to •ISmfcersttg of Toronto front ifye J3ooks of Pelgten Jlfrmrt (1877-1945) ^Ifar mang gears (Ehairman nf tl]e ^CibrartJ Coitttnittee of tlje J^atultg of tAT fc LABORATORY MANUAL OF PHARMACOLOGY INCLUDING MATERIA MEDICA, PHARMACOP^DICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS BY Af Df BUSH, B.Sc., M.D. in Professor of Pharmacology, University of North Dakota. ILLUSTRATED WITH FULL-PAGE PLATES MANY IN COLORS PHILADELPHIA F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS ENGLISH DEPOT STANLEY PHILLIPS, LONDON 1919 /V(l COPYRIGHT, 1919 BY F. A. DAVIS COMPANY Copyright, Great Britain. All Rights Reserved. PRESS OF F. A. DAVIS COMPANY PHILADELPHIA. U.S.A. CONTENTS PAGE LVI RODUCTION I INTRODUCTORY DEFINITIONS 3 PART I. MATERIA MEDICA 5 PART II. PlIARMACOPEDICS 55 PART III. PlIARMACODYNAMICS 83 Anesthesia, 85 ; Morphine, 92 ; Strychnine, 99 ; Atropine, 104 ; Pilocarpine and Physostigmine, 112; Caffeine, 118; Chloral Hydrate, 124; Digitalis, 129; Epinephrin, 135; Nitrites, 140; Aconite, 145; Antipyrin, 149; Cocaine, 154; Alcohol 157; Cannabis, 162. PART IV. PHARMACOLOGY 173 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Aconitum napellus (colored) 11 Aconite in Flower (Aconitum- Nafellus) 12 Atropa belladonna (colored) 18 Stramonium Plant in Fruit (Datura Stramonium) 20 Digitalis purpurea (colored) 26 Digitalis in Flower (Digitalis furfurea) '. 28 Hyoscyamus niger (colored) 31 Biennial Henbane in Seed (Hyoscyamus niger) 32 Papaver Somniferum (colored) 37 Hydrastis Plant in Bloom (Hydrastis Canadensis) 44 Diagram illustrating effect of Strychnine (colored) 174 Diagram illustrating effect of Caffeine (colored) 177 Diagram illustrating effect of Alcohol (colored) 179 Diagram illustrating effect of Chloral (colored) 181 Diagram illustrating effect of Morphine (colored) 183 Diagram illustrating effect of Apomorphine (colored) 185 Diagram illustrating effect of Cannabis (colored) 187 Diagram illustrating effect of Cocaine (colored) 191 Diagram illustrating effect of Atropine (colored) 193 Diagram illustrating effect of Pilocarpine (colored) 195 Diagram illustrating effect of Physostigmine (colored) 197 Diagram illustrating effect of Ether, and Chloroform (colored) 199 Diagram illustrating effect of Epinephrin (colored) 201 Diagram illustrating effect of Ergot (colored) -/t 1 203 Diagram illustrating effect of Nitroglycerin (colored) 205 Diagram illustrating effect of Digitalis (colored) 207 Diagram illustrating effect of Aconite (colored) 209 Diagram illustrating effect of Veratrine (colored) 211 Diagram illustrating effect of Antimony (colored) 213 Diagram illustrating effect of Quinine (colored) 215 Diagram illustrating effect of Bromides (colored) 217 Diagram, illustrating effect of Acetphenetidin (colored) 219 Diagram illustrating effect of Salicylic Acid (colored) 221 Diagram illustrating effect of Ipecac (colored) 223 INTRODUCTION TIIK fundamental reason for laboratory work in any subject, not entirely observa- tional, is the training it gives in systematic' observation. One of the best possible methods for developing adequate apprehension of the essentials of a problem is to re- quire the student to record his observations in an orderly, systematic manner. To serve so valuable an end, this Manual is provided with definite leaders and spaces for recording the relatively more important data. The student thus works with directed purpose to discover important pharmacologic facts for himself. To the possible objection that set formulae might tend to cramp the student's powers of expression, it may be replied that these early years of a medical course represent a formative period in which should be developed accurate, systematic methods of observation; and such formulae as prevent fruitless dissipation of energy thereby promote increased efficiency, both of thought and action. This book has been prepared with the constant thought in mind that the great majority of medical students are not preparing to become specialists in Pharmacology, but practitioners of general medicine. Therefore the knowledge gained derives its chief value in proportion to its relation to medicine. The interests of the student are in such a case paramount to the interests of the specialist, though the difference in needs in the two cases is "less in matter and method than in proportion and emphasis." So, to paraphrase the words of an honored preceptor, Dr. Ganong, the real test of the value of this Manual will be found not in whether my colleagues deem it a well-propor- tioned compendium of pharmacologic fact, but whether it leads students to pursue the subject with an interested spirit, and to adopt spontaneously its methods and teachings in their later activities. Materia Medica has always been a bugbear subject to most medical students, largely because of its dry, dictionary-like presentation. It is helpful to the student if he be given personal contact with the various drugs and preparations, with some clews as to their utilities, by way of introduction to the experimental and applied uses. This can be carried out very successfully in a laboratory, where the examination and testing of drugs is the means whereby he gains knowledge instead of information. If it be desirable for the medical student to know the physical properties and the principal (1) INTRODUCTION. incompatibilities of drugs, then the best way to acquire such knowledge is by personal investigation. In Pharmacodynamics, it is impossible for the students, through lack of time, to study many of the drugs experimentally ; so an intensive study may well be made of the more important ones, especially those which produce registerable reactions. In such a study, a graded method is pedagogically superior. Hence the student is directed to first observe the way and manner in which simple tissue reacts to drug influence, for this purpose using the common frog. Next, he studies the reactions to that same drug of one of the mammals, like the cat, or rabbit, or dog. Then, because of sundry diver- gencies between the reactions of the lower animals and the higher, he tests this same drug on a human being — his fellow-student — gaining thereby also invaluable experience in observational methods. Next, inasmuch as thus far his information has not had that definite application necessary for conclusiveness, he makes further investigation of the Pharmacodynamics of that same drug at the hospital, in an attempt to learn how much and in what manner the toxins of disease may modify the apparent action of drugs. Finally, he checks up his accumulated observations by comparing them with the recorded observation of others, as presented in current literature. Thus the student acquires a training in method and procedure of inestimable value in his future work as a scien- tific physician. A. D. BUSH. INTRODUCTORY DEFINITIONS PHARMACOLOGY is that science which treats of medicines. Alateria Meclica is that branch of Pharmacology concerned with the origin and composition of drugs, together with their physical and chemical properties, and their dosage. Some brief reference to their therapeutic application is advisedly included. Pharmacopseclics is that branch of Pharmacology concerned with "the science of medicinal drugs and the art of their preparation." It is quite distinct from Pharmacy, which includes the collection, preservation, identification, compounding, and dispensing of drugs. Pharmacopjedics deals with the various forms under which medicines are dispensed, together with their relative strengths, ingredients of compounds, relative availability and desirability. It is of much importance to the physician that he know the nature of the powerful tools he will later be called upon to use. Pharmacodynamics is that branch of Pharmacology concerned with the manner in, and degree to which, living tissue reacts to drugs. (3) MATERIA MEDICA IN this section are presented for study the more important medicines official in the United States Pharmacopoeia. The student is asked to note carefully the more impor- tant physical properties, and some of the principal chemical incompatibilities. At the same time he should take cognizance of the origin of the drug, its leading utilities, and the dose — not that he will necessarily be expected to remember all these details en masse at this time, but to make less arduous the ultimate acquirement of this related information. Work should be performed in stated sequence, unless otherwise stipulated by the instructor. Findings should be written in, neatly and orderly, not only because neat- ness and orderliness are desirable virtues for their own sake, but because the student would also wish to have his part in writing this book a commendable one. Besides the usual recommended texts and references, the following books may be further consulted, with profit as well as pleasure: U. S. Pharmacopoeia, U. S. Dis- pensatory, Kraemer's Scientific and Applied Pharmacognosy, Remington's Pharmacy. PART I.— MATERIA MEDICA. ACACIA. Acacia, or Gum Arabic, consists of the dried, gummy exudate from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal and other species of Acacia (Fam. Leguininostr), trees indigenous to sandy soils in Central Africa. Properties: Form Color Feel .. Odor Taste Solubility : HoO C2H-,OH Keeping qualities (solution of Acacia) : One week Appearance Odor ... Two weeks Appearance Odor ... Four weeks Appearance Odor Taste ... NILjOl! . Lead Subac. T. S. FeCl3 T. S. . Taste j Taste 7V.vf.s- showing sonic incompatibilities (solution of Acacia) : Na2B4O7 C.Hr.OII Any tincture Official Preparations. Mucilago Acaci;e — Acacia, 350 Gm. ; Aqua destillata, q. s. ad 1000 Gm. Syrupus Acacke — Acacia, 100 Gm. ; Sugar, 800 Gm. ; Aqua destillata, q. s. ad 1000 Gm. Therapeutics. — Acacia has no medicinal action other than as a protective for inflamed mucous surfaces, as in pharyngitis and gastritis. It is extensively used in pharmacy for its adhesiveness in the preparation of pills, lozenges and mixtures, and to aid in the emulsifying and holding in suspension of resins and oils. ACETANILIDUM. Acetanilid is made by treating aniline with glacial acetic acid in the presence of heat, with purification of the residue by sublimation and recrystallization. Properties: Form Feel Color Odor Taste ... Solubility : Hot H20 Cold H2O CoH-.OIT . (7) ACETANILIDUM. ACIDUM BENZO1CUM. Tests showing some incompatibilities: Triturate with Resorcinol Con. HNO3 ... Con. KOH Tinct. Ferri Chloridi Therapeutics. — Acetanilid has had wide use in the past as a sedative and anal- gesic, being used to lessen the pains of neuralgia and rheumatism, but it is rather dangerous through its depressant action on the heart; this untoward property also interferes with its utility as an antipyretic. Dose, 0.2 Gm. Two closely related products are: Acetphenctidinum and Antipyrina. Dose of each, 0.3 Gm. Properties: Acetphenetidin : Appearance Color Odor .. Taste Solubility : H2O C2H5OH Antipyrin : Appearance Color Odor Taste Solubility : H2O CaHsOH Incompatibilities and therapeutic indications similar to Acetanilid; Acetphenetidin is probably less dangerous. ACIDS USED AS MEDICINES. Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. Prepared by mixing 12 parts of the official Acetic Acid with 61 parts of water. It should contain about 6 per cent, hydrogen acetate (CH3COOH). Properties: Color Odor Taste Titrate 25 mils, accurately weighed, with normal KOH, V.S., using phenolthalein as indicator. Each mil of titer corresponds to 0.06003 Gm. CH:{COOH. How much of the titer did you use? Then what strength is your sample of acid? Dilute Acetic Acid is used principally as an antidote for caustic alkalies. Average dose, 2 mils. Acidum Benzoicum (CeHs.COOH), An organic acid derived from the bal- samic resin of styrax. Properties: Appearance ~ Color Odor Taste Solubility : H20 C2H5OH ACIDUM BENZOICUM. ACIDUM HYDROCHLOR1CUM DILUTUM. Tests for leading incompatibilities: Sol. Ac. Benzoic. : Sol. NaHCO3 ... Dil. HC1 .. Fed, T. S. Quin. Bisulph Benzoic Acid is used in making paregoric. In medicine Benzoic Acid may be used for undue alkalinity of the urine, or in treating phosphaturia. Average dose, 0.5 Gm. Acidum Boricum (H3BO;j). Derived from the borate of soda. Properties: Appearance Color ... Odor .... Taste ... Solubility : H20 ... G2H3OH C3HS(OH)3 Add NaHCO3 T. S. to solution H3BO3. Result Boric Acid is used in preparing the official Glyceritum Boroglycerini and Unguen- tuni Acidi Borici. The chief uses for Boric Acid are: a dusting powder in intertrigo, a valuable eye-wash (5% sol.) in conjunctivitis, a mild antiseptic in stomatitis, especially in infants. Acidum Citricum (C6H8O7 + H2O). An organic acid ordinarily obtained from the juice of lemons and limes. Properties: Appearance Color ... Solubility : H20 . C2H5OH Odor .. Taste '. Treat solution Citric Acid with NaHCO:i, T. S. Result • Citric Acid is used in the preparation of Syrupus Acidi Citrici. Citric Acid is used in the specific treatment of scorbutus, and in neutralizing acid urine. Average dose, 0.5 Gm. Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. Prepared by mixing 10 Gm. HC1 with 22 Gm. distilled water. Normal HC1 being of 32% strength, of what strength is the official dilute acid? Properties: Appearance ... Color ... Odor .. Taste 10 ACIDUM SAL1CYLICUM ACIDUM TANNICUM. Carefully weigh 2 Gm. dilute HC1, add 6 Gm. distilled water, and titrate the mixture with normal KOH, V. S., using methyl orange, T. S., as indicator. How much titer did you use ? Each mil of the titer used corresponds with 0.03647 Gm. HC1. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, in 0.5% solution, is used in the treatment of hypo- chlorhydria. Acidum Salicylicum (CTHoO.-?). Orthohydroxybenzoic acid, obtained natur- ally from betula and gaultheria, but also made synthetically by treating phenol with sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide. Solubility : H2O C2H5OH Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Leading tests for incompatibilities: Add a small crystal of salicylic acid to the following: Spir. /Etheris Nitrosi FeCl3 T. S Quin. Bisulph. T. S Sod. Phosph. Citric Acid ... Salicylic Acid is used principally in the treatment of acute rheumatism, though the salts of the acid are more frequently employed. Average dose, 0.75 Gm. Usually obtained from nutgalls : also widely Solubility : H2O ... Acidum Tannicum found in many vegetable substances. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste _ C2Hr,OH C3H5(OH)3 Incompatibility tests: Add Tannic Acid T. S. to the following: Egg Albumin Sol. Any alkaloid CuSO4 T. S. . FeCl3 T. S Spir. yEtheris Nitrosi Starch T. S. .. Do not triturate Tannic Acid with potassium chlorate. Why? '. The Glycerite, Troche, and Unguent are official preparations. Tannic Acid is used for its local astringent effect; but the desired effect is better produced by using some substance, like kino for example, containing tannin. OfHr ACON1TUM XAPEI.U'S. ACIDUM TARTARICUM. ACONITUM. 11 Acidum Tartaricum (C^eOe). Usually obtained from argol. Properties: Appearance Color ... Solubility: H2O C2H5OH ... Odor Taste Dissolve 3 Gm. Tartaric Acid in 50 Gm. distilled water. Titrate with normal KOH, V. S., using phenolthalein as indicator. Each mil of titer indicates 0.07503 Gm. C^eOe. Tartaric Acid is used in the preparation of the official Seidlitz Powder (Pulvis- Effervescens Compositus). It has very little medicinal utility otherwise. Other official acids of less or no therapeutic importance are ; Acidum Aceticum, A. Aceticum Glaciale, A. Gallicum, A. Hydriodicum Dilutum, A. Hydrochloricum, A. Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, A. Hypophosphorosum, A. Hypophosphorosum Dilutum, A. Lacticum, A. Nitricum, A. Nitrohydrochloricum, A. Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum, A. Oleicum, A. Phenylcinchoninicum, A. Phosphoricum, A. Phosphoricum Dilutum, A. Stearicum, A. Sulphuricum, A. Sulphuricum Aromaticum, A. Sulphuricum Dilutum, A. Trichloraceticum. ACONITUM. Aconite, or Monkshood, as it appears in commerce, is the dried, tuberous root of Aconitns Napcllns (Earn. Rannncitlacca;), a perennial herb about i metre high, grow- ing in mountainous regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Properties: (a) Root: Appearance Odor Taste (cautiously) Cross-section Properties: (b) Powder: Color Odor Taste Assay. — Place 15 Gm. No. 40 Aconite Powder in a flask, add 150 mils ether, shake well, then let it stand 10 minutes; add 5 mils NH4OH, agitate vigorously every 10 minutes for 2 hours. Next add 15 mils distilled H2O, shake well, let settle ; then decant 100 mils of the solution, filtering it through purified cotton into a separator. Rinse funnel and cotton with a little ether. From this solution extract the alkaloid by repeated shakings out with weak H2SO4, collecting the acid washings in another separator; add NH4OH to decided alkalinity (litmus test), and continue extraction, with repeated shakings out with ether. Evaporate the ether washings to dryness, dis- solve the alkaloids in the residue in precisely 5 mils T^ H2SO4, V. S., and titrate the excess of acid with 1^ KOH, V. S., using T.S. cochineal as indicator. Each mil ** H2SO4, V. S., consumed corresponds to 64.539 mS- °f the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite. What is. the alkaloidal strength of your sample? 12 ACONITUM. ADEPS. Official Preparations. Extractum Aconiti — 1.8% to 2.2% Aconitina. Average dose, o.oi Gm. Fluidextractum Aconiti — 0.45% to 0,55% Aconitina. Average close, 0.03 mil. Tinctura Aconiti — 0.045% to 0.055% Aconitina. Average dose, 0.3 mil. Aconitina, the most poisonous of all alkaloids. Dose, 0.00015 Gm. Therapeutics. Aconite is somewhat rarely indicated in sthenic types of acute inflammatory affections of the lungs or bronchi. ADEPS. Adeps, or Lard, is the purified internal fat taken from the abdomen of the hog (Sus scrofa). Properties: Appearance f rr Color bolubility : H2O Odor CoHDOH Taste (C2H,)2O Melting Point ... CHC1, Prepare the official Adeps Benzoinatus by thoroughly mixing o. I Gm. coarsely powdered siam benzoin with 50 Gm. lard. Heat the mixture for 2 hours over a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60° C., keeping container covered, but stirring the mixture frequently. Strain through muslin, and stir occasionally until it cools. In separate dishes of equal diameter place an equal amount of lard and of ben- zoinated lard. Label and set aside on a shelf exposed to light and air. At each subse- quent period examine for possible variations in physical properties. Lard: 1 week . 2 weeks 3 weeks .... P>enzoinated Lard 1 week ... 2 weeks .... 3 weeks ... 4 weeks 4 weeks Adeps Lanae, or Wool Fat, is a purified fat, freed from water, derived from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries). Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste ... Solubility : H20 ... CoHgOH (C2H5)20 CHC13 Relative cohesiveness compared with Adeps Relative absorbability compared with Adeps Relative permanence in air compared with Adeps Adeps Lanse Hydrosus = Adeps Lanse + about 28% water. These several fats are used as bases for the preparation of ointments. Uy permission of Burroughs Welk-ome Co. ACONITE IN FLOWER (Acoiiitiim iiafellus). AETHER. yETHYLIS CHLORIDUM. 13 AETHER. Ether is a highly inflammable liquid made by distilling and purifying a mixture of alcohol and sulphuric acid. It should contain at least 95.5% ethyl oxide (C2H5)2O. Being highly inflammable it should be kept remote from any flame. Daylight causes a slow oxidation. Properties: Color Reaction Odor Snecific Gravity Taste Volatility (note time for 5 mils poured on cloth to evaporate) The chief use for Ether is to produce anaesthesia. Spiritus /Etheris is an official preparation. CARBAMAS. Urethane is the ethyl ester of carbamic acid, obtained by treating a carbamide with ethyl alcohol. It should be kept in well-closed containers. Properties: Appearance Color _ Odor .... Taste _ Solubility : H2O C2H5OH ... C3H5(OH)3 Incompatibilities: To a solution of Urethane add any alkali Triturate Urethane with antipyrine, or camphor, chloral, menthol, phenol, salol, or salicylic acid Alcoholic solution of Urethane + KOH produces crystals of KCN /Ethylis Carbamas is an hypnotic of uncertain reliability in man, but of consider- able utility in laboratory work. jETHYLIS CHLORIDUM. Ethyl Chloride, or Monochlorethane, is prepared by treating absolute ethyl alco- hol with hydrochloric acid gas. The product is very volatile, highly inflammable, and must be protected from light. Spray some Ethyl Chloride in a fine, concentrated stream upon a small skin area. What change takes place? With a needle immediately test sensitiveness of spot. Result? Ethyl Chloride is used to produce rapid local anaesthesia by freezing the skin. By inhalation it quickly produces profound sleep and a general anaesthesia, suitable for short operations. 14 ALCOHOL. ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. ALCOHOL. Alcohol (C2HsOH) is obtained by the distillation of a fermented amylaceous substance. The official Alcohol contains less than 8% by weight of water. Properties: Appearance „..„ Color .. Odor Taste Volatility Inflammability Miscibility, H2O Incompatibilities: Mix Alcohol with Albumin, T. S .............................................. HgCl2, T. S .................................................... K2MnO4, T. S ........................................... Alcohol is an excellent preservative, a good antiferment, and a fair antiseptic. Its use internally has been largely abandoned, owing to its toxicity, and to its possess- ing no definite physiological indications. Two other alcohols are official : Alcohol Dehydratum, containing not more than \% H2O by weight. Alcohol Dilutum, containing about 51% H^O by volume. ALOE. Aloes is the inspissated juice obtained from the leaves of several species of Aloe, a West Indies plant of the family Liliacece. Three varieties are found in commerce: the Socatrine, the Curagao, and the Cape. Properties of the ............................................................. -variety : Appearance Color Odor .. Taste _ Solubility, H2O Color of Solution Consult U. S. P. IX. to determine source of. your sample. Aloinum is an active principle derived from Aloes. Dose, 0.015 Aloes is a rather sharp purgative, acting chiefly on the distal portion of the large bowel. Average dose, 0.25 Gm. ; this will cause severe griping in a susceptible individual. Aloes is an ingredient in each of the following official preparations: Piluhe Aloes, Pilulse Rhei Composite, Tinctura Aloes, and Tinctura Benzoini Composita. ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. Burnt Alum is prepared by subjecting ammonium alum or potassium alum to a temperature not exceeding 200° C, until the water of crystallization has been expelled. When recently prepared it should contain not less than 96.5% A1NH4 (or K) (504)2. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste .. Solubility : Cold H2O Hot H2O C2Hr,OH ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. AMMONIUM. 