Znnh Hant. Zooli dept. 8K>LOGY LIBRARY G BIOLCK5Y LIBRARY G 254175 PHYLUM PROTOZOA. Animals in which there is one nucleus, or, if more than one nucleus, in which the nuclei art disposed apparently irregularly and are not differentiated in relation to the functional tissues of the animal. Class i. GYMNOMYXA. Naked forms without distinct cortical layer and capable of emitting pseudopodia. Order i. LOBOSA. Simple forms with blunt pseudopodia. Gymnamcebida. Without a shell. Ex. Amceba. Thecamcebida. With a shell. Ex. Arcella, Difflugia. Order i. FORAMINIFERA. Gymnomyxa with thread-like pseudopodia forming networks, and a shell the outside of which is covered by protoplasm. Ex. Polystomella, Globigerina. Order 3. RADIOLARIA. Marine Gymnomyxa with radiating pseudopodia, central capsule and an additional skeleton of flinty needles. Ex. Collozoum, Thalassicola. Order 4. HELIOZOA. Gymnomyxa with stiff radiating pseudopodia. Skeleton when present only in the form of isolated needles. Ex. Actinospharium, Actinophrys. Order 5. MYCETOZOA. Gymnomyxa of large size with branching pseudopodia. Reproduction by means of cellulose-coated spores. The contents of many spores coalesce to form one individual. Ex. Badhamia, Fuligo. Class 2. CORTICATA. Protozoa with a distinct cuticle and almost always a distinct cortical layer. Order i. CILIATA. Forms provided with cilia. Holotrlcha. Ex. Paramcecium. Heterotricha. Ex. Stentor. Hypotricha. Ex. Stylonychia, Kerona. Peritricha. Ex. Vorticella. Order i. ACINETARIA. Forms provided with sucking tentacles. Ex. Acineta. Order 3. FLAGELLATA. Forms provided with flagella. Lissofiagellata. Ex. Polytoma. Choanoflagellata. Ex. Monosiga. Phytoflagellata. Ex. Volvox. Dinoflagellata. Ex. Ceratium. Cystoflagellata. Ex. Noctiluca. Order 4. SPOROZOA. Parasitic forms, devoid of mouth, cilia, flagella or tentacles. The younger stages, at least, are cell parasites. Gregarinida. Ex. Monocystis. Coccidiida. Ex. Coccidium, Haemosporidia. Ex. Malarial Parasite. PROTOZOA. GYMNOMYXA. LOBOSA. i. Amoeba. Examine alive, then irrigate with . J p.c. solution of osmic acid. Wash with water and stain by irrigating with picrocarmine. When the nucleus becomes bright red wash again with water. Then run in dilute glycerine and finally strong glycerine, sealing with gold size. 2. Arcella. sh. shell; a. aperture of shell; n, n. nuclei; f.v. contractile vacuole;/*. pseudopodia; / b. food particles ; g. v. gas vacuoles. • tfj „ V » »'' • 5^ ct „•• .«^»« » S /C, PROTOZOA FORAMINIFERA. 3. Polystomella. Examine (a) alive in watch-glass, to see the external protoplasm and the pseudopodia, (b) transferred to slide using the high power of the microscope. Then kill with osmic acid, decalcify in 5 p.c. acetic acid, stain with picrocarmine and mount permanently, to see nuclei and cell-chambers. 4. Shells of Foraminifera. Calcareous. PROTOZOA HELIOZOA. 5. Actinosphaerium. (a) Floating in water in watch-glass. Low power. (£) Mount on slide, supporting coverslip by two narrow strips of gummed paper. Examine with high power, (c) Stain as in case of Amoeba, to show nuclei, ex. ectoplasm ; en. endoplasm ; ps. pseudopodia ; c. v. contractile vacuole ; ax. axes of pseudopodia (ps. ) ; gr. granular cortex of pseudopodia ; v. ex. vacuoles of ectoplasm ; f. v. food balls in endoplasm. PROTOZOA 6. Actinophrys. Stained to show single nucleus with osmic and picrocarmine. Draw with high power, ex. ectoplasm ; en. endoplasm ; n. nucleus ; PS. pseudopodia ; c. v. contractile vacuole. 7. Shells of Radiolaria. Mostly siliceous. 6 PROTOZOA MYCETOZOA. 