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A KEY

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TO THE ii^

ISPRING FLORAi

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MANHATTAN.

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is BY H

H A. S, HITCHCOCK. ^

:>;S Professor of Botany in the Kansas State Agricultural College, ;*?)?;

M IvIANHATTAN. KANSAS. &

LIBRARY
NKW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

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A KEY

XO THE

SPRING FLORA

OR

MANHATTAN.

BY

A, S, HITCHCOCK,

Professor of Botany in the Kansas State Agricultural College,

MATSIHAXXAN. KANSAS.

IVtANHATTAN, KANSAS

AlERCURY PUBLISHING HOUSU.

1894.

LIBRARY
Ni:vV YORK
JDuTANICALi

:H5I

PREFACE.

The list includes those Angiosperms in the vicinity of Manhattan
which may be found in flower before the first of June. The only
Gymnosperm occurring here is Juniperus Virqiniaka, L.

Through the kindness of Dr. X. L. Britton, I am enabled to
present the nomenclature and arrangement as they will probably appear
in the new Check List now being prepared by a committee of the A.
A. A. S.

Experience has shown that Gray's Manual, though a most excellent
work for advanced students, is too extended for the use of the majority
of the beginners who can devote but ten weeks to the study of elementary
botany and with whom the preparation of a herbarium is subsidiary to a
training of the powers of observation.

In giving the characters of orders and genera exceptions are
neglected. Ranunculace^e are described as being herbs, that is, they
usually are herbs. As the title implies, it is intended to differentiate
the plants included in the list only, hence the characters are usually
abbreviated and will not serve to definitely distinguish the groups from
all others.

CD

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO ORDERS.

CLASS I. Monocotyledoneae Fibrovascular bundles of stem dis-
tributed irregularly through the pith. Venation usually nerved. Parts
of the ttower often in three's.

Flowers without a perianth, in the axils of small bracts.
A scale above each flower, leaves -!-ranked. sheaths split

Oramineac 1
No scale above the flower, leaves 3-ranked, sheaths entire,

Cypemceae 2
Flowers naked, monoecious, gathered in a fleshy spike surrounded by a

spathe Araceue 3

Flowers provided with a proper perianth, divisions 6.

Perianth scale-like Jnncaceae 5

Perianth not scale-like.

Three outer divisions green, 3 inner petal-like. .Conmuliaaceae 4
Divisions similar.
Ovary superior.

Leaves provided witli tendrils Smilaceae 7

No tendrils LUiaceae (5

Ovary inferior Iridaceae 8

CLASS IP Dicotyledoneae. Fibrovascular bundles of stem
arranged in a ring. Venation reticulate. Parts of flower usually in
four's or five's

SuRt'LASs L Archichlamydese. Corolla, if present, of seperate
petals.

I. Calyx and Corolla present.

1. Stamens more than ten (cf. Schrankia, which sometimes lias more

than ten stamens).
Separate.

Inserted on the receptacle.

Herbs lianuncnlaceae 23

Small tree Anonaceae 22

Wo( dy vine Mer)isperm((ceoe 24

Inserted on calyx Homeeae 30

United in a column (monadelphous) Mdlrncene 43

2. Stamens not more than 10.

As many as petals and opposite them.

Woody vines provided with tendrils Vitaceae 42

Shrubs, not climbing. Rliamnacene 41

When as many as petals alternate with them.
A Ovary superior.

Simple; stamens 10; flowers iisually papilionaceous. .//e7)mmio.s'ar' 31

4 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

Compound

Stamens as many as petals and alternate.

Herbs, ttowers irregular Violaceae 44

Woody plants.

Leaves simple Celastracme 37

Leavfs compound.

Ovary 1-celled Anacardiaceae 36

Ovary 3-celled Staphyleaceae 38

Stamens more numerous than petals, or only 2.
Flowers irregular.

Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 6 Papaveraceae 25

Petals 4; stamens usually 7 Hippocastanacene 40

Flowers regular.

Stamens 10; petals •>.
Ovary .')-cel led.

Leaves simple Geraniaceae 32

Leaves 3-foliate Qjalidaceae 33

Ovary 1-celled (Jdi-yopliyllaceae 21

Stamens .6 (or 2); petals 4.

Ovary 1-celled . . Copparidaceae 27

Ovary 2-celled Crudferae 20

B. Ovary inferior.
Shrubs.

Leaves opposite; petals 4 Cornaceae 47

Leaves alternate; petals 5 Snxifrdijaceae 28

Herbs.

Petals 4 Oenotlieraceae 45

Petals 5; flowers in umbels L^mbelUferae 4fi

II. Corolla and sometimes calyx absent.
Flowers unisexual; one or both sorts in catkins or heads; trees or shrubs.
Staminate flowers in catkins; pistillate single.

Leaves simple Fagocear. 12

Leaves pinnate J\Hjhindace(ie 9

Both kinds in catkins or heads.

Ovary 2-ovuled; anthers 1-celled Betulaveae 11

Ovary 1-ovuled; flowers in heads Platanaceae 29

Ovary 1-2-ovuled; flowers in short catkins; anthers 2 celled,

Moraceae 14

Ovary, many ovuled Salicaceae 10

Flowers not in catkins.
Trees or shrubs.
Ovary not lobed.

Leaves simple Ulmaceae 13

Leaves pinnate Oleacme 49

Ovary 2-lobed Aceracene 39

Ovary 3-5-lobed; leaves pinnate Rutacene 34

Herbs.

Ovaries several lianunculacene 23

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. o

Ovary 1 .

Inferior Santalaceae 16

Superior but enclosed in calyx tube,calyx colored,

Nyctaginaceae 20
Superior, not enclosed in calyx tube.

Ovary 3- celled Euphorhinceae 8.5

Ovary 1 -celled.

Stipules sheathing Folygonaceae 17

Stipules none.

Flowers closely imbricated with scarious bracts,

Amarantaceae 19
Xo scarious bracts.

Flowers perfect; stigmas 2. . Chenopodi aceae 18
Flowers monoecious or polygamous; stigma 1 ,

Urticaceae 15
Subclass II. Sympetalas. Calyx and corolla both present: petals
more or less united.
Ovary inferior.

Flowers in heads surrounded bv an involucre

Corollas all strap-shaped Cichorlaceae 64

Corollas all or parlly tubular Compositae 65

Flowers not in heads.

Leaves alternate Campanulaceae 63

Leaves opposite; corolla -S-lobed Caprifoliaceae 62

Leaves whorled; corolla 4-lobed Rubiaceae 61

Ovary superior.

Stamens as many as lobes of corolla and opposite them.

Primulnceae 48
Stamens if as many alternate with the lobes of corolla.
Corolla regular.

Ovaries 2; herbs with milky juice.

Stamens distinct Apocynaceae 50

Stamens united with each other and the stigma,

Asclepiadaceae 51
Ovary 1.

Deeply 4-lobPd around the style AsperifoUae 55

Not lobed.

Leaves opposite, entire;ovary 3-cel\ed. Polemoniaceae 53

Leaves opposite, entire or toothed; ovary 2-celled,

Scrophulariaceae 59

Leaves all radical; flowers in a close spike,

Plantaginaceae 60
Leaves alternate, or if opposite, deeply parted, not all
radical.

Stamens 10 or more Leguminosae 31

Stamens 5.

Ovules not more than 4.

Ovary 2-celled: leaves not lobed,

Convolvulacene 52

SPRING FLORA OF MA^NllATTAN.

Ovary 1-celled; leaves deeply parted,

Ht/drophyllaceae o-t
Ovules numerous; ovury 2-c^\\ed . Sola naceae 58
Corolla irregular.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style Lahiatae 57

Ovary not lobed.

2-celled; ovules numerous ScmphularlHceae .59

2-4-eelled; ovules 4 ]"erben(tceae 56

DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

MONOCOTYLEDON EAE.

1 GRAMINE^.
Perianth none. Stamens usually 3. Ovary one, superior, 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Styles and stigmas 2. Fruit a caryopsis, the seed grown rast
to the pericarp. Flower in the axil of a bract (flowering glume) with a
2-keeled bract (palet) between the flower and the axis. The flowers are
arranged in 2 ranked clusters (spikelets), the two glumes at the base of
the spikelet being empty. The spikelets may be from one to many
flowered. Herbaceous plants with 2-ranked, alternate, nerved leaves
and sheaths split on the side opposite the blade

1. Spikelets with usually 4 glumes and one perfect flower, jointed upo i
the pedicel below the glumes

Spikelets in loose panicles .... Pduicum

Spikelets in spike-like panicles Chamaeraphia

2. Spikelets not jointed below the ghimes, 1-many flowered; glumes
3 when 1-flowered.

a Spikelets 1-flowered, not on a z,ig-zag rhachis.

Inflorescence loosely panicled. . . lyrostis^

Inflorescence spike-like Alopccunoi

b. Spikelets dioecious; staminate in two rows, forming a 1-sided

spike. . .'. Bnlhili.s-

c Spikelets more than 1-flowered, pedieelled.
*Flowering glume 3-nerved.

Empty glumes similar, acute. Kaeleria

Empty glumes very dissimilar, upper very obtuse Eatonm

* *Flowering glume 5-nerved
Glumes compressed and keeled.

Awn-pointed; spikelets in 1-sided clusters DnctyU.f

Not awn-pointed; spikelets in panicles Poa

Glumes convex on back.

Awn, if present, from tip of glume Fe/ituoi

SPRI^IG FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 7

Glumes avviied below the 2-cleft apex Bromus

d. Spikelets sessile on opposite sides of a zig-zag rhachis.

1-flowered Hordeum

8-5-flowered Eh/mus

PANICUM, L.
Lower glume usually small; tliiid glume empty or staminate; fourth
glume coriaceous, enclosing a pf-rfect tlower.