15 Incompatibilities: To alum solution add solution of Pb. Acet Ca(OH)2 HgCl2 Ac. Tart. . NaOH Na2B4O7 NaHCO3 Ac. Gall Alum is a mild cauterant, an irritant astringent, and a styptic. AMMONIUM. Of the seven official salts of Ammonium two only have the characteristic ion action. These are the Carbonate and Chloride. Ammonium Carbonate is a varying mixture of acid ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate. It is prepared by subliming a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate. Properties: Appearance Color Pdor Taste Effect of exposure to air Incompatibilities: To Ammonium Carbonate T. S. add Any acid solution _ Any iron solution The chief utility of Ammonium Carbonate is to irritate the terminals of the tri- geminus when the ammonia gas therefrom is inhaled. The Carbonate is used in preparing Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus. Ammonium Chloride is a purified product of the crude chloride resulting from treating gas liquor with hydrochloric acid. Properties: Appearance Solubility: Color . H2O Odor C2H5OH Taste Effect of exposure to moist air Incompatibilities: To Ammonium Chloride, T. S., add Solubility : H2O ... C2H5OH Effect of hot H2Q AgNOn, T. S. NaOH, T. S. . Na2C03, T. S. An acid ... Ammonium Chloride seems to have a beneficial effect on the type of sub-acute gastritis due to passive hepatic congestion. Average dose, 0.3 Gm. Administered in the nascent vapor state, it is used for bronchitis. 16 AMMONIUM. ARSENI TRIOXIDUM. An official preparation is Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi. Official Preparations. Ammonium Benzoate ; dose, i Gm. Ammonium Bromide ; dose, i Gm. Ammon- ium Iodide; dose, 0.3 Gm. Ammonium Salicylate; dose, i Gm. Ammonium Valerate; dose, 0.5 Gm. The Bromide, Iodide, and Salicylate are generally considered inferior to the cor- responding salts of sodium. The Benzoate is little used, while the Valerate is prac- tically inert. ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS. Tartar Emetic is made by suitably combining potassium bitartrate with the oxide of antimony. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Tartar Emetic used to be extensively employed as a nauseant and emetic, but fortunately its use has been practically abandoned. ARGENTI NITRAS. Silver Nitrate (AgNOg) is prepared by treating pure silver with pure diluted nitric acid, with crystallization. The salt should be kept in dark, amber-colored bot- tles, away from light. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste (cautiously) .... Solubility : Cold H2O Hot H2O C2H5OH ... Evaporate a drop of the aqueous solution on the hand Evaporate another drop on a porcelain dish Incompatibilities: Practically everything. Silver Nitrate is an efficient prophylactic for ophthalmia neonatorum, I drop of a i % solution being placed in each eye of the newly-born infant. It is of great service in the purulent conjunctivitis of adults. In general local application it is an efficient germicide ; caustic in stronger solutions. Internally, it is somewhat rarely used in low forms of gastritis and in gastric ulcer. Dose, o.oi Gm. Other official salts of Silver are : Argenti nitras fusus, containing 94.5% AgNOs (lunar caustic) ; argenti oxidum, an unequal substitute for the nitrate. ARSENI TRIOXIDUM. White Arsenic, or Arsenous Acid, is a sublimation product obtained by roasting arsenical ores. ARSENI TRIOXIDUM. BELLADONNA FOLIA— BELLADONNA RADIX. 17 Properties: Appearance Color ... Odor Do not taste Solubility : H20 C2H5OH C8H8(OH)3_ HC1 What is the Marsh test for the identification of Arsenic? Incompatibilities: To Arsenous Acid, T. S., add FeCl3' T- S' ' - AgN03, T. S KI T S Ac. Tannic MgSO4) T. S. •• o »» The principal utility of Arsenous Acid is for chorea. Dose, 0.0006 Gm. An un- official salt, arsenobenzol or salvarsan, containing about 35% arsenic, is extensively used in the treatment of syphilis, relapsing fever, and frambesia or yaws. The dose is about 0.4 Gm., intramuscularly. Official preparations made from White Arsenic : Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. Dose, 0.2 mil. Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Fowler's Solution). Dose, 0.2 mil. Other official preparations of Arsenic are: Sodii Arsenas; dose, 0.005 Gm. Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus; dose; 0.003 Gm. Liquor Sodii Arsenatis; dose, 0.2 mil. Arseni lodidum; dose, 0.005 Gm. This last salt combines the action of Arsenic and Iodine. The others have the characteristic action of Arsenic. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. Balsam of Peru is an exudate from the bruised trunk of ToluiferaPereiroe (Fam. Leguminosce), a tree of Central America. Properties: Appearance Color ... Odor Taste Solubility : H2O ..... C2H5OH CHC13 Balsam of Peru is used chiefly as a stimulant to granulations. BELLADONN/E FOLIA— BELLADONNA RADIX. In use in medicine are a number of preparations made from the leaves and roots of Atropa Belladonna (Fam. Solanacece), a bushy perennial, native of Eurasia, but cultivated in northern temperate zones generally. The leaves yield about 0.3% of mydriatic alkaloids, and the root yields about 0.45%. 18 BELLADONNA FOLIA— BELLADONNA RADIX. BENZOINUM. Compare Properties of powdered leaf and powdered root: Leaf: Appearance Color ... Odor Taste Root: Appearance Color ... Odor Taste Assay of powdered Belladonna Root. — In a flask place 15 Gm. Belladonna Root, No. 60 powder ; add 50 mils chloroform and 100 mils ether ; shake vigorously, and then let it stand about 10 minutes. Add 5 mils NH4OH, and agitate every 10 minutes for the next 2 hours. Next add 15 mils distilled H^O; shake mixture well, let settle, then decant 100 mils and filter it through purified cotton into a separatory funnel, adding ether rinsings from graduate and expressed cotton. The alkaloids in solution may now be extracted by repeated shakings out of the solution with weak sulphuric acid. Place acid washings in a separator, add NH4OH until solution is plainly alkaline (lit- mus) ; then repeatedly shake out with chloroform, which will again extract the alk- aloids. Now exaporate all the chloroform from the washings, carefully dry, then dis- solve the residue in exactly 5 mils ^ H2SO4 V. S., titrate the excess acid with J*. KOH, V. S., using for indicator cochineal T. S. "Each mil of ^ H2SO4 V. S., con- sumed corresponds to 28.92 mg. of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Root." What was the alkaloid percentage strength of your sample? \Vhat is the standard? The principal alkaloid of Belladonna is atropine (CiTH^oOsN). Belladonna is used to diminish secretion, relax spasm of involuntary muscle, stimulate a depressed nervous system, or produce dilatation of the pupil. Official Preparations. Extractum Belladonnas Foliorum, 1.2% strength. Dose, 0.015 Gm. Tinctura Belladonnas Foliorum, 0.03% strength. Dose, 0.75 mil. Unguentum Belladonnas, made from the extract; 10% of the extract. Fluidextractum Belladonnas Radicis, 0.45% strength. Dose, 0.05 mil. Linimentum Belladonnas, 95% Fluidextract. Atropina. Dose, 0.0005 Gm. Atropinse Sulphas. Dose, 0.0005 Gm. BENZOINUM. Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin (Fam. Styracacea) , trees of the Malay Peninsula and Dutch East Indies. Properties: Appearance Color ... Odor Taste ... Solubility: H,0 ... C2H0OH KOH .. ATROPA BELLADONNA. BENZOINUM. BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS. 19 Heat a few fragments in a test-tube, and note the character of the sublimate The compound tincture is frequently used as an inhalant in steam for the treat- ment of acute laryngitis. The official preparations containing Benzoin are: Adeps Benzoinatus, Tinctura Benzoini, Tinctura Benzoini Composita. BENZOSULPHINIDUM. Saccharin is "the anhydride of ortho-sulphamide-benzoic acid" ; it is a laboratory product of toluene. Properties: Appearance Color Odor .. Taste, 1 to 10,000 sol. Solubility : Cold H2O .... Hot H2O C2H5OH ... NH4OH Add 0.06 Gm. citric acid to a i to 10,000 solution Saccharin, and compare relative sweetness with that first tasted Incinerate 0.008 Gm. Saccharin. What odor evolved? Benzosulphinide is used as a substitute for sugar in cases of diabetes, but fre- quently is not tolerated very long. The official Sodii Benzosulphinidum is more soluble. BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS. Bismuth Subcarbonate is obtained by the interaction of ammonium carbonate and purified bismuth nitrate. It is rather variable in chemical composition. Properties: Appearance Taste .... Feel .. Color Odor Solubility : H2O ... C2H5OH Incompatibilities: Add some Bismuth Subcarbonate to HC1, T. S. .. KOH, T. S. KI, T. S. „ Ac. Tan., T. S Bismuth Subcarbonate is used chiefly for its protective coating effect in inflam- mations of the intestinal mucosa. Dose, 0.5 Gm. 20 BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS. CAFFEINA. The other official bismuth preparations are: Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras, Bis- muthi Betanaphtholas, Bismuthi Subgallas, Bismuthi Subnitras, Bismuthi Subsalicylas —all of which are either superfluous or of questionable utility. CAFFEINA. Caffeine is a xanthine compound derived from the dried seeds of Coffea arabica (Fam. Rnbiacece), a native of Arabia. It is also obtained from the leaves of Thea smcnsis (Fam. Ternstrceuriacccc}; an Asiatic shrub. It also occurs in other plants, and may be prepared synthetically. By treating Caffeine with citric acid in hot water there results a substance of loose chemical structure known as Citratecl Caffeine. Properties: Caffeine : Appearance Color Odor Taste Solubility : 4 H2O 8 H20 25 H2O 50 H2O Hot HoO CoHfiOH ... Citrated Caffeine: Appearance Color Odor Taste Solubility : 4 H2O 8 H20 25 H2O 50 H2O Hot H20 C2H5OH ... Caffeine is a stimulant to respiration, kidney activity, and cerebrospinal reflexes. It also seems to improve vascular conditions when the circulatory system is function- ally enfeebled. Dose of Caffeina, 0.15 Gm. ; of Caffeina Citrata, 0.3 Gm. Other Official Preparations. Caffeina Citrata Effervescens. Dose, 4 Gm. Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas. Dose, by mouth, 0.3 Gm. ; hypodermic, 0.2 Gm. This latter substance is a mixture of about 46% anhydrous caffeine and about 54% sodium benzoate. Two other xanthin products are the official Theophyllina, found in small amounts in tea leaves, and also made synthetically ; and Theobromine, derived from Theobroina Cacao, with an official salt, Theobrominse Sodio-Salicylas. These two substances are both dimethylxanthine. They possess but little advantage over the trimethylxanthine Caffeine, though a more marked diuretic action, with no cerebral effect, is claimed for theobromine. By permission of burroughs Wellcome Co. STRAMONIUM PLANTS IN FRUIT (Datura strawniiiuin). CALCIUM. CAMPHORA. 21 CALCIUM. A number of lime salts are official, though none of them has any extended utility. Properties: Preparation Appear. Color Odor Taste Sol. H2O Dose Calcii Bromidum 1 to 0.7 1 Gm. C. Carbonas Prxcipitat. Insol. 1 Gm. C. Chloridum 1 to 0.62 0.5 Gm. C. Glycerophosphas 1 to 50 0.25 Gm. C. Hypophosphis 1 to 6.5 0.5 Gm. C. Lactas 1 to 20 0.5 Gm. C. Sulphidum Crudum Slight. 0.06 Gm. Calx = C. Oxidum 1 to 840 Calx Chlorinata Partly Creta Praeparata Insol. 1 Gm. Calcium Bromide owes its chief activity to the bromine elements. The Precipi- tated Carbonate, like the other official carbonate, Prepared Chalk, was formerly of considerable repute in the treatment of infantile diarrheas, but is now used chiefly in dentifrices. Calcium Chloride is too harsh for internal use, even if any known indica- tion existed. The Glycerophosphate and Hypophosphite are practically inert, and should be discarded. The Lactate is the preferable salt, if a definite indication for lime arises. The Sulphide is a crude cosmetic preparation. Chlorinated Lime is a popular and moderately efficient deodorant disinfectant. The Oxide, in the form of liquor cal- cis, is frequently recommended as an antacid to be added to cow's milk in infant feed- ing, though cow's milk normally has more lime than human milk, in which case prob- ably sodium bicarbonate would be a preferable antacid. CAMPHORA. Camphor (CioHi0O) is a purified sublimate obtained by distilling the wood of Cinnamomum Camphora (Fam. Lauraccce), trees native to Eastern Asia. Properties: Appearance Color _ Odor Taste .. Solubility : H2O C2H5OH ... CHC13 Oils . 22 CAMPHORA. CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. Incompatibilities : What results from triturating I Gm. Camphor with an equal amount of chloral, menthol, or salol ? Camphor is principally useful as a mild counterirritant. Its use internally does not seem justified by any of its known reactions. The official Camphora Monobromata is superfluous. CANNABIS. The Cannabis, or Indian Hemp of commerce, consists of the dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa and C. indica (Fam. Moracece). It contains a resin, Cannabin. Properties of powdered Cannabis : Appearance Color .. Odor ..... Taste _ Examine microscopically for pollen grains Miscibility with H2O (use the tincture) Cannabis may be used as a cerebral sedative and hypnotic whenever the use of opium for that purpose seems inadvisable. It is efficient in only about 50% of all cases. Official preparations are : the Extract, the Fluidextract, and the Tincture. CASCARA SAGRADA. Cascara consists of the dried bark of Rhamnus Purshiana (Fam. Rhamnaceoe) , a small tree of Northern California. Properties of the powdered bark : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Cascara is used as a mild laxative to correct habitual constipation. Dose, i Gm. The official preparations are: the Extract, the Fluidextract and the Aromatic Fluidextract. CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. Chloral is the hydrated product of trichloraldehyde (CClsCOH + H^O). Properties: Appearance Color .... Odor .. Taste .. Solubility : H20 ... C2H5OH Olive oil ... Incompatibilities: To Chloral Hydrate, T. S., add NH4OH, T. S. ... NaOH, T. S. . KI, T. S Quin. Sulph., T. S CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. CHLOROFORMUM. 23 Triturate some Chloral Hydrate with camphor.- Chloral Hydrate is used principally as a hypnotic. Dose, 0.5 Gm. Two other hypnotics of the methane group are Sulphonethylmethane (trional), and Sulphonmethane (sulphonal). Properties: Sulphonethylmethane : Appearance Color Odor Taste Solubility : H2O, A= D C2H5OH, A= B= .... Sulphonmethane : Appearance Color Odor Taste ....... ________ Solubility : H2O, A= C2H5OH, A= B— .... Triturate each of these substances with Chloral Both of these drugs are used as quietants and hypnotics, but are less certain in action than Chloral, and somewhat more dangerous. Dose (of either), 0.75 Gm. CHLOROFORMUM. Chloroform, or Trichlormethane (CHC13), is prepared on a commercial scale by treating a pure acetone with chlorinated lime. Usually, less than i% of alcohol is added to prevent decomposition. Chloroform should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, and well protected from light. It should never be used near an open flame, lest irritating decomposition vapors be developed. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Volatility Miscibiliry: H2O _... C2H5OH Ether Oils . Evaporate some Chloroform from filter paper laid on a warm glass plate. When Chloroform is completely evaporated, note if filter paper has any foreign odor The principal use for Chloroform is for the production of general anaesthesia. Official preparations are : Aqua Chloroformi, Linimentum Chloroformi, Spiritus Chloroformi. 24 CINCHONA. CINCHONA. Cinchona is the dried bark of several species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiacece). Yellow Cinchona is chiefly from C. Calisaya and C. Ledgeriana; Red Cinchona is ob- tained from C. sucdrubra — all native trees of South America. In the bark of Cin- chona are found over 25 different alkaloids, the most important of which is Quinine, though the sulphate salts of both Cinchonidine and Cinchonine are official. There are nine official salts of Quinine ; the Hydrochloride and the Tannate amply meet all indi- cations for quinine action. The Sulphate has had the widest use hitherto. Properties: Q. Hydrochloride = 81.7% Quinine Q. Sulphate Q. Tannate = 74.3% Quinine =35% Quinine 1 Appearance | Color i Odor I Taste 1 1 Sol. H2O | Reaction I Sol. H2O + acid \ Sol. C2H5OH | i Incompat. Test Na2CO;! T. S. 1 i Na2B4O7 T. S. Pb(C2H;i02)2 T. S. HgI2(KI)a Specific Test 2gtt. Bromine + 1 mil NH4OH = + BaCl2 = + HC1 = + FeCl3 T. S. = Dose (anti-malar.) 1 Gm. 1 Gm. 0.2 Gm. Quinine is specific for malaria, in a great percentage of all cases. It has very lit- tle therapeutic efficiency otherwise. The other official alkaloids and salts are: Quinina, Q. Bisulphas, Q. Dihydro- chloridum, Q. Salicylas, Q. Hydrobromidum, and Q. et Ureae Hydrochloridum. From Yellow Cinchona are made a Fluidextract and a Tincture; from Red Cin- chona, a Compound Tincture (Huxham's). COCAINA. CRESOL. 25 COCAINA. Cocaine is an alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylon Coca and other species of the family Erythroxylacece, tall shrubs native to equatorial South America. The hydrochloride salt of the alkaloid is the substance used in medicine. Properties: Appearance Color .. Solubility : H20 .... C2H5OH . Odor Taste Incompatibilities: To a 0.5% sol. Cocaine Hydrochloride add AgNOjj, T. S _ Na2CO3) T. S _ Cocaine Hydrochloride is decomposed by boiling water. The chief use for Cocaine is to produce regional anaesthesia. Cocaine is not without danger, and several substitutes have been offered. Of these the least toxic and least irritating is Procaine, but it is also least powerful. COLOCYNTHIS. Colocynth is the pulp of the dried fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis (Fam. Cucurbi- tacece), a native of Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste .. Colocynth is used in various pills for its strong purgative properties. An official preparation is the Extract, from which is made the Compound Ex- tract, which is one ingredient of Pilulse Catharticae Composite. CRESOL. The official Cresol is a purified mixture of those isomeric cresols distilled from coal-tar at temperatures varying between 190° C. and 205° C. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Appearance when mixed with water Cresol is an antiseptic of value, but is more readily used in the form of the official Liquor Cresolis Compositus. Prepare this compound as follows: In a tared vessel heat 30 Gm. linseed oil over a water bath to a temperature of 70° C. In the meanwhile dissolve 8 Gm. KOH (or 5.4 Gm. NaOH) in 5 mils H2O, warm to 70° C., add to the linseed oil, and mix thoroughly; then add 3 mils alcohol, continuing to heat the mixture, without stirring, until emulsification is complete. Then add 50 Gm. Cresol, mix thoroughly, maintaining temperature at 70° C., until a 26 CRESOL. DIGITALIS. clear solution is produced. Finally, add enough water to make the finished product weigh 100 Gm. Properties of Liquor Cresolis Compositus: Appearance Color Odor Taste .. Solubility : H2O Appearance of solution Liquor Cresolis Compositus is used as an antiseptic wash in the strength of a 5% solution in sterile water. DIGITALIS. Digitalis, or Foxglove (originally Folk's glove}, consists of the carefully dried leaves of Digitalis pur pur ea (Fam. Scrophulariacece). Properties: D. Leaf: Appearance Color Odor Taste Tinct. Digitalis: Appearance Color Odor Taste .. D. Powder : Appearance .... Color Odor Taste Digitoxin : Appearance Color Odor Taste .. No alkaloid has as yet been isolated from Digitalis, though some uncertain gluco- sides, digitonin, digitalin, and digitalein, and a crystallizable principle, digitoxin, have been discovered, and extensively studied. Digitonin, constituting niore than half the mixed glucosides, is soluble in water and alcohol. Digitoxin is soluble in alcohol, but not in water, if pure. Digitalin is slightly soluble in either; and digitalein readily soluble. No satisfactory assay is available for Digitalis, though manufacturers make an approximate assay by means of the biological test. In this test about 0.006 mil Tinc- ture Digitalis per gram weight of frog is given as the standard amount required to produce the frog's death by cardiac arrest in just one hour. In reference to this, it should be said that the real value of the test is materially affected by many factors per- taining to the condition, age, sex, species, habitat, etc., of the frog. Digitalis has its principal utility in medicine in the treatment of auricular fibrilla- tion, and in uncompensated valvular insufficiency. Dose, 0.06 Gm., repeated cautiously. Official preparations are: the Fluidextract, the Infusion, and the Tincture, the last being the best preparation to use. DIGITALIS PURPUREA. ERGOTA. FERRUM. 27 ERGOTA. Ergot is the carefully dried hyphse'of Claviceps pur pur ea; a fungus growing on the unripe fruit of rye, wheat, and corn, that growing on rye constituting the official ergot. This should be kept in opaque, tightly closed containers. Properties: Appearance _ - Odor Color .. Taste _ _ _ Incompatibilities: Tannic acid .. .. Caustic alkali Metallic salt The principal use of Ergot is to induce contractions of the uterus, thereby tending to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. Dose, 2 Gm., better given however, in the form of the Fluidextract. The Extract and Fluidextract are official. FERRUM. The more important Iron preparations are : Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus = 15% FeCO.-?. Average dose, 0.25 Gm. Ferri Chloridum = 20% Fe. Average dose, 0.06 Gm. Ferri et Quininse Citras, = 13% Fe, and 1 1.5% Quinine. Average dose, 0.25 Gm. • Ferri Phosphas= 12% Fe. Average dose, 0.25 Gm. Ferri Sulphas Granulatus, about 55% FeSC>4. Average dose, o.i Gm. Used also in preparing Pilulse Ferri Carbonatis. Properties: Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus Ferri Chloridum Ferri et Quininse Citras Ferri Phosphas Ferri Sulphas Granulatus Appearance Color Odor Taste Sol. H20 Reaction Sol. H2O + HC1 Sol. C2H5OH Sol.C3H5(OH)8 Effect of air 28 FERRUM. Properties (continued): GLYCERINUM. Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus Ferri Chloridum Ferri et Quininse Citras Ferri Phosphas Ferri Sulphas Granulatus Incompat. : NH4OH Na2COo KOM K4Fe(CN)0 Albumin HgClo AgNO:i KI Ac. Tannic. Veg. Infus. Iron is used principally in those cases of anaemia and chlorosis in which a defici- ency of hsemic iron exists. GENTIANA. Gentian consists of the dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea, (Fam. Genti- anacece), a perennial herb of Central Europe. Properties of powdered Gentian: Appearance „ Color .. Odor Taste Incompatibilities: To Fluidextractum Gentianae add Sol. Sb. et K. Tartras Plumbi Subacetas Ferri Chloridum Gentian is used as a bitters for promoting appetite and hunger. The official preparations are: the Extract, the Fluidextract and the Compound Tincture. GLYCERINUM. Glycerin, or Glycerol, is a trihydric alcohol obtained by hydrolysis of vegetable or animal fats, or fixed oils, and purified by distillation. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste .. Effect of exposure to air Miscibility and reaction: H,O C,H5OH ... By permission of Burroughs Wellcome Co. DIGITALIS IN FLOWER (Digitalis GLYCERINUM. HEXAMETHYLENAMINA. 