8. Various Mycetozoa to show (a) spore-fruit, (b} burst spore-fruit showing capillitium, (c) creeping plasmodium. Note rhythmic character of flow of protoplasm, (d} plasmodium killed and stained to show nuclei. PROTOZOA CORTICATA. ClLIATA. i. (a) View of a Paramcecium mounted in gum to restrict movement. The animal is easily visible to the naked eye, if black paper be used as a background, (b} Various phases in the disappearance and reforming of the contractile vacuole. (<:) Paramcecium stained by irrigation with methylene blue, (d) Fed with indian ink. Watch the rotation of the food vacuoles, the entrance of the ink masses into the endoplasm, and their extrusion from the temporary anus. Long adoral cilia, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm ; food vacuoles ; outer part of ectoplasm with trichocysts ; contractile vacuoles (two) in diastole ; same in systole ; vestibule ; ossophagus ; position of anus ; macronucleus ; micronucleus. (Chlorophyll grains are present in some species.) 8 PROTOZOA ClLIATA FROM THE RECTUiM OF THE FROG. 2. Opalina ranarum. A mouthless holotrichous form. 3. Nyctotherus cordiformis. A heterotrichous form, pharynx, contractile vacuole, nucleus, anus (permanent). 4. Balantidium entozoon. A heterotrichous form. Four contractile vacuoles, mouth, nucleus. (a) Examine alive in a drop of the rectal fluid, (b} Stain as in Amoeba, (c) Irrigate fresh drop of fluid with methylene blue. 5. Stentor. A heterotrichous free-living form. 9 FLAGELLATA. PROTOZOA i. Polytoma uvella. Smear a drop of the fluid over the slide and examine the drying edges, where the animals will be more or less still, fl. flagella ; c. v. contractile vacuoles ; n. nucleus. Look for forms undergoing fission. Add iodine. The flagella are seen more distinctly. 2. Euglena viridis. Gullet, pigment spot, flagellum, contractile vacuole, nucleus. Kill with iodine. 10 PROTOZOA 3. Volvox. (a) Alive and rotating in the water, (b) Removed to slide and slightly compressed by coverslip, supported on strips of paper, (c) Killed with iodine. Individuals of colony; connecting threads; flagella; parthenogonidia ; female reproductive cell (macrogonidium) ; male reproductive cell dividing into microgonidia. 11 PROTOZOA SPOROZOA. GREGARINIDA. i. Free Monocystis from the sperm rosettes in the vesicula seminalis of the Earthworm. High power. cor. cortical substance ; med. medullary granular substance ; nu. nucleus ; n, m. successive changes of form of the Gregarine. N.B. Open the Earthworm from the dorsal side in salt solution. Remove alimentary canal carefully and open median vesicula seminales. Note white threads streaming from the sperm rosettes which are the Monocystis. Cut off small part of rosette with attached parasite and examine in •75 p.c. salt solution. 2. Cysts from amongst developing spermatozoa in the lateral vesiculae seminales. (a) With two unbroken individuals ; (b) the encysted individuals fused and more or less broken up ; (c) with young lemon-shaped pseudonavicellae ; (d} with complete pseudonavicellse ; (e) enlarged drawing of a single pseudonavicella seen under the highest available power, es. spore-case. 12 PROTOZOA 3. Clepsidrina blattarum from the chylific ventricle of the cockroach; anterior chamber (protomerite) ; posterior chamber (deuteromerite) ; anterior knob for attachment (epimerite) generally absent; nucleus; nucleolus; cortical substance; medullary substance. PHYLUM PORIFERA. Organisms consisting of a dermal layer of flattened cells and a gastral layer of flagellate collar cells (choanocytes), separated by a gelatinous mesoglcea containing generative and skeleton-secreting cells. Numerous canals communicate between the gastral cavity and the exterior. Class i. CALCAREA. With calcareous spicules. Ex. Leucosolenia, Grantia. Class 2. HEXACTINELLIDA. With siliceous spicules of triaxonic (sex-radiate) type. Ex. Euplectella. Class 3. DEMOSPONGI.ffi. Skeleton composed either of siliceous spicules of various types (never triaxonic) or of spongin, pure or combined with spicules or foreign bodies. Ex. Oscarella, Spongilla (freshwater), Euspongia (bath sponge). 