P laxiflorum. Lam. Resembling the next but spikelets scarcely 2
mm. long. Prairie la'id

P. scoparimn/L-dm. Stems usually several, 2-4 dm. high Sheaths
hairy. I'aniclH about idm. long Spikelets obovate, obtuse, 3 mm.
long; Id ^er iriume roundish, about one-lhird the length of the spikelet.
Piairie land, common.

CHA.VI^RAPHIS, R. i3r.*
Spikelets as in Panicimi hut the p^^duncles bearing a few long
bristles below the joint.

C viridis. (L ) Porter. Annual, upright; leaves straight (not
twisted as in U glauca). Spike 3-10 cm. long, usually somewhat taper-
ing upward. A common weed in cultivated ground.
ALOPECURUS, L.
Spikelets l-floweifd; lower glumes boat shaped, about as long as the
flowering giume which is avvned on the back below the middle.
Inflorescence spike-like

A qeniculatii.^, L. Tufted, 2-4 dm. high, leaves short, the soft spike
2-5 cm long, often parLly enclosed in the upper sheath. Moist meadows,
frequent.

AGROSTIS, L
Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes usually longer than the flower-
ing one, allwithout terminal awns.

A. Iiiemalis, (Walt ) B. S. P. Slender stems tufted, with a few-
short leaves at base, 3-4 dm higk l^auicle large, the branches capillary
and in fruit very long and spreading. Lower glume acute, about H mm.
long. Dry land, common.

BULBILIS. Raf.
Dioecious; staminate spikelets 2-ranked in 1-sided short spikes,
2-3 flowered; spikes 1-3 at the summit of the short stem. Pistillate
spikelets 1-flowered in a cluster near the ground, each in the axil of a
leaf-like bract.

B. dacU/loides, (Xutt. ) Raf. A low tufted grass, spreading extensively
by stolons. Prairie, frequent.

EATON I A, Raf
Spikelets 2 flowered; empty glumes nearly equal in length but very
unequal in shape, lower narrow, upper broad and obovate.

•It would seem best to retain Sptnria as a genus distinct from the Australian.
Chamaernphis, but as the name was used earlier lor a g-enus of lichens, a new name
should be g-iven.

8 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

F. obtusata, (Michx ) Gray. An upright 'smooth grass i to I m. high,
with contracted panicle, Prairie, common.

KGELERIA, Pers.

Spikelets 2-4-tlovvered; empty glumes somewhat unequal, about the
length of the spikelet, acut sh.

K cristata. (L.) Pers. Resembling the previous species but stem
pubescent above and panicle rather more contracted Prairie, common.

DACTYLIS. L

Spikelets 3-4 flowered, crowded in 1-sided clusters; empty glumes
short awned, flowering glume 5 nerved.

D glomerata, L. An upright, tufted grass i m. high or more, with
rather brond leaves Escaped from cultivation

POA, L

Spikelets ovate, compressed, 2-several flowered, in open panicles.
Empty glumes shorter than flowers Flowering glume keeled, o nerved,
with a scarious margin. Awns none

P. compressa. L. Panicle short and narrow. Stem flattened, wiry,
2-4 dm high. Leaves short arid erect. Perennial by running rootstocks.
Sterile ground.

P. pratensis, L. Panicle pyramidal, short. Stem cylindrical,
upright, 2-6 dm high Escaped from cultivation, common.

P. sylvestris. Gray. Panicle loose and open, pedicels slender. Stem
(2-6 dm.) and leaves soft and weak. Upland, woods.

FESTUCA, L.

Spikelets 3-several flowered. Panicle open or contracted. Flower-
ing glume coriaceous, convex on back. 3-5 nerved, acute or awned from
tip.

F. octoflora, Walt. Panicle often contracted into a simple raceme.
Flowering glume short awned. Leaves few and short, convolute. Stem
erect, 1-4 dm. high. Sterile soil, common

i^. elatior, var. pratensis, (Huds.) Hack. Panicle simple. Glumes
awnless. Leaves flai. Stem tall; im or more. Escaped froni cultiva-
tion.

BROMUS. L

Spikelets several flowered, panicled. Empty glumes unequal, nerved.
Flowering glume convex on back, or keeled above, nerved, awned below
the2-cleft apex.

B secalinus, h. Panicle often simple, pedicels rough, slender.

Lower empty glume acute, narrow, 3-nerved; upper broader and longer,

7-nerved Flowering glume about 7-nerved; awn shorter than glume.

A weed in tields.

HORDELTM, L

Spikelets 1-flowered. sessile on a zig zag rhachis, 3 at eacli joint, the
2 lateral more or less imperfect, the 6 empty glumes bristle form, stand-
ing side by side in front of the spikelets. Flowering ghime long awned

from the apex.

H jubatum, L. Awn capillary, spreading, 2-5 cm. long. Stems

about i m high. Waste places, infrequent.

SIRRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 9

H. nodosum, L. Awn about as long as glume [i cm.) erect. Stem
low, 1-5 dm. Spike sometimes enclosed in upper sheath, breaking up at
maturity into joints. Sterile soil, common.

ELYMUS, L.

Much as in Hordeum but spikelets all perfect and usually more than
1-flovvered.

E. C(mt(densts vav. (jlaucifoliiis, ( Willd.) Torr. Spike large and thick.
Empty glumes strongly nerved, awned. Flowering glumes with long
spreading, capillary awns. Large grass with rough leaves. Low land,
common.

2. CYPERACEAE.

Proper perianth none, sometimes represented by bristles or scales.
Stamens usually 3. Ovary one, superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2-3-
cleft Fruit an achene. Flowers in the axils of bracts; no bract
between tlie flower and the axis. Grass-like plants with 3-ranked
leaves and closed sheaths.

ELEOCIIARIS, R. Rr.

Flowers perfect, in a single spike terminating the naked stem.
Ovary surrounded by several bristles. Style thickened at the base form-
ing a tubercle on the achene.

E. palustris, (L ) R. & S Stems cylindrical, striate, l-o dm. high.
In mud or shallow water, common.

SCIRPUS, L

Resembling Eleocharift but style not thickened. In our species the
1-several spikelets are at the apex of the stem, with an involucral leaf
which may appear as a continuation of the stem.

»S. Americanus, Pers. Spikelets 1-several, sessile, involucral leaf
much longer than the cluster. Stems triangular. Wet places.

;S'. Incustris, L Spikelets panicled, the involucral leaf shorter than
the cluster. Stems cylindrical, tall. Wet places.

CAREX, L

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds in the same or different spikes.
Achene enclosed in a sac (perigynium) Stems usually triangular.

'i 1. Staminate flower.s in one or more terminal spikes; the pistillate
spikes below, usually peduncled. Achene triangular.

C. hystricina, Muhl Pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping on slender stalks,
oblong and densely flowered Perigynium smooth, strongly nerved,
somewhat inflated, narrowed into a slender beak as long as the body.
Swampy ground.

C. Miformis. var. lanngbiosa, {M.[chx..) B. S. P. Pistillate spikes 1-3,
erect and nearly sessile. Perigynium short beaked, deeply 2-toothed,
densely pubescent. Low prairie.

C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Staminate spikes several. Pistillate spikes
usually 2 3, upper erect, lowermost long stalked and spreading. Peri-
gynium smooth, nerved, the short beak extending into 2 long, bristle-
like teeth. Coarse plants growing in marshes.

C. .s/rjr/a. Lam. Spikes several; pistillate slender and compactly

10 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

flowered, mostly several aad erect. PerigyMium short, smooth, scarcely
nerved, beak short and entire Swampy land.

C. tetanica, Schk. Staminate spike one; pistillate spikes 1-3, short,
more or less stalked. Perigynium nerved, smootli, the very short beak
bent to one side. Prairie, common. Leaf below lowermost spike
several cm. long.

C. Pennsylvanica, Lim. The habit of tlie preceding but perigynium
pubescent, beak longer and toothed, and lower leaf only a little longer
than spike. Prairie, common.

g 2. The two kinds of flowers in the s:ime spike. Spises short,
sessile and collected at the summit of stem. L^n•igynium plano-convex
and achene lenticular.

C. Muhlenberg a, Schk. Staminate flowers borne at top of spike,
hence lower scales fruitful Per-gynia strongly spr^-ading at maturity.
Spikes close together, so as to form an aggregate spike- ike head.
Prairie, common.

C. stmminea, var. fe.^tnc((ce'i. ( VVilld. ) Tuckerm. Stamuiate floweis at
base of spike, hence several of the lower scales empty causing the spike
to taper below. Perigvnia ascending Spikes usually 4-6, shortly
separated from each other. Common on prairie
3. ARACEAE.

Flowers sessile, crowded on a fleshy axis (spadix). Fruit a lierry.
ARIS/EMA, Mart.

Flowers naked, covering only the lower portion of the spadix, the
latter surrounded by a rolled up leaf or spathe Perennial from a corm.
Leaves compound. Fruit scarlet, l-few seeded.

A. Dmcontium, (L.) Schott. Usually one leaf with several leaflets.
Spadix tapering into a long slender point which is exerted from the
rolled up tip of the spat'ne. Low vvoods, frequent,

A friphjillum J L.) Ton: Leaves 2, each with B elliptical leaflets.
Spadices dioecious, club-sh iped and obtuse a!)Ove, shorter tluri the
hooded sfiathe. Rich woods, rare.

4. COMMELINACEAE.

Calyx of 3 green sepals. Corolla of 3 colored petals whicli soon
wither. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-3-celled, free. Fruit a capsule.
TRADESCANTIA, L.

Petals pink or violet. Filaments covered with long violet hairs.
Flowers umbelled in terminal and axillary clusters.