29 Incompatibilities: To some Glycerin add AgNO3, T. S K2MnO4, T. S. Glycerin forms an explosive compound with con. HNO3, or when triturated with any dry, quickly-oxidizing substances. Aside from its great utility as a solvent, Glycerin is used chiefly for its emollient and extractive properties. Official preparations are: Glycerinated Gelatin, Glycerin Suppositories, and Gly- cerites of Tannic Acid, Starch, Boroglycerin, Hydrastis, and Phenol. GLYCYRRHIZA. Licorice consists of the dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, (Fain. Leguminosce) , coming from both Spain and Russia. The Spanish variety is somewhat the darker. Properties of pozvdcred Licorice: Appearance .... Color Odor Taste .. Boil 5 Gm. Licorice Powder in 30 mils H2O for 5 minutes; filter and note: Color ... .. Odor .. .. Taste Although Licorice is a mild laxative, it is used principally for disguising the taste of bitter or salty medicines. Official preparations are: the pure Extract, Fluidextract, Elixir, Compound Mixture, Compound Powder, and Ammoniated Licorice. HEXAMETHYLENAMINA. Hexamethylenamine is a product obtained by treating 40% formaldehyde solu- tion with stronger ammonia water. It should be kept in tight containers. Properties: Appearance .„ Color .. Odor Taste .. Solubility and reaction : H2O ... C2H5OH Incompatibilities: To Hexamethylenamina, 10% sol., add Ac. Tann., T. S HgCl2 H2SO4, dil Hexamethylenamine is used principally as a urinary disinfectant, some free formaldehyde being formed in acid urine. Dose, 0.25 Gm., diluted with at least 250 mils H2O. 30 HYDRARGYRUM. HYDRARGYRUM. Mercury is obtained by roasting the native sulphide. Hydrargy- rum Hydrarg. Chloridum Corrosiv. Hydrarg. Chloridum Mite Hydrarg. lodidum Flavum Hydrarg. Oxidum Flavum Hydrarg. Ammon- iatum Appearance Color Odor Taste Do not Do not Exposure SI. volatile Perm. Perm. Decomp. Darkens Perm. Sol. H2O Sol. CoH5OH Jncompat. Albumin Na2CO3 Quin. S. Na2B4O7 CuSO4 FeCl3 KI PbSubac. Liq. Calc. AgNO3 K2SO4 Ac. Tann. ZnSO4 Uses and Dosage Base Antiseptic 1 to 1000 Alterative 0.003 Gm. ^axative 0.01 Gm. Purge 0.06 Gm. Syphilis 0.01 Gm. Locally as antiseptic Locally in skin troubles Preparations Hg. c. Creta Massa Hg. Ung. Hg. Ung. Hg. dil. Toxitab. Hg. Chi. Corros. Pilulae Cathart. Comp. Ung. Hg. Oxidi Flavi Ung. Hg. Ammon. HYOSCYAMUS NIGER. HYDRARGYRUM. HYOSCYAMUS. 31 Other less important preparations of Mercury are: the Red Iodide, the Red Oxide, and the Salicylate. HYDRASTIS. Hydrastis, or Golden Seal, consists of the dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis (Fam. Ranunculacecc), perennial herb, native to Northern United States and Canada. It owes its activity to an alkaloid, hydrastine (C2iH2iO6N). Properties: Hydrastis : Appearance Color Odor Taste .. Hydrastin HC1: Appearance Color Odor Taste .. Incompatibilities: To Tincture Hydrastis add An alkali Ac. Tannic A carbonate .. A borate .. An iodide Hydrastis acts as a mild stimulant irritant to mucous membrane. Average dose, 2 Gm. ; Hydrastinse Hydrochloridum, o.oi Gm. Other official preparations are: Hydrastine, Hydrastinine Hydrochloride, the Extract, Fluidextract, Glycerite, and Tincture. HYOSCYAMUS. Hyoscyamus, or Henbane, consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyos- cyamus niger (Fam. Solanacece'), a biennial herb native to Eurasia, but cultivated in England and North America. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Hyoscyamus Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromidum Do not Scopolaminse Hydrobromidum Do not Hyoscyamus possesses two alkaloids fairly common to the Solanacece — Hyoscy- amine and Hyoscine (or Scopolamine). To these alkaloids the drug owes its chief activity. Hyoscyamine is a peripheral paralyzant similar to atropine, while Scopola- mine is a cerebral sedative. Dose of Hyoscyamus, 0.25 Gm. ; of Hyoscyamine Hydro- bromide, 0.0003 Gm. ; of Scopolamine, 0.0003 Gm. Official preparations of Hyoscyamus are: the Extract, Fluidextract, and Tincture. 32 •IODUM. IPECACUANHA. IODUM. Iodine is a non-metallic element, formerly derived largely from kelp, but now ob- tained chiefly from Chilean saltpetre. It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place. Properties: Discoloration of skin Apply NH4OH ... Appearance Solubility : Color H2O Odor H2O + KI Taste - C2H5OH What is the characteristic test for Iodine?-™ Iodine, in the form of the tincture, is used in medicine as a counterirritant, and in surgery as a surface disinfectant. Official preparations made from Iodine are : the Compound Liquor, the Tincture, and the Unguent. Derived from Iodine are potassium iodide, used extensively as an alterative in syphilis; thymol iodide, used for a surgical dressing; iodoform, which should be dis- carded ; and the iodides of ammonium, sodium, strontium — all superfluous preparations. Properties: Iodoform : Appearance Potass. lod. : Appearance Thymol lod. : Appearance Color Color Odor Odor Odor Taste Taste Taste ... IPECACUANHA. Ipecac consists of the dried root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, and C. acuminata (Fam. Rubiacecc}, small plants native to Colombia and Brazil. The drug owes its activity to two alkaloids — emetine, whose chloride salt is official, and cephaeline. Properties: Ipecac : Appearance Color Odor Taste Sol. : H20 Acids, lead and mercury salts, and vegetable infusions of an astringent character, are incompatible. Ipecac, long a favorite nauseating emetic in acute bronchitis, is now more exten- sively employed as a specific in amoebic dysentery. For this the alkaloid, emetine hy- Emet. Hydrochl. : Appearance Color Odor Taste Sol.: H2O .. By permission of Burroughs Wellcome Co. BIENNIAL HENBANE IN SEED (Hyoscyaintis niger). IPECACUANHA. METHYLIS SALICYLAS. 33 drochloride, is advised in 0.032 Gm. repeated doses by hypodermic. This alkaloid is also being widely studied for its effects on pyorrhoea. Official preparations are: the Fluidextract, the Powder of Ipecac and Opium (Dover's), and the Syrup. JALAPA. Jalap consists of the dried tuberous root of Exogonium Purga (Fam. Convolvu- lacece), a perennial herb, native to Eastern Mexico. It yields not less than 7% of resinous principles. Properties of Jalap pozvder: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste .. Jalap is a powerful hydrogogue purgative. Dose, i Gm. Official preparations are: Compound Cathartic Pill, Compound Powder, and the Resin. MAGNESII SULPHAS. The Sulphate of Magnesia, or Epsom Salt, contains approximately 50% anhy- drous magnesium sulphate. It should be kept in tight containers. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor . Taste Effect when exposed to air Solubility in H^O CoHr,OH Magnesium Sulphate is a drastic hydrogogue purgative. Dose, 1 5 Gm. Epsom Salt is also one ingredient in Infusum Sennse Compositum. Other official preparations of Magnesia are the Carbonate, and the Light and Heavy Oxides, each of which is somewhat dubiously used as an antacid. METHYLIS SALICYLAS. Methyl Salicylate is obtained by distillation from Ganltheria procumbent (Fam. Ericacece). A chemically-identical substance is similarly obtained from Betula lenta (Fam. Betitlacecc); or it may be made synthetically by treating salicylic acid with methyl alcohol and sulphuric acid, and distilling the product. Properties: Appearance .... Color .. Odor . Taste .. Solubility : H20 ... 70% C2H5OH Methyl Salicylate has much the same action as other salicylates, being thus used for the treatment of acute rheumatism. Dose, 0.75 mil. 34 NUX VOMICA. OLEA. NUX VOMICA. Nux Vomica consists of the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica (Fam. Loganiacecc), a small tree indigenous to Indo-Asia. It owes its activity principally to the alkaloid strychnine, of which it contains about 2.5%. Properties: Nux Vomica : Appearance Color .. Odor . Taste Sol: H2O Strych. Sulph. : Appearance .... Color Odor. Taste Sol.: HoO Incompatibilities: To Tincture Nux Vomica add An hydroxide A carbonate .. An iodide Ac. Tannic ... A bromide _ Test for Strychnine: In i mil HoSO4 place 0.05 Gm. Strychnine; then drop in a small fragment of KL>CrO7; five sequent color changes should be noted : Nux Vomica is used as a bitters. Dose, 0.06 Gm. Strychnine is used to heighten the excitability of the spinal reflexes. Dose, of Strychnine or of the Nitrate or Sul- phate, 0.0015 Gm. Official preparations are : the Extract, the Fluidextract, and the Tincture. OLEA. "Oils are liquid or solid substances, unctuous to the touch, and characterized by inflammability and the property of leaving a greasy stain upon paper." They may be arranged in two classes, Fixed and Volatile, depending on their behavior on the appli- cation of heat. The more important Fixed Oils are : Oleum Olivse, Olive Oil, obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europca ( Fam. Olea- cece), native of Eurasia. It is used as a nutritive in adults, and as a mild laxative (dose, 5 to 20 mils) in infants. Oleum Ricini, Castor Oil, derived from the seeds of Ricinus communis, (Fam. Euphorbiacea} , native of India. It is used as a purgative in fermentative diarrheas, cholera morbus, and acute constipation. Dose, 15 mils. Oleum Tiglii, Croton Oil, obtained from the seeds of Croton tiglii (Fam. Euphor- biacece), native of India and the Philippines. It is used with great caution as a prompt, powerful, drastic purge for a depletant in cerebral congestions, and to assist in overcoming acute obstipation. Dose, 0.05 mil in olive oil. OLEA. 35 Less important official Fixed Oils are : Oleum Amygdalae Expressum, Oleum Sesami, Oleum Theobromatis (all used as emollients) ; Oleum Gossypii Seminis, (a demulcent and common substitute for olive oil) ; Oleum Lini (used to prepare "Carron Oil") ; and Oleum Morrhuae (a dis- carded treatment for tuberculosis). Adeps, Adeps Lanae, Cera Flava, or beeswax, and Cetaceum, or spermaceti, are other forms of official fixed oils. The Volatile Oils are all liquid preparations, usually obtained by distilling the flowers, seeds, fruits, leaves, or bark of odoriferous plants. These oils may best be classified according to the predominating chemical constituent. Group I. — Oils in which terpenes predominate: Oleum Aurantii, Oil of Sweet Orange, expressed from the fresh peel of Citrus Aurantium sinensis (Fam. Rutacece}. Used as a flavoring agent in preparing Spiritus Aurantii Compositus. Oleum Terebinthinse Rectificatum, Rectified "Spirits of Turpentine," a purified distillate from the oleoresin of Pinus palustris and other species of Pinacea. Used externally as a rubefacient, and internally as a carminative in doses of 0.3 mil. Group II. — Oils in which alcohols and their esters predominate: Oleum Coriandri, Oil of Coriander, distilled from the ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum (Fam. Umbelliferce) native of Italy. A mild carminative; also a flavoring agent used in Syrupus Senna. Oleum Lavandulae, Oil of Lavender, distilled from the fresh flowers of Lavandula z'cra (Fam. Labiatfe), native of South Europe. A carminative; also a flavor for Tinc- tura Lavandulae Composita. Group III. — Oils in which aldehydes predominate: Oleum Cassiae, Oil of Cinnamon, a rectified oil distilled from Cinnamomum Cassia (Fam. Lauracecc), growing in Ceylon. Used as a carminative; also a flavor in Aqua Cinnamomi and Spiritus Cinnamomi. Oleum Limonis, Oil of Lemon, expressed from the fresh peel of ripe Citrus medica Limonum (Fam. Rutacece). Used for flavoring. Group IV. — Oils in which a ketone predominates : Oleum Menthae Piperitae, Oil of Peppermint, distilled from the dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita (Fam. Labiatce), a perennial plant of Eurasia and North America. Used as a carminative; also as a flavor in Aqua Menthae Piperitae, and in Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. Group V. — Oils in which aromatic acids and esters predominate : Oleum Gaultheriae, and Oleum Betulae; see Methylis Salicylas, page 33. Group VI. — Oils in which phenols or their esters predominate : Oleum Anisi, Oil of Star Anise, distilled from the ripe fruit of Pimpinella Anisum (Fam. Umbelliferce), a plant of Russia. Used as a flavoring agent in Tinctura Opii Camphorata. 36 OLEA. Other less important official volatile oils are : Oleum Amygdalae Amarae Group III Formerly used for its HCN content a Cajuputi tt *VII Formerly used as a carminative ii Cari it I A flavor in Spir. Juniperi Comp. tt Caryophylli ft VI A flavor; used also in poultices n Chenopodii (t *VII A vermifuge for the round- worm II Cubebae tt I A discarded urinary antiseptic II Eucalypti it *VII A mild nasal antiseptic II Eoeniculi " VI A discarded carminative II Menthse Viridis tt IV A substitute for peppermint oil II Myristicae tl I Used in "spice" poultice II Picis Liquidae Rect. tl I Formerly used in tuberculosis ft Pimentae it VI A savor " Pini Pumilionis tt II Used empirically for bronchitis 11 Rosmarini it II Will drive away flies n Santali it II Formerly used in G.-U. treatment tl Sassafras tt VI A flavor tl Sinapis Volatile tt *VIII A vesicating counterirritant 11 Terebinthinaa it I For making the rectified "spirits" It Thymi it *VII A flavoring agent * See U. S. Dispensatory. Properties of the Oils: Color Odor Taste Sol. C2H5OH Dose Oleum Olivae Slight 30 mils Oleum Ricini Misc. 15 mils Oleum Tiglii Do not Slight 0.05 mils Oleum Gossypii Sem. Slight 30 mils Oleum Morrhuaa Slight 10 mils Oleum Aurantii 1 in 7 0.2 mil Oleum Anisi 1 in 3 0.2 mil Oleum Cassias 1 in 3 0.2 mil Oleum Coriandri 1 in 3 0.2 mil Oleum Lavandulae 1, in 3 0.2 mil Oleum Limonis 0.2 mil Oleum Menthae Piper. 1 in 4 0.2 mil Oleum Terebin. Rect. 1 in 5 0.3 mil PAPAVER SOMXIFERUM. OPIUM. 37 OPIUM. Opium is the concrete, air-dried, milky juice that exudes from incisions made in the unripe seed capsules of Papaver soinnifcrnin (Fam. Papaveracece), an herbaceous Asiatic plant. When Opium is dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C., and re- duced to a fine powder (Opii Pulvis), it should yield not less than 10% of the principal alkaloid, morphine. Properties: Pulvis Opii Pulvis Opii et Ipecac. Morphine Sulphas Codeinae Sulphas Diacetyl- morphinse Chloras Apomorph. Chloras Appearance Color Odor Taste Do not Do not Solubility : H2O 75% 1 in 15.5 1 in 30 1 in 2 1 in 50 C2H3OH 85% 1 in 565 1 in 1280 1 in 50 Incompat. : NH4OH CuSO4 NaHCO3 AgNO, Ac. Tan. Tests: FeCl... Use Tinct. Use Tinct. HNO3 Pb. Acet. Ac. Phospho- molyb. Pharmacody- namics Narcotic and analgesic Narcotic and diaphoretic Narcotic and analgesic Cerebral depressant Cerebral depressant Stim. vom. centre Use in medicine Allay pain, Induce sleep Abortant for "colds" Hypnotic, Allay pain Hypnotic, Allay cough Induce amnesia, Danger ! Induce vomiting. Dose. 0.06 Gm. 0.5 Gm. 0.008 Gm. 0.03 Gm. 0.003 Grh. 0.005 Gm. 38 OPIUM. PARAFFINUM. The following official preparations are derived from Opium. From the crude drug: Extractum Opii, at least 20% morphine. Dose, 0.03 Gm. Pulvis Opii, at least 10% morphine. Dose, 0.06 Gm. Opium Granulatum, at least 10% morphine. Dose, 0.06 Gm. From the powdered drug are made : Opium Deodoratum — abstraction of narcotine. Dose, 0.06 Gm. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii (10% of each). Dose, 0.5 Gm. Tinctura Opii Camphorata (paregoric), 0.4% Opium. Dose, 4 mils. This is used in Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. From the granulated opium are made : Tinctura Opii (laudanum), at least 10% morphine. Dose, 0.5 mil. Tinctura Opii Deodorati, minus narcotine. Dose, 0.5 mil. This is a preferable preparation for simple analgesia. The official alkaloids of Opium are: Morphine, M. Hydrochloride, and M. Sulphate. Dose, aa, 0.008 Gm. Codeine, C. Phosphate, and C. Sulphate. Dose, aa, 0.03 Gm. Diacetylmorphine, and D. Hydrochloride. Dose, aa, 0.003 Gm. Apomorphine Hydrochloride. Emetic dose, mouth, o.oi Gm. ; hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. PARAFFINUM. Paraffin is a purified mixture of solid hydrocarbons expressed from petroleum dis- tillates of higher boiling points. Properties: Appearance .... Touch .... Color .. Odor ...... Taste .. Insoluble in HoO or CoH5OH. Soluble in ether, benzene, volatile oils. Melting Point, 50° to 51° C. This is too high a melting point for practical utility in external medicine; 47° C. would be better. Place a small amount of asphalt varnish in a test-tube; heat this in a water bath for half an hour. Place 0.75 Gm. olive oil in another test-tube, warm it on the water bath, add 2 drops of the hot varnish, mix thoroughly; then, with stirring, add this to 48.75 Gm. melted paraffin (melting point 47° C.). Apply some of this to your knuckles, allowing it to cool. At the same time apply on other knuckles some melted official paraffin. When both are well solidified, note comparative Offic. Paraff.: Pliability Adhesiveness .. Detachability __ Ductility „ Prep. Paraff.: Pliability Adhesiveness Detachability . Ductility Paraffin, prepared as above, is a useful surgical dressing. PETROLATUM PHENOL. 39 PETROLATUM. Petrolatum is a purified mixture of methane hydrocarbons. It is obtained from petroleum by distilling oft the more volatile portions. Petrolatum Album is petrolatum decolorized by filtering through animal charcoal. It is used extensively as a base for cerates and ointments. Petrolatum Liquidum consists of those petroleum distillates boiling between 360° to 390° C., after the more volatile portions have been removed. It is further treated by being purified and decolorized. It has a wide use as a vehicle for medicaments in- tended to be used by atomization. Properties: Petrolatum : Appearance Feel Color Odor Taste ... Petr. Album : Appearance . Feel Color Odor Taste ... Petr. Liquid. : Appearance . Feel Color Odor Taste ... PHENOL. Phenol is hydroxybenzene. It is customarily obtained from coal-tar by securing the oils boiling at 182° C., purifying, and redistilling. It is also made synthetically from benzene or from aniline. It should contain not less than 97% CeHsOH. Its solution in water is the official Phenol Liquefactum (=87% Ce Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Phenol Do not taste Phenol Liquefactum 1 to 100 dilut. Gently heat some of the Phenol crystals Incompatibilities: To Phenol T. S. add Albumin, T. S - Chloral Hyd 1 gt FeCU O W^Q •" K2MnO4, T. S Na2HPO4) T. S Phenol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in l% to 5% solutions. Locally it indurates and benumbs the skin. If used in too strong solutions, it will cauterize, and may produce gangrene. It has no well-defined internal utility. 40 PHENYLIS SALICYLAS. PILOCARPUS. PHENYLIS SALICYLAS. Salol is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Note characteristic feel when bitten Solubility: H2O, I in 6670; C2H5OH, i in 6; very soluble in oils. Incompatibilities: To alcoholic solution (i in 20) add dil. FeCls Triturate with camphor, or chloral Phenyl Salicylate has been used in typhoid as an intestinal antiseptic; but perhaps more extensively in rheumatism as a substitute for other salicylates. Its use is not without danger, however, owing to the free phenol liberated in the intestines. Dose, 0.3 Gm. PHYSOSTIGMA. Physostigma, or Calabar Bean, consists of the dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum (Fam. Leguminosece), a climbing woody plant of Western Africa. Its principal activity is due to the alkaloid physostigmine, the salicylate salt of which is official. This should be kept from the light. Properties of P. Salicylate (Eserine Salicylate) : Appearance _ Color .. Odor Do not taste. Solubility: H2O, i in 75; C2H5OH, i in 16. To aq. sol. eserine add FeCls T. S Physostigmine is used by clinicians to stimulate unstriped muscle fibres in the in- testines in cases of acute obstipation. Dose, o.ooi Gm. It is also used by ophthal- mologists to reduce intra-ocular tension. PILOCARPUS. Pilocarpus consists of the dried leaflets of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, and P. micropliyl- lus, (Fam. Rutacece), woody shrubs native to Northeastern Brazil. From its principal alkaloid, pilocarpine, are prepared two official salts, the Hydrochloride and the Nitrate, the former being preferable because of its greater solubility. Properties of P. Hydrochloride: Appearance _ _ Color .. Odor Taste .. Solubility: H2O, i in 0.3; C^HsOH, i in 3. Hygroscopic in air. Characteristic test for Pilocarpine: Dissolve 0.005 Gm. Pilocarpine Hydrochlor- ide in 2 mils distilled water, add 2. mils slightly acid solution H2O2 ; then add a thin PILOCARPUS. POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. 41 layer of benzene. Next add 3 drops 0.3% solution KoCr2O7. Shake mixture gently. The benzene layer becomes a color, while the aqueous layer remains yellow. Pilocarpine has been recommended as a powerful sudorific in grave emergencies like uraemias and renal dropsy. Dose, 0.005 Gm. hypodermically. On the eye it has a myotic effect similar to that of physostigmine. PODOPHYLLUM. Mandrake consists of the dried rhizome and roots of Podophylhim peltatum (Fam. Berbcridacea), a perennial herb growing wild in shady thickets and woods in the United States and Canada. It should yield not less than 3% of resin. From the powdered drug are made the Fluidextract, and the Resin (which is an aqueous precipitate from strong alcoholic extracts). Properties: Podophyllum : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Resin. Podoph. : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Resina Podophylli is a laxative and purgative of much value when used with dis- crimination. Dose, 0.005 to o.oi Gm. POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. The salts of these two metals may be studied together, inasmuch as their respec- tive actions are closely similar, the K ion being probably the more irritant of the two. Where the same salts of both metals are official, the sodium salt is usually to be pre- ferre/1 Many of the official salts are either superfluous or are of commercial interest solely. Properties: Appear. Color Odor Taste Sol. H2O Use Dose K. Bitart. 1 in 155 Laxative 2 Gm. K. Chloras 1 in 11.5 Oral wash Ext. only KNa Tartr. 1 in 0.9 Laxative 10 Gm. K. lodid. 1 in 0.7 Syphilis 0.3 Gm. K. Permang. 1 in 13.5 Antisept. Ext. use 42 POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. Properties (continued): Appear. Color Odor Taste Sol.: H20 Use Dose Na. Acetas 1 in 0.8 Diuretic 1 Gm. Na. Benzoas 1 in 1.8 Rheumatism 1 Gm. Na. Benzo- sulphinid. 1 in 1.2 Sweeten 0.2 Gm. Na. Bicarb. 1 in 10 Antacid 1 Gm. Na. Boras 1 in 15 Antiseptic Ext. Na. Bromid. 1 in 1.1 Depressant 1 Gm. Na. Chlorid. 1 in 2.8 Osmosis Solution Na. Citras 1 in 1.3 Diuretic 1 Gm. Na. Nitris 1 in 1.5 Anginas 0.06 Gm. Na. Phosph. 1 in 2.7 Aperient 4 Gm. Na. Salicyl. 1 in 0.9 Rheumatism 1 Gm. Incompatibilities : Aq. Solut. HC1 AgNO., FeCl3 KI Pb. Subac. Quin. Sul. Special K. Bitart. Al. Carb. K. Chloras Poison Org. matter KNa Tartr. Boil MgS04 K. lodid. +Chlorof. Use alone K. Permang. Use alone Na. Acetas Na. Benzoas Na. Benzosulph. Na. Bicarb. Na. Boras HgCl2 Na. Bromid. Sp. Ni. Eth. POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. Incompatibilities (continued) : SACCHARUM LACTIS. 