1 13 PORIFERA PORIFERA. 1. Leucosolenia. Simple calcareous sponge (Ascon type). Osculum. The surface is rough with projecting calcareous spicules. 2. Grantia. Calcareous sponge (Sycon type) : colonial form. Narrow elongated oscula. 3. Transverse • section through Leucosolenia. Gastral cavity with collar-cells ; radial canals ; mesoglcea with ova ; spicules. Draw outline from low power, fill in details from high power of decalcified specimen. 14 PORIFERA 4. Transverse section through Grantia. Gastral cavity ; flagellated chambers (with collar cells) ; inhalent pores (prosopyles) ; apopyles ; inhalent canals. 5. Examples of Hexactinellida and Demospongise. PHYLUM CCELENTERATA. Radially symmetrical animals with only one body-cavity — the gastrovasculat space which serves alike for digestion and circulation. A. With nematocysts. Class i. HYDROZOA. Coelenterata in which the medusa has a velum and the polyp is without an oesophagus and mesenteries. Order i. HYDRIDA. Solitary polyps without medusa stage. Ex. Hydra. Order 2. HYDROMEDUS^i. Forms generally possessing both polyp and medusa stages. /Campanularidse. Ex. Campanularia, Obelia. Sub-order i. Calyptoblastea (Leptomedusre). /Sertularidae. Ex. Sertularia. (Plumularidae. Ex. Plumularia, Antennnlaria. Sub-order i. Gymnoblastea (Anthomedusae). Ex. Pennaria, Tttbularia, Hydractinia, Lizzia. Order 3. NARCOMEDUS/E. Ex. Mgina. Order 4. TRACHYMEDUSJE. Ex. Geryonia. Order 5. SIPHONOPHORA. Free-swimming polymorphic colonies. Ex. Diphyes, Physopkora, Physalia, Velella. Order 6. HYDROCORALLIN^. Colonial forms with calcareous skeleton. Ex. Millepora, Stylaster. Class i. ACALEPH.S. Medusae of large size with gastral filaments and endodermal gonads : without true velum. Ex. Lucernaria, Aurelia, Pelagia, Rhiwstoma. Class 3. ACTINOZOA. Polyps with oesophagus and mesenteries. Without medusa stage. Order i. ALCYONARIA. With eight pinnate tentacles and eight mesenteries. Ex. Alcyonium, Pennatula, \ Gorgonia, Tubipora. Order 2. ZOANTHARIA. With smooth tentacles. These are usually secondary and tertiary mesenteries. Ex. Actinia, Peachia (sea anemones), Lophohelia, Fungia, Madrepora. B. Without nematocysts. Class 4. CTENOPHORA. Ccelenterates with a secondarily acquiied bilateral symmetry. Eight meridional rows of vibratile plates formed of fused cilia. With oesophagus. Ex. Pleurobrachia, Beroe, Cestus. 15 HYDROZOA HYDROZOA. HYDROMEDUS^E. i. Colony of Obelia (as type of Calyptoblastic Hydroid). Ccenosarc; perisarc; hydrotheca; gono- theca; blastostyle; medusa-bud. The material of Obelia and other hydroids is given to the student preserved in 70 p.c. alcohol. It should be stained in borax carmine (in 50 p.c. alcohol), dehydrated and mounted in Canada balsam. 2. Medusa of Obelia (type of Leptomedusse). Tentacles of edge of umbrella ; manubrium ; the four gonads ; the four radial canals ; the eight otocysts. 16 HYDROZOA 3. Colonies of other Calyptoblastea. (a) Sertularia, sessile polyps on both sides of branch. ) Antennularia, sessile polyps on one side of branch ; nematocalyces. 