T. VirglrUaaa. L Common in low prairie. Flowers opening on
sunny mornings and soon withering.

5. JUNCACEAE

Perianth of (> similar, persistent, bract-like divisions Stamens (>.
Ovary one, superior, 3-carpelled. Style 1, stigmas 3. Fruit a 3 valved
capsule. Grass-like herbs

JUNCUS, L

./. tpnni.^, Willd. Stem wiry, 2-4 dm. high. Flowers small, green.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 11

i cm. long, in terminal panicles. Sepals nanow, acute. Common in
grass land. *

6. LILIACEAE.
Perianth of 0 similar divisions, not bracl-like. Stamens (1 Ovary
free, 3-eelled, several oviiled. Fiuit a capsule or berry.
Plowers borne on a leafless stem.

Solitary and nodding; from a corm, Erytlironium.

Umbel led; from a bulb

The bruised plant exhaling the odor of onions Allium

No odor of onions Noihoscordum

Racemose or panlcled; from a tliick woody rootstock Yucca

St< ms leafy.

Leaves scale-like with thread-like branches in their axils. A><para(jas
Leaves broad.

Flower clusters axillary Polygomitum

Flower clusters terminal

Leaves grass like; from bulbs Zi/gaderais

Leaves elliptical; from rootstocks Vagnera

ZTGADENUS, Michx.
Z. Nattalln, (Gray) Wats. Flowers yellowisli. in racemes. Stem
4-8 dm. high. Rocky hills, frequent.

ALLIUM, L.
A mutabile, Michx 2-4 dm. high from a densely fibrous coated
bulb. Leaves about half the length of scape Low prairie.
NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth.
N. onw(/i,ogaZot(7.e.s. ( Walt.) Kunth. Leaves about the length of the
scape. Low prairie.

ERYTHRONIUM,L.
Scape about the length of the two smooth, elliptical leaves
E aJbklum, Nutt. Divisions of perianth white or pinkish, 2-'^ cm.
long, recurved. Low woods, infrequ nt

YUCCA, L
Leaves long and rigid, linear, sharp pointed Flowers white, large
and showy.

Y. glauca, Nutt. Flowers 4 (> cm. broad, in an elongated raceme
Sand hills, not common.

ASPARAGUS, L.
Stems much branched, the filiform branches performing the function
of leaves. Fruit a scarlet berry.

A. officinalis, L Escaped from gardens.

VAGNERA, Adans.
Flowers small, white. Stems simple.

V. racemosn, (L ) Morong. Perianth divisions 2 mm. long. Flowers
in panicles. Stem pubescent. Rich woods, rare.

V. stellata, (L.) Morong. Perianth divisions about 4 mm. long.
Flowers in racemes. Stem smooth Rich woods, rare

12 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

POLraONATUM, Adans.

Perianth greenish, cylindrical, united, 6-lobe 1 at summit. Stamens
inserted on perianth. Fruit a glolxise berry. Stem from a creeping
tleshy rootstock.

P. bijlorurn, var. commiitatum, (R. & S.) Morong. Stem A-l m high,
naked below. Peduncles axillary, few flowered. Rich woods.

7. SMILACEAE.

SMILAX, L.

Flowers dioecious, small and greenish, in peduncled axillary umbels.
Fruit a black few seeded berry. Leaves netted veined, their petiole
bearing two tendrils.

)S'. fmpidd, Muhl. A woody climbing vine; the stem, at least below,
armed with numerous black prickles. Low woods, common.

8. IRIDACEAE.

Divisions of perianth 6, colored. Stamens o. Ovary inferior, .>-
celled. Leaves equitant.

SISYRINCHIUM. L.

Stamens monadelphous. Leaves grass-like. Roots fibrous.

S. Bermudianum, Lt. Flower stem flat, 1-2 dm. high, bearing a few
slender pedicelled white or blue flowers. Prairie, common.

DICOTYL.EDONEAE.

9. JUGLANDACEAE.

Flowers monoecious, the staminate in lateral catkins, the pistillate
single or in clusters terminating the growth of the season. Trees with
pinnate leaves.

JUGLANS. L.

Fruit with an indehiscent spongy covering. Pith diaphragmed.

/. nigra, L. Leaflets 7-11 pairs. Twigs downy. Low woods,

frequent.

HICORLV, Raf.
Covering of fruit splitting from apex into four parts. Pith without
diaphragms.

H. ovatd, (Mill.) Britton Leaflets mostly 5, lower pair much smaller.
Bud scales several. Bluffs along river below Manhattan.

H. minima, (Marsh) Britton. Leaflets mostly 7-9. Bud scales 2,
yellow. Low woods, common.

10. SALICACEAE.
Flowers dioecious, l>otli kinds in catkins. Trees or shrubs with
alternate, simple leaves.

POPULUS, L
Scales of catkins cut-lobed. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk. Trees
with broad leaves.

P. moniiifera. Ait Leaves broadly ovate with a slender point, on a
flattened, slender petiole, serrate. Low ground, common.

SALIX, L
Scales of catkins entire. No disks. Leaves long and pointed, ours
with serrate leaves.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 13

S cwiygdaloides, Anders. Leaves pale beneath, closely and sharply
serrate. Catkins terminating small leafy branches of the season.
Stamens 8 or more. Wet places, becoming a large tree, common.

S longifoUa, Muhl. Leaves narrow, remotely denticulate. Stamens
2. A shrub or tree, common in low places especially along streams.

<S. cordaUi, Muhl. Leaves glaucous beneath, closely serrate.
Flowers appearing before the leaves. Stamens 2. A tall shrub. Rocky
ravines, not common.

11. BETULACEAE.

Flowers monoecious, the staminate in catkins. Ovary 2-celled,
2-ovuled. Fruit a 1 -seeded nut. Woody plants with alternate, simple
leaves.

OSTRYA, Scop.

Staminate flowers in close, cylindrical, bracted catkins, from the
previous season's wood. The pistillate in short catkins terminating the
growth of the season. Fruit an achene, enclosed in an inflated,
flattened sac. Leaves 2- ranked.

O Viryiniana, (Mill ) K. S. P. Leaves oblong, doubly serrate,
pinnately veined. Bark twisted. Bluffs, frequent.

12. FAGACEAE.

Ditt'ers from Betnlacere in having the ovary 3-celled and 3 or 6 ovuled.

QUERCUS, L.

Staminate catkins very slender, interrupted, bractless, from the old
wood. Pistillate flowers in little clusters along the new growth. Fruit
an acorn. Leaves o-ranked.

Q. macrocarpa, Michx. J3ark light colored; twigs corky ridged.
Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid and lobed. Acorns nearly covered by the large
mossy fringed cup. Common.

Q. prinoides, Willd. Bark light, twigs smooth. Leaves irregularly
sinuate-toothed and pinnately veined. Acorns small. Upland woods,
common.

Q. nigra, L. Bark dark, twigs brown. Leaves thickish, 3-lobed at
apex, or often lobed along the sides; lobes bristle pointed. Acorn small,
about half enclosed in the hemispherical, coarsely scaly cup. Dry hills,
from Manhattan eastward.

Q Rubra, L. Bark dark and smooth, twigs smooth. Leaves lobed,
the lobes bristle pointed. Acorn large with a very flat, shallow cup.
Hills east of Manhattan, frequent.

Q tinctoria, Bartr. Resembles Q. rubm but acorn with a top-shaped
or hemispherical cup covering the lower half of the acorn. Hills ea.st of
Manhattan.

13. ULMACEAE.

Flowers moi-e or less polygamous, in umbels or racemes, not in
catkins. Trees with alternate, 2-ranked, pinnately veined leaves. Calyx
free from the 1-2-celled ovary.

ULMUS, L.

Flowers often perfect. Fruit a 1-2-celled samara, winged all around,

14 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

which ripens in early spring. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in
clusters on the old wood.

17. Americana, L. Flowers slender pedicelled. Fruit hairy
margined. Leaves smooth above. Twigs brown, smooth or nearly so.
Woods, common.

U. pithescens, Walt. Flowers nearly sessile. Fruit smooth. Leaves
rough above. Twigs gray, scabrous. Woods, common.

CELTIS, L

Flowers racemose from the growth of the season. Fruit a drupe.

C. occidentalism L. Leaves taper- pointed, nearly smooth, veiny.
Bark gray and rough-warty. Low woods, frequent.
14. MORACEAE.

Flowers unisexual. Calyx becoming tleshy in fruit, enclosing tlie
achene. Woody plants with milky juice.

MORI S, L.

Flowers in catkin-like spikes; the fertile spike re.sembling in fruit a
blackberry.

M. ruht-a, L. Leaves cordate, serrate, often deeply lobed. Twigs
smooth, light gray. Low woods, frequent.

15. URTICACEAE.

Flowers unisexual. Ovary 1-cellrd. Fruit an achene. Herbs.
PARIETARLV, L.

Flowers in bracted cymose clusters in the axils of the alternate,
entire, 3-ribbed leaves.

P. Pennsylvanicd, Mulil. A low, simple stemmed, inconspicuous
annual, with thin, roughish leaves. Moist, shady places, common.
16. SANTALACEAE.

Flowers apetalous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, adherent to the 1-celled ovary.
Stamens as many, inserted opposite the lobes. Fruit 1 seeded. Style
one. Leaves entire.

COMANDRA, Nutt.

Low perenhials with alternate, sessile leaves and whitish llowers in
terminal clusters.

C. umbellata, (L.) Nutt Stem erect (l-i! dm). J^eaves oblong.
Prairie, common.

17. POLYOGONACEAE.

Flowers apetalous. Calyx mostly o 6-cleft, persistent. Stamens
several. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming in fruit an achene. Styles
2-3. Herbs with alternate, entire leaves and sheathing stipules.

RUMEX, L.