43 Aq. Solut. HC1 AgNO3 FeCl3 KI Pb. Subac. Quin. Sul. Special Na. Chlorid. HgCl2 Na. Citras Chloral Na. Nitris Acetanilid Na. Phosphas MgS04 Na. Salicyl. Sp. Ni. Eth. The other official K. and Na. salts, not possessed of an essential therapeutic utility, or otherwise superfluous, are : K. Acetas, K. Bicarbonas, K. Bromidum, K. Carbonas, K. Citras, K. Citras Effervescens, K. Hydroxidum, K. Hypophosphis, K. Nitras. Na. Arsenas, Na. Arsenas Exsiccatus, Na. Cacodylas, Na. Carbonas Monohydratus, Na. Cyanidum, Na. Glycerophosphas, Na. Hypophosphis, Na. Indigotindisulphonas, Na. Perboras, Na. Phenolsulphonas, Na. Phosphas Exsiccatus, Na. Sulphas, Na. Sulphis Exsiccatus, Na. Thiosulphas. RHEUM. Rhubarb consists of the rhizomes and roots of Rheum omcinale (Earn. Polygon- acece) and other species of Rheum, coming from China and Thibet. Properties of the powdered Rhubarb: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste .. Color, when triturated with Na2COs Feeling between the teeth when chewed. Use microscope to ascertain cause Rhubarb is a useful laxative in the fermentative diarrheas of children. It has a mild, constipating after-effect. The official preparations of Rhubarb are: the Extract, Fluidextract, Compound Pill, Compound Powder, Syrup, Aromatic Syrup, Tincture, and Aromatic Tincture. Of all these, the most desirable are the Aromatic Syrup (dose, 10 mils), and the Aro- matic Tincture (dose, 2 mils). SACCHARUM LACTIS. Milk Sugar, or Lactose, is prepared from the whey of cow's milk. It should be kept in tight containers as it readily absorbs various odors. Properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste .. Feel on the tongue Solubility : H2O C2H.,OH 44 SACCHARUM LACTIS. SINAPIS. Lactose is widely used as an added sugar in the modified-milk feeding of infants, and to furnish additional carbohydrate in those cases requiring an exclusive milk diet. SENNA. Senna consists of the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Fam. Leguininoscc}, an African shrub, and Cassia angustifolia, a plant growing in India. It owes its medici- nal action to the presence of an amorphous glucoside termed Cathartic acid. Properties: Appearance Color -. Odor Taste .. Senna is used as a laxative, and is of especial utility with infants and children. The griping tendency may be considerably minimized by the addition of coriander. Like rhubarb, Senna is eliminated in part by the mammary glands of a nursing mother, and will in such a case cause purgation of the suckling child. SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM PURIFICATUM. This Serum represents a solution in normal saline of the diphtheria antitoxins derived from the blood plasma of a properly immunized horse. Note its appearance _ Color Odor This Serum is used as a preventative or curative of diphtheria. Each mil of the Serum contains not less than 250 antitoxic units, a ''unit" being the amount of anti- toxin necessary to protect a 250 Gm. guinea pig against 100 times the fatal dose of toxin. Dose: Prophylactic, 1000 units; curative, 10,000 units, repeated as may be necessary. SERUM ANTITETANICUM PURIFICATUM. This Serum represents a solution in normal saline of the tetanus antitoxins de- rived from the blood plasma of a properly immunized horse. It has a potency of not less than 100 units per mil. Note its appearance _ Color Odor _ Antitetanic Serum is best used as a prophylactic for tetanus in doses of 1000 units. The possibility of a curative result is remote if the disease has become established. When treated early, a "curative" dose of 10,000 units may be essayed. Each of the above Sera is official in three forms: the plain Serum, the Purified Serum, and the Dried Serum. The preferable preparation is the one selected for study. SINAPIS. Sinapis, or Mustard, consists of the dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba and of Bras- sica nigra (both of the Fam. Cruciferce), natives of Europe, but extensively cultivated elsewhere. These two Mustards manifest several variations in properties, the black variety being considerably the stronger. HYDRASTIS PLANT IN BLOOM (Hydrastis canadensis). SINAPIS. SULPHUR. 45 Properties: Sinapis alba Sinapis nigra Appearance Color Odor when dry Odor when wet Use tepid water Taste Mustard is used for the irritating oil developed in the presence of moisture. It is a powerful, though not rapid, rubefacient and counterirritant, becoming a painful vesicant if applied too long a time. Usually an application for 20 minutes secures ample rubefaction. Mustard was formerly much used for emetic purposes, but is bet- ter supplanted by something less irritating to the gastric mucosa. SULPHUR. Sulphur is official in three forms: Sulphur Lotum, or Washed Sulphur; Sulphur Praecipitatum, or Milk of Sulphur; and Sulphur Sublimatum, or Flowers of Sulphur. The Washed Sulphur is best for internal use, the precipitated form for ointments, and the sublimed form for disinfection. Properties: Sulphur Lotum Sulphur Prsecip. Sulphur Sublim. Appearance Color Odor Taste Feel Solubility : H2O C2H5OH CHC13 Olive Oil Reaction to litmus of water agitate 46 SULPHUR. VERMIFUGE DRUGS. Though much less than formerly, Sulphur is still used for its mild laxative effect, with soft stools. Dose, 4 Gm., Sulphur Lotum. Externally, it is a specific for scabies. When burned in the presence of adequate moisture it serves as a general fumigating disinfectant. TERPINI HYDRAS. Terpin Hydrate is obtained by crystallizing the hydrate of the diatomic alcohol, Terpin, out from a mixture of alcohol, nitric acid, and rectified oil of turpentine. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Solubility: H2O, I in 200; C2H5OH, i in 13. Efflorescent in dry air. Terpin is said to lessen cough in bronchitis. Dose, 0.25 Gm. THYMOL. Thymol is a phenol derived from the volatile oil of Thymus vulgar c (Fam. Labi- atcc). It should be kept in well-closed containers. Properties: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste .. Solubility : H20 ... C2H3OH Oils . Triturate a small amount with camphor Triturate a small amount with acetanilid To an alcoholic solution add KI, T. S FeCl;s, T. S. Thymol internally is specific for uncinariasis duodenale. Dose, I Gm. a day, avoiding oils or fats in the meanwhile. VERMIFUGE DRUGS. Besides the thymol studied above, several other drugs are used for the expulsion of worms from the human body. These are : Aspidium, which consists of the rhizomes and stipes of Dryopteris Filix-mas, or of D. marginalis (Fam. Polypodiacece'). From the powdered drug is obtained the active Oleoresina Aspidii. Santoninum, which is a neutral principle, the inner anhydride of santonic acid, is obtained from the unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora, or "Levant Wormseed" (Fam. Composites}. Quassia, which is the wood of Picrasma cxcelsa, or that of Quassia aniara (both of the Fam. Simarubacece} . VERMIFUGE DRUGS. ZINCUM. 47 Properties: Oleores. Aspid. Santoninum Quassia Appearance Color Odor Taste Solubility: I lot) C2H,,0!I Oleoresina Aspidii is an efficient anthelmintic for the treatment of tapeworm (Tccnicc). Single dose, 2 Gm., once a day. Santonin is an efficient, though sometimes toxic, anthelmintic for the treatment of round-worm (Ascaris lumbricoides). Dose, 0.06 Gm. Quassia, in the form of warm aqueous extracts injected into the rectum and sig- nioid, is an efficient anthelmintic in the treatment of thread- or seat-worms (Oxyuris vermicularis) . VIRUS VACCINICUM. Vaccine Virus consists of the specially prepared, glycerinated, lymphocytic exu- datcs found in the dermal manifestations of vaccinia in young bovines. It is prepared in selected establishments, working under a Federal license, and under requirements and regulations prescribed by the U. S. Public Health Service. Note : Appearance Color Odor Vaccine Virus has an almost universal use in the production of vaccinia, or cow- pox, a single attack of which mild disease almost always affords adequate immunity against variola. ZINCUM. Eight salts of Zinc are official, besides the metal. The Acetate is superfluous in medicine, while the Valerate is inert. Properties: Zn. Carb. Pnecip. Zinci Chlorid. Zinci Oxidum Zn. Phenol- sulphonas Zinci Stearas Zinci Sulphas Appearance Color Odor Taste Do not Feel • 48 ZINCUM. Properties (continued): GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS. Zn. Carb. Praecip. Zinci Chlorid. Zinci Oxidum Zn. Phenol- sulphonas Zinci Stearas Zinci Sulphas Sol. H2O Reaction C2H5OH HC1, dil. NH4OH IncompaL (NH4)2C03 Liq. Calc. Ac. Tann. AgN03 FeClg Utility Ointment in wet eczemas Powerful caustic Protective in moist dermatitis Antiseptic astringent wash Protective dressing Astringent wash ; Emetic ZINGIBER. Ginger consists of the dried rhizomes of Zin giber officinale (Fam. Zingibcracecc) , an herb native to Hindustan, but cultivated in all subtropical countries. It owes its activity to an aromatic volatile oil and to a pungent resin. Properties: Appearance Color Odor .... Taste .. Ginger is used as a pleasant aromatic carminative, especially in mild cases of flat- ulency. Dose, 0.5 Gm. Official preparations containing Zingiber are: the Extract, Fluidextract, Aro- matic Fluidextract, Oleoresin, Syrup, and Tincture. It is also a constituent of Pulvis Aromaticum, and Pulvis Rhei Compositus. GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS. Pancreatinum, Pepsinum, Suprarenalum Siccum, Thyroideum Siccum. • Pancreatinum is an extract of the fresh pancreas of hog or of ox, and consists principally of the enzymes, amylopsin, trypsin and steapsin, with some inert material. GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS. 49 Pepsin is an extract of the fresh endogastrium of the hog, and consists principally of a proteolytic ferment. Suprarenalum Siccum consists of the cleaned, dried, powdered suprarenal glands of various food animals. It should contain not less than 0.4% of -epinephrine, the active pressor principle of the gland. In the British Pharmacopoeia, a i-iooo solution in N. S. is official, and is a convenient way of using the drug. Thyroideum Siccum consists of the cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid glands of food animals, and contains not less than 0.17% of iodine in thyroid combination. Properties: Pancreatinum Pepsinum Suprarenal, sic. Thyroid, sic. Appearance Color Odor Taste Sol. : H2O CoH-.OH Ac. Tann. in aq. solut. Utility in medicine Predigesting proteins, fats, and carbohyd. Predigesting proteins ; Treating Apepsia. Inducing local anemia ; By hypo, to elevate B. P. Curative, Myxadema, Cretinism. Label 12 test-tubes A to L. In A, B, G and H place 6 mils each freshly prepared starch paste ; in C, D, I and J place 6 mils each skimmed milk ; in E, F, K and L place 6 mils olive oil. To A, C, E, G, I and K add 10 mg. each Na9COs ; to the others, add 0.2 mil each dil. HC1. To A to F inclusive add 5 mg. each pepsin ; to the others add 10 mg. each pancreatin. Place all in a water bath kept at constant 40° C. After 30 minutes examine each test-tube, and note whatever changes may have occurred. Make appro- priate tests of samples from each. Repeat after a further hour of enzyme activity. 50 GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS. Make suitable analytical tests: Pepsin Pancreatin l/2 hour lj/2 hour YZ hour \l/2 hour A, G — Starch, alk. B, H — Starch, acid C, I— Milk, alk. • D, J— Milk, acid E, K— Oil, alk. F, L— Oil, acid GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS. 51 Identity of Unknowns: Sample Appear- ance Color Odor Taste Solubility H2O C2H5OH Chem. Test Identity I II III IV V VI ' VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX PHARMACOPEDICS. In this section the student acquires a desirable acquaintance with the different forms in which medicines are used, by personally making the different official prepara- tions, and carefully noting their physical characteristics, the relative strength of allied preparations, the availability and desirability of the several different forms, the alka- loidal content where such is known, the leading utility of each preparation, and the average dose. So far as possible, ascertain the physical merits of each preparation. Endeavor, also, to acquire an identifying acquaintance with the selected preparations. In the few required assays introduced, be not satisfied except with the most care- ful work. Let your scrupulousness in accuracy exemplify the way you expect to ad- minister powerful drugs to those who will later place confidence in you. Acquire merited skill now. Further reference may be had to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. (53) PART II.— PHARMACOPEDICS. Aquae are solutions of volatile substances in water. The volatile substance may be a liquid, a solid, or a gas. Prepare official Aqua Cinnamomi as follows: Triturate together 0.2 mil oil of cinnamon and 0.15 Gm. purified talc; gradually add 100 mils distilled water, contin- uing the trituration. Filter and repeatedly refilter until filtrate is perfectly clear. Properties of your preparation: Taste _ Reaction . Appearance Color Odor Examine shelf samples of the following official Aquae: Sample Color Odor Taste Utility Aqua Solvent. Best agent to slake thirst Aqua Ammonite, 10'/ Limentum Ammonia; ; Spir. Ammon. Aromat. Aqua Cinnamomi Pleasant vehicle Aqua Destillata Laborat. solvent Aqua Destill. Steril. Intrav. inject. ; hypo, use ; collyria Aqua Menthae Piper. Carminative; 15 mils Aqua Rosse Fortior Ung. Aquae Rosae Other official waters, having but limited utility, are: Aqua Ammoniae Fortior (about 28^1 ammonia concentration), A. Amygdalae Amarae and A. Anisi (both super- fluous), A. Aurantii Florum (for making Syrupus Aurantii Florum), A. Aurantii Florum Fortior (for making the preceding Aqua), A. Camphorae, A. Chloroformi, A. Creosoti, A. Fceniculi, A. Rosae, A. Aromatici (a saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils), A. Hamamelidis (a popular embrocation of doubtful value). SYRUPUS. Syrups are concentrated solutions of sugar in water or in aqueous liquids. They may be made extemporaneously by adding a medicated liquid to the official Syrup. Besides being a pleasant vehicle, Syrup is somewhat of a preservative of vegetable compounds, and tends to retard chemical changes in some readily oxidizable substances. (55) 56 SYRUPUS. SPIRITUS. Prepare official Syrup as follows : With the aid of heat, dissolve 85 Gm. sugar in 45.5 mils distilled water; bring the liquid to the boiling point, strain, then pass enough distilled water through the strainer to make the product when cold equal 100 mils. Properties of your Symp: Appearance .... Odor Color Taste Sp. Gr. at 25° C. Label 2 test-tubes thus: Hypo-, Iso-, Hyper-. Into each place 6 mils of your Syrup; then to the Hypo- add 3 mils HoO; to the Hyper- add 2 Gm. sugar, heating in a water bath to complete solution. Set aside for several days, exposed to the air, and note results. (Put unused Syrup in stock bottle.) 1 Week: 2 Weeks: Hypo- Hypo- I so- •7 L Iso- li v Per- .... Hvt>er- Examine shelf samples of following official Syrups: Sample Odor Color Taste Utility Syrupus Acaciae Vehicle, resinous prepara- tions Syrupus Ac. Citrici Vehicle, acid salts Syrupus Ipecacuanha? Emetic; dose, 15 mils Syrupus Prun. Virgin. Vehicle, cough medicine Syrupus Rhei Aromat. Laxative; 10 mils Syrupus Sarsap. Comp. Vehicle for KI Syrupus Sennse Purge for children ; av. dose (adult), 4 mils Syrupus Zingiberis Vehicle, carminatives Official Syrups of limited or no therapeutic utility: Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici, S. Aurantii, S. Aurantii Florum, S. Calcii Lactophosphatis, S. Ferri lodidi, S. Hypo- phosphitum, S. Lactucarii, S. Picis Liquidae, S. Rhei, S. Scillae, S. Scilke Compositus (Hive Syrup), S. Senegae, S. Tolutanus. SPIRITUS. Spirits are hydroalcoholic or alcoholic solutions of volatile substances ; and, while the greater number are solutions of volatile oils, a few represent solutions of volatile liquids, volatile solids, and gases. SPIR1TUS. ELIXIRIA. 57 Prepare the official Spiritus Aurantii Compositus as follows: Thoroughly mix 10 mils oil of orange, 2.5 mils oil of lemon, I mil oil of coriander, and 0.25 mil oil of anise, with enough alcohol to make a total of 50 mils. (Keep in a cool, dark place.) Properties of your official Spirits: Appearance _ _ Color Odor .. Taste - Utility : Flavor for Elixir Aromaticum Examine shelf samples of the following official Syrups : Sample Color Odor Taste Utility Spiritus yEtheris Mild anodyne ; 4 mils Spir. Athens Nitrosi, Spirits of Nitre Mild refrigerant; av. dose, 2 mils Spir. Ammon. Aromat. Briefly stimulative ; av. dose, 2 mils Spir. Aurantii Compos. Flavor Spir. Camphorae Counter! rritant Spir. Mentha? Piperitae Carminative Spirits of limited utility in medicine: Spiritus Amygdalae Amaras, S. Anisi, S. Chloroformi, S. Cinnamomi, S. Juniperi, S. Juniperi Compositus, S. Lavandulse, S. Menthae Viridis, S. Glycerylis Nitratis (Nitroglycerin; dangerous to handle). * ELIXIRIA. Elixirs are sweetened, aromatic, alcohol solutions. Because of the high alcohol content, they make good vehicles for the administration of tinctures and fluidextracts. They are not suitable as vehicles for the various salts, and are incompatible with chloral hydrate. Prepare the official Elixir Aromaticum as follows : To 1.2 mils compound spirit of orange add enough alcohol to make 25 mils; then add 37.5 mils syrup, 10 mils at a time, shaking thoroughly after each addition; then in the same manner add 37.5 mils water. Next, intimately mix 3 Gm. purified talc with the above liquid, and filter through a wetted filter, refiltering until the filtrate is clear and transparent. Finally, wash the filter with 25% alcohol to make the total product equal 100 mils. (Place in stock, after examination.) Properties of your Elixir, and of the other official Elixir: Sample Elixir Aromaticum Color Odor Taste Utility Alcoholic vehicle Elixir Glycyrrhizae = Elix. Arom. + 14% Flex. Glycyrrhizas Vehicle for cough medi- cines 58 INFUSA. DECOCTA. INFUSA. Infusions are aqueous extracts of the water-soluble constituents of vegetable sub- stances. They are usually made by treating the substance with boiling hot water ; but if heat injures the vegetable principles, cold water may be substituted. The weight of the drug used is 0.5 % of the weight of the finished product. Infusions should be freshly made, and discreetly used. Prepare the official Infusum Digitalis as follows : Pour 50 mils boiling water on 1.5 Gm. bruised digitalis leaves. Allow it to macerate one hour. Then strain, add 15 mils cinnamon water, and pass enough distilled water through the residue on the strainer to make the product equal 100 mils. Mix well, place in a small bottle, and examine every week for one month. Properties of \oitr preparation, and the other official Infusion. Sample Color Odor Taste Utility Infusum Digitalis Renal dropsy; 4 mils, cautiously Infusum Sennse Compositum Cathartic ; 120 mils DECOCTA. Decoctions are aqueous extracts of the water-soluble constituents of vegetable substances, extracted by boiling for 15 minutes. The standard formula for Decoctions makes the original weight of the drug represent 0.5% of the finished product; but with energetic substances this would be too strong. Decoctions should be freshly made, and discreetly used. There are no official Decoctions. Make a Decoction of coffee after the standard formula: Into a suitable covered vessel place 5 Gm. ground coffee ; over it pour 100 mils cold water, cover it well, and boil for 15 minutes. Cool to 40° C, strain through thick cheese-cloth, expressing as much as possible; then pass enough cold water through the strainer to bring the product up to 100 mils. Properties: Sample Color Odor Taste Utility Decoction of Coffee Active diuretic Heat your Decoction as hot as can be comfortably drunk. Void your urine. Drink the hot Decoction of coffee. Take hourly record of your kidney activity for the next five hours. Compare the resulting graph with a similar record taken some other day when no coffee is consumed. DECOCTA. LIQUORES. 59 i fa %j e a b5 pri '5i /O T- D at € m C he ck . C )A: ;er va tic /7 -£J «(f e = .15 30 45 7 75 JO 45 2 ./5 30 45 3 .15 30 45 4 .15 30 45 5 15 -30 45 7 .is 30 45 2 .15 30 45 3 ./s 30 45 4 V5 30 45 5 wo 375 350 325 _ 300 ns ISO ~ 225 I - _ ~ _ _ — 200 175 _ ISO IZS 100 75 50 25 LIQUORES. Liquors arc aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. (C/. Aquae.) They may be made by simple solution of the substance in hot or cold water, or by chemical action. Prepare the official Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Fowler's Solution) as follows: Boil i Gm. arsenic trioxide and 2. Gm. potassium bicarbonate with 10 Gm. distilled water, in a tared flask, until solution is complete; then add enough distilled water to make the solution weigh 97 Gm. ; then add 3 Gm. compound tincture of lavender, and filter through paper. Qualities of \our preparation: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Reaction Examine shelf samples of the following official Liquors: Sample Color Odor Taste Utility Liquor Calcis = 0.17% Ca(OH)2 Antacid; 15. mils L. Cresolis Comp. Antiseptic L. Ferri Chloridi ; = 12.5% sol. FeCl3 For making the tincture L. Formaldehydi = = 37% solution Cautiously Do not Germicide. Tissue preser- vative L. Hydrogenii Diox. = 3% sol. H2O2 Oxidizing disinfectant 60 LIQUORES. Official Liquors (continued): LINIMENTA. Sample Color Odor Taste Utility L. Hypophysis Smooth muscle stimulant L. lodi Compositus (Lugol's sol.) Do not Germicide and disinfectant L. Magnesii Citratis Aperient ; 350 mils L. Plumb. Subacet. Dil. Protective L. Potassii Arsenitis 1 St. Vitus' Dance, 0.1 mil L. Potassii Citratis Acidosis L. Potassii Hydroxidi = 4.5 % KOH Do not Caustic L. Sodii Chloridi Physiologi- cus = 0.85 % sol. NaCl Vehicle for intravenous in- jection Other official Liquors (these are relatively unimportant) : Liquor Acidi Arsenosi, L. Ammonii Acetatis (Spirit of Mindererus), L. Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi (Dono- van's Solution), L. Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis (Basham's Mixture), L. Ferri Sub- sulphatis (Monsell's Solution), L. Sodse Chlorinatae (Labarraque's Solution), L. Ferri Tersulphatis, L. Sodii Arsenatis, L. Sodii Glycerophosphatis, L. Sodii Hydroxidi, L. Zinci Chloridi. LINIMENTA. Liniments are liquid preparations, usually of an oily or soapy nature, intended for external use as embrocations. Prepare the official Linimentum Saponis as follows : In 70 mils alcohol dissolve 4.5 Gm. camphor and i mil oil of rosemary; add 6 Gm. powdered soap, and enough water to make the product measure 100 mils. Shake the mixture until the soap is dis- solved, set it aside for 24 hours, then filter. Try vising some on yourself, and note how it facilitates the various massage movements, How does your sample compare with the standard ? Examine the following official Liniments: Sample Color Odor Taste Utility L. Ammoniac, 25% NH4OH Do not Rubefacient L. I'clladonnae Sedative locally ( ?) L. Calcis (Carron Oil) Protective in burns L. Camphorae (20%) Mild counterirritant LINIMENTA. Official Liniments (continued): EMULSA. 