, Oregon. Condon, Coll.
Helix (Zonites) marginicola White, 3d Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 453, pl.
32, fig. 34, 1880-81.
4, Helix (Patula) perspectiva Say. Stearns, Bul. 18, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 14, pl.
JECIES saree, "fs TUfyS}59- :
Pyramidula perspectiva simillima Stearns, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. II, p. 657,
TO DOO wales 17/5 ALES IOXO),
Pyramidula perspectiva simillima Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 153,
1902.
Pyramidula perspectiva simillima Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, p. 67,
1906.
5. Pyramidula lecontei Stearns, Science, new series, vol. XV, p. 154, 1902.
Pyramidula lecontei Stearns, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Geol., vol. V, p. 68, fig. 2, 1906.

The reader is referred to a paper by Harold Hannibal (A
Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Mollusca of the Cali-

HANNA: MIOCENE LAND SHELLS. 11

fornian Province; Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vol. X, pp. 112-211,
1912) which may perhaps have references to the John Day
fauna. The paper has not heen favorably reviewed. (Pilsbry,
Nautilus, XX'VI, 71, 1912.) I have not seen it and cannot
comment on what it contains, but apparently Hannibal, in
working over the John Day material in the University of
California, combined at least four species under the name
Helix marginicola Conrad. Some of them bore Stearns’ labels
and probably some of them were his types.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

The figures are from photographs which have been retouched. The
photographs were taken with millimeter cross-section paper for a back-
ground and the scale can be obtained from this. Figure 1 is less en-
larged than figures 2 and 3.

Figures 1, 2 and 3. Gastrodonta imperforata new species.

Figures 4, 5 and 6. Pyramidula mascallensis new species.

Figures 7, 8 and 9. Polygyra expansa new species.

Figures 10, 11 and 12. Polygyra martini new species.

(12)

PLATE I.

JIOCENE LAND SHELLS.

G. Dallas Hanna.

LM mm nndaiaammpmnitiiiiay,

ee ee ee ee

A

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 2—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM WALLACE COUNTY KANSAS,
G. Dallas Hanna

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII.] MAY, 1920. [No. 2.

Pleistocene Mollusks from Wallace County, Kansas.*
BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology, California Academy of Sciences.

NE of Mr. H. T. Martin’s numerous fossil hunting expedi-

tions for the University of Kansas took him to the Mio-
cene mammal beds of Wallace county of that state. Here, in
one locality he found some ant hills about which were numerous
shells the indefatigable insects had collected. A small quan-
tity of the general debris about the nests was preserved and
the mollusks have come to me for study.

The collection, although small, is valuable because it throws
more definite light upon the size and duration of the Pleistocene
Kansas lake which Prof. J. E. Todd has aptly named “Kaw
Lake.” Some of the species of mollusks found inhabit lakes
solely and since there are none of these bodies of water within
a long distance of the locality at the present time, practically
conclusive proof is offered of the existence of Kaw Lake before
the present epoch. And since many of the species now live in
northern cold waters it seems justifiable to conclude that this
body of water was coexistent with the great glaciers. Probably
its inhabitants lived during the deposition of the Aftonian
gravels; that is, prior to the descent of the Kansan ice sheet.
It seems likely that the lake was formed by the pre-Kansan ice
sheets, continued through the Aftonian period and that its dam
was broken by the Kansan sheet.

Kaw Lake probably existed for several hundred years. This
is indicated by the presence in it of a large molluscan popula-
tion which would require a very considerable number of years

* Received for publication on February 2, 1920.

(17)
2—Sci. Bul.—860

18 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

for dispersal. A cool, moist climate similar to that of northern
United States or southern Canada must have accompanied it.
This is shown by the land-shell species found associated with
the fresh water. This was also shown by the shells found in
the Phillips county Pleistocene which has been reported upon.
(Hanna and Johnson, Kan. Univ. Sct. Bul., vol. VII, No. 3,
1913.)

That radical change took place in the climate, fauna and flora
of western Kansas after the disappearance of Kaw Lake is evi-
dent from the almost complete disappearance of the land and
fresh-water mollusks. A considerable number of species and
at least two genera are not known from Kansas as yet except

from Pleistocene fossils. Neither streams nor uplands are

fitted for their existence and search must be made for them far
to the north before they are located.

The ants were not particular in choosing material for their
“hills.” Besides the fossil shells dug from the light buff ma-
terial forming the lake deposit they collected a few recent
species, probably found living near at hand. There were also
sand grains of large size and plant stems, seeds and roots.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Spherium. What appear to be two species were secured.
Any attempt at specific determination in this group of shells
at this time would merely add to the already almost inextricable
confusion.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Four specimens. I know of no pub-
lished records of this species from Kansas, either living or
fossil. Mr. E. C. Johnston collected a dead shell, but not a
fossil, at Cameron’s Bluff, above Lawrence, Kan., in 1916. No
other records are available for the state.

Lymnexa humilis rustica Lea. One specimen. This form is
recorded from Douglas county, Kansas, by Baker (Lymnxidx
of N. Am., p. 269, 1911), and is probably the same as was re-
corded from the Phillips county Pleistocene as L. humilis.

Lymnxa parva Lea. Thirteen specimens. Previously known
from the marl beds of Long Island, Phillips county, and from
Douglas county river debris.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Seven specimens.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Two specimens. Both are small
and apparently not full grown. The species lives in Lake View,

HANNA: PLEISTOCENE SHELLS. 19

Douglas county and has been found in the Pleistocene of
Phillips county. Baker (Naut., XXIII, p. 93, 1909) records it
from Anthony, Kan.

Succinea avara Say. Abundant.

Succinea stretchiana Bland. 'Two specimens. This species
lives on the plains at the present time and the two shells se-
cured are plainly not fossils.

Vallonia pulchella Miller. Fifteen specimens. This is an
addition to the list of Kansas Mollusca and since it inhabits
cool, moist timbered areas it emphasizes that this was the con-
dition in western Kansas in Pleistocene time.

Zonitoides singleyanus Pilsbry. Two specimens, not fossils.

Pupilla muscorum Linneus. Abundant. In Pleistocene time
this was a very common snail in western Kansas.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Six living shells.

Gastrocopta armifera Say. One living shell. Both this and
the preceding species live in the region at the present time.

THE
KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 3—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:

MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF GERMINATING SEEDS,
Rupert Peters.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII. ] MAY, 1920. [INo@. 3:

Moisture Requirements of Germinating Seeds.”
BY RUPERT PETERS.
INTRODUCTION.

T HAS long been recognized that a close relation exists
between plant life and soil moisture. Common observation
showed our ancestors that wilting occurred when the moisture
content of the soil was markedly lowered and that death fol-
lowed when it was long continued, but it remained for the
twentieth century investigators to attempt the discovery of
the moisture conditions under which plants could best flourish
and those under which they wilted and died, as well as to point
out definitely the boundaries between these. But, even yet,
very little is to be found in the literature concerning the lower
limits of soil moisture in connection with plant growth.
_ This paper is the record of an attempt to aid in the location
of the lowest boundary at which plants may be active, and is
concerned particularly with the relation of the wilting co-
efficient of the soil to the germination of seeds. An attempt
has been made to answer the question whether seeds can ger-
minate when the amount of soil moisture is so low that plants
growing in it wilt and die.

The work was suggested by Dr. Charles A. Shull, then of
the plant physiology laboratory of the University of Kansas,
now of the University of Kentucky. Most of the actual work
was done in the botany laboratory of the Northeast High
School, Kansas City, Mo., near enough to be in frequent consul-
tation with Doctor Shull. It is but fitting that an appreciation
of his deep interest and kind suggestions be made here. Thanks ©

* Received for publication March 4, 1920.

(23)

24 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. ®

are also due Prof. W. C. Stevens for suggestions and criticisms
in the preparation of this paper.

HISTORICAL.

Although Sachs (7) recognized a wide range, from 1.5 per
cent in coarse sand to 12.8 per cent in a mixture of sand and
humus, in the moisture content of various soils when plants
wilted, he made his tests with a single plant species (the
tobacco), drew his conclusions, and then dropped this line of
investigation. Few have taken it up since. Hedgecock (4)
found that entire turgid plants of the same species had, at any
given age, approximately the same water content, regardless
of the differences in the soil or in the conditions under which
they were grown. On the contrary, the water content of plants
beginning to wilt varies with the soil, being always greater in
clay, loess, and saline soils than in loam, humus, or sand. He
also found that xerophytes could remove more water from the
soil than could mesophytes or hydrophytes; the former re-
moving all but 3 per cent, while the second named left in the
same soil under the same erial conditions at least 5 per cent.
Clements (3), independently, arrived at similar conclusions.

These were the chief contributions until Briggs and Shantz
(1) brought out their work on the “wilting coefficient.” They
proposed the term and defined it as the percentage of water
(based upon the dry weight of the soil) remaining in this
when wilting had progressed to such an extent that recovery
by the plant was impossible even in an approximately satur-
ated atmosphere, without the previous addition of water to
the soil. In working out their results they maintained prac-
tically uniform conditions; their greenhouse had an average
temperature of about 70° F. and the relative humidity was
maintained at 85 per cent. Such changes as did occur in these
factors were slight and gradual. A constant temperature for
the soils being examined was maintained by a specially-devised
water bath in which the containers were set. About twenty
different soils were examined, differing widely in all charac-
ters, and giving results ranging from 1 per cent in coarse dune
sand to over 30 per cent in the heaviest types of clay. For
plants, over a hundred species and varieties were tried out, so
selected as to give a range from extreme xerophytes to hydro-
phytes. In general, the amount of water remaining in any one
of these soils when the plants growing in it had fully wilted,

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. 25

was practically constant. It made no difference as to the
plants used, being a fixed quantity for that soil. Furthermore,
they worked out formule by which this wilting coefficient for
any soil could be calculated from either of four factors: its
moisture equivalent, its hygroscopic coefficient, its moisture-
holding capacity, or its texture as determined by mechanical
analysis. Their wilting coefficient was the standard when this
work was begun. Since then, the work of Caldwell (2) has
come to hand. He carried on his experiments at the desert
laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, Arizona.
Here, transpiration was excessive as the result of the heat,
low humidity, and the hot, dry winds. When he produced con-
ditions similar to those of Briggs and Shantz, his results tallied
with theirs. When conditions were natural for his location, he
‘found the wilting coefficient always higher (even 30 to 40 per
cent) than theirs or than that calculated from their formule.
Further, “under any set of aérial conditions the observed
soil moisture content at permanent wilting is approximately a
constant for each of the soils used, and its value increases with
the increase in the rate of transpiration, being greater under
conditions of high evaporation intensity and declining with
the decrease of the evaporating power of the air. For a series
of plants grown in any soil, and wilted under different aérial
conditions, all with relatively high evaporation rates, as many
different soil moisture contents at permanent wilting are ob-
tained as there are sets of conditions.”

Russell (6) has shown that the rate of supply of soil water
is simply the speed at which water can move in the soil, and
this depends upon the amount of clay and colloidal matter
present. Livingstone (5) calls attention to another factor
which complicates the problem still more. In a set of experi-
ments carried on in the Johns Hopkins’ greenhouses where he
had plants grown with their roots in vessels of water and sub-
jected to varying aérial conditions, he found that with the
“back pull” of the soil thus cut out, temporary and even perma-
nent wilting occurred. His conclusion is that the trouble is
internal, the absorbing power of the roots is inadequate to
supply moisture as fast as it is lost by evaporation. Hence, he
thinks permanent wilting need not depend upon soil moisture
conditions necessarily, although it frequently does. Caldwell’s
higher results are thus evidently due to the rapid transpira-
tion of water from the leaves, associated with the slowness of

26 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

the water movement in the soil, especially when the amount
present was quite low; in other words, the water was evapo-
rated from the leaves more rapidly than it could be absorbed
from the soil, and wilting followed as the result of this back
pull before the amount of water in the soil was lowered to the
point reached in the corresponding tests of Briggs and Shantz.

METHODS.

Since the purpose of this investigation is to determine if
germination can occur with far less moisture than is com-
monly thought necessary, since transpiration is not a factor
in the tests (thus making them somewhat similar. to those of
Briggs and Shantz in that they had always a high humidity
present in theirs), and since the Briggs and Shantz’ figures
are lower than Caldwell’s, they are retained as the standard for
this test. Nevertheless, it is recognized that this may not be a
fixed standard for all conditions but may vary with differing
atmospheric conditions whenever transpiration is a factor.

Because quartz sand and its data were available, it was
used. It is designated as No. 2/o by its manufacturers, the
Wausau Quartz Company, and passes over a 147-mesh screen
but through a 124-mesh one, thus making the average diameter
of the particles about .10 mm. It contains by analysis:

Per cent.

Silicon sao x1dee, 5 cc's ieimuenee tele ae enone water ads eee 99.07
lronvoxider cs 3: Oat eee eee TOS as, eae Wg Fa
Aluminumroxides.i.ccioh Deke eas ore eon ee see eee 0852
Hyeroscopic moisture! oo Gey thal eee 0.06
Undetermined) icc... cia see Wa ae ae ge 0.18

100.00

Its wilting coefficient, as determined at the biophysical lab-
oratory of the bureau of plant industry, Washington, D. C., of
which Mr. Briggs is director, is 1.81 per cent (8).

Two hundred grams of this sand, roughly weighed, was
chosen as the unit, merely because it lacked about three centi-
meters of filling the common heavy glass tumblers used. The
unit of sand was spread upon a glass plate and water to pro-
duce the desired percentage of moisture was added from a -
burette, and thoroughly mixed in with a spatula. Owing to
varying humidity conditions in the air during mixing at differ-
ent times, accuracy was approximate only, but as a rule about
twenty per cent more water had to be added than was desired

‘

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. Ont

when mixing was complete. The wet sand was placed in the
tumbler, the seeds were spaced more or less evenly about four
centimeters below the surface, and the sand was settled by
jarring the tumbler against the table. Enough of the melted
paraffin-vaseline mixture (20 per cent vaseline in paraffin
having a melting point of 45° C.) was poured over the surface
to seal it effectively, and the labelled tumbler was set aside at
room temperature for two weeks. As sufficient growth did not
occur for photosynthesis to become a factor, light was disre-
garded.

_In this connection, it should be stated that the first series of
tests, some thirty, failed because the seeds were planted about
a centimeter only below the surface of the sand. The clue was
found when a sample was taken from the top and another
from the bottom of the sand at the close of one of these tests,
run for moisture content, and compared. That from the bot-
tom showed a higher moisture content than the upper one,
where the seeds were. A series was then run upon a tumbler
machine (the one described by Shull, Bot. Gaz., 62:10-11).
The bottles were half filled with the wet sand, the seeds were
added, heavily shellacked corks were sealed in place, and the
bottles fixed upon the wheel of the machine so that they had >
fifteen complete rotations a minute. This so mixed the con-
tents of the bottles that there could be no question as to the
moisture content in the various parts of the soil mass. The
results were checked with another series in which the seeds
were placed near the center of the sand mass, the tumblers
sealed as usual, and set aside for the regular time. As results
corresponded closely, the more troublesome machine method
was not further used.

While filling the tumblers a carefully chosen sample of the
sand was placed in a tared weighing bottle and this was imme-
diately covered. Although this sample was taken when the
tumbler was half filled, and although all speed commensurate
with careful work was used, yet on dry days considerable loss
of water must have occurred from the sand not yet in the
tumbler and from the surface of that already in it. This
sample was carefully wéighed upon a standard balance sensi-
tive to .0001 gram and was then placed with cover removed in a
drying oven at 100° to 104° C. until a constant weight was ob-
tained. Another source of error is to be noted here. The par-

28 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

ticles of dry sand were so light that unless extreme care was
used in covering and uncovering the bottles, some of these par-
ticles would be carried out on air currents and so give false
results upon subsequent weighings. From the two figures
obtained by these weighings, the per cent of moisture in the
corresponding sand was secured.

At the end of the two-week period the seal was broken and
the contents of the tumbler were dumped upon a glass plate.
A sample was taken quickly for determining the moisture con-
tent. Germination was noted and the seeds were separated
from adhering sand grains by. being gently brushed with a
camel’s hair brush, were at once dropped into a weighing
bottle, and their loss of moisture then determined by weigh-
ing and drying to a constant weight.

Seeds were considered to have germinated when .5 cm. of the
rootlet extended through the seedcoat, and to be “incipient”
when a shorter length was to be seen. This is another arbi-
trary standard, but some such point had to be chosen.

It is realized that with no means available for controlling
the soil temperatures during the tests, considerable error may
have crept in, but with all allowance for such in the results
following, it is felt that it would not alter the conclusions
drawn.

PRELIMINARY TESTS.

An early step taken as a guide to the amount of absorption
to be expected was to determine the approximate curve of
water absorption of various seeds when conditions were favor-
able for germination. It was thought this might be used in
comparison with results obtained in the tests as an indicator,
suggesting nearness of approach to necessary amounts of
water to be furnished. Although of little assistance in the
way planned, the results later obtained tallied fairly closely.
To get these, ten weighed seeds were placed upon wet sand, or
on or between pads of wet cotton, in Petri dishes at room tem-
perature (averaging 19.5° C.) and weighed at intervals until
germination had taken place.

The results are shown in the following tables:

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. 29
TABLE 1. Water Absorption of Corn.
Test No 1 2 | 3
soo —_ | |
Dry wt 3.6270 3.7286 3.6565 3.5170
Teme Gain Gain Gain Gain
in SSS | ee =
hours Grams. Per cent. | Grams. Per cent. | Grams. Per cent. | Grams. Per cent.
He, 5 tek: 2731 TROPA) Alacet Se Bey Site| haiti bedi» || ts Rete eg |) ks ep Ase (aie ve | ea
Peo ee oak, Got Far esl HE cane Ot os. se ot ne EY CR ae ee 2690 FABRE ips eects med resid Vea on ose
3. RE .3991 TTL CLO | ee ame ao aca NG see hak Eee a eet aes eae Ah meent|| ane nine eae eerie On et
So del ae od |e |e ee i205 OCT Tce re CS elt ee RN 2496 7.0
Gee 4926 IB 38 5) s¥eal Ihara eee |b ae | Le ier Rats | paroe ea ere all ome (NN arc linn ek ok Be
| 5903 Tey ee, ee ett er 5757 TUESE 7 al Wetec sag ce tg || exer nn
cially RGR |e he eine ee a Bites ge ea ace .9848 GRAN aide oes ee ele tees 4146 11.2
D, a 6585 TUS SUS yah ieee | Fata tr se | |= AR Pad 8 beagle ae AY
ich, eee 1.0119 27.89 1.4465 38.8 1.0834 29.9 7241 20.5
RID oc Sco 1.9495 28.93 1.5142 40.0 1.1766 7 NE ete ane | a
22 re 1.1109 30.62 1.5652 41.1 1.2342 a. 0 . 8809 25.0
2 at See 1. 2587 34.70 1.8168 48.7 1.4037 Be.8 1.0030 28.5
ie Hes eel SS oer Aon | aes bo ead adel eae ele at 1.4264 SOMO Ney EEL, Oe Mera (ae i Ce ee
Fh & Sa aee Sey SOS DOM eens vribalige ba ue, 1.4548 SO TRUr (les Mita nein tal al PAO aie od Oe
2a 1.4735 AQ AP ee Oe eae oe ee 1.5937 43.5 1.1198 31.8
0). (= eee 2.0045 FOR area eh ety te al lheeepe pens Sea oale 1.7588 48.1 1.2073 34.3
Oe cso taasio gece | eepate Cas gee SLs RS ie So set Pg a (a Se a | [Ro ee 1.4661 aie

final readings.

Germination.—No. 1, all ten, rootlets averaged 2 cm.; No. 2, the same; No. 3, nine
with 1.8 cm. rootlets, secondary rootlets and shoots appearing, one rot; No. 4, eight with
rootlets from 1 to 3.5 cm., shoots appearing, one incipient, one rot.
by setting up another test under the same conditions and taking but the initial and the

TABLE 2. Water Absorption of Legumes.

bean rotted, the others had 0.5 to 1.0 em. rootlets.

Germination was complete and the per cent of gain was 41.5.

No. 4 was checked

Peas. Navy beans. Soy beans.
Dry weight. 3.3909 2.7181 4.0166
Gain. Gain. Gain.
Time in hours. | = Tes :
Grams. | Percent. | Grams. | Percent. ; Grams Per cent.

cee ny nite 03 Aux tas serail bo eeoietoaes ashlee ieee Fee 1.0070 40.49 4811 11.97
Ra ace oir. a oh wn Sear = Ah ioe na LS tae reeks oaroaen [Papers ed Sais 1.6225 59.69 8870 22.08
ESA YR ON ah AM 2.8367 SOmOn Presser eae inns so. c0 mle mpe ny Bese [ees can Bae
PAPI SAE a COR Lil as halls tM ceNt Bet, as 1.9463 alec 2667 31583
NRE ET 2 Sere boos Roms cick oct Sos ET Pies ei nt. ioe cute 2.1184 77.93 1.6510 41.10
2 2 5 bo BERG OS Hoe ER ee Roe 3.9282 LUTE emt sterec te Seale Pets, Vay meat ave ame front) ee aa
2 ang bho de oe Bie Sa Seley ene Oa phere cer one eee | Geen eee cite eat (ONE nee (eae 1.9613 48.80
2 Lo COORD eels Mate eee errr ae 5.1386 151.5 2.5603 G5. 23 3.8499 95. 84
| oc obit Crk Re eRe eerie co ot Geticncn cor Ofc SIEM (Dea eh cea] | ae. Ane reer 2.6135 AAG Wal [eee ita ee a See ep RS
en fhm Rath e es Gellar. ts ye vend 5.2918 Vaya i8el Df Re ee eee | ee 4.2329 105.38
+ se ee Hee ens B28 ERO DICE CAS EDOLS Onto CIEE Lois arcane eee 2.6394 97.10 4.4170 109.96
. ei ee ee ee ne a re 5.3788 NS SHOmIE ee eral eres ee 4.5323 112.83
cig 2c ee Pe i Se Pe SA Sen 1 en | 2.8475 104.76 4.7940 119.35
coheed Benge Cree ents Aaa eae Meh es o cateacien Bel | tare eRe eee Leer eee sae ee ee 4.8430 120.57
2 OE 21S 5 Se eee Pe perpeiiee s eneune ca 2.9528 LOSMO QM eae ete ee ta
rn er rE Ile re eee seine ee Mee Siz wenccee avabllite Quthes Sean _ 4.8823 W20755

Germination.—All peas and the navy beans had rootlets averaging 0.9 cm. One soy

The results shown in these tables are shown graphically in

figure 1.

They were checked by running a series of five sets
each. The above are characteristic and the data for the others

30 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

is omitted. The averages, however, were: Corn, 46.4 per
cent; peas, 149 per cent; navy beans, 108.3 per cent; and a
series of tests with wheat, 69.1 per cent.

Widtsoe (10) gives the following as the percentages of
moisture contained by seeds at saturation. Wheat, 52 to 57;
corn, 44 to 57; peas, 98; beans, 88 to 95. The differences be-
tween those given above and those of Widtsoe are probably
due to differing end-points, or the different varieties of seeds
may differ in their saturation percentages. The original pa-
pers to which he refers are not available. The results reached
here will be used as the same end-point and as seeds from
the same lots were used as in the tests following.

Peas

Soy beans

-- Navy beans

90- a
4
4
80-| | ,”
/
/
70-| |/
/
60-
Corn 1
50- Corn 2
oo bene = Gorn’ D
BON UO ie ae ae ore ee Corn 4
30 Peston
ae
20
yf
1047
te]
fe) 24 48 72 96 120 Hours
Fic. 1. Water absorption of various germinating seeds.

Corn 1, navy beans and soy beans on wet cotton; peas and
corn 2, between pads of wet cotton; corn 3, on sand. wet
with 10 per cent water; corn 4, on sand wet with 5 per cent
water.

RESULTS.

At the same time this preliminary test was run, careful
germination tests were made of different lots of seeds and only
those were chosen for use which gave a high percentage of
vitality. Corn was the first used, Boone County White, as to
variety. With no arrangement to keep temperatures down,

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. ol

and working at first in July in a room where it at times be-
came exceedingly warm, a number of the early tests failed
because the vapor caused the seal to buckle and loss of mois-
ture resulted. The unnoticed loss of sand particles in remov-
ing covers when placing bottles in the oven, caused on one
series alone some seventy useless weighings in the endeavor
to secure constant weights. But when the difficulties had been
overcome, results were secured as shown in table 38, the first
ones naturally being too high.

Only those tests are quoted which may be of assistance in
reaching conclusions. By “weight of bottle” is meant the tare
of the weighing bottle in which the particular sand sample
was placed for drying. “Weight with wet sample” is the
weight of this bottle and the wet sand sample before going
into the oven. “Weight with dry sample” means the weight
of this bottle and the sand when a constant weight had been
secured by drying. “Loss of water’ is the difference be-
tween the two just given. “Weight of dry sample” is the
net weight of the sand sample after drying. “Per cent of

as Loss of water ; :
water Se eR =e The upper line of figures in
eight of dry sample

each test is the record of the sample taken at the beginning of
the test; the lower one, that at the close of it.

32 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.
TABLE 3. Results of tests with corn.

Weight Weight Weight Loss Weight Per cent

No. of with wet | with dry of of dry of Germ inaticn.
bottle. sample. sample. water. sample. water.
pe iss eres | |
22 15.1972 27.2665 27.0445 0. 2220 11.8473 1.87 | Allsprouted; tumbler filled with
14.9436 24.4012 24.3547 0.0465 9.4111 0.48 tangle of roots; two shoots
through seal.
23 14.9436 | 26.2905 | 26.1013 0. 1892 aba dase(es 1.69 | Four growing vigorously, 25 cm.;
13.1033 22.4946 22.4467 0.0479 9.3434 0.51 roots freely branched, no
shoots; one rotted.
24 13.4485 | 22.8234 | 22.6711 0. 1523 9.2226 1.65 | Four germinated, one incipient.
11.2461 | 21.7644 | 21.6932 0.0712 | 10.4471 0.68
25 11.2461 19.7670 19.5860 0.1810 8.3399 2.17 | All growing freely; shoots ap-
13.4485 | 22.9802 | 22.9190 0.0612 9.4705 0.64 pearing.
28 14.9436 Zire loilal 26.9926 0.1685 12.0490 1.39 | All germinated, roots 0.5 to 3cm.,
11.2461 | 20.6403 | 20.5776 0.0627 9.3315 0.67 shoots forming. gai gy 4
29 15.7069 | 28.8811 | 27.7170 0.1641 | 12.0101 1.36 | All with branched roots, 5-12 om.,
13.1033 21.4845 21.4264 0.0581 8.3231 0.69 and with 1-3 cm. shoots.
30 | 15.1972 | 26.4334 | 26.2708 0.1626 | 11.0736 1.46 | Four with 1 cm. rootlets, 1 in-
13.4485 | 23.1298 | 23.0806 0.0492 9.6321 0.51 ciplent. a
33 14.9436 | 27.2533 | 27.0783 0.1750 | 12.1347 1.44 | All with 1 em. rootlets.
12.7311 |, 21.9564 21.8662 0.0902 9.1352 0.98 P
34 15.7069 27.4449 27.2634 0.1815 11.5565 1.59 | All with 4-7 cm. roots, shoot
11. 2461 21.7802 21.6694 0.1108 10.4233 1.06 just showing.
36 15.1972 26.6290 | 26.5158 | 0.1182 11.3186 1.00 | One with 2 cm. rootlet and with
13.1033 | 22.6704 | 22.6056 0.0648 9.5023 0.68 soot showing, 4 with 1 em.
rootlets.
38 15.7069 27.0591 26.6420 0.1171 11.2351 1.04 | One fully germinated, 4 incipient.
15.7069 27.1975 | 27.1818 0.0657 11.4249 0.57 .
39 12.7311 23.0582 22.9908 0.0647 10. 2597 0.65 | All swollen.
1287310 22.4594 22.4195 0.0399 9.6884 0.41
41 14.9436 | 28.0684 | 27.9723 0.0911 13-0287 0.69 | One with 2 em. rootlet; 1 incip-
13.4485 | 23.8692 | 23.8295 0.0397 | 10.3810 0.38 vent; 3 swollen.
42 15) 19720) 26-2167 | 2621267 0.0900 | 10.9295 0.82 | Two with 1 cm. rootlets; 1 incip-
13.1038 21.9365 21.8845 0.0470 8.7862 0.53 ient, 2 swollen.
43 15.1972 27.2890 27.2100 0.0790 12.0128 0.65 | All swollen.
13.4485 22.8073 22.74G5 0.0278 9.3310 0.29
46 11. 2461 21.7230 21.6416 0.0814 10.3955 0.78 | One with 1 em. rootlet, the others
12731 22.8293 ; 22.8028 0.0265 10.0717 © , 0.26 ' swollen.

Navy beans were next tested. Because of their larger size
and because they absorb at least their own weight of water
in germinating (table 1 and fig. 1), but two seeds were used
for each test lest the necessary moisture demands for germina-
tion should so exceed the amount furnished in the sand that
germination would be impossible.

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. 33

TABLE 4. Results of tests with navy beans.

Weight Weight Weight Loss Woehe Per cent
0

No. of with wet | with dry of 'y ty) Germination.
bottle. sample. sample. water. sample. water.

58 | 12.7311 21.7195 21.6582 0.0613 8.9271 0.68 | One somewhat swollen, one with

| 15.1972 | 27.7559 | 27.7136 0.0423 ; 12.5160 0.33 2 cm. rootlet.

59 14.9436 26.5169 26.4262 0.0907 11.4826 0.79 | One with 1 em. rootlet, one with
13.1033 | 22.0372 | 22.0058 0.0314 8.9025 0.35 0.4 em. rootlet.

60 15.1972 | 27.1102 | 26.9874 0.1228 11.7902 1.04 | One with 2.4 em. rootlet, one with
12.7311 | 22.0474 | 21.9928 0.0546 9.2617 0.58 0.2 em. rootlet.

61 15.7069 27.1330 | 26.9881 0.1449 11.2812 1.28 | One with 3 cm. rootlet, one dry
13.4485 24.1932 24.1025 0.0907 10.6540 0.85 and unswollen.

Numbers 59 and 60 are particularly interesting as they
show germination of both seeds with amounts of water sup-
plied well below the wilting coefficient of the sand. Number
61 unfortunately had a dead seed. As a further check in this
series, the beans were weighed when selected, again when
the test was complete, and were then dried and the loss of
water determined. In the following table “‘calculated absorp-
tion” is based upon the results shown in table 1 above. The
actual loss of weight is in every case below the calculated ab-
sorption, even though it includes the water originally pres-
ent in the seeds. This either indicates that germination can
take place with less water than the amounts indicated there,
or illustrates the difficulty of making transfers without the
loss of water, probably the latter, although corn 4 compared
with corn 3 in table 1, given originally 5 per cent and 10 per
cent of water in the sand, seem to bear out the former idea,
since the absorption was 4 per cent and 48 per cent, respec-
tively.

TABLE 5. Loss of water in drying germinated beans.

Original Sprouted Dried Loss of Calculated

No. weight. seeds. seeds. weight. absorption.
Co ote eRe aa aes Oc nee 0.5082 0.8624 0.4200 0.4424 0.5448
ear 5 ao SY cis tee hates ets 0.5618 0.9484 0.4622 0.4862 0.6067
oid uty SESSA AA Se Pes Seeiereeae | 0.5440 1.0178 0.4356 0.5822 0.5875
sn adoo Se SERNA Cote Ce Bee aIeee 0.5257 0.8092 0.4634 0.3458 0.5677

The final series upon which a report can be made was run
with wheat, ten grains to the test. Results follow:

3—Sci. Bul.—860

34 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6. Result of tests with wheat.

Weight Weight Weight Loss Weight Per cent

No. 0) with wet | with dry of of dry oO Germination.
bottle. sample. sample. water. sample. water.

101; 14.9436 | 28.5618 28.4282 0.1336 13.4846 0.$9 | 5 with 0.5-1.2 em. rootlets, 4 in-
14.9436 25.8592 | 25.7821 0.0771 10.8385 0.71 cipient, 1 dead.

102 11.2461 21.2021 21.0792 0.1229 9.8331 1.25 | 6 incipient, 4 unchanged.
15.7069 27.1988 27.1070 0.0918 11.4001 0.80

103 12 Aodul 24.2885 24.1628 0.1257 11.4817 1.09 | 7 with 5-7 cm. rootlets, 3 incip-
IP Teil 22.9414 22.8613 0.0801 10. 1302 0.79 ient.

104] 15.5137 24.7871 24.6767 0.1104 9.1630 1.20 | 2 with 0.5-1.2 cm. rootlets, 7 in-
15.1972 25.9985 25.8904 | 0.1081 10.6932 | ON cipient, 1 dead.

Of these, No. 103 gives illuminating results with Nos. 101 and 104 close seconds.

DISCUSSION.

Some interesting things are shown in these tables. Num-
bers 22-35 started with moisture contents above that of the
wilting coefficient of this sand, 1.31 per cent; the remaining
ones quoted were below it. Numbers 36, 38, 59, 60 and 103
showed satisfactory germination in a soil given less than the
wilting coefficient of moisture. Others are very close, not
listed simply because fewer of the seeds germinated. Some
are very suggestive: Numbers 28 and 29, for example, fully
germinated and with original moisture content but 0.08 and
0.05 per cent, respectively, above the limit. There seems abun-
dant evidence in the results shown here to indicate that seeds
can germinate at or below the wilting coefficient of the soil.

Why germination did not take place in some instances is
still a problem. For example, in number 4, with 1.55 per cent
of moisture on the start, the seeds became slightly swollen with
one rotted, and 1.30 per cent of moisture remained in the sand
at the close of the test. In the light of the other tests, it hardly
seems that five infertile seeds were selected for this particular
one.

Further, germinating seeds pull the moisture content down
to surprisingly low figures, the average, as already given, being
0.584 per cent for corn, 0.42 per cent for beans, and 0.83 per
cent for wheat. This evidently depends considerably upon the
rapidity with which water moves through the soil, as referred
to above. In this connection, while Briggs and Shantz found
the same amount of moisture remaining in the soil at perma-
nent wilting regardless of the kind of plants grown in it, re-
sults here show quite the contrary, as just pointed out. Of
course their plants had root systems distributed through the

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. 35

soil and with very short distances, comparatively, to pull the
water; transpiration was going on; and wilting gave a more
or less definite end-point; while here, there were practically no
roots, just as many absorbing centers as there were seeds.
There was no transpiration to be a factor, and the end-point
was not even approximately fixed, making this problem really
in no way comparable to theirs. Yet, in a series from the corn
tests where the moisture supplied was above the wilting co-
efficient, there remained at the close of the tests, 0.48, 0.51,
0.68, 0.67, 0.69, and 0.51 per cent, respectively, and with the
crude apparatus used, with the lack of soil temperature control,
and with the variations in the end-points reached, these do not
really differ a great deal.

Atms,
1000

80% 60 ho 20 fo)

Fig. 2. Curves showing increase in the surface forces of soils as drying proceeds;
to the left, for subsoil of the Oswego silt loam; to the right, for No. 2/0 sand.

But, in contrast, in those tests which started with just about
this amount of water, the corn grains showed absorptive power
sufficient to pull the water down to 0.29, 0.38, and 0.41 per cent,
respectively. Dead plants, as shown by Briggs and Shantz (1),
would have done this, or more, if extending through the seal,
but here it went into the seeds. This is especially interesting

in view of the fact shown by Shull (8) in his graph reproduced
here, that the soil forces tending to retain moisture increase

| enormously as the soil becomes drier and drier, especially when
approaching air-dry conditions. In these three instances there
is shown a tremendous absorptive power which is evidently

, hot present in the six cases given above, or they would have
pulled more moisture from the sand.

36 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

But Shull (9) also found that air-dry seeds of the cocklebur
(hygroscopic moisture, 7 per cent) had an internal attractive
force for water of 965 atmospheres, or over 14,000 pounds per
Square inch, and that when these seeds had absorbed an addi-
tional 7 per cent of water this force had dropped to less than
400 atmospheres. The absorptive power shown by the three
instances referred to in the paragraph above seems to bear out
his findings. In the case of the other six, there was evidently
sufficient water in the sand to allow an equilibrium to be
reached between the opposing external and internal forces be-
fore the percentage of water present was pulled to the low
figure reached by the other set.

Another way of looking at the results mentioned above, num-
bers 39, 41, and 43 were given about the same amount of
water each, practically half that required for the wilting coeffi-
cient of this sand, and the results are practically the same.
By calculation, disregarding that removed in sampling, each
tumbler contained a total water content of about 1.3 grams.
Of this, the seeds absorbed about half, 0.48, 0.62, and 0.72
grams, respectively. According to table 1, 41 per cent of the
weight of the corn seed is the minimum for fair germination
when conditions are favorable. Forty-one per cent here is 0.73
gram. The maximum used as shown in the table is 55 per cent,
or, that would be here, 1 gram. With 0.48 to 0.72 gram of
water used here, with 0.73 to 1 gram used when conditions
are favorable for absorption, with the weight of the seeds
practically the same, and with the moisture content of the soil
pulled down to 0.29-0.41 per cent, it would seem that when the
lower limit of possible water absorption from the surrounding
soil was reached by these seeds in the cases quoted, they had
been unable to secure water enough for germination. The
lower limit is probably somewhere about 0.75 to 0.85 per cent.

In comparison, number 36 used but about 0.64 gram of water
for complete germination, and when this was complete, as
much water remained in the sand as each of the three men-
tioned had to start with. But why should number 36 germin-
ate when it had absorbed 0.64 gram of water and number 43
fail to do so when it absorbed 0.72 gram? Has the rate of
absorption or the amount remaining in the soil anything to do
with it?

PETERS: MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF SEEDS. 37

CONCLUSIONS.

1. Seeds can germinate when supplied with amounts of
water which are below the wilting coefficient for the particu-
lar soil used.

2. A uniform water content remaining in the soil when per-
manent wilting occurs in the plants growing in it, regardless
of species, does not hold true for seeds germinating in such a
soil even when the amount supplied could have been used in
germination. )

3. While the amount of water used by seeds for germina-
tion may be more or less constant when moisture is abundant,
they may germinate with far smaller quantities when the sup-
ply is scanty.

4. When the supply of moisture is scanty, the time re-
quired for germination is correspondingly lengthened.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Briaes, L. J.. AND SHANTZ, H. L.,The wilting coefficient and its in-
direct determination. Bot. Gaz., 53:20-87, 1912.

2. CALDWELL, J. S., The relation of environmental conditions to the
phenomenon of permanent wilting in plants. Physiological Re-
searches, 1:1-56, 1915.

3. CLEMENTS, F.. E., Research Methods in Ecology, p. 30, 1905.

HeEpGcock, G. G., The relation of the water content of the soil to
certain plants, principally mesophytes. Studies in the vegetation
of the state, part 2, 1902, pp. 5-79. In Bot. Surv. of Nebraska,
vol. 6. :

5. LIVINGSTONE, B. E., Incipient drying and temporary and permanent
wilting of plants, as related to external and internal conditions.
In Contributions to Plant Physiology, p. 176. Reprints from The
Johns Hopkins University Circular, March, 1917.

RUSSELL, E. J., Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 1912, p. 104.

SACHS, J., Bericht uber die physiologicale Thatigkeit an der Versu-
chsstation in Tharandt. Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs Stationen,
1359; vol. “}5-p; 235:

8. SHULL, C. A., Measurement of the surface forces in soils. Bot. Gaz.,
62:7, 1916.

9. ————_—_—_,, Measurement of the internal forces of seeds. Trans.
Kans. Acad. Sci., 27:65-70, 1915.

10. WIDTSOE, , Dry Farming, p. 209.

Army service interrupted this work and it is not now convenient to
resume it. Its imperfections are realized, but it is hoped that it adds
something to our knowledge in this field and that it may suggest further
investigation.

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 4—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:

A SPECIAL RIEMANN SURFACE,
H. H. Conwell.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCES BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII.] MAY, 1920. [No. 4.

A Special Riemann Surface.*

BY H. H. CONWELL.
(Plates II to V.)

HE purpose of this paper is to consider in detail, for
elliptic functions and briefly for hyper-elliptic functions,
a special Riemann surface in three space obtained as the pro-
jection of the intersection of two hyper-surfaces in four space.
It will be seen that the surface investigated here is of ad-
vantage in the fact that it can be easily identified, from the
point of view of analysis situs, with a double-faced disk hav-
ing p holes; where p =["=>"|t+, m being the degree of the
function. In Riemann’s real representation this is obtained
only after an artificial and somewhat complicated dissection
of the surface, in which the determination of the branch points
is a very important factor. In a sense this difficulty may be
said in our case to have been merely shifted from such a dis-
section to the construction of a certain real surface from its
equation in three space. This construction can, however, be
made very simple. In the ordinary Riemann surface the
actual location of the branch points is difficult at best, and is
useless so far as the investigations bearing on the surface are
concerned. The actual construction of the surface under con-
sideration will be avoided except in the simplest case, and
then only as much of its outline as is necessary will be ob-
tained. This construction will be found to be comparatively
simple.

* Received for publication on April 29, 1920.
1

Tf[2-1]. n—
2 | is understood to mean the greatest integer in 5}

(41)

42 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Let f(w, z) =O be an irreducible polynomial in the two
complex variables w and z, with either real or imaginary con-
stant coefficients. Substituting w—=wu-4 iw and z—-wx + wy in
the above relation we obtain the equation,

P €6,9,%; 0) E190 4G Use) eee (1)
Whence,

P(e. Y, VY OW OR eee ne ee (2)

OEY UO ee eee ene oe (3)

The last two equations represent real three dimensional mani-
folds in the real four space (4, y, u,v). Their intersection in
four space will be the surface ®. Assume that w—w, when
z= z,. It is then possible, in the neighborhood z,, w,, to ex-
pand (w—w,) in powers of (z—<z,) and by analytical con-
tinuation to go from the neighborhood of z, to the neighbor-
hood of z,. As z changes from z, to z,, w will change from w,
into one of the values w, corresponding to z,. If this process
be continued until z by a continuous succession of values re-
turns to z,, w may or may not return to w,. In the first case
the representative point on ® corresponding to a pair of values
(w, z) will describe a closed path, while in the second case the
path will be open. The obvious one to one correspondence
between points of the surface @ and sets of values (w, z) shows
that this surface can play the same role as the ordinary Rie-
mann surface.

If between equations (2) and (8) v is eliminated there
arises the relation,

P03 Yh) SO ae I a eee Ee (4)

which represents in the three space (x, y, wu), a surface F’, viz.,
the projection of ® in that space. This surface F, as well as 9,
can be used as a Riemann image, this being the configuration
to be investigated in this paper. We shall limit ourselves, as
before stated, to the hyper-elliptic case. It is evident that the
x,y or u projection of would serve the same purpose as F’.

Before proceeding with the general cubic a special cubic will
be considered in detail, and enough of the resulting surface
constructed to show its properties as a Riemann image. (This
special cubic is chosen on account of its adaptability to cross-
section representation. ) :

CONWELL: A SPECIAL REIMANN SURFACE. 43

Consider the equation

(02 se PS ES i ee ee ence (5)
from which

PS —— 7? — (a —— say? — 17 — 30) =0 .. (6)
and

Q = 2uv — (8x7y — y® — 3ly) =0........... (7)
The intersection of P—0 and Q — 0 in four space is the sur-
face ®. The v projection of ® in three space has for its equa-
tion

F (a, y, u) = 4ut — 4u? (a? — 8xy? —

ole —30) — (8274 —74° — 31ly)*=0-... (8)

This surface is symmetric to both the XU and XY planes.
The trace on the XU plane is the XX axis and the real curve
Bea ey Mopar) (IN cM ae Van ED eay Vint ean salads cep se uate (9)
representing all the real pairs (w,z) satisfying the original
equation. The curve represented by (9) consists of an in-
finite branch and an oval (see fig. I). The XY trace consists
of the XX axis and the hyperbola (see fig. II).
SS A) Fer ty) Le Aran kd Pe We Ae ee (10)
This hyperbola and ole XX axis are the only double curves of
the surface.
From equation (4) we obtain,

Se VES eee eee (11)
where
Shee? BY) eI ley pa Oe ae ae (12)
and
LD sees SAY 7) gee pave aA a (13)

In this expression for wu only positive values of the inner radical

are considered as only real points on the surface F are to be in-
OU

’ oy ran = 0

for all values of x except 6, —1 and —5, where it is infinite.

vestigated. Investigations of (11) show that when y = 0

For values of x < Nat andy > 0, ai is positive or negative ac-

cording to whether wu is positive or negative, while for negative
values of y it is positive or negative according to whether w is
negative or positive. _ Hence for all sections of the surface parallel

44 =~. +=‘'THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

to the Y U plane, where « < a there will be either both a
maximum and minimum point, or a double point, for y equal
zero and for no other finite value of y. For x > — , there are

other maximum and minimum points and double points, and the
curves all pierce the X Y plane along the curve represented by
equation (10). From the preceding discussion and an inspection
of equation (9) and figure I it is evident that the orthogonal
projection of F upon the X U plane will be nowhere within the
oval, and hence that there is a hole in F for which the oval is the
central section.

It is obvious that the surface F' is composed of two sheets
(see figs. I-VII) which hang together along the XX axis from
—0o to —5, from —1 to + 6 and pass through each other
along the branch of the double curve T — 0 which lies to the
right of the YY axis.

Sections parallel to the XU plane give curves composed of
two branches which cut each other in points on one branch of
the double curve T — 0 and nowhere else. Each branch con-
tinues to infinity and there unites parabolically with the other.
The YU sections also unite parabolically at infinity, and hence
the two sheets of the surface F' merge into each other every-
where at infinity.

The surface F’ may be reduced to a double-faced disk with

one hole as follows: For all values of x > ve deform the

surface by pulling the sheets through each other in such a
way that instead of cutting in two distinct points on 7 —0
for each value of x they will cut each other in two coincident
points. This deformation will be continuous and approach
zero in magnitude as x approaches and will nowhere |
produce a tear in the surface. Having made this deformation,
project the surface upon the XU plane and the result will be
a double-faced disk with one hole.

Starting at a point P in sheet I and continuing in any direc-
tion on the surface F' we can always return to P. This closed
path may be all in sheet J or in both sheets J and JJ. It may or
may not pass through or around the oval. In the latter case
the circuit can always be reduced to zero while in the former
it cannot be so reduced, unless there be an even number of

CONWELL: A SPECIAL REIMANN SURFACE. 45

such passages and they be in opposite directions. Hence any
closed circuit on F' can be reduced to zero or to sums of mul-
tiples of two irreducible circuits. These facts show the elliptic
function to be doubly periodic over F’.

THE GENERAL ELLIPTIC CASE FOR WHICH f(z) HAS REAL ROOTS.

We shall now extend the preceding discussion to a general
elliptic function of the type

oe ie Saar ce eat oral Lie aa UP oe, . (14)

where p is positive and q either positive or negative, and where
the roots of

EP DSO (0) UII Can oe Hick ee rome ea EL (15)

are all real. It will be shown that the resulting surface
F (x, y,u) =O has properties identical with those of the
special case already investigated, if judged from the point of
view of the investigations of this paper.

We obtain at once, as in the preceding case,

EC ME AU AE te A (ei ia el (16)
where

SS OY —— ME NO oie oiepese ois SRE M Nese Sate (17)
and

CU hi le tr aha ahs. /elkts Uk oie a ‘she (18)

The similarity of the XU and XY traces to those in the pre-
ceding case is obvious. From (16) we obtain,
ou -2 y| — 6u(S?— T?)4+ 82' + 62’y? — 6qx +'3y' + 40y? —p’
oy ~ A (S?— T?)\% [S+(8S?4+ 7?)% ]%,

For\y = 0, ff = 0 for all values of x except the roots of x?— pa +

gq = 0, where it is infinite. For all negative values of x Seo

, is positive or negative for values of y > 0, according to whether

u is positive or negative, and negative or positive for y < 0 ac-
cording as wu is positive or ica Hence for all sections parallel

to the Y U plane, where x — =, Ni2 3 there will be a maximum and

minimum point for y equal zero i for no other finite value of y.
Since the sum of the roots of (15) are zero, at least one root must
be negative and at least one positive. It is also evident that the

46 ; THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

ovalfpasses.through the two smaller roots of (15). Let ri, 72,73,
be the roots of (15), where 73 > r2 > 71; then 71 + 72 + 73 = O and

—7rirzr3 =q. From the last relation and the fact that : 0 oe

> q it is evident that = ve ee > 27%. and therefore Ve > ro; in

other words, x = Ve does not lie within the oval.

For <> ME there are other maximum and minimum points or

double points than for y equal zero. As in the simpler case these
sections are parabolic in nature.

These investigations show that this surface has no impor-
tant characteristics, from our point of view, not common to
the more special case and is therefore always reducible to a
double-faced disk with one hole.

THE GENERAL ELLIPTIC CASE.

Up to this point the investigations have been confined to
the type, w? = 2° — pz + q, where p and q were both real, p
positive and the roots all real. It will now be shown that no
generality is lost by this restriction.

Consider the general elliptic case,

W? 2G MEY A ee a Oe ee ee (20)
where

f(z) =a,(@—17,) @—7,) (@—1,) @—7,) ... (21)
and @, 11, Ts 13, 74, are real or imaginary constants. The
elliptic integral resulting from this form may by a well known
transformation of f(z) be made to depend upon an integral of
the type,

0(2) = 6) (2 4 SG) ee eee (22)

No generality is therefore lost by replacing f(z) by g(z). The
constants of (22) may be positive or negative, real or imag-
inary. Ifa, and a, are arbitrarily changed the surface F' will
undergo a deformation. The only matter of interest in the
present paper is whether such a deformation increases or de--
creases the number of holes in Ff’. It is of course evident that
if the number of holes is diminished as a, and a, assume the

* Boehm, Elliptische Functionen, Zweiter Teil, page 128.

CONWELL: A SPECIAL REIMANN SURFACE. AT

values a°, and a°,, that as a, and a, approach a®, and a, in
value, one or more holes in the surface must be continually
decreasing in size in such a way that when a’, and a°, are
reached the surface has a node at the point (%,, y,, vu.) on F
and vice versa. If (a, yo, Uo, Vo) 1S the corresponding point
on ®, the latter will also have a node at this point. Therefore
corresponding to nodes on F’ are nodes on ®. At such nodes
the tangent hyper-planes to

P (x,y, U, Vv) = 90
and

Q Cot) ==)
are coincident. In order to investigate the nature of F' at such
places write the equations of the tangent hyper-planes to P

and Q at the point (%,, y,, U, V,), and the conditions for their
coincidence. The equations in question are,

ee iO Uo Yoints (a Vo ney + (We), Uo = 0s" (23)
and
2, )0 x, FY — Yo) Oyo + (U— 45) Qu, + (0-05) Q’v,=0 .. (24)
The conditions for these two hyper-planes to be coincident is
that

ee. IAG Pe Gas Bye
Or amO am oe) yi
It is evident, however, from the relation
EG yeu) Ee (ey, 0) = 0

that
oa) le vO) xe i a Vand 1 v= —@ a,
Hence
ee x, Qx,—0) P?”’y,+Q’’7,0, = Pu, + Qu, =0 and P?’v,.+Q”’c,=90
and therefore
a eee — evox — Oye) i, =) vo — 0.
In the above relations
P= — ys (2, y)
and
Q = 2uv — t (x, y),
therefore it follows that u—0 and v —0 and therefore that
g (z) —0. Moreover, since
P’x,+7Q’x,=0 and P’y,+7 Q’y,=0

48 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

it follows that
s’x, + 2t’x, = 0 and s’y, + it’y, = 0.

Therefore g’ (z,) 0, showing that z is a double root of
g (2) =0. It is evident therefore that the surfaces P and Q,
and hence F’, may be deformed in any way we please without
affecting its analysis situs properties provided that during
this deformation g (z) —0O never acquires any double roots.
These conditions allow a deformation that will change com-
plex roots into real and unequal roots without any two roots
becoming equal in the process. Hence we may in this manner
transform g (z) into 7 (z), where the roots of 7 (z) are real
and unequal.

The above conclusions show that no generality is lost in con-
sidering the simpler case and thereby avoiding the difficult
task of dealing with imaginary coefficients. The difficulty
introduced by imaginary coefficients is that due to the lack of
symmetry with respect to the XU plane.

It is evident now that the surface constructed from the
simplest possible relation is sufficient for a complete exposi-
tion of the Riemann surface properties of the most general
elliptic function. |

A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF THE HYPER-ELLIPTIC CASE.

As an introduction to the general hyper-elliptic function we
will consider briefly a simple numerical example of the same.
The details of the surface F’ will be considered sufficiently to
show that the preceding discussion can be applied in all its
essential details to the higher form. For this purpose con-
sider the equation

w? — (z— 5) (2 —1) (2 + 1) (2+ 2) (2+ 8).
The surface F'(x, y, uw) = 0 will be represented by
4ut — Au2S — T? = 0,

where

S=0°—10x*y? + dxy*—20x° + 60xy°—30x*-+ 30y* + 19% -+30
and

T = duty — 10x7y? + y® — 6027y + 20y? — 60ry + 19y.
The surface F' is symmetric to the XU and XY planes. The
trace on the XU plane is the XX axis and the real curve

v? = (x — 5) (@ —1) (x 4 1) (& 4 2) (@ + 8)

CONWELL: A SPECIAL RIEMANN SURFACE. 49

representing all the real pairs (w,z) satisfying the original
equation. The latter consists of two ovals and an infinite
branch. The trace on the XY plane is the double curve repre-
sented by the equation JT? — 0. This curve is composed of the
XX axis and four infinite branches which are hyperbolic in
form and coaxial (see fig. VIII).

Sections parallel to the XU plane give rise to curves which
have double points on the branches I and III of the double
curve, as shown in the figure, and nowhere else. This is
shown by an investigation of the value of S in the neighbor-
hood of these branches. For the two branches to hang to-
gether or intersect each other, it is necessary that T be equal
to zero and S be negative or zero. Every pair of values (x, y)
on one of these infinite branches reduces 7 to zero, but none of
these pairs on branch II or IV will cause S to be negative or
zero. Therefore the two sheets of the surface F’ do not cut
through each other along either of these branches. The two
sheets hang together along the XX axis from — © to — 3, — 2
io ——1, from — 1 to-+— 5 and cut each other along the two
branches I and III of 7 — 0. To prove, as in the elliptic case,
that the two sheets never hang together for any finite value of
y except zero would be very complicated,and so another method
is employed. It is easily seen that any section parallel to the
YU plane will give rise to a curve which has a number, say d,
double points. But this curve is composed of two branches
which intersect in d points in the XY plane. If d is odd the
two branches are odd and hence each branch stretches off to
infinity in both directions. If d is even, each branch is even
and hence cuts the line at infinity in an even number of places
and is accordingly a closed curve. In the first case (d odd) the
XX axis must be composed of intersection points, while in the
latter it is not. This leads to the conclusion that all sections
which cut the curve u — f(x), y — 0 give rise to even branches
and all others to odd. Hence the former are always reducible
to traces of the form, fig. V or fig. VI, while the latter are
always reducible to branches of the form fig. VII. From this
will follow, as in the elliptic case, that F' is two-sheeted and
contains two holes. By a deformation similar to the one de-
scribed in the example of the elliptic case, it may be brought
into the form of a double-faced disk with two holes. Hence all

4—-Sci. Bul.—860

50 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

closed circuits on F' may be reduced to zero or to sums of mul-
tiples of four irreducible circuits.

Having considered the elliptic case in detail and investigated
briefly a special hyper-elliptic function, we now proceed to
the most general hyper-elliptic function, w—R(z), where
R(z) is of degree n.

Forming the equation of the surface F' in the usual manner,
there arises the equation F'(a, y, u)—=0, where F' is of degree
2nin (x, y,u). F(x, y, uv) = 0 may always be put in the form,

4u4 — 47S — T? = 0,

where S and T are polynomials in x and y of degree n. As has
been shown in the preceding considerations, R(z) may be
assumed to have only real roots. Hence the surface F is
symmetric to the XU and XY planes. The XU trace will con-
sist of the XX axis and a curve representing all real pairs
(w, z) satisfying the original equation. The latter curve will
consist of one or two infinite branches, according to whether
n is odd or even, and p ovals. The XY trace will be a double
curve represented by 7 —0O and consisting of the XX axis
and a curve represented by an equation of degree (n—1).
This double curve represents all the real double points of the
surface F’.

The surface F' is composed of two sheets which hang to-
gether everywhere along the XX axis except for values of x
which satisfy the equation u—R(x2),y=—0, and cut each
other along certain branches of the double curve 7 —0. Cor-
responding to the p ovals there will be p holes in F. All closed
circuits on F’ may be reduced to sums of multiples of 2p irre-
ducible circuits.

DOUBLE CURVES.

The double curves of the surface F' arise as the result of
projecting the surface ® from four space into three space,
the center of projection being at infinity. Whenever a pro-
jecting line cuts & in two places a double point occurs on F.. If
the two points on © be real the double point on F will be a real
double point connected with the surface F’, but if the two points
on ® be imaginary the resulting double point on F' will be
isolated. This gives rise to two classes of double curves, one
being on the surface F' and the other being related to the sur-
face but isolated from it.

CONWELL: A SPECIAL RIEMANN SURFACE. 51

In the elliptic case the double curves consisted of the XX
axis and an hyperbola. That part of the XX axis included by
the real part of the curve u—/f (x), y —0 is isolated. Of the
hyperbola, that branch lying to the left of the YU plane is
isolated.

In the hyper-elliptic example the double curve consists of
the XX axis and four infinite branches. What was said of the
XX axis for the elliptic case holds here also. Of the four
infinite branches two are isolated (see fig. VIII), and two are
curves of intersection of the two sheets of the surface.

The same conditions will exist in the general hyper-elliptic
case, the XX axis always being a double curve with the same
law as to isolated points as in the simpler cases. The other
double curves will be partly isolated and partly curves of in-
tersection of the two sheets of the surface. The isolated curves
separate themselves from the other class in that they always
pass through one or more of the ovals, while the curves of in-
tersection of sheets never do. |

52

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

FIG. | :
f (Xy,U)=0, y=0

FIC. 11
F (xy,u)=0, a=0 , (b) 1solaled

CONWELL :

A SPECIAL RIEMANN SURFACE,

F/G: [1
Fixy, 4)=0, y=/

FIG: V
lixyd=0 y=2

53

54 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

FIG.V
Fixy.d)=0, X=-2

F1C VI
ONE, ke ce

CONWELL: A SPECIAL RIEMANN SURFACE. 55

oN.
wh

P16 Vil
F (xy, u)=0, x=6
yi .

41 had i

FIG. Vill
Fixy,a)=0 u-0 Mand N isolaied.

as he - nl
oe

¥
Vi) a;
" it Na hi af i

ip Ny

Abe vi |

i rl hai pe e - “a
“ a Adi .. 4 i et a iP : uM i a) be a
= « 7 oe i rt ie ved “oy aan
i 4 aise idm 7 oe |”
k . i i ; 4 thee NG a i " Wi if Mi * ' ih 4
ii . i ey OD ad ay Ng ales gah i! Rue
Hee tyes i i a4 4 pe ry 5 of) yeh MM ahs 4 y Hie seis ‘ee oi, re,
. i Bh a ee 4 4 2 ‘
awe sad H
iJ oF
i ,
i! i in
hid
ee atin re
5 } a 4
| F
¥
ig led vs
wy : fl "
\ : a Ng
i = a
~ \ a
, my
i i
ey Oh - m \ i }
ae
ei ae + out
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t i is i ie i
or | :
ee i ui r
Fa x :
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; a | ' i | 4 a vy Peary im hie

i t r 3) i i a

mas f Sick
\ i a 4

yen ; ; r

A fe bs ’ Ws iA
MOO) ios i

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 5—MaAy, 1920.

CONTENTS:

A CALCULATION OF THE INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS FOR RULED
SURFACES,

E. B. Stouffer.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

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THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII. ] NEAY; 1920. [No. 5.

A Calculation of the Invariants and Covariants for
Ruled Surfaces.*

BY E. B. STOUFFER.

N Wilczynski’s Projective Differential Geometry of Curves
and Ruled Surfaces + it is shown that the projective differ-
ential properties of a non-developable ruled surface may be
studied by means of a system of differential equations of the
form ¢

(A) ( y"+2pny’+2p22/+quiytqre z=),

2” + 2p y’ + 2p2 2’ + qu ytqrz=0,
where p;, and qj, are functions of the independent variable z.
The most general transformations leaving (A ) unchanged in form
are given by the equations

= 4} y ton Zz,
(1) i ie oa A = 411 42, — 432 22 ¥ 0,
2 = 4 Y+ 4n 2,
(2) f= (x),

where «;, and = are arbitrary functions of x.