Sepals 6. the 8 outer refiexed in fruit, the inner enlarging and
enclosing the achene, then called valves. Stamens (>. Achene 8-angled.
Flowers small, green, in close whorls, forming a terminal panicle.

R. Acetosella, L Low and slender, dioecious. Leaves halberd-
shaped or the upper linear. Valves small. Meadows, infrequent.

H. alii^mnus. Wood. Taller (^-1 m). Leaves oblong-lanceolate, not

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. Ij

wavy. Valves veiny (4 mm. broad), one with a conspicuous thickening.
Low ground, common.

It. cnsfjiiii, L Resembles the foregoing but the leaves with a con-
spicuously wavy margin. Low ground, common.

li. venosKfi, Pursh. Low (2-3 dm.) Leaves oblong, with conspicuous
stipules. Valves very large (2-3 cm.), orbicular, pink. Low ground,
infrequent.

POLYGONUM, L.

Calyx mostly 5 parted, all the lobes erect in fruit. Styles 2 or 3 and
the acliene lenticular or triangular.

P. aviculare, L. Low and slender annual, prostrate or in wet places
upright. Leaves small. Flowers axillary. Stamens 8. Achene tri.
angular. Along roadsides, etc., common.

P. Convolvulus, L Twining annual. Leaves halberd-shaped.
Flowers in racemes. Achene triangular. Fields, common.

P. Peium/lvanicum.,Li. Erect annual. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles
glandular. Flowers pink or white in terminal spikes. Achene
lenticular. Moist soil, common.

P. Persicaria, L. Differs from the above in having the leaves often
marked with a dark spot, the sheaths with ciliate margin, peduncles
smooth and achene sometimes triangular. Wet places, common.
18. CHENOPODIACEAE.

Flowers apetalous, small and green; no bracts. Stamens as many
as sepals, inserte I opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit an
utricle. Herbs with mostly alternate leaves and no stipules.
CHENO PODIUM, L.

Sepals 5. Flowers sessile in small clusters. Plants usually mealy.
Ours annual.

C. album, L. Leaves ovite, more or less angulate-toothed. A
common weed

C leptophylhnii, Nutt. Leaves linear, entire. Dry places, common.

19. AMARANTACEAE.

Flowers imbricated with dry bracts, about 3 to eacli flower. Ovary
1-celled. 1-ovuled. Herbs without stipules.

AMARANTUS, L.

Sepals mostly .5. Stamens o. Fruit an ntricle. Leaves alternate,
entire. Flowers green, very small.

A blitoid^s, Wats. Prostrate. Leaves obovate. Roadsides, etc.
Common in summer and autumn.

20. NYCTAGINACEAE.

Calyx gamosepalous, colored like a corolla, the base closely sur-
rounding the 1- celled, 1-ovuled ovary. Corolla none. Herbs with
0[)posite entire leaves.

ALLIONIA, L. '

Flowers 3-.') in an open involucre. Calyx pink.

A. nyctaginra, Michx. Leaves ovate, petioled. Stem ^-1 m. high.
Dry places, frequent.

16 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

21. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Herbs with opposite, entire leaves. Stamens not more tlian twice the
sepals. Ovary 1-celled with central placenta.

SILENE, L.
Calyx .5-toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 3.

6' antirrhiiia, h. A slender annual with linear leaves and small
flowers on long peduncles, each of which is provided with a glutinous
ring. Dry ground, common.

S. vulgaris, (Moench), Garke. Leaves ovate- lanceolate Calyx
inflated, veiny. Large petals 2-cleft. Escaped occasionally.
22. ANONACEAE.
Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Pistils several. All
hypogynous. Woody plants.

ASIMINA, Adans.
Pistils ripening into 1 or 2 oblong, yellow, pulpy fruits.
A. triloba, {L) DanaA. A small tree with oblanceolate leaves and
dark brownish-red flowers. Fruit edible.

23. RANUNCULACEAE.
Parts of flower all free and distinct. Sepals often corolla-like.
Petals often absent. Stamens numerous. Pistils few to several, 1-
celled. Fruit an achene, follicle or berry. Herbs.

Flowers dioecious, small, panicled TliaUctrum

Flowers perfect.

Not spurred. Fruit an achene.

Petals absent Anemone

Petals present.

Achenes in a long spike Myosurus

Achenes in a head Rammcidus

Conspicuously spurred. Fruit a follicle.

Spur one Delphinimn

Spurs 5 Aquihi/ia

THALICTRUM. L.
Petals none. Fruit an achene.

T. pm-puvxaeens, L. Stem 1 m. high. Leaves decompound. Achenes
ribbed. Low ground, infrequent

ANEMONE. L
Leaves radical; the stem leaves forming a 2-;> leaved involucre on
each peduncle.

A. GaroUniana, Walt Stem 1-2 dm. high. Leaves cleft into rather
narrow divisions. Sepals several (10 15), white or purple. Prairie,
infrequent.

^1 Canadevsis, L. Stem taller. Leaves larger, cleft into wedge-
shaped divisions. Sepals o, white. Low places, infrequent.

MYOSURUS, L.
Sepals and petals .'>. IMstils on a conical receptacle which greatly
elongates in fruit.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 17

M. minimus, L. Annual, with narrow, entire, radical leaves. Dry
places, frequent.

RANUNCULUS, L.

Sepals and petals 5. Pistils in a head, receptacle not elongating in
fruit.

B. abortiviis, L. Glabrous, branching, 2-5 dm. high. Lower leaves
roundish, crenate; upper parted. Petals small, yellow. Low woods,
common.

AQUILEGIA, L.

Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5, strongly spurred below. Pistils 5, many
ovuled.

A. Canadensis,, L. A perennial with ternately compound leaves and
showy, scarlet and yellow flowers. Rocky woods, not common.
DELPHINIUM, L.

Sepals 5, irregular, one of them spurred. Petals 4, two extending
back into the spur of the calyx. Flowers in racemes. Leaves palmately
parted. Ours with 3 pistils.

D. Carolinianum, Walt. Racemes wand-like. Flowers light blue or
whitish. Lobes of leaves narrowly linear. Prairie, frequent.

D. tricorne, Michx. Raceme rather short. Stem low. Flowers
deeper blue. Lobes of leaves broader and wedge-shaped. Rocky woods,
infrequent.

24. MENISPERMACEAE.

Woody vines with hypogynous, dioecious flowers.

MENISPERMUM, L.
M. Canadense, L. Leaves roundish, angled, peltate near the edge.
Fruit a black drupe with a flat stone. Low woods, common.

25. PAPAVERACEAE.

Sepals 2, small. Petals 4 (or more). Stamens 6 (or more). Pistil
one. 1-celled. Herbs

BICUCULLA, Adans.

Corolla 2-spurred. Stamens united in 2 sets of 3 each. Leaves
dissected, all radical.

jB. Cucullaria, (L.) Millsp. Pinkish flowers in racemes from a
granulated bulb. Woods, rare.

CAPNOIDES, Adans.

Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Stems leafy.
Otherwise like Bicucidla.

C. aureum, var. occidentale, (Engelm.) Flowers small, yellow,
racemed. Woods, common.

26. CRUCIFERAE.

Sepals 4. Petals 4 (or none). Stamens 6, two being shorter, (or only
2). Pistil one, 2-celled by a false partition between the two parietal
placentae. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Herbs with alternate leaves and
white or yellow flowers.

18 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. , /

1. Capsule compressed parallel to partition.

Linear, elongated.

Leaves dissected, grouped near middle of stem Dentaria

Leaves undivided; stem leafy Arabis

Oblong; low plants Dmba

2. Capsule terete or 4-angled.

Short, valves convex, nerveless Enrip<t

Valves convex or keeled, nerved; flowers very small, yellowish,

Si.fifmbrium
Flowers larger; capsule beaked beyond the valves Brassica

3. Capsule short, flattened contrary to partition.

Obcordate Bursa

Orbicular; stamens only 2; often apetalous Lepidium

RORIPA, Scop.

B. A)-moracia, (L ) The common hoi"se-radish with white flowers
and large leaves. Sometimes spontaneous near gardens.

li. Nasturtium, [Li.) Rnshy. Flowers white. Capsules linear. Leaves
pinnate. Wet places, rare.

B. sessilijlora, (Nutt.) Flowers yellowish, very small. Capsules
about 1 cm. long, nearly sessile. Leaves lyrate. Wet places, common.

B. sinuata, (Nutt.) Flowers yellow, I cm. long. Capsules about 1
cm. long, on slender pedicels. Common.

ARABIS, L

A. Canadensis, Li. Stem i-1 m. high, leafy. Leaves oblong-laneeolate,
not clasping, somewhat toothed. Flowers whitish. Capsules curved,
elongated, very flat, pendulous. Woods, frequent.

A. hirsnta, {L.) Scop. Leaves clasping by a sagittate base. Flowers
greenish. Capsules upright, straight. Rocky woods, common.

DENTARIA, L.
D. laciniata, Mi\h\. Flowers white or pink; leaves 3-parted. Woods,

rare.

DRABA, L.
D. Cawliniana, Walt. Plants a few cm. high. Flowers white.
Leaves obovate, entire, hirsute. Capsules smooth, or in var. mirrantka,
(Nutt.) Gray, minutely hairy. Waste places, common.
SISYMBRIUM, L
S officinale, [L..) Scop. Leaves 1-pinnatifid. Capsules nearly sessile,
closely appressed to stem. A common weed.

S. pinnatum, (Walt.) Greene. Leaves 2-pinnatifid. Cai;«nles .spread-
ing on horizontal pedicels. Open ground, common.

BRASSICA, L.

B. mgra,(l^.)Koch. Flowers bright yellow, rather large. Leaves
with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones. Stem somewhat
hairy. Capsules 4-angled. Waste places, frequent.