61 Sample Color Odor Taste Utility L. Chloroformi (30%) Rubefacient L. Saponis (Opodeldoc) Embrocant L. Saponis Mollis (Tinct. Green Soap) Good detergent L. Terebinthinae Sharp rubefacient MUCILAGINES. Mucilages are aqueous solutions of the viscid, gummy principles of some vege- table substances. Their principal uses are for the preparation of emulsions, and as excipients in pills. They do not keep well, especially in warm weather. Prepare the official Mucilage of Acacia as follows : In a flask place 20 Gm. acacia in small fragments; wash with cold water, then drain. Add 40 mils warm distilled water, stopper container, and frequently agitate contents until the gum is all dissolved; then strain through cheese-cloth. Note present properties, and keeping properties: Appearance Color Odor Taste Reaction Mucil. Aca :. ; fresh : r 1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks The other official Mucilage is Mucilage Tragacantlise. EMULSA. Emulsions are aqueous preparations wherein oils or resins are maintained in a fine state of subdivision and suspension by means of the presence of mucilaginous or other viscid substances. Prepare the official Emulsum Olei Terebinthinse as follows : Into a perfectly dry flask introduce 15 Gm. acacia, in fine powder; add 15 mils rectified oil of turpentine, and 5 mils expressed oil of almond, and agitate the mixture thoroughly. Next add 30 mils water, mixing this in with vigorous shaking. When emulsification is complete add 25 mils of syrup in 5-mil portions, shaking thoroughly between each addition. In 62 EMULSA. PULVERES. the same manner, next add successive portions of water until the product measures 100 mils. This preparation provides the best medium for administering "Spirits of Turpen- tine" in those rare instances where its internal use seems indicated. Dose, 2 mils. Properties of your Emulsion: Appearance _ Color _ .' Odor Three other Emulsions are official : Taste Microscop. appearance Sample Color Odor Taste Utility E. Amygdalze Vehicle and cosmetic E. Asafcetidse No utility E. Olei Morrhuse A discarded preparation PULVERES. Powders are triturated mixtures of dry medicinal substances. Except for Seid- litz Powder, the official powders are all insoluble. Prepare the official Pulvis Cretae Compositus as follows: Thoroughly mix by trituration 2 Gm. finely powdered acacia, 5 Gm. powdered sugar, and 3 Gm. prepared chalk. When intimately mixed, pass through a No. 60 sieve. (Reserve for next group. ) Examine the following official Powders : Sample Color Odor Taste Utility P. Aromaticus A flavor P. Cretse Compositus Antacid P. Effervescens Comp. (Seidlitz Powder) Aperient; dose, 1 set of 2 powders P. Glycyrrhizse Comp. Laxative ; 4 Gm. P. Ipecac, et Opii (Dover's Powder) Abortant for "colds" ; 0.5 Gm. P. Jalapse Comp. -*>.- is Vigorous purge; 2 Gm. P. Rhei Compositus (Greg- ory's Powder) Sharp cathartic; av. dose, 2 Gm. PULVERES. MASSyE. 63 Make trial Seidlitz Powders as follows: Mix 15 Gm. dry, finely powdered sodium bicarbonate intimately with 45 Gm. dry, finely powdered potassium and sodium tar- trate. Divide the mixture into 6 equal parts, and wrap each part in a separate blue paper. Divide 13 Gm. dried, finely powdered tartaric acid into 6 equal parts, and wrap each part in a separate white paper. Keep these powders in a dry, well-protected container. Take one or two doses, mixed in water, before breakfast, and note effect. MISTURffi. Mixtures are aqueous preparations containing insoluble substances, or those but partly soluble. They are not to be filtered or strained, but are to be dispensed with a "Shake" label. Prepare the official Mistura Cretse as follows : To 5 Gm. compound chalk powder in a mortar gradual 'I \ add 10 mils cinnamon water, triturating the mixture until it is uniform. Transfer to a graduate, and add water rinsings from the mortar until the product measures 25 mils. Appearance _ Color Odor Taste Mistura CreUe was formerly a favorite antacid, but has fallen somewhat into disuse. The average dose is 15 mils, using a -freshly prepared mixture only. Take a single dose of your preparation, 3 hours after meals, and note effects, The other official Mixture is Mistura Glycyrrhizje Composita, or "Brown Mix- ture"— an antiquated, ridiculous, "shot-gun" conglomeration, containing at least 15 different ingredients. It should be discarded forthwith. MASS^E. Masses are solid preparations of such soft cohesiveness that they may be formed readily into pills. Prepare the official Massa Ferri Carbonatis (Vallet's Mass) as follows: Dis- solve 10 Gm. ferrous sulphate in 20 mils boiling, distilled water; add 2 mils syrup; filter, and let cool. Dissolve 4.6 Gm. monohydrated sodium carbonate in 20 mils boil- ing distilled water, filter, and let cool. When both solutions are cold, place the sodium solution in a flask of 50 mils capacity, and gradually add the iron solution, agitating frequently until there is no further evolution of carbonic gas. Fill the flask with dis- tilled water, cork, and set aside until the subsidence of the ferrous carbonate is com- plete. Pour off the supernatant liquid, and, by decantation, wash the salt with a mix- ture of syrup, i part, and distilled water, 19 parts, until the washings no longer have a salty taste. Drain the precipitate on a cloth strainer, express all the water possible, and mix with the precipitate 3.8 Gm. clarified honey and 2.5 Gm. sugar; then, with constant stirring, evaporate in a tared dish over a water bath, until the completed product weighs 10 Gm. ^J This preparation should contain not less than 35% FeCOs. 64 MASS^E. PILULE. Properties of your preparation, and of the other official Mass. : Sample Color Odor Taste Utility M. Ferri Carb. Extemp. iron administra- tion ; av. dose, 0.25 Gm. M. Hydrargyri Undesirable form for the administ. of mercury PILULE. Pills are medicinal substances formed into ovate, ohlate, or spheroidal solids, of such size and consistency as to be easily swallowed whole. When they contain medi- caments readily changeable in air, pills are usually coated with sugar or gelatin; but they may be coated with keratin when the medicament is intended for intestinal action rather than for gastric. Prepare the official Pilulae Aloes as follows: Intimately mix 1.3 Gm. finely powdered aloes with an equal weight of pulverized soap. Incorporate just enough water to make a pilular mass. Roll the mass out into a long even cylinder, and divide it into 10 equal parts ; roll each part into a spheroid. The following Pills are official: Pilulae Aloes. Dose 2 pills, each containing 0.13 Gm. aloes. Purge. Pilulae Asafcetidae. Dose, 2 pills. Each contains 0.2 Gm. asafoetida. Of little or no therapeutic value. Pilulae Cathartics Compositae. Dose, 2 pills. Each contains 0.08 Gm. ex. colo- cynth comp., 0.06 Gm. calomel, 0.02 Gm. jalap, and 0.015 Gm. gamboge. A drastic, griping purge. Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis. Dose, 2 pills. Each contains 0.06 Gm. FeCOs. Ex- cellent for anaemia. (Blaud's Pill.) Pilulae Ferri lodidi. Dose, 2 pills. Each contains 0.065 Gm. ferrous iodide. Reduces readily. Used for syphilitic anaemia. Pilulae Phosphori. Dose, I pill. Each contains 0.6 mg. phosphorus. Sometimes used in certain cases of rachitis. Pilulae Rhei Compositae. Dose, 2 pills. Each contains 0.13 Gm. rhubarb and o.i Gm. aloes. A strong cathartic. Cut open a sample of each Pill and report : Sample Color Odor Taste How identified Pil. Aloes Pil. Asafcetidse Pil. Catharticae Comp. Pil. Ferri Carb. PILUL/E. UNGUENTA. Cut open a sample of each pill and report (continued) : 65 Sample Color Odor Taste How Identified Pil. Ferri lodidi I'll. Phosphor! Pil. Rhei Comp. Dissolve 3 Pills of ferrous carbonate in 15 mils dil. HoSO^ add 85 mils distilled water. Titrate immediately with tenth-normal KoCroO? V. S., using Iv4Fe(CN)6 as indicator. Each mil of titer used corresponds to 0.011584 Gm. FeCOs. *^f - What is the strength dT your sample? - UNGUENTA. Ointments are fatty preparations of such consistency as to melt and spread rapidly at body temperatures. Formerly extensively used as protective surgical dressings, they are now principally employed for the treating of skin affections, and for inunctions. • Make the official Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati as follows: Melt 25 Gm. white petrolatum ; take 5 Gm. of it and rub it thoroughly with 5 Gm. finely powdered ammoniated mercury; then add the balance of the petrolatum and 20 Gm. hydrous wool fat; mix thoroughly, and continue stirring the mixture until it congeals. Appearance Odor Color _ Consistency Examine the following official 'Ointments : Sample Strength Color Odor Utility Unguentum Base Ung. Aquae Rosse Favorite cosmetic Ung. Belladonna; 0.0125% Local sedative ( ?) Ung. Chrysarobini 6% For psoriasis Ung. Hydrargyri Dil. (I'.lue ointment) 30% Pediculosis pubis, but the Oleate is better Ung. Hydrargyri Ammon. 10% *,, Wet eczemas Ung. Hg. Oxidi Flavi 10% Blepharitis Ung. Picis Liquidse 50% For weeping eczemas Ung. Sulphuris 15% Specific in scabies Ung. Zinci Oxidi 20% A drying ointment 66 UNGUENTA. EMPLASTRA. Other official Ointments, but of limited utility, are: Ung. Acidi Borici, 10% ; Ung. Acidi Tannici, 20%; Ung. Diachylon, of pharmaceutical interest chiefly; Ung. Gallse, 20%; Ung. Hydrargyri, 50*70, a base; Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis, j%, citrine ointment; Ung. lodi, 4% ', Ung. lodoformi, 10%, an abomination; Ung. Phenolis, 2%, formerly in much favor; Ung. Stramonii, 20%, superfluous. CERATA. Cerates are unctuous fatty preparations, similar to ointments, but having a higher melting point, and not liquefying at the body temperature. Prepare the official Ceratum as follows: By the heat of a water bath melt 30 Gm. white wax, add 70 Gm. benzoinated lard ; continue heat until all is melted ; strain through thin cheesecloth, and stir constantly until the mixture congeals. (For hot localities a greater percentage of wax may be necessary.) How does the consistency of the Cerate compare with an ointment ? Two other Cerates are official : Ceratum Cantharidis, which belongs to a dis- carded therapeutics ; and Ceratum Resinae, used in making Linimentum Terebinthinse. EMPLASTRA. Plasters are solid, adhesive preparations, spread on some fabric, and usually requiring warming before being applied to the body. Prepare as follows a satisfactory substitute for the official Emplastrum Sinapis: To 8 Gm. flour add 4 Gm. mustard; mix thoroughly, then add just enough warm water (not hot) to make a soft smooth paste. Spread this on heavy paper or on cottoncloth. Bind some of your prepared Mustard Plaster on the flexor surface of your fore- arm, and leave it there until distinctly sharp sensations are perceived. Remove plaster, and examine appearance of the skin. Report: -'. Time taken for effect : Nature of effect : Duration of effect : The following Plasters are official : Sample Strength Utility Emplastrum Belladonnse 0.35% Local sedative (any effect doubtful) Emplastrum Cantharidis 0.1% Vesicant; very seldom indicated Emplastrum Capsici Rubefacient and vesicant Emplastrum Elasticum Surgeons' adhesive plaster Emplastrum Plumbi Base for resin plaster Emplastrum Resinse Cutaneous macerant Emplastrum Sinapis Counterirritant GLYCERITA. SUPPOSITORIA. 67 GLYCERITA. Glycerites consist of solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin. Prepare the official Glyceritum Amyli as follows : Triturate 5 Gm. starch with 5 mils water until a smooth homogeneous mixture is produced. Then gradually add 40 Gin. glycerine that has been heated to 140° C. in a porcelain dish. With constant stirring, continue applying heat, not above 144° C., until a translucent jelly is produced. Properties of Glyceritum Amyli: Appearance Color Odor .. Taste Feel Utility : Demulcent and emollient The other official Glycerites are as follows: Sample Strength Color Odor Utility G. Acidi Tannjci 20% Astringent emollient G. Boroglycerini 31% Surface depletant G. Hydrastis 1.25% Stimulant depletant G. Phenolis 20% Indurant ; dangerous Unofficial : G. Ichthyol 20% Erysipelas SUPPOSITORIA. Suppositories are conical, cylindrical, or spheroidal preparations made by com- bining medicinal substances with some other substance, like glycerinated gelatin or cacao butter, that melts but slowly at body temperatures. They are used to favor pro- longed application of medicines to the walls of the various body cavities. Make the official Suppositoria Glycerini as follows : Dissolve 0.05 Gm. monohy- drated sodium carbonate in 0.5 mil water ; add 2.7 mil glycerin and 0.2 Gm. stearic acid; cover, and heat the mixture over a water bath until all the COo has been driven off and the liquid is clear (15 minutes or more). Then pour the material into a suit- able mold (a small conical graduate will do) ; cool in flowing water, and, when it is firm, remove from the mold and examine. What is its appearance? How does it feel ? Make a Suppository as follows: To 0.5 Gm. tannic acid add an equal quantity of well-grated oil of theobroma; mix the two thoroughly in a mortar; then add a small amount of melted oil of theobroma; mix well; and as congelation is about to take place pour the material into a suitable mold. Cool until set ; remove, and examine. 68 SUPPOSITORIA. COLLODIA. Make a Suppository as follows : Dissolve I mil ichthyol in 3 Gm. glycerine ; add 5 Gm. melted glycerinated gelatine ; mix the ingredients thoroughly, and at once pour into a small test-tube which has been coated internally with a very thin film of liquid petrolatum. Cool until Suppository is firmly set. ( Keep in tightly closed containers in a cool place.) Compare the merits of these three Suppositories : Suppository A: Suppository B: Suppository C: Also take I Gm. pieces from each, and compare their melting periods when im- mersed in water of a temperature of 38° C. A : _ B : _ C : OLEATA. An Oleate is a solution of an alkaloid or of an oxide in oleic acid. Prepare the official Oleatum Hydrargyri as follows: In a tared porcelain dish place 2.5 Gm. finely powdered yellow mercuric oxide, and 2 mils alcohol; mix well; then add 7.5 Gm. oleic acid; warm the mixture over a water bath to a temperature not exceeding 50° C., stirring constantly with a glass rod until the alcohol is expelled and the mercuric oxide is entirely dissolved. Then add enough oleic acid to make the product weigh 10 Gm. Mix thoroughly. This Oleate has to be kept in tightly closed containers, well protected from light. It should not be used if globules of metallic mercury are visible. Properties of Oleatum Hydrargyrum: Freshly made : Sample After 1 month: Sample After 2 months : Sample .... Appearance Appearance Appearance Consi stency Consistency . Consistency Color Color Odor Odor Odor Visible He. .. Visible He. .. Visible He. .. The Oleate of Mercury is more elegant and efficient than the corresponding oint- ment, especially in the treatment of pediculosis. COLLODIA. A Collodion is a solution of pyroxylin (gun-cotton) in a mixture of ether and alcohol. It is a highly inflammable liquid. When applied to a surface, the solvent evaporates, leaving deposited a transparent, tenacious film. Prepare the official Collodium as follows: In a bottle place 2 Gm. pyroxylin, add 12.5 mils alcohol; thoroughly shake the mixture; then add 37.5 mils ether, and shake COLLODIA. FLUIDEXTRACTA. 69 this mixture until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Cork the bottle tightly, setting- it aside until the liquid has cleared; then decant the clear portion, place in a suitable bottle, and cork tightly. All these operations must be conducted away from the vicinity of any flame. Prepare the official Collodium Flexile as follows : Tare a small bottle, and into it place 19 Gm. Collodion, 0.4 Gm. camphor, and 0.6 Gm. castor oil; shake the mixture until the camphor is dissolved. This preparation should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, and well removed from the fire. Properties of Collodia, Paint one knuckle with Collodion, and an adjacent knuckle with Flexible Col- lodion. On flexor surface of forearm, paint comparative areas with the two in the same way. Collodium : Sample .... Appearance Color Odor . Flexibility Adhesiveness _ Contraction ... Collodium Flexile : Sample Appearance Color .. Odor. Flexibility Adhesiveness Contraction ... Collodia are used as adhesive protectives; also to render cotton dressings more concrete and impervious. They are being in part supplanted by the new flexible paraffin dressings. There is one other official Collodion: Collodium Cantharidatum. This is an obsolescent preparation, well deserving complete discard. FLUIDEXTRACTA. Fluidextracts are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs, so made that I mil of the liquid preparation represents the medicinal activity of I Gm. of the powdered drug. With four exceptions (Cascara, Frangula, Glycyrrhiza, and Triticum), they are extracts 'of those vegetable principles that are soluble in alcohol. The four exceptions are more akin to infusions, being water extracts ; but they each have alcohol added as a preservative. There are four different methods of preparing Fluidextracts : three by percola- tion, and one by percolation and infusion. In making these preparations, the rate of percolation should not exceed 10 drops a minute for the reserved portion, and 20 drops a minute thereafter. It is usually assumed that 3000 mils of percolate will exhaust 1000 Gm. powdered drug. Prepare the official Fluidextractum Podophylli by "Type Process A" as follows: Place 100 Gm. podophyllum, in No. 40 powder, in a mortar; render it evenly and decidedly damp with alcohol ; place it in a percolator, and leave it tightly covered for 6 hours. Then saturate it with alcohol, and when the alcohol begins to drip from the 70 FLUIDEXTRACTA. percolator, insert a cork, add enough alcohol so a stratum lies above the saturated powder; cover tightly, and let maceration proceed for 48 hours. Then permit per- colation to proceed, adding more alcohol until the drug is exhausted. The first 85 mils of the percolate are to be set aside as a reserved portion ; the balance is to be con- centrated over a water bath, at a temperature not exceeding 60° C., until it is of a pasty consistency. (If all the percolate had thus been concentrated, the resulting paste would constitute the Extract.) Dissolve this paste in the reserved portion; then add enough alcohol to make the total quantity equal 100 mils. Note : Appearance Color _ _ Taste Prepare the official Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae, by "Type Process B," as fol- lows: Prepare a preliminary menstruum of 10 mils dil. HC1, 20 mils alcohol, and 20 mils water; with this menstruum moisten 100 Gm. ipecac, in No. 60 powder, sufficiently to render it evenly and distinctly damp ; place it loosely in a percolator, cover tightly, and permit maceration to continue for six hours. Then pack firmly, add balance of the menstruum, and when this has disappeared from the surface, gradually add 40% alcohol, keeping a stratum constantly above the drug. When the liquid begins to escape from the percolator, stopper, cover closely, and let maceration proceed for 48 hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding the 40% alcohol until drug is exhausted. Reserve the first 80 mils of the percolate. Recover the alcohol from the remainder, and then evaporate it to a soft extract at a temperature not ex- ceeding 60° C. ; dissolve this paste in the reserved portion, and add enough 40% alcohol to make the total equal 100 mils. (For method of assay, see U. S. P. IX, 188.) Note : Appearance - Color - Taste Prepare the official Fluidextractum Aconiti, "Type Process C," as follows: Divide 100 Gm. aconite, in No. 40 powder, into three portions, in the ratio of 5:3:2. Moisten the 50 Gm. portion with enough 75% alcohol to make it evenly and distinctly damp, and to so maintain it after six hours maceration in a tightly covered container. Then pack it loosely in a percolator, saturate it with alcohol, so that a stratum of the menstruum covers the powder. Cork the lower orifice as soon as the liquid begins to appear there, cover the percolator, and permit maceration to continue for 48 hours. Then allow percolation to proceed, gradually adding more alcohol. Reserve the first 20 mils of the percolate, and collect 150 mils more in successive 3O-mil portions. Repeat the above process with the 30 Gm. aconite, using for the menstruum adequate amounts of the 3O-mil portions in the order collected, or additional alcohol if necessary. Reserve the first 30 mils of the percolate, adding it to the first 20 mils reserved from the earlier percolation. Collect 80 more mils in successive 2O-mil portions. Repeat this same process with the 2O-Gm. portion of aconite, using the preceding 2O-mil portions of percolate for menstruum. Collect 50 mils of the percolate from this third lot, and add it to the first reserves of the other percolations, making 100 mils finished product. (However, in Type C cases, where a definite assay is possible, the procedure recommended in the U. S. P. is to collect but 42 mils of this third percolate, to add this to the previous reserved portions, to then assay an aliquot part, and to finally adjust the addition of further percolate, so that each mil of the finished Flnidextract FLUIDEXTRACTA. 71 shall contain the prescribed amount of alkaloid. This alkaloidal strength, in the case of aconite, must be not less than 0.45 mg., nor more than 0.55 mg., per millilitre. For assay see U. S. P. IX, 177.) Note: Appearance Smell Color ~ Taste _ Make the official Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae ''Type Process D," as follows: To 100 Gm. cascara sagrada, in No. 40 powder, add 500 mils boiling water; mix thoroughly, cover, place in a warm place, and permit maceration to continue for two hours ; then transfer to a metallic percolator, and allow percolation to proceed, grad- ually adding extra amounts of boiling water until the drug is exhausted. Over a water bath evaporate the percolate to 75 mils. Cool, and add 25 mils alcohol to complete the product. Note : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Fluidextracts should be kept tightly stoppered in amber-colored bottles, protected from the sunlight and extreme temperature changes. If after one month sedimenta- tion occurs, the clear portion should be decanted, the part remaining should be filtered, and the filtrate thoroughly mixed with the decantate. There are 49 official Fluidextracts, the majority of which are superfluous, inert, or obsolete. Properties of the more useful official Fluidextracts: Sample Process Ave. alk. cont. Odor Color Taste f • Utility Flex. Aconiti C 0.5% Cardiac depressant ; av. dose, 0.03 mil Flex. Belladonna Radicis A 0.45% Antispasmodic ; av. dose, 0.05 mil Flex. Cannabis A Quietant ; 0.1 mil Fl<*x. Cascarse Sag. D Laxative, 1 mil Flex. Digitalis A Cardiac tonic, 0.05 mil Flex. Ergotse B Oxytocic, 2 mils Flex. Hydrastis B 2% Stim. astringent, 2 mils Flex. Hyoscyami A 0.06% Sedative (hyoscin) ; av. dose, 0.2 mil Flex. Ipecacuanha? B 2% Emetic, 1 mil FLUIDEXTRACTA. EXTRACTA. Properties of the more useful official Fluidextracts (continued): Sample Process Ave. alk. cont. Odor Color Taste Utility Flex. Podophylli A Purgative, 0.5 mil Flex. Rhei A Cathartic, 1 mil Flex. Sennae A Cathartic, 1 mil Flex. Viburni Pruni- folii A Uterine sedative ( ?) ; av. dose, 2 mils Official Fluidextracts which are superfluous, either because some other prepara- tion of the same drug, or .some other drug, is eminently superior: Flex. Aurantii Amari, Flex. Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum, Flex. Cimicifugae, Flex. Cinchonae, Flex. Eucalypti, Flex. Franguloe, Flex. Glycyrrhizae, Flex. Granati, Flex. Nucis Vomicae, Flex. Pilocarpi, Flex. Spigelise, Flex. Zingiberis. Official Fluidextracts which are practically inert: Aromaticum Eriodictyi, Gen- tianae, Rosae, Sabal, Sarsaparillae, Sarsaparillae Compositum, Stillingiae, Sumbul, Tar- axaci, Tritici, Uvae Ursi, Xanthoxyli. Official Fluidextracts which are obsolete: Aspidospermatis, Buchu, Colchici Seminis, Gelsemii, Grindeliae, Guaranae, Lobeliae, Scillae, Senegae, Staphisagriae, Vera- tri Viridis. EXTRACTA. An Extract is the concentrated residue obtained by evaporating the percolate, or other exhaust, of a vegetable drug. According to the degree of evaporation, Extracts appear in two forms : the Pilular Extract, of semisolid, pasty consistency ; and the Powdered Extract, consisting of fine, dry powder. Such as are capable of reliable assay have a definite percentage of alkaloidal content. Prepare the official Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum as follows: Moisten ibo Gm. No. 40 powder, belladonna leaves with 75% alcohol; pack it firmly in the perco- lator ; saturate it with the menstruum, providing a supernatant stratum. Macerate the powder for 48 hours ; then permit percolation to proceed until the percolate equals 300 mils. Distill off the alcohol, and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, until the substance is of a pasty consistency, being careful that at no time shall the temperature exceed 70° C. Mix the mass thoroughly, and then weigh it. By assay (see below), determine its alkaloidal content, calculate the total alkaloids in the prepared extract, then thoroughly mix in enough glucose to make the total product contain 1.25^0 of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. Assay. In 10 mils diluted alcohol dissolve 2 Gm. pilular extract of belladonna leaves (made above). Place the solution in a separator, adding thereto repeated rins- ings of the first vessel used, utilizing for this wash 10 mils of distilled water mixed with 2 mils NH4OH. Repeatedly shake out the extract solution with chloroform; then use weak Ho SO 4 to extract the alkaloids from the chloroform by repeated shak- ings out. Place the acid washings in a separator, render the solution- distinctly alka- EXTRACTA. 73 line to litmus, using NH4OH, and again extract the alkaloids by repeated shaking out with chloroform. Now evaporate the chloroform solutions to dryness; treat the alkaloids, contained in the residue, with 5 mils of ether; evaporate to dryness; treat again with 5 mils ether, and again evaporate to dryness; then dissolve in exactly 5 mils tenth-normal H2SO4 V. S., and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal KOH V. S., using cochineal T. S. as indicator. Each mil of titer consumed corresponds to 28.92 milligrams of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. I 'rof>cr ties of your Extract of Belladonna Leaves: Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Weight of your Extract (to milligrams),.. Amount of titer used, Total alkaloids in 2 Gm. sample, Total alkaloids in your Extract, Amount of glucose to be added, Alkaloidal content of finished Extract, Prepare the official Powdered Extract of Rhubarb as follows: Moisten 100 Gm. No. 40 powdered rhubarb with sufficient 8o(/o alcohol; place it in a percolator; saturate it so a stratum of the menstruum remains above ; macerate it for 48 hours. Then per- colate it slowly, so as to obtain 300 mils. Distill off the alcohol, evaporate the residue, at as low a temperature as possible, to a syrupy consistency. Place this in a shallow dish, adding thereto rinsings from the still (using for this purpose 80% alcohol) ; stirring frequently, evaporate this mixture to dryness, being careful the temperature never exceeds 70° C. Weigh the dry extract ; add thereto 5 Gm. magnesium oxide, and enough freshly dried starch to make the product weigh 50 Gm. Mix thoroughly, reducing the mixture to a fine powder ; pass this through a No. 60 sieve, and transfer it to a tightly stoppered bottle. Note : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste There are 25 official Extracts, the majority of which are powerful preparations. They are made on a large scale by the manufacturers of pharmaceutical supplies, the pilular extracts being extensively used in pill masses and in ointments. As they rarely appear in other form their physical properties need not be studied at this time. 74 EXTRACTA. TINCTURA. Preparation Alk. Cont. Ave. Utility Dose Ext. Aconiti 2% Cardiac depressant 0.01 Gm. Ext. Belladonnas Foliorum 1.25% Antispasmodic 0.015 Gm. Ext. Cannabis Quietant and soporific 0.01 Gm. Ext. Cascarae Sagradae 1 to 3 Laxative 0.25 Gm. Ext. Colocynthidis 1 to 4 Purgative 0.03 Gm. Ext. Colocynthidis Comp. Drastic purge 0.25 Gm. Ext. Fellis Bovis 1 to 8 Cholagogue ( ?) 0.1 Gm. Ext. Hydrastis i 10% Stimulant to mucosa 0.5 Gm. Ext. Nucis Vomicae 15.5% Spinal tonic and irritant 0.015 Gm. Ext. Opii 20% Narcotic and analgesic 0.03 Gm. Ext. Rhei 1 to 2 Laxative 0.25 Gm. Of less importance, or superfluous, are the official Extracts of Cimicifuga, Col- chicum Corm, Ergot, Gelsemium, Gentian, Glycyrrhiza, Hyoscyamus, Malt, Physos- tigma, Stramonium, Sumbul, Taraxacum, and Viburnum Prunifolium. TINCTURA. Tinctures are alcoholic preparations made by extraction of the important medic- inal principles of vegetable drugs. Two exceptions are the Tincture of Iodine and Eerric Chloride, which are alcoholic solutions of chemical substances. Of the more potent drugs, the strengthof the Tincture is such that 100 mils of the finished product represents 10 Gm. of 'the drug. The majority of Tinctures are pre- pared by percolation, a few by maceration, and a few others require special methods. All Tinctures should be kept in tightly stoppered bottles, free from light, and in a cool place. Prepare the official Tinctura Opii Camphorata by "Type Process M" (macera- tion) : Make a menstruum of 5 mils glycerin mixed with 120 mils dilute alcohol; in this place 0.5 Gm. each of powdered opium, benzoic acid, and camphor, and 0.5 mil oil of anise. Set it in a moderately warm place, allowing maceration to proceed for 3 days, occasionally agitating the mixture. Transfer to a filter, collect the filtrate, and wash the residue with dilute alcohol to make the total product equal 125 mils. Note : Appearance Odor Color Taste .. (Instead of the above the Compound Tincture of Lavender may be used for study). TINCTURA. 75 Prepare the official Tinctura Rhei Aromatica by "Type Process P" (percolation) : Mix 30 Gm. rhubarb, 6 Gm. saigon cinnamon, 6 Gm. clove, and 3 Gm. myristica (all in No. 40 powder). Make a menstruum consisting of 15 mils glycerin, 75 mils alcohol, and 60 mils water ; with this mixture make the combined powders evenly and distinctly damp, transfer to a percolator, and let stand covered for 6 hours ; then pack it firmly, saturate it with the menstruum so a stratum of liquid lies above the powders. Close lower orifice, cover tightly, and let maceration continue 24 hours. Then permit perco- lation to proceed slowly, gradually adding enough dilute alcohol to make the total equal 150 mils. Note: Appearance Odor Color Taste In 15 mils of this Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb dissolve o.i Gm. potassium car- bonate ; then add 85 mils syrup ; mix thoroughly. Is the product (aromatic syrup of rhubarb) acceptable to taste and' smell? There are 54 official Tinctures. Of this large number, two are really 'liquors (Iodine and Ferric Chloride) ; fifteen are mere flavoring agents, of which six only are of much use ; fourteen of the Tinctures have a well-recognized utility ; while the remain- ing thirty-two might as well be discarded.' Group A consists of the recognizedly useful Tinctures, all of which are of 10% strength, except the Tinctures of Hydrastis and Rhubarb, which are 20%. Sample Alkaloid Cont. Color Odor Taste Utility Tinct. Aconiti 0.05% Cardiac depressant ; av. dose, 0.3 mil Tinct. Belladonna; Fol. 0.03% Antispasmodic ; 0.7 mil Tinct. Benzoini Comp. Laryngitis; inhalant Tinct. Cannabis Sedative ; 0.75 mil Tinct. Colchici Seminis 0.04% Antirheumatic ( ?) ; av. dose, 2 mils Tinct. Digitalis Cardiac tonic and irritant; 0.5 'mil Tinct. Hydrastis 0.4% Mucosa stimulant ; 4 mils 'Tinct. Hyoscyami 0.006% Sedative; 2 mils Tinct. Nucis Vomicae 0.25% Spinal excitant ; 0.5 mil Tinct. Opii 1% Narcotic; 0.5 mil 76 TINCTURA. Group A (continued): Sample Alkaloid Cont. Color Odor Taste Utility Tinct. Opii Camphorata Paregoric 0.05% Sedative and soporific ; av. dose, 4 mils Tinct. Opii Deodorati 1% Sedative, less narcotic ; 0.5 mil Tinct. Physostigmatis 0.015% Stimulant to parasympa- thetic ; 1 mil Tinct. Rhei Aromatica Purge for children ; av. dose, 2 mils Group B : The two hydro-alcoholic solutions : Sample Iron Cont. Color Odor Taste Utility Tinct. Ferri Chloridi 4.48% Corrosive hematinic ; 0.5 mil (obsolescent) Tinctura lodi (I, 7% -)- KI, 5%) Counterirritant and sur- face disinfectant Group C: Useful flavoring tinctures; Sample Drug Cont. Color Odor Taste Utility Tinct. Aurantii Dulcis In Syrupus Aurantii Tinct. Cinnamomi Carminative, 2 mils Tinct. Gentianae Comp. Vehicle Tinct. Lavandulse Comp. In Fowler's Solution Tinct. Limonis Corticis General flavor Tinct. Zingiberis Carminative Group D : Superfluous flavoring Tinctures : Aurantii Amari, Cardamomi, Car- clamomi Composita, Moschi, Myrrhae, Tolutana, Valerians, Valerianje Ammoniata. Group E: 10% Tinctures of limited or doubtful utility: Aloes, Cantharidis, Cap- sici, Cinchome Composita, Gelsemii, Kino, Lobelise, Sanguinarise, Scilke, Stramonii, Veratri Viridis. TINCTURA. MAGMyE. 77 Group F: 20% Tinctures of limited or doubtful utility: Arnicae, Asafcetidx, Benzoini, Calumbse, Cinchonae, Guaiaci, Guaiaci Ammoniata, Lactucarii (50%), Py- rethri, Quassias, Rhei. RESINA. Resins are precipitates from strong alcoholic extracts of water-insoluble prin- ciples. They usually contain the major portion of the active principles of the drug. Prepare the official Resina Podophylli as follows : Moisten 200 Gm. podophyllum, No. 60 powder, with 100 mils alcohol; pack it in a percolator; saturate the powder with alcohol so as to leave a stratum above. Cover percolator, and macerate the powder lor 48 hours. Then proceed with the percolation, gradually adding alcohol until a sample of the percolate gives no more than a slight turbidity with water. Reduce the percolate to a thin syrupy consistency by distilling off the alcohol ; then, with constant stirring, pour the syrupy extract into 200 mils distilled water which has been acidu- lated with 2 mils HC1, and then reduced to a temperature below 10° C. After sub- sidence is complete, decant the supernatant liquid, and wash the precipitate twice, by decantation, using fresh portions each time of 200 mils cold water. Dry the precipitate by spreading it in a thin layer on a strainer, and exposing it to the air in a cool place, protected from the light. If aggregated, when dry, pulverize in a mortar. Note : Appearance Color .. Odor Taste Dose, o.oi Gm. Take such a dose; report results:. The two other official Resins are : Resina Jalapae. Dose, 0.125 Gm. Used in compound cathartic pill. Resina Scammoniae. Dose, 0.2 Gm. Used in compound colocynth extract. These three resins have marked purgative properties. MAGMYE. Magmas are thick, bulky suspensions in water of insoluble substances. Prepare the official Magma Magnesia? ("Milk of Magnesia") as follows: Smoothly mix 12.5 Gm. magnesium carbonate (in fine powder) with 50 mils distilled water. To this, with constant stirring, add a solution of 8 Gm. sodium hydroxide in 40 mils distilled water; agitate the mixture frequently for 15 minutes. Using 200 mils distilled water each time, wash the Magma by decantation, until i drop dil. H2SC>4 will discharge the color of 3 drops phenolthalein T. S. when added to a 5O-mil sample of the washing. Allow the precipitate to subside until it measures 100 mils; then decant the supernatant liquid, bottle, and tightly stopper. Note : Appearance Odor Color Taste A small amount of any flavoring oil may be added if desired. Milk of magnesia is sometimes used as an antacid. Dose, 10 mils. 78 MAGMA. PRESCRIPTIONS. The other official Magma is Magma Bismuthi ("Milk of Bismuth"), which is a convenient form for the administration of this substance. Dose, 4. mils. PRESCRIPTIONS. Compound the following prescriptions: 1^ Quininae bisulphatis 1 Sacchari lactis, q. s. Misce bene, et fac capsulas ad numero x. 25 IJ Hydrarg. chloridi mitis Pulveris ipecacuanha Sodii bicarbonatis Misce et in pulveres decem divide. 065 032 65 JJ Strychninae sulphatis Arseni trioxidi Massae ferri carbonatis Fiat massa et divide in pilulas xxx. 060 I£ Zinci oxidi 030 Pulveris amyli 5 Acidi salicylici Petrolati Misce et fiat unguentum. 8 8 15 65 I£ Tincturae nucis vomicae Acidi hydrochlor. dil. Aquae, q. s. ad Misce. 1 8 90 I£ Sacchari Olei menthae piper. Alcoholis, q. s. M. fiat solutionem et adcle Olei ricini 240 12 30 I£ Liquoris potassii arsenitis Sodii bicarbonatis Aquae menth. piper. Misce. 90 75 T$ Fluidext. ergotae 50 Elixiris aromatici Misce. 20 40 IJ Kalii iodidi Syrupi sarsap. comp. Misce. 12] IJ Oleoresinae filicis maris 90| Mucilaginis acaciae Syrupi zingiberis Aquae, q. s. ad Misce. 4 15 8 60 UNKNOWNS. Identification of Unknowns: Sample Appear. Color Odor Taste Chemical Tests Identity I II III j IV j V VI VII VIII IX X XI 1 XII 1 XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII . XIX XX , 79 EQUIVALENTS. Tables of Metric Equivalents: Milli- gram Grains Approx. Milli- gram Grains Approx. Milli- gram Grains Approx. 0.1 0.00154 y64s 1 0.01543 y65 10 0.15432 2/13 0.2 0.00309 1/324 2 0.03086 y33 20 0.30865 10/33 0.3 0.00463 %« 3 0.04630 & 30 0.46297 5/ll 0.4 0.00617 HM 4 0.06173 Vl6 40 0.61729 % 0.5 0.00772 Kw 5 0.07716 KB 50 0.77162 2%o 0.6 0.00926 VlOS 6 0.09259 Ki 60 0.92594 12/13 0.7 0.01080 >/93 7 0.10803 2/19 70 1.08026 iyi2 0.8 0.01235 '/si 8 0.12346 % 80 1.23459 1% 0.9 0.01389 Ha 9 0.13889 V, 90 1.38891 1% 1.0 0.01543 yos 10 0.15432 2/13 100 1.54324 1% Milli- gram Grains Approx. Gm. Grains Gm. Avoirdupois oz. -|- grains Apothecaries' oz. -)- grains 100 1.54324 iy> 1 15.4324 10 0 154.3 0 154.3 200 3.08647 3 2 30.8647 20 0 308.6 0 308.6 300 4.62971 4% 3 46.2971 30 1 25.5 0 462.9 400 6.17294 6y6 4 61.7294 40 1 179.8 1 137.3 500 7.71618 7% 5 77.1618 50 1 334.1 1 291.6 600 9.25941 9i/4 6 92.5941 60 2 50.9 1 445.9 700 10.80265 10% 7 108.0265 70 2 205.3 2 120.3 800 12.34589 i2y3 8 123.4859 80 2 359.6 2 274.6 900 13.88912 13% 9 138.8912 90 3 76.4 2 428.9 1000 15.43236 isy2 10 154.3236 100 3 230.7 3 103.2 80 EQUIVALENTS. 81 Volumes: Mils Equivalent minims Mils Equivalent fl. oz. minims Mils Equivalent pint fl. oz. minims 1 16.231 10 0 162.3 100 0 3 183.1 2 32.462 20 0 324.6 200 0 6 366.2 3 48.693 30 1 6.9 300 0 10 69.3 4 64.924 40 1 169.2 400 0 13 252.4 5 81.156 50 1 331.6 500 1 0 435.6 6 97.387 60 2 13.9 600 1 4 138.7 7 113.618 70 2 176.2 700 1 7 321.8 8 129.849 80 2 338.5 800 1 11 24.9 9 146.080 90 3 20.8 900 1 14 208.0 10 162.311 100 3 183.1 1000 2 1 391.1 Adapted from the United States Pharmacopeia, IXth ed. PHARMACODYNAMICS. (Laboratory: Nine hours a week for one semester.} In this section of the Manual the student is expected to ascertain what physio- logical reactions are produced by some of the more important and powerful of the drugs he has been investigating heretofore in the other laboratory. He will work first with simpler forms, gradually progressing to relatively more important presentations. But at each stage his great purpose should be to discover exactly what departures from the normal do take place. He must be ever on his guard not to read into his observations any preconception, prejudice, or opinion. He must pay strict attention to the work in hand, lest some important manifestation escape his observation. He must consistently endeavor to perfect those cardinal faculties of careful observation, logical deduction, and careful notation, on which depends much of his future success. Each student will be required to prepare himself concerning the technique of any given procedure before being assigned full responsibility. The best available book on this technique is "Jackson's Experimental Pharmacology"; an additional vadc mecum is "Sollmann's Laboratory Guide." Leading texts in Pharmacology are Cushny and Sollmann. Reference periodicals are: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Journal of Laboratory Medicine, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Jour- nal of Physiology, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Journal of the American Medical Association. (S3) PART III.— PHARMACODYNAMICS. ANAESTHESIA. ETHER, CHLOROFORM, NITROUS OXIDE, ETHYL CHLORIDE. 1. Take 3 frogs of equal size, weight, and condition. Count respirations, and note general reflex excitability. Place No. i in a flask fitted with stopper and thistle tube. Noting time, introduce 5 mils Ether. Observe and record symptoms. Compare symptoms and times with effects produced with frog No. 2 when 5 mils Chloroform are used. Compare symptoms and times on frog No. 3 when briefly subjected to the fumes of Ethyl Chloride. 2. Etherize lightly a large frog. Open its thorax just enough to connect heart with writing lever. Secure continuous tracings while frog is gradually killed with definite increments of ether per second. Note amount of Ether used, time required to produce a fatal effect, and graphic phenomena obtained. Tabulate your results. 3. Repeat Experiment No. 2, using Chloroform instead of Ether, having selected a frog of equal weight and condition. Tabulate your findings. 4. Secure a mammal (cat, dog, or rabbit). Gently soothe the animal, and observe its "normal" rate of pulse and respiration. Under the instructor's guidance, etherize the animal, carefully noting all phenomena educed. Let a student assistant fasten the animal to the operating board, and make suitable connections for registering pulse and respiration. Obtain graphs of the ether norms, and compare with the pre-ether find- ings of the same systems. Proceed to bring about the death of the animal by definite increments of Ether per second. Carefully note all phenomena, both graphic and general, especially danger signals. What system weakens first under the influence of Ether? As soon as death seems to have occurred, attempt resuscitation by: (a) dilating sharply the anal sphincter, using forceps; (b) compressing the thorax at the rate of 60 times a minute; (c) injecting adrenin solution (i to 1000) into the jugular vein, the carotid artery, or through the thorax into the heart. 5. Repeat Experiment No. 4, using Chloroform instead of Ether. 6. Under the direct guidance of the instructor, carefully etherize a volunteer fellow-student.* Pay strict attention to your task, while other members of your sec- tion take careful notes of their findings as to pulse-rate, blood-pressure, respiration, and such other general phenomena as may be elicited. Let the subject later describe his sensations, both while going under the influence of ether, and while coming out. 7. As assignments permit, make careful studies of respiration, pulse, blood-pres- sure, and other symptomatic phenomena, on various subjects undergoing anesthetiza- tion in the operating room. * Note : The student acting as anaesthetist should first have read very carefully the discussion on Anaes- thesia in "Cushny's Pharmacology," pp. 211 to 218 inclusive. (85) 86 Date ... ANESTHESIA. EXPERIMENT No. i. 'i Temperature _ _ — Humidity Data for observation Frog No. 1 Ether Frog No. 2 Chloroform Frog No. 3 Ethyl chloride Frog No. 4 Nitrous oxide Sex of frog - Wt. of frog Condition Respiration Amt. of drug Time given 1st symptoms 2d symptoms After 1 minute Respirations 2 min. symptoms 1 2 min. respir. Complete anass. Recovery time Remarks Ether frog: EXPERIMENTS No. 2 AND No. 3. Chloroform frog: Time 5 10 16 20 26 SO J6 40 « SO 65 60 6 10 16 20 26 80 6 10 16 20 25SOS6404B6066M 5 10 16 20 26 80 2 O H-f H < X •—> 0, ^ 3 4 ; 6 ) f, 3 6 ) c 1 ) 1 i 2( 2 3( 35 40 45 6( 5: « 1 ll 1, a 2£ 3« 3£ 40 45 K 66 « I 2 Q P 5 Ptf E W H 2 . 3 ) 3 40 • 5( 5! a G 1( U 21 ) 21 % M 40 45 K K « p < £ a 1 < Z $ 0 110 o 1?*! M l?n Q TV) M 5 2 ! I 0 i B, a M S in a m £ 0. o a 0 M a 1 Q lOfi 1 1 1 M 1 M 5 I H 1 <; fl^ 9 £ 1 fl 1 1 • 1 ' n nfl 1 1 1 1 1 l TIT OP 1 | 91 92 MORPHINE. > MORPHINE. 1. Into the anterior lymph sac of a male frog inject I mil of a 4% solution Mor- phine Sulphate. Observe reactions for 2 hours in comparison with a normal frog of equal weight and with another frog of same weight which has had a like dose 2 hours previously. Note how these animals respond to sundry stimuli akin to that experienced in their normal environment. 2. Take 2 frogs of equal weight and condition. Compare their reactions when one has I mil of a 4% solution Morphine Sulphate injected into its stomach, while the other has a like dose injected into its anterior lymph sac. 3. Pith each brain of 2 frogs of equal weight and condition. By leg lymph sac administer to one i mil of a 4% solution Morphine Sulphate, to the other a like dose, but containing in addition 0.002 Gm. Atropine Sulphate. Arrange for heart tracings, and secure intermittent comparative records for the next two hours. Frogs must be kept moist, and at a constant cool temperature. What do your graphs seem to indicate? 4. Take a cat, a rabbit, and a small dog. Obtain an average of 3 observations on each of heart-rate and respiration. To the rabbit give hypodermically of Morphine Sulphate 0.020 Gm. per kilogram body-weight ; to the cat the same way, 0.050 Gm. per kilo ; to the dog the same way, 0.020 Gm. per kilo. Carefully observe the comparative sequence of phenomena elicited by Morphine Sulphate on these types of mammals. 5. When the animals in Experiment No. 4 show evidences of narcotism, lightly etherize them, place on animal-board, connect with recording apparatus. Remove the ether. Continue records until death ensues, administering more of the Morphine if necessary. (Sollmann gives the minimal fatal dose (M. F. D.) of Morphine as fol- lows : dog, 0.4 Gm. x kg. ; cat, 0.04 to 0.08 Gm. x kg. ; rabbit, 0.3 Gm. x kg. ) 6. Select 3 fasting rabbits of like weight and condition. Administer by stomach, to one, Morphine Sulphate 0.020 Gm. x kg. ; to the second, Tincture Opium, 2 mils x kg. ; to the third, Morphine Sulphate, 0.020 Gm. and Atropine Sulphate 0.002 Gm. x kg. Compare reactions throughout laboratory period. 7. Let a member of the class volunteer to take 0.020 Gm. Morphine Sulphate. Let him be seated in a comfortable position, in a steamer chair for example. Secure his normal pulse, respiration, blood-pressure and temperature. With sesthesiometer test his forearm and forehead for tactile discrimination. Test his reaction time for sight, hearing, feeling. Make speed tests of his mental activity, using the antonym test, the test for imagery, and the multiplication test. Let him take the drug in solu- tion. Take systemic observations every 10 minutes, and mental and sesthesic tests every half hour. 8. In the hospital, study various cases to whom Morphine has been administered by the attending physician. 9. In the psychopathic ward, study cases under treatment for the relief or cure of morphinism. 10. Consult recent literature for at least four discussions of the pharmacology of Morphine. Write up a brief resume of your laboratory findings, checking the same with citations from your readings, either confirmative or otherwise. MORPHINE. EXPERIMENTS WITH MORPHINE. 93 EXPERIMENT No. i. Observation Normal frog Narcotized frog I Narcotized frog 2 Excitability 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. Climbing incline Swimming Escaping from under submerged beaker Cutan. sensibility Clasping female Respiration graphs : o sioiS202S303S40«5505360 s 10 is 20 25 so as « i 0 1 5 5 1 0 1 3 -2 9 2 > 3 ) 3. > 4 9 4 i 5 ) 5 ; 6 ) i 1 3 1 > 2 ) 2 53 > 3 S 41 ) < I S } 5 > 6 ) i 1 0 1 5 2 0 2, S 31 ) 3! 