4. Pennaria. A colony of hydroids of the Gymnoblastea. 5. Lizzia. (Type of the Anthomedusae). Manubrial gonad; groups. of marginal tentacles; ocelli. 17 HYDROZOA 6. A single polyp of Tubularia (Gymnoblastic Hydroid) removed from the colony and examined with a simple lens. Circumoral tentacles ; gonophores, on branched processes of the body wall ; large tentacles ; small globular swelling at the base of the body passing into ccenosarc. 7. Longitudinal section through a polyp of Tubularia. (Low and high powers.) Mouth ; ectoderm ; endoderm of enteron ; en. tent, solid axis of the tentacle, consisting of modified, much vacuolated endoderm cells ; nematocysts ; circumoral tentacles ; gonophores and stalk of gonophores ; oral tentacles ; globular swelling ; ccenosarc. 18 HYDROZOA 8. Transverse section of a Tubularian polyp near the mouth. (Low power.) Axes of oral tentacles prolonged for a short distance down the body ; ectoderm ; endoderm. 9. Bunch of female gonophores of Tubularia stained slightly. In ripe gonophores observe umbrella cavity ; rudimentary tentacles ; manubrium with gonad ; embryo in sub-umbrellar cavity. Look out for stages showing development of gonophores. 19 HYDROZOA 10. Geryonia. One of the Trachy medusae, no hydroid phase. Long manubrium ; six radial canals ; six tentacles ; velum. 11. View of part of margin of disc of Geryonia showing tentaculocyst. 12. Transverse section through the edge of the disc of Geryonia. (High power.) Thickened ectodermal ring ; velum ; tentaculocyst ; n. i upper, n. 2 lower nerve-rings ; circular canal sub-umbrellar ectoderm ; gelatinous tissue. 20 HYDROZOA SlPHONOPHORA. (a) Physophora hydrostatica. Pneumatophore ; nectocalyces ; dactylozooids ; nutritive polyps (hardly distinguishable) in the midst of dact. ; tentacles with lateral branches terminated by batteries of thread cells. (V) Physalia with large pneumatophore and long tentacles. (c) Velella with diagonal crest on the pneumatophore. 21 ACALEPH^E. ACALEPHJE 1. Aurelia aurita. Small marginal tentacles ; 8 sense tentacles ; 4 sub-genital pits and 4 groups of gastral filaments in the radii of four of the sense tentacles; 4 oral arms in the radii of the other four sense tentacles; the pseudo-velum; 16 radiating canals, those in the radii (radial) of the 8 sense tentacles branch, the others (adradial) do not; circular canal. 2. Examine a sense tentacle first in situ, and then in watch glass with low power to see protective folds of umbrella; otoliths. 22 ACALEPHJE 3. Rhizostoma. Branching mouth-bearing processes from manubrium ; sense tentacles. Absence of velum and tentacles. 4. Pelagia noctiluca. Note the 16 gastral pouches. Gonads; marginal notches and sense tentacles ; 8 long marginal tentacles ; sub-genital pits. 5. A Hydratuba or Scyphistoma. 23 ALCYONARIA ACTINOZOA. ALCYONARIA (OCTACTINIA). i. Alcyonium palmatum. Naked eye and hand lens. Coenenchyma; polyps extended; pinnate tentacles of polyps. 2. Transverse section through a polyp of Alcyonium, at the cesophageal region. Body-wall; oesophageal wall ; ciliated groove of latter ; mesenteries ; mesogloea of oesophagus with spicules ; longi- tudinal muscles of mesenteries. 3. Transverse section through a polyp of Alcyonium, below the end of the oesophagus. Mesenteric filaments. 24 ALCYONARIA 4. Section of undecalcified ccenenchyma of Alcyonium made by hand ; spicules ; polyp tubes with mesenteries [and ova]. 5. Corallium rub rum. Axial skeletal rod of red coral, covered by soft ccenenchyma; polyps extended. 