B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. As in B nkira, but stem smooth and
glaucous and leaves more or less sagittate-clasping. ( 'apsules terete and
knotty. Waste places, frequent.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 19

BURSA, Weber.

B. pastoris, (L.) Wigg. Root leaves clustered, piimatifid. Stem

leaves clasping by a sagittate base. Flowers white, small. A common

weed.

LEPIDIUM, L.

L. intermedium. Gray. Low, bushy branched. Leaves narrow,
entire. Cotyledons incumbent. Dry places, very common.

L Virginicum, L. Less branched. Leaves toothed. Cotyledons
accumbent. Woods, frequent.

L. Draba, L. Pods heart shaped. Leaves sagittate. Escaped from
gardens occasionally.

27. CAPPARIDACEAE,

Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6 or more, equal. Pistil one. 1-celled,
with 2 parietal placentfe

CLEOME, L.
Stamens 6. Capsule linear, many seeded, stipitate

C. serrulata, Pursh. Stem smooth, 1 m. high. Leaves o foliate.
Flowers pink. Waste places, not common.

28. SAXIFRAGACEAE.
TRIBE RIBESIOIDE^.

Shrubs with alternate, simple leaves. Fruit a berry.

RIBES, L.
Calyx .5-lobed. Petals .5. Pistil one. adherent to calyx-tube; ovary
1 -celled; ovules numerous.

E. gracile, Michx. Stems provided with scattered prickles and
stronger triple spines below the leaves. Flowers narrow, whitish.
Stamens exerted. Woods, frequent.

29. PLATANACEAE.
Flowers monoecious, in heads, naked. Trees with alternate,
palmately lobed leaves and sheathing stipules.

PLATAN US, L.
P. occidentaliit. L Leaves sinuate- toothed. A large tree with white
bark peeling off in patches. Near streams, frequent.
30. ROSACEAE.
Sepals 5, united into a cup (often with o alternating bractlets).
Petals 5, and stamens numerous, inserted on the calyx tube. Leaves
alternate, with stipules.
1 . Trees or slirubs.

Leaves simple.

Ovary one, 1-celled, free; fruit a drupe.

Flowers in umbels Primus

Flowers in racemes Gerasus

Ovaries 3-5, enclosed in the calyx tube; fruit a pome.

Flowers pink, fragrant Pyrns

Flowers white, ill-scented Cratfpgun

Leaves compound.

20 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

Palmate; flowers white Rnbus

Pinnate; flowers pink Bosa

2. Herbs.

Flowers white Fragaria

Flowers yellow Potentilla

PRUNUS, L.
P. Aynericana, Marsh. Flowers appearing before the leaves Fruit
ovoid; stone flat. Leaves ovate, doubly serrate, veiny. Many of the
branches thorn-like at apex. A small tree. Thickets, common.

P, anqustifolia, Marsh. Resembles the foregoing, but leaves narrower
and tending to be partially folded together, finely and evenly glandular-
serrate. Fruit globular; stone more turgid. Sand hills along the river.
A shrub.

CERASUS, L.
C. Virginiana, (L.) Loisel. Flowers appearing just after the leaves.
Fruit and stone globular. Leaves obovate, thin. A tall shrub, not
thorny. Woods, not common.

RUBUS, L.
Pistils numerous, becoming small drupelets in fruit. Somewhat
woody plants with prickly bark.

B. occidentalis. L. Stems upright or declining, red, glaucous.
Leaflets 3, white-downy beneath. Petals shorter than sepals. Thickets
and fence corners, frequent.

B. villosus. Ait. Stems upright or decUning, brown, furrowed.
Leaflets 3 5, the terminal 1-3 stalked, glandular pubescent. Petals longer
than sepals. Roadsides, rather uncommon.

B. Canadensis, L. Stems trailing. Leaflets usually 3, thin and
nearly smooth. Otherwise resembles the preceding. Woods about St.
George.

FRAG.ARIA, L.
Calyx with 5 bractlets alternating with the lobes. Pistils numerous
becommg achenes. The receptacle becoming in fruit enlarged and
pulpy. Jjeaves radical, trifoliate. Flowers cymose on scapes. Spread-
ing by runners.

F. Virginiana, Mill. Low prairie, common.

POTENTILLA, L.

As in Fragaria but receptacle not becoming pulpy in fruit. Ours
with leafy stem.

P. Monsijeliensis, L. Stem erect, 2-5 dm. Leaflets 3. Sandy soil,
infrequent.

P. pentandra, Engelm. More slender, flowers smaller and the lower
leaves with the lateral leaflets parted nearly to the base, thus appearing
5-foliate. Sandy soil, rare.

ROSA, L.

Calyx tube ovoid, contracted at summit where are borne the petals
and stamens, becoming fleshy in fruit. The several pistils at tlie bottom
of the tube becoming bony, hairy achenes.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 21

B. Arkansana, Porter. Stem prickly or nearly unarmed. Prairie,
common.

PYRUS, L.
P. Coronaria, L. Twigs and simple leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers umbellate. Bluffs along Kansas river, not common. Often
thorny with stunted branchlets.

P. iowejisis, (Wood) Bailey. Thicker leaves and the twigs woolly.
Woods about St. George.

CRATAEGUS, L.
Twigs bearing smooth, simple thorns.

C. coccinea, L. Leaves ovate-cordate, thin, glabrous, incised. Fruit
globose, scarlet. Bluffs, rare.

C. mollis, Scheele. Leaves thicker and larger, downy beneath.
Bluffs, rare.

31. LEGUMINOSAE.
Sepals 5, usually more or less united. Petals 5 (one in Amorpha),
usually irregular. Stamens usually 10, distinct or united. Pistil one,
simple. Fruit a legume Leaves alternate, with stipules, mostly com-
pound.

SUBORDER PAPILIONAT^E.
Corolla papilionaceous, the upper petal, or standard, enclosing the
others in the bud.
Leaves palmately compound.

Stamens distinct Bo.ptisia

Stamens diadelphous.

Flowers in heads Trifolium

Flowers in spikes or racemes Psoralea

Leaves pinnately compound (if trifoliate, the terminal leaflet stalked.)
Leaflets 3.

Flowers yellow or white Melilotus

Flowers purple Medicagn

Leaflets more than 3.

Shrub Amnrpha

Herbs.

Leaves odd-pinnate Astragaluft

Leaf stalk terminating in a tendril Vicia

Leaf-stalk terminating in a bristle Lathynis

BAPTISIA, Vent.
Stamens distinct. Legume oblong, inflated, stalked in the persistent
calyx. Leaves palmately 3-foliate.

B australis, (L.)li. Br. Smooth. Flowers blue in an erect raceme.
Prairie, frequent.

B. teucop/ioea, Nutt. Hairy. Flowers yellow, in a reclining raceme.
Prairie, common. (Hybrids with the foregoing occur.)

MEDICAGO, L.
Stamens diadelphous. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Legume more or
less coiled.

M. sativa, L. Escaped from cultivation, frequent.

22 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTA:N.

MELILOTUS, Juss.

As in Medkago but legume not coiled. Flowers in spikes. Tall
herbs.

M. alba. Lam. Flowers white. Roadsides, etc., frequent.

M. officinalis, (L.) Lam. Flowers yellow. Waste places, rare.
TRIFOLIUM, L.

Leaves palmately 3-foliate. Flowers in head-like clusters. Low-
herbs.

T. medium, L. Flowers purple, sessile in the head Leaflets with-
out a dark spot. Fields, common. ( T. pi-atense, L , is distinguished by
having a dark spot on the leaves.)

T. repens, L. Flowers white (turning pink with age), pedicelled in
the head. Leaflets notched at apex. Meadows, common.

PSORALEA, L.

Perennial herbs with glaadular dotted, 3-5-foliate leaves and purplish
flowers.

P. esculenta, Pursh. Stem 1-3 dm high, rough, haiiy. Leaves
D-foliate. Raceme dense. Prairie, not common.

P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Stem taller and much branched, nearly smooth.
Raceme loose. Leaves 3-5 foliate. Prairie, common

AMORPHA, L.

Stamens mouadelphous only at base. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers
violet, in spikes. Corolla of one petal.

A. fruticosa, L. Nearly smooth. Leaflets 8-12 pairs Wet places,
frequent.

ASTRAGALUS, L.

Stamens diadelphous. Low perennial herbs witli racemed flowers.
Legume sometimes 2-celled by a false partition.

A. cai-yocarpus, Kev. Stems leafly and spreading. Leaflets narrowly
elliptical (1-H cm. long). Flowers about 2 cm. long, purplish, in a short
loose raceme. Legume turgid, 2-celled, thick and fleshy, becoming
papery at maturity. I'rairie, common.

A. lotiftonis. Hook. Stems short and tufted. Leaflets oblong,
broader and more distant than in the foregoing. Flowers about 1 cm.
long, yellowish, in a head-like raceme. Legume dry, not completely
2-celled. Prairie, frequent.

A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Resembling the foregoing but leaflets
smaller and flowers blue or purple. Rocky bluffs, frequent.

VICIA, L.

V. sparsifolia, Nutt. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear or oblong. Raceme
2-4 flowered, flowers naiTOW, about 2 cm. long, narrow. Low ground,

not common.

LATHYRUS, L.
L. omatus, Nutt. Flowers about 3 cm. long, the standard broad and
conspicuous, purple. Prairie, frequent.

SUBORDER C^ESALPINIOIDE^.
Flowers not papilionaceous, or if somewhat so, the upper petal
enclosed by the others in the bud. Stamens usually distinct.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 23

GYMNOCLADUS, Lam.

Flowers regular, whitish, in terminal racemes. Leaves 2-pinnate.
Legume oblong, woody.

G. dioica, (L.) Koch. A large tree with nearly dioecious flowers.
Low woods, frequent.

GLEDITSCHIA, L.