41 ) 4 > >S 3 & 5 6 J 2 § • Bu •2 l< z }> 0 o « a s I H 3 C . Observation Rabbit Time Cat Time Dog Time Disposition Alterations of D. Restlessness Excitement Frenzy Salivation Nausea Vomiting Defecation Drowsiness Stupor * For uniformity use red ink for cat, blue for dog, and green for rabbit. MORPHINE. EXPERIMENTS No. 4 AND 5 (continued.) 95 Pupil changes Elapsed Time in Minutes 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 Rabbit Cat Dog Rabbit Cat Dog Cause of death Time elapsed Kymograph records: EXPERIMENT No. 6. Rabbit No. 1 Morphine Rabbit No. 2 Tincture Opium Rabbit No. 3 Morph. + Atrop. Mental variations Excitement Stupor Lethargy Pupil changes 96 MORPHINE. EXPERIMENT No. 6 (continued). i i ) i s 1 ) 1 i 21 ) Z 3i ) 3. 4 ) 4, 5 I 5 i 6 ) ! 1 ) 1 2 21 » 31 ) 3! ! « > 4! 5t s: 61 > > 1 ) 1 5 2 02! a I 3£ 4< 4! 5( 5. > 0 r t 1 5 9 B l< z l> o o 1 G £ i • I5! £ EXPERIMENT No. 7. Normal After 30 ' After 60 ' After 90 ' After 2 hours yEsthesia Reaction time Sight Hearing Touch Mental agility Antonyms Imagery . Multiplication Subject's initials or No. Age Sex Height Weight Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date Medicine Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter 6 10 15 10 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 65 60 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 60 6 10 15 20 25 30 55 40 45 50 65 60 RESPIRATION 30 26 h z jj! o PULSE RATE o * p 66 BLOOD PRESSURE Diastolic Systolic 100 90 80 106 106 r~ i i j i i TEMPERATURE. 104 103 102 101 100 99 Oft i i lH! i 97 96 i i — 1 97 98 MORPHINE. EXPERIMENT No. 8. Sex of patient, ; approximate age, ; illness, date of illness, ; present condition of patient, why drug was ordered at this time, Maximal variation in respiration reached in minutes Maximal variation in pulse-rate reached in minutes Maximal variation in blood-pressure reached in minutes Maximal variation in pupil reached in minutes Maximal sedative effect reached in minutes Maximal hypnotic or sedative effect reached in minutes Quality of sedative effect, Remarks : EXPERIMENT No. 9. Concisely report your observations: EXPERIMENT No. 10. Summarize your conclusions, with citations: STRYCHNINE. 99 STRYCHNINE. 1. Take 3 frogs of equal weight and condition. Pith the brain of one, and the cord of the other; leave the third normal. Noting exact time of administration, inject into the lymph sac of each frog 0.25 mil of 0.01% solution Strychnine Sulphate (=0.025 mg.). Make careful comparative observations of results. 2. Inserting one blade of the scissors transversely in a frog's mouth back to the angle of the jaws, amputate the cranium. Plug the aortae to stop hemorrhage. To the exposed cervical cord apply a pledget of cotton moistened with 0.1% solution Strychnine Sulphate. Test reflexes by pinching first the hind-legs, then the fore-legs. Apply minimal break shocks to different cutaneous areas. Explain results. 3. Prepare an anaesthetized mammal (rabbit, cat, or dog) for timed circula- tory and respiratory registrations. Obtain ether norms. Intramuscularly administer Strychnine Sulphate 0.7 mg. x kg. Secure continuous tracings throughout, noting extent and character of all variations. Attempt an explanation of each variation. What tentative assumptions might this experiment by itself seem to warrant ? 4. Have a fellow-student dispose himself comfortably in a semi-recumbent pos- ture. After 5 minutes secure an average of 3 observations on his several systems. Make the following tests : aesthesia of flexor surface of forearm, color vision, range and acuity of vision, weights discrimination, reaction time, mental facility in multipli- cation. Administer intramuscularly 0.003 Gm. Strychnine Sulphate. Plot your curves, and repeat the above tests every 45 minutes. Compare results with three others. May any divergencies be explained by temperament or physique? 5. As hospital assignments permit, make careful studies of patients to whom the attending physician has prescribed Strychnine, noting particularly how the several sys- tems seem to respond. Is the reaction observed similar to the accepted laboratory findings ? If not, endeavor to ascertain why. 6. Consult recent literature for at least three articles dealing with Strychnine activity. Write a brief resume of your findings, and check them with citations from your readings. 100 STRYCHNINE. EXPERIMENT No. i. 0.25 mil 0.01% sol. Strychnine Sulphate: Frog A Frog B Brain pithed Frog C Cord pithed Drug given, when? Increased reflexes Convulsions (time) Character Duration Termination Minimal stimulus Stimulus optional Location Quality What deductions may be tentatively drawn ? EXPERIMENT No. 2. Explain briefly your findings: EXPERIMENT No. 3. Kymograph records of Strychnine action: STRYCHNINE. 101 EXPERIMENT No. 3 (continued). Explain variations that developed. What assumptions seem warranted? EXPERIMENT No. 4. Strychnine Sulphate, 0.003 Gm. to a student : Observations Subject No. 1 Subject No. 2 Subject No. 3 Subject No. 4 Norm. 45m 90m Norm. 45m 90m Norm. 45m 90m Norm. 45m 90m ^Esthesia Color vision Range of vision Acuity of vision Weights discrimination Reaction time Sight Sound Touch Multiplying time Pulse rate Respiration Blood-pressure Remarks : Subject's initials or No. Age Sex Height .... Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity ..Weight . Date Medicine Dose How administered Remarks _ Reporter ( 1 D I 5 i ) i S 2 ) 2 s a 3 3 5 4 3 4 5 6 ) 5 5 6 ' : 1 1 1 > 2 1 2 3( s: 40 45 5( 5! 61 6 K 1! a 21 S( M 4(1 41 H .V 61 Z o 1 a 24 H c£ H < Z 14 ^ O 140 3 136 0! ISO Q 120 w § ti » s K „ "s w M 3 9 K O 8 » W 3 ] Q 106 1 1 W 9 a 1 H 5 5 i £ 1 i 1 I H 1 1 102 Report : STRYCHNINE. 103 EXPERIMENT No. 5. EXPERIMENT No. 6. Report: 104 ATROPINE. ATROPINE. 1. To a frog administer by anterior lymph sac o.oio Gm. Atropine Sulphate. Observe respiration and reflexes in comparison with a frog of equal weight and condi- tion similarly drugged one hour previously. 2. Expose the heart of a pithed frog. Secure a normal cardiac tracing, one as affected by weak stimulation of the vagus, and another as affected by stimulation of the sinus venosus. Apply Atropine Sulphate solution, 0.1%, continuing the record. After a few minutes, apply the weak current as before, noting any variation from the preceding graph. How may these variations be explained? 3. Take two cats of equal weight and condition. Obtain their heart-rates and respirations, and note the size and condition of their pupils. To each administer 0.04 mg. x kg. Atropine Sulphate, giving it by stomach to one, and hypodermically to the other. Make careful comparative observations for 2 to 3 hours. 4. Etherize a cat, arrange connections for registering circulatory and respiratory phenomena. Secure ether norms, and records resulting from stimulating vagus with minimal induced electric currents. Into jugular vein slowly inject 0.05 mg. x kg. Atropine Sulphate, making continuous tracings in the meanwhile. When a pronounced effect is apparent, again stimulate the vagi with the same strength current as before. What results? Continue injection of Atropine Solution until death ensues, noting all important phenomena. 5. On two students of similar weight and condition secure normals of pulse-rate, respiration, blood-pressure, temperature, and pupil. To one administer 0.8 mg. Atro- pine Sulphate in solution by mouth; to the other, i mil Tincture Belladonna (=0.3 mg. total alkaloids). Make comparative observations of all systems for the next two hours. 6. Take 2 rabbits of equal weight and condition. Hypodermically administer to one 2 mg. x kg. Atropine Sulphate, to the other give 1.5 mg. x kg. Hyoscine (Scopo- lamine) Hydrobromide. Make critical comparison for the next 2 hours. 7. Try out a similar experiment on 2 students of approximate weight and condi- tion, using 0.5 mg. (per total weight) Atropine Sulphate, and 0.8 mg. Hyoscine Hydrobromide . 8. In the hospital assignment endeavor to ascertain any reactions, in various ill- nesses, reasonably due to the administration of Atropine. ATROPINE. 105 9. In a brief resume summarize the evidences you have observed concerning the pharmacodynamics of Atropine. Cite from recent literature at least four studies of this drug; these may either seem to confirm or question your findings. EXPERIMENT No. i. Atropine experiments. F 'rog No. 1 F rog No. 2 Now 30 min. 60 min. Now 30 min. 60 min. Excitability Cutan. sensibility i Examine both these frogs daily for one week. Respiration curve followed during laboratory period. 5 1 0 1 5 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 > 5 3 5 3 6 9 > 1 0 1 3 2 3 2 5 3 3 3 5 4 1 4 ; 5 3 5 5 6 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 V 2 o $ K 5^ u. . EXPERIMENT No. 2. Kymograph records: "Normal" Vagus Stim. Crescent Stim. Pithed frog Atropine frog 106 ATROPINE. EXPERIMENT No. 3. Atropine Sulphate, 0.04 mg. x kg. to cats : Pupil changes N. 15' 30' 45' 60' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' Cat No. 1 Cat No. 2 5 10 15 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 53 55 83 5 10 13 20 25 30 35 40 4$ SO K 60 S 10 IS 2025 90 35 40 «'«50 >.« OT [ RESPIRATION S O 1 I s g o § — — ~ I I I ATROPINE. 107 EXPERIMENT No. 4. Graphs : Subject's initials or No. Age ................. Sex ................ Height Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity EXPERIMENT No. 5. Date ............................... Weight .................... Medicine ...................... Dose ............................... How administered . Remarks'. ...................... Reporter ....................... E 1 ) 1 ; If 1 21 2 > 3 ) ?. > 4 ) 4 > 5 6 6 ) 5 1 1 > 2C 2: 3C 33 40 a 50 55 6t e K IE 2C 2E M SS 40 • 60 56 60 Q P at £ 1 a S 2 £ 0 § 136 M ISO O 126 w § 8 " a &. o S M * a • • M 3 . E Q O a - I w i j P 1 105 104 P IDS I 102 s 100 E E 1 1 £ 08 97 ;- J_ 1 % i 1 108 ATROPINE. EXPERIMENT No. 5 (continued). What subjective symptoms are elicited? 109 EXPERIMENT No. 6. Hyoscine and Atropine action compared. Rabbits: N. 15' 30' 45' 60' 15' 30' 45' H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A H. A. H. A. Respiration Heart-rate Mental state Pupil Reflex excitability Light Sound Air currents Induced shocks (standard) 110 ATROPINE. EXPERIMENT No. 7. Hyoscine and Atropine action compared. Man: N. 1 5' SO' A •5' ( & ] 5' SO' A 15' H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A. H. A. Respiration Pulse-rate Blood-pressure Temperature Mental state Pupil Tact, discrimination (forearm) Light reflex Sound reflex (Gallon whis.) Air currents Induced shocks (constant) Mucosa ATROPINE. Ill EXPERIMENT No. 8. Briefly summarize your findings at the hospital : EXPERIMENT No. 9. Summary of evidences from laboratory and literature : 112 PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE. PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE. 1. Obtain a heart tracing from a frog with pithed brain. Apply 2 drops 0.6% solution Pilocarpine to the frog's heart, carefully noting any variations in the record. Wash the heart with normal saline (=0.65% for frogs), and then apply 2 drops 0.1% solution Atropine Sulphate. When definite effect is produced, wash again with normal saline; then study effect of alternation of the drugs, noting relative amounts of each required to produce definite results. Allow at least 30 seconds between successive applications. 2. Repeat Experiment No. i, using 0.03% Physostigmine solution in place of the Pilocarpine. 3. Having obtained a heart tracing of a frog with pithed brain, inject into the thigh lymph sac 0.5 mil of a 0.6% solution Pilocarpine, and note what effect this may have on the tracing. See also if i drop of a 0.01% solution Atropine Sulphate will produce a distinct variation in the curve. 4. Repeat Experiment No. 3, using 0.03% solution Physostigmine. 5. Into thigh lymph sacs of two frogs of equal weight and condition inject 0.3 mil of a 0.01% solution Atropine Sulphate. Obtain continuous tracings, and when the Atropine action is marked, see how much Pilocarpine solution, 0.6%, applied locally at the rate of 2 drops every 30 seconds, is necessary to overcome the Atropine action in one frog, and how much Physostigmine in the same ratio of increments is necessary with the other frog. 6. Into one eye of a rabbit instill i drop 0.6% solution Pilocarpine; repeat with another rabbit, using 0.03% solution Physostigmine. Study the effect for one-half hour; then instill in the treated eye of each rabbit i drop of 0.01% Atropine solution. Seek an explanation. 7. Etherize a rabbit, and secure normal respiratory and circulatory tracings. Rapidly dissect the skin from the abdomen, and notice coils of intestine showing through the thin muscle walls. With etherization light, administer by vein 3 mils x kg. of a i to 1000 solution Pilocarpine, obtaining meanwhile a continuous record, and .noting all phenomena. When reaction becomes pronounced, administer by vein 1.5 mg. x kg. Atropine in solution. Later, cause death with 10% Pilocarpine, taking continuous record. 8. Repeat Experiment No. 8, using Physostigmine, i mg. x kg. 9. Let some student, who is normally somewhat constipated, take I mg. Physos- tigmine (Eserine) Salicylate. Let his associates take the customary systemic records. 10. In the ophthalmology clinic, study the use there of both Pilocarpine and Physostigmine. 11. In the hospital assignment, an opportunity may arise, in connection with post- operative observations in abdominal surgery, to study the action of Physostigmine; and in the medical ward to study the action of Pilocarpine in the treatment of uraemia. 12. Tabulate your findings concerning these two drugs. Extend your tabulations by observations drawn from recent literature. PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE. EXPERIMENT No. i. Kymograph records. Pilocarpine, 0.6% ; Atropine, 0.1% : 113 Normal Pilocarp. 2 gtt. NaCl Atropine, 2 gtt. "Normal," No. 2 2nd Piloc. gtt. NaCl, No. 2 2nd Atrop. gtt. "Normal," No. 3 3rd Piloc. gtt. NaCl, No. 3 3rd Atrop. gtt. EXPERIMENT No. 2. Kymograph records. Physostigmine, 0.03% ; Atropine, 0.1% : Normal Physost. 2 gtt. NaCl Atropine, 2 gtt. "Normal," No. 2 2nd Physost. gtt. 2nd NaCl 2nd Atrop. gtt. "Normal," No. 3 3rd Physost. gtt. 3rd NaCl 3rd Atrop. gtt. EXPERIMENT No. 3. Normal Pilocarpine, 0.6% Atropine, 0.01% EXPERIMENT No. 4. Kymograph records : Normal Physostigmine, 0.03% Atropine, 0.01% 114 PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE. EXPERIMENT No. 5. Atropine, 0.3 mg. Pilocarpine, mg. Atropine, 0.3 mg. Physostig., mg. EXPERIMENT No. 6. N 10' 20' 30' Atropine 5' 10' 15' 20' Pilocarpine Physostigmine i EXPERIMENT No. 7. Respiration Circulation Normal Pilocarpine Atropine F. D. Pilocarpine PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE. EXPERIMENT No. 8. Kymograph records: 115 Respiration Circulation Normal Physostigmine Atropine F. D. Physostig. EXPERIMENT No. < Report of internal symptoms experienced by su ?• • biect : •»j*" EXPERIMENT No. 10. Why used Amount Interval Result Findings Pilocarpine 2nd Case 3rd Case Physostigmine 2nd Case 3rd Case Subject's initials or No. Age ;.Sex Height Weight Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date : Medicine Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter i i 0 1 5 i J i ; 2 5 2 i 3 1 S S 4 3 4 > 5 1 6 •> 6 a s i j i 5 1 •2 , 3( 35 40 45 K 6! « 6 1 ) 1! a 2! 3< S! 4C 41 K 6£ « 55 o S g a $ z 14 £ C!) HO 2 PR et 110 Q l°fi M § 5 - H 5 K & 1 M * H X Cu o 3 a " 8 p lf)fi 101 w 1 OS S (H S H 101 g 100 — S ps •J8 97 — 1 i I ! 116 PILOCARPINE AND PHYSOSTIGMINE 117 EXPERIMENT No. n. Why ordered Resp. Pulse B. P. Interval Result Resp. Pulse B. P. Pupil Pilocarpine 2nd Case 3rd Case Physostigmine 2nd Case 3rd Case EXPERIMENT No. 12. Your experience, checked by references : Pulse Resp. B.P. Eye Saliv. gland Other glands Alim. tract Bronchi Addenda Pilocarpine • Ref. 1= Ref. 2= Ref. 3= Physostigmine Ref. 1= Ref. 2= Ref. 3— 118 CAFFEINE, CAFFEINE. 1. Carefully make 2 muscle preparations, place them in glass capsules, connect with weighted muscle levers, and obtain contraction records using minimum break shocks only. Fill one capsule with Locke's solution, and the other capsule with Locke's solution containing 0.1% Caffeine. Obtain comparative contraction records every half minute. 2. To a cat administer 0.120 Gm. Caffeine. Take observations of pulse, respira- tion, and nervous state. 3. Etherize a large female cat or rabbit. Connect up recording apparatus, and obtain normals of respiration and circulation. Into the bladder introduce a suitable catheter ; distend bladder gently with normal saline ; then arrange for collecting urine in centesimal metric graduate. At the rate of % mil every 15 seconds, run into the jugular vein Caffeine — 2% in Locke's solution (kept at 38° C.). Take continuous record, and note amount of urine passed every 20 minutes. Note any symptoms that may develop. Check this experiment by repeating it on another cat of equal weight and condi- tion, but omitting the Caffeine. 4. With a subject in a comfortable position, obtain his normal pulse, respiration, blood-pressure, and temperature. With aesthesiometer test his forearm for tactile dis- crimination. Test his reaction time for sight, hearing, and feeling. Make speed tests of his mental activity, using the antonym test, the imagery and multiplication tests. Administer 2 mils of a 10% solution Caffeine Citrate subcutaneously into loose cellular tissue. Make usual graphs. Take intellection tests every 45 minutes. Measure urine excreted every hour for 8 hours. 5. Make comparative observations on three similar subjects, to one of whom is administered 0.3 Gm. Caffeine, to the second is given a cup of hot coffee, to the third is given a cup of cold coffee of the same brew. Note the several systems, including the excretory. 6. In the hospital assignment, especially study the effect on the heart of Caffeine, wherever administered. 7. From all your observations, and from your readings, write a summary of the leading effects produced by Caffeine. CAFFEINE. EXPERIMENT No. i. 119 Kymograph records. Preparation No. 1 Preparation No. 2 Normal response • fi Solution response Reaction A : . : : -1 •. u . Reaction B • • Reaction C EXPERIMENT No. 2. j 1 ) 1 , 5 1 3 1 5 2i ) 2 > 3 D X i 4 ) I > 5 ) 5 > 6 ) 1 > 1 9 1 3 2 ) 2 5 3 ) 3 i « ) < I 51 ) 5 > 61 > i 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 > 3( 3. 4 ) 4 > '51 ) 5 > e IT » i g K Q • l< 2 £ 0 O ti D E * % g Norm. 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' Nervous state 120 CAFFEINE. EXPERIMENT No. 3. 20' 40' 60' 20' 40' 60' 20' 40' 60' Amt. of urine passed Respiration Pulse rate Definite symptoms. Explanation. Kymograph records: Report of check experiment :.. CAFFEINE. 121 EXPERIMENT No. 4. Caffeine, 0.2 Gm. to a student : 1 2 3 4 Observation N. 45' 90' N. 45' 90' N. 45' 90' N. 45' 90' .SLsthesia Reaction : Sight Sound Touch Antonym test i Imagery test Multiplication test Pulse- rate Respiration Blood-pressure Graph of kidney activity : 30 45 A5 30,45 — 1 — i 1 I « 1 1 IS J0I 45 M 15 30 45 2h 15 30 45 3k I5\30 45 4/T >s_ I 30 45 5A IS 6A 7h\ 3045 1 . 8k — y% 1 \ — — » •') _ unr Wt _ _ _ I ax ]= ~ I ! m I _ I 25( SB! ddb — I W — ITS i ~ ISC \ 1 — — 175 MO 75 50 ~ 25 Age Sex Height Weight . Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date Medicine Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter t l ) j j i > i 5 2 ) 2 ; s D 3 i 4 ) 4 ; 5 i r» 3 6 D E 1 ) 1 ) 2( 2, 3( Si 40 V 6C 6! W 6 1 > U a 2£ sc sc 40 46 cc 5B 6(1 01 z o p < si E w ^ IP Z n [» d 140 o UK M no o T*F M E 3 3 1 M J 1 « * | M Si B & 130 m O % " „ i ] Q 00 10fi 1 1 T^OF 1 I'M PE] M J3 H i 0 1 5 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 ; G i ; i 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 S i 4 0 t ; s 9 5 3 S I) 5 1 0 1 5 5 0 2 5 3 0 3 i 4 9 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 JJ o 5 M 7T Si B 5 2: {> o 0 K Q £ § M g Indicate extent of soporific effect on ordinates every half hour. 126 CHLORAL HYDRATE. EXPERIMENT No. 4. E 1 ) 1 > 1 ) 1 i Z ) 2 3 1 3! 4 ) 4. i 5 ) 5 6 ) ! 1 ) I i 21 1 2 i 3 ) 3 1 41 1 41 • 5 ) 5 > e i > i D 1 5 2 0 2 3( ) 3J 41 4, > 5 ) 5 5 e j 2; s $ • z 8 2 s 0 o 1 o w § • flu . W ?yJ ; ^ C ^ flC bj ! D- je 1 B i P CHLORAL HYDRATE. 127 EXPERIMENT No. 4 (continued.) Kymograph records: EXPERIMENT No. 5. Chloral Hydrate, i Gm., administered to man: N. 30' 60' 90' 2 h. 3 h. 4 h. 8 h. 9 h. Respiration : rate Respiration : quality Pulse : rate Pulse : quality Blood-pressure (omit when asleep) Temperature (axillary) Plantar reflex (tickling) Drowsiness Sleep Quality of sleep This experiment should be checked by repeating all the observations when no drug has been given, commencing at the usual bed-time. 128 CHLORAL HYDRATE. EXPERIMENT No. 6. Hospital observations : : V CT . Subject, Cats Age Sex Weight Condition Temperature, Humidity, Reporter > i 0 1 5 S 1 0 1 3 2 D 2 > 3 0 3 i 4 ) i > 5 3 5 ; & > i i 3 1 > 2 3 2 s a J 3 i 4> 3 < i 51 ) 5 > & ) i 1 3 1 5 J 0 2 ; 3 ) 3 > 41 ) 4 . 'S 3 & ! fl r 9 0 g at a 8 (< X j> O 0 « Q S i 2 i Red curve. Cat receiving the Tincture Digitalis. Blue curve. Cat receiving the Infusion Digitalis. EXPERIMENT No. 5. Kymograph records of Infusion Digitalis intravenously: EXPERIMENT No. 6. Stibi cct's initisls or N^o .,...„., ,r Age Sex Height Weight . Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date Medicine1 Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter 1 0 1 5 3 1 » 1 5 2 ) 2 5 3 D S S 4 3 4 5 5 3 E 3 6 O E 1 ) 1 5 2 ) 2 I 3: 40 45 5( 6! 6C 5 H 1 21 ) 2£ ?X 3! 40 4E K K 6( 2 Q R 3 1 I p/ < z r* O 140 o 135 tt l?n Q 1?fi T°0 H i s 100 H 1 1 .« I M <* 3 p CO • • 3 PL, o $ « £ .§ s TOfi I 1 1 w I 9 10' 5 h «* H CW 100 2 1 "t™ _.__ B 1 H 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 'Red curve = Tincture ; blue curve = Infusion. 132 DIGITALIS. 133 EXPERIMENT No. 6. Student taking i mil Tinct. =A; another, Infus. 7 mils A=Tinct. B=Infus. Volume Wave Volume Energy Apex Rhythm Apex Quality Normal A B A A A B B B ]/z hour A B A A A B B B 1 hour A B A A A B B B 1.5 hours A B A A A B B B 2 hours A B A A A B B B 3 hours A B A A A B B B 6 hours A B A A A B B B 12 hours A B A A A B B B 18 hours A B A A A B B B 24 hours A B A A A B B B 30 hours A B A A A B B B 36 hours A B A A A B B B 42 hours A B A A A B B B 48 hours A B A A A B B B 134 Illness DIGITALIS. EXPERIMENT No. 7. Duration of .. Condition Present 0.5 hour 1 hour 1.5 hour 2 hours 3 hours Dose= Respiration Heart-rate Blood-press. S. Blood-press. D Pulse volume Apex rhythm Apex quality Sphygmogram Electrocardiogram Later history: Duplicate this study as many times as possible. EXPERIMENT No. 8. Laboratory Hospital Literature Respiration Heart-rate 1 Hood-press. Pulse volume Diuresis Apex rhythm Vol. wave EPINEPHRIN. 135 EPINEPHRIN. 1. Expose the heart of a pithed frog; connect with heart lever, and obtain a nor- mal tracing. Apply to the heart 2 minims Epinephrin solution, i to 1000, and con- tinue tracings, noting whatever effect may be produced. 