A function of the coefficients of (A) and their derivatives and
of the dependent variables and their derivatives which remains
unchanged in value by the transformation (1) is called a semz-cova-
riant and if it remains unchanged in value also by the transforma-
tion (2) it is called a covariant. Semi-covariants or covariants
which do not involve the dependent variables or their derivatives
are called seminvariants or invariants, respectively. The invari-

- ants and covariants of system (A) are used in the study of the

* Received for publication May 10.
j Teubner, Leipzig, 1906.

_ $ Wilczynski writes his system without the factor 2 in the coefficients of y’ and z’. Its
introduction makes some of the results appear in simpler form.

(59)

60 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

properties of ruled surfaces. Their calculation as given by Wil-
ezynski involves the solution of several rather complicated sys-
tems of partial differential equations. It is the purpose of this
paper to obtain the same results by much shorter methods.

In 1915 Green published a paper* in which he obtains the in-
variants and covariants of the general form of the system of
partial differential equations associated with curved surfaces
from the invariants and covariants of a canonical form of these
equations. Green points out that his general method is of wide
application. This scheme of making the calculations first for a
simplified system and then transforming to the coefficients of the
original system is used in the present paper.

The results in this paper carry the same label as do the corre-
sponding results in Wilezynski’s book but there are differences in
numerical coefficients and in signs because of the introduction of
the binomial coefficients in equations (A) and because of a
change of sign in the defining expression for 2x.

1. THE SEMI-CANONICAL FORM.

Let us make the transformation (1) upon the system (A).
There immediately results the system

ay” + ay92"4+ 2 (an + pn an t+ pran)y’ +
2 (419+ pir 412 + Pie 222) zl
+ (an + 2 pu a’u+ 2 pre e@’a1 + Qii4ii + Que 221 ) y
+ (22+ 2 pn a’12+ 2 pie 2’ + qu aie + Que 422 ) z=0,
ao, y"” + 499 2" + 2 (a'n + poi an+ pe an) y! +
2 (a’02 + poi 412 + P22 an) 2!
+ (4%) + 2 pa a’ + 2 poe a’a1 + Gar 411 + G22 421 yy
+ (a9 + 2 par a'12 +2 pr a’22 + Gar 412 + G22 222 z= 0;
If 2, are so chosen that

2
(4) a nee Ziky Ws k = 1, 2),
j=

(3)

the coefficients of y’ and z’ in (8) vanish. Such a solution for
a;, is always possible since it is equivalent merely to choosing
(a, 221) and (a1, 422) as two distinct pairs of solutions of the
system of differential equations

p’= — (pup + pr)
o’= — (pnp + pyc).

*G. M. Green, On the Theory of Curved Surfaces, and Canonical Systems in Projective Differen-
tial Geometry. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 16 (1915), pp. 1-12.

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. 61

The substitution from (4) into (3) now gives
6) ) any” + a2” + (un an + ue en) y + (un a2 + U2 422) z =
any” + 4222” + (uo a + U22 221) y + (tar a12 + U2 422 )z =
where*
(6) Ux =Qik — D’ix pe Bi Dis Ck =A 2)
] =
The system (5) may be put into the form
y” + quytqez=0,
(B) ! eel PVE ele
2" +quytqerz=0,
if we write |

2

2
(1) Ade=224nantn, (k= 1,2),
j= J=

where 4,; is the algebraic minor «;; in the determinant of he trans-
formation (1). Wilezynski calls (B) the semi-canonical form of
the system (A).
The differentiation of equations (7) gives
2

bf 2
(8) AQ ix => = [A ji 41k U fat Aja’ ie Chal oe A GG Ok Uj] —

a
| ie dx, (1,k =1, 7)
By the use of (4) we find ,

2
A’ Uy = ~ Ay [— (pu + pez) Uy + Zz Diraitlai ls
mm

:
“a ae
A!’ = — (pu t+ p2)A
whence it follows at once that

(9) Ad'u=224ymuo, (,k=1,2),

where

O10). 03. = Ux +3 (Bate i Dela) neal 18 2S
It follows without calculation that

mt) Ag’. = e 34s Wi, (1,k =1, 2),

where

ee ae

1. tan

ese jk sae Oia) (2, k= Ie, Za)

*The expression here used for uj], differs in sign as well as in numerical coefficients from that
used by Wilezynski.

62 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Bet: us rewrite transformations (1) and (2) in the form

(13) Brie ah Bi B22 — Biz Ba ~ 0.

z= Bu Y + BZ,
C14) ec Garay
and find the most general nature which these transformations
may have and still leave (B) in the semi-canonical form. By
these transformations (B) is converted into

oF iY — bak Ae &
Brats qe eS pare ee: ae =

( Biz 2 4 28'n8") s Aas (Bub auBut qb) ¥ +

(B’2+ qu Be + q2 Bx) Z= 0,
(15)

2

G2 Ze
Ba (o) a ae 42 Bla 8?)

( Ba EV 1D Bloo er 2

dé eas ga Bu + ay Bu)Y+

(B22 + gai Bi2+ qo2 B2) Z = 0.

This system is in the form of system (B) if and only if
Bib a 2 Bee) =O fo eile he
that is, if

bi hee
(16) Bi a er (79 sae 13

where 0;; are constants. If these values for @; are substituted into
(15) that system may be written in the form

ay
(+4 QuY¥ + QuZ ==)

dé .
(C) 5
1s Zs +Q1Y+Q2Z = 0,

ae
if we put
9 2 Fay "
eve D Qix Ari or aha ii [ (147 ae. 17") Bint * Buc din iF (2, k= 1,2),
where 7 = = and where B;; is the minor of bj in the determinant

D = bu bee — biz ba.

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. 63

The transformations

‘= bi “: bi y
= — 52 ’
a DaNienie Nig?
aro) < boi bos Z
Ne N ey.
Sie Ca)

which leave B unchanged in form may be considered as consisting
of the transformation

y=bu Y+bnZ,
z2=ba Y + beZ,

in which é = x, and of the transformations

(19) D = bu bx — bio ba ~ 0,

in which bi = b22 = 1 and by = ba = 0.

2. THE SEMINVARIANTS.

Let us first find those functions of the coefficients of (B) and
their derivatives which remain unchanged in value by the trans-
formation (19). Equations (17) show that (19) converts q, into
Qi. where

2 2 A
(21) DQ. mr * PiiPu Ga, (ee — 1 2)’.

If the transformation (19) is made infinitesimal by putting
b; = 1+ 9; ot and bj = 9, °t, (7 47), where ¢, are arbitrary con-

| stants and ot an infinitesimal, the infinitesimal transformations of

qi. are found from (21) to be
= 2 Se us
(22) 6 Ge = = (ik Gi — Fi Min) (ie — le 2s

| In accordance with the Lie theory the desired functions must
, satisfy the system of partial differential equations.

%
0 —_ (

) Oe |
(28) Unf= 2 @e—£ -q—*) =0, (r,8=1,2).

|

| ? dis ° rl

, Between these four equations there are the two relations
| (24) Uu+ Un =0,
|

j]

7

64 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

(25) = qe Ui2 + gu Un + qu Ui + qe Ux = 0.
Since the system contains four variables there are just two so-
lutions. These are easily seen to be

T=quitqn, J = qugqe — gga.

Since the coefficients in (19) are constants the transformations
of the various derivatives of q, will be of exactly the same form
as the transformations of g;. The differential equations for the
functions involving q’, as well as gq, are simply (23) with terms
of the same form in q’; added. The relations (25) ceases to hold
so that there are just three more solutions. These are evidently

lS Kea Gng = doa a:

In the system of equations for the functions involving also
q’;, there are just three independent equations and four more va-
riables so that there are four more solutions. These are evi-
dently Wig a ae

T” od, KE = ating" Gg! an,

A continuation of this process shows that all the desired funec-
tions involving higher derivatives of gj, can be obtained by form-
ing the successive derivatives of 1, J, K, L.

Let us now substitute in J, J, K, Land their derivatives the
expressions for gx, Qik, @ix given in (7), (9) and (11). A com-
parison of these equations with (21) and its derivatives shows
that gi is expressed in terms of wx, q’x in terms of v%, and q’i, in
terms of w;, in exactly the same way that Qj, js expressed in terms
of dx, Q’ix in terms qd’x, and Q”,, in terms of g’i,, respectively, ex-
cept of course that 4 replaces b,. IfnowinJ, J, K, Lor in
their derivatives we replace gx, Qi, Qik by Qu, Q’x, Q”ix respec-
tively, we obtain the original functions of gx, @’x, @"ix. It follows
therefore that if in J, J, K, L and their derivatives we replace
ics Vik» q"x bY Ux, Vik, Wik, respectively, we obtain the result of
substituting (7), (9), (11) into these functions. In other words

T =un+u2, J =U U2 — UL U21,
I’ =vn+ v2, J! = Ui V22 + U2 Vil — U2 V2 — Wai V12,
(26)< I" =wutwa, J” =2K4+unwe+unwu — U2wai—Uaaiwe,
K =0n102— v0, L = wwe — wi2wai,
K/= vi w22 + 022 Wi11 — V12Wa1 — 021 W122.

The expressions (26) and their derivatives are all seminvari-
ants of the system (A) and moreover they form a complete

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. 65

system of seminvariants for the system (A). To show these
facts let us suppose that we have two systems of form (A) which
are equivalent under a transformation of form (1). Each of
these systems may be reduced to a semi-canonical form and these
must be equivalent under a transformation of form (19). A

seminvariant expression, gu + qx, say, formed for these two
semi-canonical forms must be equal and each is equal to the ex-
pression wu -+ w2= J formed for its corresponding original sys-
tem. Therefore the two expressions for J are equal and J must
be a seminvariant. The same reasoning applies to the other
expressions (26). That we have a complete system of sem-
invariants is obvious from the fact that every seminvariant of
(A) must have a semi-canonical form which remains unchanged
by transformations which leave the semi-canonical form invariant.

3.) HOLE SEMI-COVARIANTS.
We shall now find the semi-covariants of (A) by finding first
the semi-canonical form of these semi-covariants. The trans-
formation (1) when solved for y and z has the form

aN y = ay — 4122,

Az=— any + az.

When the coefficients of this transformation are subjected to the
conditions (4) we find

(27)

(28) Ay = ap — 4126,
Az’ =—anptane,
where
(29) p=y'+puyt+ pez, >= 2'+ pry t+ paz.

Evidently semi-covariants need contain no higher derivatives of
y and z than the first.

The semi-canonical form of the semi-covariants will be found
by subjecting (B) to the transformation (19). Since the coeffi-
cients in (19) are constants }

y’ =bu Y’+db2Z’,
| z’=bn Y’+beZ’,
and it follows at once that
ol) P=yz'—y'z

is a semi-covariant.

(30)

5—Sci. Bul.—860

66 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The system of differential equations for the semi-canonical
form of the semi-covariants is the same as the system for the
semi-canonical form of the seminvariants except that each equa-
tion contains more terms and there are four more variables. The
relations (24) and (25) both cease to hold so that there are three
semi-covariants or four relative semi-covariants.

Equations (19) and (21) show that the expressions guy +
qgezand guiy+gq2z are transformed cogrediently with y and z,
respectively. The same is of course true of qg/1y+q'2z and
q’1y +q'2z2, respectively. It follows at once that the three ex-
pressions

(i C= (quyt+qnz)z— (qu y + q2z)y,
(82)< E=(q'uyt+q'22)2—(q'ny +q’» z)y,

|

| O = (quy +422) 2'— (quy + quz)y’,
are independent relative semi-covariants. A comparison of (19)
and (30) with (27) and (28) shows that the semi-covariants (31)
and (32) can be expressed in terms of the original variables and
coefficients if y is replaced by y, z by z, y’ by p and 2’ by « at
the same time that gq, and q’, are replaced by w;, and vx, re-
spectively. Thus we have

P=yo—-Zp,
C= (uny + U22z) 2 — (uany +22) y,
EH = (my + v2.2) 2 — (vay + 022) y,
O = (uny + U22z)o — (Uy + U2Z) p.

By the same argument as in the case of seminvariants these
four semi-covariants are known to form a complete system
for (A).

4. THE CANONICAL FORM AND THE INVARIANTS.

(33)

We shall now proceed to find those functions of the seminvari-
ants in their semi-canonical form which remain unchanged except

for a factor yn by the transformation (20). We shall thus

obtain the functions of the coefficients of (B) and their deriva- _

tives which remain unchanged by (18), except for the factor
1

(eyo .

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. 67

Equation (17) shows that (20) converts (6) into anew system
whose coefficients Q;, are given by the equations
= 1

(Qi= Gy? — by’ t+q), (=1,2),
(34) mae |
a Ox = cE dik» (ere le JED) s

\

We notice that
Qu + Q2 = ey (47 —9y’' +qu+qz),
so that Qu + Qx2 = 0, provided that
(85) »=7’-—4t7 =qut qn.
From equations (34) we have at once, if (35) is satisfied,
( Qi= Genz (Gs 41), = 1, 2),

(36) hee .y
(Se eagare Ce RE ae

whence

Q's = ENS [q's — $1’ — 24 (qi —431)],

Qi = Ga [q’a— 481" +P -— 2Tgi— 50 (q@'i-—4I) +
(37) 57? (gi — 31)],

Ou. = eryp (in — 2% du), (rig Od ke

“—™~

L QO". = wy (qx — 21 qn — 57 qx +577 YR).

Let us now assume that (B) has been converted into
y’ + Quy + Qez = 0,
2" + Qury + Quz=0,
where Q;, have the values (36) so that Qu +Q2=0. The sys-
tem (D) is called the canonical form of (A).
If the seminvariants for (D) corresponding to J, J, K, L for

(B) are denoted by M1, Ji, Ki, li, respectively, equations (37)
show that

(D)

68 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TO) iy 2 ers LF - 47),
Ji = ahs Fag ae = 4n(F—4P)],
Jn = ary ee (J 2 PA 2 py

9 £ (J, =a STA) ae dee iP)

Phi 1 :
oT eae ee oe N29 (J 3B) +

4 7? (J ae 1) ’

hoe yt |S Ra ere
( ax |
ee
(38)
AL) EE) S ‘(J —19P) -
202° (J — 11) |,
ne mp[ Eady tari K-ayh

ot Fo Gh are) Te a eae
Ge
yee os VC I) = 1P)
GX OX
+ 5a?) @ (J sa Ee) ae
OX
+157 {K-40 }— 258 4 (7-48)
dx

+ 2574 (J — 1) |.

The system (D) is left in the canonical form by the trans-
formation (20) provided that » =0. We shall now seek those
functions of the seminvariants in their semi-canonical form which
are left unchanged in value es the transformation (20) subject
to the condition » = 0.

From (34) or by direct sijheeiewiee we find that (20) with
» = 0 converts Q;, into

(29) Oe= Tere Ge: (i, k = 1, 2),

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. 69

whence it follows that

Q ix = ey (Qik — 27 Qi),
(40) v= La,
| Q". = aa TEE yi (Q” Ke 57 Q'x ar 5 7? Qix)- . ;

These results show by direct substitution and by differentiation
phat di: Ks: Ii, and their derivatives for the transformed equa-
tions have the values

Ti = yd i= Ene (I-40),
s)he Saati 94J'.+187J1),

(AL) Ki = au i —— (ki-27J1+477J1),
K'= ey (k'1 — 67 Ki — 245141577 J'1 — 207° J1),
Ii = : (li — 5741457 JI'14+157? Ki — 2577 J

ta
+ 257% J1).
If the transformation (20) is made infinitesimal by putting
E=x+ (x) ot
where ¢(x) is an arbitrary function of x and ¢t is an infinitesi-
mal, the infinitesimal transformations of Ji, Ki, I1, and their de-
rivatives are found by direct substitution in (41) to be

(oéIi=—4e'Jist,

6J' = (—5e' JI —4¢" Ji) 4t,

as — (— 69. J 1 = 9 e754) ot,

okt —(—6¢ Ki —2¢" J/1) 6t;

60K .=(-—T¢e’ K1—6¢" Ki —2¢" J"1) st,

OIn = (— 8¢’In— 5¢" K":) 6t.

The resulting system of partial differential equations whose
solutions are invariants of (D) under the transformation (20)
with » = 0 contains two independent equations. There are
therefore four such absolute .nvariants involving the variables J1,
J'1, J"1, Ki, K’1, In. The five relative invariants may be taken
to be

(42)

6, = Ji, 441 = 9(JI1)? —8 Sid",

9 = (J1)? —451 Kt, O15 = 5 Ow J 1 — 28’ J1,

ig = 4 (J)? 401 Ki} D+ Ki (J — 2K1)? + Ji (K's)?
—J'1K'1(J"1 — 2 K1).

a! z|

;
(43) 4
|
L

70 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The system of equations for the invariants involving also the
next higher derivatives of Ji, Ki, Li, contains no more equations

but three more variables. The three solutions may be taken
to be

AiO | Ol Onan
(44)5 451 65 — 151 As,
A Bir Cag =) Uh, Bias

The invariants involving the next higher derivatives of Ji, K1,
In, may obviously be obtained by combining J: and J’: with the
invariants (44). A continuation of this process evidently gives
all the independent relative invariants.

The invariants (48) may be expressed in terms of J, J, K, L,
and their derivatives by means of (38). However, a compari-
son of (88) and (41) shows that this substitution can be made,

except for a factor (Eni , by replacing in (43) Ji by J —127, I%

d @
by g, (f— 42), by ga) a ee a,

ee 6 Mae ee li eG el = yd )-and En
2

by L—i(?’y+41{K—4(1')?}-21 — = Pye

4]?(J —i1I?). The results of these substitutions are as follows:

Of ee

64.4 = 90's)? — SOLO GEE Sa hee,

Oy = (64)? 4 4 K-4(1')*f,

O45 = 5 O10 04 — 20/104,

Os = Oo [L—4(1")? +4723 K -—4(1’)? |-—2760%+
4P6sJ4+$K-i (1')?| § 6%—416,— 2K+4(1')?/?
+ 64(K’—1J' I" —21 04)? —
6’, (K’—1iTI"—-210,)§$ 6%—47&—2K+44(1')*

= 600) LD—i(i’)?} +3 K-41’)? | (J”-411"-2K )

+ 6,(K'—1 71")? —64(K’—41I") (J”-411"—-2K).

The same reasoning as in the case of the seminvariants shows

that the expressions (45) are invariants of (A) and that all inde- ©
pendent invariants of (A) are obtained in this way.

(45)

STOUFFER: INVARIANTS AND COVARIANTS. ct

There is another expression for an invariant which is easily
obtained and which is of geometrical interest. From equation
(21) we easily deduce the equations

D (Qu — Qx) = (bi: bee + biz bar) (qui — 22) + 2 bar be giz — 2 bi2 bu gai,
DO bizbe (qu — gz) + be? qi — bw? qui,
DQ2a = — babu (qu —q2)— bar? qre + bur? gai,
and exactly similar equations involving derivatives of any order.
Thus we know at once that the determinant

Gi = G22 q 12 q 21
(46 ) qgu—q’2 @q’2 q’21
q’u—q’2 gq’ @”2
is the semi-canonical form of a seminvariant. Furthermore
equations (39) and (40) show that it is the semi-canonical form
of an invariant. The expression in terms of the original coeffi-
cients for this invariant is
Wil — 22 U12 U2
(47) 6, = | Vu — V2 V2 Vai
[hit —W2) yg Wa. Wai
5. THE COVARIANTS.

Let us now return to the semi-canonical form of the semi-co-
variants and assume that they have been written down for
equations (D). If they are denoted by P1, Ci, Bi, O1, equations
(39) and (40) show that their values for the equations obtained
by transforming (D) by (20) with » = 0 are as follows:

P, = 2). C= Z Ci
Taiko a 7 eet | coed eae
ii = (E") (Bi — 2701), O1 (7
Therefore four relative covariants in their canonical form are
Pi, Qi, fi +401, 241fi—- id".
By converting these expressions into the original coefficients and
variables we find the complete system of covariants for (A) tobe

P,C,CGz=H+4(O—-249P) =H+2N,C,=20H —04C.

(O1 +471).

a
a
;

a,

%
ap
Mc

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou; <1Ih No: 6—=May, . 1920.

CONTENTS:

POSSIBLE METHODS OF CLASSIFYING WHITE, YELLOW AND
ORANGE STAPHYLOCOCCI,
Martha Bays.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

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THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII. ] MAY, 1920. LINO} 6:

Possible Methods of Classifying White, Yellow and
Orange Staphylococci.*

BY MARTHA BAYS.

From Department of Bacteriology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
INTRODUCTION.

TAPHYLOCOCCI were first found in pus by Pasteur!

(1880). Ogston* confirmed Pasteur’s work a year later
(1881), and in 1883 Becker ® was able to isolate staphylococci
in pure culture. Rosenback * (1884) described staphylococcus
pyogenes, dividing it into two varieties corresponding to the
orange and white pigmentation, calling them var. awreus and
var. albus. In 1908 the Winslows °® based their classification
upon growth, pigment production and liquefaction of gelatin.
_ Dudgeon ® (1908) found staphylococcus albus commonly in
normal tissue while staphylococcus aureus was usually ob-
tained from pathogenic sources. He was interested in the
interchangeability of these two varieties and worked upon a
classification of these organisms, using glucose, lactose, malt-
ose, glycerin, cane sugar, raffinose, erythrite, salacin, litmus
milk and neutral red. He finally concluded that they all be-
longed to the same species.

Winslow, Rothberg and Parsons‘ (1920) studied 180 cul-
tures of white and orange staphylococci to determine their ac-
tion upon the sugars, glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, raffin-
ose, mannitol, dulcitol, salacin and inulin. They used two dif-
ferent media, the dehydrated bacto nutrient broth prepared by

* Thesis offered as partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Received for publication August 28, 1920.

(75)

76 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

the Digestive Ferments Company, and the peptone media of
Clark and Lubs. They found that: ‘The action of the staphy-
lococci upon glucose, maltose, sucrose and lactose would seem
to offer a possible basis of classification, although the marked
differences due to the effect of the medium would suggest the
use of this property as a differential test might prove of
doubtful value.”

They were able to divide the organisms into three main
groups. Group I, organisms fermenting all four sugars;
group II, organisms fermenting glucose, maltose and sucrose,
but not lactose. In group III they classified all the rest of the
strains and stated that it was a “highly heterogeneous agglom-
eration.”

They found that “gelatin liquefaction was slightly but dis-
tinctly more common among the active fermenters,” and that
“white and orange pigments were fairly evenly divided among
the various fermentative groups with a slightly greater pre-
ponderanee of vigorous fermenters in the orange than in the
white group.” Their tests for indol were all negative and
nitrate broth gave almost uniformly positive results showing
reduction.

Winslow, Rothberg and Parsons, after this extensive work
upon various sugars, nitrates, indol chromogenesis and gelatin
liquefaction, state that: “Fundamentally we are inclined to
agree with Dudgeon in considering the whole group a reason-
ably homogeneous one, and it seems clear the central type of
the whole genus is the orange-pigment forming, vigorously
fermenting, gelatin liquefying, somewhat actively pathogenic
St. aureus. As we depart from this type there is a progres-
Sive weakening of the various biochemical activities of this
more vigorous form. The loss of one characteristic of the St.
aureus type tends in some degree to be associated with the loss
of others. Thus the white chromogens are less actively patho-
genic than the orange forms, less actively gelatinolytic and
slightly less vigorous in fermentation action. The forms
which fail to liquefy gelatin also tend to be less active ferment-
ers than the liquefiers.”’

The object of the present paper was to obtain white, yellow
and orange staphylococci from as many different sources as
possible and to see whether the group would lend itself to
rational or satisfactory subdivision making use of fermenta-

BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. T7

tion, pigmentation, hemolysis, proteolysis on milk agar plates,
liquefaction of gelatin, blackening of lead acetate agar, and
the determining of limiting hydrogen ion concentrations of
each strain in dextrose broth. I hoped to see if there was a
correlation of any of these with source and pathogenicity.

In order to do this, I have subdivided this work under six
headings, as follows:

1. Assuming as Dudgeon that staphylococci seemed to be one species
and disregarding the characteristic of pigment production and liquefac-
tion of gelatin, is it possible to subdivide staphylococci in general upon
a basis of fermentation of carbohydrates. In determining data for this
question, I have asked myself to note the following questions: Does the
classification by fermentation reaction offer any correlation with pig-
ment production, liquefaction of gelatin, with pathogenicity, with source?
and, Is there a correlation between rapidity of fermentation and of pig-
ment production and pathogenicity as suggested by Winslow?

2. After studying staphylococci as a whole from the standpoint of
fermentation reactions, it was next decided to assume pigmentation as
the primary differentiation into subgroups of white, yellow and orange
staphylococci and attempt the subdivision of each of these by means of
fermentation reaction. The borderline yellows and orange pigment pro-
ducers were placed in their respective groups of yellow or orange.

3. The next step was to assume, as before, pigmentation as a pri-
mary differentiation into white, yellow and orange staphylococci then to
attempt a subdivision of each of these by means of blood agar plates,
placing the hemolizers and nonhemolizers in separate groups as has been
done for streptococci, these were again subdivided upon the basis of fer-
mentation reactions. In the work on hemolysis, a comparative study was
made using different kinds of blood, such as rabbit, sheep and human.

4, A similar study of staphylococci in which pigmentation was made
use of for primary subdivision of each group, subdivided again in ac-
cordance with the ability of various strains in that group to produce
proteolysis upon milk agar plates. This gave proteolytic and nonproteoly-
tic subdivision. These were further divided upon the basis of fermenta-
tion. It was necessary to study the reationship between reaction of
media and degree of proteolysis in obtaining data for this work.

5. To study the ability of the various staphylococci to produce hy-
drogen sulphide, all staphylococci were first inoculated into both one per
cent peptone broth agar containing lead acetate, and three per cent pep-
tone broth agar containing lead acetate to see whether there was any
correlation between the blackening of lead acetate and any other char-
acteristics. I might say there was noted apparently a correlation be-
tween pathogenicity and blackening of three per cent peptone lead acetate
agar.

6. Lastly, it was thought worth while to determine the limiting
hydrogen ion concentrations of all these various staphylococci in dextrose
dipotassium phosphate broth to see whether there exist high and low

718 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

ratio groups and whether these correlate with any other characteristics
and data.

In all, 75 strains of staphylococci were studied. These were
obtained from pathological conditions, in various foods and
three strains from the American Museum of Natural History.
My tentative definition for staphylococci was cocci in which
the division was in two planes giving rise to flat sheets of-
cells and irregular masses.

TECHNIQUE.

All organisms used in this work were freshly isolated and
were first grown upon agar, + 1 to phenolphthalein, then
inoculated into plain broth to determine morphology.

In studying fermentation, the organisms were inoculated
into one per cent sugar broth solutions of dextrose, lactose,
saccharose, mannite, maltose, salacin, dulcite, inulin, raffinose,
glycerin, galactose and xylose, and tested in 48 to 72 hours
with litmus.

For confirmation, the organisms were inoculated into Hess’s
semisolid medium containing Andrede as an indicator plus
the following carbohydrates—dextrose, lactose, saccharose and
mannite.

One per cent peptone lead acetate agar and three per cent
peptone lead acetate agar were made according to directions
given by Jordan.

Litmus milk, one per cent peptone gelatin, Dunham’s pep-
tone, nitrate broth were made according to directions in Stand-
ard Methods of Water Analysis.

Gram stains were made from cultures after 24 hours’ growth
upon an agar slant, using carbol gentian violet as the primary
stain and counterstaining with an aqueous solution Bismarck
brown.

The chromogenic power was determined by spreading a por-
tion of a culture two weeks old upon white paper, as suggested
by Winslow.

Blood agar plates were made by adding 3 cc. of whole de-
fibrinated blood to 100 ce. of agar neutral to phenolphthalein. -
Sheep, rabbit and human blood were used. The sheep blood
was all obtained from the same animal, three different rabbits
were bled, and human blood was obtained from several indi-
viduals.

BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. 719

Milk plates were made by adding 10 cc. of milk to 100 cc. of
agar. The agar was adjusted to + 2, + 1, 1, and —1 to
phenolphthalein.

The chlorimetric or indicator method was used in determin-
ing the hydrogen ion concentration. Buffers were made up
according to Cole.s Methyl red, Phenol red and brom cresol
purple were used as indicators as suggested by Clark and
Lubs.? |

The synthetic media used contained .5 per cent Bacto pep-
tone (Digestive Ferments Company), .5 per cent dextrose and
.5 per cent KeHPO: titrated neutral to methyl orange. The
media was sterilized at 10 pounds for 15 minutes, in order not
to destroy the vitamines. After sterilization the hydrogen ion
concentration of the broth was 7.3.

As previously mentioned, the first division of this work was
a study of the fermentation reaction of all strains of staphy-
lococci, especially with regard to dextrose, lactose, saccharose
and mannite. As a matter of supplying additional informa-
tion maltose, galactose, xylose, salacin are included in the
report.

The summary of this data is included in table I.

Nomenclature was taken from Winslow’s Systematic Rela-
tionship of Coccacez. ;

‘THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

80

‘sneiny +
‘sneiny +
‘snamy -+
“sneiny +
‘sneiny ++
‘sneiny ++
‘noeyuemy +
‘oerueany +
‘shomy -++
‘sneiny +
“snoiny +
‘snoiny +
‘sneiny +
“snqry ++
“snqyy -+
‘snqry +
“snemny +
‘sheiny -+-+
‘sheiny +

‘snemmy +
“snoIny

“sIpruriep
adgy ajqvtse ,
‘Noetjuemy +

VERE I Re Ee ee eh) epi ste aie ert ly eieteateall eral tastes

P+t+t i | bp +tt+tytt+tt+t tt4+t+4+t44++4+44+4+4444+ | 4+

Ppt t tt4+t+44+4+44+4+4+44+ | t4+4+4+44+

4H4tt tHtt+ts+ tei te] +4t4+t+4+4+4+444 | | $4+4+444+

19)

|++++++

++ TUN
|

+tett+t++t+

Pn be ng = feo

Lela FeV POIs bhi Relea aa

Lead Ste esate aT Te pest

Fee eaey pe eremleenpe raises deste
Se) a Palebeleh allt, yinateal gether

+11 +++

« INA | “ATO | “18S

ptt+yptytttsty tr 14111 lt +4/144/1444!/111) 2) 2110)

19

FHHHLHEHEHEHHE PEEL 444444 | 44444 144444 |

FEAL HEFEFHEL HET H+ ++4t44+ t444+44+444 | 444+4+444+4+4+4+

HEIN

FHAEHEFEFHETHETH+E tH 4444+ F4+4+44+4+44+4+4+4+4+4+4444+444+

“url

FEFEFEFEFE HEFT H+ +4 +44 t4+t44+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+444444+

FETE EFEHTHLEEFHEFHETHH t4t+4t44444444+4+4+44444+

VIO =O ‘MOTTOK = XK 'ovGM = M ‘asuelQ = oO

Ol co ate T¢
mies O [ieee oma ga
Renee Qe re ke eo Pan roll ogg
Fae Oren betes eee aa ag
esos O \ccctt ena | rg
Sete O [ce ee enog tag
Seabee Oo | teehee acl ag
a ae Ofc Bee | xe
Be foss.z QO [ccc ore | 9g
PS O love ee ong | gp
Pera rol ae ad Oty
eee Quit tase eer eanemiy lieg
Pa pee O lect ee ie Tg
Pee Wh ante ee eel
A sits M lcciee eerste oT gg
Satter a eau seas aie G9
ete De eee eer Re *9

So 6 fl acta — | ¢9

co oa (ore — | z9

oe 9 nee SNES

2 fe tog | ge

Fe tae I a (eee RSs OSnre acre lar.
eae O | ‘wotoayuy aAq olUOIYD | Ge
SST @ [rite rte er ae bg
feos tek eMgM [occ amp tg

A eicte aM | any |e
eens 5 a ee ee |)
Rote oes O [outset yeommpy, atog | pe
OPTUS agen o one Y}YCOL peyoojuy | OF
Wouahes QO | ccc uompazay “aT | 6g

Be ee ONUM [ooo georu, | 7z
aut |i ssoosqy j1qqz 02
ONUM |ococttcee HUN | ZI
ee os Kc emt |g
SUMS Ses (n[q) Out) “T | OF

Iwao eho vb.'s) [een Jaume sn) sa eee eee Ja}sfQ 6P
SUM Ee ee (yf) 8UtQ “| LT

“Iva O eye. e “ATs (Pa éiieeinlie, te ele: mle are JaysAQ) QP
See ayyM [ot edos qiqqey | ge
7 alescr ee (uosuyor) [log | TE

a 2 10e,0)e oO SESS (CTC A) |LOKSL 0g
agar [oo sea Wd sng | ¢
UIs g “aOUnOg =

“OHUUBUI PUB aSCIBYIIVS ‘98040v] “BSO1}XOP SULUIUIIoj SHISIUeZIQQN—T]T SSVI)

T G1aVL

81

CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI.

BAYS

‘snayngT + [+
‘snoyngT — | —

a ate
‘mqy + | +

“uleyg URI

sipruniepidyy +
sipruriapidyy +
‘sntavy ay +
‘snadqty) +
‘snomny +
‘snqry +

snpipur,) + |

‘sneiny —
“snpipuey) --
“snurepidiy ++
*snodqty) ++
‘sneqn' | —
‘snpipawy +
‘snmepidgy -+-
‘snmepidy +
‘snqry +
‘snuepidsy --
‘snurepidyy --
‘snutepidsy ++

“ules UIRIr)
‘soyeyd 4 CN

“pea]

are

cae
lente

PPM | PD | MN | MISA] “T8S | TAX | TRD | NPIL | “URI | “YOR | “9eT

‘apUuURPY JO 930,08] JOU YNq ssOleyVIVG PU 9301}X9 T SULPUITIIT Sus1uesIQ —E ssv1-)

‘CH ANUNOQ—] ATAVL

egw te i = (ga Ts ae = = aE . az us ie Ie eo Ml 350N | 28
tee aan ee ce gt ve) PS (SS bias =| ee ee eee ay RON | 68
+ — = poe + Seusecueee 23 -f- a ian — _e! reed a. + -{- of Yi vee tye) ats aN Rate. 6,’s..er 0,6, @).8. vhah eee Ja51oq ue yy 08
male “ a Be | eens 2 ae ae a ae ii e. a ap ae ap oy oct wu | LZ
EG ae == Tip [Ramen i: = ag a aE iE ee a5 ar ie Goo 7 ee shell iS iy)
a ele al a ale elialey'e is \e Nels ale ver = -|- = ak See ae =f Ae ee eee aut M ayes a) b) ee ays © eae. ba eerere a 69
rs ate = = ele = Aehis wales sty ea? at es ae ae ae +. + Sieragedane ayy M @ ete a) by we (ely ele ee) vy) wD, 9Z90UQ ee
+ -b ea + dag +. AT tar ees =, —s + ae fe oe -+ Chon Geen © CC Cea O QU «50 Ubw es eveunle, ie G51 emel « [isuo |, ray
+ pee BSS as | te [ae ewes mi Rat ss ae mee te + + ee ere) opty M Cpe he.9 18 we evs = bce) 9).4) = eke yRody, 92
- + | = BOS ee ie er ry eae —}—] +) 4+) —-] +] +) tbo SU te ces Woo, paqoyuy | 2
ae a = i = A aan = ce i dr i 48 A HES |peocea ie Bos a ceca saying | oF
= 5 + os 4 + + Pet = ma, -- + ae + -f + De CeCe een x s)e* 6 wale @ 6 0 3 IULIVSIVULII] () eP
te ae mh a ae ES patie Me i; a ue 7 | ae Be feo freee amg | cccc royyng | TP
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6—Sci.

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

82

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BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. 83

_ It will be observed that results in table I have divided all of
the staphylococci into five classes. Class I, those staphylococci
which ferment all four of the sugars, dextrose, lactose, saccha-
rose and mannite; class II, those that ferment dextrose, lac-
tose, saccharose, but are negative upon mannite; class III,
those fermenting dextrose and saccharose but negative upon
lactose and mannite; class IV, includes all staphylococci which
failed to produce acid in any of the four sugars; and class V,
includes four strains that are irregular.

It can readily be seen that there is no correlation between
these classes in source, pathogenicity or pigmentation. For
this reason, classifying staphylococci purely on fermentation
reactions, disregarding pigment production and liquefaction of
gelatin, does not seem to give a satisfactory classification.

The second phase was to assume pigmentation as a primary
classification, using white, yellow and orange, and subdividing
each of these, making use of the fermentation reaction of the
sugars. In doing this, I have assumed that dextrose, lactose
and mannite are of importance in the order named and have
developed the classifications which are shown in table II.

Again it can be seen that there is no apparent correlation
between these fermentation reactions and pigmentation or
source or pathogenicity.

Subdivision 3 of this problem comprises an application of
the phenomena of hemolysis to subdivision of various pig-
mented types of staphylococci. There are various and con-
flicting statements in literature as to most suitable kind of
blood for determining hemolysis by staphylococci. It is quite
generally recommended that a washed suspension of red blood
cells be used, but for routine laboratory work this process is
not ordinarily followed, largely because of the lack of facilities
and the desire for speed. In order to duplicate ordinary lab-
oratory methods, I have made use of blood agar prepared by
adding defibrinated blood to melted agar cooled to 45° C.

Before attempting this work I tried the hemolytic properties
of these organisms for rabbit, sheep and human bloods to de-
termine which gave the most positive and fairly consistent re-
sults. These are embodied in table III.

84

|
+ Mannite —

oa

oe

|

+ Mannite —

+ Mannite —

|

24 2

16 13

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE II.
White
aR Dextrose =
Lactose — — Lactose
| y |
| |
+ Mannite — + Mannite —
| |
| |
1 0 0
oe
4 Dextrose _
IF a SE a ota keane enn Mian eer
|
|
| |
Lactose oa + Lactose
| |
+ Mannite — + Mannite —
| oes |
| | | |
0 4 0 0
Orange
+. Dextrose =
|
Lactose _ + Lactose
+ Mannite — + Mannite —
| |

tm

aa

+ Mannite —
te Hy _
Bee
|
|
0 3
|
|
+ Mannite —

| |

1

BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. 85

TABLE III.
SS
itp Rabbit Blood | Sheep Blood | Human Bivod Milk Plates
Source Gratin Pigm. | + Hemolysis — | + Hemolysis— | + Hemclysis — | + Proteolysis —
Nol se = ae = =F + =
FANT Bas b2h3 sis & 3 Win Gere |i eye ae el aR eee —— il aA ae NH Cas ehe ae —
MK SP. se 8! Winiten {|b ae ee — Sa Sens <r svg ence nee Ses ae ar eae
Vi te 122 Whiter |G: 6 <4 || tena kee Oe dey ee aay lee reae ere —
Urine F...... ive Witte sy [eget ce. mee Ry eter = a (ee 2 | ae =
Rab. Abse 20? Witte 252. -- ates [AP Sha aes llsilten ANG a line aed ULE —
hroate <0. 27% | White Serr al Bee ped, = Tul lasek se Me apt ate ee Meek
Rab. Sore 38? White Fan Peeper On Een: eye — SE ee pci e Soisilite MERAY po --
Wxme Ref. 16! Wihitey aioe fens SF ee = ia tial a ie =f Ma | eee here
Inf. Tooth.... 40! White = ee Eee eee aa | Ase a alee Agee Lc Pie ee —
Pus—ear..... ae White: |o.. 2 ee = aA a El ip lela — sealed tears ieay:
Oyster: oc. 48} Clears cars et Nie test ae palbeeee sews — alah Psicuseat ees
Oyster... =... AQ le Clear § Sphere) — S| Stee eens Stee ie eee, ore wallet Coes
ete. pe it 65! Witte ys. 34 _- SS SISAL, 2h Mk Fe IGEN es On —tea tis Biatlgans
G. P. Autopsy 58! White eek lity hater he. S| aa ia as a ur (Pee eae a ae ge —
St ee 66? White = td Poa Glee eae a el a ee ne ean MN ti ct —
—— 4 SAAR eee 671 Whiten ive aes,. 42 Seals tye Sheath -- SEP Se Sera See Meee oe
iAtenet2.. is 29? Whiter le. S| ee se wilh fe lies toe — = iene ee) eure
Malle. hts s 34? | White SEA? Wes ioe ae lt Rae ken =f tebe te ates BUNS cette ah
Arm. Inf Sule Wine: (eee. tle eae Re es ee | ol [EL ees — rt oes ae
Nine geet * 35? | White = ee AES oe ARE S| ae SS eed ieee eee | eee re --
FACTO 45 282 \Wihifegel eee: ee ht |e Se nal Rete — SFE [earn le
Skin—nose. . . 27 White: |e s.. <3. dt Sok Ie a A WR ea Saar ee yl il aa sik dh oes =
Butters ca. 41? White yo | Pees 9. =) lee mys ad eee — Se tl (eee a
Inf. Tooth.... 47? Wihite mene. -- Stes S| a eo a Te a Pee ees an cf a pias SEERA
RHTORG Se toe 26? White rage by ete | anaes eae SA ried «ey scot ha vaya —
Sneeze....... Spire) Ante | | psasecoe a= Lets Ayu ee eS SS Les! ns A Se Se _—
ee Be aes 6¢? White =e 7 ee IST a teal ea eee Pe Pane ete et SIS Mens deen
INones.a4:..: 81? Whites iiaeee Ba eee pe Sa Pee pate — SE eens of
None... ...<. 82? White a ay a Rater Yay Sent ay Peo =: = ual [Beene Sn te ener ae
eT eT 548 LEGGSTR © Cl Sacchi Ber cal cioeestthes a | Set pes oe Semen hee ant AU Seerehcl |S Sue eth 2] Pee ged oe |S ee a A Me co eT
Oyster....... SOsmeosty elec cee FSR stee Sele. ees aes =o eA ee —
ee ar one ct | EOS Ti ABCD pepe alg SPS a eae |S er oae | hogar cd cl Jae i ee de es ee ae
pee LB ath 23 ir | Lost SAPS gecs 6 Al le sys hegs GUN CHE Behe ll LR SE ication Knead
Milks ie es: : 61 |Y. White Ee Rees ae eee eee o AP ab 5 blo Meta er ata case —
Milk Sst (WE Wihite| snes 2 =e ene a ae MY eT ah anes Fea sla cietanad o
Oleomargarine| 438? |Y.White]........ = rie | aes eee See ellit tpt eo Se ee aur
Butter... >... A672 NY Whitell... oo. Tar Naa ei Te As ie cea Se tars acts —_—
Mil Sees to imap Xe llowalsoraey ce — StS, lle oe as tet ell ath ee PACs =e il eo eye
Hamburger.. . S02 ei mellow! see ee Ee la Carter ge — SCH EAS hie tee) zt | oe ca
ecesis sa. .s Pai IE Yellow a Ol Se =, an [ele Aer a Ea ees sae BV ay 'h ae
Milk Ss. 25% | Yellow Poel ye Sere teas), = ttt in aS Steer Race ays Sos
Heces ae... 22? | Yellow a taie dlp eres Stak diate Senin = an (arene es SU learns eer
Rab: Pus: ...: 148 Vellowsleeso0s2. Sa ae ane ee ee. = taeda See te == | ee ee it —_
Aig Be ae eae 453 Yellow = Ae ee Sra ate ae = a a tf oA ee
Bedipees ses a 15+ Mellow: ce8 2522 es aR ae — a te | eee RAP = lA leh aN
JOB Sees 9? Orange |e. | ae Sy | Se ASE = Catia | eyevaleveyers
BOIL se. ier. 30! Qranges|res oe. — Sere Wadd Ge ae Sr sated Faraone scare ne _
iBone: 31" Orance|s eee aee ee Pall es jpn, Bl tegen pe — os Aa Ad Ieee ete
Be infs..3% 39? Orange |) 22... .- ed | eae ao SF etal ecieness eae (ICR ETERS —
Sore Throat. . Dia 9) Orange |eecn + — stain [Een Si Fillets obese Si ae hte ere ene
1D ee op! Orange Fee | ieee Bs SHete alts Seeastele ee amet ttt te a ei ae
Bone = ue 59! Orange:|heeee ee — Taka, sleeve as pial eee Beet | ee are
age Sete ee 61" Orange ahi sheet po pel tee ele ee tet Sate Sale ae = ee aa
se Ese ae 621 Oranpe} ten — me vA aelereer ia’ Stal Istana Nal saa leaere se
<= 5 Oa ee 63! Orange ar A ae Oe aT eedet eee an Na Bel ah et De WE oat ees
SS ee eee 64} Orange Scie one = ie a ean Say Aad [eh en Pat AAI ckclis op eva! —
gh Te eye 68! QOrance)|\o eee. ae! lace hake a= tee AI his ute EW alae Ges
Habs Ste sn08 (PAE Orange teh alloc ene cats Sai Pen tes eT en eta erp liate yds rears —
Boll 560811. £ 78) Orange’|i x. . ae --- Set Ae nea Te aetna Sa ERE WR ieee
Aureus....... 83} Orence linea. dl — Sr Ee eRe EE a Waele te eee —
Aurientiacus, 84} Orange eae Nt ai bre ae ha Dae a SS a Reet ares =f eal Pots Perec ts
Aurientiacus, 851 Oranges|se ease: — ral | Shei. een Ad a | Rae ea Edie WAC eee
137) beeen ae 86! Orange 2 a | | eee ee es eke 2 Res co rll 9 Rae al IM aS —
13-7 eae ie RY 87! Orarige SA (res ee Aes eet. SH SN nay tel co HN te IE ich
Boil ss .2) si 88? Orange abot yas £5 Se GPa an eens an ato tM oe Eee
13575) be ee 891 Orange ebogy Pils cayites, eto Y hicks tags Sa. epee = fag eo be eterons
LE GY1 aie ae 90! Orange = mek eee cs ERE | eee Samal aS am WloGnemeos
Boles ee 91! Orange = a eee ei Sf liste et tS) alice eyes So Sparall aeaicheR ere
Ms. Sen 76} Orange | gec.ssy te bel Fake: — Sy hl es eee a BR ial A Aa eee
LONGI. j: =... B22 eee: stat tl eeghersdee BEM Uli tena icicccss lt LR ea ee tt hearer
= Ste ae 70? Orange ieee. = | eee. ae = reas ei [ena Aey tes _—
Sore Throat. . 515 Orange: |e. — 3 elie cc ee cA FS I Nl nat (na ae Bl —_—
Milk. pe 1lir | Orange ae | See SB ee S ae || ee eee a a eS ee
ALOUSTE.. . >* 53* Orange a ewe ee ae = =e Bet Ree ere =f Ta | pee tas ate tel eens

86 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

It is quite evident that human blood gave the most positive
results.

_ I decided, as mentioned above, to use pigmentation as the
primary method of division and blood agar plates secondarily,
subdividing each of these into hemolytic and nonhemolytic
staphylococci, and the fermentation reactions as described in
table II were made use of for further subdivision. The results
of this are summarized in table IV.

It will be observed that the white staphylococci were evenly
divided between hemolytic and nonhemolytic strains, 16
strains were hemolytic and 14 strains were nonhemolytic.
This condition shows a gradual change as you go through the
yellow and orange staphylococci. For example, out of 13
yellow staphylococci, one was lost before hemolytic properties
were determined and of the remaining 12, 9 were hemolytic
and 3 were nonhemolytic. Among the orange staphylococci,
26 strains were hemolytic and 3 nonhemolytic. Of these 26
hemolytic orange staphylococci, 19 were from the animal
body as compared with one among the three of the nonhemo-
lyzers. Of the 19 from the animal body, 16 were positive in
all sugars. Among the yellow, only one was from the animal
body and that one was nonhemolytic and fermented dextrose
but not lactose or mannite. Among the white hemolytic staph-
ylococci, 7 were from the animal body and of these 7, 6 fer-
mented all sugars. Among the 14 nonhemolyzers, 2 were from
the animal body. This suggests that in general staphylococci
associated with the animal body seem to be hemolyzers. The
history of organisms obtained from the air and various foods
is not known further than the source mentioned.

As the fourth phase of this problem, we have attempted to
study a possible classification of staphylococci, making use of
pigment as a primary division and next the ability of the
staphylococci to produce proteolysis or conversely failure to
produce proteolysis. This is followed by making use of car-
bohydrates as in previous tables. It will be observed that the
only difference between this and the third phase is that pro-
teolysis is substituted for hemolysis.

Very little work has been published showing the use of milk
agar plates in the attempt to classify any kinds ‘of bacteria
at all. As a preliminary it was found necessary to determine
the optimum reaction of media for proteolysis. Accordingly,
studies were made on milk plates + 2, + 1, 1, and —1 to
phenolphthalein. The results are summarized in table V.

87

CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI.

BAYS

0 OF 4510 (i Gao 07 = 6 Oat joes a
| | | el | | | | | S| (eof | | | | |
— opuueyy + — opluueyy + — ozyluueyy ++ — opyuueyy + — optuuvyy + — oyuueyy + — ouueyy + Sia +
See poe tee la al | | Paes tal cee
—_ 980}08'T -+ — 980}08'T + — aSOpOeT + —_ 980j08'T +
ES mel | |
_— 98014x9q + — 9801} Xa(q +
| 3 ae |
— SISA[OUIO LT +
ae
0 0 0 Olea Ox I I v 0 0 0 i 0 € I
| | | vee | | | 5 | | seal | El | | | |
— opluueyy + — opuueyy + — oyuuepy + — oyuuRyyY +- — opluueyy + — oytuueyy + — oyuueyyY + _ sack +
| 2 ae citi | [Pitre ae Seine oo | lon ete
— 980}0B'T +- .— 980p0V'T 4- —— 980p0V'T + —- ee +
| spe Se | i LAR Sct SAR Oe cai Be
— 9SO1}X9(T + — 9801}X9(] +
| % an ae See ioa)
_— SISA[OUIO FT + 3
moqlon
T 0 0 0 0 0 8 Gg 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¢ IT
| | | | [Ee Are tl | =| | eal pe | le eae
= ae. + — opuueyy + — opuuryy + — opuuepy + — oytuueyy + — opuueyy + — oyuueyy + _ pre ir
ees) | x | | es | ES
— 9809908 T + — 980}00'T + — asopov'y + — 980} 08'T +
| eo od ee aes, Cea es Se Se ae
_— 98014 xo(T -b — 9801} X9(T +
| = pa es
— SISA[OWLO}T -+
|
ts ik

“AT UTAVL

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

88

ea g II Or ¢ 6 te Gl g 9 F ia! G & 9 ST;
G 0 4 9 9 0 0 9 SRE Ee ea G Z § 0 G ZL
6 i “fj GT Or G P Fl SOE ess sre. 9 9T 8 0 P 8

‘poory | ‘neq | ‘ooeay, | ‘ouoN | “poory | ‘neq | ‘oovay, | “oUoN | “poor | “Ue | “OVI, | “OUON | “pooK | “WEY | “voVIL, | “OUON |

“uleleqyydjousyd “ulayeyzydjoueyd -uiayeyyydousyd “ulayeyy ydjoueyd
04 T oy T oy} T+ 01 z+

*sisA]oo}01d SUIMOYS SUIB.IYS JO JaqUINU pUS BIPIT JO Mop Vay

"sa4e[q Iesy HI UO siskjoajorq U0 Ripay Jo UoIyovay jo yay y— A WIGIVL

eee MOT]PK

ORT AL

“LNANDIg

BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. 89

It is quite evident that the best reaction was neutral to
phenolphthalein, the end point was a pronounced end point
and corresponded to a Py, of about 8.8.

Applying this in the same manner as blood agar plates in
table IV, I have summarized the data in table VI.

Of the white staphylococci, it will be observed that 17 were
proteolytic and 12 nonproteolytic. Of the 17 proteolytic, it
was rather interesting to note that only 3 were body organ-
isms. In comparing results with hemolysis in table IV, it was
noted that on milk agar plates there were 17 proteolytic staph-
ylococci and 12 nonproteolytic, whereas there were 16 hemo-
lyzers to 18 nonhemolyzers. While the total number found
proteolytic compares very closely with the total found hemo-
lytic, it is an interesting observation that organisms that are
proteolytic are not necessarily the same ones that are hemo-
lytic. For example, of the 11 hemolyzers that fermented all
sugars, only 8 are proteolytic. Of the 9 proteolytic organisms
that ferment dextrose and lactose but do not ferment mannite,
5 are hemolytic, 4 failing to show hemolysis. Thus it is quite
evident that proteolysis and hemolysis are not consistent in
their actions although about the same number of staphylococci
were proteolytic as were hemolytic.

Among the yellow staphylococci it is observed that 8 were
proteolytic and 4 nonproteolytic and that 9 were hemolytic
and 3 nonhemolytic. The one hemolyzer which fermented all
sugars was not proteolytic and one of the two proteolytic or-
ganisms that fermented dextrose, lactose and mannite was not
hemolytic, which was very similar to the observations made on
white staphylococci.

Among the orange staphylococci, it was previously observed
that 26 were hemolytic and three nonhemolytic. Using milk
agar plates, we observed that there were 21 proteolytic and 8
nonproteolytic. In other words, 4 of 22 of the hemolytic
orange staphylococci that fermented all of the sugars were not
proteolytic and one of the 2 proteolytic orange staphylococci
that fermented dextrose but failed to ferment lactose or man-
nite was not hemolytic.

Now as to source, it will be observed that 14 of the 21 pro-
teolytic staphylococci were obtained from the animal body.
The percentage of organisms associated with the animal body
was greater with the nonproteolytic than with the nonhemo-
lytic orange staphylococci.

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

90

I Ce et Qe 0 Ora 0 Omer rae ie ae Co ot 81
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | of
— oyuuepy + — optuueyy + — opluueyy + — o}luueyY + — opuueyy + — opuueyy + — opuueyy + — opluueyy +
| 2 | | | | | |
—_ 980}08'T + — aa ob —_— 980}08'T + — 980}08'T +
eect ete foe | |
— 98017X9 (7 + — a801}xa(q + ‘
| = ail
—_— SISA[CO4O1g 4-
acy
0 0 0 0 I 0 I é € 0 0 0 G 0 € 0
: | | | | | | oe at os eee | | ig |
/ — opuuepy + — opuueyyY + — opluueyy + — opuuep~ ++ — opuueyy + — oyuueyy + — optuueyy + — opuuepy +
| | | a | I Somes all
— 980}08'T + — 980}08'T +- — asozoe'T + — asopoey © +
| tel | part cero es Pee oe
_ 9801}x9(7 + — 98011 x07 +
| |
— SISA[O9} 01g 4-
|
SO
I 0 0 0 0 0 y 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8
| | [eee | | hae all i ae | | encase Sal eer cn
— oyuueyy + — oyuueyy + — ozyuueyy + — opyuueyy + — opluueyy + — opuueyy + — opuuryy + — opuurpyY +
| | | | | ee | lin aes ees |
— 980}08'T + —_— 9S0J0v'T + —_— 9807087 + — 9soqyoUry +
|S ee | Ree + =|
— 9801} x9(T + — 9801} X9(T +
| & eee wi
— SISA[OO}OIG —-
|
SHUM

TA GTE&ViL

BAYS: CLASSIFYING STAPHYLOCOCCI. 91

The fifth subdivision of this paper has to do with the action
of all staphylococci upon lead acetate agar. A summary -of
this data is embodied in table I. It will be observed that, with
two exceptions, all staphylococci isolated from pus or boils
blackened lead acetate agar. I doubt, however, that this could
be depended upon to denote pathogenicity.

In regard to the sixth subdivision of the paper applying to
the various hydrogen ion concentrations, I hope to do more
extensive work in the future. I selected 6 from class 1, table
I, 6 from class 2, 2 from class 3, and 4 from class 4, and grew
them in dextrose dipotassium phosphate broth, as described in
the paragraph on technique, and determined the hydrogen ion
from day to day for a period of five days.

These results suggest the possibility of dividing staphylo-
cocci into subdivisions depending upon the limiting P,. This
is analogous to the attempt to subdivide the colisrogenes
group. It might be of some value if used with pigment pro-
duction as a basis of classification and the high ratio deter-
mined for white, yellow and orange separately.

I have also considered the value of the group number sys-
tem as suggested in the descriptive chart of the American As-
sociation of Bacteriology, but have decided not to include the
various group numbers of the various staphylococci in question.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

That disregarding pigmentation and liquefaction of gelatin |
staphylococci may be arranged into five types according to
their ability to ferment dextrose, lactose, saccharose and man-
nite. These types do not correlate with any other observed
characteristics such as source, pathogenicity, pigmentation or
liquefaction of gelatin. It would seem that this method of
classifying staphylococci would only lead to confusion and
offers nothing of basic value.

_ That while routine laboratory work might warrant only the
data on morphology, gram stain, type of growth and pigment
production on plain agar slants, yet it would seem advisable, at
least from the standpoint of comparison when reporting upon
staphylococci in the literature, to follow some such plan as
follows: Gram stain, pigment production, liquefaction of gela-
tin, action on blood agar plates where kind of blood, amount
and P;, of medium are given, and the fermentation reaction in
dextrose, lactose and mannite. Instead of blood agar plates it

92 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

would seem that for comparison milk agar plates might equally
well be substituted and perhaps prove equally reliable. In
either proteolysis or milk agar plates or hemolysis, it is ap-
parently important to have an optimum and known hydrogen-
ion concentration in the medium. This is very easily a source
of discrepancies. The blackening of lead acetate agar might
also be worth including.

There does not seem to be any uniform correlation between
the property of proteolysis of milk agar plates and hemolysis
on blood agar plates.

Apparently most staphylococci from the animal body are
hemolytic.

Contrary to frequent statements in the literature, human
blood seemed to be superior to either rabbit or sheep blood.

As might well be expected, hydrogen-ion determinations
show that staphylococci can rightly be grouped into at least
two groups with respect to some one indicator such as methyl
red, and into more groups if desired. I do not know that this
is consistent or will prove of value.

Acknowledgment is hereby made to two members of the department of
bacteriology of the University of Kansas, Prof. N. P. Sherwood and
Miss Cornelia M. Downs, for many valuable suggestions and criticisms of
my work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

JORDAN. General Bacteriology, 1908, p. 161.
PASTEUR. Bull. de 1 Acad. de. Med., 1880, 9, p. 447.
OcsTON. . Brit. Med. Jour., 1881, 1, p. 369.

BECKER. Deut. Med. Wehnschr, 1883, 9, p. 665.

ROSENBACH. Mikroorganismen bei d. Wundinfekhonskronkheiten,
Weisbaden, 1884.

5. WINSLow, C. E. A., and WINSLOow, A. R. The Systematic Relation-
ship of the Coccaceex, 1908.

6. DupGEOoN, L. S. The Differentiation of the Staphylococci. Journal
of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1908, 12, 242.

7. WINSLOW, C. E. A., ROTHBERG, W., and PARSONS, E. Q. Notes on the
Classification of the White and Orange Staphylococci. Journal of
Bacteriology, 1920, vol. V, p. 145.

8. CoLE. Practical Physiological Chemistry, p. 14. ‘

9. CLARK, W. M., and Luss, H. A. Journal of Bacteriology, 197, ii, I;
The Colorimetric Determination of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
and its Application in Bacteriology.

roam nea

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
BUIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 7—MaAy, 1920.

CONTENTS:

ANGUILLAVUS HACKBERRYENSIS.
H. T. Martin.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VOL. XIII.] MAY, 1920. [No. 7.

e e ~*~
Anguillavus hackberryensis.
A new species and a new genus of fish from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas.

BY HT MARTIN:
(Plate VI.)

LTHOUGH not a new genus of fish in the proper sense of

of the word (the generic name having been given by Hayy

to similar forms from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount

Lebanon, Syria), this is the first time so far as the writer is .

aware that this genus has been reported from the Niobrara
Cretaceous of Kansas, hence the term.

The species I have named for the locality in a the speci-
men was found, a locality made famous by the early Scale
eries of Williston and Mudge.

It is rather strange that, after fifty years of collecting as
many parties, not a single fragment has been found referable
to this genus. Yet one would naturally expect that among the
thousands of fossil fishes that have been collected from the
deposits of this once great inland sea some member of this
group would have been recognized.

The specimen here figured and described was found by the
writer during the University Expedition of 1919, on Hackberry
creek, Gove county, Kansas, six miles east of Gove City.