Flowers small, regular, greenish, in spikes. Legume woody. Thorny
trees.

G. Iriacantlios, L. Leaves 1-2-pinnate. Thorns often much branched,
above the axils. Legume elongated. Low woods, frequent.

CERCIS, L.
Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous, pink. Legumes thin and flat.
Trees with simple cordate leaves. Flowers appearing before the leaves.
C. Canadensis, L Woods, frequent.

SUBORDER MIMOSOIDE/E.
Flowers regular, corolla valvate. Stamens distinct, exerted. Leaves
2-pinnate.

SCHRANKIA, Willd.

Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form. Stamens about 10. Legume
narrow and prickly.

S. uncinata, Willd A perennial herb with prickly stems, sensitive
leaves and axillary, peduncled heads of pink flowers. Prairies, frequent.

32. GERANIACEAE.

Sepals and petals .5. Stamens usually 10. Ovary .5-celled. Herbs
with simple but usually deeply lobed leaves.

GERANIUM, L.

G. Carolinlanum, L. A low much branched herb with .5-parted and
much clpft leaves, and small pinkish flowers. Sterile soil, frequent.

33. OXALIDACEAE.

Differs from the preceeding order in having compound leaves, in
ours 3 foliate, with obcordate leaflets.

OXALIS, L.

O. cornicidata, L. Stem leafy, from a creeping rootstock. Flowers
yellow. Fruit erect on a reflexed pedicel. Open ground, common.

O. stricta, L Differs from the above in having the fruiting pedicels
ascending. Common.

0. violacea, L. Leaves radical, from a scaly bulb. Flowers pink or
purple. Rocky soil, common

34. RUTACEAE.
ZANTHOXYLUM, L.

Flowers dioecious. Petals and stamens 4-5, the latter alternate with
petals. Pistils 2 6. Fruit a fleshy. 2-valved, 1-2-seeded capsule. Prickly
shrubs with pinnate, glandular dotted leaves and small greenish flowers.

Z Americanum. Mill. Calyx none. Plant aromatic. Prickles in
position of stipules and sometimes also scattered. Leaflets 3-.5. Woods,
common.

24 SPUING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

35. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, mostly apetalous. Ovary free,
3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit a capsule.

EUPHORBIA, L.

Flowers monoecious, naked, enclosed in a cup-shaped involcure, the
whole likely to be mistaken for a single flower. Staminate flowers,
several in each involucre, consisting of a single stamen jointed on its
pedicel. Pistillate flower one, pedicelled. Involucre often provided
with 4-5 thick glands with colored appendages, making the resemblance
to a flower still more striking. Herbs with milky juice.

E. Cyparissias, L. Erect perennial with linear, entire leaves
scattered along the stem, the upper rounded. Inflorescence umbellate.
Escaped from gardens.

JS. nutans, Lag. Annual Stem ascending or erect, slender, nearly
smooth. Leaves oblong, serrate, opposite. Open places, common.

E. maculata, L. Prostrate, hairy annual. Leaves oblong, often
with a brown spot. Open places, common.

TRAGIA, L.

Flowers apetalous, monoecious, racemose. Calyx present.

T. stylaris, Muell. An erect perennial, hispid, with stinging hairs.
Leaves ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed. Dry hills, rare.
36. ANACARDIACEAE.

Sepals, petals and stamens 5 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled Styles and

stigmas 3.

RHUS, L

Shrubs with compound leaves and small greenish or yellowish
flowers.

li. aromatica. Ait. Flowers in compact clusters which develope
before the leaves. A low*, upright shrub. Leaves 3-foliate. Rocky
bluffs, frequent.

B. radicans, L. Flowers in loose axillary panicles, developing after
the leaves. An upright shrub or high climbing vine. Leaves 3-foliate.
Woods and thickets, common.

37. CELASTRACEAE.
Sepals, petals and stamens 4-5, the latter alternate with petals and
inserted on a disk surrounding the ovary. Shrubs with simple leaves.
CELASTRUS, L
Flowers greenish yellow, in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate.
Fruit globose.

C. scandens, L. A twining vine, with ovate or oval, finely serrate
leaves. Upland woods, frequent.

EUONYMUS, L.
Flowers dark red in axillary clusters. Leaves opposite. Fruit lobed.
E. atropurpureus, Jacq. An upright shrub with 4-sided branches.
Parts of flower usually in fours Woods, frequent.

38. STAPHYLEACEAE.
Flowers perfect, regular. Stamens as many as petals Shrubs witb
opposite, compound leaves. Ovary 3-celled.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 25

STAPHYLEA, L.

Petals 5 Ovules several. Fruit much inflated.
S. tfifolia, h. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. White flowers in drooping
racemes. Woods, not common.

39. ACERACEAE.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious, regular. Ours apetalous. Ovary
2-celled and 2-lobed, 4-ovuled. Fruit a samara (double), unsymmetrically
winged at apex. Leaves opposite. Woody plants.

ACER, L.
Leaves simple, palmately lobed.

A. saccliarinum, L. Flowers in umbel-like clusters much preceding
the leaves. Common along Blue river.

RULAC, Adans.
Leaves pinnately 3-.5-foliate. Flowers dioecious, the staminate on
capillary drooping pedicels.

R. Neguiido, (L ) Ilitchc. Low woods, frequent.
40. HIPPOCASTANACEAE.
Flowers usually irregular. Stamens more numerous than petals.
Ovary ;-!-celled. Woody plants with compound leaves.

^SCULUS, L.
Calyx tubular. Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves palmate.
^. arguta, Buckl. A small tree with polygamous, yellow flowers in
terminal panicles appearing with the leaves. Petals 4. Leaflets 7.
Woods, frequent.

41. RHAMNACEAE.
Sepals, petals and stamens 4-5, the latter opposite the petals. Shrubs
with alternate, simple leaves.

RHAMNUS, L.

Disk lining the calyx free from ovary. Fruit a drupe.

R. lanceolata, Pursh. Flowers more or less clustered, axillary,
greenish, the parts in four's. Upland woods, rare.
CEANOTIIUS, L.

Disk lining the calyx cohering with the ovary. Fruit dry, separating
into 3 parts at maturity.

C. ovatuii, Desf. A low shrub with gladular-serrate leaves and white
flowers in dense, terminal, umbel-like clusters. Prairie and open woods,

common.

42. VITACEAE.

Sepals (when present), petals and stamens 4-5, the latter opposite the
petals Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled Woody vines provided with tendrils
opposite the leaves. Fruit a berry.

VITIS, L.

Calyx lobes scarcely developed. Petals separating below and falling
from the expanding flower without opening. Leaves simple. Flowers
in a compound panicle, small and very fragrant.

V. vnlpina, L. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed, incised-serrate, smooth.
Woods, common.

26 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

PARTHENOCISSUS, Planch.

Calyx shortly -5 toothed. Petals expandingr. Leaves pal mately com-
pound.

P. 7HJ>i,7we/oKrt, (L.) Planch Leaflets .5, clinging to rough supports
by disk-like terminations. Woods, common. The older parts provided
with aerial rootlets.

P. vitacea, (Knerr) Hitchc. Differs from the above in having no
aerial rootlets; the canes smooth, and lighter colored; the tendrils dichot-
omous like the grape, and usually without disks; the inflorescence dichoto-
mous rather than pinnate as in the former; flowering about two weeks
earlier; the fruit maturing earlier and considerably larger. Woods,
infrequent.

43. MALVACEAE.

Sepals 5, more or less united, often provided with a whorl of bractlets
outside. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, united in a column. Pistils
several, united in a ring. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Ours herbs.

MALVA, L.

Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels rounded, beakless.

M. rotundifolia, L. Stems spreading. Leaves on long petioles,
round-cordate, crenate. Petals whitish. Waste places, infrequent.
CALLIRHOE, Nutt.

Involucel 3-leaved or none. Carpels beaked.

C. alcceoides, (Michx.) Gray. Stem erect. Involucel none. Flowers
pink or white. Prairie, not common.

C. involucrata, (Nutt.) Gray. Stem spreading. Involucel .3-leaved.
Flowers deep red. Prairies, common.

44. VIOLACEAE.

Sepals .5. Petals 5, irregular. Stamens 5. Pistil one, 1-celled, with
3 parietal placentae. Herbs.

VIOLA, L.

Sepals eared at base. The lower petal spurred and two of the
stamens sending appendages into the spur. Ours with blue flowers.

F. obliqua., Ilill. Stemless. Leaves cordate, crenate. Woods,
common.

r. pedatifida, Don. Stemless. Leaves palmately cleft into narrow
lobes. Prairie, frequent.

V. tenella, Muhl. Stem low, with oval leaves and large pinnatifld
stipules. Flowers small, light blue. Grassy places, frequent.
CALCEOLARIA, Loefl.

Sepals not eared. Leafy perennials witli small axillary flowers.

C. vertidllata, (Ort.) Kuntze. Leaves linear. Flowers white.
Prairie, infrequent.

45. OENOTHERACEAE.

Parts of flower usually in four's. Pistil one, adherent to calyx tube,
4-celled. Herbs.

CENOTHERA, L.

Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, lobes 4. Petals 4. Stamens S.

SL^IING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 27

CE Missouriensis, Sims. Calyx tube about 1 dm. long. Flowers
axillary, i-1 dm. broad, yellow. Low decumbent perennials with silky
pubescence and broadly 4-winged capsules. Rocky hills, not uncommon.

CE. serrulata.'Su.lt. Stems slender, from a woody base. Leaves linear,
denticulate. Flowers axillary, yellow, U-2 cm. wide. Capsule narrow,
cylindrical, not winged. Prairie, frequent.