2. Repeat Experiment No. i, except to inject o.i mil of the Epinephrin solution into the thigh lymph sac. 3. Obtain a normal heart tracing from a pithed frog. Administer by lymph sac 0.2 mil o.oi sol, Atropine Sulphate. Obtain brief records every few minutes. After l/2 hour, apply some Epinephrin solution, and observe resulting tracing. Compare it with that obtained in Experiment No. i. 4. Etherize a dog, and make connections with respiratory and circulatory record- ing apparatus. To one carotid attach a mercury manometer ; to the other attach a Hiirthle manometer, and adjust it for marked upward excursion. Secure normals, then, with continuous drum, with hypodermic needle inject into jugular vein 0.05 mil per kg. Epinephrin solution, i to 1000, marking drum at moment of injection. When normal conditions return, repeat injection, comparing time and extent of response. When normal conditions return, readjust the Hiirthle manometer for downward excursions. Administer via jugular vein with hypodermic 0.5 mil per kg. of Nitro- glycerin, i to 1000 solution. When blood-pressure is at its lowest point, inject 0.05 mil per kg. Epinephrin solution, I to 1000. When normal conditions return, reverse the preceding experiment. Cause death with Epinephrin solution, noting phenomena. 5. Select a group of three students of equivalent weight, temperament, and con- dition. Record their normals; then administer 0.5 mil Epinephrin solution, i to 1000 —to one by mouth, to a second subcutaneously, to a third intramuscularly. Take note of all reactions. Compare with others. See particularly if reaction seems to be modi- fied in any way by temperament or physique. 6. Study the uses of Epinephrin in the operative clinics of ophthalmology and rhinology. Ascertain also in what ward, and for what conditions, the further utility of Epinephrin is being studied. Learn the present status of such investigations, and compare results with what you have thus far obtained. 7. Marshal in systematic form the leading facts known about the pharmacody- namics of Epinephrin, giving your authority in each case. EXPERIMENTS No. i, 2 AND- 3. Kymograph records. Frog: 136 EPINEPHRIN. EXPERIMENT No. 4. Kymograph records. Dog: EXPERIMENT No. 5. Subject's initials or No. - - Date Age Sex Height Weight Medicine „. Condition Dose Thermometer How administered . Barometer Remarks Relative humidity Reporter ! 1 > 1 I J ) 1 > 21 ) 2 > a ) 3 5 4 ) 4 > 5 3 5 i 6 > E 1 1 2( 2 3C Si 40 K 5( 6. U 5 1 1 1, 2< 2£ « 35 40 45 M 6C « 2 £ o£ § 1 h z •S 0 140 g M 130 o M § i H i .« U " B 0) X U £ 1 .3 Q [ 106 104 u 1 B B M <; 101 D I Ok 100 99 U t* 1 i _ 137 138 EPINEPHRIN. EXPERIMENT No. 5. By mouth Subcutaneously Intramuscularly Subject 1 ; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 2; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 3 ; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Max.0 Time' Norm.' Max.0 Time ' Norm.' Max.0 Time ' Norm.' Pulse Respiration Blood-press. S. • Blood-press. D. . Pupil Subject 4; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 5 ; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 6; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Max.0 Time' Norm.' Max." Time ' Norm.' Max.0 Time' Norm.' Pulse Respiration Blood-press. S. Blood-press. D. Pupil Subject 7; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 8; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Subject 9; wt. age, ; sex, temperament, Max.0 Time' Norm.' Max.0 Time ' Norm.' Max.0 Time ' Norm.' Pulse Respiration Blood-press. S. • Blood-press. D. Pupil EPINEPHRIN. 139 EXPERIMENT No. 6. Report of observations in operative ophthalmology : Report of observations in operative rhinology: Report of other observations in the hospital : EXPERIMENT No. 7. Summary of pharmacodynamics of Epinephrin: 140 THE NITRITE SERIES. THE NITRITE SERIES. 1. Prepare a frog for heart tracings, and secure normals on both the slow and fast drum. Into the anterior lymph sac inject o.i mg. Nitroglycerin. Take frequent sample graphs on both drums. 2. Place a cat in the etherizing box, and into the cone drop 3 minims Amyl Nitrite. Administer immediately for y2 minute, then quickly place cat under a cage, and watch her recovery. 3. Obtain the normals of pulse and respiration of a rabbit ; then administer sub- cutaneously 0.5 mg. Nitroglycerin. Plot your findings on the chart. 4. Etherize a cat; secure the usual registrations. Keeping apparatus running (Hiirthle manometer should be adjusted for low drop), drop into ether cone 3 minims Amyl Nitrite, and obtain the registered effect. This may be repeated several times. 5. When the normal returns (in Experiment No. 4), administer to the cat 0.25 mg. x kg. Nitroglycerin intraperitoneally. Keep constant drum until registration marks normal. 6. With the return of normal, administer the same dose intravenously. When the drug action is at its maximum, administer by jugular vein 0.3 mil Epinephrin solu- tion, i to 1000. 7. Form a group of six. A, the subject, is to inhale 3 minims Amyl Nitrite, gaz- ing meanwhile at a black spot on a large white surface ; B, to take continuous pulse- count, announcing the count in continual 5-second intervals ; C, to record the pulse as announced ; D, to take continuous blood-pressure readings, quickly following the rapid variations ; E, to record the pressure findings ; F, to obtain sphygmograms and to note subject's facial appearance. Let subject break an Amyl Nitrite pearl in a towel, and immediately inhale the fumes, continuing for */> minute unless he feels too dizzy. Both reaction and recovery will be rapid, so observers must maintain keen attention. 8. Nitroglycerin in therapeutic doses is not dangerous, but it sometimes produces a rather severe headache; this lessens with tolerance. Therefore if one accustomed somewhat to the drug, or if some one else will volunteer, let the usual observations be made concerning the effects of Nitroglycerin. Dose, 0.5 mg. 9. In the hospital assignment, determine the reactions of Nitroglycerin in the several instances where it may have been prescribed. Compare these reactions with those you have observed in the laboratory. Endeavor to ascertain, also, how extent and duration of Nitroglycerin action may be modified in any given case by habituation. 10. Consulting the literature, ascertain the rationale of the use of Nitroglycerin, and seek to explain any apparent discrepancies. EXPERIMENT No. i. Graphs. Frog : THE NITRITE SERIES. 141 EXPERIMENT No. 2. Report of Amyl Nitrite on a cat: EXPERIMENT No. 3. Nitroglycerin, 0.5 mg. hypodermic. Rabbit: EXPERIMENT No. 4. Kymograph record: Amyl Nitrite. Cat: EXPERIMENT No. 5. Kymograph record: Nitroglycerin. Cat: 142 THE NITRITE SERIES. EXPERIMENT No. 6. Kymograph record: Nitroglycerin, then Epinephrin. Cat: EXPERIMENT No. 7. No. Date Pharmacodynamics of Amyl Nitrite Dose, 3 minims Administration, Inhaled Service Subject Age Sex Weight Condition Temperature, Humidity, Reporter 5ecor ds i i j i ! ' ; i ) i ; 2 ) 2 i 3 ) 3, 4 ) <. > 5 ) 5! 6 ) ! 1 ) 1 i 2 ) -2 > 3 ) 3. 4 4. 5( 1 S « 1 ! I ) 1 S 2 0 2! 3( 3! 4f 4 5 ) 5 > C 1 O 1 K O K 1 • 3 g 140 150 Uj 120 § IIQ i 100 i 90 a 80 3 70 a 60 50 40 EXPERIMENT No. 8. Subject's initials or No. Age Sex Height Weight . Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date. Medicine Dose _ How administered.. Remarks Reporter 1 1 3 1 5 ; ) i 2 ) 2 i 3 1 3 ) 4 1 4 ; 5 ) 5 3 6 II E 1 ) 1 ; 2 ) 2 3 3. 40 c 5C 51 H E 1( 1. a K 3< s; 4C 45 M 66 M 2 p ctf E 3 H 2 £ O O C* 1?0 ft T'fi H § 2 s B Pi Jl | M * A VI • H E a« o 3 - W 2 I 5 infi 1 1 1 w tti jn? . Q 1 H 10° 1 <• 2 B 100 H h i i t i 1 i I i 1 | 143 144 THE NITRITE SERIES. * EXPERIMENT No. 9. Report of observations in the hospital: EXPERIMENT No. 10. Explanatory summary of the action of Nitroglycerin : ACONITE. 145 ACONITE. 1. Into the anterior lymph sac of a frog inject 0.3 mil Tincture Aconite, diluted with equal amount normal saline. Observe effect on the various reflexes. 2. Expose the heart of a pithed frog ; secure normal tracings on both the slow and fast drum. Into the thigh lymph sac inject 0.3 mil Tincture Aconite diluted. Con- tinue tracings on slow drum, with an occasional cardiac curve on fast drum, noting carefully any variations in the graph, or in the physical condition of the heart. 3. Select two fasting rabbits, of equal weight and condition. Obtain normals of respiration and heart-rate. Then to one administer by stomach o. i mil x kg. Tincture Aconite ; to the other give hypodermically o. i mg. x kg. Aconitine. Continue regular observations for several hours. 4. Select a large healthy cat or rabbit. Etherize carefully ; connect with recording apparatus, and secure usual normals, including temperature. Continuing the records, slowly administer by vein a 20% dilution in warm Ringer's solution of Tincture Aconite. Keep account of amount of drug used, and note gradual accumulation of effect. Continue until animal dies. 5. Place a drop of Tincture Aconite on the tongue, and note effect. 6. On a student secure normals of respiration, pulse phenomena (rate, volume, energy), blood-pressure, and temperature. Administer orally 0.6 mil Tincture Aconite. Continue observations. 7. Although the use of Aconite has become markedly restricted, it may occasion- ally be studied in the wards of acute respiratory disorders. Particular attention should be paid to -any registerable effect discoverable in relation to the circulation. 8. Look up recent literature, and make a brief presentation of the arguments for and against the use of Aconite. EXPERIMENT No. i. Describe the effects of Aconite on a frog : EXPERIMENT No. 2. Kymograph record of Aconite action on frog: 146 No. ACONITE. EXPERIMENT No. 3. Pharmacodynamics of Aconite Dose c . . ( Rabbit (red = Tinct. Aeon. Subj6Ct I Rabbit (blue = Aconitine Age Date Administration Sex Temperature Humidity Weight Reporter Condition s i > i > ; i D 1 j 2 3 2 i 3i ) 3, > 4 ) 4. > 5 ) 5 6 I ! 1 ) 1 > 21 ) 2 S 9 ) a i « 1 4 5 ) 5 6 ) . i 1 J 1 i 2 0 2. ' 3( 3' « 4 •a ) 5. > 0 r ' 5* 0 5 £ 8 z f* 0 o i p B | • 2 eu 1 ! ' i EXPERIMENT No. -4. Kymograph records : Tincture Aconite, intravenously. Rabbit : Report : EXPERIMENT No. 5. EXPERIMENT No. 6. Subject's initials or No. - Age „ Sex Height Weight . Condition Thermometer Barometer Relative humidity Date Medicine Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter 1 1 0 1 s i ) i > 2> ) 2 > a 3 3 5 4 ) 4 > 6 3 5 S 6 ) £ 1 ) 1 i 2( 2 3( • 40 K 5C E! « 6 1 15 2( 2£ 3C SE 40 4C K 65 W z p Otf E 3 h «! F 0 140 g 135 M ISO Q 130 M § 5 3 I „ 2 w "" i X 0. M .a W 2 .3 Q 106 I 106 1 1 . 104 u H 5 h 5 B Bk M 1 ^ 1 i E r^ 97 1 i i 1 1 147 148 ACONITE. EXPERIMENT No. 7. Hospital report: EXPERIMENT No. 8. Concerning the use of Aconite : Arguments pro and con : ANTIPYRIN. 149 ANTIPYRIN. 1. Determine the effects on respiration and the reflexes of a frog of o.i Gm. Antipyrin injected into the anterior lymph sac. 2. Determine effect produced by bathing a frog's heart with a i% solution of Antipyrin. 3. Determine the effects of Antipyrin on all the systems of a rabbit when 0.5 Gm. x kg. are administered by mouth. 4. Etherize a cat or rabbit. Connect with the several recording apparatus; obtain the usual normals. With the jugular vein connect a burette containing a 10% solution Antipyrin in warm Ringer's. Take continuous records while the solution runs in at the rate of i mil every 2 minutes. Report your conclusions, with graphic supporting evidence. 5. Select a subject who is not anaemic, and obtain the usual normals, including hemoglobin test and spectroscopic hsamic test. Administer 0.5 Gm. Antipyrin (or 0.75 Gm. Acetphenetidin). Continue taking the usual records. Two hours after the drug has been taken secure another sample of blood for both haemoglobin and spectro- scopic tests. In your report include your spectroscopic drawings. 6. In the hospital, study circulation and temperature reactions of patients to whom have been administered coal-tar preparations. 7. What are the relative merits and demerits of the several coal-tar products used in medicine? EXPERIMENT No. i. Report of effects produced on frog: EXPERIMENT No. 2. Kymograph record. Frog: 150 ANTIPYRIN. EXPERIMENT No. 3. Report of effect of 0.5 Gm. per kg. on rabbit: 5 JO 15 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 53 63 5 10 13 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 53 60 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 ANTIPYRIN. EXPERIMENT No. 4. Kymograph records intravenous injection. Cat: 151 | u a. 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 "1 I ~! T FF EXPERIMENT No. 5. Age Sex Height Weight Medicine Condition Dose - Thermometer How administered Barometer Remarks Relative humidity Reporter E 1 ) 1 5 i > i ; 2 ) 2 ; 3 1 3 5 i 1 4 : 5 ) 5 -, 6 ) 5 1 1 < 2( 2" 3C i 40 6 ) 5 1 1 ; 2( 2: 3C 35 40 45 5C 51 K 6 U 1! H 2S 3C SJ 40 45 EC 66 M z O H tt! E § h 2 1 O 110 O ni M O H § 5 H at 1 4 .g 2 H M A CO « H i £< § 3 " m 1 J p u P^ 5 L, 4J 3 w E 100 s h 1 87 96 t 160 ALCOHOL. EXPERIMENT No. 8. Hospital reports. Reports concerning acute alcoholism : 161 Respiration Heart-rate Blood-pressure Hour of observation Case Age 3rd 6th 9th 12th 3rd 6th 9th 12th 3rd 6th 9th 12th I S D S D s D S D II in IV — — V | Reports concerning chronic alcoholism : Respiration Heart-rate Blood-pressure Day of observation Case Age 2nd 4th 6th 8th 2nd 4th 6th 8th 2nd 4th 6th 8th I S D S D S D s D II — III — — — — IV — V EXPERIMENT No. 9. Summary and criticism of arguments anent Alcohol : 162 CANNABIS. CANNABIS. 1. Determine what effect Cannabis has on the heart of a frog when the drug is administered by stomach in the dose of 0.3 mil of the Tincture. 2. Determine the effect on the reflexes of a frog when 0.3 mil Tincture Cannabis is administered by lymph sac. 3. Determine the effect of Cannabis on all the systems of a cat, dog, or rabbit, when the drug is administered by stomach in doses of 0.3 mil x kg. 4. Etherize a dog or large cat, and obtain usual registrations. Administer by stomach 2 mils x kg. of an assayed Tincture of Cannabis. Stop the ether. Continue records. Any pupil variations? 5. Let a subject volunteer. Obtain the usual normals, and take record of his reflexes, size of pupil, and sensations of pain and of tactual space-discrimination. Let him describe a small simple picture at which he has gazed intently for 5 seconds. Administer I mil Tincture Cannabis. Continue usual observations every 10 minutes. At 4O-minute intervals test his powers of description. Test also the relative keenness of pain and touch. Do not engage him in conversation, but if he wishes to talk, note character, con- formity, and reasonableness of whatever he says. If he experiences subjective sensa- tions, let him describe them. Keep a careful record of all phenomena, noting also the advent of drowsiness, the time and character of sleep (omit blood-pressures now), and the mental and physical condition of the subject on awakening. 6. Interesting divergencies from the preceding experiment may be discovered by having a subject smoke (and inhale the smoke) 0.065 Gm. powdered Cannabis. 7. In the hospital assignment compare results obtained in Experiment No. 5 with the efficiency of the drug, as well as its physiological actions, when it is used to quiet cases of hysteria and nervous excitement. 8. In the psychopathic ward study available manifestations of the "hashish" habit. 9. From recent literature summarize at least three articles discussing the use of Cannabis in medicine. EXPERIMENT No. i. Heart tracings from stomach administration. Frog: EXPERIMENT No. 2. Report of effect on reflexes, drug by lymph sac. Frog: CANNABIS. 163 EXPERIMENT No. 3. Stomach administration to a 5 10 15 5 10 IS 20 X 30 35 40 45 53 55 «3 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 53 60 5 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 '50 55 OT RESPIRATION $ 2 O 1 1 I § ! I I 1 ~ EXPERIMENT No. 4. Kymographic records of stomach administration to General statement: 164 CANNABIS. EXPERIMENT No. 5. Cervico-pupil reflex Light-pupil reflex Plantar-tickling reflex Size of pupil Tactile discrimination Pain sensation, gms. Volubility Drowsiness Sleep Normal 40' 80' 120' 160' Length of sleep : Quality of sleep : Discussion of effect on loquacity: Discussion of effect on mentality: Discussion of subjective sensations: * General statement : Subject's initials or No. Age Sex -.Height Weight : Condition Thermometer : Barometer .'. Relative humidity Date Medicine Dose How administered. Remarks Reporter... I 1 0 1 5 i ' i > 2 ) 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 1 1 -, ,ri ) .', -, 6 0 I 1 ) 1 ; 2 ) 2 3< 2 4C i: 5( H & ) c H 1, 2 1 M ft * « U I I z h 3 &, E 1 H 2 £ O 110 O i?1^ K ISO Q 126 M I 5 H o 1 8 • CO H M (X O 3 i w i i o 106 I 1 I H M 103 p H 10° <; ft! 101 W 5* I i u 1 r1 97 1 . 1 1 1 165 166 CANNABIS. EXPERIMENT No. 7. Report of findings at the hospital : EXPERIMENT No. 8. Report of findings in the psychopathic ward : EXPERIMENT No. 9. Report from literature : Subject's initials or No. Age Sex Height Weight Condition Thermometer Barometer „ Relative humidity Date Medicine „. Dose _ _. How administered. Remarks Reporter i 0 1 s ] ) 1 3 2 ) 2 1 2 ) 3 5 4 ) 4 -, r, 3 5 •> c (I L 1 1 1 5 2 ) 2 I s: 4C 4, 5< E 61 ) e 1 ) 1 > 21 ) 2. > 3< S! 4C 4! H 6! 61 1 2 o p g 24 £ 22 w P4 20 18 < z 14 ^ O 140 O m P4 no i?fi 120 115 e 110 § s 100 8 95 B. o 0 « * '« as E § 3 " W 3 J Q 105 W 3 5 H 5 3 w I 1 h 1 1 1 1 168 . Subject's initials or No. • Age Sex Height Weight Condition Thermometer _.. Barometer Relative humidity.. Date Medicine _. - Dose — How administered Remarks _ Reporter. ( 1 3 I S 1 ) K 21 ) 2, > 31 ) S. S 4 ) 4 5 ) e > 6 > 6 1 ) 1. 2( 2C 3C 35 40 45 50 55 H 6 1C 1! 2( t£ ac M 40 46 60 M M 9R p < at s, 1 $ z F 0 140 § 135 M 130 Q 1?R P i 3 ** 3 .8 1 M * 5 I • B E m rf a 1 .3 p 105 . 104 • 1 i — ^ i h a • 101 1 B 1 9 -i B 99 I H Oft »7 -] — ~i 1 170 Age Sex Height Weight Condition „ Thermometer..: Barometer Relative humidity Date _ Medicine _ „. Dose _ How administered. Remarks Reporter t i j i 5 I ) 1 ; 2 ) 2 -> 3 ) S 5 4 1 4 » E 1 C 5 6 ) i 1 ) 1 > 2 2 • K 40 0 • 5J W 5 1 i: 2< 25 3( 3J 40 45 K K 60 2 P § K § 124 124 125 126 127 128 180 85 86 87 181 198 199 214 154 155 156 129 242 190 191 182 224 239 239 237 239 237 238 239 240 236 206 207 130 131 133 132 134 INDEX. 249 sa Digitalis, (Continued). fluitlcxtract of infusion of tincture of Disinfectants Diuretics Donovan's solution Douches Dover's powder 33 Gaultheria oil 35 Gentian 28 extract of fluidextract of compound tincture of . Germicides . I! 71 58 75 §5 aa Bfc 60 62 62 57 Effervescent powder Effervescent salts Elixirs Emetics 32 Emollients ... Emplastra 66 Emulsions 61 Enemata Enteroclysis Epinephrin Plate frog records dog records student graphs student records hospital reports Epsom salts 33 Ergot 27 Plate . extract of 74 fluidextract of 71 Eserin 40 ... Ether 13 Plate effect on frog ... effect on mammal graph effect on student effect on patient graph of patient Ethyl chloride 13 Eucalyptus oil 35 Eye, drugs acting on Extracts 72 Ferrum 27 Ferments 27 Fever drugs Fluidextracts Formaldehyde Fowler's solution Foxglove 26 69 59 59 74 72 76 135 135 136 137 138 139 112 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 85 129 237 242 239 238 239 240 239 200 201 202 203 196 198 197 237 243 230 236 237 206 SS Ginger 48 tincture of Glandular preparations ... 48 Glonoin Glucosides, resinous Glycerin 28 suppositories 29 Glycerites 29 Glycyrrhiza 29 elixir of extract of fluidextract of mixture, compound of . . powder, compound of Golden seal 31 Gum arabic 7 Gymnastics Heart, drugs acting on . . Heat Hellebore Henbane 31 Heroin 38 Hexamethylenamin 29 Hydrargyrum 30 ointments of Hydrastis 31 extract of fluidextract of glycerite of tincture of .: Hydrates, alkali Hydrogen peroxid Hyoscin 31 Hyoscyamus 31 extract of fluidextract of glycerite of tincture of Hypodermoclysis Hypophysis tchthyol Identifications 51 Indian hemp 22 Infusions Inhalations Internal secretions Iodides Iodine 32 tincture of lodoform 32 Ipecac 32 Plate and opium 33 fluidextracts of syrup of Iron salts . 27 I! 76 67 67 57 74 72 63 62 65 74 71 75 75 59 60 74 71 75 75 60 67 79 58 60 76 237 Jalap '. 33 62 71 56 59 62 a* 140 205 238 104 162 239 240 242 240 210 237 229 234 237 192 240 186 240 235 224 222 223 222 222 222 230 238 250 INDEX. ax as Kidney, drugs acting on . Kino 10 Labarraque's sol Lactose 43 Lard 12 Laudanum 38 Lavage Lead acetate Licorice 29 Lime salts 21 Liniments Linseed oil 35 Liquores Lunar caustic 16 Magma 77 Magnesium salts 33 Male fern 46 Mandrake 41 Masses Mass of mercury 30 Materia medica 3 Mercury salts 30 Metabolism drugs Methyl salicylate 33 Metric equivalents weight volume length Milk sugar 43 Mixtures Monkshood 11 Monochlorethane 13 Morphine 38 Plate effect on frog effect on mammal effect on student graph from student report of patient Mucilages Muscle system drugs acting on Mustard 44 Nicotine Nitrites Nitroglycerin Plate frog records mammal records student graphs hospital report summary Nitrous ether Nitrous oxide Nux vomica 34 extract of fluidextract of tincture of 60 75 60 60 59 63 64 80 81 63 61 55 57 74 72 75 92 145 92 93 94 96 97 98 140 140 140 141 143 144 144 '85 99 243 182 239 231 229 242 242 208 182 183 241 189 204 204 205 175 Oils, fixed 34 volatile 35 Ointments 65 Oleates 68 Orange, comp. spirits Opium 37 and ipecac 38 62 extract of tincture of 75 tinct. camphorated of . . 38 74 tinct. deodorized of 76 Ovarian extract Pancreatin 48 Paraffin 38 Paregoric 38 Peppermint oil 35 spirits of water of Pepsin 48 Perspiration drugs acting on Petrolatum 39 Pharmacodynamics 3 Pharmacopedics 3 Pharmacology 3 Phenol 39 Phenyl salicylate 40 Phosphorus Physostigmine 40 Plate frog effects effects, mammal effects, student student graph hospital report tincture of Pills Pilocarpine 40 Plate '. effects on frogs effects, mammal effects, student student graph hospital report Pituitary Pix, unguentum Plasters Podophyllum 41 resin 41 Potassium salts 41 citrate of iodide of 32 Poultices Powders Prescriptions Procaine 25 Primus virginiana Pupil, drugs acting on Purgatives 74 57 55 76 64 65 66 60 60 66 62 78 56 SI I- dc-0 92 92 112 113 114 115 116 117 112 113 114 115 116 117 182 182 236 236 236 243 249 237 226 196 197 194 195 236 238 238 234 190 243 238 INDEX. 251 II Quassia ................. 46 Quinine ................. 24 Plate . Resins Respiration drugs acting on Rest Rhamnus pershiana 22 Rheum (rhubarb) 43 extract of fluidextract of powder of syrup of tincture, aromatic of Rose, oil of 35 water of Saccharin 19 Saccharum 43 lactis 43 Salicylatcs Salines Salivary glands drugs acting on Salol 40 Salt (NaCl) Salts, inorganic Sal varsan Santal oil 36 Santonin 46 Sarsaparilla syrup Scopolamin 31 Secretory glands drugs acting on Seidlitz powder 11 Senna 44 fluidextract of infusion of syrup of Serums 44 Silver nitrate 16 Sinapis 44 Soap, liniment of soft Sodium salts 41 iodide of Solutions Spirits Starving Strychnin 34 " Plate effects on frog 77 73 72 62 56 75 55 56 104 62 72 58 56 66 60 60 59 56 99 100 ss 233 214 215 242 240 220 238 243 234 234 229 233 192 242 242 238 237 224 240 175 174 Strychnin, (Continued). effects on student graph from student hospital report data report Sugar 43 of milk 43 Sulphonal 23 Sulphonethylmethane 23 Sulphonmethane 23 Sulphur 45 ointment of Suppositories Syrups ; . . Waters Wild cherry Wintergreen oil 35 Wool fat 12 Zinc salts 47 ointment stearate Zingiber 48 syrup of tincture of SB h a 101 102 103 103 182 65 67 55 80 Tables, metric Tartar emetic 16 Temperature drugs Terebinthina 61 Terpin hydrate 46 ... Tetanus antitoxin 44 ... Theobroma 20 Thymol 46 iodide of 32 Thymus gland Thyroid glands 48 Tinctures 74 Tobacco ... Turpentine 35 61 Unguenta 65 Unknowns 51 79 Urethane 13 Urotropin 29 Vaccines 47 typhoid Veratrine Plate Viburnum Vermifuges 46 81 245 212 244 232 236 235 189 237 210 211 72 55 56 65 239 56 76 o o a E I ex, •p c JS ^^ tg tfniversify of Toronto Library DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS OCKET Acme Library Card Pocket UWE-MARTIN CO. LIMITED