6. Pennatula (sea feather). Axis of colony containing a hard skeletal rod, and without branches on its basal portion ; feather-like branches with polyps along one edge. ZOANTHARIA ZOANTHARIA (HEXACTINIA). 1. View of a Peachia opened along one side. Tentacles partly or entirely retracted. Body wall; mesenteries (twelve) ; secondary mesenteries ; mesenteric filaments ; gonads ; oesophagus laid open ; oesophageal groove, projecting lip of same. 2. View of the face of a mesentery. Gonad, filament as in i; longitudinal muscle of mesentery. 3. Transverse sections of Peachia (a) at the level of the oesophagus, (b] below the end of the oesophagus. 26 ZOANTHARIA 4. A sea-anemone with tentacles expanded (Anemonia sulcata). Aboral disc for attachment ; tentacles ; mouth. 5. A colonial coral-forming Zoantharian (Asteroides calycularis). Polyps, some expanded and some retracted, with mouth and tentacles ; thecae or cups of calcareous matter with radiating septa. 6. The dried theca of a solitary coral-forming Zoantharian (Fungia). Septa. 7. Dried skeletons of different forms of corals, (a) Lophohelia, (b] Oculina. Theca; septa; costse. 27 CTENOPHORA. CTENOPHORA Cydippe. Rows of ciliated plates; wide oesophagus (stomach); tentacles; gastro-vascular canals. Examine Beroe and Cestus. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat worms without an anus. Excretory system as fine canaliculi ending in flame- cdls. Generative organs complicated and generally provided with vitellaria. Hermaphrodite. No body cavity or vascular system. Class i. TURBELLARIA. Free-living Platyhelminthes covered with cilia: with muscular protrusible pharynx. Classified according to the structure of the alimentary canal. Order i. ACCELA. Gut solid. Ex. Convoluta. Order 2. RHABDOCCELA. Gut hollow, rod-shaped. Ex. Mesostoma. Order 3. TRICLADA. Three main branches to gut. Generative opening single. Ex. Dendrocalurn. Order 4. POLYCLADA. Numerous branches to gut. Generative opening double. Ex. Thysanozoon. Class 2. TREMATODA. Parasitic Platyhelminthes with suckers and hooks and forked alimentary canal. Without cilia. Order i. MONOGENEA. Trematodes with direct development. Ex. Polystomum. Order 2. DI6ENEA. Trematodes with alternation of hosts. Ex. Distomum. Class 3. CESTODA. Parasitic Platyhelminthes with suckers and hooks on the head, and a chain of sexual proglottides breaking off when ripe ; no mouth or alimentary canal. Ex. T 83 SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODA Ammonites and Nautilus (Tetrabranchiata). Septa; siphuncle. Belemnites (extinct Dibranchiata). Phragmocone (rudiment of original chambered shell) ; rostrum or guard ; proostracum. (Notice hooks on arms.) Sepia. Internal ' cuttle bone.' Rudimentary rostrum ; laminated region : lateral expansion. . Loligo. Internal horny 'pen.' 84 ASTERIAS ECHINODERMATA. 1. Asterias. Sketch of the entire animal, from the ambulacral side. Mouth; ambulacra, with tube-feet ; ocelli ; spines fringing the ambulacral groove : with a lens observe large pedicellarise situated on these spines. 2. Dorsal view of same. Madreporic plate ; arms of the trivium ; arms of the bivium. In live specimens notice the dermal branchiae. 22 85 ASTERIAS 3. Alimentary canal. Divide the animal into a dorsal and ventral half by cutting through the body-wall along the sides of each arm, the radial muscles of the stomach and the oesophagus : cut round the madreporic plate so that the stone-canal shall be left in the ventral half and then remove the dorsal half with the alimentary canal and note : the stomach with its five diverticula ; the pyloric sac with its thin walls, and its five radial prolongations, which bifurcate to form the ten hepatic caeca; the rectal caeca; the ten gonads. 