(E sinuata, L. Stems hairy, decumbent. Leaves lanceolate, sin-
uately toothed or pinnatitid. Flowers yellow. Capsule cylindrical,
hairy. Prairie, frequent.

CE. speciosa, Nutt. Stem erect. Leaves more or less pinnatifld.
Flowers white or pinkish. Capsule spindle shaped, strongly ribbed.
Prairie, frequent.

GAURA, L

Flowers much as in (Enothem, but in our species small and in loose
spikes. Fruit indehiscent and nut-like, 4-angled.

G coccinea, Pursh. A canescent leafy perennial with linear leaves
and pink or scarlet flowers. Prairie, common.

46. UMBELLIFERAE.

Calyx adhering to the ovary, lobes minute or wanting. Petals and
stamens -5, inserted on a disk that crowns the 2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary.
Styles 2. Fruit separating into 2 seed-like carpels. Herbs with alternate,
usually compound leaves, the base of the petiole expanding and clasping
around the stem. Flowers small in simple or compound umbels.

Stemless; perennial from a thick root Peucedanum

Leafy stemmed.

Annual; leaves finely dissected Apmm

Perennial; leaflets ovate or oblong.

Flowers capitate in umbellet Sanicula

Flowers long pedicelled in umbellet.

White Osmorrkiza

Yellow Polytfenia

SANICULA, L.

Fruit globose, not flattened, densely prickly with hooked bristles.
Stems about 1 m. high, glabrous. Leaves palmately parted. Flowers
perfect with staminate ones intermixed.

S Canadensis, L. Staminate flowers few and short pedicelled.
Flowers whitish. Low woods, common.

S. Marlkmdica, L. Staminate flowers more numerous and long
pedicelled. Flowers yellow. Low woods, common.

APIUM, L.

Fruit ovate or roundish, not flattened. Flowers white.

A. 'patens, (Nutt.) Wats. A slender, divaricately branched annual
(3-6 dm.), with leaves finely dissected into filiform lobes, and tuberculate
fruit. Prairie, frequent.

OSMORRHIZA, Raf.

Fruit narrow, not flattened, attenuate at base, bristly. Flowers
white.

28 SPRING FLO HA OF MANHATTAN.

O. longistylis, (Torr.) DC. Leaves ternately compound, leaflets ovate,
incised. Stem ^-1 m. Woods, not common.

PEUCEDANUM, L.

Fruit ovate, flattened parallel to partition, ribbed on back, winged
on margin.

P. fceniculaceum, Nutt. Leaves much dissected. Flowers yellow\
Plant with a strong odor resembling celery. Rocky bluffs, frequent.

POLYT^NIA, DC.
Fruit oval, flattened parallel to partition, with corky margins.
Flowers yellow. liCaves 2-pinnate, leaflets incised.

P. NuttalUi, DC. i-1 m. high. Rocky soil, frequent.

47. CORNACEAE.
Calyx adherent to ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on disk which
crowns the ovary. Style one. Fruit a drupe. Woody plants.

CORNLTS, L.
Petals and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celIed, 2-ovuled. Leaves opposite.
Flowers (in ours) white in flat topped cymes.

C. asperifolia, Michx. Branches brown or gray. Leaves rough,
pubescent above, downy beneath. Fruit white. An upright shrub or
small tree. Thickets, common.

C. sericea, L. Branchlets bright red-brown, woolly pubescent.
Leaves elliptical, whitened and nearly glabrous beneath. Jiranches often
elongated, declining and stoloniferous at summit. Fruit drab or bluish.
Wet places, not common.

48. PRIMULACEAE.
Calyx free. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and
inserted opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, many ovuled, with central
placenta. Herbs with simple leaves.

ANDROSACE, L.
Low plants with radical leaves and mostly umbelled flowers. Capsule
5-valved.

A. oeddentalis, Pursh. Annual. Scapes several. Corolla wiiite,
small. Sterile hills, common.

49. OLEACEAE.
Calyx and corolla 4- cleft, one or both sometimes absent. Stamens 2.
Ovary 2-celled. Woody plants, with opposite leaves.

FRAXINUS, L.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx very small. Corolla absent. Fruit a
samara, winged at apex. Trees with pinnate leaves. Flowers in panicles
on the old wood.

F. viridis, Michx. f. A small tree with glabrous twigs, or in var.
puhescens, Hitchc, the twigs pubescent. Woods, common.
50, APOCYNACEAE.
Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube,
alternate. Ovaries 2, free from calyx. Plants with milky juice and
entire, opposite leaves.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 29

APOCYNUM, L.

Fruit 2 long and slender follicles. Flowers white, cymose.
A. cannabinum, L. About 1 m. high. Leaves oval. Flowers small,
in close, terminal cymes. Low ground, frequent.

51. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Characters about as in the last order but anthers connected with
stigma. Leaves opposite or alternate.

ASCLEPIODORA, Gray.

Corolla lobes 5, ascending. Inside there is a crown consisting of 5
spreading, hooded bodies. Flowers in umbels.

A. viridis, (Walt) Gray Stem low. Leaves alternate. Flowers
2-3 cm. broad, green with purple crown. Prairie, not common.
ACERATES, Ell.

Corolla lobes 5, reflexed. Crown present. Flowers small, greenish,
in compact umbels.

A. lanuginosa, (Nutt.) Dec. A low, hairy perennial with opposite or
scattered leaves and a single umbel terminating the stem. Prairies,
rare.

52. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Sepals 5. Corolla .5-lobed, covolute. Stames .5, inserted on the corol-
la tube alternating with its lobes. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Herbs
with alternate leaves and erect or usually twining stem. Fruit a cap.
sule.

CONVOLA^ULUS, L.

Corolla funnel form, showy. Style one.

C. Septum, L Stem usually twining, glabrous. Leaves halberd-
shaped. Corolla white, 4 5 cm long. Moist soil, common.

C repens, L Stem usually trailing, pubescent. Corolla pinkish or
white. Low ground, frequent.

EVOLVULUS, L.

Corolla small, nearly rotate. Styles 2.

E pilosus, Nutt. A low, erect, silky hairy herb with crowded, nar-
row leaves and small, blue flowers (i cm. broad). Prairie, frequent.
53, POLEMONIACEAE.

As in the preceding order but ovary 3-celled. Herbs, not twining.
PHLOX, L.

Corolla salver-form. Perennials with opposite, entire, sessile leaves
and cymose inflorescence.

P. divaricnta, L. Stems ascending from a decumbent base. Leaves
oblong to ovate. Corolla pale blue. Woods, frequent.

P. pilosa, L. Stem erect. Leaves linear. Corolla pink. Prairie,
frequent.

54. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

As in the foregoing orders but ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae.
Styles 2, more or less united. Herbs.

30 SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

MACROCALYX, Tiew.

Corolla small, bell shaped. Placentae meeting in the axis so as to
make the ovary appear 2-celled.

M. Nyctelea, (L.) Kuntze. A low branched annual with piniiately
parted leaves and nearly white flowers solitary in the forks or opposite
the leaves. Low woods, common.

55. ASPERIFOLIAE.

As in the foregoing orders but ovary l-lobed arountl the base of the
single style, separating at maturity into 4 seed-like nutlets Hairy herb^
with alternate, entire leaves and flowers in one sided rac3mes code 1 at
the tip.

CTNOGLOSSUM, L.

Throat of corolla closed by 5 obtuse scales. Nutlets armed all over
witb short barbed prickles

C. officinide, L Corolla dull red Lower leaves petioled, upper
sessile. Waste places, frequent.

LAPPULA, Moench.

Much as in Gynoglossum butnutlets armed only on the back or edges.

L. pilom, (Nutt.) An erect, diffusely brancherl, hispid annual, with
narrow leaves and small, pale blue flowers Nutlets armed with a single
row of prickles on margin. Dry liills, common.
LITHOSPERMUM, L.

Throat of corolla more or less closed. Nutlets whitish, bony, smooth
or roughish. Ours with deep perennial roots.

L. angustifolium, Michx A few dm. high, rough hairy. Leaves
linear. Flowers lemon yellow, with tube 2-4 times as long as calyx
Prairie, frequent

L. canescens, (Michx.) Lehm. Soft hairy, low. Leaves oblong.
Corolla orange, tube only a little longer than calyx. Prairies, frequent.

L Gmelini, (Michx.) Stem taller {hi m.), rough hairy. Leaves
oblong to linear. Corolla orange, tube short. Dry hills, frequent.
ONOSMODIUM, Michx.

Corolla tubular, throat open, lobes triangular, scarcely opening.
Nutlets bony.

O. molJe, Michx. About 1 m. high, coarsely hairy Leaves ellptical,
strongly ribbed. Flowers whitish, with much exerted style. Prairie,
common.

56. VERBENACEAE.

Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-4-celled, splitting- at matur-
ity into as many nutlets. Leaves opposite. Ours all herbs.

VERBENA, L.

Calyx tubular. Corolla 5-lobed, salver-form. Flowers in spikes.

F. AuUetia, L. Stem low. Leaves ovate, incisely lobed. Corolla
pinkish, l-H cm. broad. Spikes depressed, elongating in fruit, Hracts
narrow. Prairie, frequent.

V. bracteosa, Michx. Procumbent. Bracts large, pinnati fid Flowers
blue, small, shorter than the bra(!ts. Prairie, common.

SLHilNG FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 31

57. LABIATAE.

Corolla 2-lipped (sometimes nearly regular). Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary
4-lobecl and separating into nutlets as in AsperifoUce. Herbs with square
stems, opposite leaves and an aromatic odor.
Stamens 2.

Calyx tubular, lobes awl shnped Hedeoma

Calyx strongly 2-lipped, lobes broad Salvia

Stamens 4.

Calyx lobes spiny toothed.

Teeth 10 Marrubium

Teeth 5 Leonurus

Calyx lobes not spiny.

Tubular, o-toothed ... Gledwma

Strongly 2-lipped Scutellaria

HEDEOMA, Pers
Calyx gibbous, nerved. Low annuals, with small leaves.
H Jiispida, Fnrsh. Leaves narrow, entire. Corolla very small, blue.
Prairie, common.

SALVIA, L.
S lanceolata, VVilld 2 3 dm. high. Leaves narrow, entire or nearly
so. Inflorescence apparently interrupted-spicate. Corolla blue, 1 cm.
long. Prairie, common.

GLECHOMA, L.
O. hederacea, L Creeping. Leaves rounded, crenate. Corolla
blue. Yards and roadsides, rare.

SCUTELLARIA, L.
Upper lip of calyx helmet-shaped.

(S parvula, viichx. Low, 1-2 dm. Leaves ovate. Flowers in the
axils of the upper leaves. Corolla blue, about 1 cm. long Prairie,
common.

MAERUBIUM, L.
M vulgare^L. Leaves rounded, crenate, petioled. Flowers in heads.
Corolla white, small. Waste places, infrequent.

LEONURUS, L.
L. Ciird.iaca, L Tall. Leaves cut lobed Flowers pink. Waste
places, infrequent.

58. SOLANACEAE.
Corolla 5 lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube, alternate.
Ovary 2 celled, ma-iy ovuled. Herbs with alternate leaves.

SOLANUM. L.
Corolla rotate. Stamens exerted. Fruit a berry. Ours prickly
stemmed

»S. CaroUnense, L. Stellate hairy. Leaves, sinuate lobed Flowers
pale bule or nearly wl ite. Perennial, sandy ground, frequent.

S rostratiim, T)una\. Leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.
Berry enclosed in the prickly calyx. Annual. Common in summer and
autumn.

32 _ SPRING FLOLIA OF MANHATTAN.

PHYSALIS, L.

Corolla funnel form with a dark "eye," fruit a berry, enclosed in the
enlarged and papery calyx. Ours perennials with yellow flowers.

P. lanceolata, Michx. 3-4 dm. high, hirsute. Leaves lanceolate,
nearly entire. Dry ground, common.

P. longifolia, Nutt. Taller, glabrous. Leaves larger and often
sinuate toothed. Prairie, frequent.

P. cinerascens, (Dunal). Low, villous. Leaves usually entire.
Sandy soil, frequent.

P. Virginiana, Mill. Diffusely branched; viscid with glandular hairs.
Leaves ovate, cordate, sinuate toothed. Sandy soil, common.

59. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Flowers 2-lipped or oblique (nearly regular in Veronica). Stamens
4 or 2. Ov iry 2-ceUed, many ovuled Fruit a capsule. Herbs, ours with
opposite leaves.

Flowers small, nearly regular, in spikes Stamens 2 Vewnica

Flowers 2-lipped. Stamens 4.

Yellow Mimulus

Not yellow

Large, white to pink or blue. Pentstemon

Small, lurid within, green without Scrophularia

SCROPHULARIA, L.

Corolla tube globular, lobes short, 4 upper erect, lower spreading. A
scale at summit of tube represents a fifth stamen. Flowers in a terminal
panicle.

S. MaHlandica, L. 1 m. high or more, erect, smooth. Leaves ovate,
serrate. Low woods, common.

PENTSTEMON, Soland.

Corolla tubular below, inflated above. Sterile stamen nearly as
long as the others. Flowers showy in an elongated panicle. Erect
perennials.

P. Cobcea, Nutt. Clammy-hairy. Leaves ovate or oblong, serrate.
Corolla white or pinkish, 4-5 cm. long. Rocky hills, not uncommon.

P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Glabrous and glaucous. Upper leaves
rounded and clasping, radical obovate, all entire. Flowers bluish, 4-5
cm. long. Sandy soil, not common.

MIMULUS, L.

Calyx 5 angled. Corolla tubular. Flowers axillary.

M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Creeping at base. Leaves rounded,
dentate. Flowers 2-3 cm. long. Ditches and springs, not common.

VERONICA, L.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. Capsule flat, notched
at apex.

F. peregrina, L. Low annual with small, narrow leaves and white
flowers in an elongated, terminal spike. Low ground, common.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 33

60. PLANTAGINACEAE.

Sepals 4. Corolla 4 lobed, dry and papery. Stamens mostly 4, inserted
on corolla tube. Leaves radical. Flowers in spikes.

PLANTAGO, L.

Ovary 2-celled, ovules few. Leaves ribbed.

P. gnaphaUoides, Nutt. Leaves narrow, white with silky hairs.
Spike narrow, 1-10 cm. Peduncle about 1 dm. Sterile soil, common.

P. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate. Spike globose or oblong,
raised on a long (i m. or less) peduncle. Meadows, not common.

61. RUBIACEAE.

Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stamens as many as lobes of corolla
and inserted on its tube. Leaves opposite, with stipules, or whorled.

GALIUM, L.

Corolla 4-parted. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, separating at maturity
into 2 seed-like carpels. Herbs, with whorled leaves, square stems and
small flowers.

G. Apariiie, L. A weak, slender annual, with stems retrorsely
bristly on the angles. Leaves 8 in a whorl, linear. Flowers greenish.
Fruit bristly with hooked prickles.

62. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Differs from the preceding order in having the leaves opposite with-
out stipules. Mostly shrubs but ours an herb.

TRIOSTEUM, L.

Calyx lobes 5, linear, persistent, corolla tubular, somewhat irregular,
lobes 5. Ovary .3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, somewhat fleshy. Leaves
connate around the stem, the flowers sessile in the axils.

T. perfoliatum, T. Flowers clustered, dark red. Fruit orange.
Woods, frequent.

63. CAMPANULACEAE.

Calyx adherent to ovary. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free from
corolla, and distinct Flowers blue. Herbs with milky juice and
alternate leaves.

CAMPANULA, L.

Capsule opening by 3-5 holes in the sides

C. perfoliate . L. Leaves rounded, clasping, toothed. A low. simple-
stemmed annual with axillary flowers. Open ground, common.

64. CICHORIACEAE.

Flowers in heads surrounded by one or more rows of bracts forming
an involucre. Calyx adherent to ovary, lobes absent or represented by
scales, bristles or teeth (the pappus) which crown the ovary. Corrolla
strap-shaped. Stamens 5, inserted on tube of corolla Ovary t-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit an achene. Herbs with milky juice and alternate leaves.
NOTHOCALAIS. Greene.

Bracts of involucre erect in 2-3 rows. Leaves radical, linear. Scape
bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. Pappus of capillary
bristles.

34 SmtlNG FLORA OF MANHATTAN.

N. cuspidata, (Pursh) Greene. Achenes beakless. Prairie, frequent.

TARAXACUM, Hall.
Differs from Nothocalais in having two distinct series of involucral
bracts, the outer of short scales. Leaves piunatifid. Achenes beaked

T. Taraxacum, Karst. Outer involucre reflexed. Waste plaoes, not
common.

65. COMPOSITAE.
Differs from the previous order in having all or all except the outer
row of corollas, tubular and 5-lobed. The outer row of flowers are often
provided with strap-shaped corollas and are then called ray flowers, the
central portion of the head being called the disk. Ours all herbs. Leaves
opposite or alternate.
Ray flowers none.

Leaves entire; heads dioecious Antennaria

Leaves dissected; flowers perfect Hymeno2}appus

Rays present, but sometimes quite small.
Yellow.

Leaves alternate Senecio

Leaves opposite Dysodia

White or nearly so.

Rays only 4-5; heads numerous in a corymb Achillea

Rays numerous; heads few or single.

Perennial; head solitary; leaves pinnatiM. . .Clirysanthemum
Annual; heads few; leaves mostlv entire Erigeron

ERIGERON, L.

Bracts narrow, equal, and in about one row. Pappus of capillary
bristles.

jB. ramosn.s, (Walt.) B. S. P. Leaves narrow, sessile, entire or the
lower toothed. Heads few in a loose corymb. Stem erect, about i ra.
Fields and prairie, common.

ANTENNARIA, Gjertn.

Bracts dry and papery, imbricated. Pappus of capillary bristles.
Woolly perennials.

A. pit tntagini folia, (L ) Richards. Lo.v and spreading. Radical
leaves obovate; those of the scape-like flower stems small and scale-like.
Prairie, common in early spring.

HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her.'

Bracts broad and thin, the upper part somewhat coloi'ed. Pappus a
row of thin scales. Leaves alLeraate. Heads several in a loose corymb.

H. cnryrnboms, Torr. and Gray Erect, about i m. high, woolly but
becoming glabrous. Upper part of stem leafless Rocky bluffs, not
common.

DYSODIA, Cav.

Bracts in one row, united into a cup, some loose ones at base. Pappus
a row of chatty scales, dissected into bristles. Conspicuously dotted
with yellow glands giving oft" a strong odor.

SPRING FLORA OF MANHATTAN. 36

D. papposn, (Vent.) Hitchc. A low annual with pinnately parted
leaves and small heads with few, short and inconspicuous rays. Sterile
ground, common late in tlie season.

ACHILLEA, L.
Bracts imbricated, margins scarious. Pappus none.
A. millefolium, L. Leaves alternate, 2-pin nately parted into narrow
divisions. Perennial. Prairie, common.

CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
Bracts imbricated. Receptacle broad and flat. Pappus none.
C Leucanthemum, h. Stem erect, naked above. Fields, not common.

SENECIO, L.
Bracts equal, in one row. Pappus of capillary bristles.
S. BalsamitcB, Muhl. Erect, woolly. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads
several, corymbose. Open ground, common.

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New York Botanical Garden Library

QK174.H51 ^^ gen

Hitchcock. Albert S/A key to the spring

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