When found the specimen was weathered out and fully ex-
posed as shown in the plate. The process of weathering had
unfortunately carried away the greater part of the front por-.
tion of the skeleton, leaving only one or two bones of the skull,

* Received for publication on May 18, 1921.

7 On a collection of Upper Cretaceous fishes from Mount Lebanon, Syria, with descrip-
tions of four new genera and nineteen new species, p. 439, by O. P. Hay.

(95)

96 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

with impressions where other parts had been washed away.
The only part of the head remaining was a fragment of one
dentary and one quadrate.

From all indications the skull was disarticulated and scat-
tered over quite an area, while the hinder part of the skeleton
was missing from the level of the sixty-fifth vertebra back-
ward. The vertebre remaining are connected in series which
has made possible the retaining of the dorsal and anal fin in
position. In size the Kansas specimen greatly exceeds those
described by Hay from Mount Lebanon.

DESCRIPTION.
Ventral Fin.

The ventral fin is represented by two separate and distinct
groups of four or five small irregular oblong plates, which are
evidently the baseost bones of the fins. These plates and por-
tions of the girdle appear at the level of the thirtieth vertebra
in line with the well-defined outline of the body. The plates
are 3 mm. wide and 4mm. long. As the basal plates may have
moved from their original position it is not certain that: the
ventral fins commenced at the thirtieth vertebra, although
they appear to have done so.

Anal Fin.

The anal fin commences at the thirty-fifth vertebra or just
behind the baseost bones of the ventral fin and continues with-
out break to the last vertebra remaining in the preserved
series.

Dorsal Fin.

Owing to the weathering away of the matrix towards the
front part of the specimen, the dorsal fin does not show dis-
tinctly its whole length, the rays being disassociated and scat-
tered, but in such a way that the fin appears to have com-
menced at or very near the occipital. From the thirty-fifth
vertebra backward they are in position to the last vertebra
remaining.

Vertebre.

From the position made clear by impressions in the ma-
trix, where the first vertebra occurred, to the eighteenth, the
vertebre are missing. The nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first
and twenty-second are represented by a half of each vertebra,

MARTIN: NEW SPECIES OF FISH. 97

the twenty-second to the thirty-seventh are missing entirely,
but from here on to the sixty-fifth the vertebre connected with
the dorsal and anal fins are perfect. Twenty-five vertebreze
here measure 100 mm. All vertebrez are very constricted in
their center and are a little wider than long.

The entire specimen is crushed laterally, leaving the dorsal
and anal fins in their natural position. The average distance
across from the upper edge of the dorsal fin to the lower edge
of the anal fin is 22 mm. At one point where the matrix has
flaked away there appear six or seven delicate ribs attached
to the underside of the vertebre.

The following measurements have been made: Length of
specimen from impression of first vertebra to the sixty-fifth
and last remaining vertebra, 255 mm.; length of quadrate,
6 mm.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Photograph of entire specimen as preserved in the matrix.
jf- = Dorsale tines
af. = Anal fin.
Bp. of Vf. = Basal plates of ventral fins.
X. = Impressions of first vertebre.
Qd. = One quadrate 6 mm. long.
Dent. = Portion of dentary.

Fic. 2. Section of the hinder portion of the specimen, about natural
size.
adj. — Dorsal fine
af. = Anal fin.
Br. of Vf. = Basal plates of ventral fins.

7—-Sci. Bul.—860

98 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. . |

ANGUILLAVUS HACKBERRYENSIS. |
H. T. Martin. PLATE jy

Bet St

Fig. 1 + hae

FG. 2:

iste |

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
BereNCh BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII, No. 8—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:
CONTINUATION OF INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RAINFALL PERIOD EQUAL

TO ONE-NINTH THE SUN-SPOT PERIOD,
Dinsmore Alter.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

PIE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

VoL. XIII.] MAY, 1920. [No. 8.

Continuation of Investigation of a Possible ‘Rainfall
Period Equal to One-ninth the Sun-spot Period.*
BY DINSMORE ALTER.

N THE Monthly Weather Review for February, 1921, is
published a preliminary report of the investigation of all
the state averages of rainfall for the whole United States.
Certain conclusions are reached tentatively, subject to further
investigation. These are that there is evidence tending to
show the existence of a correlation between rainfall and sun
spots and that the rainfall follows a period of one-ninth the
sun-spot period, varying its length always to keep in step with
the sun-spot cycle. In this paper it is assumed that the reader
is familiar with the previous discussion and only very brief
reference will be made to any point discussed there. As stated
in the conclusion of the other paper, the work has been con-
tinued in an attempt to fix more definitely the probability of
the phenomenon.

The first continuation of the work was to answer definitely
the question whether it might be that excessive rainfall or
severe droughths in a very few of the months under discus-
sion had produced the variations noted in the means of the
two halves of the time as recorded in the previous paper. To
do this, it was necessary to obtain the percentages of rainfall
through each of the cycles for which data are available. For
the eastern group state averages from two states are avail-
able beginning January, 1883, and for all states from the latter
nineties. These averages give us twenty-four consecutive

* Received for publication August 5, 1921

(101)

102 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

cycles. In investigating individual cycles it is necessary to
eliminate the seasonal effect from each individual month. This
has, therefore, been done for each month and each state by
dividing the actual rainfall of each state for each month by
the normal of that state and month. As stated in the first
paper, this method is as reliable as the former one, except on
the extreme western coast of the country where normals are
practically zero for certain months, and where these zero
months are thus given an equal weight with months of heavy
normal rainfall. The results for these twenty-four consecutive
cycles are tabulated as table 1. The attention of the reader is
called to the fact that in twenty-two cycles there are only two
in which the percentage of rainfall, for months when the
cycle calls for a minimum, has actually been above normal.
Each of these cycles is strictly independent of any other and
their lengths are dependent only upon extra-terrestial causes.
For the maximum phase it is to be noted that sixteen are
above normal, seven below and one exactly normal. The
author believes that this table establishes the probability
much more strongly than the previous treatment, so strongly
in fact that only very strong definite negative evidence can
combat it.

California, western Washington and western Oregon are,
as shown in the preceding paragraph, not available for treat-
ment by individual cycles unless the summer months are en-
tirely disregarded. It has been felt best, therefore, to treat,
instead of the whole Pacific group of the first paper, the states
of eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah and
Nevada asa unit. For these states there are available eighteen
consecutives cycles. The results are shown as table 2. For
the minimum phase fifteen of the eighteen are found to be
below normal and for the maximum phase thirteen out of the
eighteen are above normal.

As shown in the first paper, it is impossible to continue the
varying period beyond the last date which is followed by both
a sun-spot maximum and sun-spot minimum. This is 1913..
The tables previously referred to are based on Woifer’s esti-
mate of May, 1913, as epoch of minimum. This has been re-
vised by him, placing the minimum nearly three months later.’

—

1. Prof. A. Wolfer. Monthly Weather Review, July, 1915, p. 314; August, 1920,
pp. 459-461.

ALTER: INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL. 1038

However, since the effect of changing this one date would
affect only the latter part of tables 1 and 2, and since they
were computed before the new estimate became available, I
have merely inspected them to see approximately what the
result of the shift in the latter cycles will be. The reader can
see by such an inspection that this will make the results
slightly more striking than they are at present.

It is desirable to make some use of the rainfall data since
1913 if possible. Since it is impossible to use the period which
actually applies, it is only possible to use a constant periodicity
and thus get some approximation to the truth, although some
of the amplitude is certain to be damped. Every indication
from the sun spots and rainfall was that the period averaged
approximately fourteen months since the last sun-spot mini-.
mum. I have, therefore, plotted all the data of these two sec-
tions on the basis of such a constant periodicity. The results
are given as table 3. These show once more the regularity
with which the phases hold for each cycle, although, since the
constant period is, of course, only an approximation to the true
variable one, the same accuracy cannot be expected as has
been found before. It should be noted that should the in-
vestigator be engaged in the entirely different problem of
hunting for a possible date of a future minimum instead of, as
in this paper, justifying the assumption of existence of the
period, he would no longer be bound by this constancy, but
could adjust the lengths as seemed best to fit the data in hand.

The mathematical reason for the greater reliability of
minima in comparison with maxima is shown at once by table
10 of the first paper. The 15-month primary period has its
minimum at phase 13.4 and its maximum at 5.9 in the Eastern
group. The second harmonic has minima at 138.3 and at 5.8,
with maxima at 2.0 and 9.5. The third harmonic has minima
at 13.4, 8.4 and 3.4, with maxima at 10.9, 5.9 and 0.9. It is,
therefore, evident that amplitude variation between these
harmonics will have very little effect on the principal mini-
mum, but that changes in relative intensity will shift the
principal maximum from phase 6, its normal value, whenever
the second harmonic gains in relative strength sufficiently, to a
principal maximum between phases 1 and 2.

104 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 1.—EKastern Group. Rainfall data for twenty-four consecutive cycles ending 1913.
Sun-spot minimum occurs in phase 4.

11 16 14 8 itil 8 11 9 2 9 15 Above

normal.
10 8 10M" 28 12 7 10 15 13 15 13 15 22 15 8 Below
normal.
108 | 115 | 105 | 103! 101! 110! 107! 941 961 100! 101! 90! 841 97] 112 Mean.
? TABLE 2.—Rainfall data of six western states September, 1889, to April, 1913.
Phase numbers same as for Hastern group.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

10 8 2 7 12 11 13 9 9 8 11 11 9 5 4 Above
normal.

8 10 15 11 6 6 5 g S 9 7 7 8 12 14 Below
normal.

108 | 102 74 92 | 101 118 | 113 112 | 107} 100) 1221 108 112 84 102 Mean.

* These months not used in mean since only one state’s data available.

ALTER: INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL. 105

TABLE 3.—Rainfall since August, 1913, plotted as constant 14-month approximate periodicity .
EASTERN GROUP.

2 3 2 2 Above
normal.

4 3 4 4 Below
normal.

88 96 96 108 109 $8 94 109 95 97 | 107 | 108 81 101 Mean.

$0; 192) 150}; 142 94 | 124 97 47 145 70 | 218
128 38 | 130] 149 39 50 137 | 161 92 | 185 41
119 50} 120] 136) 172] 142 116 | 184 108 72 150

69 132 74 | 116 96 | 170 41 113 22 70 | 211

90 87 60 12 54 54 115 64 98 130 WCE

69 EES, |] exSics ee dol bodice chs coomell [nares Seaaket ences etna (Rescate || A PSU I Feel | MN gil A a [eon ed [POR
3 3 3 4 1 3 4 3 2 2 5 Abcve
normal
4 4 3 2g 5 3 2 3 4 4 1 Below
normal.
__ 96 100 105 103 ® 105 131 100 | 106 110 107 . 94 98 159 Mean*.

* Since these years averaged much wetter than normal the average of the phase means is 107 instead of 100.

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Oeil

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
BUIENGE BULLETIN,

VoL. XITI, No. 9—May, 1920.

CONTENTS:

APPLICATION OF MARVIN’S PERIODOCRITE TO RAINFALL PERIODICITY,
Dinsmore Alter.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-860

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

OL. XITI.) MAY, 1920: fNo.. 9.

Application of Marvin’s Periodocrite to Rainfall
Periodicity.*
BY DINSMORE ALTER.

(Plates VII and VIII.)
ROFESSOR MARVIN has recently ! published a criterion
for discrimination between real periodicities and fortui-
tous ones. This criterion, called by him the periodocrite,
seems to me to fill a real need, and I hope that it, or a slight
modification of it, may be adopted generally for such purposes.
If the data covers q of the suspected cycles they are arranged
in g rows and p columns. The total number of observations is

fe
ac, — Alz

V,2 = * Vn is then formed. Let n be any
N
number of the rows or cycles. The mean is taken of the n ob-

OLIN:

servations, in each column, and «, = + | 9 REET ise
n Od ON

are plotted as ordinates and WV as

aa

formed. The ratios =

abscissze. * “‘When y is substantially and consistently greater
than «x a real periodicity is indicated of greater or less amplitude.”

In the first of these two papers published here I have given
two tables continuing the work of the previous paper on a
rainfall period equalling one-ninth the principal sun-spot
period. The first of these tables shows the percentages of
normal for each phase of each of twenty-four consecutive

* Received for publication August 5, 1921.
1. Monthly Weather Review, March, 1921, pp. 115-124.

(109)

110 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

cycles in the eastern third of the United States. The second
table shows the same for each of seventeen consecutive cycles
of a large western group. These tables are peculiarly well
adapted for application of Professor Marvin’s Periodocrite.

In table 1 of this paper I have formed-the means of the first
n cycles for each column of the Eastern group table described
above, allowing n to assume each integral value from one to
twenty-four. These means are the tabular values printed
under each phase number. From these I have computed x and
y, beginning with n—38. In table 2 I have done the same
thing for the Western group.

The last columns show the ratios y/x. Each of these thirty-
five ratios is greater than one, the mean for the first table be-
ing about 1.4 and for the second about 1.2.

In plate VII I have shown these results graphically, and for
purposes of comparison have copied the curves representing
the annual cycles of Washington, D. C., and of Boston from
the figure given by Professor Marvin in his paper.

The following has no connection with the application I have
just made of the periodocrite to rainfall, but I believe that a
slight modification of its graphical representation, not in any
way changing its principle nor the method of analysis, will
make it even more useful to discriminate between accidental
and real periodicities of small amplitude.

When ~ is plotted as ie the abscissee corresponding to suc-
n

cessive values of n become very closely crowded together, so much
so that in the case of of 24 cycles the last half of them are rep-
resented by a very short portion of the curve, one easily over-
looked in comparison with the much longer part representing the
first half of the data. For a larger number of cycles the case be-
comes even worse. Yet these are the cycles in which accidental
errors have been damped, to a large extent, and in which any
true periodicity of small amplitude will show itself most clearly.
Furthermore 2" has become small, if the amplitude of a real
Ors is .
periodicity is small, and the distance that is plotted above the
line of perfect fortuity seems to the eye to be negligible, despite
the fact that y/z, the real criterion, may rapidly be increasing

to a large value.

ALTER: MARVIN’S PERIODOCRITE. 111

I would therefore suggest that the graphical representation
be changed to X —nand Y—y/z. If this be done Y will, in
general, decrease when X is small, even though there be a real
periodicity of small amplitude superimposed on observations
with large accidental errors; then, when 7 has become large
enough to damp out the major portion of these errors, increase
rapidly, no matter how small the real periodicity, to an infinite
limit. If, however, there are no real periodicity Y will ap-
proach one as a limit. Such cases as the annual cycle at Bos-
ton, where the amplitude is small but where n has become very
large, and which look doubtful as plotted by Professor Marvin,
despite our knowledge of their truth, will show clearly the
differences between themselves and accidental combinations.
In plate VIII I have replotted in this way the four curves of
plate VII.

In conclusion, I wish to warn against a possible misunder-
standing on the part of the reader concerning Professor Mar-
vin’s statement on page 118 of his article mentioned above,
that “‘other sequences 15 months, 16 months, one-ninth the
variable sun-spot period, like the circles, all fall in the class
of perfect fortuity.” In a letter to me of later date he says:
“T would like to know what the testimony of the periodocrite
principle would be in reference to the alleged cycles you have
examined. I am sure it is easily possible for you to make the
application, as you have all the tabulations and data most
fully worked up, whereas for me to do the thing myself would
mean practically the entire duplication of the work you have
already done.” It is evident from this statement that he
means to refer only to the five towns in Iowa and not, as some
might erroneously infer, to the great mass of data I have used.

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

112

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113

MARVIN’S PERIODOCRITE.

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6—Sci. Bul.—860

114

Bu

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

|

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|

PLATE VII.—Application of Professor Marvin’s periodocrites to various

ee OO tO

periodocrites.

Annual cycle, Washington, D. C., rainfall, fifty-year record.

Annual cycle, Boston rainfall, 103- -year record.

Twenty-four cycles ninth harmonic of sun- spot period in Eastern group rainfall.
Seventeen cycles of same in Western group rainfall.

=
ties .
eee

DO

Fig

{0

60

4lo

TIO

ae

xO

40

+

Periodocrites numbered same as in plate VII.

PLATE VIII.—Modification of Periodocrite.

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII, No. 10—Juty, 1922. ©

CONTENTS:
ON THE PREPARATION OF THE ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES,

F. B. Dains, R. Q. Brewster, C. P. Olander.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII. ] JULY, 1922. [ No. 10.

On the Preparation of the Aryl Isothiocyanates.

BY ob. DAINS,;, Ro Q. BREWSTER, C. P. OLANDER.

ie aromatic mustard oils, RNCS, which have been the sub-

ject of many investigations on account of their reactivity, have

| been prepared by a number of different methods. The most com-

i

mon one involves the synthesis of the disubstituted thioureas from
the amines and the subsequent splitting of the thioureas into aryl
isothiocyanates and the amine or some derivative. Thus thiocar-
banilide, when boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid, 20 per
cent sulphuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid gave phenyl
mustard oil and varying amounts.of aniline and triphenyl guanidine.

The yield of mustard oil, based on the aniline used, in general is
far from satisfactory on account of losses incurred in the prepara-
tion of the thiourea and the subsequent splitting with acid.

An interesting modification in the preparation of these compounds
depends upon the action of acetic anhydride or an acid chloride such
as acetyl chloride upon the thiourea2 The acetyl derivative of the
thiourea, which is first formed, readily breaks down into the mustard
oil and an acyl-aryl amide,

RNHCSNCOCH,R = RNCS + RNHCOCH,,.

While the above methods are of general applicability, it is evi-
dent that only one-half of the original amine can be converted into
the isothiocyanate, and that it necessitates the synthesis of the sub-
stituted thiourea.

Fortunately, however, H. S. F ry’s® interesting method for the
preparation of the diaryl thiocarbamides has made readily acces-

sible various thioureas that were difficult to obtain by the older
methods.

& J. 1858, 394. JZ. 1869, 359. Ber. 15, 986 (1882).
2. J. Chem. Soc., 59, 400 (1891). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 22, 188 (1900).
3. J. A. Chem. Soc., 35, 1539 (1903).

(3)

4. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

A second general method for the synthesis of the mustard oils is
based upon the intermediate formation of the salt of a substituted
dithiocarbamic acid, RNHCSSMe. This is illustrated by the Hof-
mann‘ syntheses of alkyl isothiocyanates, which involve the desul- |
phurization of the salt RNHCSSNH,R with mercuric chloride, silver
nitrate, etc.

In the aromatic series compounds of the type RNHCSSNH.R
cannot, as a rule, be isolated, but instead lose hydrogen sulphide and
go over to the ordinary thiourea, RNHCSNHR. On the other
hand, the aryl amines react with carbon bisulphide and ammonia
and give almost quantitatively the corresponding ammonium salts,
RNHCSSNH,. This should afford a convenient source of mustard
oils, provided some simple means could be devised for removing a
mole of NH,SH.

METHODS FOR SUCH ELIMINATION.

Andreasch® and others have shown that the ammonium dithio-
carbamates react with ethyl chloroformate with the formation of
aryl isothiocyanates, RNCS. The yields, however, are varying and
the products are apt to be contaminated with the corresponding
oxygen ureas. The method involves, too, the use of the expensive
ethyl chloroformate.

In a paper published in 1891, Losanitsch® described a number of
salts of phenyl dithiocarbamic acid and obtained from the am-
monium dithiocarbamate, in water solution, the corresponding col-
ored salts of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, mercury and. manganese.
The statement was made “that the best method for the prepara-
tion of phenyl mustard oil is to treat a solution of ammonium
phenyl! dithiocarbamate with copper sulphate and distill with steam.
The yield of mustard oil is theoretical.” No confirmatory data,
however, were given for this statement. Later Heller and Bauer’
found that lead carbonate reacted with the ammonium aryl! dithio-
carbamates, yielding mixtures of the ary! isothiocyanates and mono-
aryl thioureas.

Since considerable amounts of the aryl isothiocyanates were
needed in another investigation in this laboratory, it seemed ad-
visable to follow up this observation of Losanitsch and ascertain

4. Ber. 1, 170 (1868). Ber. 8, 108 (1875). Ann. 871, 201 (1909).
5. Monat. 27, 1211 (1906). Monat. 30, 701 (1909). Monat. 33, 363 (1912). Am. Ch
J. 24, 432 (1902). Ber. 35, 3368 (1902). Ber. 36, 3520 (1903). Ber. 40, 2198 (1912).

6. Ber. 24, 3021 (1891).
7. J. Prak. Ch. (2) 65, 365 (1902).

|

|
,
|

DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 5

whether the method was really a practical one and to determine if

} possible the optimum conditions.

f

The investigation has shown that the general method suggested
by Losanitsch is capable of giving very satisfactory results in the
synthesis of aryl isothiocyanates. Yields of mustard oil up to 77
per cent based upon the weight of the amine have been obtained—a

| result which is impossible by the usual method.

REACFIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESULPHURIZATION OF THE
ARYL DITHIOCARBAMATES.
Using aniline as a typical aryl amine the synthesis is best illus-
trated by the following reactions:
I. CeHsNHe + CS2 + NH4OH = CeHsNHCSSNH4 + Hoe0.
II. CeHsNHCSSN Hg + Pb(NO3)2 = CeHsNCS + NH4NOz
+ HNOs-+ PbS.
Equation II does not occur directly, since the addition of the lead
nitrate causes the precipitation of the lead salt—
III. 2CgeH;NHCSSN Hy, + Pb(NO3)2 = (CeHsNHCSS)2Pb + 2NH4NO3.

The lead phenyl dithiocarbamate on heating breaks down as
follows:
IV. (CgH;NHCSS)2Pb = CgH5NCS + CgeHsNHCSSH + PbS.

The free phenyl dithiocarbamic acid tends to decompose with the
formation of thiocarbanilide, aniline, etc. To prevent this a second
mole of lead nitrate is used:

V. (CgeHsNHCSS)2Pb + Pb(NO3)2 = 2CgHsNCS + 2PbS + 2HNOs.

Since the nitric acid diminishes the yield by freeing phenyl! dithio-
carbamic acid from its NH, salt, an excess of ammonium hydroxide
is added. The ideal proportions would be:

VI. 2CgHsNHCSSNH4 + 2Pb(NO3)2 + 2NHsOH = 2CgH5sNCS
+ 2PbS + 4NH4NOs.

For the best results, the solution after the addition of the lead
nitrate should be neutral or only slightly acid. An excess of
ammonia converts the mustard oil into monopheny] thiourea.

EXPERIMENTAL.

PREPARATION AND ISOLATION OF THE AMMONIUM PHENYL
DITHIOCARBAMATE.

The following procedure, which is a modification of the method

described by Heller and Bauer,’ was found to give the best results.

Carbon bisulphide (54 gms.) and 28 per cent ammonium hydroxide

8. J. Prak. Chem. (2) 65, 369 (1902).

6 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

(80 gms.) were mixed in a wide-mouthed flask or tall beaker set in
ice. To this was added through a dropping funnel, in the course of
15 minutes, aniline (54 gms.), the whole being kept in agitation
with an automatic stirrer.

The milky heterogeneous mixture, which first resulted, became
clear and homogeneous after the addition of the aniline. The am-
monium salt soon began to separate, and the mixture may become
so thick as to stop the stirrer. After standing an hour in the ice
bath the white ammonium salt was filtered, the mass washed with
a little alcohol and dried quickly on a porous plate or between
filter paper. The best yield of this salt was 86 per cent of the —
theory, although this may vary decidedly, not only in the case of
aniline but also with the other aryl amines. This is due to the in-

complete separation of the ammonium salt rather than to its non-
formation.

PROPERTIES OF THE AMMONIUM PHENYL DITHIOCARBAMATE.
On standing, the salt slowly decomposed with the formation of
_ hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon bisulphide, aniline and thio-
carbanilide. The decomposition was hastened when the salt was
boiled with water. The results here indicated that the two main
reactions were as follows, the first predominating:
I. CeHsNHCSSN Hy = CgHsNHe + CS2+NHsz.
II. CgHsNHCSSN Hs = CeHsNCS + HeS + NHs.
The mustard oil and aniline reacted to give thiocarbanilide, but
the yield is low, only about 20 per cent of the theoretical.
With the ammonium salts of the p-chloro and p-bromophenyl
dithiocarbamates, where the amines and isothiocyanates are less

volatile, 55 to 60 per cent yields of the substituted thiocarbanilides
have been obtained by this method. .

DECOMPOSITION WITH ACIDS.
When an aqueous solution of the salt is treated with hydrochloric
acid the quantitative decomposition can be expressed as follows:
CeHsNHCSSN Hg + 2HCl = CeHsNH2HCl + CSe + NH4Cl.

Only traces of hydrogen sulphide and phenyl! isothiocyanate are
formed.

PREPARATION OF THE ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES FROM THE
AMMONIUM SALTS.

It is evident, then, that in order to produce the mustard oil,
RNCS, from the dithiocarbamate, RNHCSSNH,, some metallic salt
must be used which will form a stable sulphide and an ammonium

DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. fi

salt. To determine the best conditions for such a decomposition
the following experiments were undertaken, using the dry am-
monium salt of the aryl dithiocarbamates.

FERROUS SULPHATE.

A solution of 60 gms. of the iron salt in the minimum volume
of water was added to 40 gms. of the ammonium phenyl! dithio-
carbamate in 200 cc. of water. A yellowish-brown precipitate
formed immediately. The mixture, which had a noticeable odor
of the phenyl isothiocyanate, was allowed to stand for an hour
and then distilled with steam, but with the result that only 3 ce. of
an Impure mustard oil was obtained.

ZINC SULPHATE.

On mixing 30 gems. of the ammonium salt in 300 cc. of water
with 47 gms. of zinc sulphate in 150 cc. of water a thick, white pre-
cipitate of the zinc phenyl dithiocarbamate was formed. This
changed on steam distillation to zine sulphide and gave a 23 per
cent yield of the phenyl isothiocyanate.

COPPER SULPHATE.

To a solution of 25 gms. of the ammonium salt in 150 cc. of water
was added 34 gms. of copper sulphate in the same volume of water.
The odor of mustard oil was very pronounced, and the yellowish-
brown copper salt changed readily, on distilling the mixture with
steam, to the black copper sulphide. The yield of oil in this case
was 71.7 per cent—a very decided increase.

LEAD NITRATE.

Using the same concentrations as above, 25 gms. of the ammonium
salt and 40 gms. of lead nitrate gave the brown lead salt with a
subsequent yield of 77.2 per cent phenyl isothiocyanate—a maxi-
mum which has not been exceeded.

In general it has been found that while both the copper and lead
salts are suitable desulphurizing agents, the use of lead nitrate gave
the better result in about the above ratio.

PREPARATION OF PHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE WITHOUT SEPA-
RATION OF THE AMMONIUM SALT.

The data obtained from the preparation of the ammonium salts
of the aryl dithiocarbamates showed that the isolation of this com-
pound might be far from quantitative, with the result that the yield
of mustard oil based on the amine used would be proportionately
lowered. This was proved directly by many experiments, two of
which will be described in detail.

8 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

In each case the following amounts of reagents were used and tbe
same procedure followed as exactly as possible:

Anthne> 2.400 3 ss eee aE CAL teen oe eee 26 gms.
Carbon: 'bisulphide:< sca... aint Genie eee eee 27 gms.
Ammonium hydroxide | (2870) asus ean eee 44 gms.
Al@ohoh tice. ficial. a Cok A A ee eee ae 20 ce.

Lead. nitrate: is. peck i Be ee eee ee 100 gms

The addition of the aniline required one-half hour. The stirring
was then continued. for another one-half hour, and the mixture
filtered after standing for an additional hour. The separated salt
was dissolved in 200 cc. of water, treated with the lead nitrate (in
200 cc. water), and distilled with steam. The yield of pure mus-
tard oil was 20 gms. (53 per cent).

In the second case the unfiltered solution and salt was made up
to 200 cc. with water and desulphurized as before. The product
weighed 28 gms.—a yield of 74.2 per cent, based on the aniline used.
The best yield obtained under these conditions was 76.8 per cent
pure phenyl isothiocyanate. The difference in yield in the above
experiments between 53 per cent and 74 per cent is due without
question to the solubility of the ammonium salt in the aqueous
ammonia.

LABORATORY PREPARATION.

The following directions are given as suitable for a laboratory
experiment in the preparation of the phenyl isothiocyanate:

Place 54 grams of carbon bisulphide and 80 grams of conc.
NH,OH (28 per cent) in a tall beaker, surrounded by ice, and
stir the mixture with a turbine. Drop 56 gms. of aniline into this
mixture from a separatory funnel during the course of 20 minutes.
The separation of ammonium phenyl] dithiocarbamate soon begins.
Continue the stirring for 30 minutes after all of the aniline has been
added. Then allow the mixture to stand for another period of 30 |
minutes without stirring.

Dissolve the salt by the addition of 800 cc. of water, and add to
the solution (with constant stirring) 200 gms. of lead nitrate
dissolved in 400 cc. of water. Steam-distill the product from a 5-
liter flask.

Put in the receiver a little dilute sulphuric acid; this will combine
with traces of ammonia or aniline that might be driven over, and
thus prevent the formation of any mono- or diphenyl! thiourea.

DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 9

LARGER-SCALE PRODUCTION.

The preparation of the mustard oil was carried out in a number
of experiments, using from five to ten times the amount of the
reagents listed above, with corresponding dilution. The percentage
yields, however, were not so great as with smaller amounts. For
instance, 280 gms. of aniline gave 232 ems. of product, and 560 gms.
of aniline yielded 435 gms. of pure redistilled phenyl isothiocyanate.
The low results were due in part to difficulties in properly mixing
the reagents. If much free nitric acid was formed it decomposed
the ammonium phenyl dithiocarbamate, thus preventing the for-
mation of the lead phenyl dithiocarbamate. Other by-products
that occurred were ammonium thiocyanate, diphenyl thiourea,
tripheny! guanidine, which appeared as the nitrate, and monophenyl
thiourea, where any excess of ammonia was present. In addition
a strong current of steam is needed to separate the oil from the
mass of lead sulphide formed.

ACTION OF LEAD NITRATE ON OTHER SALTS OF THE PHENYL
DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID.
It seemed worth while to try the desulphurization of other than
the ammonium salts, since in the absence of that reagent certain
side reactions might be prevented.

Sopium Satt. C,H,NHCSSNa.

i Ubinas we ea 2 28.0 gms.
Carbon: bisulphide «2224.3. 3: 27.0 gms.
Hadmm hydromde o2.0.. 62-9 <>. 13.1 in 50 cc. water.
Teadumatenbes. UN tte OF, 100.0 in 300 cc. water.

The sodium salt which formed on mixing the reagents was so
thick that the stirrer was stopped. Alcohol, 22 cc., was therefore
added, and the stirring continued for one-half hour. After standing
for an hour the orange-colored mixture was dissolved in 300 cc. of
water and treated with the lead nitrate solution. Only a 30.2 per
cent yield of the mustard oil was obtained, the greater portion of the
aniline having been converted into thiocarbanilide.

Barium Satt. (C,H,NHCSS).Ba.

1 TL ee ened ee ger A 28 gms.
Carponebisuipmdé: o. 2... so... 30 gms.
Crys. barium hydroxide ........ 47.5 gms. in 110 cc. of water.
NG CHLOE 9 5 aus oe Fee 42.1 gms. in 42 cc. of water.
Sodium hydroxide ............. 9.6 gms. in 18 cc. of water.

The aniline was slowly added to the mixture of barium hydroxide

10 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

and carbon bisulphide and then stirred for an additional hour. The
odor of hydrogen sulphide became noticeable, showing decomposi-
tion. The zinc hydroxide formed by the addition of the sodium
hydroxide to the zinc chloride was now added and the mixture
allowed to stand overnight. On distillation with steam, 15.2 gms. of
mustard oil, or 37.4 per cent, was isolated.

CauciumM Satt. (C,H,NHCSS),Ca.

Parallel experiments were now made, substituting calcium for
barium hydroxide, the other conditions remaining the same. Very
little phenyl isothiocyanate was obtained, the main product being
thiocarbanilide.

In the report on “The Manufacture of War Gases in Germany,”
it is stated that Kalle & Co. made the phenyl mustard oil used in
the preparation of phenyl iminophosgene from the calcium phenyl
dithiocarbamate, which was then desulphurized with a mixture of
zine chloride and sodium hydroxide.

That calerum pheny! dithiocarbamate was formed from the carbon
bisulphide and calcium hydroxide was shown in the following ex-
periment:

Aa WGN ee Soe Ae ees een 28.0 gms.
Carbon -bistilphide =. .43...- 27.2 gms.

~ Calcium, hydroxmde* ait. 5.20 12.0 gms. in 26 cc. of water.
(Lead. MbEate:.ccse ee eee es 100.0 gms. in 300 ce. of water.

On the addition of the aniline there was a tendency for the mass
to collect in a gummy paste. This was prevented by the addition
of a little alcohol and stirring the mixture for 24 hours. After
desulphurization with lead nitrate 15.6 gms. of oil were isolated,
which corresponded to a yield of 38.4 per cent. The increase in
mustard oil is doubtless due to longer stirring and the more efficient
desulphurizing agent, lead nitrate.

PREPARATION OF OTHER ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES.

The following experiments were carried out in order to ascertain
whether the method was suitable for the preparation of other aryl
isothiocyanates:

o-ToLyL IsoTHIOCYANATE. 0o-C,H,NCS.

OnLOlUIGING 7, hein cn ee emer 32.2 gms.

Carbon: bisulphide®. i2cc5. sess 27.0 gms.

ATAMONIG WAGER ok ccciscl ena ene 47.0 gms.

AlConGI < Casco aha oc oe ee 20.0 cc.

Lead) nitrates iS Moen cee 100.0 gms. in 200 ec. water.

9. J. F. Norris, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 11, 827 (1919).

DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. ft

The ammonium salt crystallized out readily after addition of
the amine. The mixture was then brought into solution by the
addition of 400 cc. of water and treated as before. The weight of
pure o-tolyl mustard oil was 32.8 gms., or 73.27 per cent.

m-ToLyYL IsoTHIOCYANATE. m-C,H,NCS.

Using the same proportions as before, the solid ammonium salt,
which is easily soluble in water, soon formed. From the reaction
mixture was isolated 33.5 gms. of oil, or 74.7 per cent yield.
p-Toty.L IsorTHIocyANATE. p-C,H,NCS.

Under the above conditions 32.3 gms. (72.1 per cent) of the
p-tolyl mustard oil (b. p. 270) were obtained.

1, 3, 4,-Xyuyu IsoruiocyaANaTe. (CH,),C,H,NCS.

Pressed MOINES -2.50 Sejm, ts careers 36.4 gms.
Carbonsbisulphide 4c) .jseacees. 27.0 gms.
Ammonium hydroxide ......... 47.0 gms.
Hea el emibr ate. anuhe-< nieiths- ore. ciat he 100.0 gms. in 200 cc. of water.

After three hours’ stirring the ammonium salt separated in coarse
erystals, which were dissolved in 400 cc. of water before the addi-
tion of the lead nitrate. The mustard oil was very slowly volatile
with steam, and was obtained partly by this method and partly by
extraction of the oily lead sulphide with carbon bisulphide. The
separation was not complete, and only 25.5 gms. (52 per cent) of the
xylyl isothiocyanate (m. p. 31°) were obtained.

PsEupOcUMYL IsoTHIOCYANATE. 1, 2, 4,5, (CH,),C,H,NCS.

ESCM OeCMMIIGNHE. cue ie tare One eee ee eS eet 20.0 gms.
SAL GOUE MIsULPHIGEs aes ts ps oes Boao hat Pecans sake 15.0 gms.
MT AMTULITI Iy OT OXRIG Clr ts oo aren a 2 aed aes 2 23.0 gms.
EMCO MGS: Ad Poets north ee Se She eh Sate E en « Yu 22,0) Cee

WC ACIMIMEE AGC te ee oe be ees re Ae ee alays. ao otasevicd wine b ave 49.0 gms

The ammonium salt separated after two hours’ stirring. It was
dissolved in 1,000 cc. of water and treated with the lead nitrate in
the same dilution. The isothiocyanate is difficultly volatile with
steam, and the yield, 50.2 per cent, could probably have been in-
creased by extracting the sulphide residue with some solvent.

ALPHA-NAPHTHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. A-C,,H,NCS.

Alpha-naphthylamine .......... 20.0 gms.
Garbon bisulphide .2.25. 32.264. 15.0 gms.
Ammonium hydroxide ......... 22.0 gms.
PMICOMOM ces oar tatagy Sis aie diols Ss 20 ce

12 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The reaction mixture was dark colored and required long stirring
before the ammonium salt separated. It was then dissolved in
400 ce. of water and desulphurized.

The isothiocyanate, which melted at 35°, was isolated by extract-
ing the sulphide precipitate with repeated portions of alcohol. The
product weighed 17.6 gms. (68.2 per cent).

Breta-NAPHTHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE.

The procedure was the same as with the alpha-naphthylamine,
and while the ammonium salt, which was readily formed, reacted
with the lead nitrate, no isothiocyanate could be isolated from the
residue using alcohol as a solvent. It is probable that some other
solvent would have proved more suitable.

o-ANISYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. 0-CH,OC,H,NCS.

G-Anisidime Mies eee ee ee 37.1 gms.

Carbon bisulphides.ek ese. eae 27.0 gms.

Ammonium hydroxide ......... 47.0 gms.

AleGholsax. Sse eat cen os eo eee 20 ‘co.

Lead tinttate chu tl haces seten oak 100.0 gms. in 200 cc. of water.

The ammonium salt separated quickly as a mass of coarse crys-
tals. The mixture was allowed to stand for one hour and then dis-
solved in 800 cc. of water and desulphurized. The mustard oil,
which distilled slowly with steam, weighed 35.2 gms. (70.7 per cent).

p-ANISYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. p-CH,OC,H,NCS.

p-Anisidine «262.26 ete 10.0 gms.

Carbon: bistlphidé 2 enaen se 10.0 gms.

Ammonium hydroxide .......... 13.0 gms.

Alcohols safccide ces See ee 15.0 ce.
Lead ‘nitrate’. a5 i ee ee 27.0 gms. in 500 cc. of water.

The salt formed readily in large white crystals. After standing
two hours the mixture was dissolved in 500 ce. of water and treated
as usual. The mustard oil was easily volatile with steam and gave
a yield of 9.2 gms. (68.6 per cent).

p-PHENETIDYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. p-C,H.OC,H,NCS.

In this case the weight of p-phenetidine was 41.3 gms.; otherwise
the amounts of reagents corresponded to those used in the prepara-
tion of the o-anisyl isothiocyanate. The mustard oil distilled
slowly with steam and gave a yield of 72.7 per cent.

DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 13

HALOGEN SUBSTITUTED PHENYL MUSTARD OILS.

m-BROMOPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. m-BrC,H,NCS.

m-Bromoaniline .............0. 15 gms.

Carhon. disulphide. : 2. ....6 5.4.5. 10 gms.

Ammonium hydroxide .......: *, 13.6 gms.

WeceVALER GS ore eit s os. Sls is 29.0 gms. in 500 cc. of water.

The dithiocarbamate formed very slowly and coarse crystals of
the ammonium salt began to appear only after an hour’s stirring.
These were dissolved in 500 cc. of water.

The oil which came over with the steam solidified on cooling. The
yield, however, was only 7 gms. (37.4 per cent).

p-BROMOPHENYL IsoTHIOCYANATE. p-BrC,H,NCS.

The same quantity of reagents were used as in the preceding prep-
aration except that 15 cc. of alcohol was added in order to decrease
the solubility of the ammonium salt, which separated in the form
of fine, needle-shaped crystals. After standing overnight the mix-
ture was dissolved in 500 cc. of water and filtered from a little un-
changed p-bromoaniline. The yield of mustard oil was 39.6 per cent.

p-CHLOROPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. p-CIC,H,NCS.

fe Ae ESATA onsen soe acne ee ates Scie nee be a's 20.0 gms.
Carbon pisulphiders. 2204 22a SV esis. Selec de: « 15.0 gms.
Pammonminim snyaroxtaen ts 625) S52 Ue eee, faa. 24.5 gms.
PUCONG A Anaesth tee en aire. thie ia oh odes aoe’ « 20: ce.

ieee SHEARS re ea ge me as Vee e eR eS Le, 52.0 gms

The mixture containing the ammonium dithiocarbamate was dis-
solved in 500 cc. of water and treated as usual. The yield was 15.8
gms. of the solid isothiocyanate (59.6%).

p-lopoPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. p-IC,H,NCS.

PATENT Se ed, Ce ainsi hd odin ha hes 20 gms.
Batiae DISMIpINGeK. 2650. tree are ste SOLO aS 12 gms.
PTEAONUINT, WY OLOMAES Fs hs clasckind ec Gok sae a tees ok 14.2 gms.
UIE AGE EON Ot Saat te ites, eye ao ae ans 6 hd 6 x Sos wl SO 20 cc.
WCAG AMERLE OS sea tata Ao) athens U4 Ede SRI: 30.2 gms

The crystals separated after 30 minutes’ stirring. The mixture
after standing for four hours was added to 500 cc. of water, and
later filtered from a dark-colored insoluble residue. The mustard
oil, which was obtained in a 53.4 per cent yield, was volatile with
steam and melted at 79°.

p-NITROANILINE.

All efforts to prepare the ammonium p-nitrophenyl dithiocar-
bamate failed, the nitroaniline being recovered unchanged.

14 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

RESUME OF RESULTS.

, Aryl Per cent yields based

isothiocyanates. on amines used.
Phenyl is. cong ches coe caesar ete ene a 76.8
OS BOb yl 5 Pe vic Sie 5 ceae ae tree ae eee (3.2
m=Tolyl cscs betin Hae cea ae oes nee 74.7
Pai oly lsat ee eave ean eee BPM Gis AeA ee Sd 72.1
Pi SOA aX yey iy race oe ea oe ae ae ee 52.0
Pseudocummyl ace tei oy Sa ARP de eee BORG
Alphacta pithy] is, 49 cr mote aecmscastevr an care pole ae ae nna ane ee 68.0
Beta-niaphthy ly ec2 a a s o e Pee tea 00.0
o-Anisyl- vo cca enaeyeg Perec en One eee (UEC
P=AMisy lt yo Zocalo. bcoramsyo: oh eaatan tes es oes etn ey et plea eta ae 68.6
p-Phenetidyl. o.3 3.41407) AO. ed ee ee ee (UT
m-Bromophenyl yer. ey cree. sisson baie eae eee 37.4
p-Broniophenyl {Secon 2 ce Mt en cigs et 39.6
p-Chicrophenyl int oe ore ae ee is Le ee 59.3
pelodopheny!) Min sTOAS AA OO ae Sed eee eee 53.3
peNitropheny bh jecsee. icles dulcis. ol tom Cheer aes ae ee ee 00.0

From the consideration of the foregoing results, it is evident that
the success of the method is dependent upon at least three factors:
First, the completeness of the formation of the ammonium ary]
dithiocarbamate, RNHCSSNH,. Second, the ease and completeness
of separation from the sulphide precipitate. Third, the avoidance
of side reactions leading to the formation of free aryl dithiocarbamic
acid, aniline, etc. The low yield in the case of the xylyl, cumyl and
alpha-naphthyl derivatives would seem to be due to their slight
volatility with steam and the difficulty of extracting the oils from
the mass of lead sulphide.

The cause of the failure with beta-naphthylamine must be de-
termined by further investigation.

With the halogen substituted anilines which are less basic than
the aniline, toluidine, etc., there is probably incomplete salt forma-
tion, which would thus account for the lower yields.

SUMMARY.

The paper describes a method for the preparation of aryl isothio-
eyanates which is relatively simple and inexpensive and which gives
yields greater than any which require the intermediate formation of
the diary] thioureas.

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII, No. 11—Jutny, 1922.

CONTENTS:
A RAINFALL Pertiop EquaL TO ONE-NINTH THE SUN-SPOT PERIOD,

Dinsmore Alter.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII. ] JuLY, 1922. [Noob

A Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth the
Sun-spot Period.

DINSMORE ALTER.
SYNOPSIS.

RELIMINARY discussions based on the rainfall of the United

States have been published in the Monthly Weather Review and
the University of Kansas Science Bulletin. The present paper com-
pletes the investigation of this period, using much longer records
and the data from the United States, Northern Europe, Central Si-
beria, the Punjab in India, Chile, South Australia, Jamaica and
Madagascar. Numerous tables and curves are given. The con-
clusion reached is that the period does exist, and that the relation-
ship to sun spots is not a direct one, but due to an unknown common
cause. In purely continental areas, minimum rainfall is connected
with a maximum of sun spots; in purely marine, with a minimum of
sun spots. For areas with rainfall between these types the period
is not plainly found.

INTRODUCTORY.

In August, 1915, Dr. A. E. Douglass read a very interesting paper
before the Berkeley meeting of the American Astronomical Society
regarding an investigation of the growth of trees in many parts of
the world, indicating an eleven-year period in rainfall (1).

It seemed to me that the data collected by the Weather Bureau
should definitely settle such a question of periods. Some prelimi-
nary reading showed, however, that a tremendous amount of time
had been spent on the problem (2), and that if solvable it must be
very complicated. Other work prevented starting any actual in-
vestigation ; then the war intervened and the problem was untouched
till the spring of 1919. The first data examined were those from

(17)
2—Science Bul.—3728

18 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Lawrence, Kan., where records since 1868 are available. Several hun-
dred hours of work showed nothing. Once a stretch of five years was
found ‘which resembled another five quite closely after eliminating
the seasonal curve. Another time resemblances were found after
about twenty-two years. All such were easily explainable as acci-
dental. It seemed useless to carry the work further with the data at
hand.

A paper by Professor Turner (3), however, gave me a new sug-
gestion, although there was little if any logical reason for any con-
nection. In this paper Professor Turner shows plainly the existence
of a period in earthquakes with a length between 14.8421 and 14.-
8448 months. It occurred to me that this period might be com-
mensurable with the sun-spot period. Upon multiplying it by 9, I
obtained 11.13 years, which is the mean sun-spot period to the exact
hundredth of a year. Such an exact coincidence is very probably
not accidental (4a).

The next move was to examine all sun-spot data in order to find
whether such a period also exists in sun spots. The results have
been inconclusive, some evidence favoring the existence of the
period, but not being definite enough to settle the question either
way. The general conclusion seems to be that any relationship of
sun spots to weather is not a direct one, and that periodicities which
are commensurable may exist in each separately, as might happen if
the variations were due to a common cause. This will be more fully
developed in the general discussion of results.

In three preliminary papers (4b) I have investigated the rainfall
of the United States, and in them arrived at the conclusion that they
afford evidence toward the existence of the rainfall periodicity.
When these papers were published it was recognized that they did
not constitute proof, that data were needed from all parts of the
world and, as Marvin (5) stated in a critical discussion, long rec-
ords were needed. Since the publication of the first papers I have
been gathering all available data, much of it in unpublished manu-
scripts sent me by meteorologists from many countries of the world.
The reduction of these data has been a long job, even requiring hun-
dreds of hours to prepare a single table. For example, the rainfall
of many separate stations were given for Sweden; these had to be
combined as one table. The same was true of the Punjab in India,
where data from twenty-five stations were copied out of Eliot’s
book and averaged to give a district record to 1900. After that it
was necessary to borrow seventeen large volumes and copy a little

ee SSS

—

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 19

from each to complete the tables. To complicate the task, these
data were given for fifty-five districts during the early years and for
thirty-three during the later. From some countries averages made
correctly were sent in form to use, but in the main the data, as se-
cured, required much work to put it in a form to begin the investiga-
tion. Such tables are added to this paper in order that other in-
vestigators may be saved the preliminary computations. All long
records have been studied, with the exception of Canada, which is so
close to the United States that it was felt the results secured would
not be worth the work of averaging many stations together to get
district values in usable form. In the proper places comments will
be made on the methods of securing district averages in the United
States and other countries. It is believed that many of these should
be remade.

MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR HARMONIC ANALYSIS.

A mass of observational material, when plotted with time as ab-
scisse and observed values as ordinates, may show no repetition of
the same curve, even though such a curve might exist. There may
be nothing definite about it to indicate a period. In such cases or-
dinary methods of harmonic analysis become useless. This failure
to repeat values, when a period exists, may be due to any one or
more of the four following causes:

(a) Incommensurable periods may coexist. In this case the curve
will never repeat itself, although for short periods of time there may
be a fairly close approximation to such repetition. If there are three
or more incommensurable periods the curve obtained for the data is
very complex. For example, the seasonal variation of the rainfall
would be incommensurable with a possible one equaling the sun-spot
period. Of course, if one of such periods is known, as in the ease of
the seasonal variation in the example above, it may be eliminated.

(6) There may be large accidental errors. Such errors mask a
periodicity almost completely in any one cycle and disappear only
when the data values in each of a number of well-distributed phases
are added through many cycles. From the theory of errors, their
influence will be inversely proportional to the square root of the
number of cycles added. «

(c) Long-period variations may exist. If there are periods longer
than the interval of the data they will produce much the same effect
as accidental errors or incommensurable periods.

(d) There may be periods which vary in length. An example of
such a period is the sun-spot period, which, although averaging

20 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

11.13 years, has varied from 7.3 to 17.1 years during the last 115
years.

When any of these four difficulties exists it is almost impossible
successfully to treat the problem unless the investigator stumbles
upon the-true period, either by a fortunate suggestion or by some
reason extraneous to the problem, or by the patient trial-and-error
method by which Kepler found his three laws of planetary motion.
Schuster (6) has developed a method designated as the periodogram,
which will avail in some cases.

METHOD USED BY TURNER IN EXAMINING THE EARTHQUAKE
DATA.

The exact form of this method seems to be due to Schuster (6),
and is a slight modification of the one astronomers have used for
generations. Suppose that we have a mass of material—for ex-
ample, the number of earthquakes recorded per month, or the rain-
fall per month—through many years. Plotting shows no perio-
dicity, or at the most only a faint hint of such. Chance or Schuster’s
periodogram leads us to suspect a period of, for example, 15 months.
We can write the first 15 months’ data in a row as the heads of as
many columns. The sixteenth month, the thirty-first, etc., will fol-
low successively in the first column, the seventeenth, thirty-second,
etc., in the second column, and so on, the thirtieth, forty-fifth, etc.,
in the fifteenth column. Each column will then contain only months
which are in the same phase of the suspected period, if it actually
exists.

We will refer to one such row as a cycle, and to the columns as
phases. Suppose the period to exist. It may not show in a single
cycle, probably will not, because of large accidental errors or incom-
mensurable periods, either or both of which may be present. But
the months of any phase of an incommensurable period will, in the
long run, be almost evenly distributed through all the phases of our —
assumed period, and will, therefore, be subject to the same laws as —
accidental errors, namely, their influence will be inversely propor-
tional to the square root of the number of cycles. In the course of
four cycles (five years in our present example) their importance
will be only half as great as for any one cycle; after sixteen cycles
one-quarter as great, etc. However, the effect of our assumed
fifteen-month period will be equal in each, and therefore as prom-
inent in the average as in any one cycle. Thus, no matter how
large the accidental errors, or the variation due to incommensurable
periods, the true variation from phase to phase will begin to appear.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. a1.

If the assumed period does not exist, the mean values of the phases
will approach each other as we increase the number of cycles.

This last point gives us two very powerful criteria for the verity
of our assumed period:

(a) Having given a large number of cycles, we may compare the
phase values of the first half of the cycles with those of the latter
half. If the variation be real the curves from the two halves of the
- data should agree fairly well. If the variation be accidental there
can be only chance resemblance. Unless the assumed period exists,
the two halves of the data are entirely independent, when there are
enough cycles to eliminate residuals of other periods that might
exist. A very simple test for a real relationship between the two
curves may be made as follows: There is an even chance that if the
results are purely accidental, any pair of values from the same
phase in the two curves will le on the same side of the normal. If
there are three curves, one-fourth of them should show all three
curves on the same side. Much departure from this accidental
grouping indicates strongly a correlation.

(6) Having obtained the phase values, as above, for each half of
the data, we may consider half the difference of identical phases in
the first and last halves of our data as a measure of the deviation of
the two curves from each other and of the amount of chance error
left in each phase. Call this half difference d. We will have in this
example d,, d,, . . . d,;.. The probable error of any point on the
eurve which is formed from the whole of the data will be given by
the formula,

2 IS (d?)
e=(0. 6745 Nie oe

If this probable error is as large as half the variation from maxi-
mum to minimum phase there is approximately an even chance that
the variation is accidental. If the ratio of « to the variation is
smaller than about one-eighth, the chances are less than one in a
thousand that it is accidental. These ratios are tabulated in the
general discussion of results for each set of data. Both these criteria
must be applied in any case under discussion.

Let us suppose that the assumed period is not an exact number of
months; for example, 14% months. In this case 7 cycles will equal
104 instead of 105 months. We must spread our 104 months over 7
cycles of 15 phases each; that is, over 105 phases. To do this we
will fill each of the first 6 cycles and the first 14 phases of the
seventh cycle just as formerly, using all the data that we have for 7

22 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

cycles. We will then use the month’s data which we used for the
fourteenth phase of the seventh cycle again in the fifteenth phase.
Doing this, no month will fall more than a half phase from the
proper one as determined by the mean of all positions. If we assume
a period of 15’ months we will merely skip one of the month’s data,
or better still, average it with the next following one. In this man-
ner any period may be plotted with any number of phases desired,
and no month’s data more than a half phase from its proper place..

FIRST APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD TO RAINFALL.

One-ninth of the mean sun-spot period is very nearly 14% months.
I tabulated all the rainfall data from Lawrence, Kan., beginning
with 1868, according to the method outlined above. The result
showed a variation of about 12 per cent each side of the normal.
Next I divided the data into halves and found the two to agree
fairly well. Following this I examined data from all of Kansas,
from Nebraska, New England and Ohio. The data from Ohio
checked fairly well; those from New England and Nebraska gave
results which were discordant with themselves. The variation of
the sun-spot period now came to mind. If there were any real
variations due to sun-spots or to a common cause they would cer-
tainly have to keep a constant relationship with the phases of the
sun-spot period.

Table 1 shows the dates of maxima and minima of sun-spots as
determined by Wolf and Wolfer (7). It also shows the number of
years intervening between successive maxima or minima; in other
words, the actual sun-spot periods during those years. As a first
approximation to keeping the phases in step with the sun spots, I
plotted the rainfall between the dates of each pair of consecutive
minima on a period one-ninth that interval. Minima occurred in
1889, August, and in 1901, September. The interval 1s 145 months.
I therefore used a period of 164 months between those dates. The
next minimum occurred in 1913, May. This interval is 141 months,
and I used a period of 15% between these dates. When this was
done I secured very much better results than before, so much better
that I could not believe them due to accident. I obtained similar
curves for each state the whole length of the Atlantic and Gulf.
coasts as far as Texas. When the data of New England and
Pennsylvania were divided in halves, curves of similar shape were
obtained for each, differing only in phase. This improvement over
the results from a constant period indicated that a more rigid
method of keeping constant relationship with the sun-spot phases
should be devised before definite conclusions were drawn.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 23

RIGID FOLLOWING OF THE SUN-SPOT PHASES.

It is evident that the sun-spot period between the minima named
above had values of 145 and 141 months, respectively. Let us
examine the two maxima occurring between these dates. One oc-
curred in 1894, February, and the other in 1906, May, with an in-
terval of 147 months. This must have been the average value of
the sun-spot period between these dates. It is longer than the
period obtained from either pair of minima named above, yet it
occurs as part of each of them and contains no part that is not in
one or the other of them. We are forced, therefore, to the con-
clusion that if continuous (8a)—

The length of the sun-spot period is continuously varying and a
value of the period obtained between successive maxima or suc-
cessive minima is merely an average of all values passed through in
this interval.

If we had a curve with time plotted along the axis of abscisse
and the corresponding values of the sun-spot period as ordinates,
the average value of the sun-spot period between two maxima or
two minima occurring at ¢, and t, would be given by—

2 curve
ti — tg = average value= { Fei
ty 1 2

If we plotted abscisse and ordinates on the same scale, these
average values would form squares bounded by ordinates through
the dates which limit them. The area between the axis of abscissz
and the unknown curve, described above, representing the actual
value of the period at all times, would in the interval between two
maxima or two minima have to equal the corresponding known
square. Since these squares overlap, we know the value of a series
of overlapping definite integrals of the unknown curve. From these
data it is possible, assuming the simplest curve to be the true one,
by the aid of a planimeter, to construct the curve without know]l-
edge of its mathematical form. In doing this it is easier to choose
some convenient period as the axis of abscisse and to measure de-
partures from this period. Changing the axis in this way merely
changes all the integrals by a known constant amount and changes
the known squares into known rectangles. It is also practical to
magnify the scale of ordinates very much over the scale of abscisse.
Locating the curve consists first in measuring the area of each of
the rectangles; then penciling in what appears to be the curve,
measuring the definite integrals of the approximate curve with the
planimeter; erasing for a new approximation, and repeating many

‘24 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

times. In the curve of the sun-spot values reproduced as Figure 1,
I have erased each part of the curve probably a hundred times.
Although very laborious, the process, with enough patience, yields
very good results. The accuracy of the period curve depends upon
the accuracy with which the epochs of maxima and minima are
obtained. A steep but narrow peak, such as that of 1861, may be
unreal for this reason. However, due to the short duration of such
a peak and the fact that it must almost immediately be counter-
balanced, there will usually be little effect in data extending over
a long range.

In the preceding paragraph I have spoken of the sun-spot period
at any date as a varying quantity, not even approximately constant
through a single cycle. This may necessitate a definition of “period”
somewhat different from what is ordinarily understood. I there-
fore give the following definition, which will be adhered to whether
referring to sun spots or rainfall.

The length of the period at any date is the-reciprocal of the rate
of change of phase at that date and need not continue even approxi-
mately through a complete cycle.

From this curve I have taken the mean value of the sun-spot
period for each year. These values are given as column 2 of table 2.
Column 3 gives the departures from 15 months of one-ninth these
values. Obviously, 15 months was chosen because it is the nearest
integral number of months to one-ninth of a period. If, for example,
the number given for any year in column 3 were + 9, it would mean
that during that year one-ninth of the sun-spot period was 16
months. If it were —9 it would mean that the period was 14
months. In the first case it would be necessary, working on a 15-
phase basis, to skip a month every 16 months as long as that
length of period persisted; in the second case to repeat one every
14 months. We can thus construct a table of months to be re-
peated in the analysis of our rainfall data when the ninth of the
sun-spot period is less than 15 months, or to be skipped (or better
still, averaged with the next adjacent one) when the ninth is more
than 15, in order that Wolfer’s sun-spot maxima may all fall in
one phase and his sun-spot minima in one. ;

In this work I have in each case averaged the month to be skipped
with the next following oné instead of actually skipping. Thus
three months’ data give two phases, the result desired through skip-
ping, and all data are used. There is, however, such a slight gain in
accuracy that I scarcely believe it worth the slight extra work in-
volved. If this averaging and repeating is done correctly the epoch

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 25

of maximum of each of the cycles of the sun spots will always fall
in one phase of the suspected rainfall variation and also each
minimum in one. Wolfer’s values of maxima and minima are un-
certain by a month or so, and therefore in the first paper the
placing of them within one phase from the mean was considered as
a perfect check in determining the months to be averaged or re-
peated. When there was a greater. error than this in determining
the position of a maximum or a minimum it meant that there-was
a slight error in the curve and that it was necessary to apply a
slight adjustment factor to the values of the period taken from it.
In no case did I have a large factor to apply, thereby showing that
the curve as constructed was approximately correct. Indications
from the work explained above were that the period taken from it
could be relied upon to within three or four months, and that such
errors as did occur were canceled in most cases by ones of opposite
sign before adjustment had become serious.

I did not realize at the time that readers might think this nee
ancy purposely made by me in order to better my results. To avoid
this objection I have, in this paper, made the Wolf-Wolfer epochs
fall exactly in the same phase each cycle. The phase in which the
sun-spot maximum falls has been numbered 1 and that in which
minimum falls 8. For 1913 Wolfer has published two dates of sun-
spot minimum, first May, and later August. I used the former in
the first paper before seeing his later work. The sun-spot curve
seems to me to indicate May, or even an earlier epoch, correct.
Wolfer’s later epoch may, therefore, be a typographical error, and I
have continued to use May. Since a short period locates its epochs
of maxima and minima more exactly than a long one, it will be pos-
sible later, if the existence of the short rainfall period be admitted,
to revise the Wolf-Wolfer epochs from the rainfall data. Such a
gain in accuracy would mean much in an investigation of the sun-
spot periodicity.

Table 3 shows which months I have averaged and repeated in the
analysis of the rainfall data of each country investigated. It is
probably useless to emphasize that there was no change in this table
for any of the countries under consideration. At first thought the
results of table 3 and of figure 1 are startling. However, an inspec-
tion of the much greater changes in the period which have persisted
through entire cycles during the last 115 years, namely, from 88 to
205 months, shows that these variations through short periods of
time are to be expected. Moreover, there is no way to draw a curve

26 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

satisfying the necessary conditions and having smaller variations, .
unless possibly by introducing more points of maxima and minima
upon it. Such a complication would be much less probable than the
variations shown by the present one, all of which are less than the
variations from the mean value of complete cycles of approximately
11 years have been in the rather recent past, as shown by table 1.

THE RAINFALL DATA EXAMINED.

I have examined the rainfall averages of each of the forty-two
sections in which the United States has been divided by the Weather
Bureau, of a number of stations in Central Siberia, of the Punjab in
India, of a few towns in Chile, of complete records of Denmark and
Sweden and stations in Holland and England, of South Australia,
of Jamaica, and of Tananarive, Madagascar. I had a small amount
of data from the Soudan and Abyssinia and scattered small amounts
from other countries, but none of these enough to examine with any
weight. There were also data such as received from Canada, where
the proximity of countries for which I had data made it seem un-
wise to take the great amount of time necessary to average the in-
dividual stations, and where, unlike Madagascar, thousands of miles
from the nearest data used, it seemed useless to obtain results with
the little weight that would be attached to one station.

The results from each of the sections named above are discussed
here, the tables are given from which these results are deduced, the
values are given for each individual cycle, and the means of the
halves or thirds are given and plotted, as also the curves from the
whole data. The sections are grouped in three main divisions:

(A) Interiors and eastern coasts of large continents. There are
three such sections: Eastern United States, Central Siberia, and the
Punjab.

(B) Western coasts of continents. This group includes the Pa-
cific coast of the United States, the group of countries from the
northwest European coast, and a very small amount of data from
Chile. |
(C) Other sections. This includes South Australia, Jamaica and
Tananarive, Madagascar.

The last sun-spot maximum occurred in 1917, and ali data since
then are thus unavailable for use in examining the existence of the
period. This would not be a serious handicap for predicting, if the
period should be proved to exist, since the course of the maxima and
minima could be followed from cycle to cycle by using means from

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 27

a large number of sections and an extrapolation made for a cycle in
advance without serious error. Indeed, in such a case it might be
possible to predict the time of the next sun-spot maximum or mini-
mum quite accurately from the rainfall data.

Errect or ANNUAL Cycie. In many cases the residual left from
the seasonal variation is large enough to distort the curves ma-
terially. I have, therefore, always carefully eliminated it, no matter
how large or how small. To do this I have, wherever it 1s very pro-
nounced, prepared two tables for each section according to the plan
previously outlined, repeating and averaging in each one the months
determined by table 3. In the first of these tables I have used the
actual values of the rainfall. In the second I have used instead of
each January the mean of all the Januaries, and so on for each
month of the year. In this second table the mean monthly values
were repeated or averaged exactly as in the first one, to give a table
entirely similar to the first table. The variation from phase to phase
in this second table is, therefore, entirely the seasonal residual and
contains all of it. For the average state in the United States it is
approximately four per cent each side of the normal, the rest of the
seasonal variation having been damped out by the process of tabu-
lating the incommensurable period which is being investigated. The
quotients of the sums of each phase of the first table by the second
give us the percentage of normal rainfall of that phase for the section
concerned throughout all the years of the data. Each month is in
this way weighted in accordance with its normal rainfall. In no
case has there been any smoothing of results other than that marked ~
in the tables where the mean has sometimes been smoothed by aver-
aging each phase with the ones immediately adjoining for better ex-
amination.

In the eastern United States and northern Europe the yearly
variation of rainfall is small enough that each month may be
weighted the same without serious error. I have, therefore, in these
two cases divided the actual rainfall of each month by its normal
and thus obtained the percentage of normal to plot. This has the
advantage for the reader that he need look at but one table instead
of two to see how the period has been followed from cycle to cycle.

It may occur to some that possibly there is in some manner a
residual of the seasonal effect left in this period, despite the elimina-
tion explained above. There are three answers that may be givn to
this objection, all of which are merely the same one in different
forms.

28 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

(a) In Professor Schuster’s discussion of the periodogram (6)
method of searching for periods we find the following: ‘There is a
limit beyond which it is useless to-go. This limit is reached when the
values of A and B for two closely adjoining values n, and n, are
no longer independent of each other. The theory of vibration shows
that independence begins when there is an ultimate disagreement of
phase amounting to about one-quarter of a period.”

(6) Professor Turner has worked out the effects of any period on
adjoining periods (86). He divides the data into integral parts and
calls any one of these submultiples q; p is a period near q, such that
qt+ta—p.x<1. From the Fourier sequence the periods g and g+1
are independent. Let us consider the seasonal period as q and the
ninth harmonic of the sun-spot period as p. In order that x may be
as small as 1, we must have q=3. That x be less, requires gq=2. But,
quoting Professor Turner, “gq is a fairly large integer for any peri-
odicity worth serious consideration.”

(c) The work involved in computing the periods near 12 months
for each state 1s much greater than the value of the results. I have,
however, taken Pennsylvania as typical of the United States and
computed periods of 12, 18, 14, 15 and 16 months.

For 12 months, which is the seasonal period, the amplitude of the
variation is 34 per cent; for 13 months it is 11 per cent; for 14
months it is 12 per cent; for 15 months it is 10 per cent; and for
16 months it is 17 per cent; the amplitude of the ninth harmonic of
the sun-spot period is 26 per cent. The mean value of the ninth
harmonic during this interval of years was 15.8 months, showing
the increase in amplitude at the nearest of the other periods as de-
manded by the theory or the periodogram (6) or by the Fourier
sequence (8c).

A serious source of weakness in the state averages published by
the United States Weather Bureau and by almost every other
meteorological service developed during this investigation. This
may well be illustrated by the state of Washington as a fair sample.
Within one year the number of stations used in the state average
varied between 105 and 130. Over a number of years the range is
larger. The eastern part of the state is very much drier than the
western. If one is comparing two months’ rainfall it becomes im-
perative that he know what stations were omitted each month. The
month showing the greater fall may be below normal and that show-
ing less may be above because of omission of eastern stations in the
first and western in the latter. I realize that it is impossible to ob-

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 29

tain a perfectly homogeneous record, since volunteer observers must
sometimes fail, often through no fault of their own, but I would ven-
ture to suggest a method by which the records may be reduced to a
near homogeneity. The sum of the actual rainfall for all the stations
used may be divided by the sum of the normals of the several sta-
tions and the quotient published as the percentage of normal which
fell that month. The means of the normals of stations chosen for
accuracy of records and geographical distribution may then well be
taken as the normal of the state, and when multiplied by this quo-
tient will give a weighted mean of the state that will be practically
homogeneous from year to year. This lack of homogeneity in state
records is much more serious in investigation of long periodicities
such as the Briickner and eleven-year cycles, and might easily show
entirely negative results where the period actually exists. An ex-
ample of the reduction of scattered material to homogeneity is given
in this paper in the treatment of Chile, where long records are
available from five towns with widely differing normals. These
records begin in different years and omit certain years irregularly.
The sums of the actual rainfall given were tabulated for the fifteen-
month periodicity, as were also the sums of the normals for each
month that a station was used. These sums were then added
through each half of the data for each phase, and the quotient of
actual by normal was taken. These tables are Nos. 19 and 20. In
the eastern part of the United States the normals from one part of
a state to another vary by small enough amounts that the records
are not seriously impaired. For the western part I felt it best to
take instead the stations on the coast having perfect records ex-
tending as far back as 1880. All such were used except where sta-
tions in California happened to be very close together, in which
cases one was always omitted in order not to give that small section
of the coast undue weight. Nineteen such stations in California and
western Oregon were available. No station in Washington had such
a long record without break. This procedure also has the advantage
of almost doubling the length of record over the published state
averages. The results from these stations are shown as tables 10 to
12. The names of the stations will be found at the heads of these
tables. The Adelaide Observatory in South Australia seems to have
kept the most ideal record from 1861 to 1907. They averaged the
same fifty towns, apparently, from the beginning to the end of that
period. Unfortunately, this method was discontinued and the
present one of averaging all available stations, as in the United

30 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

States, instituted. The great shift in normal made it impossible to
compare the early and the later records. This investigation of
Australian rainfall ends, therefore, with 1907, although the later
results kindly sent by the meteorological director of the common-
wealth are published here for information:

Group A.
The Punjab,
Eastern India
United States. Siberia. (smoothed).
Cee. wad ieee ake ay ee Ce ieee en ee Ame 2.4 3.6
Range of curve from whole data.......... 23 17 29
Ratios s Atk SPS 5 ry cles Benes eee nr ORLEZ 0.141 0.138
Number phases on one side of normal.... 12 10 re
8

The ratios in each of these cases are approximately one-eighth,
showing, as previously developed, a very small chance of such acci-
dental agreement. In the case of India the same « was derived from
the relationship of both the first and last of its three curves to the
middle one. Since the ratio given measures the possibility of chance
agreement of either of these curves with the middle one, the chance
that both agree in this manner by accident is only the square of the
chance that one does.

Group B.

Pacific coast Northern

(smoothed). Europe. Chile.
Co nc a Wiake BADE CAN UF Ls alain 007) Sie. Coen ee oe Ge Ara Bate) 2.5 aaa as
PP ATAG i cee bopehen, nities cue ay nsec eee i 43 22 25
RAEIO | Ba ects auc aa es OE eee ee 0.088 0.114 0.156
Number of phases on one side of normal..J*11 12 10

12

As would be expected from an examination of the curves, the
chance of mere accidental agreement between the two halves of the
Pacific coast and northern European curves is negligible. In the
case of Chile, just as one would judge from the appearance of the
curves, it is much larger than for the other two, but is still small.

Group C.
South Madagascar
Australia. Jamaica. (smoothed).
Coie hh Nat oMe ARE baa 5 A ey a en ie ae 4.6 3.5 ie |
RGEC a Riel eg baa ee + eee eee 24 19 28 :
RAtiOne 2th eh ace one Be sib os Stoke 0.193 0.184 0.182
Number of phases on one side of normal... 8 10 8

The results of group C, while favoring the true existence of the
periodicity to some extent, do not show the certainty of groups A
and B. This is to be expected in the case of Jamaica, which is a -

* Unsmoothed.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 31

small, mountainous island, where, as Professor Pickering says, “The
rainfall is very unequal in different portions of the island.” It
varies from 33 inches west of the mountains to 248 on the eastern
end of the island. For Madagascar there is but one station, with
a record over only 21 cycles, so that the correlation is all that one
could expect. In the case of South Australia, however, we have a
long, homogeneous record from fifty stations. The effect of the
period is evidently much less certain there than in the region of
groups A and B. In this it reminds one of the results obtained from
the central third of the United States, a region located between the
two types represented by groups A and B. Data are not at hand to
show whether such a reversal, as in the United States, would be found
between the northern and southern parts of South Australia. An
investigation of this character would, I venture to predict, show the
reversal. I hope to secure data to examine this region more
thoroughly.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.

In group A, which consists of interiors or eastern coasts of large
continents, we find the minimum of our curves coming exactly at
phase 1 in each case. This is the phase, as told above, which every
ninth cycle contains the sun-spot maximum. Each of these curves
shows also the effect of a second harmonic of this period with one
minimum at this same phase, the other neutralizing the maximum,
which would normally fall at phase 8. This much can safely be ac-
cepted as true features of purely continental curves.

In group B we find more variation in curves from one section to
another. For the Pacific coast we find the minimum at phase 7 and
the maximum at phase 13; for northern Europe the minimum at 7,
if we smooth our curve, and the maximum at 14. The small amount
of data from Chile does not give any very definite results, almost
equal minima at 2 and 12, with maxima at 10 and 14. The marine
type seems, then, with considerable uncertainty, to give a minimum
of rainfall at time of sun-spot minimum and a maximum shortly
before the sun-spot maximum.

The halves or thirds of the curves at any one place will differ
from each other for one or more, probably all, of the following
reasons:

(a) Accidental errors and other periodicities are not entirely
damped out.

(6b) The epoghs of sun-spot maxima and minima are uncertain,
and consequently some data are incorrectly placed by one or more

32 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

phases. If this periodicity is generally accepted, the recent sun-
spot epochs can be revised to give the best rainfall results, since the
short period and the great amount of data will locate them more
accurately than the sun-spot counts themselves.

(c) The curve probably actually undergoes changes, similar in
shape and magnitude to those of the sun spots, one maximum of
which will be several times higher than another. This is indicated
directly by the persistency with which a phase for quite a number
of consecutive cycles will often differ from its mean by fairly large
amounts.

(d) If the rainfall is not a pure continental or pure marine type,
we will have one type often prevailing, abpeR Bes in the long run the
other dominates.

Although I have examined this period as though it varied in
length, I do not desire to stand in the least committed to an actual
variation. This period, the eleven-year period and the Brickner
are all harmonics. When examined by itself each is found to be
variable. However, it is quite possible that their variations and
that of the sun-spot period are only apparent, being caused by the
superposition of a number of constant periodicities. Regardless of
this constancy, I believe these three periods not to be separate, but
merely terms in an irregular, long-period rainfall variation. It is
very important that a search be made very carefully to determine
what other terms there may be of such large magnitude as these.

If the relationship between sun spots and rainfall were a direct
one, the eleven-year period would certainly far overshadow both
this and the Brickner. Instead, its magnitude seems usually to be
less than either. The search for a thirty-three-year period in sun
spots has been inconclusive, although analysis shows a very strong
sun-spot variation of twice this length. The relationship of the
Brickner cycle to the sun-spot period stands out vividly, however,
if we look for its epochs in long, homogeneous records from which
the eleven-year period has been eliminated by averaging between
consecutive sun-spot maxima or minima. In concluding, I desire to
quote from Pickering’s statement, at the close of his article men-
tioned above, as most nearly expressing my own opinion on this
relationship:

“T do not believe that the sun spots themselves, or their absence, cause the
droughts. The spots are merely a surface indication of an overturn of ma-
terial and temperature occurring beneath the solar surface in connection with
magnetic storms. . . . I have only to derive statistics from observed rain-
* fall data to show the coincidence.”

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of the research committee:

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 33

of the Graduate School, whose grants for computers have been a
very important factor in the prosecution of the work. Mr. Anthony
Oates was engaged as computer for the earlier stages of the work
and Miss Nellie Lynn for the later. Prof. F. E. Kester has devoted
a great deal of time to discussing each phase of the problem, and to
his suggestions is due much of the success. Prof. C. F. Talman has
loaned me many books from the library of the United States
Weather Bureau. Mr. S. D. Flora has thrown open to me all the
records in the state meteorological office at Topeka. Prof. Carl
Ryder has sent me a great deal of manuscript matter, which has
been extremely valuable. The Governor General of Madagascar
sent manuscript tables of rainfall and temperature at Tananarive.
The Egyptian government sent valuable manuscript records of Sou-
dan and Abyssinia, which unfortunately do not extend back far
enough for present uses. Supplemented by the next ten years’ rec-
ords, they will be very valuable. Meteorologists of several other
countries have sent all available printed records. To all these I owe
my most sincere thanks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

la. Douciass, A. E.: The Correlation of Sun Spots, Weather, and Tree
Growth. Pub. American Astronomical Soc., 1918, vol. III, p. 121.

lb. Doveuass, A. E.: Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth. Carnegie Institu-
tion of Wash., 1919. The author seems to have proved definitely a
correlation between climate and sun spots. Nothing on this subject
that has yet come to my attention begins to compare in importance
with this work.

2. Hann, J.: Sun Spots and Rainfall. Handbook of Climatology (trans. by
R. DeC. Ward), vol. I, p. 406. Briickner: Klimaschwankungenseit,
1700 (Vienna, 1890). Has shown a varying period of about thirty-five
years in rainfall and temperature. Lockyer: The Solar Activity, 1833-
1900. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 68, p. 285. Showed a possible correlation of
this period with sun spots. Clough, H. W.: Synchronous Variations in
Solar and Terrestrial Phenomena. Astrophys. Jour., vol. 22, p. 42. Has
greatly strengthened the evidence of such a relationship. They have
also considered the variation in length of the sun-spot period. Clough
says: “The solar-spot activity is periodically accelerated and retarded,
and this action is primarily manifest in the varying length of the
eleven-year spot cycle, since it operates continuously throughout the
entire interval to accelerate or retard the occurrence of the two phases.”
(Loc. cit., p. 59.)

3. Turner, H. H.: A Fifteen-month Period in Earthquakes. Monthly No-
tices, Roy. Astronomical Soc., April, 1919, p. 461.

4a. ATER, Dinsmore: Possible Connection Between Sun Spots and Earth-
quakes. Science, May 14, 1922, p. 486.

4b. Atter, Dinsmore: A Possible Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth the
Sun-spot Period. Monthly Weather Review, Feb., 1921. Continua-
tion of Investigation of a Possible Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth
the Sun-spot Period, and Application of Marvin’s Periodocrite to Rain-
fall pak ‘Kansas University Science Bulletin, vol. XIII, Nos.
8 and 9.

38—Science Bul.—3728

34 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

5. Marvin, C. F.: Discussion of Rainfall Periodicity. Monthly Weather Re-
view, Feb., 1921.

6. Scuuster, ArTHUR: On the Periodicities of Sun Spots. Phil. Trans. 206a
(1906), p. 71.

7. Wourer, A.: Revision of Wolf’s Sun-spot Relative Numbers. Monthly
Weather Review, April, 1902, pp. 171-176. Tables of Sun-spot Fre-
quencies, ibid, July, 1915. Tables of Sun-spot Frequency for the Years
1902-1919, zbed, Aug., 1920, p. 459.

8a. Turner, H. H.: On a Simple Method of Detecting Discontinuities in a
Series of Recorded Observations, With an Application to Sun Spots.
Suggesting that they are caused by a meteor swarm due to successive
encounters of the Leonids with Saturn, which has been more than once
perturbed by the Leonid swarm. Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical
Society, 1914, pp. 82-109.

8b. Turner, H. H.: Sun-spot Periodicity as a Fourier Series. Jbid, 1913,
pp. 714-732, especially p. 717.
8c. Turner, H. H.: Further Remarks on the Expression of Sun-spot Perio-
dicity as a Fourier Sequence. Jbzd, 1914, pp. 16-26.
9. Sources or MATERIAL:
(a) Climatological Data of the United States.
(b) Fundamental Data of Siberian Climate. Title and name of author
in Russian.
(c) Eliot: The Rainfall of India, 1901. India Monthly Weather
Review.
(d) British Rainfall, 1919. Observations Meteorologiques Suedoises,
published by L’Academie Royale des Sciences de Suede, 1910.
Hartman: Het klimaat van Nederland, 1913.
Rainfall tables of Denmark, sent by Professor Carl Ryder in manu-
script form.
(e) Recopilacion de sumas de aqua caida en Chile, 1849-1915, and an-
nual volumes following.
(f) Meteorological Observations of the Adelaide Observatory, 1907.
(g) Pickering: The Relation of Prolonged Tropical Droughts to Sun
Spots. Monthly Weather Review, Oct., 1920.
{h) Manuscripts sent by the Governor General of Madagascar.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 35

TABLE 1.—Wolf’s & Wolfer’s table of sunspot maxima and minima.
(Copied from Monthly Weather Review, August, 1920.)
Minima. Maxima.

Epochs. | Weights. | Periods. | Epochs. | Weights. | Periods.

1610.8 Boe Ase ee 1615.5 DiS whl oo eee
1619.0 1 8.2 1626.0 5 10.5
1634.0 2 15.0 1639.5 2 13.5
1645.0 5 11.0 1649.0 1 9.5
1655.0 1 10.0 1660.0 1 11.0
1666.0 2 11.0 1675.0 2 15.0
1679.5 2 1830 1685.0 Z 10.0
1689.5 2 10.0 1693 .0 1 8.0
1698.0 1 8.5 1705.5 4 92355
1712.0 3 14.0 1718.2 6 PAS
1723.5 2 eS fi2teo, 4 9.3
1734.0 2 10.5 1738.7 2 112
1745.0 2 11.0 1750.3 7 11.6
fifoone 9 10.2 1761.5 a 112
1766.5 5 11.3 1769.7 - 8 8.2
igono 7 9.0 1778 .4 5 8.7
1784.7 4 9.2 1788.1 4 9.7
1798 .3 0) 13.6 1805 .2 5 feat
1810.6 8 14.83 1816.4 8 ly
1823 .3 10 OEY) 1829.9 10 1183 5)
1833.9 10 10.6 1837 .2 10 U8
1843.5 10 9.6 1848.1 10 10.9
1856.0 10 12.5 1860.1 10 12.0
1867 .2 10 eZ, 1870.6 10 10.5
1878.9 10 Mas e/ 1883 .9 10 183533
1889.6 10 10.7 1894.1 10 10.2
1901.7 10 12 1906.4 10 117,33
1913 .4* 10 ze 1917.6 10 ule?
* See text.
TABLE 2.
Year. | Period. Deas Year. | Period. pees Year. | Period. Paes
Months. Months. Menths.

1850 180 +45 1871 106 —29 1892 144 + 9
51 176 +41 (pe 135 0 93 145 +10
52 165 +30 73 156 +21 g4 146 -+11
53 146 +11 74 170 +35 95 147 +12
54 125 —10 75 180 +45 96 148 +13
55 100 —35 76 184 +49 97 149 +14
56 90 —45 77 184 +49 98 149 +14
57 93 —42 78 184 +49 99 149 +14
58 125 —10 79 181 +46 1900 149 +14
59 174 +39 1880 173 +38 01 149 +14

1860 196 +61 81 161 + 26 02 148 +13
61 196 +61 82 144 + 9 03 147 +12
62 173 +38 83 113 —22 04 146 +11
63 143 + 8 84 102 —33 05 144 + 9
64 104 —3l1 85 100 —35 06 142 + 7
65 97 —38 86 100 —35 07 140 + 5
66 94 —4]1 87 101 —34 08 138 + 3
67 93 —42 88 108 —27 09 137 + 2
68 93 —42 89 128 — 7 1910 136 + 1
69 94 —4] 1890 138 + 3 11 136 + 1

1870 96 —39 91 142 + 7 12 135 0

36 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.
TABLE 3.—Data repeated or averaged in keeping rainfall periodicity in step with sun spots.
Skipped or averaged. Repeated. Skipped or averaged.
186147 oh Mar., Sept. NSG5 20. July 1872. sere April.
186232 er June. 1866: 4: ..0- July. TSS cete a Sept.
1SGameee June. 1SOie nner Mar., June, Sept., Dec. 1874...... April, Sept.
1S6Se Eee Jan., Apr., Jun., Aug., Nov.| 1875...... Mar., June, Nov.
18698 oe: Feb., June, Oct. 1816.52, Be Feb., May, Aug., Nov.
1870) 5.8% April, Oct. A fee eee Jan., Apr., Jul., Sept., Dec.
1S 7b ee April. 1878: 2. 22 Mar., June, Aug., Nov.
1879). eae Mar., July, Nov.
L880" 24 April, Oct.
188i. pore July.
ISSShe ee Mar.
Repeated. Skipped or averaged. Repeated.
1884...... Jan., Sept. 18915 oes Jan 1915:.2) 2 Jan.
18830 April, Oct. cE aaa Ma: 1917567 July.
1886. ..2.: Jan., May, Sept 1895... 5. Jan.. Sept
1SSien oie Jan., May, Sept. 1896)... oe April
1888...... Jan., May, Sept. TNO feces Mar
1889) eee Feb. 1898p Jan., Dec
1899...... Dec.
AQOM > osc Jan., Nov.
1902...... June
1908 eve Sept
1909). July
1913). 2 ee Jan.
TABLE 4.—Kastern United States. Table of observed per cent of normal of 26 states, comprising
20 meteorological districts.
YEARS Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
IS7TSi kisi Oe ee 57 | 103 89 | 128] 132 82 Sale be5 64 | 162 67 117
TAY eae elena Ses ren 63 73 75 62 59 102 100 123 45 83 171 133
18805) 3.8 ee ASG | edZ0 O2m leech reall ol 98 855) 13K) 2100 98 93 73
Ble eae cee eee 58 208 129 77 58 172 73 31 118 277 180 147
BOS os canes ae 94 214 148 115 165 200 98 115 57 162 105 108
835) aS Seen ata 74 258 64 129 127 122 110 71 36 218 149 116
4 Ns 94 184 117 89 99 121 117 60 109 103 60 170
base ee ne 127 68 28 93 89 | 102 84 | 138 96 | 145 | 108 80
SOs ee see ane 115 87 102 90 120 89 13 96 102 56 146 86
STDs. ctr ee 91] 158 69 91 79 82 93 93 (oui alle 80 131
SSR cGa ty eels 110 89 131 64 124 87 77 134 135 132 130 85
OO ores oe Renae 114 71 61 73 103 123 138 68 117 76 163 64
1890s) see eco eere 121 138 130 97 132 99 84 124 144 152 62 86
LY Ae Steerer nea een 129 149 71 129 59 98 106 119 56 66 136 96
OP eae ete Giana 127 78 90 113 124 132 104 97 $0 36 117 77
Se Rin am citoneee 99 137 76 131 134 98 69 99 104 i19 101 88
OG aie ero reae 83 116 71 80 113 69 78 85 126 101 71 95
Qi GAME nee aces 135 50 81 112 87 83 95 90 54 65 116 113
OG emetic cherie 66 121 101 62 88 114 134 76 123 75 139 49
(2) (Paracas Nac Ee 90 125 135 110 87 86 122 82 63 68 129 112
QS eke ss ayer sea 128 69 110 96 92 87 108 142 102 168 136 81
QO pets Soe aan crite 112 125 131 63 80 80 96 83 94 74 70 93
DOO A Ate espe 86 114 100 107 84 104 99 77 83 116 139 82
ee ey 0 aioe 79 74 105 131 120 93 88 149 106 59 59 156
De ees pene ete 71 103 ily/ 77 75 120 92 74 137 120 112 140
OSe ee rcceonneee 95 162 130 97 86 126 97 111 65 103 69 7
045 Se ie ae 95 73 109 83 82 88 101 111 89 54 62 97
Na eae ere ee otis eas 90 94 86 101 115 107 116 117 98 116 73 129
OG Geis Sere eee 106 60 126 63 92 114 126 121 126 124 92 110
OG aiscatd sierra 102 66 79 113 134 107 98 88 145 85 145 127
O85 ca oe ee 90 136 99 116 134 79 97 105 65 70 61 90
UAE ecg ea scot 78 141 97 137 117 125 90 84 93 71 67 100
TOTO ie viccun sevake eamemiene 105 105 45 104 102 121 99 80 | * 88 125 72 7
1 OR OPP apres (roar 89 68 69 130 56 94 79 138 111 142 133 136
ERE Seance Prey d 93 88 146 148 116 93 105 103 125 79 79 106
1: PS arrcrcteherpaiee 145 83 159 95 94 70 89 78 123 140 87 76
WA Ney, ate aren ie eke 79 97 82 108 56 73 85 67 74 104 91 130
1 Uy ie eReRRT eee nts 145 102 53 43 130 94 114 145 101 122 96 112
AG dere sis ieee 113 81 76 78 112 125 138 80 90 87 74 100
DW eee S seca etn URN 108 72 126 100 86 110 102 100 96 120 31 55
1B Seren eine 118 60 72 146 95 87 77 88 115 150 99 125
19 eee Satoae 93 89 115 91 145 100 114 109 66 186 128 86

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 37
TABLE 5.—Eastern United States, beginning January, 1887. Observed percentages of normal.
Phase numbers.
CYcLEs. =
(15) | (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 7) (8) | (9) | (10)| (11) | (12)} (13) | (14)
_ ae 91 91 158 69 91 79 79 82 OSeOSeh Wo ego lls SO) ast
2 ee 110 110 89 131 64 124 124 87 77 {1384 |135 |135 |132 |130 85
2 sae Se 114 Ti 71 61 73 103 123 138 (68))/117 | 76 |163 | 64 |121 | 138
_ SERPs 130 97 132 99 84 124 144 152 62 |108 |149 | 71 |129 | 59 98
|. ae ee 106 119 56 66 136 96 |. 127 78 90 |113 |124 |132 |104 | 97 90
peees, 52). 2 36 117 77 99 137 76 131 134 98 | 69 | 99 |104 |119 |101 88
” eRe 83 | (116) 71 96 69 78 85 126 AOI ee AS oO eee al 87
|. jae 83 95 72 65 116 113 66 121 82 | 88 |114 |134 | 76 |123 75
J. eRe 139 49 90 130 110 87 86 122 82 | 63 | 68 |129 |120 | 69 | 110
|. ee 96 92 87 108 142 102 168 108 112 |125 |131 | 63 | 80 | 80 96
__ eee 83 94 74 82 86 114 100 107 84 |104 | 99 | 77 | 83 |116 | 139
2 SAB 80 74 105 131 120 93 88 149 | (106)| 59 |156 | 71 |103 |117 75
3 eee 98 92 74 137 120 112 140 95 162 |130 | 97 | 86 |126 | 97 88
a. eae 103 69 77 95 73 103 83 82 88 |101 |101 | 89 | 54 | 62 97
ee 90 94 86 101 115 107 116 117 98 |116 | 73 |129 |106 | 60 | 126
_ >: See 63 (92)| 114 | 126 121 126 124 92 110 |102 | 66 | 79 |113-)134 | 107
| ee 98 88 145 85 145 127 90 136 99 {116 |134 | 79 | 97 |105 65
_) See 70 61 90 78 141 97 137 AL 125 | 90 | 84 | 93 | 71 | 67 | 100
eee 105 105 45 104 102 121 99 80 83 1125 1 72 | 77 | 89 | 68 69
i See 130 56 94 79 138 111 142 133 114 | 88 |146 |148 |116 | 93 | 105
Sree 103 125 79 79 126 83 159 95 (94)} 70 | 89 | 73 |123 |140 87
a 76 79 97 82 108 56 73 85 67 | 74 |104 | 91 /130 |145 | 145
3 eee 102 53 43 130 94 114 145 101 122 | 96 |112 |113 | 81 | 76 78
.. ee 112 125 138 80 90 87 74 100 108 | 72 |126 |100 | 86 {110 | 102
Mean, 1-12, 96 94 90 95 102 99 110 117 88 | 95 |112 |100 |100 |100 | 101
Mean, 13-24, 96 87 90 98 114 104 115 103 106 | 98 {100 | 97 | 99 | 96 97
Mean of all. 96 90 90 96 108 102 113 110 97 | 97 |106 | 98 1100 | 98 99

38 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6.—Central Siberia. Table of observed percentages of normal.

Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug.

Three or more stations available beginning April, 1873.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 39

| TABLE 7.—Central Siberia. Observed percentages of normal is tabulated beginning April, 1873.

Phase numbers.
CYcLEs

(4) | (5) | (6) | (7)} (8) | () | (10) | (12) | (12) | (13) | 14) | 5) | G2) | (2) | 8)

erat 61 | 69 | 90 |126 21 103 116 | 124 72 72 74 47 (98)| 98 98
91 |} 838 | 43 | 46) 112 68 118 81 81 34 31 91 86 | 121 54
ee 76 | 76 |107 | 95 114 85 125 | 183 183 64 123 125 125 99 105
HOE... 3. 78 |105 |105 | 64 107 93 85 85 64 78 99 69 69 108 119
11 aes | 89 |125 |125 | 70 61 112 125 | 125 94 121 125 63 63 90 128
D155 eee 117 | 69°} 69°) 69 7 72 58 58 84 109 96 al 56 56 123
Sica 88 |103 | 93 |123 | (109) 61 105 92 77 95 157 | 105 145 121 105
ies a= 5. 102 | 91 |109 |101 124 112 69 105 99 132 134 78 CS et 150
aa 120 |118 | 97 |107 86 92 93 128 82 93 58 77 80 | 105 66
ROR: 2.1: 113 |115 | 86 | 77 134 125 91 74 135 127 116 | 133 | (123)) 96 140
i. (aes 89 |115 136 |116 46 117 110 | 125 116 167 81 129 74 132
Lees 101 | 80 |100 | 86 82 89 98 109 113 106 | 107 129 86 | 113 86
ee 117 |128 |118 | 94 116 98 125 83 110 71 36 ie ell 51 61
Bee nS a5: 73 | 85 |104 )122 153 92 107 98 116 | 109 131 60 60 65 74
7 ae 70 |148 | 84 | 82 87 45 92 99 108 98 97 84 81 140 153
2 ae 75 | 58 | 88 |123 (81)| 136 93 | 222 94 | 252 90 120 93 80 74
2 140 |115 |133 |144 104 100 138 99 89 109 128 83 100 | 189 110
DAES <3: 286 | 87 |103 |100 | 108 96} 131 104 101 95 125 116 71 89 93
eee 124 | 84 | 83 |122 130 154 127 112 154 73 134 80 | (134)| 160 153
241) 3 eee 104 |101 |107 |114 | 144 143 89 Tel 86 110 | 116] 120 130 99 144
ne 111 |155 {105 |103 | 155 72 105 137 | 115] 108 172 04 124 119 109
2 130 |134 |125 | 87 82 64 147 80 172 OSI ie wera Retry aa mote ath hilla te ata lle ee
1=11 /102 |106 | 93 |102 96 | 104 105 106 99 97 112 85 85 106 105
15=28 |108 | 99 | 97 | 96 | 100) 100} 103 100 106 107 102 94 91 94 102
ae A etl ee | Se |
1=28 /105 |103 | 95 | 99 98 102 104 103 | 1021! 102 107 | 90 88 100 104

The means above are adjusted to make their mean values 100.

40 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 8.—The Punjab, India. Means of 25 towns, 1863 to 1900, and of Punjab meteorological districts,
1901 to 1918. Data in inches and hundredths.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Nov. | Dec

1863.2 hota. eee 209 13 36 26 415 | 1413 658 13 59
Day tars tan ah enearcees 64 108 175 152 97 553 658 0 G¥E

BOE On eee ce Serato 128 | 322 83 49 74 | 344 | 782 7 203
GOR nate eae 178 83 72 26 | 233 | 765] 695 0 0
(Visa thee isnt dO aia 34 34 122 170 79 536 854 0 52
OSU nents 89 188 143 48 149 503 253 0 30
GOk) at cana ye ena 139 31 13 1 135 766 188 0 8
DSTO acim 6 18 39 11 303 322 639 0 38
(fh Nae Pe eT ee ou 20 206 16 87 499 548 208 0 93
LP ARR Ran ah ann oh aera 140 70 59 93 226 893 671 0 56
GOR ee ok eee 44 13 PAA PSE: 29 | 855 | 548 2 64
A RETR permtine entre 127 86 30 26 | 342 | -700 | 353 0 3
HORS Seen aca 6 151 1 90 59 626 943 14 46
LO Rebs eas 38 44 103 85 114 | 1050 354 22 1
A eee ee ions Seth 263 312 189 112 182 226 67 138 407
(fe ae eee AU eet 75 220 202 213 73 624 | 1011 0 24

(Meee See Bie 4 16 3 69 | 482 | 344 | 653 0 73
L880 e are 21 133 7 32 330 828 153 14 75
Sie rete hs mets ic 92 78 53 | 256 | 860] 670 0 3
BO ey tre iced 190 107 66 19 106 868 374 0 2
83 Seek ie aye ae 236 14 18 108 119 447 162 99 12
bof Uae i ee Bt 30 68 24 22 296 633 507 ye 1
Ga 9 nee aia 292 33 108 268 215 394 701 0 158
SOR Selous eens 224 21 14 89 444 924 394 11 44
BU ste seacrae te 99 0 7 2 138 568 | 1062 0 18
BS k che pt Oe gale ale 113 102 21 43 99 620 710 39 6

SOU re econ 228 305 36 83 113 679 693 0 0
TSOG AG te, eo tele aoe 396 21 60 40 294 905 777 43 176
LY) Wee See Ae he a eee 291 98 41 71 35 357 601 3 0
OO Ac aare tape pen tac 49 44 2 71 102 775 | 1091 0 95
OE ee Fos ais wee OP, 303 261 72 203 387 972 222 3 34
Cate aa SS Toe, Sys 372 96 39 34 | 606 | 986] 574 33 193
i a ae eee ni 228 89 63 10 | 484 | 286} 760 2 6
OG Fay. art panier 44 115 40 31 197 374 494 15 29
(LY PRRs s Seer. Use tEae 100 47 76 36 | 128 | 506} 677 0 53
GB cir, ae ieee ee 29 340 1 89 174 728 258 4 83

6 Eee Aa ene a 1 61 29 33 | 281 | 282] 148 1 0
LOO Ae Roo cnc 131 37 113 61 56 526 790 1 127
Mean 20.1. cee 1.20 | 1.03 0.58 | 0.73 | 2.24 | 6.60 | 5.63 0.35 |0.14-) 0257
LOOM eee ce re rss 151}+\ 100 19 | 133 56} 500 | 398 0 8
OZ see secon tee 0 4 34 (ff 224 430 348 4 0
OSs Saha ae eee 64 2 16 68 28 626 451 0 24
Oe nee ceereenine 135 4 4 60 72 252 429 44 46

LU ip ces a OREN Se tts 194 98 11 22 64 | 390] 100 2 60
OG Aer tier. fet es 15 340 11 11 152 334 506 0 40
OV re oy: i. 63 219 182 30 127 218 570 0 0
OS eae oar ee 126 38 137 48 48 645 | 1116 4 12
UR Aare ees Ree 46 82 185 6 242 676 362 0 138

LO TO evecare ey 88 18 55 10 254 385 666 0 12
1 ase a Aaah 2a Ne ge 264 26 26 10 193 80 215 84 2

1 ARN aa an oo 188 20 101 28 50 448 479 23 8
1S Tota eg Mee eo 4 168 10 134 256 406 558 8 42

1 CoRR ce alin es di 62 136 166 69 162 994 302 40 42
LO ee chee 50 142 66 20 98 158 220 0 10
LGR ee aoe. A eee 6 56 24 57 156 601 743 0 1
ieee i a ee Re 21 6 1°6 125 237 476 938 0 30

142 3 79 | 139 | 302

_—— |__| ef ee

bs Cs ee 0.91 | 0.91 0.65 | 0.49 | 1.36 | 4.46 | 4.66 | 2.46! 0.311 0.13 | 0.28

* 1917 not included in these means because received after manuscript was sent to printer.

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THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

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43

RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

ALTER

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THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

44

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ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 45

TABLE 10.—Mean rainfall in inches of Ashland, Albany, Cascade Locks, Portland, Roseburg and The Dalles,

in Oregon.
|

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.

ey Dae Ca eee] Racer gal Man Gar 845 | 281] 501 83 131 107 | 198 | 302] 5388] 779
| OCULAR eee ceed 960 421 355 291 256 116 36 88 79 145 246 944
21S Bice SS eee 1080 | 1152 278 281 108 272 92 102 170 609 446 540
rn Sea ee 419 754 247 399 111 91 85 23 71 716 342 | 1087
Se, sei 878 157 340 519 175 2 0 12 | = 65 344 556 | (560)
Ee Ets et eas 387 | 540 | 261 | 337 105 164 92 15 OS2 5 eooe 198 | 883
CA Re Ee 346 | 698 50 | 105 | 345 170 9 0 | 242 | 180) 784 | 656
REO eee een tae el oP 787 275 400 305 149 38 96 a 246 278 168 996
SAS eh eee eS eee 1207 | 354 | 588 | 423 | 289 104 7 23 171 135 | 370 | 1024
OR oaa'dig eo See 732 189 | 284 123 102 | 486] 104 8 Ofaleete On |i (in| 27,
BOE = Mirra ese ok 294 98 | 212] 266} 280 62 22 60 | 145 | 399 | 381 | 549
TU ge al a ee 917 | 1038 | 496 133 88 | 209 32 29 36 | 233 49 | 383
Des St et ica ee 387 701 320 259 211 265 58 76 174 396 539 | 1127
NIRS aes Cio isicis 450 | 202 | 268 | 410) 159 75 61 8 D2Aa zoo |iaioo le nooO
Joi aaa sar ee 186 | 592} 353 | 541 | 255 110 19 4 | 337] 529 | 799 | 522
ORR ee Se Mane .'.T. 1040 | (536)| 826 | 266 Ait e256 32 2 1885) AS4 = 25vn 473
LO! See aera HekUr || TEN || saeXey | Pal) Bis: 35 44 13 | 204 5 | 360) 984
Ge Baa. a 4. 714 | 393 | 357 | 446] 396 94 6 71 76 | 208 | 1244 | 679
Tee es ee oaks 270 | 654 | 578 170 88 188 45 41 193 2015 |) 92719833
SRP ee ere ct, AIDS octal 21 won 164 145 54 LON 2608 lobe abn esos
Rye gs Mee eet vant: 622 562 445 379 248 80 10 237 118 366 746 626
MOU Sean Ba es ch AT Ne AS2ale oe 158 | 273 195 16 81 GU o45y 427. e498
eer Fete 2 Soe sche 689 | 652 | 367 | 249 193 99 30 | (826)| 115 | 482 | 546

ODay ees ce eee te 324 | 784 | 481 | 600) 242 69 124 50 123 134 | 944 | 927
TESS oy Mi een 801 145 | 289 164 | 116 194 48 43 132 | 220] 993 278
its ee ee an ee 492 | 1013 | 813 | 236 58 64 72 13 56 | 544] 451! 763
Gore er ore ae me 344 160 |} 440 83 | 236 128 7 17 | 201 | 408 | 256] 619
Ls oe) ee ee 538 | 538 | 250} 160 | 279 | 238 0 8 LOS 202) |S etidiai |= 007
ie tetas skeet a 674 | 492 | 424] 371 135 130 53 141 148 100 | 569 | 1064
LS Se Se oe ere 402 290 419 192 276 97 14 80 32 451 295 378
Cie ee eae 850 | 632} 204 92 | 184 44 106 18 | 112] 289 | 1185 | 376
DEORE 5.308 Soe sets Ssimage 552 | 590] 248 | 245) 215 116 1 4 79 | 322 | 961 | 401
SE SAS Pea eee 680 | 275 98 | 206 | 300 71 16 10 | 378 98 | 406 | 457
0): Ae 2 ope ae Cae 873 | 492} 253 | 272 | 243 | 254 44 | 231 2 GeO 2 OD0 mi an629
ROME NA SAS eek Sa 663 136 | 409 | 250] 190] 321 86 40 | 204] 319 | 541 | 287
le Ree eae 994 | 376] 262] 305] 143 172 6 Dat AANA ZOE Bit Pale
ere se, Ash Ser 461 | 390} 230] 186 | 326 72 103 6 50 | 198 | 981 | 728
IC Cech ayer aie kee 504 | 588 | 775 | 277 | 254 135 | 239 38 70 98 | 558 | 432
17) scp tiepeee cath eet eee 340 383 444 904 200 70 10 6 114 6 506 | 1123
BOR as ees acts 606 | 559 | 289] 116] 164 il7/ 74 60 | 1384 | 379 | 440 | 354
ee Sani ators 600) -762"|— 520) 1334 164 71 14 4D | 2568) 92104) 656) |) 514
OLD wees Te. sev 375 Z|) "Ala I 308 90 166 62 | 106 | 409 | 344] 5921] 810
2th ee See 652 645 433 262 149 115 3 22 223 279 | 1011 296
Mean. 2 Pa. 6.12 | 4.88 | 3.83 | 2.87 | 2.09 | 1.36 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 1.72 | 2.94 | 5.84 | 6.37

46 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 11.—Mean rainfall in inches of Folsom, Hollister, Los Angeles, Marysville, Merced, Sacramento,
San Francisco, San Jose, San Luis Obispo, per: oe San Bernardino, San Diego and Stockton,
in California.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. } Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

IST S25 eet 2 ee 635 | 769 | 272] 174 30 3 1 0 16 47 44 | (174)
MQ eee Go emeciaks 289 246 278 184 86 7 1 1 0 79 233 383
TSSOu Seige oe sec 139 | 271 138 | 668 64 0 1 2 0 9 37 | 832
Si eee eee 370 | 239 22a LOT 4 20 0 0 22 80 79) | 45
82) ec ees 166 229 354 161 20 14 0 0 31 132 184 56
foe es Bee atin Ar ky ete 165 123 306 90 169 4 1 0 42 104 42 | (148)
Saas aes eee oar 343 | 697 | 778 | 194 74 | 154 0 1 15 ul aetot 205), 25a
Sb eran sae ae 154 ily 45 174 20 9 3 1 3 17 774 168
SOL nae ee ee 573 82 227 370 11 2 4 2 0 19 63 118
Sid vee ees fe 68 664 91 191 15 6 2 0 39 14 97 272
SS teva, veneers 484 | 109 | 300 21 39 11 1 1 33 7 | 365)" 2405
(oh! ie AEA ons tee 59 95 559 64 136 10 1 7 3 512 260 970
1890: 2 eee ce eee a 574 318 247 76 86 2 1 17 74 5 24 306
Qi ck DUR: Scheer 59 594 157 160 58 10 2 7 23 5 30 363
iA te Aegen, 2 OF eth 147 251 309 87 209 6 0 0 6 69 375 434
OS Reale Lica eee 314 287 560 86 33 0 2 0° 10 34 152 208
4 Re eh Ae amas eg 284 | (256) 69 35 131 35 1 2 88 113 | 39 672
5 ST eed see Creek: 681 160 208 93 61 0 1 0 49 44 | 118 101
90. Mien ere eee 619 12 250 280 58 0 5) 31 18 117 | 280 210
Qi: ine eS 304 435 187 4] 19 4 0 1 7 149 40 97
OG RR a ect Ue 113 60 189 25 116 6 1 0 60 43 44 109
OG Fe Ire colerseercanitines 333 16 421 51 38 53 0 5 0 294 269 222
1900! ee hee 271 28 143 156 146 Z 3 0 10 108 479 81
OU ee ee 407 485 59 178 72 1 0 6 46 140 177 60
OZ Ran IS Mi ctetae cake 120 506 275 121 48 2 o 0 0 100 226 209
OS eee et: 290 164 570 134 6 0 0 1 7 8 197 68
(Re ea ers 2 aes 68 416 468 145 17 0 0 11 252 160 97 173
OD eee 308 422 404 87 184 4 3 1 if 5 181 76
OG EARS epee ee 457 341 729 128 205 38 1 2 18 1 107 691
U7 GAER RS pe) a Ry eee, 579 264 648 40 10 48 0 0 2 180 5 296
O82 cee eee ae 398 312 77 28 67 1 1 6 43 47 117 164
OGRA eee 957 510 274 2 0 5 0 10 23 72 186 578
TOTO Reis oe ee 280 99 274 26 2 0 1 1 4] 65 39 98
Le eee ee es 1109 298 530 76 15 3 1 0 20. 27 28 176
PARE nate Mie SEALY 189 17 415 Pali 98 24 1 2 49 56 88 38
LIP Some Oe Peete os Mamet 263 220 115 54 56 20 15 10 3 4 382 357

1 es ed 9 All lee Ra 884 395 73 110 24 31 1 0 4 75 46 413
Se aes ose Srstioes 514 623 131 115 225 0 0 4 1 0 67 414
Gi ys Fen 2) eee a 1173 253 159 18 12 0 3 8 72 135 69 410
LY eee arene coe 217 431 82 66 26 0 2 a 14 2 46 32
LS etd ot pec eee Leer ho 482 531 51 6 9 8) 6 230 34 265 182
ORS tite ne eee 136 470 230 27 20 0 0 a 74 31 32 226
TO ZO ke eee eae 44 Dil 420 115 12 8 0 1 4 139 218 353
DLs Sis eee SON ean 447 113 209 39 171 1 0 0 36 44 92 654
Means ceeees Cham Va 2 OY ORY US TERN OG) 2 Orie} LY OLO2 "O08 = Oeeoe Wo 7e) bales bea a

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

48

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SSP 1d€ GCE 166 PELZ PIT9 6&9 9198 £949 LOLZ SSPT &6E 166 191Z RLY ere ee

BNO Has

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LELE $682 198h LT6L SEP FEES COST GEE SPI €18 ZLOT L68T LIL9 6689
6PL6 6SL9 98TT 60€ 16 819 T&P €88h 909¢ 660€ error | 86&6 8686 PLOD
6SFE (4G :3 I I? OFFI 9LTT OSE (GAG T8&Z 6SFZT | 2989 S18 £961 SCT
PIL 6812 (2981) 861¢ 6S6E €89€ GE8S S8EP T PSG 9L9T 9TFT LLG © Crs PELZ
6269 LLTE 0692 8£80¢ F082 8&6 9292 €9 601 89P 6006 8606 ILPL LIGG
PLLE 0829 TLL €or GE 92 669 OLE POST 7¥0S T€8F 8569 LVL6 9296
626 PES C8P SOIT TZ¢ €6LF GCPOT | SZ9LZT | T6E8F POE STEE 092 ggg £6
T€Sz 6FT 60¢¢ P8L¢ 6892 CECOT | O8FE PEGS 916 198 GE SOFT G6 LPLE
68€9 OLSTT | O€9zT | 2909 68ST (Gat Ll Or ST6I (9€€F) 8296 8L60T | $992 GLI6
LL8E 8676 G6ZT GIT 62 918 IT8€ PEoT 6682 ShP9 9109 ¥89 696€ ePce
SIZ OF S8E co¢ L6Z€ CO60T | 68FIT | O€8E 9bS6 b2S8 eehl 6L¢ 062 OLTT
GCLZ OFT6 900€ 1898 L868 L098 POTS 6€L 10€ Ges Laval GL6E 9949 S8cIT
9G0F OS8€ (9FSZ) LAG Tg 609 0602 OL8€ PLO 9TZOT | O€29 6828 LLOF P8IT
TéT G6IT 98G¢ 916 L80¥ £963 TS€9 POEL F609 GILL €8h1 8g PLIT 6261
GFI8 E896 9908 ChCP &6FT GEES 9GP eee 9F6 864 GOST GPLE L00F POTS
LPTE PCT 892 GLE O8IT 9LL OSST 06€8 PLGG 9089 GIIIT | GLlz PL9 G78
L9¢ GeTé 6G8¢ 6096 Q9EST | FECL O0LE 86S 026 692 LIZ 9983 6062 GLOP
Lear CPG OL0F GLE rE €1Z 8L8T 066 Pr8¢ ($99) 9€66 8E8¢ bLL9 LI9E
6G PET 899 6S6T COEF 6686 FLOL €61¢ T¥S6 8118 0622 618 Lg 89E

T19€ GbE SEec¢ 89PF 809F F8PIT | €29E SPPG 6EET 9F¢ OLE LILI S602 829E

PE6IT 989F $09 TL¥1 98IT 268 $02 O8ZI LOOT F8LT 1819 6S80T | $962 | ZO6ST
$406 F16 (S¢F) 2ST 90¢ PSPS 98FZ ZPS8 F781 PZ81 8292 6282 coeL T&Ez
css 09 629 1G08 IZI1 IZIT LO0T 109¢ LEGZ O890T | O890T | 1896 98FE TOOT
OFST CPI 99 OI L861 LE61 610¢ 90LF CSLOI | 2218 C218 SISZ CZ8T FOZ
O8FI oe 9% 1Sz TPO TF0T $F99 BFS CILZ OLIZI | OLTZE | FFL COLFI | L6ZT
POF 91 16 OFTT 6ZEZ 1682 1682 188 CPF €80F OS221 | FPFFT e18e £6%Z
OOT 1¢¢ 7862 F8SI PFIL S89IT | 6OEZI | 6229 6229 | (88z¢) | I88e Ete 986 PL
601 Shh Z8GF O8zF 90FL CEL OFFF F109 0g8 SSI org 822 876 Z6PP
S6FL 899F si¢¢ LOLE 689F Z08T 219 SIZI 102 F208 oSZE P2001 | Z8ZIT | O8F9T
822 £9¢ GZS 002 Z9ES P8IL 1#09 TLG2 9¢96 ChSh 1611 1¥9 969 kaG
(01) (6) (8) (2) (9) (¢) (F) () (Z) (T) (GT) (FT) ($1) (21)

ee eee ee = a "SHTOLO
‘sroquinu aseyg

“SNOILVLG TTV dO SHAIVA TVALOV dO swag
“SOYOUT UL USAIY) ~2 GT OF LET YoIvJ] ‘SuoT}e}s UOF2ICQ, pu BIUIOFTeD use}0UIN—ZI ATAVL

49

RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

ALTER

a

801

OIT

861

Sol

e0l 86 48 G8 66 001 cOl v6 ¥6 ea!

OrT &6 88 82 68 80l FOI v6 G8 vO TOT 8IT aut PGT FOr
SCIZOT | FOEES | ZSEL6 | 8F9S6 | OGFEOT | GIG6OT | SZTOTT | OSO9ZT | O868ZI | BOFFEL | LAG6FEST | OL68ZT | G96IZT | SF6S8 | FSZOIT
6TOZIT | 66888 | G69G8 | OSLFL | LZ8I6 | I988IT | PEEFIT | PSG8OT | FLESOT | CIEOFI | CHEIET | GOBIST | SZ69ET | BLIZET | O96FIT
LOT 96 £6 68 G8 +6 £01 Oot €or 66 60T GOT GEl PEI 0&1
66 901 68 £8 74 86 60T €0l 18 sit 16 6IT FOr ELT xa
89969 v6P8G | 1609 | cc6cG | EPPes | SILZZg | 9FEOG | BEEOs | LLGOS | ¢909¢ | 0009S | 20609 | FEFF9 | 8086E | O8SF9
06EL¢ LLOZ9 | TE8ES | GIZ9F | 96SGE | FOSTS | 689FS | T66IG | F28EF | 19799 | LLTTG | 98099 | 28889 | 80889 | 19008
16 OOT 82 18 86 LOT GOT 66 05 16 OIT 6IT 81 Il ZIT
6&T 9L 98 GL vor sit oot 88 88 G6 80I 9¢T Gol Lél 92
LOPE OI8rE | 1989€ | 9CL6E | ZPOOS | FEILG | GE86G | CIZGL | EOPSL | FHEBL | L968L | 80089 | TESZo | OFI9F | FL9SF
6699S GCE9G =| POBTE | GEG8S | TECZG | LGEL9 | Gh9BG | €9699 | OSTS9 | TGOFL | S9TSS8 | 64898 | 8E00L | TZE89 | 668FE
FIT9 6&9 9198 9FSL O8&¢ LVS SGPT 1dé GCE 166 T9IZ 80E8E

9PSL O8&¢ LYLE GoPT 1Gé GCE 166 191Z 80€E PIT9 629 91G8

LYLE SoPI IGE GCE 166 I9IZ 808€ FIT9 629 918 9FGZ O8E¢

GCE 166 (191Z) 80€ PIT9 8092 9FSL O8E¢ LYLZ SSPI 1Zé GCE

PIT9 6EL9 9198 9FSZ O8&¢ LELE Corl IGE GCE 166 T9TZ 80EE

9FSL 08&¢ LYLE GCFT IGE GE 166 T91Z 808€ PIT9 6€29 9T¢8

GSFI €6E 166 I9IZ 80EE PIT9 6€29 9T¢8 9PSL O8&¢ LYLG SoPT

I9IZ 808€ PIT9 6€29 9198 9FSL O8&¢ LYLE SGPT ites GCE 166

629 9TS8 9FSL O8&¢ LYLE SorT IGE GCE 166 (191Z) 808E PIT9

O8E¢ LELD SGPT 1Gé GCE 166 191Z 808E PIT9 6EL9 9198 9FSL

Was GCE 166 191Z 8088 PIT9 6€L9 91¢8 9FSL O8&¢ T01G 1Zé

808€ PIT9 619 9198 9PSL O8&¢ LULZ SSPI 1Z& 899 191Z 80€E

£999 LOLE (G¢PT) 1Zé GCE 166 191Z 808E PIT9 8292 9FS2 O8&¢

GCE 166 191Z 8088 PIT9 629 1€08 O8&¢ LELE al 1d€ GCE

PIT9 6€L9 T€08 O8&¢ LPL SPT 1Z& GCE 166 191Z 80E PII9

LPLZ SSPI IGé GCE 166 19IZ IIL¥ 6E29 9148 9FSL O8&¢ LYLE

166 PELZ PIO 6€19 91S8 9FSL O8&¢ 1012 1Gé GCE [66 T91Z

9FSL O8&S LYLZ GoPI Ice GCE 9ZST 808€ PIT9 (6829) 9TS8 9FSL

1Z€ GCE 166 191Z 808E PIT9 6E29 9T¢8 9PSL O8&¢ LELG GCP

1916 808E PIT9 68219 9198 9FSZ O8&¢ LILZ SGPT 1Zé GCE 166

8292 9FSL O8E¢ LPLG GPT 1Zé GCE 166 191Z 8085 PIT9 6EL9

LELC TiAl (128) GCE 166 191@ 8088 PII9 6829 6€L9 91¢8 9FSL

Sor 1Ze GCE 166 191Z 191@ 808E PIT9 68219 9198 9198 9PSZ

SGP 1Gé GCE 166 191Z 191Z 808E PIT9 6EL9 9TS8 91G8 9PSL

Scr Ice GE 166 191Z 191@ 808E PID 6EL9 9198 9198 9FSL

Ot OOD OSOUD OOOAad oO Oc yewiou ‘

COOU Odo oOo OO OO OD yenjoe ‘

payjooulg
“quatjony

WINS [JO],
UINS [BO],

peyjooulg
“quarjone

er rr 0e-9T ‘yeulIOU ung
aiteibiiaiavielallaplutal'e)eirh\iwielalihiisiaiieis 0g- 91 ‘yenqov wing

peyjoourg
“querjong?

eitehaiis (efralisveltseueialrel eth belelanielin te CI-I ‘yeul0U ung
See GC I-I ‘yenjoe ung

4—-Science Bul.—3728

50 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 13.—Per cent of normal rainfall at Chilgrove, West Sussex, England. Compiled from table of

actual rainfall in ‘‘ British Rainfall, 1919.”

Apr.

July.

Aug.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

YEARS. Jan.

S340 tsk e rs 107
DO sts Mehiek Pis Iron ete 38
OO) ae. tetas ees 96
Dla Re ones eee 144
BOS cite nee eee 17
SO es ee Bites: 38
S40 es Uo Bec 114
AN era eo: Ce arse 128
CD ERTS Rene Get EM FY. 62
BS Me Ce Ste ee 81
CVO ee tie 122
AD eae Ak emcee 105
AGE holes eee 168
ATi aa sacar pee 47
AQ oie: pisiah porns 75
AQ re, Sa aes 1. Ret eeaeeie 94
ASSO% eal eee 67
eS Senne Bee 153
DOr R grit: Precemel ae 159
Doe secteur eee eee 156
5 Ue aE oe rye ee 99
DO lee sate cree 22
aCe em sean Pua Da 126
Gy ene aN rt Aa 93
1 ease PCRS ae int 52
OOo a sie praeeele 76
TS 60 ei eek eee 136
Giese Ae oh eee 24
G2R Ire > ee ee es 100
iD Ea ATR IN rere tee 123
G4: arr Ler beer se 64
Oda con ees 136
OOint epee 150

| 0 @ ean cens Gace ate 114

C Of Naan ciate ae aa 136
GO Fy eee 110
ABO soe ee 75
iL can oe 110
LIV ARE sen aR RN Ge 242
IG VR Nee Pe ais Saas 153
vf prem tae roe ay 3 80
GD: shoes Cee 149
PO pets sty CE 36
Gf ane a ae eee 259
(8 oo es ome 66
Weare ae ee 78
ASE) ee 10
rh Papeete ORR oe a 48

1 ec Oo BY Ba Set 58
Oty ian eee 94
bet: GRR prs en PRN oc tly Fe 96
ESE ate eae ies eres 62
S60 A ee eee 136
Ohi a eee 93
SB aiciete ARS 47
ROE ie eects 30

1 eX | ARM SR BON hg Wie a 121
Ore ie ee eee 106
OD) yar ee eee 39
OB. iar 61
ty ee aN 214
Saha aerate Sue he Sie 98
OG oe es 61
OF ee ters 103
OSs erm Bar 30

Feb. | Mar.
135 73
169 121

90 | 226
160 24
71 122
143 83
100 0
121 96
126 65
97 66
125 138
76 48
88 93
88 46
232 209
86 57
82 19
38 190
106 23
45 89
33 18
61 127
55 54
18 95
42 Wiz
90 81
61 94
85 128
31 172
38 52
60 146
106 54
183 tik
109 88
62 89
119 78
138 90
79 63
116 119
131 105
95 26
98 65
151 132
84 121
120 72
175 29
128 46
136 91
82 40
202 35
106 124
175 99
42 96
33 49
34 183
60 92
47 73
2 180
35 42
146 10
108 82
6 121
24 202
ie 260
71 38
110 35

May. | June.
57 | 129
76 91
19 62
34 45
84 167
34 54
85 78

143 108
75 22
298 113
21 57
113 90
117 45
82 87
22 191
145 39
132 108
73 92
106 286
109 | (108
189 82
143 56
185 96
65 100
116 43
59 56
186 291
75 101
17 2e| las
114 195
77 58
140 98
69 127
68 80
58 26
212 84
70 19
29 166
136 88
71 109
19 134
59 140
27 69
162 26
109 86
133 201
101 101
74 101
68 ; 153
101 105
44 61
234 110
Peay 3 Ph!
50 47
91 158
232 33
87 151
114 87
46 95
42 72
64 96
12 32
21 184
67 116
207 123
43 82

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 51

TABLE 13—Continveb.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. } July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

LU SSeS eons 153 302 44 97 55 165 47 126 44 66 128 144
CS Sas cae eas 44 76 121 158 60 157 108 62 82 73 17 165
Oy aed een Pare 46 | 111 101 Dida lee. | 65 Bil |) PBS) 38 doulelon 72
Bae ere aks Sara 108 81 183 141 174 119 134 197 154 250 75 96
ee SR ae 213 199 64 104 218 55 59 85 99 67 41 125
iam et hen. oot 45 34 254 100 24 190 13 124 79 58 157 40
Uae Rea Eee 305 185 65 51 175 57 17 37 54 137 163 79
Ne oa eee 45 78 51 267 143 140 68 75 21 174 97 134
Oe eee oc 51 77 150 123 123 32 140 148 64 77 42 124
ise. oes a es wei 35 19 222 80 86 145 131 77 130 221 21 158
LL See Se ee es 107 187 71 136 56 84 85 117 4 123 126 147
UL eee Brae 50 96 93 80 143 103 30 18 42 147 159 256
LD 5 Se ee 126 130 213 0 57 161 80 266 108 84 58 136
3. eens 185 64 150 183 158 23 75 66 56 140 104 55
Le gaps SAR ee 31 203 222 91 75 60 126 61 58 75 108 275
LD = Speen eee ees es 138 222 40 75 186 84 166 52 83 96 105 297
Dieta ie ietic cs 50 155 148 60 93 100 39 123 89 136 140 113
ESR Ra, Re 53 53 100 107 104 170 98 200 59 108 51 52
Us 2 Mae aaa eee 138 74 69 108 85 41 168 67 224 34 98 99
LOL cell ae ee oe 237 133 286 129 11 25 (2 133 50 8 198 199

Normal in inches, | 3.20 | 2.45 | 2.32 | 1.95 | 2.07 | 2.31 | 2.65 | 3.02 | 3.08 | 4.22 | 3.53 3.51

52 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN...

TABLE 14.—Per cent of normal rainfall at Utrecht, Holland.

YEAR. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual.
1849). Sees. 73 164 64 153 91 60 136 56 47 157 85 145 103
OR arate 115 230 84 228 117 39 64 149 43 108 118 124 118
Dies teoceees 57 73 138 141 102 40 146 82 42 45 187 27 90
DD Dielewieree 162 187 94 22 160 155 45 178 135 296 147 110 141
Hones meek: 145 103 52 239 80 149 105 87 132 120 7 36 105
OAT 225 eee 122 164 26 54 132 120 63 81 87 160 123 221 113
OD os aes 80 51 64 50 76 90 182 68 34 165 44 84 82
DOR sae 113 143 33 155 218 110 66 105 112 20 192 77 112
Dib crtnoskor 120 14 Te 125 13 35 96 48 104 46 51 20 62
58 85 40 41 48 71 109 142 177 39 85 32 105 144
BO es ruee 47 75 | 209 | 160 34 64 79 84 |} 130 93 88 68 94
VS605 sess 127 93 167 103 143 82 73 88 113 71 93 42 100
Le cette 19 48 127 98 114 183 121 84 152 126 34 92
G2i ccs sees 107 44 43 63 60 102 125 75 61 128 42 85 78
63 75 de, 63 50 61 97 36 79 128 40 65 99 72
64 38 65 93 23 62 107 26 101 123 43 59 14 63
GOe...enees 99 117 93 19 86 18 256 218 14 105 39 13 90
66 120 129 111 87 73 70 141 102 190 14 194 122 113
Clans 137 104 58 119 53 112 142 4] 120 90 57 108 95
(cy Pematars Seok 95 87 133 94 61 26 25 116 34 83 47 138 78
(i)! ee rao 74 157 79 50 267 79 53 102 118 133 142 96 112
18 70K ma. 83 20 110 39 57 40 82 210 71 149 84 164 92
flyer 59 50 34 161 33 133 172 28 135 101 64 75 87
Mah icene = 114 92 81 65 101 90 117 86 172 176 159 158 118
73 65 72 42 89 141 95 52 84 162 95 41 22 80
it en bsche oe 94 ify |) BR} 39 | 163 71 53 61 | 181 76 | 156 83 97
LOk eee 110 77 68 Biz 71 85 182 185 121 56 182 42 101
UObaaeieta 33 156 172 109 108 79 42 66 213 61 95 85 102
lene tea 187 208 136 68 87 43 108 152 59 92 142 92 114
78 118 54 177 80 196 49 38 120 93 91 163 72 104
79 89 120 27 194 63 118 162 118 66 83 68 28 95
1S8OM a 59 80 75 67 24 178 94 62 137 172 141 173 105
SI ene 56 182 147 53 175 124 48 155 103 66 48 150 109
[cA its 76 74 163 121 106 248 129 130 131 104 155 127 130
Bote eee 71 67 84 7 75 52 140 65 93 104 142 83 82
84 150 63 59 43 70 28 138 64 88 94 79 141 85
85. Saeee 94 127 57 45 151 56 9 55 124 212 83 54 89
SOxe eee. 189 64 103 43 158 130 106 54 29 82 79 139 98
87 33 20 59 96 109 18 22 39 74 133 83 101 66
88 46 64 179 81 51 170 168 75 46 99 66 53 92
) 33 138 103 89 152 130 167 160 163 87 82 115 118
S90; ee 160 9 100 157 68 69 172 120 41 163 200 106
(°)) Weare tee 141 21 113 68 154 207 120 81 67 57 ai 176 107
92 142 77 64 38 47 142 51 66 187 202 87 108 101
93 81 285 51 42 24 122 75 147 113 131 110 98
LL Cae ais 98 249 106 132 67 122 188 153 112 95 115 131 131
Qorrsaecek 108 35 162 96 72 92 104 103 34 110 138 155 101
96 91 13 116 74 14 61 75 99 219 123 96 97 90
LI Lestat 35 90 144 174 86 119 42 129 144 70 68 132 103
OS) is set 80 212 97 109 162 128 109 62 174 70 118 104 119
99 146 102 49 201 174 11 73 182 207 94 55 83 115
19002 eee 120 127 46 101 100 140 78 150 23 134 48 117 99
at eae 86 64 141 197 66 81 117 83 169 108 102 145 113

02 ae 80 79 93 84 154 40 105 132 66 59 54 92 86
OSieeee st 77 79 135 292 115 152 105 112 161 165 143 40 131
Ob sSivcict 108 136 74 48 135 120 31 74 63 59 100 79 86
Ob etacee 59 87 155 120 73 110 102 140 75 200 99 42 105
06 206 118 105 62 185 81 79 73 52 77 101 105 104
Ofer cei 69 111 107 93 132 162 43 60 56 101 71 124 94
OSietecrs 97 129 83 75 118 113 97 126 56 36 98 54 90
OO Saar 40 85 126 215 77 66 116 163 93 136 70 166 113
Oe roenotoia 110 173 67 162 91 132 133 82 107 27 187 126 115
dia 53 101 108 67 49 183 28 196 52 157 156 110 105
LAY 114 126 162 90 125 208 56 265 152 89 140 140 136
13 135 73 132 45 176 189 129 21 28 65 117 115 102

1 Sere es 114 72 278 93 88 90 113 45 124 52 100 166 1li
Lote. 196 201 116 99 158 91 126 115 70 28 163 160 127
LGpesee ee: 138 182 170 186 135 190 42 119 59 129 86 119 130

1 hates ache 89 15 54 120 36 161 84 230 57 215 83 54 100
18 193 111 51 74 37 87 178 62 291 103 | 79 154 118
19 92 92 132 150 44 77 170 58 62 87 97 167 102
1920 155 92 38 |- 203 124 45 130 137 39 14 24 88 91
Dh ae 156 25 62 67 41 75, | 150 35 32 34 56. o.oo. | sce

Normals, | 5.44 | 4.30 | 4.98 | 4.33 ! 4.93 | 5.89 | 7.58! 8.36! 6.51! 7.27!5.96!689!........
__Normals, | 5.44 © 4.30 © 4.98 © 4.33 7 4.93 9 9.89 | 7.98 9.36 | 6.51 | 7.27 5.96 | 6.89 U....--s

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 53

TABLE 15.—Number of rainfall stations in the different counties in Denmark.

Year.
CounTIES. a GRIT Maes FASC SRORS See ic
1865. | 1870. | 1875. | 1880. | 1885. | 1890. | 1895. | 1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1915. | 1920.
RINPERID ES ct. 02.) 3s 1 1 4 5 7 8 9 9 9 11 7 8
BISTCGNYS <2 oc. ss 0 0 6 6 G 7 6 6 uf 6 G 6
Ringkjobing......... 2 2 7 9 9 9 33 30 29 28 25 26
03. Ae 0 1 4 6 8 10 18 18 18 17 15 12
SR aes ae 3 3 6 5 5 9 11 10 10 8 7 8
SETIOEE EES os stcac: 0 1 5 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 13
L AIG Gee 1 1 9 7 8 9 9 7 a 8 9 11
So ee 4 3 7 a 8 15 17 17 20 22 21 20
“OO. ae 0 1 7 7 8 9 11 10 11 9 9 10
CTR TCLS acca) lacoste lf ca ve lhe eon (orem oR LRE OS pi cree PUR al Uap zl Lg AeA Nee eee [NID 25
IGG eee 1 1 11 12 12 17 17 18 20 20 20 20
Svendborg........... 1 1 11 10 17 16 il7/ 17 18 16 16
“GUS. Se eee 0 0 a 10 11 11 12 10- 10 11 11 11
0. ob dees 1 2 4 5 6 9 8 11 10 9 13 14
Frederiksborg........ 0 1 5 8 5 5 4 5 8 6 10 11
Kjobenhavns........ 4 4 12 12 14 14 15 13 13 13 15 14
SEG an ae 0 0 13 14 14 17 14 14 13 17 22 21
RERIDORE TE. css ssc 1 2 9 15 18 14 14 14 14 15 16 16

—_
ve)
bo
rs
—
to
on

Total number... . 144 156° | 187 ,| 222 | 216 | 224 | 227 | 233 | 262

54 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 15a.—Denmark. Observed per cent of normal rainfall of stations shown above made from
manuscript copy of actual rainfall sent by Prof. Carl Ryder.

YEARS Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec

11} 70 ee aan Decne |e iw) (neem Ree ana ore onl ue OR en le mecg sites soe alls sac c « 58
Giese cae eee 40 | 113 | 150 lid TN TIGR le BE 92} 155 12 | 189 37
C2 ate ee eee 87 45 79 80 Ee aa lrfyal ew Gilg 63) 108%) 132 71 130
6355S eer 113 83 103 114 77 151 68 76 160 62 71 104
64 2S Oe ao eee 54 86 126 54 82 190 57 125 149 61 88 23
G5 cee wake 80 86 39 17 12 43 99 126 31 112 101 29
OG on oe meee 150 240 55 125 118 116 101 126 144 30 150 114
Onn ee CES 157 166 82 193 113 99 170 31 147 110 65 70
68.0349 A ee 115 143 158 111 31 33 49 79 123 114 80 236
69) 22 Bare acai eee 82 139 45 37 153 81 46 75 110 114 123 116

1K 7 Se reas. 3 ae Us 96 30 61 54 64 78 63 98 93) 145) aes 66
(ERNE AE ee Se 33 131 45 97 46 161 131 46 157 39 47 70
DS 3) Bat hee igen 115 68 182 131 166° 99 73 87 196 101 150 118
(pape eens hes 127 45 42 82 | 189 58 104) os Lida S155 eke 97 Ge
RIT eee A aad 120 39 110 88 64 66 95 | 106 | 139 82 67 103
UOi gs: Sears AMEE 185 18 71 63 84 110 80 71 51 145 155 411
YA etre Soe eae Aaah 26 157 218 128 49 93 52 51 159 51 71 147
CA Apes SERRE E TN, ws Ac) 183 157 87 85 87 87 140 170 108 123 121 79
Bas Sees eee 136 45 137 71 161 83 82 123 98 91 144 97
(AS ete CONE ate Saks 35 154 47 82 148 169 148 173 88 80 62 37
1880 nies cote eree 23 166 63 114 49 116 164 43 139 171 176 116
SS ace eee 42 71 87 20 87 60 121 157 118 139 105 77
B2R ee ane See 89 74 124 131 110 178 151 114 72 121 168 79
LSS Toe RIE SS tol Ae 75 68 34 56 46 66 145 110 113 124 170 103
SPs ya ore ee 172 134 92 45 105 52 117 44 79 130 64 137
BOR hires con ents 92 116 39 99 130 83 41 107 149 145 54 60
SGu pe ata eh tee 124 50 79 94° 94 75 90 44 77 88 86 139
Sie nents Sn 21 27 66 102 133 31 82 46 129 119 101 97
toto Re eS ACCRUES ot 54 135 163 122 84 153 180 84 52 82 101 87
BOS ee Ce Ee a2 28 92 79 82 46 52 117 149 96 170 54 43
1890). ee eae 127 15 108 139 135 103 150 129 34 129 82 15
Oi etc aetna eters 96 36 134 94 153 62 137 210 92 95 75 132
OND apt eh ee 129 UE 39 74 115 194 43 92 110 135 41 58
See lt aon ene = 82 175 63 66 60 120 78 146 150 95 85
4. i ee fe aera ee 96 143 121 114 89 95 117 118 61 97 75 77
D5 ate ee eae 66 74 121 65 84 93 156 114 34 127 140 112
OGRe. chest eee: 49 27 168 102 64 66 66 109 177 145 47 87
Tf (enemas Bt i Oo 49 50 229 105 187 50 128 141 124 39 54 120
OS a! ey niece 99 151 132 94 217 202 71 102 72 38 97 170

GOR oy Gace 157 116 82 142 82 25 69 36 138 91 82 83
LQ OOM ES ees 148 181 50 134 79 109 115 95 78 160 69 128
Ole Sees eee 77 53 116 162 89 190 54 58 39 53 121 130
UW iigen sponse mamas A (136) 30 132 63 199 66 84 146 59 83 17 77
Ost ae 03 160 84 148 84 76 128 139 92 233 93 41
ae ne egies 96 160 79 160 120 78 28 75 38 82 129 110
OS raat NS ot aera 80 68 150 151 87 91 85 147 125 132 75 29
OG Fees eee, 167 | (113)} 108 74 115 83 57 112 51 76 146 74
OF oe ee 92 0 76 57 118 194 79 103 28 82 82 132
OB RP ae en eer 99 151 121 125 146 91 85 107 88 17 84 48
oe psa ea tarde eh rr 82 | 45 100 139 110 107 107 79 116 110 107 163
1910s. 3 eke Saar 153 211 45 139 84 132 115 143 61 35 136 116
Dilys Seen ceeeoenatt 75 | 181 137 80 67 161 58 47 46 | 141] 193 120
12 ata ec ae 54 107 124 108 113 132 110 155 70 124 128 196

1 3 Fee tes aE OG af OE 70 83 158 74 69 87 58 71 80 77. 133 141

1 ae Reem ree i a el 54 101 192 125 84 70 139 54 90 70 120 137
1D Ee ea eres 131 80 | 105 63 95 29 | 155 74 65 33 | 107 215

1 UR Cee mee cee ant 190 101 66 122 148 153 91 129 62 129 120 164

1 WG NS IRS RY te ore ae fe 101 PH 134 97 28 87 71 135 98 148 144 58
WSs cece Sener 94 140 16 136 38 81 110 99 208 70 41 141
LONE eet mee ese 108 | 104} 103] 134 28 91 112 87 77 70 92 153
TO 20) 26. mths aoe 162 143 66 256 156 58 129 88 97 21 34 104
DRY. eng ee eae 218 65 82; 65 77 56 49 108 64 91 |... <ceh eee

—— ee ee ee | nd

Normals inmm..' 42.6 | 33.7 ! 38.0! 35.2 | 39.1 ! 48.4 | 63.4 | 74.7 | 61.2 | 66.2 | 53.6! 51.7

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 55

TABLE 16.—Sweden. Observed per cent of norma]. Prepared from material from “Observations
Meteorologiques Suedoises L’ Academie Royale des Sciences de Suede,”’ for 1910.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
7 180 90 111 138 113 167 72 165 109 134 86 97
a ee 72 104 119 50 116 iy 128 118 107 27 190 42
eee 65 58 72 129 81 175 132 68 59 137 105 104
eee 107 77 89 137 64 88 69 100 157 76 73 94
__... 2) =a 44 112 136 61 58 134 65 102 127 73 95 46
ee 113 47 24 110 59 94 114 36 101 98 34
eee 119 238 91 91 139 118 122 15 155 23 152 127
Le 186 115 64 173 56 145 136 53 99 109 90 128
ee os ss - 101 155 144 122 58 42 53 85 132 126 74 127
|. | eee 45 132 46 58 173 124 46 110 102 121 112 97
De eee 140 60 48 83 102 90 92 68 108 111 189 91
_... Le 46 52 263 58 169 58 59 24 168 41 34 45

. i. <= eee 108 99 120 140 162 142 70 94 181 163 157 131
0) re 191 72 52 49 136 107 79 105 155 152 133 76
= ee... 84 33 93 96 48 43 76 95 106 97 77 121
ee 146 34 89 65 76 97 78 78 35 57 102 77
Os ae 72 133 134 123 55 110 70 71 216 105 82 101
0 a 144 149 154 78 91 82 52 123 78 93 158 93
ER ao 84 27 122 49 156 127 63 110 100 97 151 133
Mee ee 58 131 48 132 121 121 124 94 124 98 63 44
OL ee 281 133 34 76 65 72 126 39 77 93 131 135
___...- BE 49 257 86 53 103 98 117 131 120 98 105 90
oe aoe 91 117 162 114 118 148 130 65 94 147 120
3... 27) 2a 73 | 54 59 50 80 101 172 123 148 97 178 91
See 126 83 90 44 125 146 133 38 75 122 51 170
2, SS 42 50 36 30 51 32 25 57 45 73 21 25
3 ee ee 53 13 39 58 27 29 21 13 De, 22 41 64
os ee 83 39 50 120 92 53 115 87 132 83 il 140
la. SS 61 92 108 81 101 67 158 83 99 121 Th 4 124
_.) i SS 69 133 72 81 71 59 146 124 115 106 69 52
La 136 256 117 242 136 122 149 137 4] 152 153 81
NE eae 103 50 100 58 125 53 113 149 99 115 110 126
a eee 80 84 67 10S aA72 172 78 P27E leh OZ 110 24 80
ee 88 102 83 43 90 80 103 107 153 182 78 ill
3 See 119 108 7 102 148 96 133 125 77 91 71 119
ee Ne las 5's 70 92 152 83 70 109 178 135 66 132 117 80
>. eee 79 48 200 115 76 124 88 126 108 164 68 99
oo 92 90 173 123 119 75 106 125 135 53 83 142
J 78 160 177 88 167 158 155 115 75 50 122 188
i 151 100 87 185 78 72 84 46 185 104 90 97
ee 116 178 67 107 78 71 99 116 ize 161 131 147
a 64 63 101 106 50 160 32 70 37 116 79 135
eS 108 50 118 37 111 82 132 153 79 114 30 “0
eee 113 99 102 195 78 92 114 188 84 145 60 79
_o.. . 96 152 84 149 131 101 30 127 70 95 104 | 120
| GE od pe OS pa toil GS-1 E87, 112-5 139: 1.1095). -83.| 101 29
See a. k 122 116 121 109 155 |_ 88 78 91 35 70 161 86
rn ek. 106 104 77 127 105 158 144 113 | 40 90 63 123
2 ee 78 126 115 102 104 120 84 95 92 20 86 86
_._ See 88 40 205 130 102 102 116 109 92 156 64 179
eee 125 155 52 164 130 87 131 93 95 53 252 98

Normals......... 3.54' 3.03! 3.12! 2.74! 3.92! 4.58! 6.12! 6.91! 5.43 | 5.13 ' 4.06 ' 3.71

56 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 17.—Per cent of normal rainfall of Chilgrove, England; Denmark; Sweden, and Utrecht, Holland—
weighted equally because of geographical distribution. The record of Sweden is not included after December,

1910.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
HS GUS ee aa ee tence 39 88 131 66 96 126 141 80 136 22 162 42
G2 ey co Seen 90 44 92 82 102 142 119 71 75 130 65 102
(is Basra emeeay Be h a eae nS 104 68 77 82 79 133 53 80 145 70 68 98
(1%: HN ae co ae A Be 50 81 125 54 70 122 40 90 134 56 91 31
Gos ea ee 107 98 58 20 102 54 135 160 23 138 84 40
OO: artes eee 135 198 84 96 100 108 110 88 188 26 139 110
Gil ee, eee seeders 148 124 73 148 72 109 157 59 110 94 60 88
GSS Piet he eels 112 112 131 115 52 oe 40 110 100 104 62 189
(i) ee eee Aone ae 78 137 62 50 201 92 47 84 131 106 112 107
ASLO ee cate Moenenaees 98 62 77 47 73 57 74 124 84 130 113 106

MAS OR tase eres 62 78 101 140 69 130 140 39 156 56 42
Die csi EN ES 145 94 126 96 141 105 94 80 158 146 155 144
Den Woe GRE Me 134 80 60 64 134 92 83 92 144 132 88 49
(BR ERC Rk Sona 94 56 90 92 165 78 70 156 129 93 95 97
OSS Ae eee 148 57 73 59 72 108 126 97 73 98 147 50
LORE SESS Ae ete nee ti e 42 149 164 118 60 88 50 73 189 68 92 136
CA Roe ae iereet oe e 193 150 125 96 107 60 108 151 Ut 99 162 88
Tis Pena nen Sra 101 G2n eel 27 89 | 156 86 56 | 134 89 92 | 150 89
TO ek eile ne eect ees 65 145 38 150 116 152 152 149 108 |, 73 53 33
ASSO shane eect: 93 127 54 89 60 117 148 44 130 161 139 136
fod Us Men eaten on as es 49 162 103 38 110 96 105 157 110 89 98 104
DAR Ie ee grate ox eats 76 80 111 153 100 174 140 112 86 135 130 102
oS Raa Se a 5 cnet 78 98 53 45 76 81 147 170 122 98 161 79
BA on Bsc ey 136 96 91 53 86 72 121 48 88 95 58 141
RB Pee ee ae ae 72 117 58 59 142 70 24 148 122 132 65 45
B86) a cane eres ee 170 42 79 ( 126 66 91 46 46 81 79 172
501 RR Oc I 230 30 56 99 96 37 64 64 118 92 86 102
toto Nearer ee prea 52 81 158 92 82 137 200 84 56 88 100 82
BR 3 BMS a colt Bich.c 40 106 86 90 125 68 130 128 100 137 62 70
SOO Che age eee nee 136 82 127 171 106 111 156 126 43 118 132 30
ERC ies 3s Roepe 112 27 132 68 136 102 122 173 75 109 99 142
O 2 Re ee tee De 98 68 53 67 7) |) Gin 68 98 | 128 | 139 66 80
QSn ere Seine myer er: 78 177 52 14 60 59 125 a2 128 142 96 102
1 ete Lt Aged teri 132 152 106 120 92 102 162 114 86 103 113 105
Lt Pere isc ean Agia 86 52 139 102 60 82 160 122 87 117 148 114
OG oie ie See ee 70 28 172 81 45 109 68 95 203 131 61 116
F(a ng Oe pa WO 70 101 202 137 115 90 76 149 127 44 63 133
OB Fea see eae 72 148 111 90 188 153 120 86 98 64 119 137
LR ese ireets erento 141 107 63 170 94 48 74 72 160 89 98 83
LOO OG a4 tao Pee 134 197 52 110 78 121 85 122 54 130 94 134
(1) ane geet 8 at 68 64 | 120] 156 66 | 147 78 68 82 88 80 144
QD) ih Foie are ee 92 68 111 60 144 88 93 166 60 82 60 80
03) Sele eae ee 100 105 126 194 113 110 120 159 123 198 93 64
O4 Peas Beene 128 162 75 116 151 88 37 93 68 76 93 108
O55 coat een ee 63 60 164 123 62 120 78 138 97 119 108 35
OG. ee a ie 200 | 1383} 100 74 | 158 77 58 78 48 90 | 148 86
OR: acetal he 8 Pee Nery 78 93 78 136 124 164 84 88 36 112 78 123
OS ate eee ee 81 121 IN? 106 123 89 102 119 76 38 78 78
OD) ee 7S ne 61 47 163 141 94 105 118 107 108 156 66 166
1) Rae es ie Spas! 124 182 59 150 90 109 118 109 67 60 176 122
OR ar nee eee 59 126 113 76 86 149 39 87 47 148 169 162
LZ eae 0 te ae ence 98 121 166 66 98 167 82 229 HUE 99 107 157
1G Ear Bee ac eae ed 130 73 147 101 134 100 87 53 55 94 118 104
1 RS Re rps, Arne | 66 125 231 103 83 73 126 52 91 66 109 193
UR Oe, REG on oi 155 167 87 79 146 68 149 80 73 52 125 224
Gio ery tree eee 123 147 128 123 125 148 57 124 70 131 115 132
17s ener fee Den en 81 30 96 108 56 139 84 188 71 157 93 55
1 amen ences meee ae che 142 108 45 106 53 70 152 76 241 69 73 131

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

58

L9 60T SIT 601 06 OST 6¢ o8T xa 99T 99 9cT 80T
6 sai e9T LY 19 8L 8L 8& 92 611 GOT 68 ral
ira! 18 &C1 8L GIT 9¢ 88 $8 POT xa 9ET 8Z £6
ert 06 8h 82 8g LL (8cT) bl Oot eel 002 ce 80T
8&T 8L OCT 69 al POT 09 £9 801 &6 92 89 £6
IST OTT GL oot 8éI ¥9 £6 O9T 6ST OZT Ort €IT p61
OOT 08 09 68 09 99T 06 PPI 09 IIT 89 66 raat
89 8L L¥T 99 9ST O21 99 ize! ¥6 O&T bg ea G8
Or 6G L6T 80T 86 68 O9T GL vL 8P ¥6 OLT £9
6IT P9 86 98 OzT est 881 06 Ill OIT e&T £9 vP
9L 06 SIT OLT TOT 02 OTT 19 T&T £02 G6 89 60T
86 OL PIT SPT cOT (aa O9T 68 09 GOT 6ET 69 SOT
98 FIT COT L6 Wat 901 (Z¢T) (al col 96 Gal 81 GL
09 ia! GG LLT 8L 08 99 6€T 8cI 86 89 TST OL
89 86 Gal 66 60T GL ELT (ea! cOT 9&T 89 C&T OL
8IT &P 9GI 9ST eat 90T IZT Lol 68 9€T 02 69 LET
0&T 89 GCI 06 98 901 90T OF 68 OOT 88 9¢ g¢
LET 68 68 66 8ST 18 Gg Gg ct 98 66 SIT sIT
LE 96 96 66 9¢ 0€ 0&3 0&Z GLI 6L 18 OF 9F
99 96T 96T GL 62 GP OLT OLT GY G9 GET c&T Gol
02 Gal 6g 6G 8g LIT GL I¥T 8g G6 88 88 8P
98 &¢ 16 96 91 91 (62) TOT 86 Gol OLT L¥I 18
86 8L COT O&T Sél 98 aa OFT PLT OOT €ST IIT 08
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€8 66 vél ¥9 09 08 vél PPT GGT 9FT 8ST 08 v6
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69 90T €IT O&T 0&T +8 (FT) PL Lg €l LY LY LL
ZO aa 901 901 Tél 8 LY (Gi) 66 106 0¢ 69 LET
68T 69 69 POT Oot OTT OIT OF GE GE Gg SIT SIT
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€L xa! SFI OIT 6&1 9G 88 88 OIT OIT 801 001 96
Gel OF v8 SET & O9T GéT Gel rg cOl 02 8¢ 86
16 9¢ PET 06 OF G6l OL vg GoT 18 0g 86 89
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59

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

‘OOT odBIOAR IO} OYVUI 0} pojsN(pe ose sUvOT

96 16 66 06 901 66 Or | (06 801 ani 201 II 86 +6 eR re he ee ae kneel FFT ‘uro]
£6 ¥6 86 9g aa 86 +01 £6 601 201 | 001 LIL 101 68 OO a aaa ee oe are vay PF-£3 ‘UvOW]
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16 zo 921 GL Z8 £01 TAZ diy Ih ORT) 108 rol | SIT +6 Gg gg Pay col sos see 9 ee a aad oF
001 SD TOD PD 120K et BOT: ol LOTS. 166 LL 626 | 38 191 86 99 oO ae Me br ebestele 87 Ce py tate ee IF
ital 86 zor. «S| oot =o ght! 18 6E rr! 98 oy) grt. | ogt. | 6g A ee re OF

60 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 19.—Chile. Sums of rainfall in the following towns for years indicated: Concepcion, 1876-1887 and
1892-1915. Puerto Montt, 1862- April, 1873; 1888- July, 1895, and January, 1896-1915. Santiago,

1873-1915. Serena, 1869-1915. Valdivia, 1852-1879 and 1900-1915.

Sums or ActuaL RAINFALL.

YEARS. Jan
SDF lt peers ee gee ae
a3 ae eaten Se 110
(sy: SAO PAR IR Ret 250
EON EES UM 970
SGN ioe ei tee ei ee 1100
Dit ots ee ee 2320
5c RRA ei ee sete 370
OOS tet a ee ae 120
1S60ns ose ee 170
Ole ee eee eee 120
O22 Aree Ss PRR 2120
6350 bce ces 1490
G4 keen eee 1500
6D), Ae al sce 1150
OG) acre oe 960
Yap net Laine ers 650
OS tscimncn eee 4220
GO ya mene oe ae et 2580
LS (ORS Bes ee 2920
TAM AS cay. Piteckas oa pee 3280
(AEA ed a ic ee Re ne 2060
[Sha eda See 1440
(fe Ee ae ee se 250
OR. 8a a ee ee 1656
TO Ri. RaSh agin 408
a ee Pe ane 148
Ufa Cheat ethos ena ee 228
7S es Pa Nira Sr et 446
SSO oe. ave see 496
Si ek ie 186
SD a ees Ore 222
BSc tess 176
fo: Gener ye eeeuarten Arie 42
S54 eee eee 844
SG ohaeus emerson oe 60
Si ae eae ae 50
SS i tae eS athe ahr 170
SO a ae Oo ees 655
NSO: 8 cyan eee serene 2162
Oh ae Senge 2200
(SPAM EE at ne 1233
2 een MS Se RPE 4036
i) ieee Siberia teeth dra 1534
Qo akan. Baie: 987
OG ee ee 1373
LY Coan ee Ne te Se 313
OB eck. ees ae 1175
QOL Sy 27s Sak eel 2321
1900: cite ae ee 2220
Ob acs Sopa 1166
QD Ce eres Seema 1383
O3Ne Sake eee 510
(OY Ee ere neta oe see 679
OS Sa Pett pens 369
OG) eee ae ae 1421
Ossett ae cane 916
OBS irak Sra eee ae 102
i aac errno 484
LOG) aac te eee ane ste 2756
LY, Se eee 1092
| Oe ae apo te ee 903
1S ea i een SA Ia 129
DA rier oye 3242
TS) ee ee ee 19:

4587 | 6666
5081 | 5616
4380 | 8812
3451 |10757
3639 |10459
6093 |15927
2154 | 2864
4784 | 9731
4011 | 6925
4438 | 9484
364 | 5215
6184 | 8909
2737 | 2948
3678 | 5324
7038 |10577
7136 | 9364
8693 |12355
2024 | 9691
9038 '17618

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

TABLE 19—ConrtTINUED.

Sums or NorMAL RAINFALL FOR Each Monto WHeERE AcTUAL RAtnraLL Has Breen Usep.

61

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

1093
1093
1093
1093
1320
1320
1320
1320
1320
1320
1320
1320
2058
2058
2058

981

981

981

981

981

981

981
2058
2058
2058
2058
2058
2058

Aug.

3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
3365
5747
5747
5747

5747
5747
0747
5747
6000
6000
6000
6000
4239
4239
4239
6131
6131
6131
6131
2766
2766
2766
2766
2766
2766
2766
2766
3256
3256
3256
3256
5149
5149
5149
5149
5149
5149
5149
5149
8514
8514
8514
6132
6132
6132
6132
6132
6132
6132
8514
8514
8514
8514
8514
8514

Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.

2101 | 1417 | 1233 | 1047
2101 | 1417 | 12383 | 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 | 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 | 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 1047
2101 | 1417 | 12383 | 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 1047
2101 | 1417 | 1233 1047
3748 | 2840 | 2686 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3748 | 2840 | 2686 | 2479
3815 | 2877 | 2693 | 2479
3815 | 2877 | 2693 | 2479
3815 | 2877 | 2693 | 2479
3815 | 2877 | 2693 | 2479
2435 | 1608 | 1312 1105
2435 | 1608 | 1312 1105
2435 | 1608 | 1312 | 1105
3423 | 2220 | 1734 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
1322 803 501 321
1322 | 803 | 501 321
1322 | 803 | 501 321
1322 803 501 321
1322 | 803 | 501 321
1322 | 803 | 501 321
1322 803 501 321
1322 803 501 321
1981 | 1614 | 15382 | 1490
1981 | 1614 | 1532 1490
1981 | 1614 | 1532 1490
1981 | 1614 | 1532 | 1490
2969 | 2226 | 1954 | 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 | 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 | 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 1753
2969 | 2226 | 1954 1753
5070 | 3043 | 3187 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
3423 | 2220 | 1734 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
3423 | 2220 | 1734 | 1368
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 | 3643 | 3187 | 2800
5070 ) 3643 | 3187 ! 2800

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62

63

RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

ALTER

9801
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(129)
186
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18601
Fh0Z
6962
612
SSLI
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8LL9
6626
966Z
61 L¢
eoLT
6966
I8Z¢
£601
O6FT
IGE

1Z€

1G€

10g

£08

198¢
EPS

8ST
6686
809T
TL
£692
Pool
£062
1002
S669
LPLG
GIL
S669
G00E
9896

LP9E
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GE19
1929
186

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6669
8981
6962
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THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

64

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86

68 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 22.—Jamaica. Observed per cent of normal rainfall. Prepared from table given by W. H. Pickering
in ‘The Relation of Prolonged Tropical Droughts to Sun Spots,” in the Monthly Weather Remew for October, 1920.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
ASTORIA eee ee 102 158 96 61 190 55 92 84 109 165 163 136
(Bla are erat Biot 59 58 71 76 71 30 80 51 77 88 77 83
(DR e eI Me Ns ah el 103 95 45 57 37 61 77 62 60 41 93
CG eee ee eee Re Cri 207 71 170 25 55 40 54 111 145 85 46 115
Cle Nae aN nate AMEN eh 88 80 19 96 116 61 54 141 93 115 136 49
Otero eres 66 24 80 67 94 57 82 75 103 55 30 133
CRESS trees wet toa Le ts 154 29 51 102 88 83 172 74 70 112 117 113
MEL ives test Rehegees rte 152 43 167 64 165 99 99 26 68 44 100 155
hc ee eee ete Ms cre 162 102 87 15 53 101 123 158 101 111 96 190
sb tical cts too NO 72 193 202 159 100 162 94 180 100 158 69 35
1880 5. eee ee 111 29 34 61 127 47 81 140 54 39 29 157
MSE ET eae 31 146 40 101 112 85 100 91 104 120 99 66
SL oe yas ores: 74 70 110 73 90 36 79 70 119 89 70 78
BSE eaete come eins 140M 1275) ela 73 58 76 66 79 | 106 80 67 58
0 WR Mr tt 121125 80 40 74 | 105 53 74 84 94 65 48
BOE ae a tee 44 54 46 103 54 51 64 91 84 63 62 307
SO a ah eee 136 166 83 139 58 355 131 198 80 79 48 111
Sie rie nee 154 84 74 98 102 129 151 101 78 84 106 15
SSragteress Sear 35 69 53 79 232 103 56 80 110 43 60 203
SOR eee ease 122 33 130 147 86 191 128 75 111 104 57 59
1890 eee ote mnie 133 106 182 74 61 63 105 101 89 70 85 106
Oi. a ath 2 setae 88 82 26 186 135 151 117 109 86 152 100 101
O22 AA) aie etutes aro roe ie 102 50 70 62 94 112 93 112 121 120 130 71
OBS ater ect ies 88 118 60 119 119 110 192 99 108 102 132 212
aah ees rene ee, 52 92 | 103) 128 | 188 59 | 125 61 95 | 123 66 129
Gores See enete 34 182 68 134 108 56 105 119 93 118 101 75
oS ea renee as ate 134 177 133 80 109 74 106 69 112 75 60 111
eer ene eae Sah sne 23 28 57 | 155 | 119 7 || Wee 96 | 137 | 190 75 72
OR era ae nol tae 45 143 139 89 183 116 137 101 96 102 62 54
OO rey. a teeates mapsite 101 103 117 105 46 71 82 62 101 235 196 145
19008 Mee eee ae 133 151 76 124 85 94 151 79 110 64 68 116
Ol ee en cee 100 43 103 56 67 214 159 95 144 96 131 106
2s eae Re as be 145 111 132 118 98 157 72 79 80 71 73 163
OS reeea te eoct eet 49 51 99 107 116 91 91 186 73 72 75 95
OSS. a ar eae 87 169 213 130 83 232 90 80 88 163 102 78
OSsitie tear 200 108 232 113 90 154 58 90 112 122 88 141
OOF Cee eee 86 187 172 176 145 175 88 102 145 83 99 41
OCR Ws eae eaters 66 136 10 27 56 91 90 68 73 104 56 90
OS eA Son eee 111 184 106 76 54 178 88 102 82 109 86 138
O9F ees Gite 111 59 89 80 75 ONG ie OE Pa) alive 27 34
ISAO. oe ee 135 80 138 78 57 88 117 110 118 145 100 238
| Berea epee ee tee se 111 52 63 88 113 57 68 64 78 82 64 167
1D eee ke, cree 112 Sey || ey 48 50 37 90 93 85 81} 350 69
1 heat reenter cteca 93 41 118 174 88 58 94 80 94 69 113 68
ee Bare A ae eee 68 75 127 104 73 80 62 62 51 63 127 98
LOB St ee nee 162 105 100 192 70 182 122 206 225 106 144 119
TGS eget ae ees 91 191 83 178 170 97 159 202 104 160 233 32
LEER artes eee 81 119 78 155 80 127 110 110 209 68 123 97
Sic cena coe e 23 123 182 139 137 Ud. 76 106 74 89 66 91
Oi) ee eeee ce 160 91 60 163 159 53 91 52 84 76 67 127
1920S toineoee eee: 72 87 | 106 6 Yt eel en Mee eee lle

Normals in inches,| 3.92 | 2.75 | 3.21 | 4.56 | 9.18 | 6.53] 4.75 | 6.82 | 7.38 |10.16 | 7.64 | 5.07

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RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

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10" THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 24.—Tananarive, Madagascar. Rainfall in mm.

YEARS. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Total.
1890. | 18880] 15270} 12380) 13100 0} 1302} 240 58 58] 15403] 23901] 29955) 129747
91.......] 11700] 23843] 35133} 4528 469 224 557 534| 1982) 28173} 3635] 18389) 129167
O25 ene 36374| 33996} 3007) 5064 574 665 442) 1175 424| 5611) 7517} 28113] 122962
93 F cman 25853) 24182} 18607} 10001) 4131} 1412] 1460 887 237| 8219} 1616) 50343) 146948
OA Stare 47306| 21811] 22957) 1844] 3496 597 849| 3307| 6244] 1902) 10327) 40132) 160772
Qa. coe PS eee Pe EE ee SoS nie aarti oe cua Ne ce fe |
CGE eres 16820} 41155) 6490} 12505 630} 1040 100 933 393] 7320) 15605) 15455) 118446
Oilkxcastae 46065} 15095} 27500) 4480} 1108 100 170 55 690} 7770} 7960) 44647) 155640
O85. ens: 41699] 11800) 13820) 2785 472) 1009 535} 1650 380| 3263) 7385] 36816) 121614
OO. Ge rte t 23470| 30281) 37733] 12616) 2783 232 802} 1056 91) 14746] 14009} 10116] 147936
1900 Merercs 41449) 33277] 14280) 2060 310 82 439) 1112) 4128} 2709) 3249) 15104) 118199
OM rss ae 41200} 23627] 22918 894 294) 1213 162 799| .386 991) 4068) 37217) 133769
(Os eer ee 12200] 30358] 21516} 9423) 1431 420 364 113} 2096) 5506} 11549] 18439) 113415
O32 ae 44565) 23840] 25840} 1852 700 631 756 836} 1190} 7226] 19729] 24218] 151383
04.......] 81777| 24842) 17356 697 905} 2548 943! 1717) 1271) 2680} 3262) 36547| 124545
Qdpeedane: 40502} 53237) 11665) 8039) 1140 215 756} 1901} 23881|} 6829] 31347} 35541) 193553
06s 4945| 66995} 24004| 13270 320 225 670 70| 3220] 13825) 10090} 24760) 166494
07.......} 19105) 16710) 34655| 3765 0} 1685) 1790 105} 5155} 7055) 16425) 54770) 161220
OBE ses 20940) 47040} 18115} 3740) 3245 114 859 0 720} 5310) 8172] 45237) 153492
OO eee 13099! 20183} 1675} 6120 600 480 25| 3135) 4565) 4663) 6102] 8565 69212
LO 10See ee 21162} 22793} 26092} 180 11 23 57 70 2 1950} 14984) 31284) 120576
Tie 32681] 27787] 25301] 3828) 1322) 1426 703 667 481) 1617) 16374) 13227) 125474
i A ere 23301) 15071} 12141) 7299 189 485 934 110} 2325) 2443 943} 25459 90700
13.......| 49075] 44162] 6064] 1928) 3770 273 463 419} 4953] 5238) 16571] 24286) 157202
14 Pe 61814] 46426} 7412} 5354 833 130} 1579 328 80| 5648} 11917 549| 149070
LOR ee 27781} 27075) 22142} 8352} 3200 309 its 212 214| 2464) 15922} 15098] 122882
AGeste Rone 29355] 24652) 21576] 5774) 3132 593 613 571 661} 5185) 39063} 44902) 176077
Geshe, See 20533] 23850} 8596) 6541 263 154) 1077) 2391 864) 1662) 17139} 52281) 135351
NS icone te 19572} 15787) 11486, 2159; 2007 928 600 315 359} 1963) 13011} 26605 94792
Oe A aye 27480] 28110) 24442} 1018} 1261) 2057 402 313] 2538) 3590] 11537| 33782) 136530
1920.......}| 38211) 510657} 8087) 4344 692 720) 1069 312 247 605| 14821) 10635) 130810
7d) (Game 58273] 24303) 11229 513} 4077 179 462 508 104] 2624) 20389} 37662) 160323
Mean.. .|305.28}293.10/178 89! 53.45] 14.02} 6.99] 6.45] 8.27] 15.34] 61.03}128.58|289.40| 1360.74

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

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669 COP GPES O88ZT | O1E6Z | 8cS0E | OF68Z | 8G8ZT | EOT9 vest 108 SP9 OSOT SPEs O88ZT
O1E66 8ZS0€ | OF68Z | F269 (FEST) Lé8 oP9 669 COFT GPES O88LT | OL86% | FEL6Z | 8G8ZT | E019
PEST 228 GF9 669 COPT Gres O88ZT | OT86Z | 8ZG0€ | 66802 | SOI9 | FEST 168 GH9 669
COFT SHES O88ZT | OTE6Z | 8Z90E | 66802 | SOT9 PEST 168 GP9 669 COFT SPEs O88ZT | OL86Z
PELOG 8S8cI | 019 PEST 18 SPO 669 COP GPEes SP9ES | 8cSOE | OF68Z | 8S8ZI | O19 vest
128 CFO 669 ZOFT ZIOIE | ore6z | gzcoe foo: eral ne BREA tietstere lise eeaus ceayail Greer Ae ov ols ees are eee Secs sesrans
onl ee | vane OF68Z | 8S8ZI | SOT9 vest LC8 GP F69 PLEE O88ZT | (OTS6Z) | 8ZG0E | OF68Z | 8S8ZT
£019 vest 18 GP9 669 COP GPEs O88ZT | O186Z | 8ZS0E | OF68Z | 8S8zI | E019 Pest Lé8
GP9 669 COFT Gres O88LT | O16Z | 8cSOE | OF68Z | 8S8zI | EOI9 PEs 128 G79 669 GOP
SPE O88Z4T | O1S62 | FEL6Z | 8G8ZT | SOT9 PESl 18 GP9 669 COFT CPEs O88ZT | O1862 | 8zg0E

‘WJ JO SHLGIUGNAP NI SHNTVA TYNYON

£92 T#S8 9698 OS8EZ | F890 | cO6FF | E9068 | S8IS 199 TZg &19 €6¢ GEILE PLLS 9LSTZ
CS9PG GGe6c | 860ST | GcbST | F9T9G | FIZ GIG ell 608 006E 6GE8 GIGS =| GLOLZ | I8LLZ6 | 18222
6FSL LI6IT | 8F9¢ 08 82& 6LST O&T £€8 PSE¢ GIPL 9CP9F | FISTO | 9822 | ILSOT | 8EZ¢
€S6P 61F e9F EL (0128) 8261 7909 COlPy | LOELE | EF6 EPPS GCE OIT ¥&6 G8P
681 6662 TPIcT | LOST TOES | Lose | PLE9T | LTOT I8P L99 £02 9CFI GGET 8288 T9ESZ
L8LLE T89ZE | F8ZTE | P8bFT | OS6T GS OL Lg VEG STT GO8T 6609 | 86266 | GOTIG | S98
GOS €99F GOST GETE GGG 009 0z19 GLOT €810G | 66081 | Lecch | ZLT8 OTs OGL 0

658 agi GPE OFLE SIIST | OFOLF | OF60Z | OLLFS | SZPOT | SS0Z GGT¢ SOI O6LT S89T 0
GOLE GCOFs | OLL9T | GOT6T | O9LFZ | OGOOT | SZ88I | OZZE OL 029 GGG (028) OLZET | FOOKZ | 96699
SOF Those | LPEIE | 6289 18&@ T06T 9GZ GIG OFIT 608 GOOTT | ZEZES | cOSOb | LHS9E | Z9CE
0892 TLé1 LILI €F6 8hSG G06 169 Q9GELT | Ch8hS | LLLIE | 8IZhS | BLE | 9CZL S101 9¢2
1&9 002 CG8I OF8SZ | OF8EZ | GOShH | GEFST | GPSTT | 90S 9606 €Il v9E 926 €6F6 STSTZ
8SE0E OOGCT | LIGLE | O8Sz (988) 662 ool E1cl P6Z 468 81626 | L69EZ | IST8Z | 6FZE 6022
8clP aqua 68h 68 OL€ 0906 O8ZFI | LLCEE | OFFI | C9OZT | OFLFT | 16 9¢0T 608 £&3
E812 9T9ZT | ELLE | T8208 | OLFPES | OOTZZ | E9ZE O8€ OS9T GEG 600T GLP G8L6 G8EI | OO8IT
ELI EP 0962 OLLL 069 GG OLT 00 80IT O8hF 86216 | S909F | ScFST | SO9ST | OZEL €6€
E86 001 OFOT 089 8656 coy |oesr [ocho pepo ere

a dk Sh eed GEO | LesOr | ZO6T FPCO LOSE 68 L6¢ 0296 LG60G_| (IT8TZ) | 90€Zb | EFEOg | 9T9T
6128 LES 288 O9FT GIFl TelP POOOT | LO98T | Z8IFe | €S89c | EII8Z | LIGLZ T19¢ VCP GLIT
GPP G99 PLG ¥90¢ L008 966€€ | FLED 68E8T | gE9E €Z18Z | C861 Pes LGG ¥6G 69F
80h EEISE | EF8ES | 8280 | 1O6ES | EOFST | 8S 8¢ OFZ G0ET 0 OOTEL | O8EZT | OLZST | O808T

(ZT) (IT) (OT) (6) (8) (2) (9) (g) (F) (g) (2) (T) (GT) (FT) ($1)

ae a See en eee "SHTIOAD

“S1OqUINU V8bY q

[SSS ES <=

“068I ‘Arenues SurmUIseq ‘Ivosedepep ‘oAlIvUeUeL_—'¢Z ATAV.L

73

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

£6 66 101 88 #6 86 601 66 +6 001 801 OTT 601 66 OR: oP aoe ee Cea ae payjooug
08 ran 901 G8 el a 86 col #6 #8 Gel gil LOT 101 BGiatevle honey Se pier Sok quarjong
916222 | soezIz | o199 | sFEgez | BeLZGz | OFOBEs | FHEDTZ | DEzSO% | 69600z | LITTOZ | 6ZITEs | LI99EZ | ELBFFS | 9OLBEZ | EIzBPZ | [BuLON “wns [840 ,
GORLT | GLILEZ | LOEZZ | FOITOS | E8TSBI | FEOESZ | SGOT | ELOPIZ | 696RT | TEFSIT | ShLFBZ | 9ZEBLZ | BEIT9Z | HOBO | OLOBTZ | [enjow ‘wns [870],
£6 £6 76 82 G8 66 OTT SII 06 26 HI LzI 0z1 86 Re UPSD es Sa on re poyjooug
QL PII 88 6L 19 801 Bel 6IT 16 gg 981 esl G01 e01 Bee os Sgr Tarcan ela quorjong
PLZIFI | B6EHbI | cORSHI | Z2z6ZI | LEZhHI | GEeTIT | Tzgs8 | T9ze6 | FEES | LTSLL | OFFOB | SBSEIT | OOSEET | COPEL | LZPOHT | °° 8S TB-@T ‘[euou wing
POELOL | BIGOT | 2606ZT | 686ZOI | e4G26 | 9OGTZE | FSTGOT | ZPSITT | FG2z8 | TLLTF | Ga9cZT | HZZOLT | GBSEET | ODKET | E8s6sE | IZ-ZI ‘yenjow wing
76 LOI 601 101 GOI 001 FOI 68 16 901 G01 901 86 66 TO. ich awe ES Se Ne, poyjooug
18 101 8c1 £6 18 9e1 Z8 £6 £6 POL ital 68 IIT 66 va aa pees ea er ae Ca quarjon?
ZOLIS | 20629 | SI60ZT | 9L0L0I | ZSPETT | GoeLZT | FLERZT | SLEIIT | LZOLTI | OOgEZT | EELZFET | GZOEZT | ELOTIT | POFFOT | OBZTOT |°-°°°° 7°17 1). 7 )' 7757 TT-1 ‘Teaxou ung
GLCOL | POGBIL | FOZEST | $2986 | 0E906 | 8ZSTZT | TOSEOT | 9BZZOI | G2890T | O999ZT | EZIZ9T | OOLZOL | EOTSI | BBIOT | 2hZ88 | TI-T ‘yenjoe wing
ZOFI greg | Osszt | ore6z | szsoe | On6sz | Bcszt | e019 | FEST | 228 Cro 669 ZOPIO | CRBS Ny DOBRE Tig ae SC St a eee dee oe cat ain
orgez | sccoe | OF6sz | Bc8ct | Goro | PEST | 228 G9 669 COG Wi SEAP | ORBLT: I MOTRO: PECOB IN| BeCOR. Hinv' os me eS es Se a tekaa a 0%
Or68c | 8S8zI | e019 | FEST | 228 oF9 669 COPE. 4 GEO | ORBET | OLG6S | BBG0R » | OFEBR RUBIO PROTO: a ipo tes «ses See as ae 61
PESl 128 oF9 669 |(zort) | cheo | osger | ore6s | Fez62 | scect | eor9 | vest | 228 oF9 669 8I

G07} ShES | OBBLT | OT86Z | BZE0S | OFG8Z | BE8ZT | OID | FEST | 428 SH9 669 TORT. bo PRBS wm fe OBRAT nh fits i ke ie Galea ta a Dinah aaa at

74 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES.

Data collected during the investigation, but not used, published to make
available for other problems. All this information was obtained in manuscript -

form with the exception of that from India, which was collected from the
large annual volumes of “India Rainfall,” 1901-1918.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. i.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at
Alexandria and the normal for 1891-1920 in mm. -

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.'| Nov. | Dec. | Year.

1S Ole cree: 9 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2 76 113
QE A aocee 51 11 13 2 2 0 0 0 0 11 85 23 198
OE ee eer 89 27 53 2 3 | drops 0 0 | drops 6 11 107 298
Of Phir 52 17 40 | drops 6 0 0 0 0 0 102 30 247
Oia cea ee 1 0 4 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 167
OG wk Aoetes: 69 45 19 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 41 27 205
Oe 126 12 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 107 274
OS meaty ee 57 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 144 266
OOF eee tee 73 23 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 25 64 245

1900) ciseeccier: 14 33 16 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 125 200
Oe ence 83 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 30 57 188
O26 ast 104 8 4 6 1 0 0 0 | drops 5 36 92 256
Oo 2s 90 34 14 1 | drops | drops 0 | drops 0 | drops 10 24 173
OR ese 63 12 | drops 2 | drops 0 0 1 | drops 3 65 50 196
OSE pre 46 16 14 | drops 0 0 0 0 28 7 159 270
OG eae 32 43 6 3 9 | drops 0 | drops 0 19 64 31 207
OG 25 13 38 7 0 0 0 2 | drops 0 50 25 160
OSes 80 47 14 3 0 1 0 0 | drops 0 39 76 260
O09 cre eee 43 41 0 51 | drops 0 0 0 0 21 22 31 209

110 eee 86 8 19 2 3 0 0 | drops 4 0 30 28 180
Teer rare 28 42 12 2 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 8 17 79 188
1 Re a 21 24 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 | drops 10 27 93
IB Yay eae ae 12 36 21 | drops | drops 0 | drops 0 | drops 14 79 98 260
14 sere 28 31 7 8 0 | drops 0 | drops | drops | drops 29 | 103 206
158 See 19 19 19 1 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 0 14 10 82
1G cite cae 109 14 8 2 | drops 0 0 | drops | drops 0 721 45 199
1 eines agar 66 39 13 1 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 8 8 65 200
1G ce teaeets 39 31 6 | drops Os |en0 0 0 0 | drops 53 50 179
LQ eee 36 4 1 | drops | drops 0 0 0 0 3 54 | 126 224

1920 he cee 35 42 11 | drops | drops | drops | drops 0 0 0 6 39 133

Normal....... 53 24 13 4 1 0 0 0 1 7 34 67 204

Notr.—‘‘ Drops”’ indicate that rain was too small to measure.

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 15

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 2.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at
Khartoum (Gordon College) and the normal for 1899-1920 in mm.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July.
pee 0 0 0 0 0 1 13
Se 0 0 0 | drops 0 23 80

_ Uae eae 0 0 0 0 0 16 24
See 0 0 0 0 0 0} 116
SS Shee 0 0 0 0 24 0 18
Lae 0 0 | drops 0 | drops 0 34
[ae 0 0 | drops 0 6 16 8
rere et 0 0 0 0 0 4 90
AS eSaeeee 0 0 0 0 0 | drops 14
Sy. 0 0 | drops 0 0 1 64
SA hoe: 0 0 | drops | drops 1 | drops 71
MIO osc. 0 0 0 0 0 35 38
oe 0 0 0 0 7 | drops 55
ga drops 0 | drops 0 | drop | drops | drops
Ree 0 0 0 | drops | drops 0
Se 0 0 | drops 0 | drops 1 30
i 0 0 0 0 9 8 19
3 ae 0 0 0 | drops 14 22 33
7 0 0 0 0 | drops 34 0
UD 0 0 0 0 | drops 14 30
Mere i... drops 0 0 | drops 7 | drops 38
2 0 | drops | drops 4 0} 103
Normal....... 0 0 0 0 3 8 40

Aug. | Sept.
1D Ie aie se
47 23
16 | d ops

5

12 14
76 20
75 4
96 24

163 12
44 31
26 11
15 22
12 2
98 18
70 22
54 11
63 77
57 20
24 18
50 | drops
23

185 49
56 18

Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.

6 0 0 [32]

8 | drops 0 181

0 0 64

drops 0 0 123
drops 0 0 68
drops 0 0 130
50 0 0 159

13 0 0 227

0 0 0 189

12 0 0 152

3 0 0 112
drops 0 0 110
1 0 0 77

0 0 0 116

2 0 0 101

5 0 0 101

0 0 0 176

0 0 0 146

0 0 0 76
drops 0 0 94
drops 0 0 75
drops 0 0 341

5 0 0 130

Nore.—‘‘Drops”’ indicate that rain was too small to measure. Brackets [ ] are used to denote that the

observations are incomplete.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 3.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at
Adis Ababa and the normal for 1898-1920 in mm.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.

0 13 5-|" [931]
21 0 13 1241
0 til 1 1152
20 0 8 1472
40 0 0 1170
1 45 0 1000
16 28 0 1550
14 83 | drops 933
28 1126

on
CO or
w
mal
—
ou
co
i=)

| az gs} i15| 105} 73] 41/| 121! 352] 290] 151
a 7 |F me Tig ele eet, ISS cei | ie Le
set he || a [108]! 283 | 328 | 194
a i6| 54 | 124! i00| 36 | 222 | 277] 250] 198
i 1| 76| 49| 89| 42| 172| 236] 201 | 184
ee 29| 25| 83| 88| 268! 191| 269! 267] 204
a. o| 37] 136] 57] 58| 124] 350] 196] 176
| eis 5 7| 48| 88] 41| 94] 204] 3521 113
ae 91 156] 189! 103! 60] 132] 380] 358! 119
aaa o| 20| 11] 140] 36] 61! 176! 284] 108
a. 38 7/ 10| 70| 5| 91] 284] 365| 220
—- 48 0} 18{ 133| 130] 208] 210] 364| 174
—— 0 1} 25| 48| 66] 147| 268| 334] 226
~~ 71 4\{ 67] 38| 31/ 140! 306| 230/ 155
wee. 53 | 139| 511 43| 20/ 182] 286! 319] 111
—— 651 66| 102| 108| 104] 192) 311 | 134
a 10| 94] 77/ 1295! 18] 68] 288! 323| 308
—...... 2| 23} 105| 126| 133] 121 | 345| 378 | -570
=a 64| 571 91| 74| 148| 204| 248] 418] 321
an 28| 39] 10| 115 | 194. 279 | 281 2871! 270
a o| 84! 70] 104] 74] 106] 208| 264] 51

_ 1| 47| 66| 32) 43] 90! 316| 253] 133
— 2! 10! 61] 74| 261 1511 280! 300] 165
Normal....... 15} 48! 70| 87{| 75\ 146] 2791 307]! 192

Nore.—‘‘Drops’’ indicate that rain was too small to measure.
observations are incomplete.

Brackets [ ] are used to denote that the

76 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 4.—Copenhagen. Rainfall in mm.
From Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen. Sent by Prof. Carl Ryder.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.

1 to 721 | Ee eter ees MER | nna Pe eae (( ane || a elle Allee ac alle dc ciate 55 50 60 23). aa
ee eee 64 5 22 25 74 + 21 31 63 42 81 67 499
Dimes Mitek Pes 44 17 63 15 3 2 138 116 41 28 33 12 512
DO ee 39 85 33 44 36 76 66 45 50 32 45 69 620
eel se See 26 26 43 27 40 38 34 76 53 56 150 119 688
Da ooh alee ier 40 45 23 100 41 70 27 99 83 51 131 40 750
Bra Sie tanttccts 10 Cl 41 44 v4 22 41 25 34 87 54 51 487
Dili Be paint 97 5 93 45 55 39 56 48 40 53 40 70 641
DSi a ce aoe 28 32 64 54 24 54] 145 88 70 38 38 58 693
AO epee er neat 22 90 21 27 34 43 126 81 61 107 83 if 702
1S3OF poe 35 70 38 103 60 107 56 100 72 28 ) 27 705
Bil Wee ait cites 45 61 49 19 40 130 18 52 27 34 61 21 557
Pea miter oe! 18 1 36 2 40 47 71 73 50 28 3 34 435
Bhiaeese ab cee 19 58 67 29 19 61 30 87 43 73 50 | 204 740
By eae aineaee 79 29 40 14 39 29 3 43 68 49 78 32 503
SOs ete 23 56 24 55 82 15 2 40 56 45 43 29 470
SOR iN ee 103 53 67 31 15 27 91 30 70 32 62 70 651
Biles he Ore poe 1 U6 50 33 36 38 28 20 57 54 38 51 31 451
OOnee one 38 12 59 93 20 30 44 133 33 53 25 16 533
OO E reterts 48 22 13 43 43 56 55 36 73 10 43 27 469
TSAO trae 74 29 5 5 60 31 63 66 59 58 54 13 517
ANN ONE Pe Zl 11 25 29 30 99 96 48 76 171 62 51 769
Be to os 17 0 66 0 24 94 36 3 58 26 48 27 399
GS le eee ee 125 61 18 50 14 104 69 47 26 100 54 17 685
ee Ap me 121 61 44 15 21 34 54 123 27 90 57 17 664
A eesmthes 35 21 34 17 122 16 75 105 63 104 49 83 724
AGhs area ss 58 55 83 37 22 28 74 22 12 34 26 36 487
Aga eee 32 37 39 43 62 51 39 26 66 34 24 16 469
ts ee OR TERS oa 9 55 38 63 10 97 38 110 36 104 56 19 635

Ai oe es 50 44 34 19 9] 104} 121 45 48 95 27 35 631
LS50R ee pee 17 53 12 54 38 37 117 61 57 54 79 21 600
OM ec ea 32 30 63 86 48 68 46 28 27 45 85 14 572
Doicpann e tae te 55 62 11 22 52 80 5 68 69 74 101 81 680
ES aie Sees. 56 42 22 51 36 37 75 64 46 34 17 7 487
i Sie ice 45 30 20 21 47 46 27 134 67 39 36 70 582
DOE Madero 30 8 35 4] 60 55 74 76 30 80 6 35 530
SO eee 44 41 3 66 49 57 63 40 57 23 67 64 574
icp e eae 40 18 32 57 10 15 32 43 28 38 27 19 359
DSi Ronson 29 9 19 ily 93 27 51 55 14 31 23 35 403
Gy i ame 29 57 38 52 13 51 34 52 107 45 61 65 604
SCO made ee 34 36 33 51 40 93 23 132 51 55 24 25 597
OL eens 20 48 62 13 28 76 106 51 73 6 84 29 596
(CYAR Bis he cre 34 24 24 20 28 86 80 34 89 79 31 68 597
(iis ae Ae cae 49 35 49 47 25 60 65 64 75 27 23 78 590
G4 tere 23 23 47 15 28 119 43 152 86 41 61 6 644
Goi ace. 28 12 13 7 16 29 55 57 31 56 48 4 356
66 44 93 32 72 91 44 53 77 65 26 77 55 729
Ole ee se 68 68 16 74 48 55 125 18 76 65 5 34 701
GS her ee 27 53 58 52 7 3 8 60 64 61 25 100 518
Ae eerOrs 25 30 14 10 74 32 23 63 42 59 37 32 441
18 ,0ps eee ee 32 6 9 16 19 33 12 60 65 99 47 33 431
alt oe ee 84 21 19 21 16 75 80 26 84 16 25 20 487
(CAMA 35 18 57 45 86 51 61 30 89 90 56 64 682
MSA hace ke 36 11 9 28 73 56 114 84 69 99 55 33 667
Of Sabie re A ore 40 7 45 31 15 25 87 68 67 33 60 43 521
OSS ee 66 2 31 10 24 68 50 46 38 62 72 |. 18 482
ABS Oe ee 12 51 69 29 40 54 45 34 76 34 21 50 515
idee tine 79 54 24 19 44 39 | 100 | 123 43 70 40 38 673
(i Fee aera 48 15 36 21 57 58 35 46 49 41 93 29 528
(Ee es cs 17 42 8 49 39 57 108 111 29 40 17 5 522
isso soe ays 8 41 14 31 13 41 92 8 59 123 105 53 588
1h We ees teeke 6 20 26 3 47 20 93 66 72 61 52 35 501
82,6 ne 24 16 45 40 18 81 46 88 46 53 67 29 553
Soo eee 22 10 5 17 22 37 87 55 54 67 84 46 506
S45 oe ie 78 49 49 19 30 27 75 44 35 102 36 55 599
he acre 3 36 22 17 49 78 15 83 92 99 18 20 552
SOu Sit ronh 40 7 16 28 37 42 50 29 46 73 24 59 451
Shahan 5 10 23 41 69 24 44 43 52 49 45 54 459
88) eee 29 26 71 19 44 54 96 48 22 43 45 56 553

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. a
TABLE 4—Conc.LupeEp.

YEARS Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year
To 42 3 31 47 23 45 91 93 15 74 33 2 499
scr. 36 13 51 21 73 69 97 170 42 61 38 60 731
if 56 12 25 37 36 89 26 94 50 90 7 37 559
ae 22 72 30 6 32 19 51 57 68 141 63 38 599
SS ee 34 50 40 62 46 34 136 65 35 93 42 34 671
per... 17 11 40 16 38 48 86 87 14 63 78 66 564
i>. ee 22 8 78 42 30 42 32 81 100 84 31 40 590
3} 9 12 93 52 47 33 43 68 94 ) 32 41 533
oo ee 46 42 46 51 101 96 59 51 67 11 39 76 685
1b 68 38 37 54 23 15 32 16 97 43 55 39 517
moe. 54 45 27 29 27 34 93 69 63 132 36 71 680
ere... 29 13 49 56 44 150 27 52 36 23 74 62 615
|? See 48 11 56 18 86 36 51 69 39 43 5 aye 514
> Sage 47 48 18 74 10 60 54 90 61 133 61 20 676
i a 37 44 38 53 66 42 23 36 12 51 78 50 530
ot. ae 32 40 47 64 14 47 56 170 64 78 30 i 649
li See 62 41 34 21 30 52 43 85 44 32 80 26 550
it. ae 32 25 25 35 45 90 65 63 | - 10 20 40 86 536
Sa 23 50 34 52 80 56 50 72 61 0) 34 20 541
ii: 33 19 31 39 32 64 46 40 45 46 62 87 544
MOSS os: : 54 93 12 54 61 40 89 64 46 14 76 57 660
i 22 64 31 35 58 70 57 38 21 85 78 58 617
2 Bee 28 34 41 39 27 49 46 135 28 67 73 93 660
mee. .S. 26 21 44 20 13 28 50 56 51 62 76 76 523
2 See 31 34 80 60 30 15 77 39 57 35 57 67 582
Sgn 66 35 23 32 42 10 72 43 36 16 38 109 522
“h. 2 87 38 25 38 37 86 43 128 45 77 61 92 737
ee 45 ) 34 41 10 19 40 88 50 111 95 22 564
i oe 29 41 3 28 18 47 88 76 67 32 25 77 531
i a 38 32 29 53 7 40 60 57 48 31 40 90 525
a 60 28 19 102 100 38 81 95 34 2 10 54 623
21) She aieee 77 15 20 22 34 48 36 101 35 53 £571 Pal Sede e | aera
Means........ AOLOMIEOAE Ze COLS IE Ote4alnoOns se nolo la OOSON INO (ean 04 on OS e4almolels (46.20) S76.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 5.—Rainfall of agricultural districts of the state of South Australia.

All stations used.

Year.

1648
1830
2016
1449
1483
1334

YEARS Jan
J Ue 50
ee 47
Se 43
‘lis =e 29
Pe ss 03
(As: Oar 13
ee 31
Meth is 42
Li eee 50
i ae 123
i 34
[D2 eee 30
2) 32
Means....... 41

May. | June. | July
246 269 99
247 266 258
330 231 328
208 208 174

41 268 206
(90) 33 94
106 61 105
188 268 186
115 414 343
301 245 314
200 186 160
153 106 109
158 375 197

1283" | 2525: |f 1298

Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.
198 263 215 32 42
379 108 145 100 27
154 268 158 119 73
135 171 69 21 159
172 210 105 163 79
182 215 182 83 98

26 49 51 147 98
290 | 239 80 21 34
277 202 176 195 88
249 282 187 101 89
240 40 157 19 38
129 169 95 39 148
281 231 158 218 94

2.09 | 1.88 | 1.37 97 82

78 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.
CORRELATION OF OLD AND NEW METEOROLOGICAL DISTRICTS
OF INDIA.
ei - Oxtp NAME. rer os O_p NAME. ee
1s \|enasserimys:< a0 tek er ere wes se 7 31 | N.W Frontier Province............. 14
2° | Tower burma, Deltatchas aren ace 2 322) Wiest Puniab nye eae: tei etre eae 12
3 | Central-Burma,Deltaic.. 4.52 -. 2...) 2 33 Malabar seere rics eran er ne ae 30
4) Upper Burma, Deltatces. eee 3 3OG lf, LrAaVvANCOLeryNs cc eae, pee ence 30
De cl Amacai sss 5 2807) aeer: | eee eens ae ones 3 34 | Madras, South Central............... 31
6 Hast, Bengalicc2 =.) sare neon ta 5 35 OOLE ik cat LUN eee ee eS ace 29
U HASSE OUI ee eae en ee eee re 4 36 My sone..i253. sae halen Lee een 29
8 Assam, Hills.) 224 :.08 Aas teens 4 37 Korikiann: ie ernie pt in ee 25
9), | <AssamyBrahmaputrais sensu sees oer 4 380. |p bombaye Deccan as. ieee eee 26
10 Deltaic Bengals... eee 5 39 ycerabads Noninst ae ee eee 28
11 Central Bengaly. pease eee 5 40 Kkandeshn 2 Seen cape eee 26
12°71 NorbheBengaliv syste cn nae 5 ALP BGPAL Ss tetas eel sear or kee he eee 22
13 Bengalis cs) c eines ee ae ee 5 42 Central Province, West.............. 23
145 * | O@OTISSa. 23 ah coen oN eae ee 6 43 | Central Province, Central............ 23
157 shots Nae neem eee eh eee 7 44° | Central Province, Wast...:-..-...-..- 24
16 South: Biharen tec cee asec pakey bie wee 8 45 (Gia arate kes Oe oe tt aaa 19
17 NorcheB thar aus: mento een ene ene 8 46 | Kathiawar and Cutch............ oats see
18 United Provinces, East............... 0) 47 Bind tose peek ee ee Pa ane 16
19 South" Oude eet ee ete auealeg 09 AS > SBaluchistan tiillaien as en eee 15
20 North ud syste. ate re 9 49 Centraliindiawhast-=-- 2-.aeee eee 20
Pall United Provinces. Central............ 10 AQa” |" Central india vHast. 2...) ase eee 21
22 United Provinces, West.............. 10 50 Rajputana, E. Central India W....... 18
23 United Provinces, East Sub........... 0) 51 Wiest: Rayputana since. Soren ee 17
24 United Provinces, West Sub.......... 10 52 Madras, East Coast North............| 33
25 Wnited Provinces) Hullste.. a. see 10 52a | Madras, East Coast North............| 338
26 SOUpMeasume Unita lm eer cena eee iene 11 53 Elyderabade south memes eee ree 28
Pf SOuthePunjab. were ea ee en 11 54 Madras Centraleaen a sere ee 32
28: Central Punjaby the: dst ate 12 55 | Madras..East Coast Central. .... is aes 33
29 Punjabs submontanen sees ieee 11 56 Madras, ‘Hast Coast South............ 31
30 Paralysis sora yes este yey ener eee 13 57 Madras Southiess cern 2 eaenee 31

31 North: Banjaboscc ac eee eee 14

*New number, as used in these tables and ‘‘India Rainfall.”” Names of each district will be found at head
of its part of table.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 6.—The rainfall of the thirty-three districts of India, in inches, 1901-1918.

No. 1.—Bay Isuzs.

l

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.

LOO tate eae eee 322 0 345 43 | 1329 970 | 13897 | 1457 546 | 1061 | 1885 1198
OSe aoe eae Figen ae 41 168 0 70 | 1504 | 2327 | 1525 | 2246 | 1260 625 475 5
OOR Cy eee Sera 5 211 137 3895 | 1324 | 1794 | 1901 | 1027 | 1469 | 1453 852 ioe
LOO ear eee tas 5) 45 453 356 612 | 1267 | 1025 | 1007 | 2197 | 1064 677 361
i El Uae ag soa eal 14 17 0 348 859 | 1679 | 1125 713 | 2216 | 1023 193 513

| Ne en UE rere One ey 1925 1 0 43 629 | 2206 | 1726 | 1167 | 1221 981 457 55
LBM hee. Sparen sean es 171 1 3 Seam) 559 | 1724 | 13875 731 | 1489 | 1123 847 572
Aiea Se Peay oer 0 0 0 85 895 | 1576 | 2182 | 1619 | 1119 353 667 793
Sete ho erect 89 111 65 81 917 999 | 1077 917 | 1311 | 1266 826 1083

1 Co Nee, tht 0 0 0 2 | 1919.) 1772 11249 | 8673") 1629") 1187 649 401
LEE ecient eps ain ae 24 7 273 9 976 938 | 1208 | 1352 | 1373 665 671 792
(Shee Dh es 125 0) 17 33 | 1715 | 1549 592 | 1462 839 585: |. san Se

‘4
ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 79
7 TABLE 6—ContTINUED.
No. 2.—Lower Burma.
YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec

1 aoe 0 196 22 46 | 859 | 2059 | 2400 | 3951 | 1438 | 1240 | 165 7
2, ee eee 29 39 80 | 1809 | 1987 | 2988 | 2130 | 1925 | 419 47 67
oS. =o Ree Ouse. 6 41 | 931 | 2264 | 2691 | 2408 | 1884 | 998 196 28
ae 0 16 50 | 349 | 1083 | 3055 | 3244 | 2612 | 30389 | 396} 552 21
o> 6 See 2 15 20 10 | 1234 | 29383 | 3148 | 2134 | 2049 | 710 73 66
EE ee occas eae os 22 0 3 38 | 1148 | 2063 | 2571 | 1494 | 2047 | 667 | 220
| i ee eee 35 3} 204 28 | 1785 | 2649 | 2541 | 3600 | 1677 | 1017 73 151
2 oer 3 2 14 101 | 1013 | 2769 | 2795 | 3113 | 13899 | 840] 705 1
[ee 4 42 44 100 | 1324 | 2512 | 3452 | 2364 | 1960 | 926] 514 16

ll: 2 12 35 | 338 | 299 | 1627 | 1719 | 1830 | 2701 | 2215 | 697 | 299 9
ol eee 5 6 20 | 392) 950 | 2765 | 2950 | 3258 | 1561 908 13 3
1 eae 122 6 10 45 | 1489 | 2326 | 2866 | 2656 | 14387 749 322 5
3 ao eee 8 14 47 Qe eeOD Zul e22710) eS2ilele2elia |e LoomelenOD4. |) aS 6
PS oo oe 2 9 6 153 | 1001 | 3237 | 4027 | 3186 | 1278 | 724 | 282 187

OS ie 21 8 42 146 | 1771 | 2306 | 3066 | 2687 | 1400 | 1201 216 319
wf. (ote eee 0 3 15 114 | 1114 | 3635 | 1768 | 2435 | 2135 795 500 47
Ms ow oe bes 10 11 100 92 | 771 | 2988 | 3110 | 2462 | 1953 | 1223 197 66
Lo eee 12 0 48 1 OO eo 24a le OOM IOSS Ou lO+o minO20) ee). a eens

No. 3.—Upprr Burma.

JL 2 6 80 4 50 | 718 | 2316 | 2504 | 2610 | 1724 978 248 20
ON posh arcs Al. b ovk eue 4 4 170 685 | 2178 | 3750 | 1615 | 1606 434 20 8
lt. ot a ee Ye Ee ea 36 16 608 | 2116 | 1850 | 2815 | 1594 933 334 2
i Spee one See 0 10 8) 358 706 | 3056 | 3358 | 2211 | 1392 338 514 26
D2 ce 9 30 256 76 | 1004 | 2267 | 3352 | 2656 | 1760 658 34 146
D2) oe 6 54 8 32 852 | 2674 | 2802 | 1524 | 1713 568 102 4
oS ge 38 4 83 4 | 498 | 558 | 434 | 534) 581 | 460 0) 126
PPE nee 17 3 6 88 4670 | 16447 |= 52971 857") 635) 328) | 834 0
to 5 5 3 1 167; 763) 653 697 888 592 601 284 67

UD. oo 6 15 114 290 716 | 682 624 659 857 710 176 0
Ul. | Sine hh | 14 3 41 347 579 877 555 646 680 564 23 1
2: 12 9 19 7 553 751 648 914 598 652 127 10
US. A 9 19 39 31 413 770 722 813 649 655 206 21
Lib. 02 eee 1 15 17 92 656 | 1200 691 698 656 593 135 290
"ERAS ee lee ae 1 11 63 139 | 1037 890 661 661 641 533 125 100
“Lancto oe 5 8 4 126 | 442 811} 719.) 926) 963 | 624 | 307 63
Ul 2 ee 2 57 8 126 | 399 787 450 | 1023 | 1008 723 226 4
> 2 =e 3 2 35 110 | 1033 O24E OSB mIESA Tle O80 ln eO2Siiene sec Wn a

No. 4.—Assam.

EE So. ME 68 52 115 | 1039 GOMEZ elie 200d wl elesoal sSil9) 413 3
J OL 32 36 377 | 1475 149 | 2397 | 2184 | 2130 | 1652 363 35 8
14. LS eee 47 100 426 574 817 | 2564 | 1855 | 2525 | 1398 683 294 3
BRIM ee So a3) a 41 251 235 | 2020 | 1467 | 1785 | 2292 | 1916 | 113 475 268 17
ee 51 82 760 842 | 1070 |. 3308 | 2090 | 2839 | 1279 | 1251 25 100
lt. S22 See 36 254 309 | 1235 | 1304 | 1743 |. 2416 | 2710 | 11295 643 185 4
lee 236 128 364 | 102 799 | 1928 | 2155 | 1221 | 1585 170 il7¢ 50
i) 70 144 106 776 | 1217 | 1472 | 1880 | 1396 | 1459 401 30 0
Oo. 5 eee 87 333) 16 803 |_1196 |) 2154) 1331 | 1742 915 499 iLL 39

ll Ree 47 110 | 541 789 | 985 | 2147 | 2374 | 1530 | 993 | 933 49 22
J.) =e 304 81 | 358 | 917 | 1714 | 1858 | 2293 | 1600 | 1530 | 943 103 13

LE 40 241 481 | 1194 943 | 1685 | 2065 | 1664 952 643 188 3
(3st ee ey 53 338 476 | 1321 | 1443 | 1724 | 1767 | 1403 | 1019 822 48 175
po Se 26 | 3221 309) 854 | 1087 | 1175 | 1520 | 1826 | 1215 | 279 39 51
3. oS ae 34 204 293 792 | 2809 | 1852 | 2468 | 1815 997 411 40 16
Scie 5 eee 77 118 437 921 | 1117 | 1337 | 1816 | 1614 | 1197 899 120 23
RAPPER So cies wc ole 47 | 381 128) 723 | 715 | 2109 | 1838)! 1383) 1318 | 715 138 6
2 ee 16 65 563 622 | 1109 | 2200 | 2649 | 2108 | 1386 DSO a Pere elie

80 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6—ContTINUED.
No. 5.—BENGAL.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.

1 C0 alee ave eae der 91 94 48 260 646 | 1547 | 1646 | 1392 | 1169 285 252 10:
Pre I cai eae 4 4 242 642 913 | 1442 | 2060 | 1524 | 1914 275 24 10

O32 Sis ee lee 44 82 162 97 512 | 1667 | 1076 | 1836 | 1226 656 54 0
4h: bh ae Serene 18 97 76 | 483 | 1154 | 781 | 1882 | 1346 | 820] 374 65 5
Odense eke 78 140 380 422 938 967 | 2137 | 2186 | 1540 546 2 51
OG re yee ea 88 | 320] 180 68 | 657 | 1190 | 1866 | 2149 | 1000 | 538 67 0-
OC aris Ghee: 6 83 322 348 612 | 1358 | 1549 927 979 124 4 58
eee ates HORT 80 58 32 160 662 | 1408 | 1546 882 938 152 36 0
(Oe Remap sraccd ference 22 21 3 558 596 | 1904 | 1052 | 2380 972 532 72 78

1ON04 ee ee eee 60 44 112 241 687 | 1544 | 1908 | 1388 961 734 13 0:
Ts cee eaters 37 10 186 338 | 1052 | 1686 | 1410 | 1286 | 1138 608 45 0-
| Weary Sein gy: pores 6 64 306 624 784 | 1384 | 1688 | 1365 771 619 365 0
| Ps met ales rect, eg 4 283 113 160 | 1017 | 2477 | 1473 | 1451 | 1147 618 80 73
1 GED tips, see aise ete 1 212 101 534 | 1031 885 | 1655 | 1388 885 147 12 88
1 eter ont ced Sirstener suite 142 81 325 247 | 1115 | 1607 | 1427 | 1537 | 1023 527 100 0
16 ee eee 5 44 18 587 388 | 1798 | 1478 | 1708 | 1441 | 1165 191 1
1 Uy ees err ta 2 122 71 312 701 | 1572 | 1651 | 1192 | 1020 | 1357 52 0
to EL Se eo 3 1 160 411 | 1062 | 2045 | 1475 | 1970 963 108:-|...3.. 2/2 3

No. 6.—OrIsSA.

19004 Ate See 180 254 44 173 298 309 | 1258 | 1002 837 346 549 o
02) Lhe Sea eee 23 1 92 313 322 515 | 1952 | 1264 679 119 22 170:
OS coe 34 106 69 83 254 641 | 1410 | 1116 | 1124 | 1117 122 6
0): SE nei, See te 1 49 86 19 361 | 1192 | 1010 | 1216 917 434 2 16-
Ochs Oa eee: 123 61 300 195 429 375 | 1057 787 | 1087 292 2 3
OG Se eee 113 389 | 132 12 241 804 | 1152 825 | 1041 501 40 25
OU Ta eee 1 95 224 456 208 941 689 | 2354 648 103 13 96.
08Me2 sso eee 144 4 63 23 193 | 1189 | 1212 | 1974 799 191 0 0
OO Seer aes 24 64 16 520 247 | 1184 | 1570 962 980 173 2 228.

TOTO. ete ae ee 67 4 0) 148 257 932 ; 1318 | 1211 | 1042 940 0 0
1 ibe pe rene er Me: 0 38 135 128 234 | 1350 621 | 1110 988 356 24 1
12a ee a ee 4 229 109 198 150 480 | 13868 | 1384 812 319 354 0-
1 Pe Aa Slee ae 0 249 65 28 427 | 1056 | 2010 | 1126 581 458 110 6.
14: eee peters seas 0 134 49 213 772 850 | 1569 | 1072 | 1418 66 0 27
15s eee 54 95 173 98 289 624 934 | 1060 | 1066 645 843 0-
1Ginx Skee eee ee 0 19 2 77 180 | 1458 883 | 1193 718 975 261 0
| Ly a ee, Ab eT ae 1 385 123 83 457 | 1292 | 1226 | 1263 958 | 1517 67 0-
1 hs eae eee ar eee 19 1 85 126 514 | 1336 694 | 1102 722 20} .2...2. 1

No. 7.—Cuota NaGvur.

1901... See etre 359 | 282 45 62 | 145 | 293 | 1018 | 1623 | 1050 | 129 39 ,
QD erin ect soe ces 19 40 51 95 | 231 | 308} 1721 | 833 | 1185 54 31 14,
OB je teee: scl tatnece 87 66 38 | 129 | 229] 533 | 874 | 1112 | 831) 886 3 0-
QS) ans Soe ae eed 5 71 | 168 37 | 454 | 1263 | 1963 | 1502 | 405 | 106 6 1
O52 niacin 171 | 217 | 200] 147 | 230} 158 | 1784 | 962 | 1360 83 0 11
06325. Ne syne eat ee 188 | 533 | 141 5 | 107 | 644 1461 | 937 | 749 | 307 30 6
Of os ce oe os 9) 227 | 313 95 74 | 1289 | 742 | 1917 | 875 2 0 108.
OS. a. Aes acirmiseret ee 65 | 160 17 1] 186] 813 | 1316 | 1451 | 610] 108 0 1
(Ocean seaerscl bio-o cant 114 47 5 | 332] 109 | 1067 | 1055 | 1415 | 1218 84 0 61

1) erat renee 85 29 15 | 136 | 177 | 954] 977 | 1101 | 969] 320 25 ae
es eee ote tee ee 5 0} 123 29 | 141 | 1482 | 602 | 1544 | 1028 | 336] 163 0-
2h. sty aeeets aeane 11 97 82 95 | 1385 | 466 | 1430 | 1396 | 450 92 | 227 0
I omen eactcar Apt Orcs 11 | 527 | 187 4 | 286 | 1425 | 1289 | 1498 | 650] 316 80 51.
14 Aoyama eee 0 85 97 80 | 514 | 408 | 1129 | 1258 | 631 80 0 29
Os cae. cxenetarne 39 | 155 | 106 35 | 184 | 483 | 973 | 820 | 800} 207 | 178 0
1G Goons sea eee 0 64 1 67 86 | 1006 | 841 | 1173 | 785 | 923 67 0:

fecha Oe 6| 170| 64! 28] 375 | 1155 | 1272 | 16451 900| 1016| 4 4
| 47] 251 | 1253 | 500 | 1526 | 680 0. ae

—

es OC ee

. eee

A

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 81

TABLE 6—ContInvueED.

No. 8.—BInar.
SS i Ll i i aS a Se
YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
BME sae es. 220 79 46 5 243 264 864 | 1230 562 32 28 0
a ee 12 2 96 64 224 433 | 1375 842 | 1331 106 4 9
| See 18 21 8 15 78 678 364 | 1240 664 567 0 0
eee 34 8 12 14 446 697 | 1599 | 1416 313 394 37 10
Mees 58 112 132 88 303 178 | 1566 | 1928 | 1398 42 0 2
See 59 224 34 4 165 730 | 1388 | 1602 462 132 1 0
od) ee 5 236 152 83 134 894 966 929 871 12 0 ?/
oo. e 60 161 23 7 133 337 737 644 591 85 0 1
a 2S eee 24 26 0 270 91 | 1666 | 1049 | 1361 699 132 0 19
| Se 10 18 21 41 190 971 | 1273 | 1368 982 317 100 0
Sa ee 31 0 86 52 167 | 1313 719 | 1683 | 1240 532 71 0
eee 19 19 98 101 250 559 | 1382 | 1203 379 42 289 | 0
ll. ..02jeeee 0 148 78 5 407 | 1542 992 | 1414 | 1028 274 15 140
Ee 0 84 33 127 396 375 | 1163 | 1812 398 38 0 4
_. == eee 31 195 106 23 378 575 | 1194 | 1492 737 276 154 3
20033 1 63 0 90 71 | 1112 | 1554 | 1284 | 1088 602 10 0
re 11 75 37 27 432 928 | 1338 878 | 1078 561 0 1
ras. 25 0 8 106 | 356 | 957 | 885 | 1990 | 937 Oiler alee Pew

No. 9.—Unitep Provinces, East.

eee 245 | 125 36 4 61 | 186 | 862 | 1064 | 2434 19 0 6
3 16 6 10 10 94 133 | 1676 | 626 | 1011 54 3 0
See 30 1 4 2 55 | 202 | 628 | 1690 | 1065 | 1323 0 10
a 32 6 24 1 104 | 587 | 1350 | 12386 | 343 248 67 101
a 57 90 82 19 70 63 | 1294 | 13842 | 687 18 0 6
2. es 22 | 226 23 0 58 | 534 | 1366 | 1171 | 437 23 0 6
|. ae 7 | 292 60 72 35 162 | 707 | 1164 73 0 0 6
ae 75 1 22 18 | 206 | 1022 | 1254 | 295 38 0 2

:) See 33 23 0 | 259 20 | 930 | 1588 | 719 | 524 23 0 85

Fr 16 1 1 5 92 | 605 | 774 | 1295 | 860] 377] 123 0
ee 168 OF Sally, 8 12.) 380 | 321 | 1149 | 1555 | 334 148 1
= 57 20 23 17 57 | 188 | 1279 | 1046 | 540 4 110 3
ae 1 138 122 2 | 242 |" 62 783 | 703 | 328 47 0 46
ee 5 54 76 38 | 179 | 140 | 1642 | 1262 | 389 13 3 1
|. Se 46 | 167 90 23 56 | 418 | 1091 | 1628 | 1439 | 383 4 7
oo ee 0 72 0 24 26 | 1043 | 1129 | 1467 | 711] 216 29 0
i 28 | 105 26 13 | 163 | 628 | 1324 | 918 | 1190 | 221 0 19
ia 1 | Talal 9 13 60 | 493 | 380 | 1006 | 355 0

No. 10.—Unitep Provinces, WEST.
a ae

|

oo Sa 278 | 162 67 4 81 102 | _783 | 1800 | 414 42 0 49)
_ aa 11 24 31 64 | 105 | 254 | 1473 | 917! 1364 56 3 O
. oa 104 8 63 10 62 | 194 | 658 | 1349 | 740] 594 - 0 17
a 63 6 | 160 12 | 144] 410 | 1515 | 1439 | 501 18 87 70
en 206 | 168 | 125 30 85 | 178 | 778 | 703 | 414 1 2 28
ae 37 | 367 92 8 55 | 794 | 1130 | 1020 | 732 14 0 31
a 83 | 287 | 103 | 114 56 68 | 774 | 1083 9 0 0 0
102 87 5 11 60 | 223 | 1414 | 1685 138 1 4 8
aes ieee 80 35 0| 275 14 | 702 | 1534 | 957} 452 5 0 148

| eee 62 18 0 8 58 | 379 | 755 | 1379 | 8931 690 16 1
§ aa 329 6 | 182 7 ‘3 | 315 | 263 | 643 | 1306 62 | 193 2
144 35 48 21 28 | 132] 991 | 1067 | 981 0 31 Gi
| ae 2} 188 | 124 7| 229] 572! 611] 457 84 11 6 39
0 63 | 101 88 | 135 | 241 | 1369 860 | 1051 56 25 0:
ae 103 | 274 | 222 33 58 | 239 | 954 | 1184] 589 49 0 11
SS 2 77 0 13 49 | 621 | 1362 | 1414 | 981] 240- 14 0
| re oh ted 7. 62 96 | 204 | 466 | 1428 | 1017 | 1281 | 357 0 25
ee 36 2 64 46 34 | 470} 409 | 723] 115 2

6—Science Bul.—3728

Ave

82 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6—ConrTINvueED.
No. 11.—Punsas, East anp Nortx.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.
1901 ake Bee ee 194 | 142 76 2 66 52 | 628 | 612 77 10 0
(dares as nec ue rack ee 0 3 37 39 91 245 593 415 254 34 9
OSS eee 91 120 6 52 29 744 548 426 27 0
(1 ee ates Aaa ae orate 92 6 296 6 93 94 395 624 351 21 47
5c Shr ae Rees 205 99 97 8 29 81 | 443 | 163] 429 3 0
O63 aa ieee 25 | 320] 170 9 12 e207 ee 188 pen OO al eniDD 2 0
OF eae 109 330 191 200 27 120 319 819 21 2 0
O82 255 6. 162 54 2, 130 52 60 869 | 1622 257 5 7
O02 hw Sie ets 84 98 9 232 il 359 902 658 638 12 0
G10: PcPeser te eoes 125 32 9 28 12 363 567 944 346 189 0
1h GRR nS Aa eee are 396 29 | 425 19 7 PB) BEE | SiG |p 2083 44. | 127
1s rs saan oer 209 35 43 80 30 (3 Ui 2 er O25) 0) 1 46
1B see ee 8 | 213 | 142 122265 880n|eeoltal Gos 80 7 8
ARS ree reer eae oniay 57 140 65 179 95 205 | 1240 368 608 146 36
De oe eee 93 238 228 62 24 116 260 373 369 (Vs 0
AG. S3 schist aes 7 86 21 20 54 219 914 907 332 127 0
A lf agente ae AA ae feta on 31 13 40 213 134 345 714 992 | 1259 402 0

\ eis a Rae Ree nig 26 4 224 157 5 131 151 518 55 3 l...4cce eee

No. 12.—PunsaB, SoUTHWEST.

AOI ess 108 58 68 36 | 200 D9 | ode 184 2 2 0
QO ete Seer tere 0 4 39 30 63 202 268 262 171 27 0
03 Stee eee 36 2 135 26 85 PE |) &X09) | Beye! 202 10 1
(etre aie taser 188 2} 366 2 26 49 108 | 234 42 6 40
OSs eee tas 182 98 82 14 16 48 338 Si 4271 8 3
OG Ree eee 5 |) 360 112 13 10 98 190 | 404 | 309 1 0
Vy Petieees meme dpa ot 17 108 69 163 32 134 1iia\em20 2 0 0
OS theca ieee 90 21 2 144 45 Bieler al 609 | 418 0 0
O9f een: AR ase 9 66 14 138 1 126 | 449 67 180 if 0

A O10 aoe ee anes 70 5 10 82 9 144 203 | 389 2 4 0
1 po rs a eed Oe: 131 23 324 34 14 149 37 79 40 53 42
[Ooo Sete es 168 6 16 122 26 38 226 168 69 4 0
112} sl See an NCA — 0 124 66 13 43 125 | 300} 493 57 6 8
HAE Wee teny sky Ae aerarege 66 133 57 154 43 118 | 748 | 236 141 93 45
1 bs eee ee Mk tae: 8 45 112 71 15 79 57 68 16 17 0
Gea eee 6 27 22 28 60 92 288 | 579 82 51 0
1 See eee 13 0 44 96 116 129 eeSalsso 609 1 0
Si se eee eee 4 8 178 126 1 27 127 97 (Hi Ua

No. 13.—KasuHmir.

1G OMe ek eee 589) 7255 3815 61 335 152 | 1335 | 2363 277 19 0
Oo 0254 See ee 23 72 | 382 291 232 354 | 1138 | 917 | 563 92 17
O38 es 20 See 344 85 656 73 227 171 959 | 1851 694 34 0

04. ae aS 333 Oaleeoon 111 250 191 | 1712 | 1297 | 302 142 79

O53 tae ee eee 438 | 448 607 95 208 206 | 1308 | 1034 229 2 2

06M as eee eee 209 | 747 | 468 31 67 778 | 1261 | 3172 | 1069 6 0

OF ee ee 294 | 441 339 | 372 213797308) |e 2ise eats): 54 52 8

OSes et eee eee 236 156 61 617 167 56 | 328 652 255 58 4

Gia 2 oe ee 274 | 407 155 102 100 127 aed 441 481 105 5

1GHOL . eoceee eee 348 272 200 | 309 113 257 | 366): 528 68 2 0
Del Ra ee ene ee 839 172 702 174 59 124 190 252 148 39 168
1 AS Sah Ee ae etre RETA Ee 413 127 272 244 230 47 343 302 12 14 40
13 See ce ones an ae 210) 342) |= 1223) 17340 145 251 291 | 445 65 29 82
UA ah eee ee 139 654 | 393 | 487 262 | 327 | 1474 GLSe ie ode 165
1 haar peepee i a 151 592 alamo 546 54 185 |} 365 718 253 67 1
1G ee eee oae 145 | 402) 200 148 169 349 | 1043 | 1030 | 214 109 13
Vicck se ae cn 171 72 256 | 391 204 632 768 | 1086 | 906 | 417 1
1h HOR Ra aediareees oy eae 81 89 | 854 661 Np LEI By uly 75 53. |... chee

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 83

TABLE 6—ContTINUED.
No. 14.—NortTHwest FRONTIER PROVINCE.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

. 1 eS 316 179 268 128 633 92 209 356 286 67 0 0
A Rae 1 169 189 112 230 411 383 257 139 25 2

|) Soho Seeeeoee 110 6 364 117 186 32 215 338 224 15 6 ~ 74
|) 3 eee 313 6 621 43 48 18 290 437 117 93 48 46
eee 271 197 397 56 88 20 246 194 198 15 250
7.5. aoe 32 543 223 82 57 113 286 459 221 22 0 172
oo 159 299 262 381 49 123 159 358 49 12 0 0
EE on ScoSis 3a os 320 111 33 584 28 32 434 638 447 40 0 94
oS). . Sd 29 211 65 112 23 99 541 493 93 12 1 186
ol EN 380 90 50 219 50 207 584 644 32 0 0 39
_. SS eee 383 38 707 95 28 114 47 | .227 124 92 95 50
__..6@3eSaaaeee 253 103 26 222 44 38 418 381 59 23 2 0)
3. UAL Ae 16 229 135 62 56 164 205 392 96 14 37 60
Li oS aa 61 334 171 328 139 204 675 358 170 368 69 153
Ju. Sea 2 232 202 438 39 88 122 196 147 70 0 8
_). 2 eee 47 171 92 151 160 66 301 794 179 57 1 9
ok ee 70 4 218 89 102 152 242 714 279 20 0 131
eee. s..s .s s 10 26 454 285 5 117 146 198 74 Ug lees seen (cere

SS 174 15 89 16 162 0 106 22 6 0 0 0
ieee 2 2 26 20 10 47 28 63 60 17 22 28
[53S 70 72 282 160 73 11 81 36 11 0 11 13
[bo ee 269 49 | 335 7 0 2 6 9 9 0 20 7
|. eee 388 191 172 20 10 4 43 0 9 2 3 263
See 39 | 391 294 16 3 26 30 99 30 0 10 12
"oe 1 330 108 113 2 118 42 191 | 0 0 0 6
“a. ease 123 11 104 93 3 3 177 108 1 0 0 67
i) eo eee 71 172 83 72 4 zl 98 12 41 0 0 142
LL 191 24 62 48 f°) 42 200 78 0 0 0 109
aa ee 385 56 | 381 62 il 7 42 9 47 99 26
Li See 350 19 15 90 13 17 166 52 15 0 Zi 100
3 46 |. 234 178 -8 2 71 80 145 4 36 61 106
“a... J eee 114 347 78 71 4 85 281 29 50 153 189 60
i ae 42 18 131 257 1 5 31 19 10 12 0 1
co. wee eee 168 91 29 91 26 22 48 391 7 1 0 6
i. acs arco. « 118 5 161 15 47 1 35 341 141 0 24 53
2 1 12 107 380 71 2 2 32 16 19 Teal eee preelleee ee,
No. 16.—Strnp.

LS 0 11 14 2 35 0 112 21 0 0 0 4
2.40 Ge 0 0 1 1 98 231 24 244 319 0 0 0
a eee 11 5 17 7 7 1 301 11 Po 0 0 0
un “eee 47 29 112 0 1 2 49 4 7 0 4 10
“2. oa Ogee 27 71 3 15 0 0 | 138 0 10 0 0 9
Lee es a 6 201 51 0 0 96 48 170 65 4 0 0
1 1 131 21 16 1 228 16 374 2 0 0 0
lu Chee 77 0 1 20 1 7 834 278 0 0 0 0
2). +) eee 18 7 0 15 0 9 44] 65 53 0 0 20
ee 47 0 0 9 3 118 566 156 1 0 ) 0
Jot See 6 0 59 0 0 10 0 15 7 1 5 0
_). = SSSeaeee 35 0 0 6 5 27 238 189 12 0 0 0
2. ee 0 65 17 0 0 36 939 517 228 3 1 73
he ee 0 80 3 4 23 154 274 3 45 16 6 Pe
eee 0 | if 40 35 - 0 0 31 1 42 38 0 0
2 8 0 0 0 9 49 191 698 139 5 0 0
indi 3 2 17 12 124 31 88 442 569 124 0 0
_L. 33 eee 0 0 33 5 0 0 0 92 Uf Oslnae Ce anse..6

er

t

84 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6—ContTINUED.
No. 17.—RaspuTana, WEsT. ¥

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.
AQOU ris acco eee 34 0 3 0 15 12 333 237 6 14 0
OD ate. 0 0 0 3 16 7K 152 312 196 6 0 0
OS Fn re Neg fre 5 1 29 0 20 689 379 205 0 0 0
QBN SON. olen 9 12 50 3 61 58 | 200] 215 60 6 11 24
OD: clases pao 12 20 4 6 1 19 145 3 273 0 0 2
1) Meee erent hee 0} 128 27 0 1 67 | 253 | 280] 351 3 0 7
Oikiat metre crates oe 4 130 26 12 26 34 212 | 1089 1 0 0 0
OSes ce ee 38 1 0 6 22 124 940 | 1190 306 1 4 0
URES Seer eee 13 8 0 104 11 106 727 344 449 2 0 65
IQION< ; Sees eae 8 0 0 17 1} C3023 2 231s) 2632 1 as 3 0 ‘0
HL ee rapes mae 5 0 119 1 0 113 11 62 240 25 8 0
LV rete, Sa ree on Beto 35 0 0 if 2 O02 519 457 73 27 12 0
1D Tees er 0 24 8 60 217 232 309 126 1 0 33
1 i, Pen Re ard sa Ge 8 8 0 29 16 204 503 238 210 24 14 0
A Dies Seo eae 30 91 64 1 2 71 95 93 51 122 0 0
LOG eke eee 5 1 1 7 65 86 271 808 403 76 0 0
Le ae ed oor ona 6 5 7 51 229 305 441 971 860 308 0 3
18ers ee 2 0 14 3 4 25 23 189 2 ja ees

No. 18.—Rasputana, East.

ION es any 103} 51/ 11]; 2]. 16] 65] 693) 755] 30| 34) 0 3
Lape eR aaah Geet 16; 3] Oj} 5| 27 | 154] 1102} 428} 496; 46] 0 7
03, Fes vate 11; 2) 6] O| 45] 82] 738| 917/ 537] 114] 0 0
ee ete 144]; 18] 92) 1] 104] 168 | 1167/1079] 228, 3] 30) %
eee ne 27; 45/ 14]. 7) 6] 53] 398] 114} 300) 0} O|- 9mm
ne aaa ee 1/- $8 |. 40). 0). 9 |-250} “953 | 201 | 763). 5 |. Oem
i RR AE ees 37| 176; 42] 61] 45] 68| 451) 1252) 11/ O| oO 0
OB x: 5m. Verma tt 69; 4] 6] 2/ 31] 174 | 1679] 1435) 269) 1) 5 0

rein re ee 29/ 6] O| 203} 24| 424] 1133) 665] 319) 4] 0O|} 105

TUB ar eine ae 42} 11] O| 7] | 384] 412] 908] 754; 341) 4] 40
Mis Det. Seaenee TEN he Oe4| aed 1| 273 | 168) 337] 781| 23| 96) 41
Cae Pe se 45| 17/ 11] 14] 13] 98 | 1202] 996] 317; 5| 14 7
RIM Miran goons ea O} 62). 7 ]- 2] 195 | 847) ~ 4652P 307 | 07 | 6 >
jC rete ear 08 15 | 39) 334 | 1247| 478 | 454 | 59] 17 0
1D Seco ice eee 68 | 123 | 190| 14] 16] 129] 312] 498] 131! 156] O01 4
1G: 5 czas tone nee 1}. 28; O}] 2] 37] 311] 669) 1701| 497] 99] 11 0
Ty coset See, 16] 37] 21] 46] 290 461 | 1218 | 1556 | 1206 | 354) 0 1
oso ee 25} 0) 14| 6] 5! 103 | 189 + 623 | 97 0 ee

No. 19.—GugaRAtT.

rd ae te eth | 0; oO; 2] 6] 21] 214] 886} 652| 76] 48 | o| 0
OES aia a 10; O| Oo} 2] 4] 106} 830 | 1430 | 1048 | 12] 4 eee
O22 stent te 0; 0 1} O| 34] 94] 1740} 692] 605; 20] 0 0
4: 2 tira ag 2} 48] 78| O} 10) 157] 685) 194] 382) 16] 1 3
O55 cM de ie 2h be 2 M2. Od We eiG0T 164) 267) =e. a ae 0
06:5 ..ce eee 0); 46} O/ Of} 0] 688 | 1200} 874} 400} 40] 0 1

DOS Pare Lae 1/ 38 1). >8 | 8 | 284) 1976 | e214 43 | One ee 0
OB She earings | 17; O/ Oj] Oj Of 246.) 1880 | 1268; 85] 4] 0 0
Ce wee ie are 0; 6/ Oj] 26) . 9| 638 | 1473 | 712] 588] 8] O| 2%

1O1Oe oc3- Pee S105) Se Deter el 1 | 1041 | 1088 | 1177 | 170} 78| 28 0
Dsl. ee Rees 10. 0] 84} -O}_« 347554 | 299%) 207} 193 |. 1 | og 1
12sec ese eee 0; O/; Oj; 2] 3] 406 | 2401 | 1067| 150} 33] 127 0
13) 3D teehee 0; ©} Of] Of 82] 1493 | 1463 | 632] 505; 4/ 0 1
re rete eer iN ie 1] 27) 927 | 1493 | 414 | 1035 | 38] 23 0
Wee seem 21 6| 52} 7] 6 | 445} 476} 306] 184] 380| 2 0
16 Si) ok ae Oo; O} 0; 0} 30] 400] 687 | 1318] 617] 146] 6 0
Ti cronies seem 3] 20} 0} 20} 387] 526 | 1129 | 1207 | 1158 | 954] 0 0
IBD: h ect eee 2 le 11 of 481. 1391 393] 561.1 ~ 501 - 21... ee

ALTER:

RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

TABLE 6—ContINUED.
No. 20.—CrntTrat Inp1a, WEsT.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

=)

oe
bo
EROS O CO OO1bo or

Feb. | Mar.
62 19
37 1

1 1
48 99
15 34
67 31
67 4

2 28

a 0

0 0

5 12
22 2
35 5

5 17

106 106
28 0
84 5
3 10
No

469 20
58 15
46 8

1 1
9 79
33 5

312 77
23 114
117 96
40 0
78 78
11 5
16 65
0 0
4 0

if 39
32 10
4 10
317 4
9 94
37 14
0 0
0 4
91 1
49 5
55 42
22 | 283
29 2
212 76
11 7

965
1659
947
1573
1081
1494
836
1485
1109
735
475
1376
1127
1483
595
911
1192
461

763
2068
1518

560

396
1790

792
2095

800

927
1571

332

942
1087
1469

553

879
1163

884

990

889

725

548

938
1208

804

901
1246

884

Apr. | May. | June.
10 10 102
6 19 109
0 43 174
0 49 | 348
12 13 97
0 5 | 592
33 8 164
4 4 | 343
106 29 | 599
2 2 763
0 2 | 487

1 10 199
0 124 665

7 62 | 514
23 PPS || BS
1 68 742

9 278 690
0 34 354

21.—CrntraL InpiA, East.
79 23 158
1 28 141
250 10} 951
12 58 692
0 22 | 500
11 17 107
0 166 | 818
58 68 | 271
29 28 | 499
2 12 | 1012
4 249 660
2 35 275
No. 22.—BrERAR.

48 21 578
31 5 154
6 183 | 374
0 29 | 486
9 23 | 256
0 10 | 1019
129 2) 646
33 4 780
38 84 | 535
0 29 | 931
0 8 | 545
10 9 | 309
6 841 710
45 foeeli si
83 BH) || 7048
ul 119 | 922
16 170 | 789
0! 3041! 527

462

1724
685
1178
1041
594
672
1343
1159
1083
980
569
1064
779
557
850
2177
1319
876

1875
2328
544
1421
1365
1074
635
972
1547
1819
1624
978

1235
681
859
387
499
1130
878
991
517
937
645
895
622
700
413
821
639
361

349
792
1008

1525

1019

85
Nov. | Dee.
0 9
25 22
0 0
14 53
0 4
0 0
26 0
3 1
0 69
103 0
118 0
234 7
2 48
45 0
12 16
78 0
0 0
14 0
1 21
0 82
214 0
153 0
142 4
0 38
1 0
1 4
95 0
5 10
0 0
92 155
0 0
0 7
1 0
37 86
63 1
0 8
0 292
217
218 0
48 4
1 127
37 63
29 124
145 0
8 0

.

86 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6—ContTINUED.

No. 23.—CrentraL Provinces, WEST.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec
— ————
bITa a i esa ee LAO 122 104- 64 28 | 368 | 1395 | 2052 | 523 32 0 0
2a ye eee aie 0 16 12 138 | 1288 | 867] 827 106 116 66
03: Pees ee ees 24 14 m0 6 185 | 413 | 1508 | 1458 | 976] 400 2 0
Oda Ries ey eee 6 Ive 130 0 37 | 584] 984 784 | 650 157 0 32
(aR ere err pte 3 pale. 36 37 40 50 37 | 255 | 1389 | 1010 | 1384 14 0 2
(1) ee ie tei 32 60 108 0 26 | 1208 | 1619 | 1146 | 874 19 18 44
Ou Re a ee 30 | 330 df 135 21 497 | 889 | 1738 139 0 76 5
OSs pistes we choot 47 36 77 21 3 634 | 1541 | 1599 | 572 35 4 28
OO;R eee encore 34 59 17 182 Gee 6408 233m eon eeoDe 4 0 237
IGOR eee eee 21 0 0 2 23 | 916 | 940 | 1319 | 1103 | 208 | 227 0
1 kee een 70 0 40 0 5 777 | 643 | 1092 | 1056 149 | 238 0
| PAM Spite Span 21 194 0 11 a 165 | 1489 | 1412 | 550 Teal? 221d 7
1S NR nee eae, 4 155 59 1 90 | 790 | 1289 | 1192 | 315 14 3 86
1a Ce eee Oe 0 33 192 78 53 | 537 | 1607 | 1047 | 783 aii) 17 31
j Us aetna be F 45 100 | 234 47 45 746 | 1449 | 1339 | 634 | 432 26 19
AGS sdirceosn eae eae 0 85 0 6 74 | 1058 | 1080 | 1523 | 1057 | 720 137 0
IY ARCA et Be ay 18 | 213 76 17 242 | 914 | 1284 | 1518 | 1411 | 313 0 6
1 oe eae Lape 4 28 11 2 162 | 941 809 | 984 295 § |. |e
No. 24.—CrEnTRAL Provincrs, Hast.

Sop 110) Ree aetna earth 167 | 418 112 42 50 269 | 1897 | 1755 762 110 8 0
OZ ee ee eke 2 3 3 113 48 143 | 1679 | 1183 691 39 10 26
UR es aaa deal a e. 20 53 3 25 156 | 382 | 1453 | 1519 | 924 | 524 1 0
(OY Asie eRe pW MA eels 0 Ot 119 2 260 | 1455 | 1121 | 1618 419 268 4 0
Oot teen ele 210 107 84 104 104 135 | 1513 | 1062 | 1329 53 0 0
06: 2 oe ee 96 | 357 270 0 18 |. 587 | 1803 | 985] 971 148 23 41
(I emetmcuperm eet: ANT: 20 146 83 238 12 | 893 | 1069 | 1797 | 427 0 36 60
QE esr Cae aes 36 185 9 2 18 910 | 1812 | 2202 714 ol 0 10
Da Be ere aie as 20 38 26 | 376 25 | 823 | 2048 | 860] 517 25 0 281

LST OA ee aa Ce 11 1 4 26 42 | 1048 | 1340 | 1539 | 1132 248 255 rae |
1A Leal oer a ih pea rere 21 0 49 0 12 | 1191 | 1037 | 1873 907 341 65 0
| ie oe aon Aa 16 | 346 0 73 29 201 | 1910 | 2067 | 754 22 55 0
GH ES ree eh Aaeme i, 4 248 78 5 76 | 952 | 13865 | 1338 | 554 67 14 71
Ay CORA SAS Te cee ea 0 40 58 219 134 634 | 2046 | 1360 928 17 2 17
Oars Heb es ey ee 118 100 127 58 65 | 535 | 1485 | 1525 | 940 | 525 61 2
LON Ges. teen 0 101 5 12 61 | 1114 | 1155 | 1442 783 637 107 0
asta ee ee ee 4 330 103 44 164 | 1132 | 1542 | 1461 | 1120 560 3 5
THs pate Slane ge, nee 43 16 11 15 225 | 2015 | 948 | 1481 | 498 2 |. 22. See
No. 25.—KonkKAN.
190M etn SN ee oe eee 1 10 103 97 | 2687 | 4111 | 2820 | 426] 211 37 9
ODF Nae ae ee 1 0 3 g 50 | 1606 | 3789 | 2023 | 2422 | 378 128 250
OS Sctianies ria eee 0 0 1 5 767 | 1696 | 5135 | 2565 | 1125 | 514 64 9
(Oy ee Pacey oH ada 0 1 25 25 65 | 3537 | 2955 | 1407 | 837] 359 |e 1 0
QSiS I e aers 0 1 0 10 4 | 1156 | 3120 | 1341 770 | 366 70 0
OG eae Spent om 35 4 6 10 | 2072 | 4171 | 1936 | 876 173 37 61
OF em orcs 6 4 2 118 12 | 2336 | 4626 | 3301 678 93 38 a
08: Mae et eo 3 4 1 44 25 | 1746 | 5560 | 2594 | 819 109 8 0
OO ey As Sean 1 0 10 8 111 | 2911 | 5062 | 1418 | 1461 108 49 1
LON Ove Cae eee 0 0 6 1 35 | 3119 | 1729 | 2964 | 1418 | 562 148 0
Th ye: Seat, Re ceenrenoee fee 1 0 8 4 62 | 2032 | 2289 | 2825 631 192 89 17
LORS Pee et arene 0 0 0 38 P16" 1232115083" 02253) 059) | oa Ouiroee 0
1s tee ea eter aa ra 0 1 1 10 65 | 3467 | 4207 | 1345 730 | 569 4 0
il Seeds ae a ee 0 3 0 12 31 | 2610 | 5753 | 3064 | 2024 107 94 22
53. Deen. beeen 1 18 25 71 74 | 3092 | 2788 | 1414 | 1465 | 573 78 5
1G eS ee ae 0 0 1 30 146 | 3067 | 2768 | 3270 | 2251 837 | 485 0
Leer ee ies oe 0 76 10 8 93 | 3113 | 2711 | 3463 | 2380 | 1628 123 0
i Pe ree ee anor, SC 3 0 15 12 | 1269 | 1284 | 1588 | 2207 424 59 1.3...

ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 87

TABLE 6—ContTINUED.
No. 26.—BomsBay DEccan.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee.

TL 5 SS ge Sea sees freee 15 28 140 154 426 782 701 356 296 20 2
os ge a ee 26 0 0 32 72 399 806 420 592 288 148 268
5. < ee eee 26 0 0 14 303 342 | 1036 596 548 316 44 18
BRT a Sc alread 1 20 12 22 104 456 522 258 706 343 0 1
Ulf. 0 eee 0 6 1 18 118 266 953 338 223 199 32 0
-On nee 40 3 16 3 54 668 765 758 375 126 55 84
Tee See eee 3 11 8 233 15 423 919 914 503 37 32 9
JS. pee oe 1 0 16 47 49 321 938 576 642 74 14 0
JD Oe 5 0 15 10 168 620 886 430 517 165 30 19
li Sop 0 0 11 4 83 | 660] 663] 901 691 | 351 123 10
- eo eee 6 0 14 6 97 Ayal 503 521 132 165 145 27
2. eee 0 3 0 80 109 326 | 1185 559 255 400 219 1
oS. . RAR ere 0 1 0 52 199 878 761 310 349 230 5 17
oh eee 0 2 2 32 5) |) B38} 1] ARBRE ERT || 7683 96 156 43
MRE EE sya sheve oe 40 19 64 105 93 719 869 310 819 284 122 57
Ms i see 0 1 2 44 248 485 911 616 748 576 465 0
Ot 0 70 28 32 64 609 402 651 904 634 191 0
Sa eee 23 1 12 27 372 211 226 394 269 Om eee anil eae eetae

No. 27.—HypEraBap, NortTuH.

_ LIL. oko geepega S153: || svc Cas | See es cetera nec | aac tenes eee Eee arene AOS as 281 Dil teeacee
Fon ee Sal ecient | a | Re | ae | ee GOO ate ee reales Caeale, y

OS ee earn eee [ee ae (oer Oslneaae lh ees SO | eee OG OD lle wool ee ten 37
Jb. -@6ce een eae GN Scans ae liter escad eee CaN 46 452 568 268 | 1166 327 0 0
TS 2 en 2 28 Des GDh eta sce: 352 28 929 GDh eerie oe 0
Vo ott Ree 130 1 34 0 14 | 1002 927 637 406 92 64 86
io eee 4 19 12 287 0 558 695 861 299 1 11 36
“Sn Ae ee 6 5 35 9 13 355 681 658 | 1523 1 0 1
ol. . Soe See 16 10 18 81 65 669 872 590 586 46 1 48
lO. eee 0 0 je 0 69 851 727 663 | 1593 270 149 0
1 re 15 0 10 1 0) 415 789 765 383 23 90 3
WOOF cs s.e oo we 0 93 0 47 36 201 902 640 262 78 80 0
‘Sine bop Rao 0 38 0 64 106 550 | 1105 329 320 154 0 44
Un. See 0 20 3 14 42 | 1117 | 1008 TAU |) ley 54 43 71
he ee eee 103 6 259 62 35 775 509 574 | 1055 392 59 32
OG 3 0 31 6 14 135 637 | 1261 544 | 1106 486 228 0
Me cas ccs sete 1 284 88 69 123 692 937 927 | 1313 356 134 0
oon Ec ee 34 1 14 17 405 324 457 423 465 AA cual are ae

No. 28.—HypDERABAD, SOUTH.

_ UL je eee 26 167 14 168 291 430 625 347 289 248 (fe ly ea
PN ean ta aes | amet oh Ree. oll ene: coeee | Seaweed eee saahe. sillgareiwe sb BIA ene Part || iia cdl oom es alll i

be ne oe BOOT neers bee OF | sseeeas See DSS || Rete 1037 Sills aneeree ens: 43
‘Se ae 11] | ea A ee ean ee 106 460 524 167 €80 279 0 0
“. LoS Gees 0 24 29 Own eee ce 438 219 843 OOM ere ae 0
Ul 2: ee 156 0 8 12 20. 706 570 808 490 238 47 214
SM. 5 oe 4 6 69 504 13 522 509 687 347 4 26 48
Uo, So ae 57 15 14 15 10 369 495 573 | 1849 18 0 0
ib Bee 3 0 4 151 58 553 702 624 676 31 0
DE 0 0 5 37 65 582 412 754 766 339 175 0
Ol Ceci eee 0 0 1 18 106 |’ 336 | 655 | 448 | 385 83 61 18
oS ac Ss 0| 140 0 103 35 121 | 837 | 690 | 347 92 140 0
BSCR cnc civics < =< 0 12 0 19 192 205 836 236 235 240 1 0
MTG cise kee 0 0 9 48 121 717 | 1068 850 945 54 35 24
5. er 59 33 | 250 56 101 | 575 | 600) 749 | 886 | 746 94 1
LU atc ene 0 10 0 115 111 682 | 1107 433 | 1105 | 1097 406 14
Lt 3 PS eee 0 130 160 88 191 529 595 769 946 510 75 0
LoS 56 0 76 71 367 163 319 269 693 Se ree etl eae.

88 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE 6—ConrTINUED.
No. 29.—Mysore.

YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

6 10 40 | 268 | 601 | 1650 | 1888 | 632} 604] 550 12 3
+ 41 58 95 | 560 | 1078 | 1476 | 818 | 358 | 726} 127 1
90 9 9 50 | 300 | 832 | 2165 | 1610 | 505 | 818} 103 192
19 0 45 | 349 192 | 459 | 785 | 699 | 586 | 225 | 210 54
54 13 34 172 | 367 | 320 | 840] 384] 290] 266 6 2
86 4 22 | 174 | 638 | 464 | 862 | 788 | 403 | 487] 146 40
0 3 30 95 | 359 | 433 | 972 | 848 | 416 | 901 | 328 0
2 1 22 109 | 519 | 574] 821] 298 | 213) 668 | 142 28
3 18 12 160 | 276 | 476 | 1065 | 673) 716 | 762 | 241 0
0 0 5 77 | 365 | 442 |} 893 | 350] 604 | 484 5 15
0 3 8 70 | 247 | 226 | 1092 | 539 | 391) 456) 261 95
40 9} 184] 169 | 264 | 829! 655] 263] 687] 409 348 37
0 0 0 87 | 572 | 623 | 747 | 783 | 544 | 660] 613 27
1 | 144 60 73 | 227 | 603 | 369 | 660 | 1040 | 588 | 367 5
48 4 63 | 187 | 402 | 239 | 184] 378 | 3781 1611......1......
No. 30.—MALaBAR.

LOOT se ac iete BOS tot 113 121 198 | 538} 526 | 3146 | 2692 | 1346 | 660 | 880 | 1354 162
Of emt Oe eee 58 10 | 180 | 285 | 459 | 1574 | 4242 | 1147 | 1914 | 1296 | 620 483
U5) A ae eee Na 12 54 20 | 312 | 858 | 2084 | 3703 | 1458 | 1168 | 1207 | 552 262
Odiaere can cece 96 12 | 104 | 258 | 758 | 3941 | 2733 | 1130 | 806 | 1068 83 37
7 a aaa rate al 6 72 26 | 388 | 910 | 3111 | 2031 | 1178 | 702 | 1388 | 316 2
OG. er ANE a 96 28 48 48 | 540 | 1614 | 3380 | 1588 | 526 | 966 | 640 316
OU ote cle menreng te 28 1 83 | 509 | 256 | 3634 | 3940 | 4873 | 643 | 803 | 680 150
OS. teers 4 50 57 | 317 | 394 | 2931 | 5925 | 2296 | 452 | 621 57 20
AS exon ey ge 165 13 35 | 188 | 2026 | 3775 | 4412 | 1142 | 899 | 590 | 467 88

LOLO he attic caste 3 17 36 {| 250 | 487 | 3753 | 2229 | 2305 | 1248 | 1103 | 747 0
Tes es ans 4 8 22 98 | 562 | 4281 | 3284 | 1361 | 252 | 992 | 395 183
LZ edey oh eee 7 5 6 | 513 | 654 | 4141 | 4272 | 3055 | 561 | 1513 | 373 14
Sy cee tesa Ron 0 9 11 121 | 613 | 2800 | 3652 | 1206 | 814 | 1705 | 147 83
14 apn cee Dee 0 0 7 10 | 356 | 2696 | 4876 | 2476 | 979 | 1296 | 364 344
De A hares 26 21 | 110] 262 | 428 | 3128 | 3382 | 1487 ae 770 | 983 26
LOE aoe sek ae oe 0 8 12 | 191 | 702 | 4493 | 2403 | 1996 | 1629 | 1135 | 516 29
1 fae ee eee Sree oan ea 0} 194 119 84 | 401 | 3885 | 2089 | 1636 | 1914 | 1301 | 636 60
LB SO com nape 18 10 61 75 | 3109 | 2327 | -986 | 1674 | 481} 622 |......1......

No. 31.—Manpras, SouTHEAST.

LOOD Ss itor axaloaeer ee 89 | 152 84 136 | 272] 117} 146| 242 | 861 | 449} 540 329
O2b aE nes erasers 289 39 71 82 | 505 137 | 143 | 472 | 300} 1139 | 740 429
UB Mierdlomiereractats qa 82 32 6 69 | 473 | 205 | 212 | 408 | 792 | 547 | 783 768
Oar ams weenae nee 135 0 2 68 | 457 95 | 294 133 |) 281 |} 613} 102 16
OSneeaasi cence. 24 26 69 | 253 | 310] 158} 123 | 367 | 234 | 941 | 587 16
OG. ose neuer 202 50 59 31 | 139 | 154 | 247] 714 | 234] 657 | 753 505
OF 2 ei ceeds 31 5 80 | 297 | 188 | 1463 | 237] 189 | 455 | 633} 892 | 268
OB eee eee 57 | 143 86 73 | 241 121 130 | 181 | 659 | 1091 | 174 108
OD sities secede 457 38 19 | 243 | 447 93 | 118 | 853 | 469] 511] 281 86

A910) Seo wai etotenes 35 81 5 91] 202] 171} 582] 578} 203} 1072] 615 2
RMA, foes See ae 16 3 17| 11% | 251] 204) 160] 128} 496 | 490 | 777 569
2 ip tei nas teers 29 10 10 42 | 215 | 139} .107 | 280] 485 | 987 | 1117 110
1 gee a ee 14 13 19 75 | 218 94 | 177 | 287} 500 | 865 | 832 545
Tec sarees leg e 26 8 16 | 142] 191 | 138 99 | 395 | 492 | 1200} 529 557
1 UG Re ARR ce te? 152 90 | 173 | 133 193 | 206) 447] 311 | 515 | 334] 997 269
1G scones see es 0 13 13 70 | 204 89 | 634} 450| 368] 786 | 633 143
UG heise states > 70 | 135-| 117 35 | 278 | 245 | 172 | 622| 584] 499 | 707) -209

DB 2. pete i aiaer seek 405 28 86 31; 286 | 138 |. 145] 198-] 189 1 257 1.~....1...0m

ALTER:

Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July.
193 1 - 58 254 242 262
0 3 79 1540 2 161
0 0 30 225 266 461
0 11 49 248 184 248
19 50 53 147 300 161
2 4 3 50 351 456
0 16 258 10 213 477
66 36 25 147 146 287
1 3 145 250 162 242
0 5 36 153 173 600
0 3 53 202 234 309
20 2 56 (ee 139 299
0 0 30 249 191 404
0 2 59 175 190 338
14 212 52 185 227 502
2 0 34 | 218 | 228 | 828
227 35 24 172 360 185
il 17 40 294 86 | 85
No. 33.—Mapras, Coast Norra.

304 15 1 189 210 453
0 10 102 84 247 463
23 3 20 | .368 410 762
4 15 11 416 308 402
50 45 104 | 180} 308] 302
61 55 10 45 583 574
9 3 | 284 86 | 788 | 515
168 11 34 156 280 528
13 6 438 156 460 828
6 2 119 95 707 909

1 35 55 109); 2579) | 57a
62 16 79 127 219 872
47 4 31 251 448 787
21 22273) |) 360 688). 728
66 228 119 197 615 574
10 2 81 152 576 | 1027
116 41 97 353 825 609
17 40 53 331 | 475 462

RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS.

TABLE 6—ContTINvUED.
No. 32.—Manpras, Deccan.

Aug.

Sept.

1073

1129

595

89

Nov. | Dee.
275 61
126 76
790 96
0 12
219 1
59 395
281 73
8 2
25 1
339 0
124 35
468 0
1 78
133 25
529 6
340 1
313 10
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90 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

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THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. _

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THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

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THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE. BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII, No. 12—Juny, 1922.

CONTENTS:

INDICATIONS OF A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN IN THE CoAL MEASURES OF KANSAS,

H.T. Martin.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCH, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

4 Oy ye 7

iM x AA
Pe ars | ah
ee A
a f ine

ve

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Vou. XIII. ] Juuy, 1922. [No. 12.

Indications of a Gigantic Amphibian in the Coal
Measures of Kansas.
By H. T. MARTIN,
Associate Curator, Paleontological Museum, University of Kansas.

INTRODUCTION.

N the summer of 1919, Robert and James Coghill, students of the
University of Kansas, discovered in the sandstone cliffs border-
ing the Wakarusa creek, five miles east of Lawrence, what to them
appeared to be the footprints of some large animal impressed in the
hard, sandy bottom of a small, narrow ravine that empties into
Wakarusa creek from the east near Dightman bridge. The writer’s
attention was called to the find, and a visit to the locality revealed
three or four tracks exposed to view. Unfavorable weather condi-
tions prevented the removal of the tracks at the time, and the sub-
sequent rains covered them with silty mud. It was not until the
spring rains of 1921 had again washed them clear that work on
their removal could be carried on. By this time additional tracks
were exposed, and in a distance‘of thirty-nine feet, where the animal
had traveled in a nearly direct line, nine very fine impressions of
his huge feet were recorded.

The impressions, although in a nearly straight line, were not in
consecutive order. As shown in the diagram (plate I, figs. 1 to 9),
one space of twelve feet from the first track to the second was
eroded and no impressions remained. Midway between the third
and the fourth, a distance of eight feet, there is an indication of a
track, but with no character. From track four to track five the
bottom of the ravine is still covered with mud, and it is possible that
more tracks will be found here. Eight of the tracks have been.
safely removed and placed in the museum. The first in the series

(103)

104. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

yet remains 7n situ, but will be removed in the spring. The first im-
pression in the series occurs at the mouth of the small ravine, where
it empties over the edge of the deeply undercut, rocky, shelving
bank into the Wakarusa. At this point the smooth, level bed of the
creek is composed of the same sandy formation (plate II) as that in
which the tracks appear. From the bed of the creek to the level of
the first track there is an elevation of fourteen feet. This track, like
several others in the set, shows the imprint of more than one foot.
It also shows plainly that the animal must have been of great size
and weight, for from the marks made by the claws (plate I, fig. 10)
of the front foot, at the extreme upper edge of the basinlike cavity
each impression has made, to the level of the superimposed im-
pression of the hind foot there is a depth of over fifteen inches. It
may be doubted if an animal of less than from 400 to 500 pounds
weight could possibly have left as deep an imprint as is here shown.
From the first track to the second, a distance of twelve feet, there is
- an elevation of three feet.

There is no doubt that the animal was well adapted for traveling
on land, as well as for life in the wet and swampy marshes, and that
its body was carried clear of the ground, requiring relatively long
limbs. The imprints also indicate that an upright position was
maintained, the toes of the feet being planted in a straight line
parallel to the body and to the line of travel. The footprints sug-
gest that the animal was of very robust build, possibly not unlike
that of Eryops from the Permian of Texas, but probably of longer
limb. It may well be that the form described herewith as
Onychopus gigas is a Carboniferous representative of this well-
known fossil amphibian, or some similar animal with a longer
length of limb.

Onychopus gigas gen. et sp. nov.

An entirely new form of amphibian is indicated by the present
series of footprints, for which the term Onychopus gigas is proposed.
The generic term refers to the presence of claws, apparently for both
fore and hind feet. Claws are known among previously described
Paleozoic vertebrates, particularly among the Permian reptiles, but
are here regarded as a generic character. Their presence is indi- -
cated in the long, sharply marked grooves on the edges of the foot-
prints, where the sluggish animal lazily dragged his feet from the
soft sand. Another new character is an apparent presence of heel
pads (plate I, figs. 2-10), which are represented in the footprints as
depressions at the base of the footprint. Further discoveries may

MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. 105

locate the form in a genus of reptiles or amphibians already known,
but for the present the footprints indicate an unknown animal.

Additional characters are indicated in the apparent presence of
webs between the toes, extending a short distance on the phalanges.
The body and the tail were carried clear of the ground, as there is
no evidence of dragging. This is all the more unusual in view of the
great depth of the impressions. The length of his sluggish stride
was 450 mm.; the manus was 90 mm. in length and the pes 104 mm.
Other detailed measurements are given in the description of the
plate.

The most nearly related form is Baropus lentus, described by
Marsh, from the Coal Measures of Osage county, Kansas (1). The
present form differs from Baropus in being somewhat larger, and
especially in the indications of the heel pads and claws. None of
the other Coal Measures footprints from Kansas approach the
present footprints in size save Dromopus agilis Marsh (2), from
which it is clearly separated by a number of characters.

The present series of footprints have been compared with the
descriptions of Coal Measures footprints given by King, Leidy, Lea,
Butts, Marsh, Mudge, Dawson, Moore, Cox, Moodie and Woods-
worth, a list of whose writings relating to this subject is to be found
in Moodie’s memoir (2) on ‘The Coal Measures Amphibia of North
America.” The present form is widely separated from the foot-
prints recently described by Lull (3) as Dromopus (?) woodworthi,
from the Coal Measures of Massachusetts.

It has been assumed, on account of the indications of four toes on
the manus and five on the pes, that Onychopus gigas was an amphib-
ian, though the discovery of skeleton material may make this as-
sumption unwarranted: In view of the possibility of its being rep-
tilian, the present footprints have been carefully compared with
those described by Hitchcock (4), but none similar in form are
found.

FORMATION.

The massive reddish-brown sandstone in which the tracks were
found contains abundant flaky scales of mica. There are no per-
ceptible lines of stratification and no lines of cleavage. The rocks
are split up by horizontal, perpendicular and oblique cracks and
fissures into sections of erratic shapes and sizes (plate II). A care-
ful examination failed to reveal any invertebrates or other fossil
forms in the sandstone bluffs, although remains of Coal Measures
plants have been found elsewhere in this horizon.

106 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The bottom of the ravine containing the tracks scales off more
readily than the surrounding bluffs and is consequently rapidly
eroding away. The banks of the ravine are very steep, the average
width at the bottom being about 3 feet, with a width at the top of
25 feet, while the depth from the level of the banks above to the
level of the tracks is 25 feet.

CORRELATION OF FORMATION.

The heavy sandstone rocks in which the impressions appear are
exposed in a sharp escarpment on the south side of the Wakarusa
creek for a distance of 1144,to 2 miles, in varying heights ranging
from a thin feathering edge to 40 feet. ‘The highest point is attained
in close proximity to and just above the small ravine in which the
tracks were discovered.

A short distance southwest, at the extreme eastern end of Blue
Mound, and just above these exposures, an outcrop of the Iatan
limestone occurs, thus definitely placing the sandy exposures in the
division which composes the lowest member of the Douglas forma-
tion, and as it occurs immediately below the Jatan limestone con-
stitutes a part of the uppermost strata of the Weston shales.

The inclusion of this heavy sandstone in the Weston shales will
be better understood by referring to the description of the Douglas
formation by Moore (5):

“The shale members of the Douglas are variable in composition and texture,
changing markedly from point to point. In the north there is a predominance
of clay shales, which is sufficiently pure for use in brick manufacture, but
towards the south the proportion of sand is notably increased. In places here
the shale is replaced by thick, massive sandstones. Coal occurs at one or two
horizons in the formation, but is not of great thickness and has been worked

only locally.”
DESCRIPTION OF TRACKS.

Track No. 1, the first in the series, shows clearly where the front
foot had pressed down in the soft, plastic mud to a depth of eight
inches, leaving at this level a well-defined ledge. Immediately be-
hind this narrow ledge the superimposed hind foot had pressed
down to a depth of another seven inches, plainly indicating that the
animal was of large size and great weight. This impression repre-.
sents the tracks of the front and the hind foot of the left side.

Track No. 2. (Plate'lI, fig. 2.) This track was located 12 feet
from No. 1 and is one of the finest in the set, showing distinctly the
impressions of five bluntly pointed toes. Between the toes the —
weight of the animal has caused the mud to ooze up, not in sharp

MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. 107

ridges as one would expect if the animal had separate unwebbed
phalanges, but in a smooth, rounding ridge, indicating that either a
fleshy pad, or more likely a thick web, extended to the base of the
short, blunt claws. The hinder part of the impression has un-
fortunately eroded away, so that no imprint of the heel is retained.
Both the manus and the pes are represented here, and naturally that
of the pes shows most distinctly. Towards the hinder part of the
impression there is a small, round indentation, as if caused by a
conical protuberance beneath the pad of the foot, as indicated in
other tracks of the series. The elevation from the first track to the
second is three feet.

Track No. 3. (Plate I, fig. 3.) This track was exactly two feet
from its predecessor, measurements in each instance being made
from the centers of the impressions. There are four distinct toe
marks in this track, evidently a left manus. This track, like No. 2,
was in a shelving, badly eroded place, leaving no imprint of the
palm. From this track to No. 9, the last in the series, there is
an elevation of 3 feet.

Track No. 4. (Plate I, fig. 4.) This impression was separated
by eight feet of clear space from No. 3, and it has the least charac-
ter of any in the set. There are four light toe marks, and two of
the small, round depressions at the base of the palm. These were
made, no doubt, by round, warty tubercles beneath the foot. The
relative position of the toe imprints to each other indicates a right
manus, but so indistinct are the surface toe marks that it is doubtful
if they do not belong to the left instead of the right.

Track No.5. (Plate I, fig. 5.) From the fourth to the fifth track
there is a space of ten feet, covered to a depth of several inches with
soft mud and yet unexplored. Future rains will doubtless disclose
more impressions. Track No. 5 shows deep scoring on the edges
of the depressions by the slipping of the claws. The four grooves
thus made end with the same number of round pits, pressed a half
inch or more below the level of the palm, while at the base of the
palm one of the small circular pits occurs. These small pits appear
at the base of each palm and sole wherever the conditions are fav-
orable enough to retain the imprint of the hinder part of the foot.
There is no doubt but that this track represents the impression of
the left manus.

- Track No. 6. (Plate 1, fig. 6.) Impression No. 6, two feet six

inches from No. 5, is similar in all respects to others already de-
scribed, and is the left pes.

108 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Tracks Nos. 7 anv 8. (Plate 1, figs. 7 and 8.) These two tracks
were removed in one block. The distance of stride from No. 6 to
No. 7 was two feet six inches. Here the animal changed its course
and turned sharply to the left, making a short step of only twelve
inches from track seven to track eight. Each of these tracks were
pressed firmly into the sandy matrix, making a bowl-shaped de-
pression, with sloping sides, twelve inches in diameter and six inches
deep. Grooves in the sides of the depressions show distinctly where
the toes and the pad of the front foot have pressed down to a depth
of four inches. At this level there is a slight ledge left where the
overlapping hind foot pressed still deeper down for another three
inches, leaving a well-defined imprint of the short claws and the
circular pits similar to those found at the base of the palm and sole
of the other tracks collected.

Track No.9. (Plate 1, fig. 9.) This, the last track of the series,
was situated two feet three inches from the preceding track, and
six inches higher in elevation. This probably is of the left side, but
whether of the manus or pes is rather doubtful. The imprint, being
on higher and drier ground, was less distinct and showed less char-
acter than those made in more plastic material. The bank rises
rapidly from the last track found, and although the overlying soil
was cleared away for quite a space around, no other indications of
tracks could be found.

The finding of these scarce footprints in the Coal Measures of
Kansas will be welcomed because they may shed some light on the
ancestors of the later Permo-Carboniferous amphibians, or possibly
reptilian fauna of that age.

Thanks are here expressed to the finders of these rare tracks for —
their generosity in presenting them to the paleontological depart-
ment of the University of Kansas.

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Roy L. Moodie, College of
Medicine of the University of Illinois, to whom I am under obliga-
tions for assistance in the preparation of this paper.

CONCLUSIONS.

The present series of footprints referred to under the new term of
Onychopus gigas indicates one of the largest, if not actuaily the
largest, pre-Triassic vertebrate thus far known from the geological
horizons of the world. A short-bodied, long-limbed vertebrate with
well-developed feet left these impressions, of whose bodily structure
nothing whatever is known. So deeply marked are the footprints

MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. 109

in the sandstone that it looks as if an elephant had recently waded
through. A curious consistency of the sandy shale is indicated in
the well-preserved indications of foot structure of Onychopus gigas
as he trailed through the sandy mud many millions of years ago.
It is extremely interesting to note the change in elevation between
track one and track nine. While this may be due to the dip of the
strata, it may also indicate the shelving bank of a Coal Measures
‘stream which has again been exposed by the gradual erosion of the
present Wakarusa creek.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Marsu, O. C. 1894. Footprints of Vertebrates in the Coal Measures of
Kansas. Amer. J. Sci. XLVIII, p. 83. (Plate 2, fig. 5.)

2. Moonie, Roy L. 1916. The Coal Measures Amphibia of North America.
Carnegie Institute of Washington. Publ. 238, p. 201.

3. Lutt, R. S. 1920. An Upper Carboniferous Footprint from Attleboro,
Mass. Amer. J. Sci. L, p. 234.

4. Hircucock, Epwarp. 1858. Ichnology of New England, Boston.

Moors, R. C. 1920. Oil and Gas Resources of Kansas. Kans. Geol. Surv.
Bull. No. 6, part II, page 40. (Geology of Kansas.)

or

110 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Foorprints oF A GicANTIC AMPHIBIAN. PLATE f£ ;
H.T. Martin. |

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MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. Lat

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

The small figures on the left, from 1 to 9, indicate the series of amphibian
footprints in the sandstone ledge of the Upper Coal Measures. After making
the sixth impression the animal turned sharply to the left, so that the drawing
does not represent exactly the manner of occurrence. It shows, however, the
distance between impressions. No. 1 is possibly a fore-foot impression, with
portions of another; No. 2, the left pes; No. 3, the left manus; No. 4, indefi-
nite; No. 5, left pes; No. 6, left pes, part manus; No. 7, left pes, part left
manus; No. 8, left pes, part manus; No. 9, undecided.

The figures 2 to 10 on the right of the plate are detailed studies of the
best-preserved tracks.

No. 2, left pes with a distance of 130 mm. across the heel impressions at
the level of digit I. The distance between the tips of digits I and II, II and
III, III and IV is in each case 40 mm.; between IV and V is 80 mm. Small
pits in the heel impression indicate heel pads. 7

No. 3, left manus. The small pits to the left indicate toe marks of another
foot. The greatest width of this foot is 105 mm. The distance between the
tips of digits I and II, IJ and III is in each case 50 mm.; between III and IV
is 40 mm.

No. 4, right manus. The distance from the tip of digit III to the posterior
edge of the heel pad is 95 mm.; between II and III, 45 mm.; between I and
II, 48 mm.

No. 5, right pes. The greatest length is 110 mm.; the greatest width
120 mm.

No. 6, undoubtedly a pes, with well-marked heel pads. The greatest length
is 140 mm., the greatest width 144 mm.

No.7, a pes. The impressions below the pes represent a second impression,
which was probably obliterated by the hind foot. The circle surrounding the
footprints represents the edge of a three-inch depression in which the foot-
prints occurred. This indicates both the great weight of the animal and the
softness of the ground.

No. 8, a part of pes and manus, also occur in a depression three inches
deep.

No. 9 shows two superimposed impressions of a fore and a hind foot. The
greatest width of the hind foot is 135 mm.

No. 10 is a sketch of the appearance of the depression, showing the shape
of the depression and the long furrows made by dragging blunt claws along a
moist surface. Claws have been previously indicated in the remains of the
larger Permian and Triassic amphibians, in the presence of blunt terminal
rugose phalanges, but so far as I am aware no impressions of them have been
so clearly recorded in the rocks of the Coal Measures.

ce em Rr, Sr Sr

THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

112

TT ALWId

“UNE LH
“NVIGIHANY OILNVOI‘) V dO SLINIYd LOO

MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. els

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL.

Photograph of the east bank of the Wakarusa creek at Dightman’s crossing,
five miles southeast of Lawrence, Kan., showing the relation of the heavily
bedded sandstone, in which the amphibian footprints were found, to the
Weston shales which outcrop immediately at the edge of the water. The
ravine in the center of the picture has a depth from the surface of twenty
feet, and in this depression, on the ledge indicated at the point of the arrow,
was found the series of footprints shown in the plate. This ledge at the
position of the first track lies fourteen feet above the creek, but the stratum
rises three feet between the first and the second impressions, between which
there is ‘an eroded interval of twelve feet. A further inclination of the
stratum is indicated in the fact that there is a rise of four feet between the
second and the last impressions, a distance of twenty-seven feet. The ledge
on which the impressions were found is continued into the sandstone cliff
immediately above the star (*).

- 8—Science Bul.—3728

114 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

FooTrrRINts oF A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN.
H. T. Martin.

: PLATE III.

Photographs of tracks Nos. 8 and 9, showing the imprint of both the front
and the supraimposed hind foot on each impression.

NEE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

Vou. XIII, No. 183—Juny, 1922.

CONTENTS:
On Some IsorHiourREA ETHERS,

F. B, Dams and W. C. Thompson.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

Vout. XIII. ] , JULY, 1922. UNor Ts.

On Some Isothiourea Ethers.!

(Contribution from the Chemical Laboratory, University of Kansas.)

BY F. B. DAINS AND W. C. THOMPSON.

NE of the characteristic reactions of the substituted thioureas
is their ability to add directly alkyl halides, with the formation
of halogen halide salts of bases, in which the alkyl group is joined
to sulfur.”
RNHCSNHR + R’X = RNHC(SR’) NR,HX.

From these salts, the free thiourea ethers can be obtained by the
action of alkalies. As part of an investigation now in progress, it
was deemed advisable to synthesize the n-propyl and n-butyl ethers
of certain thioureas and, owing to the departure of one of the
authors from this laboratory, to record these preliminary results at
this time.

EXPERIMENTAL.
y-PrRopy.-2, B-DIPHENYL THIOUREA. CsH;NHC(SC3H7) NCeHs.

(n-Propyl ester of phenylimino-pheny] thiocarbamic acid.)

A mixture of thiocarbanilide (15 gms.) and normal propyl iodide
(10 gms.) was heated on the water bath for an hour. The light-
brown viscous liquid solidified on cooling. After crystallization
from alcohol the hydrogen iodide salt was obtained in the form of
colorless rhombic crystals, which melted at 103°. The salt was
slightly soluble in ether, cold water and cold alcohol, but readily
soluble in hot water, hot alcohol and acetone. The yield was 80
per cent.

alec, for ©..H,,.N.5,H1:.N, 6.93. Found: 7.09; 6.79.

The free base, which was insoluble in water, was obtained by

1. The authors wish to express their thanks to the research committee of the University
for a grant which was of assistance in the prosecution of this work.

2. Ber. 14, 1490 (1881); 15, 1314 (1882); 21, 962, 1857 (1888).

(117)

118 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

neutralizing an aqueous solution of the salt with sodium hydroxide.
The white needles, which separated from alcohol, melted at 61.5°.
Cale. for C,,H,3N.S:N,; 10:39: Found? 10:10, 10:16.

y-n-ButTyYL-¢, B-DipHENYL THIOUREA. CsHsNHC(SCsH9) NCeHs.

The mixture of normal butyl iodide and diphenyl thiourea was
heated on the steam bath for an hour. The salt, which solidified on
cooling, could not be purified by crystallization. It was therefore
ground up and thoroughly washed with ether, in which it was in-
soluble. The yield of the hydroiodide, which melted at 122°, was
83 per cent.

Calc. for C,,H,,N.S,HI: N, 6.78. Found: 6.66, 6.68.

An aqueous solution of the salt was treated with sodium carbon-
ate. The free base was obtained a heavy, colorless, noncrystalliz-
able oil, which was readily soluble in the ordinary organic solvents.

Calc. for C,,H,,N,8: N; 9.85. Found: 9.92, 9.95.

y-n-Propy.-«, B-Di-p-TotyL THrourREA. C;H;NHC(SC:H7) NC7H:.

Di-p-tolyl thiourea and normal propyl! iodide reacted readily on
warming and the resulting hydrogen iodide salt was purified by
washing with cold alcohol. It then melted at 165°. The yield was
- 88 per cent.

Cale. for C,,.H,,N.5,H1: N, 6.07, Feund: 6:29) 65%

The salt was freely soluble in water and the thio ether, precipi-
tated by the addition of alkali, crystallized from alcohol in fine,
white needles which had a melting point of 99°.

Cale. for C,,H,.N,8: N, 9.36. Found: 9.18, 9.35.

y-n-Buty.-<, B-Di-p-ToLyL THiourEA. C;H;NHC(SC:H») NCH.

The hydrogen iodide salt, which was obtained in a 95 per cent
yield from the normal butyl iodide and the thiourea, melted at 145°.

Cale. for C,,H,,N.8,H1: N, 6.86. Found: 6.35, 6.35.

The free base formed by neutralizing an alcoholic solution of the
salt was a thick, colorless liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents.

Calc. for C;,H;,Nj9: N, 8.97.. Found: 9.129.323.

y-n-Propy.t-«, B-D1-2, 4-DIMETHYL-PHENYL THIOUREA.
(CHs)2CeHsNHC(SCsH7) NCeH3(CHs)2.

Di-m-xylyl thiourea and normal propyl! iodide reacted easily on
warming, but the product, which was obtained in 87 per cent yield,
proved to be the free base and not its salt. ° This when purified from
alcohol melted at 113.5°.

Calc. for C,,H,,.N.S: N, 8.58. Found: 8.46, 8.46.

DAINS AND THOMPSON: ISOTHIOUREA ETHERS. 119

THIOETHERS FROM UREAS CONTAINING TWO DIFFERENT
GROUPS.

y- METHYL-4-p-BROMOPHENYL-$-PHENYL THIOUREA.
CesHsNHC(SCHs3) NCeHaBr or CeHs NC(SCH3) NHCeHzBr.

The unsymmetrical nature of the mol did not prevent the addi-
tion of the alkyl iodide, since when methyl! iodide and phenyl-p-bro-
mopheny! thiourea were heated under the usual conditions a yield
of 69 per cent of the hydrogen iodide salt was obtained. It melted
at 152°.

Calc. for C,,H,,N.SBr,HI: N, 6.24. Found: 6.04, 6.27.

The thioether was preciptated when an alcoholic solution of the
salt was made alkaline with sodium carbonate and then diluted with
water. When purified, the white needles melted at 79°.

Cale. for C,H. 2N.SBr; N, 8.72. Found: 8.54, 8.77.

y-n-PROPYL-4-p*: BROMOPHENYL-8-PHENYL THIOUREA.
CeHsNHC(SC3H7) NCcH4Br.

Normal propyl iodide and the thiourea united to form a salt,
which, however, failed to crystallize, but remained as a heavy,
red oil. - .

Salcior GC. NooBr, HI. N, 5.88. Found: 5.46.

The thioether, which was isolated in a 70 per cent yield, melted at
84°, after purification from alcohol.

Calc. for C,,H,,N,SBr; N, 8.02. Found: 8.09, 8.07.

y-n-BuTYL-¢-p-BROMOPHENYL-8-PHENYL THIOUREA.
CeHsNHC(SCsH9) NCeH4Br.

The hydrogen iodide salt from the thiourea and the normal butyl
iodide separated in this case also as a thick noncrystallizable oil.

Gale. for ©,,H,,N;SBr,H1; N, 5.70. Found: 5.37, 5.62.

The free base obtained in the usual manner was a viscid oil, sol-
uble in alcohol and ether.

Peer. © tN obr: No741, Hound: (7:72, 7.52:

y-n-BuTYL-MONOPHENYL TH1ouREA. CeHsNHC(SCiHs) NH.

When monopheny! thiourea and normal butyl iodide were warmed
on the water bath, a gummy mass was obtained. This was dissolved
in hot alcohol and neutralized with sodium carbonate. On dilution
with water the thiourea was precipitated as a heavy oil, which failed
to crystallize.

wale, ror © HONS; N, 12:72: “Found: 13:03; 13.05.

120 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN,

SUMMARY.

A number of new alkyl ethers of substituted thioureas have been
prepared. While usually these ethers are solid crystalline com-
pounds, the normal butyl! derivatives thus far isolated are basic oils.
The di-m-xylyl thiourea gave the free base and not the hydrogen
iodide salt with normal propyl! iodide.

Lawrence, Kan., July, 1922.

THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

Vou. XIII, No. 14—Juvny, 1922.

CONTENTS:
Tue Size ofr THE THyMUS GLAND IN RELATION TO THE SIZE AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE Fatat Pic as STUDIED IN A VARIED RANGE OF STAGES,

Donald N. Medearis and Alexander Marble.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

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THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SUlNCE <BUIELETIN

Vou. XIII] JULY, 1922. [No. 14.

The Size of the Thymus Gland in Relation to the Size
and Development of the Foetal Pig as Studied in a

ys
Varied Range of Stages.

BY DONALD N. MEDEARIS AND ALEXANDER MARBLE.
From the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, University of Kansas.

INTRODUCTION.

HE thymus gland has long been a favorite subject for study

and for speculation as to its function and possible effect upon
growth. Much work has been done in extirpation of the gland in
postnatal animals in order to note the effect upon metabolism. Dif-
ferent results have been obtained as different species of animals
were examined, depending largely upon the time of involution of
the gland in that particular animal. H. Matti (1) found that ex-
tirpation of the thymus in pups (eighteen days to eight weeks
in age) caused slowness of movement, muscular weakness, softness
of bones, bone changes resembling those in rickets, and subsequent
death. Almost similar results were reported by Basch (2). Such
findings would seem to indicate a direct effect upon bone formation,
and accordingly upon the size of the animal. That the size of
thymus is correlated with size of animal (7. e., in individuals be-
low age of involution stage) is evidently accepted as probable
by Badertscher (3), who states in a description of a sketch that
“Tabove is an] outline drawing of the exposed left thymus of a
‘runty’ pig, one day old and only 240 mm. in length; the thymus
in this specimen was a few millimeters shorter than that in the full-
term embryo; this is perhaps due to the fact that the specimen was
a ‘runt.’”? On the contrary, Hatai (4), in a study of postnatal rat
thymi, states that “the weight of the thymus is correlated with the
age of the rat rather than the body weight,” thus showing a counter
finding.

(123)

124 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

This problem, then, was deemed worthy of investigation, and for
study the foetal pig was chosen, largely because it shows the typical
mammalian characteristics and because little work of ‘any sort has
been attempted with the foetal pig; then, too, the material was fairly
easily obtained and was found to be highly satisfactory. Since the
pig had been selected, a further phase of the subject arose, and its
importance became evident: as yet (as we believed after a search
through literature) no one had studied the thymus in any great
number of foetal pigs and had tabulated measurements and thus
secured normal averages and percentages. Such tables of averages,
etc., we recognized to be of great value as a basis for further work
in this direction or in any phase of thymus work in pigs. Ex-
tensive work of this sort has been done by Hatai (5) and by
Jackson (6) in albino rats, and by others.

Therefore, it is with this twofold purpose that this paper is pre-
sented: (1) to give our findings as to the relation of the size of the
thymus gland to the size of the foetal pig, and (2) to furnish, as a
possible basis for further research, tables of measurements and
weights of many individual pig foeti of various sizes, with the meas-
urements and weights of their thymi and individual and group aver-
ages. We hope to further continue the study to include postnatal
pigs; in this study a further object of interest will be the determi-
nation of the time of the involution stage, since such time would be
expected to lie in the postnatal period.

METHODS OF OBTAINING SPECIMENS AND LABORATORY
TECHNIQUE USED.

Specimens were obtained from the plant of the Armour Packing
Company in Kansas City, Kan. The collectors went on the killing
floor of the plant, secured suitable uteri, removed the fceti, tied the
umbilical cords, and put the pigs into a preservative solution (for-
maldehyde) ready for shipping. Litters were kept separate by
means of cheesecloth bags for individual litters. Care was taken
to get foeti of as wide a range of lengths as possible, varying from
9.5 to 28.5 centimeters. |

In the laboratory each pig was weighed, its length recorded (head
to rump measurement taken), and its sex determined; then each
pig was given a litter letter and a serial number, and tagged so that
future identification was possible. The remaining procedure in the
actual bulk ‘of the work was simple, and the dissection progressed
rather rapidly once the technique was mastered, and an exact idea
of the extent of the thymus was secured. The neck and upper

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 125

thoracie region of the body were stripped of skin, and the thymus
beneath (easily seen) dissected away from the surrounding tissue.
The gland was then washed, dried superficially on filter paper, and

weighed. This process was carried out on almost 150 pigs, and

tables and curves were made and studied to determine tendencies.
RELIABILITY OF RESULTS.

Before going into the body of the report it may be well to con-
sider just how reliable were the results obtained, and wherein lay
sources of error. (1) In the weighing of the pigs, some of them may
have absorbed more of the formaldehyde preservative than others;
some may have lost more of their body fluids than others. This
error seems to us, however, as negligible. (2) The chemical bal-
ances used were not of the best, and, too, the thymi may not have
received exactly the same treatment after removal from the pig,
although every effort was put forth to secure uniformity. To this
end, all weighings (practically) were made by one operator. (3)
Lengths of the pigs may not be entirely accurate, although here, too,
the greatest care possible was taken to secure exactness. (4) Lastly,
incomplete removal of the thymus, or removal of other tissue as
thymus, may have occurred in some cases. The greatness of this
error depends, of course, upon the skill of the workers, and it is
their hope that this has been a negligible factor of error. Taking
all in all, then, it is extremely probable that the material and data
to be set forth are accurate to this degree, that they may be taken
as the basis for conclusions of a definite nature. Such conclusions
are, in our minds, accurate and reliable enough to merit considera-
tion.

THE THYMUS: ITS GENERAL SHAPE AND EXTENT.

It was not our purpose to study the structure of the thymus in
any detail, and this part of the report is merely made in passing,
without any attempt at thoroughness. Our findings seem to be
similar in many respects to’ those of Badertscher (3) as to the
anatomy of the gland.’ In the foetal pig it is comparatively -very
long, extending usually from a point over the upper half or third
of the heart, underneath the sternum (as viewed from the ventral
side), and up to the base of the mandible. The portion covering
the heart is strongly attached to the pericardium; it is roughly tri-
angular in shape, with the apex pointing posteriorly, and lies mainly
to the left of the median line. The anterior end of this, the thoracic

1. In a further paper (7) Badertscher discusses the development of the thymus in the pig
from the standpoint of histogenesis.

126 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

portion of the gland, narrows down, and the thymus appears be-
neath the sternum as two slender, parallel ribbons of glandular
tissue. Once into the neck region, however, these two ribbons be-
come very much larger and diverge, passing anteriorly to the base
of the mandible, one on each side. In the thyroid region they
parallel each other closely, lying on opposite sides of the thyroid,
and thus fairly close to the median line. Then each passes from
here into deeper tissue and obliquely away from the median line,
ending behind the mandible. The thymus seems to be made up of
many small lobules, combined into larger lobes. The accompany-
ing sketch will give, perhaps, a clearer idea of the form of the
gland. |

pelgs Lobe ce ee ; WS Jet — Left Lobe
re] Thymus ns Be ve. Ws S Tex, | j of Thymus.

, Ue h WY
Thyroid fe
Lung
~ ~~ Thoracic

“Portton of Thymus

of the
THYMUS m SITU

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 127

TABLE, NO. 1.

Table No. 1 shows the original data as taken in the laboratory
concerning each pig, together with individual averages, sex aver-
ages, and litter averages. From the table all the derivations and
calculations of the report will be taken. Its value lies largely in
reference, and will not be used much to point out conclusions. How-
ever, it is well to note from it the number of pigs dissected, namely,
147 from 18 different litters.

RELATION OF SEX TO THYMUS.

An examination of the averages listed beneath each litter in table
No. 1 will readily show, in regard to sex, that males and females
have practically the same percentage of thymus in the same stage
of development. Consider particularly the percentage thymus by
weight as balanced against the length of the pig, and this state-
ment becomes evident. It is true that in.several of the litters the
females have the greater percentage of gland, but this tendency is
practically balanced by the fact that many of the litters show ap-
proximately equal averages for males and females, and others show
the balance in favor of the males. If our results be taken to show
any positive tendency at all, it is that the females have the larger
thymi (proportionally), but the writers believe that this is due to
the small number of pigs dissected, and that such a positive tendency
is too weak to merit much consideration. As such, special curves
and tables have not been made for this part of the report. Not-
withstanding, Hatai (4) in relevant material states that “so far

.as our present data are concerned, the thymus gland of the female

of the albino rat appears to be slightly heavier than that of the
male; nevertheless, the difference found is too slight to justify
treating the sexes separately.”

128 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE No. 1.

Pig .| Thymus Pig Thymus
Pig. Sexes) |. length length a ee weight welche ke er cent
inems. | incms. | PY *©?8*-| in grams. | in grams. | PY Weight
eal Male! in ieersaruseses 15.5 4.0 25.8 235 .310 132
PRO SC Nales ace en pene 15.0 3.75 25.0 192 454 236
90 AS" (MAMalet®, (06,1. eeeree 15.5 3.8 24.5 233 255 109
Ay RAS AV alert ae eee aera 15.5 3.8 24.5 202 "260 129
B\GAD gli Melb tiene eaeeye 16.0 4.0 25.0 212 295 134
6 A6 Hemale seen atts: 17.5 4.5 25.7 265 503 189
7 AT Bemaley.c. coca 16.0 3.5 21.9 237 636 268
8 A8 Male sic. as aetvennrse tert 16.0 3.7 23.1 228 825 143
9 AQ Maley sate tees: 16.5 3.7 22.4 243 402 165
10 A10 Male: es:.jc nk een 15.5 3.8 24.5 228 295 129
11, Alt Ol) Male: 04 ie ogee 14.0 3.5 25.0 174 205 118
12 Al2 Male: 2) alse cece 16.0 3.8 23.8 234 350 150
13° ki. (Male ctor we 11.5 2.3 20.0 102 "140 137
14 Al4 Male yacht bier eenes 17.0 4.5 26.5 265 .661 287
(| Male, 86 per cent...... 15.3 3.72 24.2 212 329 156
Averages. ...4| Female, 14 per cent.... 16.8 4.0 23.8 251 569 229
i Litters (porte enon 15.5 3.8 24.1 218 364 166
15 80 aisle toknaes es ae 11.0 2.5 22.7 100 070 070
16: Be: pluPemale sn. tas tn cs 11.0 2.75 25.0 102 095 093
17 B3 Remalesn eee goes: 10.0 2.5 25.0 76 .031 041
18\ Bac Males eee meee 10050 eee tl ea we SOc tiie oe ie Oe
19 Bd Hemales.c emacs 11.0 2k 25.0 90 .070 078
Male, 40 per cent...... 11.0 220 APN 100 .070 .070
Averages. . Female, 60 per cent....| + 10.7 2.7 25.0 89 065 071
Bitter. cehhcee exces 10.9 2.6 24.4 92 067 071
20 Cl Remalequceucocsece 11.5 2.5 PAN SY 107 .120 18
21 €2 Malone tery. cents: 13.0 2.5 19.2 145 Mit 083
22 C3 Pemaless-a i teto.c ous 13.5 Za, 20.0 136 . 130 096
PEON Koiale. wets ee 13.0 2.5 19:2. 123 “150 "122
24 C5 NM BI6. 2.1 Pah en aerarie ae 13.0 2.5 19.2 122 130 107
D5 GG), es [idale ts, eae. eee oem 14.0 3.5 25.0 164 15 091
6. (Crs! tiikemale0 Var 1:.0 4.0 28.6 143 134 094
27 C8 Mallen sud vete noche cree 11.5 2.5 21.7 102 110 108
Da COr «Male anes ane ue 13.5 3.25 24.1 164 "158 096
(| Male, 56 per cent...... 13.0 2.85 21.8 139 134 097
Averages. . . | Female, 44 per cent.... 13.0 2.9 22.3 127 134 106
Wl aTEnteee® ia ca tetah eh ae 13.0 2.9 29.1 134 134 "101
29 Di Mallen Aveetcavayaevestior: 25.0 6.5 26.0 752 2.986 .397
302) wale Malena err eae 25.0 7.0 28.0 771 2.580 334
31 D3 Males. Pee 25.0 7.5 30.0 815 2.860 B51
32 D4 Remalennuaviict ere 25.0 7.0 28.0 843 3.550 .421
33 D5 Malet Fen rere 23.5 7.0 29.8 669 2.788 AIT
(| Male, 80 per cent...... 24.6 7.0 28.5 752 2.804 3875
Averages....4| Female, 20 per cent.... 25.0 7.0 28.0 843 3.550 421
aa thee seer rea atettiecnt cae 24.7 7.0 28.4 770 2.953 384
34 El Hemales sree jaecehar 14.5 3.4 23.5 184 276 .150
35 K2 Femalevirucn)s sie aoe 15.0 3.5 23.3 196 268 137
36 3 Male ti taurcteck aenecn 15.0 3.5 23.3 211 . 238 113
37 E4 Male. Ser eea cc eate cee 15.0 3.5 23.3 208 410 197
38 Ed Males. cece outta 16.0 3.5 21.9 195 .250 128
39 E6 Males... n at iene 12.5 3.0 24.0 126 180 143
Male, 67 per cent...... 14.6 3.4 23.1 185 269 145
Averages... .{| Female, 33 per cent.... 14.8 3.4 23 .4 190 202 144
hitter eisai ese 14.7 3.4 23.2 187 .270 145
40 Fl Female. ieetckeeccnn 13.5 3.0 22u2 122 .125 102
41 F2 Memaleyaw scott cero 13.5 3.0 22.2 130 214 165
42 F3 Male ches eicenas woes 13.0 3.0 23.1 115 184 160
43 F4 Male naccr eh cee 13.0 3.2 24.6 115 085 074
44 F5 Memales terrace 13.0 3.2 24.6 120 115 096
45 F6 Male: 250 Saif.) spree 13.0 2.5 19.2 102 .080 078
46 F7 Maley, <.ncuet Eas 12.0 2.75 22.9 95 .068 072
ATG DV Me aks hoes ccotenetees MS Be oF Since hice cated Ueto nalcoh ete Ie Secor eae neta | (eect Rane I
48 F9 Male’... ch. eeennan 13.5 3.0 22.2 140 .082 059
49 F10 Bemalecn. 9. phate: 12.5 3.2 25.6 120 .108 090
50 Fil Female. \cc. es eee 11.0 2.5 22.7 83 072 087
51 F12 Moalerai.4..7usch tees 13.0 3.3 25.4 126 117 093
52 F13 Memalehen sere s-atyetorer 12.0 2.6 aie 96 .085 089
Male, 50 per cent...... ie: an oe ne : au bos
A s....4| Females, 50 per cent... : 4 :
iia Teitten weet san Secdtcaee 12.8 3.0 23.0 114 *e All 097

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND.

Pig. Sex.

FR NCI | Bate ek Re ek ire beara
FEL CGE | eal Ree he ee ee
Ehep is reba | rs Ke ode ne ay ate chat avs evs
56 G4 Males Ser. = sath oi <
57 G5 Hemalest3 ace). 5 00-0
Cr Oy Aiea eee etre yore, Seapaiels
F Giga Gy cane es Se ies, Pee at oe
60 G8 ee On Be

f ale, 63 per cent......

Averages. . . \| Female, 37 per cent... .|/

61 Hil Malet ae ep een kctate
62 H2 Males Oat ea ods Sct
63 H3 Wena sss veces ee
64 H4 Malem nent yy c5ets se
65 H5 IMB eA Serer es esc:
66 H6 emaley es... ce. s
67 H7 IMalGsip ee science
68 H8 IMaIES. <u se Bee
Boer O bout Malesser te. tse. vss
70 H10 SO cae cetabe as edttin
Male, 80 per cent.....

Averages... .{| Female, 20 per cent....
TAI OGere eee seco
7Al It Malone ac tes, ee eaee
(28 12, emalexiey..n cs actee
fawvls emaleween aoc
74 14 INP S he cerns yekn
7G 115} Nae ue ieee et onee
76 16 Mentslest en ec kee
(iL NY Bemaley ae
78 I8 Maley eee eee ect
{| Male, 50 per cent.....

Averages. ...{| Female, 50 per cent....
\iEitterse Meeetiecttae
79 Jil IMaleserear ss eta
80 J2 IMalenneter lta:
81 J3 ING lems Prt aint:
82 J4 INR eree ree re tet cc
83 Jd Memale ea as.ccie es
84 J6 Hemaless serene.
85 J7 Malet fates
86 J8 Male. sone ne oe
{| Male, 75 per cent.....

Averages... .4| Female, 25 per cent....
BLabbettarr- ris. oes caast
Sie kal Maley eee
88 K2 Males: 2 antes
89 K3 ernie ee ee tera
90 K4 Hemalesterescesn sce
91 K5 Malevtnene ee te
{| Male, 60 per cent.....

Averages. . | Female, 40 per cent....
TAGGED steetecoe orice
92 Li Males no sien an ee
93 L2 Mia eee hy cia ec isars
94 L3 Blemales srerces neck
95 L4 Malet Samet ee a5. Ai
96 Ld Malet ae ee a0) hess
97 L6 Henralen serene ect s4'e
98 L7 IM le mys eee ol ac
99 L8 JOE iy oe Sn ne R one
(| Male, 75 per cent.....

Averages... i) Female, 25 per cent....
there es ae
100. M1 NAGY sss cetera
101 M2 Heniales Meise se csce cate
102 M3 Bemalex tee ee eee:
103 M4 Wemales--4 2050 2kiee 6
104 M5 Niglet ee Saasear 25
105 M6 Malou an ae ee oi Ss:
106 M7 Male aes Sats ee
107 M8 Mclean saith Boots fe
108 M9 Wale fevetes oats ahi
Male, 67 per cent.....

Averages... .{| Female, 33 per cent....
UNGTACUEL AAs to ctecaerete icicle

9—Science Bul.—3728

TABLE No. 1—Conrtinvuep.

Pig
length

in cms.

_—
. . . . . amd
IIE CODE NCH SIED CME ENS) CNS ENS a coancoce

18.5

length
1D cms.

CON OI OI CLOWU Oren Orr ar D PLP PWE EP POLE EEE EPL OE EEE EE PEEP PWWWWWWWWWNWW PEP hw RW PR RW REP OF UDO UIOODUD

OO TUONO ON OW HP WOH NE AON WONDER ONWAOMMHONSCSCOCOCOCUWWWNRWHHENOTO A

SOSCMHUNNOOWOWR C1 NOMNDONMNS

Thymus

lor)

co ot

by length.

Per cent

27.3.
25.0

Pig
weight

in grams.

635
549
665
658
640
581
635
346

589

251
257
271
118
154
230
318
159
316
245
227
253
232
137
135
125
150
145
137
145
143
144
136
140
267
295
285
255
245
250
228
205
256
248
254
440
460
430
420
405
435
425
431
270
245
270
250
250
240
250
125
232
255
238
515
515
445
475
445
342
550
500
420
462
478
467

129
Thymus

weugbt | Percent

in grams. | DY Welent.
3.241 .510
1.280 i238
1.900 286
2.914 443
1.999 312
2.379 409
2.205 847
755 218
2.084 345
3805 122
420 .163
751 SHH
133 112
1320 . 209
.519 221
705 222
205 129
.847 |* (268
.410 168
419 174
635 . 249
462 . 189
Nai .100
sliZ0 126
114 .091
. 160 107
.120 083
mlb ats
. 160 110
.142 .099
140 .097
150 110
145 104
B32 124
385 1381
320 elt
.340 113
. 228 094
.232 .093
. 260 .114
. 280 3%
319 122
. 230 093
.297 115
750 .170
813 olleiee
1.055 245
820 195
1 as 2715
893 .207
.938 220
911 .212
.432 .160
.392 .160
Rooo 124
407 163
370 .148
365 e152
.365 .146
. 200 160
361 .156
350 138
358 152
1.220 237
920 .179
1.032 .232
1,183 .250
887 . 200
685 .. 200
13s 239
1,255 251
772 184
1.014 218
1.045 220
1.030 219

130 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.
TABLE No. 1—Concuupep.
Pig Thymus Pig Thymus
Pig. Sex. length length ae weight Cent Z or Bon
iD cms. in cms. y fengt)- | in grams. | in grams. | >» Welent.

109 Ni Bemales sak. oc sae case 19.0 4.5 ABST 400 .710 .178
110 N2 IMaledescaw lee 19.5 4.6 23.6 360 roy, .144
111 N38 Males. san! 3 070 pea 19.0 4.8 5) 3 420 580 138
112 N4 Mile fisdec tena se eee 19.5 5.0 25.6 430 .550 128
113 N5 Mises ts arco ae ieeer se 18.5 4.5 24.3 360 466 .130
114 N6 Malesia k..onmene 18.5 4.5 24.3 380 635 . 167
115 N7 Remaleassseee. tote te 19.0 4.3 22.6 395 805 204
116 N8 Malest idee selene 19.5 5.0 25.6 407 .672 165
Male, 75 per cent...... 19.1 4.7 24.8 393 .570 .145
Averages. ...4| Female, 25 per cent... 19.0 4.4 283.5 398 NAOT) ie
Latiern gases tas oe as 19.1 4.65 24.4 394 .617 .157
117 Ol Malet iia eines 14.0 310 25.0 170 .180 .106
118 O02 Remalece ant ssriraee 17.0 4.7 27.6 275 602 219
119 08 Hemale. 4.2 2 vance 16.5 4.2 2B) 280 405 145
120 04 INflal) 6} coor Bie rae cet a ae 16.0 4.6 elif 230 255 sat
PAL (Ow Remalea enya eres 16.0 4.2 26.3 263 426 162
122 O6 Bemalestvetnncheces 17.0 4.1 24.1 262 425 .162
178) OV Males ae gee eae 18.0 4.5 25.0 313 .370 118
124 08 Memalenv ee =...aaeeee 16.5 4.1 24.8 290 351 mai
(| Male, 38 per cent...... 16.0 4.2 26.2 238 268 112
Averages... | Female, 62 per cent... . 16.6 4.3 Doe 274 442 _.162
Litters: See ee aes 16.4 4.2 25.9 260 817 143
25m Mallen ris hee. iio cae 24.5 6.4 26.1 735 2.285 311
PAR IPH emaleseriserr err eteie 24.0 6.0 25.0 700 NSS 805
iy ee enna Le eeees teeters 23.5 6.0 Dono 590 1.610 273
128 P4 Hemaleten wo create D8) 83) 6.0 25.5 665 1.940 .292
129 P5 iRemalemyaens eraaee 24.5 6.0 24.5 675 1.975 . 293
130 P6 Pemealease tae cc ee PRES 5.0 23.3 495 1.540 calli!
Gil 127 Hemalen iin ree fra 20.5 DED 26.8 435 1.375 316
132 P8 Hemalesitiss.neraee 2onD 6.3 26.8 740 2.002 Sil
133 P9 Mallee hee oa oie 22.0 6.1 20.7 620 1.930 311
| Male, 22 per cent:..... 2S 6.3 26.9 678 2.108 O11
Averages..... Female, 78 per cent.... 23.0 5.8 25.3 614 1.797 . 294
nelultihericc set seh. eyeeies Pomel 5.9 2a .¢ 628 1.866 . 298
134 QI Maley Sites: 3 Gees eee 9.5 263 24.2 55 .019 .035
135 Q2 Miailens sapere irae: Aint 10.5 74 1S 23.8 68 .040 .059
136 Q8 Mallee, Stee ocak setts 10.0 2.3 23.0 66 032 .048
137 Q4 Females 220 ss. .5 ae 10.0 De 22.0 63 029 046
138 Q5 Hemaleteeee sani. anc t 10.5 2.3 21.9 63 022 035
1389 Q6 Nail eutaeasy eat pe ah ter 10.0 2.4 24.0 63 025 .040
140 Q7 Hemale vee. ee nee ee 10.0 225 25.0 61 .035 .057
141 Q8 Remalemvyes isn 10.5 2.5 23.8 61 .032 .052
(| Male, 50 per cent...... 10.0 2.4 23.8 63 .029 046
Averages... .4| Female, 50 per cent.... 10.3 2.4 232 62 .030 .048
(eiittierses tates co. renee 10.1 2.4 23.5 63 029 .047
1 Re Malevenan tenet tee 2720 9.0 33.3 1,098 2.480 226
148 R2 INalenec eevee Sere eee DS) 7.0 io 693 1.549 224
144 R3 Male eB ast s ee eke YU) 8.0 29.1 932 3.365 361
145 R4 Malet? ee ok ae 25 (5 27.3 999 3.010 301
146 Rd Memalehwere aces 26.5 8.6 32.5 925 2.500 .270
147 R6 Males. same 28.5 9.0 31.6 1,035 2,972 . 287
Male, 83 per cent...... Bal 8.1 29.8 951 2,675 .280
Averages....;| Female. 17 per cent. ... 26.5 8.6 32.5 925 2.500 .270
ETGEGR batee tees eee oe Pf «Ak 8.2 30.2 947 2.646 .278

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 131

VAS ALISUIAINA SONY AMS

132 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

RELATION BETWEEN THE LENGTH oF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE
Tuymus BY WeiGcHT, Ustne Litrer AvERAGES THROUGHOUT.

Table No. 2 and curve No. 1 are to be considered in this connec-
tion. Curve No. 1 shows that as litters made up of larger and
larger foeti, as regards length, are examined, the percentage thymus
by weight increases steadily. There is a marked drop near the
center of the curve which cannot be explained, but it does not ob-
scure the general tendency of an increase in percentage thymus by
weight. It will be noted that the value for the litter of pigs of aver-
age length, 27.1 centimeters, has dropped quite appreciably.
Whether or not this means that at 24 cm. or 25 cm. the gland
reaches its greatest stage of development we do not know; not
enough pigs longer than 25 cm. were examined. It would be an
interesting problem to work out to see at just what stage the thymus
development ceases, and when it commences to atrophy.

TABLE No. 2.
LITTER. lea petri ie weak wee ae en
Incms.,| 1D cms. in gms. In gps.
Oi ee LE a ne 10.1 2.4 23.5 63 .029 047
Bd a Sit ACE Ce ee ee ae 10.9 2.6 |. 24.4 92 .067 071
Bc Labnen ei ae ree esti cient ae 12.8 3.0 23.0 114 111 097
© vera cs See eee ere 13.0 2.9 22.1 134 134 101
j SM LER EN NP gH aay ast Bs 13.7 3.3 24.1 140 145 104
| ON aS ne einer ics, ety aly Ma 14.7 3.4 23.2 187 .270 145
A os a enu Sen ean a Oe nae 15.5 3.8 24.1 218 .364 .166
He tae pce MERU EP AKON A ON 15.8 4.0 25.5 232 462 .189
| ne Si Nee A nara Medd | lak ot 16.4 4.1 25.1 238 .358 152
Oe. ERS eee te a 16.4 4.2 25.9 260 .377 143
Ti Se a ae Cae (72 4.1 24.1 254 297 115
PE er terete Daan ceri 19.1 4.7 24.4 419 617 157
K ic) AEE ee ee 19.8 4.8 24.1 431 911 212
MM. eh ote Dale 5.5 26.0 467 1.030 219
Goes Boas ee CP ee 21.5 5.8 26.9 589 2.084 345
Pip ieee eae <1 eel 22.0 6.1 27.7 628 1.930 311
DD: i5 wt Cte Reh che 24.7 7.0 28.4 770 2.953 384
Rae TMP eae Cine eee 27.1 Si2 30.2 947 2.646 278

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134 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

RELATION BETWEEN THE WEIGHT oF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE
TuHymMus BY WeIcHT, Usine Lirrer AVERAGES THROUGHOUT.

Table No. 3 and curve No. 2 show practically the same tendency
as to table No. 2 and curve No. 1, 2. e., as heavier and heavier pigs
are examined, the percentage of thymus by weight increases steadily.
There is practically the same inexplicable deviation or drop near
the center of the curve, and the possible maximum point centering
about pigs of a weight of 770 grams.

TABLE No. 3.
Sin weight | weght | Pereent | tength | length. | Percent
ID gMs. In gms. in cms. In cms.

Q's, 7. eae ee OS tates enernseene 63) 028 047 10.1 2.4 23.5
Blin a Be the ce ale se 92 067 5071-4. 10N9 2.6 24.4
Puicdkckt shat be eteae wives 114 ll 097 12.8 3.0 23.0
GPR De MT ann etre el Ne 134 134 101 13.0 2.9 22.1
| ORR roe e ee e an 140 145 104 13.7 3.3 24.1
TS 3 UP ane ce oo ae a Pe 187 270 145 14.7 3.4 23.2
Dos, Vane Te 9) Se eee 218 364. | 166 15.5 3.8 24.1
Tos i: SR a Se eee ee 239 462 189 15.8 4.0 25.5
Ty ape Me ls Tia ete ek ee ee 238 358 152 16.4 4.1 25.1
Jo. ck Sede Dae a ae ae 254 297 115 17.2 4.1 24.1
05h Naar etc he Oe 260 377 143 16.4 4.2 25.9
Nee). SE eae ert oan 419 617 157 19.1 4.7 24.4
KA ee eee 431 911 212 19.8 4.8 24.1
Mone i ohoy Bastar ac 467 1.030 219 21.2 5.5 26.0
Gon OES ene eae | 589 2.084 345 21.5 5.8 26.9
Poa. LE oe a ae ae 628 1.930 311 22.0 6.1 217
Die oR ee eo a ee 770 2.953 384 24.7 7.0 28.4
R..o eee eee 947 2.646 278 27.1 8.2 30.2

RELATION BETWEEN THE LENGTH OF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE BY
WEIGHT OF THE THymMus, Usinc LrenetH Group AVERAGES
THROUGHOUT, DISREGARDING LITTERS.

Table No. 4 and curve No. 3 show that as larger and larger feeti
(as regards length) are examined and classified regardless of litter,
there is a steady increase in the percentage thymus by weight. The
increase is not as uniform, however, as when the pigs are classified
according to litter, as will be shown by a comparison of curve No. 1
with curve No. 3. The former is the smoother. Hence from these
calculations on lengths, we may conclude that pigs tend to have the
same size thymus, relatively, as that of other pigs of the same litter,
regardless of individual pig lengths.

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 135

ee

136 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE No. 4.
Per cent Pig Per cent Per cent Pig Per cent
Cuass. | Pig. | thymus weight thymus Cass. Pig. | thymus weight thymus
by weight.| in gms. | by length. by weight.| in gms. | by length.
tay Cite ars |) Qt) 035 55 24.2 |115.0cm....| A2 236 192 25.0
Avg. 035 55 24.2 El atom 196 23.3
B4 197 208 23.3
10.0'cm....| Q7 057 61 25.0 3 113 211 23.3
Q6 .040 63 24.0 Avg. silyl 202 23.0
Q4 046 63 22.0
Q3 .048 66 23.0 ||15.5 cm....| L8 .160 175 23.2
B3 .041 76 25.0 A4 .129 202 24.5
Avg. 046 66 24.0 A10 129 228 24.5
A3 109 233 24.5
10.5 cm... .| Q8 052 61 33.8 Al 132 235 25.8
Q5 035 63 21.9 Avg. 132 215 24.5
Q2 059 68 23.8
Avg. 049 64 26.5 ||16.0cm....| E5 128 195 21.9
J8 137 205 25.0
11FOveme reel 087 83 22.7 A5 134 212 25.0
B5 .078 90 25.0 A8 148 228 23.1
Bl .070 100 PPA 04 pluie 230 28.7
B2 093 102 25.0 A12 .150 234 23.8
Avg. 082 94 23.9 H6 221 230) als) One
A7 . 268 237 21.9
11 oiemse cs .108 102 Dia H2 163 257 26.9
Al3 137 102 20.0 O05 .162 263 26.3
Cl 112 107 2107 Avg. 162 230 24.8
Avg. 119 104 2ieat
16.5 cm....| L6 152 240 25.5
12.0 cm....| F7 .072 95 22.9 AQ 165 243 22.4
F13 089 96 PAN 7 L2 .160 245 26.7
Avg. .081 95.5 2253 H10 168 245 23.0
L7 146 250 27.3
12.5 cm....| H4 I 118 26.4 L5 148 250 26.0
F10 .090 120 25.6 L4 163 250 22,
E6 143 126 24.0 Ll .160 270 26.7
Avg. ns 121 25.3 H83 PUT 271 24.2
03 145 280 25.5
13.03em....| F6 .078 102 19.2 O8 121 290 24.8
¥4 074 115 24.6 Avg. .164 258 24.8
F3 .160 115 23.1
F5 .096 120 24.6 ||17.0em....| J7 114 228 23.5
C5 107 122 19.2 J6 093 250 2325
C4 nl22 123 19.2 H1 mle 251 26.5
F12 093 126 25.4 06 .162 262 24.1
C2 083 145 19.2 Al4 287 265 26.5
Avg. .102 121 21.8 J1 124 267 2bEs
L3 124 270 24.7
13.5 cm....| Fl 102 122 22.2 O2 219 275 27.6
F2 165 130 Dp 9: J3 AY 285 26.5
I2 126 135 Zins Avg. 151 261 25.4
C3 .096 136 20.0
16 7p Jlils} 137 237 08 Wid oveme.. || dD 094 245 22.9
E9 059 140 22M, J4 e113 255 22.9
18 099 143 24.4 A6 189 265 25.7
I5 .083 145 DONG H7 222 318 25.0
I7 110 145 DB Avg. albbe 271 24.1
H5 .209 159 29.6
C9 .096 164 24.1 ||18.0 cm....| O07 118 313 25.0
Avg. 114 141 2303 H9 269 316 25.0
Avg. .194 314.5 25.0
14.0 cm....} 18 091 125 25.0
Il 100 137 26.4 |/18.5 em... .| J2 at Sik 295 Dose
C7 094 143 28.6 N5 .130 360 24.3
J4 107 150 25.0 N6 167 380 25.4
H8 .129 159 22.9 Avg. . 143 345 24.3
C6 .091 164 25.0
O1 106 170 25.0 |/19.0 cm....}| M6 200 342 27.9
All .118 174 25.0 G8 .218 346 27.4
Avg. 105 153 25.4 N7 204 395 22.6
Nl .178 - 400 23.7
14.5.cm....} El .150 184 2325 N3 138 420 2b.3
Avg. .150 184 23.5 Avg. 188 381 25.4

= —

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 137

TABLE No. 4—ConcLupep.

Per cent Pig Per cent Per cent Pig Per cent
CLASS. Pig. thymus weight thymus Cass. Pig. | thymus welght thymus
by weilght.| in gms. | by length. by weight.| in gms. | by length.
19.5 cm N2 144 360 23.6 ||22.5 em....| M7 239 550 24.9
K5 .275 405 220d Avg. . 239 550 24.9
N8 165 407 25.6
N4 128 430 BAD |PRS Ottea. al) 1B: AK) 590 25.5
Kl 170 440 28.2 P4 .292 665 25.9
Avg 176 408 25.1 D5 417 669 29.8
P8 Pz 740 26.8
20.03em....} K4 195 420 DOES x Avg. moles 666 26.9
; K3 245 430 25.0
K2 177 460 2205 Wi 24e0lem=. 241 e2 305 700 25.0
Avg 206 437 23) .3" Avg. 305 700 25.0
AOepiem.s 2.) 2% .316 435 AAs (NPG Gitesee|| IPI 3ll 735 26.1
M3 232 445 26.3 P5 293 675 24.5
Avg 274 440 26.6 Avg. 302 705 25.8
21.0 cm....| M5 200 445 26.2 25.0cm....; Di 3897 752 26.0
M4 250 475 20.2 D2 334 “7A 28.0
M2 179 515 252 D3 aii 815 30.0
Avg 210 478 25.5 D4 421 843 28.0
. Avg. .376 795 28.0
afd em....| 26 poll 495 23.3
M1 237 515 27.9 ||25.5 cm P2 224 693 27.5
G6 409 581 25.6 Avg. 224 693 Dee
G5 312 640 27.0
Avg 317 558 26.0 |/26.5 cm....} Rd .270 925 3250
Avg. .270 925 32.5
22.0 cm....| M9 184 420 25.0
M8 EI 500 25.0 ||27.0 cm:...| Ri 226 1,098 33.0
G2 . 233 549 25.0 Avg. 226 1,098 Bone
P9 .3ll 620 20.0
G7 347 635 27.3, |\27.5 cm... .| R3 , -361 932 29.1
Gl .510 635 Zhe R4 301 999 21.3
G4 443 658 YB Avg. Fool 965.5 28.7
G3 286 665 28.2
Avg 321 585 26.6 |/28.5cm....| R6 .287 1,035 31.6
Avg. . 287 1,035 316

RELATION BETWEEN THE WEIGHT OF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE
BY WEIGHT oF THE THyMus, Ustnc WricHT Group AVERAGES
THROUGHOUT, DISREGARDING LITTERS.

Table No. 5 and curve No. 4 show that as larger and larger feeti
(as regards weight) are examined and classified regardless of litter,
there is a steady increase in the percentage of thymus by weight.
As has already been noted in curve No. 3, the increase is not uni-
form. When we compare this curve No. 4 with curve No. 2 (where
the pigs are classified according to litters), it is evident that the
latter is smoother by far. Hence from these calculations on weights
in addition to the calculations already noted on lengths, we may
conclude that pigs tend to have the same size thymus as that of
other pigs in the same litter, regardless of individual sizes.

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75-99

100-124

125-149

150-174

175-199

200-224

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND.

139

Per cent
length. ~

—

TABLE No. 5.
1 Pig Pig Pig
Per cent Per cent : F Per cent
Pig. | weight . length Cuass. | Pig. | weight . length
in gms weight. in cms. length. in gms weight. in cms.
Ql 55 .035 9.5 24.2 ||225-249 | J7 228 .114 17.0
Q8 61 .052 10.5 ZoLo Al0 228 129 1SPO
Q7 61-1 .057 10.0 25.0 A8 228 .143 16.0
Q5 63 .035 10.5 21.9 O04 230 141 16.0
Q6 63 .040 10.0 24.0 A3 233 .109 1535)
Q4 63 .046 10.0 22.0 Al2 234 . 150 16.0
Q3 66 .048 10.0 23.0 Al 235 F132 155.
Q2 68 .059 10.5 23.8 H6 235 PPAl 16.0
YG cy (Ree eee ae pOSG5e oe ee 23 .47 AZT 237 . 268 16.0
: L6 240 sy? 16.5
B3 76 041 10.0 25.0 AQ 243 . 243 16.5
Fil 83 087 a1 20 2224 J5 245 .094 V3
B5 90 078 11.0 25.0 L2 245 .160 16.5
F7 95 072 12.0 23.9 H10 245 .168 16.5
F13 96 .089 12.0 A ey Asya iaile= eh ers 1 5GTelie ses ee
AVE Eee sa. iy 6): 3 Eee ees 23.66 ||
250-274 | J6 250 093 17.0
Bl 100 070 11.0 yet L7 250 146 16.5
F6 102 078 13.0 19.2 L5 250 148 16.5
B2 102 093 11.0 25.0 L4 250 163 16.5
C8 102 108 fhe ty en ey | H1 251 122 17.0
Al3 102 137 eS 20.0 J4 255 “AB iso
C1 107 112 its PANY 6 H2 257 .163 16.0
F4 115 074 13.0 24.6 O06 262 . 162 17.0
F3 115 160 13.0 Dood 05 263 .162 16.0
H4 118 .112 1225 26.4 A6 265 .189 25
F10 120 .090 12.5 25.6 Al4 265 287 17.0
F5 120 .096 13.0 24.6 Jl 267 124 1720
Fl 122 .102 13.0 222 L3 270 124 17.0
C5 122 .107 13.0 19.2 Ll 270 160 16.5
C4 123 .122 13.0 19.2 H3 271 277 16.5
25 fo a ae Aa lit G3 |e ake 22.51 Avg. ae CYAN ea eee tee
13 125 .091 14.0 25.0 |/275-299 | O2 275 .219 17.0
L8 125 . 160 1525 2o.2 é 03 280 145 16.5
F12 126 .093 13.0 25.4 J3 285 112 17.0
E6 126 .143 12.5 24.0 O08 290 121 16.5
F2 130 .165 13.0 22.2 J2 295 131 18.5
12 135 .126 iSea 21.5 Ary ceil mri see (4G Sea eee
C3 136 .096 13.0 20.0
ll 137 .100 14.0 26.4 |/300-324 | O7 313 .118 18.0
16 137 StS 13.5 23.0 H9 316 268 18.0
F9 140 .059 iSeD 22.2 H7 318 . 222 17.5
C7 143 .094 14.0 28.6 ANGE le5 fer te 20S eae rae
18 143 .099 13.5 24.4
C2 145 .085 13.0 19.0 ||3825-349 | M6 342 . 200 19.0
15 145 .083 1325 Zoe G8 346 218 19.0
I7 145 .110 iB) 20-0 TAN Gee | Ve oo ce DOS ae Aa
AVE |S oe oe oes MGueaki oe. ae 23.49
350-374 | N5 360 .130 18.5
14 150 .107 14.0 25.0 N2 360 144 19.5
H5 154 . 209 155 29.6 Atos Soe el. Sa leet oat
H8 159 .129 14.0 22.9
C6 164 .091 14.0 25.0 ||375-399 | N6 380 .167 18.5
C9 164 .096 1SRo 24.1 N7 395 . 204 19.0
O1 170 .106 14.0 25.0 AND RSE es alts} 0 igen eee te
All 174 .118 14.0 25.0 .
GND ig By) eee Se eee 25.23 ||400-424 | Hi 400 .178 19.0
Kd 405 275 19.5
El 184 .150 14.5 Does N8 407 165 19.5
A2 192 . 236 15.0 25.0 N3 420 138 19.0
E5 195 .128 16.0 21.9 M9 420 184 22.0
E2 196 Ry 15.7 23.3 K4 420 195 20.0
AVE skeen MIGISKl eck Prac 23 .43 Arye lucie) ths 189. |Past ee
A4 202 129 15.5 24.5 ||425-449 | N4 430 .128 19.5
J8 205 137 16.0 25.0 K3 430 245 20.0
E4 208 197 15.0 2305 P7 435 316 20.5
E3 211 113 15.0 23.3 Kl 440 170 19.5
Ab 212 134 16.0 25.0 M5 445 200 21.0
Nf ial | ea TAZ 24.26 M3 445 232 20.5

140 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE No. 5—Conciupep.

Pig | Pig | Pig Pig
: . >, | Percent ! Per cent . F Per cent Per cent
Crass. | Pig. | weight . length. Cuass. | Pig. | weight . length
idee weight. sate length. ane weight. Se, length.
450-474 | K2 460 SAleie 20.0 22.5 ||675-699 | Pd 675 .293 24.5 24.5
JA Oca ele be ZA7(r Ni Ina aya 22).5 R2 693 224 25.5 27.5
, AV CSR aa nr cpyels ENT Aa duot 26.0
475-499 | M4 475 . 250 21.0 25 .2 M ‘
P6 495) sailat 21.5 23.3 ||700-724 | P2 700 .305 24.0 25 .0
IAN BEE ui tence Bho Ws ee See 24.3 AVGE5 || way OOD i lees tere 25.0
500-524 | M8 500 251 22.0 25.0 ||725-749 | Pl 735 oll 24.5 26.1
M2 515 .179 21.0 25 .2 P8 740 271 23.5 26.8
Mi 515 23 21.5 27.9 Aye SAN see PA Ne chen ec 26.5
Avg tlt on aa POD Dn ae peers gets 26.0
750-774 | Di 752 3897 25.0 26.0
525-544 | G2 549 233 22.0 25.0 iDPy = 771 334 25.0 28.0
Avie liCeteraiee & BOLE wllemene spies 25.0 IN NN ie ees Sic POO0 wile 27.0
550-574 | M7 550 239 22.5 24.9 ||800-824 | D3 815 3851 25.0 30.0
INVES ulate ae BP aie tlre on ter 24.9 IAS Ouse sae ST Nt Aho 30.0
575-599 | G6 581 409 21.5 25.6 ||825-849 | D4 843 421 25.0 28.0
P3 590 273 778}, di 25.5 AVES etaemee AD Ail etree 28.0
Avera wy he POA a ch eae 25.6
925-949 | Rd 925 .270 26.5 32.5
600-624 | P9 620 |, .d11 22.0 270.7 R3 932 361 Pale Hh) 29.1
AVE. Wea oe sect 3) Lan (eae ee 20.0 ASV co hemineen BOL Oia Venera 31.3
625-649 | G7 635 847 22.0 27.3 ||974-999 | R4 999 301 27.5 27.8
G1 635 .510 22.0 27.3 Average SIU ale on atest s 27.3
G5 640 .312 21.8 27.0
ANY oseil eye ree FOGOU tec ie 27.3 ||1025-1049) R6 1,035 287 28.5 31.6
AVioe teint BY ae Wand enceaey 31.6
650-674 | G4 658 443 22.0 21.3
G3 665 286 22.0 28.2 ||1075-1099) R1 1,098 226 27.0 33.3
P4 665 . 292 23.0 20.5 AY Oe | ent ee Pel tO Oa | eee 33.3
D5 669 417 23.5 29.8
Ayal ees petra: OOO alleen s 27.0

Comparisons Mapr To CorRELATE THE SIzE OF UNDERDEVELOPED
AND OVERDEVELOPED PIGS WITH THE SIZE OF THE THYMws, TAK-
ING PERCENTAGE THYMUS BY WEIGHT AS A STANDARD, AND GRAD-
ING Pics IN THE LiTTERS BY LENGTH.

As the title above indicates, table No. 6 is the result of an at- ,
tempt made to correlate the size of underdeveloped and overde-
veloped pigs with the size of the thymus, taking percentage thymus
by weight as a standard, and grading pigs in the litters by length.
In each litter the two smallest foeti (by length) and the two largest
were studied as to percentage thymus by weight as seen in column
F in the table. The percentages of the two smallest and the two
largest were individually averaged (column G), and the two aver-
ages compared; the correlation noted was recorded in column H.
Positive or + correlation is taken to mean that the overdeveloped
pigs in the litter had a greater percentage of thymus than the under-
developed pigs. As seen from the table, there were nine positives
and nine negatives, hence we must conclude, from the data at hand
now, that no parallelism exists between the large and small size, re-
spectively, of underdeveloped and overdeveloped fceti, and the per-
centage of thymus by weight.

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 141

TABLE No. 6.
Column C. | Column D. | Column E. Column F. | Column G. -
Column A. | Column B. Pig | Per cent Pig | Per cent Averages | Column H.
Serial No. | Litter No. | length in thymus weight in thymus of Correlation.
centimeters. | by length. grams. by weight. | column F.
13 (Ce 11.5 - 20.0 102 a3 ie
11 lt t= ye 14.0 25.0 174 118
a le
6 fe 17.5 25.7 265 189 938
14 i 17.0 26.5 265 287 :
17 Bae.) 10.0 25.0 76 041 065
19 Boss 45. 11.0 25.0 90 078
SSS eee +
16 13-0 ee 11.0 25.0 102 093 082
15 Bie fb acics 11.0 D7 100 070 :
27 SPE sass elie: ey. 102 108 if
20 rn 11.5 17 107 112
26 (roe eee 14.0 28 6 143 094 ie i
25 or 14.0 25.0 164 091
33 Die A 23.5 29.8 669 ANT 407
29 Ditee-s: 25.0 26.0 752 397
AML TINE dus) eek 25.0 28.0 843 421 ae a
31 Doe: 25.0 . 30.0 815 351 ;
39 MGr here. 12.5 24.0 126 “143. | ia;
34 ic) Se 14.5 23.5 184 150 ee
a a ee 16.0 21.9 195 128 a te
36 Poe ee: 15.0 23.3 211 113
50 Wits’ 2. 11.0 22.7 83 087. has
46 ye eee 12.0 22.9 95 072 :
+
48 ad es 13.5 9) 9) 140 059 12
41 Be ce eu 13.5 DD 130 165
60 ee 19.0 27.4 346 218 914
58 Giese: 21.5 25.6 581 409
———————— --
53 Gian 22.0 27.3 635 510 490
59 ret een eee 22.0 27.3 635 347
64 Hae 283.7 12.5 26.4 118 112 Ae
65 Hate: 13.5 29.6 154 -209
—— +
69 13 eee 18.0 25.0 316 268 OAs
67 Hgts: 17.5 25.7 318 999
72 (agg ee eee 13.5 21.5 135 126 120
76 i eee 13.5 23.0 137 HRY Ih
ny ee 14.0 25.0 150 107 elton
71 i ae aie 14.0 26.4 137 . 100
86 1 eae te 16.0 25.0 205 137 126
85 Se 17.0 23.5 228 114 rine
Simiae ides secs 18.5 23.2 295 131 me ae
82 aaa 5.4 17.5 22.9 255 113
91 eA eet 19.5 22.5 405 275 993
87 2a Ce a 19.5 28.2 440 St707 |i ae
88 nee. 20.0 22.5 460 AIT ia -
89 Bogs 45, 20.0 25.0 430 245
99 BS tise 15.5 Da 125 160 156
97 igen. 16.5 25.5 » 240 152
Die etd, a8 ss 17.0 24.7 270 124 i i
92 Ee ae 16.5 26.7 270 160

ee, ee

142 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE -No. 6—Concuupep.

Column C. | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G.

Column A. | Column B. Pig | Per cent Pig | Per cent Averages | Column H.
Serial No. | Litter No. | length in thymus weight in thymus of Correlation.
centimeters. | by length. grams. by weight. | column F.
105 MGR eee 19.0 27.9 342 200 } 216
102 INS) eae cies 20.5 26.3 445 232 ;
we | at
106 Mii ates 22.5 24.9 550 239 245
107 MSies baer 22.0 25.0 500 251 ;
113 Nb. 18.5 24.3 360 .130 149
114 NG oan ee 18.5 24.3 380 .167
112 | NA. 19.5 25.6 430 | . .128 oe
116 NGI hee 19.5 25.6 407 165
47 Olesen 14.0 25.0 170 . 106 109
120 O4) Fes Ale 16.0 28.7 230 111
= a a
123 Ole rate 18.0 25.0 313 118 169
118 O2e ree 17.0 27.6 275 219
131 Ri. 20.5 26.8 435 “3167 |) 314
130 RG evar 21.5 23.3 495 oll .
125 Piles 24.5 26.1 735 oll 302
129 P5... 24.5 24.5 675 293 =
Bis Gon 9.5 24.2 BB 035 ne
140 Q7. 10.0 25.0 61 057
<= = <a of
135 O2 ee 10.5 23.8 68 .059 047
138 Qa ease 10.5 21.9 63 035
143 IRE eke aes 25.5 27.5 693 224 247
146 Romer eee 26.5 32.5 925 .270 ; fi
; 147 RGR eee cay 28.5 31.6 1,035 287 294
145 RAS Seo ee 27.5 27.3 999 .301 ;

Total result, 9+, 9 —.

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 143

CoMPaRIsSONS Mabe To CorRELATE THE SIZE oF UNDERDEVELOPED
AND OVERDEVELOPED PIGS WITH THE SIZE OF THE THyMws, TAK-
ING PERCENTAGE OF THYMUS BY WEIGHT AS A STANDARD, AND
GRADING PIGs IN THE LITTERS BY WEIGHT.

As the title above indicates, table No. 7 is the result of an attempt
made to correlate the size of underdeveloped and overdeveloped
foeti with the size of the thymus, taking percentage thymus by
weight as a standard, and grading pigs in the litters by weight. In
each litter the two smallest foeti (by weight) and the two largest
were studied as fo percentage thymus by weight as seen in column
F in the table. The percentages of the two smallest and the two
largest were individually averaged (column G), and the two aver-
ages compared; the correlation noted was recorded in column H.
Positive or + correlation is taken to mean that the overdeveloped
pigs in the litter had a greater percentage of thymus than the under-
developed pigs. As seen from the table, there were ten positives and
eight negatives. This 1s indeed a very weak positive correlation; so
slight, in fact, that we feel that it must be disregarded until more
positive data can be secured. Hence, once more we must decide, on
the basis of the data at hand now, that no parallelism exists between
the large and small size, respectively, of underdeveloped and over-
developed foeti and the percentage of thymus by weight.

144 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE No. 7.

Column C. | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G.
Column A. | Column B. Pig | Pig | Per cent Per cent Averages | Column H.
Serial No. | Litter No. weight in length in thymus thymus of Correlation.
grams. centimeters. | by length. | by weight. | column F.
13 Ai seeet 102 11.5 20.0 137 128
il AU a ee 174 14.0 25.0 .118 :
ee — — | os +
14 ANTAL a eae 265 17.0 26.5 .287 |\ 238
6 IAG: eee 265 175 DON. .189 |f ;
il Bornes eek 76 10.0 25.0 .041 060 |
19 BS. ee. 90 11.0 25.0 078
Bed Ue RABBIS A aSee eae ate = le |e Be
15 Bl SNe ver chio; sis 100 11 0 PH) vel .070 * 082
16 Bete sat 102 11.0 25.0 073 hea
a7 @Ren eee 102 11.5 21.7 108 tae a
24 (Oa ae oe oe 122 13.0 19.2 107. \f ;
oe a oy mene 164 14.0 25.0 091 a
28 Cor 6 oe 164 13.5 24.1 096 |/ : |
Pe ws Mun eee 669 23.5 29.8 | ‘AIT i. |
29 Desa 752 25.0 26.0 .3897 ;
32 Das ers ants 843 25.0 28.0 .421 386
31 DSA Laas ee 815 25.0 30.0 301 .
39 Gig eee 126 1255 24.0 .143 \ 147
34 lie 184 E 14.5 7B} .150 |! ; re
37 1) eee ee 208 15.0 : 23.3 197 |) 155
36 a ya, mi ee | 211 15.0 PBS 3) Sigs {iV F |
Betis eee 83 11.0 22.7 087 ie
46 AH pee econ ee 95 12.0 22.9 072 i"
“aie Sao ee 130 13.5 29.9 165 |) ie
48 BOs ear 140 13.5 Pd ope 059 |J :
se wee 346 19.0 27.4 218 a
54 GO oe a en: 549 22.0 25.0 233 ;
— ~ ——___— —_ = ~
55 Gat sae cee 665 22.0 28.2 286 j 365
56 G4 658 22.0 Pathe} 443
% 64 HA eae 118 2 26.4 1G» Ail 162
65 IDE eee 154 less 29.6 209 |/ bi
"67 H7 318 leo 20.0 D222 AN 245
69 HIG). te See 316 18.0 25.0 268 «If :
73 |e ele Re 125 14.0 25.0 091 j 109
72 | eee 135 1320) 21.5 126
67 4s CA eee 150 14.0 25.0 107 } 095
69 | Gs See eS 145 113) 5) 23.7 083 :
Ee eh add 205 16.0 25.0 137 on
85 isc see rae ge 228 17.0 2a00 114 ‘,
SOnjan) denen ae 295 18.5 ee) iat | aoe
81 Joe eee 285 17.0 26.5 ih ;
91 G5 Pree ee 405 19.5 22) 275 j 235
90 K4.. 420 20.0 220 195 a
88 KD ie arte 460 20.0 22'.5 eho RY 174
87 HOLA etec ois 440 19.5 28.2 170 |f ;
99 Ss Areas 125 153 2372 160 } 156
97 6s tee 240 16.5 Zoo 152 3
94 Tok rene 270 17.0 24.7 124 \ 142
92 1 Gy Ue ee 270 16.5 26.7% 160 |! :

ee
ef ef Sf |

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 145

TABLE No. 7—ConcLupep.

Column C. | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G.

Column A. | Column B. Pig | Pig. Per cent Per cent Averages Column H.
Serial No. | Litter No. weight in length in thymus thymus of Correlation.
grams. centimeters. | by length. | by weight. | column F.
105 IMGe. Alans 342 19.0 27.9 200 192
108 iC eteremaa 420 22.0 25.0 184
a a jf fe +
106 Meese se 55 22-0 24.9 . 239 238
100 Mie ee 5.4. 515 PAN 25) 27.9 Past,
110 IND SS = eae 360 19.5 23.6 .144 137
113 INSEL arise 360 18.5 24.3 .130
111 INGEen see 420 19.0 SB}. 138 133
112 IN Ae eek ee 430 19.5 25.6 .128
117 Oi. 170 14.0 25.0 106 108 ;
120 Of ee> 230 16.0 28.7 111 :
— ale
124 Re te, 4 7) 290 16.5 24.8 121 ute
123 Ofertas 2: 313 18.0 25.0 118 s
131 1G Rie eae 435 20.5 26.8 316 |) 314
130 Gaby) koa zx 495 21.5 23.3 Sale Mii
132 La ae ee 740 23.5 26.8 271 291
125 1 2g) Wee a eee 735 24.5 26.1 Bail If
134 Olees 4. =: 55 9.5 24.2 HOSDemiil 046
140 On acct 61 10.0 25.0 OR NI :
ae
135 ODN ier at 68 10.5 23.8 .059 054
136 Ose ae 66 10.0 23.0 .048 ;
143 R2. 693 25.5 Zino 1224, 1\ 51
146 R5. 925 26.5 32.0 .270 , ;
= ae
142 Ri. 1,098 27.0 5%}.403 220) AlN 257
147 Gas eee 1,035 28.5 31.6 Bras III ;

Total result, 10 =, 8 —.

Norte No. 1.—It will have been noticed that in the foregoing report nothing
has been said concerning the percentage of thymi by length. An examination
of the tables will show that there is indeed an increase in this percentage as
larger and larger pigs are examined, but that this increase is neither marked
nor uniform, and we must consider that part of the increase in weight must
come by this increase in length. We feel that the method by which we secured
the thymus lengths was not accurate and uniform enough to allow much value
to be attached to the figures recorded. hey may be taken as rather approxi-
mate. In general, the length of the thymus will average about 25 per cent. of
the total length of the pig. Suffice it to say, however, that we believe that as
the foeti grow older and older there is an increase in the percentage of thymus
by length; just how regular and consistent this increase 1s, we cannot say.

Note No. 2.—It is interesting to note that the pigs used for dissection
showed a preponderance of males. This was probably purely accidental, how-
ever, and if larger numbers of animals had been used a more balanced ratio
would have been secured.

10—Science Bul.—3728

146 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. The thymus gland in the foetal pig is comparatively very
large, extending from a point above the upper half or third of the
heart to the base of the mandible. In the thorax it consists of a
single triangular body, but in the neck region is made up of paired
branches which approximately parallel each other.

2. Sex appears to have no connection with the percentage of
thymus found, except that possibly the values for the females may
average a trifle higher than those for the males.

3. As larger and larger foeti, as regards both weight and length,
are examined, the percentage of thymus by weight increases fairly
steadily and rather uniformly.

4. Foeti tend to have the same size thymus as the average of pigs
in their litter, regardless of individual size. No parallelism appar-
ently exists betaveen the small and large size, respectively, of under-
developed and oVerdeveloped pigs, and the percentage of thymus by
weight. Perhaps further work on this one question might bring a
reversal of opinion, but the data obtained so far point to the state-
ment made above.

5. Figures of percentage of thymus by length, while not very
reliable, show that this percentage increases as larger and larger
foeti are examined. Such increase, however, does not seem to be as
uniform as that of the percentage by weight.

It is a pleasure to express here our appreciation of the help kindly
given by Prof. W. J. Baumgartner in the preparation of this bit of
work. It was at his suggestion that it was undertaken and by his
guidance that it was carried out. Whatever of merit it has is due
in large measure to him.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Marti, H. 1913. Ergebnisse der Innere Med. u. Kunderheil., Bd. 10. (Quoted
by Paton, D. Noel, in “The Nervous and Chemical Regulators of Meta-
bolism”: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London: 1918; pp. 116-117.)

2. Bascu, K. 1906-1908. Jahrbuch f. Kinderheil. (Quoted by Paton, D. Noel,
in “The Nervous and Chemical Regulators of Metabolism”: Mac-
millan & Co., Ltd., London: 1913; p. 14. Also by Biedl, Dr. Artur, in
“The Internal Secretary Organs: Their Physiology and Pathology”:
Trans. by Linda Forster; London: John Bale Sons & Danielsson, Ltd.,
1913 "pps 117-1207)

3. Baperrscuer, J. A. 1915. Development of the Thymus in the Pig. I: Mor-
phogenesis. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 317-339,

4. Harar, S. 1914. On the Weight of the Thymus Gland of the Albino Rat
(Mus norvegicus albinus) According to Age. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 16,
No. 2, pp. 251-257.

MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 147

5. Hara, S. 1913. On the Weights of the Abdominal and Thoracic Viscera,
the Sex Glands, Ductless Glands and the Eyeballs of the Albino Rat
(Mus norvegicus albinus) According to Body Weight. Am. Jour. Anat.,
vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 69-87. |

6. Jackson, C. M. 1913. Postnatal Growth and Variability of the Body and
of the Various Organs in the Albino Rat. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 15,
No. 1, pp. 1-69.

7. BapertscHerR, J. A. 1915. Development of the Thymus in the Pig. II:
Histogenesis. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 487-495.

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THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN

Vou. XIII, No. 15—Juny, 1920.

CONTENTS:

A CoMPARISON OF THE ANTIGENIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A
NUMBER OF STRAINS OF BacittLus TypPpHosus.
Cora M. Downs.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

LAWRENCE, KAN.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

9-3728

THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE. BULLETIN

Vout. XIII. ] JUIEY 21920; [No. 10.

A Comparison of the Antigenic and Cultural Character-
istics of a Number of Strains of Bacillus Typhosus.*

BY CORA. M. DOWNS.

Department of Bacteriology.

LTHOUGH it has seemed to be the general concensus of opinion
that Bacillus typhosus is a very homogeneous organism, yet in
view of the fact that some observers have reported cultural and
serological variations, it was thought advisable to investigate the
cultural and serological reactions of the strains of typhosus used in
this laboratory.

The work done may be divided into three phases, namely: cul-
tural reactions, agglutination and absorption tests, and the Widal
reaction. The source, place of isolation, name and date of the or-
ganisms used are tabulated in table I.

CULTURAL REACTIONS.

TECHNIQUE: The carbohydrate medium used was semisolid, to
which was added 1 per cent of the carbohydrate desired, and
Andrade indicator to make a pale, flesh color when cold. As a check
a second set of determinations was run, using meat infusion broth
adjusted to Ph, 7.0, to which 1 per cent of the carbohydrate was
added, litmus being used as an indicator. For the lead acetate agar
1 per cent lead acetate solution was added to semisolid medium.
Two per cent peptone gelatine, made according to a formula devised
by Treece (1), was used for liquefaction and to test for gas produc-
tion in noncarbohydrate media.

* Received for publication October 18, 1921. Abstract published in Abstracts of Bac-
teriology, Feb. 1920, vol. IV, No. 1, p. 19.

(151)

152 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

TABLE I.—Organisms used for cultural and antigenic reactions.

No. SOURCE. Name. Date.
1 | Blood culture—Lawrence, Kan.................. eee a aman IY ith ea ee ye An Aas» Ch 1913
21 | Blood culture—Kansas City, Mo...... Re Rr me Mme rtm res yl ee DANN a) et nana Fe 1919
223, || Blood culfure—Universityroh Californias pees ae eae eee eee eee 1914
25 Blood culture—Johns' Hopkins? Hospitall nano see ee eee | Cee nee ee oe
33 | Blood culture—Youngstown Hospital....................0.ececeees Mc Creanyaee pero 1921
4 || Beces—Lawrence; Ian's cae c gcc eno tel. Cee ee eco er Smithinns esoce ace 1919
6 Feces—Lawrence, Kanee its cated ols eRe beta ke ith ae Ree ead I eee ee Eee 1918
8 Feces—Lawrence: Karo! ciclo ena cka rat sks, 0. rete eet yaar | hs ee eR ae ee 1919
16 Feces—Carrier, Beau Desert, France...............00eeeec cee ceeees Schopinsky......... 1918
20 Feces=-Topelksa, Kant. ene ie oh Sek i Teale ie aaa gee ed |e an 1919
24: — | Reces-=Patal ‘case. John Hopkins: <s.ccdocc ces sect ee eaae Ree ea eee 1919
27° | Reces—Kansas' CityssMoee ace: Bo ceca ois aie eae els eT | RR ee 1920
28 Feces Carmien ys i scary aetna eaieheclerinr ie vise eae eee ight et oh 1920
29 Reces— Carrier’ c.c5. ites roast ole cede one ae ae ee eae Bivthes..ehe cen 1920
30>") Meces—= Carrion’: shes ia otstea od ce ee, Bae Bio oo an Meroe ke ar Dardrichteeneeeeree 1920
31 ‘Reeés Carrier) Shara saya geen Ra SU a IR Cattlers, ©: 2-3 1920
32 Meces =Car ric tes Sep ho ec ta aie en Nl OO EA ni eat ne al ed Daud Artes ead oe 1920
34: Recess —-Carnien | Seg ncet oe, ae tet aca ate, Ah ea rae ats eee Strit anne eteeesce 1920
35... |B CeS== Case? Lae ae esse este EAA he Ieee ren Bi Ral O 5g a eh att Meant 1920
i lo Spinalfluid=Halsteads Kam c..35 Siac ae oeeoe Skea eee ote ae aerial leavers ee ee ae ieee 1919
12° - | Spleéen—=Autopsy:s Sannsars Sonics oho Ce ee aa eee eae Rawlings iv:35.0- sccm |Secaeore
Hpleen=SAuto psy eee hel een aee he Ossett aoa Rn oti) cue a Rawlings eater weitere
15) 5| (Gall bladder—Autopsy,) France. 755... 2. se) anne esate eee ones Wablevy.21/- reere 1918
2) | ‘Novhistory==New. ork board ofthealtht cry. ssn ciociers fetes aie ee | ee ere ere tee ererel | ee ero
3 | No history—New York city board of health......................-. Bender lex. 32 ycehe ake) reer ee
0 He (a cee te rh ay oa oak PNG ORCA Se Ra Ae SR UE 2 eR LE SA Mts Sinai. so leeceeeee
11 No history—New York city board of health....................-0- Pfeiffer<.22,. 02550 onesie
13 | No history—American Miusetim=..-m cls eeo e cee crsreie ack Hopkins." ..650 bale ee eee
14 SNovhistory— Americans Museen: pete eee reece eosin Miller’) Soca ate salient
17, ol Noihistory——lnstitutexol berlin shoes ate ent ena ee eee bert sche cee 1888
19) | No history—University of Chieazo. 52.0.2... sss niece ene sees Jordaiies.. cee 1889
26:-°:\- No: history—Johns! Hopkins Hospital 2-385 synch oer ree oe cla me eke lees eae Ee et eee

153

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS.

NuMBER.

“AUTO

“WRI

"*-guiqeyary

TABLE II.—Cultural characteristics.

-Jopuy

"-ayejooe pray

++tt 44+ 4+ 4

caleed eel ge | ae eee tele Sella
Pie cae ig ees lice cle | ee. Soi
: : 5

+{+]/+}]—-;/=—1]+]/-];-7-]-
$e) ey} —] pe} a— it pe}
Po ale reel SI ce ah cea tates Te eee accel oe ee
Sle ee |e a be Pa = pee
+/+] +}—-}—-],+]/—-}-];-]-
+/+/+]—-;,—-]+]/—-]}]+]/-]-
+/+] +}/—-/—-]+};—-]-{]-]-
+i +} 4+1—-/)]—-!—-!]—-1!14+!/-1-

: asolAX

Litmus milk.

1 Neutral after 1 week.

15, 17, 19, neutral after 3 weeks.

10 days.
23, 24, 26, neutral after 3 weeks.

154 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

The litmus milk was kept for six weeks before being discarded.
The cultural reactions are tabulated in table II. It will be observed
from the table that none of the strains exhibited any variation in
the media commonly used in routine laboratory procedure. All
strains gave acid in dextrose, mannite, maltose, negative in lactose
and saccharose, no liquefaction of gelatine, no indol, and an initial
acidity in litmus milk. Three strains gave slight acidity in salacin,
one strain gave no acid in xylose, Rawlings’ strain, and one gave
acid only after ten days. Two strains were negative in dextrin.
All strains except No. 7 gave a distinct greenish-black cloud around
the stab in 2 per cent peptone gelatine, but no gas. In litmus milk
all but six organisms remained a permanent lilac color, six turned
back to neutral in three weeks and one became a deep blue after one
week.

In addition to the above strains an organism isolated from the
feces of a clinical case of mild typhoid was studied. This organism
is designated as No. 5. The patient at no time gave a positive
Widal. The organisms were abundant in the feces and culturally
differed from Bacillus typhosus only in giving very slow blackening
of lead acetate agar, negative in xylose, negative in dextrin, positive
in rhamnose, and distinct alkaline reaction in litmus milk after 72
hours, but with no saponification.

DISCUSSION.

Weiss (2) has reported the cultural characteristics of thirty-one
strains of typhosus and groups them according to xylose fermenta-
tion. Three of his strains produced acid slowly and four remained
negative. One of the negative strains was the Rawlings’ strain
which we also found to be negative.

Teague (3) objects to such a classification on the basis of xylose
fermentation on the ground that the so-called negative strains are
not really incapable of fermenting xylose, but ferment it slowly.
Four of his strains failed to give acid on the thirty-second day, but
these strains could be trained to give acid by plating on xylose agar.
No attempt was made by the author to discover mutants from nega-
tive strains on any of the carbohydrates used.

Our strains were uniformly negative on dulcite and arabinose.
Teague (3) reports eleven out of forty-one strains fermenting these
sugars slowly. Krumwiede (4) also reports the fermentation in
dextrin as varying with the sample used. The two cultures giving
negative in dextrin might, therefore, have shown typical acid pro-
duction with another sample.

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS. 155

The salacin fermentation seemed variable and did not correlate
with any other characteristics.

The danger of confusing nongas-producing paratyphoid strains
with typhosus has been recently emphasized. Ten Broek (5) re-
ports a nongas-producing hog-cholera bacillus which resembles in
some respects B. typhosus. Krumwiede (4) also reports a similarity
both culturally and serologically between B. pullorum and B. san-
guinorum and B. typhosus. Myers (6) reports the isolation of a
rhamnose positive typhosus from a clinical case of typhoid which
was also atypical in its serological reaction. It was difficult to de-
cide, therefore, whether No. 5 was a true but irregular typhoid or
a nongas-producing paratyphoid. Krumwiede (7), using the fer-
mentation of rhamnose as the deciding factor between typhoid and
paratyphoid, would place it in the para group.

AGGLUTINATION AND ABSORPTION TESTS.

Antigenic irregularities had been observed in this laboratory in
the course of routine agglutination tests on organisms isolated from
clinical cases of typhoid and a number of Widals. Parke-Davis
antityphoid serum, serum from the city laboratory of Wichita,
Kan., and serum sent us from the University of Chicago were used
in checking up the antigenic properties of the following organisms:
Wosil 2-4-5, 20.50. ol and 52.

Culturally they were all typhoid. Nos. 50, 51 and 52 were strains
isolated from feces in cases resembling influenza. They are not in-
cluded in the other tables because of accidental loss.

TABLE III.—Quantitative variations in agglutinations with commercial sera.

Sera used.
No. Parke-Davis. Wichita. University of Chicago.
Titre. Reaction. Titre. Reaction. Titre. Reaction.

1s Se ee 1-50 — 150 ee linger etre 1-8000 4+

es eas OE iSioe Sri Pa 1-10000 3+ 1-50 1+ 1-10000 4+

ERE La TANS ics ees oh ae 1-1000 44+ 1-400 4+ 1-2000 4+

Res eased sektes Sek e dais baka ok 1-2000 4+ 1-A0DO|* Nines Boe 1-4000 4+
112 ho eee Se ee eae ae bee 1-50 _ I= BOF Ate ce 2 AHO velierts. Sean be
TLS ee Se IR OR Ae eke 1-50 — 15ON? sem: oe See LESOR OB aa
i sgh eee oe ta a ee Oe 1 tt 1s Wg eee ee Se CBO Miele eta are ae T= SOME RE sty es. crore

Se Mods ere da. enter ce 1-4000 AS rte ones cist ae he Beyer alors ters 1-8000 4+

156 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Numerous observers have remarked on the antigenic differences
in typhoid. Durham (8) observed such differences, but did not
attempt to group his strains. Weiss (1) and Hooker (9), however,
offered a tentative grouping on the basis of their agglutination and
absorption tests.

The agglutination tests in this series were all done with suspen-
sions in sterile saline made from twenty-four-hour cultures. The
serum used came principally from rabbits immunized in this labo-
ratory. .

A high-titred bivalent horse serum from the New York city board
of health* prepared from the Mt. Sinai strain, and a freshly isolated
strain as well as a high-titred serum for which the Rawlings strain
had been used for immunization from the Lederle laboratories, were
also used. Table IV gives a summary of the results. In addition
to the results given here, eight other immune sera were used for -
agglutination against all the organisms with similar results.

The following technique was used for the absorption tests: The
serum to be tested was diluted to one-tenth of the titre. This di-
lution was then saturated with organisms, washed from a twenty-
four-hour agar slant to make a heavy emulsion. This was incu-
bated at 37° C. for four hours and for four days at ice-box tempera-
ture, more organisms being added as the supernatant fluid became
clear. The control of diluted serum in every case gave a good ag-
glutination in spite of the prolonged incubation. If the control gave
agglutination after absorption with the homologous organism the
test was repeated.

Since considerable prominence has been given to the mirror re-
action in the recent literature, it might be well to establish some
standard method for absorption tests in order to get comparable
results. We found the following points must be carefully considered
in any test: .

1. Weight of suspension. 4. Repeated saturation.
2. Dilution of serum. 5. Temperature.
3. Time of absorption. 6. Controls.

Krumwiede (4) recommends a proportion of 1-4 or 3, or at most
1-2 of packed cells to supernatant fluid. Our proportion after the
final centrifugation was about 1-3. It was found that a dilution
of one-tenth the titre of the serum was perfectly satisfactory. Al-
though higher dilutions could be used, a lower dilution did not give
complete absorption. Three or four hours was not long enough

*T am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Charles Krumwiede for the use of this serum.

| Se” - a Se

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS. 157

to give complete absorption and frequently absorption was not
complete in twenty-four or forty-eight hours. After a standard of
four days was chosen no more trouble was experienced. It was
always necessary to add more organisms as the supernatant fluid
became clear; the greater the tendency to agglutinate, the larger
the number of organisms necessary for complete absorption. It
was necessary to keep the serum at ice-box temperature because of
the well-known tendency of diluted serum to deteriorate at room
or incubator temperatures. A control of diluted serum which had
been incubated under the same conditions as the test sera was neces-
sary to show that no drop in titre had occurred, and a control of
the serum to be tested saturated with the homologous organisms
indicated the completeness of the absorption. Table V gives a
summary of the absorption tests.

From table IV it will be seen that the strains of typhoid differ
perceptibly in their agglutinating properties. On this basis we have
placed the organisms tentatively into three groups. Group I is
made up of eleven organisms; group II of twelve organisms; group
III of two organisms. Group I serum agglutinates all other or-
ganisms in this group in dilutions practically as high as that given
for the homologous organisms. Group I serum also agglutinates
group II organisms, but in lower dilutions; conversely, the group I
organisms are agglutinated by group II serum, but in lower dilu-
tions than are the group II organisms. These two groups are closely
related and interagglutinate to the degree indicated in the table.
Groups I and II serum give shght or no agglutination with group
III organisms. Group III, consisting of two strains, Nos. 2 and 3,
interagglutinate perfectly at 1-15000, but this high-titred serum
agglutinates members of groups I and II in low dilutions or not
at all.

The results of agglutination tests using horse serum indicated
that the same antigenic differences were present, but that they ap-
peared in higher dilutions because of the higher titre of the serum.

To illustrate: No. 12, the Rawlings strain, was completely ag-
glutinated at 1-80000, and No. 1 at 1-5000. ©

Many of these agglutination tests were checked by using the
microscopic method, care being used to rule out the personal equa-
tion. Where partial agglutination occurred, the macroscopic meth-
od seemed to give more definite results.

It will be seen that the absorption tests show an even closer
relationship between groups I and II than do the agglutination tests,
No. 1 being somewhat more irregular than the others. The ab-

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158

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“BIOS OUNTIWI YYIM SUOIZOVEI UOTJVUTIIN|SSy— AT ATAVL

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS. 159

TABLE V.—Absorption tests with Immune sera.

Sera used.

Absorbing

ie fMRI ag A Sr ay de 6
ee een OER Oe ct ee eS + == == =e — == =i ao Ss Be
MP Meas od aS Se Ae west t > hi ae + “F a = ir oe a=
a eared ais Nahin sis wee = + = =a = = oF - aie
cae Se eR od +/+] 4+]/—-); +=} +}]+)+)]4+4+
ar GS ed ice ane = cE oF +2: ae = ol =- + -
CV Gok oa) ARES eee ce eee = = of — 45 == + - +-
rl Ae het Bie gece ae Ae ae ae = ae = a = + + oe + +
ame te Pees. ber ae ck: See ee ese ee Pes pee oP ae
2 ge ale PERE EE I ee -— ae Sis sa an =F oF ar =F alr
Mays. RiaeF ich 629. ee Ry ts +/=#]4+}]/—]/—{]+]+]+]+]+4
pee NE Ny hts Es ate ce 3 F a = == = == + _ = +
Ue i oo ee ee fee | RE ee eee + | | +
See EES ee +/+] 4+}]—}]—]+{]+])4+44+
Ce See ee Re Oe ee == a= a= = = == = se =~ =
TEA ie ator, GER er A Re = + =F = = 4 — =e ae vows
1 is Zee ta ena ge a =k =e + =e a= = — ae + aie
LS. GU aE Seee Sev ne ee ee eee One = + So = cae = == 72 == as
LAE BE SBR Regsohckc Acie chen ae =f =F = == + 25 + ==
LG Be 3° GR SAGE ener Serra eee = == == — z= a + + as
a. tae hyp le 5 eae inne i a Sea 55 | a= == — _ + = +
OT ead ge Rees oe eee cee oy ne re = a = == qi =F + cae =
he ie a a eee +i/.+)]) +] - a en ee
2 ae Ae eee ee SS Sah | ei ee fe a ee ee ee
En = Mi cn le a SP eS 1 Ee ea I Pe ice a) ee Ee

+ Absorption complete. ; :
+ Absorption incomplete but reduction of titre.
— No absorption.

sorption tests show a more striking difference between the two or-
ganisms in group III and the other groups. The antigenic differ-
ences shown by these organisms could not be correlated with their
age as with Hooker’s (9) organisms, nor with cultural differences
as with Weiss’ (2).

No. 5 was found to be entirely inagglutinable by any of the sera
used. Serum prepared from this organism agglutinated only the
homologous organism. It did not absorb any of the agglutinins
from the sera prepared from other organisms, nor were its agglutin-
ins absorbed by other organisms. These facts, In connection with
the somewhat irregular carbohydrate reactions and the atypical

160 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

growth on agar slants, made it seem advisable to consider this
organism one of those unclassified, irregular organisms which are
not infrequently isolated from stools, although in many respects this
does not differ any more radically than irregular strains reported
by other observers.

In running Widals in this laboratory it was customary to set up
each serum with B. typhosus, para A and para B. A member of the
department suggested that it might be advisable to use several
strains of B. typhosus in setting up routine Widals. Accordingly, a
Widal giving negative with the strain used, No. 2, was again set
up, using three other strains of typhoid. It again gave a negative
with No. 2, but was strongly positive with the other two strains.
It was recognized that apparent antigenic differences of this sort
might constitute an important source of error in making routine
laboratory tests.

The sera for the Widals were obtained eae various sources.
Sera A, C, D, F, G, J and I were from clinical cases of typhoid
from which the organism was subsequently isolated. ‘The others
came as positive Widals from reputable laboratories, the majority
of which use the Rawlings strain. Most of the specimens were
drops of blood dried on a metal slide or on filter paper. <A dilution
of 1-25 and 1-50 was made and an equal amount of a living sus-
pension of the organism was added, making an ultimate dilution
of 1-50 and 1-100. All Widals were set up using Nos. 1, 2, 3, 10
and 12. No. 12 was selected because it is the Rawlings strain and
is used for the army vaccine. Numbers 2 and 3 were used because
of the irregularities exhibited in the absorption tests and No. 10
because it was an organism giving a clear adherent agglutination
with most sera used. The results of these tests may be seen in
table VI. :

It was noticed that fresh serum drawn from the clot and used
within twenty-four or forty-eight hours gave positive agglutination
with a larger number of organisms than those made from dried
blood. In those Widals run with dried. blood precipitation was

usually marked in the tubes giving a positive Widal. This might
be due to the presence of hemoglobin, foreign substances on the ~

metal slides or paper, some change in reaction, or some biochemical
change. This phenomenon is being investigated. No precipitation
was noted in the Widals using clear serum, nor in the agglutination
tests with rabbit serum. Stober (14) mentions the occurrence of
both precipitation and agglutination with his immune sera.

~“

161

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS.

TA BLEN Vl Widal reactions:

+ = Clear-cut complete agglutination.

+ = Partial agglutination.
— = Negative agglutination.

ORGANISMS.
A ‘B C D | E | F H
1 Leen A ae _ — — —_ -- a ee
ad Ne in RRS Bi — == 4- — — ab a
Giant hye Mahe os Sa |i aie + = Zs = ==
LOM eee. Metis: ean ere + + Ser iightnee The eames
ERS eemrays aeatoceie + o- + al ae se a

Sera. Percentages.

i dj K N O oR Q a = i
ar ar ce ar SF ar aR 42 10 47
ae eee | A ae ly SE ee 20 | 25 | 55
a leo ter — + ze op EE 33 27 38
ae all eet de = — 25 — 70 23 6
aE a au at ae 2k =f 75 15 10

11—Science Bul.—3728.

162 ' THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

From table VI it is readily seen that different organisms with the
same sera set up at the time showed marked differences in agglutin-
ability. This may be due to the different agglutinabilities inherent
in the organisms themselves and such marked differences probably
would not be noted had absorption tests been possible. It is
recognized that these twenty positive Widals are too few to provide
a basis for accurate conclusions. It seems highly probable that the
dried-blood method exaggerates the antigenic differences between
the organisms, changing what is probably a quantitative into an
apparently qualitative difference between the organisms. The low
percentage of positives given with Nos. 2 and 3 might be expected
from the results given in the absorption tests using immune sera.
No. 10, on the other hand, gave a very low percentage of negatives.
Those read as partial agglutination in clinical work would be called
positive. The tubes read as positive gave complete clearing of the
supernatant fluid; those read as partial agglutination showed unmis-
takable agglutination, but with some cloudiness of the supernatant
fluid. No. 10, therefore, gave 93 per cent positive. No. 12, while giv-
ing the highest percentage of complete agglutinations, gave only 90
per cent positive when partial agglutinations are included. It seems
probable in view of the results obtained that it might be worth while
to use more than one strain of typhoid in running Widals and to
select easily agglutinable strains, such as No. 10 Mt. Sinai strain,
and No. 12 the Rawlings strain.

The serological reactions here recorded might have an important
bearing on the following points:

1. The occurrence of typhoid fever in vaccinated persons.

2. The advisability of using a polyvalent. vaccine.

_ 3. The occurrence of negative Widals in clinical cases of typhoid
fever.

4. Sources of error due to the dried-blood method.

A number of cases of typhoid fever occurring in vaccinated in-
dividuals may be found in the literature. Vaughn (10) says that
“Tt is possible that in so far as vaccination has failed it is due to
the disease being caused by other members of the typhoid group,

which in all probability is much larger than we now ap-
preciate.” Mock (11) reports the occurrence of forty-five cases of
typhoid and paratyphoid in individuals who had been vaccinated
about one year previous to the attack. Some of the strains isolated
were atypical in regard to their cultural and serological reactions,
but were identified positively as typhoid or paratyphoid organisms.

DOWNS: BACILLUS TYPHOSUS. 163

Trowbridge (12) reports the occurrence of a typhoid epidemic
among vaccinated persons in an institution. Here the original
source of infection came from the milk supply, which was infected
by a vaccinated worker with a mild case of typhoid. It is realized
that in such an epidemic the dosage may have been sufficient to
overcome the immunity acquired from vaccination. Wade and Mc-
Daniel (13) report the occurrence of an epidemic in an institution
among vaccinated individuals. Here there seemed to be an in-
teresting correlation between the negative Widals given after vac-
cination and the susceptibility of these persons to typhoid. Myers
and Nielson (6) report the isolation of an atypical strain of typhoid
from the blood stream and stool, respectively, of two vaccinated
persons.

Hooker (9) and Weiss (2) conclude from their experiments that
a vaccine made from several strains of typhoid would be more eff-
cient than one made from a single strain. The results of these ob-
servers and the others reported, together with our findings, would
suggest that at least it might be well to consider the use of a vaccine
made from several strains.

Stober (14) reports three negative Widals and seven positive
Widals, using an organism isolated from urine. Mock (11) also re-
ports negative agglutination with typical typhoid organisms iso-
lated from clinical cases. Robinson (15), on the other hand, re-
ports no variability in 100 Widals using the Worcester and Raw-
lings strains.

In summing up the work done the following conclusions may be
drawn: 7

1. -Culturally, the typhoid organisms studied differ very slightly
from each other, the reaction being most variable in dextrine,
xylose, salacin and litmus milk. These variations cannot be cor-
related with the age of the culture nor source.

2. Cross-agglutination and absorption tests establish the exist-
ence of at least quantitative antigenic differences between the
strains used. It occurs to the author that the conflict as to whether
there are antigenic differences in the typhoid group may be due to
the fact that qualitative rather than quantitative differences have
been emphasized.

3. There is a marked difference in the agglutination of organisms
with the sera used in Widals, and 1t would be advisable to set up
each Widal with more than one strain, selecting strains which were
known to give a high percentage of positives.

164 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

4. The use of fresh serum drawn from the clot is much more
satisfactory than the use of dried blood, changing what is probably —
a quantitative difference into an apparently qualitative difference.

This work was offered as part of the requirement for a master’s —
thesis. /

The author is greatly indebted to Dr. N. P. Sherwood, chairman —
of the department of bacteriology of the University of Kansas, for —
the initiation of this problem and constant aid and encouragement.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

TreEece. Abstr. of Bact., Feb. 1920, 4, 1, p. 9.

Weiss. Jour. Med. Res., 1917, 36, p. 135.

TEAGUE AND MorisHima. Jour. Infect. Dis., 1920,.26, p. 52.
KRUMWIEDE, Koun, and VALENTINE. Jour. Med. Res., 1918, 38, p. 89.
Ten Broek. Jour. of Exp. Med., 1916, 24, p. 213.

Myers anp Nistson. Jour. Infect. Dis., 1920, 27, p. 46.

KruMwIeEDE, CHArtes. Local citation. |

DurHAM. Jour. of Exp. Med., 5, 1901.

9. Hooxrer. Jour. Immunol., 1916, 2, p. 1.

10. VaucHNn. Jour. Lab. & Clin. Med., 1919, 4, p. 640.

11... Mock: ‘Ibid. :1919)°5, pp. 54.

12. Trowsripce, FINKLE, and BarNnarp. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 1915, 64, p. 728.
18. Wave and McDaniet. Am. Jour. of Pub. Health, 1915, 5, p. 186.

14. Sroser. Jour.-Infect. Dis., 1904, 1, p. 445.

15. Roprinson. Jour. Med. Res., 1915, 32, p. 399.

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- available. Applications should be made to Science Bulletin, Library of the
Calvert of Kansas. .

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Sra. ve j

ea

BULLETIN S OF DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.

“Two Grain Insects.” V. iw Kellogg (with RF H. Snow).
“Common Injurious Insects of Kansas.” Vv. ibs Kellogg. :
“The Horn Fly of Cattle. sy Si Kellogg (with FoH. Snow). Beale
jane wer Destructive Grasshoppers of Kansas.” Sd: Hunter “ith F. a
now i
“Scale Insects Injurious to. Orchards.” 8 54 ae
“Alfalfa, Grasshoppers, Bees; T heir Relationships.” Sad: Tine ) fee
“The Honey Bee and Its fond Plants i in Kansas.” §.J. Hunter. env
“The Green Bug and Its Natural Enemies.” S. J. Hunter. Rie A

“Report of Results of University Research Commission on Horse Plague. ae he
S. J. Hunter, A. L. Skoog, W. K. Trimble, N. P. Sherwood. ok) ee

“Orchard Problems and How to Solve Them.” H. B. Hungerford,
“Studies in Kansas Insects.”
1. Grasshoppers ; Melanopli of Kansas. iP. W. Claassen.
2. Grasshoppers; (Edipodine of Kansas. R. H. Beamer, |
3. Dragonflies of Kansas. C. H. Kennedy. _ a ae
4. Scale Insects Injurious to Fruit and Shade Trees. PD: Lawson. fi)
ie ‘Spring Cankerworm and Its Control. ‘W. H. Wellhouse. te

Kansas.

PN Se GROLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANSAS. |

Volume.
I, 1896. General Bitakieloahy: of Tastee ‘Kansas: cubated
~ II, 1897. General Geology ‘of Western Kansas; exhausted:
III, 1898. Special Report on Coal; weight, 4 pounds.
IV, 1898. Upper Cretaceous Paleontology; exhausted.
V, 1899. Gypsum and Gypsum Cement Plasters; weight, 2 pounds.

VI, 1900: Carboniferous Invertebrates and Cretaceous, Fishes; weight, 4 od
; pounds:

VII, 1902. Special Report.on Mineral Waters; ete 3 pounds. ~
VIII, 1904. Special Report on Lead and Zine; weight, 4 pounds,
IX, 1909. Special Report on Oil and Gas; exhausted. :
Boileiin 1, 1913. Special Report on Well Waters m Kansas; ‘meet, 1 poun
Bulletin 2, 1915. Crystalline Rocks in, Kansas; weight, 1 pounds 25S" ove

Bulletin 3, 1917. Ol and Gas Resourees of Kansas, —

"MINERAL RESOURCES OF KANSAS. hee

ee fer 1897, 1898, 1900-’01, 1902; exhausted.
Report for 1899, 1903; postage, 4 cents each.

; aT

The reports and bulletins of the University Geological Sirsee: of Kansas. and |
the reports on, the Mineral Resources of Kansas are for free distribution on ~
receipt of the proper postage, or may be sent by express, charges collect...
Where weights are given consult your postmaster for parcel-post PAVERS aes .
pryeiions should be made to the State Geologist. Rea ‘

; LNT ea .

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

HNIUINALU

3 0112 069259783

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