4. View of the organs exposed after removal of the alimentary canal. Stone-canal (with heart) ; position of water-vascular ring ; Tiedemann's bodies ; ambulacral ossicles ; ampullae of tube-feet ; cut oral end of stomach. For Polian vesicles see Solaster ; there are none in Asferias. 5. Sketch of a pedicellaria, drawn with a low power. 86 A8TERIAS 6. Transverse section of the decalcified arm of a small specimen. Body- wall ; spines ; dermal branchiae ; ambulacral ossicles ; neural epithelium ; radial water-vascular canal ; ampullae ; tube-feet ; body-cavity; hepatic caeca and their mesenteries; in sections near base of arms, generative organs. Examine sections of an undecalcified arm to show ambulacral ossicles. 7. Region of ambulacral groove under high power. Columnar epithelial cells; internal pro- longations of same ; sections of nerve-fibres and nerve-cells between the latter ; septum containing the so-called radial blood-vessel ; radial water-vascular trunk ; ambulacral ossicles ; ampullae ; tube- feet. 8. Transverse section of stone-canal and heart. 87 ECHINODERMATA 1. Echinus. Ventral view of live animal: peristomial membrane with mouth; teeth; ten branchial plumes of peristomium (diverticula of body-cavity). 2. Shell of Echinus cleaned. Dorsal view : anal opening ; periproct ; genital plates with genital openings, one of them perforated by the water pores of the madreporite ; ocular plates ; five double rows of ambulacral plates with ambulacral pores for the tube-feet; five double rows of interambulacral plates ; tubercles to which the spines are articulated. 88 ECHINODERMATA 3. Demonstration specimens of Echinoids and Ophiuroids. > 89 ECHINODERMATA Demonstration specimens of Holothurians and Crinoids. 90 LARVAE OF ECHINODERMATA Auricularia form of Holothuroidea. Bipennaria form of Asteroidea. Pluteus form of Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. 91 TUNICATA 1. Ciona. Animal removed from its test and drawn in side view. Mouth; atrial aperture; ganglion ; longitudinal muscles of body-wall ; red pigment spot marking termination of vas deferens ; point of origin of test vessels. 2. Atrial cavity and body cavity opened along the dorsal middle line; body wall separated from the pharynx by cutting the cords passing from one to the other. Pharynx ; oesophagus leading into stomach ; intestine with typhlosole ; rectum ; heart in pericardium ; oviduct and vans deferens opening into atrial cavity. 92 TUNICATA 3. Ciona. Pharynx and buccal cavity opened and viscera further exposed. Tentacular ring ; peripharyngeal groove; dorsal tubercle; subneural gland; endostyle; languets and hyperpharyngeal groove ; aperture from pharynx to oesophagus ; ovary ; testicular follicles on intestine. 4. Portion of pharyngeal wall stained and mounted. Transverse bars ; longitudinal bars ; internal longitudinal bars from inner side of which project the papillae; stigmata. D 93 TUNICATA 5. An Ascidian tadpole of Ciona or some other Tunicate. 6. Transverse section of Ciona. Test ; body wall with longitudinal muscle bundles ; atrial cavity ; pharynx with stigmata; endostyle and hyperpharyngeal groove; rectum and generative ducts. 94 TUNICATA 7. Demonstration specimens of other Tunicata. 95 Demonstration specimens of Balanoglossus. HEMICHORDATA 96 . . i : . . . ' ' THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 1 — " TO $100 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. -, .- BIOLOGY LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY